,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,lvi ,,novemb]1 #ahii1 ,,to ,,april1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edw>d ,,orton4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,transplantation ,,( ,a ,,race4 #eac ,,mod]n ,,city ,,roadways4 #ebd ,,typical ,,crim9als4 #eci ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,geology4 #edf ,,salam&]s ,,& ,,salam&] ,,cats4 #eef ,,:at ,,makes ,,! ,,trolley ,,c> ,,g4 #efd ,a ,,survival ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,cr$ulity4 #egg ,,ribbon ,,lightn+4 #ehg ,,cross-,,education4 #ehi ,,! ,,morbid ,,s5se ,,( ,,injury4 #eif ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,air ,,flight4 #fjc ,,sket* ,,( ,,edw>d ,,orton4 #fjg ,,editor',s ,,table4 #fad ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #fah ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 #fbb ,,publications ,,receiv$4 #fbd ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,m>*1 #aijj4 ,,! ,,transplantation ,,( ,a ,,race4 ,,by ,n4 ,s4 ,,%al]1 ,,dean ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,s*ool ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 int5tionally or accid5tally made 9 transplant+ organic species f ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y h be5 develop$ to o!rs ( div]se soil1 climate1 & inhabitants are always ( mu* int]e/ to ! naturali/--ea* ( !m af=ds indications ( "s value z to ! relations ( species to :at we t]m environm5t4 ,9 almo/ all in/ances we f9d t ! transplant$ =ms und]go *anges 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]ation ( _! circum/ances4 ,x is true t c]ta9 ( our dome/icat$ animals1 su* z ! horse1 ! dog1 & mo/ cattle1 foll[ m5 f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 & t sundry insect pe/s appe> to dem& no?+ ( ,nature save ! pres5ce ( man2 yet1 z a :ole1 ! creatures we h turn$ to use1 bo? plant & animal alike1 h %[n !mselves incapable ( accommodat+ !mselves to conditions ( temp]ature diff]+ mu* f ^? 9 :i* !y 7 develop$4 ,) h>dly an exception1 species or v>ieties :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ! tropics p]i% :5 call$ on to )/& ! w9t] ( high] latitudes4 ,few1 inde$1 d well :5 tak5 to /ations :]e ! heat or ! humidity diff]s greatly f t to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,! intol]ance ( organisms to climatal *anges is n[h]e m evid5t ?an 9 ! v>ieties1 or species1 z we w\ld t]m !m1 ( mank9d4 ,x is a well-atte/$ fact t none ( ! tropical races has ev] ( its own in/ance coloniz$ 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,x is also cle> t none ( ! nor!rn peoples h ev] become fully acclimat$ )9 ! tropical realm4 ,! colonies :i* h be5 f\nd$ !re by ! ,teutonic folk1 includ+ ! ,engli% gr\p !re91 h be5 lam5table failures1 ! pure-blood$ /ra9s dy+ out 9 a few g5]ations4 ,! p ( s\!rn ,europe h be5 a little m successful 9 ! equatorial regions1 probably because _! blood has !re to a great ext5t become m+l$ ) t ( tropical orig94 ,^! g5]al conclusions conc]n+ ! climatal limitations ( man w\ld be unassailable 7 x n = ! hi/ory ( ! negro 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 8 case we h ! "o ma/]ful exception to ! rule1 o!rwise good1 t creatures br$ ne> ! equator c n endure boreal conditions4 ,! negroes :o came to ,nor? ,am]ica _h to und]go z complete a transition z ev] fell to ! lot ( man1 )\t ! lea/ *ance to und]go an acclimatiz+ process4 ,!y 7 br\ght f ! hotte/ "p ( ! e>? to ! region :]e ! w9t]'s cold is ( almo/ arctic sev]ity--f an exce$+ly humid to a v dry air4 ,!y came to s]vice "u ali5 taskma/]s1 /range to !m 9 spee* & 9 purpose4 ,!y _h to betake !mselves to unaccu/om$ food & to clo?+ su* z !y _h nev] worn be=e4 ,r>ely c\ld "o ( ! creatures f9d ab\t him a famili> face ( fri5d1 p>5t1 or *ild1 or an object t recall$ 8 pa/ life to him4 ,x 0 an appall+ *ange4 ,only ^? :o "k h[ ! negro cleaves to all ! de>1 famili> ?+s ( life1 h[ fond he is ( w>m? & fri5dl9ess1 c conceive ! physical & m5tal %ock t ?is introduction to new conditions meant to !m4 ,to p ( our own race x c\ld h meant dea?4 ,b ^! wond]ful folk appe> to h )/ood ! trials ( _! deportation 9 a m>vel\s way4 ,!y %[$ no peculi> liability to disease4 ,_! longevity or p]iod ( usefulness 0 n dim9i%$1 or _! fecundity obvi\sly impair$4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 no/algia 0 n a s\rce ( mortality1 z x w\ld h be5 ) any ,aryan population4 ,! price !y br\ght 9 ! m>ket & ! satisfaction ( _! pur*as]s ) _! qualities %[s t !y 7 f ! fir/ almo/ ideal labor]s4 ,if we comp>e ! ,algonk9 ,indian1 9 appe>ance a /urdy fell[1 ) ^! negroes1 we see ( :at /uff ! blacks are made4 ,a t\* ( h\sework & ( hone/ toil took ! brea? ( ! aborig9es away1 b ^! tropical exotics fell to _! tasks & trials f> bett] ?an ! m5 ( our own k9d c\ld h done4 ,at _! fir/ com+1 or soon aft]w>d1 ! negroes 7 di/ribut$ along ! coa/ ( our c\ntry f ! ,c>ol9as to ,nova ,scotia4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to f9d1 !re appe>s to h be5 no di/9ct diff]5ce 9 _! tol]ance ( ! climate 9 any "p ( ?is v>i$ di/rict4 ,!re are /ill negroes 9 ! m>itime prov9ces :o are said to be ! desc5dants ( ^? :o came ^u ! gr\nd c]ta9ly m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,!y are good specim5s ( _! /ock4 ,s1 too1 along ! ,new ,engl& coa/ & 9 ,new ,york !re is a suffici5t numb] ( ! prog5y ( ^? once held z slaves to make x cle> t ! failure to become a consid]able "p ( ! population 9 t di/rict is n due to any incapacity to )/& ! climate4 ,! failure ( ! negro to increase 9 ?is field c be acc\nt$ = 9 o!r ways--by ! effects ( race prejudice1 n[h]e /rong] ?an 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 & by ! vice & mis]y t ov]take a despis$ l[] class4 ,x e>ly became evid5t t slav]y 0 to be ( no p]man5t economic advantage to any "p ( ! colonies )9 ! glaciat$ di/rict1 say f c5tral ,new ,j]sey nor?w>d4 ,9 t portion ( ! coa/al belt ! /ate ( ! surface & ! "* ( ! crops alike t5d$ to make ! own]%ip ( slaves unpr(itable4 ,! f>ms 7 necess>ily small4 ,!y became 9 a natural way e/abli%m5ts work$ by ! head ( ! h\se1 ) ! help ( 8 *ildr54 ,su* o!r help z 0 ne$$ 01 9 ! c\rse ( two g5]ations1 readily _h f hir$ :ite m5 & wom54 ,x 0 o!rwise 9 ! tobacco-plant+ region to ! s\?w>d4 ,! cultivation ( t plant1 to meet ! extraord9>y dem&s t ,europe made = x1 gave slav]y its *ance to become e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b = t indu/ry ! in/itution w\ld mo/ likely h tak5 b slight root1 & ! t]ritory z f> s\? z ,nor? ,c>ol9a w\ld h be5 9 social ord] n v diff]5t f ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & ! ,new ,engl& settlem5ts4 ,b1 ow+ to "s peculi>1 z yet unrecogniz$1 adju/m5ts ( climate & soil1 tobacco = pipes has a quality :5 gr[n 9 ! ,virg9ia di/rict su* z x has n[h]e else 9 ! _w1 & ! _w turn$ to smok+ x ) a disreg>d = exp5se t made ea* labor] 9 ! field wor? "s hundr$ doll>s a ye>4 ,moreov]1 ! production ( good tobacco requires mu* c>e1 :i* ext5ds ov] ab\t a ye> f ! "t ! se$ is plant$4 ,"s p>ts ( ! "w dem& a measure ( judgm5t su* z intellig5t negroes readily acquire4 ,!y are inde$ bett] fitt$ = ! task ?an :ite m51 = !y are commonly m int]e/$ 9 _! tasks ?an :ites ( ! labor+ class4 ,! result 0 t be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution slav]y 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! tobacco-plant+ colonies ( ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x 0 already ! f\ndation ( _! only consid]able indu/ry4 ,al?\gh ! production ( tobacco _h made slav]y a great economical success 9 ! limit$ field :]e ! be/ product 0 to be _h1 x is d\btful if ! in/itution w\ld h atta9$ to any widespread importance b = ! developm5t ( ano!r =m ( plant+--t ( cotton4 ,?us1 9 ,k5tucky1 :]e ! crops1 ) ! exception ( a co>se tobacco1 are ! same z 9 ! o!r ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union1 ! in/itution1 despite ! long-cont9u$ sc>city ( labor1 nev] atta9$ any v great developm5t4 ,! slaves 7 g5]ally us$ = h\sehold s]vice1 b to no great ext5t 9 ! fields1 & 9 su* employm5t only 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! soil 0 ( su* great f]tility t l>ge quantities ( gra9 7 rais$ = export4 ,9 "o ?ird ( t ,commonweal? negroes 71 & rema9 to ?is day1 q unkn[n4 ,! inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 end$ all hope t slav]y might be limit$ to a "p ( ! seacoa/ region1 = ne>ly all ( ! l[l& regions ( ! ,s\?1 z well z "s ( ! upl& c\ntry nor? to ! s\!rn bord] ( ,k5tucky & ,virg9ia1 are admirably suit$ to t crop--produc+1 inde$1 a bett] /aple ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is indu/ry1 ev5 m ?an t ( rais+ tobacco1 call$ = abundant labor :i* c\ld be absolutely comm&$ & sev]ely task$ 9 ! season ( extreme heats4 ,= ?is "w ! negro prov$ to be ! only fit man1 = :ile ! :ites c d ?is "w !y pref] o!r employm5t4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! p[] ( slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry became root$ 9 its soil4 ,! facts %[ t1 bas$ on an ample f\ndation ( exp]i5ce1 ! judgm5t ( ! ,s\!rn p 0 to ! effect t ?is creature ( ! tropics 0 a bett] labor] 9 _! fields ?an ! m5 ( _! own race4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! dislike ( ! :ite man = "w 9 association ) negroes4 ,! failure ( ! :ites to h a l>g] %>e 9 ! agriculture ( ! ,s\? has be5 attribut$ to ?is cause4 ,?is seems to me cle>ly an error4 ,! dislike to ! association ( races 9 labor is1 9 ! slavehold+ ,/ates1 less ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,!re c be no "q t if ! ,s\!rn folk c\ld h made :ite labor]s pr(itable !y w\ld h pref]r$ to employ !m1 = ! reason t ! plantations w\ld h requir$ less fix$ capital = _! op]ation4 ,! fact 0 & is t ! negro is !re a bett] labor+ man 9 ! field ?an ! :ite4 ,"u ! conditions he is m endur+1 m cont5t$1 & m tru/wor?y ?an ! m5 ( our own race4 ,! l>ge developm5t ( ! cotton indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry came aft] ! importation ( negroes f ,africa _h ceas$ to be z completely unre/rict$ z x 0 at fir/4 ,! prohibition ( ! traffic came inde$ be=e ! ne$s ( labor]s 9 ! m ,s\!rn & ,we/]n slave ,/ates _h be5 met4 ,= a :ile !re 0 "s surreptiti\s importation1 :i* 9 a small way cont9u$ d[n to ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 b ?is smuggl+ 0 q insuffici5t to supply ! m>ket ( ! new ,/ates ) slaves4 ,! result 0 t ! bord] slavehold+ ,/ates became to a consid]able ext5t ! bre$+ gr\nds = m5 & wom5 :o 7 to be at maturity export$ to ! great plantations ( ,alabama & ,mississippi1 !re to be h]d$ by ov]se]s 9 gangs ( hundr$s1 ) no hope ( ev] return+ to _! k9dr$4 ,) ?is int]diction ( ! =eign slave trade ! evils ( ! =m] situation became magnifi$ into horrors4 ,! folk :o 7 br\ght f ,africa came f a /ate ( savag]y to "o ( relative com=t4 ,:5 once adju/$ to _! new conditions1 _! lot 0 on ! :ole greatly bett]$4 ,b _! desc5dants1 :o _h become atta*$ to ! places :]e !y 7 born ) ! peculi> affection ! bett] ( !m _h = _! homes1 be+ accu/om$ to ma/]s :o on ! :ole 7 g5tle1 7 n[ to und]go a worse deportation ?an t :i* made !m slaves4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! deep] evils ( ! sy/em to ! slaves !mselves1 z well z to _! ma/]s1 began ) ?is mis]able slave trade t w5t on )9 ! limits ( ?is c\ntry1 & 0 ab\t at its height :5 ! civil w> began4 ,x c n be d5i$ t ev5 9 ! be/ /ages ( slavehold+ !re _h be5 a good deal ( comm]ce 9 slaves :]e ! feel+s ( ^! *attels 7 9 no wise reg>d$4 ,/ill1 !re 0 a prevail+ s5tim5t among all ! slavehold]s ( ! g5tl] sort t x 0 9 a way disgraceful to "p families4 ,i di/9ctly recall1 :5 ,i 0 a lad1 "s ye>s be=e ! civil w>1 my mat]nal gr&fa!r (t5 *>g$ me to rememb] t ,i came ( a p :o _h nev] b\ght or sold a slave except to keep families toge!r4 ,i "k t ?is 0 a common feel+ among ! bett] m5 ( ,k5tucky & ,virg9ia1 & t ! practice ( re>+ negroes = ! ,s\!rn m>ket fill$ !m ) sorr[ & indignation4 ,yet ! *ange 0 ! inevitable result ( ! sy/em & ( ! advanc+ comm]cialism :i* sep>at$ ! plantation life m & m f t ( ! own]'s h\sehold4 ,at ! "t :5 ! civil w> began ! in/itution ( slav]y 01 f ! comm]cial po9t ( view1 em95tly successful4 ,not)/&+ ! occasional appe>ance ( ! sp5d?rift slave own] 9 ,nor!rn pleasure resorts or 9 ,europe1 ! great plantations 7 g5]ally 9 *>ge ( able bus9ess m51 :o won a l>ge int]e/ on _! inve/m5ts & :o 7 develop+ ! sy/em ( plant+ 9 a way :i*1 ?\gh x appe>$ to ^? :o 7 accu/om$ to close tillage z %iftless1 0 really well adju/$ to ! conditions4 ,n "o f\r? ( ! l& ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates t 0 well fitt$ = ! "w ( slaves _h be5 br\ght into use4 ,! blacks :o 7 c>efully manag$ 9 all t reg>d$ _! heal? & 9 _! morals1 s f> z might affect _! bre$+1 7 9 admirable physical condition1 & rapidly increas+ 9 numb]s4 ,x is d\btful if ev] a peasant class 0 s well c>$ = or s fre$ f avoidable diseases4 ,! gr[+ prote/ aga9/ ! in/itution1 s f> z x op]at$ 9 ! ,s\?1 0 practically limit$ to ! bord] ,/ates1 ma9ly to ,k5tucky1 :]e alone did a consid]able numb] ( well-born m5 set !mselves aga9/ x4 ,!re is good reason to believe t if ! civil w> _h n occurr$ ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld h se5 a negro population 9 ! ,s\? mu* m num]\s ?an we n[ h !re4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! ,am]ican cotton crop is little affect$ by =eign competition1 s t x w\ld h ma9ta9$ ! success ( ! in/itution4 ,al?\gh ! sy/em ( slav]y 0 by a *ance ( ,nature s firmly plant$ on ! cotton fields z to give x entire dom9ance 9 ! ,s\?1 & some?+ l control ( ! ,f$]al ,union1 !re 0 "o geographic condition t m5ac$ its future1 & 9 ! end did mu* to insure its d[nfall 9 ! ev5ts ( ! civil w>1 & mo/ likely w\ld h br\ght ab\t its end ev5 if ! ,conf$]acy _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is 0 ! =m & ext5t ( ! ,appala*ian upl&s betwe5 ! ,potomac & ! ,ohio on ! nor? & ,alabama & ,georgia 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ?is area ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t ! surface lies at an av]age height ( "s fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea2 ! good arable l& is f\nd mo/ly 9 n>r[ valleys suit$ only = h\sehold f>ms1 totally unfit = ! sy/ematic agriculture 9 :i* alone negroes c\ld be pr(itably employ$ z slaves4 ,into ?is area drift$ ! class ( small f>m]s :o by "o *ance & ano!r _h nev] be5 able to ent] or to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! ari/ocratic class ( slavehold]s4 ,^! m\nta9e]s--!y may bett] be t]m$ ! hill p ( ! ,s\?--7 an em95tly peculi> p4 ,!y are n to be comp>$ ) ! poor :ite tra%--i4e41 ! d[nfall5 & dep5d5t :ites1 :o 7 brok5 m5 9 _s1 sc>ce above ! slaves 9 quality4 ,^! poor :ites 7 (t51 if n g5]ally1 ei!r ! weak] /ra9s ( ! militant families or ! desc5dants ( ! p :o _h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry by ! l& companies or s5t out z peons4 ,p>tly because ( _! sep>ation f ! slavehold+ class & p>tly because ( ! circum/ances ( _! orig91 ! p ( ! ,s\!rn highl&s =m$ a curi\sly sep>at$ class4 ,!y reta9$ ! quality ( _! ,engli% /ock1 z !y _h br\ght x ) !m--an indep5d5ce1 a c>elessness z to life1 & a humor = qu>rel+ ) ^? :o 7 set above !m :5ev] _! lib]ties or _! lic5se seem$ to be ?reat5$4 ,ev5 _! cu/oms & ut5sils held ) curi\s adhesion to ! usages ( e>li] c5turies4 ,?us1 9 #ahgh1 ,i f\nd1 9 a seclud$ valley ( s\?we/]n ,virg9ia1 m5 hunt+ squirrels & rabbits ) ! old ,engli% %ort b[4 ,^! 7 n ! contrivances ( boys or ( to-day1 b 7 made & /rung & ! arr[s heft$ 9 ! anci5t mann]4 ,! m51 "o ( !m old1 7 admirably skill$ 9 _! use2 !y assur$ me t1 l _! fa!rs be=e !m1 !y _h ev] us$ ! b[ & arr[ = small game1 res]v+ ! co/ly ammunition ( ! rifle = de] & be>4 ,^! hill folk 71 9 a passive b obdurate mann]1 oppos$ to slav]y1 & ev5 m to negroes4 ,!re are /ill _m c\nties 9 ?is di/rict :]e a negro has nev] dwelt4 ,9 "s p>ts ( x ,i h _h p ga!r f tw5ty miles away to />e at my black camp s]vants1 z ! folk ( c5tral ,africa are said to d at a :ite man4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! civil w> ! ,appala*ian upl& 0 /ill ?9ly peopl$2 x 01 h[ev]1 fitt$ to ma9ta9 a population ( "s millions4 ,if ! ,conf$]acy _h won its indep5d5ce1 its plantation di/ricts1 ) a relatively small vot+ population1 w\ld soon h _h to settle an acc\nt ) ! p ( ! hills4 ,z x 01 ! exi/5ce ( ?is folk 9 a great ridge ( c\ntry ext5d+ f ! ,nor!rn ,/ates to )9 two hundr$ miles ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 0 an elem5t ( weakness :i* w5t f> to give success to ! ,f$]al arms4 ,x kept ,k5tucky f sec$+1 prev5t$ ! region ( ,we/ ,virg9ia f be+ ( any value to ! rebellion1 & weak5$ its control 9 sev]al o!r ,/ates4 ,9 all1 some:]e ne> "o hundr$ ?\s& recruits came to ! ,f$]al army f ?is "p ( ! ,s\?4 ,x is n improbable t to ?is folk we may attribute ! failure ( ! great revolt4 ,t !y turn$ ?us aga9/ ! p ( _! own ,/ates to ca/ 9 _! lot ) ^? :o 7 /rang]s to !m %[s _! feel+s t[>d ! in/itution ( slav]y2 x indicat$ :]e !y w\ld h /ood if ! ,conf$]acy _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is n easy to picture ! condition ( ! negro population 9 #ahfj4 ,!re is a common notion t x 0 consci\sly & bitt]ly suff]+ f its subjugation--ready to rise 9 arms aga9/ its oppressors4 ,?is view 0 inde$ %>$ by ! ,s\!rn p1 :o liv$ 9 *ronic fe> ( insurrections4 ,! error ( x arose f ! fallaci\s notion t ! p ( ano!r race mu/ feel & act z we w\ld "u l circum/ances4 ,! facts %[$ t ! negro m9d does n "w 9 ! fa%ion ( our own4 ,he _h1 x is true1 suff]$ f slav]y1 b n z m5 ( our race w\ld h suff]$4 ,aga9/ its deprivations & su* direct cruelty z he exp]i5c$1 n (t5 great1 he c\ld set ! simple com=ts & small pleasures :i* are s mu* to him4 ,t he 0 on ! :ole fairly cont5t$ ) 8 lot1 t 8 relations ) 8 ma/]s 7 on ! :ole fri5dly1 is %[n by 8 rem>kable conduct dur+ & s9ce ! civil w>4 ,if ! accept$ acc\nt ( ! negro _h be5 true1 if he _h be5 = g5]ations groan+ 9 s]vitude :ile he passionately long$ = lib]ty1 ! ,s\? %\ld h flam$ 9 insurrection at ! fir/ t\* ( w>4 ,we %\ld h se5 a repetition ( ! horrors ( _m a s]vile insurrection4 ,x is a mo/ notable fact t1 dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( ! great cont5tion1 :5 ! blacks _h e opportunity to rise1 !re 0 no real m>k ( a disposition to turn ^u _! ma/]s4 ,on ?\s&s ( ,s\!rn f>ms ! fight+ m5 left _! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! keep+ ( _! slaves1 :ile !y w5t =? = a cause ^: success meant t ^? slaves c\ld nev] be free4 ,t ! negroes desir$ to be free is pla9 en\gh4 ,! fact t !y fl$ 9 su* numb]s to our camps %[s ?is4 ,_! failure to revolt mu/ be tak5 z an indication t _! relations ) _! ma/]s measur$ on _! own in/9ctive /&>ds 7 on ! :ole affectionate4 ,!y _h ! /r5g? to h made an end ( ! w> at a /roke4 ,!y 7 brave en\gh = su* action4 ,t !y did n take x aft] ! mann] ( _! k9dr$ ( ,santo ,dom+o is ! be/ possible te/imony z to ! g5]ally sympa!tic relation :i* exi/$ betwe5 ma/] & slaves4 ,( ?is no bett] te/ c be imag9$ ?an t :i* ! f9al /ages ( ! in/itution af=d$4 ,9 tak+ acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! slave 9 ?is ,union x is n amiss = me to be> te/imony z to ! _s ) :i* ! body ( our slave own]s met ! s+ul> obligations ( _! positions4 ,!re 7 "h & !re base m5 :o abus$ _! tru/ z ma/]s--"s1 inde$1 :o nev] p]ceiv$ its exi/5ce4 ,b ( ! v _m slave own]s :om ,i c rememb] ,i c recall b ?ree :o fail$ to recognize ! burd5 t fate _h put ^u !m & to deal ) x mu* z !y dealt ) ! o!r c>es ( _! h\seholds--consci5ti\sly & m]cifully1 ?\gh (t5 9 ! rude :ack+ way 9 :i* p>5ts ( old dealt ) _! *ildr52 s f> z slav]y 0 a h\sehold affair1 & ev5 :]e ! f>m employ$ no m h&s ?an c\ld be ga!r$ 9 a h\se qu>t]1 ! p 7 commonly subject to an anxi\s scrut9y z reg>d$ _! moral & religi\s tra9+4 ,"h & !re1 especially :5 !re 7 "y :ite m5 ab\t1 ! result 0 ! deplorable mixture ( ! races4 ,!re is no "q b t ?is 0 ext5sive1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( x is exagg]at$4 ,yet x 0 common en\gh to degrade ! :ites & to make ( itself a suffici5t reason = end+ ! in/itution1 h[ev] pr(itable x might o!rwise h be54 ,m5 ( no race are safely to be tru/$ ) su* p[]4 ,! social evil 0 ! heavie/ "p ( ! load :i* ! high-m9d$ slave own]s _h to be>4 ,x 0 %>$ 9 ev5 l>g] measure by 8 wife & daught]s4 ,h[ heavy ! cross 0 c only be kn[n to ^? :o rememb] ! conditions ( t unhappy "t4 ,! result ( ! hopeless ef=t to keep ! slaves 9 dec5t ways & to prev5t ! pollution ( _! sons 0 to make ne>ly e "r-m9d$ slavehold] at he>t an abolitioni/4 ,al?\gh ! m51 & ev5 ! wom51 :o suff]$ mo/ w\ld h be5 dispos$ to slay any "o :o sugge/$ t !y %>$ ! op9ions ( ! dete/$ antislav]y folk1 ne>ly e "o 9 8 he>t reprobat$ ! in/itution & 9 8 m9d 0 revolv+ "s s*eme1 g5]ally fanciful1 by :i* an end ( x might be made4 ,!y 7 9 ! unhappy position :]e ov]:elm+ self-int]e/ f\ght ) _! moral s5se4 ,n[ & !n "s "o ( !m pass$ ! critical po9t & ent]$ into ! fold ( ! accurs$ abolitioni/s2 b o!rs1 aft] ! mann] ( av]age m51 palt]$ ) ! situation1 wait+ = fate to decide ! matt]4 ,9 ! meantime1 !y /rove z be/ !y c\ld to lift ^! p to a high] e/ate4 ,9 _m ways ! /&>d ( c>e by :i* ! conduct ( a ma/] 9 relation to 8 slaves 0 judg$ 0 high4 ,he 0 expect$ to clo! !m 9 a fit mann]1 keep !m f ! nocturnal w&]+s1 t]m$ runn+1 s common a trait 9 ^! *ildr5 ( ! tropics1 to see t !y 7 dec5tly m>ri$1 t !y w5t to *ur* 9 a dutiful way1 &1 above all1 t !y 7 n abus$ by o!r :ites1 p>ticul>ly by o!r slavehold]s4 ,to /rike or ev5 to vilify ! slaves ( ano!r 0 a v s]i\s ?+4 ,! (f5d$ p]son knew well t x 0 8 "p to make 8 compla9t to ! s]vant's ma/]4 ,:]e ! negroes exce$$ 9 numb] ^? ne$$ = h\sehold & p]sonal s]vice--!re 7 (t5 a doz5 or two ?us employ$ 9 families ( no great weal?--!re 0 a division betwe5 ! h\se p & ! h&s4 ,^? 9 ! =m] gr\p 7 select$ folk1 (t5 belong+ to families t _h be5 associat$ ) ^? ( _! ma/]s = a c5tury or m4 ,su* s]vants _h rights t none c\ld dispute4 ,n uncommonly _! eld]s 7 ! actual rul]s ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,^! family slaves (t5 receiv$ "s little s*ool+1 ev5 :5 ! laws =bade t slaves %\ld be taught to read & write4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! h\sehold s]vants 7 all[$ freely to play ) ^? ( _! ma/]s until ! "y p 7 ab\t twelve ye>s old4 ,! boys ( bo? (t5 _h _! r\gh-&-tumble games toge!r until !y 7 "y m54 ,! field labor]s1 :]e ! class 0 sep>ate1 _h less p]fect connection ) _! ma/]s4 ,!y usually came to ! family /or]oom = ! daily issu$ rations1 :i* !y receiv$ f ! h&s ( ! mi/ress or ! daught] ( ! h\se4 ,!y 7 visit$ :5 sick1 & _! compla9ts 7 he>d4 ,!y 7 free to all ( ! _m fe/ivities ( ! holiday "t4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a m effective s*ool+ = ! ,african p ?an 0 giv5 ?is adoption into ! h\seholds1 & (t5 into ! he>ts1 ( high-m9d$ ma/]s4 ,a l opportunity nev] be=e came & w nev] aga9 come to s l[ly a folk4 ,! effect ( ?is educative contact ) ! sup]ior race is1 z be=e not$1 to be se5 9 ! temp] ( ! negroes dur+ & aft] ! civil w>4 ,^u ! high-m9d$ ma/] ! effect ( ! in/itution 0 9 _m ways enl>g+4 ,a man is morally :at 8 c>es h made him1 & ( ^! ! dutiful slavehold] has m ?an an av]age %>e4 ,he grew 9 ! p[] ( comm& & 9 ! habit ( do+ ju/ice to _m fell[-be+s4 ,he liv$ a l>ge life4 ,! qualities br$ ( 8 /ation h be5 ( pr(it to 8 folk & "t4 ,all ?is is true ( slav]y ( ! dome/ic sort4 ,x is n s 9 l mann] ( ! great plantations :i* came ) ! developm5t ( ! cotton & sug> indu/ries4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,s\? until x began to be ! place ( supply = ! rapidly develop+ plantation di/rict4 ,s long z ! negro c\ld look =w>d to life 9 ! place & ) ! p ( 8 bir? 8 simple1 c>eless nature op5$ to him little to br+ a s5se ( dang]4 ,he 0 to live on until he pass$ 9 to ! ,elysium ( ! h]eaft]1 ( :i* he _h no d\bt :atev]4 ,gradually !re came1 9 ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! f>ms & ! dim9i%+ f]tility ( ! wa/$ l&1 ! ne$ ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( slaves4 ,!n ea* ye> came ! dread$ visits ( ! trad]1 :o 0 l a visible angel ( dea?1 to lead "o or m into ! f> unkn[n c\ntry4 ,be=e ! plantation dem& = slaves began !re 71 ( c\rse1 sales ( slaves1 b !y commonly w5t z families1 & n to places to !m inconceivably remote4 ,^! c\ld hope = ,*ri/mas reunions & o!r ex*anges1 b :5 ! negro 0 sold ,s\? ! place & p t _h kn[n him w\ld "k him no m4 ,my fir/ impression ( ! iniquity ( slav]y came f ! anxi\s que/ions ( negroes z to ! dang] ( _! be+ sold to ,alabama1 t ,/ate be+ !n ! suppos$ de/9ation ( all ^? :o 7 out ( favor4 ,!y naturally /rove to make int]e/ ) *ildr5 :om !y ?\ght c\ld successfully int]c$e = !m4 ,!re 7 sev]al v div]se consequ5ces aris+ f ! exportation ( slaves f ! bord] ,/ates to ! f> ,s\?4 ,x %ook ! confid5ce ( ! negro z to 8 safety 9 all t 0 de>e/ to him1 & ?us did mu* to degrade ! relation betwe5 him & 8 ma/]4 ,x s]v$1 cruel z x 01 to elevate ! relatively unciviliz$ blacks ( ! m ,s\!rn di/ricts1 :]e ! newly import$ labor]s 7 mo/ly accumulat$4 ,x curi\sly op]at$ to elevate ! quality ( ! blacks 9 :at 0 t]m$ ! slave-bre$+ ,/ates1 ^? :]e ! in/itution _h longe/ be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is 0 due to ! selection ( ^? ( l[] grade = ! m>ket4 ,z x became necess>y to "p ) slaves1 a *oice 0 naturally made ( m5 & wom5 :o _h lea/ ende>$ !mselves to ! h\sehold4 ,save 9 r>e cases1 ! trad] s\ght r ! lu/y y\?s = _! brawn ?an ! m delicate1 ref9$ h\se p4 ,moreov]1 :]e a fell[ _h %[n a t5d5cy to any vice1 ! *oice fell on him4 ,9 ?is way = two or ?ree g5]ations a we$+ process w5t on1 ) ! result t ! negroes :o 7 left 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! "w 0 done acquir$ a quality noticeably bett] ?an ^? on ! ,s\!rn plantations4 ,! diff]5ce is almo/ t we w\ld look = betwe5 two di/9ct races4 ,! faces ( ! select$ folk are m intellig5t1 ! l9es ( _! bodies f9]1 _! moral & intellectual quality v mu* above ^? ( _! l[] k9dr$4 ,!y are at _! be/1 9 v num]\s in/ances1 z g5tle z ! elect ( our own race4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! ,s\!rn plantations1 ! in/itution ( slav]y 0 delib]ately made ! basis ( l>ge comm]cial int]e/s1 ! motives 7 :olly diff]5t f :atev] exi/$ 9 ! e>ly & bett] days1 :5 ! slaves 7 app5dages ( a h\sehold4 ,ev5 on ! l>ge/ tobacco plantations ! numb]s 7 n su* z to exclude a %>e ( contact ) fri5dly :ites4 ,b on ! great prop]ties ( ! ,s\? ! negro 0 n to any ext5t subject to ! influ5ces :i* _h 9 ! e>li] /age ( 8 appr5tice%ip done s mu* = him4 ,work$ 9 gangs t 7 c\nt$ by ! hundr$s1 see+ no :ites except ! ov]se]s1 !y t5d$ to lose :at little culture !y _h ga9$4 ,_! peculi> b p]fectly intelligible spee* began a degradation into a puzzl+ j>gon4 ,african sup]/itions1 little if any trace ( :i* rema9$ among _! k9dr$ 9 ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky1 rega9$ _! hold4 ,m>riage & a respect !re=1 :i* _h be5 tol]ably well affirm$1 t5d$ to disappe>4 ,all trace ( good ?us vani%$ f ! sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! great plantation1 ( ! ,mississippi type1 0 a relatively novel feature 9 ,am]ican slavehold+1 x 0 evid5tly ! only l>gely pr(itable me?od ( us+ slave labor4 ,9 ! h\sehold sy/em ! c>e ( ! *ildr51 ! ag$1 & ! infirm1 ! unbus9esslike managem5t ( ! labor1 & ! t5d5cy to slip%od me?ods :i* ) negroes c only be correct$ by /rict discipl9e1 made ord9>y f>m+ unremun]ative4 ,x is evid5t t ! pr(it1 o!r ?an t 9 m]e money1 :i* ! in/itution 9 ! e>li] /ate _h br\ght to ma/] & slave 0 rapidly dim9i%+1 & t any fur!r ma9t5ance ( x w\ld h be5 calamit\s4 ,?\gh we may regret t x 0 end$ by ! civil w>1 x is difficult to see any o!r way 9 :i* x c\ld h be5 t]m9at$1 or any pr(it :i* c\ld h be5 ga9$ by po/pon+ ! crisis4 ,,mod]n ,,city ,,roadways4 ,,by ,,nelson ,p4 ,,lewis1 ,,eng9e] ,,( ,,highways1 ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,brooklyn4 ,"o ( ! conspicu\s results ( *eap5$ transportation & ! facility ) :i* ! products ( field1 =e/1 m9e1 & factory c be transf]r$ to ! consum] has be5 ! rapid increase 9 population ( all our cities4 ,9 #ahij ov] =ty-five p] c5t ( ! population ( ,new ,york ,/ate 7ne>ly six millions7 0 conc5trat$ 9 f\r cities1 :ile x is e/imat$ t ! great] city ( ,new ,york conta9s at pres5t n less & probably m ?an fifty p] c5t ( ! ,/ate's population4 ,nor is ?is t5d5cy *>act]i/ic only ( ,am]ican cities1 ?\gh ! g5]al impression seems to be t x is m conspicu\s ) u4 ,9 fact1 _m ,european cities 7notably ^? ( ,g]many7 h out/ripp$ ours 9 gr[?4 ,9 #ahgj ,b]l9 _h ab\t #aej1jjj less p ?an ,new ,york2 9 #ahij x _h ov] #gc1jjj m4 ,9 #ahge ,hamburg exce$$ ,bo/on 9 population by b #f1jjj1 :ile 9 #ahij ! ,g]man city 0 m ?an #aba1jjj ahead4 ,mean:ile ! rural population ! _w ov] has increas$ v sl[ly1 or has positively decreas$4 ,! mass+ toge!r ( l>ge numb]s ( p1 )\t prop] reg>d to sanit>y conditions1 has always result$ 9 great mortality1 z witness ! t]rible plagues :i* h swept ov] ! old cities ( ,europe1 & ! disa/r\s results dur+ ! summ] ( #ahih ( conc5trat+ l>ge numb]s ( our volunte]s 9 camps n subject$ to rigid sanit>y regulations4 ,x has be5 amply demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t our cities c be made at lea/ z heal?ful z ! c\ntry di/ricts1 & an increas+ly l>ge numb] ( eng9e]s are engag$ 9 su* city build+4 ,"o bran* ( ?is municipal "w w be consid]$ 9 ?is pap]--t ( /reet improvem5t4 ,! fir/ impression ga9$ by a /rang] ent]+ a city is und\bt$ly t produc$ by ! appe>ance ( its /reets4 ,if !y are poorly pav$1 irregul>1 dirty1 & g5]ally unkempt1 he w consult 8 "t table to see h[ soon he c get away4 ,if !y are broad1 smoo?1 clean1 well %ad$ & light$1 he w /ay z long z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sections ,,( ,,roman ,,roads ,9 spite ( ! pride ( ! ,am]ican p 9 ! developm5t ( our cities1 & not)/&+ ! fact t _! weal? enables !m to h only ! be/1 !y h be5 sl[ to appreciate ! value ( ?or\ghly well-pav$ /reets4 ,z /at$ by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,%aw1 ,european cities h be5 ahead ( u 9 accept+ ! doctr9e t smoo? & clean highways are a wise inve/m5t f e po9t ( view1 & t s long z ! "w is done 9 a ?or\gh & sci5tific mann] ! result is wor? hav+1 reg>dless ( co/4 ,no city %\ld ?9k itself ri* en\gh to prosp] )\t !m1 & no city is s poor t x c n af=d !m if x has any reason :atev] = cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,good roadways are *eap at any co/1 & bad ones are s disa/r\sly exp5sive t only a v ri* c\ntry1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c af=d !m4 ,space w n p]mit ev5 a brief hi/ory ( /reet pav+1 or an attempt to sket* its developm5t1 b ref]5ce w be made to ! diff]5t k9ds 9 g5]al use1 & ! k9d mo/ 9 favor 9 v>i\s cities4 ,probably no "o has introduc$ ! subject ( pavem5ts )\t ref]5ce to ! ,roman roads4 ,:ile ,c>?age 0 probably ! fir/ city to boa/ ( pav$ /reets1 ! ,romans soon foll[$ its example1 & all ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 z f> z ! doma9 ( _! emp]ors ext5d$1 !y built ) ! greate/ c>e & at enorm\s exp5se t magnific5t sy/em ( roads :i* 7 (t5 suppos$1 9 ! middle ages1 to be ( sup]natural orig91 & rema9 ! wond] ( our mod]n civilization4 ,^! roads 7 g5]ally f f\r to six metres 9 wid?1 & 7 con/ruct$ 9 ?is way3 ,! roadb$ 0 excavat$2 9 x 0 plac$ a lay] ( /ones1 :i* 7 sometimes unit$ ) mort>4 ,^! /ones 7 su* z 7 mo/ available1 sometimes r\nd$ /ones simil> to ! cobble/ones ) :i* we are famili>1 & 9 "s cases 9 ! ,alps ! f\ndation 0 a compact mass ( angul> /ones1 two feet or m 9 _! longe/ dim5sion1 c>efully fitt$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,pompeii1 ,,%[+ ,,old ,,roman ,,pavem5t4 ,on ?is f\ndation 0 plac$ a lay] ( pla/] made ( /one or brick p\nd$ ) mort>2 !n a c\rse ( s& & lime or s& & clay1 level$ & p\nd$ until v h>d4 ,! top or we>+ surface 0 made ( irregul> flat /ones1 fitt$ toge!r ) nicety & unit$ ) cem5t4 ,! total dep? ( ^! roads1 or pavem5ts1 z !y c prop]ly be call$1 0 f ?ree to 79 "s cases7 sev5 feet4 ,x is said t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hispania alone 7,spa9 & ,portugal7 tw5ty ?\s& miles ( roads 7 built4 ,! fir/ /one pavem5ts to be laid 9 mod]n city /reets 7 ^? =m$ ( /ones 9 _! natural condition1 v>i\sly kn[n z b[ld]s1 pebbles1 or cobble/ones4 ,! fir/ attempt at a /reet pavem5t 9 ?is c\ntry 0 d\btless t ref]r$ to by ,mrs4 ,john ,k+ ,van ,r5ssela]1 9 ! ,go$e ,vr\w ( ,mana-na-ta1 :]e %e says1 9 speak+ ( :at 0 once call$ ,br[] ,/reet1 because x pass$ by ! great brew]y built by "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,van ,cortl&ts3 ,?is /reet lies betwe5 ,:itehall & ,broad1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ lanes laid out by ! settl]s1 & 0 commonly kn[n z ',! ,road4' ,9 #afeg x 0 pav$ ) small r\nd cobble/ones1 & ! circum/ance creat$ su* a s5sation t ! c\ntry p visit$ x z a curiosity1 & x 0 "o ( ! sights ( ! little dorp4 ,! burgh]s laugh+ly nicknam$ x ,/one ,/reet1 :i* "n x /ill reta9s4 ,! improvem5t 0 effect$ by ,madame ,van ,cortl&t1 z %e c\ld n endure ! du/ t fill$ h] tidy h\se1 caus$ by ! heavy brew]s' wa9s t 7 con/antly pass+ h] door4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,naples1 ,,%[+ ,,l>ge ,,pav+ ,,/ones4 ,?is cobble/one pavem5t1 laid on ,/one ,/reet ne>ly two c5turies & a half ago1 has be5 a p]si/5t type1 &1 on acc\nt ( _! availability & *eapness1 su* /ones cont9u$ to be us$ 9 _m cities until )9 a v few ye>s4 ,:5 !y 7 well %ap$ & uni=m 9 size !y made q a durable pavem5t1 &1 ?\gh r\gh & noisy1 7 capable1 :5 well laid1 ( su/a9+ a consid]able traffic4 ,=tunately1 ! bett] class ( ^! /ones are n[ s sc>ce & ! poor] ones are s execrable t ?is type ( pavem5t is becom+ obsolete1 ?\gh !re are _m miles = :i* m civiliz$ pavem5ts are yet to be sub/itut$1 two hundr$ & ?irty-eight miles ( :i* are un=tunately 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,brooklyn4 ,! next /ep 9 advance 0 ! use ( /one %ap$ to uni=m size1 or approximately s1 & ) a m or less smoo? surface4 ,?is is ! pavem5t 9 mo/ g5]al use to-day1 & = p]man5cy &1 consequ5tly1 *eapness c n be surpass$4 ,:5 fir/ us$1 ^! blocks 7 q l>ge1 & ! size has be5 decreas$ until ! be/ /one pavem5ts laid at ! pres5t "t 9 ,great ,brita9 are six-in* cubes1 or /ill small]1 ) a surface f\r in*es squ>e & a dep? ( sev5 in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cobble/one ,,pavem5t ,,on ,,s>atoga ,,av5ue1 ,,brooklyn4 ,b /one pavem5t :5 mo/ c>efully laid & ma9ta9$ is noisy & unpleasant to ride ov]1 & 9 ^! days we c nev] reconcile su* a pavem5t ) a h&some resid5ce /reet4 ,! writ] exp]i5c$ a di/9ct %ock :5 on rid+ ov] ,euclid ,av5ue1 9 ,clevel&1 la/ ye>1 he f\nd x /ill pav$ ) ,m$9a s&/one blocks1 & x seem$ t ?is fam\s /reet 0 /ill liv+ on ! reputation :i* ,bay>d ,taylor gave x ye>s ago z ! h&some/ /reet 9 ! _w4 ,9 look+ ab\t = some?+ m quiet & smoo? ?an /one1 ! fir/ mat]ial tri$ 0 wood4 ,9 ,london ! fir/ wood pavem5t 0 laid 9 ! ,old ,bailey 9 #ahci1 & 0 soon foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,none ( ^! pavem5ts la/$ m ?an sev5 ye>s1 &1 z !y co/ m ?an granite & 7 s %ort-liv$1 a prejudice arose aga9/ !m1 & z !y wore out !y 7 mo/ly replac$ ) granite4 ,s9ce t "t wood pavem5t has become popul> aga91 & a l>ge area is n[ cov]$ ) x4 ,! mat]ial mo/ g5]ally 9 use is ,baltic fir1 ?\gh !re is q a l>ge am\nt ( ,au/ralian h>d wood :i* is m durable4 ,! p ( ,london seem will+ to be> ! great] exp5se & submit to ! annoyance ( m frequ5t r5ewals = ! sake ( ! quiet1 & wood is c]ta9ly ! lea/ noisy ( all kn[n pavem5ts4 ,p>is _h at ! close ( #ahic m wood ?an asphalt1 ! areas ( pavem5ts ( diff]5t k9ds be+ z foll[s3 ,/one #g1eda1beh sq4 yds41 #ga4e p] c5t4 ,wood #hhf1bcf #h4d ,asphalt #djb1cid #c4h ,gravel or macadam #a1gbd1fcb #af4c ,b]l9 also has "s wood pavem5ts1 b asphalt seems m popul>1 ?\gh by f> ! greate/ area is /ill ( /one pavem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,granite ,,pavem5t ,,on ,,roadway ,,( ,,brooklyn ,,bridge ,,aft] ,,con/ant ,,use ,,) ,,v ,,heavy ,,traffic ,,= ,,sixte5 ,,ye>s4 ,! mo/ durable wood pavem5ts are ^? made ( ! h>d woods ( ,au/ralia1 :i* are especially adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,!y are mo/ly ( ! eucalyptus family1 ! r$ gum1 blue gum1 black butt1 tall[-wood1 & mahogany4 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,bell1 9 a pamphlet publi%$ 9 #ahie1 gives "s rem>kable /ati/ics z to ! durability ( ^! pavem5ts4 ,he cites ! case ( ,george ,/reet1 9 ,sydney1 :i* su/a9s a v heavy traffic1 & on :i* a wood5-block pavem5t _h be5 9 con/ant use = ov] t5 ye>s1 )\t repair ( any k9d4 ,! only piece ( wood pavem5t ( ?is class :i* has be5 laid 9 ?is c\ntry1 to ! writ]'s k1 is on ,tw5tie? ,/reet1 betwe5 ,broadway & ,fif? ,av5ue1 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan1 :]e1 9 #ahif1 ! ,au/ralian k>i wood 0 laid4 ,! "w 0 done ) ! greate/ c>e1 & ! result+ pavem5t has prov$ q satisfactory4 ,:5 ,fif? ,av5ue 0 lately repav$ ! use ( ?is mat]ial 0 consid]$1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! popul> prejudice aga9/ all wood pavem5ts & ! delay :i* w\ld be involv$ 9 obta9+ ! blocks1 ! idea 0 ab&on$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,bev]ly ,,road ,,& ,,ea/ ,,fifte5? ,,/reet1 ,,brooklyn1 ,,9 ,,m>*1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,nor? ,,f ,,bev]ly ,,road ,,& ,,ea/ ,,fifte5? ,,/reet1 ,,brooklyn1 ,,9 ,,octob]1 #ahii4 ,:5 wood pavem5ts are spok5 ( 9 mo/ ( our cities1 ! taxpay] pictures to himself ! r\nd c$> block s g5]ally 9 use 9 ,we/]n cities4 ,^! are us$ on acc\nt ( _! *eapness4 ,!y are usually laid on "o or two c\rses ( plank4 ,! blocks are r\nd1 f f\r to eight in*es 9 diamet] & six in*es 9 dep?1 are set z closely z possible to ea* o!r1 & ! jo9ts are fill$ ) gravel1 aft] :i* !y are usually p\r$ full ( pit*4 ,su* a pavem5t1 :5 new1 is q agreeable to ride ov]4 ,x soon1 h[ev]1 becomes unev52 ! defective blocks quickly decay2 ! surface n be+ imp]vi\s to wat]1 ! wet f\ndation "u a pavem5t ) s little rigidity becomes s(t1 & ! mud or slime works its way up betwe5 ! blocks1 & ! process ( decomposition is exp$it$4 ,we he> sometimes ( ! float+ pavem5ts ( ,*icago4 ,^! are su* c$>-block pavem5ts :i* are said to rise ) ! floods ( wat] fill+ ! roadways aft] heavy ra9falls1 & f specim5s ( ! pavem5t :i* may be se5 9 t city consid]able sections mu/ h float$ away4 ,! r\nd block has no?+ to recomm5d x b its *eapness1 & ?is usually proves to be exp5sive economy4 ,9 ,galve/on1 ,texas1 creosot$ yell[ p9e blocks h be5 laid = "s ye>s ) g5]al satisfaction4 ,!y are laid directly on ! f9e s&1 :i* is wat]-ramm$ s z to be v compact4 ,! surface is =m$ ) great c>e by a template to ! exact grade & cr[n1 & ! jo9ts are fill$ ) simil> f9e s&4 ,9 ,indianapolis creosot$ blocks h be5 laid = sev]al ye>s1 sixty ?\s& squ>e y>ds hav+ be5 put d[n dur+ ! pa/ season4 ,!y are laid z closely z possible on a concrete f\ndation1 ) a s& cu%ion ( "o in*1 & ! jo9ts fill$ ) pav+ cem5t1 compos$ ( t5 p] c5t ( ref9$ ,tr9idad asphalt & n9ety p] c5t ( coal-t> di/illate1 aft] :i* ! surface is cov]$ ) half an in* ( clean co>se s& or granite scre5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,c$> ,,block ,,pavem5t ,,9 ,,toronto4 ,improv$ wood pavem5ts are a luxury4 ,!y h _m po9ts ( sup]iority ov] asphalt4 ,!y are s consid]$ 9 ,london1 :]e _! use is cont9u$1 al?\gh !y require r5ewal (t5] ?an asphalt1 & mu* m (t5 ?an granite4 ,!y w und\bt$ly be us$ m frequ5tly 9 ?is c\ntry :5 ! p are will+ to pay ! additional co/ = ! quiet & fre$om f du/ & f ! some:at disagreeable gl>e ( asphalt4 ,= a doz5 ye>s or m brick has be5 us$ = /reet pavem5ts 9 ! cities ( ! middle ,we/4 ,! use ( ?is mat]ial is by no means new4 ,x began 9 ,holl& 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! highway f ,! ,hague to ,s*ev5+5 0 pav$ ) brick4 ,9 ,am/]dam su* pavem5ts are said to la/ f t5 to tw5ty ye>s1 or an av]age ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,aft] ab\t t5 ye>s !y are commonly turn$ ov] & relaid1 aft] :i* !y w la/ ab\t f\r ye>s m4 ,! size 9 common use is ab\t ! same z t made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a good pav+ brick %\ld be t\gh en\gh to )/& ! we> to :i* a /reet surface is subject$ )\t *ipp+ or crack+1 & %\ld n absorb m ?an f two to f\r p] c5t ( its weight ( wat] aft] subm]sion = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,x has n ! we>+ qualities ( granite1 al?\gh !re is "o block on ,n9? ,av5ue1 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan1 :i* has be5 subject$ to v heavy traffic = eight ye>s1 has _h no repairs to speak (1 & its condition to-day comp>es v favorably ) almo/ any /reet pavem5t ( equal age :i* has be5 subject$ to simil> traffic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,c$> ,,block ,,pavem5t4 ,ano!r k9d ( /reet improvem5t :i* mu/ be consid]$ is macadam4 ,9 small t[ns1 & "s q l>ge cities1 mo/ ( ! /reets are improv$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 well ma9ta9$ & kept smoo?1 b n too h>d1 x =ms a mo/ agreeable surface = driv+4 ,x %\ld n1 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t1 be class$ z a pavem5t at all1 c]ta9ly n z a p]man5t "o1 & its use %\ld be re/rict$ to p>k drives & b\lev>ds 7= ma9ta9+ :i* lib]al appropriations c be secur$71 & to suburban roads1 :]e sew]s & subsurface pipes h n yet be5 laid1 & :]e tempor>y roads are requir$ to furni% conv5i5t communication betwe5 c5t]s ( population1 & to assi/ 9 develop+ ^! di/ricts4 ,macadam has no place 9 a city /reet1 nor is x wise to lay x on ! entire wid? ( a roadway4 ,x be/ s]ves its purpose :5 laid 9 a comp>atively n>r[ /rip1 leav+ ! sides ( ! road unimprov$1 except = ! =mation ( e>? gutt]s1 s t ! surface wat] c readily soak away :]e ! soil is suffici5tly por\s4 ,macadam is ! mo/ exp5sive ( all /reet surfaces to keep 9 ?or\ghly good condition1 & 9 ?is c\ntry x is r>ely1 if ev]1 s ma9ta9$1 except 9 "s ( our p>k roads4 ,! pavem5t :i* is to-day1 m g5]ally ?an any o!r1 sup]s$+ /one on all /reets :]e ! traffic is n excessive nor ! grades extreme1 is asphalt4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to attempt to give a hi/ory ( ! use ( ?is mat]ial1 h[ its adaptability to pav+ purposes 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! improv$ condition ( ! roads ov] :i* x 0 haul$ f ! ,fr5* m9es = use 9 res]voir & tank l9+s1 etc4 ,! dripp+s f ! c>ts 7 obs]v$ to h be5 compact$ by travel until a smoo?1 h>d roadway result$4 ,! fir/ /reet to be pav$ ) x 0 ,rue ,b]g]a1 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahed1 & x 0 s successful t 9 #aheh ,rue ,/4 ,honore 0 simil>ly treat$4 ,an asphalt pavem5t 0 laid 9 ,?readne$le ,/reet1 ,london1 9 ,may1 #ahfi1 & 9 ,*eapside & ,p\ltry 9 ! fall ( #ahgj1 :ile 9 ,b]l9 its use began 9 #ahgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eighte5? ,,av5ue1 ,,brooklyn2 ,,macadamiz$ ,,full ,,wid? ,,( ,,roadway ,,& ,,gutt]s ,,pav$1 ,,) ,,no ,,provision ,,= ,,surface ,,dra9age4 ,! lay+ ( bitum9\s pavem5ts 9 ?is c\ntry began 9 #ahfi1 & !y 7 fir/ made ( t> concrete1 or ,scrim%aw4 ,asphalt began to be us$ )9 ! next ye> or two1 & its popul>ity has be5 a/oni%+1 z w be se5 f ! fact t on ,janu>y #a1 #ahih1 ! area ( ?is k9d ( pavem5t laid 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 01 z ne>ly z c\ld be asc]ta9$1 ?irty million squ>e y>ds4 ,!re is a notable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,european & ,am]ican asphalts4 ,! =m] may be call$ natural & ! latt] artificial pavem5ts4 ,9 ! =m] ! mat]ial1 z x comes f ! m9e1 is gr\nd to a p[d]1 heat$1 plac$ ^u ! f\ndation prep>$ = x1 & tamp$ into approximately ! same condition z be=e x 0 di/urb$1 ?\gh usually ! product ( sev]al m9es is mix$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ p]c5tage ( bitum51 b no?+ is add$ to or tak5 f ! bitum9\s rock4 ,9 ! pavem5t usually laid 9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 only a small proportion ( ! mat]ial is br\ght f ! asphalt deposits1 ! pr9cipal "p ( x 7s&7 be+ obta9$ ne> at h&4 ,9 ! "o case ! co/ ( long ocean or rail transportation has to be paid on ! entire mass =m+ ! pavem5t1 :ile 9 ! o!r ?is exp5se atta*es to b f twelve to fifte5 p] c5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a great advantage1 & at rec5t prices x is sc>cely possible = ! ,european rock asphalts to compete ) ! artificial ones4 ,! mak+ ( a pavem5t f "o ( ! /&>d asphalts may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,! mat]ial z f\nd 9 ,nature has ?is composition3 ,bitum5 #ch4ad p] c5t4 ,organic matt]1 n bitum5 #g4fc ,m9]al matt] #bf4ch ,wat] #bg4he ------ #ajj4jj ,?is is cook$ until ! wat] has be5 driv5 (f1 & "s ( ! m9]al matt] has settl$4 ,! above analysis is ( ,tr9idad ,pit* ,lake asphalt1 & is a p>ticul>ly favorable result4 ,?is mat]ial is too h>d = use 9 mak+ a pavem5t1 & x has to be s(t5$ or flux$ by ! addition ( some?+ :i* w accompli% ?is purpose4 ,9 ord] to d ?is !re is usually add$ to ea* "o hundr$ p\nds ( ref9$ asphalt ab\t eighte5 p\nds ( heavy petroleum oil4 ,aft] ?is addition we h ! asphaltic cem5t ready to comb9e ) m9]al matt]1 :i* is s select$ t :5 asphaltic cem5t is add$ at ! rate ( ab\t sev5te5 p\nds ( ! cem5t to eighty-?ree p\nds ( ! o!r all ! p>ticles w be coat$1 & m c\ld n be add$ )\t mak+ ! pavem5t too s(t4 ,:at is f\nd to accompli% ?is be/ is f9e /one du/ & s&4 ,! asphaltic cem5t & s& are heat$ sep>ately to ab\t #cjj ,f4 ,! /one du/ is !n add$ to & mix$ ) ! hot s& 9 ! proportion ( f five to eighty 9 ! case ( f9e1 well-graduat$ s&1 to fifte5 to sixty-sev5 = co>se s&s1 hav+ less v>iation 9 size4 ,! asphaltic cem5t is !n add$1 & ! mat]ials are mix$ to a homog5e\s mass1 :i* is ready to be tak5 to ! /reet4 ,x %\ld rea* !re at a temp]ature n less ?an #bej1 & is spread ) hot iron rakes s z to give usually a ?ickness ( two in*es aft] consolidation4 ,aft] spread+1 x is roll$ ) a h& roll]1 aft] :i* a small am\nt ( hydraulic cem5t is swept ov] ! surface1 & x is ?or\ghly roll$ ) a /eam roll] ( n less ?an t5 tons1 ! roll+ to be cont9u$ z long z ! roll] makes any impression on ! surface4 ,! f\ndation is usually ( cem5t concrete ab\t six in*es ?ick1 ?\gh asphalt pavem5ts are (t5 laid ov] old /one pavem5ts4 ,betwe5 ! f\ndation & ! we>+ surface !re is g5]ally laid :at is call$ a b9d] c\rse1 "o in* ?ick & =m$ ( small brok5 /one1 to :i* has be5 add$ asphaltic cem5t1 ! same z is us$ 9 mak+ ! we>+ surface4 ,five or six p9ts ( ?is cem5t are us$ to ea* cubic foot ( /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+',s ,,highway1 ,,brooklyn2 ,,sixte5 ,,feet ,,9 ,,c5t] ,,( ,,road ,,macadamiz$4 ,! pavem5t j describ$ is made f ,tr9idad asphalt1 ! mat]ial f :i* ne>ly all ! e>li] artificial asphalt pavem5ts 9 ?is c\ntry 7 made1 & :i* 0 us$ almo/ exclusively until )9 ! la/ half doz5 ye>s4 ,)9 t "t1 h[ev]1 x has be5 discov]$ t !re are a numb] ( o!r deposits ( asphalt well adapt$ to use = /reet pavem5ts4 ,a v l>ge deposit conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( bitum5 & v little m9]al matt] is locat$ ne> ! coa/ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,b]mudez1 9 ,v5ezuela4 ,l>ge deposits h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 ,cali=nia1 & 9 ,utah1 ,k5tucky1 & ,texas1 & a numb] ( o!r places4 ,! ,k5tucky product is class$ z a natural rock asphalt1 z x is a s&/one impregnat$ ) bitum54 ,x has be5 mix$ ) ab\t an equal portion ( ,g]man rock asphalt & us$ ) v satisfactory results 9 ,buffalo4 ,^! asphalts are q diff]5t 9 _! composition1 & ea* requires some:at diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! ,b]mudez1 be+ ri*] 9 bitum5 & s(t]1 requires ! addition ( v little flux4 ,! ,cali=nia deposits furni% _! own flux 9 a liquid asphalt or mal?a1 :i* is almo/ absolutely pure bitum51 & ! use ( petroleum residuum is !reby avoid$ altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asphalt ,,pavem5t ,,on ,,cl9ton ,,av5ue1 ,,brooklyn4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ s9ce #ahcf t ! bitum5 :i* =ms ! great] "p ( natural asphalts c be sep>at$ into two sub/ances1 :i* h be5 commonly kn[n z petrol5e & asphalt5e1 ! =m] ( :i* possesses ! cem5titi\s qualities ess5tial to ! mak+ ( a successful pavem5t4 ,in/ead ( ! arbitr>y names--petrol5e & asphalt5e--^! sub/ances are sometimes m aptly designat$ z active & in]t bitum54 ,x has be5 f\nd t ( ! bitum5 extract$ f asphalts :i* h giv5 ! mo/ satisfactory results 9 mak+ /reet pavem5ts1 sixty-n9e p] c5t or m is soluble 9 petroleum naph?a hav+ a specific gravity ( #gb ,beaum4 ,an asphalt pavem5t c n be economically kept 9 good condition unless e defect :i* may develop is imm$iately repair$4 ,:5 ! smoo?1 h>d surface is once brok51 dis9tegration proce$s v rapidly1 & a l>ge hole is soon =m$4 ,! m g5]al di/ribution ( smoo? pavem5ts1 h[ev]1 w t5d to di/ribute ! traffic m ev5ly1 & ! increas+ use ( rubb] tires & rubb] %oes = horses1 to say no?+ ( ! probably q g5]al use ( motor vehicles1 )9 ! next decade w result 9 ! elim9ation ( ! =ces at pres5t mo/ de/ructive to pavem5ts4 ,mu* regret is (t5 express$ t asphalt pavem5ts %\ld be s frequ5tly op5$ = ! purpose ( lay+ or obta9+ access to subsurface pipes & conduits1 & !reby mutilat$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no pavem5t at pres5t 9 use :i* c be s effectively & satisfactorily re/or$ z asphalt4 ,:5 skillfully done1 almo/ no trace ( su* an op5+ c be f\nd4 ,! fir/ "q to arise1 :5 x has be5 det]m9$ to pave a /reet1 w be ! selection ( mat]ial1 or ! k9d ( pavem5t to be laid4 ,9 det]m9+ ?is1 ! gov]n+ consid]ations w be ! traffic to be su/a9$1 its d5sity & "*1 ! rate ( grade1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( railroad tracks4 ,if ! traffic be v heavy & ! /reet giv5 up :olly to bus9ess1 ease ( traction1 durability1 & economy ( ma9t5ance are ( fir/ importance1 :ile quiet1 com=table rid+1 & beauty c be sacrific$ to !m4 ,_m ef=ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! relative =ce requir$ to draw a load ov] diff]5t k9ds ( surface "u simil> conditions4 ,! foll[+ is f a table compil$ by ,mr4 ,rudolph ,h]+1 f diff]5t au?orities1 ! =ce be+ t necess>y to move "o ton on a level grade at a spe$ ( ?ree miles an h\r3 ,,k9d ,,( ,,road4 ,p\nds4 ,ord9>y dirt road #bbd ,ord9>y cobble/one #adj ,good cobble/one #ge ,common macadam #fd ,v h>d1 smoo? macadam #df ,good /one block #de ,be/ /one block 7,london7 #cf ,asphalt #ag ,granite tramway #ab to #ac ,iron railway #h to #aa ,! "q ( durability occurs next1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( pavem5t :i* may be consid]$ = city /reets may be rat$ z foll[s1 x be+ assum$ t ! traffic is n excessively heavy3 ,,k9d ,,( ,,pavem5t4 ,life 9 ye>s4 ,be/ granite block on concrete #cj ,granite block laid on s& #bj ,belgian trap #bj ,cobble/one #ah ,asphalt #ae ,be/ wood--rectangul> block #aj ,vitrifi$ brick #ab ,macadam #h ,c$> block--r\nd--on s& #e ,no class ( municipal "w comes s ne> to ! daily life ( an urban population--bo? ! bus9ess & ! home life--z ! surface improvem5t ( city /reets1 & no exp5diture is too great 7provid$ ! "w is skillfully & hone/ly done7 to make !m smoo?1 clean1 sanit>y1 & beautiful4 ,,typical ,,crim9als4 ,,by ,,samuel ,g4 ,,smi?1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,if ! "q ( a crim9al type1 def9$ by c]ta9 m>ks ( a physical nature & emphasiz$ by accompany+ m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics1 7 conf9$ to ! te*nical speculations ( a special craft ( sci5ti/s1 ! public w\ld h little int]e/ 9 ! spread ( ! doctr9es ( ,ces>e ,lombroso & 8 confrres 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 m5 & wom5 are committ$ to prison or condemn$ to dea? n on acc\nt ( crimes 9 any e?ical s5se1 b because ( spontane\s actions f vici\s impulses beyond _! control1 ! subject affects ! adm9i/ration ( law1 ! !ory ( puni%m5t1 & ! safety ( society4 ,lombroso & ! ,italian s*ool say t !y h discov]$ a type ( man :o is born a crim9al1 & :o may be recogniz$ by a ,mongolian face1 abnormal features1 ill-%ap$ e>s1 unsymmetrical skull1 & v>i\s psy*ical peculi>ities1 :i* are ! result ( bad organization4 ,?is doctr9e is illu/rat$ by descriptions ( crim9als :o h ! abnormalities1 & 9 ! h&s ( skillful writ]s ! case is made v plausible4 ,! !ory is 9 h>mony ) s mu* popul> mod]n ?\ght1 :i* loosely int]prets ! doctr9e ( evolution by a crass mat]ialism1 t x has infect$ ,am]ican prison lit]ature1 :ile x has nev] misl$ ^? m5 to :om practical exp]i5ce has giv5 ! mo/ "r to h an op9ion on ! subject4 ,! s5se ( p]sonal responsibility is /ill ! f\ndation ( social ord]1 & if 9 tru? !re is no su* ?+1 ! _w is awake at la/ f its dream ( morality2 righte\sness is resolv$ into h]$ity1 /ructure1 & habit2 liv+ is a m]e puppet %[1 & ! wreck ( ?+s imp5ds4 ,if ,lombroso is "r1 mod]n sci5tific me?ods are sure to prove him s1 & we %all h at la/ s\nd !ories2 b we %all h no _w 9 :i* !y c be us$1 = ! dissolution pr$ict$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w h come4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #a1 ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #a1 ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #a1 ,no4 #c4 ,exceptional opportunities = ! /udy ( ! abnormal classes 9 ! in/itutions ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe h giv5 me a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "q ( ! crim9al type4 ,i h discov]$ t ! crim9al an?ropologi/s d n *oose = comp>ison ) ! prison population _! normal m5 f ! ranks :]e ! crim9al classes are recruit$4 ,blackwell's ,isl& has no m peculi> inmates ?an ab\nd 9 sections ( ,new ,york ne> ! ,ea/ ,riv]2 ! resid5ts ( ! ,:ite*apel di/rict ( ,london may be comp>$ ) ! inmates ( ,p5tonville1 to ! di/9ct cr$it ( ! latt]2 & ! man 9 ,roquette is no worse (f 9 body ?an scores :om ,i h se5 9 c]ta9 localities s\? ( ! ,se9e4 ,! fact is1 no human body exi/s :i* is n 9 "s respects abnormal4 ,! numb] ( abnormalities & _! ext5t dep5d ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances1 among :i* are food1 climate1 occupation1 & ! incid5ts ( bir? itself1 z well z ! v>i\s =ms ( infantile disease4 ,i w und]take to f9d en\gh physical peculi>ities1 9 any locality1 or among ! memb]s ( any pr(ession1 to e/abli% any physical !ory :i* may be prop\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #b1 ,no4 #a 7=g]74 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #b1 ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #b1 ,no4 #c4 ,x occurr$ to me to try an exp]im5t 9 a mann] entirely diff]5t f ! usual crim9al rese>*es4 ,hav+ be5 v famili> ) a c]ta9 prison = _m ye>s1 ,i reque/$ ! w>d51 :o is a v able man 9 8 pr(ession1 to s5d me ! photographs ( t5 or a doz5 m5 :om he reg>d$ z ! mo/ repres5tative crim9als 9 8 population ( "s five hundr$ p]sons4 ,! w>d5 0 n in=m$ ( ! use ,i int5d$ to make ( ! mat]ial1 & suppos$ x 0 = illu/ration 9 univ]sity class "w4 ,lat]1 he gave me ! ,b]tillon measurem5ts ( ! m51 ) an epitome ( _! hi/ory4 ,a numb] ( ^! m5 ,i h kn[n = ye>s4 ,s f> f ?is selection support+ ! mod]n !ory ( a crim9al type1 x confutes x 9 a conspicu\s mann]4 ,! abnormalities are slight1 & !re is z great a div]sity among ! m5 z c\ld be ask$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! cases 7 select$ by a %rewd & compet5t (ficial1 solely ^u _! crim9al record1 & n 9 ! int]e/s ( any !ory :atev]4 ,( c\rse1 ! m5 d n look well1 b nei!r w\ld any ord9>y company ( citiz5s if _! heads 7 %av$ & !y 7 put 9 prison dress4 ,i am always %ock$ by ! *ang$ appe>ance ( ! m5 aft] ! prison trans=mation4 ,"y embezzl]s ( elegant figure1 :o h mov$ 9 good society )\t a "q1 easily look ! rascal beh9d prison walls4 ,! fir/ gr\p are murd]]s4 ,no4 #a murd]$ 8 daught] because %e insi/$ ^u go+ to a p>ty aga9/ 8 wi%es4 ,he has ! head ( a philosoph]4 ,x 0 8 fir/ crime4 ,x may be not$ t tattoo+ is suppos$ to be common among crim9als4 ,?is man is tattoo$1 b committ$ no crime until fifty ye>s ( age1 & 0 a deputy %]iff = "s ye>s4 ,no4 #b did n kill 8 victim1 b ! assault 0 murd]\s1 & ! escape f dea? 0 accid5tal4 ,x is difficult to discuss ! negro 9 crime )\t ent]+ into racial & social que/ions beyond ! pres5t limits4 ,no4 #c has a v good head1 an excell5t e>1 &1 b>r+ ! expression1 a pleas+ face4 ,he has a life s5t5ce = murd]4 ,he is ! wor/ man 9 ! prison4 ,i h = ye>s believ$ him to be insane4 ,8 family is crim9al4 ,8 fa!r murd]$ 8 "m 9 a brutal mann] be=e ! *ild's eyes1 :5 ,no4 #c 0 only eight ye>s old4 ,he himself has committ$ sev]al desp]ate assaults1 gr[+ out ( 8 p]si/5t mania ( p]secution4 ,no4 #c is n morally responsible1 & !re are usually two or ?ree su* prison]s out ( a ?\s& subjects4 ,! second gr\p are v div]se 9 /ructure & temp]am5t1 b h committ$ ! same k9d ( crime4 ,no4 #a is a confid5ce man & a =g]4 ,he is a crafty & an habitual crim9al1 has s]v$ t]ms 9 v>i\s prisons1 is ke5 ( intellect1 well educat$1 has travel$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & is a citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,no4 #b is a confirm$ =g]1 & has s]v$ sev]al t]ms 9 prison = ! same (f5se4 ,he is a skillful bookkeep]1 has an attractive mann]1 & z soon z he is out 9 ! _w secures employm5t & plans 8 next crime4 ,no4 #c is a c\nt]feit]4 ,8 head is small1 b ( excell5t %ape1 & he has r a ref9$ physical organization4 ,8 crim9al record is bad1 & he has s]v$ at lea/ "o t]m be=e = ! same (f5se4 ,8 imag9ation1 temp]am5t1 & vices w\ld select him z a p]son :o w\ld be guilty ( a v diff]5t & m fle%ly k9d ( crime4 ,! gr\p is =m$ by ! correlation ( crime2 !y h no?+ 9 common 9 physical organization4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #c1 ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #c1 ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p #c1 ,no4 #c4 ,! ?ird gr\p are ?ieves4 ,no4 #a is a confirm$ crim9al1 & has s]v$ sev]al t]ms 9 prison4 ,he is ! talle/ man 9 ! li/4 ,8 head is long & well =m$1 & 8 features are regul>4 ,8 expression indicates p[] ( su/a9$ ?\ght1 & 8 peculi> appe>ance is n due to 8 k9d ( crime1 b to 8 habit ( m9d4 ,he is a pessimi/ ( ! fir/ rank1 & hates ! _w1 8 fell[-m51 & p]haps himself mo/ ( all4 ,he w n "w :5 at lib]ty1 ?9ks t society is totally deprav$1 & t w> ^u x is ! only prop] mission 9 life4 ,he is pre-em95tly ! antisocial man4 ,no4 #b is really a pleas+ fell[4 ,he is t5d]1 sympa!tic1 & pi\s4 ,"u prop] circum/ances he might h made an admirable ,sunday-s*ool sup]9t5d5t4 ,he is plausible1 ins9uat+1 & w9n+4 ,9 temp]am5t1 feel+1 & social habit he is ! complete anti!sis to ,no4 #a4 ,he is a mo/ dang]\s crim9al1 & has a black & v>i$ record4 ,no4 #c is a man ( l[] grade ( organization & habit1 b he is a crim9al by pr(ession4 ,he is an idle & wor?less vagabond1 b he is an accompli%$ ?ief4 ,he makes an excell5t prison]1 ob$i5t to ! rules1 indu/ri\s1 & seem+ly anxi\s to improve4 ,9 fact1 ! prison furni%es 8 be/ environm5t1 = x is only !re t he is at peace ) himself & 8 _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,contra/s1 ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,contra/s1 ,no4 #b4 ,! la/ two m5 pres5t$ are contra/s4 ,no4 #a is an accid5tal crim9al4 ,8 previ\s hi/ory & "* give /rong gr\nds = ! belief t1 "u pressure ( want = ! necess>ies ( life1 he 0 l$ a/ray by a man old] & /rong] ?an himself4 ,x is n likely t he w\ld repeat 8 fault4 ,no4 #b1 on ! o!r h&1 is a sexual p]v]t ( ! wor/ k9d1 ^: case seems s hopeless t p]petual imprisonm5t is indicat$ z ! only relief = him1 & ! only safety = society4 ,ap>t f ! expression ( 8 eyes1 caus$ by an irregul> focus1 !re is no?+ m>k$ ab\t ! face4 ,! head is ( a pron\nc$ broad type1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he comes f a prov9ce ( ,g]many :]e t type is dom9ant4 ,to complete ! exp]im5t1 ,i submitt$ ^! portraits to a numb] ( g5tlem51 & to no two ( !m at ! same "t1 = _! op9ions ( ! cases4 ,! in=mal committee repres5t$ ! diff]5t pr(essions :i* might be expect$ to fit m5 = obs]vation1 = !re 0 a lawy]1 a physician1 a railway presid5t1 a crim9al judge1 & a college pr(essor4 ,ea* ( !m is em95t 9 8 special field4 ,! committee 0 manife/ly h&icapp$ by ! %orn head1 ! prison dress1 & ! lack ( ! accessories ( mascul9e ornam5tation1 su* z coll>s & cravats4 ,! committee 0 ask$ to "n ! crimes1 & to gr\p ! m5 accord+ to _! crim9al record4 ,ea* op9ion diff]$ f ! o!r1 & all 7 wide ( ! m>k4 ,! %rewd lawy] ?\ght ! accid5tal crim9al might be guilty ( any?+4 ,x 0 only ! college pr(essor1 ! la/ man ( ! company f :om any?+ might prop]ly be expect$1 :o 0 able to select ! wor/ two cases ) ! rem>k1 ,^! m5 are deg5]ates4 ,b :ile ! committee 0 at "w on ! photographs ! writ] 0 at "w on ! committee1 & actually discov]$ m anomalies ( organization 9 ^! di/+ui%$ citiz5s ?an are app>5t 9 ! crim9als4 ,aft] ?is rem>k x is necess>y to )hold _! names1 ?\gh "s ( !m are m5 ( national reputation4 ,x is "t to reass]t ) increas+ emphasis ! p]sonal responsibility ( ! individual1 & to insi/ ^u ! en?ronem5t & guidance ( consci5ce4 ,!re are c]ta9ly social & economic reasons = crime1 "s ( :i* ! writ] has po9t$ out else:]e1 b ! *ief fact 9 human life is ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation4 ,! *ief causes ( crime1 outside ( p]sonal & moral degradation1 are psy*ical & n physical4 ,! read] ( hi/ory c n fail to h not$ t relation ( preval5t ideas to conduct :i* is s conspicu\s 9 human affairs4 ,! sc5es ( blood & desolation *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution are directly traceable to ! doctr9es :i* prep>$ ! way = an>*y1 b n = rational fre$om4 ,we h _h our att5tion direct$ to ! contagion ( suicide :i* has m>k$ ! la/ half decade4 ,b ,lecky tells u t suicide 0 made practically unkn[n 9 ! civiliz$ _w by ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity & its beliefs 9 ! dignity & sanctity ( man4 ,! pres5t contagion w disappe> n z ! result ( food1 or raim5t1 or h\ses1 or any o!r mat]ial good1 b by a revival ( practical fai? 9 ! human s\l & its capacity1 9 human righte\sness & its obligation4 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,geology4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4 ,conclud$4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,until almo/ ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ! g5]al belief 9 all ,*ri/ian c\ntries 0 t n only ! e>? & man1 b ! :ole cosmos1 began to exi/ ab\t six ?\s& to sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago2 fur!rmore1 t all 0 made at once )\t natural process1 & h rema9$ sub/antially un*ang$ ev] s9ce4 ,?is is ! old doctr9e ( ! sup]natural orig9 & sub/antial p]man5cy ( ! e>? & its features4 ,among intellig5t & especially sci5tific m5 ?is doctr9e1 ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 began to be que/ion$1 al?\gh n publicly2 = 9 #agea ,buffon 0 compell$ by ! ,sorbonne to retract c]ta9 views conc]n+ ! age ( ! e>?1 publi%$ 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory 9 #agdi4a ,remnants ( ! old belief l+]$ ev5 into ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & may ev5 yet be f\nd hid+ away 9 "s ( ! remote corn]s ( civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,b ) ! bir? ( geology1 & especially ?r\gh ! "w ( ,hutton 9 ,scotl&1 ,cuvi] 9 ,france1 & ,william ,smi? 9 ,engl&1 ! mu* great]--! inconceivably great--antiquity ( ! e>? & ! orig9 ( its pres5t =ms1 by gradual *anges :i* are /ill go+ on1 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,inde$1 z already said1 ?is is ! fundam5tal idea ( geology1 )\t :i* x c\ld n exi/ z a sci5ce4 ,geology has its own measures ( "t--9 eras1 p]iods1 epo*s1 ages1 etc4--b x is natural & "r t we %\ld desire m accurate e/imates by famili> /&>ds4 ,h[ old1 !n1 is ! e>?1 especially ! inhabit$ e>?1 9 ye>s8 ,geologi/s h attempt$ to answ] ?is "q by e/imates bas$ on ! rates ( s$im5tation & erosion1 or else on ! rate ( *anges ( organic =ms by /ruggle = life & survival ( ! fitte/4 ,physici/s h attempt$ to answ] ! same "q by calculations bas$ on kn[n laws ( dissipation ( en]gy 9 a cool+ body1 su* z ! sun or ! e>?4 ,! results ( ! two me?ods diff] widely4 ,! e/imates ( ! geologi/s are enorm\s1 & gr[+ ev] great] z ! conditions ( ! problem are bett] und]/ood4 ,no?+ less ?an sev]al hundr$ million ye>s w s]ve 8 purpose4 ,! e/imates ( ! physici/s are mu* m mod]ate1 & app>5tly gr[+ less ) ea* revision4 ,! late/ results ( ,k+ & ,kelv9 give only tw5ty to ?irty millions4#b ,?is ! geologi/ decl>es is absurdly inadequate4 ,he c n "w freely 9 s n>r[ a space--he has n elb[ room4 ,! subject is /ill discuss$ v e>ne/ly1 b ) little hope ( def9ite conclusion4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be rem>k$4 ,bo? p>ties assume--! geologi/ tacitly1 ! physici/ av[$ly--! nebul> hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 & !re=e ! e>ly inc&esc5t fluid condition ( ! e>? z ! basis ( all 8 reason+s4 ,n[1 :ile ?is is probably ! mo/ reasonable view1 x is n s c]ta9 t x c be made ! basis ( complex ma!matical calculation4 ,!re is a possible alt]native !ory--viz41 ! meteoric !ory--:i* is com+ m & m into favor4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! planets may h be5 =m$ by aggregation ( meteoric sw>ms1 & ! heat ( ! e>? produc$ by ! collision ( ! meteors 9 ! act ( aggregation4 ,accord+ to ! "o view 7! nebul>71 ! heat is all primal1 & ! e>? has be5 only los+ heat all ! "t4 ,accord+ to ! o!r1 ! aggregation & ! heat+ are bo? gradual1 & may h cont9u$ ev5 s9ce ! e>? 0 inhabit$4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 ! sp5d?rift e>? wa/$ ne>ly all its en]gy be=e x became habitable or ev5 a cru/ 0 =m$1 & !re=e ! habitable p]iod mu/ be comp>atively %ort4 ,accord+ to ! o!r1 ! cool+ & ! heat+1 ! exp5diture & ! income1 7 go+ on at ! same "t1 & !re=e ! process may h la/$ mu* long]4 ,! subject is mu* too complex to be discuss$ "h4 ,suffice x to say t on ?is latt] view n only ! age ( ! e>?1 b _m o!r fundam5tal problems ( dynamical geology1 w\ld h to be recalculat$4 ,! solution ( ^! great que/ions mu/ also be left to ! next c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime we simply draw att5tion to two v rec5t pap]s on ! subject--viz41 t ( ,"l ,kelv91#c & criticism ( ! same by ,*amb]l94#d ,,antiquity ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man4 ,ev5 aft] ! great antiquity ( ! e>? & its orig9 & developm5t by a natural process 7 g5]ally accept$1 /ill man 0 believ$1 ev5 by ! mo/ compet5t geologi/s1 to h appe>$ only a few ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! *ange f ?is old view took place 9 ! la/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury--viz41 ab\t #ahei--;&1 com+ almo/ simultane\sly ) ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 prep>$ ! sci5tific m9d = ent]ta9+1 at lea/1 ! idea ( man's orig9 by a natural process ( evolution4 ,evid5ces ( ! "w ( man--fl9t implem5ts1 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals & !re=e %[+ mu* great] age ?an usually accept$--_h be5 report$ f "t to "t1 notably ^? f\nd 9 ! riv] ,somme by ,b\*] de ,p]!s4 ,b ! prejudice aga9/ su* antiquity 0 s /rong t geologi/s ) "o accord1 & )\t exam9ation1 pooh-pooh$ all su* evid5ce z incr$ible4 ,x 0 ,sir ,joseph ,pre/wi* :o1 9 #ahei1 fir/ exam9$ !m c>efully1 & publi%$ ! pro(s t conv9c$ ! geological _w t e>ly man 0 inde$ contemporane\s ) ! ext9ct animals ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod1 & t ! "t mu/ h be5 _m times great] ?an usually all[$4#e ,s9ce t "t confirmatory evid5ce has accumulat$1 & ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( man has be5 pu%$ back fir/ to ! late glacial1 !n to ! middle glacial1 & f9ally1 9 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*'s ,plateau ,gravels1 to ! e>ly glacial or possibly preglacial times4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 9 e case e>lie/ man 0 unmi/akably man4 ,no l9ks connect+ him ) o!r an?ropoids _h be5 f\nd4 ,v rec5tly1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd1 by ,du ,bois1 9 ,java1 ! skull1 tee?1 & ?igh bone ( :at seems to be a v]itable miss+ l9k1 nam$ by ! discov]] ,pi!can?ropus erectus4 ,! only "q t seems to rema9 is :e!r x %\ld be reg>d$ z an ape m manlike ?an any kn[n ape1 or a man m apelike ?an any yet discov]$4 ,! age ( ?is creature 0 ei!r late/ ,plioc5e or e>lie/ ,quat]n>y4 ,,breaks ,,9 ,,! ,,geological ,,record ,,& ,,_! ,,significance4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( geologic /udy !re h be5 obs]v$ uncon=mities ( ! /rata & correspond+ *anges 9 ! fossil cont5ts4 ,"s ( ^! uncon=mities are local & ! *anges ( organic =ms inconsid]able1 b sometimes !y are ( wid] ext5t & ! *anges ( life sy/em great]4 ,9 "s cases ! uncon=mity is univ]sal or ne>ly s1 & 9 su* cases we f9d a complete & app>5tly sudd5 *ange 9 ! fossil cont5ts4 ,x 0 ^! univ]sal breaks t gave rise to ! belief 9 ! occurr5ce ( viol5t cata/rophes & correspond+ :olesale ext]m9ations & re-creations ( faunas & floras4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 on a little reflection1 t e su* uncon=mity indicates a l& p]iod at ! place obs]v$1 & !re=e a "t unrecord$ 9 /rata & fossils at t place--i4 e41 a lo/ int]val--c]ta9 leaves miss+ f ! book ( "t4 ,& if ! uncon=mity be widespread1 ! lo/ int]val is correspond+ly great4 ,x is !re=e probable t *ange ( species w5t on sl[ly & uni=mly all ! "t1 al?\gh n record$ at t place4 ,int]m$iate /rata may be & (t5 are f\nd else:]e1 & ! suppos$ lo/ int]val fill$4 ,! record 0 cont9u\s & ! *anges uni=m1 b ! record is n all f\nd 9 "o place4 ,! leaves ( ! book ( ,"t are scatt]$ "h & !re1 & x is ! duty ( ! geologi/ to ga!r & arrange !m 9 prop] ord]1 s t ! record may read cont9u\sly4 ,?is is ! uni=mit>ian view1 & is und\bt$ly f> tru] ?an ! cata/rophic4 ,b ! objection to x is t 9 ! case ( v widespread uncon=mities1 su* z occurr$ sev]al times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 ! *anges ( organisms are s great t if ! rate ( *ange 0 uni=m ! lo/ int]val mu/ h be5 equal to all ! re/ ( ! hi/ory put toge!r4 ,!re=e we are compell$ to admit t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? !re h be5 p]iods ( comp>ative quiet 7n fix$ness7 dur+ :i* evolution>y *anges 7 sl[ & regul>1 & p]iods ( revolution dur+ :i* ! *anges 7 mu* m rapid1 b n cata/rophic4 ,?is is exactly :at we ought to expect on ! idea ( gradual evolution ( e>? =ms by secul> cool+1 = 9 ! gradual contraction ( ! e>? !re mu/ come times ( g5]al readju/m5t ( ! cru/ to ! %r9k+ nucleus4 ,^! readju/m5ts w\ld cause great *anges 9 physical geography & climate1 & correspond+ rapid *anges 9 organic =ms4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! *anges 9 physical geography & climate w\ld cause ext5sive migrations ( species1 & !re=e m+l+s ( faunas & floras1 sev]] /ruggles ( compet+ =ms1 & m rapid advance 9 ! /eps ( evolution4 ,among ^! *anges ( organic =ms !re w\ld arise & h aris5 new dom9ant types1 & ^!1 9 _! turn1 w\ld compel new adju/m5t ( relations & /ill fur!r ha/5 ! /eps ( evolution4 ,su* *anges1 :e!r geographic1 or climatic1 or organic1 w\ld n be simultane\s all ov] ! e>?1 b propagat$ f place to place1 until quiet 0 re-e/abli%$ & a new p]iod ( comp>ative /ability & prosp]ity comm5c$4 ,?is view is a complete reconciliation ( cata/rophism & uni=mit>ianism1 & is f> m rational ?an ei!r extreme4 ,critical ,p]iods 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4--,su* p]iods ( rapid *ange may well be call$ critical p]iods or revolutions4 ,!y are m>k$ by sev]al *>act]i/ics3 7#a7 ,by widespread oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & !re=e by almo/ univ]sal uncon=mities4 7#b7 ,by widespread *anges ( physical geography1 & !re=e by great *anges 9 climate4 7#c7 ,by great & widespread *anges 9 organic =ms1 produc$ p>tly by ! physical *anges & p>tly by ! ext5sive migrations4 7#d7 ,by ! evolution ( new dom9ant types1 :i* are also ! cause ( ext5sive *anges 9 species4 7#e7 ,among ! physical *anges occurr+ at ^! times is ! =mation ( great m\nta9 ranges4 ,! names ( ^! critical p]iods or revolutions are (t5 tak5 f ! m\nta9 range :i* =m _! mo/ conspicu\s features4 ,!re h be5 at lea/ f\r ( ^! critical p]iods1 or p]iods ( greate/ *ange3 7#a7 ,! pre-,cambrian or ,laur5tide revolution2 7#b7 ! po/-,paleozoic or ,appala*ian2 7#c7 ! po/-,cretace\s or ,rocky ,m\nta92 7#d7 ! po/-,t]ti>y or glacial revolution4 ,n[1 z ^! critical p]iods sep>ate ! prim>y divisions ( "t--! eras--x foll[s t ! ,pres5t--! ,age ( ,man--is an era4 ,x may be call$ ! ,psy*ozoic ,era4 ,^! views h be5 ma9ly advocat$ by ! writ] ( ?is sket*1 b ,i believe t1 ) p]haps "s modification 9 /atem5t1 !y w\ld be accept$ by mo/ geologi/s z a p]man5t acquisition ( sci5ce4#f ,,geological ,,climates4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ?is subject by ! app>5tly unique ph5om5a ( ! ,glacial epo*4 ,= ne>ly a c5tury pa/ ,alp9e glaci]s1 _! /ructure1 _! my/]i\s motion1 & _! *>act]i/ic erosive effects1 h excit$ ! ke5e/ int]e/ ( sci5tific m54 ,b until ab\t #ahdj ! int]e/ 0 purely physical4 ,x 0 ,l\is ,agassiz :o fir/ recogniz$ ice z a great geological ag5t4 ,he _h long be5 famili> ) ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( glacial action1 & ) ! fact t ,alp9e glaci]s 7 f> m ext5sive =m]ly ?an n[1 & _h1 moreov]1 conceiv$ ! idea ( a ,glacial epo*--an ice age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,) ?is idea 9 8 m9d1 9 #ahdj he visit$ ,engl&1 & f\nd ! m>ks ( glaci]s all ov] ! high] regions ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,he boldly ann\nc$ t ! :ole ( nor!rn ,europe 0 once cov]$ ) a univ]sal ice %eet4 ,a few ye>s lat] he came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & f\nd ! tracks ( glaci]s ev]y:]e1 & aga9 a/oni%$ ! _w by ass]t+ t ! :ole nor!rn "p ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t 0 model$ by a mov+ ice %eet4 ,?is idea has be5 confirm$ by all subsequ5t inve/igation1 especially "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,b x w\ld be /range1 inde$1 if ! cold ( ! ,glacial epo* %\ld be absolutely unique4 ,att5tion 0 soon call$ to simil> m>ks 9 rocks ( o!r geological p]iods1 especially 9 ! ,p]mian ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is op5$ up ! g5]al "q ( geological climates & _! causes4 ,p]haps no subject connect$ ) ! physics ( ! e>? is m obscure & difficult ?an ?is4 ,! facts1 z f> z we "k !m1 are briefly z foll[s3 7#a7 ,all ! evid5ce we h po9t to a high1 ev5 an ultra-tropical1 climate 9 e>ly geological times2 7#b7 all ! evid5ce po9ts to a uni=m di/ribution ( ?is e>ly high temp]ature1 s t ! zonal arrangem5t ( temp]atures1 su* z *>act]izes pres5t climates1 did n !n exi/2 7#c7 temp]ature zones 7 app>5tly fir/ introduc$ 9 ! late ,mesozoic 7,cretace\s7 or e>ly ,t]ti>y times1 & dur+ ! ,t]ti>y ! cold] zones 7 successively add$1 until at ! end !re 0 =m$ a pol> ice-cap z n[4 ,?us f> all might be expla9$ by progressive cool+ ( ! e>? & progressive cle>+ ( ! atmosph]e ( its excess ,,co#b & aque\s vapor4 ,b 7#d7 f "t to "t 7i4 e41 at critical p]iods7 !re occurr$ great oscillations ( temp]ature1 ! la/ & probably ! greate/ ( ^! be+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! cause ( ^! great oscillations ( temp]ature1 & especially ! cause ( ! glacial climate1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & yet "o ( ! obscure/ & !re=e "o ( mo/ hotly disput$ po9ts 9 geology4 ,inde$1 ! subject has ent]$ into ! region ( almo/ pr(itless discussion4 ,we mu/ wait = fur!r light & = ano!r c5tury4 ,only "o rem>k seems call$ = "h4 ,x is 9 accordance ) a true sci5tific me?od t we %\ld exhau/ t]re/rial causes be=e we resort to cosmical4 ,! mo/ usual t]re/rial cause invok$ is ! oscillation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,b rec5tly ,*amb]l91 9 a mo/ sugge/ive pap]1#g has invok$ oscillations 9 ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 especially 9 its proportion ( ,,co#b1 z ! imm$iate cause1 al?\gh ?is 9 turn is due to oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,,! ,,new ,,geology4 ,h]et(ore ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? has be5 /udi$ only 9 ! record ( /ratifi$ rocks & _! conta9$ fossils4 ,b 9 e place !re h be5 l&-p]iods 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 erosion took ! place ( s$im5tation4 ,?is k9d ( record is v imp]fect1 because !re are no fossils4 ,until rec5tly no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ^! erosion-p]iods except z breaks ( indef9ite l5g? 9 ! record--z lo/ int]vals4 ,b n[1 & ma9ly ?r\gh ! "w ( ,am]ican geologi/s1 int]pretation ( ^! erosion-p]iods has fairly comm5c$1 & s important has ?is new dep>ture 9 ! /udy ( geology seem$ to "s t x has be5 hail$ z a new era 9 geology1 connect+ x m closely ) geography4 ,h]et(ore =m] l& p]iods 7 recogniz$ by uncon=mities & ! am\nt ( "t by ! degree ( *ange 9 ! fossils1 b n[ ! am\nt ( "t is e/imat$ 9 exi/+ l& surfaces by topographic =ms alone4 ,?is idea 0 introduc$ into geology by ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 & has be5 appli$ ) success by ,william ,morris ,davis1 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee1 & o!rs4 ,! pr9ciple is ?is3 ,l& surface subject to erosion & /&+ /ill is f9ally cut d[n to g5tly sweep+ curves1 ) l[1 r\nd$ divides & broad1 %all[ tr\ghs4 ,su* a surface is call$ by ,davis a ,p5epla94 ,su* a p5epla9 is *>act]i/ic ( old topography4 ,if su* a surface be aga9 lift$ to high] level1 ! riv]s aga9 dissect x by rav9es1 :i* are deep & n>r[ 9 proportion to ! am\nt & rate ( ! uplift4 ,if ! l& aga9 rema9s /eady1 ! %>ply dissect$ surface is aga9 sl[ly smoo!d out to ! g5tle curves ( a p5epla94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! surface be depress$1 ! riv]s fill up ! *annels ) s$im5t :i*1 on re-elevation1 is aga9 dissect$4 ,?us ! :ole ontog5y ( l& surfaces h be5 /udi$ out1 s t _! age may be recogniz$ at sight4 ,?us1 :ile h]et(ore ! m rec5t movem5ts ( ! cru/ 7 suppos$ to be readable only on coa/ l9es & by means ( ! old sea /r&s1 n[ we read ) equal ease ! movem5ts ( ! int]ior by means ( ! physiognomy ( ! topography1 & especially ! /ructure ( ! riv] *annels4 ,moreov]1 :ile h]et(ore ! hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 suppos$ to be record$ only 9 /ratifi$ rock & _! conta9$ fossils1 n[ we f9d t rec5t hi/ory is record$ & may be read also 9 ! g5]al topography ( ! l& surfaces4 ,geography is /udi$ no long] z m]e description ( e>? =ms1 b also z to ! causes ( ^! =ms1 no long] z to pres5t =ms1 b also z to ! hi/ory ( _! becom+4 ,?us geography1 by its alliance ) geology1 has become a truly sci5tific /udy1 & z su* is n[ introduc$ into ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,x is ?is alliance ) geology :i* has caus$ ! dry bones ( geographic facts to live4 ,x is ?is :i* has creat$ a s\l "u ! dry ribs ( ?is dea?4 ,?is mode ( /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? has j comm5c$4 ,h[ mu* w come ( x is yet to be %[n 9 ! next c5tury4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to trace ! effect ( environm5t on geological reason+s 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,h]et(ore1 especially 9 ,engl&1 :at we h call$ p5epla9s 7 usually attribut$ to m>9e d5udation--i4 e41 to cutt+ back ( a coa/ l9e by con/ant action ( ! waves1 leav+ beh9d a level subm>9e plateau1 :i* is aft]w>d rais$ above sea level & dissect$ by riv]s4 ,am]ican geologi/s1 on ! contr>y1 are apt to reg>d su* level surfaces z ! f9al result ( arial degradation or a base level ( ra9 & riv] erosion4 ,! same diff]5ce is se5 9 ! int]pretation ( glacial ph5om5a4 ,until rec5tly1 ,engli% geologi/s 7 incl9$ to attribute m to iceb]g1 ,am]icans m to l& ice4 ,aga91 9 ,engl& coa/ sc5]y is apt to be attribut$ ma9ly to ! ravages ( ! sea1 :ile 9 ,am]ica we attribute m to l& erosion comb9$ ) subsid5ce ( ! coa/ l9e4 ,9 a ^w1 9 ! tight little sea-girt isl& ( ,great ,brita91 :]e ! ravages ( ! sea are ye>ly mak+ su* s]i\s inroads ^u ! area ( ! l&1 x is natural t ! p[] ( ! sea %\ld /rongly affect ! imag9ation & impress itself on geological !ories1 & t5d p]haps to exagg]ation ( sea ag5cies1 :ile ! broad features ( ! ,am]ican cont95t & ! evid5ces ( prodigi\s erosion 9 comp>atively rec5t geological "t t5d to ! exagg]ation ( erosive ag5cy ( ra9 & riv]s4 ,^! two mu/ be duly weigh$ & ea* giv5 its "r proportion 9 ! "w ( e>? sculpture4 ,,paleontology4 ,paleontology at fir/ attract$ att5tion ma9ly by ! new & /range life =ms :i* x reveal$4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( a zological g>d54 ,?is int]e/ is ( c\rse p]5nial1 b c h>dly be call$ sci5tific4 ,geology at fir/ 0 a k9d ( wond] book4 ,next fossils1 especially m>9e %ells1 7 /udi$ z *>act]i/ic =ms d5ot+ /rata ( a p>ticul> age4 ,!y 7 co9s by :i* we id5tify c]ta9 p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,!y 7 m$als ( creation4 ,x 0 9 ?is way *iefly t ,william ,smi?1 ! f\nd] ( ,engli% /ratigraphic geology1 us$ !m4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ,lyell & all ! old] geologi/s1 until ! adv5t ( evolution1 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,x 0 ,cuvi]1 ! great zologi/ & comp>ative anatomi/1 :o1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 fir/ /udi$ fossils1 especially mammalian fossils1 f ! zological po9t ( view--i4 e41 z to _! aff9ities ) exi/+ animals4 ,cuvi]'s /udies ( ! v]tebrates ( ! ,p>is bas9 may be said to h laid ! f\ndation ( sci5tific paleontology f ?is po9t ( view4 ,!nce=w>d two views ( paleontology & two modes ( /udy gradually diff]5tiat$ f "o ano!r1 ! "o zological1 ! o!r geological4 ,9 ! "o case we /udy fossils 9 taxonomic gr\ps--i4 e41 z species1 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 etc4--& trace ! gradual evolution ( ea* ( ^! f g5]aliz$ =ms to _! specializ$ outcomes1 complet+ z f> z possible ! g5etic *a9 ?r\gh all "t4 ,9 ! o!r we /udy fossils 9 faunal gr\ps1 z successive geological faunas1 & ! geographic div]sity 9 ea* geological p]iod--i4 e41 ! evolution ( geologic faunas & ! causes ( geographic div]sity 9 ea*4 ,9 a ^w1 we /udy ! laws ( di/ribution ( faunas 9 "t geologically & 9 space geographically1 & ! causes ( ^! laws 9 ea* case4 ,! fir/ is /rictly a bran* ( zology & botany1 & we leave x to ^! speciali/s4 ,! second alone belongs prop]ly to geology4 ,9 ?is purely geologic paleontology1 z se5 f its scope giv5 above1 !re are _m que/ions ( wide/ philosophical int]e/ :i* are only n[ attract+ ! att5tion !y des]ve4 ,i only t\* lightly two :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ^! v la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,laws ,,( ,,faunal ,,evolution4--,! evolution ( ! organic k+dom f ?is /rictly geological po9t ( view may be briefly =mulat$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,?r\gh\t all geological "t !re has be5 a g5]al movem5t upw>d & onw>d1 z x 7 abrea/1 ev]y:]e4 ,if ?is 7 all1 !re w\ld be only geological progress1 b no geographical div]sity4 ,geological hi/ory w\ld be ! same ev]y:]e4 ,a "t horizon w\ld be easily det]m9$ by id5tity ( fossil species4 ,?is we "k is n true4 ,!re=e !re are o!r elem5ts besides ?is4 #b4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries1 isolat$ f "o ano!r & "u diff]5t conditions1 evolution takes diff]5t directions & diff]5t rates1 produc+ geographical div]sity 9 ea* geological p]iod4 ,?is div]sity increases ) "t z long z ! isolation cont9ues4 ,if ?is 7 all1 ! geographical div]sity by cont9u$ div]g5ce w\ld h become s great t x w\ld be impossible ev5 approximately to det]m9e any geological horizon4 ,! hi/ory ( ea* c\ntry mu/ be /udi$ = itself4 ,a g5]al hi/ory ( ! e>? w\ld be impossible4 ,b ?is also is n true4 ,!re is !re=e /ill ano!r elem5t4 #c4 ,f "t to "t1 at long int]vals--i4 e41 critical p]iods--!re are widespread readju/m5ts ( ! cru/ to int]nal /ra91 det]m9+ *anges ( physical geography & ( climate1 & !re=e wide migrations ( species ) m+l+ & conflict ( faunas4 ,?is w\ld produce m rapid movem5t ( evolution1 b at ! same "t m or less complete oblit]ation ( geographical div]sity4 #d4 ,aft] ^! p]iods ( migrations & m+l+s !re w\ld be re-isolations 9 new localities1 & ! process ( div]sification w\ld recomm5ce & increase z long z ! isolation cont9ues4 ,! la/ ( ^! critical p]iods ( migrations & m+l+s & /ruggles = life among compet+ species 0 ! ,glacial epo* or ice age4 ,!re=e ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( species 0 l>gely det]m9$ by ! ext5sive migrations ( t "t4 ,,ii4 ,,cosmopolitan ,,& ,,prov9cial ,,faunas4--,!re are app>5tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? p]iods ( widespread or cosmopolitan faunas1 alt]nat+ ) localiz$ or prov9cial faunas4 ,! cosmopolitan p]iods are usually times ( preval5ce ( lime/ones or organic s$im5ts1 & ! fossils are v abundant4 ,! prov9cial p]iods are usually *>act]iz$ by s&/ones & %ales or me*anical s$im5ts1 & are comp>atively poor 9 fossils4 ,moreov]1 x is believ$ t ! cosmopolitan lime/one p]iods are oceanic p]iods--i4 e41 p]iods ( wide oceans & l[] & small] cont95ts & little erosive activity1 :ile ! s&/one p]iods1 *>act]iz$ by prov9cial faunas1 are p]iods ( high] & l>g] cont95ts1 & !re=e ( great erosion & abundant me*anical s$im5tation4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,*amb]l91 ^! rem>kable alt]nations are due to oscillations ( ! cru/1 9 :i* ! cont95ts are alt]nately lift$ & depress$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t abyssal faunas are almo/ unkn[n among fossils4 ,?is is ! necess>y result ( sub/antial p]man5cy ( oceanic bas9s4 ,! :ole geological record is 9 %all[-wat] faunas4 ,^! %all[ wat]s are along cont95tal %ore l9es & 9 int]ior cont95tal seas4 ,accord+ to ,*amb]l9 aga91 dur+ a p]iod ( cont95tal depression all ! flat cont95tal m>g9s are subm]g$1 =m+ broad subm>9e plat=ms1 & ! l[] int]ior portions ( ! cont95ts are also subm]g$1 =m+ wide & %all[ int]ior seas4 ,"u ^! conditions cont95tal wa/e1 & !re=e s& & clay s$im5ts1 are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,life1 animal & vegetal1 ab\nds1 & !re=e mu* lime/one is =m$4 ,! oceans are widely connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & !re=e ! faunas are widespread or cosmopolitan4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( elevation1 on ! contr>y1 ! cont95ts are ext5d$ to ! m>g9 ( ! deep oceanic bas9s1 ! broad1 %all[ subm>9e plat=ms are aboli%$1 ! int]ior seas are also aboli%$1 ! %all[-wat] areas are r$uc$ to isolat$ bays1 & _! faunas are peculi> or prov9cial4 ,also1 elevat$ & enl>g$ cont95ts give rise to maximum erosion1 & !re=e abundant s$im5ts ( s&/one & clay1 & comp>ative pov]ty ( life & !re=e ( lime/one4 ,*amb]l9 also gives reasons :y ! oceanic p]iods %\ld be w>m1 humid1 equable 9 temp]ature1 & ! atmosph]e highly *>g$ ) ,,co#b1 & !re=e highly favorable to abundant life1 bo? vegetal & animal1 :ile l& p]iods w\ld be dri] & cool]1 ! atmosph]e defici5t 9 ,,co#b1 & !re=e cold f t cause & 9 _m ways unfavorable to abundant life4 ,^! extremely int]e/+ views1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z /ill on trial1 z a provisional hypo!sis to be sift$1 confirm$1 or reject$1 or 9 any case modifi$1 9 ! next c5tury4 ,la/ly1 x is int]e/+ to note ! ev]-increas+ "p tak5 by ,am]ican geologi/s 9 ! advance ( ?is sci5ce4 ,!re has be5 ?r\gh ! c5tury a gradual movem5t ( :at might be call$ ! c5t] ( gravity ( geological rese>* we/w>d1 until n[1 at its end1 ! mo/ productive activity is "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is is n due to any sup]iority ( ,am]ican geologi/s1 b to ! sup]iority ( _! opportunities4 ,dana has well said t ,am]ica is ! type cont95t ( ! _w4 ,all geological problems are express$ "h ) a cle>ness & a simplicity n f\nd else:]e4 ,we mu/ add to ?is ! comp>ative rec5cy ( geological /udy 9 ?is ri* field4 ,9 ,europe ! simpl] & broad] problems are already work$ out1 & all t rema9 are difficult problems requir+ mu* "t4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 n only are all problems express$ 9 simpl] t]ms1 b _m great & broad problems are /ill await+ solution4 ,= ^! reasons ! greate/ activity 9 rese>*1 & ! mo/ rapid advance dur+ ! next c5tury1 w probably be "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,,salam&]s ,,& ,,salam&] ,,cats4 ,,by ,,norman ,,rob9son4 ,9 _m places 9 ! extreme ,s\!rn ,/ates1 especially 9 :at is locally kn[n z ! p9ey woods1 "o ( ! mo/ notable features is ! con/antly recurr+ m\nds ( yell[ s& :i* ev]y:]e dot &1 x mu/ be confess$1 disfigure ! monoton\s l&scape4 ,^! piles ( e>? are usually ne>ly circul> 9 =m1 fairly symmetrical 9 cont\r1 f six in*es to two feet 9 diamet]1 &1 save :]e !y h be5 beat5 d[n by ra9 or w9ds or ! trampl+ ( cattle1 ab\t half z high z !y are broad4 ,(t5 ^! s& heaps are pretty ev5ly di/ribut$1 sometimes s ?ickly z to cov] at lea/ "o f\r? ( ! soil surface4 ,if y ask a native ! cause ( ?is s+ul> ph5om5on1 :i* y w p]haps at fir/ be dispos$ to consid] a k9d ( ar5ace\s eruption :i* has someh[ brok5 out on ! face ( ,nature1 y\r in=mant w s5t5ti\sly reply1 ,salam&]s6 ,all ?is disfigurem5t is inde$ ! "w ( a curi\s little rod5t popul>ly s nam$ & ab\t ! size & color ( an ord9>y rat4 ,he is nev] se5 above gr\nd if he c possibly help x4 ,he digs innum]able bran*+ und]gr\nd tunnels at dep?s v>y+ f "o to six feet1 & ^! m\nds ( s& are simply ! dump heaps :i*1 9 8 eng9e]+ op]ations1 he f9ds x necess>y to make4 ,illu/ration3 ,,snap-,,%ot ,,view ,,( ,a ,,live ,,salam&]4 ,aft] c>ry+ ! excavat$ e>? to ! surface ?is cauti\s little m9] takes ! greate/ pa9s to cov] up 8 tracks4 ,no op5+ into 8 burr[ is left4 ,h[ he manages to s c>efully smoo? ov] 8 little s& m\nd & !n lit]ally pull ! hole 9 aft] him is z yet unexpla9$4 ,! "w is mo/ly done at night1 :5 obs]vation is especially difficult4 ,sometimes1 :5 he is a little belat$ & ! e>ly morn+ twilight admoni%es him t x is quitt+ "t1 he gets 9 a hurry & slights 8 "w4 ,!n a little depression at ! top ( ! m\nd tells :]e he has made a ha/y exit4 ,ord9>ily ! r\nd+ out ( ! s& pile is z deftly done z ?\gh x _h all be5 manag$ f above4 ,inde$1 ! feat actually accompli%$ by ?is little und]gr\nd build] appe>s m puzzl+ ! m x is consid]$4 ,! mo/ skill$ human eng9e] w\ld confess 8 inability to ?us pile up a m\nd ( loose s&1 g d[n ?r\gh x1 leave ! top p]fectly smoo!d ov]1 &1 ) no supports save ! s& itself1 to s fill up ! passageway above him z he w5t d[n t n ! slighte/ m>k %\ld be left to indicate 8 pa?way ( retreat4 ,ev5 if y dig into & "u "o ( ^! s& m\nds y w f9d v little to betray ! build]'s :]eab\ts4 ,x is seem+ly all solid e>?1 & unless y "k exactly :5 & :]e & h[ to dig y w probably give up ! se>* 9 disgu/1 ) y\r labor & y\r backa*e b no salam&] hole = y\r pa9s4 ,inde$1 ! cunn+ ( ?is little rod5t 9 hid+ 8 burr[ is q z conspicu\s z 8 skill 9 digg+ x4 ,/rategy is 8 /rong po9t4 ,if by any *ance y come ^u 8 burr[ x is probably an old ab&on$ "o t is clos$ up & leads n[h]e4 ,! *ances are t5 to "o t 8 real burr[ is rods if n furlongs away4 ,provid$ y c f9d ! la/ m\nd he has built & n m ?an f\r or five h\rs h elaps$ s9ce its completion1 by digg+ diagonally to ! "r or left1 at ! di/ance ( a foot or s1 y w h a fair *ance ( enc\nt]+ 8 burr[4 ,he is probably ne> by1 re/+ f ! sev]e labors ( ! previ\s night4 ,if y give him "t to get 8 nap out & f9i% 8 job1 y\r wis] plan w be to /op hunt+ & digg+ a little be=e y beg94 ,:y ?is little und]gr\nd dwell] %\ld be call$ salam&] is "o ( ^? my/]ies ( popul> nom5clature :i* is seem+ly inexplicable4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! habits or appe>ance ( ! animal to sugge/ ! fabl$ firepro( batra*ian4 ,l "s o!r lov]s ( d>kness1 he has q a numb] ( aliases by :i* 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,s\? & ,we/ he is kn[n4 ,goph]1 p\*$ rat1 ham/]1 & muelos are "s ( ! titles by :i* he is locally kn[n4 ,salam&] appe>s to be ! mo/ g5]ally accept$ "o4 ,?is ent]pris+ little rod5t belongs to an anci5t if n honorable family4 ,by naturali/s he is g5]ally kn[n z pocket goph]1 & is class$ among ! ,geomyid4 ,"s fifte5 kn[n species h be5 recogniz$1 ) possibly m to he> f1 & ) a habitat ext5d+ q across ! cont95t4 ,! ,florida species is probably ,geomys tuza 7,ord471 & ?\gh n z l>ge z "o or two o!rs1 is q ! pe] ( any ( 8 c\s9s 9 ent]prise & ability to look out = himself4 ,! illu/ration giv5 is f :at is probably ! only photograph ( a liv+ salam&] ev] tak54 ,mr4 ,geomys is n a model sitt]4 ,no unwill+ c&idate = ! rogues' gall]y has m decid$ views on ! subject ( hav+ 8 picture tak54 ,9 a g5]al way1 x may be said t he doesn't pose = anybody4 ,precisely h[ ?is prejudice 0 f9ally ov]come x is ne$less to /ate4 ,p]sev]ance & snap %ots 7 too mu* = our recalcitrant rod5t4 ,9 ! matt] ( look+ pleasant x mu/ be conc$$ t ,mr4 ,geomys 0 a little intractable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dump ,,heaps ,,( ,,! ,,salam&]4 ,! =e legs & feet ( ! salam&] are wor? /udy+4 ,!y rem9d "o some:at ( ^? ( ! mole1 b are m /\tly built1 ) mu* long] claws1 & are evid5tly design$ = h>d] tasks4 ,!y are controll$ by p[]ful bra*ial & pectoral muscles1 &1 z we %all see1 are n only special tools adapt$ to special & difficult "w1 b "w :i* requires an enorm\s exp5diture ( physical =ce4 ,! eng9e]+ problems :i* ?is little troglodyte has to solve are f> & away ahead ( any t ! ,new ,york ,rapid-,transit ,commission has to deal )4 ,x is v mu* z ?\gh a s+le m9] 7 plac$ ov] 9 ,hobok51 a hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface1 ) in/ructions to tunnel "u ! ,hudson ,riv] ) no tools except 8 h&s1 )\t a *ance ( see+ daylight until he rea*$ x on ! ,new ,york side1 & ) ! add$ conditions t all ! excavat$ e>? %\ld be c>ri$ out at ! ea/]n op5+ ( ! tunnel1 & f9ally t he %\ld oblit]ate all m>ks ( 8 "w &1 z he retreat$ into 8 tunnel1 pack ! exit %aft above him s tightly & s deftly t x is impossible to trace its c\rse6 ,h[ our little fur-coat$ eng9e] solves all ^! problems is z yet a my/]y4 ,we only "k t he does x4 ,he has a /eam eng9e 9 8 %\ld]s & %ovels = h&s1 b 8 exact me?ods ( us+ !m is z yet l>gely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,only two plans ( op]ation w\ld seem to be possible4 ,"o w\ld be = ! salam&] to fir/ c>ry ! excavat$ e>? all to ! re> into "s portion ( 8 already f9i%$ tunnel1 & f9ally1 :5 ! outw>d exit is complet$1 to c>ry x back aga9 & deposit x on ! surface4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 involves a d\ble transf] ( all ! e>? remov$4 ,x is m likely t ! salam&] fir/ =ces a n>r[ passageway along ! l9e ( 8 future tunnel 9 a way simil> to t pursu$ by ! mole4 ,! latt] animal has ! advantage ( work+ ne> ! surface1 & ! e>? always yields along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 :i* ( c\rse is upw>d4 ,f\r or five feet d[n !re is no su* l9e1 & ! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to pu% ! gr\nd aside mu/ be some?+ enorm\s4 ,:5 ! salam&] comes to ! upp] air ! "w ( excavation & enl>gem5t beg9s4 ,he !n piles ^u ! surface all ! e>? t he c n use 9 oblit]at+ 8 upw>d passageway4 ,z ! writ] has frequ5tly obs]v$ fre% s& m\nds hundr$s ( feet f any o!rs1 he is incl9$ to believe t ?is is ! real me?od pursu$4 ,! exce$+ c>e :i* ! salam&] takes to leave no op5+ into 8 subt]ranean home arises1 no d\bt1 f 8 horror ( snakes4 ,9 ?is respect no woman c surpass him4 ,8 antipa?ies to reptiles are probably ! accumulat$ embodim5t ( hundr$s ( c5turies ( ance/ral exp]i5ce4 ,he is aw>e t ^! h]$it>y enemies ( 8 race are ( a v inve/igat+ turn ( m9d1 & put 9 a good deal ( sp>e "t :5 awake 9 crawl+ into & explor+ any tempt+ hole !y may discov]4 ,& s ,mr4 ,geomys1 l ! s5sible fell[ t he is1 n only takes good c>e to %ut & lock 8 front gate e "t he is compell$ to g ?r\gh x1 b he blocks up ! :ole passageway & does 8 be/ to conv9ce trespass]s t x is all a mi/ake to suppose t !re ev] has be5 any roadway lead+ to 8 und]gr\nd home4 ,inde$1 x is by tak+ advantage ( ?is morbid antipa?y to intrud]s & daylight t our little und]gr\nd dwell] is usually caught4 ,if by skillful digg+ a rec5tly =m$ burr[ is rea*$1 "o may be reasonably c]ta9 t 9 f five to t5 m9utes ,mr4 ,salam&] w be on h& to see :at has happ5$ & to repair damages4 ,a %otgun kept /eadily aim$ at ! op5+1 & ) a quick pull on ! trigg] ! in/ant ! slighte/ movem5t 9 ! s& is se51 fet*es him e "t4 ,ano!r v successful me?od is to place a /rong trap "r at ! op5+ into 8 burr[4 ,9 mak+ repairs our salam&] is 9 too big a hurry to look v c>efully :]e he /eps1 & s is q likely to blund] into ! trap4 ,he is always caught1 h[ev]1 by "o ( 8 legs1 & if left any l5g? ( "t is q apt to gnaw (f ! captive limb & ?us make 8 escape4 ,sp>tan brav]y or love ( fre$om surpass+ ?is w\ld be h>d to f9d4 ,! food ( ,geomys burs>ius appe>s to be exclusively vegetable4 ,native roots & root /ocks1 cones & bulbs1 toge!r ) ! root b>k ( v>i\s trees1 are eat5 by him1 & sometimes 9 a v annoy+ way4 ,orange trees are peculi>ly liable to 8 attacks4 ,he gnaws ?r\gh & ar\nd ! tap root z ne> to ! surface z he c )\t di/urb+ x or 9 any way call+ att5tion to 8 "w1 & n infrequ5tly he cont9ues 8 depr$ations until e root ( any size is eat5 (f4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means ! dea? ( ! tree4 ,f ! salam&] po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! greate/ food bonanza ( all is a sweet-potato pat*4 ,a 'possum up a 'simmon tree or a pig 9 clov] is n m alive to ! delights & advantages ( ! situation4 ,he n only eats all he c /uff1 b invites 8 relatives & fri5ds4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,he has le>n$ t 9 autumn sweet potatoes are liable to sudd5ly disappe>1 s he takes "t--& ! potatoes--by ! =elock1 & packs !m away 9 lib]al measure 9 8 burr[ = w9t] use4 ,s well und]/ood are ! ways & weaknesses ( ?is und]gr\nd m>aud] t any suspici\s m\nd ( e>? 9 a sweet-potato field is ! signal = an active campaign ( ext]m9ation1 :i* ends only 9 ! intrud]'s flight or dea?4 ,! side pockets ( ! salam&] h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,!y are und\bt$ly a great conv5i5ce to _! own] 9 c>ry+ food & possibly o!r ?+s4 ,! capacity ( ^! *eek p\*es is ab\t suffici5t to give room = a pigeon's egg4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 q ext5sile1 & c readily be made to hold ?ree or f\r times ?is am\nt4 ,inde$1 ! sk9 & und]ly+ connective tissue are s ela/ic t ^! pockets c readily be turn$ inside out4 ,x is claim$ t ! salam&] employs 8 h&like =e feet to fill & empty ^! receptacles1 us+ ! "r foot = ! left p\*1 & vice v]sa4 ,a g5tleman 9 ,florida rec5tly assur$ me t by a lucky ?ru/ ( a spade he once kill$ "o ( ^! mis*iev\s rod5ts z he 0 9 ! v act ( cutt+ (f ! roots ( an orange tree4 ,! *eek p\*es ( ! culprit 7 fill$ ) fragm5ts ( b>k :i* he _h gnaw$ (f1 d\btless to be /[$ away 9 8 burr[4 ,:y1 9 a climate :]e !re is almo/ no w9t]1 :]e !re is v little int]ruption to vegetable gr[? & ! food supply is practically unlimit$1 provisions %\ld ?us be /or$ away is some:at difficult to expla94 ,x is n impossible t x is simply ! survival ( an ance/ral habit acquir$ dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,or x may be t1 l ! dog1 ! salam&] f9ds ! flavor ( old & well-season$ food m to 8 ta/e4 ,all t c be positively affirm$ is t ?is wise little rod5t does1 occasionally at lea/1 ?us ca* 8 food supplies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s results ( ! exi/5ce & habits ( ?is elusive little burr[+ rod5t is ! developm5t ( a new & peculi> bre$ ( ,felis dome/ica1 call$ salam&] cats4 ,ord9>y tabbys d n und]/& or admire ! ways ( ,geomys burs>ius1 or1 = "s o!r good & suffici5t fel9e reason1 d n include him 9 _! game li/4 ,! v>iety ( cats 9 "q1 :i*1 s f> z ! au?or kn[s1 is conf9$ to ,florida1 appe>s to h be5 develop$ spontane\sly & ) v little if any human ag5cy1 & is not$ = its special skill 9 cat*+ salam&]s1 z well z a decid$ lik+ = ! sport4 ,any ,mrs4 ,tabby ( ?is bre$1 especially if %e has a family to provide =1 is up betimes 9 ! morn+4 ,! p>ticul> object ( h] pursuit is a rem>kably e>ly ris]1 & f9i%es 8 day's "w be=e mo/ p h begun !irs4 ,s if !re is a conv5i5t f5ce ar\nd ! gr\nds %e proposes to hunt %e m\nts x ) ! fir/ peep ( day1 &1 ) a %>p eye to l&w>d1 />ts on h] t\r ( obs]vation4 ,any fre% pile ( s& is closely scrut9iz$4 ,! slighte/ movem5t !re br+s h] to ! m\nd ) a spr+1 & %e is at once cr\*+ beh9d x2 s :5 ,mr4 ,geomys comes up 9 a big hurry ) 8 next load ( s& he f9ds somebody to meet him t is 9 a bigg] hurry /ill1 & s ! unsuspect+ victim is borne (f 9 triumph4 ,an e/imable lady ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance :o own$ "o ( ^! salam&] cats1 ) a s+le juv5ile pussy to provide =1 kept an accurate acc\nt ( ! numb] ( ^! rod5ts :i* %e saw ?is indu/ri\s "m cat br+ to h] (fspr+ 9 a s+le mon?4 ,! numb] 0 ?irty1 & z ! mon? happ5$ to be ,febru>y ?is gave1 ( c\rse1 two m ?an a salam&] a day4 ,"o o!r curi\s obs]v$ feature ( ?is new v>iety ( cats is _! want ( fecundity4 ,! "m tabby seldom has m ?an "o kitt5 at a bir?4 ,! writ] once own$ a f9e female ( ?is bre$ t scrupul\sly adh]$ to ! traditional habits ( h] race4 ,?is p>ticul> pussy1 l ! re/ ( u1 _h h] family tr\bles4 ,h] "o kitt5--probably f its mix$ p>5tage--0 always incl9$ to rebel at ! salam&] diet4 ,!re 0 some?+ amus+ to a degree & sugge/ively human 9 ! old cat's me?ods ( discipl9e4 ,:5 %e _h succe$$ 9 cat*+ a salam&] %e w\ld always fir/ br+ x & lay x d[n be=e h] mi/ress1 to make sure ( ! praise & ! pett+4 ,!n1 ) a mo!rly me[1 %e w\ld call h] kitt54 ,t frisky little y\ng/] 0 always q ready = 8 breakfa/1 b %[$ a decid$ pref]5ce = ! mat]nal font4 ,!n ! old cat w\ld give him a cuff t w\ld s5d him sp9n+4 ,!n %e w\ld take up ! salam&] & put x d[n be=e h] hopeful (fspr+ ) an air t said z pla9ly z words c\ld d3 ,!re1 n[6 ,eat t or g hungry6 ,!n h] "m love w\ld get ! bett] ( h] & %e w\ld g to lick+ & pett+ h] disob$i5t baby1 & x w\ld usually end 9 ! kitt5's hav+ its own way & satisfy+ its hung] ) milk f ! orig9al package4 ,by p]si/5ce & ! =ce ( example ! old cat f9ally succe$$ 9 accu/om+ h] (fspr+ to :at %e evid5tly ?\ght ! or?odox diet ( h] race4 ,! writ] is q well aw>e ( ! intr9sic difficulties involv$ 9 ! spontane\s developm5t ( any new v>iety ( cats4 ,/ill1 su* bran*+ ( types has occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 & ( c\rse is possible n[4 ,:5 8 att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! matt] he 0 incl9$ to consid] x m]ely an in/ance ( animal education4 ,a fact t came "u 8 p]sonal obs]vation seems1 h[ev]1 h>d to reconcile ) ?is or any !ory t does n conc$e ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ habits & ta/es4 ,a kitt5 ( ! bre$ ( cats 9 "q 0 tak5 :5 v "y & re>$ ne>ly a mile away f its "m4 ,:5 gr[n x develop$ ! same skill 9 hunt+ salam&]s1 & ! same love = ! sport z t = :i* its "m 0 celebrat$4 ,dogs1 ( c\rse1 h long be5 not$ = ! read9ess ) :i* acquir$ k1 habits1 & ta/es manife/ & p]petuate !mselves 9 h]$it>y =ms4 ,! sett]1 po9t]1 collie1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & o!r well-kn[n bre$s w occur to ev]yone z illu/rat+ ?is psy*ic pla/icity4 ,d\btless ! cat bra9 is some:at less impressible1 b !re w\ld seem to be good reasons = includ+ x among ! educably v>iable types4 ,,:at ,,makes ,,! ,,trolley ,,c> ,,g4 ,,by ,,william ,,baxt]1 ,,jr41 ,c4 ,e4 ,,iii4 ,,note4--,figs4 #bh & #cb are reproductions ( photographs k9dly furni%$ by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 :ile = ! view ( c>1 ,fig4 #cj1 we are indebt$ to ,colonel ,n4 ,h4 ,heft1 *ief electrical eng9e] ( ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav51 & ,h>t=d ,railroad4 ,al?\gh ! electric railway has be5 introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w ) ! mo/ rem>kable rapidity1 replac+ cable z well z horse roads1 !re has always be5 a /rong opposition to ! use ( ! ov]head trolley1 & 9 "s places1 z1 = in/ance1 ! city ( ,new ,york1 ?is opposition has be5 s /rong z to prev5t ! introduction ( ! sy/em until "s o!r means ( convey+ ! curr5t to ! mov+ c>s 0 devis$4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to solve ?is problem1 & ! pat5ts tak5 out on su* devices c be numb]$ by ! hundr$ & possibly by ! ?\s&4 ,inv5tors 9 ?is field1 h[ev]1 h n met ) all ! enc\ragem5t !y c\ld desire1 ow+ to ! fact t1 not)/&+ opposition1 ! ov]head trolley has be5 p]mitt$ 9 all b ab\t ?ree or f\r ( ! l>g] cities ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! great] portion ( ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! pr9cipal well-f\nd$ objection t c be rais$ aga9/ ! trolley is t x is unsightly & de/roys ! appe>ance ( ! /reet1 b ^? :o are oppos$ to x also claim t x is dang]\s1 & t und]gr\nd or surface sy/ems w\ld n be4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is n dang]\s1 & !re is no?+ on record to %[ t x is4 ,_m p]sons h be5 run ov] by trolley c>s1 b ?is is no fault ( ! ov]head trolley2 x is due to ! fact t /reet railroads are p]mitt$ to run c>s ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets at a spe$ t is too great = safety4 ,und]gr\nd conduit c>s runn+ at ! same spe$ w\ld run ov] j z _m p4 ,9 accus+ ! trolley ( be+ dang]\s x is s\ght to prove t ! curr5t fl[+ 9 ! wire c d h>m2 b ! hi/ory ( ! num]\s roads 9 exi/5ce %[s t1 s f> z human be+s are conc]n$1 ! trolley curr5t is n fatal1 al?\gh x c give a decid$ly unpleasant %ock1 su* z "o w\ld n c>e to exp]i5ce ! second "t4 ,!re is j z great1 if n great]1 liability ( obta9+ %ocks f und]gr\nd sy/ems z f ! trolley1 !re=e ! only real ga9 t c be made by _! use is 9 ! arti/ic s5se4 ,f a f9ancial po9t ( view no und]gr\nd sy/em s f> devis$ c comp>e ) ! ov]head trolley2 b if any "o %\ld devise any?+ h]eaft] t c be con/ruct$ at ! same exp5se & w n co/ m = ma9t5ance x w und\bt$ly f9d an ext5sive application4 ,until su* a p]fect solution ( ! problem makes its appe>ance ! field = ^! devices w be conf9$ to cities l ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! ov]head trolley is n p]mitt$4 ,e sy/em ( conductors t disp5ses ) ! ov]head wire is call$ by ! layman an und]gr\nd trolley1 b1 prop]ly speak+1 ^! sy/ems may be divid$ into surface & subsurface conductors4 ,bo? ( ^! may aga9 be divid$ into expos$ & inclos$ conductors1 & also into cont9u\s & sectional conductors4 ,f9ally1 we may designate ! v>i\s modifications z me*anical1 electrical1 & magnetic1 ! me*anical be+ ^? t accompli% ! result by purely me*anical means1 ! electrical be+ ^? t employ electrical devices1 & ! magnetic ^? t dep5d = _! action ^u ! attraction ( magnets4 ,! pr9cipal difficulties t ! inv5tors 9 ?is field h to cont5d ) are ! co/ ( con/ruction & ! effective insulation ( conductors4 ,) ! ov]head trolley ! curr5t fl[s out f ! p[] h\se to ! c>s ?r\gh wires c>ri$ on poles1 & ! poles are !mselves good insulators2 b to make ! "w d\bly sure ! conductors are secur$ to glass insulators1 :i* are practically p]fect4 ,! curr5t returns to ! p[] h\se ?r\gh ! gr\nd & ! track rails4 ,z x is easi] = ! curr5t to circulate 9 a %ort pa? ?an 9 a long "o1 !re is a cont9ual t5d5cy = x to jump f ! ov]head wire ?r\gh ! insulation to ! gr\nd1 b ?is is effectually prev5t$ by ! v p]fect "* ( ! insulation4 ,:5 ! outgo+ & incom+ wires are bo? plac$ ^u or und]gr\nd ! /ra9 ^u ! insulation is v mu* increas$1 = !n in/ead ( ! two l9es be+ sep>at$ by fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( pole1 :i* is a v fair insulator1 !y are sep>at$ by only a few in*es ( e>? or p]haps metal1 ! fir/ ( :i* is a fairly good conductor1 :ile ! la/ is a ne>ly p]fect "o4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! insulation prop] 9 an und]gr\nd or surface sy/em mu/ be ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,if ! conduits 9 :i* ! wires are locat$ c\ld be kept p]fectly dry1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 obta9+ insulation t w\ld )/& ! /ra9 x is subject$ to2 b ra9 9 summ] & sn[ 9 w9t] w at times cov] ! tracks & fill ! conduits1 h5ce ! secur+ ( p]fect insulation pres5ts great difficulties4 ,! mann] 9 :i* inv5tors h s\ght to surm\nt ! ob/acles c be made cle> by ! aid ( a few illu/rations ( typical designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,und]gr\nd ,,conduit ,,) ,,protect+ ,,%ield ,,= ,,! ,,conductor4 ,fig4 #be %[s "o ( ! =ms ( a class ( und]gr\nd conduits belong+ to ! inclos$ conductor type4 ,! track rails are support$ ^u ! out] ends ( l>ge ca/+s1 ,f ,f1 commonly call$ yokes4 ,^! are made ( su* size t ! portion bel[ ! op5+ :i* incloses ! conduit may be ( suffici5t dep? to af=d ! requisite /r5g? to prop]ly support ! track4 ,! conductor t c>ries ! curr5t is locat$ at f & is insulat$ f ! cas+ j1 :i* =ms ! l[] half ( ! conduit1 by ! /&s g4 ,f ! c> a b>1 ,p1 :i* is call$ a pl[1 projects d[nw>d ?r\gh ! slot betwe5 ! rails1 k k1 & on its end is spread out into a =k1 d1 :i* c>ries a pulley1 e4 ,:5 ?is pulley is 9 contact ) ! conductor f ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! pl[ ,p to ! motors ^u ! c>1 & !nce to ! track rails & back to ! p[] h\se4 ,z ! yokes ,f ,f & ! conduit cas+ j are made ( iron & are 9 metallic connection ) ! track rails1 x is evid5t t if ! conduits %\ld fill ) wat] to ! dep? ( ! wire f ! curr5t w\ld pass directly to ! rails1 & ?us w\ld avoid ! long] pa? ?r\gh ! motors4 ,to prev5t ?is occurr5ce1 ! sides ( ! conduit are inclos$ ) ! %eet-iron cov]s c c1 :i* nom9ally are 9 ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es i i4 ,! pl[ is also provid$ ) ! arms b b1 ^u ! ends ( :i* are m\nt$ small :eels a a1 & ^! run ^u tracks atta*$ to ! cov]s c c4 ,z is %[n 9 ! figure1 ! :eels a a1 runn+ ^u ! tracks atta*$ to ! cov]s c c1 cause ! latt] to spread out to ! position 9 :i* !y are %[n4 ,?is spread+1 z c be readily und]/ood1 only takes place = a %ort di/ance ahead & beh9d ! pl[1 b at all o!r p>ts ( ! conduit ! sides assume ! position i i1 & ?us close ! conduit & exclude ! wat]4 ,x c be easily se5 t "s difficulty w\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 mak+ a tight jo9t at h h1 & also t ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! sides might n op]ate z p]fectly 9 practice z ^u pap]1 b x does n foll[ f ^! facts t ! design is n practical2 x simply illu/rates t !re are _m m9or difficulties to be ov]come 9 ord] t complete success may be atta9$4 ,_m designs op]at+ ^u ?is pr9ciple h be5 pat5t$1 & 9 "s ( !m a great am\nt ( +5uity is display$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,und]gr\nd ,,conduit ,,) ,,inclos$ ,,conductor4 ,fig4 #bf illu/rates ano!r type ( inclos$ conductor :i* at a fir/ glance appe>s to be f> sup]ior to t j describ$1 b ^u clos] inve/igation x is f\nd to be n :olly free f objections t are difficult to ov]come4 ,! yoke ,f ,f1 z 9 ! design j describ$1 is made wide en\gh to support ^u its out] ends ! track rails ,r ,r1 & is cut away 9 ! middle to an outl9e con=m+ ) ! %ape ( ! conduit4 ,! conductor t c>ries ! curr5t is locat$ at d1 be+ support$ by ! /&s e4 ,an ela/ic tube f is provid$1 :i* is wat]-tight & ?us excludes moi/ure f its int]ior1 )9 :i* ! conductor d is locat$4 ,on ! top ( tube f a flexible rail b is secur$1 & ?is connects ) /uds c1 :i* are )9 ! tube1 z cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+1 & s situat$ t !y may be =c$ d[n into contact ) d4 ,normally ^! /uds are sep>at$ f d1 b :5 ! c> comes along1 ! :eel a1 m\nt$ ^u ! end ( pl[ ,p1 flatt5s ! tube f & ?us =ces "o or m ( ! /uds c into contact ) d4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! /uds c is su* t at lea/ two w always be 9 contact ) d1 ?us insur+ a cont9u\s electrical connection ) ! motors s long z ! pl[ is depress$4 ,! fir/ impression ^u look+ at ?is design w\ld be t x is entirely free f objections2 = if we assume t ! tube f is made ( rubb]1 we c see x 9 our m9d's eye spr++ up aft] ! pl[ passes by & ?us sep>at+ ! contacts c f d1 & at ! same "t yield+ freely to ! pressure ( ! :eel a4 ,all ( ?is is true1 b rubb] is n v durable :5 "u su* expos$ conditions1 & to ma9ta9 a l5g? ( sev]al miles ( x 9 a p]fect /ate = ev5 two or ?ree ye>s c\ld n reasonably be expect$2 & if x became necess>y to r5ew ! tube (t5] ?an ?is ! co/ ( ma9t5ance w\ld be entirely too great4 ,!re is ano!r objection1 h[ev]1 :i* is m s]i\s1 & t is t ! conduit w gradually fill up ) dirt1 & ?is press+ aga9/ ! rubb] tube w\ld =ce x out ( %ape1 & ?us cause ! contacts c to be> p]man5tly ^u d1 or else to become s f> displac$ t !y w\ld n t\* x :5 depress$ by ! pl[4 ,z ! rubb] tube c n be dep5d$ ^u1 inv5tors h s\ght to improve ! con/ruction by us+ %eet /eel & mak+ ! tube flatt] & mu* wid]1 s t a section ( x w\ld pres5t an outl9e mu* resembl+ an elliptic c>riage spr+4 ,su* a con/ruction w meet ! requirem5ts z to /r5g? & ! ret5tion ( ! contacts c 9 _! prop] position2 b /eel exp&s :5 w>m & contracts :5 cool$1 !re=e a long tube w\ld be /ret*$ s mu* 9 w9t] t x might pull ap>t1 :ile 9 summ] x w\ld be compress$ & t5d to buckle up & ?us be =c$ out ( place4 ,^! difficulties c be ov]come by provid+ expansion jo9ts at suitable int]vals1 s t !y are n necess>ily pro( ( ! impracticability ( devices bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is design2 !y simply s]ve to =cibly br+ to m9d ! fact t ! pa? ( ! inv5tor ( und]gr\nd sy/ems is n /rewn ) roses1 no matt] 9 :at direction he may turn to f9d a solution ( ! problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,und]gr\nd ,,conduit ,,) ,,expos$ ,,conductors4 ,! object 9 ! designs ,figs4 #be & #bf is to %ield ! conductor s t x w rema9 dry %\ld ! conduit be fill$ or p>tially fill$ ) wat]4 ,if wat] c\ld be exclud$ f ! conduit1 ! cas+ j c c1 9 ! fir/ figure1 & ! tube f1 9 ! second "o1 w\ld n be requir$1 = !re is no difficulty 9 provid+ an insulat+ support t w hold ! conductor firmly 9 place & at ! same "t prev5t ! escape ( ! curr5t2 b z soon z moi/ure collects ^u ! surfaces ( ! insulat+ supports x acts z a conductor1 & ?us r5d]s ! insulation ( little value4 ,if wat] runs into ! conduit 9 su* quantities z to come 9 contact ) ! conductor1 !n ! effect ( ! insulation is entirely de/roy$2 ! aim ( ! inv5tors1 !re=e1 is to provide means = prev5t+ ! accumulation ( wat] or moi/ure ar\nd ! conduct+ wire4 ,x c be readily se5 t ! %ort] ! conductor ! easi] x is to protect x1 & ?is fact has giv5 rise to ! developm5t ( a great numb] ( designs classifi$ z sectional conductors4 ,9 ^!1 two conductors are us$1 "o ( :i* is cont9u\s & s situat$ & insulat$ t x c n "u any conditions be rea*$ by ei!r moi/ure or wat]4 ,! o!r conductor is made 9 l5g?s t v>y all ! way f fifte5 to two or ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,normally1 ^! %ort sections are n connect$ ) ! circuit--!y are dead1 z x is call$--b :5 ! c> comes along1 ! pl[1 by act+ ^u suitable me*anism1 e/abli%es a connection betwe5 ! cont9u\s conductor & ! portion ( ! sectional conductor t is directly "u x1 & 9 ?is way ! curr5t passes to ! c>4 ,z soon z ! c> passes beyond a section ( ! sectional conductor1 ! connection betwe5 x & ! cont9u\s wire is brok5 automatically4 ,"s ( ^! arrangem5ts dep5d ^u me*anical devices1 su* z lev]s t are /ruck by ! pl[ & !reby move a swit* t closes a connection betwe5 ! section & ! cont9u\s conductor1 b 9 mo/ in/ances ! swit* is op]at$ by a magnet1 :i* may be c>ri$ by ! c> or may be arrang$ s z to be en]giz$ z ! c> approa*es x4 ,designs ( ?is la/ type come "u ! head ( electrically op]at$ sectional conductor sy/ems4 ,!re are o!r arrangem5ts 9 :i* a magnet c>ri$ by ! c> attracts iron lev]s suitably dispos$ along ! conduit1 & ^! lev]s close swit*es t connect ! section ( conductor "u ! c> ) ! cont9u\s "o4 ,z ! lev]s are actuat$ by ! magnet1 !y only hold ! swit* clos$ :ile ! latt] passes ov] !m2 ?us ! electrical connection is made & brok5 z ! c> moves along4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,view ,,( ,,/reet ,,railway ,,l9es ,,9 ,,wa%+ton ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,und]gr\nd ,,conductor ,,( ,,type ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,mo/ ( ! designs 9 :i* sectional conductors are us$ c be plac$ mu* ne>] to ! surface ( ! /reet ?an ! types illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #be & #bf1 & ?is is a decid$ advantage1 z x greatly r$uces ! co/ ( con/ruction4 ,any sy/em t requires an und]gr\nd conduit1 ) ! yokes ,f ,f to support ! track1 c only be us$ by roads ^u :i* ! traffic is v great1 = ! co/ ( con/ruction w\ld be su* z to prohibit its use "u any o!r conditions1 no matt] h[ successful its op]ation might be4 ,= small roads ) mod]ate traffic ! "q ( fir/ co/ is ( p>am\nt importance1 & ! only sy/em t c (f] a satisfactory solution ( ! problem = ^! is "o t does n require an und]gr\nd conduit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,railway ,,track ,,provid$ ,,) ,,?ird-,,rail ,,conductor4 ,al?\gh _m pat5ts h be5 tak5 out = sy/ems simil> to ^? describ$ 9 ! =ego+1 no?+ has be5 done practically ) any ( !m except 9 an exp]im5tal way4 ,"s are 9 op]ation on small roads 9 out-(-!-way places1 be+ int5d$ pr9cipally to illu/rate ! practicability ( ! sy/em & ?us assi/ 9 promot+ its introduction else:]e1 b ! sy/em t has be5 adopt$ 9 a comm]cial way is "o 9 :i* no attempt is made to %ield ! conductor f moi/ure & wat]1 & = its successful op]ation dep5d5ce is plac$ entirely ^u ! prop] dra9age ( ! conduit4 ,?is sy/em is well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! pl[ ,p c>ries ^u its end two bru%es1 b b1 :i* are insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,^! bru%es rub aga9/ ! conductors a a1 :i* are made ( b>s ( *annel iron & are well insulat$ f ! yokes ,f ,f & ! conduit cas+ to :i* !y are atta*$ by means ( ! supports c c4 ,9 ! con/ruction %[n 9 ! figure ! curr5t comes f ! g5]ator ?r\gh "o ( ! a b>s & returns ?r\gh ! o!r1 b bo? b>s c be us$ to conduct ! curr5t f ! g5]ator1 9 :i* case ! return c be effect$ ?r\gh ! track rails1 j z 9 ! designs already consid]$4 ,if bo? ! b>s a a are us$ to convey ! curr5t f ! p[] h\se ! insulation betwe5 ! bru%es b b is n requir$4 ,to avoid ! accumulation ( wat] 9 ! conduit ! dra9 ,g is provid$ ) outlets d1 locat$ at suitable po9ts4 ,al?\gh ?is sy/em is ! simple/ t c be devis$ = use 9 /reets or public highways its con/ruction is v co/ly1 s mu* s t x c only be us$ 9 cities :]e ! traffic is s great z to require ! runn+ ( c>s on %ort headway2 &1 fur!rmore1 x c n be op]at$ ) any degree ( success except 9 municipalities :]e !re is a good sewage sy/em4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s x is liable to be m or less impair$ by heavy %[]s1 b ! tr\ble 9 su* cases is only tempor>y4 ,9 w9t] "t sn[/orms are liable to affect x 9 ! same way1 especially if1 aft] a heavy fall1 a w>m wave comes along & produces a rapid ?aw4 ,f ! fact t no attempt :atev] is made to protect ! conductors1 "o w\ld naturally suppose t e "t !re is a ra9 ! road w\ld be compell$ to %ut d[n2 =1 z ! slot ?r\gh :i* ! pl[ travels is op51 wat] c ent] ! conduit ) ! greate/ fre$om1 &1 9 trickl+ d[n ! sides1 w\ld be caught to "s ext5t ^u ! brackets c c1 & ?us make its way ov] to ! *annel b>s a a1 & !reby de/roy ! insulation4 ,practice1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is action does n take place1 at lea/ n s (t5 z to produce any s]i\s tr\ble4 ,! roads t are op]at$ by electricity 9 ,new ,york1 & also ! l9es ( ! ,capital ,traction ,company1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 employ ?is sy/em1 & !y h be5 9 op]ation a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to fully demon/rate t ! difficulties actually develop$ by ! action ( ! elem5ts are n ( a =midable "*4 ,on "o occasion ! ,six? ,av5ue road1 9 ,new ,york1 0 compell$ to /op its c>s = a %ort "t j aft] a sev]e sn[/orm1 b ! failure 0 n due to impairm5t ( ! insulation1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! (ficials ( ! company1 b to ! fact t ! melt$ sn[ froze ^u ! track & caus$ ! :eels to slip ar\nd )\t s5d+ ! c> ahead4 ,! fact t o!r roads 9 ,new ,york1 belong+ to ! same company1 are be+ equipp$ ) ! sy/em1 is pro( t1 ^u ! :ole1 its practical op]ation is reg>d$ z satisfactory2 b x is v evid5t t x is n ! f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,a sy/em to be a decid$ success mu/ co/ v little m ?an ! ord9>y ov]head trolley1 & its con/ruction mu/ be su* t x w n easily get out ( ord]4 ,if x is n inexp5sive x w n come into use except 9 places :]e ! au?orities w n p]mit ! ov]head wires4 ,a surface or und]gr\nd sy/em ought to be m durable ?an ! ov]head1 z ! wires are n liable to be injur$ by high w9ds or ! accumulation ( ice & sn[2 &1 fur!rmore1 z ! conductors are bel[ ! gr\nd ! dang] ( burn+ out motors & g5]ators by lightn+ w\ld be elim9at$1 & ?is is a s]i\s matt] ) all trolley roads1 especially 9 cities4 ,c\ntry roads d n suff] s mu* f lightn+1 because :5 !re is a heavy ?und]/orm ! g5]ators are /opp$ & ! trolley poles are pull$ away f ! wire1 ! c>s rema9+ /all$ on ! track until ! /orm passes ov]4 ,?is c\rse c n be pursu$ by city roads1 = ! pass5g]s feel t1 lightn+ or no lightn+1 !y mu/ rea* _! de/9ation1 !re=e ! c>s mu/ cont9ue to run & take _! *ances4 ,lightn+1 h[ev]1 does n /rike trolley l9es z (t5 9 cities z 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 ow+ to ! fact t !re are s _m iron build+s & ro(s to attract x 9 o!r directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,view ,,( ,a ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york1 ,,new ,,hav5 ,,& ,,h>t=d ,,railroad1 ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,! ,,?ird-,,rail ,,sy/em4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! appe>ance ( ! /reet surface :5 an und]gr\nd sy/em su* z is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg is us$4 ,?is figure is a photograph ( ! ,capital ,traction ,company's l9es 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,aft] look+ at ?is picture "o c n d5y t ! appe>ance ( ! /reets ( a city is greatly improv$ :5 ! ov]head wires are remov$1 b und]gr\nd sy/ems :i* require a pl[ to run 9 a groove are n )\t objection1 = ! groove =ms a dang]\s trap into :i* ! n>r[-tir$ :eels ( light wagons c readily drop1 & ! toes & heels ( horse%oes c be caught4 ,?us1 unless ! slot c be disp5s$ ) ! great] beauty ov]head is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( increas$ dang] on ! /reet surface4 ,!re are q a numb] ( und]gr\nd conductor sy/ems 9 :i* ! slot is n us$1 ! curr5t be+ convey$ to ! c> by contact made ) plates set at suitable int]vals betwe5 or along ! sides ( ! tracks1 & on a level ) ! /reet surface4 ,_m ( ^! arrangem5ts appe> to be q practical1 b none ( !m c attract ! att5tion ( railroad manag]s unless x c be con/ruct$ at a reasonable co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,railway ,,track1 ,,%[+ ,a ,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,?ird-,,rail ,,sy/em4 ,ab\t two ye>s ago ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav51 & ,h>t=d ,railroad publi%$ a report ( ! p]=mance ( a bran* l9e t 0 equipp$ ) electric motors1 ! curr5t be+ convey$ to !m by means ( a ?ird rail4 ,"s ( ! s5sational dailies at once took ! matt] up & h]ald$ ! ?ird rail to ! public z some?+ entirely new & sure to sup]s$e ! trolley4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ?ird rail is "o ( ! olde/ arrangem5ts t h be5 us$1 & 0 9 daily op]ation 9 ,baltimore 9 #ahhf4 ,x is a v *eap sy/em & well adapt$ to roads own+ ! "r ( way or runn+ ^u elevat$ tracks1 b c\ld n be us$ on public highways or /reets4 ,! ?ird-rail sy/em 9 its simple/ =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 :i* repres5ts a section ?r\gh ! roadb$4 ,! log ,a repres5ts a tie or sleep]1 & c c are ! track rails1 :ile b is ! ?ird rail ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes to ! motors4 ,betwe5 ! rail b & ! tie ,a is plac$ a piece ( insulat+ mat]ial1 a1 ( su* dim5sions z may be necess>y4 ,if ! track is high above ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 s z to n be subm]g$ :5 !re is a heavy fall ( ra91 a may be ?91 b o!rwise x mu/ be ( suffici5t ?ickness to raise ! rail above ! high-wat] m>k4 ,! c> is provid$ ) a :eel or bru% to be> ^u ! rail b4 ,?is is ! con/ruction us$ ^u ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav51 & ,h>t=d ,railroad1 z c be se5 f ,fig4 #cj1 :i* is a photograph ( a section ( ! road4 ,! ?ird rail1 x w be se51 is rais$ b slightly f ! ties1 j ab\t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"o objection to ?is con/ruction is t p]sons & animals c receive %ocks by t\*+ ! c5t] rail & "o ( ! side ones at ! same "t1 z1 = example1 by /&+ ) "o foot on ea*4 ,su* %ocks w\ld n prove fatal to m51 z ! curr5ts us$ = railway "w are n ( a suffici5tly high electro-motive =ce to produce dea?1 b ! %ock is nev]!less v sev]e4 ,horses & cattle w\ld be kill$ outright1 z ^! animals are n able to )/& z /rong a %ock z human be+s4 ,to r5d] ! ?ird-rail sy/em saf]1 & also to improve ! insulation ( ! conduct+ rail1 ! con/ruction illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ca has be5 devis$4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,fig4 #bi is t ! rail b1 in/ead ( re/+ ^u ! ties betwe5 ! tracks1 is c>ri$ ^u a side support c c & is h\s$ 9 ) bo>ds a a4 ,to take ! curr5t f x a :eel is m\nt$ ^u a %aft project+ f ! side ( ! c> truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--;,,electric ,,locomotive ,,on ,,! ,,buffalo ,,& ,,lockport ,,railway4 ,f ! =ego+ brief description ( ! ess5tial features ( ! sev]al sy/ems devis$ = convey+ curr5t to ! mov+ c> by means ( conductors plac$ und]gr\nd or ^u ! surface1 x c be se5 t :ile ! result c be accompli%$ 9 _m ways1 & is actually accompli%$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 no?+ has be5 br\ght =w>d s f> t is z free f objection z ! simple trolley1 if we disreg>d ! unsightl9ess ( ! latt]4 ,x is ?is unsightl9ess t has creat$ a dem& = some?+ else1 b ! sub/itutes1 :ile capable ( do+ ! "w1 are f> m co/ly & c n be said to be z reliable "u all conditions ( wea!r4 ,! sph]e ( action ( ! electric-railway motor is n conf9$ to /reet railways or suburban transit1 b ext5ds to ! legitimate doma9 ( ! /eam locomotive4 ,9 _m places electric locomotives are us$ to move freight tra9s made up ( c>s ( ! l>ge/ capacity1 ?is same "w hav+ be5 done =m]ly by /eam locomotives4 ,9 ! city ( ,baltimore1 ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad uses electric locomotives1 ( great] capacity ?an any /eam locomotives s f> made1 to draw tra9s ?r\gh ! tunnel t passes "u ! city4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( an electric locomotive c be judg$ f ,fig4 #cb1 :i* %[s an eng9e ( av]age size at ! head ( a long freight tra94 ,,mm4 ,b]taux & ,g4 ,yv] are quot$1 9 ,la ,nature1 z relat+ 9 _! travels 9 ,italy t betwe5 ,b5ev5to & ,foggia1 :]e ! railway passes ?r\gh a tract ( :eat fields1 a falcon 0 obs]v$ closely accompany+ ! tra94 ,he w\ld graze ! w9d[s1 fly ov] ! ro(s ( ! c>s & turn1 & keep con/antly da%+ d[n to ! gr\nd by ! side ( ! track4 ,a habitual travel] on ! road rem>k$ t he _h obs]v$ ?is habit ( ! bird sev]al times a week4 ,! crafty hawk _h obs]v$ t ! eddy made by ! tra9 z x ru%$ ?r\gh ! air ov]came ! small birds & made !m an easy prey1 & x _h le>n$ to take advantage ( ! fact4 ,x 0 also rem>k$ t ?is p>ticul> tra91 :i* 0 ! fa/ tra91 0 ! only "o ! bird ?us pursu$4 ,a ,,survival ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,cr$ulity4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,p4 ,,evans4 ,"o ( ! crasse/ & mo/ impud5t & yet mo/ successful frauds ( mod]n times is t rec5tly practic$ by ,leo ,taxil & 8 associates on ! papal hi]>*y 9 _! pret5d$ exposures ( ! ,freemasons & ! ,satanic rites p]=m$ by ?is secret frat]nity4 ,on ,april #bj1 #ahhd1 ,leo ,,xiii issu$ an encyclical lett] 9 :i* he divides ! human race into two div]se & adv]se classes 79 p>tes duas div]sas adv]sasque73 ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?--namely1 ! true ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/--& ! realm ( ,satan4 ,all :o are n memb]s ( ! =m] belong to ! latt]1 s t !re is no alt]native betwe5 be+ a good ,ca?olic or a wor%ip] ( ! devil4 ,8 ,hol9ess !n proce$s to %[ t ! headqu>t]s ( ,satanism are ! lodges ( ! ,freemasons1 a fact1 he adds1 fully recogniz$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 :o h nev] ceas$ to expose & d5\nce ! diabolical "* & flagiti\s aims ( ^! ar*5emies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! detail$ description ( ! organization ( ?is ord]1 its devili% purposes1 & ! horrible crimes committ$ 9 ord] to accompli% !m are v que] read+ 9 an (ficial docum5t emanat+ f an infallible ecclesia/ical au?ority at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,on ,augu/ #bj1 #ahid1 ,leo ,,xiii publi%$ a decree ( ! ,inquisition putt+ "u ban ,odd ,fell[s1 ,sons ( ,temp]ance1 & ,knights ( ,py?ias z synagogues ( ,satan1 & exclud+ !m f ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is no wond] t su* an exhibition ( cr$ulity1 :i* excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( _m a ,romani/ & made all intellig5t & unprejudic$ p]sons smile & %rug _! %\ld]s1 %\ld h sugge/$ to an arrant wag & incorrigible play] ( practical jokes l ,leo ,taxil 7pseudonym ( ,gabriel ,jog&7 ! idea ( appeal+ to ?is peculi> passion on a gr& scale & see+ to :at ext5t ! "m ,*ur* c\ld be l$ into fraud1 z ,milton says1 l ,eve1 our cr$ul\s "m4 ,9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ?is audaci\s plot ?r\gh all its /ages & p]ceiv+ by :at silly tales & transp>5t deceptions ! ,holy ,fa!r p]mitt$ himself to be dup$1 "o c h>dly refra9 f exclaim+1 9 ! words ( ,b5 ,jonson3 ,_h y no quirk ,to avoid gullage1 sir1 by su* a creature8 ,leo ,taxil 0 born at ,m>seilles on ,m>* #ba1 #ahed1 & 0 !re=e ?irty ye>s ( age :5 he ent]$ ^u ?is c>e] ( intrigue & my/ification4 ,f 8 *ildhood he _h be5 educat$ 9 /rictly ,roman ,ca?olic s*ools1 & ev]y?+ 0 done by 8 pi\s p>5ts & tea*]s to r5d] him s\nd 9 ! fai?4 ,long be=e arriv+ at man's e/ate he _h ?r[n (f ^! influ5ces & ca/ 9 8 lot ) unbeliev]s1 al?\gh he cont9u$ to g to mass1 confession1 & communion4 ,:ile a pupil 9 ! ,ca?olic ,college ( ,/4 ,l\is1 at ,m>seilles1 he 0 /rongly attract$ to ! political views ( ! radical p>ty z set =? 9 ,ro*e=t's ,lant]ne1 & soon began to write = ! press2 9 #ahga he jo9$ ! editorial /aff ( ,egalit1 & publi%$ = two ye>s a humori/ic j\rnal--,la ,m>otte 7,fool's ,bauble74 ,x is n necess>y to give a detail$ sket* ( ?is man's life4 ,suffice x to say t he 0 viol5tly anticl]ical1 & 0 repeat$ly f9$ & imprison$ = articles insult+ to ! ,*ur* & to ecclesia/ical dignit>ies4 ,on ,decemb] #bi1 #ahha1 at ,montpelli]1 he 0 condemn$ to pay a f9e ( sixty-five ?\s& francs = publi%+ a book entitl$ ,! ,secret ,am\rs ( ,pius ,,ix4 ,he appeal$ f ?is decision1 &1 aft] repeat$ ef=ts1 succe$$ 9 hav+ ! indictm5t qua%$4 ,a new edition appe>$ 9 #ahhe1 & 0 ann\nc$ by l>ge plac>ds1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* 0 a m$allion ( ! ,pope's head1 encircl$ ) ! heads ( a bevy ( beautiful wom51 =m+1 accord+ to ! au?or1 a fitt+ halo = 8 ,hol9ess4 ,we may add t ! s5sational revelations conta9$ 9 ?is book1 z well z 9 ! ,sc&al\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,orlans & simil> works1 are = ! mo/ "p m]e figm5ts ( ! imag9ation record$ z facts1 = ! purpose ( my/ify+ a cr$ul\s public4 ,9 #ahhj he f\nd$ a ,society ( ,free?9k]s1 :i*1 ) its num]\s bran*es1 numb]$ 9 a few ye>s ab\t sev5te5 ?\s& memb]s4 ,! rem>kable success ( ?is movem5t 0 due 9 a great measure to ! en]gy ) :i* he advocat$ x 9 ! columns ( ! ,rpublique ,anti-,cl]icale1 ( :i* he 0 ! editor4 ,p]haps ! mo/ comical episode 9 8 /range c>e] is 8 pret5d$ rep5tance1 result+ 9 ! return ( ?is black %eep to ! fold ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 8 ,confessions ! arrant r5egade relates h[1 on ,april #c1 #ahhe 7,april #a/ w\ld h be5 a m appropriate date71 :ile engag$ 9 writ+ a book on ,joan ( ,arc design$ to excite animosity aga9/ ! cl]gy1 8 fell purpose 0 sudd5ly %ak5 by /rong compunctions1 & soon a fe>ful agitation convuls$ 8 :ole be+4 ,8 description ( 8 contrition & self-reproa*es is q s5sational & ?rill+1 & %[s r>e tal5t z an actor1 if we only be> 9 m9d t ! :ole ?+ 0 a f>ce4 ,i bur/ into sobs4 ',p>don me1 ,o ,god6' ,i cri$ out 9 a voice *ok$ ) te>s4 ',p>don my _m blasphemies6 ,p>don all ! evil ,i h wr\ght6' ,i pass$ ! night 9 pray]1 & resolv$ on ! next day to seek absolution = my s9s4 ,he retir$ f ! editor%ip ( ! ,rpublique ,anti-,cl]icale1 & h&$ 9 8 resignation at a meet+ ( ! ,anti-,cl]ical ,league1 ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd] & hi!rto ! mo/ active memb]1 :5 he _h ! satisfaction ( be+ d5\nc$ by ! presid+ (fic] z a com$ian & sc\ndrel4 ,no "o ( 8 =m] colleagues believ$ 9 8 s9c]ity1 & yet e "o 0 puzzl$ to und]/& ! /rategic purpose ( ?is retrograde movem5t4 ,! g5]al impression 0 t he _h be5 brib$4 ,y c't fool u by y\r abjuration6 !y exclaim$4 ,! fact is1 y h receiv$ a l>ge sum ( money f ! ,vatican4 ,he does n seem to h attempt$ to refute ^! *>ges1 nor did he p]mit !m to div]t him f ! execution ( 8 deep-laid plot4 ,) hypocritical humility1 he made full confession to ! papal nuncio 9 ,p>is1 ,monsignore ,di ,r5de1 :o1 aft] subject+ him to sev]al days' p5ance1 embrac$ him ) joy & releas$ him f all excommunications & ecclesia/ical c5sures4 ,taxil n[ began to issue 8 ,complete ,revelations conc]n+ ,freemasonry1 9 f\r volumes1 ! o/5sible object ( :i* 0 to expose ! secret & sacrilegi\s rites ( ?is ord] z an organiz$ sy/em ( devil-wor%ip1 ?us confirm+ by ! te/imony ( an eyewitness ! ass]tions ( ! ,popes1 & prov+ t _! decrees & decisions on ?is po9t _h be5 bulls 9 ! ecclesia/ical & n 9 ! ,iri% s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is "w1 al?\gh a m]e tissue ( fabrications1 0 greet$ by ! ,ca?olic press & prie/hood ) exultation1 z an au!ntic n>ration conta9+ positive & irrefutable pro(s ( ! diabolic "* ( ! ,masonic my/]ies4 ,! memb]s ( ?is frat]nity1 says ,taxil1 reg>d ! ,god ( ! ,ca?olics z an evil pr9ciple--a crafty1 jeal\s1 & cruel g5ius1 a sup]nal tyrant1 & ar*5emy ( human happ9ess4 ,oppos$ to him is ,lucif]1 ! good g5ius1 ! p]5nial s\rce ( virtue & wisdom1 ! _s ( fre$om1 & ! fri5d ( mank9d4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! high-grade lodges ,lucif]1 ! reput$ fa!r ( ,ca91 ,canaan1 & ,hiram1 is ador$1 "u diff]5t names indicative ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 z ! ,god ( ,nature1 & ! great ar*itect ( ! univ]se4 ,9 %ort1 :ile mod]n free?9k+ is a!i/ic & begets a skepticism :i*1 ev5 :5 n d5y+ ,god1 does n c>e = him1 ,freemasonry is ess5tially a ,satanic cult4 ,^! words give ! sum & sub/ance ( ! supposititi\s disclosures :i* excit$ su* int5se joy 9 ! cl]ical camp4 ,9 #ahhg1 :5 ,taxil 0 receiv$ 9 solemn audi5ce by ,leo ,,xiii1 ,my son1 ask$ ! ,pope1 :at do/ ?\ desire8 ,holy ,fa!r1 to die ?is mom5t at ?y feet 7 = me ! highe/ bliss1 repli$ ! kneel+ p5it5t4 ,n s1 0 ! b5ignant response ( ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]2 ?y life is /ill v useful 9 combats = ! fai?4 ,8 ,hol9ess !n po9t$ to ,taxil's writ+s on ! %elves ( 8 libr>y1 decl>+ t he _h read !m all ?r\gh ) extreme satisfaction1 & enc\rag$ him to cont9ue 8 exposures ( ^! satellites ( ,satan & _! abom9ations4 ,taxil left ! ,vatican ) ! papal b5$iction & ) ! firm conviction t he c\ld devise no bett] means ( curry+ favor ) ! ,apo/olic ,see ?an by inv5t+ tales ab\t ! homage paid by ! ,freemasons to ! devil1 & det]m9$ to "w ?is ri* ve9 to its utmo/ capacity4 ,he also came to ! conclusion t he c\ld imag9e no?+ s absurd t x w\ld n be receiv$ 9 ,ca?olic circles z au!ntic & indors$ by infallible au?ority4 ,8 "w _h an imm5se pecuni>y success1 & ?us atta9$ ! *ief object :i* he _h 9 view4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& copies ( ! orig9al ,fr5* edition 7 sold1 & x 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,spani%4 ,?is result is n s surpris+1 if we rememb] t ne>ly all ! bi%ops & o!r cl]gy ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* act$ z volunt>y & extremely zeal\s ag5ts = ! diffusion ( ^! ,revelations1 :i* !y seem$ to reg>d z a new apocalypse design$ to unveil ! my/]ies ( ,babylon & disclose ! pres5t do+s ( ,satan & dom9ion ( anti*ri/4 ,( ! utt]ly apocryphal "* ( ! ,revelations !y d n appe> to h ent]ta9$ ! slighte/ suspicion1 al?\gh ! hoax 0 cle>ly p]ceptible to e unprejudic$ m9d4 ,! ,g]man translation by ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,grub]1 :i* appe>$ at ,freiburg1 9 ,switz]l&1 & at ,pad]born1 9 ,we/phalia1 omitt$ ! volume entitl$ ,! ,masonic ,si/]s1 on acc\nt ( ! indec5cy ( its cont5ts1 al?\gh accept$ z true & deem$ especially damag+ to ! ,masonic frat]nity4 ,h[ev] desirable x might be to te> away ! mask ( philan?ropy f ! face ( ,freemasonry & let ! _w see its devili% features1 x 0 ?\ght be/ n to outrage ! moral s5se ( ! community by uncov]+ ! fil?9ess ( ! helli% crew4 ,9 #ahib ,taxil's coadjutor1 ,dr4 ,bataille 7a pseudonym ( ,dr4 ,k>l ,hacks1 a ,g]man f ! ,rh9el&71 began to issue a s]ial publication1 entitl$ ,! ,devil 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 purport+ to embody ! results ( 8 obs]vations z %ip's surgeon dur+ 8 travels 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & especially 9 ! ,ori5t1 :]e he _h opportunities ( /udy+ ,satanism 9 its div]se manife/ations4 ,he beg9s by ref]r+ to ! encyclical lett] ,humanum g5us1 already cit$1 9 :i* ,leo ,,xiii divides ! human race into wor%ip]s ( ,god & wor%ip]s ( ,satan1 & !n proce$s to adduce facts prov+ ! correctness ( ?is classification4 ,x is1 9 reality1 a bold burlesque ( ! papal circul>1 z1 inde$1 x 0 int5d$ to be1 & w\ld d\btless h be5 laugh$ at = a "t z a clev] p]siflage1 if ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* _h n tak5 x s]i\sly1 z !y 7 expect$ to d4 ,dr4 ,hacks confess$ to an int]view]1 9 #ahig1 t no soon] _h he read ! pontifical circul> 9 "q ?an he saw 9 x a r>e opportunity to co9 money out ( ! crass cr$ulity & b\ndless /upidity ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,x ne$$ only a ,jules ,v]ne to clo! ^! extravagant fancies 9 an attractive g>b4 ,i resolv$ to play ! "p ( ?is ,jules ,v]ne4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! same idea occurr$ to o!rs4 ,i !re=e jo9$ =ces ) ,leo ,taxil & a few fri5ds1 & began to publi% ,! ,devil 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ! success ( :i* is well kn[n4444 ,i _h trav]s$ _m l&s & got up m>vel\s /ories1 ! sc5es ( :i* 7 laid 9 remote regions1 :i* ,i 0 sure no "o w\ld visit 9 ord] to te/ ! tru? ( my ass]tions4 ,besides1 he c\nt$ on ! sill9ess ( ! p]sons ) :om he _h to deal1 & felt c]ta9 t if he %\ld tell !m he _h be5 fool+ !m !y w\ld n believe him1 b w\ld rema9 conv9c$ t all 8 inv5tions 7 /rictly true4 ,he c\ld n conceive ( a body ( ecclesia/ics z ready to disc>d a belief :i* s]v$ _! turn1 h[ev] evid5t its absurdity might be to o!r m9ds4 ,sometimes ,i fabricat$ ! mo/ incr$ible /ories1 z1 = example1 t ( ! s]p5t indit+ prophecies ) its tail on ! back ( ,sophia ,wald]1 or t ( ! demon1 :o1 9 ord] to m>ry a ,freemason1 trans=m$ himself into a "y lady1 & play$ ! piano ev5+s 9 ! =m ( a crocodile4 ,my colleagues 7 agha/1 & exclaim$1 ',y'll spoil ! :ole joke ) y\r nons5se4' ',bah6' ,i repli$4 ',let me be1 & y w see6' ,& !y did see h[ eag]ly su* gross falsehoods 7 accept$ z positive facts4 ,prote/ants )\t exception are d5\nc$ z godless apo/ates4 ,e ,lu!ran is a ,lucif]ian 9 disguise4 ,s+apore1 he says1 l e ,briti% colony1 is settl$ by knaves1 footpads1 & all sorts ( crim9als4 ,! ,prote/ant ,engli%man is1 at ! bottom1 an embodim5t ( sc\ndrelism c\pl$ ) ,satanism4 ,!re is a /rangely inf]nal elem5t 9 ! social life at ,s+apore4 ,! ,briti% matrons & ev5 ! maid5s are inc>nations ( vice & godlessness4 ,! "y ,engli% woman d$icates all h] *>ms & intellig5ce to ! s]vice ( ,satan1 ^: apo/le & ag5t %e is2 curs$ by ,god1 %e is ! de>ly belov$ p>am\r ( ,lucif]2 a woman only 9 "n1 %e is 9 fact absolutely inf]nal--an actual deviless4 ,hacks ass]ts t 9 a ,presbyt]ian *ur* at ,s+apore he discov]$ a secret tab]nacle = ! wor%ip ( ,satan4 ,! pa/or op5$ ! door1 & !re 0 a ,baphomet1 ) all ! ,palladi/ic 7,satanic7 app>atus--goblet1 ho/1 & dagg]--/&+ be=e 8 eyes4 ,alb]t ,pike1 ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,freemasons 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 is call$ ! ,satanic ,pope1 & is said to h a telephone inv5t$ & op]at$ by devils1 :]eby in/antane\s communication is possible betwe5 ! sev5 pr9cipal directorates at ,*>le/on1 ,rome1 ,b]l91 ,wa%+ton1 ,montevideo1 ,naples1 & ,calcutta4 ,he has also a magic bracelet1 by means ( :i* he c summon ,lucif] at any mom5t4 ,"o day ,satan took ,pike g5tly 9 8 arms & made a trip ) him to ,sirius1 trav]s+ ! :ole di/ance 9 a few m9utes4 ,aft] explor+ ! fix$ />1 he 0 br\ght back safe & s\nd to 8 room 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,:e!r he f\nd ! /> z hot & scor*+ z its "n implies is n /at$4 ,hacks discov]$1 "u ! cliffs ( ,gibralt>1 my/]i\s cav]ns ) laboratories 9 :i* devils prep>$ microbes = g5]at+ & diffus+ epidemics4 ,he 0 politely receiv$ by ,tubal-,ca91 ! director ( ! e/abli%m5t1 :o address$ him 9 pure ,p>isian ,fr5*1 f :i* we may inf] t ?is is ! language ( ! l[] regions4 ,on 8 dep>ture ,hacks 0 pres5t$ ) a small vial1 ! cont5ts ( :i* w\ld suffice to produce a fe>ful epidemic ( *ol]a4 ,no less an au?ority ?an ,pr(essor ,bautz1 ( ! ,prussian ,academy at ,mn/]1 tells u t ! volcanoes are ! flues ( hell1 & x 0 probably ?is contribution to ! topography ( ,t>t>us t l$ ,hacks to look = ! devil's work%op 9 ! cavities ( m\nta9s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be+ us$ = inf]nal purposes1 w\ld h>dly be :at ,milton calls umbrage\s grots & caves ( cool recess4#h ,! foll[+ may be cit$ z a specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* hi/orical ev5ts 7 p]v]t$ by ,hacks to subs]ve 8 purpose3 ,be=e ! capture ( ,rome by ! ,italian troops 9 #ahgj1 a secret meet+ ( ,freemasons 0 held 9 ,milan1 at :i* ,riboli1 ,cuc*i1 & ,g5]al ,cadorna 7 pres5t1 & ! revolution>y delib]ations 7 r5d]$ piquant by dreadful blasphemies4 ,?us ,g5]al ,cadorna1 a r5egade prie/1 p>odi$ ! consecration ( ! ho/ ) a piece ( bread1 :i* he f9ally ?rew into ! fire ) ! words1 ,9 honor ( ,lucif]6 ,!reupon ,lucif] rose up 9 p]son ?r\gh ! floor1 gaz$ b5ignantly = a mom5t on 8 fai?ful foll[]s1 & said1 ,! mom5t is come = fir+ ! ?ird salvo ( cannon4 ,a mon? lat] ,g5]al ,cadorna ent]$ ,rome ?r\gh ! brea* ( ! ,porta ,via4 ,9 ,lucif]ian l+o1 ! fir/ salvo 0 ! ,re=mation & ! second ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :ile ! ?ird victory ( ,satan 0 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,pope's temporal p[]4 ,hacks relates t 9 ,freiburg1 ,switz]l&1 !re 0 a ,masonic temple ( ,satan hewn 9 a rock & provid$ ) alt>s & all ! p>aph]nalia ( ?is cult4 ,!re m5 & wom5 assembl$ 9 ! co/ume worn by our fir/ p>5ts be=e ! fall4 ,atta*$ to ! lodge 0 a bro!l1 ! sc5e ( ! mo/ disgu/+ debau*]ies4 ,"o alt>1 9 ! =m ( a triangle ) an image ( ! demon ,baphomet1 0 us$ = /abb+ ! body ( ,*ri/1 9 ! =m ( consecrat$ waf]s1 ) a dagg]4 ,at ?is alt>1 too1 0 said ! s-call$ black mass1 an inv5tion ( ! ,gr& ,ma/] ,holebrook & ,alb]t ,pike1 ( ,*>le/on4 ,dur+ ?is s]vice hymns 7 sung to ,satan4 ,! consecrat$ waf]s 7 procur$ by ,miss ,lucia ,cl>az1 ( ,freiburg1 :o /ole !m :ile pret5d+ to p>take ( ! communion1 & pass$ ! night be=e committ+ ! !ft 9 ! wilde/ orgies4 ,?is incr$ibly fooli% /ory 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,moniteur de ,rome1 aga9/ :i* ,miss ,cl>az1 a lady pi\sly incl9$ & morally irreproa*able1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,bi%op ( ,freiburg1 br\ght suit = defamation4 ,! c\rt s5t5c$ ! editor1 ,monsignore ,vgl91 to a f9e ( tw5ty-five ?\s& lire & f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,^! examples suffice to %[ ! wret*$ /uff :i* ,hacks ha%$ up = ! edification ( ! cl]ical & ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! c>nal-m9d$ public4 ,ev5 ! silly /atem5t t he saw a gigantic tree b[ d[n be=e ,sophia ,wald]1 ! pr$e/9$ great-gr&mo!r ( anti*ri/1 & pres5t h] ) a b\quet1 did n %ake ! fai? ( ! true believ]s4 ,! editor ( ! ,revue ,m5suelle decl>$1 9 #ahid1 t ,dr4 ,bataille _h really made all ^! discov]ies on 8 travels1 & t 8 hone/y & s9c]ity 7 beyond "q4 ,?is 0 ! attitude ( ! :ole cl]ical press almo/ )\t exception1 z well z ( abbots1 bi%ops1 c>d9als1 & ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 z late z ,july1 #ahig1 :5 ! impo/ure _h be5 expos$ & confess$1 a ,p>isian ,ca?olic j\rnal cont9u$ to reg>d ! my/ification z m app>5t ?an actual1 & ! docum5ts adduc$ z *iefly au!ntic2 s difficult is x = m9ds ?us con/itut$1 ) ! rational faculties dw>f$ & /unt$ by be+ con/antly kept 9 ! lead+ /r+s ( cr$ulity1 to recognize ! falsity ( :at !y wi% or are told to believe4 ,ano!r ( ,taxil's conf$]ates 0 ,dom5ico ,m>giotta1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt a native ( ,palmi1 9 s\!rn ,italy1 & pr(essor ( lit]ature & philosophy4 ,8 pr9cipal "w1 ,adriano ,lemmi1 ,supreme ,head ( ! ,freemasons1 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #ahid1 gives a long li/ ( 8 titles1 design$ to impress ! public by indicat+ 8 high position 9 ! ,masonic ord]4 ,hacks calls him a ,memb] ( ! ,sov]eign ,sanctu>y ( ! ,ori5tal ,rite ( ,memphis & ,mizraim1 a purely fictiti\s designation4 ,?is cunn+ device 0 also cr[n$ ) complete success1 & caus$ ! fabricat$ disclosures to be hail$ ) en?usiasm4 ,"h1 exclaim$ ! cl]ical j\rnals1 we h n an appr5tice or novice l ,taxil1 b "o ( ! highe/ dignit>ies ( univ]sal ,freemasonry & ,lucif]ianism1 :o is initiat$ & in/ruct$ 9 all its my/]ies & occult obs]vances1 be+ app>5tly ignorant ( ! fact t ,taxil 0 9 ! ma9 ! real au?or ( ! book4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common accusations br\ght aga9/ ! ,freemasons is t ( desecrat+ ! ho/ by /abb+ x ) a dagg]4 ,a ,g]man ,ca?olic j\rnal1 ,! ,pelican1#i affirms t n only ,masonic devil wor%ip]s1 b also ,jews1 infidels1 & h]etics 9 g5]al commit ?is sacrilege 9 ord] to %[ _! deadly hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 pro( ( ?is *>ge1 ! foll[+ hi/orical fact is publi%$ 9 ! numb] = ,july1 #ahig3 ,sev]al consecrat$ waf]s 7 once /ol5 by ,jews f a *ur* at ,lang5ses1 9 ,silesia1 &1 aft] be+ pi]c$ ?r\gh ) knives1 7 hidd5 9 ! =e/4 ,!y 7 discov]$ by a ,poli% nobleman1 ^: f\r horses1 z he 0 driv+ by1 sudd5ly kneel$ d[n & refus$ to g on1 al?\gh he beat !m ) 8 :ip4 ,he !n desc5d$ f ! c>riage1 & soon f\nd ! waf]s cov]$ ) blood4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ back ) solemn c]emony to ! *ur*1 :i* became a place ( pilgrimage ) a wond]-work+ pyx4 ,:at a h>d5$ & hopeless skeptic a man mu/ be1 :o is n conv9c$ by conclusive evid5ce ( ?is k9d1 :5 ev5 horses be> witness to ! tru? by _! g5uflections6 ,/ill m s5sational 0 ! "p play$ 9 ?is spicy com$y by ,miss ,diana ,vaughan1 :om ,taxil introduc$ to ! public z a desc5dant ( ! ,rosicrucian al*emi/ & ,ox=d pr(essor ,?omas ,vaughan1 & :o 0 said to h 9 h] possession a copy ( ! writt5 pact ) ,satan1 sign$ by h] ance/or on ,m>* #be1 #afde4 ,! "y lady claim$ to h be5 born 9 ,p>is on ,febru>y #bi1 #ahgd4 ,! fact t !re 0 no ,febru>y #bi? 9 ! ye> #ahgd w\ld make ?is date an impossible natal day = ord9>y mortals1 b a p]son ) ,lucif]ian blood 9 h] ve9s w\ld naturally take no note ( ! divisions ( "t z record$ 9 human cal5d>s2 =1 accord+ to ,taxil1 h] =be> 0 ! goddess ,a/>te1 :o appe>$ to ,?omas ,vaughan on a summ] night 9 #afdf1 :ile he 0 soj\rn+ among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 9 all h] m>vel\s beauty1 br++ ) h] a b$ surr\nd$ ) flames & att5d$ by little demons be>+ fl[]s4 ,%e approa*$ ,vaughan & put a w$d+ r+ on 8 f+]1 & elev5 days lat] gave bir? to a daught] nam$ ,diana1 f :om ! ,miss ,diana ,vaughan 9 "q trac$ h] desc5t4 ,sev]al in/ances ( simil> comm]ce ) inc>nate demons are said to h occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( h] family1 s t %e inh]it$ a /rong ,satanic ta9t2 ev5 h] own "m 0 guilty ( ! same crim9al conduct4 ,h] inh]it$ qualities 7 c>efully fo/]$ by education1 inasmu* z %e 0 br\ght up by h] fa!r & uncle on /rictly ,lucif]ian pr9ciples4 ,"o day1 :5 h] in/ructors 7 prais+ ,ca9 & ,judas z ideals ( excell5ce1 %e express$ "s d\bt ( ! sup]ior wor?9ess ( ! fratricide & v5al traitor4 ,?is dang]\s unbelief 0 attribut$ to angelical possession1 & x 0 soon asc]ta9$ t ! ar*angel ,raphael 0 ! cause ( ! lapse f ,lucif]ianism4 ,rec\rse 0 _h to exorcism1 ! :ole process ( :i*1 z describ$ by ,taxil1 is a clev] trave/y ( ! c]emonial prescrib$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur* = ! expulsion ( evil spirits4 ,! dance p]=m$ by ! fa!r & uncle on ?is occasion consi/$ ( ! same saltatory movem5ts t are execut$ by ! procession ( jump]s e ye> at ! grave ( ,/4 ,willibord1 9 ,e*t]na*1 ,luxemburg4#aj ,devil's o9tm5t took ! place ( holy oil1 & ! exorcism end$ ) ! sacrifice ( a black h52 !reupon ,raphael w5t out ( h]1 & simultane\sly ) 8 exit all ! panes ( glass 9 ! h\se 7 brok5 into fragm5ts & fell to ! gr\nd ) a trem5d\s cra%4 ,! m>vel is t bi%ops & prie/s accept$ ?is ridicul\s /ory z an au!ntic & edify+ n>ration1 in/ead ( reject+ x ) horror & disgu/ z a palpable burlesque ( _! own approv$ me?ods ( ca/+ out demons1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,exorcismus 9 ,satanam et ,angelos ,apo/atas1 compos$ by ,leo ,,xiii & issu$ by him ,novemb] #ai1 #ahij4 ,x is evid5t t ,taxil _h ?is docum5t 9 8 eye1 & int5d$ to hold x up to d]ision2 to calm ! fe>s ( ! simple-m9d$1 :o 7 puzzl$ & p]plex$ by ! /rik+ resemblance ( diabolic orgies to div9e ord9ances1 he expla9$ x on ! g5]al pr9ciple t ,satan is ! ape ( ,god4 ,aft] be+ fre$ f ! influ5ce ( ,raphael1 ,diana 0 plac$ "u ! tutelage ( ,asmodeus1 :o1 z h] gu>dian devil1 wat*$ ov] h]1 %ield+ h] f bodily h>m & help+ h] to resi/ ! wiles ( angels4 ,"o day :5 %e 0 w&]+ 9 ! woods %e 0 attack$ by negroes1 b ,asmodeus came to h] rescue1 & bore h] safely to h] home ?r\gh ! air4 ,ano!r "t he caught h] mettlesome c\rs] by ! bridle z he 0 runn+ away1 & :5 ! *ief ( ,g>ibaldi's /aff1 ,bordone1 insult$ h]1 ,asmodeus twi/$ 8 neck s t 8 face look$ backw>d4 ,= ?ree weeks he 0 oblig$ to take a retrospective view ( life & ( 8 own conduct1 :5 ,diana1 9 ! k9dness ( h] he>t1 set 8 head "r aga94 ,on ^! occasions ! tutel> demon usually appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e "y g5tleman1 & emitt$ an aroma ( balsam1 :i* seems to h be5 z insep>able f him z is ! sc5t ( musk f a mod]n dude or modi% dame4 ,he spoke ( h] z 8 bride1 & (t5 took h] on pleasure trips to p>adise1 purgatory1 & o!r remote regions2 once :5 %e 0 greatly depress$1 because h] ,lucif]ian rival1 ,sophia ,wald]1 _h got ! bett] ( h]1 he consol$ h] by mak+ an excursion ) h] to ,m>s1 :]e !y rode on ,s*iap>elli's canals1 sail$ on ! ,sea ( ! ,sir5s1 & /roll$ l pygmies among ! gigantic inhabitants ( t planet4 ,to be conclud$4 ,contr>y to ! common supposition t ! a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts 0 bas$ exclusively on ! geoc5tric hypo!sis1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,bryan says 9 ,nature3 ,s*iap>elli has %[n t ,h]aclitus ,ponticus1 a disciple ( ,plato1 _h already accept$ ! !ory t ! sun is ! c5t] ( ! orbit ( ! planets1 :ile ! e>? is ! c5t] ( ! univ]se & ( ! lun> & sol> rotations--a !ory sub/antially t ( ,ty*o4 ,,ribbon ,,lightn+4 ,,by ,,orange ,,cook4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahih1 ,w4 ,h4 ,osborne1 ( ,*>don1 ,ohio1 an amateur photograph] ( "s exp]i5ce1 secur$ ! accompany+ photograph ( a lightn+ fla% :i* seem$ to u to %[ c]ta9 peculi>ities t entitle x to a public notice & a p]man5t record4 ,! picture %[s ?ree fla%es1 ( :i* ! di/ant & fa9t "o at ! "r & ! bright "o at ! left 7 simultane\s1 :ile ! c5t] "o occurr$ a few seconds e>li]4 ,no?+ ab\t ! ?und] t foll[$ ! la/ & bright fla% sugge/$ t x 0 specially ne>1 b an exam9ation ( ! picture :5 develop$ & a comp>ison ) ! features ( ! l&scape %[$ t x _h come to e>? ab\t fifte5 rods f ! place :]e ,mr4 ,osborne /ood ) 8 cam]a4 ,mr4 ,osborne & myself c>efully se>*$ ! locality indicat$1 b fail$ to f9d ev5 ! slighte/ m>k caus$ by ! dis*>ge ^u any object or 9 ! e>?4 ,illu/ration ,measurem5ts at ?is place give ! wid? ( ! ribbon ( light1 if x /ood at "r angles ) ! l9e ( sight1 ab\t eight feet4 ,?is ribbon ( light is se5 to consi/ ( six l9es1 approximately p>allel1 ( unequal brightness1 a pair be+ at ea* edge & a pair ne> ! c5t]4 ,! space betwe5 ^! pairs is cross$ by _m ne>ly horizontal l9es & a few oblique ones1 :ile t betwe5 ! "r-h& pair is cross$ by oblique l9es only4 ,! horizontal l9es at ! "r ( ! c5t] become curv$ d[nw>d1 :i*1 ) ! increas$ brightness ( ! :ole t[>d t side1 sugge/s to u t ! ribbon ( light did n lie 9 a plane1 b 0 concave t[>d a po9t at ! obs]v]'s left4 ,t ! ribbon did n /& at "r angles ) ! l9e ( sight1 b 0 ne>] ! obs]v] at ! "r-h& edge1 is also %[n by ! inequality ( ! l[] t]m9ation ( ! six v]tical l9es ref]r$ to above4 ,! ones at ! left ei!r re/ ^u or are hidd5 beh9d a rise ( gr\nd1 ^: cre/ c be trac$ = a little di/ance ea* side ( ! fla%1 :ile ^? at ! "r come l[]1 fall+ betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! gr\nd at t po9t4 ,probably1 :5 measur$ ^u ?is diagonal & curv$ l9e1 ! wid? ( ! fla% 0 fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fact t ! accompany+ ?und] 0 comp>atively light1 & n at all l t ord9>ily he>d :5 lightn+ occurs )9 s %ort a di/ance4 ,possibly ?is1 z well z ! abs5ce ( m>ks at ! po9t :]e x rea*$ ! e>?1 might h be5 because ! dis*>ge 0 ( v l[ t5sion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a v simil> lightn+ fla% 0 describ$ & pictur$ 9 ! issue ( ! ,electrical ,_w & ,eng9e] = ,octob] #bh1 #ahii1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,k5nelly1 :o sugge/$ ! foll[+ explanation3 ,a lightn+ fla% pass$ ?r\gh ! air on ! left-h& side ( ! ribbon ( lightn+ 7! w9d 0 bl[+ f "r to left7 & broke a hole 9 ! air along t l9e4 ,?is dis*>ge may h be5 oscillatory1 & may h la/$ 9 all any "t up to ab\t #a_/ajj ( a second4 ,! dis*>ge !n ceas$ = lack ( electricity1 b a fre% *>ge f ! cl\d be+ ga!r$ imm$iately aft]w>d1 or 9 ab\t #a_/cj ( a second f ! fir/ rupture1 a new dis*>ge pass$ ?r\gh ! same hole 9 ! air1 :i* _h n _h "t to seal up4 ,!re might ?us be f\rte5 successive fla%es 7?is 0 ! numb] ( di/9ct fla%es mak+ up ! ribbon 9 ! photograph71 ea* av]ag+ ab\t #a_/be ( a second ap>t1 ?r\gh ! same hole1 ow+ to ! imp]fect conduct+ qualities ( ! cl\ds ov]head1 mean:ile ! hole hav+ be5 c>ri$ f left to "r 9 ! picture1 across ! l9e ( sight 7by ! w9d71 & ?us produc+ ! appe>ance ( a broad ribbonlike fla%4 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge1 ( ,cambridge1 has sugge/$ ! possibility t _m ( ^! app>5tly curi\s electrical ph5om5a may be ( purely optical or physiological orig9--t is1 may arise ?r\gh ! abnormal behavior ( ! eye or ! cam]a l5s t[>d int5se l9es ( light1 su* z lightn+ fla%es4--,,ed4 ,,cross-,,education4 ,,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,scripture1 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,laboratory1 ,,yale ,,univ]sity4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i made ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t3 ,i arrang$ a rubb] bulb1 l t us$ = releas+ a photograph]'s %utt]1 to connect ) a bottle1 f :i* rose a long1 v]tical glass tube4 ,! bottle conta9$ m]cury1 & ! long tube rea*$ ne>ly to ! bottom4 ,e "p 0 air-tight1 s t :5 anybody squeez$ ! bulb ! m]cury 0 =c$ up ! v]tical tube4 ,x 0 :at is kn[n z a m]cury-dynamomet]4 ,dur+ exp]im5ts ) ?is dynamomet]1 :at 0 m natural ?an to ?9k ( try+ :at w\ld happ5 if "o h& 7 practic$ daily 9 squeez+ ! bulb8 ,s "o ( our graduate /ud5ts1 ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,br[n1 0 set to "w 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,on ! fir/ day %e squeez$ ! bulb z h>d z possible ) ! left h&1 :ile an assi/ant not$ ! height ( ! m]cury2 ?is 0 repeat$ t5 times1 & ! results 7 av]ag$4 ,imm$iately !reaft] %e took t5 records ) ! "r h&4 ,!n1 on ! foll[+ days1 ) "s int]missions1 %e practic$ ! "r h& by squeez+ t5 times on ea* occasion4 ,on ! la/ day %e aga9 te/$ ! left h&1 :i* _h n be5 practic$ 9 ! meantime4 ,! records ran z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,day4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fir/ ,second,?ird ,f\r?,fif? ,six? ,sev5?,eigh?,n9? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es,in*es,in* es ,in*es,in*es ,"r h& #bh4h #cc4g #ce4f #cf4f #dj4i #dd4g #dg4j #dh4h #dh4f ,left h& #bi4f 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #db4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,?us ! left h& _h ga9$ ab\t fifty p] c5t 9 /r5g? ?r\gh practice ( ! "r h&4 ,?is peculi> ph5om5on ( transf]5ce ( ! effects ( practice f "o side to ! o!r ,i h v5tur$ to call cross-education4 ,! ph5om5on 0 curi\s en\gh to sugge/ o!r exp]im5ts4 ,ano!r /ud5t1 ,miss ,t4 ,l4 ,smi?1 0 set to try+ to ins]t ! po9t ( a ne$le at ! end ( a rod into a small hole 9 a drill-gauge )\t t\*+ ! sides4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t consi/$ ( tw5ty trials ) ! left h&1 ) a success ( fifty p] c5t4 ,imm$iately !reaft] tw5ty trials 7 made ) ! "r h&1 ) a success ( sixty p] c5t4 ,on ! foll[+ day & on ea* succe$+ day two hundr$ exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! "r h&1 ) successes ( #fa1 #fd1 #fe1 #ge1 #gd1 #ge1 #hb1 #gi1 #gh1 & #hh p] c5t4 ,on ! la/ day ! left h&1 :i* _h n be5 practic$ 9 ! meantime1 0 aga9 tri$1 ) a success ( sev5ty-six p] c5t4 ,^! la/ exp]im5ts rem9d u ( c]ta9 famili> ph5om5a4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 notic$ t p]sons taught to write ) ! "r h& become able to write backw>d1 b n =w>d1 ) ! left h&4 ,?is is ! s-call$ mirror writ+1 :i* appe>s correct if se5 9 a mirror4 ,! fir/ publi%$ obs]vation ( ?is fact exi/s 9 a lett] f ,h4 ,f4 ,web] to ,fe*n]1 ! f\nd] ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,fe*n]1 moreov]1 notic$ t ) ! left h& he c\ld make ! figure #i backw>d bett] ?an 9 ! regul> way4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! pr9ciple ( cross-education has be5 put to practical use4 ,a lett] 7) p]mission to publi%7 has be5 receiv$ f ,osc> ,raif1 ,pr(essor ( ,music 9 ! ,b]l9 ,ho*s*ule3 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahih ,i made an exp]im5t ) tw5ty ( my pupils4 ,i began by tak+ ! av]age spe$ ( ea* h& ) ! metronome4 ,! av]age ( ! "r h& 0 qu>t] note symbol #aaf 7 f\r times #aaf 9 ! m9ute7 #dfd beats1 & = ! left h& #aab #ddh beats4 ,i gave !m ex]cises = ! "r h& only 7f+] ex]cises1 scales1 & brok5 accords7 to develop rapidity4 ,aft] "o week ! av]age ( ! "r h& 0 #abj #dhj2 aft] two weeks1 #abf #ejd2 ?ree weeks1 #acb #ebh1 etc4 ,aft] two mon?s ! "r h& yield$ #agf #fjd4 ,!n ,i _h !m try ! left h&1 :i* av]ag$ #aeb #fjh1 :]eas 9 ,novemb] ! av]age 0 only #aab #ddh4 ,9 two mon?s' "t1 absolutely )\t practice1 ! left h& _h ris5 f #aab #ddh to #aeb #fjh4 ,a few ( my pupils _h "s difficulty 9 play+ ! scales 9 p>allel motion1 b 7 able to play !m 9 contr>y motion4 ,! t5or ( my "w is t 9 piano play+ ! *ief requirem5t is n t ea* s+le f+] %\ld move rapidly1 b t ea* movem5t %\ld come at exactly ! "r "t1 & we d n "w only to get limb] f+]s1 b1 m ?an t1 to get p]fect control ov] ea* f+]4 ,! s\rce ( :at 9 ,g]man is call$ ,f+]f]tigkeit is ! c5t] ( our n]v\s sy/em--! bra94 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 require fur!r inve/igation1 = x is evid5t t we mu/ beg9 ) ! fact ( cross-education & proce$ to m complicat$ cases4 ,inde$1 cross-education has %[n itself to be "o /ep ( a ladd] up :i* we mu/ climb ev5 if !re 7 no o!r motive except t ( curiosity z to :at we c\ld f9d at ! top4 ,if practice ( "o h& educates ! o!r h&1 w x n also educate ! foot8 ,aga91 if practice ( "o h& 9 squeez+ a dynamomet] develops ! /r5g? ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! body1 w x n also develop _! dext]ity or _! advance8 ,aga91 if ! developm5t ( volunt>y p[]--let u say1 frankly1 w p[]--9 "o direction br+s ab\t a developm5t 9 o!r directions1 :y %\ld we limit ! transf]5ce to muscul> activity8 ,:y c we n expect1 t ! developm5t %\ld be ext5d$ to ! high] =ms ( w p[] t g to make up "*8 ,! outlook beg9s to be /irr+ on acc\nt ( its va/ness4 ,if ! la/ pr9ciple be admitt$1 !re seems no argum5t aga9/ ! claim t "s =ms ( manual tra9+1 su* z la! "w & =ge "w1 are j ! ?+s to develop moral "*4 ,by ! same reason+ we w\ld be oblig$ to admit ! (t5-made argum5t t tra9+ 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ma!matics furni%es a means ( g5]al m5tal developm5t4 ,if we admit ! pr9ciple1 we f9d ourselves at once involv$ 9 important educational controv]sies4 ,h[ev] we may ?9k 9 respect to ^! que/ions1 x is pla9 t x is wor? :ile to climb a ladd] :i* has su* an outlook at ! top4 ,let u beg94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact ( cross-education is e/abli%$4 ,let u ask 9 :at ?is education consi/s4 ,on ?is po9t "s curi\s obs]vations h be5 made by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w4 ,davis1#aa n[ ( ,i[a ,college4 ,! subject ( ! exp]im5t began by rais+ a five-p\nd dumb-bell by flex+ ! arm at ! elb[2 ?is call$ into play *iefly ! biceps muscle = lift+ & ! =e>m muscles = grasp+4 ,?is 0 done z _m times z possible ) ! "r arm1 & !n1 aft] a re/1 ) ! left arm4 ,! subject !n ent]$ ^u a practice ext5d+ f two to f\r weeks2 ?is consi/$ 9 lift+ ! weight ) ! "r arm only4 ,at ! end bo? arms 7 te/$ z at ! />t4 ,! results 7 /range en\gh4 ,! unpractic$ left arm ga9$ 9 p[] z we expect$1 b x also ga9$ 9 size4 ,c>eful measurem5ts 7 made by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,seav]1 ( ! ,yale ,gymnasium1 on ! gir?s ( bo? upp] arm & =e>m4 ,let u comp>e ! ga9s 9 gir? ) ! ga9s 9 p[]3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ga9s ,,9 ,,gir?4 ,,ga9s ,,9 ,,p[]4 ,,subject4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,"r biceps4 ,left biceps4 ,"r arm4 ,left arm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g #e mm4 -#e mm4 #hbj flexions4 #bjj flexions4 ,j #b #j #djj #bbe ,k #d #b #gbd #ead ,h #ac #f #iej #cj ,b #f #aa #ijj #ge ,i #h #c #gej #ge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,all subjects _h ga9$ p[] 9 ! unpractic$ left arm1 ?ree ( !m l>gely & ?ree slightly4 ,all b "o _h ga9$ 9 ! size ( ! unpractic$ left biceps4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ^? :o _h ga9$ mo/ 9 p[] _h ga9$ lea/ 9 size4 ,! case 0 q simil> 9 reg>d to ! gir? ( ! =e>m4 ,! ga9s 9 p[] 7 unque/ionably mo/ly c5tral--t is1 9 ! n]ve c5t]s--& n 9 ! muscles4 ,yet !re 0 also a /range b unque/ionable ga9 9 ! size ( ! muscles at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,we h arriv$ at ! second /ep ( ! ladd]1 :i* is3 ,! ga9 by practice :i* %[s itself 9 cross-education consi/s 9 a developm5t ( high] n]ve c5t]s connect$ ) ! two sides ( ! body4 ,we mu/ next ask3 ,is ?is effect ( practice conf9$ to ! symmetrical organ1 or does x ext5d to o!r organs8 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ by a peculi> exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5t consi/$ 9 te/+ ! effect ( educat+ "o ( ! feet to tap z rapidly z possible on a telegraph key4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! clocklike in/rum5t is really a piece ( clockwork actuat$ by a magnet1 s t x c\nts up "o po9t e "t ! electric circuit is clos$4 ,! electric circuit is compris$ ( a batt]y & two keys4 ,any =m ( batt]y w d2 ! "o 9 ! figure is a lamp batt]y--t is1 an arrangem5t ( lamps 9 s]ies & 9 %unt1 su* t ! ord9>y high-voltage city curr5t is conv5i5tly trans=m$ into a l[-voltage curr5t4 ,! key to ! left is ! exp]im5t]'s key1 & t to ! "r ! subject's key4 ,:5 ! subject is set to tapp+ on ! latt] key ! c\nt] w regi/] :5ev] ! exp]im5t] keeps 8 key clos$4 ,= ! actual exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,davis ! subject's key 0 remov$ to a di/ant room4 ,"h !re 7 ?ree keys ( ?is k9d1 any "o ( :i* w\ld regi/]4 ,"o key ea* 0 arrang$ = tapp+ ) ! big toes2 ! ?ird key c\ld be tapp$ by ei!r "r or left index f+]4 ,on ! fir/ day all f\r digits--"r & left index f+]s & "r & left l>ge toes--7 c>efully te/$ 9 tapp+ z rapidly z possible4 ,!reaft] ! "r l>ge toe 0 practic$ daily 9 tapp+ = sev]al weeks1 ! o!r digits be+ left unpractic$4 ,at ! end all f\r digits 7 aga9 te/$4 ,f\r ( ! six p]sons exp]im5t$ ^u %[$ a ga9 = ! "r l>ge toe--t is1 = ! digit practic$2 ! o!r two %[$ a slight loss1 due unque/ionably to ov]-practice1 or ov]-tra9+4 ,all ( ^? :o ga9$ = ! "r l>ge toe ga9$ = ! o!r digits also4 ,_! av]age ga9s 73 ,"r foot1 ?irty-?ree p] c5t2 left foot1 ?irty-"o p] c5t2 "r h&1 tw5ty-"o p] c5t2 left h&1 ?irty-"o p] c5t4 ,ev5 bo? ( ! ov]-tra9$ m5 ga9$ = ! left foot & "o ( !m ga9$ = ! left h&4 ,?us we h rea*$ ! ?ird /ep--! effects ( practice are ext5d$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,beyond ! ?ird /ep ! exp]im5tal inve/igations h n yet advanc$1 b ,i believe t soon] or lat] we %all be able to e/abli% ! fact t developm5t ( ^? =ms ( ! w involv$ 9 simple muscul> activities does also develop ! m complicat$ =ms t express !mselves 9 acts ( a m5tal nature4 ,x has long be5 claim$ t sports1 games1 & manual occupations are among ! be/ develop]s ( "*4 ,football develops solid>ity ( feel+ & action2 runn+ rapids or cross-c\ntry hunt+ develop coolness 9 dang] & promptness & firmness ( judgm5t2 wood-turn+ requires boldness & =esight2 =ge "w requires regulation & res]ve ( p[]1 & s on4 ,?is is no place = an acc\nt ( ! psy*ology ( sports & occupations1 b if ! read] has ev] tri$ any ( ^! ?+s & fail$ he w easily recognize ! lack+ m5tal quality4 ,yet !re has nev] be5 b "o attempt1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 to organize a sy/em ( manual occupations on ! basis ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! success ( ! attempt furni%es1 ,i believe1 ! /ill-lack+ laboratory pro( ( ! pr9ciple itself4 ,i ref] to ! rem>kable exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,z4 ,r4 ,brockway1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,elmira ,re=matory4 ,mo/ ( ! "y felons s5t to ! ,elmira ,re=matory are set to le>n+ trades1 by :i* !y c support !mselves on leav+4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o are too /upid to ev5 le>n ! simple/ trade are put into a manual-tra9+ s*ool1 9 ! hope t _! bra9s c be suffici5tly develop$ to enable !m to keep out ( ! prison or ! asylum4 ,^? :o are s /upid t !y h difficulty 9 le>n+ ! alphabet or 9 c\nt+ _! f+]s are put into a k9d]g>t51 :]e !y practice on lett] blocks & /icks & /raws4 ,^? :o are too /upid to le>n a trade are ! ones ( int]e/ "h4 ,?ree ma9 l9es ( defect are recogniz$ 9 ,sup]9t5d5t ,brockway's classification ( !m4 ,^? :o are intellectually weak1 b ( fair p[] ( self-control1 are class$ z ,gr\p ,i2 ^? :o are reasonably bright1 b are unable to get along because !y c n control _! impulses1 are class$ z ,gr\p ,,ii2 ^? :o fail on bo? sides are class$ z ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,gr\p ,,ii is compos$ ( ^? :o are = ! mo/ "p devoid ( moral s5se--^? :o fight1 swe>1 assault (fic]s1 are lic5ti\s1 & g5]ally unresponsive to ! usual re=matory measures4 ,to ?is class belong "s ( ! mo/ intellectual inmates ( ! re=matory1 b ?is intellectuality runs riot on acc\nt ( weakness ( "*4 ,h[ are _! *>act]s to be built up8 ,!y are requir$ to devote mo/ ( _! wak+ h\rs to a?letics & cali/h5ics1 wood-turn+1 mak+ wood5 patt]ns = ca/+s1 me*anical draw+1 sloyd1 clay model+1 & *ipp+ & fil+ metal4 ,^! ex]cises h be5 select$ on acc\nt ( _! "*-build+ qualities4 ,! "w is a great success4 ,ne>ly all inmates subject$ to ?is build+-up process f9ally graduate ) suffici5t self-control f ! manual-tra9+ dep>tm5t into ! trades s*ool4 ,a concrete example w give an idea ( ! *ange produc$ 9 ! pupil4 ,! record ( ,no4 #f1cfa is in/ructive4 ,! acc\nt is tak5 f a report by ! manual-tra9+ in/ructor1 ,r4 ,c4 ,bates3 ,! pupil1 previ\s to 8 assignm5t to manual tra9+1 _h e>n$ = himself ! sobriquet ( 'dang]\s man' among ! (fic]s & inmates4 ,8 (f5ses h be5 mo/ly ?reat5+ language1 ly+1 contrab& articles1 talk+1 fool+1 assault+ (fic]s1 & in/itutional crimes ( t nature4 ,we beg9 8 record 9 ,septemb]1 #ahie1 :5 he 0 r$uc$ to ! second grade = fight+4 ,octob] & ,novemb] he lo/ ?ree m>ks ea* = ly+ & ?reat5+ language1 &1 by ! influ5ce ( ,septemb] m>k+s1 caus$ 8 r$uction to ! ?ird grade1 or incorrigibles1 a closely def9$ gr\p4 ,he 0 9 ! ?ird grade two mon?s & ?ree days1 :5 he 0 plac$ 9 ! f\ndry1 :]e1 amid bl9d+ smoke1 /ifl+ air1 & ! task sy/em1 x 0 ?\ght he w\ld tone d[n1 ^u ! !ory t ! muscul> dem&s ( su* a place on a #abd-p\nd body w\ld vitiate suffici5tly to weak5 ! w & curb ! disposition to riot\s acts4 ,f ,janu>y #ae? to ,febru>y #ae? he 0 on modifi$ treatm5t4 ,on ,febru>y #ah? he 0 unconditionally re/or$ to ! second grade4 ,febru>y & ,m>* he did fairly well1 los+ "o m>k ea* mon?1 b 9 ,april 8 p]iod ( passably well-do+ 0 *eck$ by 8 committ+ an assault1 along ) assumption ( au?ority1 & on ! #bg? ( ,april he 0 return$ to ! ?ird grade = ! second "t1 rema9+ 9 ! same two mon?s & ?ree days1 :5 he 0 aga9 plac$ on modifi$ treatm5t1 & did well = ?ree mon?s1 :5 he fell aga91 ?is "t = fight+1 los+ six m>ks 9 ,octob]4 ,9 ,novemb] he made a p]fect mon?1 secur+ promotion to second grade4 ,on ,decemb] #ae1 #ahif1 he 0 assign$ to manual tra9+1 ,gr\p ,,ii2 object1 developm5t ( self-control1 ) subjects z foll[s3 ,a?letics1 draw+1 sloyd1 woodwork1 *ipp+ & fil+1 mold+4 ,ea* subject "o h\r & a half p] day1 five days p] week4 ,! influ5ce ( ! new environm5t su/a9$ ! ef=t made 9 ,novemb] to improve1 &1 by secur+ a p]fect mon? 9 ,decemb]1 all 8 pa/ 0 blott$ out & he 0 re/or$ to ! l[] fir/ grade aga91 ?r\gh 'amne/y1' on ,decemb] #be1 #ahif4 ,?us1 on ,decemb] #be1 #ahif1 he 0 :]e he 0 in/itutionally class$ at ! "t ( 8 admittance two ye>s & ?ree mon?s ago--viz41 l[] fir/ grade1 f :i* all :o are committ$ beg9 ! re=matory c\rse ( treatm5t1 additionally !reto 9 ! manual-tra9+ dep>tm5t4 ,8 developm5t n[ beg9s4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahig1 he lo/ two m>ks z a result ( s*ool failures1 b 9 ,febru>y he secur$ a p]fect demeanor record2 9 ,m>* he lo/ two m>ks2 ,april & ,may 7 p]fect mon?s 9 all respects1 & he 0 graduat$ f manual tra9+ 9 ,may1 return$ to in/itutional life1 & assign$ to ! ex]cise squad 9 ! morn+ & /one masonry 9 ! aft]noon4 ,lat] 8 daily assignm5t 0 *ang$1 plac+ him 9 ! mold+ class ( ! te*nological dep>tm5t to complete trade4 ,8 developm5t 0 complete & p]man5t4 ,he 0 return$ to ! manual tra9+ z assi/ant in/ructor 9 ! mold+ class1 & is n[ do+ well 9 all dep>tm5ts1 hav+ be5 promot$ to ! upp] fir/ grade 9 ,augu/ & rank+ z s]geant 9 ',i' company4 ,?is record is only "o example ( _m4 ,:5 manual-tra9+ s*ools organize _! c\rses on ! pr9ciple ( adapt+ ! ex]cise to ! ability to be develop$1 we %all h abundance ( simil> pro(4 ,:5 ^! facts h be5 inconte/ably e/abli%$1 !re w be a means ( satisfy+ ! compla9ts ( ^? :o are con/antly attack+ our s*ools because !y develop intellect & ru9 "*4 ,:at is ! use1 say !y1 ( tea*+ *ildr5 to read & ?9k if y d n make !m hone/ & tru?ful8 ,h[ is x bett] = ! community to educate li>s & ?ieves m]ely t !y may lie & /eal successfully 9 bus9ess & politics1 :]e !y c n be caught1 r ?an to leave !m 9 ! slums1 :]e ! police c get !m8 ,! accusation is bitt]ly unju/ 9 _m ways1 b its =ce c be met by introduc+ a sy/em ( "* build+ bas$ on a c>eful /udy ( ! means ( develop+ tru?fulness1 hone/y1 c>efulness1 p]si/5ce1 brav]y1 c\rage "u defeat1 & ! o!r qualities t g to make up a true man4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is sy/em is to be f\nd1 ,i believe1 9 ! pr9ciple ( "*-build+ by motor activity4 ,! ladd] ( cross-education w be sl[ly climb$ by psy*ological inve/igators2 if !y f9d at ! top a pr9ciple ( su* value & wide application1 surely ! climb w h be5 wor? ! "t & tr\ble4 ,,! ,,morbid ,,s5se ,,( ,,injury4 ,,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,beck]1 ,m4 ,d4 ,z a fog ab\t a %ip removes x f exact relations to surr\nd+s1 s1 f ! /&po9t ( morbid psy*ology1 we may fancy ! m9d pe]+ ?r\gh a m or less mi/y envelope to ! true adju/m5t to ?+s--! glass ?r\gh :i* we see d>kly4 ,7 all action & reaction ( ! m9d to surr\nd+s p]fectly adapt$1 !re c\ld be su* a ?+ z absolute sanity4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z evolution ) cont9u\s readaptation & ! processes ( dissolution ) attempt$ adaptations cont9ue1 s long c !re be b grop+1 imp]fect relations to surr\nd+s1 s long mu/ !re be defective or morbid m5tal action1 & sanity & insanity !re=e b relative t]ms4 ,?us _m symptoms ( ! insane appe> to be b v>y+ degrees ( ! morbid m5tal manife/ations ( heal?1 & we may assume a priori t !y h a common g5esis & c be id5tifi$ = /udy4 ,if we take1 = example1 "o ( ! commone/ ( ^!--viz41 ! idea ( p]secution among ! insane--we may safely id5tify x ) ! s5se ( injury equally common among ! sane4 ,by ?is s5se ( injury is meant t vague s5se :i* afflicts _m ( u at times ( be+ ! object ( ho/ile feel+s on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,no d\bt we (t5 are1 =1 9 ! /ress ( necess>y rivalry & conflict ^u :i* progress dep5ds1 we give & take injuries4 ,b !re rema9s a l>ge excess ( ?is injur$ feel+ :i* c n be s expla9$1 or :i* is disproportionate to its cause or entirely gratuit\s1 & is ?us %ift$ into ! field ( morbid psy*ology4 ,?is only is "h treat$--! morbid s5se ( injury4 ,x seems to f9d an easy entrance to ! m9d f a m]e feel+ ( be+ ill us$ or /9t$ 9 sympa?y to ! ent]ta9m5t ( s]i\s grievances or p]secutory ideas4 ,9 c]ta9 temp]am5ts x is m>k$4 ,on s-call$ blue days we are con/antly mov$ to a s5se ( injury f fanci$ alo(ness ( our fri5ds4 ,madam ,l(ty slights u1 & our jaundic$ imag9ation has x t %e has he>d some?+ detrim5tal & dislikes u4 ,b lo6 to-day1 :5 ! liv] is releas$1 madam smiles sweetly1 & nev] he>d a ?+4 ,s 9 suspici\s p4 ,!y ent]ta9 a *ronic /ate ( m9d1 by :i* ! acts ( o!rs are giv5 an invidi\s con/ruction4 ,!y anticipate ill w1 c>ry+ ! *ip on ! %\ld]4 ,( two con/ructions ( a giv5 situation1 !y leap to ! m (f5d+4 ,"s take on ! v9dictive attitude z a result1 approa*+ t type ( insanity kn[n z p>anoia1 ( :i* ,guiteau & ,pr5d]ga/ 7 conspicu\s examples2 o!rs are humiliat$1 z a consequ5ce approa*+ ! melan*olia type ( insanity1 ea* illu/rat+ aga9 h[ ! sane & insane /ates are p>allel$4 ,_m come to be> ! outw>d m>ks--! /igmata ( ?is m5tal attitude1 approa*+ sometimes ! asylum face1 l t ( ! insanely suspici\s ,r\sseau4 ,we all "k su* faces1 ) _! h>d1 set expressions1 z if =ev] seal$ aga9/ any t5d] ( good w4 ,by a curi\s fact1 ^? :o invite ill w seem (t5 to get x4 ,society1 bas$ on a reciprocity ( fai?1 seems to h no smiles to be/[ ^u ! misan?rope4 ,x bids him1 ,laugh1 & ! _w laughs ) y4 ,x s comes to pass t _m ( !m acquire "s real gr\nd = _! s5se ( injury1 & 9 ! long run t real qu>rels are precipitat$ f ?is atmosph]e ( suspici\sness4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! psy*ology ( mo/ qu>rels4 ,! effect ( imag9>y grievances comes 9 turn to be ! cause ( real ones4 ,?us into an incid5t betwe5 two p]sons1 "o ( !m mi/ak5ly reads an affront to himself4 ,he retaliates1 & ! o!r p]son1 unconsci\s ( hav+ done any?+ to evoke any ho/ility1 f9ds himself affront$1 & 9 8 turn retaliates4 ,by ?is "t real grievances h come1 & ! qu>rel is on4 ,balzac1 t ma/] analy/1 9 allud+ to fri5d%ip1 9 "o ( 8 /ories1 says3 ,x di$ 7! fri5d%ip7 l o!r great passions--by a misund]/&+4 ,bo? sides imag9e trea*]y1 pride prev5ts an und]/&+1 & ! rupture comes4 ,j z ! malevol5t feel+s may arise de novo1 s x is ) ! b5evol5t ones4 ,nordau %[s h[ ! nondescript /ate ( be+ 9 love (t5 arises4 ,"s incid5t betwe5 ,john & ,m>y leads "o ( !m--we w say ,john--to ?9k mi/ak5ly t ,m>y has be5 attract$ to him4 ,pleas$ ) ! fact1 he reciprocates4 ,m>y1 altoge!r unconsci\s ( ! reciprocal nature ( ,john's att5tion1 f9ds pleasure 9 x1 & 9 h] turn reciprocates4 ,mutual reciprocity !n foll[s4 ,9 irritable p]sons we f9d ! morbid s5se ( injury c\pl$ ) res5tm5t4 ,quickly int]pret+ any?+ disagreeable to !m z an affront by ano!r1 _! fir/ impulse is to res5t x1 :i* !y d m or less viol5tly1 accord+ to circum/ances1 _! second ?\ght (t5 recogniz+ ! irrational nature ( ! outbreak4 ,?is sugge/s ! f]al in/9ct4 ,examples are common 9 ! l[] animals1 :ile 9 pa9 attack+ ^? ab\t !m z if !y 7 ! cause ( x4 ,no d\bt ?is res5tm5t is a survival f evolution>y ance/ry4 ,x has probably s]v$ a necess>y purpose 9 ! cons]vation ( animal life by caus+ ! animal to attack :at may1 9 ! jeal\sy ( self-pres]vation & its feeble discrim9ation1 ev5 be suspect$ ( be+ inimical to its welf>e4 ,bl9d & unju/1 p]haps1 b ,nature hesitates at no app>5t inju/ice to accompli% ?is4 ,:5 we g high]1 to ! tribal relation ( man1 we f9d ! same bl9d res5tm5t4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es h no conception ( dea?1 except z vaguely associat$ ) homicidal causes1 & :5 a memb] ( a tribe dies a mo/ natural dea? a memb] ( a ho/ile tribe is kill$ to av5ge ! suppos$ murd]4 ,! ,africans1 too1 read homicidal =ces into natural dea?s4 ,9 civiliz$ social relations x appe>s aga9 9 ! v popul> & usually irrational dem& = a scapegoat :5 matt]s g wrong4 ,! idea ( religi\s sacrifice1 too1 is a practice by :i* ! an?ropomorphic ,god is cr$it$ ) be+ aggriev$ by human conduct & ( wi%+ to be appeas$ !re=4 ,?\gh ! ex]cise ( ?is indiscrim9ate res5tm5t 0 probably great] & m necess>y 9 ! pre-social /age ( human evolution1 !re is /ill gr\nd = its activity to-day 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* has b *ang$ its ar5a4 ,"u a v5e] ( amity1 laudable en\gh1 !re are till ! suspicion & res5tm5t ( ! tribal relation1 z we may (t5 see unveil$ 9 a posse ( boys1 & t ?is res5tm5t is yet ( ! bl9d k9d1 we /ill h pro( if we h se5 an enlight5$ man delib]ately kick a h>mless *air because he /umbl$ on x 9 ! d>k4 ,phylog5etically1 !n1 we see ?is morbid s5se ( injury to be rev]sional4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! atavic !ory ( insanity4 ,9 ! individual x is a delusion1 &1 l o!r delusions1 an attempt by ! reason to expla9 a disord]$ feel+2 9 ?is case a pa9ful feel+1 hav+ its orig9 broadly 9 "s imp]fect adaptation ( ! organism4 ,?is attempt to expla9 a feel+ or s5sation seems a human necessity4 ,h[ev] wide ( ! tru? su* explanations usually are1 we seem =c$ to attempt !m4 ,9 ! case ( ?is pa9ful feel+1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 we are ei!r unwill+ or unable to expla9 x 9 its true way1 & are prone to attribute x to malevol5t ag5cies1 (t5 p]sonal--p]haps ! bogy-man remnant ( ! *ild & race4 ,su* explanation is (t5 an easy escape f tru?s unwelcome to our ego--tru?s :i*1 if recogniz$1 w\ld w\nd pride or consci5ce beyond easy endurance4 ,x requires a man ( r>e c\rage & m5tal cl>ity to recognize 8 p>ticul> pa9 f failure 9 adaptation z autog5etic1 & to lay x to natural & unflatt]+ causes4 ,we pref]1 ( ! two1 to accuse ! environm5t r ?an ! organism1 especially :5 ! organism happ5s to be our own4 ,we take refuge 9 a grievance r ?an impugn ! supremacy ( our ego4 ,inde$1 x seems to be necess>y = heal?y subjective activity1 s to speak1 t a sort ( imp]ialism ( ! ego1 h[ev] circumscrib$1 be ma9ta9$4 ,x is ! condition s9e qua non ( ! necess>y measure ( well-be+ ( ! individual4 ,x is mo/ reluctantly rel9qui%$1 & we con/antly see ! pla9e/ tru?s immolat$ t x be reta9$4 ,only 9 ! great self-effacem5t ( melan*olia & 9 ^? r>e *>act]s :o recognize & be> complac5tly nak$ tru?s--! ,welts*m]z ( ,goe!--is ?is well-be+ r5\nc$4 ,ev5 ^? :o are will+ to fa!r _! own w\nd$ ego /ill seek ! necess>y approbation by r$uc+ its future pret5sions or claims s t !y may n be aga9 pa9$ by _! failure to a*ieve !m4 ,!y unhit* _! wagon f ! />4 ,pr(essor ,james has illu/rat$ ?is by a fraction %[+ t our approbation is det]m9$ by our success divid$ by our pret5sions4 ,?us1 success_/pret5sions approbation 7self-e/eem74 ,! quoti5t may be increas$ by dim9i%+ ! pret5sions or by increas+ ! success4 ,james's fraction is z applicable to ! moral conduct z to ! intellectual side4 ,:5 we look = ! physical equival5t ( ! m5tal /ate :i* evokes ! s5se ( injury we f9d x 9 dynamic & toxic /ates ( ! n]v\s sy/em & _! correlation4 ,c]ta9 conditions ( ! individual or environm5t br+ ^! into special relief4 ,old age is "o4 ,! qu]ul\sness1 ! s5se ( abuse or p]secution :i* afflict ! ag$ & (t5 lead !m to take refuge 9 ! m>tyr-_s1 are sad examples4 ,! /ate ( fatigue or exhau/ion is ano!r1 & neura/h5ic insanity is only an expression 9 great] degree ( ! morbid m5tal action f\nd 9 fatigue & exhau/$ /ates4 ,! prim>y & second>y effects ( alcohol or o!r n>cotic indulg5ce is ano!r soil 9 :i* ! s5se ( injury easily gr[s4 ,! habitu is notori\sly suspici\s & irritable1 & full ( fictiti\s grievances & unw>rant$ p]secutory ideas4 ,8 attitude t[>d !m is t ( ! p>anoiac1 v9dictive1 r ?an t ( ! melan*oliac1 humiliat$4 ,!y swell ! army ( s-call$ bord]l& cases ( insanity1 frett+ _! fri5ds & puzzl+ ! doctor ) conduct alt]nately int]pret$ z cuss$ or crazy4 ,:]e !re is bodily disease1 acute or *ronic1 ! morbid s5se ( injury is mu* 9 play4 ,an intellig5t pati5t1 on recov]y f a /oma* disord]1 admitt$ t :5ev] h] /oma* _h a*$ %e 0 tak5 ) a viol5t hatr$ ( h] companion ) :om %e 0 9 affectionate relation4 ,an ignorant ,s\!rn color$ woman1 :o _h rheumatism 9 h] ankle1 believ$ t %e _h be5 hoodoo$1 & expla9$ ! pa9 9 h] ankle by ! pres5ce ( a snake1 :i* %e believ$ _h be5 put !re by a hoodoo4 ,%e 0 n insane1 ! idea be+ consi/5t ) h] degree ( intellig5ce1 tra9+1 & e>ly environm5t4 ,ano!r pati5t1 a s5sible1 cultivat$ woman1 :ile suff]+ f a non-n]v\s illness1 9 :i* %e _h receiv$ all ! consid]ation t love & money c\ld furni%1 believ$ h]self to h be5 con/antly & delib]ately abus$4 ,aft] h] recov]y1 n[ "s ye>s1 %e /ill ma9ta9s ! belief4 ,in/ances c\ld be multipli$1 = doctors cont9ually meet ?is atmosph]e 9 ! sick-room1 f ugly little grievances to delusions ( p]secution4 ,!y are n surpris$ :5 a pati5t tells !m 9 m+l$ confid5ce & compla9t t he is hungry & neglect$1 t !y w give him no?+ to eat1 etc41 to f9d t 8 wife has be5 mo/ att5tive1 has be5 press+ him to eat1 & has /ock$ ! pantry 9 anticipation4 ,dr4 ,johnson _h pl5ty ( gr\nd = say+ t a sick man is a rascal1 ?\gh ! mod]n doctor has rev]s$ ! =mula4 ,p]sons :o suff] f actual tr\ble or ill treatm5t easily develop a morbid s5se ( injury1 j z "u simil> conditions !y may become insane4 ,unable to e/imate ! precise am\nt ( _! real grievance1 !re is an easy m5tal ov]fl[ into ! fictiti\s ones4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! n>rative ( a real tr\ble or qu>rel is s fraught ) calumni\s arraignm5t ( o!rs t x is unreliable until we h he>d ! o!r side ( ! /ory1 & t :5 disputants meet & explanations foll[ !y (t5 f9d t !y h no casus belli4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! alleg$ insane = commitm5t we h con/antly to sep>ate ! real f ! imag9>y tr\bles4 ,mr4 ,f---- 0 ! subject ( su* exam9ation4 ,he 0 suff]+ f he>t disease1 & !reby compell$ to rema9 at home idle4 ,8 wife 0 support+ ! family by keep+ bo>d]s1 & he began to develop a morbid jeal\sy ( h]4 ,he annoy$ h] by a con/ant surveillance & suspicion ( h] e act1 :i* am\nt$ at times to ! delusion t %e 0 unfai?ful to him1 & :i* culm9at$ "o night 9 an outbreak 9 :i* ! police figur$4 ,x 0 difficult to sep>ate 8 real f 8 imag9>y grievances1 = 8 wife _h ceas$ to h any affection = him1 ?\gh 8 delusion 9 reg>d to h] unfai?fulness 0 unf\nd$ & _h be5 graft$ ^u 8 real tr\ble4 ,s5t to a g5]al hospital1 he improv$1 & 0 report$ n insane4 ,circum/ances requir+ a h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce1 disappo9tm5t )\t app>5t cause1 c\pl$ ) a c]ta9 s5tim5tal ca/ ( m9d1 (t5 prev5t ! correct e/imation ( ! wrongs suff]$ & ! prop] relation ( und\bt$ mis=tunes4 ,9 ! insane ! s5se ( injury or its analogue--delusions ( p]secution--appe>s 9 num]\s %apes4 ,?us pati5ts are defraud$1 or conspir$ aga9/1 or act$ ^u by wit*craft1 magnetism1 electricity1 or poison$1 or prea*$ aga9/1 or subject$ to disagreeable odors4 ,sometimes ! delusions are b ill-def9$ & vague4 ,(t5 x is possible to trace !m to _! und]ly+ disord]$ s5se impression or ! p>ticul> environm5t or to ve/iges ( outgr[n beliefs4 ,!y appe> 9 depress$ /ates ( melan*olia z well z 9 ! exalt$ /ates ( mania & p>anoia4 ,9 melan*olia !y accompany a feel+ ( wor?lessness :i* is ! pati5t's explanation ( 8 p]secution--i4 e41 he is unwor?y ( bett] treatm5t4 ,9 p>anoia ! pati5t believes ! p]secution to be prompt$ by fe> or envy ( him1 & !re is consequ5tly a feel+ ( self-importance--a morbid egotism :i* is 9 direct proportion to ! magnitude or complexity ( ! ideas ( p]secution4 ,inde$1 x is probable t ^! ideas ( p]secution1 act+ on a pot5tially melan*olic or a pot5tially p>anoiac m9d1 :atev] ^! may be1 det]m9e ! type t ^! m5tal diseases take4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! injur$ s5se 9 ! sane & insane /ates we mu/ f our view po9t1 )\t essay+ to bridge all ! t]ra incognita :i* lies betwe5 sanity & insanity1 reg>d z l>gely b "o ( degree4 ,& s ) ! und]ly+ m5tal & physical /ates4 ,we f9d ! morbid ideas m fix$ 9 ! sane ?an 9 ! insane1 frequ5t repetitions ( ! morbid impression t5d+ to its f9al organization1 s to speak4 ,we also f9d t ! morbid idea is usually m elaborat$ 9 ! insane ?an 9 ! sane /ate1 al?\gh in/ances ( ! greate/ elaboration are sometimes met )1 especially :]e ! elem5t ( "s ext]nal f\ndation is l>ge4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! elem5ts ( fixity & elaboration ( ! p]secutory idea are aft] all dep5d5t ^u & 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! und]ly+ bra9 & m9d /ates4 ,9 o!r words1 t to increase a giv5 int5sity ( ^! /ates is to increase ! fixity & elaborat5ess ( ! s5se ( injury1 is to prev5t ! correction ( ! morbid idea1 until f9ally exploit$ 9 conduct1 :i* is ! db ( ! insanity4 ,?us ! relativity ( insanity :i* has all along be5 ma9ta9$ is cle> on ! l9e "h pursu$4 ,x w\ld be equally s 9 foll[+ o!r l9es ( morbid psy*ology4 ,x has1 ?\gh1 receiv$ b little g5]al recognition1 & writ]s /ill treat insanity z an entity ap>t f its be>+s on ! av]age m9d & its evolution>y hi/ory4 ,! ^w insanity1 or lunatic1 is no d\bt l>gely responsible = ?is1 sugge/+ popul>ly1 z x does1 a di/9ct class ( p]sons--a type ( be+ z unlike ourselves z a ,m>tian might be fanci$ to be4 ,nature or sci5ce1 h[ev]1 has set no l9e betwe5 ! morbid m5tal manife/ations :i* con/itute sanity & ^? :i* con/itute insanity1 t be+ an arbitr>y1 h[ev] practical1 di/9ction :i* sci5ce has _h r to desc5d to meet4 ,no?+ s /&s 9 ! way ( ! be/ welf>e ( ! insane ?an ?is abysmal ignorance :i* /ill prevails 9 reg>d to !m--an ignorance :i* /ill cl+s to ! m$ival idea ( insanity1 ! classical portraiture1 z 9 ! pictures ( ,hog>?1 or on ! /age1 or 9 fiction2 an ignorance :i* is ev] he>k5+ = ! maniac's %riek or ! clank+ ( 8 fett]s1 :i* recognizes no?+ %ort ( furi\s madness z suffici5t gr\nd = committ+ a bra9-sick man to ! t5d] !rapy ( ! hospital w>d4 ,b ^? :o "k be/ tell u t ! insane are v mu* l o!r p1 t !re is wond]fully little diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ourselves2 & sometimes b a slight circum/ance1 a m]e accid5t ( environm5t1 det]m9es :i* side ( ! hospital wall we %all be on4 ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,air ,,flight4 ,,by ,m4 ,,banet ,,rivet4 ,man has s\ght 9 all times & at all places to f9d means ( leav+ ! e>?'s surface1 9 imitation ( ! birds1 & ris+ into ! air4 ,anci5t leg5d>y lore furni%es _m /ories1 l ^? ( ,ddalus & 8 son ,ic>us1 ( attempts ( ?is sort4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 a le>n$ ,py?agorean1 :o has be5 cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! screw1 ! pulley1 & ! kite1 accord+ to ,aulus ,gellius1 con/ruct$ a wood5 dove :i* c\ld rise & su/a9 itself 9 ! air by "s me*anism ! arrangem5t ( :i* is n kn[n4 ,cr$ible acc\nts exi/ ( an ,engli% ,b5$ict9e monk1 ,oliv] ( ,malmesbury1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 hav+ tri$ to fly by precipitat+ himself f ! height ( a t[]1 ) ! assi/ance ( w+s atta*$ to 8 arms & 8 feet4 ,x is said t1 aft] hav+ gone along a little way1 he fell & broke 8 legs4 ,he attribut$ 8 accid5t to failure to provide 8 app>atus ) a tail1 :i* w\ld h help$ pres]ve 8 equilibrium & made ! desc5t a g5tl] "o4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci fir/ demon/rat$ t a bird1 :i* is heavi] ?an ! air1 su/a9s itself1 advances 9 ! air1 by r5d]+ ! fluid d5s] :]e x passes ?an :]e x does n pass4 ,9 ord] to fly x has to fix its po9t ( support on ! air2 its w+ 9 ! desc5d+ /roke ex]ts a pressure f above d[n1 ! reaction ( :i* f bel[ up =ces ! c5t] ( gravity ( its body to asc5d at ea* in/ant to ! height at :i* ! bird wi%es to ma9ta9 x4 ,"s sket*es t h come d[n to u prove t ,leon>do occupi$ himself1 l ,oliv] ( ,malmesbury1 ) giv+ man p[] to fly by ! aid ( w+s suitably fix$ to 8 body4 ,we owe to ,leon>do also ! inv5tion ( ! p>a*ute1 :i* he describ$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,if a man _h a pavilion1 ea* side ( :i* 0 fifte5 braces wide & twelve braces high1 he might ca/ himself f any height :atev]1 )\t fe> ( dang]4 ,x may be said1 too1 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 t he 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! idea ( ! screw propell]4 ,if1 he said1 ?is in/rum5t 9 ! =m ( a screw is prop]ly made--t is1 made ( l95 clo?1 ! int]/ices ( :i* h be5 fill$ ) />*--& if we turn x rapidly1 su* a screw w make a be>+ nut = itself ?r\gh ! air & rise4 ,?is c be prov$ by mov+ a broad1 ?9 rule rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! arm is =c$ to foll[ 9 ! direction ( ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,! frame = ! clo? ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ %\ld be made ( long1 /\t re$s4 ,a model ( x might be made 9 pap]1 )1 = its axis1 a ?9 /rip ( iron :i* we twi/ =cibly4 ,:5 ! /rip is left free x w turn ! screw4 ,9 #afhj ,borelli publi%$ "s /udies ( a rem>kably correct "* on ! flight ( birds4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ! w+ acts ^u ! air 9 ! phase ( beat+ d[n1 9 ! mann] ( an incl9$ plane1 s z1 by virtue ( ! resi/ance oppos$ by ! air1 to pu% ! body ( ! animal upw>d at fir/ & !n onw>d4 ,! action ( ! asc5d+ w+ 0 comp>$ to t ( a kite1 & x w\ld consequ5tly cont9ue to su/a9 ! body ( ! bird :ile wait+ ! foll[+ /roke4 ,b ,borelli nev] ?\ght ( turn+ 8 obs]vations to advantage1 s z to supply man ) ! means ( fly+4 ,att5tion 0 mu* engag$ 9 #agdb ) ! attempt ( ! ,m>quis de ,bacqueville1 sub/antially repeat+ t ( ,oliv] ( ,malmesbury1 :i* 0 t]m9at$ by a simil> accid5t4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ,paucton1 :o 9 #agfh draft$ a plan = a screw ma*9e4 ,9 #aghd ,launoy & ,bi5v5u exhibit$ & op]at$1 be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is1 a screw :i* 0 mov$ by a /rong spr+4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 ,joseph & ,/eph5 ,montgolfi] _h fill$ ! _w ) ! noise ( _! discov]y ( ! air balloon1 & ! +5i\s ma*9e ( ^! aronauts fail$ to receive ! att5tion x des]v$4 ,x has be5 kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,ar*im$es t e body p>tly or :olly subm]g$ 9 a liquid 9 equilibrium suff]s a v]tical pu% upw>d f ! fluid equal to ! weight ( liquid x displaces4 ,let u consid] ! case ( a body entirely plung$ 9 a liquid--wat]1 = example4 ,if its weight exce$s ! ?ru/ x suff]s x w fall to ! bottom ( ! wat] "u ! action ( a desc5sional =ce equal1 at ea* in/ant1 to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! body1 :i* is inv>iable1 & ! ?ru/1 :i* is inv>iable also1 & ?us con/ant 9 direction & also 9 am\nt4 ,if ! weight ( ! body is less ?an ! ?ru/1 ! latt] ov]comes x1 &1 contr>y to ! usual laws ( weight1 ! body w rise "u ! action ( an asc5sional =ce1 :i* w evid5tly be likewise con/ant 9 am\nt z well z 9 direction4 ,a cork held d[n at ! bottom ( a vessel ( wat] & !n left to itself w supply an example ( ?is asc5sional movem5t4 ,a ?ird case may be pres5t$--t 9 :i* ! weight ( ! body is equal to ! ?ru/ ( ! wat]4 ,weight & ?ru/ are !n 9 mutual equilibrium4 ,no =ce invites ! body ei!r to desc5d or to rise1 & x rema9s balanc$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! liquid1 :]ev] x happ5s to h be5 plac$4 ,?is /ate ( indiff]5t equilibrium is1 h[ev]1 possible only if ! weight ( ! body rema9s rigor\sly con/ant4 ,! slighte/ augm5tation ( ! weight imm$iately causes ! body to desc5d1 :ile ! slighte/ dim9ution s5ds x up4 ,f ?is s\rce arise ! difficulties t are met 9 ! con/ruction ( subm>9e boats1 :5 _! asc5t or desc5t is obta9$ by means ( air *amb]s1 :i* are fill$ ) wat] or empti$ ( x accord+ to ! requirem5ts4 ,! equilibrium ( ^! eng9es is always prec>i\s1 & ?is expla9s :y none ( !m1 f t ( ,van ,drebbel 9 #afbj to ! exp]im5ts ( ,g\bet 9 #ahie1 h giv5 really practical results 9 ! matt] ( /ability ( imm]sion4 ,:5 ,galileo1 foll[+ ,ari/otle1 _h demon/rat$ ! pond]ability ( ! air1 & ,torricelli _h prov$ t atmosph]ic pressure 0 a result ( t prop]ty1 x 0 imm$iately ?\ght t ! pr9ciple discov]$ by ,ar*im$es might be ext5d$ to ! air1 & ,otto von ,gu]icke gave an exp]im5tal demon/ration ( x by ! inv5tion ( ! b>oscope4 ,f ?is p]iod x seems1 !n1 t ! discov]y ( aronautics 0 possible4 ,if ! weight ( ! volume ( air displac$ is great] ?an t ( ! body1 ! latt] %\ld take an asc5sional movem5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 z a cork does :5 plung$ into wat]2 & x is evid5t t = a body to satisfy su* conditions we h only to fill a v light envelope ) a gas less d5se ?an ! ambi5t air4 ,b ! /udy ( gases 0 /ill 9 its infancy 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x requir$ ! labors ( ,mortrel d'lem5t & ,hales1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 to tea* physici/s h[ to collect & reta9 !m4 ,! hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! human m9d %[s1 fur!r1 t ! pure & simple acceptance ( a sci5tific discov]y is n en\gh to make x produce all ! consequ5ces we h a "r to expect f x4 ,x mu/1 fur!r1 impregnat+ ! m9d ) itself1 pass1 we might say1 into ! condition ( an innate idea4 ,*emi/ry1 9 ?is v matt] ( ! discov]y ( ! weight ( ! air & ( ! gases1 pres5ts a /rik+ example ( ! accuracy ( our proposition4 ,! pond]ability ( ! air _h be5 accept$ by physici/s = a long "t1 :ile *emi/s cont9u$ to take no acc\nt ( x1 al?\gh1 z ,m5deleef has rem>k$1 no exact idea c\ld be conceiv$1 "u su* conditions1 conc]n+ mo/ *emical ph5om5a4 ,x is to ! glory ( ,lavoisi] t he fir/ took acc\nt ( ?is pond]ability & ( t ( all ! gases z well4 ,:5 we reflect t x 0 n till ab\t #agge1 or a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,galileo1 t ?is illu/ri\s ,fr5*man began to set =? ^? ideas1 x is n any wond] t ! discov]y ( aro/ats 0 n made till t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,lal&e 0 !re=e mu* 9 ! wrong :5 he said x 0 s simple6 :y 0 x n done be=e8 ,x w\ld n be j1 h[ev]1 to ref] ! discov]y ( aro/ats solely to ! ef=ts ( ! ,montgolfi]s4 ,l all inv5tors1 l ,lavoisi] himself1 ^! bro!rs1 z ,figui] has rem>k$1 _h ! b5efit ( a long s]ies ( isolat$ labors1 c>ri$ on (t5 )\t special purpose1 by :i* ! elem5ts ( _! inv5tion _h be5 ga!r$ up4 ,pre ,lana1 ( ,brescia1 conceiv$ a plan 9 #afgj = con/ruct+ a %ip :i* %\ld su/a9 itself 9 ! air & move by ! aid ( sails4 ,f\r copp] globes1 9 :i* a vacuum _h be5 produc$ 9 ord] to r5d] !m light] ?an ! volume ( air displac$1 7 to support ! %ip :ile ! sails propell$ x4 ,! sci5tific conception ( ! empty globes 0 correct1 b ,pre ,lana did n ?9k ( ! enorm\s collaps+ =ce :i* ! atmosph]ic pressure w\ld ex]cise ^u !m4 ,! idea ( a sail :i* w\ld give 8 arial boat a resemblance to a vessel driv5 by ! w9ds 0 :olly errone\s4 ,sixty-five ye>s lat]1 9 #agce1 ,pre ,gali51 ( ,avignon1 gave a fairly cle> expression to ! !ory ( aro/ats4 ,re/+ on ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es1 he ma9ta9$ t if he c\ld fill a globe made ( light clo? ) a suffici5tly r>efi$ air ! globe w\ld necess>ily possess an asc5sional =ce1 :i* w\ld p]mit x to lift itself up 9 ! air ) a %ip & all its c>go4 ,he propos$ to draw ?is r>efi$ air f out ( ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 d[n f ! summits ( high m\nta9s1 =gett+ t ! air1 :5 br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! gr\nd1 w\ld contract 9 volume & assume ! d5sity ( ! ambi5t atmosph]e4 ,9 ! condition ( ignorance ( ! prop]ties ( gases t exi/$ 9 t age1 x did n occur1 & c\ld n h occurr$1 to ,pre ,gali5 to use o!r gases ?an air2 no m c\ld he h ?\ght ( employ+ heat to r>efy ! air1 = ! fir/ n v precise notions on ! decrease 9 d5sities ( gases by heat only date f ,prie/ley4 ,b :5 ,cav5di%1 9 #agfe1 _h fully /udi$ hydrog5 gas1 & %[n t z x 0 prep>$ !n x 0 sev5 times light] ?an air1 ,black 0 enabl$ to sugge/ t by fill+ a light bag ) hydrog5 ! bag w\ld be able to raise a c]ta9 weight 9 ! air4 ,! labors ( ,cav5di%1 ,black1 & ! discov]ies ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & o!r gases by ,prie/ley1 7 describ$ by ,prie/ley a few ye>s aft]w>d 9 ! celebrat$ book on ,! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air--a book :i* ,/eph5 & ,joseph ,montgolfi] _h 9 _! possession4 ,! two bro!rs evid5tly f\nd ! g]m ( _! inv5tion 9 x4 ,x is fair to say t ! ,montgolfi]s1 :o 7 already kn[n 9 ! le>n$ _w by _! discov]ies 9 ! me*anical sci5ces1 _h ?\ght1 be=e !y knew ( ,prie/ley's book1 ( a way ( imitat+ ,nature by inclos+ vapor ( wat]1 a gas light] ?an air1 9 a pap] bag1 :i* w\ld be lift$ up1 ! vapor conta9$ 9 ! bag be+ su/a9$ 9 ! air l a cl\d4 ,b ! vapor cond5s$1 & ! weight$ balloon %ortly fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! smoke produc$ by burn+ wood inclos$ 9 a bag gave no bett] results4 ,aft] see+ ,prie/ley's book1 !y sub/itut$ hydrog5 = vapor & = smoke1 b ! gas pass$ ?r\gh ! pap] bag1 & !y gave up ?is attempt4 ,!y !n fanci$ t electricity 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! rise ( cl\ds1 & s\ght = a gas t _h electrical prop]ties4 ,!y ?\ght !y c\ld obta9 x by burn+ wet /raw & wool toge!r4 ,a box made ( silk 0 fill$ ) ?is gas1 & !y _h ! great satisfaction ( see+ x rise to ! ceil+ ( _! room1 &1 9 a second exp]im5t1 into ! air4 ,?is 0 9 ,novemb]1 #aghb4 ,five mon?s previ\sly1 ,tib]ius ,cavallo1 9 ,engl&1 _h repeat$ ,black's exp]im5t ( fill+ a pap] sack ) hydrog52 b1 z ! ,montgolfi]s _h f\nd1 ! hydrog5 leak$ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,cavallo _h bett] success ) soap bubbles1 :i* held ! gas4 ,8 exp]im5ts /opp$ "h1 :ile ! ,montgolfi]s c>ri$ !irs on to practical success4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,revue ,sci5tifique4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,edw>d ,,orton1 ,,late ,,/ate ,,geologi/ ,,( ,,ohio2 ,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ,am]ican sci5ce 7 surpris$ & %ock$ at le>n+ ( ! dea?1 f he>t tr\ble1 on ,octob] #af1 #ahii1 ( ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,orton1 ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,! ev5t occurr$ only little less ?an two mon?s aft] ,pr(essor ,orton _h presid$1 ) a simplicity ( mann] t did n hide b r height5$ ! traits ( vigor 9 8 "*1 ov] ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at 8 home 9 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,! s]vices he r5d]$ to geology1 8 long & honorable c>e] z an educator1 & 8 cont9ual & consi/5t insi/5ce ^u ! fai?ful use ( ! sci5tific me?od well entitle him to be rememb]$ z "o ( ! mo/ m]itori\s ( ,am]ican sci5tific work]s4 ,,edw>d ,,orton 0 born 9 ,deposit1 ,delaw>e ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 ,m>* #i1 #ahbi4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f ,?omas ,orton1 :o1 born 9 ,engl& 9 #afac1 0 "o ( ! fifty-?ree orig9al settl]s & own]s ( ,f>m+ton1 ,conn41 0 ( ! /ock f :i* mo/ ( ! ,ortons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are d]iv$1 & repres5t$ 8 t[n 9 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt 9 #aghd4 ,ano!r ance/or1 a gr&son ( ,?omas ,orton1 0 "o ( ! orig9al pur*as]s & settl]s ( ,lit*field1 ,conn41 :]e he own$ a squ>e mile ( l& kn[n z ,orton ,hill1 on ! s\? side ( ,bantam ,lake4 ,two ( ! mat]nal ance/ors ( ! subject ( ?is sket* f\ght 9 ! colonial w>s1 & t5 ,ortons 7 soldi]s 9 ! ,revolution4 ,"y ,edw>d ,orton 0 taught by 8 fa!r1 ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,g4 ,orton1 ,d4 ,d41 & receiv$ fur!r tra9+ prep>atory = college 9 ! academies ( ,we/field & ,fr$onia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,he ent]$ ,hamilton ,college1 :5ce 8 fa!r _h be5 graduat$ 9 #ahbb1 9 #ahde z a sophomore1 & 0 graduat$ 9 #ahdh 9 a class among ! o!r memb]s ( :i* 7 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,s4 ,ha/+s1 ,presid5t ( ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york1 & ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,j4 ,van ,al/yne1 aft]w>d ,mayor ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 & memb] ( ,congress4 ,aft] 8 graduation he taught = a numb] ( ye>s 9 academies at ,erie1 ,pa41 ,frankl91 ,n4 ,y41 & ,*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & became1 9 #ahef1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,sci5ce 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,he pursu$ po/-graduate /udies 9 *emi/ry1 botany1 & o!r subjects at ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ) ,pr(essors ,hors=d1 ,cooke1 & ,gray z 8 tea*]s1 & /udi$ !ology = a "t "u ,dr4 ,lyman ,bee*]1 at ,lane1 & ,dr4 ,edw>ds ,a4 ,p>k1 at ,&ov] ,sem9>ies4 ,:ile tea*+ at ,*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 he 0 call$ to ,antio* ,college1 ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,ohio1 :]e he took *>ge ( ! prep>atory dep>tm5t 9 #ahfe2 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory %ortly aft]w>d1 & 0 made presid5t ( ! college 9 #ahgb1 b reta9$ ! (fice = only "o ye>1 at ! end ( :i* he w5t to occupy a simil> position 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus4 ,:5 ! second ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio 0 und]tak5 9 #ahfi "u ! *>ge ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 ,pr(essor ,orton 0 appo9t$ an assi/ant by ,gov]nor ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes1 & 0 cont9u$ by reappo9tm5t by ,gov]nor ,e4 ,f4 ,noyes4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,newb]ry )drew f ! survey 9 #ahha1 ,pr(essor ,orton 0 appo9t$ ,/ate ,geologi/ by ,gov]nor ,*>les ,fo/]1 & he 0 aft]w>d reappo9t$ to ! position successively by ,gov]nors ,hoadley1 ,=ak]1 ,campbell1 & ,bu%nell4 ,he reta9$ ! title ( ,/ate ,geologi/ till 8 dea?1 al?\gh he _h n be5 engag$ 9 any active public "w on ! survey = a consid]able "t4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity hav+ be5 e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! grants ( l& made to ! ,/ates = colleges "u ! ,morrill ,l&-,grant ,act1 ,pr(essor ,orton 0 appo9t$ its presid5t & ,pr(essor ( ,geology4 ,he dis*>g$ ! duties ( ?is (fice = eight ye>s1 or till #ahha4 ,b ! executive "w ( ! presid5t's (fice 0 irksome to him1 s9ce x grew con/antly heavi] z ! "y college exp&$1 & !re=e left him less & less "t = tea*+ & rese>* 9 geology4 ,be+ 9 a measure compell$ to make a *oice betwe5 ! two fields ( activity1 he *ose ! less ambiti\s position1 resign+ ! presid5cy1 & assum+ ! position ( ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 :i* he reta9$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,! geological build+ ( ! univ]sity is nam$ aft] him--,orton ,hall4 ,besides 8 "w on ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio & 8 p>ticipation 9 ! composition ( its reports1 ,pr(essor ,orton prep>$1 = ! ,eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 a pap] on ! ,new ,oil & ,gas ,fields ( ,ohio & ,indiana1 & ano!r1 only rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,survey1 on ! ,rock ,wat]s ( ,ohio2 a volume = ! ,geological ,survey ( ,k5tucky on ! ,petrolif]\s ,production ( ! ,we/]n ,"p ( ! ,/ate1 publi%$ 9 #ahia2 & a report on petrolif]\s productions :i* is 9 process ( publication by ! ,geological ,survey ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ! pap] on ! ,oil & ,gas ,fields ( ,ohio & ,indiana ! discov]y ( ! supply ( ^? mat]ials1 ! great value ( :i* 0 only realiz$ 9 #ahhd & aft]w>d1 is spok5 ( z be+ m surpris+ & anomal\s ?an any simil> discov]y t _h prec$$ x1 & z a developm5t :i* exp]ts 7 h>dly m prep>$ = ?an o!rs4 ,! oil & gas d]iv$ f ! ,tr5ton lime/one 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ^! ,/ates 7 f\nd to diff] f ! oil & gas 9 ! ,p5nsylvania wells 9 *emical composition & physical prop]ties1 9 ! horizons f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 9 ! /ructural features ( ! rocks associat$ ) _! production1 &1 mo/ ( all1 9 ! k9d ( rock t produc$ !m4 ,no facts m unexpect$ h ev] be5 br\ght to light 9 connection ) ! geology ( ?is c\ntry ?an ^? ) :i* we are n[ becom+ acqua9t$4 ,pr(essor ,orton's pap]1 :i* fills "o hundr$ & eighty ( ! l>ge pages ( ! report ( ! ,geological ,survey1 includes a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y to ,july1 #ahhg1 :5 x 0 prep>$2 a designation ( :at 0 kn[n 9 reg>d to ! geological scale & geological /ructure ( ! regions )9 :i* ! new fields are embrac$1 & ! trac+ ( ! *ief factors t influ5ce or control ! productiv5ess ( ! oil rock1 ) ! description ( ! special features & b\nd>ies ( ! sev]al fields & ! sett+ =? ( ! lead+ facts & pres5t developm5t ( ^! lately f\nd s\rces ( p[]4 ,two pr9cipal conditions "u :i* ! new oil rock _h prov$ petrolif]\s on a l>ge scale 7 f\nd to be porosity1 connect$ ) & app>5tly dep5d5t on ! *emical trans=mation ( ! upp] portion ( ! lime/one1 = a numb] ( feet 9 ?ickness1 into a highly cry/all9e dolomite2 & a relief result+ f slight w>p+ ( ! /rata1 :]eby ! common cont5ts ( ! por\s portions ( ! ,tr5ton lime/one _h be5 diff]5tiat$ by gravity1 ! gas & oil seek+ ! highe/ levels1 & ! salt wat] ma9ta9+ a l[] b def9ite elevation 9 e field4 ,pr(essor ,orton f\nd no?+ 9 ! new exp]i5ce to make x safe to c\nt ! ,tr5ton lime/one an oil rock or a gas rock 9 any locality1 unless x c\ld be %[n to h und]gone ! dolomitic replacem5t by :i* its porosity 0 assur$2 & ev5 9 case x _h suff]$ ?is trans=mation x w\ld n be f\nd a res]voir ( gas or oil 9 an important s5se unless "s p>ts ( x _h acquir$ ! relief ess5tial to ! due sep>ation ( its liquid & gase\s cont5ts4 ,! report on ! ,rock ,wat]s ( ,ohio conc]ns1 fir/1 ^? wat]s1 *iefly 9 ! nor?we/]n & we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 t are obta9$ f a consid]able dep? z comp>$ ) ord9>y wells1 ! k ( :i* 0 almo/ :olly d]iv$ f wells drill$ 9 ! se>* = oil & gas1 & 0 necess>ily fragm5t>y & incomplete2 because wat] 0 n includ$ among ! objects ( se>*1 b 0 consid]$ a h9drance & ob/ruction to be got out ( ! way z well z possible2 &1 second1 fl[+ wells1 includ+ only ^? hav+ consid]able head ( pressure & ^? occurr+ 9 consid]able areas1 all ( :i* belong entirely to ! drift4 ,fur!r1 a brief review is giv5 ( "s facts ( unusual int]e/ t 7 develop$ 9 ! deep drill+s conc]n+ ! preglacial dra9age sy/em ( ! "p ( ! ,/ate 9 "q4 ,indications ( old riv] *annels1 "o ( :i* seems to h be5 ext5sive1 7 f\nd at sev]al po9ts4 ,among ! curi\s results ( ^! /udies 0 ! conclusion1 seem+ to be already e/abli%$1 t ! ,ohio ,riv]1 z we n[ "k ! /ream1 is ( rec5t orig91 & t ! ma9 volume ( wat] ga!r$ 9 x at ! pres5t "t orig9ally fl[$ across ! ,/ate to ! nor?w>d at lea/ z f> z ,auglaize & ,m]c] ,c\nties1 :]e x turn$ to ! we/w>d t[>d ! pres5t l9es ( ,waba% dra9age 9 ,indiana4 ,pr(essor ,orton seems to h plac$ consid]able emphasis on ! value ( a /udy ( ! rocky floor ( ! ,/ate1 conc]n+ :i* all we "k at pres5t is d]iv$ f ! revelations ( deep drill+s at haphaz>d2 & he ?\ght x w\ld be a good "w = ! ,/ate to make use ( all accessible data ( ?is k9d at once 9 con/ruct+ a model ( ! rocky floor ( ! region "u review4 ,! c>e & fidelity ) :i* he /udi$ ! und]gr\nd geology are exemplifi$ 9 a map atta*$ to ! pap] on ! oil & gas fields1 9 :i* ! horizons ( ! ,tr5ton lime/one are indicat$ & approximately b\nd$ z !y occur by gradations rang+ f fifty to two hundr$ & fifty feet1 f elevations above ! ocean level to "o ?\s& & m feet bel[4 ,ano!r contribution ( ,pr(essor ,orton's :i* may appropriately be giv5 special notice is 8 "p ( ! article on ,ohio 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 9 :i* a succ9ct1 cle>1 & compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! :ole ,/ate is giv51 ) its sali5t features del9eat$ s %>ply t "o may almo/ conceive f x a def9ite geological picture ( ! region4 ,( all 8 sci5tific "w1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,orton reg>d$ ! fix+ ( ! ord] ( ! coal measures ( ,ohio z ! mo/ important2 & he consid]$ ! det]m9ation ( ! ord] ( ! subc>bonif]\s /rata1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,b]ea ,grit1 z con/itut+ a l>ge p]man5t s]vice to ! /udy ( ! geology ( ! ,/ate4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce ,pr(essor ,orton contribut$ a special pap] on ! local geology ( ,columbus1 ! place ( ! meet+1 9 :i* he dwelt l>gely on ! orig9 ( ! drift t m>ks ! sup]ficial geology ( ! vic9ity4 ,( ! "w he has done = ! increase & advancem5t ( k1 ! ext5t ( a "p ( :i* we h only fa9tly indicat$ by ! m5tion ( a few p>ticul> rese>*es1 ,pr(essor ,orton put ! highe/ value on 8 labors z a tea*]1 a call+ to :i* he 0 devot$ = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,he f\nd peculi> pleasure 9 in/ruct+ ! *ildr5 ( ! old pupils :om he _h taught 9 8 y\ng] days4 ,he 0 actively conc]n$ 9 ! promotion & ext5sion ( sanit>y sci5ce1 8 addresses 9 t field hav+ be5 "o ( ! factors t l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,he 0 also greatly int]e/$ 9 ! advancem5t ( agriculture4 ,a !me on :i* ,pr(essor ,orton 0 fond ( dwell+ 9 8 public addresses 0 ! am\nt & value ( :at has be5 accompli%$ )9 a comp>atively %ort "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory by ! use ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,9 an address deliv]$ be=e ! alumni ( ,hamilton ,college 9 #ahhh he ma9ta9$ t we 7 liv+ 9 a revolution>y p]iod1 :i* is m>k$ by a great advance 9 k & a va/ly l>g] control ( ! =ces ( ,nature2 by a l>ge increase 9 fre$om ( ?\ght & action2 by a sudd5 & rem>kable addition to ! mobility ( man1 accompani$ by an unexampl$ gr[? ( great cities2 & by an incalculable addition to ! weal? ( ! _w4 ,accompany+ ^! great *anges 9 ! mat]ial & intellectual _w 7 c]ta9 moral trans=mations appe>+ to gr[ out ( !m4 ,all ^! advances 7 ascrib$ to a movem5t--a new me?od ( inve/igat+ ,nature--t began1 s f> z its p>ticul> & cont9u\s developm5t is conc]n$1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 b to :i* no date or f\nd]'s "n c\ld be atta*$4 ,?is new philosophy ?or\ghly respect$ ,nature1 0 humble1 pati5t 9 ! accumulation ( facts & ! trial ( its !ories1 compreh5sive1 progressive1 & hopeful4 ,x has giv5 u ! m>vel\s increase ( k :i* especially m>ks ! n9ete5? c5tury2 x has impress$ its influ5ce ^u all bran*es ( /udy1 & has wr\ght great improvem5ts 9 me?ods & results2 & has r5d]$ an imm5se & ine/imable s]vice to ,*ri/ian !ology1 & done mu* to broad5 & rationalize x & ?us to p]petuate & /r5g!n its hold on ! _w4 ,f9ally1 ! me?od ( sci5ce 0 pron\nc$ ! be/ gift t ,god has giv5 to ! m9d ( man4 ,a simil> tra9 ( ?\ght z to ! mat]ial aspects is app>5t1 ?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t =m1 9 an address on ,! ,/or$ 7or ,fossil7 ,p[] ( ! ,_w1 deliv]$ 9 #ahid4 ,a consid]able "p ( ,pr(essor ,orton's presid5tial address at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 0 devot$ to a summ>y ( ! conclusions d]iv$ f ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace's book1 ,! ,wond]ful ,c5tury1 t ! progress accompli%$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury f> outweighs ! entire progress ( ! human race f ! beg9n+ up to #ahjj4 ,9 ?is address1 also1 ! au?or felicit\sly spoke ( ! scope ( ! ,am]ican ,association z possibly includ+ ! :ole cont95t1 & its object z ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ! discov]y ( new tru?4 ,x is possible t we c\ld make ourselves m int]e/+ to ! g5]al public if we occasionally =swore our loyalty to our "n & sp5t a portion ( our "t 9 re/at+ e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,b ! discov]ies record$1 ?\gh (t5 fragm5t>y & devoid ( special int]e/ to ! outside _w1 all _h a place 9 ! great temple ( k2 & ! speak] hop$ t al?\gh no great discov]ies %\ld be report$ ?is "t1 ! meet+ might /ill be a memorable "o ?r\gh ! inspiration x w\ld give to ! multitude ( work]s 9 ! sev]al fields ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,orton 0 a memb] ( sev]al le>n$ societies2 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,sanit>y ,association ( ,ohio 9 #ahhd & #ahhe2 receiv$ ! degree ( ,ph4 ,d4 f ,hamilton ,college 9 #ahgf1 & t ( ,,ll4 ,d4 f ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity 9 #ahha2 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica 9 #ahif2 & 0 designat$ at ! ,bo/on meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 #ahih1 z presid5t = ! ,columbus meet+1 #ahii4 ,9 addition to 8 int]e/s 9 sci5ce & !ology1 ,pr(essor ,orton 0 ke5ly alive to ev]y?+ t bore on ! hi/ory ( man on ?is planet4 ,he 0 long a memb] ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society1 & _h rec5tly be5 made a memb] ( its bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,he 0 a prom95t memb] ( ! ,old ,nor?we/ ,g5ealogical ,society1 & 0 ! au?or ( a volume1 publi%$ 9 #ahif1 on ! ,g5ealogy ( ! ,orton ,family 9 ,am]ica4 ,! absolute fre$om ( 8 "* f any desire = display or self-aggr&izem5t is well %[n by ! fact t 9 ?is volume1 compil$1 ) enorm\s labor1 9 ! sp>e m9utes ( a busy life1 he cuts himself (f ) "o p>agraph ( a hundr$ words1 :ile devot+ pages to contemporane\s memb]s ( ! family ( :om ! _w has nev] else:]e he>d4 ,he 0 /rick5 ) hemiplegia 9 ,decemb]1 #ahia1 b 0 able to d a consid]able am\nt ( "w 9 8 pr(ession aft]w>d4 ,a few days be=e 8 dea? he said1 9 a note1 t he felt t he _h liv$ out 8 allott$ "t1 & t 8 "w 0 done4 ,he nev] met 8 classes aga91 ?\gh he cont9u$ able to be up & ab\t 8 home till ! h\r ( 8 dea?4 ,he seem$ to feel t ! solemn ev5t 0 draw+ close1 dur+ ! la/ two days ( 8 life1 & 8 m9d 0 always busy ) ! great "q1 ,if a man die1 %all he live aga98 ,he _h =m$ an affirmative answ] app>5tly1 z he read ,br[n+'s ,prospice repeat$ly 9 8 la/ h\rs1 & seem$ to f9d 9 x ! greate/ pleasure & solace4 ,8 dea? 0 a quiet & pa9less "o--a fitt+ end to a beautiful life4 ,/ati/ics ( cremation1 pres5t$ by ,m4 ,b\rneville at ! rec5t annual meet+ ( ! society 9 ,p>is1 %[ t ! numb] ( inc9]ations at ! ,pre ,la*aise crematory has almo/ /eadily increas$ s9ce #ahhi1 & t ! :ole numb] la/ ye> 0 #d1eac1 mak+ #cg1jfh f ! beg9n+4 ,a fair proportion ( ! numb] 7 wom54 ,!re are n[ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica sev5ty crematories1 tw5ty-sev5 ( :i* are 9 ,italy & tw5ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cremation is mak+ good progress 9 ,engl&1 :]e f\r crematories are report$ f1 & two are 9 c\rse ( erection4 ,g]many has six1 :]e #dbc inc9]ations took place 9 #ahih2 ,switz]l& & ,sw$5 h two ea*1 ,d5m>k "o1 & "o has be5 au?oriz$ 9 ,norway4 ,editor's ,table4 ,a ,,commission ,,9 ,,difficulties4 ,! synopsis :i* has be5 giv5 to ! press ( ! ,?irte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission is n enc\rag+ read+ = ^? :o l to believe 9 legislation z an infallible panacea = all public & social ills4 ,! tone ( ! docum5t inde$ is v f> f be+ "o ( triumph4 ,! note /ruck 9 ! v fir/ p>agraph is ! ne$ = m legislation to save ! copi\s legislation already pass$ f prov+ ineffectual & abortive4 ,:e!r x is t ,congress does n wi% to make ! "w ( ! commission successful1 or :e!r x has begun to h a wise di/ru/ ( its own p[]s1 we c n say2 b ! commission]s compla9 bitt]ly ( its inaction4 ,we c n d bett] ?an quote _! own words3 ,! reasons = ! failure ( ! law to accompli% ! purposes = :i* x 0 enact$ h be5 s frequ5tly & fully set =? t repetition c n add to _! =ce or make !m bett] und]/ood4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! exi/+ situation & ! developm5ts ( ! pa/ ye> r5d] m imp]ative ?an ev] be=e ! necessity = spe$y & suitable legislation4 ,we !re=e r5ew ! recomm5dations h]et(ore made1 & e>ne/ly urge _! e>ly consid]ation & adoption4 ,z ! docum5t proce$s1 we see ! good commission]s at w> ) ! wick$ railways1 & x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t1 on ! :ole1 ! wick$ railways h ! be/ ( x4 ,! commission]s admit t c]ta9 cases :i* h come be=e ! c\rts h be5 decid$ aga9/ !m1 & 9 favor ( ! railways2 b !y are f> f disclos+ ! full ext5t ( ! disc\ragem5t1 n to say mortification1 !y receive4 ,! bus9ess ( ! commission is to int]f]e betwe5 ! railways & _! cu/om]s--! public--9 ! int]e/ ( ! latt]4 ,! railways naturally consid] ?is a r "o-sid$ function1 & are n extremely zeal\s to aid 9 its p]=mance4 ,!y h _! own tr\bles ) ! public1 & h no commission to come to _! assi/ance4 ,ev]ybody is aft] *eap railway rates1 j z ev]ybody is aft] *eap goods2 & ! means sometimes resort$ to to get r$uctions w\ld at lea/ hold _! own = a/ut5ess ) any t c\ld be concoct$ 9 a traffic (fice = ! rais+ ( rates4 ,we give ! commission]s full cr$it = do+ _! be/ to protect ! int]e/s ( ! public1 b we c n help d\bt+ :e!r1 on ! :ole1 ! public has d]iv$ mu* b5efit f _! ef=ts4 ,9 fact1 we are /rongly incl9$ to ! op9ion t ! :ole idea ( ! commission is simply a legislative blund]4 ,! railways und\bt$ly possess great p[]s :i* !oretically !re is no?+ to prev5t _! abus+ to almo/ any ext5t4 ,b :at is !oretically possible is n always practically possible4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates possesses great p[]s1 :i* !oretically he might abuse to any ext5t2 s does ! ,que5 ( ,engl&2 s d _m o!r pot5tates4 ,b ( all ! evil t is !oretically possible1 h[ mu* is c>ri$ out 9 practice8 ,all k9ds ( ?+s might happ5 if p 7 fools en\gh to d all ! h>m t x is 9 _! p[] to d4 ,! great sav+ fact is t x is n possible to g v f> 9 do+ h>m to o!rs )\t do+ x to y\rself4 ,x is ?is fact :i* ! insatiable legislation-mong] ignores4 ,he has an inf9ite fai? 9 ! mis*ief t w happ5 if ?+s are left alone4 ,he c n be> to ?9k t somebody is n look+ aft] ev]ybody4 ,he has no fai? :atev] 9 natural law or natural actions & reactions1 & w\ld hoot ! idea ( :at ! poet ,wordswor? calls a wise passiv5ess4 ,su* p h little conception ( ! mis*ief !y d1 & ( ! good t fails ( realization ?r\gh _! pe/il5t activity4 ,! read]s ( ,dick5s w p]haps rememb] ,mrs4 ,p>diggle & ! admirable sy/em ( education %e appli$ to h] num]\s family ( *ildr54 ,! unhappy y\ng/]s 7 "u ord]s e h\r ( ! day2 !y 7 m>*$ r\nd ! c\ntry ) _! "m :5 %e w5t on visits ( *>ity1 & compell$ to contribute out ( _! own 7nom9al7 pocket money to all k9ds ( religi\s & b5evol5t s*emes4 ,h[ !y kick$ & rebell$1 & :at di/ress+ passions 7 r\s$ 9 _! y\?ful brea/s1 ! great noveli/ has told u2 & we ?9k we may take 8 ^w = x4 ,! fussy legislator is a ,p>diggle4 ,if he w\ld leave ?+s alone1 oppos+ int]e/s w\ld f9d a modus viv5di1 & practical ju/ice w\ld m & m ass]t itself4 ,! m int]f]5ce !re is betwe5 p>ties :o 9 ! la/ resort are dep5d5t on "o ano!r's good w1 ! less likely !y are to recognize _! sub/antial id5tity ( int]e/4 ,if ! int]f]5ce is :olly 9 ! int]e/ ( "o ( ! p>ties1 ! o!r is sure to be =c$ into an undesirable attitude2 :ile ! "o ^: protection is ! object 9 view w n unnaturally take all ! protection he c get1 & look = some?+ m4 ,:at is want$ to put ! relations betwe5 ! railways & ! public ^u ! mo/ satisfactory foot+ possible is1 9 ! fir/ place1 less legislative int]f]5ce2 &1 9 ! second1 a high] tone ( bus9ess morality ?r\gh\t ! community4 ,we place ?is second n z und]rat+ its importance1 b because we believe x w\ld to "s ext5t fl[ f ! fir/4 ,x is :5 ! public transf]s its "r ( em95t doma9 to a railway corporation t x %\ld take adequate measures to protect its own int]e/s2 b h[ c ?is be done :5 legislation is sold--:5 *>t]s are giv5 or )held1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( money available = purposes ( p]suasion8 ,) hone/ legislators & hone/ c\rts !re w\ld be v little tr\ble betwe5 ! railways & ! public1 & su* z arose c\ld be easily rem$i$4 ,comm]ce commissions are a te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( l[ /&>ds ( bus9ess morality2 &1 un=tunately1 !y t5d to keep !m l[1 if n to make !m l[]4 ,! soon] we make up our m9ds to tru/ m to moral influ5ces freely act+ 9 ! int]c\rse ( man ) man & ( int]e/ ) int]e/1 & less to legal compulsion1 ! bett] x w be = u 9 e dep>tm5t ( our national life4 ,! ,?irte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission is a virtual confession ( ! failure ( legislation to accompli% a purpose :i* 0 suppos$ to be easily )9 its field ( action4 ,! confession is c\pl$ ) a dem& = m legislation1 b1 7 ! dem& conc$$1 :o c gu>antee t m /ill w\ld n be want$8 ,! railways are n at ! end ( _! res\rces1 & new laws w\ld1 we fe>1 be only too likely to sugge/ new means ( evasion4 ,no2 ! rem$y lies else:]e1 & if ,congress is wise x w give t rem$y a trial by all[+ ! railways & ! public a *ance to arrange t]ms betwe5 !m1 ) public op9ion z ! pr9cipal c\rt ( appeal4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y4 ,a pap] t 0 read by ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,swift1 ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 at a meet+ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,libr>y ,club1 on ! subject ( ,pat]nalism 9 ,public ,libr>ies1 & :i* we f9d 9 ! ,libr>y ,j\rnal = ,novemb] la/1 is "o :i*1 9 our op9ion1 des]ves to be sep>ately pr9t$ & widely circulat$4 ,x ab\nds 9 good s5se1 & prea*es a doctr9e ( self-help & self-reliance :i* is mu* ne$$ 9 ^! days4 ,a "q :i* ! au?or ( ! pap] does n discuss1 b :i*1 x seems to u1 lies at ! ?re%old ( ! :ole subject1 is :e!r ! v exi/5ce ( a public libr>y--if we und]/& by ! t]m a libr>y support$ by public taxes--is n 9 itself an exemplification ( pat]nalism4 ,mr4 ,swift /rikes u z a b5evol5t bureaucrat :o wants to give ! p at l>ge a wid] lib]ty 9 ! matt] ( read+ ?an ! rul+ influ5ces ( "t & place are dispos$ to all[4 ,he sees t lib]ty is good1 t lead+ /r+s belong to infancy1 & he raises 8 prote/ aga9/ a pat]nalism 9 ! managem5t ( public libr>ies :i*1 "u ! plea ( provid+ only ! mo/ approv$ read+ = all classes1 w\ld t5d to ! repression ( individuality 9 ! read] & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! supremacy ( commonplace4 ,b :at if commonplace insi/s on be+ supreme & %utt+ out :atev] is n ( "o complexion ) itself8 ,h[ are we to resi/ its dem& 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a ,/ate-support$1 & !re=e majority-rul$1 in/itution8 ,y (f] u1 say its repres5tatives1 a lib]ty we d n want = ourselves1 & are n prep>$ to conc$e to o!rs1 z we are sure x c n be = _! good4 ,we are n go+ to consult ! ta/es ( cranks1 crim9als1 intellectual ari/ocrats1 or social mugwumps ( any k9d4 ,= all practical purposes we are ! public1 & we mean to run ?is public libr>y4 ,to ! objection t a portion1 at lea/1 ( ! taxes is paid by ^? ^: views & ta/es are n go+ to be consult$1 ! answ] w\ld be ready3 ,x is = ! majority to say h[ taxes %all be appli$4 ,we recognize ! excell5ce ( ,mr4 ,swift's int5tions & sympa?ize ) 8 way ( look+ at ?+s1 b we feel t 8 objections to pat]nalism 9 connection ) public libr>ies are deliv]$ f a some:at %aky plat=m4 ,we obs]ve t a p]iodical quot$ 9 ! ,libr>y ,j\rnal--! ,ov]l& ,mon?ly--makes ! rem>k t !re is no?+ to be said = free books t c\ld n be urg$ 9 favor ( free beef/eaks & free ov]coats4 ,"s ( ! po9ts1 h[ev]1 t are made by ,mr4 ,swift are des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,! sev]al pr(essions--law1 m$ic9e1 !ology1 etc4--w\ld m or less l to h only su* books plac$ ^u ! %elves ( a public libr>y z repres5t :at may be call$ _! respective or?odoxies4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,swift obs]ves1 libr>ies are z mu* ! depositories ( ! folly z ( ! wisdom ( ! ages4 ,a libr>y1 !re=e1 %\ld tell u :at m5 h ?\ght & attempt$ 9 ! pa/1 & :at !y are ?9k+ & attempt+ n[4 ,x is = s*ools & colleges1 = newspap]s & reviews1 to af=d guidance 9 ! wild]ness ( op9ions1 n = ! libr>y to make a po9t ( putt+ out ( p's rea* ev]y?+ t is n 9 l9e ) ! sci5tific1 lit]>y1 or o!r or?odoxy ( ! h\r4 ,a subtle =m ( pat]nalism is ! delib]ate inculcation ( ! patriotic _s1 especially 9 *ildr54 ,mr4 ,swift is a brave man to attempt to /em ?is p>ticul> torr5t4 ,he ?9ks !re are times :5 "o :o loves 8 c\ntry w\ld feel %ame = x r ?an pride1 & t ! motto ,my c\ntry "r or wrong is n ! mo/ :olesome s5tim5t t c be impress$ on ! m9d ( y\?4 ,to fill a *ild ) ! consummate virtues ( ,wa%+ton1 ,jeff]son1 & o!r ( our immortals1 & to leave him ignorant ( ! greatness ( ,cromwell & ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 is a s]i\s inju/ice to ! *ild & to ! cause ( education4 ,n only is ?is done1 b1 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature z well1 x seems z if ! only names ) :i* public-s*ool pupils obta9 any acqua9tance are ^? ( national au?ors4 ,s f> z poetry is conc]n$1 ,mr4 ,swift says t almo/ ! only "n he he>s f ! lips ( *ildr5 frequ5t+ ! ,public ,libr>y is ,longfell[4 ,he c n rememb] ev] hav+ _h a call f a *ild = ,t5nyson1 :ile ,wordswor? 9 ! s*ool region is equally unkn[n4 ,ap>t f ! /udi$ inculcation ( a n>r[ patriotism1 ! au?or ( ! pap] we are consid]+ ?9ks t !re is altoge!r too mu* pat]nalism %[n 9 ! *oice ( *ildr5's read+4 ,he has only a limit$ & feeble fai? 9 *ildr5's rooms 9 public libr>ies4 ,!y are v mu*1 he ?9ks1 l ,sunday s*ools--conv5i5t places = p>5ts to unload _! (fspr+4 ,! aim ( ! c5sor%ip is to elim9ate ev]y?+ t is n 9 accord ) ! mo/ approv$ canons ( juv5ile life & ?\ght1 leav+ only :at is ready = imm$iate acceptance & assimilation4 ,su* a policy1 ,mr4 ,swift holds1 is n favorable ei!r to individuality or to intellectual gr[?4 ,we mu/1 he says1 take books1 l life1 z we f9d !m1 & le>n to di/+ui% good & bad2 le>n1 z we ought1 t ! good is n s good z we h be5 told x is1 & t ! bad conta9s a /rong infusion ( good4 ,no wrecks are s fe>ful z ^? :i* come to ! "y :o h up to a po9t l$ '%elt]$ lives4' ,x is n1 h[ev]1 *ildr5 only :o get ! b5efit ( a b5evol5t protective policy4 ,select+ committees are q prep>$ to look aft] gr[n-up p z well1 & keep out ( _! way books :i* might prove too excit+1 :i* might reveal dep?s ( passion su* z p]sons lead+ decor\s lives are n suppos$ to "k any?+ ab\t1 or o!rwise agitate ! tranquil mill pond ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x does n occur to !m t ?us ! salt & savor ( human life are expell$1 & t1 in/ead ( ! free play ( vital =ces1 !re sup]v5es a dre>y me*anic r\nd ( semi-automatic activities unvisit$ by en?usiasm1 unt\*$ by /rong desire1 )\t dream or vision or any quick5+ ( ! he>t or ! imag9ation4 ,"s good p are excessively p>ticul> n only z to :at may ?reat5 moral di/urbance1 b z to any?+ t may enc\rage dep>tures f conv5tional modes ( spee* & deportm5t4 ,!y d n l to admit books t !y reg>d z vulg>1 & a great m>k ( vulg>ity 9 _! op9ion is ! use ( slang4 ,yet s accompli%$ a littrateur z ,mr4 ,william ,ar*] told u lately t he pleads guilty to an unholy reli% = ! talk ( ,*immie ,fadd5 & 8 ,*icago contempor>y ,artie4 ,to him1 z to ,mr4 ,swift1 ! books 9 :i* ^! wor?ies disport !mselves mean some?+1 & some?+ des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,t be+ ! case1 ! vulg>ity1 :i* is "p ( ! picture1 becomes 9 proportion to its tru? an elem5t ( value4 ,mr4 ,swift1 v bold & l ! anci5t prophet1 says pla9ly3 ,h>mless books 9 g5]al are m$iocre books2 if a new note 9 morals or society is /ruck1 ! sugge/ion ( a possible injuri\sness at once arises4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ,mr4 ,swift's pap] is a /rong plea = individualism & lib]ty4 ,z su* we h felt x a duty to call att5tion to x1 & we tru/ t x w 9 "s way obta9 a m g5]al circulation ?an c be af=d$ by ! useful1 b some:at te*nical1 columns ( ! ,libr>y ,j\rnal4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,longevity ( ,:ales4--,"s light 0 ?r[n1 a few ye>s ago1 ^u ! subject ( ! vitality ( :ales by f9d+ "o ( ^! animals 9 ,b]+ ,sea1 9 #ahij1 ) a toggle h>poon head 9 its body be>+ ! m>k ( ! ,am]ican :al] ,montezuma4 ,t vessel 0 engag$ 9 :al+ 9 ,b]+ ,sea ab\t t5 ye>s1 b n lat] ?an #ahed4 ,%e 0 aft]w>d sold to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & 0 sunk 9 ,*>le/on ,h>bor dur+ ! civil w> to s]ve z an ob/ruction4 ,h5ce1 x is e/imat$1 ! :ale mu/ h c>ri$ ! h>poon n less ?an ?irty-six ye>s4 ,9 connection ) ?is fact1 ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,dall gives an acc\nt1 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ( a discussion ) ,capta9 ,e4 ,p4 ,h]5de51 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ( cases ( :ales t h be5 suppos$ to h made _! way f ,gre5l& wat]s to ,b]+ ,/rait1 & to h be5 id5tifi$ by ! h>poons !y c>ri$4 ,:ile x is v likely t ! :ale really makes ! passage1 an unc]ta9ty mu/ always be all[$1 = %ips 7 (t5 *ang+ own]%ip & _! tools 7 sold & put on bo>d ( o!r vessels1 & h>poon irons 7 sometimes giv5 or trad$ to ,eskimos4 ,x !re=e becomes possible t ! animal 0 /ruck ) a second-h& iron4 ,solidification ( ,hydrog54--,z soon z he 0 able to obta9 liquid hydrog5 9 manageable quantities1 9 ! fall ( #ahih1 ,mr4 ,james ,dew> began exp]im5ts = its solidification4 ,! app>atus he us$ 0 l t employ$ 9 o!r solidification exp]im5ts1 consi/+ ( a small vacuum te/-tube1 conta9+ ! hydrog51 plac$ 9 a l>g] vessel ( ! same k9d1 ) excess ( ! hydrog5 p>tly fill+ ! circul> space betwe5 ! two tubes4 ,no solidification 0 produc$1 & ! ef=t 0 susp5d$ = a "t1 :ile ! au?or attack$ o!r problems4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 r5ew$ 9 #ahii1 ) ! advantage ( m k conc]n+ r$uctions ( temp]ature br\ght ab\t by r$uction ( pressure4 ,a slight leak ( air 9 ! app>atus 0 obs]v$1 :i* 0 froz5 into an air sn[ :5 x met ! cold vapor ( hydrog5 com+ (f1 & ?is leak at a p>ticul> po9t ( pressure caus$ a sudd5 solidification ( ! liquid hydrog5 into a mass l froz5 foam4 ,an app>atus 0 !n arrang$ t c\ld be ov]turn$1 s t if any ( ! hydrog5 0 /ill liquid x w\ld run out4 ,none ran out1 b by ! aid ( a /rong light on ! side ( ! app>atus opposite ! eye ! hydrog5 0 se5 z a solid ice 9 ! l[] "p1 :ile ! surface look$ fro?y4 ,! melt+ po9t ( hydrog5 ice 0 det]m9$ at ab\t #af or #ag absolute 7-#beg or -#bef ,c474 ,! solid seem$ to possess ! prop]ties ( ! non-metallic elem5ts r ?an ( ! metals1 among :i* x has be5 usual to class hydrog54 ,! ,geg5s*e94--,mu* int]e/ prevails among a/ronom]s at pres5t conc]n+ ! "q ( ! nature ( ! ,geg5s*e94 ,?is ,g]man ^w1 :i* means opposite %9e1 is appli$ to designate a small1 some:at oblong1 bright spot :i* is sometimes se5 9 ! sky at night1 ne>ly opposite ! po9t :i* is at ! "t occupi$ by ! sun on ! opposite side ( ! globe4 ,x is ne> ! ecliptic1 b appe>s two or ?ree degrees away f exact opposition to ! sun4 ,x seems agre$ t ! ,geg5s*e9 is n atmosph]ic1 b r meteoric1 be+ a reflection f "s collection ( meteors4 ,! problem set be=e a/ronom]s is to id5tify ! meteors4 ,a !ory t !y are connect$ ) ! a/]oidal zone1 or mass ( meteors ( :i* ! kn[n & numb]$ a/]oids are conspicu\s examples1 has1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 mu* 9 its favor1 b !re are objections to ! !ory :i* c n easily be reconcil$ ) ! obs]v$ facts4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,ev]%$1 ( ,k5ley1 ,engl&1 assumes ! ,geg5s*e9 to be a tail to ! e>?1 produc$ by ! escape ( molecules ( hydrog5 & helium away f ! globe 9 a direction opposite to ! sun--mu* z a comet's tail is =m$4 ,o!r obs]v]s suppose x to be connect$ ) ! zodiacal light or b&1 :i* is reg>d$ z a body ( meteors connect$ ) ! e>? & accompany+ x1 & is pla9ly visible 9 ! we/]n sky aft] sunset 9 ! spr+1 ris+ f ! place ( ! sun t[>d ! z5i?2 & ,mr4 ,william ,&]son1 ( ,madeira1 publi%es a figure ) a demon/ration1 9 ,! ,obs]vatory1 to %[ h[ its place & appe>ance may be acc\nt$ = on ?is supposition4 ,! ,geg5s*e9 has be5 comp>$ 9 a homely way to ! radiance :i* may be se5 ar\nd ! %ad[s ( our heads ca/ by ! sun ^u ! dewy grass e>ly on a bright summ] morn+4 ,lit]ature = ,*ildr54--,mr4 ,ri*>d le ,galli5ne1 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,transcript1 lam5ts ! flood ( rubbi% t is p\r$ out "u ! guise ( *ildr5's books4 ,! subject ( lit]ature = *ildr5 is discuss$ 9 ! ,/udies ( ! ,colorado ,sci5tific ,society by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,s4 ,p>sons1 :o rem>ks t ?ree ( ! greate/ classics ( *ildhood 7 n writt5 = *ildr5 at all4 ,pilgrim's ,progress 0 a new type ( s]mon writt5 by ! t9k] prea*] 9 8 prison cell at ,b$=d2 ,rob9son ,crusoe 0 a pseudo-hi/ory f ! p5 ( "o ( ! fir/ great ,engli% reali/s2 ,gulliv]'s ,travels 0 a political satire by ! greate/ ( ,engli% satiri/s4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! /ories ( ! ,bible1 ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 ( ! folklore :i* /rikes a sympa!tic *ord at once 9 ! *ild's nature4444 ,*ild /udy1 !n1 reveals ! fact t ! *ild nature is ! c\nt]p>t ( :at is be/ 9 books--t *ildr5 c appreciate lit]ature4 ,a fri5d ( ,pr(essor ,p>sons wrote him ( h] daught]1 n9e ye>s old1 be+ v fond ( h] fa!r's libr>y1 & simply devot$ to ! ,bible & ! plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 :5 a *ild1 dev\r$ all ( ,%akespe>e1 sitt+ on a foot/ool & read+ by firelight1 & mak+ %irts1 ) ,goldsmi? or ,?omson or ,milton :]e %e c\ld glance at !m occasionally4 ,ano!r ( ,pr(essor ,p>sons's fri5ds read all ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ ) 8 little ?irte5-ye>-old girl1 to h] great enjoym5t1 & ! little girl aft]w>d read alone all ( ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,_m tea*]s h f\nd "y *ildr5 delight$ ) ,dante4 ,^! incid5ts & o!rs po9t to ! inf]5ce t x is n necess>y to g outside ( ! _w's great lit]ature = fit mat]ial = a *ild's imag9ative & emotional nature4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne's ma9 conclusions is t x is v h>d to guess be=eh& :at ! *ild w l4 ,geography & ,exploration 9 #ahii4--,no great geographical discov]ies 7 record$ dur+ #ahii1 b mu* good "w 0 done 9 exploration4 ,consid]able int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 prep>+ exp$itions ( ant>ctic rese>*1 ( :i* a ,belgian exp$ition has return$ ) "s important results1 & ,mr4 ,bor*grev9k has begun "w at ,cape ,ad>1 on ! ant>ctic ma9l&4 ,! se>* = ,&re has help$ increase our k ( p>ts ( ! arctic coa/4 ,9 ,asia1 ,capta9 ,deasy has laid d[n ! :ole ( ! be=e unkn[n c\rse ( ! ,y>k& ,riv]1 & has furni%$ o!r in=mation conc]n+ little-kn[n regions2 & o!r surveys & explorations h be5 dilig5tly prosecut$4 ,ab\t z mu* may be said ( ,africa1 :]e ! want ( adequate exploration ( ! m\nta9\s regions on ! bord]s ( ,cape ,colony & ,natal has be5 only too =cibly br\ght home to ! ,engli%4 ,exp$itions s5t out by ,canadian surveys are con/antly op5+ up new c\ntries & produc+ maps ( great geographical & indu/rial value4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[ f9ds ,labrador n q s bleak & hopeless a c\ntry z _h be5 g5]ally believ$4 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway has done "s v cr$itable exploration 9 ! ,&es & 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ! sci5tific results ( :i* are ( consid]able value4 ,9 ,*ile1 ,dr4 ,/aff] & 8 colleagues h be5 explor+ ! wond]ful fiords ( ! coa/ & ! riv]s t come d[n to !m f ! ,&ean range4 ,dr4 ,mor5o has describ$ ! results ( tw5ty-five ye>s' exploration ( ! great ,patagonian pla9s1 & ( ! lakes & glaci]s & m\nta9s on ! ea/]n face ( ! ,&es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important sci5tific ent]prises dur+ ! ye>1 ! ,london ,times says1 0 ! ,g]man oceanographical exp$ition 9 ! ,valdivia1 "u ,pr(essor ,*um1 :i* w5t s\? ?r\gh ! ,atlantic to ! edge ( ! ant>ctic ice1 & nor? ?r\gh ! ,indian ,ocean to ,sumatra1 & home ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,royal ,society ,m$ali/s4--,! ,copley m$al 0 conf]r$1 at ! rec5t anniv]s>y meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ^u ,"l ,rayleigh = 8 spl5did s]vice to physics1 8 inve/igations1 ! presid5t said 9 pres5t+ ! aw>d1 hav+ increas$ our k 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce1 cov]+ ! exp]im5tal z well z ! ma!matical p>ts ( ! subject4 ,8 rese>*es1 f ! range ( subjects !y cov]1 _! abundance1 & _! importance1 h r>ely be5 p>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( physical sci5ce4 ,a summ>y acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ones 0 giv5 9 ! sket* ( him publi%$ 9 ! tw5ty-fif? volume ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 7,octob]1 #ahhd74 ,at ! same meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society ! ,royal m$als 7 conf]r$ ^u ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,fitzg]ald1 = 8 brilliant contributions to physics1 & ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,mc,intosh1 = 8 v important labors z a zologi/4 ,pr(essor ,fitzg]ald's inve/igations h be5 9 ! field ( radiation & electrical !ory1 & 9 a mann] complem5t>y to ^? ( ,j4 ,cl]ke ,maxwell4 ,among 8 works is a memoir pres5t+ a dynamic =mulation ( ! electric !ory ( light on ! basis ( ! pr9ciple ( lea/ action1 :i* concludes ) a rem>k ^u ! advantage ( emancipat+ our m9ds f ! ?raldom ( a mat]ial e!r4 ,pr(essor ,mc,intosh 0 spok5 ( z "o ( a di/+ui%$ succession ( monograph]s ( ! ,briti% fauna1 :o1 beg9n+ ) ,edw>d ,=bes1 h1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 done "w highly cr$itable to ,briti% zology4 ,he is au?or ( a great monograph ( ! ,briti% ,annelids1 :i* is /ill 9 progress ( publication by ! ,royal ,society1 & ( an important contribution to ! ,*all5g] reports1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ m>9e biological /ation 9 ,great ,brita9--! ,gatty ,m>9e ,laboratory at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,! ,davy m$al 0 be/[$ ^u ,edw>d ,s*unck = rese>*es ( v high importance 9 organic *emi/ry4 ,^! works include a rem>kable s]ies ( contributions to ! *emi/ry ( ! organic color+ matt]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to ! indigo plant & to ! madd] plant4 ,( late ye>s he has /udi$1 ) di/+ui%$ success1 ! *emi/ry ( *lorophyll4 ,anglo-,saxon ,sup]iority4--,! "q ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race is at pres5t int]e/+ economi/s ( o!r /ocks1 especially ( ! suppos$ ,lat9 races4 ,! fact ( sup]iority seems to be conc$$4 ,! problem is to acc\nt = x4 ,a ,fr5* writ]1 ,m4 ,dum\l9s1 attributes x to ! sup]iority ( ,anglo-,saxon educational in/itutions4 ,signor ,g4 ,s]gi1 ! di/+ui%$ ,italian an?ropologi/1 ?9ks x is a result ( ! mixture ( e?nic elem5ts ( :i* ! ,engli% p are made up1 & he goes ov] ! hi/ory ( ! colonizations :i* h ov]tak5 ,brita91 to %[ h[ ^u ! fir/ neoli?ic settl]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean /ocks came a small emigration ( ! ,asiatic ,aryan or ,indo-,european peoples4 ,cs>'s conque/ br\ght 9 a ,roman infusion ) "s ,african elem5ts1 :i* did n la/ long1 b left _! m>k4 ,next ! ,anglo-,saxon tribes ( nor!rn ,g]many made ! pr9cipal contribution to ! =mation ( ! ,engli% p4 ,a portion ( ,sc&9avian blood 0 add$ to ! composition1 & on top ( all came ! ,normans4 ,^! elem5ts1 none ( :i* 7 extremely discordant ) ! o!rs1 became ?or\ghly mix$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & matur$ into ! ,engli% p z x is4 ,! ,engli% resemble ! ,romans 9 _! me?ods ( colonization1 political tact1 practical s5se1 p]si/5ce1 religi\s tol]ance1 ! magnitude ( _! works & ! boldness ( _! und]tak+s1 & 9 _! egotism work+ toge!r ) ! pr9ciple ( social solid>ity4 ,bo? readily e/abli%$ !mselves 9 new colonies1 c>ry+ !re ! civilization ( ! "m c\ntry & _! sy/ems ( adm9i/ration4 ,! great roads & wond]ful bridges con/ruct$ by ! ,romans are p>allel$ by ! great ,anglo-,saxon railway sy/ems4 ,z ! ,lat9 language became almo/ univ]sal1 s ! ,engli% language is diffus+ itself ev]y:]e4 ,b ,signor ,s]gi fails to %[ :y1 if ! ,engli% h tak5 s mu* f ! ,romans1 ! ,italians1 _! direct desc5dants1 h lo/ s mu* ( :at !y once _h4 ,he res]ves t "q1 aft] rais+ x1 = future consid]ation4 ,c>bonic ,acid & ,climate4--,! great importance ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e z a factor 9 det]m9+ ! climate ( ! e>? has be5 confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( a consid]able numb] ( inve/igators4 ,its "w appe>s to be t ( an absorb5t ( ! sun's radiant heat1 reta9+ x & prev5t+ its pass+ by u & leav+ u 9 ! cold temp]ature ( space4 ,tyndall computes t x has 9 ?is capacity a p[] eighty times t ( oxyg5 or nitrog51 :ile x is excell$ by wat] vapor ) n9ety-two times t ( ^? gases4 ,le*] & ,pretn]1 on ! o!r h&1 believe t c>bonic acid is ! only ag5t conc]n$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,f4 ,talman1 ,jr41 9 view ( ! fact t c>bonic acid is an important factor among geological ag5cies1 has publi%$1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 a /udy ( ! conditions ( ! cont5t ( t gas 9 ! ocean1 a /udy t leads to ! consid]ation ( ! *emi/ry ( ! ocean4 ,x seems to be cle> t ) fall+ temp]ature ! ocean w dissolve c>bonic acid f ! air4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 has %[n t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e at any "o "t1 & !re=e ! climate ( ! e>? at t "t1 dep5ds ^u ! value ( ! ratio ( ! supply ( ! gas to its depletion4 ,besides ! cont9u\s supply t ! atmosph]e receives f ! int]ior ( ! e>? & f planet>y space & ! cont9u\s depletion due to ! =mation ( c>bonates 9 place ( ! igne\s alkali e>? silicates1 !re are v>iations 9 ! ratio ( supply to depletion dep5d5t ^u ! attitude ( ! l& & ! wat]4 ,a l>ge exposure ( l& surface is correlat$ ) a rapid solution ( calcium & magnesium c>bonates1 :i*1 becom+ bic>bonates1 repres5t a loss ( c>bonic acid to ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =mation ( ! normal c>bonate by lime-secret+ animals causes a direct lib]ation ( ! second equival5t ( ! bic>bonate4 ,!re=e ext5sive oceans & abundant m>9e life are correlat$ ) w>m climate4 ,aft] a some:at m m9ute discussion ( ! action1 ,mr4 ,talman concludes t ! ocean v greatly int5sifies ! secul> v>iation ( ! e>?'s temp]ature1 al?\gh act+ z a mod]at+ ag5t 9 ! m9or cycles4 ,pe>l ,mussels4--,9 8 report to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission on ! ,pe>ly ,fre%-,wat] ,mussels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,simpson speaks ( ! great v>iety ( conditions "u :i* !y live4 ,!y %[ great capacity = adaptation4 ,mo/ ( !m are f\nd 9 %all[ wat]1 b c]ta9 =ms live at consid]able dep?s4 ,"s bury !mselves among ! fibr\s roots ( trees1 "s 9 ! muddy1 s&y banks j bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & "s1 z 9 ,lake ,tib]ias 7,pale/9e7 & ,lake ,tanganyika 7,africa71 "u six hundr$ or m feet ( wat]4 ,ord9>ily !y die 9 a v %ort "t if tak5 out ( ! wat]--9 f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 z a rule--& !y g5]ally die 9 a few h\rs :5 expos$ to ! sun4 ,b _m species1 ?us t5d] 9 ! op5 air1 w lie buri$ 9 dri$ mud = a long "t4 ,9 ,june1 #ahej1 a liv+ pond mussel 0 s5t to ,london1 f ,au/ralia1 :i* _h be5 out ( wat] = m ?an a ye>4 ,along a small /ream ne> ,braid5t[n1 ,fla41 :i* runs only dur+ ab\t ?ree mon?s 9 summ] & is dry ! re/ ( ! ye>1 ?\s&s ( a l>ge colony ( ,unio obesus may be f\nd j buri$ 9 ! s&y banks or among ! flags & ru%es ( ! bottom1 :]e !re is v little moi/ure1 all 9 heal?y condition4 ,mr4 ,simpson has laid ^! mussels 9 ! sun = mon?s )\t kill+ !m4 ,! specim5s :i* live 9 p]5nial wat] seem to die soon if remov$ f x1 :ile ^? :i* inhabit /reams or ponds t (t5 dry up w live a long "t out ( wat]4 ,"s species 9 rocky /reams live 9 ! crevices ( ! rocks4 ,9 ! ,big ,v]milion ,riv]1 9 ,la ,salle ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 a swift1 rocky /ream1 ! au?or has f\nd liv+ mussels t _h be5 s wa%$ ab\t t ne>ly all ! epid]mis 0 de/roy$4 ,! %ells 9 su* /reams are usually heavi] ?an ^? 9 m quiet wat]4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,/>r1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 has made two excursions to ,mexico = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! physical types ( ! aborig9es by means ( measurem5ts1 photographs1 & ca/s4 ,he /udi$ twelve tribes1 half ( :i* 7 almo/ unkn[n to sci5ce1 & made measurem5ts ( m ?an elev5 hundr$ & fifty m5 & ?ree hundr$ wom54 ,on 8 la/ trip he rode "o ?\s& miles among ! m\nta9s on horseback4 ,9 a rec5t pap] 9 ! ,op5 ,c\rt he takes notice ( frequ5t & curi\s survivals ( pagan belief to be rem>k$ among ^! peoples1 al?\gh !y are all suppos$ to be dev\t ,*ri/ians4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :i* is specially describ$1 an idol be>+ "s resemblance to ^? f\nd among ! ru9s ( ! anci5t cities occupi$ a /ation 9 ! *ur* by ! side ( ! crucifix1 %>+ ! honors ) ! /atue ( ! ,virg9 on ! o!r side4 ,grief & con/]nation prevail$ among ! ,indians :5 ! idol 0 tak5 away by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q ( ! increase ( insanity 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ few ye>s is reg>d$ z assum+ a s]i\s aspect1 & ! report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,lunacy = #ahih1 %[+ ! l>ge/ annual increase yet record$1 ! ,lancet says1 reveals ! gravity ( ! situation4 ,o!r collat]al facts giv5 9 ! report add to ! s]i\sness ( ! outlook4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( inmates 9 in/itutions = lunatics is att5d$ ) a fall+ (f 9 ! recov]y rate1 :i* is l[] = #ahih ?an t ( ! previ\s ye>1 & ev5 ?an ! av]age ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,a /eady dim9ution 9 ! recov]y rate has appe>$ also dur+ ea* p]iod ( five ye>s s9ce #ahgc4 ,! attempt to acc\nt = ! increase ( lunatics 9 public & private asylums by suppos+ t x is made up by removals ?i!r f workh\ses or f ! c>e ( relatives fails1 = x is %[n t ?is class ( insane is increas+ too1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,! subject is reg>d$ z ( s mu* importance t x 0 consid]$ & discuss$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at its ,bri/ol meet+ 9 #ahii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a process by :i* calcium c>bide c be cont9u\sly produc$ m *eaply ?an by ! process at pres5t 9 use is report$1 9 ,indu/ries & ,iron1 to h be5 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,freeman1 ( ,*icago4 ,9 ! new process a huge arc lamp inclos$ 9 brickwork 9 ! int]ior ( a furnace is employ$4 ,! upp] electrode ( ! lamp is holl[1 & ?r\gh x is f$ a p[d] compos$ ( common lime & coke4 ,?is p[d]1 be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! upp] c>bon directly into ! electric flame1 is melt$ by ! int5se heat1 & molt5 calcium c>bide runs away f ! furnace4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! c>bide is produc$ at a co/ ( half a c5t p] p\nd4 ,,notes4 ,a new me?od ( secur+ m p]fect combu/ion1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,paul ,j4 ,s*li*t be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 is bas$ on ! fact1 describ$ by ! inv5tor1 t if a curr5t ( air is prop]ly introduc$ into a *imney flue ?r\gh :i* hot products ( combu/ion are escap+1 x w fl[ 9 a direction contr>y to !irs1 &1 becom+ heat$ 9 contact ) !m1 w rea* ! c5t] ( ! fire 9 a condition highly favorable to ! mo/ complete union ( oxyg5 ) ! combu/ible elem5ts ( ! fuel4 ,sugge/ions are made 9 ,mr4 ,s*li*t's pap] = ! con/ruction & regulation ( furnaces1 s z to secure ! condition describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,orton1 ,jr41 has be5 appo9t$ ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,ohio1 to succe$ 8 fa!r1 ! late ,dr4 ,edw>d ,orton4 ,he has be5 connect$1 z an assi/ant1 ) ! survey1 9 :i* he /udi$ ! di/ribution ( ! coal measures1 & has also prep>$ reports on ! clay & clay indu/ries ( ! ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f a moral if n f a sci5tific & indu/rial po9t ( view1 inconte/ably sup]ior to t ( ! ,european peoples1 is ! *>act]ization a book review] 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique gives to ,*9ese civilization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,william ,turn] is ! presid5t-elect = ! ,brad=d meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #aijj4 ,he is head ( ! great m$ical s*ool at ,ed9burgh1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,g5]al ,m$ical ,c\ncil1 & 0 pron\nc$ by ,"l ,li/]1 9 nom9at+ him1 ! =emo/ human anatomi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & also a great an?ropologi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a gold m$al is (f]$ by ! ,society ( ,agricultural ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce ( ,milan to ! inv5tor ( ! be/ app>atus or ! p]son :o w make kn[n ! be/ me?od = protect+ work+ electricians aga9/ ! accid5ts ( _! pr(ession4 ,! competition is op5 to all nations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /atue ( ,lavoisi]1 call$ by ! ,fr5* ! f\nd] ( *emi/ry1 is to be erect$1 dur+ ! ,univ]sal ,exposition 9 ,p>is1 on ! squ>e ( ! ,madele9e1 at ! int]section ( ! ,rue ,tron*et4 ,! "w is 9 *>ge ( ! sculptor ,b>rias4 ,! sum ( n9ety-eight ?\s& francs1 or n9ete5 ?\s& six hundr$ doll>s1 has be5 subscrib$ to pay = x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! dea? li/ ( ! la/ few weeks ( m5 kn[n 9 sci5ce includes a consid]able proportion ( important names4 ,among ! numb] are ,john ,b4 ,/allo1 =m]ly ( ,c9c9nati1 au?or ( ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 ,! ,concepts & ,!ories ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 & num]\s contributions to sci5tific publications1 rec5tly ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] to ,italy1 9 ,flor5ce1 ,decemb] #cj?1 9 8 sev5ty-fif? ye>2 ,sir ,james ,paget1 = _m ye>s ! lead+ surgeon 9 ,engl&1 & au?or ( books relat+ to surg]y1 9 ,london1 ,decemb] #cj?1 9 8 eighty-six? ye>2 ,dr4 ,?omas ,c4 ,egle/on1 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy & ,metallurgy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #ae?2 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,all5 ,haz51 "o ( ! *ief =eca/]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 & au?or ( improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods employ$ !re1 9 ,wa%+ton1 f ! results ( a bicycle collision1 ,janu>y #bb;d1 9 8 fifty-fir/ ye>2 ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,z5k]1 a di/+ui%$ physici/1 at ,b]l91 ,octob] #ba/1 ag$ sev5ty ye>s2 ,augu/us ,do]fl+]1 an eng9e] :o 0 engag$ 9 ! "w ( ! removal ( ,hell ,gate 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor1 at ,brooklyn1 ,novemb] #bd?1 9 8 fifty-eigh? ye>2 ,johann ,c>l ,wilhelm ,f]d9& ,tiemann1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 & late editor ( ! ,reports ( ! ,g]man ,*emical ,society1 at ,m]an1 ,tyrol1 ,novemb] #ag?1 9 8 fifty-second ye>2 he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 rese>*es ^u ! con/itution ( odorif]\s pr9ciples1 includ+ works on vanill91 ! aroma ( ! violet1 t]p5es1 & camphor1 & ! syn!sis ( amido-acids2 ,dr4 ,bir*-,hirs*feld1 ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ag$ fifty-sev5 ye>s2 ,sir ,ri*>d ,?orne ,?orne1 pr9cipal m$ical (fic] to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 9 ,london1 ,decemb] #ah?1 ag$ fifty-eight ye>s2 au?or ( _m (ficial reports relat+ to ! public heal?1 ( works on ! progress ( prev5tive m$ic9e dur+ ! ,victorian era1 & ( lectures on diph!ria & ! adm9i/rative control ( tub]culosis2 ,dr4 ,john ,fr$]ick ,hodges1 ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture & lectur] on m$ical jurisprud5ce 9 ,que5's ,college1 ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 & au?or ( two elem5t>y books on *emi/ry1 ,! ,/ructure & ,physiology ( ! ,animals ( ! ,f>m1 & ( sev]al pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ,sci5tific ,societies2 ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 ,/an=d1 a practical *emi/1 di/+ui%$ = ! introduction ( sev]al orig9al me?ods ( manufacture1 & = ! prep>ation ( sev]al new sub/ances1 su* z alg9 & ?yrogl&92 he 0 ! au?or ( ! monograph on ! iod9e indu/ry 9 ,?orpe's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry2 & ,john ,rusk91 :o1 ?\gh n a man ( sci5ce 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 did 8 full %>e = ! advancem5t ( k & com=t among m51 at ,coni/on ,lake1 ,engl&1 ,janu>y #bj?1 9 8 eighty-fir/ ye>4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,summ>y ( ,fe$+-,/uffs ,law 9 ,=ce 9 ,new ,york aft] ,decemb] #a1 #ahii4 ,p4 #a4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aei4 ,a ,pe/ ( ,woodl& & ,grove4 7,! ,=e/ ,t5t ,cat]pill>74 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,v4 ,h4 ,l[e4 ,pp4 #e2 ,no4 #afj4 ,report ( ,analyses ( ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s = ! ,fall ( #ahii4 ,by ,l4 ,s4 ,van ,slyke4 ,pp4 #ajb2 ,no4 #afa4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,gooseb]ry ,mildew held 9 ,*eck4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,c4 ,p4 ,close4 ,pp4 #d2 ,newspap] ,summ>ies ( ^! ,?ree ,bullet9s4 ,p4 #a4 ,c>t]1 ,osc> ,c4 ,s4 ,coa/al ,topography ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pp4 #cj4 ,connecticut1 ,/ate (4 ,fifte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor ,/ati/ics = ! ,ye> end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #bff4 ,d5smore1 ,emmet1 ,m4 ,d4 ,consumption & ,k9dr$ ,diseases4 7,op5-air ,treatm5t47 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y43 ,! ,/illmann ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #ach4 ,d\glas1 ,james1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,am]ican ,transcont95tal ,l9es4 ,pp4 #ef4 ,fry1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,edw>d1 & ,agnes4 ,! ,mycetozoa & "s ,que/ions :i* !y ,sugge/4 ,london3 ,k ,(fice4 ,pp4 #hb4 #a %ill+4 ,gay1 ,alb]t1 & ,yeaman1 ,c4 ,h4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,c5tral ,/ation ,electricity ,supply4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #afg4 #c4 ,john/on1 ,*>les4 ,! ,memory ( ,pa/ ,bir?s4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,metaphysical ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #ej4 #be c5ts4 ,k+1 ,f4 ,h4 ,irrigation & ,dra9age4 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( _! ,cultural ,phases4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ejb4 #a4ej4 ,kunz1 ,george ,f4 ,! ,production ( ,preci\s ,/ones 9 #ahih4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,pp4 #dh1 ) plate4 ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 at ,woods ,holl1 ,mass4 ,ann\ncem5t = ! ,?irte5? ,season4 ,july #e to ,augu/ #af1 #aijj4 ,pp4 #ab4 ,mc,kay1 ,a4 ,h41 ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,ph5ological ,obs]vations1 ,canada1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,mc,kim1 ,w4 ,duncan4 ,h]$ity & ,human ,progress4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #bhc4 #a4ej4 ,mi*igan4 ,?irty-sev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,agricultural ,college ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,july #a1 #ahig1 to ,june #cj1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #gdj4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y ,bullet94 7,legislation ,no4 #aa1 ,janu>y1 #aijj47 ,albany4 ,pp4 #cie4 #be c5ts4 ,p>k]1 ,t4 ,jaffrey1 & ,haswell1 ,william ,a4 ,a ,manual ( ,zology4 ,revis$ & adapt$ = ! use ( ,am]ican ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #afc4 #a4fj4 ,peet1 ,/eph5 ,d5ison4 ,! ,cliff-,dwell]s & ! ,pueblos4 ,*icago3 ,(fice ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian4 ,pp4 #cih4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,li/ ( ,publications available = ,di/ribution4 ,decemb]1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #ce4 ,s\nd ,curr5cy4 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,deposit ,curr5cy2 ! ,effective ,curr5cy ( ,comm]cial ,communities4 ,pp4 #ab4 ,novemb]1 #ahii4 ,! ,f>m]'s ,int]e/ 9 ! ,bank+ ,"q4 ,pp4 #h4 ,bo? by ,l4 ,c>roll ,root4 ,sp5c]1 ,frank ,cl>5ce4 ,education ( ! ,pueblo ,*ild4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,arre/$ ,developm5t4 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,contributions to ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,education4 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #a47 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ig4 #ge c5ts4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,report = ! ,ye> #ahig-'ih4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,conta9+ ,p>ts ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,pp4 #bfdj4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,fi%]y ,products = ,food4 ,by ,*>les ,h4 ,/ev5son4 ,pp4 #egj4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #be4 ,novemb]1 #ahii4 ,=eign ,labor ,laws4 ,pp4 #hj4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 eigh? edition1 p4 #da4 #b ,cl>5ce ,k+1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #de-ea1 #ahic2 ,kelv91 ,sci5ce1 vol4 ix1 p4 #ffe1 #ahii4 #c ,sci5ce1 vol4 ix1 p4 #ffe1 #ahii4 #d ,ibid41 p4 #hhi1 & vols4 x & xi1 #ahii4 #e ,life & ,lett]s ( ,sir ,joseph ,pre/wi*1 pp4 #abd et seq4 #f ,critical ,p]iods1 etc41 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xiv1 p4 #ii1 #ahgg2 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 vol4 i1 ,no4 #aa1 #ahie4 #g ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 vol4 vi1 p4 #eig1 #ahih1 & vol4 vii1 p4 #ede1 #ahii4 #h ,views simil> to ^? ( ,pr(essor ,bautz h be5 advocat$ by a ,fr5* ,jesuit1 ,pre ,f4 ,h4 ,s*\ppe1 9 a "w entitl$ ,! ,doctr9e ( ,purgatory elucidat$ by ,facts & ,private ,revelations4 ,! facts consi/ ( ! visions ( sa9ts1 & ! private revelations prove to be app>itions ( s\ls 9 purgatory to hy/]ical wom5 & o!r p]sons bla/$ ) ec/asy4 ,! book has be5 translat$ into ,g]man by a ,tyrolese prie/1 ,g4 ,pletl1 & j publi%$ at ,brix51 ) ! approbation ( ! ,pr9ce ,bi%op4 ,an ,au/rian j\rnal1 ! ,o/deuts*e ,runds*au1 pr9t$ extracts f ! volume ) appropriate comm5ts1 & 0 confiscat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,vi5na = (f5se to religion4 #i ,! mann] 9 :i* ,! ,pelican makes piety pr(itable is mo/ extraord9>y & %\ld w9 ! admiration & excite ! envy ( ! yell[ press4 ,! editor in=ms ! public t he ent]$ into a compact ) ,/4 ,joseph1 promis+ to di/ribute fifty books 9 :i* ?is holy p]son is glorifi$1 provid$ ! j\rnal receives two ?\s& subscrib]s4 ,9 less ?an a ye> ! numb] ( subscrib]s 0 tw5ty-five hundr$4 ,a promise to di/ribute "o hundr$ books ( ?is k9d1 if ,/4 ,joseph w\ld procure eight ?\s& subscrib]s1 rais$ ! li/ ( subscrib]s to twelve ?\s&2 & ?is b>t] w5t on until ,! ,pelican c\ld boa/ ( n9ety ?\s& subscrib]s4 ,! editor also ann\nces t he has engag$ two hundr$ & eighty prie/s to say masses = ! read]s ( 8 pap] & to pray = & bless _! *ildr51 & concludes ?is a/\nd+ piece ( puff]y z foll[s3 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! b5$iction ( a s+le prie/ is effective4 ,:at1 !n1 c n be obta9$ if two hundr$ & eighty prie/s unite 9 bless+ u6 #aj ,cf4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #ahie1 p4 #hc4 #aa ,/udies f ! ,yale ,psy*ological ,laboratory1 vol4 vi4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 -,obvi\s pr9t & punctuation errors 7 correct$4 -,a ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 n 9 ! orig9al "w2 "o has be5 produc$ & add$ by ,transcrib]4 -,subscript$ numb]s are r5d]$ ) an und]score 7e4g4 ,,co#b means t #b is subscript$74