---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,passages 9 small caps are %[n 9 title case )\t explicit indication4 ,subscript$ *>act]s are indicat$ by subscript4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by x 7x is a s+le "*74 ,,oe is ! lat9 ,,oe ligature4 ,a li/ ( inconsi/5cies & corrections is at ! end ( ! text4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pap] ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,s9dall1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,consult+ ,,*emi/ ,,to ,,! ,,wood ,,pulp ,,& ,,pap] ,,trades2 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,= ,,! ,,h]t=d%ire ,,c\nty ,,c\ncil1 ,,! ,,bucks ,,c\nty ,,c\ncil1 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,/ation]y ,,trades ,,at ,,exet] ,,hall1 #aijc-d1 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,pr9t]s2 ,,te*nical ,,advis] ,,to ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,india1 #aije ,,au?or ,,( ,,pap] ,,te*nology1 ,,! ,,sampl+ ,,( ,,wood ,,pulp ,,jo9t ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,c4,b4,s4 ,,units1 ,,or ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,pap] ,,te/+1 ,,! ,,applications ,,( ,,wood ,,pulp1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,illu/rations1 ,,& ,a ,,bibliography ,,( ,,works ,,relat+ ,,to ,,cellulose ,,& ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #bc ,,murray ,,& #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/reets #aijh ,,preface ,pap]-mak+1 9 common ) _m o!r indu/ries1 is "o 9 :i* bo? eng9e]+ & *emi/ry play important p>ts4 ,un=tunately ! functions ( ! eng9e] & *emi/ are g5]ally reg>d$ z indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 s t ! *emi/ is only call$ 9 by ! eng9e] :5 ef=ts along ! l9es ( me*anical improvem5t h fail$1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e1 & ! be/ results 9 ! art ( pap]-mak+ are only possible :5 ! manufactur] appreciates ! fact t ! skill ( bo? is ess5tial to progress & comm]cial success4 ,9 ! pres5t elem5t>y text-book x is only propos$ to give an outl9e ( ! v>i\s /ages ( manufacture & to indicate "s ( ! improvem5ts made dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! au?or begs to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to manufactur]s & o!rs :o h giv5 p]mission = ! use ( illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,notice #a ,,ii4 ,,cellulose ,,& ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,fibres #bj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pap] ,,f ,,rags #dg ,,iv4 ,,esp>to ,,& ,,/raw #gb ,v4 ,,wood ,,pulp1 ,,& ,,wood ,,pulp ,,pap]s #ie ,,vi4 ,,br[n ,,pap]s ,,& ,,bo>ds #abf ,,vii4 ,,special ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pap] #acg ,,viii4 ,,*emicals ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+ #aec ,,ix4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,beat+ #age ,x4 ,,! ,,dye+ ,,& ,,col\r+ ,,( ,,pap] ,,pulp #aii ,,xi4 ,,pap] ,,mill ,,ma*9]y #bad ,,xii4 ,,! ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,pap] #bbi ,,xiii4 ,,bibliography #bec ,,index #bgc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,%eet ,,( ,,papyrus1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,lay]s ,,cross+ ,,"o ,,ano!r #c #b4 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,pap] ,,mill 7,,f ,,kulturhi/oris*5 ,,bild]bu*1 ,a4,d4 #aefd7 #aj #c4 ,,! ,,pap] ,,mill ,,( ,,ulman ,,/rom]1 ,a4,d4 #acij 7,,suppos$ ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,olde/ ,,kn[n ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,pap] ,,mill7 #ab #d4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pap] ,,ma*9e1 ,a4,d4 #ahjb4 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation #ag #e4 ,,! ,,improv$ ,,pap] ,,ma*9e ,,( ,a4,d4 #ahaj #ah #f4 ,a ,,rag ,,sort+ ,,h\se #dg #g4 ,a ,,rag ,,du/] #di #h4 ,a ,,rag ,,cutt] #ej #i4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,pap] ,,mill ,,= ,,h&-,,made ,,pap] 7,r4 ,,bat*elor ,,sons7 #ea #aj4 ,,view ,,( ,a ,,rag ,,boil]1 ,,%[+ ,,connections #eb #aa4 ,a ,,break+ ,,& ,,wa%+ ,,eng9e #ed #ab4 ,,oettel ,,& ,,haas' ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,electrolytic ,,blea* ,,liquor #eh #ac4 ,,! ,,holl&] ,,beat+ ,,eng9e #ei #ad4 ,,! ,,h& ,,m\ld1 ,,%[+ ,,frame ,,& ,,deckle #fa #ae4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,siz+ ,,pap] ,,9 ,,cont9u\s ,,rolls #fc #af4 ,a ,,sup]cal5d] #fe #ag4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,wat]m>k ,,9 ,,pap] #fg #ah4 ,,cotton #fi #ai4 ,,l95 #gj #bj4 ,,an ,,esp>to ,,du/] #gd #ba4 ,,s9clair',s ,,vomit+ ,,esp>to ,,boil] #ge #bb4 ,a ,,porion ,,evaporator #gf #bc4 ,,scott',s ,,multiple ,,effect ,,evaporator #gi #bd4 ,a ,,presse-,p,,te ,,= ,,esp>to ,,pulp #he #be4 ,,esp>to ,,pulp #hh #bf4 ,a ,,cyl9drical ,,dige/] ,,= ,,boil+ ,,fibre #hi #bg4 ,,/raw #ic #bh4 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,b>k]s ,,= ,,remov+ ,,b>k ,,f ,,logs ,,( ,,wood #ih #bi4 ,,view ,,( ,,horizontal ,,gr9d] 7,a71 ,,) ,,section 7,b7 #ii #cj4 ,a ,,v]tical ,,gr9d] ,,= ,,mak+ ,,hot ,,gr\nd ,,me*anical ,,wood ,,pulp #aja #ca4 ,,c5trifugal ,,scre5 ,,= ,,wood ,,pulp #ajb #cb4 ,,section ,,( ,,c5trifugal ,,scre5 ,,= ,,wood ,,pulp #ajc #cc4 ,,wood ,,pulp ,,dige/]1 ,,p>tly ,,9 ,,elevation1 ,,p>tly ,,9 ,,section #ajf #cd4 ,,view ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,sulphur-,,burn+ ,,ov5s #ajh #ce4 ,,spruce ,,wood ,,pulp #aad #cf4 ,,me*anical ,,wood ,,pulp #aae #cg4 ,,! ,,scre5s ,,= ,,remov+ ,,co>se ,,fibres ,,f ,,beat5 ,,pulp #aah #ch4 ,,! ,,pap] ,,ma*9e 7,,wet ,,end ,,%[+ ,,wire7 #aai #ci4 ,,pap] ,,ma*9e ,,%[+ ,,wire1 ,,press ,,rolls1 ,,& ,,dry+ ,,cyl9d]s #abc #dj4 ,,s+le ,,cyl9d] ,,or ,,yankee ,,ma*9e #acj #da4 ,,section ,,( ,,wet ,,press1 ,,or ,,bo>d ,,ma*9e #aca #db4 ,,d\ble ,,cyl9d] ,,bo>d ,,ma*9e #acc #dc4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,p>*m5t ,,pap] #ach #dd4 ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,plant ,,= ,,mak+ ,,art ,,pap] #adc #de4 ,,sectional ,,elevation ,,( ,,coat+ ,,plant #add #df4 ,,cotton ,,pulp ,,beat5 #h ,,h\rs #agi #dg4 ,,cotton ,,pulp ,,beat5 #cg ,,h\rs #ahj #dh4 ,,plan ,,& ,,sectional ,,elevation ,,( ,a ,,holl&] #ahe #di4 ,,beat+ ,,eng9e ,,) ,,f\r ,,beat] ,,rolls #ahf #ej4 ,,umph]/on ,,beat] #ahh #ea4 ,,section ,,( ,,umph]/on ,,beat+ ,,eng9e #ahi #eb4 ,,nug5t',s ,,beat+ ,,eng9e ,,) ,,paddles ,,= ,,circulat+ ,,! ,,pulp #aij #ec4 ,a ,,t[] ,,beat+ ,,eng9e ,,) ,,c5trifugal ,,pump ,,= ,,circulat+ ,,pulp #aia #ed4 ,,work+ ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,ref9+ ,,eng9e #aib #ee4 ,,conv5tional ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,wat] ,,s(t5+ ,,plant #baf #ef4 ,,an ,,enclos$ ,,/eam ,,eng9e #bbj #eg4 ,,an ,,electrically ,,driv5 ,,pap] ,,ma*9e #bbb #eh4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,eibel ,,process #bbc ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pap] ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,,notice ,hi/ory4--,! art ( pap]-mak+ is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ important indu/ries ( ! pres5t day4 ,! /udy ( its developm5t f ! e>ly bygone ages :5 m5 7 compell$ to f9d "s means = record+ important ev5ts & transactions is bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive1 s t a %ort summ>y ( ! kn[n facts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( pap] may well s]ve z an introduction to an acc\nt ( ! manufacture & use ( ?is indisp5sable article4 ,tradition4--,! e>ly races ( mank9d cont5t$ !mselves ) keep+ alive ! memory ( great a*ievem5ts by means ( tradition4 ,valiant de$s 7 fur!r commemorat$ by ! plant+ ( trees1 ! sett+ up ( heaps ( /ones1 & ! erection ( clumsy monum5ts4 ,/one ,obelisks4--,! possibility ( obta9+ great] accuracy by c>v+ ! rude hi]oglyphics ( m5 & animals1 birds & plants1 soon sugge/$ itself z an obvi\s improvem5t2 & z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #djjj ! fir/ records :i* convey$ any mean+ to lat] ages 7 fai?fully inscrib$1 & = ! mo/ "p consign$ to ! c>e ( ! prie/s4 ,clay ,tablets4--,! ord9>y transactions ( daily life1 ! writ+s ( lit]>y & sci5tific m51 & all t 0 wor?y ( note 9 ! hi/ory ( su* nations z ,*aldea & ,assyria h come d[n to u also1 inscrib$ on clay tablets1 :i* 7 r5d]$ durable by c>eful bak+4 ,on a tablet ( clay1 "o ( ! e>lie/ specim5s ( writ+ 9 exi/5ce1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is record$ a proposal ( m>riage1 writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #aecj1 f "o ( ! ,ph>aohs1 ask+ = ! h& ( ! daught] ( a ,babylonian k+4 ,wax$ ,bo>ds4--,bone1 ivory1 plates ( metal1 lead1 gold1 & brass1 7 freely us$1 & at an e>ly p]iod wood5 bo>ds cov]$ ) wax 7 devis$ by ! ,romans4 ,9 fact1 any mat]ial hav+ a s(t impressionable surface 0 spe$ily adopt$ z a m$ium = ! p]man5t expression ( m5's fancy1 s t x is n /range to f9d in/ances ( docum5ts writt5 on su* curi\s sub/ances z animal sk9s1 hides1 dri$ inte/9es1 & lea!r4 ,! works ( ,hom]1 pres]v$ 9 "o ( ! ,egyptian libr>ies 9 ! days ( ,ptolemu ,philadelphus1 7 said to h be5 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold on ! sk9s ( s]p5ts4 ,leaves1 ,b>k4--,! fir/ actual advance 9 ! direction ( pap]1 z commonly und]/ood1 0 made :5 ! leaves & b>k ( trees 7 utilis$4 ,! latt] especially came spe$ily into fav\r1 & ! ext5sive use ( ! inn] b>k 7lib]7 made rapid headway4 ,manuscripts & docum5ts writt5 on ?is lib] are to be f\nd 9 _m museums4 ,papyrus4--,! discov]y ( ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! ,egyptian papyrus 0 a great /ep 9 develop+ ! art ( pap]-mak+4 ,! date ( ?is discov]y is v unc]ta91 b "o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,pl9y1 :]e m5tion is made ( ! writ+s ( ,numa1 :o liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #fgj4 ,?is celebrat$ plant _h long be5 not$ = its value 9 ! manufacture ( mats1 cordage1 & we>+ app>el1 b its fame re/s ^u its utility 9 q a diff]5t direction1 namely1 = convey+ to po/]ity ! writt5 records ( ^? e>ly days :i* h prov$ a s\rce ( un5d+ int]e/ to antiqu>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,%eet ( ,papyrus1 %[+ ! lay]s cross+ "o ano!r 7,evans74 ,! ,egyptian papyrus 0 made f ! f9e lay]s ( fibr\s matt] surr\nd+ ! p>5t /em4 ,^! lay]s 7 remov$ by means ( a %>p tool1 spread out on a bo>d1 moi/5$ ) "s gummy wat]1 & !n cov]$ ) simil> lay]s plac$ ov] !m crosswise4 ,! %eets s produc$ 7 press$1 dri$1 & poli%$ ) a piece ( ivory or a smoo? /one4 ,long rolls ( papyrus 7 =m$ by pa/+ sev]al %eets toge!r to give :at 0 t]m$ a volum54 ,roman ,papyri4--,! ,romans improv$ ! process ( manufacture1 & 7 able to produce a v>iety ( pap]s1 to :i* !y gave diff]5t names1 su* z ,*>ta hi]atica 7holy pap]1 us$ by prie/s71 ,*>ta ,fanniana 7a sup]ior pap] made by ,fannius71 ,*>ta emporetica 7%op or wrapp+ pap]71 ,*>ta ,saitica 7aft] ! city ( ,sais71 etc4 ,! papyrus mu/ h be5 us$ 9 great quantities = ?is purpose1 s9ce rec5t explorations 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries h br\ght to light enorm\s f9ds ( papyri 9 a wond]ful /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 #agec1 :5 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum 7 une>!d1 no less ?an #a1hjj rolls 7 discov]$4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s huge quantities h be5 br\ght to ,engl&4 ,p>*m5t4--,p>*m5t succe$$ papyrus z an excell5t writ+ mat]ial1 be+ devis$ z a sub/itute = ! latt] by ! inhabitants ( ,p]gamus on acc\nt ( ! prohibit$ exportation ( ,egyptian papyrus4 ,= _m c5turies p>*m5t held a =emo/ place among/ ! available mat]ials s]v+ ! purpose ( pap]1 & ev5 to-day x is us$ = important legal docum5ts4 ,?is p>*m5t 0 made f ! sk9s ( %eep & goats1 :i* 7 fir/ /eep$ 9 lime pits1 & !n scrap$4 ,by ! pl5tiful use ( *alk & pumice /one ! col\r & surface ( ! p>*m5t 7 greatly enhanc$4 ,vellum1 prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] f ! sk9s ( calves1 0 also ext5sively employ$ z a writ+ mat]ial1 & 0 probably ! fir/ mat]ial us$ = b9d+ books4 ,until comp>atively rec5t times ! t]m p>*m5t compreh5d$ vellum1 b ! latt] sub/ance is mu* sup]ior to t manufactur$ f %eep & goat sk9s4 ,pap]4--,! ,*9ese are n[ g5]ally cr$it$ ) ! art ( mak+ pap] ( ! k9d mo/ famili> to u1 t is f fibr\s mat]ial fir/ r$uc$ to ! condition ( pulp4 ,mat]ials su* z /rips ( b>k1 leaves1 & papyrus _c ( c\rse be includ$ 9 a def9ition l ?is1 :i* "o writ] has cond5s$ into ! phrase ,pap] is an aque\s deposit ( vegetable fibre4 ,a4,d4 #aje4--,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! manufacture ( pap] is to be f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese ,encyclopdia1 :]e9 x is /at$ t ,ts'ai-,lun1 a native ( ,kuei-yang1 ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or ,ho-,ti 9 ,a4,d4 #ge1 & devot+ 8 leisure h\rs to /udy1 sugge/$ ! use ( silk & ink z a sub/itute = ! bamboo tablet & /ylus4 ,subsequ5tly he succe$$ 9 mak+ pap] f b>k1 t[1 old l951 & fi% nets 7,a4,d4 #aje74 ,he 0 creat$ m>quis 9 ,a4,d4 #aad = 8 long ye>s ( s]vice & 8 ability4 ,a4,d4 #gjd4--;,x has be5 commonly ass]t$ t raw cotton1 or cotton wool1 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,arabs at ?is date = ! manufacture ( pap]1 !y hav+ le>nt ! art f c]ta9 ,*9ese prison]s captur$ at ! occupation ( ,sam>k& by ! ,arabs4 ,! complete conque/ ( ,sam>k& does n1 h[ev]1 seem to h tak5 place until ,a4,d4 #gea1 & !re is little d\bt t ?is date %\ld be accept$ = ! introduction ( ! art ( pap]-mak+ among ! ,arabs4 ,rec5t ,rese>*es4--,pr(essors ,wiesn] & ,k>abacek h asc]ta9$ "o or two mo/ important & int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! actual manufacture ( pure rag pap]4 ,9 #ahgg a great quantity ( anci5t manuscripts 0 f\nd at ,el-,faijum1 9 ,egypt1 compris+ ab\t #ajj1jjj docum5ts 9 t5 languages1 ext5d+ f ,b4,c4 #adjj to ,a4,d4 #acjj1 _m ( :i* 7 writt5 on pap]4 ,! docum5ts 7 closely exam9$ 9 #ahid by ^! exp]ts1 at ! reque/ ( ! own]1 ! ,ar*duke ,ra9] ( ,au/ria4 ,rese>*es ( a lat] date result$ 9 ! discov]y ( "s fur!r int]e/+ docum5ts :i* appe> to e/abli% ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty ! approximate date at :i* pure rag pap]1 t is1 pap] made entirely f rag1 0 manufactur$4 ,*9ese docum5ts dat$ ,a4,d4 #gfh-ghf1 :i* h be5 report$ ^u by ,dr4 ,ho]nle1 & o!rs dat$ ,a4,d4 #gha-ghb-ghg1 report$ ^u by ,dr4 ,/e9 z rec5tly z #aija1 appe> to %[ :at mat]ials 7 us$ by ! ,*9ese pap]-mak]s 9 ,we/]n ,turke/an4 ,! manuscripts m5tion$ 7 dug out f ! s&-buri$ site ( ,d&an ,uilig1 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an4 ,pr(essor ,wiesn] f\nd t all ! pap]s ( ! ,ra9] collection 7 made ( l95 rag1 ) an occasional trace ( cotton1 probably add$ accid5tally4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ pap] 0 a lett] ,a4,d4 #hgd1 b two docum5ts1 :i* f o!r reasons c\ld be id5tifi$ z belong+ to ,a4,d4 #gib1 prov$ t at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ! ,arabs und]/ood ! art ( mak+ l95 pap] on network m\lds1 & fur!r t !y add$ />* = ! purpose ( siz+ & load+ ! pap]4 ,pr(essor ,k>abacek advances "s +5i\s explanations z to ! orig9 ( ! idea t raw cotton 0 fir/ us$ = pap]-mak+1 & he sugge/s t ! leg5d owes its orig9 to a misund]/&+ ( t]ms4 ,9 m$ival times pap] 0 kn[n z ,*>ta bombyc9a1 & sometimes z ,*>ta ,damasc5a1 ! latt] f its place ( orig94 ,pap] 0 also made 9 ,bambyce1 & a natural confusion arose betwe5 ! t]ms1 s9ce ! ^w bombyx 0 us$ z a "n = cotton1 & ! pap] commonly 9 use sugge/$ t mat]ial to ! m9d ( ! obs]v]1 & ! "n became corrupt$ to bombyc9a4 ,! sugge/ions ( ,pr(essor ,k>abacek1 toge!r ) ! microscopical inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,wiesn]1 appe> to %[ t pap] made entirely f raw cotton fibre 0 n kn[n4 ,inv5tion ( ,rag ,pap]4--,dr4 ,ho]nle1 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 po9ts out t1 tak+ ,a4,d4 #gea z ! date :5 ! ,arabs le>nt ! art ( pap]-mak+1 & ,a4,d4 #gib z ! date :5 pap] made entirely ( l95 rag 0 produc$1 ! date ( ! inv5tion ( rag pap] mu/ lie betwe5 ^! two dates4 ,! docum5ts discov]$ 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an & be>+ ! dates m5tion$1 :i* pap]s fill up ! gap betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #gea & ,a4,d4 #gib1 7 f\nd to conta9 c]ta9 raw fibres1 su* z ,*9a grass1 mulb]ry1 laurel1 z ! ma9 con/itu5ts1 & mac]at$ flax & hemp rags z ! m9or con/itu5ts4 ,! addition & sub/itution ( rag evid5tly increas$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 & s9ce ! improvem5t ?us effect$ soon became an obvi\s & e/abli%$ fact1 ! raw fibres 7 omitt$4 ,h5ce ! cr$it ( ! manufacture ( pure rag pap] w\ld be giv5 to ! p ( ,sam>k&1 ! date be+ betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #gfj & ,a4,d4 #gib2 & fur!r ! con/itution ( su* pap] has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,wiesn] to be l951 & n cotton1 z commonly /at$4 ,^! rese>*es are ( su* int]e/ t we quote ,pr(essor ,ho]nle's translation ( ! summ>y ( ! pr9cipal results ( ,dr4 ,wiesn]'s exam9ation ( ! ,ea/]n ,turke/ani pap]s s rec5tly discov]$3-- ,tak+ into acc\nt ! dates assign$ to ! pap]s on palographic gr\nds1 ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn f ! exam9ation ( _! mat]ial3-- 7#a7 ,! olde/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,turke/ani pap]s1 dat+ f ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,a4,d41 are made ( a mixture ( raw fibres ( ! ba/ ( v>i\s dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,f ^! fibres ! half-/uff = ! pap] 0 made by means ( a rude me*anical process4 7#b7 ,simil> pap]s1 made ( a mixture ( raw fibres1 are also f\nd belong+ to ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? c5turies4 ,b 9 ?is p]iod !re also occur pap]s :i* are made ( a mixture ( rudely p\nd$ rags & ( raw fibres extract$ by mac]ation4 7#c7 ,9 ! same p]iod pap]s make _! appe>ance 9 :i* special me?ods are us$ to r5d] !m capable ( be+ writt5 on1 viz41 coat+ ) gypsum & siz+ ) />* or ) a gelat9e extract$ f li*54 7#d7 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies bo? k9ds ( pap]s are ( equal frequ5cy1 ^? made ( ! raw fibre ( v>i\s dicotyl$on\s plants & ^? made ( a mixture ( rags & raw fibres4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! me?od ( extract+ ! raw fibre is f\nd to improve f a rude /amp+ to mac]ation2 b t ( prep>+ ! rags rema9s a rude /amp+1 & 9 ! half-/uff ?us produc$ f rags x is easy to di/+ui% ! raw fibre f ! cru%$ & brok5 fibre ( ! rags4 7#e7 ,! old ,ea/]n ,turke/ani 7,*9ese7 pap] c be di/+ui%$ f ! old ,arab pap]1 n only by ! raw fibres :i* accompany ! rag fibres1 b also by ! f>-rea*+ de/ruction ( ! latt]4 7#f7 ,! previ\s rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,k>abacek & ! au?or _h %[n t ! inv5tion ( rag pap] 0 n made 9 ,europe by ,g]mans or ,italians ab\t ! turn ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b t ! ,arabs knew its prep>ation z e>ly z ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! pres5t rese>*es n[ fur!r %[ t ! beg9n+s ( ! prep>ation ( rag pap] c be trac$ to ! ,*9ese 9 ! fif? or f\r? c5turies1 or ev5 e>li]4 ,! ,*9ese me?od ( prep>+ rag pap] nev] progress$ beyond its initial l[ /age4 ,x 0 ! ,arabs :o1 hav+ be5 initiat$ into ! art by ! ,*9ese1 improv$ ! me?od ( prep>+ x1 & c>ri$ x to t /age ( p]fection 9 :i* x 0 receiv$ f !m by ! civilis$ peoples ( ,europe 9 ! m$ival ages4 7#g7 ,! au?or has %[n t ! process ( siz+ ! pap] ) />* 9 ord] to improve x 0 already kn[n to ! ,arabs 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! k ( x 0 lo/1 animal glue be+ sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( />*1 till f9ally 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 along ) ! introduction ( pap] ma*9es1 ! old process 0 resuscitat$4 ,b ! inv5tion ( x 0 due to ! ,*9ese4 ,! olde/ ,ea/]n ,turke/ani pap] :i* is siz$ ) />* belongs to ! eigh? c5tury4 7#h7 ,! ,*9ese 7 n only ! inv5tors ( felt$ pap] & ! imitators ( rag pap]--?\gh 9 ! prep>ation ( ! latt] !y made use ( rags only z a surrogate by ! side ( raw fibres--b !y mu/ also be cr$it$ ) be+ ! =]unn]s ( ! mod]n me?od ( prep>+ 'cellulose pap]4' ,= _! v anci5t practice ( extract+ ! fibre f ! b>k & o!r p>ts ( plants by means ( mac]ation is 9 pr9ciple id5tical ) ! mod]n me?od ( extract+ 'cellulose' by means ( c]ta9 *emical processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,an ,e>ly ,pap] ,mill 7f ,kulturhi/oris*es ,bild]bu*1 ,a4,d4 #aefd74 ,pap]-mak+ 9 ,europe4--,! introduction ( ! art into ,europe seems to h tak5 place e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,moors manufactur$ pap] at ,tol$o4 ,! e>ly au?orities :o h /udi$ ?is subject express ! op9ion t ! pap] produc$ 9 ,europe at ?is "t 0 made f cotton rags & f raw cotton1 b1 9 view ( ! rec5t rese>*es into ! composition ( pap]1 x is difficult to say h[ ?is idea arose1 unless we accept ! explanation (f]$ by ,pr(essor ,k>abacek4 ,9 /&>d encyclopdias ! foll[+ /atem5ts are made z to exi/+ e>ly docum5ts pr9t$ on pap] made 9 ,europe3-- ,a4,d4 #ajge4 ,syriac manuscripts ( e>ly date 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a4,d4 #aajb4 ,a docum5t pr9t$ on cotton1 be+ a de$ ( ,k+ ,rog] ( ,sicily1 n[ at ,vi5na4 ,a4,d4 #aagh4 ,a treaty ( peace betwe5 ! ,k+s ( ,aragon & ,spa91 said to be pr9t$ on l95 pap]1 pres]v$ at ,b>celona4 ,a4,d4 #abbc4 ,! ,lib] ,plegi]um1 pr9t$ on r\gh cotton pap]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ books on ?is subject is ! ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,sub/ances us$ to describe ,ev5ts f ! ,e>lie/ ,date1 by ,mat?ias ,koops1 publi%$ 9 #ahjj4 ,?is writ] appe>s to h obta9$ mo/ ( 8 in=mation f ,g]man au?orities4 ,! indu/ry ( pap]-mak+ pass$ ?r\gh ,spa9 into ,italy1 ,france1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #aahi pap] 0 be+ manufactur$ at ,ha9ault1 9 ,france1 & ! indu/ry rapidly spread all ov] ! ,cont95t4 ,9 #acij ,ulman ,/rom] e/abli%$ a mill at ,nuremb]g1 9 ,g]many1 employ+ a great numb] ( m51 :o 7 oblig$ to take an oa? t !y w\ld n tea* anyone ! art ( pap]-mak+ or make pap] on _! own acc\nt4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,dut* endeav\r$ to protect _! indu/ry by mak+ ! exportation ( m\lds = pap]-mak+ an (f5ce puni%able by dea?4 ,! bulk ( ! pap] us$ 9 ,engl& 0 import$ f ,france & ,holl&1 & x 0 _m ye>s be=e ! indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is n surpris+ 9 view ( ! protective & cons]vative policy ( ! ,cont95tal pap]-mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! ,pap] ,mill ( ,ulman ,/rom]1 ,a4,d4 #acij 7suppos$ to be ! olde/ kn[n draw+ ( a ,pap] ,mill74 ,pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl&4--,! actual p]iod at :i* ! manufacture ( pap] 0 fir/ />t$ 9 ,engl& is some:at unc]ta94 ,! fir/ m5tion ( any pap]-mak] is f\nd 9 ,wynkyn de ,worde's ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 pr9t$ by ,caxton 9 #adie1 ! ref]5ce be+ z foll[s3-- ,& ,john ,tate ! y\ng]1 joye mote he brok1 ,:i* late ha! 9 ,engl&1 doo ,make ?ys pap] ?ynne1 ,t n[ 9 our ,englys% ,?ys booke is prynt$ inne4 ,john ,tate 0 ! own] ( a mill at ,/ev5age1 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,9 ! h\sehold book ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 an entry = ! ye> #adii reads1 ,gev5 9 rew>de to ,tate ( ! mylne1 #fs4 #h;d4 ,9 #aehh a pap] mill 0 erect$ by ,sir ,john ,spielman1 a ,g]man1 :o obta9$ a lic5ce f ,que5 ,elizabe? = ! sole ga!r+ = t5 ye>s ( all rags1 etc41 necess>y = ! mak+ ( pap]4 ,?is pap] mill 0 eulogis$ by ,?omas ,*ur*y>d 9 a long poem ( =ty-f\r /anzas1 ( :i* we quote two3-- ,i prayse ! man t fir/ did pap] make1 ,! only ?+ t sets all virtues =?2 ,x %oes new bookes1 & keeps old workes awake1 ,mu* m ( price ?an all ! _w is wor?3 ,x witnesse be>s ( fri5d%ip1 "t1 & tro?1 ,& is ! tromp ( vice & virtue bo?2 ,)\t ^: help no hap nor weal? is won1 ,& by ^: ayde great works & de$es are done4 ,six hundr$ m5 are set to worke by him ,t else might />ve1 or seeke abroad _! bread1 ,:o n[ live well1 & goe full brave & trim1 ,& :o may boa/ !y are ) pap] f$4 ,/range is t foode1 yet /rang] made ! same1 ,= great] help1 ,i gesse1 he _c give ,?an by 8 help to make poore folk to live4 ,! indu/ry made b little progress = "s "t aft] ,spielman's dea?1 & up till #afgj ! supplies ( pap] 7 obta9$ almo/ entirely f ,france4 ,! fir/ ,briti% pat5t = pap]-mak+ 0 grant$ to ,*>les ,hildey>d 9 #affe = ! way & art ( mak+ blue pap] us$ by sug> bak]s & o!rs4 ,! trade receiv$ a great impetus on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ,hugu5ots :o _h fl$ to ,engl& f ,france 9 consequ5ce ( ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe4 ,9 #afie a company 0 =m$ 9 ,scotl& = ! manufacture ( :ite & pr9t+ pap]4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! art 7 sl[ until #agfj1 :5 ,:atman1 ^: "n has s9ce become fam\s 9 connection ) pap]1 comm5c$ op]ations at ,maid/one4 ,meantime ! me?ods by :i* ! rags 7 conv]t$ into pap] 7 exce$+ly sl[ & clumsy1 s t ! output ( f9i%$ pap] 0 v small4 ,"s int]e/+ details z to ! e>ly manufacture ( pap] 9 ,engl& are giv5 by ,mr4 ,rhys ,j5k9s1 & f 8 acc\nt ( ,e>ly ,attempts at ,pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl&1 #adie-aghh1 ! foll[+ extracts h be5 made3-- ,ab\t #adif4 ,fir/ attempts at pap]-mak+ by ,john ,tate at ,h]t=d4 #adif4 ,tate's pap] us$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um4 #aeeg4 ,a pap] mill 9 exi/5ce at ,f5ditton1 ,cambridge4 #aefi4 ,a mill at ,bemm>ton1 ,wilts4 #aegd4 ,mill erect$ at ,o/]ley1 ,middlesex1 by ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am4 #aehe4 ,ri*>d ,tottyl ask$ = sole "r to make pap] = ?irty-"o ye>s1 :i* 0 n grant$4 #aehh4 ,john ,spilman erect$ a mill at ,d>t=d1 ,k5t4 ,grant$ a pat5t = sole manufacture ( pap]4 #aehh4 ,*ur*y>d's poem on ! ,pap] ,myll built ne> ,d>?=d by ,ma/] ,spilman4 #afab4 ,rob]t ,heyricke's mill at ,cannock ,*ase1 ,/af=d%ire4 #afcf4 ,! ?ree or f\r pap] mills 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,h\nsl[ & ,colnbrook tempor>ily %ut d[n on acc\nt ( ! plague1 ! collection ( rags hav+ be5 =bidd54 #affe4 ,pat5t grant$ to ,*>les ,hildey>d = an inv5tion1 ! way & art ( mak+ blew pap] us$ by sug> bak]s & o!rs4 #afge4 ,approximate date ( erection ( mills at ,wolv]cote1 ,ox=d1 :]e ! ,ox=d ,india pap] is n[ made4 #afgh4 ,mill at ,byfleet1 ,surrey1 m5tion$ by ,evelyn 9 8 di>y4 #afhb4 ,blad5--,a pat5t = an eng9e & process :]eby rags are wr\ght into pap]4 #afhd4 ,baysmak]--,a pat5t = ! art & mi/]y ( mak+ pap] 9 :ole %eets4 #afhd4 ,jackson--,a pat5t = an eng9e1 ei!r = w9d or wat]1 :i* prep>e? all mat]ials :]e( pap] may be made4 ,evid5tly ,jackson 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,holl&] beat+ eng9e4 #afhf4 ,a *>t] grant$ to ! ,:ite ,pap] ,mak]s' ,company = ! sole "r ( mak+ pap] exce$+ #ds4 a ream 9 value4 #afgd4 ,annual importation ( pap]1 presumably f ,france1 /at$ to be #afj1jjj reams1 ( av]age value ( #es4 7,som]s74 #afhi4 ,trade ) ,france prohibit$ by royal proclamation4 #afif4 ,price ( pap] v high ow+ to sc>city1 be+ #aas4 p] ream4 #agab4 ,duties levi$ on all k9ds ( pap]1 manufactur$ or import$4 #agbe4 ,monopoly ( mak+ pap] = ,bank ( ,engl& notes grant$ to ,de ,portal1 ( ! ,lav]/oke mills1 ,hamp%ire4 ,?is pap] is /ill made by ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,portal4 #agci4 ,galliott & ,p>ry e/imat$ t !re 7 #fjj pap] mills 9 ,engl&1 mak+ #f1jjj reams a day4 ,! ,commission] ( ,excise report$ only #bgh4 #agci4 ,james ,:atman erect$ a mill at ,boxley1 ,maid/one4 #ageh4 ,bask]ville pr9t$ an edition ( ,virgil on s-call$ wov5 pap]4 ,e>ly ,me?ods4--,! mo/ rapid developm5t ( ! indu/ry appe>s to h tak5 place 9 ,holl&4 ,! rags us$ = pap]-mak+ 7 moi/5$ ) wat] & /or$ up 9 heaps until !y f]m5t$ & became hot4 ,by ?is means ! dirt & non-fibr\s matt] 0 r5d]$ p>tially soluble1 s t on wa%+ a suitable pap] pulp 0 obta9$4 ,! wa%$ rags 7 !n plac$ 9 a /amp+ ma*9e resembl+ an ord9>y pe/le & mort>4 ,! mort>s 7 con/ruct$ ( /one & wood1 & ! /amps 7 kept 9 motion by lev]s :i* 7 rais$ by projections fix$ on ! %aft ( a wat]:eel4 ,! op]ation ( beat+ ?us occupi$ a long p]iod1 b ! pap] produc$ 0 ( great /r5g?4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,holl&]1 a simple yet +5i\s eng9e :i* is des]v$ly kn[n by ! "n ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x fir/ orig9at$1 gave a trem5d\s impetus to ! art ( pap]-mak+1 z by its means ! quantity ( mat]ial :i* c\ld be treat$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 greatly increas$4 ,un=tunately ! date ( ! inv5tion ( ?is important ma*9e has n be5 def9itely trac$4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( x seems to occur 9 ,/urm's ,voll/ndige ,mhl5 ,baukun/1 publi%$ 9 #agah4 ,x 0 9 ext5sive use at ,sa>dam 9 #afig1 s t ! inv5tion is at lea/ "s ye>s previ\s to #afij4 ,on ?is po9t ,koops says3 ,9 ,geld]l& are a great _m mills1 b "s s small t !y are only able to make #djj reams ( pap] annually1 & !re are also wat] mills ) /amp]s1 l ^? 9 ,g]many4 ,b 9 ! prov9ce ( ,holl& !re are w9dmills1 ) cutt+ & gr9d+ eng9es1 :i* d m 9 two h\rs ?an ! o!rs d 9 twelve4 ,9 ,sa>dam #a1jjj p]sons are employ$ 9 pap]-mak+4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,f\rdr9i] ,,pap] ,,ma*9e4 ,up till ! ye> #agii pap] 0 made entirely 9 %eets on a h& m\ld1 b dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury a ,fr5*man1 ,ni*olas ,l\is ,rob]t1 manag] = ,m4 ,didot1 :o own$ a pap] mill at ,essones1 _h be5 exp]im5t+ = ! purpose ( mak+ pap] 9 ! =m ( a cont9u\s %eet1 & ev5tually produc$ "s ( consid]able l5g?4 ,! idea 0 tak5 to ,engl& by ,didot's bro!r-9-law1 ,gamble1 & introduc$ to ! notice ( ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]1 :olesale /ation]s1 ( ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! ,fir/ ,pap] ,ma*9e1 ,a4,d4 #ahjb4 ,plan & ,elevation4 ,! fir/ ma*9e 0 naturally a v crude affair4 ,x consi/$ ( an endless wire clo? /ret*$ 9 a horizontal position on two roll]s1 "o ( :i* rotat$ freely 9 a be>+ atta*$ to ! frame ( ! ma*9e1 ! o!r be+ fitt$ 9 an adju/able be>+ s t ! wire c\ld be tight5$ up :5 necess>y4 ,! beat5 pulp1 conta9$ 9 a vat plac$ bel[ ! wire1 0 ?r[n up 9 a cont9ual /ream ^u ! surface ( ! wire1 & c>ri$ =w>d t[>ds ! squeez+ rolls4 ,a %ak+ motion 0 imp>t$ to ! travell+ wire s z to cause ! fibres to felt prop]ly4 ,a great deal ( ! wat] fell ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! gauze1 & fur!r quantities 7 remov$ by means ( ! press rolls4 ,! wet pap] 0 !n w\nd up on to a wood5 roll]1 :i* 0 tak5 out z soon z suffici5t pap] _h be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! ,improv$ ,pap] ,ma*9e ( ,a4,d4 #ahaj4 ,! :ole process 0 c>ri$ on "u great difficulties1 b sub/antial improvem5ts 7 soon made by ! ent]pris+ ,f\rdr9i]s1 :o comm5c$ op]ations 9 ,b]mondsey1 employ+ ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk91 !n 9 ! s]vice ( ,messrs4 ,hall ,co41 ( ,d>t=d1 :o _h %[n himself ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,9 #ahjc ! fir/ ,f\rdr9i]1 s call$1 0 built at ,b]mondsey1 & erect$ at ,two ,wat]s ,mill 9 ,h]e=d%ire4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! mixture ( pulp & wat] 0 c>ri$ =w>d betwe5 two wires1 &1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! c\* rolls1 transf]r$ to an endless felt4 ,?is arrangem5t prov$ to be faulty because ! wat] did n escape freely en\gh f ! wire1 & a great deal ( ! pap] 0 spoilt4 ,donk91 h[ev]1 hit ^u a simple b effective device = cur+ ?is fault by alt]+ ! relative position ( ! two c\* rolls4 ,in/ead ( keep+ ! two rolls exactly 9 a v]tical position "o ov] ! o!r1 he plac$ !m at a slight angle s t ! upp] "o %\ld be> g5tly on ! web ( pap] c>ri$ by ! wire be=e receiv+ ! full pressure ( ! rolls1 & ?us remove a great] proportion ( ! wat]4 ,9 ?is way ! pap] 0 firm] & less liable to break :5 press$ betwe5 ! c\* rolls1 an additional advantage be+ secur$ 9 ! fact t ! upp] wire c\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,! v>i\s improvem5ts effect$ result$ 9 a ma*9e ! details ( :i* appe> 9 ! app5d$ diagram1 ! device ( ! incl9$ c\* rolls be+ fitt$ ab\t #ahaj4 ,! mixture ( wat] & pulp fl[$ f a /uff *e/ into a small regulat+ box & on to ! wire ov] a slop+ bo>d4 ,! pulp at once =m$ into a wet %eet ( pap]1 ! wat] fall+ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! wire1 be+ caught 9 a bucket-%ap$ appliance1 & convey$ back to ! regulat+ box4 ,! /ream ( pulp 0 conf9$ ^u ! wire by means ( a deckle4 ,fur!r quantities ( wat] 7 remov$ by ! aid ( a pair ( squeez+ rolls be=e ! web pass$ ?r\gh ! c\* rolls aft] :i* ! pap] 0 reel$ up on a wood5 sp9dle4 ,f ?is date ! success ( ! ma*9e 0 assur$1 ?\gh ! inv5tor & 8 colleagues 7 practically ru9$1 an exp]i5ce only too common ) ! e>ly pione]s ( _m great & useful indu/rial ent]prises4 ,9 fact1 ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,donk9 7 ! only p to pr(it f ! inv5tion1 = !y manufactur$ a numb] ( ma*9es1 z /at$ 9 ! report ( ! ,jurors ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 & f #ahjc to #ahea no less ?an #aij ,f\rdr9i]s 7 set to "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,cellulose ,,& ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,fibres ,:5 plants su* z flax1 cotton1 /raw1 hemp1 & o!r v>ieties ( ! vegetable k+dom are dige/$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda1 wa%$1 & !n blea*$ by means ( *loride ( lime1 a fibr\s mass is obta9$ m or less :ite 9 col\r4 ,?is is ! sub/ance kn[n to pap]-mak]s z pap] pulp1 & ! sev]al modifications ( x d]iv$ f diff]5t plants are g5]ally kn[n to *emi/s z cellulose4 ,al?\gh plants diff] greatly 9 physical /ructure & g5]al appe>ance1 yet !y all conta9 tissue :i* "u suitable treatm5t yields a def9ite proportion ( ?is fibr\s sub/ance4 ,! prep>ation ( a small quantity ( cellulose f mat]ials l /raw1 rope1 hemp1 ! /r+y b>k ( g>d5 %rubs1 wood1 & bamboo c easily be accompli%$ )\t special appliances4 ,s(t mat]ials1 su* z /raw & hemp1 are cut up into %ort pieces1 h>d sub/ances l wood & bamboo are ?or\ghly hamm]$ out1 9 ord] to secure a f9e subdivision ( ! mass4 ,! fibre s prep>$ is !n plac$ 9 a small iron saucepan1 & cov]$ ) a solution made up ( t5 p>ts ( cau/ic soda & #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! mat]ial is boil$ g5tly = eight or t5 h\rs1 ! wat] :i* is lo/ ?r\gh evaporation ( /eam be+ replac$ by fre% quantities ( hot wat] at regul> int]vals4 ,:5 ! fibr\s mass breaks up readily betwe5 ! f+]s1 x is p\r$ into a sieve1 or on a piece ( musl9 /ret*$ ov] a bas91 & wa%$ completely ) hot wat] until clean & free f alkali4 ,h>d pieces & portions :i* seem incompletely boil$ are remov$1 & ! residual fibres sep>at$ out4 ,^! fibres are plac$ 9 a weak1 cle> solution ( ord9>y blea*+ p[d]1 left = sev]al h\rs1 & subsequ5tly ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,?is simple process w give a m or less :ite fibr\s mat]ial4 ,! pure/ =m ( cellulose is cotton4 ,a v slight alkal9e treatm5t1 foll[$ by blea*+1 is suffici5t to remove ! non-fibr\s con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 & a l>ge yield ( cellulose is obta9$4 ,= ?is reason ! cotton fibre ranks high z an almo/ ideal mat]ial = pap]-mak+1 possess+ ! quality ( durability4 ,cellulose is an organic comp\nd1 conta9+ c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,c>bon #ddb ,hydrog5 #fc ,oxyg5 #die ----- #ajjj ,its composition is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,! celluloses obta9$ f v>i\s plants are n id5tical ei!r 9 physical /ructure & *emical con/itution1 or z to _! behavi\r :5 employ$ = pap]-mak+4 ,9 fact1 ! well-kn[n diff]5ces betwe5 ! raw mat]ials us$ = pap]-mak+1 & also betwe5 ! num]\s v>ieties ( f9i%$ pap]1 are to be l>gely acc\nt$ = & expla9$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! cellulose gr\p1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! microscopic *>act]i/ics & ! *emical composition ( ! individual species4 ,! only vegetable sub/ance :i* may be reg>d$ z a simple cellulose is cotton1 all o!rs be+ comp\nd celluloses ( v>y+ con/itution1 ! nature ( :i* _c be appreciat$ )\t a consid]able k ( *emi/ry4 ,! classification ( su* plants1 !re=e1 9 a book ( ?is description mu/ be limit$ to c]ta9 di/9ctions hav+ "s imm$iate practical be>+ on ! "q ( pap] manufacture4 ,cotton4--,reg>d$ z ! typical simple cellulose1 conta9+ #ia p] c5t4 ( cellulose1 & rem>kable = its resi/ance to ! action ( cau/ic soda4 ,l954--,! cellulose isolat$ f flax by treatm5t ) alkali or cau/ic soda _c readily be di/+ui%$ f cotton cellulose by *emical analysis or reactions4 ,! diff]5ce is almo/ entirely a physical "o4 ,flax is a typical comp\nd cellulose1 to :i* has be5 giv5 ! "n pecto-cellulose on acc\nt ( c]ta9 prop]ties4 ,o!r well-kn[n plants ( ?is class are ramie1 aloe1 sunn hemp1 manila4 ,esp>to4--,! cellulose isolat$ f esp>to diff]s 9 composition f cotton cellulose3-- ,c>bon #daj ,hydrog5 #eh ,oxyg5 #ecb ----- #ajjj ----- ,x is reg>d$ z an oxycellulose1 be+ readily oxidis$ by exposure to air at #ajj ,c4 ,o!r oxycelluloses famili> to ! pap]-mak] are /raw1 sug>cane1 bamboo4 ,wood4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 wood & ! plants already m5tion$ is express$ by ! t]m lignifi$ fibre or ligno-cellulose4 ,?is t]m is us$ to indicate t ! wood is a comp\nd cellulose conta9+ non-fibr\s con/itu5ts1 to :i* has be5 giv5 ! "n lignone4 ,jute is ano!r example ( ?is class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! di/9ctions may be exemplifi$ by ref]5ce to a simple exp]im5t4 ,if ?ree pap]s1 su* z a pure rag tissue or a l95 writ+1 an ord9>y esp>to pr9t+1 & a *eap newspap] conta9+ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( me*anical wood1 are heat$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #aje ,c41 ! fir/ w und]go little1 if any1 *ange 9 col\r1 :ile ! o!rs w be appreciably discol\r$1 ! me*anical wood pulp pap] mo/ ( all4 ,?is *ange is due to ! gradual oxidation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! pap]1 ! ligno-cellulose ( ! me*anical wood pulp be+ mo/ readily affect$ by ! high temp]ature1 & ! pure cellulose ( ! rag pap] be+ lea/ alt]$4 ,! process ( oxidation1 br\ght ab\t rapidly "u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t describ$1 takes place 9 pap]s ( l[ quality expos$ to air 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( daily use1 b ( c\rse at an extremely sl[ rate4 ,! det]ioration ( su* pap] is n1 h[ev]1 due to ! simple oxidation ( ! cellulose comp\nds1 because o!r factors h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! pres5ce ( impurities 9 ! pap] on ! "o h&1 & ( *emical vap\rs 9 ! air on ! o!r1 ha/5s ! decay ( pap]s v consid]ably4 ,p]c5tage ( ,cellulose 9 ,fibr\s ,plants4--,! value ( a vegetable plant = pap]-mak+ is fir/ det]m9$ by a close exam9ation ( ! physical /ructure ( ! cellulose isolat$ by ! ord9>y me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,if ! fibres are weak & %ort1 ! raw mat]ial is ( little value1 & x is at once condemn$ )\t fur!r inve/igation1 b %\ld ! fibre prove suitable1 !n ! "q ( ! p]c5tage ( cellulose becomes important4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods employ$ = e/imat+ ! am\nt ( cellulose 9 plants4 ,! process giv+ a maximum yield is kn[n z ! *lor9ation me?od1 ! details ( :i* are z foll[s3--,ab\t t5 grammes ( ! air-dri$ fibre is dri$ at #ajj ,c4 9 a wat] ov5 = ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 ,a second t5 grammes ( ! air-dri$ fibre is boil$ = ?irty m9utes ) a weak solution ( pure cau/ic soda 7t5 grammes ( cau/ic soda 9 #a1jjj cubic c5timetres ( wat]71 small quantities ( di/ill$ wat] be+ add$ at frequ5t int]vals to replace wat] lo/ by evaporation4 ,! residue is !n p\r$ on to a piece ( small wire gauze1 wa%$ ?or\ghly1 & squeez$ out4 ,! moi/ mass ( fibre is loos5$ & teas$ out1 plac$ 9 a beak]1 & submitt$ to ! action ( *lor9e gas = an h\r4 ,! bright yell[ mass is !n wa%$ ) wat] & imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sodium sulphite 7tw5ty grammes ( sodium sulphite 9 #a1jjj cc4 ( wat]74 ,! mixture is sl[ly heat$1 & f9ally boil$ = eight to t5 m9utes1 ) ! addition ( #aj cc4 ( cau/ic soda solution4 ,! residue is wa%$1 imm]s$ 9 dilute sodium hypo*lorite solution = t5 m9utes1 aga9 wa%$1 fir/ ) wat] conta9+ a little sulphur\s acid & !n ) pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,x is f9ally dri$ & weigh$4 ,! second process = e/imat+ cellulose is bas$ ^u ! use ( brom9e & ammonia4 ,ab\t t5 grammes ( ! air-dri$ fibre is plac$ 9 a well-/opp]$ wide-m\!d bottle ) suffici5t brom9e wat] to cov] x4 ,z ! reaction proce$s ! r$ solution gradually decol\rises1 & fur!r small additions ( brom9e are necess>y4 ,! mass is !n wa%$1 & boil$ 9 a flask connect$ to a cond5s] ) a /rong solution ( ammonia = ab\t ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,! fibr\s residue is wa%$1 aga9 treat$ ) brom9e wat] 9 ! cold1 & subsequ5tly boil$ ) ammonia4 ,! alt]native treatm5t ) brom9e & ammonia is repeat$ until a :ite fibr\s mass is obta9$4 ,9 practice ! pap]-mak] is conf9$ to two or ?ree me?ods = ! isolation ( ! fibres1 viz41 alkal9e processes1 :i* require ! dige/ion ( ! mat]ial ) cau/ic soda1 lime1 lime & c>bonate ( soda1 *iefly appli$ to ! boil+ ( rags1 esp>to1 & simil> pecto-celluloses2 acid processes1 9 :i* ! mat]ial is dige/$ ) sulphur\s acid & sulphites4 ,! latt] me?ods are at pres5t almo/ exclusively us$ = ! prep>ation ( *emical wood pulp4 ,yields ( ,cellulose 9 ! ,pap] ,mill4--,! object ( ! pap]-mak] is to obta9 a maximum yield ( cellulose residue at a m9imum ( co/4 ,usually ! am\nt ( actual blea*$ pap] pulp obta9$ 9 ! mill is less ?an ! p]c5tage obta9$ by c>eful quantitative analysis1 = reasons easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! raw mat]ial is dige/$ = a /at$ p]iod ) a c>efully measur$ quantity ( cau/ic soda1 = example1 at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,n[ ! conditions ( boil+ may be v>i$ by alt]+ "o or m ( ^! factors1 ! p]iod ( boil+1 ! /r5g? ( solution1 or ! /eam pressure1 & ! pap]-mak] mu/ ex]cise 8 judgm5t 9 fix+ ! exact relation betwe5 ! v>y+ factors s z to produce ! be/ results4 ,9 ! second place1 ! me*anical devices = wa%+ ! boil$ pulp & = blea*+ cause slight losses ( fibre1 :i* _c be altoge!r avoid$ :5 op]ations are conduct$ on a l>ge scale4 ,frequ5tly1 also1 a great] yield ( boil$ mat]ial may involve a l>g] quantity ( blea*+ p[d]1 s t x is evid5t ! adju/m5t ( practical conditions requires consid]able te*nical skill & exp]i5ce4 ,! p]c5tage ( cellulose 9 ! vegetable plants employ$ m or less 9 ! manufacture ( pap] is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,cellulose ,,9 ,,fibr\s ,,plants4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,fibre4 ,cellulose1 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,cotton #iaj ,flax #hbj ,hemp #ggj ,ramie #gfj ,manila #fdj ,jute #fdj ,wood 7p9e7 #egj ,bagasse #ejj ,bamboo #dhj ,esp>to #dh to #db ,/raw #dh to #dj ---------------------------------------- --- ,! ,prop]ties ( ,cellulose4--,cellulose is rem>kably in]t t[>ds all ord9>y solv5ts su* z wat]1 alcohol1 turp5t9e1 b5z5e1 & simil> reag5ts1 a prop]ty :i* r5d]s x extremely useful 9 _m indu/ries1 ) ! result t ! indu/rial applications ( cellulose are num]\s & exce$+ly v>i$4 ,solubility4--,cellulose is dissolv$ :5 br\ght into contact ) c]ta9 metallic salts1 b x behaves q diff]5tly to ord9>y organic comp\nds4 ,sug>1 = example1 is a cry/all9e body soluble 9 wat]1 & c be recov]$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate by gradual evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,cellulose "u suitable conditions c be dissolv$1 b x _c be reproduc$ 9 /ructural =m id5tical ) ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,if cellulose is g5tly heat$ 9 a /rong aque\s solution ( z9c *loride1 x gradually dissolves1 a ?ick syrupy mass be+ obta9$1 :i* consi/s ( a gelat9\s solution ( cellulose4 ,if ! mixture is dilut$ ) cold wat]1 a precipitate is produc$ consi/+ ( cellulose hydrate intimately associat$ ) oxide ( z9c1 :i* latt] c be dissolv$ out by means ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! result+ product is n1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al sub/ance1 b a hydrat$ cellulose1 devoid ( any cry/all9e /ructure4 ,cellulose is also soluble 9 ammoniacal solutions ( cupric oxide1 f :i* x c be precipitat$ by acids or by sub/ances :i* act z dehydrat+ ag5ts1 e4g41 alcohol4 ,hydrolysis4--,an explanation ( ! behavi\r ( cellulose t[>ds ! solv5ts already m5tion$1 & t[>ds acid & alkali1 requires a ref]5ce to its *emical composition4 ,! sub/ance is a comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e be+ "o ( a class ( organic comp\nds kn[n z c>bohydrates1 s designat$ because ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 are pres5t 9 ! proportions :i* exi/ 9 wat]4 ,wat] ,hydrog5 ,oxyg5 ,h#b ,o4 ,! ,h#aj,o#e 9 ! cellulose =mula corresponds to #e 7,h#b,o74 ,:5 cellulose is act$ ^u by acid1 alkali1 & c]ta9 metallic salts1 x ent]s into comb9ation ) "o or m proportions ( wat]1 =m+ cellulose hydrates ( v>y+ complexity4 ,?is *ange is usually t]m$ hydrolysis4 ,) m9]al acids l sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 cellulose1 if boil$ 9 weak solutions1 is conv]t$ into a non-fibr\s brittle sub/ance hav+ ! composition ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj #b ,h#b,o to :i* ! "n hydra-cellulose has be5 giv54 ,simil> *anges occur1 b at a mu* sl[] rate1 :5 cellulose is 9 contact ) free acids at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,= ?is reason x is important t pap]1 :5 f9i%$1 %\ld n be contam9at$ ) free acid4 ,! nature & ext5t ( ! *emical *ange c be v>i$ by alt]+ ! /r5g? ( ! acid & ! conditions ( treatm5t4 ,! manufacture ( p>*m5t pap] is an example ( ! practical utility ( ! *emical reaction betwe5 cellulose & acid4 ,a %eet ( pap] is dipp$ into a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid & "o "p ( wat]1 :5 x becomes transp>5t4 ,left 9 ! solution x dissolves1 b if tak5 out & dipp$ into wat] 9 ord] to wa% (f ! acid ! reaction is /opp$1 & a t\gh semi-transp>5t piece ( p>*m5t is obta9$4 ,! cellulose is m or less hydrat$1 hav+ ! composition ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj ,h#b,o1 a sub/ance hav+ ! "n amyloid4 ,oxidation4--,cellulose is only oxidis$ to any appreciable ext5t by acid & alkali if treat$ "u sev]e conditions4 ,x is rem>kable t ! processes necess>y = isolat+ pap] pulp f plants :5 dige/$ ) ^! *emical reag5ts d n act ^u or de/roy ! fibre1 & ?is capacity = resi/+ oxidation has r5d]$ cellulose extremely valuable to _m ( ! mo/ important indu/ries4 ,! resi/ant p[] ( ! cellulose is1 h[ev]1 brok5 d[n by ! use ( acid & alkali 9 conc5trat$ =m4 ,oxalic & acetic acids are obta9$ :5 cellulose is heat$ /rongly at #bej ,c4 ) solid cau/ic soda4 ,oxy-cellulose1 a :ite friable p[d]1 is produc$ by means ( /rong m9]al acids4 ,nitric acid at #ajj ,c4 attacks ! fibre v readily & produces ab\t #cj-dj p] c5t4 ( ! oxidis$ cellulose4 ,,cellulose ,,d]ivatives4 ,! great numb] ( comp\nds & d]ivatives1 i4e41 sub/ances obta9$ by *emical treatm5t1 may be judg$ f ! foll[+ li/4 ,! sub/ances ( comm]cial importance are suitably di/+ui%$ f ^? ( m]ely sci5tific int]e/ by ! pr9t+ ( ! names 9 small capitals4 ,,acetic ,,acid4--,an important comm]cial product obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood4 ,! crude pyroligne\s acid is fir/ neutralis$ ) *alk or lime1 & ! calcium acetate =m$ !n di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,wood yields #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( acetic acid accord+ to ! nature ( ! wood4 ,,acetone4--,a solv5t = res9s1 gums1 camphor1 gun cotton1 & o!r cellulose products4 ,prep>$ by di/ill+ b>ium or calcium acetate 9 iron /ills1 ! acetate be+ obta9$ f ! crude acetic acid produc$ by ! dry di/illation ( wood4 ,acid ,cellulose4--7,see ,hydral-,cellulose47 ,adipo-,cellulose4--,a di/9ct comp\nd cellulose pres5t 9 ! complex cuticul> tissue ( plants1 & sep>at$ easily by suitable solv5ts f ! wax & oily con/itu5ts also pres5t4 ,,alkali ,,cellulose4--,:5 cotton pulp is intimately mix$ ) /rong cau/ic soda solution1 ?is comp\nd is =m$4 ,x is utilis$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,viscose4 ,amyloid4--,/rong sulphuric acid acts ^u cellulose & conv]ts x into a gelat9\s semi-transp>5t sub/ance to :i* ! "n amyloid has be5 giv54 7,see ,p>*m5t ,pap]47 ,,balli/ite4--,a smokeless p[d] compos$ ( ne>ly equal p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e & nitrat$ cellulose1 ) a small quantity ( diph5ylam9e4 ,c>bohydrate4--,a l>ge numb] ( important comm]cial products1 su* z cellulose1 sug>s1 />*es1 & gums1 consi/ ( ! elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 associat$ 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! ratio ( hydrog5 to oxyg5 9 ^! comp\nds is always #b3a 7,h#b & ,o74 ,cellulose ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,sug> ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f4 ,dextr9 n 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74 ,to all ^! sub/ances ! t]m c>bohydrate is appli$4 ,cellox9 7,toll5s74--,a sub/ance hav+ ! /at$ composition ,c#h;,h#f,o#f consid]$ to be pres5t 9 oxidis$ d]ivatives ( cellulose4 ,,celluloid4--,?is well-kn[n mat]ial is made by incorporat+ camphor ) nitro-cellulose1 a pla/ic ivory-l sub/ance be+ produc$4 ,9 practice ! process is z foll[s3--,wood pulp or wood pulp pap] is saturat$ ) a mixture ( sulphuric acid 7five p>ts7 & nitric acid 7two p>ts71 :i* produces nitrat$ cellulose4 ,! product is wa%$1 gr\nd1 & mix$ ) camphor1 ! ma/ication be+ effect$ by heavy iron roll]s4 ,! mass ?ick5s & c be remov$ 9 ! =m ( ?ick %eets4 ,^! %eets are submitt$ to great pressure betwe5 /eam-heat$ plates4 ,! cake obta9$ is cut into %eets ( any desir$ ?ickness1 season$ by prolong$ /orage1 & aft]w>ds work$ up into boxes1 combs1 bru%-backs1 & _m o!r dome/ic articles ( a useful & ornam5tal "*4 ,,cellulose ,,acetate 7,cross74--,if cellulose is heat$ ) acetic anhydride at #ahj ,c41 visc\s solutions ( ! acetates are obta9$4 ,! process yield+ a def9ite acetate ( comm]cial value is bas$ ^u ! foll[+ reaction3--#ajj p>ts ( cellulose prep>$ f ! sulpho-c>bonate are mix$ ) #abj p>ts ( z9c acetate1 heat$ & dri$ at #aje ,c4 ,acetic anhydride is add$ 9 small quantity1 & #ajj p>ts ( acetyl *loride4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 ! mixture becomes liquid1 & cellulose acetate is subsequ5tly obta9$ z a :ite p[d]4 ,! comp\nd c be us$ 9 ! place ( cellulose nitrate1 &1 be+ non-explosive1 may gradually replace ! latt] 9 _m indu/rial applications4 ,cellulose-,b5zoate4--,:5 alkali cellulose is heat$ ) b5zoyl *loride & excess ( cau/ic soda1 ?is sub/ance is obta9$4 ,cellulose ,hydrate4--,! sub/ances produc$ by ! action ( acid & alkali on cellulose "u c]ta9 /rictly def9$ conditions are bodies conta9+ cellulose unit$ ) wat] to =m hydrates4 ,! indu/rial applications ( cellulose bas$ ^u ?is reaction are describ$ "u ! special head+s4 ,,cellulose ,,nitrate4--,a consid]able numb] ( d]ivatives are obta9$ by br++ cellulose into contact ) nitric acid4 ,v>iations 9 ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 ! temp]ature ( reaction1 & ! "t ( contact det]m9e ! nature ( ! product4 ,! be/ kn[n nitrates are3-- ,cellulose di-nitrate4 ,cellulose tri-nitrate & tetra-nitrate1 pres5t *iefly 9 pyroxyl9e4 ,cellulose p5ta-nitrate4 ,cellulose hexa-nitrate1 ! *ief con/itu5t ( gun-cotton4 ,,*>coal4--,n a cellulose d]ivative 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 *>coal be+ a residue obta9$ 9 ! dry di/illation ( wood4 ,,collodion4--,a soluble nitrate ( cellulose us$ 9 photography4 7,see ,pyroxyl9e47 ,,cordite4--,a smokeless p[d] consi/+ ma9ly ( nitro-glyc]9e & gun-cotton mix$ ) acetone4 ,! mat]ials are ?or\ghly incorporat$ & ! resultant pa/e =m$ into ?reads :i* are dy$ & !n cut up into suitable l5g?s = c>tridges4 ,cuto-,cellulose4--,synonym\s ) adipo-cellulose4 ,dextron4--,a comp\nd prep>$ f ! wa/e liquors ( ! bisulphite process us$ = ! manufacture ( wood pulp4 ,resembles dextr9 9 its physical prop]ties4 ,,dextrose4--,a c>bohydrate :i* c be obta9$ by ! action ( m9]al acids on cellulose4 ,comm]cial dextrose1 or glucose1 is prep>$ by ! conv]sion ( />* ) sulphuric acid4 ,! />* is mix$ ) dilute acid at a fix$ temp]ature1 & ! />* milk obta9$ p\r$ gradually into a vessel conta9+ dilute acid1 :i* is ma9ta9$ at boil+ po9t4 ,! conv]sion is complete & rapid4 ,,explosives4--,! production ( ! sev]al cellulose nitrates has giv5 rise to a great numb] ( highly explosive sub/ances4 ,bla/+ ,gelat9e4--,a mixture ( nitro-glyc]9e ) cellulose nitrates4 ,amb]ite1 ,balli/ite1 ,cordite1 & o!r smokeless p[d]s1 consi/+ ( nitro-glyc]9e & cellulose nitrates 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,sport+ p[d]s made by mix+ nitro-cellulose ) b>ium nitrate1 camphor nitro-b5z5e1 su* z indurite1 pla/om5ite1 etc4 ,,glucose4--7,see ,dextrose47 ,,gun-,,cotton4--,an explosive prep>$ by ! action ( nitric acid on cotton4 ,select$ cotton wa/e suitably op5$ up is imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( nitric acid by weight 7#aej sp4 gr47 & "o "p ( sulphuric acid by weight 7#ahe sp4 gr47 & submitt$ to a numb] ( processes by :i* ! nitration is prop]ly effect$ s z to produce a nitro-cellulose ( uni=m composition4 ,! mat]ial is wa%$1 r$uc$ to pulp1 & m\ld$ into v>i\s =ms4 ,hemi-,cellulose4--,! con/itu5ts ( plant tissues are extremely v>i$ 9 "*4 ,_m plants conta9 sub/ances :i* resemble true cellulose1 b diff]+ f x 9 be+ easily conv]t$ by hydrolysis1 & by ! action ( dilute acids1 into c>bohydrates4 ,plants :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( su* con/itu5ts are t]m$ hemi-celluloses4 ,9 "s cases c]ta9 cry/allisable sug>s c be obta9$ by hydrolysis "u suitable conditions4 ,hydral-,cellulose 7,bumcke74--,a comp\nd ( m]ely sci5tific int]e/1 result+ f ! treatm5t ( cellulose ) hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,:5 act$ ^u by alkali x is decompos$ into cellulose & acid cellulose1 ! latt] a d]ivative ( un/able composition4 ,hydro-,cellulose4--,?is product1 a :ite1 non-/ructureless1 friable p[d]1 is obta9$ by treat+ cellulose ) hydro*loric or sulphuric acid ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,! sub/ance itself has no comm]cial value1 b ! reaction is useful 9 sep>at+ cotton f animal fabrics4 ,if a wooll5 clo? conta9+ cotton is soak$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 wa%$1 & dri$ at a g5tle heat1 ! cotton is act$ ^u1 & c be beat5 out ( ! fabric1 ! wool resi/+ ! acid treatm5t4 ,lign94--,! complex mixture ( sub/ances :i* is associat$ ) cellulose 9 wood1 jute1 & o!r ligno-celluloses4 ,! conv]sion ( wood into *emical pulp effects ! removal ( ?is mat]ial m or less completely4 ,! well-kn[n phlorogluc9e te/ = me*anical wood 9 pap]s is bas$ ^u ! pres5ce ( lign9 9 ! wood4 ,ligno-,cellulose4--,wood & jute are typical bodies consi/+ ( cellulose & complex non-cellulose1 g5]ally describ$ z lign91 associat$ toge!r 9 ! plant tissue4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! non-cellulose portion ( wood is a matt] /ill "u inve/igation1 its importance f a comm]cial po9t ( view be+ obvi\s f ! fact t ! removal ( ! lign9 dur+ ! conv]sion ( ! wood into wood-cellulose results 9 a loss ( #ej p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( wood4 ,lu/ra-,cellulose4--,synonym\s ) & sugge/$ z a m appropriate "n = ! mat]ial usually describ$ z artificial silk4 ,,m]c]is$ ,,cotton4--,:5 cotton is imm]s$ 9 /rong solutions ( cau/ic soda a rem>kable *ange sets 94 ,! physical /ructure ( ! fibre is entirely alt]$ f ! long flatt5$ tube hav+ a l>ge c5tral canal to a %ort] cyl9drical tube 9 :i* ! canal almo/ disappe>s4 ,hydration ( ! cellulose takes place1 & ^! *anges are tak5 advantage ( 9 ! production ( m]c]is$ clo? 7s nam$ f ! discov]] ( ! reaction1 ,m]c]74 ,cotton goods1 p>ticul>ly ^? made ( long /apl$ cotton1 :5 m]c]is$1 exhibit a beautiful lu/re1 & "s magnific5t crpon effects are obta9$ by ! process4 ,me?oxyl4--,a con/itu5t ( ! complex comp\nd kn[n z ligno-cellulose1 :i* is pres5t 9 wood & simil> fibres4 ,! am\nt ( me?oxyl 9 lignifi$ tissue c be accurately det]m9$1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! proportion ( me?oxyl f\nd 9 a *eap pr9t+ pap] c\ld be us$ z a measure ( me*anical wood pulp pres5t4 ,muco-,cellulose4--,?is t]m is appli$ to c]ta9 comp\nd celluloses pres5t *iefly 9 mucilages1 gums1 & 9 seawe$s 7,alg74 ,! natural sub/ances are all ( comm]cial importance--,icel& moss1 ,c>raghe51 ,alg91 etc4 ,,naph?a4--,"o ( ! products ( ! dry di/illation ( wood1 usually describ$ z wood-naph?a1 or wood _s4 ,,nitro-,,cellulose4--,! treatm5t ( cellulose ) nitric acid gives a numb] ( nitro-celluloses accord+ to ! conditions ( ! process4 7,see ,cellulose ,nitrates47 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,a sub/ance ( great comm]cial importance prep>$ by heat+ ! sawdu/ ( s(t wood1 su* z p9e1 fir1 & popl>1 ) /rong solutions ( mix$ cau/ic soda & pota% to dryness4 ,! wood yields aft] six h\rs a greyi% mass conta9+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! acid1 :i* is sep>at$ out by wat] & !n cry/allis$4 ,x is us$ = blea*+1 & z a dis*>ge 9 calico pr9t+ & dye+4 ,oxy-,cellulose4--,a :ite friable p[d] produc$ by treat+ cellulose ) nitric acid at #ajj ,c4 ,! oxidation ( cellulose is br\ght ab\t by sev]al reag5ts su* z *romic acid1 hypo*lorites ( lime & soda1 *lor9e1 & p]manganates4 ,! ext5t to :i* clo? has be5 damag$ by ov]blea*+ may be det]m9$ by a simple te/ ) me?yl5e blue solution1 :i* is readily absorb$ by oxy-cellulose pres5t 9 su* fabrics4 ,,p>*m5t4--,a t\gh pap] prep>$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid on unsiz$ pap]4 7,see page #acg47 ,pect9s4--7,see ,pecto-,cellulose47 ,pecto-,cellulose4--,a g5]ic t]m appli$ to _m important fibr\s mat]ials1 su* z flax1 /raw1 esp>to1 bamboo1 phormium1 ramie1 c41 :i* on alkal9e treatm5t yield cellulose = pap]-mak+1 & a non-fibr\s soluble residue ( complex composition4 ,^! soluble d]ivatives are kn[n z pect9 7,c#cb;,h#dh,o#cb71 pectic acid 7,c#cb;,h#dd,o#cj71 & metapectic acid 7,c#cb;,h#bh,o#cf74 ,al?\gh ! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! pecto-celluloses am\nt to #ej p] c5t4 by weight 9 mo/ cases1 no process = ! recov]y ( ! product 9 a comm]cial =m has yet be5 devis$4 7,see description ( ,soda recov]y1 page #gh47 ,,pyroxyl9e4--,a sub/ance prep>$ by nitrat+ cotton4 ,! cotton is imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids ( c>efully regulat$ /r5g?1 & subsequ5tly wa%$ free ( ! acid4 ,?ree volumes ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adbi7 are dilut$ ) two volumes ( wat] & n9e volumes ( /rong sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahci7 add$4 ,to ! solution :5 cool ! cotton is add$ 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,! resultant pyroxyl9e is soluble 9 a mixture ( equal quantities ( alcohol & e!r1 & 9 ! soluble =m is utilis$ z collodion = photography4 ,,silk1 ,,artificial4--,a rem>kable sub/ance made f wood or cotton cellulose1 closely resembl+ silk 9 appe>ance & physical prop]ties4 ,nitrat$ cellulose is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( alcohol & e!r4 ,! solution is =c$ ?r\gh five capill>y tubes "u high pressure1 & ! filam5t s obta9$ solidify+ at once is w\nd toge!r ) o!r simil> filam5ts ^u suitable bobb9s4 ,v>i\s modifications ( ?is g5]al process are 9 use1 su* z ! solidification ( ! solution into ?reads by pass+ x into wat]2 ! application ( solv5ts less inflammable ?an e!r & alcohol2 ! use ( o!r =ms ( dissolv$ cellulose su* z ^? prep>$ by means ( z9c *loride1 ammoniacal copp] oxide1 or acetic anhydride4 ,9 all cases ! y>n or ?read is submitt$ to fur!r *emical treatm5t = ! removal ( nitric acid & to r5d] ! mat]ial non-explosive & less inflammable4 ,! f9i%$ product is s(t & supple1 c be easily blea*$ & dy$1 & is capable ( acquir+ a high lu/re4 ,,smokeless ,,p[d]s4--7,see ,explosives47 ,sulpho-,c>bonate4--7,see ,viscose47 ,,sulphate ,,cellulose4--,*emical wood pulp prep>$ by ! sulphate process4 7,see page #ajg47 ,,sulphite ,,cellulose4--,*emical wood pulp prep>$ by ! sulphite process4 7,see page #ajg47 ,,viscose4--,a soluble sulpho-c>bonate ( cellulose1 prep>$ by treat+ cellulose ) a #ae p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda1 & %ak+ ! product ) c>bon bisulphide 9 a clos$ vessel4 ,! mixture =ms a yell[i% mass soluble 9 wat]1 giv+ a visc\s solution :i* has "s rem>kable & valuable prop]ties4 ,?is viscose1 on /&+1 coagulates to a h>d mass :i* c be turn$ & poli%$4 ,if spread on glass & coagulat$ by heat1 films are obta9$ f :i* ! alkal9e by-products c be wa%$ out4 ,^! films are transp>5t1 col\rless1 v t\gh & h>d4 ,,vulcanis$ ,,fibre4--,fibre or pulp treat$ ) z9c *loride 9 acid solution1 or o!rwise1 = ! manufacture ( h>d bo>ds4 7,see page #aci47 ,,willesd5 ,,goods4--,pap]1 fibre1 & textiles :5 treat$ ) cuprammonium oxide are p>tially gelat9is$ on ! surface & r5d]$ wat]pro(4 7,see page #aci47 ,wood ,_s4--7,see ,naph?a47 ,xylonite4--7,see ,celluloid47 ,,fibres ,,= ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,al?\gh ! vegetable _w has be5 explor$ f "t to "t = new supplies ( cellulose1 & "s plants h be5 f\nd s]viceable 9 c]ta9 directions1 yet ! numb] ( fibres 9 actual use is v limit$4 ,! foll[+ table indicates ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! mat]ial requir$ = pap]-mak+3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fibre4 ,s\rce ( ! ,fibre4 ,application ( ! ,fibre4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,l95 ,rags1 textile wa/e4 ,high class writ+s & pr9t+s4 ,cotton ,rags1 textile wa/e4 ,high class writ+s & pr9t+s4 ,esp>to ,natural grass4 ,writ+s & pr9t+s4 ,/raw ,/raw f v>i\s ,pr9t+s1 box & c>d bo>ds4 c]eals--:eat1 b>ley1 oats1 etc4 ,wood ,me*anically gr\nd wood4 ,*eap pap]s1 boxbo>ds1 middles1 tickets & c>ds1 writ+s & pr9t+s4 ,*emically prep>$ wood4 ,writ+s & pr9t+s4 ,flax ,?reads1 wa/e f ,wrapp+s1 bo>ds1 cable sp9n+ mills4 pap]s4 ,hemp ,sp9n+ refuse1 old rope1 ,wrapp+s1 bo>ds1 cable sailclo?1 etc4 pap]s1 /rong writ+s4 ,jute ,wa/e1 old gunny bags4 ,wrapp+s1 boxbo>d1 c>ds4 ,bamboo ,natural /ems4 ,writ+s & pr9t+s 7n 9 ,europe1 & only limit$ quantities else:]e74 ,ramie ,ba/ fibres ( ! plant2 ,r>ely us$1 except 9 special textile refuse4 cases4 ,bagasse ,sug>-cane refuse4 ,common pap]s 7*iefly exp]im5tal results74 ,manila ,textile & rope refuse4 ,wrapp+s1 cable pap]s4 ,hemp ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,exploit+ ,new ,fibres4--,! exploitation ( any new pap]-mak+ fibre requires att5tion to c]ta9 important details1 :i* may be fairly consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- 7#a7 ,supply4--,! supply ( mat]ial mu/ be pl5tiful & obta9able 9 l>ge quantities4 ,too (t5 ?is "q is entirely neglect$ by ^? :o br+ new fibres to ! notice ( pap]-mak]s1 probably because !y d n realise t enorm\s quantities ( mat]ial are necess>y to supply ev5 a v small section ( ! pap] trade1 ! fact be+ t few plants yield m ?an half _! weight ( pap]-mak+ fibre4 7#b7 ,suitability4--,! fibre %\ld be prop]ly exam9$ z to its *emical & physical prop]ties 9 a laboratory equipp$ ) appliances = its conv]sion into blea*$ pap] pulp on a small scale4 ,! exam9ation ( ! fibre w\ld include te/s z to ! am\nt ( pulp :i* c be obta9$ f "o ton ( raw mat]ial1 ! approximate co/ ( treatm5t1 & details z to ! value ( ! fibre = pap]-mak+4 7#c7 ,co/ ( ,raw ,mat]ial4--,if ! supply ( mat]ial seems to be suffici5t1 & ! pap] pulp obta9$ possesses suitable qualities1 !n x is necess>y to get accurate in=mation z to ! co/ ( ! fibre deliv]$ to "s giv5 spot at or ne> ! place ( collection4 ,! exploitation ( any new fibre = pap]-mak+ purposes w involve a recognition ( ! fact t ! raw mat]ial mu/ be conv]t$ into pulp at or ne> ! place :]e ! mat]ial is mo/ abundant4 ,! only int]e/+ exception to ?is is ! case ( esp>to fibre1 :i* is import$ into ,engl& 9 l>ge am\nt1 b ?is is only possible because esp>to possesses mo/ valuable pap]-mak+ qualities1 & is obta9$ 9 c\ntries close to ,engl&1 :]e l>ge quantities are consum$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r o!r fibres c\ld be utilis$ 9 ! same way4 7#d7 ,! ,co/ ( ,manufacture at or ne> ! place ( collection requires to be c>efully work$ out1 due consid]ation be+ giv5 to ! actual co/ ( *emicals on ! spot1 co/ ( lab\r1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! ma9t5ance ( ma*9]y c be effici5tly look$ aft]4 7#e7 ,c>riage & ,freight ,*>ges are ! la/1 b by no means ! lea/1 items ( importance4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! :ole success ( ! exploitation ( new pap]-mak+ fibre hangs entirely ^u ?is item1 ! majority ( _m fibres :i* h be5 br\ght to ! notice ( ! trade be+ suitable1 b impracticable1 solely on acc\nt ( ^! & simil> comm]cial consid]ations4 ,9 ! pages ( ! trade press = ! la/ few ye>s ! foll[+ fibres h be5 notic$3-- 7#a7 ,flax ,pulp4--,?is mat]ial 0 to be obta9$ f flax /raw4 ,attempts 7 made on a comm]cial scale to produce quantities ( flax fibre1 b s f> ! ef=ts made h n be5 v successful4 7#b7 ,ramie ,fibre4--,?is mat]ial has be5 exploit$ ov] & ov] aga91 *iefly = textile trades1 its application z a pap]-mak+ mat]ial be+ limit$ to small quantities us$ = special purposes su* z bank notes4 ,! fibre is too valuable1 except = textile indu/ries1 & c only come into ! pap] trade z a wa/e mat]ial f su* s\rces4 7#c7 ,tobacco ,fibre has be5 be=e ! trade = "s ye>s1 ! idea be+ to utilise tobacco /ems & o!r tobacco wa/e = ! manufacture ( pap] suitable = use z wrapp]s = cig>s1 cig>ettes1 & simil> purposes4 7#d7 ,agave ,fibre4--,?is "n is giv5 to a l>ge & important g5us ( fibre-yield+ plants f\nd *iefly 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,india1 & 9 #ahgh an exp]im5t 0 made = ! manufacture ( pap] at a mill ne> ,bombay1 b ?is did n give any satisfactory results1 probably on acc\nt ( ! primitive me?ods us$ 9 treatm5t4 7#e7 ,bagasse4--,! wa/e mat]ial f sug>-cane has be5 look$ ^u = _m ye>s z a desirable fibre1 mu* "t & lab\r hav+ be5 giv5 to ! utilisation ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 spite ( ^! ef=ts bagasse /ill rema9s an almo/ useless & unworkable mat]ial4 ,?is is p>tly due to inf]iority ( ! pulp & p>tly due to difficulties connect$ ) its treatm5t4 ,probably cultivation ( ! plant = ! sake ( its fibre in/ead ( ! sug> might give bett] results4 7#f7 ,peat4--,! attempts made to utilise peat = pap]-mak+ are probably fre% 9 ! m9ds ( ^? pap]-mak]s int]e/$ 9 ! production ( wrapp]s & boxbo>ds4 ,! nature ( peat1 h[ev]1 is su* z to exclude ! hope ( mak+ any useful article4 ,! mat]ial has be5 exploit$ by companies 9 ,au/ria1 ,irel&1 & ,canada on a fairly l>ge scale1 ) b a limit$ am\nt ( success4 7#g7 ,cotton-se$ ,hulls4--,_m pat5ts h be5 tak5 out = ! *emical treatm5t ( cotton-se$ wa/e & hav+ = _! object ! removal ( ! p>ticles ( se$ hulls1 s z to obta9 a pure cotton pulp4 ,! s*eme s\nds attractive1 b !re are s _m conditions :i* h to be tak5 acc\nt ( t ! comm]cial success ( any und]tak+ bas$ on ! use ( cotton-se$ hulls is v que/ionable4 ,! fact is t ! hulls h a m>ket value q ap>t f ! possibility ( _! application to pap]-mak+1 & ?is initial co/ w\ld prev5t pap]-mak]s f buy+ ! mat]ial ow+ to ! l>ge quantity necess>y = ! manufacture ( "o ton ( pure pulp4 7#h7 ,apocynum4--,?is plant is said to be utilis$ to "s ext5t by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 9 ! manufacture ( bank notes1 ! plant be+ cultivat$ at ,poltava4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! p>ticul> application ( a fibr\s mat]ial 9 limit$ quantities1 a proposition :i* is always feasible 9 ! case ( special requirem5ts4 7#i7 ,corn/alk4--,?is fibre has be5 *iefly exploit$ 9 ,am]ica1 exp]ts hav+ be5 attract$ by ! enorm\s quantities ( corn/alk available 9 ! sev]al :eat-produc+ ,/ates4 ,! manufacture ( pap] pulp f ?is mat]ial on a l>ge scale has yet to be e/abli%$4 7#aj7 ,japanese ,pap] ,fibres4--,9 ,ea/]n c\ntries a great numb] ( fibr\s plants are utilis$ 9 small quantities = ! manufacture ( special pap]s4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ^! ,ea/]n c\ntries ! employm5t ( fibres :i* are n cultivat$ 9 l>ge bulk is readily possible :5 ! "q ( price obta9$ = ! pap] & ! co/ ( production are consid]$4 ,( su* fibres may be m5tion$ ! ,mitsumata & ,kodzu1 easy ( cultivation & giv+ a good yield ( mat]ial p] acre ( gr\nd4 ,! wax$ pap]s us$ = /5cils 9 duplicat+ "w on ! typewrit] are made f ^! fibres4 ,! pap] ,mulb]ry is also a well-kn[n fibre2 :ile a ?ird species p>ticul>ly valuable = ?9 pap]s is ! ,gampi4 7#aa7 ,antaimoto ,fibre4--,! b>k ( ?is %rub is utilis$ 9 ,madagasc> 9 v small quantities = local purposes & possesses little int]e/ = pap]-mak]s4 7#ab7 ,refuse ,hemp/alk4--,! sugge/ion ( ! use ( ?is mat]ial comes f ,italy1 ! hemp/alk hav+ be5 exp]im5t$ ) at ,san ,ces>io ,mill4 ,?is also is a fibre ( a local int]e/ only4 ,! p]c5tage ( cellulose is v high1 be+ ov] #ej p] c5t4 7#ac7 ,papyrus4--,! revival ( ?is celebrat$ mat]ial is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! manufacture ( papyrus z c>ri$ out by ! ,egyptians1 by smoo?+ out lay]s ( b>k 9 ord] to utilise !m z %eets ( pap]1 & ! pres5t day proposals :i* involve ! production ( pap] pulp f papyrus1 are two entirely diff]5t propositions1 & ! success ( ! old ,egyptian me?od _c be ref]r$ to z any assurance ( success = ! production ( pap] f papyrus along mod]n l9es4 ,! exploitation ( ?is fibre mu/ foll[ ! l9es ( mod]n rese>* & comm]cial inve/igation1 & its value1 if any1 c\ld !n be e/abli%$4 7#ad7 ,p\solsia4--,?is is a fibre ( ! same family z hemp & ramie4 ,! value ( ?is mat]ial is at pres5t unkn[n1 b ! ultimate fibre appe>s to possess a mo/ extraord9>y l5g?4 ,v little in=mation is available at pres5t z to its value = pap]-mak+4 7#ae7 ,bamboo4--,?is mat]ial has be5 be=e ! pap] trade = _m ye>s1 hav+ fir/ be5 exploit$ s]i\sly by ,mr4 ,?omas ,r\tl$ge 9 #ahge4 ,s9ce t date a good deal ( "w has be5 done 9 connection ) ! fibre1 b n until rec5tly has ! inve/igation be5 made ( a suffici5tly ext5sive "* to enable pap]-mak]s to =m "s conclusions z to ! be/ me?ods ( obta9+ a reliable pap] pulp4 ,! rese>*es ( ! writ] 9 ,india g to prove t ) any fibre x is necess>y to take into acc\nt all ! factors likely to affect ! f9al co/ ( ! pap] pulp deliv]$ to any giv5 pap] mill4 ,! figures giv5 9 a report rec5tly publi%$1 ,! ,manufacture ( ,pap] & ,pap] ,pulp 9 ,burma1 %[ ! necessity ( ?or\gh inve/igation into all ! po9ts likely to affect ! f9al results1 viz41 ! price at :i* ! pap] pulp c be sold 9 ,engl&1 assum+ t ! fibre 9 "q is suitable = ! manufacture ( pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exam9ation ( ,fibres4--,! exact *emical analysis ( a new fibre is necess>y 9 ord] to e/abli% completely its value = textile & pap]-mak+ purposes1 b ! inve/igation ( ! suitability ( ! fibre = pap]-mak+ may be simplifi$ by simple r$uction ( ! raw mat]ial ) cau/ic soda4 ,! foll[+ process is suffici5t = all practical purposes3-- ,condition ( ,sample4--,a record %\ld be made ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! sample1 its condition & ! am\nt available = ! inve/igation4 ,any in=mation available z to ! s\rce ( supply & ! gr[? ( ! plant %\ld also be not$4 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,! mat]ial is cut up into small pieces4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t appliance = ?is purpose is a mitre cutt] z us$ by picture-frame mak]s4 ,if ! sample is a piece ( wood1 sections "o in* ?ick cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood are mo/ suitable1 z !y c be readily cut up into ?9 flakes by ?is ma*9e4 ,moi/ure 9 ,sample4--,a small av]age sample %\ld be dri$ at #ajj ,c4 = ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 ,treatm5t ) ,cau/ic ,soda4--,ab\t two hundr$ grams ( ! raw mat]ial is closely pack$ into a small dige/] or autoclave & cov]$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda hav+ a specific gravity ( #ajej4 ,a p]=at$ lead disc %\ld be plac$ above ! sample 9 ! dige/] to prev5t any ( x f float+ above ! level ( ! solution4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be dige/$ = five or six h\rs at a pressure ( #ej lbs4 ,! conditions ( treatm5t "h giv5 w ne$ to be v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! fibre4 ,"s mat]ials c be readily conv]t$ into pulp ) weak] liquor & at a l[] pressure1 :ile o!rs w require prolong$ treatm5t4 ,^! conditions mu/ be v>i$ accord+ to judgm5t or accord+ to ! effects produc$ by ! conditions already set out4 ,unblea*$ ,pulp4--,! cont5ts ( ! dige/] are empti$ out into an ord9>y circul> sieve provid$ ) a f9e copp] wire bottom1 hav+ a me% ( ab\t sixte5 to ! in*4 ,! sieve is imm]s$ 9 wat] & ! cont5ts p>tially wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! p>tially wa%$ mat]ial is squeez$ out by h& & ti$ up 9 a /rong clo? & !n knead$ ?or\ghly by h& 9 a bas9 ( wat] :i* is repeat$ly r5ew$ until ! fibre is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! process ( knead+ at ! same "t r$uces ! fibre to ! condition ( pulp4 ,! wat] is c>efully squeez$ out ( ! pulp by h&1 & ! moi/ pulp is !n divid$ into two equal p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* is made up into %eets ( any conv5i5t size1 c>e be+ tak5 t none ( ! fibre is lo/4 ,^! %eets are !n dri$ 9 ! air & pres]v$ z samples ( unblea*$ pulp1 a record be+ made ( ! weight produc$4 ,blea*$ ,pulp4--,! second portion ( ! moi/ pulp is mix$ ) a solution ( blea*1 ! /r5g? ( :i* has be5 accurately det]m9$ by ! usual me?ods4 ,! am\nt ( blea* add$ %\ld be ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( air-dry fibre pres5t 9 ! moi/ sample ( pulp4 ,! pulp %\ld be blea*$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ch ,c41 & :5 ! col\r has rea*$ a maximum ! am\nt ( blea* rema9+ 9 solution is asc]ta9$ by titration ) /&>d ars5ic solution4 ,9 ?is way ! am\nt ( blea*+ p[d] requir$ to blea* ! pulp is det]m9$4 ,! product is !n made up into %eets ( pulp :i* are dri$ by exposure to air & subsequ5tly weigh$4 ,yield ( ,pulp4--,! p]c5tage yield ( f9i%$ pulp obta9$ f ! raw mat]ial is det]m9$ f ! figures arriv$ at 9 ! exp]im5t describ$1 & ! weight ( raw mat]ial necess>y to produce "o ton ( blea*$ pulp is readily calculat$4 ,exam9ation ( ,blea*$ ,fibre4--,! fibre %\ld be c>efully exam9$ "u ! microscope & a record made ( g5]al microscopic features1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! fibres1 & ! proportion ( cellul> matt] pres5t1 if any4 ,sample ( ,pap]4--,x is only 9 ! case ( %ort-fibr$ mat]ial simil> to esp>to & /raw t %eets ( pap] capable ( giv+ comp>ative results z to /r5g? c be made4 ,! figures obta9$ ) fibr\s mat]ials ( ?is k9d are only comp>ative1 because x is possible 9 practice to make a mu* /rong] %eet ( pap] :5 ! mat]ial is beat5 prop]ly "u normal conditions4 ,a simil> inve/igation %\ld be made by submitt+ ! fibre to treatm5t ) bisulphite ( lime1 t is to say1 if ! fibre l5ds itself to su* a process4 ,a lead-l9$ dige/] is necess>y1 & ! solution employ$ is bisulphite ( lime prep>$ accord+ to ! directions giv5 on page #afj4 ,! prep>ation ( sulphite pulp requires m att5tion ?an ! manufacture ( soda pulp4 ,x is mo/ important t ! dige/] %\ld be absolutely tight 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( any free sulphur\s acid gas1 & ! cont5ts ( ! dige/] mu/ be heat$ sl[ly until ! maximum pressure has be5 rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pap] ,,f ,,rags ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a ,rag ,sort+ ,h\se4 ,! ^w rag is us$ to designate a v wide range ( raw mat]ial suitable = conv]sion into pap]4 ,9 ! case ( high-class h&-made writ+ pap]s only ! be/ qualities are employ$1 su* z new l95 & cotton cutt+s f factories1 or well-sort$ rags ( dome/ic orig94 ,! usual classification adopt$ by m]*ants :o supply ! pap] mills is some:at z foll[s3-- ,new :ite l95 cutt+s 7f textile factories74 ,new :ite cotton cutt+s 7f textile factories74 ,f9e :ites 7dome/ic rags74 ,out%ots 7a quality betwe5 f9es & seconds74 ,seconds 7a grade inf]ior to f9es74 ,?irds 7inf]ior & dirty well-worn rags74 ,col\r$ pr9ts 7( all grades & col\rs74 ,fu/ians & canvas4 ,manila & hemp rope4 ,baggy1 gunny1 & jute4 ,! total am\nt ( rag us$ 9 ,engl& = pap]-mak+ is n kn[n4 ,! only figures available ref] to rags import$2 & ^! _c be reg>d$ z a measure ( consumption1 :i* c\ld only be arriv$ at by fir/ asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( home rags us$4 ,! imports ( rag at /at$ p]iods are giv5 9 ! app5d$ table3-- ,,rags ,,import$ ,,into ,,engl&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ -- #ahgb4 #ahhb4 #ahib4 #aijb4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight 7tons7 #bb1bed #ba1bjj #bc1jcb #ah1fib #bc1fha ,value #cgc1jce #cjc1cdi #bad1jfe #agc1gcb #bbd1bcb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sort+ & ,cutt+4--,all rags on arrival at ! mill are c>efully sort$4 ,?is process is conduct$ entirely by wom51 :o sort & cut up ! rags at special tables provid$ ) cutt+ knives curv$ 9 %ape simil> to a scy!4 ,^! are fix$ at an angle 9 ! c5tre ( ! table1 ) ! back t[>ds & 9 front ( ea* "w-woman4 ,! top ( ! table is made ( ?ick co>se wire s t "s ( ! dirt & =eign impurities may fall ?r\gh4 ,all buttons1 hooks & eyes1 p9s1 lea!r1 pieces ( rubb]1 & o!r articles are c>efully remov$1 :ile seams & hems are also op5$ out4 ,! rags are cut into slips #c-e in*es long & !n recut crosswise1 & ?r[n into suitable baskets or receptacles /&+ r\nd ! table1 by :i* means ! sort+ op]ation is effectually c>ri$ out4 ,! c>e & att5tion giv5 to ! sort+ is an important item 9 ! manufacture ( pap]s ( uni=m quality1 & 9 ! be/ mills ! sort+ is c>ri$ out to su* an ext5t t tw5ty or tw5ty-five grades are obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,a ,rag ,du/]4 ,du/+4--,! rags are next pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* removes dirt4 ,?is is a holl[ cyl9drical or conical drum hav+ an ext]nal cov]+ ( co>se wire clo?1 :i* rotates inside a wood5 box4 ,! %aft is provid$ ) project+ spikes1 s t ! rags are viol5tly agitat$ 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! dirt & o!r impurities fall ?r\gh ! wire on to ! floor ( ! room1 :ile ! clean rags are dis*>g$ f ! l[] end ( ! drum4 ,! loss 9 weight v>ies accord+ to ! condition ( ! rags4 ,) good mat]ials ! loss may only be #a-b p] c5t41 :ile ) dirty common rags ! loss dur+ clean+ & du/+ may am\nt to #aj p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,a ,rag ,cutt]4 ,boil+4--,! fur!r purification ( ! rags is effect$ by a *emical treatm5t1 viz41 boil+ at a high temp]ature ) alkal9e sub/ances1 :i* process removes fatty1 glut9\s1 & />*y matt] f ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,int]ior ( ,pap] ,mill = ,h&-made ,pap] 7,r4 ,bat*elor ,sons74 ,= ?is purpose a sph]ical dige/] is us$1 g5]ally #g-i feet diamet]1 & capable ( hold+ #b-b tons ( rag4 ,! boil] or dige/] is fill$ ) du/$ rags1 & ! requisite am\nt ( alkal9e solution add$4 ,! manhole is !n clos$1 & /eam admitt$ ?r\gh ! holl[ trunnions until ! pressure rea*es #bj or #cj lbs41 at :i* pressure ! boil+ is cont9u$ = ?ree to six h\rs accord+ to requirem5ts1 ! dige/] rotat+ sl[ly ! :ole "t 9 ord] t ! rags may be ev5ly & ?or\ghly boil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,view ( a ,rag ,boil]1 %[+ connections4 ,! liquor employ$ = boil+ is a solution ( cau/ic soda1 c>bonate ( soda1 or milk ( lime4 ,9 ! case ( cau/ic soda ! am\nt requir$ v>ies f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( rag4 ,cau/ic soda is pref]able to lime1 because x acts ^u ! grease & o!r fatty matt]s1 =m+ a soluble comp\nd :i* is freely remov$ 9 ! subsequ5t process ( wa%+4 ,_m pap]-mak]s1 h[ev]1 use milk ( lime1 c>efully /ra9$ ?r\gh f9e clo?1 almo/ exclusively4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce & skill are necess>y 9 ?is op]ation 9 ord] to avoid injury to ! fibre n only z reg>ds its /r5g?1 b also its col\r4 ,wa%+4--,:5 ! rags h be5 suffici5tly boil$1 ! /eam is turn$ (f & ! pressure all[$ to fall4 ,?is c be effect$ quickly by bl[+ (f f a valve fix$ at ! bottom ( ! boil] opposite to ! manhole4 ,! cov] is remov$ f ! boil] & ! boil] sl[ly rotat$ 9 ord] t ! cont5ts may be dis*>g$ into a tank plac$ bel[4 ,! black liquor1 z x is call$1 is !n dra9$ away f ! rags1 :i* are imm$iately subject$ to a prelim9>y wa%+4 ,! process ( wa%+ mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 a ?or\gh mann] 9 ord] to remove all soluble comp\nds1 :i* if left w\ld cause an unnecess>y wa/e ( blea* 9 ! subsequ5t /ages ( purification4 ,!re are _m s*emes employ$ = wa%+1 mo/ ( !m be+ devis$ ) ! idea ( us+ a m9imum quantity ( wat]4 ,! mo/ g5]al practice1 9 ! abs5ce ( special ma*9]y1 is ! prelim9>y treatm5t 9 ! tank bel[ ! dige/]1 foll[$ by a m complete wa%+ process 9 a ma*9e kn[n z a break+ eng9e4 ,?is app>atus is a %all[ oval-%ap$ vessel ) circul> ends1 divid$ l5g?wise by a p>tition call$ a mid-fea!r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n ext5d ! full l5g? ( ! app>atus4 ,9 "o ( ! two *annels into :i* ! vessel is ?us divid$ a heavy roll is fitt$1 :i* is provid$ ) a numb] ( /eel knives4 ,on ! floor ( ?is *annel !re is fix$ a b$-plate1 also provid$ ) project+ knives :i* are p>allel ) ! knives 9 ! roll4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! knives 9 ! roll & ^? 9 ! b$-plate may be alt]$ z requir$ by means ( an adju/+ screw4 ,9 ! o!r *annel ( ! break+ eng9e !re is fitt$ a drum-wa%]1 :i* s]ves = ! removal ( ! dirty wat] f ! ma*9e4 ,?is drum is divid$ into sections by means ( p>titions :i* rea* f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! surface ( ! drum-wa%] consi/s ( a f9e brass wire clo? support$ by a co>s] mat]ial plac$ und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,a ,break+ & ,wa%+ ,eng9e4 ,! break+ eng9e is half fill$ ) clean wat]1 & ! rags are ?r[n into ! eng9e until x is suitably fill$4 ,! rotation ( ! heavy roll causes ! mixture ( rags & wat] to circulate r\nd ! vessel1 ! floor ( :i* is s con/ruct$ t ! pulp is drawn betwe5 ! roll & b$-plate & dis*>g$ ov] ! backfall1 :i* is t portion ( ! slop+ floor beh9d ! b$-plate4 ,! drum-wa%] rotates ) its surface 9 contact ) ! mixture 9 ! eng9e1 s t ! dirty wat] passes ?r\gh ! wire clo? & is caught 9 ! curv$ sections or buckets inside ! drum & dis*>g$ into a tr\gh adjac5t to ! c5tre1 & !reby convey$ away f ! eng9e4 ,clean wat] is all[$ to run into ! vessel at "o end :ile ! dirty wat] is dis*>g$ by means ( ! drum-wa%]4 ,at ! same "t ! rags are brok5 up by means ( ! knives on ! roll1 s t :5 ! rags are suffici5tly wa%$1 a process :i* usually occupies f\r h\rs1 !y are also p>tially dis9tegrat$4 ,blea*+4--,! clean dis9tegrat$ rag is next blea*$ by means ( ord9>y blea*+ p[d] solution4 ,blea*+ p[d] is a sub/ance prep>$ by ! action ( *lor9e gas on dry slak$ lime1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a comp\nd :i* has ! prop]ty ( blea*+ or :it5+ vegetable matt]s4 ,! cle> solution obta9$ by treat+ ! p[d] ) wat] is utilis$ by ! pap]-mak] = blea*+ ! rag pulp4 ,v>i\s me?ods are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,sometimes ! requisite volume ( cle> blea* liquor is add$ to ! pulp 9 ! break]1 & ! mat]ial kept 9 con/ant circulation until ! op]ation has be5 complet$4 ,9 o!r cases ! brok5 pulp is transf]r$ to a pot*]1 :i* is a vessel simil> 9 %ape to ! break]1 b m]ely provid$ ) paddles = keep+ ! pulp 9 circulation1 & blea*$ by ! addition ( *loride ( lime solution4 ,ano!r me?od frequ5tly adopt$ is to dis*>ge ! pulp f ! break]1 imm$iately aft] ! addition ( ! blea*1 into brick or cem5t tanks1 all[+ ! blea*+ action to proce$ spontane\sly )\t prolong$ agitation4 ,9 "s in/ances ! process is ha/5$ by add+ dilute sulphuric acid to ! pulp aft] ! blea* liquor has be5 run 91 or by heat+ ! mixture ) /eam4 ,= high-class pap]s su* devices z ?is are seldom resort$ to1 z exp]i5ce %[s t ! col\r ( pulp blea*$ by dra/ic me?ods does n ma9ta9 a high /&>d4 ,! pulp is !n ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 ord] to remove e trace ( residual blea*1 & also ! soluble comp\nds :i* h be5 =m$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,v l>ge quantities ( wat]1 cle> & free f susp5d$ dirt1 are necess>y4 ,9 "s mills any excess ( blea* is neutralis$ by ! use ( an anti*lor su* z sodium hyposulphite1 or sodium sulphite1 b ! be/ results are und\bt$ly obta9$ :5 ! quantity ( *emicals us$ is kept at a m9imum4 ,if ! pulp is blea*$ 9 a break] or pot*]1 ! wa%+ is effect$ by ! aid ( ! drum-wa%]4 ,) pulp treat$ 9 /eep+ tanks1 fre% wat] is all[$ to p]colate or dra9 sl[ly ?r\gh ! mass4 ,,electrolytic ,,blea*+4 ,! sub/itution ( a sodium hypo*lorite solution = ! ord9>y calcium hypo*lorite solution obta9$ f common blea*+ p[d] has be5 ! aim ( speciali/s = _m ye>s4 ,z e>ly z #ahea a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,*>les ,watt = decompos+ *lorides ( ! alkali metals & ! =mation ( hypo*lorites4 ,x 0 n until #ahhf t a practical me?od 0 devis$ = produc+ an electrolys$ solution ( salt1 b 9 t ye> ,h]mite introduc$ a cont9u\s process 9 :i* an electrolys$ solution hav+ a /r5g? ( ?ree grammes *lor9e p] litre 0 pass$ cont9u\sly into ! pot*]4 ,_m pat5ts = ! electrolysis ( salt h be5 tak5 out dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ( :i* ! ,bird-,h>greave process is 9 op]ation 9 ,engl&1 ! ,rhod9 process 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,siem5s & ,halske 9 ,norway1 & ! ,oettel & ,haas app>atus 9 ,g]many4 ,! figures relat+ to ! latt] app>atus may be m5tion$ z typical ( ! pres5t condition ( electrolytic blea*+4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a n>r[ rectangul> tr\gh divid$ into a numb] ( *amb]s ?r\gh :i* a solution ( br9e fl[s at a con/ant & /eady rate4 ,! electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! solution by suitable electrodes1 ! temp]ature be+ kept d[n by means ( a cool+ coil4 ,! co/ ( produc+ ! blea* liquor z giv5 by ! inv5tors ( ! app>atus f ! results ( actual work+ are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,,giv+ ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/ ,,= ,,produc+ ,,blea* ,,liquor4 ,capacity ( tank #gej litres #aff gallons4 ,/r5g? or d5sity ( br9e #ae ,baum1 or #bc ,twaddell4 #bhf lbs4 ( common salt requir$ = #aff gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,h\rs work$ #b #d #f #h #aj #ab ,grammes ( *lor9e p] litre produc$ #dce #gch #ii #abdb #adca #afbj ,temp]ature ,c4 ( br9e dur+ op]ation #bj #ba #bj #ba #bj #bj ,ampres ( #aaj volts #ee #ej #df #eb #dg #dc ,p[] 9 h4p4 h\rs #af #ca #de #fa #ge #hi ,co/ ( ! h4p4 at #bb;d4 p] h4p4 #as4 #as4 #as4 h\r #c;d4 #f;d4#aj;d4 #a;d4 #d;d4 #g;d4 ,co/ ( salt #as4 #as4 #as4 #as4 #as4 #as4 #f;d4 #f;d4 #f;d4 #f;d4 #f;d4 #f;d4 ,total co/ #as4 #bs4 #bs4 #bs4 #bs4 #cs4 #i;d4 #j;d4 #d;d4 #g;d4 #aj;d4 #a;d4 ,total *lor9e obta9$ 9 kilos4 #cbfb #eece #gdbe #icae #ajgcb #abaej ,co/ ( *lor9e p] kilo4 #ff;d4 #d;d4#c;d4#cd;d4 #cb;d4 #c;d4 ,salt us$ p] kilo4 *lor9e #ce #bj #ae #ab #aj #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! above co/s h be5 e/imat$ on prices z foll[s3-- ,coal #ajs4 p] ton4 ,salt #abs4 p] ton4 ,aft] #ab h\rs ! #aff gallons 7#gej litres7 are conv]t$ into electrolytic blea* liquor conta9+ #bf lbs4 ( active *lor9e 7#abae kilos474 ,beat+4--,al?\gh ! rags are r$uc$ by ! break+ eng9e to a condition ( fibr\s l9t1 call$ half-/uff1 !y are n fit = conv]sion into pap]4 ,!y h to be beat5 9 special ma*9]y until a complete sep>ation ( ! s+le fibres has be5 effect$1 & ?is process is rightly reg>d$ by _m pap]-mak]s z ! mo/ important /age ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,oettel & ,haas' ,app>atus = ! manufacture ( ,electrolytic ,blea* ,liquor4 ,! beat+ eng9e is simil> 9 con/ruction to ! break+ eng9e1 b !re are c]ta9 ess5tial diff]5ces 9 arrangem5t & manipulation4 ,!re is usually no drum-wa%]2 ! roll conta9s a l>ge numb] ( knives :i* are fix$ 9 clumps or sets ( ?ree r\nd ! circumf]5ce2 ! l[]+ ( ! roll ^u ! b$-plate is c>efully wat*$ & controll$1 & ! desir$ effects are only obta9$ by /rict att5tion to ! condition ( ! pulp dur+ ! :ole process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,! ,holl&] ,beat+ ,eng9e4 ,! beat] is fir/ p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 & ! dra9$ half-/uff add$ gradually until ! furni%1 a conv5i5t t]m appli$ to ! cont5ts ( ! eng9e1 has ! prop] consi/5cy1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! nature & quality ( pap] requir$4 ,! mass is circulat$ /eadily r\nd ! eng9e by ! action ( ! beat] roll1 :i* is l[]$ f "t to "t until ! di/ance betwe5 ! knives on ! roll & ^? on ! b$-plate has be5 set to ! desir$ adju/m5t4 ,?is l[]+ ( ! roll & its prop] adju/m5t call = ! greate/ c>e4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,beat+4--,! importance ( ?is op]ation c easily be judg$ f "o or two specific examples4 ,9 ! case ( rag pap]s ! two extremes ( v>iation are repres5t$ by ! ord9>y blott+ pap] on ! "o h& & a h>d /rong writ+ pap] kn[n z a loan on ! o!r4 ,n[ ! great diff]5ce 9 ^! pap]s may be trac$ to ! c>eful selection ( ! rag & ! treatm5t 9 ! beat] z ! two prim>y causes ( ! f9al results4 ,= blott+ pap]s x is ess5tial t ! rags %\ld be old & t5d]4 ,9 ! beat+ op]ation subsequ5t to ! usual boil+ & blea*+ processes ! half-/uff is beat5 quickly ) %>p knives1 ! roll be+ l[]$ soon aft] ! eng9e is fill$1 s t ! beat+ is f9i%$ 9 ab\t "o to "o & a half h\rs4 ,= ! /rong writ+ pap] new /rong rags are select$4 ,9 ! beat+ process ! knives us$ are dull1 ! roll is l[]$ sl[ly & cauti\sly1 & ! beat+ goes on = eight to t5 h\rs4 ,! effect ( su* diff]5ce 9 treatm5t is easily se5 by exam9ation ( ! fibres ( ! pap]s "u ! microscope4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! fibres appe> %ort ) clean cut ends1 ! %ape little di/ort$1 ! /ructure well def9$1 be>+ a /rong resemblance to ! unbeat5 mat]ial4 ,9 ! case ( ! well-beat5 pap] ! ends ( ! individual fibres appe> to be drawn or fray$ out1 ! fibres d n possess ! %>p well-def9$ outl9e *>act]i/ic ( blott+ pap]2 !y are p>tly split up into fibrill :i* lie toge!r 9 a confus$ mass4 ,9 ! blott+ pap] ^! effects are produc$ because ! knives be+ %>p cut up ! mat]ial quickly1 & 9 ! writ+ pap] because ! dull tackle t5ds to draw out ! fibres & te> !m up l5g?wise4 ,! practical result is a spongy1 s(t1 & bulky blott+ & a h>d1 /rong1 heavy writ+ pap]4 ,( c\rse ! great diff]5ce betwe5 a blott+ & a writ+ pap] is n all due to ?is "o op]ation1 b is obta9$ by a s]ies ( op]ations1 ( :i* "o ( ! mo/ important is1 h[ev]1 ! beat+4 ,col\r+ ! ,pap]4--,! pulp is br\ght to any desir$ t9t by ! addition ( m9]al pigm5ts or anil9e dyes to ! cont5ts ( ! eng9e4 ,! latt] soluble dyes1 h[ev]1 are seldom us$ = high-class rag pap]s4 ,prussian blue1 ultram>9e1 & smalts are *iefly us$ = ?is purpose1 giv+ ton$ blue1 azure1 & blue laid pap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,! ,h& ,m\ld %[+ ,frame & ,deckle4 ,mak+ ! ,pap]4--,! beat5 pulp1 :5 duly prep>$1 is run f ! eng9e into /ore tanks kn[n z /uff *e/s1 ready = ! actual manufacture4 ,! pulp prop]ly dilut$ ) wat] is /ra9$ ?r\gh special scre5s to remove any insuffici5tly beat5 mat]ial & any impurities pres5t1 aft] :i* x is run (f into ! vat1 a squ>e-%ap$ vessel built ( wood or /one4 ,! app>atus us$ 9 =m+ ! %eets is call$ a h& m\ld4 ,! m\ld is a rectangul> frame ( mahogany ^u :i* is /ret*$ tightly a f9e wire clo?1 ! surface ( ! latt] be+ kept flat by a co>s] wire clo? fix$ und]nea?1 supplem5t$ by w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( wood4 ,a second frame call$ ! deckle fits on to ! m\ld 9 su* a mann] z to =m a %all[ tray1 ! bottom ( :i* is ! f9e wire clo?4 ,! vatman takes up ! m\ld ) bo? h&s & dips x into ! vat full ( pulp 9 a slant+ position1 draw+ x ?r\gh ! /uff t[>ds him 9 a peculi> mann] & lift+ x out f ! vat ) a def9ite quantity ( ! mixture 9 ! frame4 ,z ! wat] dra9s away f ! pulp1 ?r\gh ! wire clo?1 he imp>ts a %ak+ motion to ! m\ld 9 ord] to cause ! fibres to felt prop]ly1 ?is felt+ or int]lac+ ( ! fibres be+ an ess5tial feature 9 ! manufacture ( a good %eet ( pap]4 ,:5 ! wat] has dra9$ away suffici5tly f ! pulp1 ! vatman removes ! deckle f ! m\ld & passes ! latt] ov] to ! c\*]1 :o takes ! m\ld1 rev]ses x1 & presses ! cont5ts1 :i* may n[ be describ$ z a wet %eet ( pap]1 d[n on to a damp piece ( felt1 by :i* means ! pap] is transf]r$ to ! felt4 ,he returns ! m\ld to ! vatman1 :o mean:ile has made ano!r %eet ) a duplicate m\ld1 & !n1 hav+ laid a second felt ^u ! wet %eet ( pap]1 he proce$s to transf] ! next %eet ( pap] to ! second felt4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until a pile is =m$ consi/+ ( wet %eets ( pap] alt]nat$ ) pieces ( felt4 ,! pile is at once submitt$ to great pressure 9 ! hydraulic press1 & ! excess wat] sl[ly =c$ out1 :ile at ! same "t ! %eets are compress$ & ?us clos$ up1 z x is t]m$4 ,:5 all ! excess wat] has be5 remov$ z f> z possible1 ! pile is tak5 away & ! %eets ( damp pap] tak5 out1 ! felts be+ plac$ 9 "o pile ready = fur!r use1 & ! %eets ( pap] 9 a second ready = ! next process4 ,! pap]s are put back into ! press )\t felts betwe5 ! %eets & left = "s "t4 ,9 mo/ cases ! %eets are turn$ r\nd or mix$ 9 ) ! %eets ( ano!r pile1 be=e press+4 ,9 ?is way any unev5ness or irregul>ity 9 ! %eets is c\nt]act$ & a m uni=m result obta9$4 ,:5 ^! *anges are repeat$ sev]al times ! pap] acquires an ev5 texture & becomes firm & h>d4 ,dry+ ! ,pap]4--,! %eets are hung up 9 ! l(t1 z ! dry+ room is call$1 ^u poles or ropes4 ,! moi/ure gradually evaporates1 & ! pap] is ?us dri$ by exposure to air4 ,9 w9t] x is necess>y to w>m ! air 9 ! l(t1 z ! air is !n saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,9 l(ts ( limit$ capacity ! air is heat$ 9 ord] to ha/5 ! process1 b ! be/ pap] is all[$ to dry naturally1 z by ?is means ! %r9kage is gradual & a maximum /r5g? is atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,app>atus = ,siz+ ,pap] 9 cont9u\s ,rolls4 ,siz+ ! ,pap]4--,! dri$ pap] z x leaves ! l(t is t]m$ ,wat]leaf because1 be+ unsiz$1 x readily absorbs wat]1 & !re=e be=e x c be us$ x mu/ be siz$4 ,= ?is purpose x is dipp$ into a solution ( gelat9e1 an op]ation describ$ z tub-siz+ or animal-siz+1 ! =m] t]m be+ us$ on acc\nt ( ! tub 9 :i* ! size is kept1 & ! latt] on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! gelat9e is made f animal matt] su* z hides1 c>tilage1 ho(s1 & o!r refuse4 ,animal ,size4--,?is is prep>$ f hide pieces1 sk9s1 & ! l by a simple process1 :i*1 h[ev]1 requires a good deal ( c>e 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,! mat]ial is fir/ ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( clean wat]1 & !n heat$ ) a def9ite quantity ( wat] 9 a /eam jacket$ copp] pan4 ,! pieces sl[ly dissolve until a solution ( gelat9e is produc$1 & aft] ! dirt & impurities h settl$ to ! bottom ( ! pan ! cle> liquid is drawn (f into /ore vessels4 ,!re are _m details ( a te*nical "* to be att5d$ to 9 ! manufacture ( good gelat9e1 & z ! process is exp5sive1 consid]able att5tion is dem&$ at ?is /age 9 ! completion ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,! dry %eets ( pap] are siz$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( dipp+1 or by ! passage ( ! pap] ?r\gh a long tr\gh4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! workman takes up a numb] ( %eets & dips ! bun* into a vat ( size at ! prop] temp]ature1 ab\t #ajj ,fahr5heit4 ,he !n all[s ! surplus size to dra9 (f1 & ! %eets are submitt$ to a slight pressure 9 ord] to remove ! excess ( gelat9e t w n dra9 (f4 ,9 ! second case a diff]5t me?od is adopt$ 9 t ! %eets ( pap] are c>ri$ by travell+ felts ?r\gh a ba? ( heat$ size1 ! excess gelat9e be+ remov$ by ! action ( rubb] or wood5 roll]s ?r\gh :i* ! pap]s are pass$ be=e leav+ ! app>atus4 ,! pap]s are quickly & ev5ly siz$ by ?is me?od1 :i* is n[ mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,glaz+4--,:5 ! %eets ( pap] are q dry !y are ready = glaz+1 a process :i* turns ! dull r\gh surface ( ! siz$ %eet into a highly poli%$ smoo? surface fit = use4 ,! %eets are plac$ s+ly betwe5 copp] or z9c plates1 & a pile ( ^! pass$ sev]al times ?r\gh heavy iron roll]s1 great pressure be+ appli$ to ! latt] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,a ,sup]cal5d]4 ,! am\nt ( poli% imp>t$ by ?is plate-glaz+ process1 z x is t]m$1 c be v>i$ consid]ably4 ,) a light pressure & few roll+s1 ! %eet ( pap] c be turn$ out hav+ a fairly smoo? surface1 & )\t a conspicu\sly %9y appe>ance4 ,by employ+ a great pressure & repeat$ roll+ a mu* high] surface is atta9able4 ,if ! plates are hot a /ill high] f9i% is possible4 ,ma*9e-made rag pap]s are glaz$ usually by means ( ! sup]cal5d]1 :i* is a /ack ( alt]nate /eel & pap] rolls plac$ "o above ! o!r 9 a v]tical position4 ,! reel ( pap] passes betwe5 ^! rolls & becomes highly surfac$4 ,?is op]ation effects _m *anges 9 ! pap]1 besides imp>t+ a good f9i%4 ,! ?ickness ( ! %eet is r$uc$ by ab\t #dj p] c5t41 ! fibres be+ compress$ mu* clos] toge!r4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ! pap] is also mat]ially increas$1 & 9 e way ! pap] is improv$4 ,mod]ation is ess5tial 9 ?is z 9 ev]y?+1 because excess ( glaz+ weak5s a pap]1 r5d]+ x brittle & liable to crack :5 fold$4 ,laid & ,wove ,pap]s4--,:5 c]ta9 pap]s are held up to ! light & c>efully exam9$ x w be notic$ t !y appe> to conta9 delicate transp>5t l9es runn+ p>allel ) "o ano!r at equal di/ances ( ab\t an in*1 & t ^! are int]sect$ by simil> transp>5t l9es runn+ at "r angles1 :i* are mu* clos] toge!r4 ,su* pap]s are kn[n z ,laid ,pap]s1 & ! peculi> =mation ( ! transp>5t l9es is due to ! con/ruction ( ! m\ld us$ 9 ! mak+4 ,! wire surface ( ?is m\ld consi/s ( a numb] ( some:at /\t wires plac$ ab\t "o in* ap>t1 int]wov5 ) f9] wires runn+ across & at "r angles1 :i* are ?read$ mu* clos] toge!r4 ,:5 ! m\ld is dipp$ into ! vat & )drawn1 ! wat] dra9s away f ! "u surface ( ! wire1 & ! moi/ pulp settles d[n on ! upp] surface2 b s9ce ! co>s] wires project a little f ! f9] ?reads1 ! pap] is slightly ?9n] along ^? wires1 ?\gh to an almo/ inf9itesimal ext5t1 ) ! result t on dry+ ! %eet appe>s to conta9 transp>5t l9es4 ,wove pap]s are s call$ f ! nature ( ! m\ld us$4 ,! surface ( ! m\ld 9 ?is case consi/s ( f9e wires equally di/ribut$1 be+ wov5 9 su* a mann] t ! wires are equidi/ant f "o ano!r1 z 9 ord9>y wire gauze4 ,a wove pap]1 on be+ exam9$ 9 ! light1 simply %[s a numb] ( small diamond-%ap$ spaces1 :i* 9 ! majority ( in/ances are difficult to detect4 ,! ,wat]m>k4--,! transp>5t device obs]v$ 9 _m pap]s :5 held up to ! light is kn[n z ! wat]m>k1 a t]m probably d]iv$ f ! conditions exi/+ at ! "t ! %eet ( pap] is made on ! m\ld4 ,! effect is produc$ by means ( a rais$ design sewn or sold]$ to ! surface ( ! m\ld1 ! design be+ fa%ion$ out ( f9e wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,! ,fir/ ,wat]m>k 9 ,pap]4 ,:5 a m\ld ?us fitt$ ) ! design is dipp$ into a vat ( pulp & lift$ out1 ! wat] falls ?r\gh ! wire1 & ! pulp s9ks d[n on to ! surface ( ! m\ld1 =m+ a replica1 s to speak1 ( ! design1 :i* is easily se5 :5 ! dry pap] is held up to ! light1 because ! pap] is ?9n] j at ^? po9ts :]e ! wires =m+ ! design come into contact ) ! wet pulp4 ,"s ( ! wat]m>ks are v elaborate & int]e/+4 ,a famili> illu/ration ( a beautiful design ( ?is description is to be f\nd 9 ! ,bank ( ,engl& notes4 ,z a g5]al rule ! ord9>y wat]m>k consi/s ( a m]e trade t]m su* z ,vellum1 ,z5obia1 or ( ! "n ( ! manufactur]1 su* z ,j4 ,:atman1 ,r4 ,bat*elor1 & s on4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( pap]-mak+ _m highly int]e/+ designs 7 us$1 & "s ( ^! are /ill extant4 ,9 fact _m ( ! names by :i* c]ta9 /&>d sizes ( pap] are kn[n owe _! orig9 to ! wat]m>ks employ$4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n wat]m>k be>s ! date ,a4,d4 #acja1 be+ 9 ! =m ( a globe & cross1 z %[n4 ,( equal int]e/ are ^? designs f :i* c]ta9 pap]s are call$ foolscap1 cr[n1 pott1 po/1 royal1 columbi]1 & s on4 ,! wat]m>ks are n[ little us$1 b ! t]ms are /ill reta9$1 z indicat+ ! size ( ! %eet4 ,,microscopic ,,features ,,( ,,cotton ,,& ,,l95 ,,fibres4 ,! cotton fibre is ab\t #cj mm4 long1 ) an av]age diamet] ( #jbe mm4 ( tube-l %ape1 & hav+ a prom95t c5tral canal4 ,!re are no cross m>k+s on ! cell walls1 & ! ends ( ! fibre are r\nd$ (f into a some:at blunt po9t4 ,x exhibits a m>k$ t5d5cy to twi/ itself1 especially if dry1 & ?is peculi>ity is readily obs]v$ ) ! raw mat]ial4 ,! process ( pap]-mak+ alt]s ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ! fibre v greatly4 ,! ends ( ! fibre are seldom to be se52 ! curi\s twi/ is less prom95t1 & ! fibres are torn & de/roy$4 ,! effect ( ! beat+ process1 = example1 on cotton is easily to be notic$ by comp>+ ! fibres ( a blott+ pap] "u ! microscope ) ! fibres ( a bank or loan pap]4 ,! di/ortions produc$ by prolong$ beat+ r5d]s ! det]m9ation ( ! exact p]c5tage ( cotton 9 a rag pap] r difficult1 b ! features to be look$ = are ! abs5ce ( pores1 cross m>k+s1 ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral canal1 /riations produc$ 9 _m cases on ! cell walls p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! fibre4 ,! /ructural features are m readily obs]v$ :5 ! fibres are /a9$ ) a suitable reag5t4 7,see page #ga47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,cotton4 ,! l95 fibre has an av]age l5g? ( #bg mm4 ) a diamet] ( #jb mm4 ,! raw flax is v diff]5t f raw cotton & is easily di/+ui%$4 ,! fibre is sl5d] 9 %ape1 hav+ ?ick5$ knots at regul> int]vals ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( :i* may be comp>$ to a /ick ( bamboo4 ,! c5tral canal ( ! fibre is extremely n>r[1 runn+ l a small ?read ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! fibre4 ,! cell walls are fur!r m>k$ by num]\s pores1 :i* appe> z small d>k l9es runn+ f side to side1 b n meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,l954 ,9 ! treatm5t necess>y = mak+ pap] ^! *>act]i/ics are l>gely de/roy$1 & :ile x is q easy to asc]ta9 t a pap] is ( l951 or ( cotton1 or t a pap] is ma9ly cotton ) a small p]c5tage ( l951 yet !re are conditions "u :i* x is difficult to det]m9e ! exact p]c5tage ( cotton or l95 9 a rag pap]4 ,if1 = example1 a pap] conta9s ne>ly equal quantities ( cotton & l951 ! exact proportions _c be det]m9$ clos] ?an #aj p] c5t41 especially 9 well-beat5 pap]s4 ,,reag5t ,,= ,,/a9+ ,,fibres4 ,prep>ation4--,dissolve #ba grams potassium iodide & #ja grams iod9e 9 #e c4c4 ( wat]4 ,mix ?is solution ) a solution conta9+ #bj grams ( dry z9c *loride 9 #aj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,all[ ! mixture to /&2 p\r (f ! cle> liquid into suitable bottles4 ,,coloration ,,produc$4 ,cotton1 l951 hemp4--,w9e r$4 ,esp>to1 /raw & wood cellulose4--,blui% violet4 ,me*anical wood1 unblea*$ jute4--,yell[4 ,manila hemp4--,blue1 blui% grey to yell[4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,esp>to ,,& ,,/raw ,,esp>to ,,pap]s4 ,! value ( ,esp>to = ! manufacture ( high-class pr9t+ & m$ium quality writ+ pap] is well kn[n4 ,?is mat]ial has qualities :i* _c readily be obta9$ f o!r fibres1 su* z rag & wood pulp4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 pap]s requir$ = li?ographic pr9t+1 books1 & art illu/ration1 s9ce x gives a %eet hav+ a good surface & "o :i* is s(t & flexible4 ,! grass is obta9$ f ,spa91 ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 & ,tripoli1 9 :i* c\ntries x gr[s wild1 requir+ v little cultivation4 ,! condition ( ! crop is improv$ by prop] treatm5t1 & 9 di/ricts :]e ! grass is cut = export z a pap]-mak+ mat]ial att5tion is giv5 to cultivation4 ,! plant gr[s to a height ( ?ree or f\r feet1 & :5 mature ! long blades ( grass curl up into ! =m ( a cyl9d] resembl+ a piece ( wire4 ,! leaf consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! /alk & a %ea?1 :i* are easily sep>at$ :5 h>ve/$4 ,! grass is pull$ up by h& & /ack$ into heaps 9 ord] t x may be dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 aft] :i* process x is c>efully pick$ ov] = ! removal ( all extrane\s matt] & impurities4 ,x is !n grad$1 ! be/ sorts be+ kept = weav+1 & ! rema9d] be+ sold = pap]-mak+4 ,x is pack$ up into l>ge bales ( ab\t #d cwt4 capacity1 compress$ into small bulk by p[]ful presses1 & %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,esp>to ,pulp4--,! fir/ process 9 ! manufacture ( ! pap] is clean+4 ,! bundles ( grass are op5$ up1 %ak5 out1 & put ?r\gh a will[+ ma*9e4 ,?is consi/s ( a holl[ conical drum1 ! out] surface ( :i* is a co>se wire clo?4 ,inside ! drum is fitt$ a %aft provid$ ) wood5 tee?1 & z ! grass passes ?r\gh x is toss$ ab\t & ! du/ remov$4 ,! clean grass is convey$ by travell+ belts to ! dige/] h\se4 ,= ! production ( a high-class pap] ! grass is (t5 exam9$ by girls1 :o /& on ei!r side ( ! travell+ convey] & take out any co>se root ends & =eign mat]ial n remov$ by ! will[+ ma*9e4 ,boil+4--,! object ( submitt+ esp>to to *emical treatm5t is to obta9 a pure pap]-mak+ fibre kn[n z cellulose4 ,! composition ( ?is raw mat]ial is %[n by ! foll[+ analysis3-- ,spani% ,esp>to4 ,cellulose #dhbe ,wat] #ich ,aque\s extract #ajai ,pect\s matt] #bfci ,fatty matt] #bjg ,a% #cgb ------ #ajjj ------ ,yield ( dry cellulose obta9$ 9 actual practice f good raw mat]ial #de to #dh ,by boil+ ! esp>to ) cau/ic soda "u pressure = a /at$ "t1 ! non-fibr\s con/itu5ts are remov$1 leav+ ! cellulose 9 a m or less pure =m accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! *emical treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,an ,esp>to ,du/]4 ,9 practice ! grass is pack$ tightly into upright /ation>y dige/]s & a def9ite quantity ( cau/ic soda solution add$1 ! am\nt ( *emical us$ be+ equal to #ae-ah p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( grass pack$ into ! dige/]4 ,! =m ( dige/] almo/ univ]sally employ$ is t kn[n z ! ,s9clair's vomit+ boil]1 :i* is con/ruct$ s t a cont9u\s circulation ( ! liquid is ma9ta9$ by means ( :at are call$ vomit pipes4 ,^! are fitt$ to ! sides ( ! dige/] 9 su* a mann] t ! cau/ic soda solution circulates f ! bottom ( ! dige/]1 up ?r\gh ! vomit pipes1 & is dis*>g$ d[nw>ds ^u ! cont5ts ( ! boil] ?r\gh a p]=at$ plate fix$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! dige/]4 ,! requisite quantity ( cau/ic soda solution is plac$ 9 ! dige/]1 & /eam admitt$ into ! bottom ( ! vessel :ile ! grass is be+ ?r[n 94 ,9 ?is way a mu* l>g] weight ( grass c be boil$ at "o op]ation1 s9ce ! bulk is greatly r$uc$ :5 ! grass has become ?or\ghly s(t & wet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,s9clair's ,vomit+ ,esp>to ,boil]4 ,:5 ! boil] is load$ ! inlet is clos$ up & /eam turn$ on to ! full pressure ( ab\t #dj or #ej lbs41 ?is be+ ma9ta9$ = a p]iod ( ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! non-fibr\s con/itu5ts ( ! esp>to are gradually dissolv$ out by ! cau/ic soda1 & :5 ! op]ation is complet$ ! black liquor is run (f f ! dige/] into l>ge /ore tanks1 & ! esp>to grass :i* rema9s 9 ! dige/] is !n completely wa%$ until ! soda is almo/ entirely wa%$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,a ,porion ,evaporator4 ,! conditions = boil+ & blea*+ esp>to are v>i$ by ! pap]-mak] z circum/ances require4 ,a maximum yield ( fibre is obta9$ :5 ! lea/ possible quantity ( cau/ic soda is us$1 b a l>g] p]c5tage ( blea*+ p[d] may be necess>y to ensure a well blea*$ pulp4 ,! use ( an excess ( cau/ic soda is probably ! g5]al practice = sev]al reasons1 among/ :i* may be not$ ! advisability ( gu>d+ aga9/ irregul>ities 9 ! quality ( ! esp>to1 & consequ5t insuffici5t boil+1 z well z ! advantage ( hav+ "s free cau/ic 9 ! sp5t liquors to prev5t ! furr+ up ( ! tubes ( ! evaporat+ app>atus 9 ! soda recov]y dep>tm5t4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 giv5 by a contributor to ! ,pap] ,trade ,review "s ye>s ago1 are int]e/+ z %[+ ! effect ( v>y+ proportions ( cau/ic soda us$ p] unit ( grass3-- ,,exp]im5ts ,,re ,,yield ,,( ,,air-,,dry ,,blea*$ ,,pulp ,,f ,,oran ,,esp>to4 ,air-dry ,pulp conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,esp>to4 ,soda ,liquor4 ,conditions ( ,dry ,boil+4 ,weight ,pulp ,blea*- ---------------------------------------- -- ( on ,dry + ,no4 ,wt4 ,volume1 ,p] ,"t4 ,temp4,pres-,air-dry,esp>to4,p[d]4 tak54 ,c4,c4 c5t4 ,h\rs4 ,c4 sure4,pulp4 ,p] ,p] ,grams4 ,na#b,o4 ,lbs4,grams4 c5t4 c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #bjj #hjj #aeh #c #adb #ee #hgcj #dcfe #bie #b #bjj #hjj #bac #c #adb #ee #hjfg #djcc #ahe #c #bjj #hjj #bfi #c #adb #ee #gbjj #cfjj #aje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ,no4 ( ,exp]im5t4 ,,practical ,,data ,,calculat$ ,,f ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,boil+4 ,weight ( #fj p] c5t4 ,blea*+ ,= ,"o ,ton ( ,no4-----------,esp>to to,cau/ic ,soda ,p[d] ,esp>to us$4 ,"t4 ,pres-give #a tonrequir$ to requir$ to ---------------- ,h\rs4sure4 ,pulp4 ,dige/ ,blea* #a ton #fj p] ,blea*- ,lbs4 ,cwts4 ,esp>to4 ,air-dry ,pulp4 c5t4 + ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,cau/ic4,p[d]4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #c #ee #deh #dcj #ebf #baj #bfj #b #c #ee #die #fbg #cci #bhb #aef #c #c #ee #eee #hij #aif #ceh #gi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ,no4 ( ,exp]im5t4 ,recov]y ( ,sp5t ,liquor4--,z x is possible to recov] #ge to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! soda orig9ally us$ 9 dige/+ ! esp>to1 ! wa%+ ( ! boil$ grass is conduct$ on sci5tific pr9ciples 9 ord] to ensure a maximum recov]y ( soda at a m9imum co/4 ,! recov]y is effect$ by evaporat+ d[n ! black liquor1 toge!r ) ! wa%+ wat]s1 to a ?ick syrupy mass1 :i* c be burnt4 ,! organic & res9\s con/itu5ts ( ! esp>to :i* h be5 dissolv$ out by ! cau/ic soda1 =m+ ! soluble soda comp\nds1 ignite readily1 & dur+ combu/ion ! organic soda comp\nds are conv]t$ m or less completely into crude c>bonate ( soda4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t ! co/ ( recov]y dep5ds ma9ly on ! quantity ( weak wa%+ wat] :i* has to be evaporat$4 ,consequ5tly me?ods are devis$ by means ( :i* ! grass is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) z little wat] z possible1 & "s ( ! me?ods are v +5i\s4 ,! sp5t liquors & wa%+ wat]s are evaporat$ to a small bulk 9 a vacuum multiple effect app>atus1 & ! ?ick liquid mass obta9$ by evaporation is burnt ei!r 9 a rot>y furnace or on an ord9>y he>?4 ,e precaution is tak5 to effect ?is op]ation ) a m9imum quantity ( coal4 ,! burn+ (f ( ?is mass results 9 ! =mation ( a black sub/ance :i* is tak5 away f ! furnace & all[$ to *> or sl[ly burn until ! impure :ite soda a%1 or c>bonate ( soda1 is obta9$4 ,two sy/ems ( recov]y are 9 g5]al use1 :i* des]ve a brief notice3-- ,direct ,evaporation4--,! liquors may be evaporat$ to a small bulk ready = inc9]ation by treatm5t 9 long %all[ pans or furnaces1 ! heat necess>y = ! process be+ obta9$ ma9ly f ! combu/ion ( ! ?ick conc5trat$ liquor4 ,! mo/ famili> type ( ?is =m ( app>atus is ! ,porion evaporator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,scott's ,multiple ,effect ,evaporator4 ,! combu/ion ( ! conc5trat$ liquor is />t$ by a coal furnace at "o end ( ! app>atus4 ,! ?ick visc\s mass cat*es fire & burns ) a fi]ce flame1 & ! heat is utilis$ 9 evaporat+ ! weak] liquors :i* fl[ cont9u\sly ?r\gh %all[ brick tr\ghs1 ! surface ( :i* is freely expos$ to ! heat & flames f ! he>? :]e ! organic soda comp\nds produc$ 9 ! boil+ ( esp>to are be+ inc9]at$ & conv]t$ into soda a%4 ,"u suitable conditions ?is evaporator is mo/ economical 9 its results4 ,x c be erect$ *eaply1 & :5 all ! heat is fully us$ 9 e possible direction x c be work$ at a l[ co/ comp>$ ) ! m mod]n multiple effect evaporators4 ,vacuum ,multiple ,effect ,evaporation4--,advantage is tak5 ( ! fact t wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature 9 a vacuum ?an at ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are _m =ms ( app>atus bas$ on ?is pr9ciple1 among/ :i* ! mo/ rec5t is ,scott's evaporator4 ,! black liquor f ! boil]s is pump$ ?r\gh tubes heat$ ext]nally by high-pressure /eam4 ,! liquor is pass$ into a *amb] 9 :i* a slight vacuum is ma9ta9$1 s t imm$iately on ent]+1 ! liquor p>ts ) a good deal ( wat] 9 ! %ape ( /eam4 ,! /eam lib]at$ is utilis$ 9 produc+ fur!r evaporation ( ! p>tially conc5trat$ liquor1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ sev]al times until ! conc5tration is effect$ to ! desir$ po9t4 ,9 mo/ cases ! actual inc9]ation ( ! ?ick liquor is c>ri$ out 9 a rot>y furnace :5 su* an app>atus z ?is is us$4 ,,evaporation ,,table4 ,%[+ ! volume ( liquor obta9$ by evaporat+ #a1jjj gallons ( weak black lye ( d5sity d to a high] d5sity ,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l[] ,high] ,d5sity ,d 7,twaddell7 at #ajj ,f4 ,d5sity d ---------------------------------------- ------------- 7at #ajj ,f474 #bj4 #be4 #cj4 #ce4 #dj4 #de4 #ej4 #ee4 #fj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #b #ajj #hj #fff #ega #ej #ddd #dj #cfc #ccc #c #aej #abj #ajj #heg #ge #fff #fj #ede #ej #d #bjj #afj #acccaadcajj #hhh #hj #gbg #fff #e #bej #bjj #afffadc #abe #aaajajj #iji #hcc #f #cjj #bdj #bjj #agadaej #acccabj #aji #ajj #g #cej #bhj #bcccbjj #age #aeeeadj #abg #aaff #h #djj #cbj #bfffbbhfbjj #aggfafj #adeeaccc #i #dej #cfj #cjj #beg #bbe #bjj #ahj #afceaej #aj #ejj #djj #ccccbhf #bej #bbb #bjj #ahahafff ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,example3--#a1jjj gallons ( weak liquor at a d5sity ( #g ,twaddell are r$uc$ to a volume ( #bjj gallons hav+ a d5sity ( #ce ,twaddell1 or to a volume ( #adj gallons ) a d5sity ( #ej ,twaddell1 by evaporation4 ,prep>ation ( ,cau/ic ,soda4--,! crude soda a% recov]$ f previ\s boil+ op]ations is dissolv$ 9 l>ge lixiviat+ tanks & extract$ ) hot wat]4 ,! cle> solution obta9$ aft] all impurities h be5 all[$ to settle is pump$ up into ! cau/icis+ tanks1 :]e x is conv]t$ into cau/ic soda1 ! loss due to ! am\nt ( soda n recov]$ be+ made up by ! addition ( ord9>y soda a%4 ,! cau/icis+ pans are l>ge circul> iron vessels usually #i feet diamet] & #h or #i feet deep1 into :i* a kn[n volume ( ! recov]$ c>bonate ( soda solution is plac$4 ,a weigh$ quantity ( ord9>y quicklime is !n put into a p]=at$ iron cage :i* is fix$ inside ! cau/icis+ pan at su* a level t ! :ole ( ! lime is imm]s$ 9 ! solution4 ,! liquor is kept 9 con/ant circulation by means ( an agitator & heat$ to boil+ po9t1 ) ! result t ! *emical reaction sets 91 ! c>bonate ( soda be+ conv]t$ into cau/ic soda & ! lime be+ ?r[n out z *alk4 ,:5 ! op]ation is complet$1 ! /eam is turn$ (f & ! *alk all[$ to settle4 ,! cle> liquor is c>efully /ra9$ (f & pump$ up into /ore tanks f :i* ! requir$ quantities are drawn (f into ! dige/]s z circum/ances dem&4 ,wa%+4--,! grass :i* has be5 p>tially wa%$ 9 ! dige/] is dug out by ! workm5 & dis*>g$ ?r\gh a manhole fitt$ on "o side ( ! dige/] ne> ! bottom4 ,x is !n convey$ 9 any conv5i5t mann] to ! break+ eng9e1 9 :i* ! grass is m completely wa%$4 ,?is important ma*9e has already be5 describ$ on page #ec4 ,! floor ( ! vessel slopes slightly upw>d t[>ds ! front ( ! roll & falls sudd5ly beh9d ! roll1 9 ord] to promote a circulation ( ! cont5ts ( ! eng9e r\nd & r\nd ! vessel4 ,a def9ite weight ( boil$ grass is ?r[n into ! eng9e toge!r ) a l>ge quantity ( fre% wat]4 ,! circulation ( ! roll draws ! mixture ( pulp & wat] betwe5 ! knives1 break+ x up & at ! same "t dis*>g+ x beh9d ! beat] roll1 & produc+ a cont9u\s circulation ( ! mixture 9 ! two sections ( ! vessels4 ,! dirty wat] is cont9u\sly remov$ f ! vessel by means ( a drum-wa%]4 ,?is is a l>ge holl[ drum1 ! out] surface ( :i* consi/s ( a f9e wire clo?1 ! int]ior ( ! wa%] be+ fitt$ ) specially curv$ scoops4 ,! drum-wa%] is l[]$ until x is half imm]s$ 9 ! mixture ( pulp & wat]1 & z x rotates ! dirty wat] f9ds its way ?r\gh ! wire clo?1 be+ caught up by ! int]nal scoops & dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe to a dra9 outside ! break+ eng9e4 ,at ! same "t fre% wat] is run into ! vessel at "o end1 & ! cont9u\s wa%+ ( ! pulp ?us effect$4 ,blea*+4--,! clean boil$ grass is blea*$ by means ( a solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods us$ = ?is purpose1 ea* ( :i* has special advantages ( its own1 ?\gh ?is is l>gely a "q ( local conditions3-- 7,a7 ,! pulp c be blea*$ 9 ! wa%+ eng9e directly ! grass has be5 suffici5tly clean$4 ,9 ?is case ! fl[ ( fre% wat] is /opp$ & z mu* wat] z possible remov$ by means ( ! drum-wa%]4 ,! drum-wa%] is !n rais$ out ( ! pulp & a kn[n volume ( blea*+ p[d] solution correspond+ to a def9ite weight ( dry p[d] is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! break+ eng9e4 ,! am\nt us$ dep5ds on ! quantity ( dry grass 9 ! break+ eng9e1 ! usual proportion be+ #h to #aj p] c5t4 on ! calculat$ air-dry weight ( raw grass4 ,z ! /uff circulates r\nd ! eng9e ! col\r gradually *anges f d>k yell[ to :ite4 ,! process is sometimes ha/5$ by bl[+ a small quantity ( /eam into ! mixture & !reby rais+ its temp]ature4 ,consid]able c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 us+ heat1 because pulp blea*$ quickly by ?is means is liable to lose col\r at ! lat] /ages ( manufacture4 ,:5 ! pulp has be5 blea*$ to ! requir$ ext5t1 ! drum-wa%] is aga9 l[]$ into contact ) ! blea*$ pulp1 & ! latt] is ?or\ghly wa%$ s z to be q free f traces ( blea* & o!r soluble impurities4 7,b7 ,esp>to is (t5 blea*$ 9 a ,t[] blea*+ eng9e :i* consi/s ( a tall cyl9drical vessel ( #i feet diamet]1 & #ae or #af feet deep1 at ! bottom ( :i* is fix$ a small c5trifugal pump4 ,! boil$ grass toge!r ) suffici5t wat] & cle> blea*+ p[d] solution is plac$ 9 ! eng9e2 ! c5trifugal pump draws ! mixture f ! bottom ( ! vessel & dis*>ges x1 by means ( a l>ge ext]nal pipe1 direct into ! top ( ! vessel1 :]e1 z x falls1 x comes into contact ) a circul> baffle-plate1 :i* di/ributes ! pulp ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! mixture 9 ! vessel4 ,a cont9u\s & rapid circulation is ?us ma9ta9$1 & ! process is said to be v effective4 ,! blea*$ pulp is subsequ5tly wa%$ free f any traces ( blea*4 7,c7 ,esp>to is frequ5tly blea*$ by ! /eep+ process4 ,9 ?is case ! pulp is wa%$ 9 ! break+ eng9e1 mix$ ) ! requir$ quantity ( blea*1 & at once dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! outlet pipes ( ! eng9e into l>ge brick tanks1 :]e ! blea* is all[$ to act quietly ^u ! boil$ grass4 ,?is me?od produces a pulp ( good col\r & is economical4 ,:i*ev] process ( blea*+ is adopt$1 x is necess>y to remove all ! by-products =m$ dur+ ! process1 z ^! soluble by-products if left 9 ! mixture produce a l[]+ ( col\r4 ,! pres5ce ( small traces ( blea*+ p[d] solution c be detect$ by ! use ( />* & potassium iodide te/ pap]s4 ,if a h&ful ( ! pulp aft] blea*+1 :5 squeez$ out1 does n turn ! te/ pap] violet or blue1 !n ! abs5ce ( any free blea* is tak5 = grant$4 ,! slighte/ trace ( blea* w turn su* te/ pap]s blue or violet accord+ to ! am\nt pres5t4 ,?is is ! te/ usually appli$ by ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! blea*+ op]ations4 ,mak+ ,%eets ( ,esp>to ,pulp4--,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 x is usual to "w up ! wa%$ & blea*$ pulp into ! =m ( moi/ %eets4 ,?is is effect$ on a ma*9e kn[n z a presse-pte1 an app>atus :i* closely resembles ! wet end ( a pap] ma*9e4 ,x consi/s ( a set ( flat /ra9]s or scre5s1 a horizontal wire simil> to ! pap] ma*9e wire1 provid$ ) deckles1 ! usual c\* rolls1 & press rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,a ,presse-pte = ,esp>to ,pulp4 ,! pulp dilut$ ) wat] is pass$ ?r\gh ! scre5s & on to ! horizontal wire1 :]e x is =m$ into a moi/ %eet1 ! wat] dra9+ away f ! wire1 & also be+ remov$ by vacuum pumps4 ,! ?ick %eet ( pulp is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! c\* rolls & press rolls1 be+ f9ally w\nd up on a wood5 roll] at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 ?is moi/ condition x is ready = use 9 ! mill4 ,dry ,esp>to ,pulp4--,:5 ! blea*$ pulp is int5d$ = export a m elaborate ma*9e is us$--to all int5ts & purposes a pap]-mak+ ma*9e--by means ( :i* ! cont9u\s %eet ( moi/ pulp is dri$ & cut up into small] %eets ( suitable size4 ,^! dri$ %eets are pack$ up 9 bales conta9+ #b cwt4 or #d cwt4 ( dri$ pulp1 !n wrapp$ 9 hessian & b\nd ) iron wires4 ,o!r ,me?ods4--,s9ce ! yield ( esp>to pulp f ! raw mat]ial is less ?an #ej p] c5t4 & x requires #de cwt4 ( grass to make "o ton ( f9i%$ pulp1 me?ods h be5 devis$ = treat+ ! grass 9 ! gre5 /ate 9 ! di/ricts :]e x is gr[n1 b s f> no?+ has be5 done on a l>ge scale4 ,! isolation ( ! cellulose by alkal9e treatm5t 9 ! cold has be5 sugge/$1 b ! me?od nev] pass$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,?is process 0 inde$ fir/ m5tion$ by ,trabut1 :o _m ye>s ago consid]$ t ! removal ( non-fibr\s con/itu5ts f fre% grass c\ld be readily accompli%$ by ! less dra/ic treatm5t ( ! esp>to ) alkal9e c>bonates ( soda & pota% at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,! production ( esp>to pulp by bact]iological f]m5tation is an idea ( lat] date4 ,accord+ to ! inv5tor1 ! grass is cru%$ me*anically by means ( roll]s & !n imm]s$ 9 sea wat] inoculat$ ) special bacillus obta9$ f esp>to1 & gradually resolv$ into cellulose & soluble by-products by f]m5tation :i* is complete 9 ab\t elev5 days4 ,! comm]cial value ( ?is idea has n yet be5 demon/rat$4 ,,esp>to ,,pulp3 ,,microscopical ,,features4 ,! pulp ( esp>to :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope is easily recognis$1 fir/ by ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! long sl5d] cyl9drical-%ap$ fibres1 & secondly by ! num]\s cells always pres5t4 ,^! cells consi/ ( cuticul> vessels ) s]rat$ edges1 & also ( small pe>-%ap$ se$ hairs1 ! %ape ( :i* is a ready means ( id5tify+ esp>to4 ,an exam9ation ( ! transv]se section ( ! raw mat]ial indicates ! s\rce ( ^! pe>-%ap$ vessels4 ,te/ = ,esp>to 9 ,pap]s4--,pap] conta9+ esp>to fibre may be te/$ by means ( a weak solution ( anil9e sulphate4 ,! suspect$ pap] is g5tly heat$ 9 ! te/ reag5t1 & if esp>to is pres5t ! pap] turns a rose-r$ or p9k col\r1 ! dep? ( col\r be+ a measure ( ! am\nt ( esp>to4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n book pap]s are prep>$ f *emical wood pulp & esp>to mix$ 9 v>y+ proportions1 & :ile ?is te/ c be us$ z a means ( detect+ a small or a l>ge proportion ( esp>to1 a microscopical exam9ation is requir$ = a m accurate e/imation4 ,! proportions us$ by ! pap]-mak] dep5d ^u ! weigh+ out ( ! wood pulp & esp>to m or less accurately1 :ile ! microscopical te/ is bas$ ^u ! relative proportions z repres5t$ by ! volume ( fibres ( ea* class on ! glass slip plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,s9ce ! wood pulp consi/s ( a numb] ( broad flat ribbon-l fibres1 & ! esp>to ( small cyl9drical fibres1 consid]able practice is necess>y 9 mak+ a prop] analysis ( ! two con/itu5ts 9 pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,esp>to ,pulp4 ,,/raw4 ,! use ( /raw = ! manufacture ( pap] 0 fir/ br\ght prom95tly into notice ab\t ! ye> #ahjj by ,mat?ias ,koops1 :o publi%$ a book pr9t$ on pap] made f /raw1 b x 0 n until #ahfj t ?is mat]ial 0 us$ 9 any l>ge quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,a ,cyl9drical ,dige/] = ,boil+ ,fibre4 ,/raw is n[ conv]t$ into a blea*$ pap] pulp = news & pr9t+s1 & is also utilis$ = ! manufacture ( /raw bo>ds4 ,! production ( a :ite pap] pulp f /raw is c>ri$ out 9 a mann] simil> to t us$ 9 ! case ( esp>to fibre1 viz41 by dige/ion ) cau/ic soda "u pressure & subsequ5t blea*+4 ,z ! /raw conta9s consid]able quantities ( silice\s matt]1 ! *emical treatm5t necess>y to r$uce ! mat]ial to pap] pulp is m sev]e1 a /rong] solution ( cau/ic soda be+ us$1 & ! process ( dige/ion be+ c>ri$ out at a high] temp]ature4 ,= ! be/ quality ( /raw cellulose1 ! mat]ial is cut up into small pieces by ma*9es :i* resemble an ord9>y *aff-cutt]1 & ! knots tak5 out by a sep>at+ ma*9e4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! :ole /raw is simply cut up into small l5g?s ( ab\t "o to two in*es long1 & plac$ at once 9 ! dige/]4 ,:5 ! /raw is contam9at$ ) =eign we$s1 s&1 husks1 & simil> sub/ances1 z is usually ! case1 x is c>efully h&-pick$ by girls1 :o remove ^! impurities1 :i* t5d to produce p>ticles ( unblea*$ matt] 9 ! f9i%$ pulp4 ,! exp5se ( ?is prelim9>y clean+ process is m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! enhanc$ value ( ! blea*$ /raw pulp4 ,dige/+4--,! cut /raw is boil$ 9 rot>y cyl9drical or sph]ical vessels1 /ation>y upright boil]s ( ! vomit+ type be+ seldom employ$ because ! circulation ( ! cau/ic soda liquor does n take place freely ) /raw pack$ 9 ! latt]4 ,z ! mat]ial is v bulky1 "s ( ! liquor is fir/ put into ! boil] & ! /eam admitt$ :ile ! /raw is be+ ?r[n 94 ,by ?is means ! /raw is s(t5$ & r$uc$ 9 bulk1 s t a l>g] quantity c be add$ be=e ! dige/] is q full4 ,! full am\nt ( cau/ic soda is !n made up by fur!r additions ( liquor1 & ! cont5ts ( ! dige/] heat$ by high-pressure /eam = f\r to six h\rs4 ,! conditions ( treatm5t are %[n by ! foll[+ trial3-- ,am\nt ( /raw #e1fjj lbs4 ,cau/ic soda1 #bj p] c5t4 #a1abj lbs4 ,! cau/ic soda 0 add$ 9 ! =m ( a liquor1 hav+ a volume ( #b1jab gallons & a specific gravity ( #ajee4 ,"t ( boil+ #e h\rs4 ,pressure #fj lbs4 ,wa%+4--,! boil$ /raw is dis*>g$ into l>ge tanks plac$ bel[ ! dige/] & wa%$ ) hot wat]1 ! smalle/ possible quantity be+ us$ consi/5t ) complete wa%+ 9 ord] to prev5t ! accumulation ( l>ge volumes ( weak lye4 ,! sp5t liquor & wa%+ wat]s are dra9$ (f into /ore tanks & evaporat$ 9 a multiple effect app>atus by ! same process z t us$ = esp>to pulp4 ,! la/ wa%+s are usually run away because ! p]c5tage ( soda 9 !m is too small to pay = ! co/ ( recov]y4 ,! f9al wa%+ ( ! /raw pulp is complet$ by ! use ( a break+ eng9e or pot*]4 ,z /raw pulp conta9s a l>ge proportion ( cellul> matt] :i* _c be reg>d$ z true fibres1 !re is always a dang] ( consid]able loss 9 yield if ! use ( ! break+ eng9e is ext5sively adopt$1 because ! %ort cells escape ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! drum-wa%]4 ,! wa%+ is mo/ economically effect$ 9 ! tanks if a good yield ( pulp is requir$4 ,sep>at+ out ,knots4--,! brok5 pulp f ! break+ eng9es is dilut$ ) l>ge quantities ( wat] & pump$ ov] s& traps 9 ord] to remove knots & we$s :i* h resi/$ ! action ( ! cau/ic soda4 ,^! traps consi/ ( long %all[ trays1 p]haps sixty to eighty y>ds long1 "o y>d wide1 & n9e in*es deep1 conta9+ bo>ds :i* /ret* f side to side1 slop+ at an angle1 & nail$ to ! bottom ( ! trays4 ,! dilute pulp fl[s ?r\gh ! trays1 leav+ ! heavy p>ticles1 knots1 & =eign matt] beh9d ! slop+ bo>ds1 & f9ally passes ov] ! /ra9]s1 :i* reta9 any l>ge co>se pieces /ill rema9+4 ,mak+ ,%eets ( ,pulp4--,! mixture f ! /ra9]s conta9s a l>ge excess ( wat] :i* has to be remov$ be=e ! pulp c be blea*$4 ,= ?is purpose a wet press ma*9e 7see page #ajc7 or a presse-pte 7see page #he7 is employ$1 & ! wet %eets ( pulp are !n ready = blea*+4 ,blea*+4--,! process by :i* ! pulp is blea*$ is exactly simil> to t us$ = treat+ esp>to4 ,f #ahgj to #ahij l>ge quantities ( /raw 7 us$ = ! manufacture ( newspap] 9 conjunction ) esp>to & wood pulp1 b ! price ( ! mat]ial 0 gradually advanc$ s t x c\ld n be us$ ) advantage1 especially z ! production ( wood pulp gave a mat]ial :i* 0 mu* *eap]1 & :i* c\ld be utilis$ at once )\t *emical treatm5t4 ,9 ! manufacture ( newspap] ! t5d5cy dur+ rec5t ye>s has be5 to make ! pap] mill op]ations z me*anical z possible & to disp5se ) ! prelim9>y op]ations :i* are ess5tial = ! manufacture ( half-/uff1 ! *emical processes be+ left 9 ! h&s ( ! pulp manufactur]s4 ,! manufacture ( /raw cellulose is n[ practically conf9$ to ,g]many1 b small quantities ( ! blea*$ /raw cellulose are import$ because ! pulp imp>ts c]ta9 qualities to pap] :i* improve x1 notably 9 mak+ *eap pr9t+ pap]s h>d] & m opaque4 ,,microscopical ,,features ,,( ,,/raw4 ,! pap] pulp obta9$ f /raw consi/s ( a mixture ( %ort fibres toge!r ) a l>ge proportion ( oval-%ap$ cells4 ,! fibres are %ort & some:at resemble esp>to1 b ! pres5ce ( ! small] cells is a sure indication ( ! /raw pulp4 ,! fibres !mselves closely resemble ! fibres ( esp>to1 b z a rule ! latt] are long sl5d] fibres1 :ile ! /raw fibre is v (t5 b5t & twi/$ or slightly k9k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,/raw4 ,! only me?od ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 /raw & esp>to is by exam9ation ) ! microscope4 ,!re is no *emical reag5t kn[n :i* w produce a col\r reaction on a pap] conta9+ /raw t w s]ve to di/+ui% x f a pap] conta9+ esp>to4 ,if su* pap]s are g5tly heat$ 9 a weak solution ( anil9e sulphate a p9k col\r is sl[ly develop$1 ! int5sity ( :i* is to "s ext5t a measure ( ! am\nt ( /raw or esp>to pres5t4 ,/raw & esp>to are usually describ$ 9 text-books "u "o head+1 p>tly because ! fibres possess /rong resemblances 9 physical & *emical con/itution1 & p>tly because ! me?ods ( manufacture are id5tical4 ,at ! same "t ! qualities ( ! two pulps are s diff]5t t !y _c be us$ indiscrim9ately1 ! "o = ! o!r4 ,/raw cellulose _c be utilis$ 9 ! place ( esp>to1 p>ticul>ly = light bulky pap]s4 ,h5ce 9 magaz9e & book pap]s conta9+ a fibre :i* gives a p9k coloration ) anil9e sulphate x is fairly safe to assume t esp>to pulp is pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,wood ,,pulp ,,& ,,wood ,,pulp ,,pap]s ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,me*anical ,,wood ,,pulp4 ,wood is conv]t$ into pulp suitable = ! manufacture ( pap] by me?ods :i* produce two di/9ct v>ieties4 ,! fir/ is me*anical wood pulp1 s call$ because x is made by a purely me*anical process4 ,! second is t]m$ *emical wood pulp f ! fact t ! mat]ial is submitt$ to *emical treatm5t4 ,gr\nd ,wood & ,cellulose4--,! two v>ieties ( pulp are sometimes di/+ui%$ by ! use ( ! t]ms gr\nd wood & cellulose4 ,9 ! =m] case ! description implies a product consi/+ ( pulp obta9$ by gr9d+ wood into a fibr\s condition1 :ile 9 ! second ! ^w sugge/s a purifi$ *emical product fre$ f ! res9\s & non-fibr\s con/itu5ts f\nd 9 wood4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce1 = me*anical wood pulp consi/s ( fibres :i* h be5 torn away f wood by means ( a gr9d/one2 x diff]s b slightly 9 *emical composition f ! orig9al raw mat]ial & conta9s mo/ ( ! complex sub/ances natural to wood4 ,*emical wood pulp1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s ( fibre isolat$ f wood 9 su* a mann] t ! complex non-fibr\s sub/ances are m or less entirely remov$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two pulps is %[n 9 ! foll[+ approximate analysis ( spruce wood1 & ( ! pulp d]iv$ f x4 ,! composition ( ! me*anical pulp is practically id5tical ) t ( ! wood itself4 ,,composition ,,( ,,spruce ,,wood1 ,,& ,,( ,,*emical ,,wood ,,pulp 7,,spruce74 ----------------------------------- -- ,wood ,*emical 7,spruce74,wood ,pulp4 ----------------------------------- ,cellulose #ecj #hhj ,res9 #ae #je ,aque\s ,extract #be #je ,wat] #abj #hj ,lign9 #cje #be ,a% #je #je ------------------- #ajjj #ajjj ----------------------------------- ,! use ( me*anical wood pulp is g5]ally conf9$ to ! manufacture ( news1 common pr9t+s & pack+ pap]s1 c>dbo>ds1 & boxbo>ds4 ,x possesses v little /r5g?1 quickly discol\rs :5 expos$ to light & air1 & gradually loses its fibr\s "*4 ,! *emical wood pulp is a /rong fibre1 f :i* high-class pap]s c be manufactur$1 ! col\r & /r5g? ( :i* leave little to be desir$4 ,species ( ,wood4--,! woods mo/ commonly us$ = ! manufacture ( wood pulp belong to ! ord] ,conif]1 or cone-be>+ trees4 ,9 ,europe ! spruce & silv] fir are ! *ief species1 :ile 9 ,am]ica spruce1 balsam1 p9e1 & fir are employ$4 ,! h>d] woods1 su* z hemlock1 bee*1 l>* & o!rs1 are n conv]t$ into pulp by ! me*anical process4 ,timb] ,op]ations4--,! trees are cut d[n 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t] by gangs ( m5 specially tra9$ to ! "w4 ,! organisation ( a lumb] camp :5 ! op]ations are ( an ext5sive "* is v complete & c>efully arrang$1 e detail be+ att5d$ to 9 ord] to get out ! wood z *eaply & exp$iti\sly z possible4 ,! bran*es & small tops are remov$ f ! trees :5 !y are fall51 & ! trunks cut into logs ( #ab1 #ad1 or #af feet 9 l5g?1 & aft]w>ds pil$ up on ! banks ( ! ne>e/ riv]1 or on ! ice1 ready = ! break+ up ( ! w9t]4 ,z soon z ! ice breaks up & ! riv]s become navigable ! logs are float$ d[n to _! de/9ation1 9 "s cases hundr$s ( miles f ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,:]e riv]s are n available ! timb] is br\ght out by horses or bullocks1 or by means ( a light railway4 ,log ,cutt+4--,z ! timb] arrives at ! mill x is c>efully measur$1 bo? z to its diamet] & l5g?1 9 ord] t a record may be kept ( ! quantity us$4 ,"s ( ! logs are pil$ up 9 ! /orey>d = use 9 ! w9t]1 & ! rema9d] conv]t$ into pulp day by day4 ,! logs are fir/ cut into %ort pieces ab\t #b feet long by means ( a p[]ful circul> saw1 ! arrangem5ts = ?is "w be+ devis$ s z to keep d[n ! co/ ( lab\r z mu* z possible4 ,all wa/e pieces are ?r[n aside to be utilis$ z fuel4 ,b>k+4--,! b>k on ! logs is remov$ 9 "o or two ways4 ,mu* ( x is knock$ (f dur+ ! transf] f ! =e/ to ! mill1 b ev5 !n ! wood requires to be clean$4 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$5 ! wood is treat$ 9 a tumbl] or a b>k]1 :ile 9 ,am]ica & ,canada ! use ( ! tumbl] is practically unkn[n4 ,! b>k] consi/s ( a heavy iron disc fitt$ ) knives1 usually ?ree 9 numb]1 :i* project f ! surface ( ! disc ab\t half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! b>k] rotates 9 a v]tical position1 & ! %ort pieces ( wood are br\ght "o by "o into contact ) ! disc 9 su* a mann] t ! b>k is %av$ (f by ! knives4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) conv5i5ces = press+ ! wood aga9/ ! disc & = turn+ ! logs z !y are b>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,pair ( ,b>k]s = remov+ ,b>k f ,logs ( ,wood4 ,! ma*9e is encas$ 9 a /rong ca/-iron cov]1 & all ! b>k %av$ (f is c>ri$ away by ! /rong curr5t ( air set up by ! rapid motion ( ! disc1 & subsequ5tly burnt4 ,! tumbl] sy/em is q diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case ! %ort pieces are ?r[n into a l>ge circul> drum ) hot wat]1 & ! b>k tak5 (f by ! friction ( ! pieces z ! drum rotates4 ,! loss ( mat]ial is ( c\rse less 9 ?is process1 b ! wood is n clean$ q s effectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,view ( ,horizontal ,gr9d] 7,a71 ) ,section 7,b74 ,! wood at ?is /age c be us$ ei!r = ! manufacture ( me*anical or *emical pulp4 ,z a g5]al rule ! pieces are tak5 indiscrim9ately = ei!r process1 b sometimes ! wood is sort$ out1 ! clean /uff free f knots & blemi%es be+ res]v$ = high quality *emical pulp4 ,gr9d+4--,! ma9 feature ( ! gr9d+ process is ! attrition ( ! wood :5 held aga9/ ! surface ( a rapidly revolv+ gr9d/one1 ! fibres z !y are rubb$ (f be+ in/antly c>ri$ away f ! /one by a curr5t ( wat]4 ,a complete description ( ! ma*9es us$ & ! modifications ( ! process practis$ by manufactur]s is impossible 9 ?is book1 b ! foll[+ po9ts w be suffici5t4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a l>ge gr9d/one ab\t #ed in*es 9 diamet]1 & #bg in*es ?ick4 ,x rotates 9 a v]tical or 9 a horizontal position at a high spe$4 ,! /one revolves inside a cas+ :i* is provid$ ) a numb] ( pockets1 s call$1 into :i* ! pieces ( wood are ?r[n at regul> int]vals1 z fa/ z ! wood is gr\nd by ! friction ( ! /one4 ,a cont9ual /ream ( wat] play+ ^u ! surface ( ! /one wa%es away ! pulp into a tank or pit bel[ ! ma*9e4 ,! quality ( ! pulp may be v>i$ by ! conditions "u :i* x is made4 ,by limit+ ! proportion ( wat] s t ! wood rema9s 9 contact ) ! /one = a long] "t ! temp]ature ( ! mass 9 ! pockets rises4 ,su* hot gr\nd pulp1 z x is t]m$1 is t\gh & /rong4 ,:5 ! fibres are wa%$ away f ! /one z fa/ z !y are produc$ ! temp]ature does n rise1 & cold gr\nd pulp is made1 :i* is n *>act]is$ by ! some:at lea!ry feel ( ! pulp made at ! high] temp]ature4 ,! surface ( ! /one plays an important "p also4 ,if ! /one is smoo? ! wood is rubb$ away sl[ly1 b if ! surface has be5 r\gh5$ & groov$ by means ( a special tool ! fibres are torn away quickly4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! pulp comes f ! /one 9 a f9ely-gr\nd /ate & 9 a uni=m condition1 :ile 9 ! second ! pulp is co>se & *ippy4 ,! output ( ! ma*9e is1 h[ev]1 mu* increas$ by ! use ( %>p /ones & by ! application ( consid]able pressure to ! blocks ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,a ,v]tical ,gr9d] = mak+ ,hot ,gr\nd ,me*anical ,wood ,pulp4 ,scre5+4--,! mixture ( wat] & pulp leav+ ! gr9d] falls into a tank bel[ ! /one1 all l>ge *ips be+ reta9$ by means ( a p]=at$ plate4 ,! f9] pulp1 /ill too co>se = use1 is !n pump$ to ! scre5s1 :i* s]ve to remove all *ippy & co>se fibres & produce a uni=m mat]ial4 ,! %ak+ sieve consi/s ( a %all[ tray1 ! bottom ( :i* is a brass plate or s]ies ( plates p]=at$ ) small holes or slits4 ,! pulp fl[s on to ! tray1 :i* is kept 9 a /ate ( viol5t agitation1 ! f9e pulp pass+ ?r\gh ! holes & ! co>s] pieces work+ d[n to ! l[] edge ( ! tray into a tr\gh :i* c>ries !m away4 ,! flat scre5 is some:at diff]5t 9 con/ruction1 b ! pr9ciple ( sep>ation is ! same4 ,x consi/s ( brass p]=at$ plates =m+ ! bottom ( a %all[ ca/-iron tray1 cont9ually agitat$ by means ( cams fix$ to ! "u surface ( ! trays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,c5trifugal ,scre5 = ,wood ,pulp4 ,! c5trifugal scre5 is a cage made ( f9ely p]=at$ brass %eet+ :i* revolves at a v high rate ( spe$ inside a circul> ca/-iron vessel4 ,! pulp fl[s into ! int]ior ( ! cage1 ! f9e fibres be+ =c$ ?r\gh ! scre5 by ! c5trifugal action ( ! ma*9e1 & ! co>se mat]ial is reta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,section ( ,c5trifugal ,scre5 = ,wood ,pulp4 ,wet ,press+4--,! pulp leav+ ! scre5s is mix$ ) su* a l>ge quantity ( wat] t x is necess>y to conc5trate x4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( ! wet press ma*9e 7,fig4 #da74 ,! pulp & wat] are pump$ into a wood5 box 9 :i* revolves a l>ge holl[ drum1 ! surface ( ?is drum consi/+ ( a f9e wire clo? ( ab\t #fj or #gj me%4 ,! drum is n entirely imm]s$ 9 ! mixture1 s t z x rotates ! pulp =ms a sk9 or ?9 %eet on ! surface1 & ! wat] passes away ?r\gh ! wire into ! int]ior ( ! holl[ drum4 ,! drum c>ries ! ?9 %eet out ( ! box & above ! level ( ! mixture until x comes into contact ) an endless blanket or felt1 :i* is press$ aga9/ t "p ( ! drum n imm]s$ 9 ! liquid4 ,by ?is means ! ?9 %eet is transf]r$ to ! felt & c>ri$ betwe5 squeez+ rolls to ! f9i%+ rolls4 ,! felt1 c>ry+ on its upp] surface ! ?9 %eet ( pulp1 passes betwe5 two rolls1 usually #af to #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 ! upp] be+ made ( wood & ! l[] "o ( ca/ iron4 ,! pulp adh]es to ! upp] drum & ! felt passes r\nd ! l[] drum back to ! box conta9+ ! mixture ( pulp & wat]2 ! ?9 %eet is cont9u\sly w\nd on ! upp] roll until a c]ta9 ?ickness is rea*$4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! att5dant removes ! ?ick %eet by a dext]\s movem5t ( a %>p /ick across ! face ( ! roll4 ,! wet pulp at ?is /age consi/s ( #cj p] c5t4 air-dry pulp & #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,hydraulic ,press+4--,! %eets tak5 f ! wet press ma*9e are fold$ into a conv5i5t %ape & pil$ up1 co>se pieces ( sack+ be+ plac$ betwe5 ! %eets4 ,at /at$ int]vals ! piles are submitt$ to pressure 9 hydraulic presses 9 ord] to remove fur!r quantities ( wat]1 :i* sl[ly dra9s away ?r\gh ! sack+4 ,9 ?is way a mass ( pulp 9 ! =m ( ?ick fold$ %eets conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ( dry wood pulp is produc$4 ,! pieces ( sack+ are tak5 out & ! %eets put up 9 bales ( any requir$ weight1 usually #b cwt4 or #d cwt4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*emical ,,wood ,,pulp4 ,mo/ vegetable fibres are conv]t$ into pulp by alkal9e processes1 t is by dige/+ ! raw mat]ial ) cau/ic soda & simil> alkal9e sub/ances4 ,wood may be treat$ 9 two ways1 "o ( :i* is ! ord9>y soda process1 & ! o!r an acid treatm5t requir+ ! use ( sulphur\s acid4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,wood4--,! logs ( wood are cut up & b>k$ exactly z 9 ! case ( me*anical pulp4 ,! %ort two-foot pieces are !n cut up into small flakes ab\t "o in* squ>e & half an in* ?ick by means ( a ma*9e kn[n z a *ipp]4 ,?is is simil> 9 con/ruction to a b>k]1 consi/+ ( a heavy iron disc rotat+ at a high spe$ inside a /\t cov]4 ,! disc revolves 9 a v]tical position1 & ?ree project+ knives slice up ! logs into flakes4 ,= ?is purpose ! disc is provid$ ) ?ree slots :i* radiate f ! c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce = ab\t #ab in*es4 ,! knives c be adju/$ s t !y /& up ?r\gh ! slots & above ! surface ( ! disc to any requir$ di/ance4 ,9 ord] to ensure uni=mity 9 ! size ( ! *ips1 ! practice is frequ5tly adopt$ ( sift+ ! wood leav+ ! *ipp]4 ,! sieve is a l>ge skeleton drum1 ! out] surface ( :i* is made ( a co>se wire clo? capable ( pass+ all pieces ( ! size m5tion$4 ,l>g] *ips & pieces are reta9$ 9 ! drum z x revolves 9 a horizontal position & only fall out on rea*+ ! extreme end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ,dige/]s4--,! object ( boil+ ! wood "u pressure ) *emicals is to dissociate ! valuable fibr\s portion ( ! plant f ! res9\s & non-fibr\s portion4 ,9 ?is process ! wood loses half its weight1 ! yield ( pulp be+ ab\t #ej p] c5t41 & ! rema9d] is dissolv$ out by ! *emical solution4 ,! conditions ( treatm5t are extremely v>i$ 9 "*1 ! quality ( ! pulp produc$ v>y+ 9 proportion4 ,! dige/]s are ei!r sph]ical1 cyl9drical1 or egg-%ap$1 be+ con/ruct$ to revolve at a sl[ rate ( spe$1 or fix$ p]man5tly 9 an upright position4 ,sph]ical boil]s are usually #i or #aj feet 9 diamet]1 ! cyl9drical dige/]s be+ #dj or #ej feet high & #ab or #ae feet diamet]1 ! l>g] ones be+ capable ( tak+ #bj tons ( wood = ea* op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,wood ,pulp ,dige/]1 p>tly 9 elevation1 p>tly 9 section4 ,= ! alkal9e process ! int]ior ( ! dige/] does n require any special treatm5t1 b ) ! acid process ! int]nal portion ( ! boil] is c>efully l9$ ) a ?ick lay] ( acid-resi/+ brick & cem5t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! dige/] are heat$ by means ( high-pressure /eam1 :i* is bl[n direct into ! mass or pass$ ?r\gh a coil ly+ at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,9 ! =m] case ! /eam is cond5s$ by ! liquor1 ! volume ( :i* is consequ5tly increas$1 :ile 9 ! latt] case ! cond5s$ /eam is drawn (f cont9u\sly f ! pipes4 ,ea* sy/em has its own p>ticul> advantages4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,*emical ,wood ,pulp4--,accord+ to ! me?od ( treatm5t s ! quality ( ! pulp v>ies4 ,! *emicals us$1 ! sy/em ( boil+1 ! temp]ature ( dige/ion1 ! /r5g? ( ! solutions1 ! duration ( ! cook+ p]iod1 &1 la/ b n lea/1 ! species ( wood1 are all det]m9+ factors 9 ! value ( ! ultimate product4 ,soda ,pulp4--,?is is prep>$ by dige/+ wood ) cau/ic soda 9 revolv+ boil]s = eight or t5 h\rs at a pressure ( #fj to #hj lbs4 ,sulphate ,pulp4--,prep>$ by dige/+ ! wood ) a mixture ( cau/ic soda1 sulphide ( soda1 & sulphate ( soda4 ,sulphite ,pulp4--,! process mo/ g5]ally adopt$ = ! manufacture ( wood pulp is ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial 9 brick-l9$ dige/]s ) bisulphite ( lime = eight to n9e h\rs at a pressure ( #hj lbs4 ,mits*]li* ,pulp4--,?is is sulphite pulp prep>$ by dige/+ ! wood at a mu* l[] temp]ature & = a long] p]iod ?an ! ord9>y sulphite4 ,! /eam is n bl[n direct into ! mass ( wood1 & ! pressure seldom exce$s #de or #ej lbs41 ! "t ( boil+ occupy+ #de to #ej h\rs4 ,s call$ f ! "n ( ! inv5tor4 ,sulphite ,wood ,pulp4--,?is "n is giv5 to pulp prep>$ by dige/+ wood ) solutions conta9+ sulphur\s acid1 or salts ( sulphur\s acid4 ,! acid is produc$ by burn+ sulphur or c]ta9 ores conta9+ sulphur1 su* z copp] or iron pyrites1 9 special ov5s4 ,! mo/ mod]n =m ( ov5 consi/s ( a cyl9drical ca/-iron drum revolv+ sl[ly 9 a horizontal position on suitable be>+s4 ,! sulphur is ?r[n at int]vals1 or f$ automatically1 into ! ov51 ! am\nt ( air be+ c>efully regulat$ to avoid ! =mation ( sulphuric acid 9 ! lat] /ages ( prep>ation4 ,! sulphur is also burnt 9 /ation>y ov5s :i* consi/ ( flat %all[ clos$ trays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,view ( ord9>y ,sulphur-burn+ ,ov5s4 ,! hot sulphur\s acid gas passes ?r\gh pipes & is cool$1 aft] :i* x is br\ght into contact ) wat] & lime = ! production ( ! bisulphite ( lime4 ,?is is accompli%$ by "o ( two me?ods z foll[s4 ,t[] ,sy/em4--,! cool gas is drawn into high t[]s usually built ( wood1 #g or #h feet diamet]1 :i* are fill$ ) masses ( lime/one4 ,f tanks at ! top ( ea* t[] a c>efully regulat$ quantity ( wat] fl[s d[n ^u ! lime/one & absorbs ! asc5d+ column ( gas1 ?is be+ drawn into ! t[] f ! bottom4 ,! lime/one is simultane\sly dissolv$1 & ! liquid :i* fl[s out f ! pipes at ! bottom ( ! t[] consi/s ( lime dissolv$ 9 sulphur\s acid1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 proportion ( free sulphur\s acid4 ,?is is g5]ally kn[n z a solution ( bisulphite ( lime4 ,tank ,sy/em4--,! some:at co/ly t[] sy/em has 9 _m cases be5 sup]s$$ by ! use ( a numb] ( huge wood5 vats1 #aj to #ab feet diamet] & #h to #aj feet high4 ,^! tanks are fill$ ) wat] & a kn[n quantity ( slak$ lime4 ,! gas is =c$ into ! tanks by pressure or drawn ?r\gh by suction1 & ! conv]sion ( ! milk ( lime into bisulphite ( lime proce$s automatically4 ,9 ord] to ensure complete absorption ! gas passes ?r\gh ! tanks 9 s]ies1 s t ! sp5t gases leav+ ! vats d n conta9 any appreciable am\nt ( sulphur\s acid4 ,9 ord] to obta9 pulp ( uni=m quality x is necess>y t ! liquor %\ld be ( con/ant composition4 ,! =mula diff]s 9 ! v>i\s mills accord+ to ! conditions :i* are f\nd mo/ suitable4 ,sulphite ,dige/]s4--,! almo/ univ]sal =m ( boil] employ$ 9 cook+ wood by ! sulphite process is a tall cyl9drical vessel ( ab\t #ej feet 9 height1 & #ad to #ae feet int]nal diamet]1 l9$ ) acid-resi/+ brick4 ,?is =m ( dige/] is capable ( hold+ #bj tons ( wood at "o *>ge1 yield+ #aj tons ( f9i%$ pulp4 ,! *ipp$ wood is dis*>g$ into ! dige/]s f huge b9s erect$ j above ! op5+s to ! dige/]s1 s t ! latt] c be fill$ )\t any delay & ! requisite quantity ( sulphite liquor add$4 ,! manhole or cov] is at once put on1 securely fa/5$1 & /eam turn$ on gradually until ! pressure rea*es #gj or #hj lbs41 at :i* pressure ! cook+ is /eadily ma9ta9$4 ,! progress ( ! op]ation is wat*$ & samples ( ! liquor drawn f ! boil] at int]vals to be te/$1 s t ! boil+ may be /opp$ :5 ! results ( ! te/+ %[ ! wood is suffici5tly cook$4 ,!re is no special difficulty 9 ?is op]ation1 provid$ ! necess>y conditions are obs]v$4 ,x is important t ! wood %\ld be dry1 & t ! proportion ( sulphite liquor p] ton ( dry wood %\ld be con/ant4 ,if ! wood happ5s to be wet1 due all[ance mu/ be made = ! excess wat] & a some:at /rong] liquor us$ 9 ord] to comp5sate = ?is4 ,o!r precautions ( a simil> "* are obs]v$ 9 ord] to m9imise ! dang] ( an insuffici5tly cook$ pulp4 ,wa%+4--,:5 ! pulp has be5 boil$1 a process :i* g5]ally occupies sev5 or eight h\rs1 ! /eam is %ut (f & ! cont5ts ( ! boil] bl[n out into l>ge vats kn[n z bl[-out tanks1 ! pressure ( /eam rema9+ 9 ! dige/] be+ suffici5t to empty ! s(t5$ pulp 9 a few m9utes4 ,mu* ( ! sp5t sulphite liquor1 n[ conta9+ ! dissolv$ res9\s & non-fibr\s portions ( ! orig9al wood1 dra9s away f ! mass 9 ! tank1 & !n copi\s supplies ( clean wat] are add$ 9 ord] to wa% out ! residual liquors :i* x is ess5tial to remove4 ,num]\s o!r devices are employ$ to ensure ! complete wa%+ ( ! boil$ pulp4 ,scre5+4--,! production ( a high-class pulp necessitates prop] scre5+ to elim9ate co>se pieces ( unboil$ wood & ! knots1 ! latt] n be+ s(t5$ completely4 ,! me?ods adopt$ v>y accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,= uni=m clean pulp t c be blea*$ easily ! mat]ial f ! bl[-out tanks is1 aft] wa%+1 mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( wat] & run ?r\gh s& traps1 :i* consi/ ( long %all[ wide boxes provid$ ) slant+ baffle-bo>ds to reta9 knots & l>ge pieces ( uns(t5$ wood1 ! pulp ?us p>tially scre5$ be+ subsequ5tly treat$ 9 ! prop] scre5+ app>atus4 ,sometimes ! wa%$ pulp is s5t direct to ! scre5s & ! well-boil$ fibres sort$ out by a sy/em ( grad$ scre5s1 :i* sep>ate ! completely isolat$ fibres f ! bulk & reta9 ! l>g] pieces1 ^! be+ brok5 d[n 9 a suitable eng9e & put back on ! scre5s4 ,! ma*9]y employ$ = scre5+ *emical pulp is id5tical ) t us$ = ! treatm5t ( me*anical wood pulp4 ,f9i%+4--,! ord9>y sulphite pulp is work$ up into ! =m ( dry %eets = ! m>ket & n s5t out 9 a wet /ate z ! me*anical wood4 ,!re are sev]al practical disadvantages 9 prep>+ ! latt] 9 a dry condition :i* d n1 h[ev]1 occur ) *emical pulp4 ,h5ce ! pulp aft] be+ scre5$ is n press$ b submitt$ to a diff]5t process4 ,f ! scre5s ! mixture ( pulp & wat]1 ! latt] be+ pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 is pump$ into a conc5trator1 or slu%]1 z x is t]m$1 by means ( :i* "s ( ! wat] is tak5 out4 ,! slu%] consi/s ( a wood5 box divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a v]tical p>tition4 ,9 ! l>g] comp>tm5t a holl[ drum cov]$ ) a f9e wire clo? revolves1 ! con/ruction & purpose ( :i* are precisely ! same z t ( ! wet press ma*9e us$ = me*anical pulp4 ,z ! drum revolves ! pulp adh]es to ! out] surface1 :ile ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! wire clo?4 ,! drum is n completely imm]s$ 9 ! mixture1 s t ! sk9 ( pulp is br\ght out ( ! wat] by ! rotation ( ! drum4 ,:5 ?is takes place ! contact ( a wood5 or felt cov]$ roll :i* revolves on ! top ( ! drum causes ! pulp to be transf]r$ f ! drum to ! roll4 ,! wet pulp is cont9u\sly scrap$ (f by an iron b> or doctor1 z x is call$1 re/+ on ! surface ( ! roll1 & x f9ally drops into ! second comp>tm5t ( ! slu%] 9 a m conc5trat$ =m ready = ! dry+ ma*9e4 ,dry+4--,! mass ( wet pulp f ! slu%] is convey$ into a circul> res]voir or /uff *e/1 :i* s]ves to supply ! ma*9e us$ = conv]t+ ! pulp into dry %eets4 ,! ma*9e is to all int5ts & purposes a ,f\rdr9i] pap] ma*9e1 & ! process is simil> to t us$ = ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,! pulp fl[s 9 a cont9u\s /ream on to a horizontal endless wire1 :i* c>ries x =w>d z a ?9 lay]2 ! wat] dra9s ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! wire1 fur!r quantities be+ remov$ by suction boxes1 :i* draw away ! wat] by virtue ( ! vacuum produc$ by special pumps4 ,! wet %eet !n passes betwe5 ! c\* rolls :i* compress ! pulp1 squeez+ out m wat]1 & !n ?r\gh press rolls1 :i* f9ally give a firm adh]5t %eet ( pulp conta9+ #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! %eet is dri$ by pass+ ov] a numb] ( /eam heat$ cyl9d]s1 :i* cause all ! moi/ure to evaporate f ! pulp4 ,at ! end ( ! ma*9e ! dry pulp is cut up into %eets ( any conv5i5t size1 & pack$ up 9 bales ( two or f\r cwts4 ,mits*]li* ,sulphite ,pulp4--,?is t]m is appli$ to sulphite wood prep>$ by submitt+ ! *ipp$ wood to a comp>atively l[ pressure = a long p]iod4 ,! wood is plac$ 9 ! /ation>y upright =m ( dige/] ) ! requisite am\nt ( liquor1 & ! heat+ produc$ by ! passage ( /eam ?r\gh a lead5 coil ly+ at ! bottom ( ! dige/]1 s t ! /eam does n cond5se 9 ! liquor b 9 ! coil1 f :i* x is drawn (f4 ,! pressure seldom exce$s #de lbs4 b ! duration ( ! cook+ is ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! boil] is n empti$ "u pressure1 b ! pulp is dis*>g$ f ! dige/] aft] ! pressure has be5 l[]$1 & ! manhole tak5 (f4 ,! cont5ts are usually %ovell$ out by ! workm54 ,! pulp is c>efully wa%$1 scre5$ & made up into wet %eets on ! ord9>y wet press ma*9e4 ,?is pulp is nev] dri$ on ! ,f\rdr9i] l ! common sulphite1 z its special qualities c only be pres]v$ by ! treatm5t describ$4 ,?is pulp is p>ticul>ly suitable = p>*m5t pap]s1 grease pro(s & transp>5t pap]s4 ,soda ,wood ,pulp4--,! *ipp$ wood is boil$ 9 /ation>y or revolv+ dige/]s = eight or n9e h\rs at a pressure ( #gj or #hj lbs4 ,a solution ( cau/ic soda is employ$1 ab\t #af to #bj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! wood be+ add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! dige/]4 ,live /eam is bl[n direct into ! mass1 & aft] ! op]ation ! sp5t liquor is c>efully kept = subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,! pulp is wa%$ 9 su* a mann] t ! am\nt ( wat] actually us$ is kept d[n to ! smalle/ possible volume consi/5t ) a complete removal ( soluble matt]s4 ,?is is done 9 ord] t ! sp5t liquors may be treat$ = ! recov]y ( ! soda4 ,recov]y ( ,sp5t ,liquors4--,:5 wood is cook$ by ! soda & sulphate processes ! solutions conta9+ ! dissolv$ organic matt] f ! wood c be evaporat$1 & ! orig9al *emical recov]$4 ,9 ! case ( soda pulp ! me?od ( treatm5t is z foll[s3 ! sp5t liquors & ! wa%+s are evaporat$ by means ( a multiple effect vacuum app>atus to a ?ick syrup4 ,! conc5trat$ liquor produc$ is !n burnt 9 special furnaces1 all ! organic matt] be+ consum$1 leav+ a black mass :i* consi/s ma9ly ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,! mass is wa%$ ) wat] to remove ! c>bonate :i* is aft]w>ds conv]t$ into cau/ic soda by be+ boil$ ) lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,spruce ,wood ,pulp4 ,! sp5t liquors f ! sulphite process h no value1 = !y _c be recov]$ by ?is me?od4 ,at pres5t ! :ole ( ! sulphur us$ & ! organic matt] dissolv$ f ! wood is lo/4 ,?is means ! loss ( ab\t #bej to #cej lbs4 ( sulphur & ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( wood = e ton ( pulp produc$4 ,,wood ,,pulp2 ,,microscopic ,,features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,me*anical ,wood ,pulp4 ,me*anical & *emical pulps are readily di/+ui%$ "u ! microscope4 ,! =m] consi/s ( fibres ( irregul> %ape & size1 mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( /ructureless p>ticles1 all be>+ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 torn ap>t & sep>at$ by me*anical me?ods4 ,! *emical pulp1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s ( fibres isolat$ by a process :i* pres]ves !m 9 p]fect condition & =m4 ,! pulp f ! v>i\s woods c be diff]5tiat$ by m9ute details 9 fibre /ructure1 "s ( ! woods be+ det]m9$ f ! pres5ce ( *>act]i/ic cells4 ,! use ( anil9e sulphate c also be resort$ to1 & = microscopic "w ! mo/ useful reag5t is a mixture ( z9c *loride & iod9e4 ,?is produces an int5se yell[ col\r ) me*anical pulp & a blui% col\r ) sulphite & o!r *emical wood pulps4 ,,! ,,daily ,,newspap]4 ,! newspap]s ( ! pres5t day are made almo/ exclusively ( wood pulp4 ,! use ( ! latt] mat]ial = pap]-mak+ has /eadily increas$ f ! date ( its introduction ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahgj1 :5 wood pulp 0 import$ into ,engl& 9 consid]able quantities4 ,news & *eap pr9t+s consi/ ( me*anical & *emical wood pulps mix$ 9 v>y+ proportions det]m9$ *iefly by ! price paid = ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,9 "s cases ! proportion ( me*anical wood pulp is z mu* z #he p] c5t41 ?\gh ! av]age composition ( a *eap wood pap] is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ proportions3 ,me*anical pulp1 #gj p] c5t42 sulphite pulp1 #bj p] c5t42 load+1 #aj p] c5t4 ,"s idea ( ! enorm\s quantity ( mat]ial us$ = ! daily press may be judg$ f "o or two examples4 ,a c]ta9 popul> weekly newspap] hav+ a circulation ( "o & a qu>t] million copies p] week requires e week #acg tons ( pap] produc$ f #agj tons ( wood4 ,a popul> halfp5ny newspap] boa/+ a circulation ( ab\t "o-half million copies p] day consumes #ahe tons ( pap] manufactur$ f #bcj tons ( wood1 e week4 ,x is easy also f ^! facts to e/imate ! am\nt ( timb] :i* mu/ be cut d[n to supply ! dem& = newspap]s & *eap pr9t+s4 ,! manufacture ( news calls = consid]able skill & able managem5t1 ow+ to ! ke5 competition among/ ! pap] mills devot$ to ?is class ( pap]4 ,! process z c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& is z foll[s3-- ,! me*anical pulp1 rea*+ ! mill 9 ! =m ( ?ick %eets suitably pack$ up into bales1 is fir/ brok5 up aga9 into moi/ pulp4 ,v>i\s ma*9es are us$ = ?is1 su* z ,wur/]'s knead+ eng9e1 ,cornett's break]1 or "s simil> contrivance4 ,an old pot*]1 su* z is us$ = ! break+ & wa%+ ( rags1 makes a good pulp dis9tegrator4 ,! brok5 pulp is dis*>g$ into beat+ eng9es 9 any suitable or conv5i5t mann] & ! "r proportion ( *emical wood pulp add$ 9 ! =m ( dry %eets4 ,! beat+ process only occupies ?irty to =ty m9utes 9 ! case ( ! common news1 a m>k$ contra/ to ! eight or n9e h\rs requir$ by rags4 ,*9a clay is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! beat]1 t5 to twelve p] c5t4 be+ ! g5]al practice4 ,?is is foll[$ by a measur$ quantity ( ros9 size1 & aft] ?or\gh incorporation ! size is precipitat$ ^u ! fibres by means ( alum4 ,9 ! common] qualities ( ^! pap]s ! mat]ials are add$ 9 ! dry /ate1 b = f9] grades ( newspap] ! *9a clay is mix$ ) wat]1 & c>efully dra9$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve be=e use4 ,! alum cake is also dissolv$ & treat$ 9 a simil> mann] 9 ord] to keep out dirt & co>se p>ticles likely to produce holes 9 ! pap]4 ,! pap] ma*9e us$ = ! manufacture ( *eap pr9t+s is con/ruct$ to produce z mu* z #ajj to #ahj tons ( f9i%$ pap] p] week1 e detail be+ arrang$ = a l>ge output at a v high spe$4 ,9 ! mod]n ma*9e x is possible to produce pap] at ! rate ( #dej to #eej feet p] m9ute1 ! wid? ( ! %eet be+ f #abj to #afj in*es4 ,c>eful att5tion is paid to economy ( e k9d ) reg>d to ! p[] requir$ = driv+ ! ma*9e1 ! am\nt ( /eam consum$ 9 dry+ ! pap]1 recov]y ( excess ( fibre & *9a clay :i* escapes f ! ma*9e wire1 & simil> details ( a me*anical ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,! ,scre5s = remov+ ,co>se ,fibres f ,beat5 ,pulp4 ,! beat5 pulp1 aft] be+ siz$ & col\r$1 is dis*>g$ into huge circul> brick tanks1 or /uff *e/s1 two ( :i* are f\nd ) ea* pap] ma*9e4 ,! supply ( pulp & wat] = ! ma*9e is tak5 f "o /uff *e/ :ile ! second is be+ fill$ up f ! beat+ eng9es1 9 ord] to secure a mixture ( con/ant composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,! ,pap] ,ma*9e 7wet end %[+ wire74 ,! pulp is pump$ f ! /uff *e/ into a small regulat+ box plac$ above ! ma*9e wire1 & ?is box is kept full ( beat5 pulp s t ! supply ( pulp & wat] to ! ma*9e is p]fectly con/ant4 ,! pulp1 dilut$ ) ! prop] quantity ( back-wat]1 is c>efully /ra9$ ?r\gh rot>y scre5s & all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh a di/ribut+ box on to ! ma*9e wire1 :]e x rapidly =ms a %eet ( pap]4 ,! excess ( wat]1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 proportion ( f9e fibre & *9a clay1 falls ?r\gh ! wire1 & is caught bel[ 9 a %all[ box1 call$ ! save-all4 ,?is back-wat]1 z x is call$1 is us$ ov] aga9 = dilut+ ! beat5 pulp to ! "r consi/5cy1 z already describ$4 ,! :ole ( ! wat] obta9$ 9 ?is way is n all utilis$ 9 ! regulat+ box1 & any surplus is pump$ up cont9ually into l>ge /ore tanks & us$ 9 ! beat+ eng9es = break+ d[n ! dry pulp4 ,9 _m cases1 :]e a l>ge quantity ( wat] is us$ on ! ma*9e1 special me?ods h to be adopt$ = ! recov]y ( all ! fibre & clay1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/1 & !re are _m +5i\s sy/ems 9 use :]eby ?is sav+ is effect$4 ,! mo/ usual practice is to all[ ! excess ( wat]1 :i* conta9s f #h to #ae lbs4 ( susp5d$ matt] p] ?\s& gallons1 to fl[ ?r\gh a s]ies ( brick tanks at a sl[ rate ( spe$4 ,! clay & fibre settle to ! bottom ( ! tanks1 & ! wat] passes away f ! la/ tank almo/ cle> & free f fibre & load+4 ,! dry+ ( ! moi/ pap] leav+ ! press rolls ( ! ma*9e is effect$ 9 ! usual mann] by means ( dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great increase ( spe$ at :i* ! pap] is produc$1 ! numb] ( dry+ cyl9d]s has also be5 increas$1 & at ! pres5t "t a ma*9e ( ?is description is provid$ ) #bh or #cb cyl9d]s1 ! object be+ to dry ! pap] economically4 ,,me*anical ,,wood ,,pulp ,,9 ,,pap]4 ,! pres5ce ( me*anical wood pulp 9 pap] is detect$ by means ( sev]al reag5ts1 :i* produce a def9ite col\r :5 appli$ to a %eet ( pap] conta9+ me*anical wood4 ,! dep? ( col\r obta9$ indicates approximately ! p]c5tage pres5t1 b consid]able practice & exp]i5ce is necess>y to int]pret ! col\r exactly4 ,a m reliable me?od ( e/imat+ ! p]c5tage ( me*anical wood 9 a pap] is by microscopic exam9ation4 ,! reag5ts :i* c be us$ are-- 7#a7 ,nitric ,acid4--,?is produces a br[n /a9 on ! pap]1 b x is n a desirable reag5t = ord9>y (fice purposes4 7#b7 ,anil9e ,sulphate4--,a solution ( ?is is prep>$ by dissolv+ #e p>ts ( anil9e sulphate 9 #ajj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 appli$ to ! surface ( news a yell[ coloration is produc$1 m or less int5se accord+ to ! am\nt ( me*anical wood pres5t4 ,x c only be us$ ) :ite pap]s1 or pap]s v slightly ton$4 7#c7 ,phlorogluc9e4--,?is s5sitive reag5t1 :i* gives a rose-p9k col\r :5 bru%$ on to ! surface ( ! pap]1 is prep>$ by dissolv+ #d grammes ( phlorogluc9e 9 #ajj c4c4 ( rectifi$ spirits1 & add+ to ! mixture #ej c4c4 ( pure conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,!re are sev]al o!r anil9e comp\nds :i* give col\r reactions ( a simil> "*1 b !y are n (t5 us$4 ,! phlorogluc9e reag5t fails z a te/ = me*anical wood 9 pap]s :i* h be5 dy$ ) c]ta9 anil9e col\rs1 = example1 metanil yell[4 ,pap] :i* has be5 col\r$ ) ?is dye w1 :5 moi/5$ ) ! phlorogluc9e reag5t1 give an int5se p9k col\r1 ev5 if no me*anical wood is pres5t4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! dye itself is act$ ^u by ! hydro*loric acid 9 ! te/ reag5t4 ,! same col\r is produc$ on ! pap] ) hydro*loric acid p] se4 ,!re is little difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! col\r aris+ f ! pres5ce ( su* a dye1 because ! effect is in/antane\s1 :]eas ! coloration due to me*anical wood develops gradually4 ,moreov]1 ! reaction due to ! pres5ce ( metanil yell[ gives a p]fectly ev5 col\r$ surface1 :]eas ) me*anical wood pulp ! fibres appe> to be m deeply /a9$ ?an ! body ( ! pap]4 ,output ( a ,pap] ,ma*9e4--,! quantity ( pap] :i* c be produc$ on ! pap] ma*9e is readily calculat$ f ! foll[+ data3-- ,spe$ ( ma*9e 9 feet p] m9ute ,f ,nett deckle wid? 9 in*es ,d ,wid? ( %eet ( pap] 9 in*es ,w ,l5g? ( %eet ( pap] 9 in*es ,l ,numb] ( %eets 9 ream ,s ,weight ( pap] p] ream ,r ,! g5]al =mula = ! output ( pap] p] h\r is #gbj ,f ,d ,r ,output 9 lbs4 p] h\r -----------------------4 ,s ,l ,w ,:5 ! numb] ( %eets 9 ! ream is #dhj1 ?is =mula simplifies to #a ,r ,f ,d ,output 9 lbs4 p] h\r --------------------4 ,l ,w ,! t]m nett deckle wid? applies to ! wid? ( ! trimm$ f9i%$ pap] at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! =mula takes no acc\nt ( ! all[ance requir$ = trimm+ edges4 ,9 mo/ cases ! deckle wid? ( ! ma*9e is arrang$ s t ! pap] is cut into /rips ( equal wid? :5 leav+ ! cal5d]s1 e4g41 a deckle ( #hj in*es w give #d %eets1 ea* #bj in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,pap] ,ma*9e %[+ ,wire1 ,press ,rolls1 & ,dry+ ,cyl9d]s4 ,! me?od by :i* ! g5]al =mula is obta9$ may be expla9$ by an example4 ,:at is ! output ( a ma*9e hav+ a spe$ ( #ajj feet p] m9ute1 ) an #hj-;in* deckle1 produc+ a %eet ( pap] #bj in*es by #cj in*es1 weigh+ #cj lbs4 p] ream ( #dhj %eets8 ,! ma*9e produces e m9ute a %eet ( pap] #ajj feet long & #hj in*es wide4 ,h5ce output p] m9ute 9 squ>e in*es #ab #ajj #hj4 ,output p] h\r 9 squ>e in*es #fj #ab #ajj #hj4 ,n[ ea* 7#bj #cj #dhj7 squ>e in*es is area ( "o ream4 ,output ( pap] p] h\r 9 reams #fj #ab #ajj #hj ------------------4 #dhj #cj #bj ,output ( pap] p] h\r 9 lbs4 #gbj #ajj #hj #cj ------------------- #dhj #cj #bj #fjj lbs4 ,! g5]al =mula may be appli$ = ! purpose ( calculat+ ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e mu/ be driv54 ,example4--,a ma*9e ) #ge-;in* deckle is requir$ to produce #f cwts4 p] h\r ( a pap] #be in*es by #ah in*es 7#ejj %eets71 weigh+ #ai lbs4 to ! ream4 ,at :at spe$ is ! ma*9e to be driv58 ,output 9 lbs4 p] h\r #gbj ,f ,d ,r --------------------- ,s ,l ,w #gbj ,f #ge #ai #fgb ----------------- #ejj #ah #be ,f #adh feet p] m9ute4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,br[n ,,pap]s ,,& ,,bo>ds ,common ,br[ns4--,! raw mat]ial us$ 9 ! manufacture ( common br[n pap]s is *iefly jute & wa/e fibres ( e description1 su* z wa/e cutt+s f boxbo>d factories1 old pap]s1 wood pulp refuse1 & o!r sub/ances ( a l nature4 ,! jute1 9 ! =m ( sack+ or old gunny bags1 & ! hemp refuse1 9 ! %ape ( old rope & /r+1 are subject$ to a slight *emical treatm5t j suffici5t to isolate ! fibres to a condition 9 :i* x is possible to "w !m up into pap]4 ,! bagg+ & /r+ are cut up 9 a rag *opp] & boil$ 9 revolv+ boil]s ) lime or cau/ic soda = sev]al h\rs at a pressure ( #bj-cj lbs41 ! lime be+ us$ :5 x is desir$ to manufacture a h>% pap]1 & ! cau/ic soda be+ employ$ = ! production ( pap] hav+ a s(t] feel4 ,! pulp is n always wa%$ v completely aft] ! process ( dige/ion1 z is ! case ) :ite pap]s1 & x is (t5 possible to extract f br[n pap]s ( ?is class a consid]able proportion ( ! alkal9e matt] :i* has n be5 ?or\ghly remov$ f ! boil$ pulp4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is alkal9e residue does n affect ! quality ( ord9>y br[n pap]1 b is frequ5tly a s]i\s defect 9 ! case ( middles or /raw bo>ds1 :i* are aft]w>ds utilis$ = boxes & cov]$ ) col\r$ pap]s4 ,! col\r ( ! pap] pa/$ on to su* incompletely wa%$ bo>ds is frequ5tly spoilt by ! action ( ! alkali :5 moi/5$ ) ! pa/e us$1 _m anil9e dyes be+ susceptible to ! small proportion ( alkali pres5t4 ,! /rong] mat]ials1 su* z jute or old rope & /r+1 are ei!r us$ by !mselves or bl5d$ ) inf]ior raw mat]ial accord+ to ! quality ( ! pap] be+ made4 ,! jute & hemp fibres are g5]ally beat5 by !mselves 9 ! eng9e be=e ! o!r mat]ials are add$4 ,! pulp is mix$ ) ! requir$ am\nt ( load+1 :ile ! siz+ & col\r+ op]ations are c>ri$ out 9 ! usual way4 ,! common br[n pap]s are kn[n by a v>iety ( trade names :i* at "o "t indicat$ ! nature ( ! fibr\s con/itu5t1 b at ! pres5t day ! "n is no guide or indication ( ! mat]ial us$ = ! manufacture ( ! pap]4 ,! common heavy br[n us$ = wrapp+ sug> & sundry groc]ies made 9 heavy grey & blue %ades is a co>se pap] made f *eap mat]ials & conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( m9]al matt]4 ,x is usually suppli$ "u ! trade "n ( royal4 ,a some:at light] & /rong] wrapp+ pap] ( a :ite or buff col\r1 us$ = wrapp+ groc]ies1 tea1 & cotton goods1 is t kn[n z cas+s1 a "n probably d]iv$ f ! application ( ?is pap] orig9ally to ! l9+ ( cases4 ,manila pap]s s call$ 7 orig9ally made f rope1 b ! t]m is n[ appli$ to pap]s :i* may be made entirely ( wood pulp4 ,rope br[ns are common pap]s made ( fairly /rong mat]ial ( a miscellane\s "*1 ?is "n hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! fact t rope & simil> fibre 7 at "o "t us$ exclusively4 ,wood ,pulp ,wrapp]s4--,mo/ ( ! pap]s ( ! pres5t day are made f wood pulp1 ?is mat]ial giv+ a ?91 light1 t\gh pap]1 :i* is pleasant to h&le & =ms a great contra/ to ! d5se1 opaque1 heavily load$1 & in>ti/ic specim5s produc$ "s ye>s ago4 ,pap] ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh app>5tly m exp5sive ?an common br[ns1 is really m economical 9 use4 ,! pap] is n only /rong]1 b x is possible to obta9 a l>g] numb] ( %eets = a giv5 weight4 ,! great advantage 9 ! improvem5t ( br[n pap]s dates f ! introduction ( ! n[ well-kn[n kraft pap]s1 :i* are ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,kraft ,pap]4--,! t]m ,kraft1 mean+ /r5g?1 is appli$ to a rem>kably /rong cellulose pap] prep>$ f spruce & o!r conif]\s woods by ! soda treatm5t1 ! special feature ( ! process be+ an incomplete dige/ion ( ! wood4 ,! wood previ\sly *ipp$ into pieces #a in* to #a in*es 9 l5g?1 is boil$ ) cau/ic soda1 ! dige/ion be+ /opp$ be=e ! wood pulp has be5 q s(t5$1 & :ile ! pulp is /ill too h>d to be brok5 up into isolat$ fibres by simple agitation 9 wat]4 ,! pulp aft] ?or\gh wa%+ is dis9tegrat$ by means ( an edge-runn]1 or "s =m ( break+ eng9e1 ! fir/ m5tion$ probably giv+ ! mo/ satisfactory results1 & conv]t$ into pap] by ! usual me?ods4 ,! wood c also be r$uc$ by ! sulphate process1 9 :i* case ! *ipp$ wood is boil$ 9 a liquor to :i* ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( sp5t lye f a previ\s cook+ is add$4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by att5tion to ! cook+ process to ensure an "u-cook$ pulp1 by c>eful isolation ( ! fibres 9 a koll]gang1 or edge-runn]1 :i* ma*9e is capable ( sep>at+ ! fibres )\t %ort5+ !m1 & by prop] manipulation on ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! pap] produc$ "u fav\rable conditions 9 ?is direction is wond]fully t\gh & /rong & may be quot$ z ! mo/ rec5t example ( ! fact t ! lat5t possibilities ( wood pulp h by no means be5 exhau/$ or ev5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,imitation ,kraft ,pap]4--,if wood is boil$ 9 wat] at high temp]atures ! fibre is s(t5$ & mu* ( ! res9\s matt] is remov$4 ,su* wood1 if gr\nd 9 ! same way & by ! same me?ods z ord9>y me*anical wood pulp1 is readily dis9tegrat$1 & a long-fibr$ pulp may be obta9$4 ,! process ( boil+ %ort #b feet logs ( wood 9 a dige/] "u a pressure ( #bj-ej lbs4 has long be5 kn[n4 ,! wood aft] boil+ is p>tly wa%$ & !n work$ up into pulp by ! usual me*anical process4 ,! wood is easily gr\nd & yields pulp conta9+ long fibres :i* 9 _! physical prop]ties closely resemble ^? ( pure wood cellulose1 b ! orig9al con/itu5ts ( ! wood are pres5t almo/ un*ang$1 j z 9 me*anical pulp4 ,! product obta9$ by gr9d+ is a v t\gh flexible mat]ial ( a br[ni% yell[ col\r1 & ! pap] is kn[n z ,nature br[n4 ,x is *iefly us$ = ! prep>ation ( t\gh pack+ pap]s1 = ! cov]s ( *eap pocket-books1 & o!r miscellane\s purposes4 ,:5 ?is br[n me*anical wood pulp pap] is glaz$ on bo? sides x is !n kn[n z o*re glaz$1 ! ^w o*re ref]r+ to ! col\r4 ,:5 made up into light weight pap]s x is sold z imitation kraft pap]4 ,a great v>iety ( wrapp+ pap]s are n[ made f wood pulp1 su* z seal+s1 sulphite br[ns1 manilas1 sulphite caps1 b ! di/9ctions betwe5 ^! pap]s relate *iefly to ! am\nt ( f9i%1 ! col\r & size ( ! %eet4 ,! me?ods ( manufacture only diff] 9 small details z indicat$ by ^! di/9ctions4 ,f9e ,wrapp+s4--,! pap]s us$ = pack+ small goods su* z silv] w>e & o!r delicate articles are g5]ally tissues1 ! bett] qualities ( :i* are made f rag1 & ! *eap] qualities f wood pulp4 ,^! pap]s are kn[n z tissue1 crpe1 cr9kl$ tissue1 manila tissue1 & by a v>iety ( trade t]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,s+le ,cyl9d] or ,yankee ,ma*9e4 ,_m ( ! f9e wrapp+s ( ! tissue class & ! some:at heavi] pap]s kn[n z ,m4 ,g4 ,caps are manufactur$ on ! s+le cyl9d] ma*9e1 :i* produces a pap] hav+ a highly poli%$ surface on "o side & a r\gh unglaz$ surface on ! o!r side4 ,9 ! s+le cyl9d] ma*9e ! beat5 pulp passes f ! /uff-*e/ on to ! wire ( ! ord9>y ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e & ?r\gh ! press rolls1 b in/ead ( be+ dri$ ov] a numb] ( cyl9d]s ! pap] is l$ ov] "o s+le cyl9d] ( v l>ge diamet] :i* is heat$ int]nally ) /eam4 ,! pap] is usually press$ aga9/ ! surface ( ! cyl9d] by means ( a heavy felt1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 sometimes omitt$4 ,! side ( ! pap] com+ into contact ) ! cyl9d] becomes highly poli%$1 ! surface 9 contact ) ! felt rema9+ 9 an unf9i%$ r\gh condition4 ,?is pap] is said to be ma*9e glaz$ & is kn[n z an ,m4 ,g4 pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,section ( ,wet ,press1 or ,bo>d ,ma*9e4 ,bo>ds4--,c>ds1 millbo>ds1 middles1 boxbo>ds1 c>riage panels1 & simil> pap] products are manufactur$ ei!r on a s+le bo>d ma*9e1 by means ( :i* s+le %eets ( any requir$ ?ickness c be obta9$1 or on a cont9u\s bo>d ma*9e1 :i* is capable ( produc+ c>ds & pla9 or duplex bo>ds ( mod]ate ?ickness4 ,! raw mat]ial us$ consi/s1 z 9 ! case ( br[ns & wrapp]s1 ( e conceivable fibr\s sub/ance mix$ ) m9]al matt] & !n suitably col\r$4 ,! prelim9>y processes = ! treatm5t ( ! pulp are exactly ! same z ^? employ$ 9 ! case ( br[n pap]s up to ! po9t at :i* ! beat+ has be5 effect$4 ,,s+le ,,bo>d ,,ma*9e4 ,! beat5 pulp1 dilut$ ) l>ge quantities ( wat]1 is pump$ cont9u\sly into a l>ge wood5 vat ( rectangul> %ape4 ,inside ?is vat revolves sl[ly a holl[ cyl9drical drum1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is cov]$ ) wire gauze ( f9e me%4 ,! drum is n completely imm]s$ 9 ! mixture ( pulp & wat]1 s t z x revolves ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! wire1 :ile ! pulp adh]es to ! surface4 ,! wat] fl[s regul>ly into ! int]ior ( ! drum & runs away ?r\gh pipes fitt$ at ea* side ( ! vat ne> ! axis ( ! drum1 & ! pulp is br\ght up out ( ! wat] until x comes into contact ) a travell+ felt4 ,! ?9 moi/ %eet ( pulp adh]es to ?is felt1 passes ?r\gh squeez+ rolls :i* remove "p ( ! wat]1 & is f9ally c>ri$ betwe5 two wood5 or iron roll]s ( l>ge diamet]4 ,! pulp adh]es to1 & is w\nd up on ! upp] roll]1 ! felt be+ c>ri$ back by ! l[] roll] to ! vat4 ,:5 ! %eet on ! upp] roll] has atta9$ ! desir$ ?ickness1 x is imm$iately cut (f & transf]r$ to a pile ( simil> %eets1 a piece ( co>se sack+ or canvas be+ int]pos$ betwe5 e wet bo>d4 ,! dim5sions ( ! full-siz$ bo>d are det]m9$ by ! diamet] ( ! upp] roll] & its l5g?4 ,a roll #gd in*es wide & #ad in*es diamet] w give a bo>d #gd in*es by #dd in*es4 ,z soon z a suffici5t numb] ( wet bo>ds has be5 obta9$ !y are submitt$ to pressure 9 ord] to remove ! excess ( wat] & at ! same "t compress ! mat]ial into d5se heavy bo>ds4 ,! pieces ( sack+ are !n tak5 out & ! bo>ds dri$ by exposure to air at ! ord9>y temp]ature or 9 a heat$ *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,d\ble ,cyl9d] ,bo>d ,ma*9e4 ,! dri$ bo>ds are f9i%$ (f by glaz+ rolls4 ,^! rolls compress ! bo>ds /ill fur!r & imp>t a poli%$ surface4 ,! am\nt ( f9i% may be v>i$ by ! pressure1 numb] ( roll+s1 temp]ature ( ! rolls1 & by damp+ ! surface ( ! dry bo>ds j be=e !y are glaz$4 ,! bo>ds are cut to /&>d sizes be=e or aft] glaz+4 ,duplex ,bo>ds4--,if ! s+le bo>d ma*9e is fitt$ ) two vats in/ead ( "o1 x is possible to manufacture a bo>d ) diff]5t col\r$ surfaces4 ,a bo>d col\r$ r$ on "o side & :ite on ! o!r is manufactur$ by hav+ "o vat full ( pulp col\r$ r$ & ! second vat full ( :ite pulp4 ,! ?9 moi/ %eets f ! two vats are br\ght toge!r & pass$ ?r\gh ! glaz+ rolls1 :i* cause ! moi/ %eets to adh]e closely to "o ano!r1 ! d\ble %eet ( pulp s =m$ be+ w\nd up on ! roll]s at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! bo>d is !n dri$1 glaz$1 & f9i%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! same pr9ciple is occasionally adopt$ on ! ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e = duplex wrapp]s4 ,?us a common br[n pulp is work$ up 9 conjunction ) a dy$ pulp to produce a br[n pap] hav+ "o surface ( good pap] suitably col\r$4 ,! br[n pulp fl[s on to ! wire ( ! pap] ma*9e1 & aft] x has be5 depriv$ ( "p ( ! wat] at ! suction boxes1 a ?9 /ream ( col\r$ pulp1 dilut$ to a prop] consi/5cy1 fl[s f a %all[ tr\gh1 plac$ across & above ! wire1 on to ! wet br[n web ( pap] 9 su* a mann] z to completely cov] x z a ?9 ev5 %eet ( col\r$ pulp4 ,! adhesion ( ! latt] to ! surface ( ! br[n pap] is practically p]fect1 & ! weight ( ! c\* & press rolls ensures uni=m felt+ ( ! fibres4 ,middles4--,?is t]m is appli$ to a ?9 or ?ick c>dbo>d made ( common mat]ial1 ! col\r & appe>ance ( :i* is ( little importance = inf]ior goods4 ,bo>ds ( ?is k9d are cov]$ subsequ5tly ) pap]s ( all col\rs & qualities1 & ! orig9 ( ! ^w middle is easily se54 ,! manufacture ( a bo>d consi/+ ( two outside pap]s ( good mat]ial & a middle produc$ f common /uff is effect$ by ! cont9u\s boxbo>d ma*9e1 unless ! bo>d is too ?ick to be pass$ ov] dry+ cyl9d]s1 cal5d]$1 & reel$1 9 :i* case ! bo>ds are produc$ on an ord9>y wet ma*9e & ! pap] pa/$ on ! surface ( ! dry bo>d4 ,! t]m is1 h[ev]1 n[ also appli$ to a common pap] made ( me*anical wood pulp ) p]haps a little *emical pulp1 us$ = tram tickets1 *eap adv]tis+ circul>s1 common cal5d> c>ds1 & simil> purposes1 to :i* no out] surface ( a special "* is add$4 ,,cont9u\s ,,bo>d ,,ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e diff]s f ! s+le bo>d ma*9e 9 t ! f9i%$ bo>d c be produc$ f ! pulp at "o op]ation4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally = c>ds & bo>ds ( mod]ate ?ickness :i* c be w\nd up 9 ! =m ( a reel at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! mixture ( pulp & wat] is pump$ into two or m vats & =m$ into a numb] ( ?9 %eets1 :i* are all br\ght toge!r betwe5 squeez+ rolls & pass$ ?r\gh heavy press rolls :i* compress ! sev]al lay]s into a compact mass4 ,! ?ick %eet obta9$ is dri$ ov] /eam-heat$ cyl9d]s :i* are plac$ at ! end ( ! press rolls1 & cal5d]$4 ,! :ole process1 inde$1 resembles t ( ord9>y pap]-mak+1 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ ! me?od ( produc+ ! wet %eet or c>d4 ,"s ma*9es are con/ruct$ ) six or sev5 vats & =ty to fifty dry+ cyl9d]s1 & are capable ( turn+ out a l>ge quantity ( f9i%$ mat]ial4 ,! bo>d c be made ( uni=m quality & texture ?r\gh\t1 or be f9i%$ (f ) high-grade pap] on "o or bo? sides4 ,9 ! latt] case ! con/itu5ts ( ! middle "p are wa/e pap]s & raw mat]ial ( inf]ior quality1 ! out] surface ( wood pulp1 :ite or col\r$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! v>iety ( pap]s & bo>ds :i* c be produc$ is due to ! fact t ! sev]al vats ( pulp are indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & c be fill$ ) any k9d ( pap] /ock4 ,! comb9$ %eets =m+ ! ultimate bo>d are dri$ on ! ord9>y cyl9d]s1 cal5d]$1 & reel$ up at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,special ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pap] ,!re are _m v>ieties ( pap] products obta9$ by submitt+ f9i%$ pap] to a numb] ( special processes4 ,( ^! only a few ( ! m important w be describ$4 ,^! products c be divid$ approximately into ?ree classes3-- 7#a7 ,pap]s coat$ on "o side or bo? sides ) v>i\s sub/ances1 su* z art1 photographic pap]s1 etc4 7#b7 ,pap]s impregnat$ ) *emicals1 su* z blue pr9t1 m$icat$1 & *eque pap]s4 7#c7 ,pap] pulp conv]t$ into modifi$ products by *emical treatm5t1 su* z vulcanis$ bo>d1 viscoid1 etc4 ,( ! fir/ class1 ! coat$ pap]s us$ = art & *romo illu/rations are ! mo/ important4 ,( ! second class1 ! blue pr9ts & pap]s impregnat$ ) *emicals1 *iefly employ$ = ! production ( eng9e]s' draw+s1 may be reg>d$ z typical4 ,9 ! ?ird class1 vegetable p>*m5t & vulcanis$ bo>d are ! mo/ famili>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p>*m5t ,pap]4--,?is is produc$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid ^u ord9>y pap]1 ! mo/ suitable = ?is purpose be+ made f unsiz$ cotton rag1 free f su* additions z me*anical wood pulp4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt] sub/ance %\ld be avoid$1 z x is liable to *> or burn1 s t 9 ! f9i%$ product x %[s itself 9 ! =m ( small holes4 ,! process dep5ds ^u ! p[] ( sulphuric acid to *ange ! surface ( ! pap] into a gelat9\s mass1 :i* has be5 %[n to consi/ ( a sub/ance call$ amyloid4 ,! be/ p>*m5t is made f pure cellulose su* z rag or *emical wood pulp4 ,! quality ( ! p>*m5t dep5ds ^u att5tion to ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 ! temp]ature ( ! acid ba?1 ! p]iod ( imm]sion1 ! complete removal ( ! acid1 & ! c>eful dry+ ( ! wet p>*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,app>atus = mak+ ,p>*m5t ,pap]4 ,! acid is employ$ at a /r5g? ( #aga specific gravity1 be+ prep>$ by dilut+ ! comm]cial conc5trat$ acid 9 a lead5 vessel1 ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,! p>*m5t is g5]ally prep>$ by pass+ a cont9u\s %eet ( pap] ?r\gh a ba? ( acid ( ! prop] /r5g? at a spe$ :i* ensures ! correct p]iod ( imm]sion4 ,z ! treat$ pap] leaves ! ba? x passes ?r\gh squeez+ rolls :i* remove ! excess ( acid1 & ! pap] is !n l$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( tanks conta9+ fre% wat]1 ! la/ traces ( acid be+ neutralis$ by small additions ( ammonia1 or "s alkali1 to ! la/ wa%+ tank4 ,! wet p>*m5t is !n pass$ ?r\gh suitable roll]s & c>efully dri$ ov] cyl9d]s heat$ int]nally by /eam4 ,! pap] is kept p]fectly /ret*$ z x dries1 because x %r9ks enorm\sly1 & w\ld o!rwise become cockl$ & unev54 ,?ick %eets ( p>*m5t pap] are frequ5tly made by pass+ ?ree %eets ( pap] ?r\gh ! acid ba? & br++ !m toge!r betwe5 ! roll]s be=e wa%+4 ,! %eets unite :5 press$ toge!r2 ! rema9d] ( ! process be+ ! same z t employ$ = s+le %eets4 ,! p>*m5t exhibits rem>kable diff]5ces to ! orig9al pap]1 ! /r5g? be+ increas$ ?ree or f\r times1 ! d5sity ab\t #cj p] c5t41 ! latt] be+ %[n by ! %r9kage1 :i* am\nts to at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 ,vulcanis$ ,pap]4--,z9c *loride has ! prop]ty ( p>*m5tis+ pap] 9 a mann] simil> to sulphuric acid4 ,! product obta9$ :5 ?is reag5t is us$ is g5]ally t]m$ vulcanis$ fibre4 ,! pap] is pass$ z a cont9u\s %eet into a ba? ( /rong z9c *loride1 hav+ a d5sity ( #afj-agj ,twaddell1 :i* causes ! cellulose to swell up & p>tly gelat9ise4 ,a v l>ge excess ( /rong z9c *loride is necess>y1 & ! process is only r5d]$ comm]cially possible by c>eful recov]y ( ! z9c f ! wa%+ wat]s1 :i* are submitt$ to *emical treatm5t4 ,! vulcanis$ product is subsequ5tly treat$ ) nitric acid or ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids to r5d] !m wat]pro(4 ,dextr9 is frequ5tly employ$ to ret>d ! *emical action to p]mit ( ! necess>y manipulation ( ! mat]ial be=e x is f9ally wa%$4 ,! complete removal ( ! excess ( z9c & acid is a necess>y feature ( ! :ole op]ation4 ,willesd5 ,pap]4--,:5 pap] is pass$ ?r\gh an ammoniacal solution ( copp] oxide1 a sup]ficial gelat9isation ( ! surface takes place1 s t ! pap] :5 wa%$ & dri$ is impregnat$ ) copp] oxide1 :i* helps to pres]ve x1 & x becomes wat]pro(4 ,su* mat]ial is well kn[n z ,willesd5 pap]4 ,blue ,pr9t or ,cyanotype ,pap]s4--,?is "n is usually giv5 to ! process by means ( :i* blue pr9ts ( eng9e]s' & ar*itects' plans c be reproduc$4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahdb by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,x is a useful me?od ( reproduc+ draw+s1 & incid5tally is ( great value to ! amateur photograph] because ( ! facility ) :i* x c be appli$ = gett+ pro(s f negatives quickly & easily )\t special ba?s & *emicals4 ,! process is bas$ ^u ! r$uction ( a f]ric salt to ! f]r\s condition by light1 & ! =mation ( ,prussian blue by ! action ( potassium f]ricyanide4 ,! negative cyanotype gives :ite l9es on a blue gr\nd4 ,v>i\s =mul are 9 common use4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- -- ,h]s*el4 ,cl>k4 ,watt4 ,rockwood4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,solution #a4 ,potassium f]ricyanide #af #bg #dh #aj ,wat] #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,ammonia -- #bc -- -- ,saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid -- #bj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,solution #b4 ,ammonia-citrate ( iron #bj #cj #ej #cj ,wat] #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,boric acid -- -- #je -- ,dextr9 -- -- -- #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,equal p>ts ( ! two prep>$ solutions are mix$ :5 requir$ & spread ev5ly ov] well-siz$ pap]4 ,! pap] is hung up1 dri$1 & pres]v$ 9 a d>k dry place4 ,! positive cyanotype gives blue l9es on a :ite gr\nd1 be+ ! rev]se ( ! ord9>y blue pr9t4 ,t is1 no image is =m$ :]e ! light acts1 & ! reaction is ! =mation ( blue due to ! union ( a f]r\s salt ) f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,pizzighelli 9 #ahha gave ! foll[+ =mula3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- -- ,solution #a4,solution #b4,solution #c4,solution #d4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,wat] #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,gum arabic #bj -- -- -- ,ammonia-citrate ( iron -- #ej -- -- ,f]ric *loride -- -- #ej -- ,potassium f]rocyanide -- -- -- #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,mix ! fir/ ?ree solutions 9 ! foll[+ ord] 9 ! proportions /at$3-- ,solution #a4 #bj p>ts4 ,solution #b4 #h ,solution #c4 #e ,z soon z ! solution1 :i* at fir/ gets ?ick & cl\dy1 is cle> & ?91 x is spread ov] ! surface ( well-siz$ pap]1 :i* is !n dri$ 9 a w>m room4 ,! pr9t1 :i* appe>s yell[ on a d>k yell[ gr\nd1 is treat$ ) ! develop] 7solution #d7 by means ( a bru% dipp$ 9 ! solution4 ,:5 ! image is deep blue 9 col\r1 ! pr9t is wa%$ 9 wat] & !n plac$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid 7#a "p ( acid to #aj p>ts ( wat]7 till ! gr\nd is q :ite4 ,a f9al wa%+ ) wat] is !n necess>y4 ,wat]h\se gives ! foll[+ =mula3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- -- ,solution #a4,solution #b4,solution #c4,solution #d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,wat] #fej #aej -- #ajj ,gum arabic #agj -- -- -- ,t>t>ic acid -- #dj -- -- ,f]ric *loride solution #de ,baum -- -- #aej -- ,f]rocyanide ( -- -- -- #bj potassium ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,solutions #a & #b are mix$ & ,no4 #c add$ gradually ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! mixture is left tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & dilut$ ) wat] to a specific gravity ( #aajj4 ,! pap] is coat$ ) ! solution & us$ z already direct$1 be+ develop$ 9 f]rocyanide ( potassium solution & wa%$ ) wat]1 treat$ ) weak hydro*loric acid1 & !n f9ally clean$ f all traces ( acid4 ,black ,l9es on a ,:ite ,gr\nd4--,?is modification ( ! ord9>y blue pr9t is arriv$ at ) ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,wat] #ifj p>ts4 ,gelat9e #ae ,p]*loride ( iron 79 syrupy condition7 #fj ,t>t>ic acid #fj ,sulphate ( iron #ae ,! pap] is coat$ ) ! solution4 ,aft] pr9t+1 ! image is develop$ ) a solution conta9+ ,gallic acid #a "p4 ,alcohol #aj p>ts4 ,wat] #ej ,a f9al wa%+ ( ! pr9t ) wat] completes ! op]ation4 ,,coat$ ,,pap]s4 ,?is t]m %\ld prop]ly include all ! v>ieties ( special pap]s :i* are coat$ ) extrane\s matt] = p>ticul> purposes1 su* z art1 *romo1 t9foil1 gilt1 em]y1 c>bon1 photographic1 m>ble1 & s& pap]s4 ,9 practice h[ev]1 ! t]m is almo/ entirely limit$ to art pap]s us$ = illu/ration "w & half-tone pr9t+4 ,an art pap]1 us+ ! def9ition giv5 above1 consi/s ( an ord9>y %eet ( pap]1 "o or bo? sides ( :i* h be5 coat$ by ! application ( a mixture ( a m9]al matt]1 su* z *9a clay or sat9 :ite1 & "s adhesive1 l case9 or glue4 ,! object ( ! coat+ is to imp>t to ! pap] a p]fectly smoo? surface1 r5d]$ necess>y because ( ! conditions "u :i* ! pr9t+ ( ! illu/rations is c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,g5]al arrangem5t ( ,plant = mak+ ,art ,pap]4 ,! ma*9e us$ = coat+ ! pap] consi/s ( a l>ge holl[ drum ab\t #dj in*es diamet] & #dh in*es wide4 ,! pap] is br\ght ov] ^u ! drum 9 a cont9u\s %eet1 & ! coat+ mixture appli$ to ! surface by means ( a revolv+ bru% or an endless felt :i* rotates 9 a copp] tr\gh conta9+ a coat+ mixture :i* is usually ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial put on to ! surface ( ! pap] is v>i$ by alt]+ ! proportion ( wat] 9 ! tr\gh4 ,z ! wet coat$ pap] is drawn ov] ! drum x comes into contact ) a numb] ( flat bru%es :i* move f side to side & bru% ! coat+ well into ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,sectional ,elevation ( ,coat+ ,plant4 ,! la/ two or ?ree bru%es on ! drum are made ( v f9e bri/les1 s t :5 ! coat$ pap] leaves ! ma*9e ! surface is p]fectly ev5 & free f bru% m>ks4 ,! wet pap] is !n drawn up an incl9$ ladd] by an +5i\s device1 :i* causes ! pap] to fall into fe/oons or loops1 & ^! are c>ri$ bodily =w>d by means ( travell+ *a9s4 ,! process1 some:at difficult to describe1 is m easily und]/ood by a /udy ( ! illu/rations giv54 ,! pap] is dri$ by a curr5t ( w>m air :i* c be obta9$ by means ( /eam pipes plac$ bel[ ! fe/oons or ) a special air bl[]4 ,! dry pap] is !n l$ ?r\gh guide rolls & w\nd up 9 ! =m ( a reel4 ,! pap] at ?is /age has a dull coat$ surface1 :i* is some:at r\gh & unf9i%$1 & a high poli% is imp>t$ to x by a ma*9e kn[n z a sup]cal5d]4 ,! sup]cal5d] consi/s ( a numb] ( alt]nate /eel & cotton or pap] rolls plac$ v]tically 9 a /ack "o above ! o!r4 ,:5 ! coat$ pap] is l$ ?r\gh ?is ma*9e ! friction ( ! alt]nate /eel & cotton rolls produces a high f9i% on its surface4 ,an art pap] coat$ on bo? sides is manufactur$ by pass+ ! pap] ?r\gh ! coat+ ma*9e twice4 ,ma*9es h be5 devis$ = coat+ bo? sides ( ! pap] at "o op]ation1 b ^! are n 9 v g5]al use4 ,t9t$ art pap]s are prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! desir$ col\r be+ obta9$ by ! addition ( pigm5ts or anil9e dyes to ! mixture 9 ! tr\gh conta9+ ! coat+ mat]ials4 ,:5 ! two sides ( su* t9t$ pap]s are col\r$ diff]5tly1 !y are (t5 describ$ z duplex coat$ pap]s4 ,imitation ,art ,pap]s are prep>$ by q a diff]5t process1 al?\gh !y h ! appe>ance1 m or less1 ( ! coat$ pap]4 ,!y are m]ely esp>to pap]s v heavily load$1 conta9+ frequ5tly z mu* z #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt] prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,blea*$ esp>to half-/uff is beat5 toge!r ) any suitable proportion ( *emical wood pulp 9 an ord9>y beat+ eng9e1 & a l>ge quantity ( *9a clay is add$ at ! same "t4 ,! beat+ is c>ri$ out "u conditions :i* fav\r ! ret5tion ( z mu* *9a clay z ! pulp w hold :ile be+ conv]t$ into pap] on ! ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e4 ,aft] ! pap] passes ov] ! dry+ cyl9d]s ( ! ma*9e x is pass$ ?r\gh ! cal5d]s 9 ! usual way1 b ! surface ( ! pap] is damp$ by means ( a f9e wat] spray j be=e x ent]s ! cal5d] rolls4 ,! result is t a wat]-f9i%1 s call$1 is imp>t$ to ! pap]1 & a close imitation ( ! g5u9e art pap] is obta9$1 ! effect ( ?is peculi> treatm5t be+ to compress ! fibres & br+ ! clay up1 z x 71 to ! surface4 ,a pap] conta9+ su* a l>ge proportion ( m9]al matt] intimately mix$ ) ! fibre is naturally v weak4 ,x easily te>s1 & if moi/5$ ) wat] goes all to pieces4 ,at ! same "t x is a *eap sub/itute = high-class art pap]1 be+ suitable = circul>s1 tempor>y catalogues1 & simil> pr9t$ matt]4 ,9 an art pap] ! nature ( ! fibr\s con/itu5ts is too (t5 reg>d$ z a matt] ( second>y importance1 because 9 ! process ( pr9t+ ! ink does n come into contact at all ) ! pap]1 & an impression is produc$ m]ely on a lay] ( clay :i* is b\nd toge!r by ! glue4 ,! illu/rations are n absolutely p]man5t1 & x is p]fectly easy to remove ! :ole ( ! impression & ! coat+ itself by imm]s+ a %eet ( ! pap] 9 w>m wat] & rubb+ ! surface g5tly ) ! f+]s1 or ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,9 fact ! am\nt ( coat+ matt] :i* has be5 bru%$ on to a pap] c be det]m9$ approximately by weigh+ a piece ( ! coat$ pap]1 remov+ ! m9]al matt] & glue f bo? sides z indicat$1 all[+ ! pap] to dry aga91 & !n re-weigh+1 ! loss 9 weight repres5t+ ! am\nt ( coat+4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! true pap] is m]ely reg>d$ z a conv5i5t means ( produc+1 s to speak1 a smoo? surface ( clay1 & an exam9ation ( ! mat]ial betwe5 ! two clay surfaces (t5 reveals a pap] ( v l[ quality4 ,!re are "o or two empirical me?ods = te/+ ! condition ( coat+ on an art pap]4 ,if ! coat+ is firm & adh]5t1 !n on press+ ! moi/5$ ?umb on to ! surface none ( ! coat+ matt] is remov$1 b 9 a badly-made art pap] "s ( ! coat+ adh]es to ! ?umb4 ,ano!r me?od is to crumple a %eet ( pap] betwe5 ! f+]s1 & if any ( ! coat+ comes away easily ! pap] is consid]$ ( poor quality4 ,! complete exam9ation ( an art pap]1 ap>t f ! practical te/ ( pr9t+1 involves ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( coat+ matt] add$ to ! pap]1 ! proportion ( glue 9 ! coat+1 & ! usual analysis ( ! pap] itself4 ,,pack+ ,,pap]s4 ,?is t]m may be appli$ to wrapp+s specially treat$ ) sub/ances :i* r5d] ! pap] air & wat] pro(4 ,!y are pr9cipally us$ = pres]v+ food1 or su* articles z tobacco1 :i* require to be kept slightly moi/4 ,wax$ ,pap]4--,! pap] 9 ! =m ( a cont9u\s %eet is pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( melt$ wax at a high temp]ature1 any excess be+ remov$ by squeez+ rolls ?r\gh :i* ! hot wax$ pap] is pass$4 ,! pap] is l$ ov] skeleton drums & ?or\ghly cool$ be=e be+ cut into %eets4 ,butt] ,pap]4--,ord9>y p>*m5t pap] is g5]ally us$1 b = special purposes a solution conta9+ album5 & saltpetre is utilis$ = impregnat+ pap]4 ,h>dw>e ,pap]4--,ne$les & silv] goods are frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 pap] impregnat$ or mix$ ) sub/ances :i* are suppos$ to prev5t delet]i\s fumes f com+ into contact ) !m4 ,! use ( black pap]s heavily load$ ) pigm5t1 siz$ ) glue & an excess ( alum1 is commonly resort$ to4 ,= silv] w>e1 pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda conta9+ z9c oxide is us$4 ,a rec5t pat5t sugge/s ! impregnation ( pap] ) heavy hydroc>bon oils1 :i* be+ slightly volatile cov] ! goods1 su* z ne$les1 ) a ?9 film4 ,p>aff9 ,pap]4--,l>ge quantities ( ?is pap] are consum$ = pack+ food & o!r articles :i* ne$ protection f air & moi/ure4 ,! pap] is ei!r pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( p>aff9 or pass$ ov] a roll] :i* rotates 9 a tr\gh ( p>aff94 ,if ! pap] is to be coat$ on bo? sides x is pass$ ?r\gh ! ba? conta9+ ! p>aff9 9 a melt$ condition1 ! excess ( :i* is scrap$ f ! pap] z x leaves ! ba?4 ,! pap] is cool$ by exposure to air1 & :5 ! p>aff9 has solidifi$ ^u ! %eet ! pap] is w\nd up on a roll] at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,if ! pap] is to be coat$ on "o side only x is pass$ ov] a heat$ roll] :i* revolves 9 a ba? ( melt$ p>aff91 ! o!r op]ations ( dry+ & f9i%+ be+ ! same z 9 ! case ( a pap] coat$ on bo? sides4 ,t9foil ,pap]s1 requir$ = pack+ tea1 c(fee1 & simil> food/uffs1 are prep>$ by coat+ *eap pap] ) a solution ( gum & f9ely p[d]$ t94 ,! manufacture ( ! f9e p[d] is accompli%$ by melt+ t9 at a l[ temp]ature & %ak+ x cont9ually z x cools d[n1 :]eby a mixture ( f9e p[d] & l>ge p>ticles is produc$1 ! latt] be+ sep>at$ out by agitation ( wat]4 ,t9 9 a f9e /ate ( division c also be obta9$ by a *emical process4 ,granulat$ t9 is dissolv$ 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 ! solution dilut$ ) wat]1 & a /ick ( z9c introduc$ into ! solution4 ,! t9 is gradually precipitat$4 ,! dri$ p[d] is coat$ on to ! pap] ) gum1 & :5 ! pap] is dry ! necess>y degree ( brilliancy produc$ by suitable cal5d]+4 ,transf] ,pap]s4--,a numb] ( important op]ations require ! use ( :at are kn[n z transf] pap]s1 s t a design writt5 or pr9t$ ^u a specially prep>$ surface c be transf]r$ to ano!r surface f :i* duplicate copies may be obta9$4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* all su* op]ations are bas$ is ! coat+ ( suitable pap] ) />*1 fl\r1 & gum1 s+ly or mix$1 s z to give a surface firm en\gh to take ! design1 b :i* readily breaks up :5 ! pr9t$ side is press$ aga9/ ! wood1 /one1 or metal object int5d$ to receive ! design4 ,?us a pap] may fir/ be du/$ ov] ) dry />*1 or coat$ ) />* pa/e & !n dri$4 ,a lay] ( dextr9e may !n be put ov] ! />* coat+1 & ! design pr9t$ ^u ! dextr9e surface4 ,:5 ! pap] is turn$ face d[nw>d on a /icky metal plate ! design adh]es to ! metal1 & ! pap] is easily pull$ (f1 ow+ to ! dry />* lay] betwe5 x & ! dextr9e be+ non-adhesive4 ,?is pr9ciple is utilis$ 9 produc+ designs ^u t9s us$ = pack+1 metal adv]tisem5t plates1 dome/ic articles ( e k9d1 /onew>e & e>!nw>e goods4 ,x is fur!r appli$ 9 ! prep>ation ( li?ographic /ones requir$ = pr9t+4 ,ea* class ( "w dem&s pap] ( a suitable "*1 b ! pr9ciple ( an easily deta*$ surface-coat+ is ! same = all4 ,! ma9 difficulty exp]i5c$ is ! liability ( pap] to /ret* :5 damp$1 & v>i\s me?ods are devis$ to obviate ?is1 ei!r by employ+ pap] :i* /ret*es v little :5 damp1 or by mak+ ! pap] p>tially wat]pro( be=e use4 ,papi]-m*4--,?is "n indicates a prep>ation ( pap] or pap] pulp mix$ ) v>i\s m9]al sub/ances firmly cem5t$ toge!r by animal or vegetable adhesives4 ,! pap] pulp us$ = high-class goods consi/s ( pure wood cellulose1 :ile = ! common] qualities me*anical wood pulp1 wa/e pap]s1 & any simil> fibr\s mat]ial are employ$4 ,! m9]al sub/ances us$ are *9a clay1 *alk1 gypsum1 b>ytes1 o*re1 si5na1 & o!r m9]al pigm5ts4 ,! adhesive mat]ials are glue1 case91 gum1 />*1 pa/e1 dextr9e1 ,icel& moss1 or wax4 ,= exp]im5tal purposes1 small quantities ( papi]-m* may be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,:5 old newspap]s or br[n pap]s are us$ z ! fibr\s basis ( ! papi]-m*1 !y are fir/ torn up into small pieces1 moi/5$ ) hot wat]1 ti$ up 9 a small clo? bag or sack1 :i* mu/ only be half fill$1 & !n imm]s$ 9 a bas9 ( w>m wat] & ?or\ghly knead$ by h&1 s t ! pap] is gradually r$uc$ to ! condition ( pulp4 ,if ! knead+ process is c>ri$ out ?or\ghly ! pap] is entirely r$uc$ to pulp4 ,! excess ( wat] c be remov$ by pressure & ! prep>ation ( ! f9al mixture complet$ by ! incorporation ( clay1 pigm5t1 & adhesive4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( papi]-m* = goods on a l>ge scale a beat+ eng9e is us$ 9 ord] to break up ! old pap] or wood pulp into a fibr\s condition4 ,! foll[+ =mul c be us$ = mak+ papi]-m*3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,pulp #bb ,pulp #bb ,pulp #ab ,pulp #cc ,clay #cg ,*alk #cj ,ros9 size #bb ,/>* #i ,case9 #cg ,glue #d ,fl\r #aa ,clay #i ,wat] #d ,wat] #dd ,*9a clay #aa ,wat] #di ,wat] #dd --- --- --- --- #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,pla/] ,m\lds4--,pla/] ( ,p>is or gypsum is ! ma9 article us$ = m\lds & patt]n4 ,! prep>ation ( gypsum = ca/+ is made z foll[s3--,! gypsum is gradually work$ up into a creamy pa/e ) wat]1 ! mix+ be+ done quickly yet ?or\ghly4 ,! patt]n ( :i* x is desir$ to =m a m\ld mu/ be coat$ ) oil4 ,ar\nd ! patt]n plac$ on a table a wall ( wood or pa/ebo>d is fix$1 s t a bas9 w be =m$ ( suitable dep?1 prev5t+ ! gypsum f fl[+ away4 ,patt]ns ( figures or ( curv$ articles h to be made 9 two or m p>ts4 ,= t purpose ! patt]n is usually cut into two pieces4 ,two m\lds are n[ readily obta9able by fir/ oil+ ! patt]n & by p\r+ ! gypsum 9 a ?9 /ate gradually ov] ! surface1 to avoid ! =m+ ( air bubbles4 ,! rapid dry+ ( ! soak$ gypsum is sometimes inconv5i5t1 b ! addition ( a saturat$ solution ( borax 9 wat] to ! gypsum mixture c be resort$ to z a *eck4 ,v>i\s means are employ$ = h>d5+ & /r5g!n+ ! pla/] ca/1 su* z ! addition ( co>se pap] fibres1 %r$s ( canvas1 iron fil+s1 or wire4 ,col\r+4--,usually a *eap wat] col\r only is requir$2 a light coat+ ( a *eap v>ni% may be suffici5t4 ,9 o!r cases a wat] col\r s]v+ z a fill] = smoo?+ ! surface may receive a f9i% ( "o or m coats ( res9\s solutions 9 alcohol or ( copal v>ni%4 ,_m goods are coat$ ) asphaltum or ,japan v>ni% & dri$ 9 cold or hot air4 ,"s ( ! articles may be decorat$ ) scrolls or arabesques 9 oil col\rs or enamels1 or ! l9es may be cov]$ ) bronze p[d]1 or ) metal1 gold1 or alum9ium leaf4 ,v>ni%+4--,! foll[+ v>ni% recipes are suitable3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,%ellac #bj ,%ellac #aj ,%ellac #f ,s&>ac #ae ,alcohol #gj ,ros9 #aj ,s&>ac #c ,ma/ic #e ,lamp black #aj ,alcohol #fj ,ma/ic #ah ,turp5t9e #e ,lamp black #bj ,alcohol #gc ,alcohol #ge --- --- --- --- #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*emicals ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,! manufacture ( pap] is a highly te*nical indu/ry1 :i* requires a practical k ( me*anical eng9e]+1 z well z an intimate acqua9tance ) ! _m important *emical problems connect$ ) ! art4 ,! foll[+ brief description ( ! v>i\s *emicals us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap] is divid$ into c]ta9 classes1 bas$ ^u ! ord] ( ! op]ations ?r\gh :i* ! raw mat]ial passes be=e its f9al conv]sion into pap]3-- 7#a7 ,! alkal9e processes us$ = treat+ raw fibre3 soda a%2 cau/ic soda2 lime2 recov]$ a%4 7#b7 ,! conv]sion ( wood into sulphite pulp3 sulphur2 lime/one4 7#c7 ,! op]ation ( blea*+3 blea*+ p[d]2 anti*lors2 acids4 7#d7 ,! siz+ & load+ ( pap]3 case92 gelat9e2 ros9 size2 alum2 />*2 silicate ( soda2 pigm5ts & soluble dyes2 mordants4 ,m9]al sub/ances = load+3 clay1 blanc fixe1 etc4 ,c>bonate ( ,soda4--,?is sub/ance1 also kn[n "u ! trade names ( alkali & soda a%1 is us$ 9 ! pap] mill = ! manufacture ( cau/ic soda4 ,x is pur*as$ by ! pap]-mak] f ! *emical works1 & us$ toge!r ) ! recov]$ a% 7see page #gh7 = ! production ( cau/ic soda solution1 :i* is requir$ 9 ! treatm5t ( raw fibres4 ,x is also us$ = ! prep>ation ( ros9 size 7see ,ros9 ,size7 & 9 s(t5+ h>d wat]s = /eam-rais+ purposes4 ,,sodium ,,c>bonate ,,table4 ,%[+ p]c5tage by weight & p\nds p] #ajj gallons 9 solutions ( v>i\s d5sities4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p]c5tage by ,weight4 #ajj gallons conta9 p\nds ( ,twaddell4------------------------------ -------------------------- ,na#b,o4,na#b;,,co#c4 ,na#b,o4,na#b;,,co#c4 #dh p] c5t4 ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #jbh #jdg #bgf #dgb #egd #b #jef #jie #efa #ifj #aafh #c #jhd #adb #hdb #adda #agef #d #aaa #aij #aacd #aich #bcfd #e #aci #bch #adbf #bddj #bigc #f #afg #bhe #agaj #bicf #cegg #g #aie #ccc #bjaf #cddf #dbjj #h #bbb #chj #bcab #cieb #dhae #i #bej #dbh #bfag #ddgb #edej #aj #bgh #dgf #biga #ejjj #fjij #aa #cjf #ebc #cbbg #eeah #fgbb #ab #ccd #ega #cecf #fjej #gcgb #ac #cfa #fag #chdc #fegb #hjjg #ad #chh #ffd #daeg #gajf #hfeh #ae #daf #gaj #ddfe #gfcc #icjc #af #ddb #geg #dghj #hagg #iifa #ag #dgj #hjd #eajb #hgbd #ajfca #ah #dig #hea #edbe #ibgd #aacaj #ai #ebd #hig #egde #ihbf #aaigj #bj #eeb #idc #fjfg #ajcgj #abfdb #ba #egi #iij #fcih #ajidj #accde #bb #fjf #ajcg #fgcb #aaeaj #adjab #bc #fcc #ajhc #gjfc #abjha #adgaj #bd #ffa #aacj #gdjj #abffb #aedbj #be #fhh #aagf #ggch #acbcj #afaab #bf #gae #abbc #hjhc #achbj #afhea #bg #gdb #abgj #hdca #addab #agegj #bh #ggj #acaf #hgfg #aejbj #ahbgj #bi #gig #acfc #iabh #aefae #aijad #cj #hbd #adji #idgg #afbjj #aigdj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,analysis4--,! value ( soda a%1 c>bonate ( soda1 & recov]$ a% dep5ds on ! am\nt ( available alkali 7,na#b,o7 pres5t4 ,a weigh$ quantity 7#aee grammes conv5i5tly7 is dissolv$ 9 a measur$ volume ( di/ill$ wat] 7#ejj c4c471 & titrat$ ) /&>d normal hydro*loric acid1 me?yl orange indicator be+ us$4 ,cau/ic ,soda4--,raw vegetable fibres may be r$uc$ to ! condition ( pap] pulp by treatm5t ) cau/ic soda4 ,9 practice ?is process is l>gely resort$ to = ! manufacture ( pulp f esp>to1 /raw1 & wood1 ! sp5t cau/ic soda be+ recov]$ & us$ aga94 ,! pap]-mak] prep>es ! cau/ic requir$ = dige/+ ! raw mat]ial f recov]$ a% & c>bonate ( soda4 ,a conv5i5t volume ( cle> liquor obta9$ by lixiviat+ ! recov]$ a% is boil$ ) lime 9 suitable cau/icis+ pans1 ! reaction be+ repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,na#b;,,co#c ,ca,o ,h#b,o #b ,na,o,h ,ca,c,o#c4 ,soda a% ,lime ,wat] ,cau/ic soda ,*alk4 ,accord+ to ?is equation1 #ajj lbs4 ( soda a% require #ec lbs4 ( quicklime1 b a slight excess is g5]ally add$1 #eh or #fj lbs4 be+ ! usual am\nt actually employ$4 ,sev]al precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! process ( cau/icis+4 7#a7 ,! liquor f ! recov]$ soda %\ld be bright & cle>1 indicat+ complete inc9]ation ( ! a%4 7#b7 ,! liquor is be/ cau/icis$ at a d5sity betwe5 #ajej & #aajj 7#aj-bj1 ,twaddell74 ,) /rong] solutions ! reaction is complicat$ & ! yield ( cau/ic soda r$uc$4 ,lunge has %[n t if ! d5sity ( ! solution is #ajbe ! proportion ( soda cau/icis$ is #iie p] c5t41 :]eas at a d5sity ( #aaej x is only #ide p] c5t4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cau/ic soda =m$ acts ^u ! *alk produc$ & is reconv]t$ into c>bonate4 7#c7 ,! l>ge quantities ( *alk residue result+ f ! reaction mu/ be ?or\ghly & c>efully wa%$4 ,! economy ( ! :ole process dep5ds 9 no small measure ^u ?is seem+ly small detail4 ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,tables4 ,%[+ quantity ( liquor obta9$ f #a cwt4 ( cau/ic soda & ! am\nt ( cau/ic soda 9 #ajj gallons ( liquor 7adapt$ f ,lunge & o!rs74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,gallons obta9$ p] ,p\nds ( ,cau/ic ,soda hundr$weight p] #ajj gallons ,liquor4 ( ,cau/ic4 ,twaddell4-------------------------,twad dell4------------------------ #fj p] c5t4#gg p] c5t4 #fj p] c5t4#gg p] c5t4 ,cau/ic4 ,cau/ic ,cau/ic4 ,cau/ic ,pure4 ,pure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #a1ggg #b1ceh #a #fc #dge #b #hif #a1agi #b #abe #ie #c #eif #gfg #c #ahh #adf #d #ddh #egd #d #bej #aie #e #cei #deg #e #cab #bde #f #bih #chd #f #cgf #bib #g #bef #ccj #g #dch #cdj #h #bbc #bhg #h #eja #cij #i #aii #bef #i #efb #dcg #aj #agh #bbi #aj #fbi #dhi #aa #afb #bjh #aa #fia #ecg #ab #adh #aij #ab #geg #ehg #ac #acf #agf #ac #hba #fcg #ad #abf #aff #ad #hhe #fge #ae #aage #aeb #ae #iej #gce #af #aaj #adae #af #ajae #gij #ag #ajce #ace #ag #ajgh #hcj #ah #ih #abee #ah #aadd #hij #ai #ibh #aaie #ai #abjh #ich #bj #hh #aad #bj #abgb #ihj #be #gj #ijc #be #aeie #abdj #cj #efe #gc #cj #aigc #aecj #ce #dh #fae #ce #bcdi #ahbb #dj #da #ec #dj #bgbf #baaf #de #cec #dee #de #cagd #bdfc #ej #ca #dj #ej #cfba #bhaj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,dilution ,,table ,,= ,,/rong ,,liquors4 ,%[+ numb] ( gallons ( wat] requir$ to r$uce ! d5sity ( #ajj gallons ( liquor f a high] d5sity1 ,d1 to a l[] d5sity1 d4 7,see page #afc74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,high] ,l[] ,d5sity1 d4 ,d5sity1 ,d ---------------------------------------- ------- 7,twaddell74 #ad4 #ac4 #ab4 #aa4 #aj4 #i4 #h4 #g4 #f4 #e4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #db #bjj #bbc #bej #bhahcbjcfg #dbeejj #fjj #gdjiej #dj #ahe #bjg #bcccbfcfcjjcddddjjdgadefffgjjijj #ch #aga #aib #baffbdeebhjcbbbcgeddbhecccffjhej #cf #aeg #agg #bjj #bbgcbfjcjj #cejdadcejj #fbjhjj #cd #adc #afaeahccbjiabdjbgggcbechegdfffehjgej #cb #abhfadf #afffaia #bbjbeeecjjcegadcccedjgjj #cj #aadcacjfaej #agbhbjjbcccbgecbhedjj #ejjfej #bh #ajj #aaecacccaedfahjbaaabejcjj #cfffdfjfjj #bf #hegajj #aaffacfdafjahhhbbebgadccccdbjeej #bd #gad #hdfajj #aahbadjafffbjjbdc #cjj #chjejj #bb #ega #fib #hccajj #abjadddagebaddbfffcdjdej #bj #dc #ecf #fff #hahajjabbbaejahegbccccjjdjj #ah #bhf #chd #ej #fcg #hjajj #abeaeg #bjj #bfjcej #af #adc #bc #ccc #dee #fj #gggajjabheafffbbjcjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,lime & ,lime/one4--,c>bonate ( soda & recov]$ a% are conv]t$ into cau/ic soda by means ( lime4 ,ab\t sixty p>ts ( lime are necess>y = ! conv]sion ( #ajj p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,l>ge quantities ( insoluble c>bonate ( lime are produc$ 9 ?is op]ation1 & great c>e is necess>y to prev5t a loss ( cau/ic soda :i* occurs if ! residue is n ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,9 "s cases ! residual *alk is dra9$ by vacuum filt]s 9 ord] to remove all traces ( soluble alkali4 ,processes h be5 devis$ = calc9+ ! residue s z to conv]t ! c>bonate into cau/ic lime to be us$ ov] aga91 b no economical & practical me?od has yet be5 f\nd4 ,! treatm5t ( ! residual *alk ) sulphuric acid = ! production ( calcium sulphate appe>s feasible1 b ! sub/ance obta9$ is v impure1 & !re=e has little comm]cial value4 ,lime/one is requir$ 9 consid]able quantity = ! prep>ation ( sulphite ( lime = ! manufacture ( wood pulp4 ,recov]$ ,a%4--,! black liquor obta9$ dur+ ! process ( ! boil+ ( /raw1 esp>to1 & o!r pap]-mak+ fibres conta9s a l>ge proportion ( non-fibr\s organic con/itu5ts d]iv$ f ! fibres1 ! quantity ( :i* may be gaug$ f ! fact t ^! fibres g5]ally lose #ej p] c5t4 ( _! weight :5 be+ boil$4 ,! black liquor on evaporation yields a ?ick res9\s mass1 :i* is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( soda :5 burnt4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is fact to c>ry out a process ( inc9]ation on a l>ge scale1 s t heat d]iv$ f ! burn+ (f ( ! res9\s mass is utilis$ = evaporation ( weak] liquors4 ,! a% is drawn f special furnaces1 put aside1 & all[$ to *> quietly1 s t ! c>bonace\s matt] is m or less completely burnt away4 ,! a% 9 ?is =m conta9s ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( soda1 its composition be+ det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! fibre :i* has be5 treat$4 ,9 ! case ( /raw1 ! am\nt ( silicate is consid]able1 z %[n by ! foll[+ typical analysis3-- ,sodium c>bonate #gjb ,sodium hydrate #bc ,sodium sulphate #da ,sodium *loride #ge ,silica #ge ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #jge ,unburnt c>bon1 etc4 #gfe ------ #ajjjj ------ ,at ! pres5t "t !re is no process 9 g5]al use = ! recov]y ( ! liquors us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( wood by ! sulphite process4 ,_m s*emes h be5 propos$1 ! mo/ promis+ ( :i* is t ( ,drews54 ,sulphur & ,sulphites4--,! pale yell[ brittle sub/ance kn[n z sulphur is too famili> to require any detail$ description4 ,x unites ) oxyg5 9 v>i\s proportions1 & ^! 9 contact ) wat] =m ! v>i\s sulphur acids kn[n to comm]ce4 ,sulphur burn$ ) a limit$ quantity ( air =ms sulphur\s acid gas1 & ?is sub/ance is ! *ief product ( oxidation1 :i* by fur!r treatm5t c be conv]t$ into sulphites4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! sulphur comp\nds requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( wood pulp1 ! furnace = burn+ ! sulphur consi/s ( a flat-bottom$ ca/ iron retort :i* is v %all[1 & provid$ ) a curv$ top1 to :i* a pipe is fix$1 s t ! sulphur\s acid may be convey$ away f ! furnace4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t =m ( sulphur ov5 a small conical-%ap$ revolv+ furnace is employ$1 :i* produces a satisfactory gas ( con/ant composition v economically4 ,bisulphite ( ,lime4--,?is comp\nd is obta9$ :5 ! sulphur\s acid gas is br\ght into contact ) moi/5$ lime/one4 ,9 ! manufacture ( bisulphite ( lime on a l>ge scale ! sulphur\s acid gas is drawn or pump$ up tall circul> t[]s fill$ ) blocks ( lime/one1 kept moi/5$ by a c>efully regulat$ /ream ( wat] fl[+ f ! top ( ! t[]4 ,9 ano!r sy/em kn[n z ! acid tank process1 ! gas is =c$ into l>ge circul> vats conta9+ milk ( lime4 ,9 ei!r case a solution is prep>$ conta9+ bisulphite ( lime1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 proportion ( free sulphur\s acid1 ! object ( ! pulp manufactur] be+ to obta9 a solution conta9+ z l>ge a proportion ( free sulphur\s acid z possible4 ,! composition ( a solution w v>y on ?is acc\nt1 & ! foll[+ may be quot$ z be+ an example ( su* a liquor3-- ,free sulphur\s acid #cbc p] c5t4 ,comb9$ sulphur\s acid #jgg ---- #djj ---- ,= exp]im5tal purposes ! bisulphite ( lime solution may be prep>$ by pass+ sulphur\s acid gas into a mixture ( wat] & sulphite ( lime4 ,! latt] comp\nd is insoluble 9 wat]1 b gradually dissolves :5 ! gas is absorb$4 ,a kn[n weight ( sulphite ( lime is add$ to a measur$ volume ( wat]1 & ! sulphur\s acid gas dis*>g$ into ! mixture f a siphon ( compress$ sulphur\s acid4 ,! am\nt ( gas absorb$ is det]m9$ by weigh+ ! siphon be=e & aft] use1 ! loss ( weight repres5t+ ! gas dis*>g$4 ,! foll[+ figures may be quot$ z an example3-- ,quantities us$4 ,calcium sulphite #ecf grammes4 ,wat] #gajj c4c4 ,gas absorb$ #ecd grammes4 ,d5sity ( solution #ah ,twaddell4 ,! composition ( ! solution prep>$ is-- ,comb9$ sulphur\s acid #cej ,free sulphur\s acid #fed ,lime #cjf ,wat] #hfij ------ #ajjjj ------ ,analysis4--,! exam9ation ( sulphite liquors = free & comb9$ sulphur\s acid is made by means ( /&>d iod9e solution & normal cau/ic soda solution4 ,a kn[n volume ( ! sulphite liquor is fir/ titrat$ ) /&>d iod9e solution1 ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres requir$ be+ a measure ( ! total sulphur\s acid4 ,ea* cubic c5timetre /&>d iod9e solution #jjcb grammes ,,s#b4 ,! titrat$ liquor is !n treat$ ) /&>d cau/ic soda 9 quantity suffici5t to exactly neutralise ! acid4 ,! volume ( cau/ic soda solution us$ m9us ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( iod9e fir/ add$ is a measure ( ! free sulphur\s acid4 ,blea*+ ,p[d]4--,?is sub/ance is prep>$ on a l>ge scale by all[+ *lor9e gas to act ^u dry slak$ lime4 ,! lime absorbs ne>ly "o-half its weight ( *lor9e & =ms a dry :ite p[d]1 hav+ a v pung5t od\r4 ,! be/ blea*+ p[d] conta9s ab\t #cg p] c5t4 ( :at is t]m$ available *lor9e4 ,! sub/ance1 on be+ treat$ ) wat]1 gives a gre5i%-col\r$ solution kn[n z blea* liquor1 & :5 raw pap]-mak+ mat]ial1 aft] hav+ be5 dige/$ ) cau/ic soda1 is treat$ ) ?is solution1 x is gradually blea*$ to a :ite col\r4 ,! composition ( ! p[d] may be repres5t$ approximately z foll[s3-- ,available *lor9e 7comb9$ ) lime7 #cfjj ,*lor9e 9 ! =m ( *loride #jcb ,*lor9e 9 ! =m ( *lorate #jbf ,lime #ddff ,magnesia #jdc ,silica1 iron oxides1 etc4 #acc ,insoluble matt] #agjj ------ #ajjjj ------ ,s9ce ! am\nt ( blea* us$ = wood pulps v>ies f #h p] c5t4 to #be p] c5t4 ( p[d] on ! dry wood pulp1 ! co/ ( blea*+ 9 "s cases is consid]able4 ,! economy ( ! process dep5ds 9 "s measure ^u ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! pur*ase ( blea*+ p[d] ( /&>d quality1 ! /orage ( same 9 a d>k1 cool place1 & ! effici5t treatm5t or exhau/ion ( ! p[d] :5 ! blea* liquor is prep>$4 ,! p[d] is usually agitat$ = ab\t an h\r ) wat] suffici5t to produce a liquor ( #ac-ae ,twaddell4 ,! undissolv$ p[d] is all[$ to settle & ! cle> solution siphon$ (f1 aft] :i* ! s$im5t is wa%$ once or twice to remove all ! soluble matt] completely4 ,,blea* ,,liquor ,,table4 ,%[+ = blea*+ p[d] solutions ( kn[n d5sity ! quantity ( p[d] necess>y to produce #ajj gallons ( liquor & ! numb] ( gallons obta9$ f #a cwt4 ( p[d] 7adapt$ f ,lunge & ,bei*(574 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,available ,numb] ( ,gallons obta9$,p\nds ( ,p[d] p] #ajj ,*lor9e f #aab lbs4 ( ,p[d]4 gallons ( ,liquor4 ,twaddell4,p\nds ---------------------------------------- --------- p] #ajj #cd p] c5t4#ce p] c5t4 #cd p] c5t4#ce p] c5t4 gallons4 ,p[d]4 ,p[d]4 ,p[d]4 ,p[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #jbe #jgj #e1dfd #e1fjj #bje #bjj #jej #adj #b1gbe #b1hjj #daa #djj #a #bga #a1dje #a1dde #gig #ggd #b #eeh #fha #gjb #afda #aeid #c #hdh #ddh #dfb #bdie #bdbc #d #aada #ccd #cdj #ccee #cbfj #e #addg #bfd #bgj #dbeh #dacd #f #agcf #baie #bbe #eajf #difj #g #bjdd #ahf #aia #fjaa #ehdj #h #bcge #afj #afe #fihe #fghe #i #bffb #ada #adg #ghcj #gfeg #aj #bifj #abi #acbe #hgjf #hded #aa #cbfh #aafe #abj #ifaa #iccg #ab #ceha #ajfe #ajie #ajecb #ajbca #ac #ciaj #ih #ajj #aaejj #aaagj #ad #dbca #ij #ibe #abdde #abjij #ae #degj #hd #hf #acdda #acjef #af #dhif #gh #hj #adchj #aciga #ag #ebbg #gce #ge #aecec #adicd #ah #eeah #fi #ga #afbcj #aegfe #ai #ehdj #fee #fg #agajj #affhf #bj #faej #fae #fd #ahjhh #agega ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! be/ me?od = extract+ p[d] is to agitate ! mat]ial ) wat] = a %ort p]iod1 & to /op ! mix+ process directly ! maximum d5sity has be5 obta9$1 :i* usually takes place 9 #ae m9utes4 ,prolong$ agitat+ prev5ts ! p[d] f settl+ readily4 ,! maximum quantities ( liquor :i* c be obta9$ f blea*+ p[d] are %[n on page #afb4 ,! foll[+ table is useful z %[+ ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = dilut+ /rong liquors1 ! figures be+ applicable to any solution indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance4 ,,dilution ,,table ,,= ,,weak ,,liquors4 ,%[+ numb] ( gallons ( wat] requir$ to r$uce ! d5sity ( #ajj gallons ( liquor f a high] d5sity1 ,d1 to a l[] d5sity1 d4 7,see page #aeg47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,high] ,l[] ,d5sity1 d4 ,d5sity1 ,d ---------------------------------------- --------- 7,twaddell74 #ab4 #aa4aj4 #i4 #h4 #g4 #f4 #e4 #d4 #c4 #b4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #af #cccded #fjgggajj #abheafffbbjcjjdcccgjja1ejj #ae #bejcfd #ejfff #hgeaadcaej #bjjbgedjj #feja1djj #ad #affbgc #djeee #ge #ajj #acccahjbejcffffjja1cjj #ac #hcahb #cjddd #fbe #hegaaffafjbbecccceeja1bjj #ab #ia #bjccc #ej #gadajj #adjbjjcjj #ejja1ajj #aa #ajbbb #cge #ega #hccabjagebfffdeja1jjj #aj #aaa #be #dbh #fffajjaejbcccdjj #ijj #i #abe #bhe #ej #hjabebjj #cej #hjj #h #adb #ccc #fjajjafffcjj #gjj #g #aff #dj #geacccbej #fjj #f #bj #ejajj #bjj #ejj #e #be #fffaej #djj #d #cccajj #cjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,anti*lors4--,! residues ( *lor9e :i* may be left 9 pulp aft] blea*+ are frequ5tly neutralis$ by ! use ( sub/ances t]m$ anti*lors1 :i* react ) ! calcium hypo*lorite1 conv]t+ x into *lorides4 ,! sodium hyposulphite is ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ anti*lor1 ! reaction betwe5 ?is & hypo*lorite result+ 9 ! =mation ( calcium sulphate & sodium *loride2 #ajj lbs4 ( comm]cial blea*+ p[d] w require #cj lbs4 ( cry/allis$ sodium hyposulphite4 ,! sulphites ( soda & lime also act z anti*lors1 r$uc+ ! hypo*lorite ( calcium into sulphate ( lime or soda4 ,! *ief advantage ( ! use ( sulphites is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! sub/ances obta9$ by ! reaction are neutral4 ,! be/ practice 9 blea*+ is to avoid ! necessity = us+ any =ms ( anti*lors by c>eful regulation ( ! blea*+ process4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ 9 previ\s ref]5ces to blea*+ t ! desir$ results are obta9$ :5 ! pulp & blea* are left 9 contact ) "o ano!r 9 tanks or dra9]s until ! blea* is completely exhau/$1 ! residual salts 9 solution be+ remov$ by ?or\gh wa%+4 ,gelat9e4--,= animal-siz$ or tub-siz$ pap]s gelat9e is us$4 ,x c be prep>$ by ! pap]-mak] f hide clipp+s1 %eep sk9s1 bone1 etc41 or c be pur*as$ ready made4 ,beadle gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ details z to ! am\nt ( gelat9e :i* c be obta9$ f wet hide pieces3-- ,,weight ,,( ,,wet ,,hide ,,pieces1 #b1abh ,,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,p] c5t4 ,weight ( ,draught4 ,gallons4,gelat9e 9,gelat9e4 ,solution4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a #abfdh #fgge #hefd #b #abhif #fjeb #ghjd #c & #d mix$ #acebj #iddf #abgfc -------- ---------- ,total #cijfd #biaca ---------------------------------------- -- ,p]c5tage ( gelat9e on weight ( wet sk9s #acfi4 ,a simil> trial on ! same class ( wet hide pieces gave a yield ( #acbc p] c5t4 ,two trials1 ( a some:at diff]5t class ( wet hide pieces1 gave respectively #acaa & #abh p] c5t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! draught wat] %\ld be approximately z foll[s3-- ------------------------------- ,draught4,at ,beg9n+4 ,at ,end4 ------------------------------- #a #abj ,f4 #aej ,f4 #b #acj ,f4 #afj ,f4 #c & #d #adj ,f4 #ahj ,f4 ------------------------------- ,9 ! f9al draught x is (t5 necess>y to use live /eam at ! f9i%1 b ?is %\ld be avoid$ if possible4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 wet hide pieces v>ies f #gg to #ij p] c5t4 9 ! diff]5t pieces1 b 9 ! bulk ! av]age may be tak5 at #he p] c5t4 ,case94--,case9 is ! nitrog5\s pr9ciple ( milk1 & belongs to ! class ( proteids :i* are def9ite comp\nds ( oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog51 =m+ ! basis ( ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( all animal fibres1 album51 case91 & glut54 ,a v pure =m ( case9 is *eese made f skimm$ milk4 ,case9 belongs to t class ( album5s :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 e4g41 egg album51 blood album5 or s]um1 & lactalbum51 or milk album52 ^! are mo/ly precipitat$ f solution by saturation ) sodium *loride 7common salt7 or magnesium sulphate2 b !y are all coagulat$ by heat4 ,by ! action ( r5net on milk ! proteid or album5 pr9ciple is conv]t$ into a curd 7case974 ,?is curd1 :5 fre$ f fats1 is insoluble 9 wat]1 b is soluble 9 dilute acids1 or alkalies1 or alkal9e c>bonates1 f :i* sub/ances1 h[ev]1 x is reprecipitat$ by acidulation4 ,in/ead ( ! above me?od1 case9 may be precipitat$ f milk by saturation ) sulphate ( magnesia1 & wa%+ ! precipitate ) a solution ( t salt until ! wa%+s conta9 no album51 & !n r$issolv+ ! prep>$ case9 by add+ wat]4 ,! salt /ill adh]+ to ! precipitate enables x to dissolve4 ,on a l>ge scale ! case9 is usually prep>$ by treat+ ! milk ) acid4 ,case9 is readily dissolv$ by alkalies & alkal9e c>bonates1 borax1 boracic acid solution1 cau/ic soda1 & bic>bonate ( soda4 ,/>*4--,?is sub/ance is us$ 9 _m classes ( pap] = improv+ ! surface & f9i%4 ,x is add$ to ! pulp 9 ! beat+ eng9e 9 ! dry =m z p[d]1 or 9 ! =m ( />* pa/e1 produc$ by boil+ ! />* 9 wat]4 ,! viscosity ( ! />* pa/e is some:at increas$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( alkali1 b due c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 boil+1 :i* %\ld only be c>ri$ out suffici5tly to cause ! />* granules to bur/1 z any excessive boil+ causes ! />* pa/e to lose "s ( its viscosity4 ,! pres5ce ( />* 9 pap] is detect$ by ! blue coloration produc$ :5 ! pap] is dipp$ into a weak solution ( iod9e4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! exact p]c5tage ( />* 9 a pap] is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,silicate ( ,soda4--,! precipitation ( gelat9\s silica ^u ! pulp 9 ! beat+ eng9e is g5]ally reg>d$ z fav\rable to ! production ( a %eet ( pap] hav+ :at is kn[n z a h>d] f9i%4 ,! precipitation is effect$ by add+ a solution ( silicate ( soda to ! beat+ eng9e1 ) ! subsequ5t addition ( suffici5t sulphate ( alum9a to react ) ! silicate ( soda4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,alums4 7,griff9 & ,little47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,insoluble 9 wat] #jje #ajfa #jaa #jef ,alum9a 7,al#b,o#c7 #aedg #adif #aafd #afeh ,iron protoxide 7,fe,o7 #jjb #jac #jjf -- ,iron sesquioxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 #jjj #ajh #aag #jjd ,z9c oxide 7,zn,o7 -- -- -- -- ,soda 7,na#b,o7 #agb #jeg #dge #jef ,magnesia 7,mg,o7 -- -- #jde -- ,sulphuric acid 7,,s#c7 comb9$ #cgbf #cgcf #ceih #ciag ,sulphuric acid 7,,s#c7 free -- #ajh #eac -- ,wat] by diff]5ce #dedh #cdba #djga #dcji ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ajjjjajjjjajjjjajjjj ------------------------------- ------------------------- ,siz+ te/ 7p>ts ( dry neutral ros9 size precipitat$ by "o "p ( ! alum7 #ccb #cdg #cai #cga ------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,value ,,( ,,solutions ,,( ,,alum9ium ,,sulphate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p\nds p] #ajj gallons4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,twaddell4,al#b,o#c4 ,,s#c4 ,sulphate ( ,alum9a conta9+ #ae p] c5t4 ,al#b,o#c4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #a #ad #cc #ij #b #bh #fe #aij #c #db #ih #bhj #d #ef #acj #cgj #e #gj #afc #dgj #f #hd #aif #efj #g #ih #bbh #fej #h #aab #bfa #gej #i #abf #bid #hdj #aj #adj #cbf #icj #aa #aed #cei #ajcj #ab #afh #cia #aabj #ad #bjc #dgc #acej #af #bca #ech #aeej #ah #bfb #fjc #agbj #bj #bid #fhe #aifj #be #cga #hfe #bdgj #cj #ddh #ajdd #biij #ce #ecb #abdj #ceej #dj #fji #adbj #djej #de #fhf #aeii #defj #ej #ggg #ahaj #eghj #ee #hfa #bjjf #egej #fj #ieb #bbah #fcej ---------------------------------------- --------- ,alum4--,alum is "o ( ! mo/ important sub/ances requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 its *ief function relat+ to ! siz+ ( pap]4 ,v>i\s =ms are utilis$ = ?is purpose1 ! pure/ be+ sulphate ( alum9a1 requir$ = high grade pap]s1 & ! *eap] =m kn[n z alum cake1 = news & common pr9t+4 ,! alum is manufactur$ on a l>ge scale by heat+ *9a clay or bauxite ) sulphuric acid4 ,?is reaction gives sulphate ( alum9a toge!r ) silica4 ,if ! mass is heat$ to dryness1 x is sold "u ! "n ( alum cake4 ,if ! mass is extract$ ) hot wat] & ! insoluble silica filt]$ (f1 ! solution c be evaporat$ d[n = ! production ( sulphate ( alum9a1 :i* is sold 9 ! =m ( l>ge cakes or 9 ! =m ( cry/als4 ,by c>eful selection ( raw mat]ial a sulphate ( alum9a c be prep>$ almo/ entirely free f iron4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt] is undesirable1 s9ce on exposure to air ! sulphate ( iron produc$ dur+ ! manufacture ( ! alum is sl[ly oxidis$ & turns br[n4 ,ultimately ?is affects ! col\r ( ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,alum is add$ to solutions ( animal size or gelat9e 9 ord] to ?ick5 ! solution & r5d] x m visc\s4 ,x also acts z a pres]vative1 & is us$ = regulat+ ! absorption ( ! gelat9e by ! pap]1 ! p5etration effects be+ mat]ially v>i$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! alum is utilis$4 ,9 ! process ( eng9e siz+1 a t]m appli$ to ! application ( ros9 size on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! process is complet$ 9 ! beat+ eng9e1 alum plays an important "p4 ,! m]e addition ( ! prep>$ ros9 soap to ! mixture ( pulp & wat] 9 ! beat+ eng9e does n size ! pap]1 b ! alum precipitates ! ros9 f its solution1 produc+ a complex mixture said to consi/ ( res9ate ( alum9a & free ros9 p>ticles1 & subsequ5tly ! heat ( ! pap] ma*9e dry+ cyl9d]s r5d]s ! pap] m or less imp]meable to moi/ure4 ,! appe>ance & tone ( pap]1 m p>ticul>ly ( col\r$ pap]s1 are bright5$ by ! use ( an excess ( alum ov] & above t necess>y to precipitate ! ros9 soap4 ,ros9 ,size4--,?is sub/ance is us$ *iefly = ! siz+ ( news & *eap pr9t+ pap]s1 & is also employ$ toge!r ) gelat9e = ! common] writ+ pap]s4 ,x is prep>$ by boil+ ros9 ) c>bonate ( soda "u v>i\s conditions4 ,ros91 sometimes call$ colophony1 is obta9$ f ! sap ( c]ta9 firs & p9e trees4 ,?is on di/illation yields spirits ( turp5t9e1 leav+ beh9d z a residue ! mixture ( sub/ances to :i* is giv5 ! "n ros94 ,x behaves z an acid1 & !re=e w comb9e ) c]ta9 alkal9e oxides1 produc+ soluble res9ates4 ,! nature ( ! ros9 soap us$ 9 ! pap] mill v>ies accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* ! size is prep>$4 ,if a l>ge proportion ( ros9 is us$1 !n ! size obta9$ consi/s ( a mixture ( res9ate ( soda toge!r ) free ros9 dissolv$ 9 ! solution4 ,if ! proportion ( ros9 is small comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( c>bonate ( soda1 ! composition ( ! f9al mixture is q diff]5t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 treatm5t results 9 ! =mation (-- 7,a7 ,neutral ,size1 prep>$ by boil+ a kn[n weight ( ros9 ) suffici5t alkali to comb9e ) x & =m a neutral res9ate ( soda4 ,!oretically ?is may be obta9$ by us+ #fcj p>ts ( ros9 to #ajj p>ts ( soda a%4 ,x is d\btful h[ f> ! reaction is complet$ s z to produce an exactly neutral solution conta9+ only res9ate ( soda4 7,b7 ,acid ,size4--,:5 ! proportion ( ros9 is l>gely increas$ ! soda becomes conv]t$ into ! alkal9e res9ate1 & ! excess ( ros9 is gradually dissolv$ 9 ! res9ate =m$4 ,! practical op]ations necess>y = ! prep>ation ( ! size are comp>atively simple4 ,9 ! case ( size conta9+ relatively small p]c5tages ( free ros91 ! boil+ is conduct$ 9 op5 vessels1 b = ! manufacture ( ros9 size conta9+ l>ge proportions ( free ros9 boil+ "u pressure 9 clos$ vessels mu/ be resort$ to4 ,) ! op5 pan process a /eam jacket$ pan is us$1 & ! requir$ quantity ( alkali1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is plac$ !re9 & heat$ to boil+ po9t4 ,! ros9 well p[d]$ is add$ 9 small quantities f "t to "t1 ?is be+ effect$ cauti\sly 9 ord] t ! c>bonic acid gas set free dur+ ! process may readily escape4 ,! ros9 is g5]ally completely saponifi$ aft] f\r or five h\rs' boil+4 ,x is !n pass$ ?r\gh /ra9]s into /ore tanks1 f :i* x is drawn into ! beat+ eng9es z requir$4 ,9 ! case ( ros9 boil$ "u pressure a cyl9drical vessel provid$ ) a manhole at ! top is us$4 ,! correct am\nts ( alkali & wat] are put into ! dige/]1 & also ! ros9 9 a p[d]$ =m1 ! dige/] be+ fitt$ ) a p]=at$ plate plac$ ab\t two feet above ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 ord] to prev5t ! ros9 =m+ into a h>d mass at ! bottom ( ! dige/]4 ,x is possible 9 ?is way to manufacture a ?ick size conta9+ #cj or #dj p] c5t4 ( free ros9 & a comp>atively small proportion ( wat]4 ,_m pap] mill firms pref] to pur*ase su* size ready made4 ,! mo/ rec5t modification ( ! ord9>y ros9 size is a comp\nd prep>$ by treat+ ros9 ) silicate ( soda4 ,?is alkali dissolves ros9 readily1 & ! soap obta9$ :5 suitably dilut$ ) wat] decomposes 9 ! beat+ eng9e on ! addition ( alum9ium sulphate1 ) ! precipitation ( a gelat9\s silica :i* assi/s 9 h>d5+ ! pap]4 ,bacon has pat5t$ a process 9 :i* p[d]$ ros9 is melt$ d[n ) dry cry/all9e silicate ( soda4 ,! resultant product is gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 :i* is !n ready = use4 ,x dissolves easily 9 wat]1 & :5 decompos$ ) ! prop] proportion ( alum gives a gelat9\s visc\s mass said to h excell5t siz+ prop]ties4 ,! advantages ( a dry p[d]$ ros9 size readily soluble 9 wat] are obvi\s4 ,load+4--,! t]m load+ is appli$ to ! v>i\s sub/ances :i* are employ$ = ! purpose1 z x is commonly suppos$1 ( mak+ pap] heavy4 ,b *9a clay & simil> mat]ials are n add$ simply 9 ord] to give weight to ! pap]1 s9ce !y s]ve to produce opacity & to improve ! surface ( pap]s :i* c\ld n be satisfactorily made unless su* mat]ials 7 us$4 ,exam9ation ( ,pap] = ,load+4--,if a piece ( pap] is crumpl$ up1 plac$ 9 a small crucible1 & !n ignit$ until all ! c>bonace\s matt] has be5 burnt (f1 a residue is left 9 ! crucible :i* may be :ite or col\r$4 ,?is is usually t]m$ ! a% ( ! pap]4 ,! am\nt ( a% pres5t is det]m9$ by tak+ a weigh$ quantity ( pap] & weigh+ ! residue obta9$4 ,special appliances c be obta9$ = mak+ rapid det]m9ations ( ! a% 9 pap]1 b = occasional analyses !y are n requir$4 ,*9a ,clay4--,?is is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ commonly us$ load+4 ,! pure/ =m ( ?is mat]ial is kaol91 a natural sub/ance =m$ by ! gradual decomposition ( felspa?ic rocks aris+ f exposure to ! long-cont9u$ action ( air & wat]4 ,! clay occurs 9 great abundance 9 ,dorset1 ,cornwall1 & ,devon1 ! s\!rn c\nties 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! mo/ fam\s deposits are f\nd4 ,! natural m9]al is levigat$ ) wat]1 & ! mixture all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh a s]ies ( settl+ ponds1 s t ! clay gradually settles 9 ! =m ( a f9e deposit4 ,! clay is dri$ & pack$ 9 bags4 ,its value is controll$ l>gely by ! purity ( its col\r & its fre$om f grit & s&4 ,x is ess5tially a silicate ( alum9a1 hav+ ! approximate composition-- ,silica 7,si,o#b7 #dcjj ,alum9a 7,al#b,o#c7 #cejj ,comb9$ wat] #ajjj ,moi/ure & impurities #abjj ------ #ajjjj ,! specific gravity ( ! dry sub/ance is #bej4 ,x is utilis$ z a load+ 9 all k9ds ( pap]1 & =ms also ! ma9 +r$i5t 9 ! coat+ f\nd on ord9>y art & *romo pap]s4 ,a% conta9+ ,*9a ,clay4--,9 news1 *eap pr9t+s1 & common art pap]s ! a% almo/ inv>iably conta9s *9a clay4 ,?is sub/ance is insoluble 9 dilute acids1 b is act$ ^u by conc5trat$ sulphuric acid :5 dige/$ = "s "t4 ,a simple te/ = ! pres5ce ( *9a clay 9 a% is ! blue coloration :i* is obta9$ :5 ! a% aft] be+ ignit$ is gradually heat$ ) a few drops ( solution ( cobalt nitrate4 ,*9a clay c be decompos$ by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda 9 a crucible4 ,by ?is means silicate ( alum9a is decompos$1 & ! alum9a goes into solution1 ! silica rema9+ z an insoluble residue4 ,! filt]$ solution is boil$ ) an excess ( ammonia :i* gives a gelat9\s precipitate ( alum9ium hydrate4 ,sulphate ( ,lime4--,?is comp\nd is valu$ *iefly = its brilliancy ( col\r1 be+ us$ 9 high-class pap]s4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bc lbs4 9 #a1jjj gallons1 & ?is fact mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 ! mat]ial is add$ to ! pulp 9 ! beat+ eng9e4 ,x occurs naturally 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 su* z gypsum1 alaba/]1 sel5ite1 ! fir/ ( :i* :5 f9ely p[d]$ is sold to ! pap]-mak] z gypsum1 p[d]$ pla/]1 & "u o!r fancy names4 ,x c be prep>$ artificially by add+ sulphuric acid to solutions ( calcium salts2 & ! precipitat$ product s obta9$ is sold z t]ra alba1 pe>l h>d5+1 sat9ite1 m9]al :ite1 etc4 ,! te/s = sulphate ( lime 9 pap] a% are bas$ ^u ! foll[+ reactions3-- ,calcium sulphate is soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( b>ium *loride to ! solution produces a d5se heavy precipitate1 indicat+ ! sulphate4 ,a small quantity ( ammonium oxalate solution add$ to ano!r portion ( ! dissolv$ calcium salt previ\sly neutralis$ ) ammonia produces a precipitate & indicates calcium4 ,a microscopic te/ ( pap] = ! pres5ce ( sulphate ( lime is bas$ ^u ! slight solubility ( ! salt 9 wat]4 ,! pap] is boil$ ) "s di/ill$ wat]4 ,! wat] is evaporat$ to a small bulk & transf]r$ to a glass slip1 & ! gradual =mation ( *>act]i/ic sulphate ( lime cry/als c be se5 by means ( ! microscope z ! wat] cools d[n4 ,fr5* ,*alk4--,?is mat]ial is prep>$ by gr9d+ talc into a f9e p[d]1 & possesses a good col\r & a some:at soapy feel4 ,x is a silicate ( magnesia1 hav+ ! approximate composition-- ,silica 7,si,o#b7 #fbjj ,magnesia 7,mg,o7 #ccjj ,wat] #dcj ,traces ( oxides1 etc4 #jgj ------ #ajjjj ,o!r silicates ( magnesia us$ = pap]-mak+ are agalite & asbe/9e1 ! latt] be+ a f9ely gr\nd asbe/os4 ,! composition ( asbe/os is approximately-- ---------------------------------------- -------- -- ,italian4 ,canadian4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,lime & magnesia #chj #ccj ,silica #dbj #daj ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #ej #abj ,total wat] #acj #abj ,traces ( soda1 etc #bj #cj --------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,beat+ ,introduction4--,! process ( beat+ has = its object ! complete break+ d[n ( ! blea*$ pulp to ! condition ( s+le fibres1 & ! fur!r r$uction ( ! fibres1 :5 necess>y1 into small] pieces4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! mat]ial is ess5tial = ! production ( a close ev5 %eet ( pap]1 & ! am\nt ( beat+ requir$ v>ies greatly accord+ to ! nature ( ! raw mat]ial1 & ! class ( pap] to be produc$4 ,! textile trade1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds on a raw mat]ial compos$ ( /rong fibres1 or ( filam5ts *>act]is$ by great l5g?1 & any processes ( treatm5t :i* t5d to r$uce ! l5g? ( su* fibres are c>efully avoid$1 & x is !re=e obvi\s t fibres :i* are ( no value = textile purposes c be appropriat$ = pap]-mak+4 ,condition ( ,fibres4--,! great diff]5ces 9 ! physical *>act]i/ics & /ructure ( ! fibres employ$ = pap]-mak+ sugge/ t ! possible v>iations 9 ! f9al product obta9$ by beat+ are v num]\s4 ,?is is a well-kn[n fact1 & x is fur!r to be not$ t ?is me*anical op]ation br+s ab\t n m]ely alt]ations ( a physical ord]1 b introduces "s int]e/+ & important *emical *anges4 ,( ! bett]-kn[n mat]ials l951 ) an av]age fibre l5g? ( #bh mm41 ! /ructure ( :i* l5ds itself to consid]able alt]ation by beat+1 is 9 m>k$ contra/ to esp>to1 ! fibre l5g? ( :i* is only #ae mm4 ,if ! process ( beat+ a l95 rag m]ely result$ 9 ! cutt+ ( all ! fibres ( #bh mm4 long into %ort fragm5ts ( #ae mm41 !re w\ld be no?+ rem>kable 9 x1 b ! *anges :i* occur 9 r$uc+ ! long l95 fibre to #ae or #bj mm4 are ( a f> m important "* ?an ?is4 ,e>ly ,me?ods4--,9 ! e>ly days ( pap]-mak+ ! dis9tegration ( ! half-/uff 0 effect$ by a true beat+ process1 ! rags be+ subject$ to ! action ( heavy /amp]s1 :i* broke up ! mass ( tangl$ fibre into a uni=m pulp4 ,! fibres = ! mo/ "p reta9$ _! maximum l5g? 9 ?is op]ation1 :i* 0 exce$+ly sl[ & t$i\s1 ?\gh at ! same "t giv+ a %eet ( pap] ( rem>kable /r5g?4 ,! ne>e/ imitation ( ^! old-"t rag pap]s is to be se5 9 ! well-kn[n ,japanese pap]s1 :i* are extraord9>ily /rong4 ,"s ( ^! ! writ] has exam9$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! fibre4 ,! %eets :5 held up to ! light appe> cl\dy & wild ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! long fibres1 :i* h only be5 sep>at$ or teas$ out by ! primitive me?ods ( beat+ us$1 & n completely dis9tegrat$4 ,conditions ( ,beat+4--,ab\t ,a4,d4 #agjj !re began a great epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( pap]-mak+4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! ,holl&] eng9e ab\t ,a4,d4 #afgj1 ! process ( dis9tegration 0 greatly ha/5$1 because x 0 possible to r$uce ! half-/uff mu* m readily4 ,! sub/itution ( ! idea ( pla9 beat+ by a pr9ciple :i* comb9$ ! gradual isolation ( ! individual fibres ) a splitt+ up ( ^? fibres l5g?wise & crosswise 0 n only an advantage 9 po9t ( economy ( "t & co/1 b also a mat]ial advance 9 ! possibilities ( great] v>iations 9 ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,! conditions ( ! process ( beat+ c>ri$ out ) a ,holl&] p]mit ( consid]able alt]ation1 s t ^! *anges 9 ! fibre are n surpris+ :5 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,9 fact1 x is n[ conc$$ t a close /udy ( ! !ory & practice ( beat+ is likely to br+ ab\t /ill m rem>kable improvem5ts 9 ?is important dep>tm5t ( ! pap]-mak]'s "w4 ,! quality & "* ( ! pap] made may be v>i$ )-- 7#a7 ,! orig9 ( ! raw mat]ial1 e4g41 rags1 esp>to1 or wood2 7#b7 ,! condition ( ! mat]ial1 e4g41 old or new rags1 gre5 or mature esp>to1 me*anical or *emical wood pulp2 7#c7 ,! "t occupi$ 9 beat+1 e4g41 f\r h\rs = an ord9>y rag pr9t+ & twelve h\rs = a rag p>*m5t2 7#d7 ,! /ate ( ! beat] knives1 e4g41 %>p tackle = blott+s & dull tackle = c>tridge pap]s2 7#e7 ,! spe$ ( ! beat] roll1 also its weight2 7#f7 ,! rate at :i* ! beat] roll is l[]$ on to ! b$plate2 7#g7 ,! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,beat] ,roll4--,if ! beat] roll is fitt$ ) %>p knives1 & ?is is put d[n close to ! b$plate quickly1 ! fibres are cut up %ort1 & !y d n assimilate ! wat]4 ,if ! roll is fitt$ ) dull knives1 or tackle1 z x is sometimes call$1 & x is l[]$ gradually1 ! fibres are drawn & bruis$ out )\t be+ greatly %ort5$4 ,9 ?is condition ! /uff becomes v wet1 or greasy1 z x is t]m$4 ,! cellulose ent]s into association ) wat] :5 beat5 = _m h\rs1 & ! pulp 9 ! beat+ eng9e *anges into a curi\s greasy-l mass ( a semi-transp>5t "*4 ,rag pulp beat5 = a long "t produces a h>d1 transluc5t1 d5se %eet ( pap]4 ,flax ?read beat5 #dh to #fj h\rs is us$ 9 practice = ! manufacture ( gramophone horns & simil> purposes4 ,s(t por\s pap]s l blott+s1 filt]+ pap]s1 heavy *romos1 li?o pap]s1 antiques1 light pr9t+s1 are made f pulps :i* are beat5 quickly ) ! roll put d[n close to ! b$plate soon aft] ! /uff has be5 fill$ 94 ,) /rong1 d5se1 h>d pap]s1 su* z p>*m5ts1 banks1 greasepro(s & ! l1 ! pulp is beat5 sl[ly & ! roll l[]$ gradually4 ,! nature ( ! pulp & ! "t occupi$ 9 beat+ are also important factors 9 produc+ ^! diff]5t pap]s1 ?ree to f\r h\rs be+ ample = an ord9>y wood pulp pr9t+1 :]eas a wood pulp p>*m5t requires sev5 to eight h\rs4 ,beat+ ,pulps ,sep>ately4--,! use ( esp>to & wood pulp 9 conjunction ) "o ano!r1 or bl5d$ ) rag1 has introduc$ new problems into ! "q ( beat+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! advisability ( beat+ ! pulps sep>ately & ev5tually pass+ !m ?r\gh a mix] ( "s k9d be=e dis*>g+ into a /uff *e/4 ,! necessity = diff]5tiat+ ! am\nt ( beat+ is already p>tly recognis$ :5 v dissimil> pulps1 su* z /rong rag & esp>to1 are bl5d$1 b ! :ole subject ought to be c>efully /udi$ by ! pap]-mak] & inve/igat$ on its m]its f ! /&po9t ( beat+ effects1 ap>t f que/ions ( co/ & exp$i5cy4 ,! =m] fully und]/ood & exhau/ively exam9$ by practical te/s w\ld ( c\rse only be develop$ if prov$ to be advantage\s4 ,! field ( rese>* 9 ?is direction has n yet be5 s]i\sly explor$4 ,) ! enorm\s consumption ( wood pulps ( v>y+ quality made f _m diff]5t species ( wood by sev]al processes1 !re is ample room = int]e/+ & pr(itable enquiry1 p>ticul>ly z ! types ( beat+ eng9e are s num]\s4 ,! effects produc$ by ! ,holl&]1 ! ref9]1 ! edge runn]1 ! /one beat] roll1 & o!r me*anisms1 are all ( v>y+ k9ds4 ,,effect ,,( ,,prolong$ ,,beat+4 ,! importance ( a k ( ! precise effects produc$ by ! beat+ ( pulp _c be emphasis$ too mu*1 & any contributions to ! subject along ! l9es ( special rese>* w be welcom$ by all /ud5ts ( cellulose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,cotton ,pulp beat5 #h h\rs4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ by ! writ] 9 #aijf ) cotton rags1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! results obta9$ by beat+ ! pulp = a prolong$ p]iod "u exact & specific conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,cotton ,pulp beat5 #cg h\rs4 ,! cotton rags1 ( good quality1 7 boil$ ) cau/ic soda 9 ! usual way = six or sev5 h\rs1 at a pressure ( #ae to #bj lbs41 wa%$ & p>tially brok5 d[n 9 ! rag break]1 & f9ally blea*$1 made into half-/uff1 & !n transf]r$ to a ,holl&] beat+ eng9e4 ,! p>ticul> conditions specifi$ = ! beat+ op]ation 7 t ! beat]man %\ld manipulate ! pulp accord+ to 8 usual r\t9e = ! manufacture ( ! pap] :i* he 0 accu/om$ to make f ^! rags4 ,9 ?is case ! r\t9e process meant beat+ = eight h\rs1 by :i* "t ! pulp 0 ready = ! pap] ma*9e4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ! pulp w\ld be dis*>g$ into ! /uff *e/1 & conv]t$ into a /rong1 ?91 bank pap]4 ,dur+ ! prolong$ beat+ ! pulp became v s(t & greasy1 & :5 made up into %eets ! pap] z x dri$ exhibit$ rem>kable diff]5ces 9 %r9kage1 ! dry %eets obta9$ f pulp beat5 ?irty-sev5 h\rs be+ mu* small] ?an ^? obta9$ f pulp beat5 only f\r or six h\rs4 ,! actual %r9kage is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,relative ,h\rs4 ,area ( ,%eet4 ,loss ( ,area4 ,areas4 ,%r9kage ,sq4 mm4 ,sq4 mm4 ,deckle #ajj p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #j #bf1chdj -- #ajjj -- #d #bf1jgfj #cjhj #ihi #aa #f #be1ebja #hfci #ifg #cc #h #be1afjj #a1bbdj #ied #df #aj #bd1gidh #a1ehib #ici #fa #ac #bd1dfgd #a1iaff #ibh #gb #ae #bd1baeb #b1afhh #iah #hb #ag #bd1jbdj #b1cfjj #iji #ia #ai #bc1fafb #b1gfgh #hif #ajd #ba #bc1fafj #b1gfhj #hif #ajd #bc #bc1eceg #b1hdhc #hic #ajg #be #bc1cbii #c1jeda #hhe #aae #bg #bb1ibje #c1dfce #hfi #aca #bi #bb1hcab #c1eebh #hfe #ace #ca #bb1dibi #c1hiaa #hec #adg #cc #ba1iagb #d1dffh #hca #afi #ce #ba1bbfa #e1aegi #hje #aie #cg #bj1gghh #e1fjeb #ghh #bab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,if ^! results are plott$ 9 ! =m ( a curve ! relation betwe5 ! p]iod ( beat+ & ! %r9kage 9 area is cle>ly %[n4 ,= ! fir/ tw5ty h\rs ! %r9kage is proportional to ! p]iod ( beat+1 aft] :i* ! curve assumes an irregul> %ape1 %[+ a t5d5cy = %r9kage to proce$ at a fa/] rate4 ,weight & ,sub/ance ( ! ,pap]4--,! %r9kage ( ! pap] aft] prolong$ beat+ indicates a clos] & d5s] %eet1 s t = pap]s ( equal ?ickness ! weight p] unit area 0 mu* great] 9 ! case ( ! pulp beat5 = ! full p]iod4 ,! results obta9$ are v int]e/+1 & ! foll[+ summ>y = a few ( ! read+s obta9$ w s]ve to %[ ! alt]ation effect$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,weight ( ,?ickness ( ,grams p] ,lbs4 p] ream ,h\rs4 #bj1jjj sq4 mm4 ,%eet4 sq4 metre4 #dhj %eets1 ,grams4 mm4 #bj #cj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,class ,a #h-aj hrs4 #ahge #ahc #icge #chbc ,class ,b #ai-ba hrs4 #bjdc #ahi #ajbae #dafe ,class ,c #cc-ce hrs4 #bbjc #ahi #aajae #ddic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,siz+ & ,glaz+ ,effects4--,! behavi\r ( ! wat]leaf pap] aft] siz+ & glaz+ gave "s int]e/+ results4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! effect ( ! alt]$ d5sity ( ! pap] is /rik+ly %[n by ! am\nt ( ! size absorb$4 ,c]ta9 select$ %eets 7 pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( ord9>y gelat9e 9 ! usual way1 & subsequ5tly dri$4 ,! am\nt ( gelat9e absorb$ diff]s 9 a rem>kable degree1 z %[n 9 table4 ,t5sile ,/r5g? ( ! ,pap]4--,x is int]e/+ to note t ! t5sile /r5g? ( ! wat]leaf pap]s appe>s to rema9 fairly con/ant ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( beat+4 ,b ?is uni=mity is greatly alt]$ by ! op]ations ( siz+ & glaz+4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,air-,,dry ,,gelat9e ,,absorb$ ,,by ,,! ,,wat]leaf ,,%eets4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p]c5tage ( ,size absorb$4 ,h\rs4 --------------------------------- ,mean4 #a/ ,trial4 #bnd ,trial4 #crd ,trial4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #h #ee #fj #fb #ei #aj #ed #fh #fe #fb #ai #ch #ej #de #dd #ba #dh #ci #df #dd #cc #bg #ag #bd #bc #ce #bd #ai #ag #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,^! results are r rem>kable4 ,! prolong$ beat+ does n seem to h affect$ ! t5sile /r5g? ( ! wat]leaf1 & ! practical loss ( /r5g? :i* actually occurs 9 ! m completely f9i%$ pap] does n manife/ itself until aft] ! siz+ process4 ,! importance ( ! gelat9e z a factor 9 ! ultimate /r5g? is ?us cle>ly & /rik+ly demon/rat$4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,/r5g? ,,on ,,orig9al ,,wat]leaf ,,pap]4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,mean result (,mean ,/r5g? ,h\rs4 ,read+s4 ( ! ,pap]4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -- #h a #ada #aba b #aja #aj a #aed #acb b #aji #ai a #afe #adj b #aad #ba a #aeb #adj b #abh #cc a #acd #abd b #aad #ce a #ade #acf b #abg ---------------------------------------- -- ,,te/s ,,= ,,/r5g? ,,on ,,pap]s1 ,,siz$ ,,only4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,mean result (,mean ,/r5g? ,h\rs4 ,read+s4 ( ! ,pap]4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -- #h a #bbg #bjj b #agc #aj a #bhe #bcb b #ahj #ai a #bbe #baj b #aie #ba a #bfj #bag b #age #cc a #aej #aej b #aej #ce a #adb #aec b #afe ---------------------------------------- -- ,,te/s ,,= ,,/r5g? ,,on ,,pap] ,,siz$ ,,& ,,glaz$4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,mean result (,mean ,/r5g? ,h\rs4 ,read+s4 ( ! ,pap]4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -- #h a #beh #bcf b #bad #aj a #bhd #bcf b #ahi #ai a #bgj #bbi b #ahi #ba a #bdi #bbg b #bjf #cc a #afa #aeb b #add #ce a #age #afb b #aej ---------------------------------------- -- ,x may also be notic$ t ! /r5g? ( ! f9i%$ pap] aft] tw5ty h\rs' beat+1 z 9 class ,b1 is equal to t ( ! pap] aft] n9e h\rs' beat+1 z 9 class ,a4 ,?is is curi\s1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ! p]c5tage ( gelat9e 9 ! pap]s ( class ,b4 is only #dd p] c5t4 z aga9/ #fj p] c5t4 9 class ,a4 ,! relation ( ! p]c5tage ( gelat9e to ! p]iod ( beat+ ?us becomes a matt] ( int]e/1 & well wor? inve/igation4 ,! figures are sugge/ive ( fur!r exp]im5tal rese>* along def9ite l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,plan & ,sectional ,elevation ( a ,holl&]4 ,developm5ts 9 ,beat+ ,eng9es4--,s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,holl&] beat+ eng9e1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afgj1 o!r types ( beat] almo/ too num]\s to m5tion h be5 devis$ to sup]s$e x1 b ! fact rema9s t ! pr9ciple ( ! orig9al ,holl&] & its g5]al design are /ill adh]$ to 9 ! eng9es us$ by pap]-mak]s = high-class "w4 ,! alt]ations & improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s relate *iefly to ! modifications naturally aris+ f ! introduction ( fibres n requir+ su* dra/ic treatm5t z rags4 ,! ma*9es n[ 9 use = r$uc+ half-/uff to beat5 pulp ready = ! pap] ma*9e may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,beat]s ( ! ,holl&] type1 9 :i* ! circulation ( ! pulp 9 ! eng9e & ! actual beat+ process are bo? effect$ by ! beat] roll4 7#b7 ,beat]s ( ! circulator type1 9 :i* ! movem5t ( ! pulp is ma9ta9$ by a special contrivance1 & ! beat] roll us$ only = beat+4 7#c7 ,beat]s ( ! /one roll type 9 :i* ! roll & b$plate are ei!r or bo? compos$ ( /one1 granite1 or simil> non-metallic sub/ance4 7#d7 ,ref9]s1 conta9+ conical %ap$ beat] rolls work+ 9 a conical %ell fitt$ ) /ation>y knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,beat+ ,eng9e ) ,f\r ,beat] ,rolls4 ,! ,holl&]4--,?is beat+ eng9e 9 its simple/ =m consi/s ( an oval %ap$ tr\gh1 divid$ into two *annels by a midfea!r1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 rea* completely f "o end to ! o!r4 ,9 "o ( ! *annels ! b$ ( ! tr\gh slopes up slightly to ! place :]e ! b$plate is fix$4 ,! b$plate consi/s ( a numb] ( /\t metal b>s or knives firmly fa/5$ into an iron frame1 :i* lies across ?is *annel4 ,! beat] roll1 a heavy ca/-iron roll provid$ ) project+ knives or blades arrang$ 9 clumps ( ?ree ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 & support$ on be>+s at ea* side ( ! eng9e1 revolves above ! b$plate ) ! knives adju/$ to any requir$ di/ance f x1 ! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! beat] roll = ?is purpose be+ effect$ by ! use ( adju/able be>+s4 ,! b$ ( ! tr\gh beh9d ! beat] roll rises %>ply up f ! b$plate & !n falls away sudd5ly1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 =m+ ! backfall4 ,:5 ! eng9e is 9 op]ation ! mixture ( wat] & pulp is drawn betwe5 ! knives & circulat$ r\nd ! tr\gh4 ,! mat]ial is dis9tegrat$ into fibres ( ! requir$ condition1 dis*>g$ ov] ! backfall1 & kept 9 a /ate ( cont9ual circulation1 & ! beat+ ma9ta9$ until ! /uff has be5 suffici5tly treat$4 ,! dim5sions ( ! eng9e v>y accord+ to ! capacity1 :i* is usually express$ 9 t]ms ( ! am\nt ( dry pulp ! beat] w hold1 & ! foll[+ figures may be tak5 z giv+ ! av]age sizes3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- -- #b cwt4 ,eng9e4 #e cwt4 ,eng9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,l5g? #aa ft4 #j 94 #af ft4 #j 94 ,wid? #e ft4 #f 94 #h ft4 #j 94 ,dep? 7av]age7 #b ft4 #c 94 #b ft4 #i 94 ,diamet] ( roll #c ft4 #f 94 #c ft4 #f 94 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,sundry modifications 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! beat] h be5 tri$ f "t to "t4 ,9 #ahfi ,granville pat5t$ ! sub/itution ( a second beat] roll 9 place ( ! /ation>y b$plate = ! purpose ( ha/5+ ! op]ation4 ,repeat$ attempts h be5 made to con/ruct a beat+ eng9e ) two or m rolls1 b x is evid5t t su* a device c\ld h>dly succe$1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible to ensure prop] adju/m5t ( ! rolls1 & 9 t case "o roll might be do+ all ! "w4 ,! fir/ ma*9e ( ?is type 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahgb by ,salt4 ,simil> beat]s 7 devis$ by ,=bes 9 #ahhj1 ,macf>lane 9 #ahhf1 ,pickles 9 #ahid1 :o propos$ to use ?ree rolls1 & ,p>t+ton 9 #aija4 ,h(fman describes a beat+ eng9e :i* 0 work+ 9 ,am]ica conta9+ f\r rolls1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! ,umph]/on4--,a notable modification ( ! ,holl&]1 hav+ an arrangem5t by :i* ! two *annels ( ! eng9es are plac$ "u "o ano!r1 & "o :i* is l>gely us$ = fibres1 is ! ,umph]/on4 ,sev]al eng9es diff]+ 9 detail1 b embody+ ! same pr9ciple1 h be5 built 9 imitation ( ?is "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,umph]/on ,beat]4 ,b$plates ( l>ge work+ surface 7 fir/ tri$ 9 ,engl& by ,cooke & ,hibb]t1 9 #ahgh1 b 9 practice x has be5 f\nd t no s]i\s deviations f ! n>r[ type ( plate are ( mu* value4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is held by "s pap]-mak]s t "o or two knives w\ld be suffici5t if !y c\ld be reli$ on to keep true & 9 prop] adju/m5t4 ,! ,circulat+ ,type ( ,beat]4--,! addition ( "s device = keep+ ! pulp 9 circulation ap>t f ! action ( ! roll has receiv$ consid]able att5tion4 ,! e>ly exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction ) ! ,holl&] l$ ultimately to ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e ( ! circulator type m5tion$ 9 class #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,section ( ,umph]/on ,beat+ ,eng9e4 ,?us1 9 #ahgb1 ,nug5t pat5t$ a special paddle to be us$ 9 ! ,holl&]1 by :i* ! pulp 9 ! tr\gh ( ! beat] 0 impell$ t[>ds ! roll4 ,_m o!r plans 7 tri$ = ?is purpose1 & details c be se5 9 ! ,li/ ( ,pat5ts 7see page #aib74 ,! introduction ( ! beat]s ) special means ( circulat+ ! pulp 0 f\nd to be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 ! treatm5t ( /uff l esp>to & wood pulp1 s9ce ^! mat]ials did n require ! dra/ic measures necess>y ) rag pulp4 ,9 #ahij sev]al eng9es ( ?is class 7 be+ adopt$1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ ,hemm]'s1 ,re$'s & ,taylor's4 ,! pulp dis*>g$ f ! beat] roll 0 drawn ?r\gh an indep5d5t pipe or *annel by means ( an ,ar*im$ean screw1 or a c5trifugal pump4 ,/one ,beat] ,rolls4--,! sub/itution ( /one = metal 9 ! roll & b$plate ( ! eng9e br+s ab\t "s rem>kable *anges 9 ! nature ( ! beat5 /uff4 ,! fibre is submitt$ to ! action ( r\gh surfaces r ?an t due to ! contact ( %>p edges1 ) ! result t ! dis9tegration is mu* m rapid1 & produces a wet work+ pulp suitable = imitation p>*m5ts & simil> pap]s4 ,! late/ mat]ials us$ = ?is purpose are basalt lava /one 9 ,g]many1 & c>borundum 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,nug5t's ,beat+ ,eng9e ) ,paddles = ,circulat+ ! ,pulp4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 ! manipulation ( ^! beat]s to prev5t fracture ( ! /one p>ts4 ,9 ! ,wagg ,jordan eng9e ?is dang] is mat]ially r$uc$ by ! con/ruction ( ! work+ p>ts4 ,ref9]s4--,9 ^! eng9es ! beat] roll is a conical %ap$ drum c>ry+ ! knives1 :i* revolve inside a conical %ell completely l9$ ) fix$ knives4 ,! fibres are ?us cut up to ! desir$ l5g?1 b be=e dis*>ge f ! eng9e !y pass betwe5 two circul> discs1 "o /ation>y & ! o!r revolv+ 9 a v]tical position4 ,! effect ( ! discs is to te> or bruise ! fibres r ?an to cut !m4 ,! ref9] is be/ employ$ to cle> or bru% out ! mass ( pulp aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( prelim9>y treatm5t 9 ! beat]1 z ! ref9] _c produce ! effects obta9$ by actual beat+ z 9 ! ,holl&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,a ,t[] ,beat+ ,eng9e ) ,c5trifugal ,pump = ,circulat+ ,pulp4 ,p[] ,consumption4--,! long treatm5t requir$ to ?or\ghly pulp a /rong mat]ial dem&s a great am\nt ( p[]4 ,eng9es diff] consid]ably 9 _! p[] consumption1 & comp>isons are frequ5tly made 9 t]ms ( ! p[] requir$ to beat a giv5 weight ( pulp4 ,b ?is is n always a true crit]ion ( effici5t "w4 ,"s types ( beat] are suitable = produc+ c]ta9 results1 & ! m]e sub/itution ( a beat] consum+ less p[] is worse ?an useless unless x c be %[n t ! same effects are be+ obta9$4 ,! effici5cy ( ! ,holl&] = ! beat+ ( rag pulp1 9 spite ( ! high p[] consumption1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,work+ ,p>ts ( a ,mod]n ,ref9+ ,eng9e4 ,) ?is factor prop]ly consid]$1 ! p[] requir$ = beat+ becomes an int]e/+ /udy4 ,_m detail$ exp]im5ts h be5 publi%$ f "t to "t1 ! mo/ rec5t be+ ^? describ$ by ,beadle4 ,,pat5ts ,,tak5 ,,out ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,beat+ ,,eng9es4 #ahee4 ,,p>k 7#aagj74--;,a small /eam eng9e 0 atta*$ to ! %aft ( ! beat] roll1 s t x c\ld be driv5 direct4 #ahef4 ,,k+sl& 7#bhbh74--;,a =m ( ref9] 9 :i* ! pulp 0 beat5 by a v]tical disc rotat+ 9 an enclos$ case4 #ahfj4 ,,jordan 7#gib74--;,a ma*9e devis$ = mix+ size ) pulp1 made l a conical ref9+ eng9e1 ! rubb+ surface be+ provid$ ) tee? or cutt]s4 #ahfj4 ,,jordan 7#bjai74--;,an eng9e ( ! ref9] type1 con/ruct$ ) a conical drum rotat+ 9 a conical cas+4 ,! knives at ! l>g] end ( ! drum are plac$ clos] toge!r ?an ^? on ! small] end4 #ahfc4 ,,p>k 7#aach74--,two beat]s plac$ side by side are driv5 by "o /eam eng9e plac$ betwe5 !m1 ! op]ations be+ s tim$ t "o rag eng9e is us$ = break+ :ile ! o!r is f9i%+4 #ahfd4 ,,ibotson 7#biac74--,! pulp is pass$ cont9u\sly f "o eng9e roll to ano!r1 or f "o "p ( a beat] roll to ano!r "p ( ! same roll ?r\gh slott$ plates4 #ahff4 ,,roeckn] 7#adj74--;,a beat+ eng9e ( ! ref9] type ) conical drum & cas+4 #ahff4 ,,b]ham 7#cbii74--;,a beat+ eng9e ( ! conical type ) ! beat] roll rotat+ v]tically in/ead ( horizontally4 #ahfg4 ,,crompton 7#dhb74--;,device = rais+ ! b>s 9 ! beat] roll z ! edge ( ! plate we>s away4 #ahfg4 ,,wood 7#iad74--,modification 9 ! =m ( ! beat] b>s 7( little importance74 #ahfg4 ,,edge 7#cfgc74--,! knives ( ! beat] roll di/ribut$ at equal di/ances ap>t all r\nd ! roll1 alt]nat$ ) /rips ( wood4 #ahfi4 ,,granville 7#ajda74--,sub/itution ( a second beat] roll = ! /ation>y b$-plate1 ! knives be+ set spirally r\nd ! roll]4 #ahfi4 ,,newell 7#bije74--,weight ( ! beat] roll c\nt]pois$ to all[ ( ! exact regulation ( ! pressure on ! /uff 9 ! beat+ eng9e4 #ahgj4 ,,rose 7#iig74--;,an int]cept+ plate fix$ to ! cov] ( ! beat+ eng9e :i* causes t "p ( ! /uff :i* 0 usually c>ri$ "r r\nd by ! roll to fall back beh9d ! backfall4 #ahgj4 ,,b5tley ,,& ,,jackson 7#afcc74--;,a beat] roll hav+ ! same wid? z ! eng9e1 & provid$ ) a cov] fitt$ ) a pipe :i* conduct$ ! mat]ial back to ! front ( ! roll4 #ahga4 ,,patton 7#accf74--;,bottom ( beat+ eng9e curv$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! /uff settl+ or accumulat+ at any portion ( ! ma*9e4 #ahgb4 ,,salt 7#aija74--;,a beat+ eng9e ( usual type1 b hav+ two beat] rolls & two drum wa%]s1 "o pair 9 ea* ( ! two *annels4 #ahgc4 ,,g\ld 7#gfi74--;,a curi\s eng9e ) horizontal %aft hav+ a circul> disc at ! l[] end1 fitt$ ) knives on ! "u-surface1 :i* are 9 contact ) fix$ knives ly+ at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! circulation ( ! pulp is effect$ by ! c5trifugal =ce g5]at$4 #ahgc4 ,,m>t9 7#cgea74--;,a beat+ eng9e ) two rolls 9 ! same tr\gh1 ! fir/ roll work+ 9 conjunction ) a smoo? surfac$ beat+ roll1 ! o!r be+ 9 contact ) a b$plate ( ! usual type1 ! object ( ! fir/ roll be+ to p>tially dis9tegrate ! mat]ial )\t dang] ( *ok+4 #ahgd4 ,,john/one 7#cgjh74--;,a pulp+ eng9e 9 :i* ! rubb+ action ( two gr9d/ones "o ^u ! o!r is utilis$ z a means ( beat+4 #ahgf4 ,,g>dn] 7#cjg74--;,a beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! beat] roll is conical 9 %ape1 work+ v]tically 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! beat+ eng9e1 :i* is also conical 9 %ape1 ! eng9e itself be+ circul>4 #ahgh4 ,,cooke ,,& ,,hibb]t 7#djfh74--,! b$plate con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a circul> segm5t ) a mu* l>g] face ?an usual1 & capable ( adju/m5t1 ! beat] roll itself be+ fix$ 9 ! be>+s4 #ahhj4 ,,=bes 7#fib74--;,a long oval %ap$ beat+ eng9e divid$ into ?ree *annels in/ead ( two4 ,9 ! two out] *annels are plac$ beat] rolls & drum wa%]s4 ,! /uff dis*>g$ ov] ! backfalls f ! two beat+ eng9es fl[s d[n ! c5tral *annel & is circulat$ by a special paddle con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to deliv] ! pulp 9 two equal /reams into ! out] *annels to ea* ( ! beat] rolls4 #ahhj4 ,,umph]/on 7#aaej74--;,an eng9e con/ruct$ ) a passage bel[ ! backfall s t ! /uff circulates 9 a tr\gh und]nea? ! beat] roll1 ! object be+ to ensure m effective treatm5t & to save floor space4 #ahhc4 ,,ait*ison 7#echa74--;,a beat+ eng9e ( usual =m1 b ) ! beat] roll made conical 9 %ape ) ! l>g] circumf]5ce outw>ds1 & ! b$plate plac$ on an incl9e p>allel ) ! knives on ! beat] roll4 #ahhd4 ,,mayfield 7#bjbh74--,! backfall ( ! beat+ eng9e is ( entirely diff]5t con/ruction to ! ord9>y ma*9e1 = ! purpose ( improv+ ! circulation4 #ahhd4 ,,hoyt 7#aaagg74--;,an eng9e resembl+ ! ,umph]/on1 b ) a l>g] roll1 ! diamet] ( :i* is equal to ! full dep? ( ! eng9e1 ! backfall be+ 9 a l9e ) ! axis ( ! beat] roll4 #ahhe4 ,,jordan 7#gaef74--;,additions to ! ,jordan eng9e = admitt+ wat] & /eam to ! eng9e z requir$4 #ahhe4 ,,kors*ilg5 7#idcc74--,! beat] roll made ( /one or ( metal ) a /one cas+ furni%$ ) ribs or knives plac$ close toge!r4 #ahhf4 ,,hibb]t 7#dbcg74--;,a beat+ eng9e fitt$ ) an ord9>y beat] roll1 & hav+ 9 addition a heavy disc rotat+ v]tically1 ! disc be+ fitt$ ) knives on "o surface :i* rotate 9 contact ) knives fix$ on a /ation>y disc4 #ahhf4 ,,kron 7#ihhe74--;,a device = secur+ bett] circulation ( ! pulp1 ! /uff leav+ ! beat] roll be+ divid$ into two /reams :i* are br\ght toge!r aga9 9 front ( ! roll4 #ahhf4 ,,horne 7#ajbcg74--;,a long rectangul> vessel ) a l>ge beat] roll at "o end1 contriv$ s z to =ce ! pulp leav+ ! beat] roll to pass d[n a p>tition sep>at+ x f ! pulp go+ t[>ds ! beat] roll4 #ahhf4 ,,macf>lane 7#aajhd74--;,an eng9e fitt$ ) two beat] rolls :i* rotate 9 opposite directions1 ! /uff be+ mix$ betwe5 !m4 #ahhg4 ,,nacke 7#gdf74--;,a c5trifugal circulat+ :eel rotat+ horizontally 9 ! c5tre ( ! beat+ eng9e is us$ 9 comb9ation ) a p>allel cutt+ disc4 #ahhg4 ,,m>%all 7#ahjh74--;,a conical ref9] hav+ 9 addition at its l>ge end a pair ( gr9d+ discs fitt$ ) knives & rotat+ v]tically4 #ahhg4 ,,voi? 7#fagd74--;,an alt]ation to ! cov]s ( ! beat] rolls :i* prev5t /uff f be+ c>ri$ r\nd ! cyl9d]1 & cause x to pass ov] ! backfall freely4 #ahij4 ,,hemm] 7#agdhc74--;,a beat+ eng9e provid$ ) a sep>ate return *annel = ! pulp1 ! circulation ?r\gh ! *annel be+ effect$ by a small c5trifugal pump4 #ahij4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,re$ 7#aiajg74--;,a beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! pulp dis*>g$ ov] ! backfall is deliv]$ to ! front ( ! beat] roll by a screw propell]4 #ahia4 ,,k>g] 7#aaefd74--;,a beat] simil> to ! ,umph]/on1 b provid$ ) a circulat+ roll fitt$ ) radial projections :i* deliv]s ! /uff to ! front ( ! beat] roll4 #ahib4 ,,taylor 7#gcig74--;,a beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! beat] roll op]ates 9 a clos$ *amb] above ! vat full ( pulp1 ! /uff be+ cont9ually circulat$ by a c5trifugal pump :i* draws ! /ock f ! bottom ( ! vat & deliv]s x to ! beat] roll4 #ahib4 ,,ann&ale 7#iagc74--;,a conical-%ap$ beat+ eng9e ) ! beat] roll rotat+ 9 a v]tical position2 ! l>g] end ( ! cone be+ d[nw>ds4 #ahib4 ,,umph]/on 7#aegff74--;,an addition to ! beat+ eng9e arrang$ s t two fix$ b$plates are us$ in/ead ( "o4 #ahib4 ,,mill] 7#aeidg74--;,a ma*9e 9 :i* two fix$ b$plates are us$1 "o bel[ ! beat] roll & "o above1 ! eng9e be+ fitt$ ) suitable baffle plates to ensure prop] circulation4 #ahic4 ,,pe>son ,,& ,,b]tram 7#aaief74--;,a special =m ( ref9+ eng9e 9 :i* ! pulp is subject$ to ! action ( discs rotat+ v]tically1 ! knives be+ arrang$ radially on ! disc4 #ahic4 ,,caldwell 7#aeccb74--;,a rot>y beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! beat+ surfaces admit ( accurate adju/m5t4 #ahid4 ,,cornett 7#ide74--;,an outlet is fix$ to ! beat] roll cas+ close to ! dis*>ge f ! b$plate1 s t ! roll is n imp$$ by ! weight ( ! pulp1 :i* is subsequ5tly pump$ to ! front ( ! beat] roll4 #ahid4 ,,%& ,,& ,,b]tram 7#dacf74--;,a beat+ eng9e simil> to ! ,umph]/on beat] 9 :i* ! beat] roll is rais$ up out ( ! pulp & ! circulation effect$ by means ( a worm :i* deliv]s ! pulp to ! front ( ! beat] roll4 #ahid4 ,,pickles 7#bjbee74--;,a beat+ eng9e some:at simil> to an ,umph]/on1 b fitt$ ) ?ree beat] rolls & b$plates4 #ahid4 ,,hibb]t 7#bejdj74--;,a beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! pulp is beat5 betwe5 two discs rotat+ v]tically1 ! pulp be+ br\ght betwe5 ! discs ?r\gh ! holl[ %aft ( "o ( ! discs4 #ahie4 ,,br[n 7#afae74--;,an eng9e 9 :i* ! beat] roll & b$plate bo? revolve1 b 9 opposite directions1 & at diff]5t spe$s 9 ord] to draw out ! fibres4 #ahie4 ,,s*midt 7#bdgcj74--;,a device by means ( :i* ! pulp dis*>g$ f ! beat] roll is div]t$ into supplem5t>y *annels on ei!r side :i* come toge!r aga9 9 front ( ! beat] roll4 #aijj4 ,,hadfield 7#bdfh74--;,an adju/able baffle bo>d pass+ ?r\gh ! cov] ( ! beat] roll :i* prev5ts ! pulp be+ c>ri$ r\nd by ! roll1 m or less4 #aijj4 ,,masson ,,& ,,scott 7#ecfg74--;,an improv$ =m ( ,taylor beat+ eng9e 9 :i* ! *e/ ( ! eng9e is v]tical in/ead ( horizontal4 #aija4 ,,p>t+ton 7#bdfed74--;,a cont9u\s elliptical tr\gh provid$ ) two beat] rolls4 #aijb4 ,,pic>d 7#aifce74--;,improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( ! propell]s us$ = circulat+ ! mat]ial4 #aijb4 ,,pope ,,& ,,mull5 7#bbjhi74--;,improvem5ts 9 propell]s = circulat+ ! pulp4 #aijc4 ,,ann&ale 7#bfjab74--;,a new =m ( beat+ eng9e some:at on ! pr9ciple ( a /eam turb9e4 #aije4 ,,b]tram 7#agbg74--;,a beat] simil> to ,masson's t[] beat]1 b 9 :i* a pair ( reciprocat+ :eels fitt$ ) project+ knives are us$ in/ead ( a c5trifugal pump4 #aijg4 ,,wagg',s ,,jordan ,,eng9e 7#fghh74--;,a conical ref9] fitt$ ) specially arrang$ metal or /one knives4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,dye+ ,,& ,,col\r+ ,,( ,,pap] ,,pulp ,ne>ly all pap]s1 ev5 ^? commonly reg>d$ z :ite1 are dy$ ) "s proportion ( col\r+ matt]4 ,) ! ord9>y writ+ & pr9t+ pap]s ! process is usually conf9$ to ! addition ( small quantities ( pigm5ts or soluble col\rs suffici5t to tone ! pulp & correct ! yell[ t9t :i* ! raw mat]ial possesses ev5 aft] blea*+4 ,9 ! case ( cov] pap]s1 tissues1 & simil> col\r$ pap]s1 ! process is "o ( dye+ z x is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! col\r+ matt]s :i* h be5 employ$ by ! pap]-mak] are-- ,,pigm5ts4 7,a7 ,add$ to ! pulp 9 ! =m ( m9]al 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate4 ,yell[4--,?is col\r is obta9$ by ! use ( o*res1 :i* are natural e>? col\rs ( v>y+ %ades1 f bright yell[ to br[n4 ,r$4--,ord9>y r$ lead4 ,v>i\s oxides ( iron1 su* z ,indian r$1 ,v5etian r$1 r$ o*re1 r\ge4 ,blue4--,smalts--,an exp5sive pigm5t prep>$ by gr9d+ cobalt glass4 ,ultram>9e--,a sub/ance ( complex composition prep>$ by heat+ a mixture ( *9a clay1 c>bonate ( soda1 sulphate ( soda1 sulphur1 *>coal1 & sometimes qu>tz1 ros9 & infusorial e>?4 ,prussian ,blue--,a comp\nd prep>$ by add+ potassium f]rocyanide to a solution ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,br[n4--,natural e>? col\rs1 su* z si5na1 umb]1 ,v&yke br[n4 ,black4--,lamp-black1 bone-black1 ,frank=t black4 7,b7 ,produc$ by ! reaction ( soluble salts ^u "o ano!r :5 add$ to ! pulp 9 ! beat+ eng9e4 ,yell[4--,*rome ,yell[--,! pap] pulp is fir/ impregnat$ ) acetate ( lead1 & potassium or sodium bi*romate add$4 ,?is precipitates ! *romate ( lead z a yell[ pigm5t4 ,*rome ,orange--,! addition ( cau/ic alkali to ! bi*romate solution conv]ts ! *rome yell[ into an orange4 ,blue4--,prussian ,blue--,! pap] pulp impregnat$ ) iron salts is treat$ ) potassium f]rocyanide4 ,! blue col\r is at once obta9$4 ,br[n4--,iron ,buff--,a light yell[-br[n col\r due to ! precipitation ( f]r\s sulphate by means ( an alkali4 ,bronze4--,manganese *loride foll[$ by cau/ic soda4 ,,soluble ,,col\rs4 7,a7 ,natural ,dyes4 ,^! col\r+ matt]s are n[ seldom us$4 ,yell[ & ,br[n4--,! vegetable extracts1 su* z fu/ic1 qu]citron1 cut*1 turm]ic1 h practically all be5 replac$ by anil9e col\rs4 ,r$4--,madd] 7,turkey r$71 ,brazilwood1 co*9eal 7a dye obta9$ f dri$ co*9eal insects74 ,saffl[]4 ,black4--,logwood1 us$ 9 conjunction ) an iron salt4 ,cut*1 us$ ) an iron salt4 7,b7 ,coal ,t> ,dyes4 ,! dye+ & col\r+ ( pap] pulp by means ( ! artificial organic sub/ances has become a matt] ( daily r\t9e1 ! exp5sive natural dyes & ! ord9>y pigm5ts hav+ be5 almo/ completely sup]s$$4 ,! num]\s col\r+ matt]s available may be classifi$ ei!r by ref]5ce to _! *emical con/itution or simply on g5]al l9es1 hav+ reg>d to c]ta9 broad di/9ctions4 ,if ! latt] classification is tak51 !n ! dyes famili> to ! pap]-mak] may be divid$ into-- 7a7 ,acid dyes1 s call$ because ! full effect ( ! col\r+ matt] is be/ obta9$ 9 a ba? %[+ an acid reaction4 7b7 ,basic dyes1 s call$ because ! col\r is be/ develop$ 9 an alkal9e solution1 )\t any excess ( mordant4 7c7 ,sub/antive dyes1 :i* d n require ! use ( a mordant1 z ! col\r is fix$ by ! fibre )\t su* reag5ts4 ,"s ( ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ col\r+ matt]s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ table on page #bjb4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 acid & basic dye-/uffs is l>gely due to c]ta9 *>act]i/ics possess$ by _m ( !m4 ,?us mag5ta1 :i* is ! salt ( ! base kn[n z ,rosanil9e1 belong+ to ! basic col\r+ matt]s1 a gr\p ( dyes :i* d n possess ! fa/ness ( col\r peculi> to acid dyes1 has a limit$ application4 ,b by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid mag5ta is conv]t$ into an acid mag5ta1 & ?is dye has wid] application ?an ! basic salt4 ,simil>ly ! basic dye call$ anil9e blue is insoluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e has only a limit$ use1 b by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid x is conv]t$ into alkali blue1 soluble blue & s on1 :i* dissolve readily 9 wat] & are good fa/ col\rs4 ,! acid dyes g5]ally h a weak] col\r+ p[] ?an ! basic dyes1 b !y produce v ev5 %ades4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,col\r4 ,acid4 ,basic4 ,sub/antive4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,yell[ ,metanil yell[4 ,auram9e4 ,cotton yell[4 & ,pap] yell[4 ,*rysoid9e4 ,*rysoph59e4 ,orange4 ,orange ,,ii4 ,naph?ol yell[ ,s4 ,qu9ol9e yell[4 ,r$4 ,fa/ r$ ,a4 ,rhodam9e4 ,congo r$4 ,cotton sc>let4 ,pap] sc>let4 ,b5zopurpur94 ,ery?r9e4 ,safran9e4 ,oxam9e r$4 ,ponceau4 ,mag5ta4 ,blue ,wat] blue #a ,n4 ,me?yl5e blue4 ,azo blue4 & ,fa/ blue4 ,victoria blue4 ,violet4 ,acid violet4 ,new blue4 ,indo9e blue4 ,me?yl violet4 ,cry/al violet4 ,br[n ,naph?ylam9e ,bism>ck br[n4 br[n4 ,vesuv9e4 ,black ,nigros9e4 ,coal ,black ,b4 ,brilliant black ,b4 ,gre5 ,diamond gre54 ,mala*ite gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! basic & acid dyes is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! dye+ ( pap] pulp to secure a complete di/ribution ( ! col\r+ matt] ^u ! pulp1 ) ! result t ! int5sity ( col\r is increas$1 its fa/ness /r5g!n$1 & ! process ( dye+ g5]ally r5d]$ m economical4 ,?is is effect$ by ! judici\s addition ( a suitable acid dye to ! pulp already col\r$ ) ! basic dye4 ,! direct col\r+ matt]s h b a v limit$ application = pap] dye+ ow+ to _! s5sitiv5ess to acids & alkalies4 ,9 ! col\r+ ( pap] pulp1 att5tion is giv5 to _m important details1 su* z3-- ,fad+ ( ,col\r4--,"s loss ( col\r almo/ inv>iably occurs ev5 ) dyes g5]ally look$ ^u z fa/ to light4 ,! %ade or t9t ( ! pap] is affect$ n only by exposure to light1 b by contact ( ! col\r$ pap] ) common bo>ds on :i* x is (t5 pa/$4 ,! alkal9ity ( /raw bo>ds1 = example1 is frequ5tly "o s\rce ( s]i\s alt]ation ( col\r1 & ! acidity ( badly made pa/es & adhesives ano!r4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! dyes mu/ be c>efully select$ 9 ord] to obta9 a col\r$ pap] :i* w %[ a m9imum alt]ation 9 t9t by exposure to light or by contact ) *emical sub/ances4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 col\r$ wrapp+ pap] us$ = soap1 tea1 cotton y>n1 & simil> goods4 ,unev5ness ( ,col\r4--,! diff]5t aff9ity ( ! v>i\s pap]-mak+ fibres = dyes is apt to produce an unev5 col\r 9 ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,?is is v noticeable 9 mixtures ( *emical wood pulp or cellulose & me*anical wood pulp4 ,! ligno-cellulose ( ! latt] has a great aff9ity = basic dyes1 & if ! requir$ am\nt ( dye is add$ to a beat] conta9+ ! mix$ pulps 9 an insuffici5tly dilut$ =m1 ! me*anical wood pulp becomes m deeply col\r$ ?an ! cellulose4 ,if ! =m] is a f9ely gr\nd pulp1 ! effect is n v noticeable1 b if x is co>se1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( co>se fibres1 !n ! pap] appe>s mottl$4 ,! defect is /ill fur!r aggravat$ :5 ! pap] is cal5d]$1 especially if cal5d]$ 9 a damp condition4 ,9 t case ! /rongly col\r$ fibres ( me*anical wood are v prom95t4 ,:5 dyes h be5 c>elessly dissolv$ & add$ to ! beat+ eng9e )\t be+ prop]ly /ra9$1 unev5ness ( col\r may (t5 be trac$ to ! pres5ce ( undissolv$ p>ticles ( dye4 ,irregul> ,col\r ( ! two ,sides4--,_m pap]s exhibit a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! two sides4 ,:5 heavy pigm5ts are employ$ z ! col\r+ m$ium1 ! "u side ( ! %eet1 t is1 ! side ( ! pap] 9 contact ) ! ma*9e wire1 is (t5 d>k] ?an ! top side4 ,! suction ( ! vacuum boxes is ! ma9 cause ( ?is defect1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( wat] fl[+ on to ! wire1 ! %ake ( ! wire1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! pap] is siz$ are all contributory causes4 ,by c>eful regulation ( ^! v>y+ conditions ! tr\ble is consid]ably m9imis$4 ,! "u surface ( ! pap] is n inv>iably d>k] ?an ! top surface4 ,) pigm5ts ( less specific gravity ! rev]se is f\nd to be ! case4 ,?is is probably to be expla9$ by ! fact t "s ( ! col\r+ matt] f ! "u side is drawn away f ! pap] by ! suction boxes1 & ! pigm5t on ! top side is n drawn away to any s]i\s ext5t1 because ! lay] ( pulp bel[ x acts z a filt] & promotes a ret5tion ( col\r on ! top side4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ?is irregul>ity sometimes occurs ) soluble dyes1 z = example 9 ! case ( auram9e4 ,! decomposition ( ?is dye :5 heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is well kn[n1 & ! contact ( a damp %eet ( pap] col\r$ by auram9e ) ! surfaces ( /eam-heat$ cyl9d]s at a high temp]ature br+s ab\t a p>tial decomposition ( ! dye on "o side ( ! pap]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 acid dyes are m s5sitive to heat ?an basic dyes4 ,! pres5ce ( *9a clay 9 a col\r$ pap] is also an explanation ( ?is irregul> appe>ance ( ! two sides4 ,*9a clay readily =ms an insoluble lake ) basic dyes1 & :5 ! suction boxes on ! ma*9e are work$ ) a high vacuum ! pap] is apt to be m deeply col\r$ "o side ?an ano!r4 ,! ,ma*9e ,backwat]4--,economy 9 ! use ( dyes to avoid a loss ( ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! backwat]1 or wa/e wat] f ! pap] ma*9e1 is only obta9$ by c>eful att5tion to details ( manufacture on ! "o h& & by a k ( ! *emi/ry ( dye+ on ! o!r4 ,! loss is p>tly avoid$ by regulat+ ! am\nt ( wat] us$ on ! ma*9e1 s t v little actually goes to wa/e1 & fur!r r$uc$ by ensur+ z complete a precipitation ( ! soluble dye z possible4 ,! acid dyes g5]ally d n give a col\rless backwat]1 & all pulps require to be heavily siz$ :5 acid dyes are us$4 ,! basic dyes are m readily precipitat$ ?an ! acid dyes1 p>ticul>ly if a suitable mordant is us$1 ev5 ) heavily col\r$ pap]s4 ,! addition ( an acid dye to pulp fir/ col\r$ ) a basic dye is frequ5tly resort$ to z a means ( m complete precipitation4 ,dye+ to ,sample4--,! mat*+ ( col\rs has be5 greatly simplifi$ ?r\gh ! publication ( patt]n books by ! firms :o manufacture dyes1 9 :i* books full details z to ! composition ( ! pap]1 ! proportion ( col\r & ! conditions = maximum effects are fully set out4 ,! precise results obta9$ by treat+ pap] pulp ) def9ite proportions ( a c]ta9 dye1 or a mixture ( sev]al dyes1 is det]m9$ by exp]im5tal trials4 ,a def9ite quantity ( moi/ p>tially beat5 & siz$ pulp1 conta9+ a kn[n weight ( air-dry fibre1 is mix$ ) a suitable volume ( wat] at a temp]ature ( #hj to #ij ,f4 & ! dye-/uff add$ f a burette 9 ! =m ( a #a p] c5t4 solution4 ,if pref]r$ a measur$ volume ( a #a p] c5t4 solution ( ! dye c be plac$ 9 a mort>1 & ! moi/ pulp1 previ\sly squeez$ out by h&1 add$ gradually & well triturat$ ) ! pe/le4 ,! dy$ mixture is !n suitably dilut$ ) wat]1 made up into small %eets ( pap] on a h& m\ld or a siphon m\ld1 & dri$4 ,! effect ( small additions ( col\r to ! cont5ts ( a beat+ eng9e is frequ5tly exam9$ 9 a r\gh & ready way by ! beat]man1 :o p\rs a small quantity ( ! dilut$ pulp on ! edge ( ! ma*9e wire :ile ! ma*9e is runn+4 ,?is gives a little r\gh %eet ( pap] v quickly4 ,! comp>ison ( ! col\r ( a beat]full ( pulp ) ! sample pap] :i* x is desir$ to mat* is also effect$ by r$uc+ a portion ( ! pap] to ! condition ( pulp1 s t a h&ful ( ! latt] c be comp>$ ) a quantity ( pulp f ! eng9e4 ,?is is n always a reliable process1 especially ) pap]s col\r$ by dyes :i* are s5sitive to ! heat ( ! pap] ma*9e dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,detection ( ,col\rs 9 ,pap]s4--,! exam9ation ( col\r$ pap]s = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :at dyes h be5 employ$ is a difficult task4 ,) :ite pap]s :i* h be5 m]ely ton$ ! proportion ( dye is exce$+ly small1 & a l>ge bulk ( pap] has to be treat$ ) suitable solv5ts 9 ord] to obta9 an extract conta9+ suffici5t dye = inve/igation4 ,) col\r$ pap]s dy$ by means ( pigm5ts1 ! col\r ( ! a% left on ignition is "s guide to ! sub/ance us$1 a r$ a% indicat+ iron oxide1 a yell[ a% *romate ( lead1 & s on4 ,) pap]s dy$ by means ( coal t> col\rs ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt] may be det]m9$ by ! me?ods ( analysis employ$ = ! exam9ation ( textile fibres4 ,! foll[+ h9ts giv5 by ,kollmann w be f\nd useful3-- ,te> up small ab\t #ajj grammes ( pap]1 & boil x 9 alcohol1 9 a flask or a reflux cond5s]4 ,?is mu/ be done be=e ! /ripp+ ) wat]1 s z to extract ! size :i* w\ld o!rwise protect ! dye f ! wat]4 ,( c\rse ! alcohol treatm5t is omitt$ ) unsiz$ pap]4 ,! pap] is n[ boil$ ) f ?ree to five lots ( wat]1 tak+ ea* "t only j en\gh to cov] ! pap]4 ,?is is done 9 ! same flask aft] p\r+ (f any alcohol t may h be5 us$1 & also ) ! reflux cond5s]4 ,! wat]y extract is mix$ ) ! alcohol extract 7if any74 ,?ree cases may occur3--7#a7 ,! dye is entirely /ripp$1 or v ne>ly s4 7#b7 ,! dye is p>tly /ripp$1 :at rema9s on ! fibres %[+ ! same col\r z at fir/ or n4 7#c7 ,! dye is n /ripp$4 ,to make sure ( ?is ! solution is filt]$1 z ! pres5ce 9 x ( m9ute fragm5ts ( fibre deceive ! eye z to ! /ripp+ action4 ,9 ! fir/ two cases ! mix$ solutions are evaporat$ d[n to "o half on ! wat] ba?1 filt]$1 evaporat$ fur!r1 & !n precipitat$ by saturat+ x ) common salt4 ,! dye is ?r[n out at once1 or aft] a "t4 ,x may precipitate sl[ly )\t any salt4 ,! precipitat$ dye is filt]$ (f & dri$4 ,to see :e!r x is a s+le dye or a mixture1 make a n too d>k solution ( a little ( x 9 wat]1 & hang up a /rip ( filt] pap] s t x is p>tly imm]s$ 9 ! solution4 ,if ! latt] conta9s m ?an "o dye !y w usually be absorb$ to diff]5t heights1 s t ! /rip w %[ b&s ( diff]5t col\rs cross+ x4 ,if x is f\nd t !re is only "o dye1 dissolve "s ( x 9 z little wat] z possible1 & mix x ) tann9-reag5t1 :i* is made by dissolv+ equal weights ( tann9 & sodium acetate 9 t5 times ! weight ( ei!r ( wat]4 ,if !re is a precipitate !re is a basic dye1 if n1 an acid dye4 ,9 ! =m] case mix ! /rong solution ( ! dye ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & z9c du/1 & boil till ! col\r is de/roy$4 ,!n neutralise exactly ) cau/ic soda1 filt]1 & put a drop ( ! filtrate on to :ite filt] pap]4 ,if ! orig9al col\r soon reappe>s on dry+1 we draw ! foll[+ conclusions3-- 7a7 ,! col\r is r$2 ! dye is an oxaz9e1 ?iaz9e1 az9e1 or acrid9e dye1 e4g41 safran9e4 7b7 ,x is orange or yell[2 ! dye is z 9 7a71 e4g41 phosph9e4 7c7 ,x is gre52 ! dye is z 9 7a71 e4g41 az9e gre54 7d7 ,x is blue2 ! dye is z 9 7a71 e4g41 ,nile blue1 new blue1 fa/ blue1 or me?yl5e blue4 7e7 ,x is violet2 ! dye is z 9 7a71 e4g41 mauve9e4 ,if ! orig9al col\r does n reappe> on dry+1 b does s if padd$ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( *romic acid1 we draw ! foll[+ conclusions3-- 7a7 ,! col\r is r$2 ! dye is rhodam9e or fu*s9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 7b7 ,x is gre52 ! dye is mala*ite gre51 brilliant gre51 or "o ( _! allies4 7c7 ,x is blue2 ! dye is night blue1 ,victoria blue1 or "o ( _! allies4 7d7 ,x is violet2 ! dye is me?yl violet1 cry/al violet1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if ! orig9al col\r does n reappe> ev5 ) *romic acid1 x 0 9 mo/ cases a yell[ or a br[n1 ref]able to auram9e1 *rysoid9e1 ,bism>ck br[n1 ?i(lav9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if ! tann9 reag5t produces no precipitate1 r$uce ) hydro*loric acid & z9c1 or ammonia & z9c1 & neutralise & filt] z 9 ! case ( a basic dye4 ,! solution :5 dropp$ on to :ite filt] pap] may be blea*$ 7a71 may h become a br[ni% r$ 7b71 may h be5 imp]fectly & sl[ly blea*$ 7c71 or may h und]gone no *ange 7d74 7a7 ,if ! col\r quickly returns ! dye is azur9e1 indigo-c>m9e1 nigros9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if x returns only on padd+ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( *romic acid1 w>m+1 & hold+ ov] ammonia1 "s ( ! dye is dissolv$ 9 wat] mix$ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & %ak5 up ) e!r4 ,if ! e!r takes up ! dye1 we h aur9e1 eos9e1 ery?r9e1 phlox9e1 ery?ros9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if x does n1 we h acid fu*s9e1 acid gre51 fa/ gre51 wat] blue1 pat5t blue1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if ! col\r nev] returns1 heat "s ( ! dye on plat9um foil4 ,if x deflagrates ) col\r$ fumes1 ! dye is aurantia1 naph?ol yell[ ,s41 brilliant yell[1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if x does n deflagrate1 or v slightly1 dissolve a little ( ! dye 9 "o hundr$ times its weight ( wat]1 & dye a cotton ske9 9 x at ! boil = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,!n r9se & soap ! ske9 vigor\sly4 ,if ! dye+ is fa/ ) ?is treatm5t we h a sub/antive cotton yell[ or ?iaz9e r$2 if x is n1 we h an ord9>y azo dye4 7b7 ,! dye is an oxyketone1 su* z aliz>9e4 7c7 ,! dye is ?iazol yell[1 or "o ( its allies4 7d7 ,! dye is ?i(lav9e ,s41 qu9ol9e yell[1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if ! dye is n /ripp$ by alcohol & wat]1 x is ei!r inorganic or an adjective dye1 su* z logwood black1 cut*1 fu/ic1 etc42 & we proce$ accord+ to ! col\r z foll[s3-- ,if x is r$ or br[n1 ! dy$ fibre is dri$ & divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o is boil$ ) blea*+ p[d]4 ,if x is blea*$ entirely or to a l>ge ext5t1 ! dye is cut*4 ,if ! blea* has no action1 inc9]ate "s ( ! dy$ fibre 9 an iron crucible & heat ! a% on *>coal be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,if a globule ( lead is =m$1 we h saturn r$4 ,! second portion is boil$ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,if !re is no action1 we h ,cologne umb]2 if !re is p>tial action1 we h real umb]2 if ! dye dissolves completely to a yell[ solution1 we h an o*re2 if ! solution is col\rless in/ead ( yell[1 & *lor9e is evolv$ dur+ solution1 we h manganese br[n4 ,if ! col\r is yell[ or orange1 boil ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,if we get a gre5 solution & a :ite residue1 we inf] *rome yell[ or orange4 ,if we get a yell[ solution1 we boil x ) a drop or two ( nitric acid & !n add "s ammonium sulphocyanide4 ,a r$ col\r %[s an o*re or ,si5na e>?4 ,if ! col\r is gre51 boil ) cau/ic soda lye4 ,if ! fibre turns br[n1 we h *rome gre54 ,if no *ange takes place1 boil ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,a yell[ solution %[s gre5 e>?2 a r$ col\r logwood plus fu/ic4 ,if ! col\r is blue or violet1 boil ) cau/ic soda lye4 ,if ! fibre turns br[n1 we h ,prussian blue4 ,if no *ange takes place1 boil ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,a yell[ solution %[s smalts4 ,if ! col\r is de/roy$1 & ! smell ( rott5 eggs is develop$1 we h ultram>9e4 ,if ! col\r is black1 w>m ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid conta9+ a little t9 salt4 ,if ! black is un*ang$1 we h a black pigm5t4 ,if we get a p9k to deep r$ solution we h logwood black4 ,by means ( ! te/s above detail$ at l5g? ! gr\p to :i* ! dye belongs is discov]$1 & (t5 ! actual dye itself4 ,once ! gr\p is kn[n x is g5]ally easy1 by means ( ! special reactions giv5 9 _m books1 e4g41 9 ,s*ultz & ,julius's ,tabell>is*e b]si*t1 to id5tify ! p>ticul> dye4 ,:5 "o has to deal ) a s+le dye & simply desires to det]m9e its gr\p1 ! foll[+ table1 due to ,j4 ,h]zfeld1 w suffice4 ,orig9ally int5d$ = textiles1 x w s]ve1 ) "s modifications "h made 9 x1 = ! rapid te/+ ( pap]4 #a4--,,r$ ,,& ,,r$di% ,,br[n ,,dyes4 ,boil ! pap] ) a mixture ( alcohol & sulphate ( alum9a4 ,if no dye is extract$ or a fluoresc5t solution is =m$1 we h an inorganic pigm5t1 or eos9e1 phlox9e1 rhodam9e1 safran9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,add blea*+ p[d] solution1 & heat4 ,if ! pap] is blea*$1 add conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,a violet col\r %[s safran9e or an analogue4 ,if !re is no col\r1 b ! fluoresc5ce disappe>s1 we h eos9e1 phlox9e1 rhodam9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 ,if ! pap] is n blea*$ te/ = inorganic col\r+ matt]s4 ,cut* br[n is p>tly b n entirely blea*$4 ,if ! alum9a solution gives a r$ or yell[ solution )\t fluoresc5ce1 add to x conc5trat$ sodium bisulphite4 ,if blea*+ takes place1 heat a piece ( ! pap] ) dilute _s4 ,a r$ extract %[s s&al wood1 fu*s9e1 etc4 ,if !re is little or no extract1 we h acid fu*s9e or "o ( its allies4 ,if ! bisulphite causes no blea*+1 boil a piece ( ! pap] ) v dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! col\r is un*ang$1 heat ano!r piece ( ! pap] ) dilute acetate ( lead4 ,if no *ange takes place1 we h an azo dye4 ,if ! col\r turns to a d>k br[ni% r$1 we h co*9eal or ! l4 ,if ! boil+ ) v dilute hydro*loric acid d>k5s ! col\r we h a sub/antive cotton dye4 #b4--,,yell[ ,,& ,,orange ,,dyes4 ,heat "s ( ! pap] ) a n too dilute solution ( t9 salt 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! col\r is un*ang$1 ) a col\rless or yell[ solution1 boil "s m pap] ) milk ( lime4 ,a *ange to r$di% or br[n %[s turm]ic or a cong5]4 ,abs5ce ( *ange %[s phosph9e1 qu9ol9e yell[1 or a natural dye-/uff4 ,if ! acid t9 solution turns ! pap] r$1 & !n quickly blea*es x to a pale yell[1 we h fa/ yell[1 orange ,,iv41 metanil yell[1 brilliant yell[1 or ! l4 ,if ! t9 turns ! pap] greyi%1 heat ano!r portion ) ammonium sulphide4 ,a black5+ %[s a lead or iron yell[4 ,if !re is no *ange1 we h naph?ol yell[1 auram9e1 az(lav9e1 orange ,,ii41 *rysoid9e1 or "o ( _! allies4 #c4--;,,gre5 ,,dyes4 ,heat a sample ( ! pap] 9 dilute _s4 ,if ! _s acquires no col\r1 w>m = a %ort "t ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if bo? pap] & solution become br[ni% r$1 we h logwood plus fu/ic4 ,if ?is fails1 boil ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,a yell[ solution %[s gre5 e>?4 ,if ?is fails1 boil ) conc5trat$ cau/ic soda4 ,br[n+ %[s *rome gre54 ,if ! _s becomes blue1 x is a case ( pap] :i* has be5 topp$ ) blue on a yell[1 br[n1 or gre5 gr\nd4 ,! solution & ! insoluble "p are sep>ately te/$4 ,! case is probably "o ( an anil9e blue dy$ ov] a m9]al pigm5t4 ,if ! _s becomes gre51 heat ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! fibre is completely or ne>ly blea*$1 & ! acid turns yell[1 ! dye is brilliant gre51 mala*ite gre51 or "o ( _! allies4 #d4--;,,blue ,,& ,,violet ,,dyes4 ,heat "s ( ! pap] ) dilute _s4 ,if ! alcohol rema9s col\rless1 we h ,prussian blue or ultram>9e4 ,if x becomes blue or violet1 %ake "s ( ! pap] ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,a dirty olive gre5 %[s me?yl5e blue1 & a br[ni% col\r %[s _s blue1 wat] blue1 ,victoria blue1 me?yl violet1 etc4 ,if ! _s turns yell[1 & ! col\r ( ! pap] *anges1 we h wood blue or wood violet4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,pap] ,,mill ,,ma*9]y ,9 ! case ( common pr9t+s & writ+s1 :i* =m ! great bulk ( ! pap] made1 ! possibility ( "o mill compet+ aga9/ ano!r1 ap>t f ! important factor ( ! co/ ( freight1 coal1 & lab\r1 is almo/ entirely det]m9$ by ! economy result+ f ! introduction ( mod]n ma*9]y4 ,! equipm5t ( an up-to-date pap] mill1 !re=e1 comprises all ! late/ devices = ! effici5t h&l+ ( l>ge quantities ( raw mat]ial1 ! economical production ( /eam1 & ! m9imum consumption ( coal1 matt]s :i* are ( c\rse common to mo/ indu/rial op]ations1 toge!r ) ! special ma*9]y peculi> to ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial to be h&l$ may be se5 f ! table on page #bae1 :i* gives ! approximate quantities = ! weekly output ( a common news & a good pr9t+ pap]4 ,economy 9 ,coal ,consumption4--,! r$uction to a m9imum ( ! am\nt ( coal requir$ = a ton ( pap] has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! use ( appliances = ! bett] & m regul> combu/ion ( ! coal1 su* z me*anical /ok]s1 =c$ & induc$ draught1 ! introduction ( me?ods = utilis+ wa/e heat 9 flue gases by economis]s1 & ! wa/e heat 9 exhau/ /eam & cond5s$ wat] by fe$-wat] heat]s1 ! adoption ( ma*9es = secur+ ! :ole en]gy ( ! live /eam by means ( sup]heat]s1 adequate insulation ( /eam ma9s & pipes1 high pressure boil]s1 & eng9es ( mo/ rec5t design4 ,! fir+ ( /eam boil]s is n[ conduct$ on sci5tific pr9ciples1 ! coal be+ submitt$ regul>ly to prop] analysis = calorific value1 ! evaporative p[] ( ! boil]s be+ det]m9$ at int]vals by adequate trials1 ! condition ( ! wa/e flue gases be+ automatically ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,requir$ ,,= ,,news ,,& ,,pr9t+s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- -- ,common ,news4 ,good ,pr9t+s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,weekly output ( pap]1 say #fjj tons #bej tons ,me*anical wood pulp1 moi/1 #ej p] c5t4 dry #hjj ,nil4 ,*emical wood pulp1 dry #bjj #aej tons ,esp>to ,nil4 #bjj ,soda a% ,nil4 #af ,coal #fjj tons #hjj ,lime ,nil4 #de ,*9a clay #fj tons #be ,blea* ,nil4 #cj ,alum1 ros91 & *emicals #bj tons #bj ,wat]1 p] ton pap] #h1jjj gallons #dj1jjj gallons ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ,s>co ,combu/ion ,record]4--,?is in/rum5t is a device :i* automatically records ! p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid gas 9 ! wa/e gases f boil] furnaces4 ,! flue gases are analys$ at frequ5t & regul> int]vals1 & ! results ( ! analysis c be se5 on a *>t imm$iately1 s t x is possible to det]m9e ! effect ( an alt]ation 9 ! fir+ ( ! boil]s )9 two m9utes ( its tak+ place4 ,! app>atus is r complicat$1 b ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x is bas$ is simple4 ,measur$ quantities ( ! flue gases are drawn into graduat$ glass tubes & br\ght into contact ) /rong cau/ic soda solution1 :i* absorbs all ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,! rema9+ gases n absorb$ by ! cau/ic soda are automatically measur$ & ! p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid gas regi/]$ on ! *>t4 ,! use ( suitable boil] fe$-wat] is also an important factor 9 mod]n /eam-rais+ plant4 ,! hot cond5s$ wat] f ! pap] ma*9e dry+ cyl9d]s1 & exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es & /eam-pipes1 is return$ to ! /oke-hole to be utilis$ 9 heat+ up ! cold wat] :i* has be5 previ\sly s(t5$ by *emical treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,conv5tional ,diagram ( a ,wat] ,s(t5+ ,plant4 ,a4 ,wat] supply4 ,b4 ,regulat+ tank4 ,c4 ,lime mix]4 ,d4 ,soda tank4 ,e4 ,settl+ tank & filt]4 ,f4 ,outlet = s(t5$ wat]4 ,wat] ,s(t5+4--,! wat] s(t5]s available on ! m>ket are num]\s1 & z ea* possesses special advantages ( its own1 x w\ld be almo/ invidi\s to select any "o = p>ticul> notice4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( mix+ *emicals ) ! wat] to be treat$1 s z to precipitate ! matt]s 9 solution & give a boil] fe$-wat] free f c>bonates & sulphates ( lime & magnesia4 ,! *emicals are add$ 9 ! =m ( solutions ( c>efully regulat$ /r5g? to ! wat]1 :i* fl[ 9 a cont9u\s /ream into a tank4 ,! fl[ ( ! wat] & *emical reag5t is adju/$ by previ\s analysis4 ,! v>i\s ma*9es diff] 9 details ( con/ruction1 & 9 ! me?ods by :i* ! mix+ ( ! wat] & reag5ts is effect$4 ,! object to be a*iev$ is ! complete precipitation ( ! dissolv$ salts & ! production ( a cle> wat]1 free f s$im5t1 9 an app>atus t w treat a maximum quantity ( wat] at a *eap rate p] #a1jjj gallons4 ,! process ne$s prop] att5tion4 ,! addition ( reag5ts 9 wrong proportions w d m h>m ?an good1 & possibly result 9 h>d5+ ! wat] in/ead ( s(t5+ x4 ,! foll[+ may be quot$ z an example3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,composition ( ,wat]4 ,be=e ,aft] ,*ange4 ,treatm5t4 ,treatm5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,calcium c>bonate #achfc #chibj #bejeg ga9 ,calcium oxide 7lime7 #jj #adcjj #adcjj ,calcium silicate #bjfb #ceia #aebi ,calcium sulphate #afbe #baba #jdif ,magnesia #jj #jbff #jbff ,f]ric oxide1 etc4 #jddg #jihg #jedj ---------------------------------- ,scale =m+ m9]al #agiig #fjahe #dbahh ga9 ---------------------------------- ,calcium *loride #acca #baad #jghc ga9 ,magnesium *loride #jfgb #jj #jfgb loss ,sodium *loride #jdgh #jdgf #jjjc ---------------------------------- ,soluble salts #bdhb #beij #jajh ga9 ---------------------------------- ,total m9]al matt] #bjdgi #fbggf #dbbig ga9 ---------------------------------- ,c>bonic acid gas #iga #jj #iga loss ,oxyg5 gas #jff #jff #jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,treatm5t requir$3 #ah lbs4 ( lime1 #jb lbs4 soda a% p] #a1jjj gallons4 ,app>5tly #ee lbs4 ( lime 7 be+ us$ & no soda 7,/romey]74 ,sup]heat$ ,/eam4--,! effective application ( ! en]gy ( ! high pressure /eam is probably "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 pap] mill economy4 ,! use ( sup]heat$ /eam is be+ ext5d$ 9 e direction1 &1 9 addition to ! advantages obta9$ 9 ! /eam eng9e itself1 its wid] possibilities = ! boil+ ( esp>to1 wood1 & fibres g5]ally h be5 not$4 ,! foll[+ case may be quot$ z ! result ( a trial at a pap] mill1 %[+ = /at$ conditions ! advantages ( sup]heat$ /eam3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- -- ,sup]heat$ ,ord9>y ,/eam4 ,/eam4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,duration ( te/ h\rs #bf #cd ,coal consum$ 7lbs47-- ,p] h\r #faje #ffae ,p] #a h4-p4 h\r #ahc #bjh ,wat] evaporat$ 7lbs47-- ,p] h\r #d1hcb #e1fgi ,p] #a h4-p4 h\r #adee #agh ,f & at #bab ,f4 #hg #hid ,/eam1 temp]ature ,f4 #dfd #ccd ,pressure #ijc #ijh ,/eam eng9e-- #a h4-p4 total #ccae #cbcb ,temp]ature ,f4 #chah #ccch ,coal us$ p] #a h4-p4-- ,p] h\r at boil] #ahc #bjh ---------------------------------------- --------- ,?is appe>s to %[ a sav+ ( #ab p] c5t4 ,gas ,produc]s4--,! sub/itution ( gas = /eam 9 ! pap] mill has n yet prov$ a success4 ,! fact t heat is requir$ = ! dry+ cyl9d]s ( a pap] ma*9e1 & t ! heat is mo/ *eaply & readily obta9$ 9 ! =m ( exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es driv+ ! pap] ma*9e1 militates consid]ably aga9/ economies :i* might o!rwise be possible4 ,! difficulties ( heat+ su* cyl9d]s1 or r ( prop]ly controll+ & regulat+ ! temp]ature by any o!r means ?an /eam1 may easily be surmis$4 ,gas eng9es ( ov] #bjj h4-p4 seem to give consid]able tr\ble at pres5t1 b no d\bt 9 c\rse ( "t ! requir$ improvem5ts w be effect$4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t gas produc]s c only be economical :5 utilis$ = ! production ( gas on a l>ge scale1 & = di/ribution to eng9es ( small] capacity ?an ! ma9 /eam eng9e requir$ 9 a pap] mill4 ,! peculi> conditions ( ! manufacture ( pap] d n appe> to be fav\rable to ! adoption ( ! gas produc] sy/em 9 its pres5t =m4 ,motive ,p[]4--,! pap]-mak] has tak5 advantage ( e mod]n improvem5t 9 /eam eng9es = ! purpose ( r$uc+ ! co/ ( motive p[]4 ,among/ o!r alt]ations 9 ?is direction ! use ( a high spe$ enclos$ eng9e & ! employm5t ( ! mod]n /eam turb9e may be not$4 ,9 ! enclos$ eng9e ! work+ p>ts are box$ 9 by a cas+ fitt$ ) oil-tight doors4 ,! cranks & connect+ rods spla% into ! oil1 :i* is ?us ?r[n ab\t 9 all directions1 s z to ensure suffici5t lubrication4 ,ano!r feature ( ?is eng9e is ! v>iable spe$1 & x is possible to run ! pap] ma*9e at spe$s v>y+ f #ajj to #ejj ft4 p] m9ute )\t ! use ( *ange :eels4 ,electrical ,driv+4--,! application ( electricity = motive p[] has made /eady advances 9 ! pap] mill4 ,at fir/ x 0 limit$ to ! driv+ ( ma*9]y 9 :i* v>iations ( spe$ or load 7 n requir$ to any l>ge ext5t1 b ( rec5t ye>s beat+ eng9es1 cal5d]s1 & pap] ma*9es h all be5 fitt$ ) electrical drives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,an enclos$ ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,! foll[+ details relate to ! in/allation at ! ,l9wood ,pap] ,mills3-- ,! in/allation consi/s ( #bej-,k4,w4 /eam dynamos4 ,! eng9es are ,willan's high spe$ triple expansion1 work+ ) a boil] pressure ( #bej lbs4 p] squ>e in* at ! /op valve1 ! /eam be+ sup]heat$ to give a temp]ature ( #ejj ,fahr4 at ! eng9e4 ,by means ( jet cond5s]s a vacuum ( #be to #be in*es is obta9$ on ! eng9es4 ,! two boil]s are ( ! ,babcock type1 & h #c1ehj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface ea*4 ,! furnaces h *a9 grate /ok]s1 & ! boil]s are arrang$ ) _! own sup]heat]s4 ,! motor equipm5t consi/s ( eight #hj1 two #ej1 & t5 #be ,b4,h4,p4 motors4 ,six ( ! #hj ,b4,h4,p4 drive ! beat+ eng9es1 & x has be5 f\nd t ! motors readily respond to an ov]load ( #ej p] c5t4 )\t beat+ or o!r tr\ble4 ,to rem$y ! excessive & sudd5 v>iation a belt drive 0 adopt$4 ,an #hj motor drives ! pulp ref9+ eng9e4 ,! two pap]-mak+ ma*9es h ea* two motors1 "o a #be & a #ej & ! o!r two #be ,b4,h4,p4 motors4 ,! spe$ c be regulat$ ) exactitude4 ,! auxili>y plant ( ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 pumps1 agitators1 etc41 is work$ f l9es ( %aft+ driv5 by motors4 ,cal5d] motors are ( ! v>iable spe$ type1 be+ design$ to run f #ajj revolutions p] m9ute to #fjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,v>iations f #cjj to #fjj revolutions p] m9ute c be regulat$ by ! %unts1 ! loss be+ negligible4 ,sev]al ( ! motors are ge>$ up to ! v>i\s ma*9es1 z is ! case ) ! cal5d]4 ,z reg>ds co/1 ! capital outlay on ! #ejj-,k4,w4 g5]at+ plant1 includ+ eng9es1 dynamos1 boil]s1 cond5s]s1 /eam pipes1 filt]s1 etc41 & all eng9e room accessories1 0 #i1ejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,an ,electrically ,driv5 ,pap] ,ma*9e4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! plant also conta9s a ,p>son's /eam turb9e ( #a1jjj ,k4,w41 driv+ two cont9u\s curr5t dynamos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,diagram ( ! ,eibel ,process4 ,! ,eibel ,pat5t4--,"o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( newspap] is ! ,eibel process1 design$ to increase ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e & to r$uce ! am\nt ( suction at ! vacuum box4 ,9 ! ord9>y ma*9e ! wire has usually be5 arrang$ to move 9 a horizontal plane4 ,9 "s ma*9es means h be5 provid$ = adju/+ ! brea/-roll end ( ! wire to diff]5t elevations to provide = deal+ ) diff]5t grades ( /ock1 b ! wire has nev] hi!rto be5 s incl9$ z to cause ! pap] /ock to travel at a spe$1 "u ! action ( gravity1 to equal or approximate ! spe$ ( ! wire4 ,9 all previ\s me?ods ( work+1 ! wire has = a consid]able portion ( its l5g?1 />t+ f ! brea/-roll1 drawn ! /ock along 9 consequ5ce ( ! wire mov+ mu* fa/] ?an ! /ock1 & ! /ock has wav$1 or rippl$1 badly ne> ! brea/-roll end ( ! wire4 ,?is has gradually dim9i%$ until an equilibrium has be5 e/abli%$ & an ev5 surface obta9$1 b n until ! wav+ or rippl+ has ceas$ at "s consid]able di/ance f ! brea/-roll h ! fibres become laid uni=mly1 & ! ma*9es h !re=e necess>ily be5 run sl[ly to give ample "t = ! wat] to escape & = ! fibres to lie d[n s z to make !m a uni=m %eet4 ,9 _m cases ! brea/-roll has be5 rais$ #ad or #ae in*es1 & ! /ock ru%es1 z x 71 d[nhill4 ,z1 dur+ ! =mation ( ! pap]1 ! /ock & ! wire practically d n move relatively to ea* o!r1 !re is no drag ( ! /ock ^u ! wire2 consequ5tly !re is a m rapid & uni=m dra9age ( ! wat] f ! /ock1 ! full influ5ce ( ! %ake is made effective to secure uni=mity 9 ! di/ribution & int]lock+ ( ! fibres1 & ! regul>ity ( ! =mation ( ! pap] is n di/urb$ by waves or curr5ts1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be caus$ by pull ( ! wire ^u ! /ock4 ,?is +5i\s device is n[ work+ successfully 9 _m pap] mills4 ,ma*9]y4--,9 sett+ out ! plant necess>y = a pap] mill :i* is design$ to produce a giv5 quantity ( f9i%$ pap]1 ! manufactur] takes into consid]ation ! class ( pap] to be made & ! raw mat]ial to be employ$4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule has be5 prep>$ on su* a basis3-- ,,plant ,,& ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,high-,,class ,,pr9t+s4 ,pap]4 ,high-class pr9t+s made ( wood pulp & esp>to1 us$ alone or bl5d$ 9 v>y+ proportions z requir$4 ,quantity1 #bej tons weekly4 ,raw ,mat]ial4 ,esp>to2 *emical wood pulp4 ,quantity3 esp>to1 ab\t #bjj tons2 wood pulp1 #aej to #afj4 ,*9a clay & usual *emicals4 ,9 ! e/imation ( mat]ials requir$ = ! production ( ab\t #bej tons ( pap]1 x is assum$ t ! #bjj tons ( esp>to fibre w yield #ij tons blea*$ esp>to fibre1 & t ! me*anical losses :i* take place dur+ manufacture are c\nt]balanc$ by ! weight ( *9a clay add$ to ! pulp4 ,^! conditions naturally v>y 9 diff]5t mills1 b su* v>iations d n affect ! s*$ule ( ma*9]y4 ,unload+ ,%$s4 #b /eam or electric cranes = h&l+ fibre1 clay1 alum1 blea*1 ros91 coal1 & f9i%$ pap]4 #a #c-ton weighbridge4 #a #e-;cwt4 plat=m scales4 ,/eam ,plant4 #f #h-;ft4 by #cj-;ft4 ,lanca%ire boil]s4 ,fuel economis]4 ,fe$-wat] pump & tank4 ,wat] s(t5+ app>atus4 #a #ejj-;h4-p4 ma9 /eam eng9e1 = fibre dep>tm5ts & beat] floor4 ,*emical ,dep>tm5t4 ,hoi/ = clay1 alum1 blea*1 lime1 c4 #d cau/icis+ pans1 #i ft4 diamet]1 #i ft4 deep4 #b /orage tanks4 #b *alk sludge filt] presses4 #b clay-mix+ vats1 #f ft4 diamet]1 #f ft4 deep4 #a />* mix]1 #f ft4 diamet]1 #f ft4 deep4 #a size boil]1 #h ft4 diamet]1 #h ft4 deep4 #c size /orage tanks1 #a1jjj gallons ea*4 #c blea*-mix+ vats4 #c blea* liquor settl+ tanks4 #b cle> blea* liquor /orage tanks4 #a alum dissolv+ tank4 ,recov]y ,dep>tm5t3-- ,soda4 #a multiple effect evaporat+ plant4 #a rot>y furnace4 #d lixiviat+ tanks1 #b1jjj gallons ea*4 #b /orage tanks = cle> liquor f lixiviat+ tanks1 #bj1jjj gallons capacity4 ,fibre4 #b tanks = receiv+ ma*9e backwat]4 #b ,fulln]'s /uff cat*]s1 or "s o!r sy/em ( treat+ backwat]4 #b filt] presses4 ,esp>to ,dep>tm5t4 #a esp>to du/]4 ,travell+ convey] = clean$ esp>to4 #f ,s9clair vomit+ boil]s1 ea* ( #c tons capacity4 #b measur+ tanks = cau/ic liquor4 #d wa%+ eng9es1 #ae cwt4 capacity4 #f ,t[] blea*+ eng9es4 #a presse-pte4 #aj galvanis$ iron trucks4 ,wood ,pulp ,dep>tm5t4 #d pulp dis9tegrators & pumps4 #d ,t[] blea*+ eng9es4 #d wa%+ tanks or dra9]s4 #f galvanis$ iron trucks4 ,beat] ,floor4 #h #a1bjj-lbs4 beat+ eng9es4 #b ,m>%all ref9]s4 #f galvanis$ iron trucks4 ,pap] ,ma*9e ,room4 #b pap] ma*9es1 #ajf 94 wide1 ) /uff *e/s1 /ra9]s1 & eng9es complete4 #a pap] ma*9e1 #abj 94 wide1 ) /uff *e/s1 /ra9]s1 & eng9es complete4 ,pat5t damp]s = ea* ma*9e4 ,cal5d]+ ,room4 #b #aaj-;94 sup]cal5d]s4 #b #ajj-;94 sup]cal5d]s4 #b #f-reel cutt]s4 #a #bjj-;h4-p4 ma9 /eam eng9e4 ,f9i%+ ,room4 ,sort+ tables4 ,pack+ press4 ,weigh+ ma*9e4 ,repairs ,dep>tm5t4 ,usual repair outfit1 su* z la!s1 plan+ ma*9e1 drill+ tools1 etc4 ,blacksmi?'s %op outfit4 ,c>p5t]'s %op outfit4 ,cal5d] roll gr9d]4 ,wat] ,supply4 ,ma9 /orage tank1 #ej1jjj gallons capacity4 ,wat] pumps4 ,pip+ & connections to v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,bell's pat5t filt]s 7if necess>y74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,pap] ,rec5t compla9ts ab\t ! quality ( pap] & ! rapid decay ( manuscripts & pap]s h result$ 9 ar\s+ "s int]e/ 9 ! subject ( ! durability ( pap] us$ = books & legal docum5ts1 & 9 ! equally important "q ( ! ink employ$4 ,! ,society ( ,arts & ! ,libr>y ,association 9 ,engl& & ! ,imp]ial ,pap] ,te/+ ,in/itute 9 ,g]many h already appo9t$ special committees ( inquiry1 & f ?is x is evid5t t ! subject is "o ( urg5t importance4 ,x is sometimes argu$ t ! lack ( durability is due to ! want ( c>e on ! "p ( manufactur]s 9 pres]v+ ! k ( pap]-mak+ z h&$ d[n by ! e>ly pione]s1 b su* an argum5t is sup]ficial & utt]ly errone\s4 ,! quality ( pap]1 9 common ) ! quality ( _m o!r articles ( comm]ce1 has suff]$ because ! dem& = a really good high-class mat]ial is s small4 ,! g5]al public has become accu/om$ to ask = some?+ *eap1 & s9ce ! r$uction 9 price is only r5d]$ possible by ! use ( *eap raw mat]ial & less exp5sive me?ods ( manufacture1 ! pap] ( ! pres5t day1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 is inf]ior to t ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,! causes :i* fav\r ! det]ioration ( pap] are be/ und]/ood by an inquiry into ! nature ( ! fibres & o!r mat]ials us$ & ! me?ods ( manufacture employ$4 ,! ,fibres ,us$4--,cotton & l95 rags /& preem95t among/ vegetable fibres z be+ ! mo/ suitable = ! production ( high-class pap] capable ( )/&+ ! ravages ( "t4 ,?is arises f ! fact t cotton & l95 require ! lea/ am\nt ( *emical treatm5t to conv]t !m into pap] pulp1 s9ce !y are almo/ pure cellulose1 cotton conta9+ #ihg p] c5t4 ( air-dry cellulose1 & flax #ijf p] c5t4 ,! processes ?r\gh :i* ! raw cotton & flax are pass$ = ! manufacture ( textile goods are ( ! simple/ "*1 & ! rags !mselves c be conv]t$ into pap] )\t *emical treatm5t if necess>y4 ,z a matt] ( fact c]ta9 pap]s1 su* z ! ,o4 ,w4 ,s4 & o!r draw+ pap]s1 are manufactur$ f rags )\t ! aid ( cau/ic soda1 blea*1 or *emicals4 ,! rags are c>efully select$1 boil$ = a long "t 9 pla9 wat]1 brok5 up & beat5 into pulp1 & made up into %eets by purely me*anical me?ods4 ,! liability ( pap]s to decay1 9 respect ( ! fibr\s composition1 is almo/ 9 direct proportion to ! sev]ity ( ! *emical treatm5t necess>y to conv]t ! raw mat]ial into cellulose1 & ! ext5t ( ! deviation ( ! fibre f pure cellulose is a measure ( ! degradation :i* is to be expect$4 ,! behavi\r ( ! fibres t[>ds cau/ic soda or any simil> hydrolytic ag5t s]ves to di/+ui% ! fibres ( maximum durability f ^? ( less] resi/ance4 ,x may be not$ t 9 ! =m] ! raw mat]ials1 viz41 cotton1 l951 hemp1 ramie1 etc41 conta9 a high p]c5tage ( pure cellulose1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! p]c5tage ( cellulose is v mu* l[]1 su* fibres z esp>to1 /raw1 wood1 bamboo1 etc41 giv+ only #dj-ej p] c5t4 ( cellulose4 ,! two extremes are repres5t$ by pure cotton rag & me*anical wood pulp4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! decay :i* may take place 9 pap]s conta9+ ! fibre only1 )\t ! admixture ( size or *emicals1 may be consid]$ z "o ( oxidation1 :i* takes place sl[ly 9 cotton1 & mu* m rapidly ) me*anical wood pulp4 ,exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ?is oxidation is af=d$ :5 ?9 %eets ( pap] made f ^! mat]ials are expos$ to a temp]ature ( #ajj to #aaj ,c4 9 an air ov54 ,! cotton pap] is b little affect$1 :ile ! me*anical wood pulp pap] soon falls to pieces4 ,! ord] ( durability ( v>i\s pap]s 9 relation to ! fibr\s con/itu5ts may be express$ ?us3 7#a7 rag cellulose2 7#b7 *emical wood cellulose2 7#c7 esp>to1 /raw1 & bamboo celluloses2 7#d7 me*anical wood pulp4 ,! rate & ext5t ( oxidation is approximately %[n by ! effect ( heat z describ$4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! celluloses are also %[n by heat+ /rips ( v>i\s pap]s 9 a weak solution ( anil9e sulphate1 :i* has no effect on wood or rag cellulose1 dyes esp>to & /raw a p9ki% col\r1 & imp>ts a /rong yell[ col\r to me*anical wood pulp & jute4 ,physical ,qualities4--,! p]man5ce ( a pap] dep5ds n only ^u ! purity ( ! fibr\s con/itu5ts & ! fre$om f *emicals likely to br+ ab\t det]ioration1 b also ^u ! g5]al physical prop]ties ( ! pap] itself4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! m resi/ant a pap] is to r\gh usage ! long] w x la/4 ,! reason :y rag pap]s are s p]man5t is t n only is ! *emical condition ( ! cellulose ( ! highe/ ord]1 b ! physical /ructure ( ! fibre is su* t ! /r5g? ( ! f9i%$ pap] is also a maximum4 ,! me?ods ( manufacture may be modifi$ to almo/ any ext5t1 giv+ on ! "o h& a pap] ( extraord9>y t\ghness1 or on ! o!r h& a pap] :i* falls to pieces aft] a v %ort "t4 ,?us a /rong bank-note pap] may be crumpl$ up betwe5 ! f+]s ?ree or f\r hundr$ times )\t te>+1 :ile an imitation art pap] is brok5 up :5 crumpl$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( ! physical qualities ( a pap] is !re=e necess>y to an appreciation ( ! conditions = durability4 ,! physical /ructure ( ! fibre1 ! modifications produc$ 9 x by beat+1 ! effect ( dry+1 siz+1 & glaz+ ^u ! /r5g? & ela/icity ( ! f9i%$ pap]1 are "s ( ! factors :i* ne$ to be consid]$4 ,/r5g?4--,! /r5g? ( a pap] z measur$ by ! t5sile /ra9 requir$ to fracture a /rip ( giv5 wid?1 & ! p]c5tage ( elongation :i* ! pap] und]goes :5 submitt$ to t5sion1 are prop]ties ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! ela/icity1 t is1 ! am\nt ( /ret* "u t5sion1 has n receiv$ ! att5tion f pap]-mak]s t x des]ves4 ,if two pap]s ( equal t5sile /r5g? diff] 9 ela/icity1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! pap] %[+ a great] p]c5tage ( elongation "u t5sion is ! bett] ( ! two4 ,! /r5g? ( a pap]1 z already indicat$1 is greatly influ5c$ by ! conditions ( manufacture4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! subject ( beat+1 & o!r examples are briefly giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,bulk4--,! manufacture dur+ rec5t ye>s ( light bulky pap]s = book production has acc5tuat$ ! problem 9 a m>k$ degree1 & ! factor ( bulk z "o ( ! causes ( det]ioration is !re=e a comp>atively new "o4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! rapid de/ruction ( su* books by frequ5t use is 9 no way relat$ to ! *emical purity ( ! cellulose ( :i* x is compos$1 or to ! influ5ce ( any *emical sub/ance associat$ ) ! fibre4 ,x is purely a me*anical "q1 to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! process ( manufacture4 ,?is pap] is made f esp>to entirely1 or f a mixture ( esp>to & wood pulp4 ,! pulp is beat5 quickly1 & = z %ort a "t z possible1 little or no *9a clay be+ add$1 & only a v small p]c5tage ( ros9 size4 ,! wet %eet ( pap] is submitt$ to v light pressure at ! press rolls1 & ! bulky nature is pres]v$ by omitt+ ! ord9>y me?ods ( cal5d]+4 ,! pap] ?us produc$ consi/s ( fibres :i* are b little felt$ toge!r4 ,! physical condition & /ructure ( ! pap] are readily noticeable to ! eye1 & :5 ^! peculi>ities are r$uc$ to num]ical t]ms ! effect ( ! conditions ( manufacture is /rik+ly display$4 ,! effect ( ?is special treatm5t is be/ se5 by contra/+ ! bulky esp>to fea!rweight pap] ) ! normal magaz9e pap] made f esp>to4 ,9 ! latt] case a smoo!r1 heavi]1 /rong] %eet ( pap] is made f id5tically ! same raw mat]ial4 ,b ! pulp is beat5 = a long] p]iod1 :ile m9]al matt] & size are add$ 9 suitable proportions4 ,! press rolls & cal5d]s are us$ to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two pap]s1 bo? consi/+1 z !y d1 ( pure esp>to ) a small proportion ( a% may be emphasis$ by comp>+ ! analysis by weight ) analysis by volume4 ,! two pap]s 9 "q :5 analys$ by weight prov$ to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,p>ts by ,weight4 ---------------------------- -- ,fea!rweight4 ,ord9>y4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,esp>to fibre #ifj #ied ,a%1 etc #dj #df ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,b if ! pap]s are comp>$ 9 t]ms ( ! composition by volume1 x w be f\nd t ! fea!rweight conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( air space4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,composition by ,volume4 ---------------------------- -- ,fea!rweight4 ,ord9>y4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,esp>to fibre #bhj #fee ,a%1 etc #jg #ah ,air space #gac #cbg ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,9 o!r words1 ! conditions ( manufacture = ! bulky pap] are su* t ! fibres are z f> ap>t f "o ano!r z possible1 & ! cohesion ( fibre to fibre is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,:ile pap] ( ?is description is agreeable to ! pr9t]1 & probably to ! g5]al read+ public1 yet its /r5g? & physical qualities1 f ! po9t ( view ( resi/ance to we> & te>1 are ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,x is v difficult to reb9d books made f x1 :i* is n altoge!r to be wond]$ at1 see+ t ! bookb9d]'s /it*es c h>dly be expect$ to hold toge!r %eets conta9+ #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( air space4 ,?is concrete case emphasises ! necessity = includ+ 9 a s*$ule ( /&>ds ( quality a classification ( pap]s accord+ to /r5g? & bulk4 ,surface4--,! introduction ( new me?ods ( pr9t+ has br\ght ab\t "s *anges 9 ! process ( glaz+ & f9i%+ pap] :i* are n altoge!r fav\rable to ! manufacture ( a %eet hav+ maximum qualities ( /r5g? & ela/icity1 two conditions :i* are ess5tial to p]man5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v high f9i% & surface imp>t$ to pap] by plate-glaz+1 sup]cal5d]+1 wat] f9i%1 & o!r devices ( a simil> "* is c>ri$ to excess4 ,all pap]s are improv$ 9 /r5g? by glaz+ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b ov]-glaz+ cru%es ! pap]1 r5d]s x brittle & liable to crack4 ,un=tunately1 ! maximum /r5g? ( a pap] is g5]ally rea*$ be=e ! maximum ( f9i%1 ) ! result t ! =m] is frequ5tly sacrific$ to ! latt]4 ,! usual result ( glaz+ is f\nd 9 an increase ( #h to #aj p] c5t4 9 ! t5sile /r5g?1 b a dim9ution ( ela/icity to ! ext5t ( #h to #aj p] c5t4 ,) sup]cal5d]$ magaz9e pap]s1 ! high surface is imp>t$ = ! sake ( ! illu/rations :i* are produc$ by me?ods requir+ x4 ,! addition ( consid]able quantities ( clay or m9]al sub/ances improves ! f9i%1 s t ! "q ( ! relation ( glaz+ to /r5g?1 surface1 & load+ is "o :i* affects ! subject ( det]ioration ( pap] v mat]ially4 ,) writ+ pap] ! false /&>d ( an attractive appe>ance is almo/ univ]sally accept$ by ! public z ! basis ( pur*ase )\t any ref]5ce to actual quality4 ,m9]al ,sub/ances4--,*9a clay1 sulphate ( lime1 agalite & o!r in]t m9]al sub/ances are important factors 9 l[]+ ! quality ( pap]1 n s mu* 9 promot+ ! actual det]ioration ( pap] by any *emical reaction ) ! fibres1 z 9 mak+ ! pap] less capable ( resi/ance to ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic conditions & ord9>y usage4 ,clay 9 small1 well-def9$ quantities s]ves a useful purpose1 if add$ to "s pap]s1 because x fav\rs ! production ( a smoo? surface1 b :5 ! comb9ation ( m9]al sub/ances is c>ri$ to an extreme1 !n ! result f ! po9t ( view ( p]man5ce is disa/r\s4 ,?is is well recognis$ by all pap]-mak]s1 & 9 ,g]many ! limits ( ! am\nt ( clay or load+ 9 high-grade pap] h be5 rigidly fix$4 ,9 ! case ( imitation art pap]1 :i* conta9s #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( clay1 ! /r5g? & resi/ance ( ! %eet is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! pap] falls to pieces if slightly damp$1 ! felt+ p[] ( ! fibres be+ r5d]$ ( no effect ow+ to ! weak5+ influ5ce ( excessive m9]al matt]4 ,?is pap] is us$ *iefly = catalogues1 programmes1 circul>s1 & pr9t$ matt] ( a tempor>y & evanesc5t "*1 & s long z x is conf9$ to su* objects x s]ves a useful purpose1 be+ *eap1 & suitable = ! production ( illu/rations by means ( ! half-tone process2 b its la/+ qualities are ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,! addition ( #aj p] c5t4 ( any m9]al sub/ance mu/ be reg>d$ z ! maximum all[ance = pap]s int5d$ = p]man5t & frequ5t use4 ,coat+ ,mat]ial4--,! +5i\s me?od = produc+ an absolutely ev5 surface on pap] by ! use ( a mixture ( clay or o!r m9]al sub/ance & an adhesive l glue or case9 bru%$ on to ! surface ( ! pap]1 is responsible = _m ( ! compla9ts ab\t ! pap]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! sole m]it ( ?is sub/ance is ! facility ) :i* half-tone process blocks c be utilis$ = ! purpose ( picture production4 ,beyond ?is1 no?+ c be said4 ,! pap] is brittle1 susceptible to ! lea/ suspicion ( dampness1 ) a high poli% :i* 9 artificial light produces fatigue ( ! read]'s eye v quickly1 heavy to h&le1 & liable to fall to pieces :5 b\nd up 9 book =m4 ,z ! fibr\s mat]ial is completely cov]$ by m9]al sub/ances1 x is frequ5tly consid]$ ( second>y importance1 ) ! result t ! value ( ! pap] is judg$ entirely by ! surface coat+1 ) little reg>d to ! nature ( ! body pap]4 ,9 su* cases1 ) an inf]ior body pap]1 ! pages ( a book v quickly discol\r1 & ! lett]press becomes blurr$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,typical ,,art ,,pap]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,p] ,c5t4 ,volume -- by -- ,composition ,weight4 p] ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,fibre #gge ,fibre #fhc ,a%1 etc4 #bbe ,a% #abj ,air space #aig ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj ---------------------------------------- --- ,ros94--,! pres5ce ( an excess ( ros9 is a well-kn[n factor 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! pap]1 ev5 :5 ! fibr\s composition is ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! decomposition is l>gely due to ! action ( light1 _m exp]im5ts hav+ be5 made by ,h]zb]g & o!rs to det]m9e ! nature ( ! reactions tak+ place4 ,"o ( ! *ief alt]ations is ! *ange br\ght ab\t 9 ! ink-resi/+ qualities ( ! pap]4 ,! actual "* ( ! *emical reactions z f> z ! effect on ! fibre is conc]n$ is n accurately kn[n4 ,! degradation ( a h>d-siz$ ros9 pap] by exposure to /rong sunlight1 = example1 is probably due to ! alt]ation 9 ! ros9 size1 & n to any mat]ial *ange 9 ! cellulose4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t 9 a pure rag pap] siz$ ) ros9 & yield+ readily to ink p5etration1 aft] ab\t "o ye>'s exposure to light1 ! cellulose itself _h und]gone any *emical *anges capable ( detection4 ,gelat9e4--,pap]s prop]ly siz$ ) gelat9e are pref]able to ^? siz$ ) ros9 = ! majority ( books & docum5ts pres]v$ "u normal circum/ances4 ,b ! nature ( a tub-siz$ pap] may be1 & (t5 is1 greatly alt]$ by unusual climatic conditions4 ,9 hot1 damp c\ntries pap]s are quickly ru9$1 & high-class draw+ pap]s siz$ ) gelat9e (t5 r5d]$ useless4 ,! *ange is sc>cely visible on ! clean pap]1 & is only obs]v$ :5 ! pap] is us$ = wat]-col\r "w1 ! col\r appe>+ blot*y 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! %eet :]e ! gelat9e has be5 decompos$ by ! unit$ action ( heat & damp4 ,! arti/ is frequ5tly compell$ 9 su* cases to put a lay] ( heavy :ite col\r on ! %eet ( pap] be=e proce$+ to pa9t ! picture4 ,! /orage ( books "u fav\rable conditions has a great deal to d ) ! p]man5ce ( ! pap]1 & ! degradation ( a pap] 9 relation to ! tub-siz+ qualities is mu* ha/5$ by ! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,/>*4--,! same is true ( />*1 :i* is l>gely employ$ z a b9d+ or siz+ mat]ial 9 pap]4 ,! degradation ( gelat9e1 />*1 & simil> nitrog5\s sub/ances is due to ! action ( organisms1 & ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 sugge/$ by ,cross1 are int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,if /rips ( pap] are put into /opp]$ bottles ) a small quantity ( w>m wat] & kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj ,f41 fungus gr[?s w be notic$ on "s ( !m aft] ! lapse ( f\rte5 days4 ,rag pap]s siz$ ) gelat9e w %[ micro-organisms ( all k9ds4 ,a pure cellulose pap]1 l filt] pap]1 w n produce any su* effects4 ,! result 9 ! fir/ case is due to ! nitrog5\s sub/ance1 viz41 ! gelat9e us$ 9 siz+1 s9ce ! two pap]s are id5tical z f> z ! cellulose fibres are conc]n$4 ,high-class wood pulp pap]s1 unless siz$ ) gelat9e1 w\ld n %[ simil> results4 ,! action ( ! organisms ^u ! nitrog5\s mat]ial by a process ( hydrolysis is 9 ! direction ( ! production ( soluble comp\nds alli$ to ! />* sug>s capable ( be+ assimilat$ by organisms4 ,! cellulose ( esp>to & /raw are readily attack$1 & x is on ?is acc\nt t ! tissues ( ! v>i\s /raws are dige/$ m or less :5 eat5 by animals4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! celluloses f /raw & esp>to are inf]ior to ! cotton cellulose 9 produc+ a pap] likely to be p]man5t4 ,*emical ,residues4--,! necessity = manufactur+ a pure cellulose half-/uff is fully recognis$ by pap]-mak]s4 ,?is 0 n ! case 9 ! e>ly days ( ! manufacture ( wood pulp1 = x is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t _m ( ! books pr9t$ on wood pulp pap] betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj are 9 a hopeless condition1 & x is q easy to f9d books & p]iodicals ( t date ! pages ( :i* crumble to du/ :5 h&l$4 ,?is s]i\s defect has be5 prov$ to be due to ! pres5ce ( traces ( *emicals us$ 9 manufacture :i* h n be5 ?or\ghly remov$ f ! pulp4 ,! precautions necess>y 9 blea*+ pulp by means ( *loride ( lime1 9 ord] to prev5t 7#a7 any action betwe5 ! fibre & ! calcium hypo*lorite1 7#b7 ! pres5ce ( residual *lor9e or soluble comp\nds d]iv$ f x1 & 7#c7 ! pres5ce ( by-products aris+ f ! use ( an anti*lor1 are also well kn[n to pap]-mak]s4 ,! subject has be5 closely /udi$ by *emi/s1 :o h %[n t ! det]ioration ( _m mod]n pap]s may be ascrib$ to c>elessness 9 blea*+4 ,! que/ions relat+ to ! *emical residues ( pap] c only be adequately dealt ) by a discussion ( actual cases :i* arise f "t to "t4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions 9 manufacture1 common to all pap]s1 :i* may give rise to ! pres5ce ( *emical residues1 ( :i* two h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! acidity ( pap]s is frequ5tly quot$ z an in/ance4 ,x is true t ! pres5ce ( free acid 9 a pap] is mo/ undesirable1 z x s]i\sly attacks ! cellulose1 conv]t+ x into an oxidis$ =m4 ,?is 9 c\rse ( "t r5d]s ! pap] s brittle z to de/roy its fibr\s "*4 ,! *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! acid1 :i* itself suff]s no mat]ial alt]ation1 s t ! process ( det]ioration is cont9u$ almo/ indef9itely until ! cellulose is completely oxidis$4 ,mo/ pap]s1 h[ev]1 %[ an acid reaction :5 te/$ ) litmus1 ! usual reag5t employ$ by ^? n famili> ) ! prop] me?ods ( te/+ pap]4 ,all pap]s :i* h be5 treat$ ) an excess ( alum = siz+ purposes w\ld %[ an acid reaction ) litmus )\t necess>ily conta9+ any free acid4 ,! pres5ce ( iron is undesirable1 p>ticul>ly 9 photographic pap]s1 & s9ce cellulose has a rem>kable aff9ity = iron1 ! conditions ( manufacture :i* t5d to leave iron 9 ! pulp h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( iron 9 ! =m ( impurities mu/ n be confus$ ) ! pres5ce ( iron 9 l>ge quantities d]iv$ f ! ton+ & col\r+ ( pap] by means ( iron salts4 ,! fad+ ( col\r is frequ5tly obs]v$ :5 col\r$ pap]s are te/$ on boxbo>ds1 p>ticul>ly ^? made ( /raw4 ,?is fad+ may (t5 be trac$ to ! pres5ce ( alkali 9 ! /raw bo>d :i* has n be5 completely remov$ 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,! blurr+ ( lett]press is a defect :i* (t5 occurs ) pr9t+ pap]s made ( *emical wood pulp4 ,! oil 9 ! ink seems to sep>ate out on ei!r side ( ! lett]1 produc+ a discoloration4 ,9 su* cases ! pap] itself frequ5tly exhibits an unpleasant smell4 ,^! defects are usually det]m9$ by ! pres5ce ( traces ( sulphur comp\nds 9 ! pap] result+ f incomplete wa%+ ( ! pulp 9 manufacture4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphur comp\nds sometimes associates itself ) pap]s :i* h be5 col\r$ by means ( ultram>9e1 :i* 9 pres5ce ( alum is slightly decompos$ by ! heat ( ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,"s k ( ! effect ( *emical residues 9 pap] is important1 n only 9 reg>d to ! det]ioration :i* takes place 9 ! fibre itself1 b also 9 relation to ! fad+ ( ! ink :i* is us$4 ,! subject ( ! ink has receiv$ mu* att5tion f *emi/s on acc\nt ( ! s]i\s difficulties :i* h be5 exp]i5c$ by ,/ate dep>tm5ts 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h devis$ c]ta9 me?ods = asc]ta9+ ! suitability ( /amp+ ink us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & sugge/ ! qualities desirable 9 su* an ink4 ,! ink1 fir/ ( all1 mu/ produce an indelible cancellation2 t is1 x mu/ be relatively indelible z comp>$ ) ! ink us$ = pr9t+ ! po/age /amps4 ,! po/-m>k made ) ! ink mu/ dry quickly 9 ord] t ! mail matt] may be h&l$ imm$iately )\t any blurr+ or sme>+ ( ! po/-m>k4 ,bo? ?is prop]ty & ! prop]ty ( ! indelibility involve ! "q ( ! rate at :i* ! ink p5etrates or is absorb$ by ! fibre ( ! pap]4 ,a satisfactory ink does n h>d5 or =m a cru/ on ! ink-pad on exposure to air4 ,!re mu/ be no deposition ( solid matt] on ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! ink is /or$1 & ! pigm5ts on :i* ! indelibility ( ! ink dep5ds1 if insoluble1 mu/ n settle out 9 su* a way z to make x possible to p\r (f f ! top ( ! conta9] a portion ( ! ink :i* conta9s little or none ( ! insoluble pigm5t or pigm5ts4 ,col\r4--,if ! subject ( det]ioration ( pap] is to be consid]$ 9 its broade/ s5se z includ+ *anges ( any k9d1 ! fad+ ( col\r mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! use ( anil9e dyes :i* are n fa/ to light results 9 a loss ( col\r 9 pap] j z ) textiles1 & ! fad+ may be reg>d$ z a function ( ! dye & n z aris+ f its comb9ation ) ! pap]4 ,! gradual fad+ ( "s dyes1 h[ev]1 & ( _m wat]-col\r pigm5ts may be trac$ to ! pres5ce ( residual *emicals 9 ! pap] & to ! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 an atmosph]e impregnat$ ) gase\s or susp5d$ impurities4 ,9 fact ! latt] is a great] enemy to p]man5ce ( col\r ?an light1 s9ce x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t mo/ col\rs d n fade :5 expos$ to light 9 a vacuum4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 comb9ation ) ! moi/ure pres5t is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 br++ ab\t su* *anges4 ,! dull+ ( bronze1 or imitation gold leaf1 on cov] pap]s is a practical illu/ration ( ?is1 ?\gh ?is c h>dly be quot$ z an in/ance ( actual det]ioration ( ! pap]4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! orig9al col\r c only be assur$ by ! c>eful selection ( pure fibr\s mat]ial1 ! use ( fa/ dyes1 & ! pres]vation ( ! book or pa9t+ f ! conditions :i* fav\r ! fad+ z describ$ above4 ,= common pap]s su* precautions become impossible1 b = wat]-col\r draw+s & valuable pap]s !y are ess5tial4 ,! dem& = an abnormally :ite pap] is indirectly ! cause ( det]ioration 9 col\r1 b 9 ?is case ! ultimate effect is n a fad+ b a discoloration ( :ite to a m or less di/9ct yell[ or br[n col\r1 due to *anges 9 ! fibre :i* may (t5 be trac$ to excessive blea*+4 ,9 ?is case ! fad+ ( col\r is directly due to det]ioration ( ! pap] itself1 & may occur 9 celluloses ( ! be/ type4 ,) l[]-grade pap]s conta9+ me*anical wood pulp ! degradation ( col\r & fibre is inevitable4 ,air & ,moi/ure4--,! exact effects produc$ on pap] freely expos$1 or 9 books z ord9>ily /or$1 dep5d ^u ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,pure air has little or no action ^u pap]1 cellulose be+ a rem>kably in]t sub/ance1 & ev5 9 impure me*anical wood pulp1 if m]ely expos$ to pure dry air1 ! signs ( decay w\ld be delay$ consid]ably4 ,! comb9$ action ( air & moi/ure is ( a m vigor\s "* 9 promot+ oxidation *anges 9 ! fibres1 or a dissociation ( ! siz+ & o!r *emical +r$i5ts ( ! pap]4 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure is1 inde$1 absolutely ess5tial = ! reaction ( "s sub/ances ^u "o ano!r1 & x is easy to %[ t c]ta9 *emical comp\nds c be left 9 ultimate contact1 if absolutely dry1 = a l5g!n$ p]iod )\t react+1 b ! addition ( a little moi/ure at once produces *emical union4 ,?is may be %[n by a simple exp]im5t4 ,?us a piece ( col\r$ pap] :i* may be blea*$ imm$iately if susp5d$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ord9>y *lor9e gas w rema9 unblea*$ = sev]al h\rs if fir/ ?or\ghly dri$ 9 an ov5 & expos$ to dry gas4 ,9 ! case ( books & pap]s1 ^! conditions :i* promote sl[ dis9tegration are aggravat$ by ! pres5ce ( impurities 9 ! air1 su* z ! vap\rs ( burn+ gas1 ! traces ( acidity 9 ! atmosph]e ( l>ge manufactur+ t[ns1 ! excessive dampness & p]haps heat ( a climate fav\r+ ! gr[? ( organisms4 ,all ^! factors are ( v>y+ degrees 9 diff]5t places1 s t ! det]ioration ( pap]s does n proce$ 9 ! same measure & at ! same rate ev]y:]e4 ,moi/ure4--,x may n be out ( place to discuss "s important relations betwe5 moi/ure & ! physical qualities ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,a pap] 9 its normal condition always conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( wat] z "o ( its +r$i5ts1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is moi/ure has mu* to d ) ! /r5g?1 ela/icity1 & use ( ! pap]1 ! abs5ce ( moi/ure giv+ rise to defects & tr\bles 9 ! use ( ! pap] :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t l[] its comm]cial value & det]iorate x1 ?\gh n p]haps 9 ! s5se ( p]man5t degradation ( quality4 ,"o tr\ble frequ5tly exp]i5c$ by /ation]s & o!rs is t kn[n z wavy edges4 ,! edges ( a /ack conta9+ %eets ( pap] pil$ ^u "o ano!r frequ5tly twi/ & curl1 produc+ :at are kn[n z wavy edges4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ! pap] :5 manufactur$ 0 defici5t 9 natural moi/ure1 & t :5 /ack$ x has gradually absorb$ moi/ure1 :i* is tak5 up fir/ by ! edges expos$ to ! air4 ,?is causes unequal expansion ( ! fibres ) ! production ( ! s-call$ wavy edges4 ,! only rem$y 9 su* cases is ! free exposure ( ! %eets be=e pr9t+1 s t ! moi/ure is absorb$ equally all ov] ! %eet4 ,! crack$ edges ( envelopes may be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! same conditions4 ,! pap] is work$ up into envelopes 9 an ov]-dry condition1 & ! fibres1 be+ some:at brittle1 readily break ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,if ! pap] is kept 9 /ock = "s "t be=e use ?is defect c be v l>gely rem$i$4 ,) sup]cal5d]$ pap]s x is only possible to obta9 ! be/ results by all[+ ! pap] to /& = sev]al days aft] mak+ be=e x is glaz$4 ,x is evid5t f ^! few examples t _m ( ! tr\bles exp]i5c$ by pr9t]s are due to ! fact t ord]s = pap] are frequ5tly accompani$ by an in/ruction = imm$iate deliv]y1 "u :i* circum/ances x is impossible to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,! expansion ( pap]s us$ = li?ography1 & ! bad regi/] frequ5tly se5 9 col\r "w1 may be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! behavi\r ( ! individual fibres t[>ds moi/ure4 ,! expansion is usually great] 9 "o direction ( ! pap] ?an 9 ! direction at "r angles to x1 & ?is is due to ! fact t fibres h a great] ratio ( expansion 9 ! diamet] ?an 9 ! l5g?4 ,! behavi\r ( pap]s :5 damp$ is a peculi>ity well kn[n to pap]-mak]s & pr9t]s4 ,= c]ta9 purposes x is desirable t pap] %\ld n %[ any mat]ial alt]ation :5 damp$1 s9ce any expansion ( ! %eet is liable to ?r[ ! pr9t+ out ( regi/]4 ,! liability ( pap]s to su* /ret* or expansion is l>gely m9imis$ by c>eful manipulation ( ! pulp dur+ ! process ( beat+1 & also by a prop] regulation ( ! web ( pap] z x passes f ! wet end ( ! pap] ma*9e ov] ! dry+ cyl9d]s to ! cal5d]s4 ,! pap] :i* fulfils ! necess>y qualifications z to a m9imum /ret* is prep>$ f pulp :i* has n be5 beat5 = too long a p]iod1 s t ! pulp obta9$ is fairly light & bulky4 ,by ?is means ! expansion ( ! fibres takes place 9 ! %eet itself )\t mak+ any mat]ial alt]ation 9 its size4 ,t is to say1 z ! %eet ( pap] is fairly op51 !re is suffici5t room = expansion1 :i* ?us takes place ) ! lea/ alt]ation ( ! total area ( ! %eet4 ,! pap] :i* is all[$ to %r9k on ! ma*9e dur+ ! process ( dry+1 )\t undue t5sion1 usually exhibits a m9imum am\nt ( expansion subsequ5tly 9 pr9t+4 ,x is important to notice t ! expansion ( pap] is diff]5t = ! two directions1 t is = ! ma*9e & cross directions4 ,?is arises f ! fact t 9 ! ma*9e-made pap] ! great] proportion ( ! fibres po9t 9 ! direction ( ! ma*9e :ile ! pap] is be+ made4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! expansion ( ! pap] is greate/ 9 :at is kn[n z ! cross direction ( ! pap]1 t is1 9 ! direction at "r angles to ! fl[ ( ! pulp along ! ma*9e wire4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! behavi\r ( fibres :5 damp$ or br\ght into contact ) an excess ( wat]4 ,! "q ( ! exact *anges 9 ! dim5sions ( a fibre due to absorption ( wat] has be5 dealt ) 9 an int]e/+ mann] by ,hohnel4 ,he po9ts out t ! well-kn[n peculi>ity ( ! %r9kage ( ropes :i* h be5 ly+ 9 ! wat] c be expla9$ by an exam9ation ( ! behavi\r ( ! s+le fibres4 ,he relates 9 detail ! exp]im5t :i* c be c>ri$ out = ! exact obs]vation ( ! fibres :5 9 contact ) wat]4 ,a dry fibre :5 soak$ 9 wat] appe>s to become #bj to #cj p] c5t4 great] 9 diamet]1 :]eas 9 l5g? x is usually only increas$ by "o-t5? p] c5t4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ,hohnel 0 to place a fibre ( conv5i5t l5g? on a glass slip d[n ! c5tre ( :i* 0 a f9e n>r[ groove capable ( hold+ wat]1 s t ! fibre c\ld be wett$4 ,ov] ! fibre 0 a cov] glass ) a small scale m>k$ on x4 ,! loose end ( ! fibres pass$ ov] a small roll] & 0 /ret*$ by a light weight4 ,! movem5ts ( ! fibre 7 measur$ by means ( an eye-piece micromet]4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to det]m9e alt]ations 9 l5g? to )9 #jjje p] c5t41 & ?is v>iation c be directly se5 "u ! microscope4 ,hohnel obs]ves 9 8 acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts t all fibres become ?ick] :5 wett$1 t vegetable fibres are m susceptible ?an animal fibres4 ,animal fibres exp& ab\t #aj to #ad p] c5t4 9 diamet]1 b vegetable fibres z mu* z #bj p] c5t41 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,animal ,fibre4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,vegetable ,fibre4 ,p] ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,human hair #ajfg ,new ,zeal& flax #bjj ,angora wool #ajb ,aloe hemp #beh ,alpaca wool #acg ,hemp #bbg ,tussah silk #aaj ,cotton #bge ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! rev]se is ! case :5 ! expansion ( ! fibres 9 reg>d to l5g? is consid]$1 s9ce animal fibres exp& #jej to #ajj p] c5t4 ( _! l5g?1 & vegetable fibres only #jje to #jaj p] c5t4 ,! maximum am\nt ( expansion 9 ! case ( ! vegetable fibres is obta9$ by g5tly brea?+ ^u !m r ?an by ! use ( an excess ( wat]4 ,^! figures are important z expla9+ _m ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( vegetable & animal fibres4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ! great] expansion ( ! latt] 9 ! manufacture ( in/rum5ts = ! measurem5t ( moi/ure1 su* z ! hair hygromet]1 9 :i* ! elongation ( a /ret*$ hair regi/]s ! v>iation 9 ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,quality ( ,book ,pap]s4--,! ,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts 9 deal+ ) ! evid5ce z to ! p]man5ce ( f9i%$ pap]s sugge/ ! foll[+ classification z indicat+ ! desir$ /&>ds ( quality3-- 7,a7 ,,classification ,,z ,,to ,,fibres4 ,a4 ,cotton1 flax1 & hemp4 ,b4 ,wood celluloses1 7a7 sulphite process1 & 7b7 soda & sulphate process4 ,c4 ,esp>to & /raw celluloses4 ,d4 ,me*anical wood pulp4 ,! ,committee f9d little fault ) ! ,pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! trade 9 ! manufacture ( high-class pap]s1 & limit ! result ( _! inve/igation to ! sugge/ion ( a normal /&>d ( quality = book pap]s requir$ 9 docum5ts ( importance accord+ to ! foll[+ s*$ule3-- ,fibres4--,n less ?an #gj p] c5t4 ( fibres ( ,class ,a4 ,siz+4--,n m ?an #b p] c5t4 ros91 & f9i%$ ) ! normal acidity ( pure alum4 ,load+4--,n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 total m9]al matt] 7a%74 ,) reg>d to writt5 docum5ts1 x mu/ be evid5t t ! prop] mat]ials are ^? ( ,class ,a1 & t ! pap] %\ld be pure1 siz$ ) gelat9e & n ) ros94 ,all imitations ( high-class writ+ pap]s1 :i* are 9 fact m]ely disguis$ pr9t+ pap]s1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,^! recomm5dations are good z f> z !y g1 b 9 ord] to e/abli% ! prop] /&>ds ( quality "s specifications mu/ be laid d[n ) reg>d to ! /r5g? ( ! pap] & its physical prop]ties1 toge!r ) a ref]5ce to ! use = :i* ! pap] is int5d$4 ,! physical condition ( ! pap] itself ap>t f ! nature ( ! fibre has mu* to d ) its resi/ance to we> & te>1 & ?is is easily prov$ by comp>+ mod]n book pap]s made f esp>to ) book pap]s ( an e>li] date made f ! same mat]ial4 ,! only (ficial s*$ule ( requirem5ts 9 relation to public docum5ts is t issu$ by ! ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,! details set out relate *iefly to que/ions ( weight & /r5g?1 ! limits be+ express$ 9 def9ite =m & n all[+ mu* m>g9 = v>iation 9 respect ( /r5g? or fibr\s con/itu5ts4 ,me*anical wood pulp is exclud$ 9 all pap]s except common mat]ial z /at$ 9 ! s*$ule4 ,! pap]s requir$ = /ock are divid$ into twelve classes4 ,9 ea* class ! trade names ( v>i\s siz$ pap]s are giv51 ! size ( ! %eet & ! weight ( ! ream1 &1 :]e requir$1 any special *>act]i/ics are set out4 ,! s*$ule is z foll[s3-- ,class #a4 ,h&-made or ,m\ld-made4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,h&-made or m\ld-made4 ,animal tub-siz$4 7,h&-made or ,m\ld-made to be m>k$ on ! wrapp]47 ,:]e special wat]-m>k+ is requir$ m\ld w be suppli$ by ! ,/ation]y ,(fice = ^? pap]s made by h&4 ,class #b4 ,writ+s1 ,air-dri$4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,plate roll$4 ,ma*9e made4 ,animal tub-siz$4 ,air-dri$4 7,mu/ be> ink aft] erasure47 ,note4--,! mean break+ /ra9 & mean /ret* requir$ are giv5 = ea* pap]4 ,! figures repres5t ! mean ( ! results obta9$ = bo? directions ( ! %eet1 & are calculat$ on a /rip ( pap] five-eigh?s ( an in* wide & hav+ a free l5g? ( sev5 in*es betwe5 ! clips4 ,class #c4 ,writ+s1 ,ord9>y4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,roll$4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,animal tub-siz$4 ,class #d4 ,writ+s1 ,col\r$4 ,specification4--,highly roll$4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,animal tub-siz$4 ,class #e4 ,blott+ ,pap]s4 ,specification4--,all rag4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,free f load+4 ,class #f4 ,pr9t+ & ,li?ographic ,pap]s4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,roll$4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,eng9e-siz$4 ,load+ n to exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,class #g4 ,col\r$ ,pr9t+s4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,roll$4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,eng9e-siz$4 ,class #h4 ,copy+ & ,tissue ,pap]s4 ,specification4--,ma*9e-made4 ,free f load+4 7,copy+ pap]s are requir$ to give ?ree good copies47 ,class #i4 ,br[n ,pap]s1 ,air-dri$4 ,specification4--,air-dri$4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,note4--,! mean break+ /ra9 & mean /ret* requir$ are giv5 = ea* pap]4 ,! figures repres5t ! mean ( ! results obta9$ = bo? directions ( ! %eet1 & are calculat$ on a /rip ( pap] two in*es wide & hav+ a free l5g? ( sev5 in*es betwe5 ! clips4 ,9 ! case ( pap]s indicat+ a l>g] break+ /ra9 ?an ! m9imum requir$1 a proportional increase 9 ! /ret* mu/ also be %[n4 ,class #aj4 ,br[n ,pap]1 ,cyl9d]-dri$4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,ma*9e-made4 ,note4--,! mean break+ /ra9 requir$ is giv5 = ea* pap]4 ,! figures repres5t ! mean ( ! results obta9$ = bo? directions ( ! %eet1 & are calculat$ on a /rip ( pap] two in*es wide & hav+ a free l5g? ( sev5 in*es betwe5 ! clips4 ,class #aa4 ,smallh&s4 ,g5]al ,specification4--,ma*9e-made4 ,eng9e-siz$4 ,class #ab4 ,buff ,pap]s4 ,specification4--,highly f9i%$ bo? sides4 ,ma*9e-made4 ,h>d eng9e-siz$4 ,me*anical wood pulp mu/ n be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( any pap]s1 ) ! exception ( eng9e-siz$ col\r$ pr9t+s1 & buff pap]s1 :]e an addition up to #be p] c5t4 w be all[$4 ,all animal tub-siz$ pap]s are requir$ to be z f> z possible free f e>?y matt]2 &1 except :]e specially /at$1 ! am\nt ( load+ add$ to o!r pap]s mu/ n exce$ #f p] c5t4 ,:5 sulphite or soda pulps are us$1 ei!r sep>ately or conjo9tly1 9 ! manufacture ( pr9t+ pap]s1 ! quantity ( nei!r mat]ial %all sep>ately exce$ #ej p] c5t4 ,! mo/ complete specification z to ! requirem5ts = /&>d pap]s is t publi%$ by ! ,pap] ,te/+ ,in/itute 9 ,g]many1 & us$ z ! basis ( mo/ contracts1 at lea/ = public & (ficial docum5ts4 ,/&>ds ( ,quality 9 ,g]many4--,! classification ( pap]s accord+ to ! raw mat]ials us$ & ! nature ( ! f9i%$ pap] is v complete4 ,! classification is made "u ?ree head+s3 7,a7 ,raw ,mat]ial2 7,b7 ,/r5g?2 7,c7 ,uses4 7,a7 ,classification accord+ to ,mat]ial4 7#a7 ,pap] made f rags only 7l951 hemp1 & cotton74 7#b7 ,pap] made f rags ) a maximum ( #be p] c5t4 ( cellulose f wood1 /raw1 esp>to1 manila1 etc41 b free f me*anical wood pulp4 7#c7 ,pap] made f any fibr\s mat]ial1 b free f me*anical wood pulp4 7#d7 ,pap] ( any fibr\s mat]ial4 7,b7 ,classification accord+ to ,/r5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,class #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mean te>+ l5g? 9 metres #f1jjj #e1jjj #d1jjj #c1jjj #b1jjj #a1jjj ,ela/icity p] c5t4 #d #ce #c #be #b #ae ,resi/ance to fold+ 7,s*opp]s' me?od1 numb] ( fold+s7 #aij #aij #hj #dj #bj #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! te/s = te>+ l5g?1 resi/ance to fold+1 ela/icity1 etc41 are made 9 air %[+ relative humidity ( #fe p] c5t4 ,! calculations = te>+ l5g? are made on /rips ( pap] dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7,c7 ,classification accord+ to ,use4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ( ,fibre4 ,/r5g?4 ,size ( -------------- ,class4 ,uses4 ,class4 ,class4 ,%eets4 #a1jjj #a ,sq4 ,cm4 ,%eets4 ,metre4 ,kg4 ,grms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,writ+ pap]s = important docum5ts #a #a #cc #db #ae -- ,pap] = ,/ate docum5ts #a #a #bfe #db #ab -- #b ,pap] = regi/]s1 acc\nt books1 & l$g]s-- 7a7 ,fir/ quality #a #b #cc #db #ad -- 7b7 ,second quality #a #c #cc #db #ac -- #c ,docum5ts int5d$ to be pres]v$ long] ?an t5 ye>s-- 7a7 ,foolscap pap] #b #c #cc #db #ac -- ,lett] pap] 7qu>to size7 #b #c #bfe #db #ajd -- ,lett] pap] 7octavo size7 #b #c #bfe #ba #eb -- ,duplicat+ pap] #b #c #cc #db #g -- 7b7 ,(ficial writ+ pap] #b #d #cc #db #ac -- #d ,pap] = docum5ts ( less] importance-- 7a7 ,foolscap pap] #c -- #cc #db #ab -- ,lett] pap] 7qu>to size7 #c -- #bfe #db #if -- ,lett] pap] 7octavo size7 #c -- #bfe #ba #dh -- 7b7 ,(ficial writ+ pap] #c #d #cc #db #ab -- #e ,envelopes & wrapp]s-- 7a7 ,fir/ quality -- #c -- -- -- 7b7 ,second quality -- #e -- -- -- #f ,writ+ pap] ( m$ium quality -- #e-f -- -- -- #g ,cov]s = docum5ts-- 7a7 ,t requir$ = frequ5t use #a ,te>+ #cf #dg #hab #dhj l5g? #b1ejj ,ela/icity #ce 7b7 ,= o!r purposes #c ,te>+ #cf #dg #dbc #bej l5g? #b1ejj ,ela/icity #be #h ,pr9t+ pap]-- 7a7 ,= important pr9t$ matt] #a #d -- -- -- 7b7 ,= less important pr9t$ matt] #c #d -- -- -- 7c7 ,= common use -- #e-f -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,bibliography ,,analysis1 ,,te*nology1 ,,etc4 ,,abel1 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,hypo*lorite und electris*e ,blei*e4 ,halle1 #aije4 ,,arabol ,,manufactur+ ,,co4--,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,siz+ ( ,pap]4 ,new ,york1 #ho1 #ahie4 ,,behr5s1 ,h4--,anleitung zur mikro*emis*5 ,analyse d] wi*tig/5 ,v]b9dung54 ,heft #b4 ,die wi*tig/5 ,fas]/(fe4 ,hamburg und ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,,bev]idge1 ,j4--,pap]-mak]s' ,pocket ,book4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #aija4 ,,b\rdillat1 ,e4 ,die ,entfrbung und das ,blei*5 d] ,had]n4 ,weim>1 #ahfg4 ,,corput1 ,e4 ,,van ,,d54--,de la fabrication du papi] au po9t de vue de la te*nologie *imique4 #b;e d4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahfa4 ,,cross1 ,c4 ,f4 ,,& ,,bevan1 ,e4 ,j4--,a ,text-book ( ,pap]-mak+4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #ahhh4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition4 #aijj4 ,ditto1 #crd edition4 #aijg4 ,,cross ,,& ,,bevan4--,manuel de la fabrication du papi]4 ,traduit de la #b;e dition ,anglaise4 ,p> ,l4 ,desm>e/4 #aijb4 ,,cross1 ,,bevan1 ,,beadle ,,& ,,s9dall4--,! ,c4,b4,s4 ,units3 a ,book on ,pap] ,te/+4 #aijd4 ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,pap]4--,society ( ,arts ,report4 #ahih4 ,,engelh>dt1 ,b4 ,hypo*lorite und electris*e ,blei*e 7,te*nis*-,con/ructiv] ,teil74 ,halle1 #aijd4 ,,engels1 ,j4 ,a4--,ueb] ,papi] und e9ige &]e ,geg5/nde d] ,te*nologie und ,indu/rie4 ,duisburg1 sm4 #ho1 #ahjh4 ,,engl,,nd]4--,te*nologie d] ,papi]fabrikation4 ,lehrbu* fr ,spezialkurse an ,h&elsfa*s*ul5 u4 fa*li*4 ,=tbildungss*ul5 s[ie ,lehrbehelf zum ,selb//udium4 #aijf4 ,,erfurt1 ,j4 ,frb5 des ,papi]/(fs4 ,mit #ade ,prob5 9 ,/(fgefrbt5 ,papi]e1 #bte ,aufl4 ,b]l91 #ho1 #aijj4 ,,erfurt1 ,j4 ,! ,dye+ ( ,pap] ,pulp2 f ! #bnd ,g]man edition1 by ,j4 ,hbn]4 ,london1 #ho1 #aija4 ,,f9k5]4--,ueb] die quantitative ,be/immung des ,holzs*liffes 9 ,papi] na* ,goddefroy und ,c\lon4 #ahib4 ,,flatt]s4--,microscopical ,rese>*4 #aijf4 ,,griff91 ,r4 ,b4 ,,& ,,little1 ,a4 ,d4--,! ,*emi/ry ( ,pap]-mak+1 ) ,pr9ciples ( ,g5]al ,*emi/ry4 ,new ,york1 #ho1 #ahid4 ,,hassak4--,w&tafeln fr ,w>5kunde u4 ,mikroskopie4 #aijd4 ,,haywood1 ,j4 ,k4--,ars5ic 9 ,pap]s & ,fabrics4 #aijd4 7,u4,s4,a4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,,h]zb]g1 ,w4--,mikrosk4 ,unt]su*ung des ,papi]s4 #ahhg4 ,,h]zb]g1 ,w4--,papi]prfung4 ,leitf4 bei d4 ,unt]s4 v4 ,papi]4 #ahhh4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition4 #aijb4 ,ditto1 #crd edition4 #aijg4 ,,h]zb]g1 ,w4--,pap] ,te/+ z c>ri$ out 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,laboratory at ,*>lott5burg4 ,f ! ,g]man1 by ,p4 ,n4 ,evans1 ,london1 #ho1 #ahib4 ,,h]zb]g1 ,w4--,mitteilung5 aus d5 ,knigl4 te*nis*5 ,v]su*san/alt5 zu ,b]l94 #ahhg1 et seq4 ,h,,hnel1 ,f4 ,v4--,die ,mikroskopie d] te*nis* v]w5det5 ,fas]/(fe4 #aije4 ,h,,lbl+1 ,v4--,die ,fabrikation d] ,blei*mat]iali54 ,b]l94 ,,hoy]1 ,e4--,le papi]2 tude sur sa composition1 analyses et essais4 ,de l',allem&4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahhd4 ,,hoy]-,,kraft4--,die ,sp9n]ei1 ,web]ei und ,papi]fabrikation1 #d ,aufl4 #aijd4 ,,jag5b]g1 ,f4--,die ?i]is*e ,leimung fr endloses ,papi]4 ,b]l91 #ho1 #ahgh4 ,,johanns54--,mitteilung5 b] ,mikrophotographie von ,fas]/(f5 im dur*fall5d5 und auffall5d5 ,li*t4 #aijf4 ,,klemm1 ,p4--,papi] ,indu/rie ,kal5d]4 #ahih1 et seq4 ,,lauboeck4--b] die ,saugfhigkeit d] ,ls*papi]e4 ,mitteilung5 des k4k4 ,te*nologis*5 ,gew]be-,museums4 ,wi51 #ahig4 ,,lea*1 ,c4 ,e4--,on ! ,%r9kage ( ,pap] 7exc]pt74 ,newca/le1 #ho1 #ahhd4 ,,m>t5s1 ,a4--,mitteilung5 aus d5 ,knigl4 ,te*nis*5 ,v]su*san/alt5 7jhrli*74 ,ers*e95 seit #ahhc4 ,die ,jahrgnge #ahhd bis #aijc en?alt5 aus d] ,abteilung fr ,papi]prfung die im ,jahrgang #aije1 dieses ,kal5d]s v]zei*net5 ,arbeit54 ,,m>t5s1 ,a4--,app>at5 zur ,unt]su*ung d] ,fe/igkeitseig5s*aft5 von ,papi]4 ,knigl4 ,te*n4 ,v]su*san/alt54 ,mitteilung54 ,ergnzung%eft4 ,no4 #c4 #ho1 #ahhg4 ,,m>t5s1 ,a4--,ueb] ,druckpapi] d] ,geg5w>t4 ,knigl4 ,te*n4 ,v]su*san/alt54 ,mit!ilung54 ,ergnzung%eft4 ,no4 #d4 #ho1 #ahhg4 ,,m>t5s1 ,a4--,unt]su*ung ,japanis*] ,papi]e4 ,knigl4 ,te*n4 ,v]su*san/alt54 ,mit!ilung54 ,ergnzung%eft4 ,no4 #d4 #ho1 #ahhh4 ,,m>t5s ,,und ,,gu?4--,das knigli*e ,mat]ialprfungsamt d] te*nis*5 ,ho*s*ule ,b]l9 auf dem ,gelnde d] ,domne ,dahlem beim ,bahnh( ,gross-,li*t]felde ,we/4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 ,,melnik(f1 ,n4--,prfung von ,papi] und ,pappe neb/ ,adressbu* d] russis*5 ,papi]fabrik54 ,pet]sburg1 #aijf4 ,m,,ll]1 ,l4--,die ,fabrikation d4 ,papi]s 9 ,sond]heit d4 a4 d4 ,mas*9e gef]tigt54 #b ,aufl4 #ahee4 ,m,,ll] ,,und ,a4 ,,haussn]4--,die ,h]/ellung u4 ,prfung des ,papi]s4 #aije4 ,m,,ll]1 ,a4--,qualitative und quantitative ,be/immung des ,holzs*liffes im ,papi]4 #ahhg4 ,,mu?4 ,die ,leimung d] ,papi]fas] im ,hollnd] und die ,anf]tigung fe/] ,papi]e4 #ahij4 ,,naylor1 ,w4--,trades ,wa/e4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,normalpapi]4--,sammlung d] ,vors*rift5 fr amtli*e ,papi]- und ,t9t5prfung4 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,,piette1 ,l4--,trait de la coloration des ptes papi]4 ,prcd d'un ap]u sur l'tat actuel de la fabrication du papi]4 ,avec *antillons de papi]s colors4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahfc4 ,,rejt1 ,a4--,anleitung fr ,private zur ,dur*fhrung d] ,papi]prfung4 ,budape/1 #ahic4 ,,rossel4--,papi]e und ,papi]prfung mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] 9 d] ,s*weiz v]w5det5 ,s*reib- und ,druckpapi]e4 ,biel1 #ahie4 ,,s*umann1 ,,dr4 ,g4--,wel*e ,ursa*5 b$+5 die ,papi]qualitt4 ,bib]a*1 #aija4 ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4--,pap] ,te*nology4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,p4--,! ,pap] ,mill ,*emi/4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,wiesn]1 ,j4--,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung des ,papi]s mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] lte/5 ori5talis*5 und europis*5 ,papi]e4 ,wi51 #ahhg4 ,,wiesn]1 ,j4--,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung alt] o/turke/anis*] und &]] asiatis*] ,papi]e neb/ hi/ologis*5 ,beitrg5 zur mikroskopis*5 ,papi]unt]su*ung4 ,wi51 #aijb4 ,,w9kl]1 ,o4--,die ,trock5gehalts-,be/immung d4 ,papi]/(fe4 #aijb4 ,,w9kl]1 ,o41 ,,und ,,k>/5s1 ,h4--,papi]unt]su*ung4 #aijc4 ,,wur/]4--,le collage et la nature du papi]4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,,wur/]1 ,,dr4 ,c4--,die neu5 ,reag5ti5 auf ,holzs*liff und v]holzte ,pflanz5teile zur ,be/immung des ,holzs*liffs im ,papi]4 ,b]l94 ,,zirm1 ,a4--,d] ,papi]frb]4 ,tilsit1 #aijd4 ,,cellulose1 ,,etc4 ,,beadle1 ,c4--,viscose & ,viscoid4 ,frankl9 ,in/itute repr9t4 #ahif4 ,,b]s*1 ,j4--,cellulose1 ,celluloseprodukte u4 ,kauts*uksurrogate4 #aijc4 ,,bockmann1 ,f4--,das ,celluloid1 se9 ,rohmat]ial1 ,fabrikation1 ,eig5s*aft5 u4 te*nis*e ,v]w5dung4 #ahhj4 #bte ,aufl4 #ahid4 ,,bornemann1 ,,gr4--,ueb] ,cellulose & neu]e ,umw&lungsprodukte d]selb54 ,bib]a*1 #aija4 ,,bottl]1 ,m4--,die vegetabilis*5 ,fas]/(fe--,h>tleb5's *emis*-te*nis*e ,biblio!k4 #aijj4 ,,buts*li1 ,o4--,unt]su*gn4 an ,g]9nungss*aum51 ,sphroky/all5 u4 d4 ,/ruktur v4 ,cellulose4 #ahid4 ,,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 ,,& ,,bevan1 ,e4 ,j4--,cellulose4 ,london1 #ahhe4 #bnd edition4 #ahie4 ,,cross ,,& ,,bevan4--,rese>*es on ,cellulose4 #ahie-aijj4 ,ditto1 #aijj-aije4 ,,m>gos*es1 ,,dr4 ,b4--,die ,viskose1 ihre ,h]/ellung1 ,eig5s*aft5 und ,anw5dung4 ,leipzig1 #aijf4 ,,s*les+]4--,kn/li*e ,seide 7,zell/(f-,seide74 ,me*anis*-te*nologis*e ,unt]su*ung d] aus nitri]tem ,zell/(fs h]ge/ellt5 ,seide4 #ahie4 ,,fibres1 ,,etc4 ,,&,s1 ,l4 ,e4--,die ,v]>beitung des ,/rohes4 ,wi51 #ahih4 ,,bag%aw4--,photomicrography4 ,elem5t>y4 ,,b5gal ,,gov]nm5t4--,jute 9 ,b5gal1 & on ,indian ,fibres available = ! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,report by ,h4 ,k]r4 ,calcutta1 fol41 #ahgd4 ,,bleekrode1 ,s4--,grond/(f5 voor ,papi]b]eid+1 bijzond] 9 ,ne]l&s*-,indi 7exc]pt74 #ho1 #ahei4 ,,bottl]1 ,m4--,die animalis*5 ,fas]/(fe4 #aija4 ,,c>t]4--,sp9n+ ( ,fibres4 #aijd4 ,,cobbett4--,a ,treatise on ,cobbett's ,corn4 #ahbh4 7,pr9t$ on pap] made ( corn husks47 ,,*ri/y4--,comm]cial ,plants & ,drugs4 #ahhb4 ,,cross ,,& ,,bevan4--,report on ,indian ,fibres4 #ahhg4 ,,cross1 ,c4 ,f4--,report on ,miscellane\s ,fibres4 #ahhf4 ,,cross1 ,c4 ,f4--,ba/ ,fibres4 ,man*e/]1 #ahhj4 ,,dal51 ,g4--,jute4 ,manila1 ,adansonia4 #aijb4 ,d,,pi]re1 ,j4--,trait des apprts et spcialem5t des tissus de coton1 blancs1 te9ts et imprims4 ,,dodge1 ,c4 ,r4--,leaf ,fibres ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aijc4 ,,g>,,on1 ,,jules4--,bibliographie de la te*nologie *imique des fibres textiles4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,geld] ,,zon51 ,,van4--,e5 woord ov] nieuwe ,grond/(f5 voor ,papi]1 met mon/]s van d$ proev51 etc4 ,am/]dam1 sm4 #do1 #ahff4 ,,georgievics1 ,g4 ,v4--,lehrbu* d] *emis*5 ,te*nologie d] ,gesp9n/fas]n4 #ahie-ih4 ,,georgievics1 ,g4 ,v4--,lehrbu* d4 *emis*5 ,te*nologie d4 ,gesp9n/fas]n4 #bte ,tle4 #ahih-aijb4 ,,georgievics1 ,g4 ,v4--,te*nology ( ,textile ,fibres2 f ! ,g]man4 #aijb4 ,,gro!1 ,h4--,die ,te*nologie d] ,gesp9n/fas]n4 #ahgf-hb4 ,,goodale4--,physiological ,botany4 #ahij4 ,,hamm>/51 ,o4--,unt]su*ung5 b] d4 ,fas]/(fgew9nung1 #ahge4 ,,hannan1 ,w4 ,i4--,textile ,fibres ( ,comm]ce4 #aijb4 ,,hoy]1 ,e4 ,,von4--,die ,v]>beitung d] ,fas]/(fe4 7,sp9n]ei1 ,papi]fabrikation47 #cte ,aufl4 #aijj4 ,,john/one4--,esp>to4 7,society ( ,arts ,lecture47 #ahgj4 ,,kew ,,bullet94--,vegetable ,fibres4 #aija4 ,,lecomte1 ,h4--,les textiles vgtaux2 leur exam5 micro*imique4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,,liot>d4--,mat]ials 9 ,india suitable = ,pap]-mak+4 ,calcutta1 #ahhj4 ,,morris1 ,,dr4--,comm]cial ,fibres4 7,cantor ,lectures47 #ahie4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,hugo4--,pflanz5fas]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,,pay51 ,a4--,succdans des *iffons4 ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition4 ,rapports du ,jury ,int]national1 ,classe #g1 sect4 ii4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,pfuhl1 ,e4--,papi]/(fg>ne1 ihre ,h]/ellung1 ,eig5s*aft5 u4 ,v]w5db>keit4 #aijd4 ,,posselt1 ,e4 ,a4--,! ,/ructure ( ,fibres1 ,y>ns1 & ,fabrics1 be+ a ,practical ,treatise = ! use ( all p]sons employ$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,textile ,fibres4 #b vols41 #aijb4 ,,ro/a+ ,,& ,,o!rs4--,prcis hi/orique1 descriptif1 analytique et photomicrographique1 des vgtaux propres la fabrication de la cellulose et du papi]4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #aijj4 ,,r\tl$ge1 ,t4--,bamboo consid]$ z a ,pap]-mak+ ,mat]ial1 ) ,rem>ks ^u its ,cultivation & ,treatm5t4 ,london1 #ho1 #ahge4 ,,r\tl$ge1 ,t4--,bamboo & its ,treatm5t4 #ahgi4 ,,silb]mann1 ,h4--,=ts*ritte auf dem ,gebiete d] *emis*5 ,te*nologie d4 ,gesp9n/fas]n1 #ahhe-aijj4 #bte ,tle41 #aijb-jc4 ,,trabut4--tude sur l'alfa4 #ahhi4 ,,urba91 ,v4--,les succdans du *iffon en papet]ie4 ,p>is1 #afo1 #ahig4 ,v,,till>t4--tudes sur les ,fibres ,vgtales4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,,wieck1 ,f4 ,g4--,bild] aus ,gew]bskun/ 7aus ,toml9son's ,objects 9 ,art ,manufacture71 i4 ,papi]4 ,leipzig1 sm4 #ho1 #ahee4 ,,witt1 ,o4 ,n4--,*emis*e ,te*nologie d] ,gesp9n/fas]n1 ihre ,ges*i*te1 ,gew9nung1 ,v]>beitg4 u4 ,v]$lung4 #ahhh-aijb4 ,,zetzs*e4--,die ,wi*tig/5 ,fas]/(fe d] europis*5 ,indu/rie4 ,anleitung zur ,erk5nung und ,unt]s*eidung4 #aije4 ,,zimm]mann1 ,a4--,morphologie und ,physiologie d] ,pflanz5zelle4 ,,hi/orical4 ,,blan*et1 ,,augu/94--,essai sur l'hi/oire du papi] et de sa fabrication4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,,breitk(f1 ,j4 ,g4 ,j4--,ursprung d] ,spielk>t51 die ,e9fhrung des ,le95papi]es1 etc41 9 ,europa4 7,complet$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ro*47 ,leipzig1 #b vols41 #do1 #aghd-ahja4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,bem]kung5 b] das ,sammeln von ,wass]zei*5 od] ,papi]m>k51 b]rei*t bei d] ,aus/ellung d] alt5 ,papi]m>k]kun/ zu ,p>is4 #aijj4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,papi]s et filigranes des ar*ives de ,gnes #aaed-agjj4 ,g5eva1 #ahhh4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,ges*i*te d] ,papi]zei*5 von ihrem ,ers*e95 geg5 #abhb bis #afjj4 ,mit ,beigabe von #aeejj4 #aijf4 ,,butl] ,,pap] ,,co4--,! ,/ory ( ,pap]-mak+4 ,*icago1 sm4 #ho1 #aija4 ,,collett1 ,c4 ,d4--,hi/ory ( ,taxes on ,k4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,congress4--,int]national congress de fabricants de papi] et c>ton1 ,antw]p4 ,comptes r5du des sances4 ,bruxelles1 #ho1 #ahid4 ,,dropis*1 ,b4--,die ,papi]mas*9e1 ihre ges*i*tli*e ,entwicklung u4 ,con/ruction4 #ahgh4 ,,egg]1 ,e4--,le papi] dans l'antiquit et dans les temps mod]nes4 ,p>is1 #afo1 #ahff4 ,,evans1 ,l4--,! ,firm ( ,john ,dick9son ,co41 ) an ,app5dix on ,anci5t ,pap]-mak+4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #ahif4 ,,gamble1 ,j4--,collection ( ,docum5ts 7,specifications1 ,(ficial ,reports1 etc47 respect+ ! ,claims ( ,l4 ,rob]t z ! ,orig9al ,inv5tor1 & ( ,j4 ,gamble z ! ,fir/ ,introduc] ( ! ,fr5* ,pap]-ma*9e4 ,fol41 #ahja--eh4 ,,ho]nle1 ,a4 ,f4--,:o 0 ! ,inv5tor ( ,rag ,pap]8 #aijc4 ,h,,ssle1 ,f4 ,,von4--,ges*i*te d] alt5 ,papi]mhl5 9 ehemalig5 ,/ift ,kempt5 und 9 d] ,rei*s/adt ,kempt54 #aija1 #do1 #aijj4 ,,hunt]1 ,j4--,specim5 ( ,m>ks us$ by ,e>ly ,manufactur]s ( ,pap] 7,exc]pt74 ,london1 #do1 #aheh4 ,,imb]dis1 ,j4--,le papi] ou l'art de fabriqu] de papi]4 ,traduction au ,franais de 7papyrus sive ars confici5d papyri1 #afic71 p> ,a4 ,blan*et4 ,avec le texte lat94 #ahii4 ,,jackson1 ,j4 ,b4--,an ,essay on ! ,inv5tion ( ,engrav+ & ,pr9t+ 9 ,*i>o ,oscuro1 z practis$ by ,dur]1 etc41 & its ,application to ! ,mak+ ( ,pap]hang+s4 ,london1 sm4 #do1 #aged4 ,,jans51 ,h4--,essai sur l'orig9e de la gravure1 etc4 ,p>is1 #b vols41 #ho1 #ahjh4 ,,j5k9s1 ,r4--,pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl&1 #adie1 etc41 f ! ,libr>y ,association ,record1 ,septemb]1 #aijj-;,april1 #aijb4 ,london1 #ho4 ,,k>abacek1 ,j4--,das arabis*e ,papi]4 ,wi51 #ahhg4 ,,k5t ,,co4--,pap] & ,pap]-mak+ ,*ronology4 ,london1 #ho1 #ahge4 ,,kir*n]1 ,e4--,die ,papi]e des ,,xiv4 ,jahrhund]ts im ,/adt>*ive zu ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #ahic4 ,,kir*n]1 ,e4--,das ,papi]4 ,die ,ges*i*te d4 ,papi]9du/rie2 die ,roh/(flehre d4 ,papi]9du/rie4 #c ,bde41 #ahig-ii4 ,,kir*n]1 ,e4--,das ,papi]4 ,hi/oris*-te*nologis*e ,skizz54 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,te*n4 ,lehran/alt5 9 ,*emnitz4 #aijc4 ,,kle91 ,a4--,entwicklung und ,aufgab5 d] ,papi]9du/rie4 ,bib]a*1 #aijf4 ,,klemm1 ,p4--,papi]-w>5zei*5 444 vom #a ,okt41 #ahid1 bis ,ende #aijb1 fr ,klasse #bg1 umfass5d ,papi]1 etc41 e+etrag55 ,wort- und ,bildzei*54 ,leipzig1 sm4 #ho1 #aijc4 ,,koops1 ,m4--,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,pap]1 & ( ,sub/ances us$ prior to its ,inv5tion 7pr9t$ on pap] made f /raw & wood74 ,london1 #ho1 #ahjj4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition1 #ahja4 ,,lacroix1 ,a4--,hi/orique de la papet]ie d',ang\lme suivi d'obs]vations sur le comm]ce de *iffons en ,france4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahfc4 ,,lal&e1 ,j4 ,j4 ,,le ,f4 ,,de4--,l'art de faire le papi]4 ,acad4 ,roy4 des sci5ces4 ,description des ,arts et ,mti]s1 vol4 #a4 ,fol41 #agfa4 ,,lettre sur les dc\v]tes de ,m4 ,didot an dans les arts de 444 la papet]ie 7l'inv5tion du papi]-vl974 ,p>is1 #abo1 #aghc4 ,,leu*s1 ,j4 ,c4--,bes*reibung d] 9 d5 letzt5 a*t ,jahr5 9 d] ,papi]fabrikation gema*t5 ,v]bess]ung54 ,na*trag4 ,nrnb]g1 #ho1 #ahbh4 ,,m>ab9i4--,bayris*e ,papi]ges*i*te4 #a ,teil4 ,die ,papi]mhl5 im ,gebiete d] weil& frei5 ,rei*s/adt ,nrnb]g4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahid4 ,,maurel1 ,f4--,le papi] japonais4 ,hi/oire et fabrication d'aprs les docum5ts ,anglais et indignes 7exc]pt74 ,p>is1 #do1 #ahga4 ,,me]man1 ,g41 ,,& ,,o!rs4--,epi/ol1 etc41 de *>t vulg>is l9e orig9e4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,van ,vass51 ,hag ,com4 ,sm4 #ho1 #agfg4 ,,mid\x1 ,e41 ,,& ,,matton1 ,a4--tude sur les filigranes des papi]s employs en ,france aux #ad;e et #ae;e sicles4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahfh4 ,,mill>1 ,o4--,papi]-,indu/rie4 ,s*weiz]is*e ,l&esaus/ellung1 #ahhc4 ,b]i*te1 ,gruppe #h1 #ahhd4 ,,murray1 ,j4--,practical ,rem>ks on ,mod]n ,pap]1 etc41 ) an ,introductory ,acc\nt ( its ,=m] ,sub/itute4 ,ed9burgh1 #ho1 #ahbi4 ,,p>latore1 ,p4--,mmoire sur le papyrus des ,anci5s et sur le papyrus de ,sicile1 ,acad4 des ,sci5ces4 ,p>is4 ,mm4 p> div]s ,savans4444 #b;e ,s]ie1 ,tome #ab4 #do1 #ahed4 ,,peignot1 ,e4 ,g4--,essai sur l'hi/oire du p>*em9 et du vl94 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahab4 ,,p5ig4--7,pat5tpapi]fabrik zu ,p5ig47 ,e9 ,beitrag z4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,papi]s1 #ahig4 ,,rob]t1 ,n4 ,l4--,le c5t5aire de la ma*9e a papi] cont9u4 ,son inv5tion p> ,n4 ,l4 ,rob]t en #agii4 ,biographie de l'inv5teur1 p> ,j4 ,breville4 ,hi/orique des div]s p]fectionnem5ts 444 p> ,didot ,sa9t-,leg]1 #ahjj-ahah4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #aija4 ,,rob]tson4--,fifty ,ye>s' ,exp]i5ce 9 ,pap]-mak+4 ,lei?4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,j4 ,c4--,proefnem+5 en ,mon/]-,blad5 om ,papi] te maak5 zond] ,lump5 ( met e5 g]+ ,byvoegzel d]zelv54 ,uit het ,hoogduits v]taald4 ,deel #a-b4 ,am/]dam1 #b vols41 sm4 #do1 #aggj4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,j4 ,c4--,smtli*e ,papi]v]su*e1 #bte ,aufl4 ,neb/ #ha ,mu/]n und #ac ,kupf]tafeln4 ,reg5sburg1 #f vols4 9 "o1 sm4 #do1 #aggb4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,j4 ,c4--,erweis 9 ,mu/]bog5 dass die neu5 ,papi]>t5 444 si* all]d+s au* zu ,tapet5 b]mahl5 und gebrau*5 lass54 ,reg5sburg1 fol4 ,,smi?1 ,j4 ,e4 ,a4--,hi/ory ( ,pap]1 ,g5esis & ,revelations4 ,holyoke1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahhb4 ,,so!by1 ,s4 ,l4--,! ,typography ( ! #ae? ,c5tury 444 ,exemplifi$ 9 a ,collection ( ,facsimiles f #ajj ,works1 ) _! ,wat]m>ks4 ,london1 fol4 #ahde4 ,,so!by1 ,s4 ,l4--,pr9cipia ,typographica4 ,an ,attempt to ,elucidate ! ,pap] ,m>ks ( ! ,p]iod4 ,london1 #c vols41 fol4 #aheh4 ,,spe*?aus54--,hund]t ,jahre d] ,papi]fabrik ,spe*?aus54 ,fe/s*rift1 z4 #ahhg4 ,,spic]1 ,a4--,! ,pap] ,trade4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,/oppela>1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,de4--,het ,papi] 9 de ,n$]l&5 g$ur5de de middeleeuw51 inzond]heid 9 ,zeel&4 ,middelburg1 #ho1 #ahfi4 ,,toml9son1 ,c4--,illu/rations ( ! ,useful ,arts4 ,no4 #c1 ,pap]4 ,london1 #cbo1 #ahei4 ,,villette1 ,c4 ,,m>quis ,,de4--,,oeuvres1 ) ,specim5s ( ,pap]4 ,londres1 #afo1 #aghf4 ,,willkomm1 ,m4--b] d5 ,lotos und ,papyros d] alt5 gypt] und die ,papi]]zeugung 9 ,alt]tume4 ,prag1 #ahib4 ,,pap] ,,manufacture4 ,,ar*]1 ,t4 ,c4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,bevan4 ,briti% ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries1 viii4 ,sm4 #ho1 #ahgf4 ,,arnot4--,te*nology ( ! ,pap] ,trade 7,cantor ,lecture1 ,society ( ,arts74 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,b>se1 ,j4--tudes comp>es sur l'indu/rie ,franaise1 ii4 ,la fabrication et le comm]ce du papi] en #ahfj et en #ahfd4 ,p>is1 l4 #ho1 #ahfd4 ,,beadle1 ,c4--,pap] ,manufacture--,lectures4 #aija4 ,,beadle1 ,c4--,*apt]s on ,pap]-mak+4 ,vol4 #a4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,vol4 #b1 ,answ]s to ,te*nological ,que/ions4 #aijf4 ,vol4 #c1 ,practical ,po9ts 9 ,pap] ,manufacture4 #aijg4 ,vol4 #d1 ,ditto4 #aijg4 ,,beaumont1 ,f4--,report on ,app>atus & ,processes us$ 9 ,pap]-mak+1 etc4 ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,briti% ,comm]cial ,reports1 ,vol4 #d4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,b5nett1 ,j4 ,b4--,pap]-mak+ ,processes & ,ma*9]y1 ) ,illu/rations ( ,pap]-mak+ ,ma*9]y con/ruct$ by ,b]trams1 ,ltd4 ,ed9burgh1 #ho1 #ahib4 ,,b]trams1 ,,ltd4--,specim5s ( ,pap]4 ,ed9burgh1 obl4 #afo1 #ahib4 ,,blan*et1 ,a4--,fabrication du papi]4 ,rapports1 ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 #aijj4 ,,br[n1 ,h4 ,t4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap] f ,wood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ahhf4 ,,burot4--,note sur la fabrication du papi] de paille4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahhc4 ,,campr$on1 ,e4--,le ,papi]4 tude monographique sur la papet]ie ,franaise et en p>ticuli] sur la papet]ie ,*>5taise4 i4 ,hi/orical2 ii4 ,descriptive ( ,mod]n ,pap]-mak+2 iii4 ,co-op]ative ,pap]-mak+4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #aija4 ,,*>p5ti]1 ,p4--,le ,papi]4 ,fremy1 ,e4 ,encycl4 ,*im41 ,tome ,x4 #ho 7#hc71 #ahij4 ,,clapp]ton1 ,g4--,practical ,pap]-mak+4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #ahid4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition1 #aijg4 ,,coney1 ,e4--,pap]-mak+ ,ma*9]y & ,fibres4 ,philadelphia ,int]national ,exhibition1 #ahgf4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,c5t5nial ,commission ,reports & ,aw>ds1 ,gr\p xiii4 #ho1 #ahgf4 ,,dalheim1 ,c4 ,f4--,tas*5bu* f4 d4 prakt4 ,papi]fabrikant54 #cte ,aufl4 #ahif4 ,,damm]1 ,o4--,papi]fabrikation4 ,,davis1 ,c4 ,t4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,philadelphia1 #ho1 #ahhf4 ,,d\m]c ,,& ,,o!rs4--,matriel et procds de la papet]ie1 etc4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,rapports du ,jury ,int]national1 ,classe #ei4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,doyle1 ,p4--,pap]-mak+ 9 ,india1 be+ ,notes ( a ,visit to ! ,luckn[ ,pap] ,mill4 ,luckn[1 #ho1 #ahhe4 ,,dropis*1 ,b4--,h&b4 d4 ,papi]fabrikation4 #c;e ,aufl4 #ca ,taf4 9 fol4 #ahha4 ,,dunb>1 ,j4--,! ,practical ,pap]mak]4 ,lei?1 #abo1 #ahha4 ,,h>tmann1 ,c4--,h&b4 d4 ,papi]fabrikation4 ,taf4 #ahdb4 ,,hassak1 ,k4--,die ,erzeugung des ,papi]es4 ,,hausn]1 ,a4--,d] ,hollnd]4 ,e9e kritis*e ,betra*tung se9] ,arbeitsweise mit ,bezug auf die ,e9zelabmessung5 se9] ,teile und die v]>beitet5 ,fas]n4 #aija4 ,,h]r+1 ,r4--,pap] & ,pap]-mak+1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,london1 #ho1 #ahed4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition1 #ahee4 ,ditto1 #crd edition1 #ahfc4 ,,h(mann1 ,c4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] 9 ,all its ,bran*es4 ,philadelphia1 #do1 #ahgc4 ,,h(mann1 ,c4--,praktis*es ,h&bu* d4 ,papi]fabrikation4 #ahgc4 ,,h(fmann1 ,,?4--,papi]prgung4 ,b]l94 ,,hoy]1 ,e4--,das ,papi]1 se9e ,bes*aff5heit und d]5 ,prfung4 ,mn*51 #ahhb4 ,,hoy]1 ,e4--b] die ,ent/ehung und ,b$eutung d] ,papi]normali51 s[ie d]5 ,e9fluss auf die ,fabrikation des ,papi]es4 ,mn*51 #ahhh4 ,,hoy]1 ,e4--,die ,fabrikation des ,papi]s4 #aijj4 ,,hoy]1 ,e4--,die ,fabrikation des ,papi]s1 neb/ ,gew9nung d4 ,fas]n4 #ahhg4 ,h,,bn]1 ,j4--,pap] ,manufacture 7,cantor ,lectures to ! ,society ( ,arts74 #aijc4 ,,jag5b]g1 ,f4--,das ,hollnd]ges*irr4 ,rems*eid4 #ahid4 ,,kir*n]-,,/rohba*4--,hollnd]-,!orie4 ,bib]a*4 #aijd4 ,,klemm1 ,,dr4 ,p4--b] ,papi]4 ,klims*'s ,graphis*e ,biblio!k ,bd4 #c 7,f>be und ,papi] im ,druckgew]be74 #b ,teil4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #aijj4 ,,kors*ilg5 ,,und ,,selleg]4--,te*nik und ,praxis d] ,papi]fabrikation4 ,b]l91 #aijf4 ,,kraft1 ,m4--,grundriss d] me*anis*5 ,te*nologie4 ,abt4 ii4 ,sp9n]ei1 ,web]ei1 und ,papi]fabrikation4 #bte ,aufl4 ,wiesbad51 #ho1 #ahie4 ,,l5orm&1 ,l4 ,s4--,manuel du fabricant de papi]4 ,p>is1 #b vols41 #aho1 #ahcc4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition4 #ahcd4 ,,l5orm&1 ,l4 ,s4--,n\veau manuel complet du 444 fabricant de papi]s pe9ts4 ,n\v4 ed4 p> ,v]gn&4 ,p>is1 #aho1 #ahed4 ,,l5orm&1 ,l4 ,s4--,h&bu* d] gesammt5 ,papi]fabrikation1 #bte ,aufl41 von ,c4 ,h>tmann4 ,weim>1 #b vols41 #abo1 #ahfb4 ,,m]z4--,beh&lung d] ,papi]mas*9e4 ,,meyni]1 ,h4--,papi] und ,papi]-,fabrikate4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,au/rian ,comm4 ,b]i*te4 ,heft #h4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,mi]z9ski1 ,,/4--,h&bu* d4 ,papi]fabrikation4 #c ,bde4 #ahhf4 ,m,,ll]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,l4--,die ,fabrikation des ,papi]s1 9 ,sond]heit d] auf d] ,mas*95 gef]tigt51 etc4 #cte ,aufl4 ,b]l91 #ho1 #ahfb4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,dr4 ,l4--,die ,fabrikation des ,papi]s4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,,olm]1 ,,georges4--,du papi] mcanique4 ,,onfroy4--,l'art du papi] et le papi] d',ar*es4 #aijg4 ,,pap]-,,mak+4--,pap]-mak+1 by ! ,editor ( ! ,pap] ,mills ,directory1 ,london4 #bnd edition4 #ho1 #ahgf4 ,,pap]-,,mak]4--,! ,pap]-mak]s' ,h&book & ,guide to ,pap]-mak+1 by a ,practical ,pap]-mak]4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #ahgh4 ,,pap]-,,manufacture4--,essays by a ,society ( ,g5tlem54 ,no4 vi41 pp4 #ba-bg4 #agag4 ,,p>k9son1 ,r4--,treatise on ,pap]1 ) ,outl9e ( ,manufacture4 #ahhf4 ,ditto1 #bnd edition1 #ahif4 ,,pay51 ,a41 ,,& ,,o!rs4--,la fabrication du papi] et du c>ton4 #c;e ed4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahha4 ,,pay51 ,a41 ,,& ,,vigreux1 ,l4--,la papet]ie4 tudes sur l',exposition de #ahfg4 ,vol4 #h4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,pfau1 ,f4--,d] junge ,papi]hndl]4 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,,piette1 ,l4--,manuel 444 de papet]ie et les succdans 7des *iffons74 ,p>is1 #b vols41 #ho1 #ahfa4 ,,plan*e1 ,g4--,de l'indu/rie de la papet]ie4 ,p>is1 #ho1 #ahec4 ,,plan*e1 ,g4--,d] ,papi]fabrikation4 ,be>beitet von ,c4 ,h>tmann4 ,weim>1 #abo1 #ahec4 ,,plan*e1 ,g4--,b]i*t b] die ,re9igung d] ,/(fe zur ,papi]fabrikation4 ,ueb]setzt und v]voll/ndigt dur* e9e *ronologis*e ,skizze d] ,papi]-,erzeugung und d] ,v]bess]ung5 an d5 ,mas*95 zur ,re9igung des ,papi]-,/(fs von ,a4 ,rudel4 ,leipzig1 #ho1 #ahfb4 ,,pr\teaux1 ,a4--,practical ,guide = ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] & 7,pap]7 ,bo>ds4 ,) a *apt] on ,wood ,pap] 9 ! ,u4,s4 by ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n4 ,philadelphia1 #ho1 #ahff4 ,,pr\teaux1 ,a4--,guide de la fabrication du papi] et du c>ton4 ,p>is1 #abo1 #ahfd4 ,,raab1 ,r4--,die ,s*reibmat]ial5 und die gesamte ,papi]9du/rie4 ,hamburg1 #ahhh4 ,,re$1 ,a4 ,e4--,pap] ,manufacture4 ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,sci5tific ,indu/ry4 ,artisans' ,reports ^u ! ,vi5na ,exhibition4 #ho1 #ahgc4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,w4 ,h4--,! ,indu/rial ,res\rces ( ! ,tyne 444 ,pap]4 #ahfd4 ,,s*ub]t1 ,m4--,trait pratique de la fabrication de la cellulose4 ,trad4 p4 ,e4 ,bibas4 ,toile4 #ahic4 ,,s*ub]t1 ,m4--,die ,praxis d] ,papi]fabrikation mit besond4 ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,/(fmis*ung5 und d]5 ,calculation54 #ahig4 ,,s*ub]t1 ,m4--,die ,papi]v]>beitung4 #b ,bde4 #aijj-aija4 ,bd4 ,i4 ,die ,k>tonnag5-,indu/rie4 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,die ,buntpapi]fabrikation4 ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap] ,pulp 9 ,burma4 ,gov]nm5t ,press4 ,rangoon1 #aijg4 ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 #aijh4 ,con/able ,co4 ,london4 ,,tw]dy1 ,e4--,papi] indu/rie4 ,b]i*te4 ,wi51 #ahgc4 ,,va*on1 ,m4--,les arts et les indu/ries du papi]4 ,france1 #ahga-ahid4 ,,val5ta1 ,e4--,das ,papi]1 se9e ,h]/ellung1 ,eig5s*aft51 ,prfung4 #aijd4 ,,w&]ley1 ,g4--,die ,papi]fabrikation und ,papi]fabrikanlage4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,,watt1 ,a4--,! ,art ( ,pap]-mak+1 ) ! ,recov]y ( ,soda f ,wa/e ,liquors4 ,london1 sm4 #ho1 #ahij4 ,,web]1 ,r4--,papi]-,indu/rie4 ,vi5na ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 #ahgc4 ,,wehrs1 ,g4 ,f4--,vom ,papi]1 d5 vor d] ,erf9dung desselb5 bli* gewes55 ,s*reibmass5 und son/ig5 ,s*reibmat]iali54 ,halle1 #ho1 #aghi4 ,,w9kl]1 ,o4--,d] ,papi]k5n]4 #ahhg4 ,,pap]1 ,,special ,,k9ds4 ,,&,s1 ,l4 ,e4--,papi]-,spezialitt51 praktis*e ,anleitung zur ,h]/ellung4 #ahif4 ,,&,s1 ,l4 ,e4--,treatm5t ( ,pap] = ,special ,purposes4 ,translat$ f ,g]man4 #aijg4 ,,&,s1 ,l4 ,e4--,die ,fabrikation d] ,papi]ma* und ,papi]/(f-,w>54 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ,,&,s1 ,l4 ,e4--,blattmetalle1 ,bronz5 und ,metallpapi]e1 d]5 ,h]/ellung und ,anw5dung4 ,wi51 sm4 #ho1 #aijb4 ,,boeck1 ,j4 ,p4--,die ,m>morirkun/ fr ,bu*b9d]ei51 ,buntpapi]fabrik54 ,wi51 sm4 #ho1 #ahhj4 ,,briquet1 ,m4--,de quelques indu/ries n\velles dont le papi] e/ la base4 ,g5ve1 #ahhe4 ,,exn]1 ,w4 ,f4--,tapet5- und ,buntpapi]-,indu/rie4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,au/rian ,comm4 ,b]i*te4 ,heft #h4 #ahfg4 ,,exn]1 ,w4 ,f4--,tapet5- und ,buntpapi]4 ,vi5na ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 #ahgc4 ,(ficiell] ,aus/ellungs-,b]i*t4 ,heft #ec4 #ho1 #ahgc4 ,,fi*t5b]g4--,n\veau manuel complet du fabricant de papi]s de fantaisie1 papi]s m>brs1 etc4 ,p>is1 #aho1 #aheb4 ,,h]r+1 ,r4--,guide to ,v>ieties & ,value ( ,pap]4 #ahfj4 ,,h(mann1 ,a4 ,w4--,report on ,vegetable ,p>*m5t 7,ga9e's ,pat5t1 ,no4 #bhcd ( #ahec74 ,london1 #ho1 #aheh4 ,,kaeppel91 ,d4--,fabrication des papi]s pe9ts4 ,lacroix ,e41 tudes sur l'exposition de #ahfg4 ,vol4 #a4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,kaeppel91 ,d4--,fabrication des papi]s pe9ts4 #ahha4 ,,l9dsey1 ,g4--,p5s & ,papi]ma*4 ,bevan1 ,g4 ,p41 ,brit4 ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries 7iii474 #abo1 #ahgf4 ,,morton1 ,g4 ,h4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,pap]-hang+s1 ) ,review ( o!r ,modes ( ,mural ,decoration4 ,liv]pool1 #ho1 #ahge4 ,,sanborn1 ,k4--,old ,"t ,wall ,pap]s4 #aije4 ,,s*midt1 ,c4 ,h4--,die ,b5utzung des ,papi]ma*4 ,weim>1 #abo1 #ahdg4 ,,s*midt1 ,c4 ,h4--,die ,papi]-,tapet5fabrikation4 #cte ,aufl4 ,weim>1 #abo1 #ahef4 ,,s*midt1 ,c4 ,h4--,! ,book ( ,papi]ma* & ,japann+4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,,seeman1 ,,?4--,die ,tapete1 ihre ae/hetis*e ,b$eutung u4 ,te*n4 ,d>/ellung1 s[ie kurze ,bes*reibung d] ,buntpapi]fabrik4 #ahhb4 ,,silcox4--,manufacture ( ,pap] ,b>rels4 ,vi5na ,exhibition1 #ahgc4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,reports1 ii4 ,,smee1 ,a4--,report on ,vegetable ,p>*m5t 7,ga9e's ,pat5t1 ,no4 #bhcd ( #ahec74 ,london1 #ho1 #aheh4 ,,?on1 ,c4 ,f4 ,g4--,d] ,fabrikant bunt] ,papi]e1 #cte ,aufl4 ,weim>1 #abo1 #ahdd4 ,,wei*elt1 ,a4--,buntpapi]-,fabrikation4 ,b]l91 #ho1 #aijc4 ,,:it+ ,,pap] ,,co4--,h[ ,pap] is ,made4 ,holyoke1 ,mass41 #cbo1 #ahic4 ,,w9z]1 ,a4--,die ,b]eitung und ,b5utzung d] ,papi]ma* und hnli*] ,komposition51 #cte ,aufl4 ,weim>1 #abo1 #ahhd4 ,ditto1 #d? edition1 #aijg4 ,,wooln\gh1 ,c4 ,w4--,! ,:ole ,art ( ,m>bl+1 z appli$ to ,pap]1 ,book ,edges1 etc4 ,london1 #ho1 #ahha4 ,,wyatt1 ,,sir ,m4 ,d4--,report on ,pap]-hang+s4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,brit4 ,comm4 ,report1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ho1 #ahfg4 ,,/ati/ics ,,& ,,v>i\s4 ,,akesson4--,lexikon d] ,papi]-,indu/rie4 ,deuts*-,englis*-,franzsis*1 #bte ,aufl4 #aije4 ,,ar*]1 ,t4 ,c4--,briti% ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries4 ,vol4 #ae4 ,indu/rial ,/ati/ics4 ,london4 ,,b>?1 ,e4--,arbeitsregeln fr ,fabrik5 mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung von ,papi]fabrik54 ,k>lsruhe1 #ahig4 ,,baudis*1 ,j4--,e9ige ins ,papi]fa* s*lag5de ,b]e*nung54 ,bib]a*1 #ahic4 ,,dyson4--,mosely ,commission ,report4 ,man*e/]1 #aijc4 ,,ermel4--,rapport sur le matriel et les procds de la papet]ie1 etc4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahgh4 ,rapports4 ,classe #fj4 #ho1 #ahha4 ,,=eign ,,(fice1 ,no4 #d 7#ahga74--,reports on ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] 9 ,japan4 ,london1 fol41 #ahga4 ,,gey]1 ,a4--,regi/ry ( ,wat]-m>ks & ,trade-m>ks4 ,compil$ f ! ,am]ican ,pap] ,trade 7#bnd edition74 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,ditto1 #e? edition1 #aijc4 ,,gratiot1 ,a4--,description de la papet]ie d',essonnes1 ,london ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahea1 ,prospectuses ( ,exhibitors4 ,vol4 #b4 #ho1 #ahea4 ,,krawany1 ,f4--,w>te d] ,papi]-,halb/(f- und ,papp5fabrik5 ,oe/]rei*-,ung>ns4 #aije4 ,,l&graf1 ,j4--,papi]-,holzs*liff und se9e ,zollpolitis*e ,wrdigung4 ,mannheim4 ,,lockwood ,,co4--,am]ican ,diction>y ( ,pr9t+ & ,bookmak+4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,,ludwig1 ,g4--,trock5gehalts-,tabell54 ,pirna1 #ahig4 ,,macnaughton1 ,j4--,factory ,book-keep+ = ,pap] ,mills4 #aijj4 ,,mahrl54--,papi]fabrikation1 im ,knigr4 ,wrttemb]g 7im ,jahre #ahfj74 ,/uttg>t1 #ho1 #ahfa4 ,,m>r1 ,d4--,ko/5 d] ,betriebskrfte bei #a-bd /ndig] ,arbeitszeit tgli* und unt] ,b]cksi*tigung des ,aufw&es fr die ,heizung4 ,mn*5 u4 ,b]l94 ,,melnik(f1 ,n4--,lehrbu* d] ,papi]-,holzs*liff1 ,zell/(f und ,papp5fabrikation4 ,pet]sburg1 #aije4 ,,melnik(f1 ,n4--,kle9es ,h&bu* ,papi]fabrikation4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijf4 ,,melnik(f1 ,n4--,ges*i*te1 ,/ati/ik u4 ,lit]atur d] ,papi]9du/rie neb/ russis*5 ,wass]zei*54 ,pet]sburg1 #aijf4 ,,munsell1 ,j4--,*ronology ( ,pap]-mak+4 ,albany1 #ho1 #aheg4 ,ditto1 #d? edition1 #ahgj4 ,,munsell1 ,j4--,*ronology ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,pap] & ,pap]-mak+4 ,albany1 #ahgf4 ,,munsell1 ,j4--,obs]vations ,illu/rative ( ! ,op]ation ( ! ,duties on ,pap]4 ,london1 #ho1 #ahcf4 ,,munsell1 ,j4--,matriel et procds de la papet]ie1 etc41 #ahhi4 ,rapports du ,jury4 ,classe #eh4 #ho1 #ahhi4 ,,p>is ,,univ4 ,,exhibition4--,papi]s pe9ts1 #ahhi4 ,rapports du ,jury4 ,classe #ba4 #ho1 #ahia4 ,,pass]at1 ,a4 ,l4--,b>me complet p\r papet]ies4 ,p>is4 ,,pat5ts4--,pat5t ,abridgm5ts4 ,class #if4 ,pat5t ,(fice ,ab/racts on ,pap]-mak+4 ,f #ahee to date4 ,,r\lhac4--,papet]ie4 ,p>is ,univ4 ,exhibition1 #ahfg4 ,rapports du ,jury4 ,classe #g1 sect4 #a4 #ho1 #ahfh4 ,,sampson1 ,j4 ,t4--,pap]-/a9+4 ,mansion ,h\se ,committee4 ,artisans' ,reports1 ,p>is ,exhibition4 #ho1 #ahhi4 ,,treasury4--,report ( ! ,excise ,commission4 #ahce4 ,,vogel1 ,k4--,papi]9du/rie1 etc41 ,auf d] ,weltaus/ellung 9 ,*icago4 ,*icago ,exhibition1 #ahic4 ,au/rian ,c5tral ,committee4 ,(ficiell] ,b]i*t4 ,heft iv4 #ho1 #ahid4 ,,voigt1 ,g4--,papi]gewi*t/abell54 ,m]seburg1 #ahid4 ,,w>d1 ,,sir ,w4--,report on ,g]man ,pap]-mak+ ,indu/ry4 ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]1 #aije4 ,,wat]-,,m>ks4--,wat]-m>ks & ,trade-m>ks ,regi/ry 7#bnd ed474 ,new ,york1 #afo1 #ahih4 ,,wood ,,pulp ,,& ,,pulp ,,wood4 ,,briti% ,,& ,,colonial ,,pr9t]4--,hi/ory ( ,wood ,pulp4 ,vol4 #h4 #ahhb4 ,,dunb>4--,wood ,pulp & ,wood ,pulp ,pap]s4 ,,fittica1 ,,dr4 ,f4--,ges*i*te d] ,sulfitzell/(f-,fabrikation4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,,fittica1 ,,dr4 ,f4--,=e/ry & ,=e/ ,products4 ,ed9burgh ,=e/ry ,exhibition4 #ahhd4 ,,gott/e94--,holzzell/(f 9 se9] ,anw5dung fr die ,papi]- und ,textil-,indu/rie und die bei se9] ,h]/ellung ent/eh5d5 ,abwss]4 #aijd4 ,,griff91 ,m4 ,l4--,sulphite ,processes4 ,am]ican ,society ,c4 ,e4 #dag4 #ahhi4 ,,h>p]1 ,w4--,utilisation ( ,wood ,wa/e by ,di/illation4 ,u4,s4,a41 #aijg4 ,,h>pf1 ,a4--,die ,erzeugung von ,holzs*liff und ,zell/(f4 ,wi51 #aija4 ,,h>pf1 ,a4--,flssiges ,s*wefeldioxyd4 ,/uttg>t1 #aija4 ,,hubb>d4--,utilisation ( ,wood ,wa/e4 #aijb4 ,,johnson1 ,g4--,wood ,pulp ( ,canada4 #aijb-jh4 ,ye>ly4 ,,mi*aelis1 ,o4 ,e4--,lime ,sulphite ,fibre ,manufacture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ,rem>ks on ! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,processes1 by ,m4 ,l4 ,griff9 7exc]pt74 ,new ,york1 #ho1 #ahhi4 ,,phillips1 ,s4 ,c4--,uses ( ,wood ,pulp4 #aijd4 ,,ros5heim1 ,g4 ,m4--,die ,holzcellulose4 ,b]l91 #ahgh4 ,,s*ub]t1 ,m4--,die ,holz/(f od] ,holzs*liff-,fabrikation4 #ahih4 ,,s*ub]t1 ,m4--,die ,cellulosefabrikation 7,zell/(ffabrikation74 ,praktis*es ,h&bu* fr ,papi]- u4 ,cellulosete*nik]4 #aijf4 ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4--,! ,sampl+ ( ,wood ,pulp4 ,london1 #ho1 #aija4 ,,veit*1 ,l4 ,p4--,*emical ,me?ods = ,utilis+ ,wood4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #aijg4 ,,veit*1 ,l4 ,p4--,wood ,pulp1 ,uses (4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,consul> ,reports1 vol4 xix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,banks ,,& ,,crate4--,pulpwood ,problems4 ,lett]s to ! ,globe1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 #aijg4 ,,gamble1 ,j4--,indian ,timb]s4 ,,graves4--,! ,woodsman's ,h&book4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,p9*ott1 ,g4--,=e/ry ,prim]4 ,u4,s4,a41 #aijj4 ,,p9*ott1 ,g4--,! ,adirondack ,spruce4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,rattray1 ,j41 ,,& ,,mill1 ,h4 ,r4--,=e/ry & ,=e/ry ,products4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe4 ,,s*li*4--,=e/ry ,manual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s m or less int]e/+ articles on ,pap] w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ encyclopdias1 etc43-- ,,date4 #agch4 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4 #ageg4 ,b>r[4 ,diction>y ( ,arts4 #agei4 ,new4 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,arts4 #aggj4 ,royal ,diction>y ( ,arts4 #aghh4 ,h[>d4 ,a ,royal ,encyclopdia4 #ahjf4 ,gregory4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 #ahjg4 ,encyclopdia ,p]!nsis4 #ahji4 ,ni*olson4 ,! ,briti% ,encyclopdia4 #ahac4 ,m>t94 ,circle ( ! ,me*anical ,arts4 #ahac4 ,pantologia4 #ahai4 ,rees' ,cyclopdia4 #ahba4 ,encyclopdia ,londoni5sis4 #ahbg4 ,jamieson's ,diction>y4 #ahbh4 ,ox=d ,encyclopdia4 #ahbi4 ,! ,london ,encyclopdia4 #ahcj4 ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia4 #ahcc4 ,phillip's ,diction>y ( ,arts4 #ahce4 ,p>t+ton4 ,briti% ,cyclopdia4 #ahcf4 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxvi4 #ahcf4 ,b>l[4 ,encyclopdia ( ,arts4 #ahdj4 ,! ,p5ny ,encyclopdia4 #ahde4 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #ahdh4 ,useful ,arts ( ,great ,brita94 ,s4,p4,c4,k #ahea4 ,knight's ,cyclopdia ( ,indu/ry4 #ahee4 ,appleton's ,diction>y ( ,me*anics4 #ahfj4 ,heb]t4 ,me*anic's ,encyclopdia4 #ahfa4 ,knight's ,engli% ,cyclopdia4 #ahfa4 ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopdia4 #ahff4 ,toml9son's ,diction>y ( ,arts4 #ahga4 ,yeats4 ,! ,te*nical ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce4 #ahgd4 ,cl>ke's ,practical ,magaz9e4 #ahge4 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts4 #ahge4 ,globe ,cyclopdia4 #ahgf4 ,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y4 #ahgg4 ,johnson's ,univ]sal ,cyclopdia4 #ahhj4 ,wylde4 ,indu/ries ( ! ,_w4 #ahhb4 ,spon's ,encyclopdia ( ,manufactures4 #ahhf4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #ahhi4 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4 #ahhi4 ,blaikie4 ,mod]n ,cyclopdia4 #ahij4 ,popul> ,encyclopdia4 #ahib4 ,spon's ,work%op ,receipts4 #aijc4 ,gilman4 ,int]national ,encyclopdia4 #aijd4 ,encyclopdia ,am]icana4 #aijd4 ,tw5ey's ,te*nological ,diction>y4 ,,newspap]s4 ,engl&4 ,pap]mak] & ,briti% ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,s4 ,c4 ,phillips1 ,london4 ,pap]mak]s' ,circul>4 ,dean ,son1 ,london4 ,pap]mak]s' ,mon?ly ,j\rnal4 ,m>*ant1 ,s+] ,co41 ,london4 ,pap] ,box & ,bag ,mak]4 ,s4 ,c4 ,phillips1 ,london4 ,pap]mak+4 ,london4 ,! ,pap] & ,pr9t+ ,trades' ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,_w's ,pap] ,trade ,review4 ,w4 ,j4 ,/onhill1 ,london4 ,canada4 ,pulp & ,pap] ,magaz9e4 ,bigg>-,wilson1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,am]ican ,bookmak]4 ,h[>d ,lockwood ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,! ,pap] ,trade4 ,*icago4 ,! ,/ation]4 ,h[>d ,lockwood ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,pap] ,mill & ,wood ,pulp ,news4 ,l4 ,d4 ,po/ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,h[>d ,lockwood ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,! ,pap] ,_w4 ,c4 ,w4 ,bryan ,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,france4 ,bullet9 ,j\rnal des ,fabricants de ,papi]4 ,p>is4 ,j\rnal des ,papeti]s4 ,m4 ,edmond ,r\sset1 ,p>is4 ,le ,moniteur de la ,papet]ie ,franaise4 ,p>is4 ,la ,papet]ie4 ,p>is4 ,la ,revue de la ,papet]ie ,franaise et trangre4 ,m4 ,edmond ,r\sset1 ,p>is4 ,le ,papi]4 ,h4 ,ev]l+1 ,p>is4 ,g]many4 ,c5tralblatt fr die /]rei*is*-,ung>is*e ,papi]9du/rie4 ,adolf ,hladufka1 ,wi54 ,d] ,papi]fabrikant4 ,otto ,elsn]1 ,b]l94 ,d] ,papi]-,m>kt4 ,c>l ,dobl]1 ,frankfurt a4 ,ma94 ,deuts*e ,papi]- und ,s*reibw>5zeitung4 ,s4 ,ri*t]1 ,b]l94 ,die ,po/k>te4 ,gu/av ,fahrig1 ,leipzig4 ,export-,j\rnal4 ,g4 ,h$el]1 ,leipzig4 ,holz/(f-,zeitung4 ,camillo ,dra*e1 ,dresd54 ,papi]hndl] ,zeitung fr /]rei*-,ung>n4 ,wi54 ,papi]-,indu/rie4 ,b]l94 ,papi]- und ,s*reibw>5-,zeitung4 ,wi54 ,papi]-,zeitung4 ,c4 ,h(mann1 ,b]l94 ,s*weiz] ,graphis*] ,c5tral-,anzeig]4 ,h4 ,kell]1 ,luz]n4 ,wo*5blatt fr ,papi]fabrikation4 ,guntt]-,/aib ,bib]a* 7,wrtt74 ,wo*5s*rift fr d5 ,papi]- und ,s*reibw>5h&el4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,hirs*b]g1 ,b]l94 ,,analysis1 ,,te*nology4 ,,beadle ,,& ,,/ev5s4--,blott+ pap]1 nature ( absorb5cy4 #aije4 ,,w9kl]4--,e/imation ( ,moi/ure 9 ,wood-pulp4 #aijb4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,/ev5s4 ,,hauptv]sammlung4--,publi%$ annually by ! ,v]e9 d] ,zell/(f- und ,papi]-,*emik]4 ,b]l91 #aijg et4 ,,fibres1 etc4 ,,dodge1 ,c4 ,r4--,catalogue ( useful ,fibre-plants ( ! ,_w4 ,report ,no4 #i4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahig4 ,,du*esne1 ,e4 ,a4--,rp]toire des plantes utiles et des plantes vnneuses du globe1 etc4 ,bruxelles1 #ahdf4 ,,gabalde1 ,b4--,essai sur le banani] et ses applications la fabrication de papi]4 #ahdc4 ,,montessus ,,de ,,ballore4--,alfa et papi] d',alfa4 #aijh4 ,,pe*eux4--,les textiles1 les tissus1 le papi]4 #f pp4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 ,,r5\>d4--tudes sur les fibres textiles4 ,p>is4 ,,r5\>d4--,les fibres textiles de l',algrie4 ,p>is4 ,,rivi]e1 ,,augu/e ,,et ,,*>les4--,les ,bamb\s4 ,socit d',acclimatation4 ,p>is4 ,,ri*mond1 ,g4 ,f4--,philipp9e ,fibres & ,fibr\s ,sub/ances4 ,manila1 ,bureau ( ,pr9t+1 #aijf4 ,,hi/orical4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,re*]*es sur les premi]s ,papi]s employs du ,xe au ,,xive sicle4 pp4 #gg4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,de la valeur des ,filigranes du ,papi] comme moy5 de dt]m9] l'ge de docum5ts4 pp4 #ac4 ,g5ve1 #ahib4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,la ,lg5de palographique du ,papi] de ,coton4 pp4 #ah4 ,g5ve1 #ahhd4 ,,briquet1 ,c4 ,m4--,lettre sur les ,papi]s usits en ,sicile l'occasion de deux manuscrits en papi] dit le coton4 #af pp4 ,pal]mo1 #ahib4 ,,desm>e/1 ,n4--,art de la ,papet]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,,delon1 ,c4--,hi/oire d'un livre4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,,didot1 ,a4 ,f4--,le c5t5aire de la ,ma*9e ,papi] cont9u4 pp4 #gi4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,,dick9son1 ,j4--,dick9son's ,pap] ,mills4 ,calcutta1 #ahhd4 ,,gir>d1 ,a4--,le ,papi]4 ,ses anctres4 ,son hi/oire4 ,lille1 #ahib4 ,,juli51 ,s4--,description des procds *9ois p\r la fabrication du papi]4 ,traduit de l'ouvrage *9ois p> ,?i5-,kong-,kha-,we4 #ahdj4 ,,kay1 ,j4--,pap]1 its hi/ory4 pp4 #ajj4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,lemp]tz1 ,h4--,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,le95-,papi]s4 ,kln1 #ahia4 ,,pap] ,,manufacture4 ,,bory1 ,p4--,les ,mtamorphoses d'un ,*iffon4 ,abbeville1 #ahig4 ,,*abrol1 ,l4--,la ,rglem5tation du ,travail dans l'indu/rie du papi]4 pp4 #afh4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,,demu?1 ,f4--,die ,papi]-,fabrikation4 #aijc4 ,,demu?1 ,f4--,die ,/rung5 im deuts*5 ,wirts*aftsleb5 #aijj4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,,limoge4--,c]cles d'tudes comm]ciales1 ,le ,papi]4 pp4 #adj4 ,limoge1 #ahib4 ,,pap]1 ,,special ,,k9ds4 ,,spald+ ,,& ,,hodge4--,pr9t+ pap]s2 a h&book4 ,london1 #aije4 ,,/ati/ics1 etc4 ,,beadle1 ,c4--,developm5t ( ,wat]-m>k+4 ,london1 #aijf 7,society ( ,arts74 ,,dum]cy4--,bibliographie de la ,papet]ie4 pp4 #bh4 ,bruxelles1 #ahhh4 ,,bruce1 ,h4--,glad/one & ,pap] ,duties4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe4 ,,ellis1 ,j4 ,b4--,h9ts = ! ,pap] ,w>eh\se4 ,le$s1 #ahhg4 ,,web/]1 ,j4--,synopsis ( ,sizes ( ,pap]4 ,s\?port1 #ahhi4 ,,:itson1 ,w4--,! ,concise ,pap] ,calculator4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijc4 ,,wood ,,pulp1 etc4 ,,dropis*1 ,b4--,holz/(f und ,holzcellulose4 ,weim>1 #ahgi4 ,,index ,acid dyes1 #bja 9 pap]s1 #bci size1 #agj ,agave1 #dj ,alum1 #afg1 #afh ,anil9e dyes1 #bja sulphate1 #aba ,animal size1 #fc1 #afd ,anti*lors1 #afc ,art pap]1 #adb imitation1 #ade te/+1 #adg ,asbe/os1 #agd ,a% 9 pap]1 #aga ,backwat]1 #abj1 #bje ,bagasse1 #da ,bamboo1 #dc ,b>k]1 #ig ,beat+ eng9es1 #ahf pat5ts1 #aib p[] consum$1 #aia ,beat+1 conditions (1 #aig e>ly me?ods (1 #agf exp]im5ts 91 #agi process (1 #eh1 #age ,bibliography1 #bec ,bisulphite ( lime1 #aei ,blea*+1 #eg1 #hc p[d]1 #afa ,blue pr9ts1 #adj ,bo>d ma*9e1 #acb1 #ace ,bo>ds1 manufacture (1 #aca duplex1 #acb1 #acd ,book pap]s1 quality (1 #bdf ,books1 decay (1 #bcg ,br[n pap]s1 #abg ,c>bonic acid record]1 #bae ,case91 #afe1 #bce ,cau/ic soda1 #ha1 #aee ,cellulose1 #ba d]ivatives (1 #bi hydrolysis (1 #bg1 #bbi oxidation (1 #bh p]c5tage (1 9 plants1 #bc prop]ties (1 #bf ,*emical residues 9 pap]1 #bch wood pulp1 #ajd ,*emicals1 #aec ,*9a clay1 #aag1 #aej1 #aga1 #bjd1 #bcd ,coal consumption1 #bad ,coat$ pap]1 #adb ,cold gr\nd pulp1 #ajj ,colophony1 #afi ,col\r ( pap]1 fad+ (1 #bjc1 #bda mat*+1 #bje unev5ness (1 #bjc ,col\r+ ( pap] pulp1 #aii analysis (1 #bjf ,cotton1 #bb1 #fi ,cyanotype pap]s1 #adj ,cyl9d] ma*9e1 #aca ,d5sity ( pap]1 #aha ,det]ioration ( pap]1 #bbh1 #bdf ,dige/]s1 #eb1 #hi1 #aji ,dilution tables1 #aeg1 #afc ,duplex bo>ds1 #acd ,dye+ ( pap]1 #aii ,eibel pat5t1 #bbc ,electrical p[]1 #bai ,electrolytic blea*+1 #eg ,eng9e siz+1 #aag1 #afg ,esp>to1 #gb blea*+ (1 #hc composition (1 #gc te/ =1 9 pap]s1 #hg yield (1 #gg ,evaporation app>atus1 #gf1 #gi tables1 #ha ,fea!rweight pap]s1 #bcb ,fibres = pap]-mak+1 #ch exam9ation (1 #dc reag5ts = /a9+1 #ga ,flax1 #dj ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e1 e>ly1 #af ,fr5* *alk1 #agc ,gas produc]1 #bah ,gelat9e1 #fc1 #afd1 #bcg ,glue1 #acg1 #adb1 #bce ,gr9d]s1 #ajj ,hi/ory ( pap]1 #a ,ho]nle1 #g ,holl&]1 #af1 #ei1 #agf1 #ahe ,hot gr\nd pulp1 #ajj ,imitation art pap]1 #ade1 #bce ,kraft pap]1 #abi p>*m5t1 #acg ,improvem5ts 9 pap]-mak+1 #bad ,iron 9 pap]1 #bbi ,kraft pap]s1 #abh ,laid pap]s1 #ff ,lime1 #eb1 #aeg bisulphite1 #aei sulphate1 #agc ,l95 fibre1 #gj ,load+1 #aga ,m4 ,g4 caps1 #acj ,ma*9]y1 #bad1 #bbd ,manila pap]1 #abg ,me*anical pulp1 #ie detection (1 #aba ,metanil yell[1 #abb ,middles1 #acd ,mits*]li* pulp1 #ajg ,moi/ure1 influ5ce (1 #bdc ,multiple effect evaporation1 #gi ,neutral size1 #afi ,newspap]1 #aaf1 #bae ,output ( a pap] ma*9e1 #abb ,pap]1 art1 #adb a% 91 #aga br[n1 #abg bulk (1 #bca *emical residues 91 #bch clay 91 #bcd col\r (1 #aii1 #bda col\r 91 analysis (1 #bjg det]ioration (1 #bbi fibres =1 #ch hi/ory (1 #a1 #e iron 91 #bci p]man5ce (1 #bcj rags us$ =1 #dg siz+ (1 #fc special k9ds (1 #acg /&>ds ( quality1 #bdf /r5g?1 (1 #ahd1 #bca surface (1 #bcc volume composition (1 #bcc ,pap] ma*9e1 e>ly1 #af output (1 #abb ,papi]-ma*1 #aej ,papyrus1 #b1 #db ,p>aff9 pap]1 #adh ,p>*m5t1 #d pap]1 #acg ,peat1 #da ,phlorogluc9e1 #aba ,pigm5ts1 #aii ,porion evaporator1 #gf ,presse-pte1 #hf ,prussian blue1 #bjj ,rag pap]1 manufacture (1 #dg orig9 (1 #e ,rags1 blea*+1 #ee boil+1 #ea classification1 #dh sort+1 #dh ,ramie1 #dj ,records1 e>ly1 #a ,recov]$ a%1 #aeh ,recov]y processes1 #gh1 #aac ,ref9]s1 #ij ,rope br[ns1 #abg ,ros9 size1 #aag1 #afi1 #bcf ,scre5s1 #ajb ,seal+s1 #abi ,%r9kage ( pap]1 #aha ,siz+ ( pap]1 #fc1 #aag1 #afg ,society ( ,arts1 #bdf ,soda1 #aec ,soda pulp1 #ajg1 #aac recov]y1 #gh silicate (1 #aff1 #aga ,s(t5+ ( wat]1 #baf ,sp5t liquors1 #gh1 #aac ,/a9+ reag5ts = fibres1 #ga ,/&>ds ( quality1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bej ,/>*1 #aff1 #bcg ,/ation]y ,(fice1 #bdh ,/one beat] rolls1 #ahi ,/raw1 #hh ,sulphate pulp1 #ajg ,sulphite pulp1 #ajg ,sulphites1 #aei1 #afc ,sup]cal5d]1 #fe ,sup]heat$ /eam1 #bah ,t9foil pap]1 #adh ,transf] pap]1 #adi ,ultram>9e1 #aii ,volume composition ( pap]1 #bcc ,vulcanis$ fibre1 #aci ,wat] s(t5+1 #baf ,wat]m>ks1 #fg ,wavy edges1 #bdc ,wax$ pap]1 #adg ,wet press ma*9e1 #ajc ,wiesn]1 #f ,willesd5 pap]1 #aci ,wood1 #bb pulp1 #ie *emical1 #ajd me*anical1 #ie soda1 #ajg1 #aac sulphite1 #ajg ,wove pap]s1 #ff ,wrapp]s1 #abg ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co4 ,,ld41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4 ,,van ,,no/r&',s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies ,b\nd 9 uni=m /yle4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,price #bjj net ea*4 ,! ,volumes 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,s]ies h be5 design$ to meet ! gr[+ dem& = books on practical subjects2 to br+ )9 ! k5 ( ! non-te*nical read] an accurate k ( manufactur+ processes & ! practical application ( mod]n sci5ce to indu/ries4 ,ea* volume is writt5 by an exp]t to ! end t practical read]s & all :o are engag$ 9 ! num]\s alli$ bran*es ( ! eng9e]+ & te*nical trades may h reliable works ( ref]5ce4 ,! s]ies provides = a class n hi!rto rea*$ 9 publi%$ works4 ,! volumes c be easily read by ! g5]al public1 & make excell5t h&books at a mod]ate price = ! /ud5t4 ,! s]ies is well suit$ to public libr>ies & w be f\nd valuable = libr>ies 9 eng9e]+ %ops & factories4 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company ,publi%]s & ,booksell]s #bc1 ,murray & #bg1 ,w>r5 ,/reets1 ,new ,york4 ,coal4 ,by ,,james ,,tonge1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4 7,lectur] on ,m9+ at ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ,man*e/]74 ,) #df ,illu/rations1 _m ( !m %[+ ! ,fossils f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,hi/ory4 ,occurr5ce4 ,mode ( ,=mation ( ,coal ,seams4 ,fossils ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,botany ( ! ,coal-,measure ,plants4 ,coalfields ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,=eign ,coalfields4 ,! ,classification ( ,coals4 ,! ,valuation ( ,coal4 ,=eign ,coals & _! ,values4 ,uses ( ,coal4 ,! ,production ( ,heat f ,coal4 ,wa/e ( ,coal4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,coal = ! ,m>ket4 ,coal+ ,/ations ( ! ,_w4 ,index4 ,?is book on a mom5t\s subject is provid$ = ! g5]al read] :o wi%es accurate k ( ,coal1 its orig91 position & ext5t1 & its economical utilization & application4 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,/ansbie1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c4 ,) #hf ,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,introductory4 ,iron ,ores4 ,combu/ible & o!r mat]ials us$ 9 ,iron & ,/eel ,manufacture4 ,primitive ,me?ods ( ,iron & ,/eel ,production4 ,pig ,iron & its ,manufacture4 ,! ,ref9+ ( ,pig ,iron 9 ,small ,*>ges4 ,crucible & ,weld ,/eel4 ,! ,bessem] ,process4 ,! ,op5 ,he>? ,process4 ,me*anical ,treatm5t ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,physical & ,me*anical ,prop]ties ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,iron & ,/eel "u ! ,microscope4 ,heat ,treatm5t ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,electric ,smelt+4 ,special ,/eels4 ,index4 ,! aim ( ?is book is to give a compreh5sive view ( ! mod]n aspects ( iron & /eel1 toge!r ) a suffici5t acc\nt ( its hi/ory to enable ! read] to foll[ its m>* ( progress4 ,! me?ods ( produc+ v>ieties ( ! metal suitable to ! requirem5ts ( ! eng9e]1 f\ndryman & me*anician are describ$ s t ! work] may le>n ! hi/ory ( ! mat]ial he is h&l+4 ,natural ,s\rces ( ,p[]4 ,by ,rob]t ,s4 ,ball1 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) #ajd ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts3 ,preface4 ,units ) ,metric ,equival5ts & ,abbreviations4 ,l5g? & ,di/ance4 ,surface & ,area4 ,volumes4 ,weights or ,measures4 ,pressures4 ,l9e> ,velocities1 ,angul> ,velocities4 ,accel]ation4 ,en]gy4 ,p[]4 ,introductory ,wat] ,p[] & ,me?ods ( ,measur+4 ,application ( ,wat] ,p[] to ! ,propulsion ( ,ma*9]y4 ,! ,hydraulic ,turb9e4 ,v>i\s ,types ( ,turb9e4 ,con/ruction ( ,wat] ,p[] ,plants4 ,wat] ,p[] ,in/allations4 ,! ,regulation ( ,turb9es4 ,w9d ,pressure1 ,velocity1 & ,me?ods ( ,measur+4 ,! ,application ( ,w9d ,p[] to ,indu/ry4 ,! ,mod]n ,w9dmill4 ,con/ructional ,details4 ,p[] ( ,mod]n ,w9dmills4 ,app5dices ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,index4 ,two dep>tm5ts ( ,eng9e]+ & _! applications to indu/ry =m ! subject ( ?is volume3 ! natural s\rces ( wat] & w9d p[] :i* supply me*anical en]gy )\t any int]m$iate /age ( trans=mation4 ,mo/ p w be surpris$ at ! ext5t to :i* ^! natural p[] produc]s are us$4 ,! widespread application ( wat] p[] is g5]ally kn[n1 b x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! dem& = w9dmills 0 nev] s great z x is to-day1 & !re are signs ( abnormal expansion 9 ! direction ( _! useful application 9 ! great agricultural c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,?\gh prim>ily ( importance to ! eng9e]1 ?is "w w be ( great int]e/ to e manufactur] :o 9 economiz+ 8 means ( p[] production c take ! natural =ces t lie to 8 h& & h>ness !m 9 8 s]vice4 ,! au?or is ! son ( ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ! em95t ma!matician & a/ronom]4 ,liquid & ,gase\s ,fuels1 & ! ,"p !y play 9 ,mod]n ,p[] ,production4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,vivian ,b4 ,,lewes1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pr(4 ( ,*emi/ry1 ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,gre5wi*4 ,) #ed ,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,lavoisi]'s ,discov]y ( ! ,nature ( ,combu/ion1 etc4 ,! ,cycle ( ,animal & ,vegetable ,life4 ,me?od ( det]m9+ ,calorific ,value4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,petroleum 9 ,am]ica4 ,oil ,lamps1 etc4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,coal ,gas4 ,calorific ,value ( ,coal ,gas & its ,con/itu5ts4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,wat] ,gas4 ,incomplete ,combu/ion4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,!rmal ,values ( our ,fuels1 etc4 ,app5dix4 ,bibliography4 ,index4 ,! subject ( ?is book has1 dur+ ! la/ decade1 assum$ su* importance t x is hop$ ?is acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! use ( v>i\s =ms ( combu/ible liquids & gases = ! g5]ation ( en]gy may d "s s]vice 9 its advancem5t4 ,electric ,p[] & ,traction4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,davies1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #ff ,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,introduction4 ,! ,g5]ation & ,di/ribution ( ,p[]4 ,! ,electric ,motor4 ,! ,application ( ,electric ,p[]4 ,electric ,p[] 9 ,colli]ies4 ,electric ,p[] 9 ,eng9e]+ ,work%ops4 ,electric ,p[] 9 ,textile ,factories4 ,electric ,p[] 9 ! ,pr9t+ ,trade4 ,electric ,p[] at ,sea4 ,electric ,p[] on ,canals4 ,electric ,traction4 ,! ,ov]head ,sy/em & ,track ,"w4 ,! ,conduit ,sy/em4 ,! ,surface ,contact ,sy/em4 ,c> ,build+ & ,equipm5t4 ,electric ,railways4 ,gloss>y4 ,index4 ,! majority ( ! alli$ trades t clu/] r\nd ! bus9ess ( electrical eng9e]+ are connect$ 9 "s way or o!r ) its p[] & traction bran*es4 ,to memb]s ( su* trades & call+s1 to :om "s k ( appli$ electrical eng9e]+ is desirable if n /rictly ess5tial1 ! book is p>ticul>ly int5d$ to appeal4 ,x deals almo/ entirely ) practical matt]s1 & ent]s to "s ext5t into ^? comm]cial consid]ations :i* 9 ! long run mu/ ov]rule all o!rs4 ,t[n ,gas & its ,uses = ! ,production ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,motive ,p[]4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,y4 ,,webb]1 ,c4,e4 ,) #ga ,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,t[n ,gas4 ,! ,hi/ory & ,manufacture ( ,t[n ,gas4 ,! ,by-,products ( ,coal ,gas ,manufacture4 ,gas ,lights & ,light+4 ,practical ,gas ,light+4 ,! ,co/ ( ,gas ,light+4 ,heat+ & ,w>m+ by ,gas4 ,cook+ by ,gas4 ,! ,heal?fulness & ,safety ( ,gas 9 all its uses4 ,t[n ,gas = ,p[] ,g5]ation1 includ+ ,private ,electricity ,supply4 ,! ,legal ,relations ( ,gas ,suppli]s1 ,consum]s1 & ! ,public4 ,index4 ,! c\ntry1 z oppos$ to ! t[n1 has be5 def9$ z ! p>ts beyond ! gas lamps4 ,?is book provides accurate k reg>d+ ! manufacture & supply ( t[n gas & its uses = dome/ic & indu/rial purposes4 ,few p realize ! ext5t to :i* ?is great indu/ry c be utiliz$4 ,! au?or has produc$ a volume :i* w in/ruct & int]e/ ! g5]ally well in=m$ b n te*nically in/ruct$ read]4 ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,k]%aw1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,) #fa ,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts3 ,introduction & ,hi/orical ,survey4 ,alum9ium4 ,production4 ,details ( ,processes & ,works4 ,co/s4 ,utilization4 ,future ( ! ,metal4 ,bullion & ,gold4 ,silv] ,ref9+ ,process4 ,gold ,ref9+ ,processes4 ,gold ,extraction ,processes4 ,calcium ,c>bide & ,acetyl5e ,gas4 ,! ,c>bide ,furnace & ,process4 ,production4 ,utilization4 ,c>borundum4 ,details ( ,manufacture4 ,prop]ties & ,uses4 ,copp]4 ,copp] ,ref9+4 ,descriptions ( ,ref9]ies4 ,co/s4 ,prop]ties & ,utilization4 ,! ,elmore & simil> ,processes4 ,electrolytic ,extraction ,processes4 ,electro-,metallurgical ,conc5tration ,processes4 ,f]ro-alloys4 ,descriptions ( ,works4 ,utilization4 ,glass & ,qu>tz ,glass4 ,graphite4 ,details ( ,process4 ,utilization4 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,descriptions ( ,furnaces & ,processes4 ,yields & ,co/s4 ,comp>ative ,co/s4 ,lead4 ,! ,salom ,process4 ,! ,betts ,ref9+ ,process4 ,! ,betts ,r$uction ,process4 ,:ite ,lead ,processes4 ,miscellane\s ,products4 ,calcium4 ,c>bon ,bisulphide4 ,c>bon ,tetra-,*loride4 ,diamant9e4 ,magnesium4 ,phosphorus4 ,silicon & its ,comp\nds4 ,nickel4 ,wet ,processes4 ,dry ,processes4 ,sodium4 ,descriptions ( ,cells & ,processes4 ,t94 ,alkal9e ,processes = ,t9 ,/ripp+4 ,acid ,processes = ,t9 ,/ripp+4 ,salt ,processes = ,t9 ,/ripp+4 ,z9c4 ,wet ,processes4 ,dry ,processes4 ,electro-,!rmal ,processes4 ,electro-,galvaniz+4 ,gloss>y4 ,"n ,index4 ,! subject ( ?is volume1 ! bran* ( metallurgy :i* deals ) ! extraction & ref9+ ( metals by aid ( electricity1 is becom+ ( great importance4 ,! au?or gives a brief & cle> acc\nt ( ! indu/rial developm5ts ( electro-metallurgy1 9 language t c be und]/ood by ^? ^: acqua9tance ) ei!r *emical or electrical sci5ce may be b slight4 ,x is a ?or\ghly practical "w descriptive ( app>atus & processes1 & comm5ds itself to all practical m5 engag$1 9 metallurgical op]ations1 z well z to bus9ess m51 f9anci]s1 & inve/ors4 ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,monckton1 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #agc ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts3 ,preface4 ,electric ,ph5om5a4 ,electric ,vibrations4 ,electro-,magnetic ,waves4 ,modifi$ ,h]tz ,waves us$ 9 ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,app>atus us$ = ,*>g+ ! ,oscillator4 ,! ,electric ,oscillator3 ,me?ods ( ,arrangem5t1 ,practical ,details4 ,! ,receiv]3 ,me?ods ( ,arrangem5t1 ,! ,detect+ ,app>atus1 & o!r details4 ,measurem5ts 9 ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,/ation at ,elm]s ,end3 ,lodge-,muirhead ,sy/em4 ,radio-,telegraph ,/ation at ,nau53 ,telefunk5 ,sy/em4 ,/ation at ,lyngby3 ,p\ls5 ,sy/em4 ,! ,lodge-,muirhead ,sy/em1 ! ,m>coni ,sy/em1 ,telefunk5 ,sy/em1 & ,p\ls5 ,sy/em4 ,portable ,/ations4 ,radio-,telephony4 ,app5dices3 ,! ,morse ,alphabet4 ,electrical ,units us$ 9 ?is ,book4 ,int]national ,control ( ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,index4 ,! />tl+ discov]y twelve ye>s ago ( :at is popul>ly kn[n z ,wireless ,telegraphy has receiv$ _m no less />tl+ additions s9ce !n4 ,! (ficial "n n[ giv5 to ?is bran* ( electrical practice is ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,! subject has n[ rea*$ a ?or\ghly practicable /age1 & ?is book pres5ts x 9 cle>1 concise =m4 ,! v>i\s s]vices = :i* ,radio-,telegraphy is or may be us$ are indicat$ by ! au?or4 ,e /age ( ! subject is illu/rat$ by diagrams or photographs ( app>atus1 s t1 :ile an elem5t>y k ( electricity is presuppos$1 ! be>+s ( ! subject c be grasp$ by e read]4 ,no subject is fraught ) s _m possibilities ( developm5t = ! future relation%ips ( ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,india-,rubb] & its ,manufacture1 ) ,*apt]s on ,gutta-,p]*a & ,balata4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,t]ry1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,assoc4,in/4,m4,m4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,preface4 ,introduction3 ,hi/orical & ,g5]al4 ,raw ,rubb]4 ,botanical ,orig94 ,tapp+ ! ,trees4 ,coagulation4 ,pr9cipal ,raw ,rubb]s ( ,comm]ce4 ,pseudo-,rubb]s4 ,congo ,rubb]4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4 ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,vulcanization4 ,india-rubb] ,plantations4 ,india-rubb] ,sub/itutes4 ,reclaim$ ,rubb]4 ,wa%+ & ,dry+ ( ,raw ,rubb]4 ,comp\nd+ ( ,rubb]4 ,rubb] ,solv5ts & _! ,recov]y4 ,rubb] ,solution4 ,f9e ,cut ,%eet & ,articles made !refrom4 ,ela/ic ,?read4 ,me*anical ,rubb] ,goods4 ,sundry ,rubb] ,articles4 ,india-rubb] ,pro($ ,textures4 ,tyres4 ,india-rubb] ,boots & ,%oes4 ,rubb] = ,insulat$ ,wires4 ,vulcanite ,contracts = ,india-rubb] ,goods4 ,! ,te/+ ( ,rubb] ,goods4 ,gutta-,p]*a4 ,balata4 ,bibliography4 ,index4 ,tells all ab\t a mat]ial :i* has gr[n imm5sely 9 comm]cial importance 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,x has be5 expressly writt5 = ! g5]al read] & = ! te*nologi/ 9 o!r bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,glass ,manufacture4 ,by ,,walt] ,,ros5ha91 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory1 late ,sci5tific ,advis] 9 ! ,glass ,works ( ,messrs4 ,*ance ,bros4 & ,co4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts3 ,preface4 ,def9itions4 ,physical & ,*emical ,qualities4 ,me*anical1 ,!rmal1 & ,electrical ,prop]ties4 ,transp>5cy & ,col\r4 ,raw mat]ials ( manufacture4 ,crucibles & ,furnaces = ,fusion4 ,process ( ,fusion4 ,processes us$ 9 ,work+ ( ,glass4 ,bottle4 ,bl[n & ,press$4 ,roll$ or ,plate4 ,%eet & ,cr[n4 ,col\r$4 ,optical ,glass3 ,nature & ,prop]ties1 ,manufacture4 ,miscellane\s ,products4 ,app5dix4 ,bibliography ( ,glass ,manufacture4 ,index4 ,?is volume is = us]s ( glass1 & makes no claim to be an adequate guide or help to ^? engag$ 9 glass manufacture itself4 ,= ?is reason ! acc\nt ( manufactur+ processes has be5 kept z non-te*nical z possible4 ,9 describ+ ea* process ! object 9 view has be5 to give an insight into ! rationale ( ea* /ep1 s f> z x is kn[n or und]/ood1 f ! po9t ( view ( pr9ciples & me?ods r ?an z m]e rule ( ?umb description ( manufactur+ manipulations4 ,! processes describ$ are1 ) ! exception ( ^? describ$ z obsolete1 to ! au?or's def9ite k1 9 comm]cial use at ! pres5t "t4 ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,by ,w4 ,,good*ild1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,*4 ,) #db ,illu/rations4 ,) a ,*apt] on ,artificial ,/ones4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,dykes4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,introductory & ,hi/orical4 ,g5esis ( ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,! ,cutt+ & ,poli%+ ( ,gems4 ,imitation ,gems & ! ,artificial ,production ( ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,! ,diamond4 ,fluor ,sp> & ! ,=ms ( ,silica4 ,corundum1 includ+ ,ruby & ,sapphire4 ,sp9el & ,*rysob]yl4 ,! ,c>bonates & ! ,felsp>s4 ,! ,pyrox5e & ,amphibole ,gr\ps4 ,b]yl1 ,cordi]ite1 ,lapis ,lazuli & ! ,g>nets4 ,oliv9e1 ,topaz1 ,t\rmal9e & o!r ,silicates4 ,phosphates1 ,sulphates1 & ,c>bon ,comp\nds4 ,an admirable guide to a fasc9at+ subject4 ,pat5ts1 ,designs & ,trade ,m>ks3 ,! ,law & ,comm]cial ,usage4 ,by ,,k5ne? ,r4 ,,swan1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ( ! ,inn] ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,,cont5ts3 ,table ( ,cases ,cit$--,"p ,i4--,lett]s ,pat5t4 ,introduction4 ,g5]al4 ,hi/orical4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,inv5tion1 ,novelty1 ,subject ,matt]1 & ,utility ! ,ess5tials ( ,pat5table ,inv5tion4 ,,iv4 ,specification4 ,v4 ,con/ruction ( ,specification4 ,,vi4 ,:o ,may ,apply = a ,pat5t4 ,,vii4 ,application & ,grant4 ,,viii4 ,opposition4 ,,ix4 ,pat5t ,rights4 ,legal ,value4 ,comm]cial ,value4 ,x4 ,am5dm5t4 ,,xi4 ,infr+em5t ( ,pat5t4 ,,xii4 ,action = ,infr+em5t4 ,,xiii4 ,action to ,re/ra9 ,?reats4 ,,xiv4 ,negotiation ( ,pat5ts by ,sale & ,lic5ce4 ,,xv4 ,limitations on ,pat5t ,"r4 ,,xvi4 ,revocation4 ,,xvii4 ,prolongation4 ,,xviii4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,xix4 ,=eign ,pat5ts4 ,,xx4 ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws3 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,g]many4 ,france4 ,table ( ,co/1 etc41 ( ,=eign ,pat5ts4 ,,app5dix ,a4--#a4 ,table ( ,=ms & ,fees4 #b4 ,co/ ( ,obta9+ a ,briti% ,pat5t4 #c4 ,conv5tion ,c\ntries4 ,"p ,,ii4--,copyright 9 ,design4 ,introduction4 ,i4 ,regi/rable ,designs4 ,,ii4 ,regi/ration4 ,,iii4 ,m>k+4 ,,iv4 ,infr+em5t4 ,,app5dix ,b4--#a4 ,table ( ,=ms & ,fees4 #b4 ,classification ( ,goods4 ,"p ,,iii4--,trade ,m>ks4 ,introduction4 ,i4 ,mean+ ( ,trade ,m>k4 ,,ii4 ,qualification = ,regi/ration4 ,,iii4 ,re/rictions on ,regi/ration4 ,,iv4 ,regi/ration4 ,v4 ,effect ( ,regi/ration4 ,,vi4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,app5dix ,c4--,table ( ,=ms & ,fees4 ,,indices4 #a4 ,pat5ts4 #b4 ,designs4 #c4 ,trade ,m>ks4 ,?is is ! fir/ book on ! subject s9ce ! ,new ,pat5ts ,act4 ,its aim is n only to pres5t ! exi/+ law accurately & z fully z possible1 b also to ca/ x 9 a =m readily compreh5sible to ! layman unfamili> ) legal phraseology4 ,x w be ( value to ^? engag$ 9 trades & indu/ries :]e a k ( ! pat5t+ ( inv5tions & ! regi/ration ( trade m>ks is important4 ,full in=mation is giv5 reg>d+ pat5ts 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,! ,book2 ,its ,hi/ory & ,developm5t4 ,by ,,cyril ,,dav5port1 ,v4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) #g ,plates & #abf ,figures 9 ! text4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,e>ly ,records4 ,rolls1 ,books & ,book b9d+s4 ,pap]4 ,pr9t+4 ,illu/rations4 ,miscellanea4 ,lea!rs4 ,! ,ornam5tation ( ,lea!r ,bookb9d+s )\t ,gold4 ,! ,ornam5tation ( ,lea!r ,bookb9d+s ) ,gold1 ,bibliography4 ,index4 ,! romance ( ! ,book & its developm5t f ! rude inscriptions on /one to ! magnific5t de ,luxe tomes ( to-day h nev] be5 s excell5tly disc\rs$ ^u z 9 ?is volume4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,book is ! hi/ory ( ! pres]vation ( human ?\ght4 ,?is "w %\ld be 9 ! possession ( e book lov]4 ,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies ,,li/ ,,( ,,new ,,& ,,=?com+ ,,volumes4 ,timb]4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,bat]d51 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,/eam ,eng9es4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,rossit]1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,electric ,lamps4 ,by ,,maurice ,,solomon1 ,a4,c4,g4,i41 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,! ,railway ,locomotive4 ,by ,,vaughan ,,p5dr$1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,lea!r4 ,by ,h4 ,,g>n] ,,b5nett4 ,pumps & ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,rossit]1 ,a4,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,work%op ,practice4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,*>nock1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,textiles & _! ,manufacture4 ,by ,,aldr$ ,,b>k]1 ,m4,sc4 ,gold & ,preci\s ,metals4 ,by ,,?omas ,k4 ,,rose1 ,d4,sc41 ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,photography4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,watk9s1 ,pa/ ,presid5t ( ! ,photographic ,conv5tion4 ,comm]cial ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s1 ,hon4 ,consult+ ,exam9]1 ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,ornam5tal ,w9d[ ,glass ,"w4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,du?ie4 ,brew+ & ,di/ill+4 ,by ,,james ,,grant1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,wood ,pulp & ,its ,applications4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,cross1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,bevan & ,r4 ,w4 ,,s9dall4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,s9dall4 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company ,publi%]s & ,booksell]s #bc1 ,,murray ,,& #bg1 ,,w>r5 ,,/reets1 ,,new ,,york4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! foll[+ inconsi/5cies 7 kept3 #ejj-,k4,w4 -- #ajjj ,k4,w4 back-wat] -- backwat] b$-plate -- b$plate ,buntpapi]-,fabrikation -- ,buntpapi]fabrikation cc4 -- c4c4 coloration -- col\r+ conical-%ap$ -- conical %ap$ ,cwts4 -- cwts4 ,d>?=d 7cit$7 -- ,d>t=d drum wa%]s -- drum-wa%] economis] -- economiz+ edge runn] -- edge-runn] gesamte -- gesammt5 grams -- grammes h4p4 -- h4-p4 ,holzs*liffes -- ,holzs*liffs ,hydral-,cellulose -- hydra-cellulose ,india-,rubb] -- ,india-rubb] midfea!r -- mid-fea!r ,mitteilung5 -- ,mit!ilung5 oval %ap$ -- oval-%ap$ ,oxy-,cellulose -- ,oxy-cellulose oxy-cellulose -- oxycellulose ,pap]-mak] -- ,pap]mak] ,papi]]zeugung -- ,papi]-,erzeugung ,papi]fabrikation -- ,papi]-,fabrikation p] c5t4 -- p] ,c5t4 realise -- realize ,s*reibw>5zeitung -- ,s*reibw>5-,zeitung sug>cane -- sug>-cane utilisation -- utilization utilis$ -- utiliz$ ,vulcanis$ -- ,vulcanization ,wat]m>ks -- ,wat]-m>ks workman -- "w-woman ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made3 p4 iii v]s replac$ by v]sa p4 ix ,,presse-,p,,te replac$ by ,,presse-,p,,te p4 #aj ,kulturhi/oris*5 replac$ by ,kulturhi/oris*es 7caption ,fig4 #b7 p4 #af ,voll/&ige ,muhl5 replac$ by ,voll/ndige ,mhl5 p4 #ai c\*-rolls replac$ by c\* rolls p4 #ed back-fall replac$ by backfall p4 #eg ,beaume replac$ by ,baum p4 #hd tes replac$ by te/ p4 #ada ,beaume replac$ by ,baum p4 #bjc lignocellulose replac$ by ligno-cellulose p4 #baj ,ub]si*t replac$ by b]si*t p4 #bbf press-pte replac$ by presse-pte p4 #bch pap] mak]s replac$ by pap]-mak]s p4 #bef ,&es replac$ by ,&s p4 #beg ,mull] replac$ by ,mll] p4 #bei ,hoessle replac$ by ,hssle p4 #bfj ,p>alatore replac$ by ,p>latore p4 #bfd ,mull] replac$ by ,mll] p4 #bfg ,bookb9d+ replac$ by ,bookmak+ p4 #bfh ,p>i% replac$ by ,p>is p4 #bec - #bgb;,b ,fur!r #ig corrections 9 ,g]man1 ,dut* & ,fr5* book titles )\t sep>ate notices4 7#d7 ,bye-,products replac$ by ,by-,products 7#g7 evey replac$ by e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------