,transcrib]'s ,note ,! title page consi/s ( an image1 :i* has be5 transcrib$4 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! '' "* z italic4 ,!re are in/ances ( v[els modifi$ by macrons4 ,^! are giv5 z1 e4g41 e1 u1 etc4 ,symbols 9 ! =m ( bold figures are pr9t$ z ,t1 ,v1 ,y1 etc4 ,!re is "o in/ance ( an inv]t$ ,t1 :i* is repres5t$ z inverted,t4 ,! 'oe' ligature is giv5 z sep>ate *>act]s1 t is1 ',,oe' or 'oe'4 ,= consi/5cy1 fractions are usually repres5t$1 = example1 z #b-a_/b = #b4 ,9 tabul> data1 ! available ,lat9-#a fractions 1 1 7 us$ on occasion to m9imize wid?4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ us+ ! c>at ''4 ,! few footnotes h be5 position$ foll[+ ! p>agraph :]e _! ref]5ces appe>$4 ,!re are _m invaluable illu/rations1 mo/ )\t captions1 :i* c\ld n be includ$ 9 ?is v]sion4 ,^! are almo/ always ref]r$ to & describ$ 9 ! text4 ,! positions ( sket*es )\t captions are usually indicat$ 9-l9e z ,illu/ration1 except :]e ! ref]5ce to its position is obvi\s4 ,:]e !re is a caption1 ! illu/ration is position$ ei!r be=e or aft] ! p>agraph :]e x is ref]5c$4 ,_m illu/rations are composite sket*es1 :i* use numb]s or lett]s to indicate ! p>ts !re(4 ,a caption has be5 add$ indicat+ ! numb] ( ^! sket*es z ,illu/ration3 #a-bj1 to give ! read] a notion ( :i* sket* is :i*4 ,! read] :o w\ld l to see ^! illu/ration is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ l9k1 :]e ,,html1 ,k9dle & ,epub v]sions may be f\nd at3 www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#dfddf ,!re are _m sid5otes1 or p>agraph descriptions1 :i* are sometimes us$ z keywords = cross-ref]5ce4 ,^? :i* seem to describe ! entire p>agraph1 or its fir/ topic are giv5 z ,sid5ote 9 a sep>ate l9e at ! top ( ! p>agraph4 ,o!r notes1 :i* are usually brief1 are plac$ 9-l9e 9 ! text1 aga9 enclos$ 9 brackets z above4 ,please see ! notes at ! end ( ?is text = a m detail$ li/ ( specific issues enc\nt]$ & ! resolutions ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sw++ ,,! ,,packs ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,au/ralian ,,exp$ition ,,ov] ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,jasp] ,,creek ,,victoria ,,riv] #ahef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ifts ,,& ,,exp$i5ts ,,( ,,camp ,,life ,,travel ,,exploration ,,by ,w4,b4 ,,"l ,,royal ,,artill]y ,t4 ,,ba9es ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,london ,,horace ,,cox #ci ,,/r& ,,wc #ahga ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,outfit ,,to ,,take ,,abroad #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,boats1 ,,rafts1 ,,& ,,make-,,%ift ,,floats #ia ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals #aib ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,huts ,,& ,,h\ses #bfh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,extempore ,,bridges ,,& ,,make%ifts ,,= ,,cross+ ,,riv]s ,,or ,,rav9es #cag ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,timb] ,,& ,,its ,,utilisation #cee ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sl$ges ,,& ,,sl$ge ,,travell]s #cid ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,boots1 ,,%oes1 ,,& ,,s&als #dab ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,waggons ,,& ,,o!r ,,:eel$ ,,vehicles #dcb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,h>ness ,,& ,,pack ,,animals #deg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,cattle ,,m>k+ #dgh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,hyge5s ,,& ,,camels #dhc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,! ,,sap ,,( ,,plants #dia ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,camp ,,cook]y #ece ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,fi% ,,& ,,amphibi\s ,,animals #ehe ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,poison$ ,,weapons1 ,,arr[s1 ,,spe>s1 ,c4 #fai ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,track+1 ,,hunt+1 ,,& ,,trapp+ #fbh ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,palanqu9s1 ,,/ret*]s1 ,,ambulances1 ,c4 #fhb ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,on ,,sket*+ ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,,"u ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,difficulties ,,( ,,travel #gaf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,di/ances ,,& ,,h9ts ,,on ,,field ,,obs]v+ #gbf ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,explor]s ,,on ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,objects ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory #gfa ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,ropes ,,& ,,tw9e #ghh ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,bu% ,,vet]9>y ,,surg]y ,,& ,,m$ic9e #gih ,,app5dix #hjh ,,index #hae ,,directions ,,to ,,! ,,b9d]4 ,,sw++ ,,! ,,packs ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,au/ralian ,,exp$ition ,,ov] ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,jasp] ,,creek1 ,,victoria ,,riv]1 #ahef ,frontispiece4 ,,camp ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,africa ,to face page #ee ,,boat ,,build+ ,,on ,,! ,,logi] ,,riv] #abe ,,s5d+ ,,l9e ,,f ,,wreck ,,to ,,lee ,,%ore ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,kite #ahe ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,=e/ #bbh ,,se>*+ ,,= ,,gold #bea ,,indian ,,lodges #cji ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,timb] ,,by ,,/eam ,,& ,,saw #cgf ,,sl$g+ ,,ov] ,,r\gh ,,ice #djb ,,! ,,wilson ,,mule ,,waggon 7,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica7 #ddc ,,gr\p ,,( ,,h>ness #dfe ,,indian ,,well #ejh ,,hippopotamus ,,trap #fac ,,traps ,,= ,,small ,,game #fgc ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,sick ,,or ,,w\nd$ #fhh ,%ifts & ,exp$i5ts ,,( ,,camp ,,life1 ,,travel1 ,,& ,,exploration4 ,,introduction4 ,l two voyag]s return$ f a long cruise 9 f>-(f seas1 we ?r[ toge!r our jo9t glean+s 9 _m l&s4 ,^! d n consi/ ( jewels1 gems1 gold1 or furs2 no piles ( co/ly m]*&ise d we lay at ! read]'s feet z (f]+s f di/ant climes1 b simply ! exp]i5ces ( two rov+ ,engli%m5 :o h r\gh$ x4 ,by ^? :o h to pass ?r\gh a campaign1 travel wild c\ntries1 or explore little kn[n regions1 %ifts mu/ be made1 & exp$i5ts ( _m k9ds _h rec\rse to1 ( :i* ! inexp]i5c$ 9 su* matt]s w\ld b little dream4 ,z necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion1 s is self-reliance ! fa!r ( its practical application1 & x is ) a /rong desire 7by expla9+ h[ con/antly recurr+ wants may be ov]come1 & app>5tly hopeless difficulties surm\nt$7 to /r5g!n t quality 9 ^? :o roam t we write ?is volume4 ,9 our travels & adv5tures we h n be5 associat$1 ! pa?s trodd5 by u be+ widely sep>at$4 ,:il/ "o 0 explor+ 9 ! wilds ( ,nor? ,au/ralia1 ! o!r 0 dwell+ 9 a canvas-cov]$ hole 9 ! e>? be=e ,seba/opol4 ,! sc5es *ange2 ,s\!rn & ,tropical ,africa is visit$ by ! late ,au/ralian travell]1 :il/ ! ,crimea1 ) its rugg$ hills & wild rav9es1 is ex*ang$ = ! jungles ( ,c5tral ,india by ! o!r4 ,s ! two b>ques h drift$ "h & !re on ! _w's tide1 b are an*or$ side by side1 & h comp>$ logs at la/2 & if among/ ! het]og5e\s odds & ends !re9 conta9$ ! read] c f9d ! aid he seeks1 our %ifts & exp$i5ts w n h be5 made 9 va94 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,outfit ,,to ,,take ,,abroad4 ,equipm5t to be pur*as$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is portion ( our subject we c b g5]alise1 z ! de/9ation ( ! travell] & ! objects he has 9 view w mat]ially modify ! nature & ext5t ( 8 equipm5t4 ,! milit>y (fic] :o is b\nd on a long m>*1 ?r\gh a comp>atively wild c\ntry1 ne$s a v diff]5t outfit f t :i* a hunt] or trad] ( exp]i5ce w\ld procure = himself be=e />t+ = ! home ( ! elephant & ! savage4 ,! man :o1 ) 8 wife & family1 seeks a new home beyond ! bord] l9e :i* divides ! unreclaim$ wild]ness f civilis$ society1 ne$s an inf9itely m volum9\s /ore ( requisites--n to say com=ts--?an ! small b& ( h>dy explor]s or hunt] naturali/s1 :o1 ) horse1 mule1 pack & rifle1 w5d _! way ov] prairies & m\nta9s )\t pa?1 & ?read ! =e/s & ?ickets :]e no travell] has p5etrat$4 ,!re are o!r memb]s ( ! human family :o pref] prosecut+ _! w&]+s alone1 c>ry all _! worldly possessions ) !m1 & ^: equipm5t is usually ( a p>ticul>ly simple & practical "*4 ,! sea1 ! inl& lake1 & ! riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh little kn[n regions1 ea* h _! explor]s1 = ^: use a v>iety ( contrivances are ne$$4 ,"s ( ^! are be/ made at home2 o!rs x w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to prep>e 9 ! localities 9 :i* _! aid are requir$2 :il/ at times adv]se circum/ances w r5d] x necess>y to improvise r\gh & ready appliances to save life & prolong its duration :5 sav$4 ,we %all !re=e endeav\r to give su* h9ts & directions z w enable our read]s :o int5d visit+ f>-(f c\ntries to select su* matt]s z may be be/ pur*as$ be=e quitt+ ,engl&1 & to avoid encumb]+ !mselves ) useless imp$im5ta4 ,z we h fir/ made m5tion ( ! milit>y (fic] ab\t to dep>t on s]vice1 we w suppose t he is 9 ,london1 or any o!r l>ge t[n1 ga!r+ toge!r 8 traps = a />t4 ,we w !n accompany him on 8 %opp+ exp$itions1 & give him a few h9ts z to :at w prove mo/ useful4 ,on matt]s ( uni=m we c h no?+ to say fur!r ?an to advise1 z we d 9 e case ( pur*ase1 t x be obta9$ f "s tradesman ( well-e/abli%$ reputation4 ,! raim5t calculat$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ref9$ society1 :5 ! uni=m is = ! "t ca/ aside1 mu/ also be left to ! dictates ( ! prevail+ mode & ! good ta/e ( ! we>]4 ,%irt mak+ & clo?+4 ,:]e fa%ion & ! dress regulations ( ! army end !re d we beg91 & z flannel is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important z an article ( "u clo?+1 we w fir/ make a few rem>ks on %irts ( t mat]ial1 ( :i* pl5ty %\ld be tak54 ,fir/1 !n1 h !m made to measure f flannel :i* has be5 previ\sly well %runk1 ( ?or\ghly good quality1 ( m$ium sub/ance1 & unobtrusive patt]n or col\r4 ,x w be well to ord] !m ( extra l5g?1 bo? ( sleeve & body1 s z to all[ = ! %r9kage :i* is c]ta9 to take place aft] a few wa%+s1 9 spite ( all precautions4 ,two brea/ pockets %\ld be made 9 ea*4 ,^! are v conv5i5t = hold+ a v>iety ( small matt]s :5 no wai/coat is worn4 ,= out] clo?+ no?+ c surpass good hea!r-col\r$ twe$1 or ,wat]=d frieze1 = ord9>y we>2 jackets ( %oot+-coat patt]n1 made ) pl5ty ( pockets1 =m$ f mu* /rong] mat]ials ?an are usually made use ( by tailors = t purpose1 w be f\nd mo/ useful = knock+ ab\t 94 ,"o or two pairs ( tr\s]s may be /rapp$ up ! inside & bottoms ( ! legs ) lea!r1 aft] ! cavalry r\gh-rid] patt]n4 ,a pair or two ( ,ox=d cord hunt+ bree*es w also be f\nd useful to we> ) long boots1 ) ankle jacks & gait]s4 ,! wai/coats %\ld be cut r long1 made ) f\r pockets1 two brea/ & two bottom4 ,all ^! %\ld h flaps or salt-box cov]s to !m4 ,ea* half ( ! wai/coat1 f ab\t ! level ( ! bottom button & button-hole to :]e ! back is jo9$ 91 %\ld be l9$ ) a /rip ( lea!r4 ,a long loose gab]d9e ( wooll5 /uff1 made to button up ! front1 & secur$ r\nd ! wai/ by a long n>r[ sc>f or cumm]bund1 is an imm5se com=t 9 camp or qu>t]s1 let ! climate be hot or cold4 ,a good supply ( r$di%-br[n wooll5 socks %\ld be laid 92 a mod]ate numb] ( long /ock+s1 ( ! same mat]ial1 to we> ) ! bree*es2 & a few doz5 pairs ( ! heelless cotton socks1 = use on bo>d %ip1 or :5 ! wea!r is hot2 no?+ c be m agreeable to we>1 except silk1 & ! co/ is a m]e trifle :5 comp>$ to t ( o!r hosi]y4 ,:ite cotton pocket h&k]*iefs1 z a rule1 la/ _! own]s v mu* long] ?an silk1 be+ less tempt+ to native s]vants or foll[]s4 ,braces %\ld be always ord]$ ( ! saddl]1 & made f ! mat]ial us$ = ! surc+les ( racehorses4 ,"o pair ( ^! la/s long] ?an half-a-doz5 ( ! flimsy affairs usually sold ready made4 ,!re are ^? :o disp5se ) braces1 f9d great relief by ! practice1 & we> an ord9>y wai/-belt in/ead2 b to "s p]sons mu* discom=t is caus$ by s do+4 ,a s(t felt hat1 ) a mod]ately wide brim1 is a conv5i5t head dress 9 mo/ temp]ate climates4 ,) ! head ge> made use ( 9 ! tropics & ! f> nor? we %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,! be/ gloves = g5]al & mod]ately r\gh usage are ^? sold "u ! "n ( driv+ gloves4 ,!y %\ld be obta9$ ( ! regul> glov]1 & h bucksk9 let 9 betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,a pair ( common h$g+ gloves well repays ! tr\ble ( tak+1 :5 ! bru% ( ! ?icket has to be h&l$ & firewood arrang$4 ,hats1 gr\nd %eets1 & india-rubb] g>m5ts4 ,take a blue clo? pilot coat1 cut long en\gh to rea* j bel[ ! knees2 h x l9$ ?r\gh\t ) wooll5 mat]ial2 let ! pockets be made extra /rong1 & ord] ! buttons to be l>ge1 ( black horn1 & sewn on ) d\ble-wax$ ?read4 ,! left h& brea/ pocket %\ld be deep & l9$ ) lea!r1 z x n unfrequ5tly becomes a re/+-place = ! revolv] :5 y d n wi% to make an o/5tati\s display ( x4 ,get a c\ple ( real ,scot* caps1 su* z ! ,highl& %eph]ds we>2 no?+ c equal !m = sleep+ 9 :5 camp+ out1 & !y =m a mo/ conv5i5t head-cov]+ = camp use1 or :5 ! sun is n too p[]ful4 ,get f "s sailors' outfitt] a regul> seago+ s\'we/] hat1 ) e> & neck flaps1 & a pair ( oil$ canvas ov]alls to mat*4 ,procure also f "s fir/-class mak] a ?or\ghly good india-rubb] coat2 long en\gh to come well bel[ ! tops ( ! but*] boots4 ,buttons %\ld be sewn 9 at ! back & sides ( ! coll>1 9 ord] to admit ( a hood ( ! same mat]ial be+ put on :5 ne$$4 ,an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d we h f\nd mo/ useful = boat "w & 9 heavy tropical ra9s4 ,ord] also a piece ( ! be/ ,russia duck1 #i;ft4 by #h;ft42 h ?is subject$ to ! wat]pro(+ process2 h ! edges turn$ 9 to =m a #b;94 hem2 & at e two feet1 at bo? sides & ends1 h good siz$ wide flang$ brass eyelets pun*$ 94 ,!n 9 ! c5tre ( ! piece h a longitud9al slit made #af;94 9 l5g?1 h ! raw edge b\nd ) a broad /rong tape1 & at e #c;94 on ea* side h an eyelet ( less size ?an ^? at ! edges put 94 ,?is arrangem5t admits ( ! slit be+ lac$ close :5 x is n requir$4 ,a wat]pro( squ>e ( ?is k9d is useful = an almo/ endless numb] ( purposes4 ,9 ! fir/ place x c be us$ z a gr\nd %eet to sleep on2 x c1 by ?ru/+ ! head ?r\gh ! unlac$ op5+1 be conv]t$ into an excell5t cloak2 x c by fa/5+ /r+s & pegs to ! sides1 & cutt+ a ridge pole1 be conv]t$ into a v fair sub/itute = a small t5t2 x =ms an excell5t c>pet to lay by ! side ( ! t5t b$1 :5 y are =tunate en\gh to be able to use "o1 keep+ d[n insects1 & protect+ ! feet f %>p grass1 /umps1 & twigs4 ,if dur+ ra9 ! t5t %\ld admit wat]1 z x sometimes w 7especially if he$lessly t\*$ :5 saturat$ ) moi/ure71 ?is univ]sal squ>e ( duck c by ! aid ( "s upright /icks or canes1 "o at ! head & ano!r at ! foot ( ! b$1 & a bit ( rope /ret*$ l a clo!s l9e f "o to ! o!r1 be at once made use ( z a ro( to ! b$1 ! sides be+ made to slope & /& out by atta*+ pieces ( tw9e to a few ( ! side poles4 ,clo!s & o!r matt]s c be securely c>ri$ :5 roll$ up 9 ?is1 ev5 9 ! heavie/ ra94 ,on a p9*1 ev5 a riv] might be cross$ ) its assi/ance1 b ! me?od adopt$ = con/ruct+ extempore rafts1 boats1 canoes1 & floats1 w be fully treat$ on :5 t subject comes "u consid]ation4 ,boots & %oes4 ,boots & %oes = real "w are 9 no "p ( ! _w equal to ^? made at home1 & a ?or\ghly good /ock %\ld be laid 9 be=e quitt+ ,engl&2 but*] boots1 s made z to fit ! leg compactly j bel[ ! b5d ( ! knee1 ) l[ heels1 & broad heel seats2 sev]al pairs ( %oot+ boots ( ! regul> ankle-jack gamekeep]'s patt]n1 tipp$ at toe & heel4 ,a pair or two ( high %oes made f s(t undress$ russet lea!r w be f\nd v useful to we> in/ead ( slipp]s1 or = camp use :5 ! gr\nd is dry4 ,a pair ( ,cord+'s wad+ boots w be f\nd invaluable4 ,!y occupy little space1 are comp>atively light1 & keep ! legs & feet dry & w>m :5 no?+ else w4 ,! late ,mr4 ,:eelwright--bett] kn[n 9 ! sport+ & sci5tific _w z ! ,old ,bu%man--?us speaks ( !m 9 a communication to ! ,field3 ,i c add ! te/imony ( five ye>s' exp]i5ce to all y c say 9 _! fav\r4 ,= wad+1 flight %oot+1 boat fi%+ or punt+1 & all w9t] wat] "w1 !y are invaluable4 ,!y are a little too heavy = a h>d day's walk+1 & soon cut ?r\gh 9 ! leg or foot among /akes or bu%es2 b use !m c>efully1 & !y w be f\nd by f> ! be/ wat] boots ev] made4 ,!y are v w>m1 /& a long :ile1 are p]fectly wat]-tight to ! la/1 & !y h ?is advantage ov] a lea!r boot--!y want no dress+4 ,only nev] keep !m ne> a fire4 ,i lo/ ?ree or f\r pairs 9 ! bu% by neglect+ to draw !m (f be=e ,i lay d[n = ! night be=e a camp fire4 ,& :at is wor? all ! re/1 !y nev] get h>d1 b are always z easy to draw (f & on z a glove4 ,x w be well also to provide two or ?ree pairs ( br[n lea!r %oot+ boots )\t heels & ) s+le soles1 free f nails1 & flexible en\gh to admit ( ! we>] walk+ s(tly & ) p]fect fre$om4 ,foot ge>1 adapt$ to ! nature ( mo/ c\ntries to :i* ! travell] is likely to proce$1 w be fully describ$ :5 bu% %oemak+ is "u consid]ation4 ,x w be well also to procure f a saddl] a good supply ( bootlaces4 ,^! %\ld be cut /raight & 9 ! way ( ! gra9 ( ! hide4 ,! :ite lea!r us$ by c>t]s = m5d+ _! h>ness is by f> ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,/rips ( ?is cut to ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* squ>e1 & well greas$ ) mutton suet1 are next to inde/ructible1 & are available = all sorts ( purposes ap>t f t ( lac+ boots or %oes4 ,slightly burn+ or roa/+ ! ends 9 ! c&le or fire h>d5s !m suffici5tly to pass freely ?r\gh ! lace holes )\t a tag4 ,trunks & ,boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,boxes ,,on ,,ends ,,( ,,pole4 ,= ord9>y travel ! solid lea!r bullock trunks1 ( regulation size1 w be f\nd bo? conv5i5t & durable4 ,all /rap guides1 loops1 & h&les mu/ be rivet$ z well z sewn to ! body ( ! trunk4 ,sp>e keys %\ld also be fitt$ to ! locks4 ,9 c\ntries :]e x is cu/om>y = baggage to be c>ri$ by port]s ?r\gh n>r[ bu% pa?s1 & :]e de/ructive insects are num]\s1 we recomm5d ! use ( %eet copp] boxes1 #af;94 long1 #ab;94 wide1 & #ab;94 deep1 made ) copp] wire /r5g!n+ rods1 work$ 9 ! edges ( ! plates or %eets4 ,r+ h&les1 also ( copp]1 %\ld be fitt$ to bo? sides & ends1 z iron :5 wet w\ld corrode ! copp]4 ,^! s]ve to pass /raps1 cords1 or la%+s ?r\gh4 ,9 mak+ ^! boxes great c>e %\ld be tak5 to fit ! jo9ts & cov] s z to r5d] !m ra9pro(4 ,! insides %\ld be t9n$ j z copp]smi?s t9 cook+ pots4 ,! above illu/ration w s]ve to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* "o port] c>ries two ( ^! cases1 :i*1 to be transport$ 9 ?is way1 %\ld n1 ) _! cont5ts1 weigh ov] #bjlb4 ea*4 ,if "o box is c>ri$1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+1 f #celb4 to #djlb4 weight may be plac$ 9 x4 ,boxes = ,cape waggon travell+ %\ld be ab\t #c;ft4 long by #af;94 wide & deep4 ,!y are be/ made ( well-season$ ,memel deal1 #a;94 ?ick1 dovetail$ & angle plat$4 ,su* pack+ cases z are tak5 w require l9+2 ?9 %eet lead is conv5i5t = ?is purpose1 z x s]ves = bullet-mak+ :5 ! boxes are tak5 on %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/+ ,,pole ,,= ,,burd5s ,,on ,,tue ,,zambesi4 ,%oot+ ,ge>4 ,bullets4 ,to ! travell] ^: means ( transport conf9e him to ! possession ( "o gun1 we say1 )\t hesitation1 pur*ase a pla91 /rong1 muzzle-load+1 d\ble-b>rell$ smoo? bore ( #aa or #ab gauge4 ,l5g? ( b>rel1 #b;ft4 #f;941 weight #h-a_/blb4 )\t ! ramrod1 a front action b>1 side locks1 & ramrod pipes l>ge en\gh to c>ry a rod ( extra l>ge size & p[]4 ,two pairs ( sp>e nipples1 & "o pair ( fitt$ ma9 spr+s1 9 addition to ^? 9 ! locks4 ,a bell-metal or iron sph]ical bullet m\ld mu/ be select$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 z x by no means foll[s t because ! figure #ab or #aa is /amp$ on x1 t1 l a wadd+ pun*1 x is calculat$ = a gun ( ! same gauge4 ,our plan1 :5 ab\t to pur*ase a new m\ld1 is to =m1 ) beeswax1 heat$ 9 w>m wat] or be=e ! fire1 a ball1 & to trim1 m\ld1 & f9ally to roll x on a poli%$ table "u ! h&1 until1 :5 plac$ on a piece ( ?91 s(t1 greas$ kid1 & g5tly press$ d[n1 x fits ! bore accurately2 !n1 ) ?is ball z a guide1 we se>* ! m\lds until "o is f\nd j ! size to conta9 x )\t undue pressure be+ us$ 9 ent]+ ! h>d5$ wax ball4 ,?is m\ld we secure1 c>+ no?+ = ! conv5tional numb]s plac$ on x4 ,! sph]ical lead5 ball1 :5 encas$ 9 kid1 %\ld fit ! bore j tight en\gh to require "o /eady d[nw>d ?ru/ ( ! rod to =ce x home4 ,if x travels on )\t pressure1 x is too loose2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 tapp+ ) ! rod is ne$$1 x is too tight1 & liable to welt or disfigure ! b>rel4 ,we h se5 _m mu* injur$1 & r5d]$ v unsafe1 f ?is cause4 ,if sev]al guns c be tak51 !n x w be well to pur*ase "o or m bree*-load]s ( ,no4 #ab gauge4 ,rifles & guns4 ,9 ! *oice ( rifles1 our read]s mu/ be ma9ly guid$ by ! "* & size ( ! game !y int5d pursu+4 ,a poly-groove muzzle-load]1 ,no4 #ab bore1 #b;ft4 #d;94 9 ! b>rels1 & ( ab\t #ajlb4 weight1 w be f\nd a g5]ally useful & reliable gun4 ,!re are1 )\t d\bt1 _m advantages att5dant on ! use ( bree*-load+ guns & rifles4 ,!re are also drawbacks1 :i*1 except "u peculi> circum/ances1 m ?an outweigh !m4 ,t ! bree*-load+ =m ( con/ruction1 v>i$ z x is1 is ( less /r5g? & durability ?an t ( an equally well made muzzle-load]1 few w be dispos$ to dispute4 ,! h+e jo9ts1 lev]s1 & slides1 %\ld !y *ance to become b5t1 loose1 or1 worse /ill1 brok51 w\ld require repair by an exp]i5c$ gunsmi?2 :il/1 z w be se5 z ! "w proce$s1 ne>ly all ! common accid5ts to :i* ev5 ! /ronge/ & be/ made muzzle-load]s are liable 9 ! bu%1 c1 by ! ex]cise ( a little +5uity1 be readily made effici5t weapons by _! unskill$ own]s4 ,gunp[d]1 lead1 & p]cussion caps1 su* z !y are1 c1 :5 y\r own /ore is exp5d$1 de/roy$1 or lo/1 be readily procur$ ev5 9 v out ( ! way corn]s ( ! e>?2 :il/ ! c>tridges calculat$ = bree*-load]s c\ld be only procur$ 9 t[ns or trad+ po/s ( importance1 :]e ! co/ w\ld1 z a matt] ( necessity1 be great1 & _! effici5cy que/ionable4 ,/rong fl9t muskets 7old army regulation7 w be f\nd be/ calculat$ = ! use ( native s]vants4 ,a bit ( agate1 common qu>tz1 or iron pyrites1 answ]s ! purpose ( a fl9t1 %\ld "o be lo/4 ,nev]!less1 "s bree*-load]s s p]fectly comb9e ! qualities ( simplicity ( con/ruction1 excell5ce ( %oot+1 & facility ( re-load+1 t we =be> to put too g5]al a veto ^u !m1 especially :51 by ins]t+ a metallic wad1 !y c be conv]t$ 9 case ( ne$ into muzzle-load]s4 ,t]ry & ,cali%]s1 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds1 & o!rs1 are fav\rites 9 ! ,cape colony2 & we c>ri$ = f\r ye>s 9 tropical ,s\? ,africa "o by ,t4 ,wilson1 ( ,birm+ham3 x 0 compact & simple 9 action1 devoid ( h+es & lev]s4 ,we h load$ ) facility :ile runn+ f a w\nd$ elephant1 & turn$ to fire aga9 )9 eighty y>ds4 ,! c>tridge 0 easily made ) wads ( ! prop] size & a bit ( tissue pap] saturat$ ) common fat2 ea* %ot eject$ ! greas$ wad ( ! previ\s *>ge1 clean+ ! b>rel z x w5t4 ,x c\ld1 if necess>y1 h be5 us$ z a muzzle-load]1 & is n[1 aft] #afjj r\nds h be5 fir$ f x1 9 z good condition z c\ld be desir$4 ,! long sword bayonet we nev] us$1 b1 in/ead1 cut d[n a small] sword to ! proportion ( a bu% knife1 &1 by a little smi?'s craft & pati5ce1 fitt$ x to be us$ z a bayonet if ne$$4 ,a bree*-load] has ?is advantage1 t ) a small bayonet a man1 ev5 9 a %>p skirmi%1 is n def5celess :ile load+1 = he has 8 po9t always be=e him ready = use %\ld 8 enemy close4 ,we h s9ce _h a spr+ lock] let into ! /ock1 to hold half a doz5 c>tridges & caps2 s t1 ev5 :5 snat*$ up )\t ! belt1 ! gun %\ld n become useless aft] ! fir/ dis*>ge4 ,be=e quitt+ ! subject1 x may n be amiss to give a few h9ts on ! pur*ase ( second-h& guns2 ^! are (t5 to be obta9$ = consid]ably less ?an _! orig9al co/1 & j z good z :5 p]fectly new4 ,!re are _m e/abli%m5ts 9 ,london1 :]e second-h& fire-arms 9 consid]able numb]s are regul>ly kept to select f2 among/ ^! may be m5tion$ ,:i/l] 9 ! ,/r&1 ,vaughan 9 ! ,/r&1 ,hewett ( ,blackman-/reet1 ,bor\gh1 & ,watson ( #cac1 ,holborn4 ,aft] decid+ on ! description ( gun y require1 & asc]ta9+ ! co/1 see t ! mak]'s "n is a good "o1 take ! numb] ( ! gun1 & ei!r call1 write1 or telegraph z to id5tity & orig9al price1 :i* matt]s ( in=mation ! manufactur] w imm$iately furni%4 ,?is is n an unnecess>y caution1 z1 unless ! w\ld-be pur*as] is exp]i5c$ 9 /yle ( f9i%1 & quality ( workman%ip1 he may possibly inve/ 9 an article sail+ "u false col\rs2 & "h let u mo/ emphatically impress on ! read] t at nei!r ( ! %ops above ref]r$ to w\ld he kn[+ly be all[$ to be deceiv$4 ,b t !re are guns 9 ! m>ket ) names on !m :i* are =g]ies few w d5y1 & x requires bo? ! exp]i5ce ( ! deal]1 & ! caution ( ! buy]1 to gu>d aga9/ be+ tak5 9 by !m4 ,d n ra%ly reject a s\nd useful gun because x is made by a prov9cial ,iri% or ,scot* mak]1 z !re are _m gunsmi?s out ( ,london :o turn out guns equal 9 quality & %oot+ p[]s to any 9 ! _w4 ,:5 exam9+ a gun y are ab\t to buy1 try ! locks by cock+ & uncock+1 see t ! pit* suits y\r mode ( %oot+1 draw ! ramrod1 lift ! hamm]s to half-cock1 drift out ! bolt & rev]se ! b>rels1 :5 on look+ und]nea? ne> ! bree* y w probably see ! pro( m>ks & ! numb] ( gauge at :i* ! gun 0 prov$2 place ! gun gauge 9 ! muzzles & see t ! two numb]s correspond1 z x occasionally happ5s t guns are prov$ at "o numb] & bor$ out until !y repres5t ano!r--a mo/ repreh5sible practice1 :i* militates greatly aga9/ ! safety ( ! own] ( ! gun :i* has be5 ?us tamp]$ )4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 ha/ily ca/ aside a well-made ,iri% gun ) a kn[n mak]'s "n engrav$ on x because !re are no pro( m>ks1 z1 = "s /range reason or ano!r1 ! law ( pro( does n appe> to ext5d to ,irel&2 & we h se5 _m guns ( surpass+ excell5ce made 9 bo? ,dubl9 & ,cork un/amp$4 ,! reason = ?is anomal\s /ate ( affairs we nev] h succe$$ 9 gett+ cle>ly expla9$2 we !re=e m]ely speak ( matt]s z we h f\nd !m4 ,be=e remov+ ! locks1 see t !y are neatly & compactly fitt$ into ! wood ( ! /ock2 see also t ! timb] ( ! /ock 9 ! b$ ( ! b>rels imm$iately 9 front ( ! false bree* is s\nd2 "s mak]s lay 9 plates ( metal at ?is jo9t1 :i* is an excell5t plan4 ,on remov+ ! bolt & tak+ (f ! locks1 see t all ! cavities into :i* ! projections & spr+s fit h be5 cleanly & ev5ly cut out ) ! tool4 ,see also t ! trigg]s "w freely & h back spr+s to !m4 ,see t ! int]iors ( ! locks are well fitt$ toge!r1 & if y c f9d ! "n ( ,joseph ,brazi]1 ,a%es1 engrav$ on ! inside ( ! plate1 y may discont9ue y\r scrut9y s f> z ! lock dep>tm5t is conc]n$1 z x is a gu>antee = excell5ce ( quality :i* we h always f\nd beyond "q4 ,h ! bree*es & nipples remov$2 see t bo? male & female screws are p]fect2 look c>efully ?r\gh ! b>rels1 & see t ! inn] surfaces are cle>1 bright1 & free f ru/ or honeycomb+4 ,ca/ a g5]al glance ov] ! gun furniture to see t all is firm & s\nd4 ,see t !re are no %akes or cracks 9 ! /ock1 & if !re is no v>ni% on x s mu* ! bett]4 ,:e!r ! b>rels are to be ( ,damascus or lam9at$ /eel1 or twi/$ /ubs1 we mu/ leave 9 great measure to ! ta/e ( ! pur*as]4 ,ea* k9d has its advocates4 ,we d n advise hav+ guns )\t ramrods1 z we h se5 mu* inconv5i5ce arise 9 wild c\ntries f hav+ ! load+ rod to c>ry & dep5d on4 ,x is well to h "o ) a l>ge p[]ful worm inside ! driv+ top or end1 b x %\ld be reg>d$ r 9 ! light ( an auxili>y ?an an in/rum5t to be dep5d$ on4 ,te/+ fire>ms4 ,x w also be advisable1 be=e conclud+ y\r pur*ase1 to te/ ! %oot+ p[]s ( ! weapon select$4 ,if a smoo? bore1 exp]im5t on x fir/ = accuracy ( %oot+ ) %ot1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ! b>rels are accurately fitt$ toge!r4 ,?is is v easily done by try+ a few %ots f bo? b>rels1 at two or ?ree diff]5t ranges1 at a small object su* z a visit+ c>d4 ,by fa/5+ ?is to ! c5tre ( ! t>get1 & %oot+ /eadily at x1 y w at once asc]ta9 if bo? ! b>rels p]=m _! "w satisfactorily1 & d n %oot to ! "r or left4 ,) su* a gun z we h recomm5d$1 #c;drs4 ( p[d] & #a-a_/doz4 ( ,no4 #e or #f %ot w be f\nd a fair av]age *>ge4 ,equal quantities by measure ( p[d] & %ot =m a *>ge almo/ univ]sal 9 its usefulness4 ,! next te/ %\ld be = patt]n or regul>ity ( di/ribution1 at diff]5t di/ances1 :i* may beg9 at tw5ty paces & ext5d to sixty1 us+ ! same *>ge4 ,a l>ge piece ( %eet iron1 pa9t$ ov] ) a mixture ( pipeclay or :it5+ & wat]1 %\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( "o ( ,gov]nm5t patt]n1 be made use (4 ,=m a r\nd black space 9 ! middle1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! =m] exp]im5t1 %oot /eadily at x1 at ! diff]5t ranges indicat$4 ,x w !n be se5 :e!r ! %ot are equally & ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] a mod]ately l>ge space ( ! metal4 ,!re are two modes ( te/+ p5etration usually _h rec\rse to4 ,! mo/ common is to fire ! gun1 at diff]5t ranges1 at a numb] ( %eets ( pap]4 ,old books1 ) ! cov]s remov$1 answ] ! purpose z well z any?+4 ,^!1 :5 firmly secur$ aga9/ ! t>get1 a door1 or tree1 are fir$ at ) a fair av]age *>ge1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( leaves ! %ot has f\nd its way ?r\gh4 ,to c>ry an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d out satisfactorily1 x w be well to te/ ! int5d$ pur*ase aga9/ "s gun ( kn[n excell5ce1 z no arbitr>y rule c be laid d[n z to ! numb] ( %eets :i* %\ld be p5etrat$1 no two surfaces ( pap] be+ exactly alike 9 quality1 sub/ance1 & mode ( arrangem5t4 ,t9 p[d] cani/]s are also us$ z a te/ ( p5etrat+ p[]4 ,"s guns w riddle !m f side to side1 :il/ o!rs1 ) ! same *>ge1 & at ! same di/ance1 m]ely ?r[ ! %ot ?r\gh "o ?ickness ( ! t9 plate4 ,p[d] cani/]s are n always ( ! same sub/ance2 !re=e1 we recomm5d a competitive trial ) !m4 ,! accompany+ table ( results1 :i* 7 "s "t s9ce arriv$ at & communicat$ to ! ,field by an exp]i5c$ correspond5t1 w s]ve to %[ :at v>i$ results foll[ ! use ( p>ticul> guns & cani/]s ( m ?an ord9>y /r5g?4 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! /r5g? & %>pness ( %oot+ ( ! #g-a_/blb4 #aa-;gauge gun at ! trials1 ( :i* ,i s5t y ! report1 & decid$ on try+ ! cani/]s aga94 ,! fir/ 0 a v h>d1 /rong cani/] ( ,curtis & ,h>vey's1 ne>ly squ>e1 be+ #d-c_/d;94 by #d-a_/b;94 & #a-c_/d;94 ne>ly ?r\gh4 ,i fir$ eight b>rels1 two or ?ree pellets ( ea* b>rel go+ clean ?r\gh bo? sides1 & su* z did n g ?r\gh bo? sides deeply ind5t+ ! second side4 ,i tri$ ano!r ( ,curtis & ,h>vey's #f-a_/b;94 by #c-a_/d;94 by #a-c_/h;941 ) l results--,no4 #e %ot #dj y>ds 7by tape71 & ! cani/]s /&+ loose on ! top ( a po/4 ,i !n tri$ my heavy gun1 #ilb4 #aa-;gauge1 b>rels #e-a_/blb41 #ca;94 long4 ,i h drawn out a table ( *>ges & results4 ,! patt]ns ) ,no4 #e 7 v good--fir/-rate _m ( !m--& ! /ronge/2 ) ! #c-a_/b;drs4 & #a-a_/boz4 v great1 ! o!r *>ge w\ld n d4 ,) ,no4 #d ! /r5g? is v great1 b ,i _c rely on ! patt]n4 ,i !n put up a ,curtis & ,h>vey t9 cani/] 7app>5tly l ! la/ 9 size & sub/ance71 #f-a_/b;94 by #c-a_/d;94 by #a-c_/h;941 & let g my "r b>rel at #dj y>ds ) ,no4 #e2 to my amazem5t1 five pellets /uck 9 ! fir/ side1 b none w5t ?r\gh4 ,i !n exam9$ x1 & x 0 v cle>ly a t\gh & /rong subject4 ,my keep] tri$ ! o!r b>rel ) ! same results4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 q sure t my o!r gun w\ld s5d ,no4 #e ?r\gh bo? sides4 ,i tri$ sev]al %ots ! next day ) ! o!r gun at ?is same cani/]1 b c\ld n get ?r\gh ! fir/ side2 ! %ots /uck 91 & s h>d t a /rong clasp knife w\ld h>dly extract !m4 ,i 0 a/oni%$1 ,i confess1 = ! %ots :i* /ruck ! /one gate-po/ 7 flatt5$ z ?9 z ! edge ( a knife2 &1 /&+ ab\t #e y>ds wide ( ! m>k1 ! /r5g? seem$ suffici5t to g ?r\gh any?+4 ,h[ev]1 facts are facts2 & ! ?ree cani/]s are n[ ly+ on ! gr\nd be=e me4 ,i h s9ce be5 exp]im5t+ ) ! light gun & ,no4 #f2 ! day 0 n v fav\rable1 be+ w9dy1 b ,i did n l ! patt]ns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"r ,left ,dr4 ,oz4 ,no4 ,yds4 ,b>rel4 ,b>rel4 ,,light ,,gun1 #g-a_/blb41 b>rels #d-c_/dlb4 #cj;94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c #a-a_/d ,no4 #f #dj #aaf #aaj ,v good4 ,v good4 #aaj #ajg ,v good4 ,v good4 #aab #ic ,good4 ,left w5t to ! left4 #fj #df #da ,tol]able4 ,left l[4 ,no4 #e 444 #db #ca ,good patt]n1 & v h>d4 ,t>gets #f;ft4 by #d-a_/b;ft41 ) circle #cj;94 9 diamet]2 %ots on circle n c\nt$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,i d n l ,no4 #f2 x comes up h>d1 too--v h>d4 ,i /ood beh9d ! t>get :ile my keep] %ot at x1 bo? at #dj y>ds & #fj y>ds1 s ,i c\ld judge well2 b ! patt]ns _h n ! kill+ regul>ity ( ,no4 #e2 a "p 0 ?ick z du/ %ot1 & ano!r l ,no4 #e1 b )\t its broad spla%es1 ?\gh ! pellets 7 all z flat z waf]s at #fj y>ds4 ,i w\ld h back$ ! bird = ev]4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t1 9 w9dy wea!r1 v little execution c\ld be done at #dj y>ds ) ,no4 #f4 ,i h s9ce tri$ o!r *>ges--#c;drs4 #a-a_/hoz41 #c;drs4 #a-c_/ajoz41 bo? ,nos4 #e & #f2 also #c-a_/d;drs4 #a-c_/hoz41 b ,i d n f9d any *>ge beats #c;drs4 & #a-a_/doz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"r ,left ,dr4 ,oz4 ,no4 ,yds4 ,b>rel4 ,b>rel4 ,heavy ,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c-a_/d #a-c_/h ,no4 #e #dj #fe #ff ,"r good4 ,left excell5t4 #ff #hh ,"r two holes or spac$4 ,left fir/ rate4 #ej #df #ci ,n good4 ,n good4 #ca #dj ,mod]ate4 ,mod]ate4 ,want ( /r5g?1 n ! *>ge4 #c-a_/b #a-a_/b ,no4 #e #dj #hd #ha ,"r v good4 ,left fir/-rate4 #hj #ha ,"r good4 ,left excell5t4 #hc #hd ,"r fir/-rate4 ,left fir/-rate4 #ej #db #ej ,"r excell5t4 ,left excell5t4 #df #dd ,"r n regul>4 ,left v good4 #ec #ea ,"r fir/-rate4 ,left fir/-rate4 ,v regul>1 v h>d1 v close4 #c-a_/b #a-a_/b ,no4 #d #dj #dg #eb ,v good4 #ej #bg #ai ,n good at all4 ,t>gets #b;ft4 squ>e1 iron1 tape measurem5t2 gun #ilb41 )\t ramrod2 b>rels #e-a_/blb4 & #ca;94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,rifle sights4 ,a rifle1 be=e pur*ase1 %\ld also be c>efully te/$ z to accuracy ( %oot+2 ?is c be be/ done on "s rifle range4 ,= sport+ purposes1 accuracy ( deliv]y & p[] ( p5etration at mod]ate di/ances are mu* m valuable qualities ?an l5g? ( range4 ,accuracy ( %oot+ is be/ asc]ta9$ by fir+ /eadily f increas+ di/ances at an ord9>y t>get c5tre1 up to #bjjyds4 ,a g5]ally useful *>ge = sph]ical balls consi/s ( ! bullet-m\ldful ( ! v be/ p[d]4 ,use a greas$ kid pat* = ! ball2 see t x has no defects or faults 9 x2 & nev] /rike x ) ! driv+ end ( ! rod :5 x has once rea*$ ! surface ( ! p[d] 9 ! b>rel4 ,s5d ! ball well home ) a /eady pressure f above1 & !n )draw ! rod4 ,%\ld x be f\nd t ! balls are s5t to ! "r ( ! object1 9 all probability x w be f\nd on exam9ation t ei!r ! h9d sight is plac$ too f> t[>ds ! "r1 or ! =e sight too f> 9 ! opposite direction4 ,s ) rifles :i* %oot to ! left4 ,if ! h9d sight has be5 %ift$ 9 its slot1 & driv5 too f> to ! left ( ! exact l9e1 or ! front sight 9 a direction t[>ds ! "r1 ! balls w be f\nd to assume an untrue flight2 & ! great] ! di/ance !y h to travel1 ! m m>k$ w ! error become4 ,! h&le ( an old too? bru%1 fa%ion$ ) a file into ! =m ( an elongat$ w$ge1 w1 ) ! aid ( a mallet or hamm]1 s]ve to drift ! slides into _! prop] position4 ,?is1 :5 once f\nd1 %\ld be not$ by mak+ a small b deep cut ) ! po9t ( a p5knife across bo? slide & b>rel rib1 s t if mov$ ! two ends ( ! cut w n correspond4 ,gunmak]s usually ei!r cut a not* or pun* 9 a piece ( plat9um1 ) ! same view4 ,rifles w n unfrequ5tly ne$ re-sight+ f accid5ts 9 wild c\ntries1 b ?is subject w be treat$ ( at l5g? h]eaft]4 ,! p5etration ( rifle balls is be/ asc]ta9$ by fir+ !m at a numb] ( ?9 elm bo>ds1 plac$ "o on ! o!r l a pack ( c>ds4 ,! numb] ( lay]s or bo>ds p5etrat$ is at once asc]ta9$ by tak+ (f ! planks "o by "o until ! ball is rea*$4 ,ammunition4 ,we are n unfrequ5tly ask$ to advise z to ! quantity ( ammunition a s+le sportsman %\ld take abroad 9 ord] to enjoy a fair am\nt ( %oot+4 ,! duration ( ! propos$ excursion1 nature ( game ab\t to be foll[$1 & ! proclivities ( ! int5d+ travell]1 w all influ5ce ! bulk ( ! /ore he %\ld provide himself )4 ,/ill1 a h9t or two may at any rate s]ve = a basis = him to regulate 8 pur*ases by4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t a ,no4 #ab or #aa muzzle-load]1 an #aa or #ab bore muzzle-load+ rifle1 & ei!r a brace ( d\ble pi/ols or a revolv]1 are tak52 #dlb4 ( be/ sport+ p[d]1 #blb4 ( rifle ditto1 #bjjj be/ caps = guns1 :i* %\ld h nipples alike1 & #bej pi/ol caps2 two #bhlb4 bags ( ,no4 #f %ot1 "o bag ,no4 #d1 & "o bag ,,bb4 ,h sail-canvas bags made to g outside ! ord9>y %ot bags1 z ^! are sure to bur/ ) r\gh travell+4 ,take six bags ( ord9>y m]curial gun wads1 & six ( extra ?ick felt ditto z p[d] wads4 ,^! c be split 9 two if y run %ort4 ,wads ( ?is k9d are invaluable1 z !y keep ! gun clean1 improve its p[] ( %oot+ consid]ably1 & are less liable to rise 9 ! b>rel ?an ^? ( ?9 mat]ial4 ,get a /\t elm box made2 h x l9$ ) %eet lead2 h a division ( /\t plank made 9 ! middle1 s t ! %ot may re/ at "o end & ! p[d]1 wads1 & caps at ! o!r4 ,pack 9 e crevice ) t[1 z t w come h&y = clean+ purposes1 sold] d[n y\r lead cov]1 & !n screw on y\r elm box-lid4 ,a /\t pair ( elm cleets or b>s %\ld be secur$ to bo? bottom & top ( ! box4 ,!y n only /r5g!n x1 b prev5t ! plank+ f com+ 9 contact ) ! e>? or wet decks4 ,!y also s]ve to prev5t ropes us$ 9 sl++ or fa/5+ ! case 9 its v>i\s haul+s up & l[]+s d[n f slipp+4 ,cleets ( ?is k9d are useful app5dages to all wood5 boxes us$ by travell]s4 ,pi/ols4 ,! mo/ effici5t & p[]ful pi/ol we h us$ is ! hol/] revolv] ( ,colonel ,colt1 b its weight 7#dlb4 #boz47 is f> too great to admit ( its be+ g5]ally c>ri$ except on horseback4 ,!re are n s _m objections to ! use ( bree*-load+ revolv]s & pi/ols z !re are to guns & rifles made on t plan4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are less liable to breakage or d]angem5t2 & 9 ! next1 f ! v limit$ numb] ( c>tridges :i* w\ld be actually fir$1 a suffici5t numb] may be v easily tak5 to la/ ?r\gh a long campaign or exp$ition4 ,x is an imm5se advantage be+ able to in/antly load or unload ! *amb] )\t dis*>g+ x4 ,x is cu/om>y ) _m travell]s1 ourselves among/ ! numb]1 to fire ! revolv] (f e ,saturday to clean1 re-load1 & re-cap !m1 !reby sacrific+ six *>ges1 six caps1 & "s little lab\r4 ,not)/&+ all ! +5uity :i* has ( late be5 devot$ to ! production ( bree*-load+ revolv]s1 we h n se5 "o :i* we c recomm5d )\t res]vation--! great fault 9 e case be+ smallness ( bore4 ,long range is1 z a rule1 n requir$ 9 a pi/ol1 b t :i* is requir$ is ! p[] ( inflict+ a sev]e %ock to ! sy/em at comp>atively close qu>t]s4 ,num]\s cases might be cit$ :51 aft] lodg+ two or ev5 ?ree ( ! t9y pellets fir$ f small revolv]s 9 ! body ( an enemy1 ! enemy has _h decid$ly ! be/ ( x1 & coolly f9i%$ (f ! own] ( ! me*anical popgun ) "s old-_w weapon ( great] p[]4 ,until a l>ge-bor$ & h&y bree*-load+ revolv] is produc$1 we recomm5d = use on horseback1 ei!r d\ble-b>ell$ smoo?-bore ,lefau*eux-patt]n pi/ols ) #g-a_/b;94 b>rels & #ad bore1 or muzzle-load]s ( ! same size & gauge1 ) b> side locks & swivel ramrods4 ,! ov] & "u d\ble pi/ol is an excell5t weapon1 & is c>ri$ by _m soldi]s & travell]s ( great exp]i5ce2 b = our "p1 we pref] ! b>rels m\nt$ side by side1 precisely z !y are 9 a d\ble gun4 ,to c>ry 9 ! belt = use on foot1 ! ,trant] bree*-load] is p]haps z good z any1 al?\gh z a rule ! trigg] pull is too heavy2 b ?is is an evil :i* admits ( correction4 ,p[d] flasks1 b>rel rods1 c4 ,take ?ree ,sykes p[d]-flasks1 "o to hold a p\nd & ! o!rs ( m$ium size2 h !m ( t9n$ copp] /it*$ ov] ) saddle pig-sk94 ,we pref] = c>ry+ %ot a d\ble %ot-belt ) pat5t side spr+s to any ( ! lev] cut-(f contrivances2 x is a v old-fa%ion$ plan we "k1 b a v effective & useful "o = all t4 ,two sizes ( %ot c be c>ri$ 9 x2 x c be worn mu* m com=tably ?an a p\*1 :i* is always gett+ 9 ! way1 & !re is no loss ( %ot f *ance bl[s on ! lev]3 a /ill great] advantage lays 9 y\r be+ able to see t :i* goes into y\r gun4 ,if only "o size %ot c be tak51 select ,no4 #f = g5]al use2 b ,no4 #h1 ,no4 #d1 & ,bri/ol ,b4 %\ld be add$ if practicable4 ,gunp[d] ( excell5t quality is n[ to be obta9$ ( all ! fir/-class mak]s4 ,= p]cussion caps1 ?ick felt gun-wads1 & ord9>y m]curial ditto1 g to ei!r ,joyce or ,ely4 ,! wire c>tridges ( ! latt] mak] are invaluable if !y c be c>ri$3 we h done wond]s ) !m4 ,:5 hav+ y\r %oot+ ge> put 9 ord]1 h two well-season$ deal rods made1 s t !y may fit tightly into ! b>rels ( ! gun :5 cov]$ ) two lay]s ( flannel1 :i* mu/ be firmly /it*$ on2 ! /icks are cut exactly ! l5g? ( ! b>rels1 & connect$ at ! muzzle ends by a %ort piece ( /rong tape2 ?is s]ves to draw !m out by4 ,be=e plac+ ! /icks 9 ! b>rels = f9al pack+ up1 rub !m ov] ) m]curial o9tm5t1 z %\ld be done to bo? ! outsides ( ! b>rels & ! gun furniture2 !re is little fe> ( ru/ attack+ y\r fire>ms :5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,a brass m\ld = ca/+ buck %ot w be f\nd v useful4 ,"o we h f\nd ( inf9ite s]vice is ?us made3 ,two long n>r[ *eeks ( brass are fitt$ at "o end ) a h+e1 ea* *eek has ! halves ( fifte5 %ot sockets at ea* edge1 mak+1 :5 ! two halves are clos$1 ?irty p]fect sph]ical m\lds = %ot4 ,a groove & r[ ( inlets run along ea* edge1 & two movable /eel plates cut (f ! necks ( ! %ot :5 cool4 ,!re are two h&les1 & ! :ole affair is n unlike a long n>r[ pair ( nutcrack]s4 ,! %ot ?us ca/ are ab\t ! size ( g>d5 peas1 & an ounce ( !m1 ) #c-a_/b;drs4 ( p[d] beh9d x f a ,no4 #aa gun1 =ms a *>ge :i* w be f\nd mo/ =midable if us$ at mod]ately close qu>t]s4 ,:5 def5d+ a camp or waggon =t aga9/ ! attacks ( savages no?+ is equal to x4 ,/ation]y & ,arti/'s ,mat]ials4 ,x is to be suppos$ t mo/ p]sons visit+ little-kn[n regions w at lea/ keep a di>y = private gratification1 if n = public use2 & n[ t draw+ f nature is s ess5tial a bran* ( education1 !y w mo/ likely also wi% to sket* su* objects or sc5es z may be mo/ int]e/+4 ,"s :o aspire to m exactitude ( detail ?an an arti/ c hope = 9 a ha/y sket* may wi% to practise photography2 & 9 ?is beautiful art ! greate/ possible facilities are (f]$ to ^? :o practise x4 ,we h lately se5 9 ,london _m mo/ beautiful pictures tak5 by ,dr4 ,kirk on ! ,zambesi ) a small & inexp5sive cam]a1 c>ri$ z a m]e supplem5t to 8 private equipm5t2 b unless ! travell] possesses1 z ,kirk did1 *emical k en\gh to enable him to cont5d successfully aga9/ ! v>i\s cont+5cies ( *ang+ climate1 impurity or sc>city ( wat]1 & innum]able o!r new & unexpect$ difficulties1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! p5cil1 guid$ ) :at arti/ic skill ! individual may be able to comm&1 w af=d1 if n ! be/1 at lea/ ! mo/ c]ta9ly available results2 &1 )\t und]valu+ photography1 we may 9 ?is prelim9>y *apt] notice pr9cipally ! appliances :i* w enable a man to keep 8 j\rnal & illu/rate x ) sket*es ( int]e/+ sc5es or objects4 ,! j\rnal4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to ! j\rnal4 ,( c\rse1 = purposes ( correspond5ce1 a travell] w take c>e to supply himself ) "s "o ( ! sub/antial & economical portable desks 9 :i* p5s1 ink1 note-pap]1 & envelopes are always at h& to enable him to write a cr$itable lett] f almo/ any "p ( ! _w4 ,b ! j\rnal or di>y is ano!r matt]2 its value consi/s *iefly 9 its be+ :at its "n indicates--a di>y or diurnal record4 ,x mu/ be writt5 :ile ! ev5ts describ$ are fre% on ! memory1 or !re is nei!r life nor _s 9 x4 ,if ! j\rnal ( to-day is put (f1 ! ev5ts ( to-morr[ w confuse & dim ! impressions t ought 9 all _! pri/9e vig\r to h be5 committ$ to pap]2 procra/9ation is ! ?ief ( "t1 & we may well say t x w rob ! j\rnal ( ! travell] ( all t fre%ness & vivacity :i* alone c make x int]e/+4 ,illu/ration ,! "q1 !n1 is1 h[ %all he c>ry ) him mat]ial s t ea* night1 by ! blaz+ camp-fire1 ! scantily-f$ oil lamp1 or ! la/ half h\r ( ! quickly wan+ twilight1 he may record 8 impressions ( ! ev5ts ( ! day8 ,we w suppose t ! *ase has occupi$ him2 or he has be5 engag$1 z we h1 9 desultory w>f>e 9 ,kaffirl& or ,india2 or ev51 x may be1 pass+ ?r\gh a peaceful c\ntry1 ) no o!r ?an ! common difficulties ( exploration & objects ( int]e/ 9 botany1 zoology1 or any ( ! innum]able dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce cr[d+ on him at e h\r4 ,he w1 p]haps1 wi% to s5d home "o or m copies ( 8 di>y z correspond5ce1 & x is absolutely necess>y t he himself %\ld reta9 a p]fect copy4 ,ink he _c at all times c>ry1 nor c\ld he use x1 = ! dry+ up ( ! fluid1 ! clogg+ & corrod+ ( 8 p5s1 w\ld be insup]able difficulties2 &1 beside ?is1 z 8 "t is n suffici5t = him to write 9 detail1 ev5 = ! fir/ "t1 all t he wi%es1 h[ %all he obta9 a copy8 ,9 answ] we w simply /ate ! plan we h successfully adopt$4 ,p5 & ink we disc>d$ altoge!r1 & tru/$ simply to ! p[]s ( a good ,,hh4 p5cil & a supply ( ?9 :ite foolscap int]leav$ ) semi-c>bonic pap]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration "h giv54 ,by ?is arrangem5t we 7 able at any "t to record all ne$ful rem>ks or obs]vations 9 duplicate1 & c\ld h ext5d$ ?is if necess>y to five copies1 :ile all ! lab\r ( re-writ+ 0 sav$ & all *ance ( error obviat$ by ?is simple process4 ,arti/'s mat]ials4 ,) reg>d to arti/'s mat]ials1 until we h an opportunity ( go+ f>!r into detail1 p]haps all t ne$ be said is t ! travell]1 kn[+ 8 own capabilities & requirem5ts1 %\ld supply himself ) mat]ial f "s respectable col\rman--,reeves1 ,w9sor & ,newton1 or o!rs--) su* mat]ials z he requires4 ,to "o :o has real facility 9 sket*+1 ! black-lead p5cil & a few quires ( sket*+ c>tridge pap] w be ! means ( af=d+ illu/rations :i*1 comp>$ ) ! simple means employ$1 may be acc\nt$ m>vell\s2 b if he has skill 9 col\r+ & w add to ?is a wat]-col\r box1 ) tubes1 or moi/ col\rs 9 porcela9 pans1 9 assortm5ts 7always kept by ! be/ col\rm571 ) a few sable or o!r p5cils1 & bru%es ( ! be/ quality 7= !re is really no sav+ 9 buy+ *eap goods71 he may obta9 results t w 9 aft] ye>s m ?an repay ! co/ & lab\r he has exp5d$ ^u !m4 ,details ( our own outfit & exp5diture w h]eaft] be giv52 & we may n[ briefly m5tion t1 = pure & c>eful pa9t+1 :ite pap]--say ,:atman's--is indisp5sable2 b :]e /rict accuracy ( t9t is n ess5tial1 x is v soo?+ to ! eye1 especially "u ! f]vid rays ( an almo/ v]tical sun1 to h ! pap] slightly t9t$ ) pe>l1 w>m grey1 light drab1 or neutral col\rs1 :i*1 if well *os51 w enable ! arti/ to make v effective draw+s 9 sepia1 or col\rs height5$ ) ,*9ese :ite4 ,= p]sons wi%+ to employ _! leisure 9 pleas+ mem5toes ( ! sc5es !y visit1 p]haps ! foll[+ brief li/--amplifi$1 %\ld !y desire x--w af=d suffici5t guidance2 & !y w also d well to *oose "o or m ( ! %ill+ h&books publi%$ by ,r[ney & ,co41 or ,w9sor & ,newton4 ,a sket*+ portfolio1 ) fold+ t9 frame to conf9e ! pap] :ile 9 use1 & pocket = sp>e pap]--qu>to size4 ,d n take sket*+ blocks :]e !y h to /& r\gh usage4 ,"o ( folio size1 if desir$4 ,a good /rong havresac ( canvas1 ) lea!r sl+s = ea* folio4 ,/\t canvas is almo/ wat]pro(4 ,?is %\ld h pockets = col\r box1 wat] bottle1 p5cils1 & p5knife4 ,half quire ,:atman's draw+ pap] 7:ite74 ,"s ( x %\ld be cut to ! size ( ! folio4 ,half quire sket*+ c>tridge = less f9i%$ "w4 ,half quire t9t$ draw+ pap] 7pe>l1 light drab1 cool & w>m greys74 ,a proportion ( all ^! pap]s %\ld be cut to ! size ( ! sket* book :5 pur*as$2 b a few %eets %\ld be kept :ole1 z a l>g] draw+ may be requir$4 ,two doz5 draw+ p5cils--#h ,,hh41 #ab ,h41 & #d ,,hb4 ,9 practice1 x w be f\nd ,,hb4 is black en\gh1 & x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 z1 unless a draw+ is fix$ imm$iately1 ! deep %ades are v apt to sme> :5 ! backs ( o!r sket*es are pack$ aga9/ !m4 ,two s+le blad$ p5knives4 ,v compact sket*+ boxes ) assort$ col\rs 9 cakes1 9 porcela9 pans1 or 9 collapsible tubes1 are provid$2 & ! amateur c h>dly d bett] ?an select "o ( ^! ) any numb] ( col\rs f two to tw5ty-f\r4 ,we pref] to use ! collapsible tubes1 z f !m any am\nt ( col\r may be plac$ ^u ! palette ready = use1 )\t ! tr\ble ( gr9d+ f ! cake or wa%+ up f ! moi/ pan4 ,ano!r advantage is t ! col\r rema9+ 9 ! tube _c be spoil$ by ! admixture ( any o!r--! tubes might be c>ri$ loose 9 ! pocket ( a :ite wai/coat )\t fe> ( spoil+ x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few :i* d n keep well1 z1 f _! weight1 !y sep>ate f ! m$ium !y are mix$ ) & become h>d4 ,"s ( ^! are seldom us$2 b1 :]e !y are necess>y1 we %\ld advise t !y be tak5 9 cakes4 ,on t9t$ pap] v nice effective sket*es may be made ) "o tube ( sepia & a cake ( ,*9ese :ite4 ,) ^! we %\ld advise ?ree br[n sable p5cils 9 flat ,g]man silv] f]rules--,nos4 #a1 #c1 & #f4 ,) ! addition to ^! ( ! ?ree primitive col\rs--r$1 blue1 & yell[--a consid]able range ( subjects may be pa9t$2 inde$ c\ld we obta9 ^! 9 p]fect purity1 we %\ld require no o!r4 ,b1 z ?is is impossible1 we subjo9 a li/ ( col\rs1 plac+ fir/ 9 ord] ^? t we h f\nd mo/ useful 7,*9ese :ite & sepia h be5 already m5tion$73-- ,indian yell[1 ,c>m9e1 ,fr5* blue1 ,yell[ o*re1 ,light r$1 ,prussian blue1 ,gamboge1 ,rose madd] 7p]haps 9 cake71 ,cobalt1 ,raw si5na 7cake71 ,burnt si5na1 ,indigo1 ,yell[ lake1 ,m>s orange1 ,payne's grey1 ,v]milion 7cake71 ,v&yke br[n1 ,em]ald gre51 ,sc>let lake 7cake71 ,crimson lake1 ,purple lake1 ,cadmium yell[ 7cake71 ,br[n madd] 7cake71 ,purple madd] 7cake74 ,) ^!1 ! :ole set f #a to #f ( ! sables 9 flat albata w be ne$$1 & we advise two ea* ( #a1 #b1 & #c1 z well z "o or two l>ge swans' quills = wa%+ 9 ! sky or flat t9ts4 ,a tripod sket*+ /ool fold+ to ! size ( a special's /aff w\ld be useful1 b ! rivet %\ld be /rong & well cl9*$4 ,let ! wat]col\r box h divisions on ! edge ( ! palette = e col\r x conta9s4 ,if y take an easel1 d n tru/ an india-rubb] coll> jo9t2 x w n /& tropical heat2 let ! jo9t be brass4 ,! tripod easel1 fold+ up l a s+le rod1 is mo/ portable4 ,we h 9 ?is said no?+ ( oil col\rs2 amateurs w h>dly ne$ !m 9 a wild c\ntry2 b :5 we treat m at l5g? on ?is subject our own equipm5t w be giv54 ,sci5tific ,in/rum5ts4 ,in/rum5ts = mapp+ ! r\te4 ,if ! travell] aims at explor+ & approximately mapp+ ! c\ntry he passes ?r\gh1 a/ronomical in/rum5ts are indisp5sable1 & ( ^! none are m useful ?an ! compass2 ! sextant1 ) artificial horizon2 ! note book1 conv5i5tly rul$1 = record+ obs]vations2 & ! protractor1 ! scale1 & ! divid]s1 = lay+ !m d[n ^u ! map4 ,if m]ely a pleasure excursion 9 a suffici5tly kn[n c\ntry is contemplat$1 a pocket compass w be all t is ne$$2 & ev5 t is disp5s$ ) by hunt]s & trad]s1 :o pu% f>!r e ye> into ! wild]ness )\t fe> ( ei!r mi/ak+ _! way or be+ unable to return ^u _! own tracks4 ,a great am\nt ( detail may be fill$ 9 ) ! foll[+ simple outfit3--,a pocket compass1 n only %[+ ! po9ts z 9 common use1 b graduat$ on ! out] circle ) degrees1 read+ un9t]rupt$ly f z]o all r\nd to #cfj3 ?is w give ! direction ( ! road1 ! be>+s ( any two objects1 & ! angle betwe5 !m4 ,a wai/coat-pocket ivory #f;94 fold+ rule3 ?is w s]ve ! purpose bo? ( scale & protractor2 ! eigh?s ( an in* may be conv5i5tly tak5 to repres5t miles1 & by lay+ ! rule ^u ! compass1 s t its jo9t co9cides ) ! c5tre on :i* ! ne$le turns1 & op5+ ! legs to ! degrees m>k$ ^u ! circumf]5ce1 ! requir$ angle may be approximately transf]r$ to ! note book4 ,= obs]v+ latitudes a sextant is indisp5sable4 ,if great accuracy is n requir$1 a pocket or box sextant ( f ?ree to f\r in*es diamet]1 & read+ to half miles1 w answ]2 b = m precision "o ( at lea/ #h;94 radius %\ld be tak51 fram$ entirely ( metal1 z wood w %r9k & w>p2 x %\ld read to #ae or ev5 to #aj seconds1 or sixtie?s ( a mile4 ,!re are _m =ms ( artificial horizon1 b ( ^! ! m]curial is ! be/1 &1 9 fact1 ! only "o we c confid5tly recomm5d4 ,! tr\gh %\ld n be less ?an five in*es long by ?ree broad1 & we pref] an oval =m1 ) a conv5i5t sp\t = p\r+ (f ! quicksilv] :5 done )4 ,a glass ro( is us$ to protect ! surface ( ! m]cury1 %\ld !re be any w9d1 & ?is may be made to fold into a v small compass1 if desir$4 ,six1 or at lea/ f\r1 p\nds ( m]cury %\ld be provid$2 & ?is %\ld be kept 9 an iron bottle1 ) screw$ /opp] & cov]1 s]v+ z a funnel1 :i* %\ld be fur!r protect$ by a piece ( wa%lea!r ti$ ov] x4 ,we h us$ z a sub/itute a common /onew>e ink bottle1 ) lea!r securely ti$ ov] ! cork1 b wood5 bottles are sure to split & leak :5 tak5 to hot c\ntries4 ,) ?is equipm5t1 a sup]ior compass1 = ! m accurate det]m9ation ( be>+s1 w be requir$4 ,a prismatic compass is v useful1 b we h us$1 ) great conv5i5ce & accuracy1 a flat "o ) a c>d ( ?ree in*es diamet]1 dive/$ ( ev]y?+ b ! slit & hair l9e sights1 :i* are us$ j z ^? ( a rifle are1 & protect$ only by a /\t glass1 :i* sav$ ! tr\ble ( remov+ & replac+ ! cov]4 ,a small p\* on ! wai/ belt 0 appropriat$ exclusively to ?is4 ,! note book may be ( good non-metallic writ+-pap]1 su* z is 9 common use4 ,?is may be writt5 on v conv5i5tly ) a ,h4 or ,,hh4 draw+ p5cil1 :i* is practically indelible4 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to h l9es rul$ along ! side ( ! page = ! c\rses & "t or e/imat$ di/ance2 4 s4 d4 columns w d v well = ?is4 ,= mapp+1 pap] may be pur*as$ rul$ ) squ>es ( almo/ any desir$ size2 ! in*es are m>k$ ) /rong l9es1 & ! subdivisions1 eights or t5?s1 ) fa9t]4 ,?is %\ld be cut to fit "o ( ! qu>to sket*+ folios1 ) fold+ frame to conf9e ! %eet 9 use1 & pocket = sp>e pap] z commonly us$ by arti/s4 ,! in/rum5ts absolutely necess>y = plott+ ! result are a semicircul>1 or1 /ill bett]1 a circul> protractor1 m>k$ l ! compass ) degrees f #j to #cfj1 & made ( brass1 or pref]ably ( "s transp>5t mat]ial4 ,a #f;94 scale1 ) ! usual divisions1 & a good pair ( compasses or divid]s1 ) po9ts z f9e z possible1 b some:at obtuse1 to prev5t ! possibility ( _! pi]c+ ! pap] & break+ (f 9 x4 ,= heights ( m\nta9s1 ! simple/ & mo/ reliable in/rum5t is ! hypsometrical or boil+-po9t app>atus1 :i*1 ?\gh n s accurate z ! m\nta9 b>omet]1 is suffici5tly s = ord9>y purposes1 & has ?is great m]it--x _c easily be put out ( ord]4 ,! ra9fall1 %\ld ! c\ntry be bless$ ) any1 may be measur$ by a ,casella ra9 gauge1 :i* we h also us$ v successfully on a p9* z a funnel = draw+ (f rum f a b>rel4 ,!rmomet]s read+ up to boil+ po9t ought to be c>ri$1 & 9 addition to ^! ! travell] may provide himself ) a self-regi/]+ maximum & m9imum1 & a wet & dry bulb !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties t an obs]v] work+ on %ore ) ! artificial horizon c meet ) is--t ! actual angle to be obs]v$ is d\bl$ by reflection 9 ! quicksilv]4 ,few sextants read high] ?an #abj or #acj1 consequ5tly1 :5 ! sun is #gj high1 x is beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y in/rum5ts4 ,to meet ?is1 ,capta9 ,c4 ,george1 ,r4,n41 ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 has inv5t$ a v beautiful little in/rum5t1 9 ! =m ( a d\ble box sextant1 & ! object ( :i* is ei!r to take two angles at "o obs]vation1 by ref]r+ two di/ant objects to a common c5tre1 & complet+ at once a p]fect triangle1 or1 by ! increas$ p[] ( ! in/rum5t1 to take any requir$ angle t may be too great = ^? 9 ord9>y use4 ,! in/rum5t is be/ describ$ z be+ a special arrangem5t ( two sextants plac$ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,ea* sextant is complete 9 all its ess5tial details1 &1 if s requir$1 c be deta*$ & sep>ately us$4 ,! ,improv$ ,d\ble ,sextant is capable ( be+ appli$ to ! foll[+ uses3-- 7#a47 ,to ! measurem5t ( angles ( ne>ly d\ble ! arc :i* c be measur$ by ! ord9>y sextant4 7#b47 ,to ! simultane\s measurem5t ( two angles4 7#c47 ,to lay+ out a direct l9e betwe5 any two objects1 ?us act+ z a sub/itute = a ,rap]'s in/rum5t4 7#d47 ,to lay+ out curves = railways1 h>b\r works1 c41 c4 7#e47 ,x c be us$ z an optical squ>e4 7#f47 ,x c be us$ z a dip-sector4 7#g47 ,x c be us$ on %ipbo>d to measure ! supplem5t ( ! m]idian altitude1 9 cases :]e ! l& int]v5es betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! direct m]idional horizon4 7#h47 ,x c be us$ on %ore ) ! artificial horizon 9 obta9+ altitudes ( objects ne> ! z5i?4 7#i47 ,x is also available z two di/9ct sextants1 "o ( :i* c be us$ 9 case ( ! o!r be+ damag$1 or "o c be us$ by an assi/ant1 & ! o!r reta9$ by ! obs]v]4 ,a pocket compass is n[ made 9 :i* ! nor!rn half is black ) :ite po9ts1 & ! s\!rn :ite ) black po9ts2 ! advantage ( :i* by night or twilight is obvi\s4 ,we pref] t ! c>d %\ld travel ) ! magnet1 z all ! po9ts !n come naturally into position1 & ! excessive livel9ess ( ! ne$le :i* r5d]s a rapid obs]vation s difficult is obviat$4 ,we h c>ri$ a pocket compass ) a swivel r+1 s t x c\ld be worn on ! left ?umb1 :ile we held ! note book & kept ! "r h& free = writ+ or guid+ ! horse4 ,x is easi] to make p5cil notes on horseback ?an 9 a waggon4 ,= ! prop] regi/ration ( ! "t & di/ance travell$1 a good well-go+ hunt+ wat* is necess>y2 & if x has a black dial & :ite figures s mu* ! bett]4 ,?is w s]ve suffici5tly well = tak+ "t 9 ! obs]vation ( lun> di/ances4 ,unless "u v exceptional circum/ances x w\ld be useless = an explor] to tr\ble himself ) a *ronomet]4 ,a good b9ocul> field glass = day & night w be f\nd useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portable ,,obs]vatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,triangul> ,,compasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slid+ ,,beam ,,compasses4 ,portable obs]vatory4 ,we give a sket* ( a v conv5i5t arrangem5t made = u by ,mr4 ,casella1 9 :i* ! ro( ( ! artificial horizon1 slung ) its po9t d[nw>d 9 a lea!r case1 ) pieces ( t9 let 9 to protect ! glass f injury1 0 fill$ up ) a block ( light c$>1 ) holl[s cut 9 x = ! reception ( ! pocket sextant1 iron-/opp]$ bottle ( m]cury & funnel cap1 prismatic compass1 note book ) tables ( decl9ation cut f ,hannay & ,dietri*s5's ,almanac pa/$ 9 x1 p5cil1 sk9 ( *amois lea!r1 & ov] all ! horizon tr\gh4 ,lieut5ant ,skead1 ,r4,n41 :o accompani$ ! exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 frequ5tly us$ x1 & call$ x a portable obs]vatory4 ,if ! travell] int5ds to be long abs5t1 he %\ld supply himself ) ! ,nautical ,almanac = ?ree ye>s 9 advance1 z well z ) ,norie's or ,rap]'s ,epitome1 or ,k]igan's ,navigation4 ,9 addition to ! in/rum5ts we h describ$1 triangul> compasses are v useful = tak+ ! exact relative position ( ?ree po9ts1 & slid+ beam compasses = long di/ances4 ,proportional compasses are also v useful 9 plott+ ! result ( obs]vations2 we 7 accu/om$ to p9 d[n half a doz5 %eets ov] ea* o!r on ! draw+ bo>d1 & ) a f9e ne$le po9t prick ! c\rse ?r\gh ! :ole ( !m2 !n by und]lay+ !m ) semi-c>bonic pap]1 & writ+ ! names on ! upp] %eet ) a ,,hhh4 p5cil1 ?ree or ev5 m copies at a "t might be obta9$1 ! numb]1 ( c\rse1 dep5d+ mu* on ! ?9ness ( ! pap] we work$ on4 7,see accompany+ illu/ration47 ,illu/ration ,measurem5t ( di/ances4 ,be> 9 m9d t :at an explor] wants is ! means ( approximately lay+ d[n 8 c\rse & di/ance travell$1 & 8 latitude precisely2 ! sextant & artificial horizon w d ! la/ )9 a mile4 ,! compass w give ! c\rse v ne>ly if he walks or rides2 no in/rum5t c be p]fectly dep5d$ on4 ,a p$omet] w d = %ort di/ances1 b :5 he becomes we>y x c\nts 8 feeble /eps j z x did 8 vigor\s /rides at ! beg9n+1 & ?us %[s m ?an ! tru?4 ,if :eel c>riages c be us$1 take a tro*iamet]1 & contrive if possible to h ! :eel on :i* x is fix$ exactly five y>ds 9 circumf]5ce2 x saves no end ( tr\ble if !re are no odd half in*es to calculate4 ,= mapp+1 d n take a case ( in/rum5ts unless !y are really good2 h r a few good ones wrapp$ 9 a *amois sk91 a small ivory rule on :i* ! eigh?s ( an in* s]ve = miles1 a pair ( good divid+ compasses1 a good circul> protractor transp>5t m>k$1 f #j to #cfj1 a small p>allel rule1 ,,hhh4 p5cils1 a cake ( blue = riv]s1 & c>m9e = roads1 ) a c\ple ( sable p5cils & a f9e incorrodible metallic p51 w enable y to make a v complete & reliable map4 ,9 ! map room ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society a small selection ( practical works is kept1 a li/ ( :i*1 by ! c\rtesy ( ,capta9 ,c4 ,george1 we are enabl$ to ins]t "h4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,! ,travell]'s ,libr>y4 ,a/ronomy4 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t4 7,longman & ,co4 #aheh47 #aas4 ,a/ronomy & ,g5]al ,physics4 ,w4 ,:ewell4 7,w4 ,pick]+4 #aheg47 #ds4 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,a/ronomy4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d4 7,+ram & ,co4 #ahec47 #as4 #f;d4 ,h&book--,descriptive & ,practical ,a/ronomy4 ,g4 ,f4 ,*amb]s4 7,j4 ,murray4 #ahfa47 #ajs4 ,elem5ts ( ,plane ,a/ronomy4 ,j4 ,br9kley1 ,d4,d4 7,hodges & ,smi?4 #ahde47 #fs4 ,orbs ( ,heav52 ,planet>y & ,/ell> ,worlds4 ,o4 ,m4 ,mit*ell4 7,n4 ,cooke4 #ahef47 #bs4 #c;d4 ,navigation4 ,navigation & ,nautical ,a/ronomy4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,inman4 7,riv+tons4 #ahfb47 #fs4 #c;d4 ,complete ,epitome ( ,practical ,navigation4 7,j4 ,w4 ,norie4 #ahfd47 #ads4 ,n4,b4 ,! late/ edition %\ld be ask$ =4 ,lun> ,"t ,tables4 ,j4 ,gordon4 7,imray4 #ahec47 #gs4 ,h&book = ! ,/>s4 ,h4 ,w4 ,jeans4 7,levey1 ,robson1 & ,co4 #ahdh47 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ma!matics1 ,trigonometry1 & ,sph]ics4 ,manual ( ,ma!matical ,tables4 ,galbrai? & ,h\ghton4 7,longman & ,co4 #ahfj47 #bs4 ,ma!matical ,tracts4 ,g4 ,b4 ,airy4 7,j4 ,w4 ,p>k]4 #ahdb47 #is4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,practical ,m5suration4 ,a4 ,nesbit4 7,longman & ,co4 #ahfd47 #es4 #d;d4 ,practical ,introduction to ,sph]ics & ,nautical ,a/ronomy4 ,p4 ,kelly1 ,,ll4,d4 7,baldw9 & ,co4 #ahbb47 #gs4 ,treatise on ,trigonometry4 ,g4 ,b4 ,airy4 7,griff9 & ,co4 #ahee47 #bs4 #c;d4 ,= ,travell]s4 ,:at to ,obs]ve2 or1 ,travell+ ,remembranc]4 ,col4 ,jackson4 ,revis$ by ,dr4 ,norton ,%aw4 7,h\l/on & ,wright4 #ahfa47 #is4 #f;d4 ,geodesy & ,survey+1 ,milit>y1 ,nautical1 & ,l& ,survey+4 ,treatise on ,milit>y ,survey+4 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,jackson4 7,all5 & ,co4 #ahfj47 #abs4 ,outl9e ( ,me?od ( conduct+ a ,trigonometrical ,survey4 ,col4 ,frome4 7,weale4 #ahfb47 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,practical ,geodesy4 ,j4 ,w4 ,williams4 7,p>k] & ,son4 #ahce47 #gs4 #f;d4 ,trigonometrical ,survey+1 ,levell+1 & ,eng9e]+4 ,w4 ,galbrai?4 7,blackwood & ,son4 #ahdb47 #fs4 #i;d4 ,eng9e]+ ,field ,notes on ,p>i% & ,railway ,survey+ & ,levell+4 ,h4 ,j4 ,ca/le4 7,simpk9 & ,co4 #ahdg47 #hs4 ,practice ( ,eng9e]+ ,field ,"w4 ,w4 ,d4 ,haskoll4 7,at*ley & ,co4 #aheh47 #ags4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,nautical ,survey+s4 ,com4 ,bel*]4 7,ri*>dson4 #ahce47 #abs4 ,weights & ,measures4 ,weights & ,measures ( ,all ,nations4 ,w4 ,woolh\se4 7,virtue ,bros4 #ahfc47 #as4 #f;d4 ,=eign ,measures & _! ,engli% ,values4 ,r4 ,c4 ,c>r+ton4 7,pott]4 #ahfd47 ,con/ruction ( ,maps4 ,manual ( ,map-mak+4 ,a4 ,jamieson4 7,full>ton4 #ahdf47 #bs4 ,manual ( ,topographical ,draw+4 ,lieut4 ,r4 ,smi?4 7,j4 ,wiley4 #ahed47 #es4 ,projection ( ! ,sph]e4 ,projection & ,calculation ( ! ,sph]e4 ,s4 ,m4 ,saxby4 7,longman & ,co4 #ahfa47 #ds4 #c;d4 ,use ( ,in/rum5ts4 ,treatise on ,pr9cipal ,ma!matical & ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,f4 ,williams4 7,weale4 #aheg47 #cs4 #b;d4 ,! ,sextant & its ,applications4 ,simms4 7,tr\ghton & ,simms4 #aheh47 #ds4 #f;d4 ,treatise on ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts4 ,j4 ,hea!r4 7,virtue ,bros4 #ahfc47 #as4 ,geography4 ,geography ,g5]alis$4 ,r4 ,sullivan4 7,longman & ,co4 #ahfc47 #bs4 ,9 addition to ^!1 e "o ought to possess ! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,enquiry1 :i* is a s]ies ( pap]s writt5 = ! direction ( explor]s by m5 ( ! highe/ /&+ 9 v>i\s sci5ces2 & no bett] g5]al "w c be recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,au/ralian ,,exp$ition ,,saddle ,,equipm5t4 ,,namaqua ,,gun ,,bucket4 ,horse ,equipm5t4 ,saddles4 ,a good roomy hunt+ saddle1 turn$ out z only an exp]i5c$ ,engli% mak] c1 or1 at any rate1 s f> z our exp]i5ce has gone1 ev] does1 we look on z ! v p]fection ( t on :i* a horseman %\ld sit2 & we /rongly advise e "o leav+ ,engl& = any c\ntry 9 :i* he has to ride1 to provide himself ) at lea/ "o4 ,! v>i\s saddles us$ abroad w be describ$ f>!r on4 ,x w be requisite to h a numb] ( ,ds fa/5$ on 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t situations = atta*+ by /raps ! v>i\s matt]s :i* x is at times requisite to c>ry4 ,two s(t lea!r hol/]s %\ld be fitt$ to ! front1 & a wallet 7see engrav+71 made to re/ beh9d ! (f saddle flap & ?igh ( ! rid]1 susp5d$ by /raps f ,ds sewn firmly on = t purpose4 ,at ! re> ( ! saddle %\ld also be atta*$ a d\ble r[ ( ,ds = ! purpose ( secur+ a sort ( lea!r cov] or envelope 7see engrav+71 )9 :i*1 :5 on ! m>*1 ! head & heel ropes1 ) _! p9s1 are secur$4 ,! mode ( us+ ^!1 z well z knee halt]s1 c41 w be describ$ :5 treat+ on t subject4 ,two numdahs1 or saddle clo?s1 %\ld accompany ! saddle4 ,! be/ we h se5 ( late are compos$ ( a ?ick species ( felt2 b1 dur+ ! mo/ rapid & fatigu+ =c$ m>*es ?r\gh ,c5tral ,india1 at ! "t ( ! mut9y1 we us$ two ( quilt$ cotton ( native manufacture1 :i* 7 put on alt]nately1 "o gett+ dry :il/ ! o!r 0 becom+ saturat$ ) p]spiration f ! horse1 & s1 by a con/ant *ange ( ^!1 avoid+ "o ( ! wor/ mis=tunes t c befall ! horse ( ! travell] ?r\gh a wild c\ntry1 viz41 a sore back4 ,! sk9 ( ! klip spr+]1 prep>$ ) ! hair on1 =ms an admirable numdah4 ,saddles are greatly protect$ dur+ r\gh travel1 & _! durability mu* increas$1 by hav+ cases made = !m ( s(t russet lea!r1 or t :i* is inf9itely bett]1 :5 x c be obta9$1 saumb] sk94 ,we h _h cov]s = all our saddles made ( x1 to protect ! pig sk9 f ! trem5d\s ?orns ( tropical =e/s1 z well z ! num]\s o!r s\rces ( injury to :i* saddles are liable4 ,! /irrup-iron %\ld be ( l>ge size1 s z to admit ( ! free passage 9 & out ( a ?ick boot ) "s mud or clay ab\t x4 ,two or ?ree pairs ( sub/antial hunt+ spurs1 ) wide /raps1 w be f\nd ! mo/ reliable k9d ( p]suad]4 ,bridle4 ,! mo/ useful bridle we ev] _h 0 ( ! %ift+ bead coll> patt]n1 s con/ruct$ t1 by unbuckl+ a pair ( side /raps1 bo? bits1 ) ! re9s atta*$1 came (f1 leav+ a /rong head coll>1 ) a *9 /rap1 on :i* 0 an iron r+ = a coil ( rope to be susp5d$ f1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #cg4 ,num]\s op9ions exi/ t\*+ bits1 & mu* div]sity ( op9ion mu/ rema9 aft] all ! argum5ts :i* h f "t to "t be5 exp5d$ on ! subject2 z ! temp]am5ts ( horses & m5 v>y1 & z ! peculi> purposes to :i* ! horse1 9 ! numb] ( phases or conditions 9 :i* he is call$ on to m9i/] to ! wants & pleasures ( 8 ma/]1 are *ang$1 s w "s modification ( ! means us$ = 8 control & direction be requir$4 ,pall-mall is "o place & ! =e/ ano!r2 & x by no means foll[s1 because ! equipm5t "o has us$ ) ,engli% hunt]s 9 an ,engli% hunt+-field has be5 f\nd all t c\ld be desir$1 t native br$ or colonial horses1 ridd5 9 pursuit ( game1 require no o!r4 ,we d n ?9k x w\ld be pr(itable to ! read] to ent] "h on a description ( ! bits us$ by v>i\s nations & tribes4 ,we advise z ne>ly z possible adh]+ 9 ?is1 z well z 9 _m o!r cu/oms1 to ! mode adopt$ by ! p>ticul> race or nation among/ :om ! travell] may *ance to soj\rn4 ,/ill1 we recomm5d him to take out f ,engl& 7besides ! bit fitt$ on ! head coll> bridle1 :i* may be a pla9 /rong snaffle7 two segundras ( m$ium p[]4 ,h no m buckles 9 ei!r heads or re9s ?an are absolutely ne$$4 ,no?+ t5ds to weak5 a bridle s mu*1 dur+ ! exposure consequ5t on an outdoor life1 z ! ru/+ out ( buckles & ! break+ or pull+ ?r\gh ( _! tongues--bo? s\rces ( endless tr\ble & annoyance4 ,pack saddles4 ,= simple & effici5t equipm5t bo? = pack & saddle horses we d n "k a bett] model ?an t adopt$ by ,augu/us ,c4 ,gregory1 ,comm&] ( ! ,nor? ,au/ralian ,exp$ition1 & n[ ,gold ,m$alli/ ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ) :om we _h ! hon\r ( s]v+ f #ahee to #aheg4 ,! pack saddles1 elaborately con/ruct$ 9 ,engl&1 :i* we took out to him 7 at once condemn$ = two reasons2 fir/1 t !y 7 unnecess>ily heavy1 & next t ! po9ts ( susp5sion = ! load 7 s high t ! lea/ sway+ ( ! saddle w\ld sev]ely wr+ ! horse's back4 ,! l>ge flaps 7 sav$ z a res]ve ( useful lea!r = em]g5cies1 & ! ?ick felt saddle clo?s 7 gladly appropriat$ to _! prop] use2 b ! complicat$ arrangem5t ( wood & iron1 comb9+ ! undesirable qualities ( weakness1 weight1 & inconv5i5ce1 0 left 9 /ore to await ! sale ( surplus equipm5t on our return4 ,! pack saddle1 made "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,gregory1 consi/$ simply ( two bo>ds ( ,au/ralian c$>1 ab\t tw5ty in*es long by sev5 broad1 incl9$ at su* an angle z to sit fairly on ! horse's ribs1 & at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r t ! sp9e %\ld rema9 un9jur$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! 7 connect$ by two /\t b[s ( iron1 #a-a_/b;94 broad by #c_/h;94 ?ick1 ar*+ well cle> ( ! horse's back1 & hav+ on ea* side hooks firmly rivet$ into !m = ! susp5sion ( ! bags 9 :i* our provisions1 c41 7 /[$4 ,! crupp] 0 buckl$ r\nd ! aft]mo/ b[1 & ! /raps = ! atta*m5t ( ! brea/+1 bree*+1 & gir?s 7 screw$ on ! outside ( ! c$> planks4 ,we hope ! illu/ration on ! next page is suffici5tly cle> to indicate ! position ( ^! )\t fur!r description2 x w be se5 t ! gir?s cross ea* o!r z !y pass "u ! belly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,au/ralian ,,exp$ition ,,packhorse ,,equipm5t4 ,a pair ( pads1 suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t n only ! saddle b also ! packs *af+ ! horse1 7 atta*$ to ! bo>ds by ?ongs pass+ ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ei!r end1 s t ^u occasion we c\ld easily remove !m to re-arrange ! /uff+1 & tie !m aga9 9 _! places4 ,"o ( ! ?ick felt$ saddle clo?s be=e m5tion$ 0 invaluable z an additional protection4 ,! =m ( ! bags w also be readily und]/ood by a glance at ! frontispiece4 ,!y 7 ( /\t canvas1 z wide z "o bread? ( ! mat]ial1 & ! ends 7 =m$ by a pe>-%ap$ piece let 91 & /rongly rop$ r\nd ! seams2 ! loops at ! upp] "p 7 b\nd ) lea!r1 & iron cr+les or grummets 7 let 91 by :i* to hang !m on ! hooks4 ,no o!r fa/5+ 0 us$1 s t if a horse fell 9 ! rugg$ m\nta9 pa?s1 or 9 =d+ a r\gh & swoll5 torr5t1 x 0 an advantage to him to %ake (f 8 bags at once1 :ile we 7 g5]ally able to fi% !m up aga9 be=e ev5 su* p]i%able /ores z sug> c\ld be rea*$ by wat]1 ?r\gh ! pack & d\ble bags ( canvas 9 :i* we kept !m4 ,no?+ :atev] 0 all[$ to be fa/5$ to ! b[s above ! susp5sion hooks2 inde$ !re 0 a g5]al ord] t ! horse %\ld c>ry no?+ t 0 n conta9$ 9 ! side bags4 ,! small] bags = fl\r1 sug>1 & o!r /ores1 7 also ! l5g? ( "o bread? ( canvas4 ,"o end 0 =m$ by a circul> piece ( canvas ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r 0 left to be clos$ :5 !y 7 fill$4 ,! inn] bag 0 ( pla9 canvas1 & ?is 0 cov]$ by ano!r t _h be5 well saturat$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil2 ^! held ab\t fifty p\nds ( fl\r1 c41 & 9 ea* fl\r bag two #a_/blb4 t9s ( gunp[d] 7 kept p]fectly secure f fire or wat]2 we g5]ally ate ! fl\r z fa/ z we want$ ! p[d]4 ,ea* pair ( side bags 0 numb]$1 & c>efully balanc$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 ! /[age ( ea* be+ f sev5ty to sev5ty-five p\nds1 s t ! total load ( ! horse %\ld n mu* exce$ #afjlb4 ,illu/ration ,all ! horses 7 furni%$ ) a /\t head/all & halt]1 :i* may be readily und]/ood f ! above engrav+1 & to :i*1 :5 requisite1 ! bit & bridle c\ld be buckl$ by %ort /raps atta*$ to ! r+ = t purpose4 ,our rid+ saddles 7 provid$ ) /\t ,ds1 ! /raps ( :i* 7 n /it*$ to ! lea!r1 b ei!r firmly screw$ into ! wood1 or pass$ r\nd ! frame ( ! saddle4 ,?ree ( ^! 9 front s]v$ to receive ! /raps = buckl+ on ! swag1 or a c\ple ( /\t r$ or blue blankets1 :i*1 ) ! extra %irt & tr[s]s s]v+ z a pill[1 =m$ our sole b$d+4 ,?is 0 =m$ into a roll a little m ?an #c;ft4 long1 & #f;94 diamet]1 & c>efully adju/$ s z to ar* well cle> ( ! horse's )]s4 ,9 front ( ! saddle b>1 on ! (f side1 0 a /\t r+1 ?r\gh :i* pass$ ! sl+s ( ! gun bucket1 :i* 0 made q roomy en\gh to all[ a d\ble b>rel to be )drawn or aga9 ins]t$ )\t tr\ble1 & 0 kept f collaps+ by a r+ ( iron /it*$ into its upp] edge2 & ! t$i\s process ( unbuckl+ ! /rap usually pass$ r\nd & r\nd ! grip ( ! gun /ock 0 obviat$ by ! v simple spr+ & swivel cat* %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,x may be m5tion$ t we f\nd ! spr+ b> a v conv5i5t arrangem5t1 & only once we lo/ a /irrup lea!r :5 a rid] _h dism\nt$ to all[ 8 horse to desc5d m easily a difficult hill2 b = su* cont+5cies sp>e /irrups1 c41 _h be5 provid$ by ! comm&]4 ,two ,ds on ei!r side support$ su* saddle p\*es z 7 requir$2 we pref]r$ ! ne>ly squ>e =m %[n 9 ! sket* ( saddle on page #cf1 z be+ m roomy1 conta9+ 9 "o ! qu>to sket* book actually 9 use1 & 9 ! o!r1 a /ore ( pap]1 c41 = fur!r supply4 ,small loops1 ! atta*m5t ( :i* is j indicat$ on ! inside ( "o ( ^! bags1 l$ =w>d = ! gir? to pass ?r\gh & keep ! p\*es f flapp+4 ,"s ( u c>ri$ a valise1 su* z is sep>ately repres5t$1 & o!rs w\ld make a roll ( sp>e clo?+2 b x 0 imp]ative on all t no?+ :atev] %\ld be all[$ to re/ on ! horse's sp9e1 b %\ld be padd$ or o!rwise arrang$ s z to pass cle> ov] x4 ,! hobbles 7 =m$ ( a b& ( /\t lea!r1 d\ble ! requir$ wid?1 turn$ up & /it*$ s z to =m a flat edge & a r\nd "o4 ,9 use1 ! sewn edge 0 always upp]mo/1 s t ! fetlock might n be *af$4 ,!y 7 connect$ by a %ort *a91 hav+ a swivel 9 ! c5tre1 & a d\ble hook at ea* end1 ! hooks hav+ holes pi]c$ 9 _! extremities = ! reception ( ?ongs1 by :i* "o end ( ea* hobble 0 m\s$ or secur$ f fall+ (f4 ,! hobbles 7 c>ri$ on ! (f side ( ! saddle1 beh9d ! p\*es2 & 7 n unfrequ5tly balanc$ by ! pannik9 & t9 qu>t1 s ess5tial to an ,au/ralian1 t ,h5ry1 our comm&]'s bro!r1 decl>$ 8 conviction t no "o c\ld become a successful travell] till he r$uc$ 8 equipm5t to a clasp knife & a qu>t pot4 ,bells 7 hung to ! head/alls ( ! horses mo/ apt to /ray1 b ?ongs 7 fa/5$ to ! clapp]s1 t !y might be ti$ up dur+ ! day's m>*4 ,our p]sonal equipm5t consi/$ ( a br[n lea!r wai/-belt1 ) snake fa/5+1 c>ry+ a small ammunition p\*1 a revolv]1 & a compass2 ! naturali/1 geologi/1 botani/1 or arti/ add+ to ?is su* in/rum5ts z !y requir$4 ,"s few ( u fav\r$ braces1 b ) ! majority !y 7 at a disc\nt4 ,a cabbage-tree hat1 or "o ( s(t felt1 a /rip$ cotton %irt = f9e wea!r1 s]ge = wet1 molesk9 tr[s]s1 light wooll5 socks1 & ankle boots1 complet+ our g5]al co/ume4 ,"s hundr$ fa?oms ( small rope =m$ an ess5tial portion ( our equipm5t1 ! use ( :i* w be be/ und]/ood on ref]5ce to ! frontispiece 7:i* illu/rates an exp$i5t /rictly )9 ! range ( actual travel1 & is "h introduc$ *iefly to %[ ! =m ( pack-saddle bag :i* we f\nd conv5i5t1 & c1 !re=e1 recomm5d to int5d+ explor]s74 ,?is %ift w h]eaft] be m fully describ$ :5 we h to treat ( ^? :i* mu/ be improvis$ by e travell] on su* em]g5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,namaqua1 ,,) ,,gun1 ,,on ,,rid+ ,,ox4 ,gun sl+s4 ,an excell5t me?od ( c>ry+ ! gun on horse or ox back we h se5 9 common use among ! semi-civilis$ ,hott5tots ( ,namaqua l&2 x consi/s simply ( a bag or bucket ( tol]ably /\t lea!r1 l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! /ock ( ! gun butt d[nw>d1 ne>ly z f> z ! lock2 x c be fa/5$ to ! saddle 9 exactly ! same mann] z t 9 use among u1 or x c be fa/5$ to ! saddle b> on ! ne> side & ?r[n ov] to ! (f4 ,x is g5]ally made ( ! s(t5$ b untann$ lea!r ( ! c\ntry1 & fa/5$ by a ?ong & noose :]e we %\ld1 = m conv5i5ce & neatness1 use a buckle4 ,its m]its are t ! gun lies easily be=e ! ?igh1 po9t+ upw>d beh9d ! "r arm1 s t an accid5tal dis*>ge1 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 c\ld hurt no "o2 x is easily remov$ by %ift+ ! arm )9 & lift+ x f ! bag )\t ! tr\ble ( ca/+ (f any second>y fa/5+2 & above all1 x is impossible t ev5 9 ! r\ghe/ rid+ ! *>ge c\ld be j]k$ =w>d 9 ! b>rel to ! imm95t dang] ( bur/+ x1 z we ourselves h witness$ at ! fir/ dis*>ge1 :]e ! gun has be5 c>ri$ muzzle d[nw>ds4 ,! illu/ration bel[ %[s ano!r v conv5i5t =m ( gun sl+1 :i* we h f\nd to answ] admirably4 ,:5 9 use1 ! muzzles ( ! gun are above ! left %\ld]1 & ! /ock beh9d ! "r ?igh4 ,by br++ ! "r h& back ! toggle secur+ ! loop r\nd ! grip is in/antly releas$1 :5 ! gun drops into ! "r h&1 releas+ itself f ! r+ by its own weight1 & is ready = in/ant use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gun ,,sl+4 ,cutl]y4 ,knives4 ,d n be induc$ to encumb] y\rself ) "o ( ^? ornam5t$1 highly poli%$1 useless abom9ations popul>ly kn[n z hunt+ knives2 !y are worse ?an useless1 & only s]ve to exasp]ate ! own]4 ,= g5]al r\gh & ready "w1 no?+ is bett] ?an a /rong well-made but*]'s knife4 ,! blade %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh ! h&le1 :i* is =m$ by p9n+ two *eeks ( h>d wood or horn toge!r4 ,! h& grip %\ld be long1 & ! /eel suffici5tly s(t to be cut by a common h& saw file2 & we /rongly recomm5d our read]s to apply ! file te/ to e cutt+ tool !y provide !mselves )1 z ! h>d woods ( tropical c\ntries cause endless breakages & not*+s :5 highly-temp]$ in/rum5ts are made use (4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( a pocket knife1 *oose "o t is small en\gh to be a con/ant companion2 "o1 or at mo/ two blades w be f\nd suffici5t = "o h&le4 ,a v conv5i5t description ( knife is to be met ) 9 mo/ h>dw>e %ops4 ,! h&le is /raight & flat4 ,a /\t /ick-cutt+ blade is at "o end ( ! haft1 & a /rong scalpel-%ap$ p5 blade at ! o!r4 ,! m9iature tool *e/s sold "u ! "n ( pocket knives to emigrants are jacks ( all trades 9 _! way1 hav+ all sorts ( suppos$ capabilities1 associat$ ) a g5]al t5d5cy to uselessness4 ,a pair ( /\t l>ge b[$ scissors w be f\nd v useful1 z well z a small piece ( ,turkey or ,wa%ita oil/one4 ,?is %\ld h a little wood5 box ) a slide cov] made = x1 9 ord] to pres]ve x f breakage4 ,a few tools1 well select$1 c sc>cely be disp5s$ )4 ,tools4 ,! foll[+ li/ we c recomm5d1 b our read]s mu/ ( c\rse be guid$ z to ! numb] !y w take by ! purposes ( _! propos$ j\rney3-- ,illu/ration ,small h& axe1 fell+ axe 7,am]ican patt]n74 ,belt tomahawk4 ,h& saw 7m$ium size74 ,?ree *isels 7#c_/d;941 #a_/b;941 & #a_/d;9471 & "o cold *isel4 ,?ree g\ges 7( ! same sizes z ! *isels74 ,?ree gimblets 7f t5-p5ny nail size d[nw>ds74 ,six bradawls 7assort$71 to fit 9 "o boxwood h&le4 ,six saddl]'s awls1 ditto ditto4 ,six %oemak]'s awls1 ditto ditto4 ,"o #a_/b;94 %ell aug] 7)\t h&le74 ,"o screw driv] 7#a_/b;974 ,"o eng9e]'s rivet+ hamm] 7#a_/blb74 ,"o pair ( c>p5t]'s p9c]s4 ,"o pair ( /rong pli]s 7bell-hang]'s patt]n74 ,?ree h&-saw files 7"o rat-tail2 "o flat2 "o half-r\nd74 ,"o rasp1 "o sold]+ bolt1 "o pair ( t9 snips1 +ot ( sold]1 a lump ( res91 & small ladle = lead melt+4 ,a few nails1 screws1 pump tacks1 & coils ( copp] & iron wire1 w be f\nd useful4 ,billhook1 z 9 illu/ration4 ,billhooks4 ,"o or m billhooks w be f\nd ( great value :5 trav]s+ ! tangl$ ?ickets1 = divid+ v9es1 lianas1 bri>s1 & entangl$ bran*es4 ,we h f\nd ! foll[+ =m ( hook extremely p[]ful1 & capable ( cutt+ ?r\gh mo/ =midable imp$im5ts4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration repres5ts ! two sides ( ! hook1 :i*1 z w be se5 on exam9ation1 are n alike4 ,illu/ration ,! ne> side ( ! blade1 or t :i* w\ld1 :5 ! in/rum5t is us$ by a "r-h&$ man1 lay t[>ds ! left1 is slightly holl[$1 & ! edge1 in/ead ( be+ bevell$1 rema9s p]fectly flu% ) x1 l ! front ( a v l>ge g\ge4 ,! (f-side edge is bevell$1 & exactly l t ( a *isel4 ,! plate ( ! blade %\ld be #aj;94 long1 & /\t] at ! back ?an mo/ ord9>y ,engli% billhooks4 ,in/ead ( t]m9at+ 9 a tang or spill1 ! metal %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! h&le z f> z ! po9t at :i* ! curv$ knob at its end is c>v$ out4 ,h&les = ^! hooks are be/ made f natural-gr[n /icks ( suitable b5d4 ,! wood mu/ be t\gh1 /rong1 durable1 & well season$4 ,:5 ne>ly f9i%$1 a saw cut mu/ be made ! exact l5g? ( ! cont9uation ( metal f ! blade1 & ?is mu/ be op5$ & wid5$ ) a flat file until ! plate fits exactly 9 x4 ,a /rong wide r+ mu/ n[ be driv5 on at ! upp] end1 & ?ree /\t s(t iron p9s pass$ ?r\gh bo? ! wood & iron ( ! h&le1 rivet+ ! ends securely 9 c\nt]sunk holes prep>$ = _! reception4 ,! h&le may n[ be f9i%$1 & made to fit ! grip ( ! h& by ! use ( ! rasp1 & "s pieces ( brok5 glass z scrap]s4 ,! temp] ( ^! tools mu/ be regulat$ by ! file te/4 ,lea!r %ea?s %\ld be made = !m1 ) guide /raps = ! belt to g ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration ,tool hold-all4 ,all ! small tools c be conv5i5tly pack$ & c>ri$ 9 a lea!r or canvas hold-all4 ,?is is m]ely a long /rip ( ei!r canvas or lea!r1 ) longitud9al b&s sewn on ! inside4 ,! tools are arrang$ side by side "u ^!1 & !n roll$ up & ti$ c>efully toge!r ) a wide tape /r+4 ,all ! edge tools %\ld be temp]$ or let d[n to meet ! file te/1 gr\nd & set1 be=e be+ f9ally pack$4 ,! axe h&le %\ld be ( well-season$ hickory1 & s made z to admit ( be+ knock$ =w>d ?r\gh ! eye ( ! blade1 & s remov$ f x1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! gr\p ( tools on ! next page4 ,illu/ration ,a groov$ /rip ( wood %\ld be fitt$ to ! edge ( ! saw1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! tee? & keep ! blade /raight4 ,a lea!r bag may be also made = x ) advantage4 ,to ^? :o d n require su* tools z we h describ$1 & yet wi% to provide !mselves ) a v few1 ( small size1 we c confid5tly recomm5d ! foll[+ arrangem5t4 ,portable tool *e/4 ,ord] f a t9-plate work] a /\t1 wire-edg$ t9 box1 ) wire h+es4 ,let x be #g;94 long1 #c;94 wide1 & #b-a_/b;94 deep4 ,9 ?is1 sev]al small files1 "o or two small *isels1 a numb] ( bo? /raight & curv$ awl blades1 a screw driv]1 hamm] head1 pli]s1 a few sail ne$les1 a small h& vice1 a wat*mak]'s drill & bits1 a jo9t$ bl[pipe1 "s bits ( sold]1 a little lump ( res91 bits ( brass & copp] wire1 "s pieces ( wat*spr+ = cutt+ metal1 a n>r[ cold *isel1 & sev]al o!r odds & ends1 may be conv5i5tly /[$ away4 ,a wat*-spr+ saw ne$s no tee?2 x is only requisite to occasionally run ! face ( a file f end to end1 flat on ! edge1 z if 9 ! act ( blunt+ x1 to r5ew its cutt+ p[]4 ,a gun b>rel1 or a b> ( iron ! ?ickness ( a walk+-/ick1 c be cut ?r\gh 9 an inconceivably %ort "t ) "o ( ^! little in/rum5ts1 aid$ by a little sweet oil4 ,camp ,furniture4 ,b$s4 ,! be/ camp b$ we ev] possess$ 0 made on ! /ret*] pr9ciple4 ,! side b>s 7 ( bir* wood1 & f]rul$ 9 ! c5tre1 s z to admit ( _! be+ tak5 into f\r l5g?s4 ,! legs1 also ( bir*wood1 %ut & op5$ l two pairs ( scissors4 ,! c5tre piece ( ! b$ 0 ( /\t canvas1 sewn into pipes at ! sides1 ?r\gh :i* ! side b>s pass$4 ,! head ( ! b$ 0 =m$ by fix+ two uprights 9 holes made = !m1 & !n fix+ a cross b> on _! ends to keep !m 9 place4 ,a v ?9 cocoa-fibre mattress1 cocoa-fibre pill[1 & ?ree ?or\ghly good br[n blankets1 are conv5i5tly pack$ 9 a pa9t$ canvas bag1 ) ! framework ( ! b$4 ,camp b$s1 ( endless v>iety1 are sold by all outfitt]s2 b we describe t m5tion$ above z hav+ /ood ! te/ ( no ord9>y we> & te> mo/ satisfactorily4 ,! v>i\s modes by :i* b$s1 hammocks1 & litt]s are extemporis$ by travell]s w be fully dealt ) :5 t subject comes "u consid]ation4 ,9 ?is section ( our "w we m]ely po9t out t :i* is be/ pur*as$ at home1 leav+ ! multiplication ( ! v>i\s objects1 9 "s measure1 to ! judgm5t ( ! int5d+ travell]4 ,illu/ration ,hammock4 ,a hammock is a v luxuri\s sort ( b$1 b mo/ p are al>m$ by ! v elaborate sy/em ( clews & r+s by :i* x is susp5d$1 & 9 v de$1 ev5 ) ! mo/ scrupul\s cleanl9ess1 ^! are apt1 9 places :]e v]m9 ab\nd1 to h>b\r a great _m2 b ?is might be avoid$ by hav+ ! canvas #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 long1 & ga!r+ x at ! ends s z to disp5se ) clews altoge!r4 ,x w\ld !n h ! advantage t1 :5 x c\ld n be susp5d$1 x might be fold$ z a d\ble %eet ^u ! gr\nd to lay ! re/ ( ! b$d+ on4 ,a hammock c be slung 9 v unpromis+ places4 ,we 7 accu/om$ to keep two 7wa%$1 clews & all1 e =tnight71 /ret*$ to a bamboo pole1 :i* we slung f ! beams ov]head4 ,"o end may be fa/5$ to a tree or to ! waggon :eel1 & ! rope atta*$ to ! o!r may pass ov] =k$ /icks set up z %e>s1 & lead to a t5t peg driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd4 ,a %eet may be ?r[n ov] ! pole or ridge rope1 to s]ve z a t5t or curta94 ,wrapp]4 ,x is a v fav\rite plan 9 ,s\? ,africa to h ! blanket cov]$ on bo? sides ) *9tz or pr9t$ cotton1 quilt$ to x4 ,?is keeps x clean = a long "t1 & makes x mu* m effici5t z a cov]let4 ,mo/ c\ntries h "s peculi> wrapp] ( _! own1 z ! buffalo robe ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! opossum rug ( ,au/ralia1 or ! ,vel ,kombo>s or %eepsk9 blanket ( ! ,cape colony4 ,we h us$ z a pill[ an inflat$ swimm+ belt1 b 9 all cases :5 india-rubb] goods are us$1 !y mu/ be kept f mu* exposure to ! sun1 &1 above all1 f contact ) grease4 ,we h _h a wat]pro( ov]coat s heat$ :5 fold$ away t we c\ld n aga9 op5 x2 b "o ( ^! l9$ ) calico1 & cov]$ ) ?9 non-adhesive /uff1 we %\ld ?9k w\ld be useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w s]ve to %[ approximately ! nature & quantity ( /ores1 c41 requir$ = an exp$ition su* z t to :i* we 7 atta*$ 9 ,au/ralia3-- ,! ,p>ty4--,comm&]1 ,a4 ,c4 ,gregory2 ,assi/ant1 ,h4 ,c4 ,gregory2 ,geologi/1 ,j4 ,g4 ,wilson2 ,arti/ & ,/orekeep]1 ,t4 ,ba9es2 ,surgeon & ,naturali/1 ,j4 ,r4 ,elsey2 ,botani/1 ,f4 ,mll]2 ,collector1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 c41 -- ,flood2 ,ov]se]1 ,j4 ,phibbs2 ,f>ri] & ,smi?2 ,h>ness-mak]2 ,/ockm51 ,european 7#i72 ,%eph]ds1 ,native 7#b7--,total1 #ba4 ,provisions1 c4 = #ah mon?s4--#ag1jjjlb4 fl\r1 #ejjjlb4 salt pork1 #bjjjlb4 bacon1 #bjjjlb4 pres]v$ fre% meat 9 #flb4 t9s1 #bhjjlb4 rice1 #bejjlb4 sug>1 #djjlb4 tea1 #cejlb4 tobacco1 #cejlb4 soap1 #ejlb4 pepp]1 #ejjlb4 salt1 #ajj galls4 v9eg>1 #cjj %eep1 #bjjlb4 sago1 #fdj p9ts peas1 #b cwt4 c(fee1 #ejjlb4 lime juice1 #f galls4 lamp oil1 #alb4 cotton wick1 #c cwt4 pres]v$ potatoes4 ,l& ,conveyance4--#ej horses1 #ce pack saddles1 #ae rid+ saddles1 #ej horse blankets1 #hjj fa?oms te!r rope #a-a_/b;94 & #b;941 #bj horse bells ) /raps1 #ajj pair hobbles1 #c light horse drays2 #c sets h>ness1 #c horses ea*2 #ej sp>e gir?s1 #ejyds4 /rong gir? web1 #ej bridles1 #aj pair hol/] bags1 #aj pair /irrup lea!rs1 #e pair /irrup irons1 #dj pair canvas pack-saddle bags1 #ajj /raps1 #bjj buckles1 #d lea!r wat] bags1 #bj pair spurs1 #aejlb4 lea!r = repairs1 #fjj horse%oes & nails1 #bdj provision bags1 #cjj yds4 canvas1 #bjlb4 sew+ tw9e1 #ajj ne$les1 #f palms1 #bd saddl]'s awls1 #dh balls hemp1 #a_/blb4 bri/les1 #flb4 res91 #flb4 beeswax1 #ab hanks small cord1 #f currycombs & bru%es1 #be te!r swivels4 ,arms & ,ammunition4--#af d\ble guns1 #d rifles1 #aj revolv]s1 #aj pi/ols1 #bjjlb4 gunp[d]1 #ajjjlb4 %ot & lead1 #cj1jjj p]cussion caps1 #bj belts & p\*es1 #ae gun buckets1 /raps1 locks1 sp>e nipples1 m\lds1 pun*es1 #d ladles1 p[d] flasks1 %ot p\*es1 c41 = ea* gun4 ,camp ,furniture4--#e t5ts #h;ft4 squ>e calico1 #aej yds4 calico1 #ab camp kettles 7#a_/b to #c galls471 #f doz4 pannik9s1 #d doz4 t9 di%es 7small71 #a doz4 l>ge1 #d doz4 knives & =ks1 #d doz4 iron spoons1 #f fry+ pans1 #f lea!r buckets1 #f wat] kegs 7#f1 #d1 & #b galls471 #f spades1 #d socket %ovels1 #d pickaxes1 #b spr+ balances 7#be & #ejlb471 #a /eely>d 7#aejlb471 #a %eep net 7#aej yds474 ,in/rum5ts4--#b sextants 7#e;94 & #f;9471 #b box d41 #b artificial horizons1 #ajlb4 m]cury 9 #b iron bottles1 #d prismatic compasses1 #aa pocket compasses1 sp>e c>ds & glasses = compasses1 #c an]oid b>omet]s1 #d !rmomet]s to #ahj1 #b telescopes1 #a duplex wat*1 #a lev] wat*1 #a case draw+ in/rum5ts2 #b pocket cases1 pill> compass1 & protractor2 survey+ *a9 & arr[s1 #b measur+ tapes1 #a draw+ bo>d 7#cj #dj in*es71 #b pocket l5ses4 ,/ation]y & ,nautical ,tables4 ,tools4--#a portable =ge1 #a anvil 7#a_/b cwt471 #b hamm]s & set ( tongs1 #ajlb4 ca/ /eel1 #aalb4 bli/] /eel1 #ajjlb4 b> & rod iron1 #c smi?s' files1 #c l>ge axes 7,am]ican71 #f small d42 #a l>ge tool *e/4 ,clo?+4--#abj pair molesk9 tr[s]s1 #abj s]ge %irts1 #abj cotton %irts1 #fj pair boots1 #dj oil$ calico capes1 #dj hats 7,manilla71 #dj blankets4 ,arti/s' ,mat]ials4 ,miscellane\s4--#e yds4 mosquito net1 gre52 #ejj fi%-hooks1 #be fi%+-l9es1 #b gross mat*es1 #a gross tobacco-pipes2 #b /rong cases1 or in/rum5ts1 /ation]y1 c42 #h doz4 pocket-knives1 #h doz4 pocket-combs1 #bj yds4 r$ s]ge = pres5ts to blacks1 #bjlb4 iron wire1 #elb4 brass ditto1 gr9d/one & sp9dle1 c(fee-mill1 #c iron saucepans1 #b iron kettles1 #f galls4 l9se$ oil1 #f p9ts olive oil1 #blb4 r$ lead1 #bclb4 alum1 #alb4 borax4 ,=age = ,horses & ,%eep f ,moreton ,bay to ,victoria ,riv]1 #bbjj miles1 at #adlb4 p] diem4--#ac tons press$ hay1 #i tons bran1 #bjj bu%els maize or b>ley1 #ejj bu%els corn = horses aft] l&+4 ,m$ical ,*e/ = #b ye>s & #bj m54 ,naturali/s' ,/ores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,au/ralian ,,exp$ition ,,inflatable ,,d\ble ,,boat4 ,boats4 ,we took1 = conveyance across riv]s1 or navigation ( any inl& wat]s1 a portable canoe ( inflat$ canvas1 9 f\r sections1 ea* ( :i*1 :5 inflat$ & lac$ to a frame1 =m$ half a boat2 ! :ole =m+ a d\ble canoe1 on :i* c\ld be laid a plat=m ( #ae;ft4 by #g;ft4 ,inflat$ canvas boat4 ,! boat 0 made by ,messrs4 ,edg+ton f a model :i* we _h previ\sly con/ruct$ & te/$ z to its buoyancy & sail+ qualities4 ,! framework 0 ( a% batt5s1 #c;94 wide & #c_/d;94 ?ick4 ,! uprights at /em & /]n 7 mortis$ into ! keel1 z well z into ! correspond+ =e-&-aft batt5 above2 !y 7 secur$ by cross la%+s pass+ ?r\gh holes prop]ly bor$ = ! purpose4 ,! gunwales 7 la%$ on2 & !n ! ?w>t pieces1 #f;94 wide1 7 secur$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! f\r canvas bags1 ea* cut s z to =m half a :ale boat1 #ae;ft4 long & #ah;94 9 ! half bread?1 7 !n lac$ 9 & inflat$4 ,ea* r[lock 0 =m$ ( two pieces ( a% screw$ to ! gunwale1 z se5 9 ! prec$+ engrav+2 & two o>s & a lug sail complet$ ! equipm5t4 ,! :ole might be us$ ei!r z a d\ble canoe or z two sep>ate boats1 & ,mr4 ,gregory 0 mu* pleas$ ) !m :5 put toge!r2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( a te*nical difficulty at home1 !y 7 n s effici5t z !y ought to h be54 ,we _h agre$ ) ,messrs4 ,edg+ton z to ! quality ( canvas & ( ! sew+ to be us$ 9 e "p1 b on apply+ to ! ,wat]pro(+ ,company he f\nd !y w\ld n wat]pro( 8 "w1 nor all[ him to d x4 ,he _h !re=e to give ov] ! :ole ( ! "w to ! company4 ,:5 f9i%$1 we f\nd t ! seams 7 n /it*$ at all1 b cem5t$ toge!r2 &1 ?\gh w>rant$ to /& #agj ( heat1 we f\nd t ) ! /ra9 ( actual use ^u !m !y s(t5$ & gave way4 ,if ! sections 9 _! prop] =m 7 made ( /\t canvas1 ) ! india-rubb] bags1 s l>ge t !y %\ld be> no /ra91 inclos$ )9 !m1 ?is w\ld be a s]viceable boat--= ! india-rubb] did n actually melt ) ! heat1 b j s(t5$1 s t x 0 unable to resi/ ! /ra9 ^u x4 ,we _h tak5 !m up ! riv]1 ab\t ?irty miles1 9 ! s*oon]'s gig1 to fill ) fre% wat]1 & in/ead ( /&+ a heat ( #agj !y bur/ at #abj4 ,al?\gh1 z we h /at$1 our d\ble inflatable boat p>tially fail$ 9 ,au/ralia1 f ! inability ( ! wat]pro( cem5t to be> ! int5se heat to :i* x 0 subject$1 we believe t1 _h ,messrs4 ,edg+ton be5 all[$ to wat]pro( _! own "w1 or _h ! company cons5t$ to wat]pro( ! sections1 prop]ly seam$ by practical t5tmak]s1 accord+ to ! directions we gave1 ! f9i%$ boat w\ld h be5 z successful 9 e respect z 0 ! model4 ,:5 requir$ = an explor+ trip up ! riv]1 we decid$ to use !m n z a d\ble boat1 b z two s+le ones1 & we sp5t "s days 9 securely /it*+ r\nd e seam t %\ld h be5 s treat$ by ! orig9al mak]4 ,e "o w und]/& h[ ! fibre ( ! wat]pro( clo? w\ld no long] close up r\nd ! ?reads1 z w\ld t ( ! new canvas1 s t1 not)/&+ all our c>e1 !re 0 always a little air leakage2 h[ev]1 sp>e bell[s _h be5 provid$1 & "o 0 apportion$ to ea* boat4 ,f\r or five #flb4 t9s ( pres]v$ beef 7 ?ru/ 9 betwe5 ! sections 9 ea* boat1 s z to re/ along ! keel1 our light] /ores 7 laid z might be said on deck1 & ) two small o>s 9 ea* we />t$1 pull+ up :]ev] !re 0 suffici5t wat]1 & :5 we came to ! dry int]vals1 sl++ ! boats "o at a "t "u two o>s1 & c>ry+ !m easily ) all _! c>go to ! next wat]4 ,! voyage la/$ "s days1 & ! boats1 !re=e1 occasionally requir$ re-inflat+4 ,canoe = "o man4 ,if ! travell] only wi%es = ! means ( f]ry+ himself ov] riv]s1 he might take a c\ple ( wat]pro( tubes1 n less ?an #g;ft4 long & #h;94 9 diamet]1 inclos$ 9 unprep>$ cov]s ( canvas s tight z to relieve !m f any /ra91 & connect$ by "o bread? ( canvas = him to sit ^u4 ,a small frame %\ld keep ^! p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ab\t #bj;94 or #b;ft4 ap>t2 & ! frame %\ld be kept j above ! wat]1 s z n to imp$e ! motion4 ,x is a great ?+ to be indep5d5t ( native help4 ,if a man has 8 own canoe1 h[ev] small1 ! p w come to (f] !irs2 b if he has none1 !y w make a h>d b>ga9 ) him4 ,metal boats4 ,p]haps z good a mat]ial z any = a boat1 if ! explor] is able to c>ry x1 is pure %eet copp]1 ( ab\t #alb4 to ! squ>e foot4 ,x is flexible1 easily work$1 w turn & b5d 9 any =m & at any angle2 x may be fold$ d[n to a %>p edge l a %eet ( pap]1 & op5$ aga91 a te/ :i* no iron ord9>ily procurable c\ld /&2 x is ne>ly inde/ructible1 & reta9s a proportionate value z old copp] h[ev] mu* x may be worn4 ,we h he>d ( an (fic] :o _h ! two ends ( a yawl or :ale-boat built ( copp]1 &1 ?\gh ! /em w\ld frequ5tly be d\bl$ up by t\*+ ! gr\nd 9 cross+ ! b> ( "s ,african riv]1 no leakage took place1 & half an h\r's skilful hamm]+ br\ght x into %ape aga94 ,we believe t ! boats1 or at lea/ "o ( !m1 on ! exp$ition ( ,mr4 ,lyn* to ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,jordan1 7 ( copp]4 ,if we rememb] rightly a copp] boat 0 c>ri$ 9 sections ^u camels to ,lake ,*ad4 ,capta9 ,burton took to ,zanzib> a boat ( corrugat$ iron1 :i* 0 s spe$y t ! ,arabs call$ h] ! ,runn]-away2 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! details ( h] con/ruction4 ,we at "o "t exp]im5t$ ) galvanis$ iron1 b did n f9d x suffici5tly flexible to b5d s %>ply z we requir$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is--:5 prep>+1 9 conjunction ) a long-kn[n fri5d1 ,mr4 ,james ,*apman1 = a j\rney across ,africa1 f ,walvis* ,bay1 on ! we/ coa/1 to ! ,victoria ,falls1 f :i* we hop$ to navigate ! ,zambesi to ! ,ea/]n ,sea--we decid$ on build+ "o ( copp]2 & _m reasons induc$ u to make ?is on ! pr9ciple ( a d\ble canoe or tw9 /eam]3 9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld be difficult to c>ry a boat ( m ?an ?ree feet 9 bread? or dep?1 9 an ox waggon1 & ^! dim5sions w\ld af=d room only = ! close/ possible /[age ( our own p]sons1 & a v scanty equipm5t4 ,x 0 also1 probable1 t ! boats w\ld h1 at rapids l ,*icova or ,kebrabasi1 to be tak5 out ( ! wat] & c>ri$ ov] rugg$ & intricate c\ntry1 :]e _! l5g? w\ld r5d] x impossible to manage !m4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to build ea* boat 9 six wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 ( #d;ft4 9 l5g?1 ( "o %eet ( copp]1 ea* ( :i* ov]lapp$ ! "o beh9d x1 j z ! scales ( a lob/] are arrang$1 mak+ ! actual l5g? ( ! boat #bb;ft4 ,! sk9 ( ea* section 0 made ( ?ree %eets ( copp]1 #b;ft4 wide1 laid side by side ) _! edges d\bl$ ov] ea* o!r1 s z to make a p]fectly turn$ jo9t t requir$ no rivet+1 & 0 only sold]$ to r5d] x m c]ta9ly wat]tight4 ,! ends ( ea* section 7 m>k$ to ! curve requir$1 b cut ?ree in*es l>g]1 ! extra circumf]5ce be+ cut ) snips direct$ t[>d ! c5tre1 s t !y might be turn$ outw>d to fit ! curve ( ! sk91 ?us leav+ a flange ( #c;94 at ea* end ( ! section1 a /rip ( copp] #f;94 wide 0 d\bl$ & slipp$ ov] bo? p>ts1 rivet$ & sold]$1 ! necess>y surfaces hav+ be5 previ\sly t9n$4 ,we hope ! engrav+ on ! next page w make ?is plan tol]ably pla94 ,! end to ! "r is left unf9i%$1 ) ! sep>ate pieces a little ap>t ready to be put toge!r2 ! f>!r %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! flange ( ! =emo/ section ov]laps ! aft]1 & is bolt$ to x ) copp] screws & nuts1 leav+ a space betwe51 into :i* ! h& & arm c\ld be ?ru/ if x 7 ne$ful to rea* ! bottom2 ! wat] w\ld fl[ 9 or out ( ?is n>r[ space freely1 ! comp>tm5ts only be+ gu>d$ aga9/ leakage2 ! nuts 7 all on ! inside1 & ! iron key %[n 9 ! sket* 0 = ! purpose ( turn+ !m on or (f1 :ile ! heads 7 held outside by ! screw wr5*4 ,! copp] 0 kept 9 %ape by an inn] frame ( wood1 & /r5g!n$ ext]nally by sev5 rib-b&s or /r+]s ( good /raight gra9$ r$ deal1 runn+ ! entire l5g?1 ( :i* two s]v$ = gunwales & "o = ! keel1 ! ends ( ?is be+ let into sockets =m$ 9 ! pieces ( copp] :i* 7 d\bl$ ov] ! /em & /]n po/4 ,"o ( ! connect+ beams is %[n 9 ?is sket*1 & also ! r+s by :i* ! sections 7 to be c>ri$ :5 sep>at$ = ov]l& conveyance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,build+ ,,& ,,connect+ ,,section ,,( ,,copp] ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,copp] ,,boats ,,adju/$ ,,side ,,by ,,side4 ,= ! purpose ( keep+ ! c>go dry & secure f pilf]+1 x 0 necess>y t ea* section %\ld h its own deck1 & ?is1 to be> ! weight ( p /&+ on x1 _h to be made ( #c_/d;94 plank1 cov]$ l ! o!r p>ts ) copp]4 ,ar\nd ea* hat*way 7 two m\ld+s1 #c_/d;94 high1 ! holl[ betwe5 :i*1 9 heavy ra9s1 we int5d$ to fill ) wax or grease1 s t :5 ! correspond+ m\ld+ ( ! hat* fitt$ into x x might be wat]tight4 ,! connect+ beams 7 #ab;ft4 long1 & made ea* ( two pieces ( #c_/d;94 r$ deal1 #b;94 wide1 s z to af=d u1 ) ! plat=m laid on !m1 an available deck space ( #ab;ft4 by #bj;ft41 on :i*1 :5 ! riv] 0 broad & op51 we might live or "w ) com=t2 :ile1 if x n>r[$1 z we expect$ x w\ld at ,kansalo1 ,*icova1 or ,kebrabasi1 we c\ld sep>ate ! boats & take ea* ?r\gh s+ly1 t[+ ! deck-raft1 or ev51 if necess>y1 ca/+ x adrift & tru/+ to pick x up z ! curr5t br\ght x d[n4 ,two #c_/d;94 planks1 #i;94 deep & #d;ft4 long1 s z to cat* ! bolts at ei!r end ( ! section1 s]v$ to support ! r[locks4 ,ea* boat 0 provid$ ) h] own rudd]1 & we purpos$1 if necess>y1 to connect ! till]s by a light rod1 al?\gh we believe %e w\ld h /e]$ by "o alone4 ,! ma/s 7 %ipp$ 9 a wood5 case1 betwe5 ! =emo/ & ! next section1 & ! mode ( sett+ ! lug sails & awn+ w1 we tru/1 be made suffici5tly pla9 by ! engrav+4 ,c>e _h to be tak5 t no iron or o!r metal capable ( ex]t+ a corrosive action came 9 contact ) any "p ( ! copp] t 0 likely to be wett$4 ,& ! read] w p>don u if1 :ile /at+ t ! :ole 0 built piece by piece 9 a little b$room sc>ce #h;ft4 by #ab;ft41 we take ?is opportunity ( pay+ a slight tribute ( gratitude to our w>mhe>t$ fri5d ,fr$]ick ,logi]1 to ^: hospitality we 7 ma9ly indebt$ = ! means ( complet+ our equipm5t1 & :o fell a victim to ! fev] s fe>fully preval5t 9 ,cape ,t[n 9 ,octob]1 #ahfg4 ,! ensign1 k9dly made = u by a lady ( t t[n1 aft] hav+ float$ ov] our h\se at ,logi] ,hill1 on ! ,zambesi1 & s]v$ z ! flag ( our little artill]y corps at ,otjimb5gue1 we /ill pres]ve z a relic ( ! j\rney4 ,! difficulties ( ! road1 & defici5cy ( c>riage1 :i* compell$ u to leave beh9d eight out ( ! twelve sections1 & our exp$i5ts to replace !m1 w be m fully describ$ h]eaft]3 we1 !re=e1 app5d only an ab/ract ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 build+3-- #gf %eets copp]1 #d;ft4 by #b;ft4 #afoz4 to ! foot1 at #as4 #f;d4 p] foot 7b1 z ! supply 0 limit$1 we _h to take "s heavi]1 & consequ5tly m #ea #ab #j exp5sive71 "o %eet same size #aflb4 = /em1 & /]n po/ & rudd] fitt+s #ajj;94 copp]1 screw$ bolts & nuts1 #c;941 at #as4 #a;d4 #e #h #d #hj ditto ditto ditto #e;941 at #as4 #e;d4 #e #ac #d #e ditto ditto ditto #g;941 at #as4 #i;d4 #j #h #i #cjj lea!r wa%]s #a #e #j #agdlb4 sold]1 at #as4 #f;d4 #ac #d #d #elb4 f9e t91 at #bs4 #c;d4 #j #aa #c #ag #aj #h ,extra quantity n specifi$ #c #ae #a-a_/b ,m5's "t = sold]+ #ag #ag #f ,coke #a #b #f #b nut wr5*es #j #aa #c #dlb4 ( sal ammoniac1 at #as4 #f;d4 #j #f #j #dlb4 ( res91 at #d;d4 #j #a #f #a bottle ( _s ( salts #j #a #d #flb4 ( lead1 at #d;d4 #j #b #c #clb4 ( copp] boat nails1 at #cs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #f #blb4 ( nails & #blb4 ( rivets1 at #cs4 #j #ab #j #c /eel pun*es1 at #as4 #j #c #j #b pair ( r[locks1 ) sockets & screws #j #g #f ---------- ,total #ajc #ac #e ,illu/ration3 ,,camp ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,africa4 ,x is impossible1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 to collect e item us$1 nor is x necess>y to d m ?an to give an approximate idea ( ! co/ & proportion us$ ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials4 ,p]haps ! wood1 ) a lad to assi/ 9 work+ x1 co/ ab\t #ajl42 pa9t1 oil1 sails1 & o!r extras1 ab\t #ajl4 m2 & #ajl4 freight f ,cape ,t[n to ,walvis* ,bay4 ,we ?9k #f;d4 p] lb4 0 all[$ on su* old copp] z 0 br\ght back4 ,t5ts1 ,canvas ,buckets & ,articles made ( ,canvas g5]ally4 ,t5t-pit*+4 ,9 an army :]e m5 are pl5tiful & t5ts v few1 ! eighte5 or tw5ty =tunate fell[s to :om a bell t5t may be allott$1 c pit* x easily & rapidly en\gh2 "o1 /&+ inside1 w hold up ! c5tral pole1 :ile ! o!rs1 driv+ pegs all r\nd1 draw out & affix ! cords to !m4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 :5 accompany+ ! division 9 ,kafirl& "u ,g5]al ,som]set1 t we c\ld set up our own t5t1 %>$ by ,mr4 ,hoole1 ! int]pret]1 almo/ z quickly alone1 leav+ our fri5d's s]vant at lib]ty to prep>e our meal4 ,our plan 0 to make two knots on ! cord us$ = la%+ up ! t5t1 "o m>k+ ! radius ( ! inn] l9e ( pegs & ! o!r t ( ! out]1 sett+ a c5tral peg into ! gr\nd & loop+ ov] x ! end ( ! l9e2 we held ano!r at ! knots1 & ) x drew ! two conc5tric circles4 ,tw5ty pegs are necess>y = ea*4 ,we1 !re=e1 ?rew f\r on ! qu>t]s ( ea* circle1 & di/ribut+ f\r betwe5 ea*1 drove !m all into ! gr\nd2 !n spread+ ! t5t 9 ! space1 we loop$ on all ! l9es1 & ins]t+ ! pole1 rais$ x up1 its division into two pieces mu* facilitat+ ?is1 & tight5$ ! cords at leisure4 7,see illu/ration1 ,camp ,sc5e 9 ,africa47 ,patrol t5t4 ,our patrol t5t 0 j ?ree y>ds ( d\ble wid? calico2 a small cord 0 /it*$ along ! middle & loops ( tape along ! sides4 ,! diagonal pieces cut out ( "o end 7 /it*$ on to =m ! flaps ( ! o!r1 & a c\ple ( small /icks = ! supports1 ! size ( ramrods1 7 easily secur$ ) ! /raps ( our gun-bucket on ! "r side ( ! saddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,calico ,,patrol ,,t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,calico ,,patrol ,,t5t4 ,our little t5t weigh$ next to no?+2 x 0 sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 ?irty in*es high1 & ne>ly ?irty in*es wide4 ,we roll$ our blankets 9 x1 & s kept !m clean4 ,! package 0 c>ri$ /rapp$ across ! front ( ! saddle1 & ! latt]1 :5 set 9 "o end ( ! t5t1 =m$ an additional protection to ! head1 & no ra9 ev] p5etrat$ our little dwell+1 unless :5 a viol5t side w9d w\ld =ce ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! calico a slight spr9kl+ ( m9ute drops1 :i* w\ld lie l dew outside ! blanket 9 ! morn+4 ,wat]pro( mat]ial is n requir$ = a t5t2 oil+ ! canvas or calico w\ld only rot x2 /\t well-wov5 canvas is ne>ly wat]pro( 9 itself1 & no matt] h[ por\s or op5 ! mat]ial1 ! p[] ( a t5t to keep out ra9 dep5ds m on ! pit* ( its sides or ro( ?an any?+ else4 ,let a plate ( glass lie 9 a slop+ position1 & let a drop ( wat] be t\*$ ^u its "u surface1 if t surface makes an angle ( less ?an #de ) ! horizon ! wat] w drop (f x1 b if ! angle be above #de x w run f top to bottom along ! l[] side2 9 l mann] if ! sides ( ! t5t are pit*$ at a high] angle ?an #de ) ! horizon1 ! heavie/ %[] w run d[n !m in/ead ( p5etrat+4 ,a piece ( wat]pro( is1 h[ev]1 v conv5i5t to lay ^u ! gr\nd to spread ! blankets on4 ,gipsy t5t4 ,mo/ ( our read]s :o h visit$ ! by-lanes & breezy d[ns ( ,engl&1 w be famili> )1 at lea/1 ! ext]ior ( ! gipsy's t5t4 ,its mode ( arrangem5t is bo? +5i\s & ?or\ghly practical4 ,we "k ( no plan by :i* a comp>atively com=table re/+ place c be extemporis$ equal to x4 ,blankets1 sk9s1 mats1 canvas1 or old rugs1 s]ve to =m a cov]+4 ,! ?icket furni%es ! hazel w&s or b5d]s1 ( :i* !re are usually eight1 ( #g;ft4 long1 & almo/ any description ( t\gh wood1 ! hole piece & f>m]'s gate %iv]s are n unfrequ5tly purlo9$ by ! ,romany ,rye to be ?us utilis$4 ,a r$ hot pok] s]ves to bore ! holes4 ,a few pieces ( odd cord keep ! framework 9 place1 & a set ( pegs is readily cut f ! ne>e/ h$ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gipsy ,,t5t ,,frame4 ,! ends ( ! b5d]s int5d$ = ins]tion 9 ! e>? are usually fire-h>d5$1 & "o set w1 ) c>e1 la/ a :ole season4 ,! above illu/ration w bett] expla9 ! mode by :i* ! contrivance is arrang$ ?an w\ld any fur!r description4 ,t5te d'abri4 ,! t5te d'abri1 z us$ by ! ,fr5* army1 is an extremely useful arrangem5t = a small b& ( travell]s or explor]s to provide !mselves )4 ,x is compos$ ( a numb] ( %eets or pieces ( canvas4 ,ea* ( ^! has a r[ ( buttons & button-holes sewn along ! sides & upp] edges1 9 ord] t !y may be jo9$ to ea* o!r1 mu* on ! pr9ciple ( a d\ble-brea/$ wai/coat1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ! next page4 ,! corn]s ( ! %eets are provid$ ) /rong %ort loops ( rope1 ?r\gh :i* ! heads ( ! t5t pegs pass :5 ! t5t is pit*$4 ,! %eets are #e;ft4 #h;94 by #e;ft4 #c;94 ,ea* memb] ( a p>ty ( f\r or six is suppos$ to c>ry 8 %>e ( ! t5t1 :i* consi/s ( "o %eet1 ?ree t5t pegs1 & ! half ( a r\nd wood5 /aff f]rul$ 9 ! c5tre l a fi%+-rod4 ,?is1 :5 put toge!r1 measures #d;ft4 #d;94 9 l5g?1 & is #a-a_/b;94 9 diamet]4 ,! total weight ( ea* %>e is #c-a_/blb4 ,t5ts ( ?is description c be arrang$ by ei!r button+ f\r or six %eets toge!r1 "o %eet be+ consid]$ z repres5t+ ! accommodation ( "o man2 b :5 x is consid]$ necess>y to close ! two ends ( ! t5t f\r %eets only are us$ z a cov]+1 ! o!r two be+ us$ z doors4 ,a c5tre t5t pole is also set up1 s t a t5t = six m5 has1 :5 pit*$1 ?ree poles1 t5 pegs1 & six %eets ( canvas4 ,:5 bo? ends are suff]$ to rema9 unclos$1 z !y w\ld be :5 %ade alone is s\ght1 f\r t5t poles or /icks & f\rte5 t5t pegs are requir$2 !re w\ld1 !n1 be two sp>e poles & f\r pegs4 ,by digg+ out a cavity 9 ! e>? z describ$ at page #fb1 ! com=t & int]nal capacity ( ! t5te d'abri is mu* increas$1 & x =ms a v conv5i5t & portable %elt]4 ,we rememb] see+ a ,fr5* l9e regim5t1 :i* 0 = "s consid]able "t /ation$ on ! heights above ! ,ink]man ,valley1 mo/ com=tably domicil$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5te ,d',,abri4 ,lanc]s' t5t4 ,! ,lanc]s1 9 ,kafirl&1 us$ to =m v commodi\s t5ts by /ick+ upright 9 ! gr\nd "o lance & two swords2 a second lance 0 pass$ z a ridge pole ?r\gh ! becket or loop ( ! fir/ & ! hilts ( ! two swords1 z se5 9 illu/ration1 ,camp ,sc5e 9 ,africa4 ,"o blanket 0 /ret*$ ov] x z a t5t1 & ano!r1 ) ! saddle clo?s1 c41 =m$ a com=table b$ = two soldi]s4 ,a simpl] =m ( t5t may be made at a mom5t's notice4 ,if ra9 comes on1 sit upright1 jo9+ ! h&s above ! head z if y 7 ab\t to dive1 support+ ! blanket on !m1 & all[+ x to hang d[n on all sides t ! ra9 may run (f4 ,if y h no blanket1 y may /ill keep y\r gun1 ammunition1 or sket*-book dry by sitt+ on !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5t ,,extemporis$ ,,f ,a ,,blanket4 ,au/ralian t5t4 ,! t5ts we us$ on ! ,nor? ,au/ralian exp$ition 7 v light1 conv5i5t1 & easily set up4 ,!y 7 simply f\r-sid$ pyramids ( calico1 eight feet squ>e 9 ! base1 & f #i;ft4 to #aj;ft4 9 height 7see p4 #fe74 ,!y 7 lightly rop$ at ! angles1 & w\ld set up ) f\r pr9cipal pegs1 ?\gh !re 7 loops = int]m$iate ones along ! sides4 ,poles c\ld n conv5i5tly be c>ri$ on ! packhorses1 b !re 7 few places 9 ,au/ralia :]e we c\ld n cut !m if ne$$2 & 9 f9e wea!r1 we mo/ly disp5s$ altoge!r ) ! t5ts1 except z m]e sun-%ades1 & slept only 9 our blankets4 ,_! weight1 dry1 0 trifl+1 b1 on acc\nt ( _! bulk1 !y =m$ ! great] "p ( ! load ( "o horse1 & :5 we _h to travel--aft] a ra9y night1 )\t dry+ !m--we f\nd t two wet t5ts1 ) ! f>ri]'s tools & a few horse%oes1 7 q heavy en\gh z a load = "o animal4 ,cape-waggon t5t4 ,a v fav\rite =m ( t5t 9 ! ,cape colony is made l ! longitud9al half section ( a ridge-pole t5t4 ,?is is fa/5$ to ! ro( ( ! travell+ waggon & /ret*$ beside x4 ,:5 ! travell] has two ( ^!1 "o on ea* side 8 vehicle1 he w f9d x ( ! greate/ possible conv5i5ce4 ,! waggon1 ) its own ari/ocratic kap-t5t1 or humble b m durable wattl$ ro(1 s]ves z ! sleep+ *amb]2 :ile ! half t5t on "o side may s]ve z a d9+ or g5]al reception room1 & ! o!r z a work+ or retir+ ap>tm5t4 ,^! may ei!r be rais$ or l[]$ accord+ to ! position ( ! sun or w9d1 or may be completely clos$ 9 at night2 or1 if requir$1 ! two halves c be tak5 away f ! waggon altoge!r1 lac$ toge!r1 &1 ) poles cut ^u ! spot1 set up at once z a d\ble-pole t5t1 z %[n on p4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cape-,,waggon ,,t5t4 ,extempor>y t5ts4 ,we h f\nd 9 ,au/ralia & ,africa1 t ! possession ( a l>ge squ>e ( duck or canvas1 eylet-hol$ at ! corn]s & sides1 or a c\ple ( good siz$ %eets ( /\t unblea*$ calico1 ) loops ( tape or cord /it*$ at ! sides & angles1 h enabl$ u to con/ruct extempor>y scre5s f sun or w9d1 or ev5 ra91 & :5 n s requir$ h s]v$ admirably z ! basis = our b$d+4 ,9 boat p>ties ! sails or awn+s ( ! boat may be /ret*$ ^u ! ma/ or o>s1 two o>s at ea* end may be la%$ crosswise1 & set up z %e> legs1 :ile ! ma/ is us$ z a ridge pole1 & ! sail drawn across !m2 !re is1 h[ev]1 ! objection t ! blades ( ! o>s if project+ upw>d w hold w9d1 & !y %\ld !re=e be fea!r$ t[>d ! qu>t] :5ce x may be expect$ to bl[2 b nev] =get t ! mak+ ( a t5t is only a second>y & exceptional use = a boat's ge>2 if ! sail is *af$ or cut1 its prop] usefulness w be mu* det]iorat$2 & if ! o>s are all[$ to sag or b5d1 by undue /ra91 !y become worse ?an useless4 ,y c no m pull effectively ) a w>p$ or twi/$ o> ?an y c %oot well ) a crook$ gun4 ,9 a boat voyage on a riv]1 or :]e y c make fa/ & %elt] y\r boat at night1 if y set up two /an*ions ?ree or f\r feet high] ?an ! gunwale1 "o at ! aft] & ano!r at ! b[ ?w>t1 & !n make fa/ a l9e to ! r+bolt 9 ! /]n po/1 & lead x ov] ! /an*ions to ! o!r r+ 9 ! /em1 x w =m a ridge rope on :i* ! boat's awn+ ) ! y>ds or /ret*]s remov$ may be laid1 & ! sides slop$ d[n t5t fa%ion to ! gunwales1 & made fa/ ei!r to ! r[locks or1 /ill bett]1 to a /\t l9e pass$ tightly all r\nd ! boat outside ( & j bel[ ! gunwale /reak4 ,if y build a hut1 & h n "t or mat]ial to make x wea!r pro(1 ! t5t may ) great advantage be pit*$ z a l9+ to x1 & x is wond]ful :at effective %elt] may be obta9$ f v imp]fect hutt+ done 9 ?is mann]4 ,we h frequ5tly he>d ( (fic]s & m5 sett+ up _! t5ts or m>quees1 !n build+ ! framework ( _! hut ov] !m1 cov]+ x r\ghly1 & f9i%+ at _! leisure1 s t1 by ! "t ! t5ts h be5 worn out1 v effici5t ?at*$ h\ses h tak5 _! places4 ,we %\ld ?9k t a bell t5t 7su* z may be pur*as$ at any t[n :]e milit>y /ores are kept71 cut 9 half1 & supplem5t$ ) a c\ple ( squ>es ( canvas1 eylet-hol$ at two in*es or m f ! edge1 s z to lace betwe5 ! two halves ( ! bell t5t1 & us$ z a d\ble-pole t5t1 ei!r ) a ridge pole or ) a rope ext5d$ at ei!r end z a /ay1 w\ld =m a v commodi\s habitation1 & w\ld be specially useful :]e ! numb] ( occupants is subject to *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,crimean ,,t5t4 ,fitt+ up ( t5t4 ,:5 a t5t is to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t1 x w be advisable to dig a hole 9 ! e>? to pit* x ov]1 do+ s n only adds mat]ially to ! space inside ! t5t1 b makes x mu* m com=table to reside 91 f ! %elt] af=d$ by ! sides ( ! excavation4 ,_m ( ! huts built by ! ,russian soldi]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,seba/opol 7 sunk to a v great dep?1 be+ 9 fact m]ely l>ge holes 9 ! e>? ) ro(s to !m4 ,! ro(s 7 ( poles ?ickly laid ov] ) bru%wood1 & !n cov]$ ) e>?1 light 0 admitt$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! l[ framework ( ! sides1 oil$ pap] be+ us$ z a sub/itute = glass4 ,ab\t #b;ft4 #f;94 w be f\nd a good dep? = ! excavation = an ord9>y milit>y t5t to /& ov]4 ,9 digg+ x see t ! sides are cut d[n ev5ly1 & t ! bottom is level4 ,if planks c be procur$ to floor & l9e x s mu* ! bett]4 ,"s p]sons leave a r\nd bank ( e>? 9 ! middle = ! pole to re/ on1 b we mu* pref] fix+ a log ( wood1 cut f a tree trunk1 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,! habitation we =m$ = ourselves 9 ! ,crimea1 :5 encamp$ be=e ,seba/opol1 0 ?us arrang$4 ,we fir/ made a hole 9 ! e>? a little less ?an ! diamet] ( ! bottom ( ! t5t1 & ( ! dep? be=e ref]r$ to2 we !n made a pit 9 ! c5tre ab\t #ah;94 9 dep?4 ,9 ?is we sank ! l[] end ( a piece ( old tree trunk1 #d;ft4 long & #g;94 9 diamet]4 ,9 its upp] surface we cut ) a g\ge a cup-l cavity4 ,we !n nail$ a spiral /rapp+ ( =age hoop r\nd a boat ma/ we 7 =tunate en\gh to hunt out at ,balaklava2 we !n r\nd$ ! l[] end s z to make x loosely fit into ! cup on ! head ( ! block4 ,! bell or upp] portion ( an old t5t 0 !n rais$ on our ma/ t5t pole1 & ov] x our own new & complete t5t1 =m+ s to speak a d\ble ro(1 hav+ ab\t a c\ple ( in*es ( space betwe5 ! two surfaces ( canvas4 ,?is1 by hold+ a c]ta9 portion ( air1 add$ 9 an extraord9>y degree to its %elt]+ prop]ties4 ,we next dug a deep dra9 completely r\nd ! t5t1 & plac$ a quantity ( brok5 /ones 9 its bottom4 ,an old wood5 pack+ case 0 !n let 91 by digg+ into "o ( ! sides ( ! excavation imm$iately "u ! doorway4 ,?is n only answ]$ ! purpose ( a /ep to ent] by1 b =m$ an excell5t /orehole = all sorts ( /ray matt]s4 ,! pipe f a small ,maltese /ove 0 c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! e>?1 & dis*>g$ its smoke outside a l[ wall ( r\gh /ones :i* encircl$ ! t5t4 ,we drove two /rong po/s deeply into ! e>? beside ! door1 across _! tops we nail$ a /rong b>1 :i* s]v$ to hit* horses to1 re/ gun aga9/1 c42 :il/ across _! l[] portions we /ret*$ a piece ( =age hoop1 edge upw>ds1 to p]=m ! "p ( a bootscrap]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! w> we 7 enabl$ to procure plank en\gh to bo? floor & l9e ! t5t ?r\gh\t1 !reby add+ mu* to our com=t4 ,! l9+ is c>ri$ out by plac+ bo>ds ! height ( ! side banks on _! ends1 all r\nd ! t5t1 l ! /aves ( a b>rel1 & !n nail+ ! floor+ bo>ds "h & !re fa/ to !m4 ,! upp] ends are kept 9 _! places by nail+ %ort batt5s ( wood across ! jo9ts4 ,! illu/ration on page #fb is a section ( ! t5t ref]r$ to1 & %[s ! mann] 9 :i* _m ( ! arrangem5ts describ$ are made4 ,_m t5ts we h se5 h be5 dug out to a suffici5t dep? to admit ( a sort ( cell> or l[] room be+ =m$2 ?is c only be done at ! exp5se ( mu* tr\ble & lab\r4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! int]ior ( a t5t admits ( ! ex]cise ( a consid]able am\nt ( +5uity4 ,c>t1 waggon1 or gun :eels are extremely useful1 bo? = =m+ a secure base = ! pole to re/ on1 & = a table & gun rack4 ,! t5t pole1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ! next page1 re/s on "o :eel1 :il/ x passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! nave ( ano!r4 ,! hooks = hang+ v>i\s objects f are =m$ by ! natural bran*es ( ! tree f :i* ! pole has be5 made4 ,we seldom make use ( ! f]rul$ pole furni%$ ) ! t5t :5 we h "y =e/ trees at h&2 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 ! conv5tional deal /ick s]ves to fall back on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,utilization ,,( ,,:eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5t ,,peg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,modes ,,( ,,secur+ ,,t5t-,,pole ,,& ,,ropes ,,9 ,,loose ,,gr\nd4 ,t5t peg4 ,mu* ( ! effici5cy ( a t5t dep5ds on ! way 9 :i* x is pit*$4 ,an exp]i5c$ h& w s adju/ 8 pegs & l9es1 t ! gale ( w9d :i* pro/rates ! canvas h\ses ( ! inexp]i5c$1 passes 8 h>mlessly by4 ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 9 praise ( iron t5t pegs1 &1 "u "s circum/ances1 !y may be f\nd highly useful1 b !re are v s]i\s objections to _! use 9 wild c\ntries4 ,if ( suffici5t size & l5g? to be effici5t1 _! weight becomes a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,_! value to natives is s great t to prev5t loss by !ft is next to impossible2 add$ to :i*1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t "o or two w be left 9 ! gr\nd1 e n[ & !n1 on /rik+ camp4 ,we !re=e pref] wood5 pegs1 made f "s t\gh s\nd wood4 ,burn ! po9ts 9 ! fire 9 ord] to h>d5 !m1 & keep a good /ock always on h&4 ,! timb] ( ! ori5tal plane makes excell5t t5t pegs4 ,a /rong & useful =m ( peg is %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,! mallet us$ = driv+ ! pegs %\ld be made ( "s heavy & h>d wood1 su* z mimosa or baubul ?orn4 ,! h&le %\ld be made l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 s t x may be remov$ f ! head ( ! mallet1 j z ! axe h&les be=e describ$ are sep>at$ f ! blades4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 dur+ tropical ra9s1 or 9 s&y soil1 t pegs driv5 9 ! ord9>y way w n hold4 ,modes ( secur+ t5t ropes1 c4 ,x !n becomes necess>y to dig a mod]ately deep pit at ! po9t at :i* ! peg %\ld /&4 ,b9d toge!r a small faggot ( bru%wood1 re$s1 or we$ /alks2 fa/5 a loop ( rope or ?ong to x long en\gh to come #c;94 or #d;94 above ! level ( ! pit :]e ! faggot is buri$4 ,place y\r prep>$ faggot 9 ! bottom ( ! pit crosswise1 & !n well /amp 9 ! e>? ov] x4 ,a bag ( s&1 a /one1 or a bundle ( old hide answ]s ! same purpose4 ,9 r\gh /ormy wea!r1 x is sometimes necess>y to back y\r pegs2 ?is is done by driv+ 9 an additional "o 9 a l9e ) ! fir/1 & !n =m+ a c\ple ( half hit*es ) ! t5t rope ov] its head4 ,x 0 a common practice 9 ! ,crimea to employ an old ,russian bayonet 9 ?is way1 driv+ x into ! e>? until ! curv$ neck alone rema9$ above ! surface = ! hit* to pass r\nd4 ,all t5t ropes %\ld be relax$ on ! approa* ( ra91 or ! tight5$ cord w1 9 all probability1 draw ! pegs1 & ?us all[ ! wet canvas to come flapp+ d[n ab\t y\r e>s1 caus+ no end ( discom=t & confusion4 ,a t5t may be securely pit*$1 ev5 on ! s&s ( ! des]t1 by lay+ a waggon :eel flat on ! gr\nd1 fix+ ! pole ov] ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! axle passes on ! head ( a plug driv5 f> en\gh into x to prev5t ! pole f pass+ ?r\gh2 secure y\r ropes to bags ( s& buri$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$1 & no ord9>y wea!r w bl[ d[n a t5t ?us arrang$4 ,selection ( gr\nd = t5t pit*+4 ,9 select+ a spot on :i* to pit* y\r t5t mu* w dep5d on ! p]iod ( "t y are likely to sp5d 9 ! locality4 ,! nature ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* y are pass+ w also influ5ce ! *oice4 ,:5 travell+ onw>ds1 & m]ely re/+ = "o or two days at a "t1 a dry1 rais$1 level spot1 9 ! vic9ity ( wood1 grass1 & wat]1 may safely be select$4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 encamp too close to wat] 9 c\ntries :]e v5om\s snakes are met )1 z !y g5]ally congregate :]e x is to be f\nd mo/ abundantly4 ,x is n wise1 ei!r 9 ,au/ralia or ,texas1 to encamp b5ea? c]ta9 trees1 z ! bran*es at times drop sudd5ly (f & fall ) a cra% to ! e>?4 ,9 ,india or ,africa we h always s\ght ! fri5dly %ade af=d$ by "s wide-spread+ =e/ giant1 z we h nev] kn[n an in/ance ( bran*-fall 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,9 cle>+ ! gr\nd ( /ray /ones1 tufts ( we$s1 c41 look well ab\t = holes 9 ! e>?1 &1 :5 any are discov]$1 /amp suitable /ones or pieces ( brok5 wood well into !m4 ,reptiles ( _m k9ds are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 ^! und]gr\nd burr[s4 ,we h f\nd a l>ge squ>e ( t>paul+ invaluable z a t5t c>pet4 ,:5 ab\t to set up y\r t5t = a long soj\rn additional precautions are requisite4 ,see well to ! lay ( ! l& z reg>ds ! flood level ( ! ne>e/ riv] or lake2 ! /ray bits ( driftwood & we$s wa%$ into ! bran*es ( wat]side trees w be a useful guide4 ,see t no flags or ru%es are gr[+ ne> y\r propos$ re/+-place1 z !y are c]ta9 indications ( a boggy soil1 unfit = camp+ on4 ,*oose1 if possible1 an elevat$ position1 well above ! influ5ce ( ! miasma & night mi/s ( ! l[ gr\nds & riv]s4 ,we h (t5 se5 a slightly rais$ hill /&+ b>e & isl&-l 9 a sea ( humid vap\r4 ,see also t no dry grass is all[$ to /& 9 ! vic9ity ( ! camp1 le/ x %\ld be ignit$ by a /ray sp>k or a ho/ile native4 ,umbrella t5t4 ,a /\t c>riage umbrella1 ) a curta9 ( #c;ft4 #f;94 button$ or lac$ r\nd ! edge1 w\ld make a v conv5i5t %elt] = "o p]son4 ,if ! curta9s 7 gor$ s z to give m room bel[1 two p]sons might sleep "u x com=tably4 ,an extra jo9t w\ld be requir$ to give suffici5t l5g? to ! h&le4 ,a simil> frame made proportionately /rong1 & ) a curta9 or wall ( six or sev5 feet1 might be f\nd useful 9 cases :]e ! height ( a bell-t5t or m>quee is objectionable4 ,malacca cane w\ld be a good mat]ial = su* a frame4 ,we h he>d ( an adv5tur\s ,am]ican travell] :o _h 8 umbrella t5t made ( />r$ & /rip$ mat]ial1 s t he might be always "u ! protection ( 8 c\ntry's flag4 ,canvas buckets4 ,/\t canvas buckets answ] v well to c>ry wat] 9 = almo/ any di/ance1 & if /iffly rop$ w reta9 _! =m :5 fill$1 & collapse :5 empty2 if a little fl\r is rubb$ into ! canvas1 x w r5d] !m some:at tight]1 & w n mat]ially affect ! ta/e ( ! wat]1 b we pref] to take ! /\te/ canvas4 ,keep x p]fectly clean1 & tru/ solely to ! natural contraction ( ! ?reads :5 wet1 to ?ick5 up & tight5 ! mat]ial s z to r5d] x = all practical purposes ne>ly wat]pro(4 ,india-rubb] bags1 especially if c>ri$ into a hot sun1 & n q full1 always make ! wat] ta/e badly4 ,:5 we s]v$ on ! ,nor? ,au/ralian exp$ition1 we always _h a canvas bucket hang+ 9 ! doorway ( ! hut1 j %ad$ & expos$ to a free curr5t ( air4 ,! p>tial evaporation ?r\gh its sides kept ! wat] delici\sly cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canvas ,,bucket4 ,mosquito nets4 ,if ! travell] c af=d su* a luxury1 & is likely to h pl5ty ( t5t room1 & a suffici5t tra9 ( well ord]$ & ob$i5t s]vitors1 we %\ld advise him by all means to take pl5ty ( mosquito net1 gauze or t>letan1 gre5 or blue4 ,?is %\ld be susp5d$ ar\nd 8 b$ s z to =m an inn] t5t1 p]vi\s 9 e direction to ! cool+ breeze1 b hav+ no ap]ture :atev] by :i* a s+le insect c\ld ga9 admittance4 ,if ! nights are cool1 s t he c be> pl5ty ( b$clo?+1 ! face alone may be protect$ by ! net2 b if !y are likely to be w>m1 s t he lies ) ! ?9ne/ possible cov]let1 & frequ5tly ?r[s (f ev5 t1 x mu/ be l>ge en\gh to inclose ! :ole b$1 & be tuck$ 9 or o!rwise secur$ all r\nd2 9 all cases x mu/ be capaci\s en\gh to give him pl5ty ( room to sleep1 )\t t\*+ its sides1 = if an un=tunate limb %\ld by any accid5t t\* ! gauze1 ! inf9itesimal torm5tors w\ld assur$ly n neglect to improve _! opportunity4 ,! net may be simply a l>ge squ>e1 a portion ( ! c5tre may be ga!r$ 9 ! h&1 & a cord knott$ to x by :i* to susp5d x f above1 :ile ! edges are br\ght r\nd & tuck$ "u ! mattrass4 ,if two po9ts ( susp5sion1 "o ne> ! head & ! o!r at ! feet1 c be obta9$1 ) a light rod or ridge pole betwe5 !m1 ! mat]ial may be us$ to m advantage1 & x may1 if conv5i5t1 be di/5d$ by a hoop1 squ>e or oblong frame ( light canes or twigs1 la%$ toge!r ) a bit ( cord4 ,we _h "o :5 9 ,india1 cut1 & /it*$ into a cone1 or cr9ol9e %ape1 susp5d$ f above1 & tuck$ ar\nd "u our b$d+1 & f\nd x exce$+ly s]viceable--( c\rse1 :5 ! real h>d "w comes on1 all ^! luxuries g to ! re>2 b x is wise to enjoy !m :5 y c4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 we might say 9 all1 :]e flies are f\nd1 d5se sw>ms are sure to seek ! %elt] ( ! travell]'s t5t1 caus+ endless annoyance to ! inmates by settl+ on1 or buzz+ ab\t1 _! faces1 h&s1 or ! "w !y may be do+--dr9k+ up e drop ( moi/ure f ! angles ( ! eyes1 ins]t+ _! probosces into any cut or op5 sore on ! h&s = ! same purpose4 ,odds & ,ends4 ,! ditty bag4 ,!re are a numb] ( articles :i*1 al?\gh n /rictly f\nd "u ei!r ( ! heads we h be=e dealt )1 w be f\nd ( v consid]able s]vice 9 wild c\ntries4 ,a ditty bag %\ld be made ( "s t\gh /rong mat]ial1 su* z fu/ian1 velvete51 or canvas4 ,x %\ld conta9 a l>ge assortm5t ( ne$les1 especially ( ! l>g] & /\t] sizes2 half-a-doz5 m$ium-siz$ sail ne$les1 ?ree rop+ ne$les1 two pack+ ne$les1 half-a-doz5 duck ne$les1 sailmak]'s ?imble & palm1 sail hook1 rubb]1 & pi]c]2 rop+1 sail1 & duck tw9e4 7,le>n h[ to use ! palm f a sailor on ! voyage47 ,a doz5 ske9s ( black ?read1 ditto br[n2 "o doz5 ske9s ( c>pet ?read1 br[n2 six slips ( black silk1 six :ite ditto2 six hanks ( wor/$1 ! col\r ( ! socks & %irts4 ,all ^! ske9s %\ld be w\nd (f on c>ds1 z endless entanglem5ts foll[ ! attempts made by ! inexp]i5c$ to use ?read f ! uncut ske94 ,we also advise w9d+ on c>ds1 z cut ?read is n s well adapt$1 f ! numb] ( %ort l5g?s 9 x1 = splic+ brok5 fi%+-rod jo9ts1 c4 ,a few reels ( /rong :ite sew+ cotton1 a little bag ( buttons ( all sorts1 a lump ( beeswax1 six pieces ( /rong tape1 a packet ( p9s1 a bodk91 & a pair ( /rong l>ge b[$ scissors4 ,a little +5uity w enable ! travell] to p]=m an endless numb] ( repairs ) ! cont5ts ( a bag ?us furni%$4 ,! m ne$les y c take ! bett]1 z !y are at all times eag]ly s\ght aft] by natives4 ,bell[s4 ,a small pair ( common bell[s c be b\ght = ab\t a %ill+4 ,d n fail to provide at lea/ "o ( ^! useful contrivances4 ,x is p]fectly surpris+ to note ! numb] ( valuable ends !y s]ve to answ]4 ,/ubborn fires1 =m$ ( saturat$ bru%wood & damp moss1 are1 by _! aid1 =c$ into a blaze1 :5 ord9>y coax+ & fann+ only produc$ suffocat+ smoke & griev\s loss ( temp]4 ,! f9e s& & almo/ impalpable du/ :i*1 9 "s regions1 f9ds its way 9 "s /range mann] into y\r v gun locks is be/ remov$ by ! aid ( y\r bell[s4 ,laid flat on ! knees a capital bo>d = writ+1 draw+1 or ! exam9ation ( m9ute objects1 is =m$4 ,:5 cutt+ out lea!r ?ongs ) ! knife1 or fa%ion+ raw hide cov]s = v>i\s ?+s1 !y may be us$ = a cutt+-bo>d4 ,:5 snat*+ a ha/y meal at ! camp fire at e>ly dawn1 be=e />t+ on ! m>* or hunt1 we d n sit on ! damp e>?1 b usually place our bell[s on ! gr\nd & sit on t4 ,mo/ ( our small job "w1 su* z file+1 sold]+1 fi%-hook ty+1 & tackle mak+1 is p]=m$ on ! ev]-ready surface ( ! bell[s2 & :5 small objects ( iron or /eel require heat+1 ei!r to be work$1 temp]$1 or case-h>d5$1 a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 a little *>coal & dry c[ dung1 by ! aid ( ! bell[s1 enables u to extemporise a small =ge4 ,l>g] =ges w be describ$ :5 smi?'s "w comes "u consid]ation4 ,cante5s4 ,d n on any acc\nt be induc$ to encumb] y\rself ) :at is call$ a cante51 a contrivance :i* is 9 our op9ion mu* l ! _m-blad$ knife we h be=e ref]r$ to4 ,a few mon?s s9ce1 :5 ! exp$ition 9 se>* ( ,dr4 ,liv+/one 0 ab\t be+ s5t to ,lake ,nyassa1 two contrivances = cook+ 7 br\ght to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society = approval1 & ( ^!1 7 !y to be us$ by a man :o w\ld take prop] c>e ( !m1 we c\ld only speak 9 t]ms ( unqualifi$ praise4 ,b !y 7 decl9$ simply because x w\ld be impossible to tea* a native cook h[ to use !m1 & x w\ld be easi] to give him a fa?om ( calico to buy half-a-doz5 e>!n pots1 & to buy m :5 ^! 7 brok54 ,x is1 no d\bt1 va/ly +5i\s to make a pepp] dr$ge fit into a tea-cani/] :i* belongs 9 ! teapot1 :i* 9 turn %\ld g into ! saucepan1 only un=tunately ! class ( p]sons to :om ut5sils ( ?is k9d are usually entru/$ 9 wild c\ntries are sl[ to appreciate me*anical puzzles1 & usually ?r[ ! :ole lot into ! fir/ bag !y c get1 :5 ! sp\t ( ! teapot gets knock$ (f1 & ! pepp] becomes hopelessly amalgamat$ ) ! tea1 to ! decid$ detrim5t ( bo?4 ,table necess>ies4 ,r provide y\rself ) a few pla9 useful articles = table use4 ,9 giv+ a li/ ( ^!1 we w suppose t "o p]son has to be cat]$ =3 a well-made /rong qu>t t9 pot1 ) bo? hook & h&le1 is bett] = mak+ tea 9 ?an ! conv5tional teapot2 x is also useful = an endless numb] ( o!r cook+ purposes4 ,a knife1 =k1 & spoon1 %\ld be pack$ 9 a lea!r hold-all1 l t fill$ ) small tools1 :i* we h already repres5t$ on page #dc4 ,! knife & =k %\ld h ! /eel ( _! blades c>ri$ ?r\gh ! h&les 9 a flat plate1 to :i* ! *eeks ( ! haft are rivet$2 ^? made ) tangs are always %ift+ r\nd or com+ out f be+ wa%$ 9 hot wat] or plac$ 9 ! sun2 ! spoon %\ld be ( iron1 tablespoon size4 ,we h1 on m ?an "o occasion1 _h to melt lead 9 ours = bullet mak+1 :i* c\ld n be done if x _h be5 made ( any o!r metal4 ,get two small wood5 b[ls1 su* z bank]s keep gold 91 take !m to a t9-plate work]'s1 & h n>r[ copp] hoops let into ! wood j bel[ ! edges1 ?is prev5ts splitt+4 ,no?+ is equal to ^! = dr9k+ hot tea out (2 metal cups ( all sorts scald ! lips if ! tea is mod]ately heat$1 & e>!nw>e vessels are too liable to be brok54 ,a half-p9t horn cup w be f\nd v useful1 & is next to inde/ructible4 ,we h "o :i* we extemporis$ f an old ,russian p[d] horn we pick$ up 9 ! ,r$an4 ,?is has travell$ _m ?\s&s ( miles ) u s9ce its conv]sion1 & is j z capable ( conta9+ good liquor z ev]4 ,pots & pans4 ,a fry+-pan is wor? any?+ to a campaign]2 fi%1 fle%1 or f[l are all equally well cook$ 9 x4 ,c(fee c be roa/$1 pancakes made1 /ews prep>$1 & a :ole ho/ ( useful (fices p]=m$4 ,d n =get y\r fry+-pan4 ,x is a good plan to h a p>asol jo9t1 z x is call$1 made 9 ! h&le close to ! pan1 ?is w1 by b5d+ ! h&le a little1 admit ( its be+ fold$ across ! pan1 & ?us m easily /[$ away4 ,x may be well to obs]ve1 p]haps1 t ! p>asol jo9t is =m$ by cutt+ two slots 9 ! divid$ ends1 fitt+ 9 a %ort plate1 runn+ two rivet-p9s ?r\gh !m1 & !n slid+ a f]rule ov] ! jo9t1 :i* keeps x /iff4 ,take two d9n] plates ( enamell$ iron2 ^! are be/ kept ) ! hold-all1 9 a flat lea!r p\* ) p>titions4 ,a lea!r loop1 or ,d1 at ea* corn] enables y to atta* ! plate p\* to ei!r y\r own or ! pack saddle4 ,h a t9 cani/] made2 x %\ld be ( cyl9drical =m1 & %\ld h a division 9 ! middle1 a cov] at ea* end1 & be capable ( hold+ #boz4 ( gr\nd pepp] & #doz4 ( f9e salt4 ,! mo/ useful k9d ( cook+ pot we "k is ! common ca/-iron crock ( ,meg ,m]rilies patt]n4 ,use x ) mod]ate c>e1 & x w la/ a lifetime4 ,a wood5 cov] is easily fitt$ to x 9 ev5t ( ! iron pot lid be+ lo/2 & %\ld by any mis=tune "o ( ! legs get brok5 (f1 & a hole made 9 ! bottom ( ! crock1 a good ?ick pl$get ( cotton clo? drawn ?r\gh x w /op ! leak1 & rema9 unconsum$ dur+ ! boil+ process4 ,bread1 meat1 birds1 fi%1 vegetables1 or fruit c be bak$ readily 9 or "u ! crock1 z w be se5 :5 bu% cook]y is treat$ on4 ,x is also useful = a v>iety ( o!r purposes1 z w be se5 z ! "w proce$s--take a crock1 !re=e1 by all means4 ,an all-blaze pan is ano!r mo/ useful ut5sil4 ,x is ?us made3 ,h two deep copp] b[ls made ( a size suffici5t to hold ab\t ?ree p9ts ea*4 ,^! %\ld ea* h two lugs or h&les rivet$ to !m1 & a flange rais$ r\nd ! edges %\ld admit ( ! m\?s ( ! two b[ls fitt+ closely into ea* o!r l a box & its cov]4 ,! insides mu/ be t9n$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! h&les s adju/$ t :5 ! two b[ls are jo9$ !y are opposite to ea* o!r & ne> en\gh toge!r to be la%$ fa/ ) tw9e4 ,! =mula = prep>+ food by ! use ( ^! pans w be giv5 "u ! head ,camp ,cook]y4 ,lea!r buckets4 ,a lea!r bucket1 su* z firem5 use1 w also be f\nd ( great s]vice = an endless numb] ( purposes4 ,we inv>iably c>ri$1 :5 9 ,c5tral ,india1 a m9iature bucket compos$ ( lea!r1 atta*$ to ! pack saddle2 x held a qu>t1 & by ! use ( tw5ty y>ds ( ord9>y sea-fi%+ l9e1 :i* 0 always coil$ away 9 x1 we h (t5 be5 enabl$ to obta9 wat] f deep native wells :5 o!r travell]s n s provid$ h be5 de/itute ( ?is priceless treasure4 ,9 "s portions ( ! ,ea/1 ! wells are v deep & n>r[1 s t1 )\t "s su* contrivance z ! above1 x is impossible to rea* _! cont5ts4 ,:5 collect+ specim5s ( natural hi/ory 9 ,turkey1 we 7 on "o occasion 9 mu* di/ress = want ( wat]1 & aft] a long se>* discov]$ "o ( ^! tantalis+ excavations4 ,!re lay ! long$-= fluid1 glitt]+ l silv] d[n bel[1 b f> too deep to rea* )\t "s %ift or exp$i5t1 s we betook ourselves to ! sea bea*1 :i* 0 n f> (f1 to see :at good =tune w\ld ca/ 9 our way4 ,an empty univalve %ell1 n unlike t ( an ov]gr[n :elk1 soon rew>d$ our se>*2 we fix$ a /ick across its m\?1 dragg$ =? ! trail+ v9es & creep]s f a neighb\r+ ?icket1 knott$ !m toge!r1 fa/5$ on our %ell 9 company ) a goodly /one to give x weight1 l[]$ away briskly1 drew up cauti\sly1 & ?us treat$ ! p>*$ palate & dry tongue to t :i* !y s mu* ne$$4 ,aga9 & aga9 did our good sea %ell travel up & d[n until1 hav+ satisfi$ ! crav+s ( nature1 we resum$ our j\rney2 & to ! sea %ell & v9e are we indebt$ = ! design ( our m9iature bucket & cord :i* n[ inv>iably accompany u on our w&]+s4 ,we advise1 !re=e1 t "o common fire bucket ( lea!r1 & "o to conta9 a qu>t be provid$4 ,guttap]*a buckets are v neat & pleasant to look at1 b ! sun ( ! tropics has an awkw>d habit ( caus+ _! bottoms to fall out2 we1 on "o occasion1 saw six r5d]$ p]fectly uns]viceable 9 "o day f ?is cause4 ,get a good /ock ( lea!r /raps & buckles ( diff]5t sizes f a saddl]1 ^! are useful = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,x w be well also to provide a goodly numb] ( padlocks1 ( two sizes2 let ! l>ge/ be iron rim1 say ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! small] size ( brass1 su* z are sold at "o %ill+ ea*--sixp5ny ones are useless2 keep "o key = ea* size atta*$ to y\r wat* gu>d1 & c>efully lock away all ! re/4 ,a but*]'s /eel1 ( good quality1 is well wor? tak+4 ,a selection ( fi%+ ge>1 too1 is ( ! greate/ value1 ( ?is subject we %all treat at l5g? "u ! head ,fi%+4 ,a corkscrew %\ld be provid$1 ! be/ patt]n we "k is t 9 :i* ! worm fits by a screw into a holl[ tube4 ,o!r odds & ends4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 ! tube is pass$ ?r\gh a flat r+ 9 ! end ( ! %ank1 & =ms a cross h&le2 screws ( ?is k9d are conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 ,t9 boxes ( wax ve/a mat*es are exce$+ly useful2 take a good numb] ( ^!2 get also a tube & cap /rike-a-light ) a *a91 /rik]1 bit ( agate1 & sp>e cotton cord sl[ mat*4 ,m$ic9e & ,dress+s = ,w\nds4 ,m$ical /ores4 ,on "o ( ,nelson's boat exp$itions up a tropical riv]1 ! m$ical *e/ 0 unanim\sly vot$ a piece ( lumb]2 b1 be=e ! ardu\s voyage _h be5 complet$1 ! only regret 0 t suffici5t m$ic9e _h n be5 tak54 ,an unmanly fe> ( fev]1 or o!r sickness1 w\ld probably aid 9 br++ x on1 b reasonable precaution ought nev] to be neglect$4 ,_m c\ntries h an un5viable notoriety = ! preval5ce ( peculi> & local diseases3 "s are p]fect hotb$s ( fev] 9 v>i\s =ms2 & w\nds f gun%ot1 %>p-edg$ tools or weapons1 bruis$ & fractur$ bones1 are casualties t may befall ! travell] 9 any c\ntry1 & !re=e a few articles = ! dress+ ( ^! %\ld c]ta9ly f9d a place among 8 /ores4 ,9 case ( w\nds1 cleanl9ess & repeat$ wa%+ 9 cold or tepid wat] z may be be/ = ! p>ticul> case1 is ! mo/ g5]ally successful treatm5t1 & = ?is purpose pl5ty ( sponge or flannel %\ld be provid$2 ! sponges %\ld be ( mod]ate size1 p]fectly clean f grit or bits ( %ell1 close gra9$1 & s(t4 ,flannel is a good sub/itute2 b if a piece ( ei!r is us$ = wa%+ an unheal?y w\nd on "o p]son1 x %\ld nev] aga9 be us$ ^u ano!r1 z x might convey infection1 &1 inde$1 x w\ld be mu* saf] to de/roy x utt]ly4 ,l9t is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n to be "o ( ! be/ cov]+s = an injur$ "p1 & a good supply ought to be tak5 z1 al?\gh ! und]clo?+1 or sometimes ev5 ! b$d+1 ( ! p>ty1 may supply b&ages1 v few travell]s go+ on a s]i\s exploration 9 a wild c\ntry w\ld ?9k ( tak+ l95 %irts1 :ile %eets w\ld be equally sc>ce among _! b$d+4 ,cambric or lawn h&k]*iefs w\ld be good sub/itutes4 ,calico1 = b&ages or roll]s1 w\ld be m likely to be at h& 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa1 su* z ! ,portuguese /ations on ! ,zambesi1 or at ,great ,fi% ,bay1 :]e a wrapp] ( six feet squ>e =ms ! dress ( ! native :o bord]s on ! possessions ( ! :ite man2 :ile 9 ,kafirl& or ,dam>al&1 :]e s(t untann$ lea!r is ! prevail+ dress1 x w\ld be less c]ta9 to =m any consid]able "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,adhesive pla/]s4--,( ^! p]haps common dia*ylon is ! be/2 b 9 a hot c\ntry1 l ,africa1 we h se5 a roll ( x s(t5 dur+ ! j\rney1 &1 9 exemplification ( its "n1 /ick+ s fa/ toge!r t x look$ m l a field m>%al's baton ?an any?+ else1 & ! spread+ out ( x aga9 into a %eet 0 a hopeless task4 ,x w\ld !re=e be bett] to c>ry ! dia*ylon 9 a gallipot1 & spread x :5 requir$ on ?9 cotton4 ,is+lass & c\rt pla/] are useful = keep+ clean small hurts--! fluid obta9$ by boil+ t5dons 9 wat] spread on silk makes a v useful pla/]--?\gh1 9 trifl+ cases1 we are 9 fav\r ( lett+ ! coagulat$ blood =m ! natural cov]+ :ile ! cut heals up b5ea? x4 ,c]ate1 :i* may1 on occasion1 be made ( beeswax & pure fat or oil1 9 su* proportions z ! temp]ature ( ! c\ntry may require1 is v useful1 spread on l9t or l951 z a cool+ o9tm5t = sores t require to be kept s(t4 ,spongio pil5e1 a mat]ial compos$ ( small fragm5ts ( sponge1 atta*$ to a back+ ( india-rubb] %eet+1 w be f\nd valuable 9 apply+ hot or cold wat] to injur$ surfaces4 ,x c be cut ) read9ess to any requir$ size or %ape4 ,dur+ ! ,zambesi exp$ition1 ,dr4 ,kirk 0 provid$ ) a good /ore ( gutta-p]*a tissue1 9 %eets1 = ! purpose ( cov]+ p\ltices1 moi/ applications1 c4 ,! tissue %\ld be cut mu* l>g] ?an ! l9t or o!r mat]ial1 ! moi/ure ( :i* is to be conf9$4 ,o!r %eets 7 ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 f t ( writ+ pap] up to c>dbo>d or millbo>d1 s z to give support1 if necess>y1 z well z cov]+4 ,he also c>ri$ gutta-p]*a spl9ts = ! leg or arm1 prop]ly fitt$1 = inside or outside1 "r or left2 & cases might occur 9 :i* ! possession ( "o ( ^!1 at ! mom5t x 0 requir$1 w\ld be invaluable4 ,!y pack$ v easily "o )9 ! o!r1 occupy+ little m room ?an s _m flat %eets4 ,millbo>d 9 /rips1 #ah;94 long & #f;94 wide1 = leg spl9ts1 or #ae;94 by #d;94 = ! arm1 w\ld /[ easily1 & by moi/5+ w\ld be easily m\ld$ on ! limb ( a heal?y p]son to ! %ape requir$4 ,a few b&ages1 #c;94 wide & #f;ft4 or #h;ft4 long1 %\ld be kept roll$ up 9 ! m$ic9e *e/2 b if a /ore ( calico is c>ri$1 !re is no ne$ to te> (f m till !y are want$4 7,n4,b4 ,!y %\ld always be torn--n cut47 ,x is n to be expect$ t e travell] %\ld c>ry or be able to use ! =midable array ( deadly look+ ke5-edg$ knives1 ( saws1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( torture2 nev]!less1 x w\ld be prud5t t a small selection %\ld be tak51 & we extract f a clev] little "w1 ,fir/ ,help 9 ,accid5ts1 ! foll[+ li/3-- ,l9t1 ,compressors1 ,roll]s1 ,/ick+ pla/]1 ,silk1 ,small sponge1 ,t\rniquet1 ,scissors1 ,t5aculum1 ,suture ne$les1 ,lancet1 ,dress+ =ceps1 ,scalpel4 ,small pocket cases conta9+ all ! requisite in/rum5ts are to be obta9$ ( any surgical in/rum5t mak]4 ,among m$ic9es qu99e /&s pre-em95t z an effectual1 ?\gh p]haps n always an infallible1 febrifuge2 x is1 h[ev]1 s excell5t a tonic t its mod]ate & occasional use may safely be recomm5d$1 & we d n "k ( a bett] rem$y 9 case ( fev]4 ,x is be/ dissolv$ 9 w9e1 if ! travell] %\ld be =tunate en\gh to be able to c>ry any4 ,x may be giv5 9 rum or o!r _s1 :i* is m portable & likely to be at h&1 & :i* is also useful = pres]v+ insects2 b if a man wants any peace :ile pass+ ?r\gh mo/ wild c\ntries1 or is d\btful ( 8 own p[]s ( self-d5ial1 we w\ld recomm5d him to conv]t all 8 w9e into a /rong solution ( qu99e be=e />t+1 & to d ! same ) half 8 rum or _s ( w9e1 hav+ ! re/ /rongly me?ylat$ = use1 ei!r 9 a _s lamp or pres]vation ( specim5s4 ,let bo? ^! be labell$ ) a dea?'s head & cross bones1 su* z is us$ by *emi/s 9 ! ,cape & o!r c\ntries1 :]e _m ( ! native population _c read1 or d n und]/&1 ,engli%1 to signify poison4 ,a proportion ( w9e or _s may1 ( c\rse1 be res]v$ = prud5t & mod]ate use1 z a glass1 or ev5 a bottle judici\sly giv5 may g v f> to ga9 ! good w ( a native *ief1 or to induce ei!r ! prop] s]vants or occasional assi/ants ( ! travell] to "w he>tily 9 help+ him out ( "s difficulty4 ,we h g5]ally f\nd a good pannik9 ( hot c(fee accept$ readily en\gh by ! p aft] a long night j\rney2 b !re are times :5 a fire c\ld n be made1 & a drop ( _s1 imp>t+ a mom5t>y s5sation ( w>m?1 ev5 if x produces no o!r good effect1 has1 at lea/1 t ( %[+ t _! employ] c>es = !m1 & does :at he c to *e] !m aft] _! lab\r4 ,9 mo/ tropical riv]s !re are ext5sive deltas1 int]sect$ ) netlike labyr9?s ( %all[ impracticable *annels1 alt]nat$ ) %oals1 :i* ! advanc$ gu>d ( mangroves is j reclaim+ f ! sea1 & :]e tangl$1 dank1 & un:olesome wild]nesses & swamps are =m$1 !re fev]1 9 its mo/ deadly =ms1 is sure to prevail4 ,! delta ( ! ,zambesi is also a place ( dang] f ?is cause2 & p]sons ( a full /\t habit are said1 & we believe ) "s reason1 to be m liable to fev] ?an o!rs ( a sp>e & meagre build2 inde$1 ! ,portuguese1 :5 !y see a well-fram$ a?letic man1 9 prime condition1 ent] ! riv]1 prophetically m>k him z "o ( ! fir/ victims4 ,we h ourselves suff]$ sev]ely & cont9u\sly f ?is malady1 :i* g5]ally came on ) a cold %iv]+ or ague1 & 0 succe$$ by ! fev]1 accompani$ by int5se p]spiration1 pro/ration ( /r5g?1 nausea & inability to eat1 or ev5 to reta9 ! necess>y m$ic9e or cool+ dr9k2 an immod]ately exagg]at$ idea ( ! l5g? ( "t2 %ort uneasy slumb]s1 di/urb$ by incongru\s dreams--g5]ally ( "s difficulty previ\sly exp]i5c$--or total want ( sleep1 total failure ( memory1 & 9 bad cases delirium :ile awake4 ,:5 ! ,pe>l fir/ ent]$ ! ,zambesi ,dr4 ,kirk ord]$ t a glass ( _s ) qu99e 9 x %\ld be s]v$ to ! m5 e morn+2 & we w\ld frequ5tly1 z ! l>ge doses adm9i/]$ 7 int5sely bitt]1 make up ! qu99e into pills1 ) *ocolate or cocoa pa/e1 or sometimes place ! qu99e p[d] dry on ! tongue1 & !n swall[ a copi\s draught ( wat] to wa% x d[n4 ,we give1 fir/1 ,dr4 ,liv+/one's rem$y = fev]2 b1 useful & effective z x really is1 we _c say1 f exp]i5ce1 t x is infallible2 & ! fatality among ! g5tlem5 ( ! mission proves t we d n1 z yet1 possess a rem$y = ! fev] t w supply ! place ( a suffici5t & g5]\s diet1 total cessation ( exposure to ! mal>ia1 & removal to a m elevat$ & heal?y c\ntry1 ev5 ?\gh x be b a few h\rs' j\rney f ! infect$ di/rict4 ,! doctor's receipt is z foll[s3-- ,l9yante1 #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #ahee4 ,a pill compos$ ( ?ree or f\r gra9s ( res9 ( jalap1 ?ree or f\r ( calomel1 & an equal numb] ( qu99e2 a drop or two ( t9cture ( c>damoms to dissolve ! res9 to =m ! bolus4 ,i h _h a great _m cases 9 h&1 & nev] met ) a s+le case ( failure2 x ought n to purge2 ! quantity ( res9 mu/ be regulat$ to produce only a g5tle movem5t1 :i*1 :5 felt1 is accompani$ by p]spiration & a s\nd sleep4 ,a *eck to ?is p]spiration has1 9 my own exp]i5ce1 giv5 rise to vomit+ l>ge quantities ( pure blood4 ,9 ano!r lett]3-- ,we make a pill ( equal p>ts ( res9 ( jalap1 calomel1 rhub>b1 & qu99e2 say = a p[]ful man eight gra9s ( res9 ( jalap1 eight gra9s ( calomel1 f\r or six gra9s ( rhub>b1 & f\r or six gra9s ( qu99e2 make ! :ole into pills ) t9cture ( c>damoms4 ,?is relieves ! v wor/ cases 9 a few h\rs4 ,we !n give qu99e till ! sy/em is affect$ ) c9*onism,a1 ! calomel is remov$ at once f ! sy/em1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 decreas+ doses s]ve4 ,9 "s ( u half a gra9 ( ! mass produces z mu* effect z tw5ty-f\r gra9s did at fir/4 ,a ,s++ 9 ! e>s4 ,a fri5d 9 ,capet[n1 :o _h travell$ 9 ! ,brazils1 gave u ! foll[+ receipt1 us$1 we believe1 by an ,italian doctor2 !re he tells u x 0 efficaci\s1 b we h n _h opportunity to put x to ! te/3-- ,to "o bottle ( wat] add #cf;grs4 ( sulphate ( qu99e1 #b teaspoonfuls ( ,epsom salts1 #cd drops ( sulphuric acid1 & #dj drops ( e!r2 ?is mixture is call$ antip]iodic wat]2 a w9e-glassful ?ree times a day z soon z ! fir/ symptoms are p]ceiv$1 & cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r days aft] recov]y4 ,if deliri\s1 an injection ( #a tablespoonful ( v9eg> to #aj ( ?is wat]4 ,w>burg's fev] drops are well spok5 (4 ,v l>ge doses ( qu99e are giv5 9 ,india & ,africa1 sixte5 or tw5ty gra9s at a "t2 & we h frequ5tly tak5 9 p[d] z mu* z w\ld lie ^u a %ill+4 ,sometimes viol5t ex]tion1 produc+ p]spiration & exhau/ion1 if practis$ 9 "t1 may av]t an attack4 ,we h he>d ( a doctor visit+ a man :5 ! %iv]+ fit 0 ab\t to come on1 :o lock$ ! door1 mix$ two glasses ( /iff hot grog1 put on ! gloves1 & engag$ 8 pati5t 9 a box+ mat*1 :i*1 at lea/1 = t "t av]t$ ! fev]4 ,we d n give our unqualifi$ recomm5dation ( ?is treatm5t2 b we h (t5 f\nd t1 dur+ a p]iod ( sev]e & long su/a9$ lab\r1 we h rema9$ 9 heal?1 b t an attack ( fev] has accompani$ ! reaction induc$ by an int]mission ( ! "w4 ,simple ap]i5ts %\ld be tak52 we h us$ ,cockle's anti-bili\s pills1 salts1 s5na1 or jalap2 & _! opposites 9 case ( di>rhoea4 ,) a little opium & a bit ( c>p5t]'s *alk1 we h be5 able to give almo/ m>vell\s relief to a poor col\r$ woman 9 excruciat+ agony4 ,take a good supply ( ,*lorodyne4 ,opium bo? 9 gum & t9cture4 ,a few drops ( ! latt]1 plac$ )9 ! eyelids ( ^? suff]+ f sn[ bl9dness1 (t5 prove ( ! greate/ advantage2 *lor(orm mu/ be us$ ) caution2 /ill1 9 cases ( great suff]+1 x is wor? :ile to try x4 ,we h kn[n "o exce$+ly sev]e case ( illness 9 :i* mess5g]s _h to be s5t to e :ite man )9 #bdj miles = m$ic9es1 & lett]s 7 writt5 on ! *ance t "s pass+ vessel might take !m to a port :5ce by "s o!r ag5cy a supply ( drugs might be =w>d$4 ,emetics1 :i* are commonly sold 9 doses1 :ite & grey1 & ( diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?4 ,sudorifics--among :i* we h us$ ,dov]'s p[d]s z a conv5i5t =m4 ,eyewa%es4--,weak solutions1 sulphate ( z9c & diacetate ( lead1 or weak br&y & wat]1 may be us$4 ,x may be ne$ful to c>ry a small quantity ( bli/]+ pla/]--or r ! mat]ials ( :i* to make x--s(t wa%-lea!r1 o9tm5t ( ,spani% fly1 c41 or mu/>d4 ,t9cture ( arnica1 us$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p t9cture to eight p>ts wat]1 is a valuable application = /ra9s or contusions4 ,glyc]9e1 or cold cream1 may be us$ z cool+ applications to irritat$ surfaces4 ,eff]vesc+ p[d]s4--,! blue pap] conta9s c>bonate ( soda1 #cj;grs42 ! :ite1 t>t>ic acid1 #be;grs4 #alb4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 & #ac-a_/boz4 ( t>t>ic acid1 make #bef p[d]s ( ea* sort2 or1 #a-a_/boz4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 & #coz4 ( t>t>is$ soda1 pack$ 9 blue1 & #g;drs4 ( t>t>ic acid1 9 :ite1 w make twelve sets4 ,all salts mu/ be kept 9 bottles closely /opp]$1 & only put 9 pap] = imm$iate use4 ,antiscorbutics4--,almo/ any vegetable2 pl5ty ( sug>2 fre% fruit2 dri$ tam>9ds2 good lime juice1 v9eg>1 or citric acid2 raw potatoes1 ) ! /rong e>?y ta/e z fre% z possible2 ! pulp ( ! cream ( t>t> tree or ,baobab 9 ,africa1 or ( ! ,g\ty-/em 7,adansonia ,gregorii7 9 ,au/ralia4 ,dr4 ,kane1 9 8 ,arctic voyages1 f\nd fre% raw meat a rem$y4 ,x w be well = ! travell] to limit 8 equipm5t to a few simple & really useful m$ic9es1 ( :i* a suffici5t supply = ! maladies to be expect$ 9 ! c\ntry he is b\nd = %\ld be tak54 ,a complicat$ assortm5t w\ld s]ve only to confuse him1 & x is bett] ev5 to tru/ solely to nature ?an to tamp] unskilfully ) dang]\s rem$ies4 ,poisons & antidotes4 ,poison+1 :e!r f accid5t or o!rwise1 %\ld always be provid$ =1 & x w be well to be suppli$ ) a few antidotes4 ,"s poisons are be/ eject$ by vomit+--draughts ( salt or mu/>d & w>m wat]1 half a w9e-glassful ( ipecacuanha w9e1 or a glassful ( w>m wat] ) tw5ty or ?irty gra9s ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,antimonial prep>ations1 z t>t> emetic1 are too depress+1 & n controllable4 ,9 o!rs1 ! action on ! /oma* may be dim9i%$ by mucilag9\s or oily dr9ks1 z milk1 b>ley wat]1 :ite ( egg1 & salad oil4 ,= poison\s acids use no emetics2 alkal9e rem$ies are prop]4 ,soda or pota% 9 wat]1 giv5 pl5tifully2 c>bonate ( magnesia1 ,d9ne=d's solution1 common :it5+1 or *alk 9 wat]1 foll[$ by "s mucilag9\s fluid1 z milk or b>ley wat]4 ,aga9/ alkalies1 z pota%1 soda1 c41 acids mu/ be us$--dilut$ v9eg>1 citric or t>t>ic acid1 lemon juice or s\r be]2 soo?+ dr9ks z be=e1 aft] ! poison has be5 neutralis$4 ,= metallic poisons an emetic may g5]ally be tri$4 ,= ars5ic1 avoid emetics4 ,take a mixture ( milk & lime wat]1 or soda wat] 9 equal quantities4 ,light magnesia diffus$ 9 wat] may be tak54 ,common animal *>coal may be tri$4 ,= corrosive sublimate give :ite ( egg & pl5ty ( milk2 if eggs are n at h&1 use fl\r mix$ ) wat]4 ,vegetable irritants4--,give an e>ly emetic & demulc5t dr9ks4 ,n>cotic poisons4--,opium4 ,give an emetic2 p\r cold wat] on ! head & neck & %\ld]s2 place mu/>d p\ltices on ! calves ( ! legs or feet2 give hot /rong c(fee & free air2 keep ! pati5t mov+ till dr[s9ess passes (f4 ,prussic acid 9 small doses4--,give ammonia or /rong c(fee2 p\r cold wat] on head & *e/1 rubb+ dry ) w>m t[els1 & give free air2 9 l>ge doses no treatm5t w avail4 ,/ry*n9e4--,9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & "s o!r c\ntries /ry*n9e is ext5sively us$2 & a correspond5t ?us writes 9 ! ,field conc]n+ x3--,x sometimes happ5s t dogs are poison$1 accid5tally or o!rwise1 by nux-vomica1 or its alkaloid4 ,x may n1 !re=e1 be useless to in=m ! read] :at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ 9 su* a case4 ,! poison acts v rapidly1 tetanus comes on1 & ! dog soon dies1 exhau/$ by ! viol5ce ( ! fits4 ,if ! poison h only be5 j tak51 & no fits h occurr$1 ! be/ rem$y is tann91 9 ! =m ( p\nd$ galls1 or ! areca-nut p[d] s mu* us$ 9 k5nels4 ,b if ! dog be already seiz$ ) tetanus1 ! only rem$y is ! p]manganate ( pota%4 ,i h f\nd1 9 sev]al exp]im5ts on animals1 t1 :5 once ! tetanic spasm has set 91 p]manganate ( pota% is ! only rem$y giv+ any *ance ( recov]y2 if adm9i/]$ 9 "t x is mo/ successful4 ,condy's fluid1 n[ s mu* us$ 9 ! /able & k5nel1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m = its adm9i/ration4 ,a w9eglassful ( ,condy's fluid1 slightly dilut$1 may be giv54 ,dur+ ! treatm5t ! dog mu/ be kept quiet1 & t\*$ z little z possible4 ,?is treatm5t1 :i* has nev] yet be5 sugge/$ 7to my k71 ,i beg to (f] to ^? read]s :o may be 9 ne$ ( x2 b ,i _c speak ( its effects on ! human subject4 ,alcohol 9 excess4--,evacuation ( ! /oma*1 foll[$ by hot c(fee1 ext]nal /imulants & friction4 ,suffocation by gases1 c4--,removal to pure air1 cold wat] on face & *e/1 artificial inducem5t ( respiration1 friction ( surface1 foll[$ by hot c(fee or br&y & wat]4 ,animal poisons--/+s ( insects1 snake-bites1 c4--,if a /+ rema9s 9 ! w\nd1 extract x1 & apply a /rong wa% ( ammonia 9 _s or wat]1 or1 9 its abs5ce1 w>m oil2 if fa9tness foll[s1 "s /imulant1 z br&y & wat]1 may be giv5 freely = snake-bites2 9 addition to ?is caut]ise ! w\nd ) nitric acid or a :ite-hot iron4 ,! trapp]s ( ,am]ica place great dep5dance on /rong :isky2 if great ex]tion c be ma9ta9$1 s z to produce excessive fatigue & p]spiration1 ! sy/em may ?r[ (f ! poison4 ,9 ! ,cape colony an antidote = snake-bites is sold "u ! "n ( ,cr(t's ,t9cture ( ,life4 ,?is 0 analys$1 :5 we 7 9 ,graham/[n1 by ! faculty1 & ! +r$i5ts !y f\nd 7 pron\nc$ good2 b !re 7 o!rs :i* ! mak] w\ld n reveal4 ,we h se5 sev]al te/imonials z to its efficacy4 ,! m$ical m51 h[ev]1 arrang$ a case some:at l>g] ?an a fifty-lik5ess c>te-de-visite album1 conta9+ lancet1 ligature1 cupp+-glass1 a bottle ( ammonia1 l9t1 & a piece ( lun> cau/ic2 b x 0 mu* too l>ge to be c>ri$ ab\t by any travell] 9 expectation ( be+ bitt5 by a snake4 ,we !re=e took a small t9 ve/a mat* box1 put a lancet1 small bottle ( ammonia1 lun> cau/ic1 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 l9t1 & ligature 9 x1 & kept x 9 ! waggon4 ,we are happy to say we nev] _h to put x to ! te/1 = we 7 nev] bitt5 by a s]p5t4 ,sometimes a little judici\s hum\r+ ( ! pati5t does z mu* good z m$ic9e4 ,9 ! ,bu%man c\ntry ar\nd ,lake ,ngami1 :]e ! entrails ( ! ,ngwa or poison\s grub are us$ to give su* fatal effect to ! insignificant-look+ arr[s1 a small plant ) a yell[ />-l fl[]1 call$ ! ,kala-haetlwe1 is us$ z an antidote4 ,fat is also rubb$ into ! w\nd & also giv5 int]nally till ! effect ( ! poison is neutralis$4 ,! snake-/one ( ,india1 if x has any good qualities1 seems to owe !m entirely to its absorb5t prop]ties1 & ^! w\ld be m effici5tly p]=m$ by sc>ification & ! cupp+ glass4 ,ipecacuanha1 appli$ z a p\ltice1 has be5 by "s consid]$ a mo/ valuable antidote to snake-bites4 ,?is antidote is equally effective 9 ! /+s ( scorpions & o!r v5om\s reptiles4 ,! fiction ( ! cup ( rh9oc]os horn1 :i* caus$ all poison\s dr9k to eff]vesce & bubble ov]1 is s firmly believ$1 t we h kn[n a ,cape trad] (f] to dr9k any poison we c\ld give him out ( su* a cup2 b we decl9$ ! exp]im5t4 ,a prep>ation ( ! guaco plant is highly e/eem$ on ! ,spani% ma9 z an antidote aga9/ bites ( snakes ( all k9ds4 ,acetic acid rubb$ on ! w\nd caus$ by ! bite ( scorpions or c5tip$es is v efficaci\s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is1 *ew$ tobacco is (t5 made use (2 b ! natives are ( op9ion t ! scorpion inflict+ ! w\nd cru%$ betwe5 two /ones & laid on ! injur$ "p is a c]ta9 rem$y1 &1 f :at we h be5 enabl$ to le>n f !m on ! subject1 !re seems to be "s f\ndation = ! belief4 ,imag9>y ailm5ts ( natives4 ,! imag9>y ailm5ts ( natives are nei!r few nor f> betwe52 b x is n at all times wise to disreg>d !m4 ,we h kn[n our foll[]s come1 night aft] night1 ) small sicknesses1 :5 we _h b a few doses ( fev] mixture left1 &1 by "s *ance or o!r1 a little currie p[d]4 ,n[1 _h we s5t away a man ) 8 little sickness1 he w\ld h be5 really ill next morn+4 ,we !re=e look$ z wise z possible1 felt 8 pulse1 look$ at 8 tongue1 read a p>agraph or two1 & s5t him to boil "s wat] & br+ x to u2 we !n c>efully measur$ out a spoonful ( currie p[d]1 mix$ x1 saw him dr9k x (f1 & s5t him to make himself z w>m z he c\ld till next morn+4 ,horse ,m$ic9es & ,f>ri]'s ,/ores4 ,if an exp$ition is ab\t to be und]tak5 :]e ! s]vices ( _m horses or mules are requir$1 a li/ ( m$ic9e /ores %\ld be furni%$ = !m1 :i* may be approximately z foll[s1 ! quantities be+ arrang$ = tw5ty animals = six mon?s3-- ,raw l9se$ oil1 #d galls4 ,olive oil1 #b galls4 ,spirits ( nitre1 e!r1 #dlb4 ,nitrate ( pota%1 #flb4 ,b>badoes aloes1 #blb4 ,potassio t>trate ( antimony1 #alb4 ,camphor1 #alb4 ,g+]1 9 p[d]1 #flb4 ,palm oil1 #flb4 ,t9cture ( opium1 #dlb4 ,spirits ( ammonia1 #dlb4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a gall4 ,can?>ides1 9 p[d]1 #alb4 ,l>d1 #flb4 ,l9se$ meal1 #hlb4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( myrrh & aloes1 #blb4 ,calomel1 #aoz4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a_/boz4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #blb4 ,alum1 #blb4 ,sug> ( lead1 #alb4 ,sulphate ( iron1 #blb4 ,p[d]$ g5tian1 #dlb4 ,prep>$ *alk1 #flb4 ,/ockholm t>1 #ajlb4 ,t[1 #flb4 ,old flannel & %eet+ = b&ages1 two or ?ree sponges1 a packet ( p9s1 a hank ( f9e tw9e1 six pieces ( co>se tape1 a pe/le & mort>1 set ( scales & weights1 palate knife1 graduat$ measure1 a quire ( :itey-br[n pap]1 two pairs ( scissors1 "o /raight & ! o!r curv$2 a dr5*+-horn1 phleam1 lancet 7horse size71 gly/] syr+e 7qu>t size71 & blood c4 ,ho( pick]1 se>*]1 draw+ knife1 buff]1 p9c]s1 %oe+ hamm]1 ho( rasp1 & set ( hobbles4 ,! use ( ^! matt]s w be treat$ on "u ! head ( ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,lamps1 ,lights1 & ,lant]ns4 ,lamps4 ,ab\t ! mo/ simple & effective lamp we h ev] se5 is t us$ by ! ,portuguese at ,tette1 9 _! illum9ations2 x consi/s ( a %all[ pan ( clay1 z big z ! palm ( ! h&1 slightly bak$1 or1 p]haps1 m]ely sun-dri$--to conta9 ! oil--a spoonful ( salt is ti$ up 9 a piece ( rag1 ! ends be+ left j long en\gh = a wick1 & ?is *eap & simple arrangem5t s]ves all ! purposes ( out-door illum9ation4 ,/icks ab\t ?ree feet high1 ) _! upp] ends cleft into ?ree p>ts1 :i* are kept op5 by ! ins]tion ( a w$ge1 are plant$ 9 l9es along ! /reets1 & ! lamps support$ on ^!1 or rang$ along ! porticoes or f5ces ( ! v>i\s h\ses1 burn brightly & /eadily = _m h\rs1 defy+ ev5 a tol]ably /iff breeze to bl[ !m out4 ,! oil us$ is t ( ! gr\nd nut1 :i*1 beside be+ *eap & pl5tiful1 is s pure t x may be us$ = almo/ any purpose1 sc>cely an article ( food 9 ,tette be+ prep>$ )\t x2 9 fact1 ! nut itself1 :i* may be eat5 pla91 roa/$1 treat$ z a confect 9 v>i\s ways1 or infus$ z a sub/itute = c(fee1 conta9s s mu* ess5tial oil t x w burn = m ?an a m9ute ) z bright a flame z a good c&le2 :5 arrang$ "o ov] ! o!r on a /ick or wire !y give a good p]man5t light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,make-,,%ift ,,lamps4 ,x is (t5 necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ! travell] to supply himself ) light :5 ! grease at 8 comm& is nei!r liquid en\gh to rise ?r\gh ! fibres ( a wick1 nor h>d en\gh to be m\ld$ into a c&le4 ,9 ?is case1 ! wick %\ld be all[$ to re/ on & ov]hang a little ! sides ( ! vessel us$ z a lamp--a cup ( e>!nw>e1 a common t9 cap box1 or ev5 a bit ( t9 or %eet iron b5t up w answ] well en\gh2 ! flame soon heats ! side suffici5tly to melt a portion ( ! fat1 & a con/ant supply is ?us kept up z ! wick requires x4 ,almo/ any?+ w s]ve z a wick--a bit ( old rag1 or ! flax-l fibres ( ! v>i\s plants us$ z cordage by ! natives2 /rips ( b>k beat5 to sep>ate ! fibres1 or ev5 small twigs may be us$2 ru%es ) en\gh ( ! out] cov]+ remov$ to expose ! pi?1 :ile on "o side a /rip ( b>k is left suffici5tly /rong to support x1 are also wor? look+ to 9 case ( ne$2 b x is be/ to be provid$ ) a suffici5cy ( cotton :i* is *eap1 easily c>ri$1 & useful = _m o!r purposes4 ,if possible1 a good supply ( ! be/ sp]m c&les1 or o!rs ( mat]ial n likely to be affect$ by *anges ( climate1 %\ld be c>ri$4 ,on ! ,au/ralian exp$ition1 we us$ ,price's vegetable wax c&les2 & "s ( ^!--aft] hav+ twice cross$ ! l9e1 gone r\nd ,au/ralia & "p ( ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 & made ! circuit ( ! globe--are n[ 9 ,kew ,museum 9 z good condition z :5 !y 7 issu$ f ! factory4 ,! common bull's-eye or police lamp is v useful if only requir$ by "o p]son = a specific purpose1 su* z read+ (f a sextant aft] obs]vation ( a />1 b x does n diffuse light en\gh = g5]al purposes4 ,9 fact1 if wood is pl5tiful1 a ro>+ fire w give great] facility = read+1 writ+1 or su* o!r occupations z are likely to employ a travell]'s ev5+ ?an any?+ else4 ,if y want w>m?1 let y\r fire be on ! gr\nd & sit r\nd x2 if y want light to "w by1 make x on a slight elevation1 say f eighte5 in*es to two feet high4 ,if y want wood1 & y\r native att5dants1 :5 call$ on1 make excuses1 or ,jem tells ,sambo & ,sambo tells ! old woman to fet* wood = ! ma/]1 d n put y\rself to ! tr\ble ( scold+ !m1 b take ! wood (f _! fire & put x on y\r own1 & let !m settle ^: duty x is to br+ m4 ,exp]to cr$e4 ,a horn lant]n is good to keep ! light f go+ out2 b !n1 p]haps1 ! op]ator may desire t ! light %\ld n be s lit]ally kept 92 & x is said t a piece ( rag dipp$ 9 salt & wat]1 & wrapp$ r\nd a c&le1 w answ] ! purpose ( pres]v+ x f ext9ction 9 w9dy wea!r )\t less5+ its illum9at+ p[]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 requires cont9u\s att5tion1 9 ord] t x may be cut d[n z ! c&le burns l[4 ,! ,esquimaux lamp is a piece ( s(t /one ) a slight groove along ! front edge2 9 ?is is laid a wick ( moss or o!r mat]ial1 &1 ! heat imp>t$ to ! /one be+ q suffici5t to melt ! fat laid on x1 x is f$ ) v little tr\ble4 ,"o :o has made a turnip lant]n 9 8 y\? w seldom be at a loss to extemporise a %elt] = 8 bit ( c&le4 ,a calaba% or g\rd1 ) p]=ations to all[ ! passage ( ! light1 cov]$ or n ) oil$ calico or pap]2 a worn-out pannik9 or pres]v$ meat t92 ! body ( a qu>t bottle1 ! m transp>5t ! bett]2 or1 :at is be/ ( all1 "o ( ! oblong t9s 9 :i* fancy biscuits are g5]ally sold1 w answ] admirably2 ! poli%$ surface ( ! latt] s]v+ also z a p[]ful reflector4 ,we _h "o ( ^! slung f ! ro( ( ! waggon1 ! b[l ( a brok5 ladle 0 secur$ 9 ! bottom ( x1 & ) a bit ( cotton wick & a few pieces ( h>d fat1 a light /eady en\gh to "w by 0 secur$ = ! ev5+2 ! common =eca/le lamp us$ on bo>d our m]*antm5 is a useful =m1 & ! %ad[less railway lamp we f\nd v s]vicable1 z long z ! glass c\ld be pres]v$4 ,we h con/ruct$ a v p[]ful reflect+ lamp f a l>ge %eet ( t91 ne>ly two feet 9 height1 curv$ r\nd s z to =m half a cyl9d]1 six or eight in*es 9 diamet]2 ab\t eight in*es f its base1 we made a %elf to su/a9 ! oil lamp1 & a socket to conta9 ! c&le if we %\ld be =tunate en\gh to h "o1 & beh9d ?is we arrang$ a c\ple ( sixp5ny trade look+-glasses at an angle ( #ij ) ea* o!r1 & by ! light ?us ?r[n =w>d we 7 able to write or sket* ) facility dur+ _m h\rs ( ! we>y night4 7,see p4 #he47 ,a lamp commonly us$ 9 ,india is a tumbl] half full ( wat] ) oil on ! top1 & a wick wrapp$ r\nd a /one or bit ( lead1 ) its end project+ above ! oil2 b x has ?is disadvantage1 t rats may upset ! glass :ile dr9k+ ! oil1 c>ry (f ! burn+ wick1 & s expose ! h\se to great dang]4 ,a float may easily be made ( bottle wire & ?ree bits ( cork1 9 :i* half an in* ( wick is en\gh to la/ all night4 ,c&les4 ,x is (t5 desirable to make c&les1 & = ?is purpose ! h>d fat & tall[ ( any animal t may be kill$ %\ld be pres]v$1 t is1 if x c be sp>$ f ! no less important purpose ( greas+ ! axles2 or beeswax1 if x c be obta9$1 may be us$ ei!r 9 comb9ation ) x or sep>ately4 ,if y wi% to make dip c&les1 take a suffici5t numb] ( /r&s twice ! l5g? y require1 twi/ !m slightly & d\ble !m1 & let ! p>ts twi/ toge!r2 pass a small rod ?r\gh ! bights ( z _m ( ^! wicks z y f9d conv5i5t1 say half a doz52 take a bucketful ( hot wat]1 ?r[ ! fat or wax 91 & x w soon melt & float ^u ! surface2 let ! wicks absorb z mu* z !y w1 /raight5 & let !m h>d52 !n1 hold+ ! rod by ! end left = t purpose1 dip !m quickly to _! full l5g?1 )draw & all[ !m to cool1 & repeat ! op]ation till y\r c&les atta9 ! desir$ size4 ,if y h fat en\gh y may h half a doz5 or m sets ( wicks & c keep on dipp+ 9 rotation1 ?us all[+ ea* pl5ty ( "t to cool be=e its turn comes r\nd aga94 ,if y aspire to m\ld c&les1 no?+ is bett] = y\r purpose ?an a piece (f ! end ( a gun-b>rel--& v few ,african hunt]s make a j\rney )\t %ort5+ "s l5g?y weapon by eight or t5 in*es4 ,9 ?is case1 pass a small /ick an in* or two 9 l5g? ?r\gh ! bight ( ! wick1 br+ ! end out ?r\gh ! m\ld & make x fa/ to ano!r1 or pass x ?r\gh a gun wad or section ( a cork1 s z to /ret* x fairly & ev5ly 9 ! c5tre1 & /op ! l[] end2 !n p\r 9 ! tall[ or wax1 &1 :5 cool1 w>m ! m\ld slightly & ! c&le w draw out4 ,9 "s c\ntries wood may be f\nd suffici5tly res9\s to be us$ z c&les1 b a supply ( /icks cut to a conv5i5t size mu/ be prep>$ & a re/ ( "s sort contriv$ s t !y may be easily plac$ 9 x or )drawn :5 ne>ly burnt out2 ! angle !y ought to make ) ! horizon v>ies ) ! quality ( ! wood1 if v combu/ible !y may be set ne>ly upright1 if less s !y mu/ be m ne>ly horizontal4 ,all c&les1 h[ev]1 wa/e rapidly unless scre5$ f ! w9d1 if ! travell] c c>ry a spr+ burn]1 ?is inconv5i5ce is 9 a great measure obviat$2 b (t5 ?is is impossible1 & he mu/ make ! be/ %elt] he c ) a bit ( b5t t91 a jo9t ( bamboo1 or :atev] mat]ial may be at h&4 ,if ! c&les h to be pack$ 9 bags :]e /[age is ( importance1 & cases mu/ be ?r[n away1 x is be/ to cut !m 9 two1 z ! risk ( breakage is mu* r$uc$ by ! dim9ution ( _! l5g?2 9 cutt+ !m ! knife %\ld be w>m$ slightly1 z x divides !m )\t *ipp+ (f fragm5ts4 ,9 light+ ! l[] half1 if y h wax ve/as1 & /ick "o ( !m 9 alongside ! wick t has be5 cut1 y avoid ! necessity ( cutt+ d[n ! wax to expose ! end1 & s may save ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ( c&le4 ,tor*es4 ,we h se5 ! ,malays1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 take a s(t por\s /ick1 or ! pi? ( a peculi> ru%1 & !n wrap r\nd x a coat+ ( beeswax1 to s]ve z a tor* or c&le4 ,! natives ( ! %ores ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,vanc\v] ,isl& use a fi% kn[n z ! ,eula*on1 or ,nor?-,we/ ,capel91 z a s\rce ( light4 ,! leaf ( ! cocoa-nut palm possesses /rong illum9at+ p[]4 ,! p9e knot & bir* b>k ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,canada are ext5sively us$ = giv+ light 9 de]-hunt+1 fi%-spe>+1 & on o!r occasions4 ,! bog deal ( ,irel& is also us$4 ,! ,dam>as1 :o h a cu/om ( obta9+ _! fire only f t kept burn+ at ! hut ( _! *ief1 c>ry ) !m dry flakes ( ,kraal mi/ or cattle dropp+s1 ignit$ & held betwe5 ! =ks ( a cleft /ick2 & ! ,indian mat*lock m5 c>ry fire 9 ! same way4 ,! mussal*ees or tor*-be>]s ( ,c5tral ,india1 :o commonly accompany troops dur+ night m>*es1 use long sausage-%ap$ rolls ( cotton clo?2 ! ends ( ^! !y f "t to "t moi/5 ) oil p\r$ f a vessel c>ri$ = ! purpose4 ,! hill guides usually employ l>ge spl9t]s cut f ! ,deod> c$>4 ,9 ,mexico1 ! brilliant fire-flies are sometimes caught & us$ = giv+ a tempor>y light3 ! direction ( a lett]1 or ! po9ts ( a compass1 may be read by !m4 ,! sp>ks f a fl9t & /eel1 a bit ( qu>tz1 sulphuret ( iron or agate1 & a pocket knife1 w give light en\gh to read ! compass1 or to =m a night signal4 ,!re are _m v nice arrangem5ts = ! purpose ( light giv+ & cook+1 :i* may be obta9$ f any milit>y outfitt]2 b _! *ief defect is1 t !y w only answ] _! purpose "u tol]ably conv5i5t circum/ances1 & become useless :5 ! real h>d "w ( travel beg9s4 ,samov>4 ,travell]s1 bo? on sea & l&1 (t5 require to cook a small all[ance ( c(fee or tea :51 f sev]ity ( wea!r1 sc>city ( fuel1 or ! impossibility ( halt+ long en\gh1 x is impossible to k9dle a fire 9 any ( ! ord9>y me?ods1 & frequ5tly :51 f ! pit*+ ( a small vessel or ! jolt+ ( a waggon1 x w\ld be dang]\s to use a _s lamp1 an ,etna1 or an uncov]$ fire ( any k9d4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we %\ld ?9k ! pr9ciple ( int]nal heat1 z appli$ 9 ! ,russian samov> or tea urn1 might be successfully adopt$4 ,?is1 ) v>i\s modifications 9 outw>d =m1 may be describ$ z a small furnace = burn+ wood or *>coal 9 t "p :i* s]ves z ! base ( ! urn1 ) a funnel or /ove pipe1 wide at ! bottom1 b tap]+ r %>ply upw>d1 lead+ /raight up ?r\gh ! wat]1 & hav+ at top a telescope jo9t1 by :i* ! funnel c be l5g!n$ & ! draught increas$ :5 requisite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,samov>4 ,our own idea is to h an upright cyl9d] ( copp] t9n$ inside1 & f ab\t a c\ple ( in*es above ! l[] "p ( ?is an int]nal cone1 l an inv]t$ funnel1 exactly fitt+ ! cyl9d] at its l[] edge1 & tap]+ up to a small ap]ture at top4 ,a d\ble floor w\ld be let into ! cyl9d] ab\t an in* f its base1 s t x might be set ^u a plank )\t dang] f ! fire4 ,! cov] w\ld h a c5tral hole = ! funnel or smoke pipe to rise ?r\gh2 a small lip sp\t w\ld s]ve to p\r (f ! wat]1 & r+ h&les1 ) *a9s long en\gh to obviate all dang]1 w\ld s]ve to susp5d x f ! waggon ro(1 or f ! beams ( a small vessel1 :ile o!rs on ei!r side w\ld help to /ay & /eady x4 ,a broad cap or ro( ( copp] hook$ on to l9ks ( ! *a9s an in* or two above ! end ( ! smoke pipe w\ld prev5t any possible risk f fire rea*+ any woodwork f :i* ! samov> might be susp5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,boats1 ,,rafts1 ,,& ,,make-,,%ift ,,floats4 ,/opp+ leaky boats4 ,9 trav]s+ wild c\ntries1 or exam9+ _! coa/s1 lakes1 or riv]s1 boats ( "s k9d are indisp5sably necess>y4 ,! travell] may1 p]haps1 be =tunate en\gh to possess "o or m s\nd & seawor?y4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 x w be 8 lot to h ei!r "s sun-dri$ leaky craft1 crank canoe1 or un/able raft1 on :i* to entru/ 8 life & equipm5t1 :5 8 +5uity & p[]s ( res\rce mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ord] to successfully cont5d ) ! v>i\s %ortcom+s & fail+s he w c]ta9ly discov]4 ,if a boat be v leaky1 & is s rott5 z n to be rep>able by ord9>y means1 cov] ! :ole bottom ) canvas to above ! wat] l9e1 & pa9t x1 %e w !n be p]fectly tight1 & also v mu* /r5g!n$ & protect$ aga9/ ext]nal injury4 ,%\ld ! canvas ev5 be left unpa9t$1 x w be f\nd to r$uce ! leakage v consid]ably4 ,turn ! boat bottom upw>ds1 take a bread? ( canvas = ea* side1 or1 if "o bread? be n wide en\gh1 increase x z mu* z necess>y by /it*+ on ano!r4 ,lay "o edge ( ?is aga9/ ! keel1 j bel[ ! g>bo>d /reak2 fa/5 x ) copp] tacks1 or if ) iron pump tacks1 dip !m previ\sly 9 ?ick :ite pa9t1 v>ni% or boil$ oil1 to prev5t !m ru/+ ! canvas4 ,wet ! canvas1 & /ret* x tightly1 tack+ x on ! /em & /]n po/1 s z j to cov] ! ins]tion ( ! plank+2 !n /ret* ! upp] edge to ! m\ld+1 j bel[ ! wa%-/reak1 & nail x on !re4 ,x might1 if necess>y1 be c>ri$ "r up to ! gunwale2 b1 9 ?is case1 x mu/ be def5d$ by a m\ld+ or ribb& ( plank f *af+ aga9/ ! side ( a vessel or pi]4 ,9 ! case ( a gig1 or long %>p boat1 ! canvas w give or /ret* suffici5tly to adapt x to ! requir$ =m2 b 9 "o ) a %ort bluff b[ & /]n1 x mu/ be fitt$ ei!r by neatly fold+ ! p>ts necess>y to be r$uc$1 or by cutt+ & /it*+ x to ! %ape requir$4 ,make-%ift outrigg]4 ,if a small boat cr[d$ ) pass5g]s has to leave a wreck 9 a heavy sea1 %e may be pres]v$ f s9k+ or ov]turn+ by la%+ across ! gunwales a c\ple ( o>s 7cut1 if !re is "t = x1 to a suitable l5g?71 & fa/5+ to !m1 outside ! boat1 f\r small wat]-casks or break]s2 ^! w\ld some:at imp$e h] progress1 b buoyancy & safety1 & n swift sail+1 are ! *ief requisites 9 leav+ a wreck4 ,break]s la%$ "u ! ?w>ts1 or b[ & /]n %eets1 are sometimes us$2 b1 ?\gh !y imp>t buoyancy to a wat] logg$ boat1 !y take up room1 & d n give ! additional /ability :i* is af=d$ :5 !y are plac$ outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat ,,) ,,break]s ,,or ,,small ,,casks ,,z ,,outrigg]s4 ,rafts4 ,! cumbr\s mass ( sp>s1 wat]-casks1 & o!r /ores1 :i* want ( /[age "u hat*es (t5 =ces small vessels to c>ry ^u deck1 may easily be conv]t$ into a p]fectly safe & buoyant raft1 ready = in/ant use on an em]g5cy1 by ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! la%+s4 ,! sp>s1 among/ :i* w g5]ally be f\nd "o fit to make a topma/1 ano!r = a l[] y>d1 &1 p]haps1 "o or two m ( equal l5g?1 are laid =e & aft on ei!r side ! ma9 hat*2 ! wat]-casks1 p]haps half a doz5 on ea* side1 are la%$ to !m2 :ile ! space betwe5 is occupi$ by ! long boat1 &1 p]haps1 "o or two casks ( meat or o!r /ores1 ! :ole be+ secur$ to ! deck2 b all ?is float+ p[] is nei!r connect$ 9 itself1 nor easily deta*able f ! s9k+ vessel4 ,x w\ld n be mu* m difficult1 :5 secur+ ! r[ ( casks & sp>s on ei!r side ! hat*1 to connect all ^! by %ort sp>s la%$ across ! ends1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ) a c\ple m cross+ ne> ! b[ & /]n ( ! long boat1 & be>+ o!rs pass+ =e & aft b5ea? h] bilge1 to :i* %e might be secur$ by la%+s p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! gripes by :i* %e is fa/5$ to ! deck4 ,inde$1 ! *ief requisite is to keep all ! la%+s t connect ! p>ts p]fectly cle> ( ^? :i* hold ! raft to ! vessel1 s t1 9 case ( ne$1 x c\ld at once be cut cle>1 & all[$ to float bodily (f f ! s9k+ hull4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sp>s ,,& ,,wat]-,,casks ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,,deck ,,) ,,! ,,long ,,boat1 ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,raft4 ,we h /at$ ! absolutely necess>y po9ts z simply z possible2 b _m improvem5ts might easily be sugge/$1 su* z ! f\r casks1 at ! ends1 be+ po9t$ l conical buoys1 s z to (f] less resi/ance to progress ?r\gh ! wat]2 or t 9 two or m ( ! aft]mo/ casks a quantity ( salt or pres]v$ meat1 biscuit1 or groc]ies %\ld be kept 9 /ore = any em]g5cy4 ,! small] sp>s1 ( :i* !re are g5]ally pl5ty on bo>d1 might be cross$ ^u ?is framework1 s z to make a plat=m1 & a /udd+-sail spread ov] w\ld prev5t small ?+s dropp+ ?r\gh1 or help to support ! crew or pass5g]s4 ,! boat1 h[ev] leaky or batt]$1 w\ld always be a place ( security & comp>ative com=t = ! ladies or *ildr51 z ! p[] ( floatation w\ld be 9 ! sp>s & casks4 ,we believe ! ,spani>ds always endeav\r to secure a boat on any raft !y are oblig$ to make1 us+ h]1 no matt] h[ mu* %e may be /ove or brok51 z a place ( re/ or refuge = ! helpless or ! we>y4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give directions = ! rigg+ ( a ma/ or /e]+ app>atus4 ,seam5 9 em]g5cies w\ld improvise ^! accord+ to ! means at h&4 ,two or ?ree small sp>s set up z a triangle w\ld c>ry sail1 :]e1 p]haps1 a ma/ c\ld n be /epp$2 & ! o>s ( ! long boat1 assi/$ by ! trimm+ ( su* sail z c\ld be set1 w\ld be mo/ likely ! readie/ appliances = /e]+4 ,sometimes ! bridge ( a paddle /eam] is made l a caisson1 & %ipp$ 9 grooves1 s z to float (f %\ld ! vessel s9k4 ,small craft trad+ 9 ! ,indian isl&s1 :i* c>ry a quantity ( bamboo z small sp>s1 are ?us provid$ ) a natural sub/itute = life-buoys1 & a mat]ial = con/ruct+ rafts1 or r5d]+ boats1 ?\gh leaky z s _m sieves1 p]fectly uns9kable4 ,rafts ( ! l>ge holl[ /ems ( ! bamboo are frequ5tly us$ by fi%]m5 9 ! ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,life-belts4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ( little use to sugge/ t be=e a vessel leaves port att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! means ( sav+ life %\ld %e g d[n at sea4 ,! possible f\nd]+ ( a seawor?y vessel is ab\t ! la/ ?+ a sailor ?9ks (2 he tru/s m to 8 pres5ce ( m9d & ready application ( ! means at h&4 ,nev]!less1 provision aga9/ dang] w\ld ca/ no imputation on _! manl9ess4 ,! law compels a proportionate numb] ( boats to ! complem5t ( crew or pass5g]s4 ,"s own]s provide cork belts or jackets = ! m51 ) mattrasses1 pill[s1 or cu%ions ( cork1 = ! b]?s or s(as 9 ! cab92 & x w\ld be well if e pass5g] mak+ a sea voyage 7 to provide himself1 & ea* ( ^? dep5d+ on him1 ) a life-belt1 ei!r ( cork or ( inflatable mat]ial1 & likewise see t ^! 7 n /[$ away 9 *e/s bel[ ! hat*es1 b kept at h& 9 ! b]?s s z to be available :5 want$2 & also t _! use 0 p]fectly und]/ood by ^? = :om !y 7 provid$4 ,we h se5 a wai/coat ) inflatable l9+ c>ri$ f> into ! int]ior by "o ( ! bolde/ elephant hunt]s 9 ,s\? ,africa2 & x is /at$ t1 aft] ! s9k+ ( ! ill-fat$ /eam] ,arctic1 "s ( ! pass5g]s provid$ ) belts float$ on ! surface ( ! ,atlantic = "s days1 giv+1 ) a k9d ( desp]ate hum\r1 ! names ( diff]5t hotels to ! piece ( float+ wreck at :i* !y _h put up la/ night1 or int5d$ to d s = ! next4 ,x is a pity t none ( ! wat]pro( mat]ials at pres5t 9 use are com=table 9 ord9>y we>1 s t "s common article ( dress1 z a neck-tie1 a belt1 or sa%1 might be made s z to be inflatable :5 an accid5t occurs4 ,( all t we "k at pres5t1 we %\ld say ! mo/ effective1 simple1 & secure f damage1 is ! ord9>y cork jacket1 ( ! patt]n suppli$ by ! ,life-boat ,in/itution2 x is suffici5tly buoyant1 does n imp$e ! ex]tions ( ! we>]1 & _c be damag$ by collision ) rocks or o!r h>d objects4 ,life-buoys4 ,p]haps ! circul> life-buoy n[ 9 common use is z good z any1 b x requires "s address & /r5g? on ! "p ( ! swimm] to get x ov] 8 head to its prop] place b5ea? 8 arms2 x also lies l[ on ! wat] :5 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 & if at any di/ance is n easily se5 by ! swimm] or by ! boat's crew :o ev5tually g to 8 assi/ance4 ,9 ! navy a break] or small cask is us$1 ) a /aff six or eight feet long pass$ ?r\gh x1 ! l[] end projects say ?ree feet1 & is load$ ) lead2 ! upp] w /& f f\r to six feet above ! wat]1 c>ry+ a small r$ flag by day1 or a port-fire by night4 ,! sl+s ( ! buoy are br\ght up to ! taffrail & loop$ ov] a small p91 :i* is )drawn by pull+ ! trigg] ( a gun lock1 & a quick mat* l$ to ?is at night s]ves at ! same "t to ignite ! port-fire1 s t ! swimm]1 ! boat's crew1 & ! comm&] ( ! vessel1 h a conspicu\s object to make = & are s prev5t$ f los+ ea* o!r4 ,9 l>g] vessels1 we believe1 two break]s are us$1 connect$ by saddle-%ap$ iron b>s2 ^! enable "o1 or p]haps two m5 to sit1 ) _! %\ld]s consid]ably above ! surface2 :ile beckets ( rope all r\nd w\ld enable a great] numb]1 say ! crew ( a capsiz$ boat1 to support !mselves ) a fair *ance ( safety4 ,! size1 h[ev]1 ( a life-buoy mu/ always be limit$4 ,x is mo/ly requir$ to save "o p]son :o has fall5 ov]bo>d2 &1 ?\gh p]haps suffici5t to support m1 x %\ld nev] be s l>ge z to be dang]\s or inconv5i5t :5 tak5 into ! boat put out 9 a heavy & dang]\s gale to ! rescue4 ,sev]al fa?oms ( small l9e %\ld be & (t5 are atta*$ to ! buoy1 s t if x is let g 9 "t ! swimm] may cat* x1 & be sav$ )\t ! necessity ( l[]+ a boat4 ,we h se5 a life l9e ( coir or cocoa-nut fibre1 :i* is v buoyant1 successfully ve]$ away to an ov]lad5 & endang]$ boat at a consid]able di/ance1 :5 a hemp5 rope1 :i* s9ks by its own weight1 w\ld h be5 ( no s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,calaba% ,,float1 ,,makoro ,,or ,,mak>a1 ,,( ,,c5tral ,,africa4 ,calaba% float4 ,ne>ly simil> 9 pr9ciple to ?is la/-nam$ life-buoy is ! calaba% float1 describ$ by ,dr4 ,b>? z be+ us$ by ! natives ( ,c5tral ,africa2 x is simply a b> or plank ( light wood1 s lac$ to ! bottom ( two l>ge calaba%es1 t a man sitt+ on ! b>1 z he w\ld ^u a saddle1 w s9k ab\t wai/ deep1 & may use 8 h&s to paddle himself across ! /ream4 ,re$ boat4 ,our illu/ration %[s h[ any buoyant article 9 ! travell]'s possession might be us$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! boxes %[n on pp4 #h & #i are design$ expressly = su* em]g5cies4 ,small wat] vatjies1 b>rels1 or t9 cans1 wood5 boxes1 ev5 ?\gh some:at leaky1 wrapp$ 9 canvas or two or ?ree ?icknesses ( calico1 :i* ne$ n be cut1 w\ld become suffici5tly tight = a %ort voyage4 ,to make a re$ boat1 take re$s ( any l5g? y wi%1 a foot or two m ?an half ! l5g? ( y\r boat1 lay !m l5g?wise on level gr\nd1 ) _! small ends t[>d ! ends ( y\r int5d$ boat1 & _! butts ov]lapp+ ea* o!r by a foot or two2 take cord or o!r mat]ial = la%+1 & int]weave x ) ! re$s till ! "p 9 ! c5tre resembles a flat *eese-mat1 !n b5d x r\nd ! hoop :i* y int5d = ! mid%ip frame4 ,ins]t small] frames t[>d ea* end1 & f9ally ga!r up ! ends ( ! re$s into a po9t1 cov] ?is ) "s wat]pro( mat]ial1 oil$ calico or canvas1 c41 or canvas simply pa/$ ) fl\r & wat]1 & y w h a boat buoyant & m or less durable accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re$ ,,boat4 ,ab\t #ahdd we made su* a boat 9 ,cape ,t[n1 us+ :at are !re call$ ,spani% re$s1 :i* run betwe5 #aj;ft4 & #ae;ft4 9 l5g?1 ?ree qu>t]s or an in* 9 _! greate/ diamet]1 tol]ably /rong & v buoyant2 ^! 7 la%$ on wood5 b>rel hoops ) a light deal keel & gunwale1 & cov]$ ) two ?icknesses ( oil$ calico4 ,!re 0 no leakage1 & our little skiff 0 s light t ) ! assi/ance ( a fri5d we easily c>ri$ h] to & f ! h\se 9 :i* %e 0 built4 ,we (t5 v5tur$ beyond ! %ipp+ an*or$ 9 ,table ,bay1 our guns be+ secur$ by lany>ds to ! boat 9 case ( accid5t4 ,re$ raft4 ,on p>ts ( ! ,nile :]e re$s ab\nd1 ! natives make !m up into bundles ( p]haps #h;94 or #aj;94 9 diamet] at ! l>g] end1 & tap]+ almo/ to no?+ at ! small]2 ?ree or f\r ( ^! are fa/5$ side by side1 _! po9ts are made to curve up a little1 & !y =m a portable & conv5i5t vessel = cross+ ! riv] or convey+ small c>goes ( gra9 or o!r produce to m>ket4 ,! /\te/ "p ( ! fan-%ap$ leaf ( ! d\m palm is us$ z a paddle4 ,! float is n a heavy load = "o man1 :5 c>ri$ ov]l&1 & "o support$ by a =k$ /ick1 or ?ree or f\r ) _! l>g] ends set on ! gr\nd & ! small] re/+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 =m v good sun-%ades1 or huts to protect ! inmates aga9/ m inclem5t wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re$ ,,raft ,,z ,,us$ ,,on ,,! ,,nile4 ,we h se5 v useful & commodi\s rafts made by cutt+ v l>ge quantities ( m>% re$s1 fa/5+ !m up r\ghly 9 bundles1 lay+ ^! side by side1 & !n arrang+ ano!r lay] ( bundles across ! l[] ti]4 ,a few v9es1 or twi/$ re$ b&s1 s]ve to keep ! bundles 9 _! places1 :il/ a ?ick lay] ( loose re$s on ! top makes a level surface = ! travell] & 8 baggage to re/ on4 ,z ! l[] re$s become saturat$ ) wat] o!rs c be cut1 & add$ to ! top4 ,long riv] voyages1 float+ ) ! /ream1 h be5 accompli%$ on rafts ( ?is description4 ,bamboo canes1 :5 !y c be obta9$ 9 suffici5t numb]1 =m excell5t rafts4 ,!y are also extremely valuable z outrigg]s1 & outrigg] beams = canoes1 add+ greatly to _! /ability4 ,9 o!r p>ts1 :]e re$s are n s common1 floats ( wood are us$ z an assi/ance to swimm]s4 ,floats4 ,:5 swimm+ our horses ov] _m ( ! wide & rapid riv]s ( ,c5tral ,india1 ! natives :o 7 employ$ 9 guid+ ! animals1 fir/ swam across ) !m )\t any artificial assi/ance1 & !n return$ = o!rs ) billets ( a peculi>ly light wood held betwe5 _! left arms & sides1 "u ! %\ld]s2 ) ^! appliances1 !y float$ ) extraord9>y buoyancy1 & made rapid progress across ! /ream4 ,! inflat$ sk9s or inte/9es ( animals1 holl[ g\rds1 e>!n pots1 bladd]s1 or bundles ( b>k1 may be us$ z aids 9 cross+ riv]s :]e canoes or rafts _c be con/ruct$4 ,cattle boat4 ,on "s ( ! great ,indian riv]s1 l>ge di%-%ap$ boats are us$ = ! conveyance ( horses or cattle4 ,a boat ( ?is description is v quickly made by fir/ =m+ a basket-%ap$ framework ( bamboo1 "h & !re int]wov52 ?is is securely la%$ toge!r ) /rips ( raw hide1 twi/$ cane1 or common cord4 ,:5 complet$1 ! basket1 or frame1 is turn$ upside d[n1 on ! gr\nd1 pegg$ fa/ ) hook$ pegs cut f ! bran*es ( ! ne>e/ tree1 & !n cov]$ ) raw bullock hides1 :i* are sewn fa/ to ! frame1 & to ea* o!r1 grease be+ well rubb$ into ! seams4 ,:5 complete1 ! boat is n unlike a common tea-sauc]--measures betwe5 f\rte5 & fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & is ab\t two feet eight in*es deep2 made to ^! dim5sions1 ! hide boat w safely c>ry f ?ree to f\r tons ( c>go4 ,!re is no possibility ( upsett+ x4 ,:5 horses or bullocks h to be convey$ 9 contrivances ( ?is k9d1 x w be necess>y to lay bran*es ( trees1 & a good lay] ( re$s1 or s$ge grass1 on ! bottoms1 9 ord] to prev5t ! animals f ?ru/+ _! ho(s ?r\gh ! hides4 ,! wat]-draught ( hide boats is surpris+ly slight1 f five to eight in*es be+ suffici5t to float "o ) a full load on bo>d4 ,long-h&l$ %ovel-%ap$ paddles are us$ to propel !m )1 & a /ore ( raw hide1 & "s tall[1 & an ey$ awl1 or l>ge ne$le1 = pat*+1 enables ! boat voyag] to execute ) exp$ition all ! repairs 8 lea!r craft may ne$4 ,all hide-cov]$ boats1 or floats1 %\ld be occasionally plac$ bottom upw>ds1 on %ore1 to dry1 9 ord] to r5d] ! sk9s m durable4 ,coracle4 ,! coracle1 s mu* us$ by ,wel% fi%]m51 is made mu* aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,a smoo? level piece ( turf be+ *os51 ! frame-/icks1 j su* z coop]s use = mak+ into hoops1 are b5t & int]wov5 until ! requisite =m ( ! frame has be5 arriv$ at1 ! bottom be+ upw>ds4 ,! edge1 :i* aft]w>ds becomes ! gunwale1 is =m$ by mak+ a bord] ( hazel-w& basket-"w1 ! ends ( ! frame-/icks are trimm$ (f ev5 ) ?is1 & a cov]+ ( ,russia duck1 or light canvas1 is neatly sewn ov] all4 ,! coracle is !n paid ov] ) t>1 or "s o!r wat]-pro(+ mat]ial2 "o ?w>t1 or seat1 is secur$ f ea* end to ! framework1 holes are made 9 ?is = a lea!r /rap to pass ?r\gh1 :i* enables ! fi%]man to c>ry 8 coracle on 8 back4 ,a s+le-blad$ paddle1 l a bak]'s ov5 pile1 is us$ to paddle )4 ,"s consid]able practice is ne$$ to enable a new h& to conduct1 or1 z x is call$1 drive a coracle--n a little caution is requir$ 9 bo? gett+ 9 or out4 ,x is be/1 if possible1 to dep>t f "s %all[ s&-spit1 or gravel b$1 :]e ! coracle may be %ov$ (f into deep] wat]1 aft] ! tyro has tak5 8 seat1 & e/abli%$ ! prop] balance4 ,9 l&+1 x w be well to obs]ve ! same caution until practice & exp]i5ce give ! confid5ce & dext]ity :i* !y alone c conf]4 ,!re is a peculi> /roke ( ! paddle mu* us$ 9 coracle driv+1 to :i* ! canoe man seldom has rec\rse4 ,?is is ga9$ by turn+ ! left arm r\nd ! h&le ( ! paddle1 until ! h& is a %ort di/ance above ! blade1 & ! %aft re/s aga9/ ! %\ld]4 ,! paddle blade is !n work$ 9 a figure-(-eight direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sk9 ,,boat4 ,sk9 boat4 ,! size ( sk9 or canvas-cov]$ boats w usually be det]m9$ by ! available am\nt ( sk9 or cov]+ mat]ial4 ,any waggon ox requires #h;ft4 ( room to "w 91 & 8 sk9 w\ld give a squ>e ( lea!r ( v little ov] #f;ft42 ! ,african buffalo w\ld be ab\t ! same1 ! el& some:at l>g]1 ! black or br9dl$ gnoo1 ! koodoo1 & "s ( ! l>g] antelopes1 r less4 ,suppose y h two ox sk9s2 cut !m /raight across :]e ! neck is at its wide/1 & let ! natives or waggon-driv]s /it* !m toge!r ) /rong s9ews or ?ongs ( hide1 us+ a r\nd awl or pi]c]1 to make a r\nd hole t w close aga91 & n a %>p-edg$ "o t w cut ! hide & s leave holes t w aft]w>ds become leaks4 ,! %eet %\ld be kept damp1 n wet1 by spread+ ox-dung or damp e>? ^u x till ! frame is ready4 ,suppose x n[ to be #ab;ft4 long & #f;ft4 wide2 y may make y\r boat ( f #c;ft4 to #d;ft4 9 wid?1 & #aj;ft4 9 l5g? & #b;ft4 deep4 ,if y c>e to h def9ite /em & /]n po/s1 x is v likely t poles may be f\nd ) bran*es project+ at ! requir$ angle1 b practically x is be/ to let !m curve m or less gradually into ! l9e ( ! keel1 & = ?is purpose to *oose two long /raight poles2 b5d _! ?ick ends r\nd a tree to r m ?an ! requisite curve1 z !y w always /raight5 aga92 !n1 hav+ *os5 a flat piece ( /iff gr\nd1 make two holes #aj;ft4 ap>t1 = ! ?ick ends ( y\r poles to re/ 91 b5d d[n _! ?9 ends1 let !m ov]lap1 ! f>!r ! bett]1 & la% !m toge!r2 !n take ano!r ( ab\t #h;ft4 7or a foot long] on ea* side ?an ! wid? ( ! sk971 & hav+ curv$ ?is1 /ick ! ends into ! gr\nd1 ab\t #c-a_/b ft4 or #d;ft4 ap>t1 & la% x :]e its c5tre passes "u ! keel2 d ! same ) two o!rs1 #ah;94 on ei!r side1 & y w h ! ?ree mid%ip frames2 take two poles = ea* gunwale1 jo9 !m by ov]lapp+ _! ?9 ends z be=e1 la% !m to ^! c5tral frames1 s f> f ! keel t ! edge ( ! sk9 w j cov] !m1 b5d !m till !y come toge!r at ! b[ & /]n1 let !m cross ea* o!r by a few in*es1 la% !m tightly1 & d n be 9 a hurry to cut _! ends too closely2 ! curve !y take w guide y 9 ! ins]tion ( ! o!r frames4 ,z y come ne>] to ! b[ & /]n1 =k$ bran*es ( ! prop] angle may be advantage\sly us$1 & along ! sides1 :]e ! r[locks come1 =ks may be left on ! extremities ( ! ribs to s]ve = !m2 a =k may also be la%$ 9 at ei!r end = /e]+ or scull+4 ,lay two or m ribb&s or bilge pieces along ea* side2 fa/5 9 su* bo>ds or poles z y h = ?w>ts1 &1 :5 ! :ole is firmly la%$ toge!r1 spread ov] x ! prep>$ hide & /it* x all r\nd to ! pole t s]ves = gunwale1 ! hair1 if y h n already scrap$ x (f1 be+ inw>ds2 grease pl5tifully :ile x is /ill wet1 & !n let x dry2 look c>efully to ! seam+2 give ?is z mu* grease z x w absorb1 or y c af=d2 & :5 x is q /iff1 saw (f ! sup]flu\s timb] ends1 n too close2 turn x up1 & x is ready = use3 nev] let y\r boat lie 9 ! wat] long] ?an is absolutely necess>y1 & turn x bottom upw>ds :5ev] y haul x a%ore4 ,! quagga hide is prov]bially rigid2 & we %\ld ?9k t if tak5 (f by m]ely mak+ "o slit along ! belly1 di/5d+ ) dry s& & lett+ x h>d5 9 ! sun1 x w\ld make a tol]ably safe boat 9 smoo? wat] = "o p]son1 )\t any o!r fitt+4 ,we h he>d ( mules or transport animals be+ kill$ :5 wat] c>riage became available2 _! fle% j]k$ = future provision1 & ev5 _! ribs press$ into s]vice to d duty )\t ev5 a *ange ( "n 9 ! canoes = :i* _! hides s]v$ z cov]+s4 ,russian c>go boat4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum is a v c>efully-con/ruct$ model ( a ,russian c>go boat f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ,comm&] ,pike1 ,r4,n41 ! donor1 /ates t x c>ries #c-a_/b tons ( fur sealsk9s4 ,no metal is us$ 9 x1 ! wood5 frame is pegg$ or la%$ toge!r1 & cov]$ ) walrus hide4 ,no dim5sions are giv52 b1 z v ne>ly ?ree feet are requir$ = "o o>sman1 x is probable t ! boat w\ld be #be;ft4 long & #h;ft4 wide ne> ! /]n2 x w be notic$ t !re are b s+le ?ole p9s1 & !re=e grummets ( rope or iron mu/ be fa/5$ on ! o>s4 ,esquimaux boats4 ,! o!r boat is ! oomiak1 or woman's canoe1 ( ! ,esquimaux4 ,! frame is made ( drift wood & bone1 (t5 9 v small pieces1 b s tightly pegg$ & la%$ toge!r ) hide ?ongs1 t ! comp\nd seems fully z /rong z a s+le piece2 x is v neatly cov]$ ) sealsk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,russian ,,& ,,esquimaux ,,sk9 ,,boats ,! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! frames ( bo? ^! v>ies b little f t we h j describ$1 & we ?9k w be made suffici5tly pla9 by ! draw+s copi$ by p]mission f ! models 9 ! ,museum4 ,! kayak1 or man's canoe1 is long]1 %>p]1 & n>r[]1 & is completely cov]$ ) sealsk91 ) ! exception ( a circul> ap]ture 9 ! c5tre1 & f ! edges ( ?is a sk9 comes up s z to tie tightly r\nd ! wai/ ( ! d>+ walrus or seal hunt]1 s t n a drop ( wat] c ent] 8 little vessel2 :ile ev5 if by any accid5t %e %\ld capsize1 a vigor\s /roke ( ! d\ble-blad$ paddle w suffice to "r h]2 ! h>poons or o!r weapons _c possibly be lo/1 = bladd]s are atta*$ to ! l9es ( ^? prep>$ = use2 :ile ! res]ves are n ca/ adrift till !y are want$4 ,m>vell\sly +5i\s z ^! fur-clad boat-build]s are1 _! frail craft are s difficult to h&le t no ord9>y explor] c1 )\t long practice1 hope to use !m ) mu* success4 ,/ill !re are _m po9ts connect$ ) _! con/ruction well wor?y ( imitation4 ,! small sl$ge 9 ! backgr\nd has a scre5 ( sk9s susp5d$ across x1 9 :i* a hole is made = ! seal-hunt] to fire ?r\gh4 ,dug-out canoes4 ,canoes1 hewn & dug f ! solid tree trunk1 are g5]al & valuable2 & !re are few portions ( ! e>? :]e =e/ trees gr[ to ! requisite size t dug-out boats ( "s k9d are n 9 use4 ,! natives ( ,briti% ,columbia con/ruct v l>ge & p[]ful boats f ! trunks ( ! huge c$> trees f\nd 9 t c\ntry4 ,to ! =tunate possessor ( ! axe1 ! adze1 ! g\ge1 & ! mallet1 ! =mation ( a dug-out canoe is a matt] ( comp>ative ease2 b to ! ,indian1 unprovid$ ) effici5t tools1 x is a task ( no ord9>y magnitude1 /ill he und]takes x boldly1 fall+ back on %ifts & exp$i5ts to aid him 9 8 toil4 ,) su* rude implem5ts z he may *ance to be possess$ (1 he fa%ions ! ext]ior1 flatt5s ! surface ( ! log1 & hews out ! b[ & /]n2 !n fire1 kept )9 due b\nds by ! assi/ance ( clay1 is br\ght to be> on ! mass ( timb]1 & z ! wood a%es =m1 & ! wood becomes *>r$1 a %>p5$ /one or ?ick sea-%ell is us$ to remove ! mass & expose a fre% surface4 ,by d9t ( lab\r1 pati5ce1 c>e1 & p]sev]ance1 ! %ell ( ! boat is at l5g? =m$1 b lack+ ! curves & cont\r ne$$ to r5d] x /able & seawor?y4 ,indian +5uity aga9 /eps 9 to meet ! difficulty4 ,! boat is fill$ to ! brim ) wat]1 a huge fire is light$1 & a numb] ( /ones heat$ to r$ness4 ,^! are "o by "o dropp$ into ! unf9i%$ canoe1 until ! wat] is rais$ almo/ to ! boil+ po9t2 !n :5 ! wood is "u ! full & s(t5+ influ5ces ( ! heat$ wat] & /eam1 transv]se b>s ( wood are driv5 9 "o aft] ! o!r1 until ! requisite bread? ( beam & bilge are ga9$4 ,! wat] is !n remov$1 & ! canoe all[$ to dry ) ! b>s 9 x1 :5 ! %ape ?us giv5 rema9s z long z ! boat la/s4 ,! removal ( ! b>s & a little poli%+ up r5d]s ! canoe fit = sea4 ,x is n uncommon = craft ( ?is description1 mann$ by crews am\nt+ sometimes to z _m z ?irty1 to brave ! turbul5t & =midable seas ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 9 pursuit ( ! sea-ott]1 fi%1 c4 ,we h se5 _m canoes ( ?is description on ! l>ge riv]s ( ,c5tral ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & on ! ,zambesi4 ,! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia are also 9 ! habit ( us+ b>k canoes ( ! mo/ primitive =m ( con/ruction4 ,a %eet ( b>k ( suitable size is /ripp$ f ! ne>e/ tree1 ! ends are gu>d$ by little walls ( clay1 & ) a rude /ick = a paddle1 & a lump ( moi/5$ clay = a fire-place1 ,corry1 arm$ ) 8 un]r+ spe>1 />ts on a fi%-hunt+ exp$ition on ! pond or riv]4 ,models ( plat=m boat4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahfc & #ahfd1 :ile enjoy+ ! hospitality ( our late fri5d ,*>les ,john ,&]sson1 ! *ief1 z he may be call$1 ( ! p]sev]+ explor]s ( ,s\?-,we/ ,africa1 we devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! con/ruction ( models ( boats = ! purposes ( discov]y & riv] navigation1 & ( sub/itutes = !m4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 ! case be=e u 0 t ( portability ( ! boat or ( ! mat]ials to make x2 ! second1 facility ( con/ruction :5 x rea*$ ! wat]1 equal facility ( sep>ation into its orig9al p>ts at any int]ruption ( ! riv] c\rse1 & also ( recon/ruction aft] x _h be5 c>ri$ to a po9t :]e navigation c\ld be resum$4 ,ano!r1 & n less important condition1 01 t ! mat]ials %\ld be su* z 7 obta9able ei!r 9 ,dam>al&1 or1 at f>!/1 f "s ( ! vessels t occasionally call$ at its bays or h>b\rs f ,cape ,t[n4 ,! conv]sion ( ! usual waggon ge> into a float w be pres5tly treat$ on2 & we w n[ describe ! model we con/ruct$ = our boat1 sugge/+ to explor]s t :5 !y f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( build+1 !y w save mu* "t1 tr\ble1 & anxiety z to ! result ( _! lab\r1 by proce$+ ne>ly 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,boat ,,( ,,iron ,,or ,,copp] ,,conv]tible ,,into ,a ,,s+le ,,boat ,,:5 ,,ne$$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _h decid$ on ! use ( %eet metal1 pla9 or galvanis$ iron 9 %eets ( #f;ft4 by #b;ft41 or copp] ( #d;ft4 by #b;ft41 ) screw$ bolts & nuts 9 ei!r case ( exactly ! same metal z ! %eets1 s t any galvanic action %\ld be impossible4 ,next1 ! framework mu/ be ( wood2 & z to =m1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t ! boat %\ld h beam & buoyancy en\gh to laun*1 )\t fe> ( subm]sion ?r\gh any rapid t _h wat] en\gh to be> h] cle> ( rocks1 & 0 n /eep en\gh to be consid]$ z a wat]fall4 ,we purpos$ to put ! mat]ials toge!r on ! spot2 &1 !re=e1 _! weight only1 & n ! dim5sions ( ! boat1 7 tak5 into consid]ation ) reg>d to waggon c>riage4 ,= ! m]e purpose ( pass+ f ! head ( ! riv] navigation to ! sea1 & ?us prov+ t su* navigation 0 possible1 no?+ m ?an a s+le boat w\ld be requir$4 ,b = obs]v+1 mapp+1 sket*+1 or o!rwise improv+ to "s useful result ! v>i\s opportunities ( ! j\rney1 suffici5t room mu/ be provid$ = ! voyag] to "w com=tably on deck in/ead ( sitt+ cramp$ up 9 ! /]n-%eets1 & we1 !re=e1 decid$ on mak+ ours capable ( be+ us$ z a d\ble boat :5 ! bread? ( ! riv] p]mitt$ x4 ,! advantage ( be+ able to use ea* "p :5 sep>ate1 z an indep5d5t boat1 s t ! %>]s 9 ! voyage might trace sep>ate bran*es ( ! riv]1 _h to be balanc$ aga9/ ! disadvantage ( hav+ to take ea* ( ^! s+ly ?r\gh rapids1 :i* _! dim5sions might n insure _! pass+ 9 safety1 & also aga9/ ! fact t if ! d\ble is =m$ ( two p]fect boats1 !y _c atta9 great spe$ ei!r 9 sail+ or r[+1 f ! fact t ! volume ( wat] admitt$ betwe5 ! /ems1 :i* may be1 = example1 #h;ft4 ap>t1 mu/ be compress$ z x passes ! mid%ip section1 to #d;ft4 or #e;ft41 accord+ to ! bread? ( beam ( ! boats1 & w aga9 h to exp& z x passes ! gradually increas+ space betwe5 _! run1 or aft] section4 ,& ! loss ( p[] ?us exp5d$ 9 heap+ up wat]1 al?\gh imp]ceptible at a l[ spe$1 w\ld become enorm\s if a high] rate 7 attempt$4 ,!re=e we made our model s t :5 n requir$ z a d\ble1 %e %\ld become "o s+le yawl or :ale boat ( #cj;ft4 9 l5g?1 & #f;ft4 beam1 ) #b-a_/b;ft4 int]nal dep? 9 mid%ips1 ris+ to ne>ly #d;ft4 at ei!r end to enable h] to %oot a tol]ably /rong rapid )\t %ipp+ wat]2 ! two sections 7 !re=e ea* made l half a :ale boat1 ! out] sides hav+ _! prop] curve & ! inn] be+ p]fectly flat1 s t :5 us$ d\bly ! wat] might pass )\t resi/ance betwe5 !m1 & :5 s+ly !y might be clamp$ toge!r z "o boat by screw$ bolts ?r\gh ! keel1 /em1 /]n po/s1 & ! inn] gunwales4 ,our fir/ c>e 0 to seek out a block ( s(t1 fair gra9$ wood1 #cj;94 long & #c;94 wide1 & to %ape ?is truly to ! =m requir$ = "o half section ( our boat4 ,we next provid$ a suffici5cy ( plank+1 ribb&s1 c41 also on a scale ( #a;94 to ! foot1 & !n cut out f ! ?9ne/ t9 case l9+s1 =ty pieces ( #f;94 by #b;941 to repres5t our %eets ( iron4 ,! dim5sions ( our boat _h be5 previ\sly s arrang$ t 9 ! mid%ip section ! dep? ( ne>ly #b ft4 on ! flat side %\ld leave r m ?an #d;ft4 ( ! iron available to =m ! curve on ! out]1 necess>y to give a half beam ( #c;ft4 ,9 build+ our model we adopt$ slightly diff]5t plans ) ea* ( ! two sections4 ,9 t int5d$ = ! />bo>d side we laid along ! flat or inn] side ( our block or wood5 m\ld a batt51 #a_/d;94 squ>e 7repres5t+ "o ( #c;947 & #bd;94 long 7ea* in* be+ und]/ood to repres5t #a;ft472 to ?is we fitt$ ! /em & /]n po/1 ea* #f;94 9 l5g?1 bo? exactly alike1 curv+ & rak+ =w>d & aft l ^? ( a :ale boat1 s z to h an actual height1 be=e ! keel 0 add$1 ( #c-c_/d;94 ,we !n laid along ! top ( ! flat side ! inn] gunwale #a;94 deep1 b z ?is w\ld be an imp$im5t to ! r[]s :5 ! sections 7 clamp$ toge!r to =m a s+le boat1 we cut out a piece 7m>k$ ,a1 p4 #ajf7 #c_/d;94 deep & #ah;94 long1 s z to be removable at pleasure1 ! rema9+ qu>t] !n =m+ ! /r+] on :i* ! ?w>ts w\ld aft]w>ds be laid1 ! bottom ( ! ?ree-qu>t] piece 7,a7 hav+ *ecks cut 9 x to all[ x to fit ov] !m4 ,we !n took ! piece ( t9 repres5t+ ! mid%ip %eet1 & draw+ a l9e across x1 #a-a_/b;94 f its edge1 b5t x ov] ! keelson1 bolt+ ! %ort end to ! ?w>t /r+]1 & br++ ! long] "o ( #d-a_/b;94 r\nd ! curve to ! out] gunwale2 n9e %eets 7 requir$ aft & n9e =w>d ( ?is1 & ! only diff]5ce 9 lay+ !m 0 t1 z we proce$$ =w>d1 ! edge ( ea* %eet ov]lapp$ by ne>ly #a_/d;94 ! "o beh9d x1 :ile 9 work+ aft1 ! edge ( ea* _h to be ins]t$ b5ea? t :i* lay be=e x4 ,:5 ! curves ( ! /em & /]n 7 rea*$1 ! %eets _h to be cut to ! requir$ =m in/ead ( be+ b5t1 & 7 bolt$ 9 _! prop] places4 ,! out] gunwale1 #a_/h;94 ?ick & #c_/d;94 deep1 0 n[ laid on & bolt$ to ! metal %eets2 ano!r batt51 #a_/b;94 wide1 0 laid f /em to /]n along ! bilge1 & ! keel1 #a_/d;94 ?ick & deep1 0 fitt$ 9 its prop] place & bolt$ ?r\gh ! metal to ! keelson4 ,our half boat 0 n[ suffici5tly firm to be tak5 (f ! m\ld4 ,a %ort /r+] ( #ah;94 0 laid int]nally ^u ! floor1 & ano!r ! :ole l5g? along ! inside on :i* to lay ! out] end ( ! ?w>ts2 & timb]s1 #a_/d;94 ?ick1 7 bolt$ 9 ) _! heads project+ #a;94 above ! gunwale1 s z to receive cross-beams ( #a_/b;94 9 ?ickness & #ae;94 long1 by :i* ! sections 7 kept ap>t :5 us$ z a d\ble boat4 ,we consid]$ x bett] to secure ! beams by cross-la%+s ?an by bolts1 :i*1 if ! boats work$ mu* 9 tr\bl$ wat]1 w\ld probably r5d ! p>ts !y s]v$ to connect4 ,along ! gunwales1 at %ort int]vals1 we int5d$ to use light] cross-beams1 probably ( bamboo1 t is if x 7 procurable2 b hav+ c>ri$ out our model suffici5tly to e/abli% ! g5]al effici5cy ( our pr9ciple1 we did n ?9k x ne$ful to sp5d "t 9 complet+ e little detail1 & ?is call$ =? ! free b fri5dly criticism ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,bell1 ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,cape colony1 ^: valuable & practical advice we take ! lib]ty ( giv+ 7see p4 #aae74 ,! only diff]5ce ( plan adopt$ 9 build+ ! o!r or port section 0 t we built ! :ole ( ! inn] or flat side ( plank #a_/h;94 ?ick1 by :i* we 7 enabl$ to cut #a-a_/b;94 (f ea* %eet1 & ?is me?od 9 build+ a full-siz$ boat w\ld h enabl$ u to use copp] %eets ( #b;ft4 by #d;ft4 in/ead ( iron ( #b;ft4 by #f;ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sections ,,clamp$ ,,toge!r ,,z ,a ,,s+le ,,boat1 ,,or ,,us$ ,,) ,,connect+ ,,beams ,,z ,a ,,d\ble4 ,full-siz$ plat=m boat4 ,9 build+ a full-siz$ boat on ?is model1 our plan w\ld be to make ! flat side all ( #c_/d;94 plank1 ) ! /em1 /]n po/1 & keelson all fa/ 9 _! prop] positions1 & ! keel left slightly ap>t1 s z to all[ ! %eets ( metal1 :e!r iron or copp]1 to be ins]t$ betwe5 x & ! keelson4 ,!n1 lay+ ! :ole flat on its side1 we w\ld cross cut ) a f9e t5on saw our wood5 model into eight pieces ( equal l5g?1 & c>efully enl>g+ ! section ( ea* l5g? w\ld make z _m tempor>y frames1 & set !m ^u ! flat side1 cutt+ *ecks 9 !m to let 9 ! /r+]s1 :i* :5 b5t d[n to ! flat at ei!r end w\ld v effectually give ! =m ( ! boat4 ,we w\ld !n fit ! ribs1 keep+ !m z light z possible ) due reg>d to /r5g?1 cutt+ !m1 if requisite1 out ( wood select$ ) ! prop] natural curve2 or1 pref]ably1 us+ flexible wood1 su* z a%1 9 pieces #b;94 broad1 & #a_/b;94 9 ?ickness1 & plac+ !m n q #b;ft4 ap>t1 s t ! ov]lapp+ edges ( ! %eets might co9cide ) ! ribs1 & ! bolts might pass ?r\gh !m & also ?r\gh ! inn] /r+]s1 & ! out] ribb&s & gunwales at all _! po9ts ( int]section4 ,! ends ( sev5 ( ^! ribs1 at ne>ly equal di/ances 7z at %eets #b1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #ac & #af1 on p4 #ajf71 we w\ld leave /&+ six or eight in*es above ! gunwale1 & ab\t f\r in*es f ea* we w\ld set up ano!r ( equal height1 s t ! cross-beams might lie betwe5 !m :5 requir$1 & be secur$ by la%+s pass+ d[n to ! fir/ /r+] 7p4 #aaj71 or s t :5 ! two p>ts 7 connect$ z a s+le boat !y might s]ve z r[locks4 ,%ort /ruts f ! =emo/ pair ( ^! w\ld give great additional /ability to ! ma/s4 ,9 lay+ ! deck1 we %\ld by all means endeav\r to avoid injur+ ! planks by bor+ ne$less holes 9 !m1 z !y might on an em]g5cy be requir$ = build+ a small] boat4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 la% !m ) raw hide to ! =emo/ & aft]mo/ crossbeams1 & !n lay+ light] beams across ne> two or m ( ! int]m$iate ones1 fa/5 !m d[n :]e requisite by /rips ( ! same mat]ial 7p4 #aaj74 ,= connect+ ! two sections1 s z to =m a s+le boat1 we %\ld use screw$ bolts #a_/b;94 ?ick1 & #g;94 long1 pass+ at int]vals ( ab\t #af;94 ?r\gh bo? keels1 /ems1 /]n po/s1 & inn] gunwales1 ?us firmly clamp+ bo? ! flat sides toge!r4 ,! two removable portions ( ! inn] gunwale 7m>k$ ,a7 previ\sly m5tion$ w\ld1 9 ?is case1 be un%ipp$ to all[ ! o>s free play1 z 9 illu/ration on opposite page1 & on page #ajf4 ,copp] is ! only metal we %\ld wi% to use or recomm5d to o!rs1 & all fa/5+s us$ ) x mu/ be ( ! same metal4 ,we recomm5d 9 ?is case1 screw$ bolts & nuts1 presum+ t ! boat w\ld be built = a j\rney1 ! exig5cies ( :i* might oblige ! travell] frequ5tly to take h] to pieces & rebuild h]2 b z our own means 7 at t "t inconv5i5tly limit$1 we made a calculation ( ! comp>ative co/ ( pla9 & galvanis$ iron & ( wood4 ,! mode ( sett+ ! sails1 spread+ ! awn+1 c41 w be suffici5tly cle> f ! engrav+ 7p4 #ajf74 ,our little model1 :5 tri$ ^u ! flood$ flats at ,walvis* ,bay1 sail$ l ! w9d1 b _h a t5d5cy to bury ! lee-b[1 :i* 0 easily rem$i$ by balla/+ ! wea!r qu>t]2 an o> 0 ! readie/ & mo/ conv5i5t means ( /e]+4 ,e/imate ( mat]ial if ! boat be built ( copp]1 ! flats or inn] sides be+ ( plank3-- s4 d4 #dj %eets copp]1 #b;ft4 by #d;ft41 #alb4 to ! foot1 at #as4 #f;d4 p] lb41 or #abs4 ea* #bd #j #j #bjj squ>e-head$ bolts1 #a_/d;94 ?ick 7) nuts71 #a_/b;94 grip = ! sk9 & ribs1 #ahj ditto ditto #a_/b;94 ?ick1 #a-a_/d;94 grip = sk91 ribs1 & /r+]s1 #ahj ditto ditto #c;94 grip1 = ribs1 /r+]s1 & timb] heads1 #bg #j #j #ij ditto ditto #f;94 grip1 = keel & keelson & = clamp+ ! two sections toge!r :5 us$ z a s+le boat1 ,equal to #fej bolts1 av]ag+ p]haps #aj;d4 ea* #dlb4 copp] rivets1 assort$ sizes1 = repairs #j #ab #j #flb4 copp] nails1 f #a;94 to #c;94 #j #ah #j #alb4 rooves1 = cl9*+ nails #j #c #j #b r$ deals1 /raight & clean1 #ba;ft4 long1 #i;94 by #c;941 cut into six pieces ( #c;94 squ>e1 ( :i* five w suffice to make ! two keels & keelsons2 ! rema9+ piece w\ld cut f\r /r+]s #c_/d;94 ?ick4 7,if ^! deals c\ld be procur$ #bd;ft4 long1 f\r pieces w\ld d ?is1 & !re w\ld be no necessity = sc>f+47 #c deals ( #ba;ft4 ea*1 cut into f\r #c_/d;94 planks2 & #a deal1 cut into "o #a-a_/b;94 & two #c_/d;94 #d #j #j planks1 w\ld give f\rte5 #c_/d;94 planks1 ( :i* n9e w\ld suffice = ! two flat sides1 two = ! gunwales1 #d-a_/b;94 wide1 & ?ree ) ! sp>e piece m5tion$ above = ! /r+]s & ribb&s1 :ile ! #a-a_/b;94 plank1 by c>eful adaptation ( ! requisite curves1 w\ld cut = ! f\r /ems & /]n po/s1 ,or equal to #f deals1 say #b galls4 boil$ l9se$ oil1 9 t9 cans ( #a gall4 ea* #j #ab #j #d galls4 raw l9se$ oil1 9 t9 cans ( #a gall4 ea* #j #af #j #bhlb4 :ite lead1 9 iron kegs ( #glb4 ea* #j #ad #j #adlb4 r$ ditto ditto ditto #j #g #j 7,! cans & kegs w be useful z cook+ or wat] vessels :5 empti$47 #cjlb4 res9 #j #aj #j #f pa9t-bru%es & tools assort$ #j #f #j ,t9smi?'s small %e>s or snips #j #d #f ,eng9e]'s hamm] #j #d #f #f pun*es1 f #a_/h;94 to #a_/b;94 #j #i #j #b screw-driv]s1 l>ge & small #j #c #f #b screw-wr5*es #j #i #j #a-a_/b;94 aug] #j #a #f #a brace1 & set ( bits1 includ+ rym]s1 c\nt]s9ks1 & bits = metal #a #d #f #clb4 brass screws1 assort$1 up to #c;94 #j #i #j #c pieces unblea*$ calico1 d\ble wid?1 = lug sails1 awn+1 c4 #ab copp] or composition cr+les1 small sizes1 = sails & v>i\s purposes ,manilla rope1 #aj fa?oms1 #c;941 = moor+ ,ditto #ej fa?oms1 #a-a_/b;94 #b #j #j ,ditto #ej fa?oms1 #a;941 = runn+ ge>1 c4 ,if ! boat be built ( iron ! same size-- ,=ty %eets ( pla9 iron1 #b;ft4 by #f;ft41 at #ds4 #f;d4 #i #j #j ,all ! bolts1 screws1 nails1 & o!r fa/5+s1 mu/ be ( pla9 iron1 & none ( !m mu/ be galvanis$4 ,galvanis$ iron w\ld n be mu* *eap] ?an copp]1 & w\ld be v intractable 9 work+4 ,we %\ld n recomm5d x to a travell] :o int5ds to build 8 own boats 9 ! wild]ness & expects to h to take !m to pieces & rebuild !m two or ?ree times4 ,t9n$ *>coal iron w\ld be ne>ly z exp5sive z copp]1 & ! fa/5+s w\ld also h to be t9n$4 ,pla9 iron is ! only metal on :i* any sav+ c\ld be effect$1 ev5 at ! co/ ( additional lab\r4 ,9 ?is case1 p]haps1 ?ree times ! am\nt ( pa9t %\ld be tak54 ,a mixture ( r$ & :ite lead1 ) half boil$ & half raw l9se$ oil1 %\ld be us$ r ?ickly = pa9t+ ! inside ( e jo9t1 & all ! bolts1 screws1 or nails1 %\ld be ?r[n into boil$ oil1 !n tak5 out & all[$ to dra9 & dry be=e !y are us$4 ,! boat mu/ be ?or\ghly well pa9t$ aft] completion1 & ! pa9t all[$ to h>d5 be=e %e is put into ! wat]4 ,if ! boat is built ( wood ! same size-- ,two deals & a half1 z be=e1 = keels1 keelsons1 /ems1 & /]n po/s4 ,f\r deals1 ea* to be cut into f\r #c_/d;94 planks1 = flat sides1 gunwales1 & /r+]s4 ,five deals1 ea* to be cut into six #a_/b;94 planks1 or equal to #bcj runn+ feet ( plank1 to /&1 :5 clean$1 n less ?an #e_/h1 & #fcj feet n less ?an #c_/h4 #ejjj copp] boat nails1 #a-a_/d;941 ) rooves4 #bhlb4 iron nails1 assort$1 f #a-a_/b;94 to #c;94 #bjjj iron screws1 f smalle/ size to #c;94 #ij #a_/b;94 screw-bolts & nuts1 #f;94 grip4 #bjj #a_/d;94 screw-bolts & nuts1 #c;94 grip4 #f rods ( #a_/d;94 iron1 to cut into l5g?s = bolts1 z requir$4 ,pa9t1 oils1 c41 z be=e4 ,if ! travell] c af=d to c>ry two or f\r good #ab;ft4 a% o>s & "o ( #ad;ft41 by all means let him d s4 ,no?+ is equal to !m = pull+ or /e]+1 b let him c>efully pres]ve 8 treasures1 & n put !m to any use t w twi/ or w>p4 ,if he engages natives z a p]man5t crew1 !y may be taught to pull v well2 b if he hires tempor>y helps1 let !m br+ _! own paddles1 & !y w make ! boat g well en\gh4 ,= ! connect+ beams1 ! ma/s1 y>ds1 c41 we %\ld pref] bamboo1 z be+ exce$+ly /rong 9 proportion to its weight4 ,9 ! ,indian isl&s we h se5 o>s made ( bamboo poles1 ) a disk ( wood ab\t z l>ge z a d9n] plate la%$ on ! out] end1 & ! m5 pull$ v well ) !m4 ,if bamboo _c be obta9$1 poles may g5]ally be cut 9 ! vic9ity ( a riv]2 b ! travell] 9 ,africa or ,au/ralia mu/ n expect to f9d any wood t w possess all ! valuable qualities ( good r$ deal1 !re=e we w\ld say take z mu* ( ?is z y c c>ry1 )\t inconv5i5tly incumb]+ y\r vehicles4 ,! batt5s we 7 able to take to ! ,zambesi a/oni%$ ! natives !re1 !y _h nev] se5 wood s light1 s /rong1 & s ev5 ( gra9 ?r\gh\t its l5g?2 :ile ! fre% smell x gave out :5 cut 0 _! con/ant !me ( wond]4 ,illu/ration3 #a-h ,9 #ahfd ,mr4 ,*>les ,bell1 ! ,surveyor-,g5]al at ,cape ,t[n1 :o has built & us$ d\ble boats s9ce #ahej1 fav\r$ u ) ! subjo9$ description ( 8 me?od ( con/ruction3-- ,my boats are only #ab;ft4 long by #i;94 wide1 & #i;94 deep1 & #ab;ft4 by #ad;94 ,i h nev] made !m m ?an #ae;ft4 long1 ) a be>+ p[] ( ab\t #hjjlb4 ,i h n[ built or direct$ ! build+ ( ab\t five good boats on ! pr9ciple1 easy & swift "u o>s or be=e ! w9d "u sail1 & n v faulty ev5 on a w9d )\t any false keel1 b y c nev] sail q close )\t "o4 ,m9e 7 built to g ?r\gh heavy surf all =e & aft1 s t ! wave c\ld /rike no?+ except %>p edges1 & 9 surf !y are fir/-rate4 ,iron is objectionable bo? on acc\nt ( weight = c>riage1 & liability to oxidisation 9 heat & moi/ure2 no?+ l canvas4 ,a bolt ( ,no4 #c1 #blb4 ( t9 tacks1 & a few ne$les & hanks ( tw9e1 w\ld be all ,i w\ld bo!r myself to c>ry a mile4 ,my fir/ boat _h n an ounce ( metal 9 h] b>r+ r[locks & r[lock sockets1 & %e co/ me #ags4 #f;d4 & "s old plank1 & c>ri$ me safely ?r\gh wall-sid$ break]s t w\ld h tr\bl$ a :ale-boat's crew4 ,say y want a pair ( #cj;ft4 boats ( #c;ft4 beam & dep?1 tol]ably safe ev5 aga9/ snags & rocks4 ,= ea* take a #cj;ft4 batt51 #c;94 by #b-a_/b;94 = keel2 /rut & erect on x knees' planks & /em pieces z 9 ,figs4 #e & #f1 & section 9 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #aaf74 ,tru/ greatly to la%+ ! frame2 let ! knees dim9i% 9 beam f ! c5tre to ea* end z 9 ,fig4 #a 7p4 #aaf73 draw 9 y\r side pieces & planks1 or r press !m d[n to y\r v]tical side laid on a flat surface1 & y w h l9es t w a/oni% y4 ,( c\rse y c raise /em & /]n = ! look ( ! ?+1 z ,i h done1 b x gives m tr\ble ?an x is wor?4 ,if y want to make a safe lifeboat1 tack tight ov] ea* knee-frame a piece ( canvas 7,fig4 #c1 p4 #aaf71 leav+ an edge loose & broad en\gh to be sewn on to ! out] canvas1 loosely 7s z n to int]f]e ) ! l9es x w naturally take71 & be tack$ to bo>ds & batt5s :]e !y come 9 contact ) x4 ,i %\ld h fir/ said cov] bottom & sides ) tightly-/ret*$ canvas1 9 :i* op]ation a cobbl]'s p9*]s are mo/ useful1 b any o!rs w d1 !n grease outside & 94 ,if y pref] t> & h x1 well & good2 !n cov] ! deck 9 ! same mann]1 /it*+ knee-piece canvases z y g4 ,y w ?us1 if ! workman%ip be p]fect1 h 9 ea* half boat t5 wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 :i* x w be no easy matt] to damage2 snags w be y\r wor/ enemies1 & !y _c damage m ?an "o at a "t "u ord9>y circum/ances1 :]eupon ! fir/ l&+ & a crook$ ne$le ) pat* ( canvas1 tw9e1 & grease1 w make all "r4 ,9 ! deck ( ea* su* comp>tm5t y %\ld pi]ce a m>l9spike hole1 button-hole ! edges1 & fit a plug1 & z a l>ge boat _c be s easily turn$ upside d[n z ours1 y may h a pipe1 & any simple means ( suck+ out su* bilge wat] z may get 94 ,next z to connection ( ! boats4 ,if y wi% x slid+1 s z to increase or dim9i% ! wid? betwe5 !m :5 necess>y1 make x on ! lattice gird] or raft] pr9ciple1 & avoid weight1 z 9 ,fig4 #g2 ea* n m ?an #f;ft4 f ! c5tre4 ,/ay & /rut !m to po9ts ne> ! /em & /]n1 & !y w be q /rong & firm en\gh to support ! ma/ & ! awn+s1 ) ! o!r fitt+s4 ,! knee-pieces may be left project+ :5 requir$ to meet ! slid+ raft]2 #a;ft4 betwe5 ! boats w be q en\gh1 s #aj;ft4 ( raft] w be q en\gh4 ,! sail may be a long l[ lug1 split if y l1 to let x pass ! ma/ :5 on a w9d 7,fig4 #d74 ,an o> w /e]1 & easily control ! extra face ( sail on "o side :5 be=e ! w9d ) ! y>d squ>$4 ,b on a w9d y mu/ h a keel1 "o t w slide ov] sunk5 rocks1 & n be damag$ ev5 :5 x takes !m side on4 ,x may fix ) free play 9 ! front beam1 & lay loose 9 cleats on ! aft] "o ) a project+ arm to be held upright by rope1 z 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,( c\rse !re mu/ be an op5+ betwe5 ! deck planks1 to all[ ( its rise4 ,su* a boat w c>ry at lea/ a ton & a half ( c>go1 if made suffici5tly flat 9 ! bottom1 & x w require a v /iff breeze & l>ge sail ev5 !n to subm]ge ! lee boat4 ,!re is ?is advantage1 too1 t x _c be done s quickly z to prev5t ! rem$y by luff+ up or o!rwise ) ord9>y vigilance4 ,y\r goods & t>paul9s w be q safe #f;94 above ! gunwale4 ,y\rs v truly1 ,*>les ,bell4 ,j be=e return+ f ,s\? ,africa we f\nd t ! clev] au?or ( ,a ,pa9t]'s ,camp 9 ! ,highl&s _h also gone ?r\gh ne>ly ! same c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 & _h arriv$1 l u1 at ! conclusion t ! d\ble =m ( boat 0 ! mo/ safe1 conv5i5t1 portable1 & roomy on deck2 & also t x 0 objectionable to h ! inn] sides r\nd$1 = ! reasons be=e giv54 ,he !re=e f9ally adopt$ ! flat inn] side1 & mak+ 8 boats #cj;ft4 9 l5g? & #d;ft4 ap>t at ! /em1 increas$ ! wid? to #d;ft4 #a;94 aft1 s z to let ! inclos$ body ( wat] glide away m easily4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t aft] work+ out 8 own idea = 8 own use1 he 0 s]v$ ) a notice = infr++ a pat5t ( :i* he _h n previ\sly he>d2 & 9 l mann]1 aft] our return f ,africa1 a description ( a pat5t tubul> life raft 0 submitt$ to ,capta9 ,george1 at ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 & he imm$iately saw t ?is 0 ne>ly id5tical ) our own plan4 ,mak+ inflatable boats safe4 ,ab\t #ahec1 a fri5d 9 ,graham's ,t[n1 ) :om we left our model ( ! inflatable boat1 subsequ5tly us$ 9 ,au/ralia 7see p4 #dh71 made "o = 8 own amusem5t1 on a small riv]4 ,he _h b two tubes1 ea* ( !m ) a flat side t[>d ! c5tre1 ) a small plat=m betwe5 rais$ on cross$ /ruts1 "o pair ( :i* on ea* side 7 v +5i\sly made to c>ry ! r[locks1 z 9 ! next sket* 7,fig4 #i74 ,&1 z he 0 d\btful ( keep+ ! canvas ( 8 boats suffici5tly air-tight1 he ei!r fill$ !m1 or propos$ to d s1 ) ! bladd]s ( ox5 previ\sly inflat$1 s t1 ev5 7 air to escape f ! tubes :i* =m$ ! boats1 !y c\ld n collapse4 ,?is1 9 itself1 w\ld be a h9t :i* a travell]1 :o mu/ ei!r %oot game or kill dome/ic animals = 8 foll[]s1 w\ld d well to be> 9 m9d4 ,skiff ( iron or copp]4 ,iron1 :e!r pla9 or galvanis$1 is sold 9 %eets ( #b;ft4 by #f;ft41 :ile ^? ( copp] are #b;ft4 by #d;ft4 ,we recomm5d only ! copp]2 b economic or o!r reasons may v possibly compel ! travell] to use iron4 ,we h1 = facility ( con/ruction1 *os5 ! =m ( a ,norwegian praam1 or :]ry1 ) bo? ends alike4 ,a semicircul> section slightly flatt5$ at ! bottom1 )\t a keel1 & ris+ ) an easy %e] to a %>p po9t at ei!r end4 ,elev5 %eets ( iron w\ld be requir$2 ! c5tral "o be+ left ( its orig9al %ape & size1 :ile ! five at ei!r end are cut to ! =ms %[n by ! out] l9es1 & to ! dim5sions indicat$ by ! figures m>k$ along ! l[] edge3 ?us1 9 ,no4 #a1 f ! c5tre !re is no p]ceptible curve along ! #f-;foot side1 b ! ends are slop$ (f1 ) /raight al?\gh diagonal l9es1 s t ! side ne>e/ ! c5tre rema9s #f;ft41 :ile ! f>!/ is r$uc$ to #e;ft4 #i;94 ,9 ! next %eet1 or ,no4 #b1 ! side ne>e/ ! c5tre curves v slightly2 ! segm5t tak+ (f only "o in* at ei!r end1 ! curv$ side 7suppos+ we are n[ work+ f ! c5tre =w>d7 ov]laps ! edge ( ,no4 #a two in*es1 & x is !re=e cut1 n to #e;ft4 #i;941 b to #e;ft4 #aj;941 z ,no4 #a w\ld be ( t bread?1 a c\ple ( in*es back2 ! front side is left /raight1 b is r$uc$ 9 bread? to #e;ft4 #e;941 & ! aft] side ( ,no4 #c is s mu* m curv$ t ! segm5t cuts (f ?ree in*es4 ,! figures 9 ! diagram w r5d] ! progressive dim9ution to ! end suffici5tly pla94 ,x w be se5 t ! end rema9s "o foot wide2 ?is is usually fill$ 9 ) a semicircul> piece ( plank1 be+ q %>p en\gh = all practical purposes1 & af=d+ room = a r[lock = a /e]+ or scull+ o>1 or = a hole ?r\gh :i* ! boat's pa9t] may be pass$4 ,b1 if desir$1 ano!r piece ( iron1 :i* may be call$ %eet ,no4 #f1 may v easily be let 9 to cont9ue ! curve q up to a po9t1 z 9 ! dott$ end ( ,fig4 #b4 ,! half section is giv5 on ! side m>k$ iron ( ,fig4 #c1 ! out] l9e /&+ = ! two edges ( ! c5tral %eet1 :]e ! skiff is #d;ft4 wide & #a;ft4 #aj;94 deep4 ,! next l9e1 #a-a_/b;94 small] all r\nd1 is ! section at ! ov]lap ( %eets ,nos4 #a & #b2 ! ?ird l9e1 two in*es )9 ! la/1 is at ! edges ( ,nos4 #b & #c2 ! f\r?1 ?ree in*es small]1 is at ! contact ( ,nos4 #c & #d2 ! fif?1 six in*es less1 is at ,nos4 #d & #e2 & ! six?1 dim9i%+ by n9e in*es1 is ! end ( ,no4 #e1 :i* is fill$ 9 by a semicircle ( plank ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a-c ,! elev5 %eets laid side by side w\ld1 ( c\rse1 pres5t a l5g? ( #bb;ft41 b ! ov]lap & ! segm5t ( ! curve cut f ^? ne> ! ends w\ld r$uce ! l5g? ( ! boat to #ai;ft4 ,our diagram is on a scale ( a qu>t] ( an in* to a foot1 b ?is is some:at small = ! ne$ful accuracy2 !re=e if anyone int5ds to build1 we w\ld advise him to copy x on a scale ( at lea/ "o in* to a foot1 9 :i* case ! halves w repres5t six in*es & ! qu>t]s ?ree1 & if he has a rule divid$ to "o-twelf?s1 8 "w w be mu* facilitat$4 ,x w\ld be bett] to make1 z we h done 9 prep>+ ?is description1 a model block on :i* to te/ 8 "w2 inde$ we w\ld advise ?is 9 all cases ( int5d$ boat build+4 ,if ! boat is to h a b[ & /]n di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ! model mu/ be ( ! :ole l5g?1 b may be ( only half ! bread?4 ,if bo? ends are to be alike1 x may be half ! l5g? & bread?1 or "o qu>t] ( ! boat4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 take a piece ( deal1 z clean & /raight-gra9$ z possible1 #ai;94 long 7or #ba;94 if y wi% ! ends to come to a po9t71 #d;94 wide1 & #c;94 deep4 ,hav+ smoo!d ?is1 draw a l9e along ! c5tre ( ! top & bottom1 connect+ !m by p]p5dicul>s at ! two ends2 !n on ! top set (f ! l9e ( "o-qu>t] ( ! gunwale1 or out] l9e1 tak+ ! bread?s f ! section 9 ,fig4 #c 7p4 #aai71 & _! di/ances f ! c5tre1 f ! elevation 9 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #aai71 be>+ 9 m9d t ! c5tre means n ei!r ( ! edges1 b ! middle ( t m>k$ z ! c5tral %eet4 ,x w save tr\ble to cut out a piece ( c>d to ! size ( ?is qu>t]1 & trace ! correspond+ ones on ! top & bottom ( y\r block2 !n copy ! elevation giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 & trace ?is1 z be=e1 on bo? sides4 ,n[ fix ! block1 ) "o end up 9 a b5* vice1 & ) a n>r[ frame saw cut along ! gunwale l9es ne>ly to ! c5tre1 b d n cut !m q (f1 or y w lose y\r elevation l9es 7if a fri5d helps y by guid+ ! o!r end ( ! saw to ! l9e on 8 side1 y w be m c]ta9 to cut truly72 !n turn ! block "o-qu>t] r\nd1 & cut ! l9e at top & bottom4 ,n[ place ! o!r end upp]mo/1 & repeat ! process2 & la/ly1 f9i% ! cuts1 & deta* ! sup]flu\s pieces4 ,take a piece ( c>d or ?9 /uff1 & draw on x ! mid%ip section1 & cut ?is away1 leav+ a correspond+ holl[2 r\nd (f ! edges ( y\r model until %e fits ?is holl[1 & ( ?is size #b;94 ( ! c5tre mu/ be left4 ,d ! same ) ! dim9i%+ sections1 =w>d & aft2 !n cut elev5 %eets ( c>d #b;94 by #f;941 m>k a c5tral l9e across ea*1 & also along ! bottom ( ! model2 lay "o %eet uncut across ! mid%ip section1 & tack x !re2 m>k ea* ( ! o!rs aft] ! outl9es giv5 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #a1 p4 #aai71 b te/ !m 9 _! places be=e cutt+ !m4 ,take c>e also t z y g =w>d ea* %eet ov]laps t :i* is beh9d2 b z y "w aft1 ins]t ! front edge "u ! "o be=e x4 ,y may ?9k ?is op]ation w\ld be t$i\s2 b hav+ once gone ?r\gh x1 y w build y\r full-siz$ boat ) confid5ce4 ,& let u aga9 assure y t "t sp5t 9 obta9+ a prelim9>y c]ta9ty ( y\r plan is sav$ ov] & ov] aga9 :5 y come to actual "w4 ,! %eets hav+ be5 cut to ! prop] %ape1 set ! two po9ts ( ! gauge #a_/d;94 ap>t1 & s t ! c5tre ( ! space betwe5 !m %all be exactly #a;94 f ! %\ld]1 & gauge ^! l9es all r\nd ! %eets1 !n1 comm5c+ f ! c5tre ( ! longe/ side1 m>k (f spaces ( #c;941 & ) a flat-end$ pun*1 & a dolly or matrix1 or1 9 lack ( t1 a h>d block ( end wood1 drive #a_/d;94 holes on all ! sides except ^? :i* are cut ) a curve4 ,!n lay ! c5tre %eet on ! rib or m\ld1 :i*1 l ! r\gh frame on :i* bricklay]s con/ruct an ar*1 gives x its prop] curve1 &1 "u "o edge1 lay ! curv$ edge ( ! next %eet4 ,m>k :]e ! holes %\ld come2 remove x & pun* !m1 & fa/5 ! two %eets toge!r tempor>ily ) ?ree or m ( ! screw bolts4 ,d ! same ) ! successive %eets t[>ds ea* end1 & y w f9d t ! copp] %ell1 ev5 )\t ribs or /r5g!n+ ( any k9d1 w assume its prop] =m & w be tol]ably /iff4 ,if ! %eets are truly cut1 ! result may be atta9$1 ev5 )\t a m\ld1 by driv+ "o hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! curv$ side1 bolt+ x to ! /raight edge ( ! o!r %eet1 & !n b5d+ bo? r\nd till ! curv$ edge co9cides ) ! /raight "o4 ,9 ?is condition y may decide on increas+ ! wid? ( y\r boat by =c+ ! sides f>!r ap>t2 ?is w increase h] %e] or elevation at ei!r end1 & w dim9i% h] dep?1 or y may incl9e to r$uce h] beam1 :i* w give h] great] dep? & w r$uce ! %e] till ! elevation ( ! gunwale pres5ts ne>ly a /raight l9e4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 h[ev]1 if circum/ances p]mitt$1 to adh]e v ne>ly to ! =m giv5 9 ! draw+1 & set up su* a frame = work+ on z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on ! next page4 ,illu/ration ,drive z _m r\gh /akes into ! gr\nd z ! numb] ( %eets 9 y\r int5d$ boat requires4 ,let ^! ne> ! c5tre be ?ree & a half or f\r feet high1 & ^! at ! ends slightly l[]4 ,/ret* a *alk l9e =e & aft1 & see t all _! c5tres are 9 true alignm5t & #a;ft4 #aj;94 ap>t4 ,! l9e %\ld be fa/5$ to two po/s 9 ! same l9e z1 b beyond ^! requir$ =1 ! boat4 ,let x come l[ en\gh j to t\* ! c5tral po/s1 !n measure d[nw>ds f ! l9e ! am\nt necess>y to be cut (f ^? t[>ds ! ends1 s z to give ! prop] %e]4 ,next1 comm5c+ f ! c5tre1 face (f ) a saw1 or o!rwise1 z mu* ( ea* po/ z is ne$ful to let ea* frame lie truly aga9/ x1 notic+ t z ! bottom ( ea* is f>!r f ! next ?an ! top or "p ne> ! gunwale1 x is m conv5i5t to face t side ( ! po/ :i* looks t[>ds ! c5tre2 !n1 ) any r\gh slabs or planks1 =m two m\lds ! exact size & =m ( y\r mid%ip section1 j z bricklay]s w\ld d if !y 7 build+ an ar*4 ,nail ^! to _! prop] supports1 & on !m b5d ! /rips1 #b;94 broad by #a_/d;94 ?ick1 y int5d = ribs1 lett+ only "o edge re/ on ! m\ld1 :ile ! o!r projects s f> t y may h cle> space to bore ?r\gh ! c5tre ! holes = y\r screw-bolts4 ,d ! same ) all ! o!rs t[>ds ! two ends1 conf9+ !m ) a tempor>y ribb& :]e ! gunwale is aft]w>ds to be2 or1 /ill bett]1 leav+ _! ends #f;94 too long1 s t ?is ribb& may n int]f]e ) ! completion ( ! boat4 ,h a *alk l9e /ret*$ ne> ! gr\nd1 along ei!r side1 p>allel ) ! c5tre "o above1 s t any deviation f ! prop] =m c be measur$ & correct$4 ,!n lay on ! %eets1 ins]t ! bolts1 & screw !m up1 add+ a keel or c5tre batt51 bilge /reaks1 & gunwales1 ext]nally1 & bottom bo>ds to prev5t ! occupant tread+ on ! copp]1 & /r+]s = ! ?w>ts inside4 ,! project+ ends ( ! ribs c be left :]e requir$ = r[locks1 or cut (f :]e !y are n4 ,! same process1 ) att5tion to ! diff]5t dim5sions1 w make y a copp] boat1 consi/+ ( n9e %eets1 #b;ft4 by #d;ft42 & ?is w be #af;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #c;94 wide1 & #aj;94 deep2 b if ! gunwales 7 made ( plank1 #d-a_/b;94 wide1 or half ! wid? ( a deal1 ! skiff w\ld be q deep en\gh to c>ry ?ree or f\r p]sons 9 mod]ately smoo? wat]4 ,if y wi% to build ! same boat ( wood1 #c_/h;94 planks 7n m ?an #d;94 wide7 w be /\t en\gh4 ,! l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre 9 ! sectional draw+ are giv5 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! progressive dim9ution ( ! planks 9 wid?1 f ! c5tral section t[>ds ea* end4 ,^! %\ld be te/$ by cutt+ /rips ( c>d & tack+ !m1 l planks1 on ! block t s]ves z y\r model4 ,?is w\ld be a v h&y =m = a d+y = ! travell]'s p]sonal use1 z x might be tak5 to pieces1 & ! %eets laid flat1 occupy+ a space ( #b;ft4 by #d;94 9 ext5t1 & less ?an #a;94 9 dep?1 or !y might be roll$ up 9 ?ree bundles1 ( :i* ea* mu/ weigh less ?an #bdlb41 z ! weight ( ! :ole n9e %eets ( copp] be=e be+ cut w\ld be only #gblb4 ,! screw-bolts w\ld weigh probably m ?an ! %eet+1 b !y c\ld be divid$ into packets ( any conv5i5t weight = c>riage by native port]s or o!rwise2 & we %\ld ?9k t half a day w\ld be q suffici5t to put ! :ole toge!r :5 want$1 or take x ap>t :5 done )4 ,! boat w\ld pull or paddle1 & w\ld sail well en\gh (f ! w9d1 b w\ld n compete ) a keel$ boat close haul$2 if ! iron %eets 7 us$1 %e w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be l>g] & heavi]1 & ! mat]ial w\ld be less portable4 ,9 ! boat built = ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,"y1 = use on ! ,%ire riv] & ,lake ,nyassa1 ?9 %eets ( /eel 7 at fir/ propos$1 b z ^! c\ld n be readily obta9$1 ! be/ iron 0 us$1 & ! edges ( ^! be+ turn$ upw>d & inw>d1 =m$ ! ribs ( ! boat1 ea* %eet be+ connect$ by bolts pass+ ?r\gh ?is inw>d edge to ! next %eets be=e & beh9d x4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction comb9es all ! elem5ts ( lightness1 simplicity1 & /r5g?2 b we d n recomm5d x to a travell] :o has to "w up 8 own mat]ial1 because none b a skill$ workman c\ld turn inw>d a broad segm5t ( a %eet ( metal1 ! out] surface ( :i* has to pres5t a curve4 ,if anyone d\bts ?is1 let him try x by fold+ half an in* ( ! edge ( a %eet ( pap] to a "r angle ) ! o!r "p1 he w !n f9d x impossible = him to imp>t a curvature to ! %eet )\t te>+ ! upturn$ edge if he b5ds x outw>d1 or wr9kl+ x if he gives ! contr>y curve4 ,if he wi%$ to adopt ?is =m ( jo9+ ! p>ts1 8 plan w\ld be to cut up 8 %eets ( copp] into planks #d;ft4 long1 & #h;94 broad1 !n gaug+ a l9e all r\nd #b;94 )9 ! edge1 cut out ! squ>es at ! f\r corn]s & turn up ! bord]s all r\nd1 he w\ld ?us h out ( "o %eet ( copp] #d;ft4 by #b;941 ?ree planks #d;94 wide1 & #c;ft4 #h;94 9 l5g?1 a wa/e ( mat]ial t h>dly any circum/ance c\ld ju/ify4 ,metal boats4 ,9 #aheh we made a model ( a metal boat1 ab\t ?irty feet long1 by six feet beam1 to c>ry a crew ( sixte5 m51 ea* ( :om1 :5 x 0 tak5 to pieces1 %\ld n f9d 8 %>e ( ! load to exce$ #ejlb4 ea* ( ! ?w>ts2 & ! b[ & /]n %eets 7 cont9u$ d[nw>d s z to =m a wat]-tight box1 ! l[] outl9e ( :i* co9cid$ ) ! section ( ! boat1 s z to supply ! place ( ribs & conv]t h] into a lifeboat4 ,inde$1 we w\ld advise t 9 all metal boats "s su* portions %\ld assume ! =m ( lock]s or ( res]voirs ( air1 s t1 %\ld ! boat be swamp$ or become leaky1 %e might n s9k ev5 :5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,our model 0 approv$ by ,capta9 ,wa%+ton1 ,r4,n41 ! ,secret>y at t "t ( ! ,lifeboat ,in/itution1 & ! build] to :om we submitt$ x e/imat$ ! weight ( ! %eet copp] & bolts ( ! same to be employ$ 9 ! hull at #bfjlb4 & ! co/ at #fjl41 :ile ! int]nal fitt+s1 some:at less 9 weight1 w\ld co/ #djl4 ,?is exp5se ,dr4 ,liv+/one consid]$ to be too great2 b1 :5 we rea*$ ! ,zambesi1 x 0 a matt] ( frequ5t regret t we _h n "s =m ( boat portable en\gh to be c>ri$ ov] r\gh c\ntry to riv]s we wi%$ to explore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat ,,build+ ,,on ,,! ,,logi] ,,riv]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful little vessels we ev] saw 0 built by ! wreck$ crew ( a ,fr5* /eam]4 ,%e 0 #dj;ft4 long & #h;ft4 or #aj;ft4 beam1 cl9k]-built1 ) ?9 & n>r[ planks1 )\t a jo9t 9 _! :ole l5g?1 saw$ out ( ! ma9ma/1 & flexible ribs ab\t a foot ap>t & n m ?an "o in* 9 bread? or ?ickness4 ,h] deck beams 71 ( c\rse1 some:at m rigid1 to su/a9 ! weight ( ! m5 :o cr[d$ h]4 ,%e 0 said to h sail$ elev5 knots4 ,wattl$ boat4 ,our fri5d1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 an exp]i5c$ ,african travell]1 recomm5ds a wattl$ or basket-"w boat1 & 9 a c\ntry :]e rattans1 osi]s1 or flexible twigs1 or gre5 re$s1 are obta9able1 su* a boat w\ld be bo? light & durable2 b x w\ld be op5 to objection on ! score ( unavoidable r\ghness1 & inequality ( out] surface1 :i* w\ld imp$e its progress ?r\gh ! wat]1 & expose p>ts ( ! canvas cov]+ to con/ant liability to *afe :5ev] x t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 if a travell] int5ds to pur*ase or hire native canoes1 x is indisp5sable t he %\ld h "s small portable boat ( 8 own1 suffici5t at lea/ to %[ ! natives t he is n totally helpless on ! wat] & dep5d5t on !m4 ,9 ! case ( our copp] boat1 illu/rat$ at page #ec1 we h already rem>k$ t ! difficulties ( ! road1 & ! mortality among ,mr4 ,*apman's cattle1 oblig$ u to leave beh9d eight ( ! sections4 ,! me?od we adopt$ ) ! o!r f\r is %[n 9 our full-page illu/ration1 repres5t+ boat-build+ on ! ,logi] ,riv]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dang] f ! tsetse1 or poison\s cattle fly1 our fri5d's waggons c\ld n be tak5 to ! banks ( ! ,zambesi1 & ev]y?+ _h to be c>ri$ by ! ,dam>a s]vants & hir$ natives to ,logi] ,hill1 ab\t eighty miles bel[ ! ,victoria ,falls1 :i* we _h select$ z ! fir/ place f :i* cont9u\s d[nw>d navigation 0 possible4 ,! build+ ( ! h\se w come m prop]ly "u its own head+1 & we w n[ only treat ( :at conc]ns ! boat4 ,ab\t ! #crd ( ,octob]1 or t[>ds ! close ( ! dry season1 we cut d[n a mot*i*e]ie tree1 :i* divid$ a little above ! gr\nd into two tol]ably /raight logs ( manageable dim5sions4 ,^! 7 fir/ not*$ ) ! axe on ! side we int5d$ to fall !m2 ! cross-cut saw 0 !n put 9 z f> z x w\ld g )\t nipp+ f ! pressure ( ! wood1 & a not* be+ made on ! o!r side1 ! saw 0 us$ freely1 ! weight ( ! tree on ! fall+ side op5+ ! cut z ! "w proce$$4 ,fre% reports1 h[ev]1 caus$ u mu* unc]ta9ty :e!r ! ,falls ( ,moambwa1 or ! rocks1 7 n /ill bel[ ! /ation1 & "s "t 0 !re=e sp5t 9 explor+ ! riv] d[n to ,s9amane's ,isl&1 :51 hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! rapids & o!r difficulties appe>$ n q impracticable1 we set up ! b[ & /]n sections ( "o boat1 connect+ !m by ! ribb&s ( r$ deal we _h be5 able to c>ry up1 & fitt+ at %ort int]vals a s]ies ( frames on c5tral po/s1 z describ$ at p4 #abb1 & fur!r support$ by %ort] po/s on ei!r side1 9 a l9e ) ! gunwale /reak1 te/+ ! accuracy ( all p>ts :]e correctness 0 requir$ ) plumb l9e & level1 & leav+ ! re/ r\gh4 ,our b5* consi/$ ( t5 /akes1 ne>ly #c;ft4 high1 driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & two long /raight poles laid =e & aft 9 _! =ks2 small] poles 7 laid across ^! z closely z possible1 & la%$ ) ! inn] b>k ( ! "y bran*es ( ! kookomboyon--a k9d ( /]cuhia1 :i*1 :ile /ill moi/1 answ]s v well1 b becomes brittle 9 dry+4 ,! l>ge smi?'s vice 0 firmly la%$ to ! /\te/ upright ) raw hide1 & =k$ poles 7 set diagonally to resi/ ! =w>d /ra9 to :i* ! b5* 0 subject :5 wood 0 be+ plan$ up4 ,x 0 j possible to get ?9 poles t w\ld b5d1 b none 7 suffici5tly flexible to take ! true curve requir$ = ! ribs1 & at ! same "t /rong en\gh to be> ! /ra9 :5 !y became dry4 ,!re=e we _h to cut crooks out ( ! mot*i*e]ies1 ! wood ( :i* look$ some?+ l co>se %ort-gra9$ c$>2 & fir/ burn+ away ! light /uff f ! tree cut d[n a mon? ago1 we f\nd a great _m available =ks & curves4 ,we _h great difficulty 9 select+ wood ( a suitable size = plank2 trees too small1 or too crook$1 or ( unsuitable wood1 7 9 abundance2 :ile ^? ( ! wood we want$ 7 mo/ly too l>ge & unmanageable4 ,sometimes1 at a di/ance1 "o w\ld appe> to be small en\gh1 b :5 we came ne> x w\ld prove ?ree or f\r feet ?ick & sixty or eighty feet high1 & _h only seem$ small by comp>ison ) ^? ar\nd x4 ,"o gr\p ( mot*i*e]ies _h gr[n to maturity1 ?r[+ a wide-spread %ad[ ar\nd !m2 & a "y sapl+ _h %ot /raight up f ne> _! roots t[>ds ! air & light2 ?is 0 #i;94 ?ick at ! base1 & #d;94 at ne>ly #cj;ft4 up2 x prov$ impossible to fall ! top outw>d1 & x 0 v difficult to cle> f ! o!r trees4 ,we w\ld h sav$ lab\r by float+ x d[n /ream to our build+-y>d1 b ! wet season 0 com+ on1 & ! sap _h by ?is "t ris5 9 ! wood1 s t a small piece sunk :5 ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,! lab\r ( s9k+ a saw-pit w\ld h be5 great1 & besides ?is ! expect$ ra9s w\ld h kept x always wet4 ,we !re=e erect$ tre/les ( primitive con/ruction2 two triangles ( =k$ poles1 #f-a_/b;ft4 long1 support$ ! ends ( a /\t cross-beam1 firmly la%$ to !m ) buffalo hide1 & = great] security la%$ also to ! /em ( a tree4 ,! second tre/le 0 de/itute ( ?is support1 & !re=e _h to be %or$ by long] poles1 ! =ks ( :i* took ! necks ( ! opposite triangles1 :ile _! h&s 7 /opp$ by w$ges driv5 into ! gr\nd2 = additional firmness1 la%+s 7 pass$ at ! po9ts ( int]section4 ,two /\t poles 7 laid =e & aft ^u ! tre/les1 & %ort] pieces across s]v$ to re/ ! log ^u2 !re 0 "s difficulty 9 l9+ ! l[] side1 b by cutt+ not*es 9 ! cross-pieces l>ge en\gh to let ! *alk l9e pass freely1 & spr++ x only by %ort l5g?s at a "t1 ?is 0 accompli%$4 ,x 0 difficult to tea* a "y ,dut* lad1 /rong z an ox1 & ne>ly z /olid1 to saw ) u2 b at l5g? ! sapl+ 0 cut1 & "o ( ! l>g] logs lift$ gradually up by =m+ an incl9$ plane ) /rong poles1 & support+ x :5ev] we ga9$ a few in*es ( elevation by =ks ( v>i\s l5g?s ly+ ready = t purpose4 ,?is hav+ be5 fell$ be=e ! sap 0 up prov$ mu* easi] to saw1 & we _h s f> ov]come ! difficulties 9 our way1 t we _h comm5c$ lay+ ! bottom plank ( ! fir/ boat1 :5 ! difficulty ( provid+ food1 ow+ to ! retreat ( ! wild animals to ! pools :i* ! ra9y season 0 fill+ all ov] ! des]t1 & ! fev] among ! p1 sev5 ,dam>as1 mo/ly wom5 & *ildr51 hav+ di$ 9 ,*apman's camp1 & "o ( ! mo/ useful m5 9 ours1 oblig$ u1 = ! sake ( sav+ ! re/1 to retreat to ! highl&s ( ! des]t1 & on ! #crd ( ,febru>y1 #ahfc1 we haul$ d[n our col\rs at ,logi] ,hill1 & comm5c$ our return j\rney4 ,g5]al h9ts on boat build+4 ,two g5]al rules 9 boat build+ %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,fir/1 t clums9ess is n necess>ily /r5g?2 &1 secondly1 t x is mu* easi] to build a %>p swift boat ) mod]ate %e]1 & cle> l9es ( entrance & run1 ?an a %ort "o ) great beam1 bluff b[s1 & wide ov]hang+ /]n4 ,! /em & /]n po/ %\ld rake consid]ably1 or ev5 =m p>ts ( a curv$ l9e connect$ by ! keel1 z if !y are made too upright1 n only is ! boat m difficult to /e] :5 sudd5 alt]ation ( ! c\rse is necess>y1 b1 if %e is built ( wood1 s mu* curvature is requir$ 9 ! ends ( ! planks t x is difficult = an inexp]i5c$ h& to lay !m4 ,a rudd] _c be nicely fitt$ to a curv$ /]n-po/1 b if y decide to /e] ) "o in/ead ( an o>1 make ! /]n-po/ /raight1 & if y wi% to dim9i% its rake or incl9ation1 make x "o foot wide bel[ & only a few in*es at ! top4 ,a rudd] is mu* m conv5i5t 9 ord9>y cases2 b1 :5 great quickness & p[] is requir$1 no?+ is equal to ! /e]+ o>4 ,9 con/ruct+ a cl9k]-built boat "s practice is requir$ 9 cl9*+ ! nails4 ,fir/1 a hole is bor$ ) a gimlet ( su* a size t ! nail requires "s driv+1 b v little1 to =ce x ?r\gh4 ,?is prev5ts any lat]al curvature1 :i* w\ld be fatal to any attempt at cl9*+4 ,a roove is !n put ov] ! jo9t & driv5 home to ! surface ( ! plank1 & ! end ( ! nail is nipp$ (f ne>ly close ) a pair ( cutt+ p9c]s4 ,if y h a spr+-h&l$ hamm] to screw on to ! plank s t ! face ( x j re/s on ! head ( ! nail1 s mu* ! bett]1 if n1 y mu/ hold y\r heavy hamm] ) y\r left h& or get a mate to d s2 :ile ) ! edge ( y\r little cl9* hamm] y tap z %>p & lightly z possible on ! c5tre ( ! cut end ( ! nail1 caus+ its sides to ov]spread ! edges ( ! roove1 :5 x c be nicely smoo!d (f ) ! face ( ! hamm]4 ,:5 "o plank has be5 laid1 ! outside ( its upp] edge %\ld be bevell$ (f s z to let ! l[] edge ( ! next lie truly aga9/ x 9 ! position requir$ by ! curvature ( ! boat's side2 &1 to reta9 x 9 its place1 sev]al pairs ( nipp]s %\ld be us$4 ,^! are made ( two pieces ( wood--say sixte5 in*es long & two in*es squ>e--cut a mortice #a_/b;94 wide by #c;94 long 9 ea*1 & pass ?r\gh !m a piece ( h>d wood fitt+ ! mortice loosely & #ab;94 long1 s z to project #d;94 at ei!r end1 9 ea* end ( ?is bore ?ree #a_/b;94 holes1 n q 9 ! c5tral l9e1 b "o a little on "o side ( x1 & ! next on ! o!r1 s z to avoid ! risk ( splitt+ two into "o2 h pegs ( h>d wood or iron to put ?r\gh ^! at ! di/ance y may require1 !n hav+ adju/$ "o end ( ! nipp]s on ! planks y wi% to hold toge!r1 drive a w$ge betwe5 ! o!r ends till ! grip is tight en\gh4 ,a pair ( ^! is %[n 9 our illu/ration at page #ajf4 ,we believe t ! travell] w f9d x g5]ally mo/ advisable to build 8 boat bottom upw>ds4 ,cape-waggon boats4 ,we %\ld ?9k t a travell] 9 ,s\? ,africa1 us+ ! common ox-waggons ( ! c\ntry1 might easily1 & )\t additional weight1 c>ry up ) him all ! wood necess>y = ! purposes ( boat build+4 ,! floor or b$-plank ( ! waggon is ab\t ?irty-six in*es 9 wid?1 & f twelve to eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,f\r deals might be laid d[n = ?is4 ,if !y 7 tw5ty-"o feet long1 !y w\ld project consid]ably beh9d4 ,x is n consid]$ exp$i5t to h ! =e & h9d] :eels too great a di/ance ap>t2 b !n ! project+ ends ne$ n be load$4 ,! usual holes = ! fa/5+s ( a waggon bottom %\ld n be bor$ 9 !m1 b !y %\ld be secur$ by la%+s ( raw hide1 & ! p>ts liable to be *af$ %\ld also be protect$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,!y might be previ\sly saw$ into planks or batt5s ( ! requir$ size1 & !n tightly la%$ toge!r by ?ongs ( raw hide1 especially ne> ! ends1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be liable to split ) *anges ( wea!r & r\gh usage4 ,! waggon sides are usually a little m ?an two feet high 9 front & ?ree or m beh9d1 & ! fram+ ( ^! is an elaborate piece ( "w4 ,?ree deals #i;94 wide w\ld give #bg;94 9 height all along4 ,^! might be cut into #c_/d;94 or #a_/b;94 plank1 & aga9 b\nd up ) raw hide1 l ^? ( ! floor1 & ?us ! travell] w\ld h 9 "o waggon n9e deals1 or m ?an suffici5t1 if he built 8 boat ( copp]2 :ile1 by rais+ ! sides to #cf;94 ) a c\ple m1 he w\ld h en\gh to con/ruct h] entirely ( wood4 ,9 build+ ! waggon-t5t or tilt1 z x w\ld be call$ 9 ,engl&1 two me?ods are adopt$ 9 ! ,cape4 ,! fir/ is ! kap-t5t 7,e on next page71 :i* is regul>ly fram$ by ! waggon build] ) /an*ions ab\t five feet high f ! floor1 neatly fitt$ to ! sides1 at int]vals ( two feet or ?irty in*es2 ) b[s ( flexible wood1 =m+ a flatt5$ ar* ab\t n9e in*es high]1 across !m1 & =e & aft batt5s1 half-*eck$ 91 s t ! :ole pres5ts a smoo? ext]nal surface to receive ! inn] sail1 or cov] ( pa9t$ canvas1 :i* is laid on be=e ! out] sail1 or sn[-:ite neatly-fitt$ tilt1 is drawn ov] all4 ,! second is t :i* any compet5t waggon driv] c extemporise = himself ) a suffici5t quantity ( bamboo split into la?s two or ?ree f+]s broad1 /\t ,spani% re$s1 common hog%ead hoops1 or an adjac5t =e/1 9 :i* flexible poles c be cut4 ,8 fir/ c>e is to lift & %ore up 8 waggon s z to set free "o or bo? ( ! h9d] :eels1 on ! circumf]5ce ( :i* ! flexible rods he int5ds = 8 b[s are b5t & fa/5$ d[n1 & 9 do+ ?is "s c>e is requisite4 ,! rod mu/ n be grasp$ by bo? ends & sudd5ly =c$ into ! curve1 = "o "p may be weak] ?an ! re/1 & x may break !re1 or be =c$ into an unsightly prom95ce2 b1 aft] hav+ be5 /eam$1 if possible1 or1 z is m commonly ! case1 laid = two or ?ree days 9 wat] or wet e>?1 ! "p int5d$ = ! c5tre ( ! ar* %\ld fir/ be b\nd tight & flat ^u ! tire ( ! :eel1 !n ! ends %\ld be gradually press$ d[n by two assi/ants1 ! pr9cipal wat*+ ! inequalities ( ! curvature1 & r$uc+ !m by pass+ turns ( raw hide tightly ov] any p>ts t h a t5d5cy to irregul> projections4 ,! b[s1 :i* %\ld be ab\t twelve or f\rte5 feet 9 total l5g?1 are n[ set up4 ,c>e hav+ be5 tak5 t ! waggon sides /& truly1 ! front & aft]mo/ are fir/ fix$1 & ! driv]1 if a man ( av]age height1 /&s on ! c5tre ( ! waggon floor1 hold+ ! b[ z fairly z he c1 ) ! cr[n ( its ar* ab\t ! level ( 8 eye1 say five feet six f ! floor1 :ile 8 assi/ants1 /&+ outside1 fa/5 ! ends ) screws or ?ongs ( raw hide1 to ! /yles or /an*ions ( ! waggon sides4 ,! lift]1 ! dissel-boom1 or o!r /raight & heavy pole1 is n[ laid =e & aft ^u ! b[s to keep !m 9 a level l9e1 & also some:at to flatt5 ! cr[n ( ! ar* & exp& x lat]ally4 ,! la?s or batt5s1 =e & aft1 are n[ la%$ on1 & ! result is a less sightly b /rong] & m durable ro( = ! exig5cies ( travel ?an ! kap-t5t4 ,9 ! re> ( ! t5t 7lett] ,n7 are %[n ! ribs ( an ox or buffalo slung to ! ro( to hang ! saddles on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cape ,,waggon ,,t5t 7,e7 ,,to ,,be ,,tak5 ,,(f ,,& ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,boat 7,g74 ,su* a t5t z ei!r ( ^! might be easily con/ruct$ s z to be available = a boat :5ev] x might be requir$4 ,fir/ let ! /an*ions1 screw$ or la%$ to ! waggon sides1 rise to ! usual height ( ab\t five feet1 & let ! b[s =m+ ! flatt5$ ar* across !m be ( any flexible mat]ial1 b pref]ably ( /raight-gra9$ a%1 su* z is us$ = ! bett] k9d ( tubs or casks4 ,! hoops ( ,am]ican fl\r b>rels w\ld answ] well2 !y are some:at ?91 b ?ree might be laid toge!r1 & w\ld be mu* m flexible & /rong ?an if "o piece only 0 us$4 ,( ^!1 suppos+ n9e b[s 7 us$1 ?ree 9 ! front & ?ree 9 ! re> might be p]man5tly secur$ to ! /an*ions1 z 9 ! illu/ration 7,e1 p4 #aca71 :ile ! ?ree c5tral ones %\ld be s fa/5$ z to be readily ca/ (f4 ,! la?s or batt5s1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld be securely fa/5$ to ! c5tral b[s1 s z to lift (f ) !m1 & only slightly to ^? at ei!r end4 ,:5 ! boat is requir$1 x w\ld be b an h\r's "w to ca/ (f ! tempor>y fa/5+s4 ,take (f ! movable "p ( ! top frame1 draw ! ends ( ! batt5s toge!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,g1 p4 #aca71 ins]t+ at pleasure ?ree or f\r small] b[s at ei!r end1 & !n tak+ ! "u sail--:i* is g5]ally ( oil$ canvas--fold d[n ! corn]s s z to n>r[ x at ei!r end to ! %ape ( ! boat1 & /it* or lace x ) eyelet-holes to ! gunwale4 ,a second ?ickness ( unpa9t$ canvas might always be kept ^u ! ro( betwe5 ! inn] & out] sail2 & if ?is 7 also lac$ on ! boat1 previ\sly rev]s+ ! ends ( ! two p>ts ( canvas1 s t if any portions _h be5 *af$ :ile on ! waggon !y might n co9cide ) ea* o!r1 ! boat w\ld be z imp]vi\s to wat] z wood5 boats g5]ally are4 ,a few sp>e la?s1 previ\sly la%$ b5ea? ! front & aft]mo/ b[s ( ! t5t1 s z to rema9 !re :5 ^? requir$ = ! boat 7 remov$1 & p]haps two or ?ree duplicate b[s1 w\ld prev5t ! necessity ( leav+ ! vehicle de/itute ( cov] :ile ! boat 0 be+ us$4 ,scull+4 ,v (t5 ! explor] may f9d himself alone 9 a boat1 or he may wi% to cross a riv] or pass f %ip to %ore or back aga9 )\t call+ o!r m5 f _! duties1 & 9 su* cases he :o has ! p[] ( manag+ a boat ) a s+le o>1 has a great advantage ov] "o :o mu/ ask ! aid ( ano!r4 ,we h be5 on boat trips :]e ! sci5tific (fic]s h *e]fully mann$ ! o>s & pull$ aga9/ ! /ream all night1 & :5 we volunte]$ to take our turn1 ! answ] 01 ,no2 y c scull1 & none ( u c4 ,keep ! /e]+-o>1 & help u onw>d ) x4 ,! fir/ great difficulty ( ! novice is to get ! blade ( 8 o> "u wat] & keep x !re1 & to make ! loom re/ firmly 9 ! r[lock2 ! natural t5d5cy ( ! wood to float w at fir/ seem insup]able1 b z soon z he has acquir$ ! prop] motion ( ! wri/ he w wond] t he ev] _h ! slighte/ tr\ble 9 keep+ ! o> to its duty4 ,to le>n to scull1 g into a boat t is ei!r fa/ to ! %ore or vessel1 or h a comrade to pull ! o!r o> ) y %\ld y fail4 ,!n /& on ! /]n-%eets on ! />bo>d side1 s t ! "r h& may be t[>d ! b[ ( ! boat2 plant ! left foot on ! />bo>d side seat1 & advance ! "r to ! middle ( ! aft]mo/ ?w>t2 grasp ! small end ( ! o> ) ! "r h&1 & ! loom ) ! left ab\t eight or t5 in*es f x1 s t :5 ! blade ( ! o> is horizontal ! back ( ! h&s & arms may be upp]mo/ & also 9 a horizontal l9e4 ,y w f9d t :5 ! blade is support$ by ! wat]1 ! loom w n lie 9 ! r[lock2 b n[ depress ! wri/s a little1 raise ! h&s till ! blade =ms an angle ( #dj or #de ) ! horizon1 ! edge f>!/ f y be+ ! highe/2 pu% ! o> f y z f> z y c )\t los+ y\r balance1 !n1 z y\r fir/ /roke ceases1 drop ! h&s & raise ! wri/s till ! blade incl9es z mu* ! o!r way1 ! rais$ edge be+ !n ne>e/ y2 pull ! loom t[>ds y1 b5d+ backw>ds at ! same "t z f> z y safely c1 & y w f9d ! arms 9 ! prop] position1 ) ! elb[s at ! side1 ! wri/s l[]$1 & ! h&s ready to rise = ! /roke f y4 ,make %ort /rokes at fir/1 & d n hurry4 ,nev] m9d :i* way ! boat goes1 or :e!r %e goes at all2 /ick h] nose 9 a mudbank1 if y l1 till y c keep y\r o> bel[ ! surface1 !n give h] h] head2 if y\r o> keeps "u wat] %e mu/ g =w>d1 & by mak+ a /rong] sweep to />bo>d or to port1 y may /e] h] at y\r w4 ,if y h a long n>r[ boat1 %e w keep a /raight c\rse1 b ) a %ort d+y1 %e w incl9e at ea* /roke a little to ! "r or left1 & if y use ! o> regul>ly1 h] wake w %[ a s]ies ( graceful & equal curves4 ,9 default ( an o>1 ! bottom bo>d may be tak5 up & us$ by be+ laid on ! po9t ( ! /em1 ! boat go+ !n /]n fir/4 ,light]m51 on ! ,ouse1 frequ5tly scull _! horse boats 9 ?is mann]4 ,we h scull$ a :ale boat ) "o o> ov] ! qu>t]1 i4e41 9 ! crut* ( ! /roke o>1 mu* z a gondoli] does2 b ?oles or r[locks cut 9 ! /reak above ! gunwale w\ld n admit ( ?is4 ,we give no directions = ?is or = ! use ( ! plank4 ,:5 ! novice c keep 8 o> blade "u wat]1 he c easily le>n h[ to adapt 8 new p[] to any em]g5cy4 ,paddl+4 ,9 paddl+ a canoe sit ne> ! /]n1 look+ =w>d1 & ) ! paddle on y\r "r side make a long fair /roke2 nev] m9d ! deviation ( h] head to ! left2 b j be=e y lift y\r paddle f ! wat]1 fea!r ! blade ( x by turn+ ! "r h& inw>d f ! wri/1 turn ! "r elb[ outw>d1 & draw ! left h& inw>d across y\r brea/2 ?is w port y\r helm & br+ h] to h] c\rse aga94 ,if y h a mate :o h&les ano!r paddle ?is is less ne$ful2 b x is well to le>n to paddle y\r own canoe practically z well z metaphorically1 s+le h&$4 ,! kroom5 ab\t ,si]ra ,leone use a canoe po9t$ at bo? ends & ) a great %e]2 ?is1 to a novice1 is mu* m difficult to keep to a true c\rse1 b a s+le krooman toss+ 8 paddle f h& to h&1 )\t miss+ a /roke1 w make h] fly direct z an arr[ ! way he means to g4 ,9 ! gunn+ boats on ! ,norfolk coa/s1 :5 /rict sil5ce is n ne$$1 & 9 canoes ( "s o!r c\ntries1 a d\ble-blad$ paddle is us$4 ,! pole is grasp$ by bo? h&s1 l ! balance-pole ( a rope-danc]1 & equal /rokes are giv5 alt]nately1 or ! c\rse is *ang$ by a m p[]ful /roke on ! o!r side4 ,we h occasionally f\nd t ! p[] ( h&l+ ! native paddle has be5 ( great s]vice1 = :5 we h wi%$ to cross a riv] to secure "s specim5 ( wad+ bird1 & ! b>ga9+ ov] ! hire w\ld h occupi$ half a day1 we h cut ! matt] %ort by /epp+ into ! canoe1 paddl+ to ! o!r side1 %oot+ our bird1 & mak+ ! own]s a suffici5t pres5t on our return2 &1 :ile we advise t all travell]s %\ld mo/ scrupul\sly reg>d ! rights ( ! natives1 we mu/ also intimate t !y w n ga9 ! respect ( savages by submitt+ tamely to extortion1 or %[+ !mselves 9 any way afraid to ma9ta9 _! own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,proa4 ,proas4 ,! proas1 or outrigg] canoes1 ( ! ,malays & ,indian isl&]s1 are s prov]bially swift t !y h fairly e>n$ ! title by :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n1 ( fly+ proas4 ,we h se5 & admir$ _m v>ieties ( ^!1 z well z _! fan-%ap$ sails1 sometimes ( matt+--bright & yell[ :ile new1 & deep5+ to br[n] t9ts ) age1 & sometimes ( sn[-:ite cotton1 or ( :ite alt]nat$ ) clo?s ( blue or p9k1 & gay /ream]s float+ f ! b5d+ y>ds4 ,! mo/ common1 & we may almo/ say ! mo/ beautiful ( ^!1 7 ! little proas sail$ by "o man only1 z repres5t$ 9 our sket*4 ,! hull consi/$ ( a s+le log1 p]haps tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & h>dly z _m in*es 9 dep? & bread?2 ! ma/ 0 ab\t six feet 9 height2 & ! sail1 ( triangul> =m1 0 lac$ to a c\ple ( bamboos ne>ly z long z ! canoe2 ! ?ick ends ( ^! cross$1 & 7 la%$ toge!r at ! tack ( ! sail1 & 7 made fa/1 loosely en\gh to give !m suffici5t play1 a little be=e ! ma/ ?w>t2 a loop atta*$ to ! upp] bamboo1 or y>d1 at ab\t six feet f ! tack1 0 hit*$ ov] a knob on ! ma/-head1 in/ead ( hoi/+ ! sail by haly>ds1 & ! %eet 0 atta*$ by loops l kite loops1 or b[l9e bridles1 to ! l[] bamboo or boom2 9 haul+ to ! w9d1 ! simple ga!r+ 9 ( ! %eet trimm$ ! sail ne>ly d[n to ! gunwale1 z se5 9 ! di/ant proa1 :ile 9 go+ free ! slack5+ ( x all[$ ! sail to rise to ! w9d1 till 9 ! di/ance x rem9d$ u ( ! beautiful fan-%ap$ sea-%ells1 s (t5 f\nd ^u ! coa/4 ,/ability 0 imp>t$ "u ?is enorm\s press ( sail by two bamboos twelve or fifte5 feet long1 & f f\r to six in*es ?ick1 kept p>allel to ! boat at six or eight feet f h] sides by two beams ( ! same la%$ across h] gunwales1 b5d+ slightly d[nw>d1 b ! =emo/ less s ?an ! aft]1 s t ! =e end ( ! outrigg] might be rais$ slightly above ! wat]1 & n imp$e ! boat4 ,! rudd] 0 j l t ( our own boats1 except 9 its fitt+s1 :i* consi/$ simply ( a rope grummet at its neck1 by :i* x c\ld be hit*$ on to a timb] head on ei!r qu>t]1 & we believe x made s little diff]5ce t ! boatman seldom gave himself ! tr\ble to %ift x f "o to ! o!r4 ,( c\rse a till] 0 us$1 z yokes & l9es w\ld h be5 inapplicable4 ,we _c tell exactly _! rate ( sail+1 b !y pass$ our swift & h&y little s*oon] ! ,tom ,t\gh ) ease1 ev5 :5 ! breeze 0 at its fre%e/4 ,! hull is g5]ally :it5$ ) a mixture ( *unam1 or coral lime1 & cocoa-nut oil1 & ! rais$ ends are ornam5t$ ) devices 9 r$ or gre51 & sometimes a r$ /reak runs along ! side4 ,! tambanga1 or wat]man's boat = pass5g]s1 has m beam1 no outrigg]1 & a small] ?\gh simil>ly %ap$ sail4 ,"s ( ^! proas 7 mu* l>g]1 be+ fifty or m feet 9 l5g?1 & !n ! sides ( ! log =m+ ! bottom ( ! canoe w\ld be rais$ ei!r by o!r planks sewn on or by a framework ( bamboo1 ) pieces cross cut f ! leaves ( ! fan-palm1 s t ! leaf ribs %\ld /& v]tically1 /it*$ to !m to =m ! extra height ( side1 :ile a ro( ( ! same 0 built ov] ! c5tre :]e c>go w\ld be /[$1 or ov] ! aft] end1 to =m a k9d ( cab94 ,:5 planks are us$ = rais+ ! sides1 !y are n sawn l ours1 ) economy ( "t1 lab\r1 & mat]ial1 b are labori\sly *opp$ out ( ! solid2 &1 in/ead ( be+ b5t1 are pati5tly dubb$ d[n to ! requisite curve ) numb]less /rokes ( ! ke5 little ,malay adze1 projections be+ left on ! inn] side ?r\gh :i* holes are bor$ to la% !m to ! timb]s1 :ile r[s ( holes along ! edges admit ( _! be+ sewn toge!r ) /rips ( rattan1 & %r$s ( palm leaf laid along ! seam & conf9$ by ! tight5+ ( ! /it*es1 help to r$uce ! leakage1 :i*1 if ! vessel works at all 9 a sea-way1 c nev] be entirely /opp$4 ,!y h two l>ge sails simil> 9 =m to ^? ( ! small] proas1 & sometimes a ?ird1 z a miz54 ,?is is small en\gh to be hit*$ ov] ! ma/-head1 z be=e2 b ! o!rs h to be hoi/$ by haly>ds1 & ! long y>ds support$ by propp+ !m at "s di/ance f ! sl+s by bamboo poles4 ,! /ays 7 =m$ ( slips ( bamboo1 & sometimes ev5 ( ! poles1 :i*1 be+ well fa/5$1 w\ld n only resi/ t5sion on ! wea!r-side z well z ropes1 b on ! lee w\ld1 by _! rigidity1 help to support ! ma/s4 ,! outrigg]s ( ^! 7 m elaborately fram$ ) a light] set ( beams1 :i* support$ /an*ions & h&-rails1 s t1 :5 ! w9d fre%5$1 m5 might run out ^u ! wea!r outrigg] &1 hold+ on by ! h&-rail & /ays1 :i* lead f ! ma/-head1 s]ve z a c\nt]poise to ! imm5se sails z ! boat da%$ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,reef+ seem$ nev] to be ?\ght (1 & our own m5 soon got into ! habit ( speak+ ( a "o-man or two-man breeze1 accord+ to ! numb] se5 on ! wea!r outrigg]s ( ! proas t flew pa/ u4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! vessels :5 go+ w+ & w+ be=e ! w9d 0 v pretty4 ,& o!rs1 9 ! fa%ion ( ! ,*9ese junk1 or 9 e modification ( ,european1 engraft$ on native =m1 af=d$ picturesque contra/1 b ne$ n be "h describ$4 ,! pr(essional pirate has ! outrigg] only on ! wea!r-side1 & ?is is frequ5tly a log ( light wood trimm$ %>p at ei!r end1 s t :ile its specific gravity is small en\gh to keep x buoyant1 x is /ill s heavy z n to be easily lift$ out ( ! wat]1 l a bamboo1 & :5 requisite1 m5 s5t on x1 z 9 ! =m] case1 w give x additional weight4 ,b ! *ief peculi>ity is 9 ! hull ( ! vessel1 :i* is only half a boat1 ! lee-side be+ p]fectly flat1 :ile ! wea!r1 or t t[>d ! outrigg]1 is r\nd$ z usual2 !y w be frequ5tly m ?an fifty feet 9 l5g?1 & six or eight 9 bread?4 ,we speak ( ! lee-side1 because :5 ! c\rse has to be *ang$--say 9 beat+ to w9dw>d--!y d n g ab\t l a %ip1 t mu/ g ) h] b[s =w>d & be /e]$ f ! /]n1 & !re=e turns to receive ! w9d on ! o!r side4 ,?is w\ld be fatal to ! proa1 z ! buoyancy ( ! outrigg] w\ld n prev5t h] f capsiz+2 & !re=e1 :ile ! /e]sman lets t end :i* is tempor>ily h] b[ fall (f f ! w9d1 ! m5 :o h *>ge ( ! tack run r\nd ) x on ! plat=m to w9dw>d ( ! ma/1 ! %eet is br\ght r\nd to leew>d1 a /e]sman takes 8 place at ! o!r end1 & t :i* has be5 ! /]n n[ becomes ! b[1 & cleaves ! waves at ! rate ( tw5ty miles p] h\r4 ,b no "o ne$ fe> a proa ) a d\ble outrigg]1 = %e is n int5d$ to lay alongside & bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,proa ,,) ,,outrigg] ,,on ,,wea!r-,,side ,,only1 ,,to ,,sail ,,) ,,ei!r ,,end ,,fir/1 ,,z ,,requir$4 ,! engrav+ repres5ts a proa ) an outrigg] only on ! wea!r-side2 & n only w\ld ! sail be made to trav]se by %ift+ ! tack to t end :i*1 = ! "t be+1 0 int5d$ to g =emo/1 b ! ma/ is also fitt$ to be incl9$ =w>d by slack5+ t :i* happ5s to be ! back /ay1 & tight5+ t :i* is pro tempore ! =e4 ,^? :i* s]ve = %r\ds1 be+ exactly abrea/ ( ! ma/1 are s arrang$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ?is4 ,! comm&] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4,n41 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! ,fejee canoes3-- ,fejee canoes4 ,!y are sup]ior to ^? ( o!r isl&s4 ,!y are g5]ally d\ble1 & ! l>ge/ are #ajj;ft4 9 l5g?2 ! two canoes are ( diff]5t sizes1 ! small] s]v+ z an outrigg] to ! o!r1 & are connect$ by beams on :i* a plat=m is laid1 #ae;ft4 wide1 & ext5d+ #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 beyond ! sides4 ,! bottom ( ea* canoe is a s+le plank2 ! sides are fitt$ to !m by dovetail+ & by la%+s pass$ ?r\gh flanges left on ea* piece2 ! jo9ts are clos$ by ! gum ( ! bread-fruit tree1 :i* is also us$ = sme>+ !m4 ,!y h a dep? ( hold ( ab\t #g;ft41 & ! ends are deck$ = #bj;ft41 to prev5t _! %ipp+ seas4 ,amid%ips,b !y h a small ?at*$ wea!r h\se1 above :i* is a /ag+ on :i* sev]al p c sit4 ,! canoes ( ! *iefs are mu* ornam5t$ ) %ells4 ,! sails are s l>ge z to appe> out ( proportion ) ! vessel1 & are ( t\gh & pliable mats2 ! ma/ is half ! l5g? ( ! canoe1 & is /epp$ on deck 9 a *ock2 ! y>d & boom are twice z long z ! ma/2 ! haly>ds are c>ri$ ov] a cresc5t on ! ma/-head1 !y are b5t on to ! y>d at a di/ance f its tack or l[] end ne>ly equal to ! l5g? ( ! ma/4 ,! natives manage ^! vessels v exp]tly2 !y require mu* skill 9 beat+ aga9/ ! w9d1 = x is necess>y t ! outrigg] %\ld be always on ! wea!r-side1 z1 if x gets to leew>d1 no vessel is s easily capsiz$2 9 tack+1 !re=e1 ! helm is put up in/ead ( d[n1 until ! w9d is br\ght abaft ! beam1 !n ! tack ( ! sail is c>ri$ to t end :i* 0 previ\sly ! /]n1 b :i* has n[ become ! b[1 & ! canoe is /e]$ f ! o!r end2 !y c>ry sail ev5 :5 x bl[s heavily1 by s5d+ m5 on ! outrigg] to c\nt]balance ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,! canoes are ( logs holl[$ & built ^u2 !y make long sea-voyages1 & are provision$ only ) yams2 !y are ornam5t$ ) ,cypra-ovula %ells1 & c>ry :ite p5nants2 !y c>ry wat] 9 cocoa-nut %ells1 &1 ) fire & an 'ava' b[l1 are equipp$ = sea4 ,! *ief holds ! end ( ! %eet1 & x is 8 duty to prev5t ! canoe capsiz+2 ! /e] o> has a l>ge blade4 ,9 smoo? wat] !y sail v swiftly1 b ! =ce ( ! sail /ra9s !m1 & !y leak badly1 s t ! m5 are con/antly bal+4 ,! planks are kept 9 %ape by small ribs z ) u4 ,! pr9cipal tool us$ is an adze1 :i* is n[ made by la%+ a ,european plane iron to a crook$ h&le2 !y are anxi\s to possess our tools1 & especially ! ,am]ican axe4 ,_! knives are made ( bamboo1 cut into =m :ile x is /ill gre52 aft] be+ dri$ x is *>r$1 :i* makes x v h>d & %>p2 a second *>r+1 foll[$ by gr9d+ on a smoo? /one1 w ev5 fit x = surgical op]ations4 ,b ,on ! plat=m4--7,ed47 ,! balsas4 ,! balsas1 at ,guayaquil1 z describ$ by ,sir ,e4 ,bel*]1 9 8 j\rnal ( ! voyage ( ! ,sulphur1 are rafts ( t5 logs #ad;94 9 diamet]1 & #fj;ft4 long4 ,! wood is a k9d ( bombax1 call$ balsa wood1 !y be> fifte5 or tw5ty tons indep5d5t ( _! crew1 & br+ fre% wat] d[n ! riv] 9 j>s ( sev5 gallons ea*4 ,h\ses ?irty or =ty feet long1 & twelve feet wide1 are built on "s ( !m1 & families take passage or live p]man5tly on bo>d4 ,! balsas1 at ,arica1 9 ,p]u1 are diff]5tly con/ruct$2 !y are simply sk9s1 /ripp$ (f ! animal1 ) z little cutt+ z possible2 ! absolutely necess>y incisions are !n securely clos$1 ! hides are inflat$ & all[$ to dry & h>d51 & two be+ laid alongside ea* o!r a plat=m is laid across !m1 on :i* ! c>go is kept suffici5tly high above ! spray or ripple1 & br\ght dry a%ore ev5 ?r\gh a heavy surf4 ,two ox-hides w\ld make a v s]viceable balsa1 z w\ld also a pair ( ! l>ge seal1 ! sea-elephant1 porpoise1 or o!r m>9e animal ( suitable size4 ,cape waggon *e/s z rafts4 ,we w n[ endeav\r to %[ h[ ! *e/s t are usually c>ri$ 9 ,cape waggons might be conv]t$ into a buoyant1 roomy1 & manageable raft4 ,^! *e/s are g5]ally ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & sixte5 in*es wide & deep2 two ( !m1 ! =e & aft] *e/s1 are indisp5sable1 z ! waggon _c be kept 9 %ape nor ! c>go prop]ly secur$ )\t !m2 sometimes m are c>ri$1 & o!rs ( small] size are affix$ to ei!r side1 b ! objection to ^! is t 9 a d5sely-wood$ c\ntry1 /umps & /\t bran*es are apt to cat* ! angles ( ! side *e/s1 & damage or c>ry !m away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cape ,,waggon ,,boxes ,,s ,,fitt$ ,,z ,,to ,,be ,,available ,,= ,a ,,raft4 ,we propose t1 9 ! waggon us$ by ! travell] = 8 own conveyance1 z _m ( ^! *e/s %\ld be /[$ z w /& fairly on ! floor beside ea* o!r1 say t51 z 9 ! illu/ration 7,a1 p4 #adb74 ,!n1 in/ead ( ! two usual squ>e-end$ side *e/s1 we w\ld advise t f\r %\ld be fitt$ 7,nos4 #aa to #ad71 ea* ( !m hav+ "o end #af;94 squ>e l ! o!r *e/s1 b tap]+ at ! o!r end to ! m]e ?ickness ( ! plank1 & ) ! bottom also slop+1 s t ! n>r[ end %\ld be only #h;94 deep4 ,two ( ^! ) ! broad ends toge!r c\ld be fitt$ on ea* side ! n>r[ po9ts pass+ well cle> )9 ! :eels4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h !m wat]-tight2 &1 if made ( well-season$ plank & well oil$1 !y w\ld rema9 s = a long "t4 ,:5 !y are requir$ = a raft1 take !m f ! waggon & place !m 9 two r[s ab\t ?ree feet ap>t1 & also ) an int]val ( #c;94 betwe5 ! ends ( ! boxes 9 ! same l9e--z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,b1 p4 #adb7--) ! tap]$ side boxes1 z indicat$ by ! numb]s1 =m+ ! f\r ends4 ,if y h be5 able to c>ry a c\ple ( long /\t bamboos1 lay !m along ! inn] side ( ea* l9e ( boxes1 & if y h light] ones to lay along ! out] sides s mu* ! bett]2 if y h n bamboos1 ! dissel-booms & lift] poles ( ! waggons mu/ be press$ into s]vice1 or poles s\ght 9 ! ne>e/ =e/1 z long & z /raight z possible2 !n take ! yokes ( ! ox5 & lay !m across 9 ! #c;94 spaces betwe5 ! boxes1 & pass+ ! reims or o!r ?ongs cut f raw hide ?r\gh ! holes made = ! yoke skeis1 la% ea* yoke to ! =e & aft poles1 secur+ ! boxes ea* 9 its own comp>tm5t by pass+ a few turns ?r\gh ! h&les 9 ! ends & r\nd ! yokes4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 y w h a v s]viceable raft or d\ble canoe4 ,! h+es ( ! *e/s w1 ( c\rse1 be t[>ds ! c5tre1 s t :5 op5$ ! lids w fall inw>ds2 & if o!r poles are n[ laid =e & aft ^u ! yokes1 !y w support ! lids s z to =m ! deck1 leav+ ! *e/s op51 s t1 if any ( !m %\ld leak1 ! wat] may be at once se5 & bal$ out2 b %\ld x be ?\ght pref]able to keep ! boxes clos$1 ! buik plank or floor ( ! waggon1 or ev5 its sides1 may be made use ( = ! deck4 ,if ! travell] contemplates a long voyage1 & requires a %>p] boat s z to atta9 m spe$1 he may make f\r ( 8 boxes 7m>k$ ,d #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj7 tap]+ diagonally to #h;94 at "o end2 b he mu/ take c>e t !y are made 9 pairs1 s t he may be able to place ! /raight & ! diagonal side ( ea* 9 its prop] position 9 ! raft4 ,he w !n also f9d t !y w be easily arrang$ s t ea* pair w /[ squ>e 9 ! waggon2 !n ! side boxes 7,d #aa to #ad7 mu/ be made only #h;94 wide at ! l>g] end1 tap]+ z be=e at ! small]1 &1 ) a slight dim9ution ( float+ p[]1 he w h a %>p] & m spe$y boat4 ,! figures 9 ! c5tral spaces ( ,b indicate ! *anges ( position 9 ! numb]$ boxes1 & ! dott$ l9es %[ ! increase ( %>pness at ! ends4 ,x is ( importance t 9 ! boxes :i* tap]1 "o side %\ld be /raight & squ>e ) ! end1 & "o only diagonal1 z x might be necess>y 9 a n>r[ /ream1 to place bo? ! l9es ( boxes close toge!r1 & !n ! l9e ( ! inn] sides be+ p]fectly /raight & ! out] tap]+1 ! :ole w\ld =m "o boat %>p en\gh at ei!r end4 ,"s ( ! yoke skeis might be left 9 _! sockets :]e requir$1 z %[n 9 ! elevation1 or o!r pieces might be cut to a prop] l5g?1 to s]ve = ?oles or r[locks1 awn+ /an*ions1 or belay+ p9s4 ,if a ma/ 7 ne$$1 x might be /epp$ by cutt+ jaws l ^? on ! gaff ( a cutt]1 & sett+ !m across "o ( ! yokes4 ,! =k ( a bran* might s]ve2 b z poles g5]ally become ?9n] upw>d1 & ! natural position w\ld be ?us rev]s$1 x w\ld be less labori\s to cut or fit on jaws to ! butt ( ! pole1 & leave ! =k at top = ! haly>ds to run ov]4 ,two back /ays w\ld be requir$1 spread+ at a consid]able angle2 & "o or two =e /ays1 ) suffici5t spread n to int]f]e ) ! free motion ( ! y>d2 two1 ?ree1 or f\r poles1 set up z a triangle or %e] legs1 w\ld also s]ve1 & !n only "o /ay1 /ret*+ p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds betwe5 !m1 w\ld be requir$4 ,9 f]ry+ :eels ov]1 ! readie/ way 7if ! bread? ( ! boat p]mits7 is to keep ea* pair on _! own axle1 :i* is laid across ! boat1 ) ! :eels ov]hang+ ea* side4 ,ev5 if ! travell] be n provid$ ) a waggon1 he mu/ h ) him a quantity ( /ores1 or mat]ials = :atev] sci5tific pursuit he is engag$ 91 z well z beads1 calico1 or o!r curr5cy ( ! c\ntry1 to pay = s]vice1 or pur*ase food2 & if 8 boxes = conta9+ ^! 7 all ( uni=m size1 !y w\ld s]ve equally well z a raft2 ! copp] boxes describ$ at pages #h & #i are expressly design$ = ?is s]vice4 ,to float waggons4 ,9 float+ a waggon ov] )\t extrane\s assi/ance1 ! buik plank or floor1 ! wat] cask1 ! =e & aft] *e/s1 & ! side boxes1 w be suffici5t1 if tol]ably wat]-tight--& if n1 !y may easily be made s1 ei!r by cov]+ !m ) canvas1 by caulk+ !m or ev5 lay+ !m 9 ! riv] all night to let ! wood swell1 :i* w g5]ally h ! desir$ effect4 ,b x w\ld be well1 if ?is is at all d\btful1 to remove ! drag-*a9s1 reim-s*o5s1 & all easily deta*able ironwork1 & fir/ float ov] only ! "u c>riage & its :eels4 ,if a l9e c be previ\sly /ret*$ across ! riv]1 & ! ox5 ready 9 _! yokes on ! o!r side atta*$ to x1 !y may save mu* tr\ble by t[+ x across1 :ile "o or two m5 /e] till ! :eels take ! gr\nd1 & x is drawn on %ore 9 ! natural way4 ,! buik plank1 ) ! casks & *e/s /ill fa/ to x1 c be tak5 back = ! re/ ( ! heavy ge>1 & z mu* ( ! c>go z x w c>ry4 ,if l>ge holl[ re$s--! dri] ! bett]--c be obta9$1 faggots ( ^! c be fa/5$ =e & aft1 )9 ! side *e/s1 fill+ up ne>ly ! :ole space1 except suffici5t = ! m5 to /& on 9 ! c5tre2 & a light plat=m c be laid above ! top ( ! *e/s1 on :i* to lay light goods :i* require to be kept dry4 ,b be> 9 m9d t ! c>go a raft c c>ry above wat] is always small1 & n at all l ! m\nta9 ( treasure inv>iably repres5t$ on t ( ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,ab\t #ahdi or #ahej1 :ile /ay+ ) our fell[-travell]1 ,joseph ,macabe1 at ,vaal ,riv]1 an extraord9>y dr\ght prevail$2 ! great riv] c\ld be cross$ dry%od at ! drift by means ( /epp+-/ones1 ?\gh !re 7 long rea*es above & bel[ 9 :i* a good-siz$ vessel might h float$1 & on "o ( ! s&-banks !n laid b>e appe>$ an upright pole1 belong+ to a waggon :i* ! own] _h attempt$ to float ov] ) bundles ( gre5 re$s1 leav+ ! re9-s*oems & drag-*a9s on z balla/1 & previ\sly remov+ ! sides1 ! *e/s1 buik plank1 & ev]y?+ else t c\ld imp$e its passage to ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,extempore ,,%e>s4 ,extricat+ waggons f quicks&s1 c4 ,:il/ gaz+ at ?is odd l&m>k1 ,mynhe] appe>$2 ) him came a goodly /aff ( tall a?letic sons & nephews1 att5d$ by a num]\s tra9 ( native help]s4 ,on digg+ = ! waggon1 x 0 f\nd to h settl$ s f> bel[ ! s& t :5 ! talle/ ( ! family /ood on ! tire ( ! :eel 8 %\ld]s 7 b>ely at ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ,mynhe] _h yok$ 8 ox5 & 0 attempt+ to draw out ! waggon by a horizontal /ra94 ,we =bore to (f] advice :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 reject$1 b retir$ to ! h\se1 & :5 "o ( ! sons visit$ u aft] ! day's fruitless lab\r1 we rigg$ a pair ( m9iature %e>s1 &1 lett+ !m incl9e ov] a weight1 %[$ h[ easily x might be lift$ by apply+ a horizontal /ra9 to cause ! %e>s to rise to a v]tical position4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t ,mynhe] s5t up a reque/ t1 z e5 groote zee-wat]'s m51 we w\ld come & give him a bit ( advice4 ,we accord+ly sugge/$ t1 z ! s& 0 n firm en\gh to set ! %e> legs ^u1 he %\ld cut ?ree good-siz$ beams1 & lay+ "o horizontally1 cut mortices 9 ! ends1 :ile t5ons 7 cut on ! o!r two to fit 9 !m1 ! apex ( ! triangle be+ firmly la%$ ) ! reims or ?ongs ( s(t5$ hide1 us$ = spann+ 9 ! ox54 ,! triangle 0 n[ set up1 slop+ some:at ov] ! =e-/ell or c>riage ( ! buri$ waggon1 & "o ( ! drag-*a9s 0 fa/5$ to ! :eel & l$ ov] ! top ( ! %e>s1 :5ce1 l5g!n$ out by ! o!r *a9 & sp>e rope1 x 0 b5t on to ! trek-t\w1 to :i* ! ox5 7 already yok$4 ,at l5g? ! cattle b5t !m to ! yokes1 ! ge> tight5$ & /ra9$1 ! dissel-boom1 t s long _h be5 our beacon1 began to rise1 :5 "s fa/5+ gave way & all came d[n by ! run2 ! pole1 h[ev]1 rema9+ a foot high] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,a native 0 desir$ to refa/5 ! *a92 &1 /ick+ two f+]s ( 8 left h& into 8 no/rils 9 a mann] no ,european c\ld imitate1 he settl$ d[n bel[ ! wat]1 & work$ ) 8 "r h& only4 ,piece by piece ! waggon 0 haul$ out dur+ ! succe$+ days1 aft] hav+ be5 ?ree ye>s & ?ree days imb$d$4 ,9 explor+ c\ntries cov]$ ) d5se =e/s or difficult to be trav]s$1 rafts are wond]fully useful = navigat+ lakes & riv]s1 or = convey+ y\r goods4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,br[n1 comm&] ( ! exp$ition 9 ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 fav\rs u ) ! foll[+ note3-- ,tr5nel$ rafts4 ,we travell$ long di/ances by rafts 9 ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 &1 9 ord] to h facilities = mak+ !m1 we caus$ an aug] 7#b;947 to be con/ruct$ ) a r+-head in/ead ( ! usual spike ) a nut1 s t1 by a piece ( wood be+ put ?r\gh x1 a h&le might be extemporis$4 ,g5]ally speak+ we c\ld f9d dry fall5 c$> 7,?uja gigantea1 ,natl47 by ! bord]s ( lakes or riv]s1 or if n liv+ cotton wood 7,salix ,sc\l]iana7 w d2 & 9 fact any wood1 ?\gh p9e is r too heavy & apt to get wat]logg$4 ,cutt+ two l5g?s ( logs1 ! l5g? ( ! raft requir$1 %>p5+ ! 'b[s' (f r\ghly1 we laid !m on ! gr\nd1 p>allel1 & z f> ap>t z we wi%$ !m4 ,!n two cross-pieces1 compos$ ( a log split 9 two1 7 pegg$ by means ( ! aug] across ne> ! ends1 ov] !m 0 built a floor ( split c$> bo>ds4 ,two r[locks 7 pegg$ 9 "h & !re accord+ to ! numb] ( r[]s requir$1 & "o pair at ! end = a /e]+ o>4 ,o>s 7 soon extemporis$ by means ( ! axe1 & ! raft mov$ lazily along at ab\t "o & a half or two miles an h\r on a lake1 b ! lab\r 0 inf9itely easi] ?an work+ ?r\gh ! wood ) a sev5ty or eighty p\nd load on y\r back4 ,sometimes we con/ruct$ ev5 rud] rafts ?an ^!4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,:ymp] & ,mr4 ,ranald ,m',donald once desc5d$ tw5ty miles ( a riv] on a little raft compos$ ( ! bo>ds out ( an ,indian's hunt+ lodge1 ty+ x toge!r ) )es ( c$> twigs1 :i* are v t\gh1 & us$ by ! ,indians = sew+ _! canoes & fa/5+ _! lodge planks toge!r4 ,! holes !y made ) pi/ol bullets4 ,pr9ciples ( raft build+4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* all rafts are or ought to be con/ruct$ is ne>ly ! same2 t is1 if !y are int5d$ to be work$ or to make progress ?r\gh ! wat]1 z 9 mo/ cases is desirable4 ,! exceptions to ?is are g5]ally :5 x is m]ely desir$ to float d[n a /ream1 ab&on+ ! raft z wor?less :5 ! voyage is complet$1 or :5 produce or manufacture ( any k9d has to be br\ght d[n f a high] c\ntry to a l[]1 &1 f its buoyancy x may be collect$ into a raft1 :i*1 on rea*+ its de/9ation1 may be r$uc$ to its compon5t p>ts & sold2 or :]e1 z 9 /ill m exceptional cases1 x is necess>y to provide float+ habitations = families or small communities )\t ref]5ce to locomotion1 :i* is effect$ by o!r means4 ,9 ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al case1 ! object is to obta9 suffici5t c>ry+ p[] ) z little resi/ance to progression z possible2 & to ?is end ! l>g] sp>s1 on :i* ! buoyancy ( ! :ole dep5ds1 ought to be laid p>allel to1 & at su* a di/ance f1 ea* o!r z seems necess>y ei!r to insure ! requisite /ability1 to give suffici5t room on deck1 or to suit ! l5g? ( ^? t are to be us$ z cross-beams2 b !y %\ld nev] be laid close toge!r s z to pres5t a broad unit$ surface to be =c$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 nor ev5 s close z to conv]t t portion ( fluid betwe5 !m into dead wat] to be dragg$ l a solid body ) ! raft4 ,we w\ld say1 if !re be two or m sp>s ( equal size1 let ! int]val betwe5 !m be at lea/ ?ree times z broad z _! diamet]1 & g5]ally let ! wid? ( y\r raft be n m ?an "o-six? ( its l5g?4 ,if y h only "o l>ge sp>1 let t =m ! c5tre1 or1 z x may be call$1 ! keel1 & let ! small] ones1 ei!r s+ly or la%$ toge!r 9 bundles ( conv5i5t size1 be laid p>allel to x at prop] di/ances on ei!r side4 ,endeav\r z mu* z possible to keep y\r cross-beams z high above ! wat] z possible1 = if ^! are subm]g$1 _! sides w (f] z mu* resi/ance to y\r progress z if ! :ole raft _h be5 fill$ up ) solid logs4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 x w\ld be advisable to la% or p9 on ! top ( ea* ( ! ma9 beams ei!r a small] "o to increase its height1 or %ort pieces at int]vals1 z *ocks on :i* to lay ! cross-beams4 ,let ! ends ( ! sp>s t =m y\r floats be po9t$ to an acute angle by ei!r saw+ (f w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( ab\t #ae or #bj 9 ! sides1 or *opp+ !m ) axe or adze4 ,! cross-beams at ea* end & "o 9 ! c5tre mu/ be securely fa/5$4 ,d n h too _m1 nor keep !m too close toge!r2 b let ! o!rs cross diagonally 9 opposite directions1 or ev5 brace ! frame ?us =m$ by /\t ropes /ret*$ diagonally f corn] to corn]1 & seiz$ toge!r ) small] l9es :]e !y cross ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre1 :i* w give great firmness & rigidity to ! /ructure4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a /r&$ or wat]logg$ brig ( ab\t #bjj tons1 ( :i* ! l[] ma/s & ! wreck ( "s ( ! o!r sp>s are /ill available4 ,if ! ma/s c be got out s mu* ! bett]1 = !y w\ld be 9 ! :ole n mu* %ort ( #fj;ft4 long2 b x is mu* m probable !y w\ld h to be cut by ! bo>d1 & p]haps also bel[ ! h\nds1 :i* w\ld /ill leave clean sp>s betwe5 #cj;ft4 & #dj;ft4 9 l5g?1 & mo/ likely #ad;94 ?ick4 ,if ! ma/-heads 7 left on !y w\ld be at lea/ #aj;ft4 long]1 b ! tops %\ld be remov$1 & ! project+ portion ( ! h\nds *opp$ d[n s z to (f] z little imp$im5t to progress z possible2 ! ma/s %\ld be laid p>allel to ea* o!r ab\t #h;ft4 ap>t1 & ! ma9 boom1 l[] y>ds & jib boom1 or sp>e topma/1 if available1 la%$ toge!r z a faggot1 & laid betwe5 !m z a c5tral sp>4 ,a %ort1 /\t sp>1 su* z ! heel ( a brok5 topma/1 %\ld !n be laid across at #f;ft4 or #h;ft4 f ei!r end1 & firmly la%$ to !m1 & "o1 or at mo/ two1 m may be laid across 9 l mann] ne> ! c5tre2 ! int]vals betwe5 ^! %\ld be occupi$ by small sp>s laid across diagonally1 or by cross brac+s ( rope z be=e describ$2 x is ( little use to peg or tre5ail ! p>ts toge!r1 unless ! wat] is v smoo?1 = ! pegs w\ld be sure to break ) ! work+ ( ! raft 9 a heavy sea4 ,we h sugge/$ ! heels ( ! topma/s z crossbeams1 because _! ?ickness w\ld help to raise ! plat=m above ! level ( ! sea1 & ?is might be f>!r rais$ by lay+ a c\ple ( /udd+ sail booms =e & aft ^u ! ma/s "u !m1 & lay+ ! deck ) %ort sp>s or pieces ( plank across ! booms4 ,if tools c be got at or us$1 mortices may be sunk 9 ! ma/s1 or =e & aft sp>s1 & h&spikes or cap/an b>s set upright 9 !m at int]vals ( #f;ft42 ^! w c>ry a light rail to prev5t m5 be+ wa%$ (f1 & w s]ve to spread an awn+ :5 su* a luxury c be attempt$1 & also z supports to :i* r[locks c conv5i5tly be fa/5$4 ,if ! vessel is provid$ ) sleep+ bunks1 :i* are sometimes la%$ to r+-bolts on ! deck1 x might be well to secure at lea/ "o ( !m2 if n an empty hog%ead or any?+ t c s]ve z a place ( tempor>y %elt] = a we>i$ man1 or = ! comm&] to consult 8 *>ts & compass 91 %\ld be fitt$ on ! plat=m4 ,a %eet ( iron1 or non-combu/ible mat]ial ( any k9d1 %\ld be tak5 to =m ! f\ndation ( a fire-place2 & if !re is *oice ( provisions1 pres]v$ fre% meat %\ld be tak5 9 pref]5ce to salt1 ) z mu* biscuit1 vegetables1 v9eg>1 sug>1 tea or c(fee1 & fre% wat]1 z circum/ances p]mit4 ,if canvas is at h&1 sails w be easily made1 if n1 any flat surface1 %eets ( iron or planks1 ei!r sep>ate or fram$ toge!r1 may be set up t ! raft may sail free1 or trimm$ = h] to g z ne> ! w9d z %e w lie4 ,if ?ree casks are available z float+ p[]1 make a triangle ( /udd+ sail booms1 & la% ea* angle firmly on ! top ( "o ( ! casks1 tak+ c>e to keep _! heads po9t+ =w>d to t :i* is int5d$ to be ! b[2 !n on ^! sp>s build su* plat=m z y ne$1 & erect y\r ma/ & sail4 ,illu/ration ,a c\ple ( sp>e topma/s br\ght toge!r at _! heads1 & ext5d$ by a %ort] sp> at _! heels1 s z to =m a triangle m or less acute1 =m a good f\ndation = a raft2 ! space betwe5 may !n be fill$ ) :atev] buoyant mat]ial y possess1 :e!r casks1 boxes1 or small] sp>s4 ,no rules c be consid]$ absolute 9 raft mak+2 any?+ t w float1 & c be la%$ toge!r 9 any mann]1 mu/ be us$2 if a portion ( ! vessel's deck c be cut out by axe or saw x may =m a good f\ndation2 if ! raft c be built on bo>d ! wreck1 or on ! bea* beside h]1 s mu* ! bett]1 b x w\ld be bett] to ?r[ ! mat]ials ov]bo>d1 &1 at ! co/ ( any extra lab\r1 con/ruct x 9 ! wat]1 ?an n be able fairly to laun* x :5 complet$4 ,we h se5 ! wai/ /an*ions ( a wat]logg$ vessel cut away = su* a purpose1 or 9 extreme cases ! hull may be expect$ to g d[n1 & !n ! only anxiety w be to complete ! raft s t x may be capable ( float+ (f ! s9k+ vessel4 ,9 ! wat] a rectangul> raft is be/ built alongside ! vessel1 b ! triangul> "o mu/ be built a/]n4 ,pot raft4 ,( buoyant m]*&ise =m$ into rafts = ! purpose ( float+ d[n riv]s to ! m>kets1 we h an example 9 ! pott]y floats ^u ! ,nile1 :]e a numb] ( j>s hav+ be5 made1 are b\nd toge!r1 & a plat=m ( re$s laid on !m4 ,?o long timb] rafts ^u ! ,rh9e & on ! riv]s ( ,canada & ,nor? ,am]ica are also examples ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,s$ge-grass rafts4 ,on "s ( ! l>g] riv]s ( ,africa1 z ! ,okovango1 discov]$ by our late fri5d ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ! ,te\ghe & o!rs1 rafts ( s$ge grass are us$2 sometimes ^!1 if only int5d$ to c>ry a few p]sons across a riv]1 are small & comp>atively manageable1 & h ev5 an attempt at com=t & security 9 a k9d ( rail rais$ r\nd !m ( faggots ( ! same mat]ial4 ,o!rs1 us$ 9 hippopotamus hunt+1 are m]e floats on :i* ! small canoes are drawn up1 & _! *ief m]it is t !y are s l natural accumulations t ! animal does n ?9k ( gett+ out ( _! way4 ,on a /ill l>g] heap ( ^! ,mr4 ,&]sson desc5d$ ! tortu\s c\rse ( ! ,te\ghe = _m miles2 & ,mr4 ,osc> ,t4 ,l9dholm1 :o accompani$ ! em95t b un=tunate ,sw$i% naturali/ ,wahlb]g1 gave u a mo/ graphic acc\nt ( a simil> voyage4 ,imm5se quantities ( s$ge 0 collect$1 & bundles ( x 7 ?r[n ^u ! wat] 9 "s quiet nook1 )\t any regul>ity & ) no o!r fa/5+ ?an its own natural cohesion & entanglem5t :5 "o lay] 0 ?r[n almo/ at r&om across ano!r4 ,a small hut 0 built ^u ! heap :5 x _h acquir$ suffici5t size1 & ! :ole1 :5 ready1 0 =c$ out into ! /ream1 :i* br\ght x d[n at an av]age rate ( two & a half miles p] h\r4 ,if x took ! gr\nd1 ! only consequ5ce 0 ! loss ( a few re$s f ! bottom lay] z ! mass swung r\nd & cle>$ itself4 ,snags1 project+ po9ts1 or o!r imp$im5ts might te> (f m1 b no?+ c\ld /ay ! quiet b irresi/ible movem5t ( ! great raft1 :i*1 z ! grass bel[ became d5sely press$ & sodd51 began to draw ne>ly #f;ft4 ( wat]1 & sank deep] e day2 to rem$y :i*1 fre% grass 0 cut & ?r[n daily ^u ! upp] lay]s4 ,frequ5tly ov]hang+ trees tore (f portions1 & once a l>ge trunk lay s close to ! wat] t x fairly swept ! decks =e & aft2 ! occupants sav$ !mselves by climb+ ov] ! tree1 b ! hut1 ) _m valuables1 0 c>ri$ "r away4 ,) ?is exception ! voyage 0 accompli%$ safely1 b x 0 a task ( great difficulty to prev5t ! unwieldy mass be+ swept by ! /ream into ,lake ,ngami1 9 ! /ill wat]s ( :i* x might h float$ = an indef9ite p]iod )\t com+ ne>] to ! %ore4 ,! obelisk ( ,luxor 0 remov$ by lay+ a vessel a%ore1 ) h] head t[>ds x1 :5 ! riv] 0 at its highe/2 ! ma/s 7 lift$ & %or$ up f ! deck1 s z to all[ an imm5se pack+ case to be built ^u ! keelson2 ways l ^? = laun*+ a %ip 7 built1 & on !m ! heavy monoli? 0 =c$ onw>d till x lay at l5g? fairly 9 ! vessel1 occupy+ ne>ly h] entire l5g?2 a deep *annel cut f ! vessel to ! riv]1 & at ! next rise ( ! wat] %e float$ (f4 ,b )\t =gett+ ?is1 we d n rememb] a case ( m +5i\s & p]sev]+ adaptation ( app>5tly insuffici5t means to great & important ends1 ?an t ( ! conveyance by our c\ntryman ,lay>d ( ! great human-head$ bulls & lions f ! magnific5t ru9s 9 :i* he f\nd !m to ! po9t ( emb>kation on ! ,tigris1 & !nce1 by rafts s frail t we almo/ wond] h[ ! pond]\s masses 7 support$1 to a place :]e vessels m adequate to ! c>riage ( su* a burd5 c\ld receive !m4 ,x w\ld be a pity to curtail ! brief & graphic description1 & we !re=e give x 9 8 own words3-- ,i did n d\bt t ! sk9s1 once bl[n up1 w\ld support ! sculptures )\t difficulty z f> z ,baghdad4 ,! j\rney w\ld take eight or t5 days1 "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,b !re !y w\ld require to be op5$ & refill$1 or ! rafts w\ld sc>cely su/a9 s heavy a weight all ! way to ,busrak2 ! voyage f ,baghdad to t port be+ consid]ably long]1 9 po9t ( "t1 ?an t f ,mosul to ,baghdad4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! sk9s are fill$1 ! air gradually escapes4 ,rafts be>+ m]*&ise are g5]ally deta9$ sev]al times dur+ _! desc5t to enable ! raftm5 to exam9e & refill ! sk9s4 ,if ! sculptures re/$ ^u only "o framework1 ! beams be+ almo/ on a level ) ! wat]1 ! raftm5 w\ld be unable to get b5ea? !m to rea* ! m\?s ( ! sk9s1 :5 !y require repl5i%+1 )\t mov+ ! c>go4 ,?is w\ld h be5 bo? inconv5i5t & difficult to accompli%2 ,i 01 !re=e1 desir\s ( rais+ ! lion & bull z mu* z possible above ! wat]1 s z to leave room = ! m5 to creep "u !m4 ,x may int]e/ ! read] to "k h[ ^! rafts1 :i* h probably =m$ = ages ! only means ( traffic on ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv]s ( ,mesopotamia1 are con/ruct$4 ,! sk9s ( full-gr[n %eep & goats are us$4 ,!y are tak5 (f ) z few incisions z possible1 & !n dri$ & prep>$4 ,! air is =c$ 9 by ! lungs ?r\gh an ap]ture1 :i* is aft]w>ds ti$ up ) /r+4 ,a squ>e framework1 =m$ ( popl> beams1 bran*es ( trees1 & re$s1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ ( ! size ( ! int5d$ raft1 ! inflat$ sk9s are ti$ to x by osi] & o!r twigs1 ! :ole be+ firmly b\nd toge!r4 ,! raft is !n remov$ to ! wat] & laun*$4 ,c>e is tak5 to place ! sk9s ) _! m\?s upw>ds1 t1 9 case any %\ld bur/ or require fill+1 !y c be easily op5$ by ! raftm54 ,^u ! framework ( wood are pil$ bales ( goods & prop]ty belong+ to m]*ants & travell]s4 ,:5 any p]son ( rank or weal? desc5ds ! riv] 9 ?is fa%ion1 small huts are con/ruct$ on ! raft1 by cov]+ a common wood5 takht1 or b$/ead ( ! c\ntry1 ) a hood =m$ ( re$s & l9$ ) felt4 ,9 ^! huts ! travell]s live & sleep dur+ ! j\rney4 ,! poor] pass5g]s seek %ade or w>m? by bury+ !mselves among/ bales ( goods & o!r m]*&ise1 & sit pati5tly1 almo/ 9 "o position1 until !y rea* _! de/9ation4 ,!y c>ry ) !m a small e>!n mangal1 or *af+-di%1 conta9+ a *>coal fire1 :i* s]ves to light _! pipes & to cook _! c(fee & food4 ,! only real dang] to be appreh5d$ on ! riv] is f ! ,arabs1 :o1 :5 ! c\ntry is 9 a di/urb$ /ate1 inv>iably attack & pillage ! rafts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inflat$ ,,floats4 ,! raftm5 guide _! rude vessels by long o>s--/raight poles1 at ! end ( :i* a few split canes are fa/5$ by a piece ( tw9e4 ,!y skilfully avoid ! rapids1 &1 seat$ on ! bales ( goods1 "w cont9ually1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ sun4 ,!y w seldom travel aft] d>k be=e rea*+ ,tekrit1 on acc\nt ( ! rocks & %oals :i* ab\nd 9 ! upp] "p ( ! riv]2 b :5 !y h pass$ t place !y resign !mselves1 night & day1 to ! sluggi% /ream4 ,dur+ ! floods 9 ! spr+1 or aft] viol5t ra9s1 small rafts may float f ,mosul to ,baghdad 9 ab\t eighty-f\r h\rs2 b ! l>ge rafts are g5]ally six or sev5 days 9 p]=m+ ! voyage4 ,9 summ]1 & :5 ! riv] is l[1 !y are frequ5tly ne>ly a mon? 9 rea*+ _! de/9ation4 ,:5 ! rafts h be5 unload$1 !y are brok5 up1 & ! beams1 wood1 & twigs are sold at a consid]able pr(it1 =m+ "o ( ! pr9cipal bran*es ( trade betwe5 ,mosul & ,baghdad4 ,! sk9s are wa%$ & aft]w>ds rubb$ ) a prep>ation ( p\nd$ pomegranate sk9s1 to keep !m f crack+ & rott+4 ,!y are !n br\ght back1 ei!r ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! raftm5 or ^u donkeys1 to ,mosul or ,tekrit1 :]e ! m5 engag$ 9 navigation ( ! ,tigris usually reside4 ,illu/ration ,9 "o ( ! sculptures ?us br\ght to our own c\ntry by ! en]getic travell]1 an army is repres5t$ cross+ a riv]1 & ! soldi]s are support$ ea* by an inflat$ goatsk9 held "u ! *e/1 :ile "o ( ! legs be+ l$ upw>ds to ! swimm]'s m\? enables him to keep x di/5d$1 %\ld any air escape4 ,9 mak+ ^! bags1 ! only sew+ necess>y is at ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! animal is sk9n$2 ! neck1 cut close to ! head1 may be tightly b\nd up ) a ?ong1 & an ov]-h& knot ca/ 9 ! ?ree legs2 ! f\r? be+ left ) a tube = re-inflation4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] says1 :5 speak+ ( cross+ ! ,atb>a ,riv]1 ,i _h eight inflat$ sk9s atta*$ to ! b$/ead1 on :i* ,i la%$ our l>ge circul> spong+ ba?1 #c;ft4 #h;94 9 diamet]4 ,?is 0 p]fectly safe = my wife1 & dry = ! baggage2 ! wat]tight iron box t conta9$ ! gunp[d] 0 t[$ z a p9nace beh9d ! raft4 ,f\r hippopotamus hunt]s h>ness$ !mselves z tug /eam]s1 & !re 7 relays ( swimm]s4 ,! raft answ]$ well1 & w\ld support ab\t #cjjlb42 ! spong+ ba? w\ld c>ry #aijlb4 ,am]ican portable boat4 ,colonel ,r4 ,c4 ,bu*anan1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vice1 is ! inv5tor ( a v useful =m ( portable boat4 ,x 0 us$ 9 sev]al exp$itions1 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton t]ritory1 ) mu* advantage4 ,x is ?us describ$3-- ,x consi/s ( an exce$+ly light framework ( ?9 & n>r[ bo>ds1 9 l5g?s suitable = pack+1 connect$ by h+es1 ! diff]5t1 sections fold+ into s small a compass z to be conv5i5tly c>ri$ ^u mules4 ,! frame is cov]$ ) a %eet ( /\t cotton canvas or duck1 secur$ to ! gunwales ) a cord runn+ diagonally back1 & put ?r\gh eyelet holes 9 ! upp] edge4 ,:5 fir/ plac$ 9 ! wat]1 ! boat leaks a little1 b ! canvas soon swells1 s z to make x suffici5tly tight = all practical purposes4 ,! great advantage to be d]iv$ f ! use ( ?is boat is1 t x is s compact & portable z to be admirably adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( campaign+ 9 a c\ntry :]e ! /reams are liable to rise above a =dable dep?1 & :]e ! all[ance ( transportation is small4 ,x may be put toge!r or tak5 ap>t & pack$ 9 a v few m9utes1 & "o mule suffices to transport a boat1 ) all its appurt5ances1 capable ( su/a9+ t5 m54 ,%\ld ! canvas become torn1 x is easily repair$ by putt+ on a pat*1 & x does n rot or crack1 l india-rubb] or gutta-p]*a2 moreov] x is n affect$ by *anges ( climate or temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,collapsible ,,boat4 ,collapsible boat4 ,we h n se5 ,colonel ,bu*anan's boat1 b we rememb] "o p]haps n v dissimil>1 x 01 9 fact1 a collapsible boat--! gunwales1 ! keel1 & all ! int]m$iate pieces be+ exactly alike1 & made ( #c_/d;94 plank f #d;94 to #f;94 wide2 ^! 7 h+$ toge!r at ! two ends1 j z are ! frames ( ! oval reticules1 & cov]$ ) /\t canvas2 ! ?w>ts h h+es bel[ ! c5tre1 f :i* also ! ?ird bo>d1 s]v+ z a /an*ion1 rea*es d[nw>d to re/ ^u ! keel4 ,!re is a r+-bolt ne> ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! mid%ip ?w>ts1 & :5 ! boat is hoi/$ out ( ! wat] by tackles at ei!r end1 a c\ple ( small l9es f ^! r+s j]k up ! c5tre ( ! ?w>ts & all[ ! gunwales & all ! correspond+ bo>ds on ei!r side to fall d[n beside ! keel1 z %[n 9 ! upp] figure ( our illu/ration 7p4 #aee74 ,!re are also r+-bolts to ! gunwales1 & a c\ple ( l9es f ^! are held fa/ :ile ! boat is l[]$2 ! gunwales rise1 & a man sitt+ ^u ! ?w>ts presses !m into _! place & ! boat assumes its prop] %ape3 ( c\rse ! segm5ts ( plank bel[ ! gunwales h to be cut a little %ort] at ea* end z !y come ne>] to ! keel1 or ! boat w\ld n %ut up on its h+es4 ,a boat #d;ft4 wide w\ld collapse into a wid? ( n m ?an #a;ft4 ,su* a frame c\ld be readily tak5 to pieces by )draw+ ! bolts ( ! h+es1 & if ea* piece1 suppos+ ! boat to be #d;ft4 wide & #af;ft4 long 7 h+$ 9 its c5tre1 x w\ld n be mu* too long to c>ry on a mule1 except ! c\ntry 7 m ?an ord9>ily difficult1 :5 x might be h+$ 9 ?ree l5g?s4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 ,birm+ham1 we saw "s model boats ( good =m1 b ) v little projection ( keel or /em or /]n po/1 s t "o might be fitt$ into ! o!r )\t ris+ m ?an a few in*es above ! gunwale ( ! fir/2 ! ?w>ts ( ! l[] "o are /[$ betwe5 ! two v conv5i5tly1 & ?ree or f\r may be ?us pack$1 ! upp]mo/1 h[ev]1 reta9+ all h] fitt+s 9 read9ess = imm$iate use4 ,canoe bir*4 ,! aborig9es ( _m c\ntries make use ( ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees = ! purpose ( canoe build+4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! canoe bir* 7,betula papyracea72 its range may be e/imat$ at #cg nor? to #dc s\?4 ,trees ( ?is description n unfrequ5tly gr[ to #gj;ft4 9 height1 & are proportionately ?ick1 s t %eets ( b>k ( v l>ge size c be readily /ripp$ f !m4 ,! b>k canoes ( ! ,canadians & ,indian trad]s are (t5 ( a v l>ge size4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( =e/ cons]vators1 economic consid]ations g = v little4 ,x may be conv5i5t1 :5 canoe build+ or repair+ is ! object1 to fall ! tree1 &1 9 do+ s1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! b>k %all n be r5t or bruis$1 ei!r by fracture ( ! tree or by fall+ across a rock or /ump1 :ile ! log ought to lie ) bo? ends some:at support$1 s t ! requir$ %eet ( b>k may n be cru%$ betwe5 x & ! gr\nd4 ,p]haps x w be f\nd g5]ally easi] to deta* ! b>k :ile ! tree is /&+1 & 9 ?is case a cut mu/ be made all r\nd ! tree at ! l[] end ( ! %eet2 ! mo/ p]fect side %\ld be left = ! bottom ( ! canoe1 & ! longitud9al slit %\ld be s made z to cut "r ?r\gh any defective portion :i* may ?us be cut out ) ! lea/ possible wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,if ! tree has an incl9ation1 x w be easi] "w to make ! slit on ! upp] side4 ,! b>k %\ld be deta*$ by broad r\nd-edg$ spuds ( s(t wood1 ?ru/ g5tly & cauti\sly betwe5 x & ! tree2 & x may also be previ\sly loos5$ by /rik+ x ) a broad log or mallet on ! outside1 tak+ c>e n to break its texture4 ,/eps may be cut 9 ! wood to /& 91 & h&-holds also z ! "w proce$s2 & ! l[] "p ( ! b>k %\ld be made fa/ ) cord or slips ( b>k1 pass$ loosely r\nd1 s t x may n sw+ cle> ( ! tree & split ! upp] "p be=e x is f9ally deta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canadian ,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,canadian b>k canoe4 ,! %eet %\ld n[ be tak5 to a plot ( level gr\nd1 c>efully spread out ) ! inside d[nw>d1 & ! outside %\ld be clean$ f any knots1 excresc5ces1 or h>d & brittle lay]s t increase its weight )\t add+ to its /r5g?2 & x %\ld !n be cut ne>ly to ! =m %[n 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #a74 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ribs or hoops ( light flexible wood %\ld be provid$1 & great c>e %\ld be tak51 9 b5d+ x1 n to split or unduly to =ce any "p s z to make an unsightly protub]ance1 :i* w\ld also mo/ probably become a leak4 ,! holes %\ld be c>efully bor$ along ! edges t come 9 contact1 & !y may be sewn ) fibres f ! roots ( p9e trees or f small c$> twigs1 & r5d]$ wat]-tight by ! use ( p9e-tree gum4 ,flexible poles or la?s are !n /it*$ 9 = gunwales or ?w>t /r+]s1 & ! canoe is m or less ta/efully trimm$ (f & ornam5t$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! build]1 z 9 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #aeg74 ,no?+ c be light] or h&i] ?an ^! canoes1 b _! v lightness & want ( hold on ! wat] makes !m difficult = ,engli%m5 to h&le until exp]i5ce has be5 _! in/ructor4 ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl& canoe4 ,canoes ( ?is description are wond]fully buoyant1 & draw v little wat]2 &1 :5 manag$ by skilful h&s1 few boats are m reliable4 ,our fri5d1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,poole1 :o has sp5t _m ye>s among ! ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 & is a canoeman ( no ord9>y skill1 has rec5tly complet$ a t\r ( extraord9>y ext5t & int]e/1 paddl+ fe>lessly1 & alone1 f> out to sea4 ,! dim5sions ( ! canoe he uses1 :i* 0 made expressly = him by ! ,indians ( ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl&1 are z foll[s3 ,l5g?1 #ae;ft42 wid? across beam1 #c-a_/b;ft42 dep?1 #ae;942 weight1 #ajjlb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bir* ,,b>k ,,canoe ,,( ,,que5 ,,*>lotte',s ,,isl&4 ,9 h] ,mr4 ,poole />t$ f ,liv]pool1 paddl+ to ,new ,brighton1 f !nce to ,s\?port1 ,blackpool1 ,fleetwood1 ,dutton ,s&s1 ,:itehav51 ,kirkcudbright1 ,:itehorn1 ,port ,william & ,gl5 ,luce4 ,f !nce by ! use ( :eels--two pairs ( :i*1 compos$ ( iron1 m\nt$ on iron axles1 are kept1 until requir$1 /[$ away 9 ! canoe--,mr4 ,poole proce$$ ov]l& to ,/ranra]2 f !nce paddl$ along ! coa/ & up ! riv] to ,glasg[2 !n by canal to ,grangem\?1 & by sea to ,lei?4 ,= two nights & ! great] "p ( two days ,mr4 ,poole 0 out ( sight ( l&1 & ! voyage 0 prosecut$ dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! equ9octial gales4 ,su* ( our read]s z may contemplate canoe voyag+ w d well to borr[ a few h9ts f ,mr4 ,poole's equipm5t4 ,a p[]ful bull's-eye lamp 0 always c>ri$1 la%$ fa/ to ! /em at night1 & a m>9]'s compass 0 provid$ to /e] by4 ,! :eels be=e ref]r$ to are extremely useful 9 _m ways4 ,!y are l ^? ( an ord9>y p]ambulator1 only ( light wr\ght iron2 !y are #a;ft4 9 diamet]2 ! axle is also ( wr\ght iron1 #c_/d;94 squ>e1 & long en\gh to c>ry ! :eels cle> ( ! canoe's sides :5 m\nt$ on !m4 ,to travel ! canoe on dry l&1 ! axles1 ea* cov]$ ) a /rong common pill[1 are br\ght "u ! =e & aft] portions ( ! canoe1 l ! axles ( a long n>r[ c>riage4 ,rope la%+s are n[ br\ght f ! ?w>ts d[n to ! axle b>s1 ?r\gh :i* iron belay+ p9s pass2 ^! keep ! la%+s f %ift+1 & keep all secure :5 ! canoe is pu%$ or drawn onw>ds4 ,! :eels are an imm5se assi/ance 9 bea*+ ! canoe & gett+ h] above high-wat] m>k1 :5 !re is b "o voyag]4 ,!y also s]ve z balla/1 & are useful = a numb] ( camp+ & make-%ift purposes4 ,illu/ration ,! paddle %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 k9dly furni%$ by ,mr4 ,poole1 is ( ! exact =m requisite to obta9 p]fect effici5cy4 ,x is compos$ ( r$ c$>1 & is exactly "o-t5?1 dim9i%$ scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c$>-,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,c$>-b>k canoe4 ,! b>k ( ! c$> 7,?uja gigantea7 is also mu* us$ by c]ta9 ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica = canoe build+2 b ! =m usually made f x diff]s mat]ially f t j describ$4 ,! c$>-b>k canoes are 9 %ape mu* l "s ( our iron-clad rams1 hav+ project+ beaks1 or pr[s1 almo/ 9 a l9e ) _! keels4 ,! ,indian paddl+ "o ( ^! frail craft1 sits1 or r squats1 at "o extreme end ( ! bottom1 :i* has ! effect ( tilt+ ! b[ end up 9 ! air1 bury+ ! /]n end deeply 9 ! wat]4 ,! %>p tail-l po9t ?us imm]s$ seems to imp>t spe$ & capability ( evolution to a rem>kable degree2 mu* practice is requir$ be=e ! exact poise & adju/m5t ( weight are acquir$4 ,! ,indians1 :o half live 9 _! canoes1 manage !m ) extraord9>y dext]ity1 asc5d & desc5d rapid riv]s1 & cross wide /ret*es ( lake fe>lessly4 ,illu/ration ,! =m ( ^! canoes1 & ( ! b>k %eet us$ = mak+ !m1 is %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! mode ( s9k+ ! /]n ( a canoe is also _h rec\rse to by ! ,rock+ham ,bay savages1 :o manage ! s-call$ %oe canoe ) mu* skill4 ,! frame is ( r\gh wick]-"w1 ! cov]+ ( hide1 & ! two %ort %ovel-%ap$ paddles made use ( are %[n 9 our illu/ration4 ,a canoe ( ?is k9d is v easily made1 & is n difficult to manage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oe ,,canoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fuegian ,,canoe4 ,fuegian canoe4 ,we h j se5 a small canoe s5t f ,t]ra del ,fuego by ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,x is small1 & 0 paddl$ by a girl eight ye>s ( age2 x is *iefly int]e/+ z %[+ h[ small pieces ( b>k may be utilis$4 ,x is ab\t #h;ft4 long1 #bb;94 wide1 & #ah;94 or #bj;94 deep2 ! c5trepiece ( ! bottom is ne>ly #c;ft4 long & #aj;94 wide1 & to ?is are /it*$ two pieces1 ea* ab\t #d;ft4 long1 tap]+ to a po9t1 & curv+ upw>d to a high peak at ei!r end4 ,! sides are pieces ( b>k ne>ly #h;ft4 long & #ah;94 deep1 /raight on ! upp] edge1 & cut to ! curve ( ! bottom on ! l[]4 ,! :ole are /it*$ toge!r ) wood fibre1 = :i* sometimes /rips ( :alebone are sub/itut$1 & caulk$ ) ! fibre ( ! wild cel]y4 ,! boat is kept 9 %ape by ribs ( w9t] b>k twigs1 n ?ick] ?an ! little f+]1 & pack$ closely side by side ?r\gh ! :ole l5g?2 n9e small /icks la%$ a?w>t ! gunwales keep !m 9 _! prop] %ape1 & a %eet ( b>k mid%ips s]ves to su/a9 a pat* ( clay on :i* to keep a small fire4 ,a bundle ( weapons ( ! *ase accompany ?is canoe4 ,! spe>s are po9t$ ) bone1 & ! b>b$ "o us$ = fi% & cetaceans is only %ipp$ loosely into ! %aft1 to :i* x is atta*$ by a lany>d1 s z to rema9 fa/ dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! animal2 :ile t us$ = birds is s]rat$1 & is firmly fa/5$ into ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralian ,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,au/ralian b>k canoe4 ,! tea-tree b>k is sometimes us$ 9 ,au/ralia = canoes4 ,we h se5 a l5g? ( x r\ghly ti$ up at ! ends1 & /r5g!n$ a little by poles along ! gunwales1 9 use at ,moreton ,bay1 z %[n 9 our illu/ration4 ,x is j possible to make ! b>k ( ! gum tree answ] ! purpose 9 ! abs5ce ( bett] mat]ial4 ,we h (t5 se>*$ 9 ,africa = a tree ) b>k fit to make a canoe (1 b nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ "o4 ,along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 especially t[>ds ,torres ,/rait1 we frequ5tly fell 9 ) canoes1 "s ) outrigg]s & o!rs d\ble4 ,!y 7 g5]ally long /raight logs1 ( v little bread? or dep?2 & ! advantage ( ?is seem$ to be t ?\gh ! ripple w\ld frequ5tly wa% into !m1 yet1 if !y pit*$ ev] s little1 _! great l5g? & %all[ness w\ld tilt out ! great] portion ( ! wat]4 ,! outrigg]s 7 mo/ly logs ( wood %>p5$ at ei!r end1 & ) pegs set up 9 !m1 s t ! outrigg] beams might n dip into ! wat] & imp$e ! motion ( ! canoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mangrove ,,floats4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! ,victoria ,riv] we f\nd t ! natives 7 accu/om$ to support !mselves 9 cross+ on logs ( ! light mangrove wood1 ei!r s+ly or ti$ up 9 bundles4 ,! "p ne> ! roots seem$ to be ! fav\rite1 z ! /umps ( ! roots =m$ pegs on :i* to hang _! spe>s1 sk9s1 or o!r possessions4 ,! wood ( ! milk bu%1 :i* is ab\t half ! specific gravity ( cork1 is mu* us$ by ! natives ( equatorial ,africa = ! above purpose4 ,long canoes4 ,at ,%upanga1 on ! ,zambesi1 we h se5 dug-out canoes1 #ej;ft4 long & ab\t #e;ft4 wide & deep2 at all ev5ts1 a tall man /&+ beside !m did n /oop mu* :5 he re/$ 8 arms ^u ! gunwale4 ,^! 7 holl[$ & r\ghly %ap$ 9 _! native =e/s1 & haul$ along ne>ly ?irty miles1 on roll]s1 by ! long rope-l /ems ( ! v9es & creep]s common 9 tropical =e/s4 ,!y 7 made only = ! ,portuguese4 ,! upp] "p ( ! b[s exp&$ into a plat=m suffici5tly l>ge = ! *ief boatman to /& on1 :ile ! /]n 0 cut into an imitation ( a run & dead wood1 ) a c\ple ( holes 9 ! aft] "p1 to :i* a rudd] 0 secur$ by la%+s4 ,no?+ c be bett] = holl[+ a canoe ?an ! adze1 b our ,kroom5 us$ a broad spud or *isel on a /aff ab\t #f;ft4 long1 driv5 9 a mann] :i* w be be/ und]/ood by a glance at ! /atue ( ,mi*ael ov]?r[+ ,satan4 ,! ,krooman's me?od ( bal+ is *>act]i/ic4 ,%\ld ! canoe fill1 all h&s jump ov]bo>d1 seize ! gunwales1 & sally h] =e & aft till ! wat] flies out at ei!r end & leaves h] absolutely free4 ,we h se5 a canoeman1 ne> ,lake ,ngami1 walk to "o end ( 8 leaky craft &1 ?us depress+ x1 cause ! wat] to fl[ t[>ds him1 :51 mak+ 8 broad foot d duty = a scoop1 by a succession ( vigor\s kicks1 he soon _h 8 canoe z free z he desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,massoolah ,,boats4 ,massoolah boats4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 boats ( almo/ any size are built )\t metal fa/5+s1 & ! ,massoolah boat ( ,madras may be tak5 z a fair type ( ^? :i* are sewn or lac$ toge!r4 ,x w be se5 9 our illu/ration1 copi$ by p]mission f a model 9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum1 t ! bottom bo>ds are flat & =m an oval elongat$ & po9t$ at ! ends1 s t ! side planks curve naturally to meet ! /em & /]n-po/1 & give ! boat an easy %e]4 ,!y are sewn toge!r ) coir y>n 7or cocoa-nut husk fibre71 ! /it*es cross+ ov] a wadd+ ( coir or /raw1 :i* presses on ! seam & prev5ts mu* leakage4 ,!y are v ela/ic & give to ! %ock z !y take ! gr\nd 9 ! surf1 :i* runs sometimes ne>ly #af;ft4 high2 !y are f #cj;ft4 to #ce;ft4 long1 #aj;ft4 or #aa;ft4 wide1 & #g;ft4 or #h;ft4 9 dep?2 !y pull d\ble bank$1 six o>s on a side1 made ( long r\gh poles ) oval pieces ( bo>d la%$ on ! ends2 !y are /e]$ by an o>4 ,our illu/ration %[s also ! catam>an or log float1 on :i* ! natives w pass to & f ! %ore :5 no o!r craft1 n ev5 ! ,massoolah boat1 w\ld v5ture4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! m5 are !mselves ne>ly amphibi\s1 & c>e z little = be+ wa%$ (f _! rafts z s _m frogs2 :ile ! lett]s or small p>cels !y c>ry are kept dry only by be+ worn 9 a k9d ( oil-clo? turban4 ,illu/ration ,norwegian boats4 ,we h se5 v nice boats built 9 ,norway ) d[els in/ead ( nails2 !y 7 cl9k] built1 & ! d[els 7 ab\t #a_/b;941 or fully z ?ick z ! plank+4 ,a numb] ( rods1 f #c;ft4 to #d;ft4 long1 are plan$ up to ! requir$ size1 & cut into l5g?s say1 :5 two ?icknesses ( #a_/b;94 plank are to be cl9*$1 to #a-a_/b;941 or1 :5 ! two planks & a timb] ( p]haps #a;94 are to be fa/5$1 to #b-a_/b;941 s t bo? ends may project a little beyond ! wood !y are to fa/52 ! d[el is !n split at ea* end ) a %>p *isel1 tak+ c>e t ! cut is made at "r angles to ! gra9 ( ! plank or rib1 w$ges are driv5 91 & ! end1 be+ slightly spread out by ! use ( ! cl9* hamm]1 is trimm$ (f n too close2 ! w$ges %\ld be all neatly cut ) a f9e saw1 & by saw+ !m 9 bread?s f a bo>d1 & !n splitt+ !m to ! requir$ size1 lab\r may be greatly economis$4 ,! holes %\ld be bor$ ) a %>p c5tre-bit2 & if ! d[els fit tightly ! w$ges may be disp5s$ )1 z ! ends w spread suffici5tly "u ! cl9* hamm] )\t break+ ! gra94 ,9 build+1 if any difficulty %\ld be f\nd 9 draw+ d[n ! end ( ! plank to ! /em1 x w be advisable1 aft] hav+ fitt$ x c>efully1 to slack up ! c5tre1 let ! end come to its place1 fa/5 x1 & !n aga9 b5d ! plank d[nw>ds4 ,9 "s boats1 especially 9 ! navy1 ! planks d n run =e & aft1 b two ?9 lay]s are cross$ ov] ea* o!r diagonally1 & cl9*$ toge!r2 ?is leaves ! outside p]fectly smoo?1 & is p]haps ! /ronge/ kn[n me?od ( boat build+4 ,9 plan+ up ! edges ( planks1 c41 x is absolutely necess>y to h a vice ( "s k9d1 & no?+ is bett] ?an a tree vice1 unless y h a blacksmi?'s4 ,saw (f a "y tree f #f;94 to #h;94 ?ick1 at ab\t #c-a_/b;ft4 f ! gr\nd2 saw ! /ump d[n ! middle z l[ z y c2 b9d ! l[] "p tightly ) ?ongs ( raw hide to prev5t its splitt+1 !n ins]t w$ges to op5 ! upp] "p1 put y\r planks 91 )draw ! w$ges1 & x w hold tight en\gh4 ,x is z well to cut ! upp] "p ( ! op5+ suffici5tly wide to admit an in* plank1 z %ort pieces c easily be put 9 to fill up %\ld y wi% to hold a ?9n] "o4 ,illu/ration ,portable /eel boat4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! pr9ciple on :i* ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,"y's portable /eel boat = ! ,liv+/one ,se>* ,exp$ition 0 built2 & al?\gh1 z we !n said1 none b a skill$ workman c\ld hope to turn up ! edges ( a curv$ %eet ( metal1 we ?9k ! pr9ciple might be appli$ to a flat-bottom$ boat by m]ely snipp+ ! flanges at ! turn ( ! bilge1 & b5d+ upw>d ! sides at any conv5i5t angle2 by cutt+ ^! m & m diagonally f ! c5tre1 ! boat might be tap]$ to ea* end--n1 inde$1 9 a true curve1 b 9 a succession ( %ort /raight l9es1 :i* w\ld tol]ably repres5t "o4 ,illu/ration ,! numb] ( pieces compos+ ! ,se>*--! boat us$ 9 ! exp$ition s5t 9 que/ ( ,dr4 ,liv+/one--7 z foll[s3 ,?irty-six side pieces ( /eel1 ea* be+ a load = "o man2 ! mid%ip piece requir$ #b2 ! /]n piece1 #c2 ! b[ piece1 #c2 ! ma/1 #b2 ! boom1 #b2 ! sails1 #b2 *a9 cable1 #f2 an*or1 #a2 & ! :ole ) provisions1 luggage1 c41 made up #ahj loads4 ,capta9 ,faulkn]1 :o1 z a volunte]1 accompani$ ,mr4 ,"y on ! ,se>* ,exp$ition1 has det]m9$ on return+ ) a p>ty ( ard5t hunt]s & explor]s1 & an eng9e]1 to ,lake ,nyassa1 & = ?is purpose an iron /eam] has be5 built #ej;ft4 long1 #e-a_/b;ft4 deep1 & #aa-a_/b;ft4 broad4 ,! little craft1 appropriately nam$ ! ,faugh-a-ballagh1 is compos$ ( #ge sections1 put toge!r ) #hjjj screws1 s t %e may be c>ri$1 z 0 ! ,se>*1 pa/ ! rapids & cat>acts ( ! ,%ire ,riv]4 ,illu/ration ,am]ican life raft4 ,! ,am]ican life raft ,nonp>eil1 :i* rec5tly made ! voyage across ! ,atlantic1 may be tak5 z a successful application ( ! tubul> sy/em4 ,x w be se5 t %e 0 con/ruct$ ( ?ree p>allel inflatable tubes1 cov]$ ) /\t canvas1 connect$ by bread?s ( ! same1 & ) a rectangul> frame laid ov] all to support ! ma/s & rudd] fitt+s2 b ! sket* is introduc$ "h also to %[ ! use ( ! droge1 by :i* ! little craft may 9 effect be an*or$ 9 ! op5 sea1 or at lea/ may h h] drift effectually *eck$1 :ile ! sea itself is brok5 be=e x rea*es h]4 ,! droge 9 ! pres5t in/ance is ( canvas1 /ret*$ on a l>ge hoop ) f\r l9es1 s atta*$ to its circumf]5ce t :5 ! /ra9 comes on x x /&s v]tically 9 ! wat]1 & opposes ! resi/ance ( its entire surface4 ,! o>s or ma/1 & sails ( a boat1 w also answ] ?is purpose2 & we h he>d ( "o in/ance 9 :i* ! imp]ill$ crew add$ also a numb] ( ! sk9s ( fre%ly-kill$ seals1 ! oil work+ out ( :i* calm$ ! wat] = a consid]able di/ance4 ,x is necess>y to wat* ! l5g? ( ! sea1 s t ! boat may be ve]$ z f> f ! droge or raft z x w s]ve to protect h] aga9/ ! break+ waves4 ,we h he>d ! capta9 ( a vessel say t he w\ld nev] incur ! risk ( we>+ 9 a gale1 b w\ld r sacrifice "s sp> or piece ( lumb] to br+ ! %ip's head to ! w9d4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! haws] w\ld be c>ri$ r\nd f ! droge on ! wea!r b[1 "u ! bob/ays & b[sprit rigg+ to ! lee b[1 & f9ally to ! qu>t]2 ! droge w\ld be ?r[n ov]1 suffici5t l9e paid out1 & !n held on to till ! %ip's head came to ! w9d2 ! /ra9 w\ld be !n *ang$ = a mom5t to ! lee b[1 & !n to ! qu>t]1 :5ce x w\ld be cut away z ! %ip fell (f ^u ! o!r tack4 ,a sp> held by a haws] & bridle1 ) a /\t sail b5t to x--! clews1 or l[] corn]s1 be+ weight$ ) %ot1 lead1 or iron1 to make !m heavy--=ms an excell5t droge = a small craft to lie to "u4 ,tempor>y repairs ( vessels4 ,al?\gh ?is subject may seem almo/ beyond ! prov9ce ( our "w1 x is by no means improbable t explor]s may h to turn _! att5tion to x1 or t %ipwreck$ crews1 or dwell]s on a lonely coa/1 may h to repair or build small craft = !mselves4 ,we h se5 fir/-class waggons built by mission>ies1 & o!rs h built vessels2 & ! read] may rememb] ) advantage ! description giv5 by ,ulysses ( 8 lay+ d[n side by side t5 or a doz5 p9e trees m or less smoo!d (f z a f\ndation on :i* to build 8 upp] works4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,nor? ,au/ralian ,exp$ition1 we 7 asc5d+ ! ,victoria ,riv] ) our little s*oon]1 ! ,tom ,t\gh4 ,!re 0 little or no w9d1 & ) ! boat ahead t[+ & ! lead go+ we 7 drift+ up ) a /rong flood-tide1 & ! capta91 elat$ by success1 & anxi\s to make ! mo/ ( 8 opportunity1 kept go+ onw>d in/ead ( prud5tly an*or+ :ile ! tide 0 /ill ris+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 :5 ! vessel t\*$ ! gr\nd1 !re 0 no subsequ5t rise ( wat] to float h] (f2 inde$1 x 0 rem>k$ t ! wat] began to fall :ile ! tide 0 /ill runn+ upw>d1 & %e 0 left at l[ wat] on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #ahee1 on a mud bank1 ) h] b[s uncom=tably propp$ up by a project+ rock4 ,on ! #bi? %e float$2 b ! flood-tide 0 s ne>ly done1 t we _h no "t to *oose an an*orage1 & ! s*oon] gr\nd+ ) ! ebb1 p>t$ h] *a9 cable & heel$ ov] ) ! =ce ( ! tide till we c\ld b>ely /& ^u h] decks4 ,day aft] day ! s*oon] drift$ to & fro ^u ?is s&-bank1 sometimes mov+ a l5g? or two1 & sometimes only a few feet dur+ a tide2 ! s& sc\r$ out f b5ea? h] b[ & /]n1 leav+ holes ) #f;ft4 or m ( wat] !re1 :ile hillocks accumulat$ "u h] 9 mid%ip2 & ! s& seem$ to travel s ev5ly ) h]1 t ! usual crit]ion--a h& lead1 all[$ to trail ^u ! gr\nd--0 ( no s]vice 9 enabl+ u to e/imate ! di/ance %e _h mov$4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,octob] ! decks _h rift$1 ! comb+s ( ! ma9 hat* _h />t$ up1 ! />bo>d side betwe5 ! ma/s 0 hogg$ up #ah;941 & at ! turn ( ! bilge1 :]e ! floor timb]s jo9 ! ribs1 "o ( ! planks _h split = #ae;ft4 or m1 leav+ spaces into :i* ! flat h& might easily be pass$4 ,we laid broad /rips ( blanket & %eepsk9 well t>r$ on ! pr9cipal r5ts1 & nail$ ?9 planks ov] !m 7,fig4 #h1 p4 #agj71 b 9 ano!r day or two %e 0 j z bad on ! o!r side2 h] /]n 0 peak$ into ! air1 :ile h] b[s dipp$ ab\t #g;ft4 into a hole1 ! wat] p\r+ out ( ! fre% rift$ plank+ z ! tide fell4 ,! ma9ma/ rose up ?r\gh ! p>tn]s1 s t we 7 oblig$ to slack (f ! rigg+1 & x became a "q :e!r ! /an*ion "u ! ma9 hat* %\ld be knock$ away to prev5t its bur/+ up ! deck1 or :e!r x %\ld rema9 s t ! /r5g? ( ! deck might keep ! bottom a little long] f break+4 ,on ! #be? we aga9 float$1 aft] ne>ly a mon? ( /ra9+ to & fro ^u ! s&-banks1 & drift$ r ?an navigat$ ! vessel up to ! camp we _h e/abli%$ bel[ ,/eep-head4 ,capta9 ,g\rlay ) 8 crew1 & "s ( ! exp$ition m51 f\nd suitable trees "s little di/ance up ! riv] at ,timb] ,creek1 :i*1 h[ev]1 aft] a r excit+ adv5ture ) "s w&]+ natives1 acquir$ ! "n ( ,cut-,/ick ,creek in/ead4 ,two long heavy gum trees z /raight z possible 7 select$1 br\ght to ! vessel1 & laid z si/] keelsons 7,fig4 #b7 alongside ! real "o1 :i*1 z well z all ! orig9al framework1 is m>k$ ,fig4 #a 9 our illu/ration4 ,?ree or f\r pair ( heavy crooks1 ea* repres5t+ ! half ( a floor timb] 7,fig4 #c71 7 !n laid on ! inn] sk91 ) ! inn] ends abutt+ on ! si/] keelson1 & ! out] rea*+ up above ! junction ( ! ribs ) ! floor heads4 ,heavy rid]s 7,fig4 #d7 7 plac$ ^u !m cross+ ! ?ree keelsons1 & 7 secur$ by clamps 7,fig4 #e7 made ( ! tires ( our dray :eels1 :i* we _h no hope ( be+ able to put to _! prop] use4 ,be+ n[ above ! rise & fall ( ! tide we c\ld n bea* ! vessel1 &1 !re=e1 ! frame c\ld only be bolt$ to ! true sides above ! wat] l9e 7,fig4 #f71 b x 0 press$ d[n ^u ! bottom n only by its own weight b by /an*ions 7,fig4 #g7 betwe5 x & ! deck beams4 ,illu/ration ,! s*oon] be+ deta9$ = repairs1 x 0 decid$ to und]take an exp$ition to ! ,alb]t ,riv] 9 ! long boat2 & ?us1 by rea*+ ,mr4 ,gregory 9 "t to assure him t a vessel 0 com+1 prev5t 8 />t+ = ! colony ) insuffici5t supplies2 ,mr4 ,george ,phibbs1 ! ov]se] ( ! exp$ition1 & ,mr4 ,graham1 ! mate ( ! ,mess5g]1 volunte]+ = ! trip1 we comm5c$ our prep>ations4 ,! boat 0 clean$1 repa9t$1 ! leaks /opp$2 & two inflatable tubes 7 made1 ea* ( !m ( "o piece ( canvas1 #ad;ft4 long1 l9$ ) wat]pro($ calico1 fold$ s t ! two sides %\ld come toge!r1 a rope along ! seam1 ) eyes turn$ 9 at ! corn]s1 to make x fa/ by1 &1 ) "o ( ! screw valves f our worn-out boat 7p4 #dh71 let into ! aft] end1 to receive ! nozzle ( ! bell[s4 ,^! we at fir/ int5d$ to /ret* b5ea? ! ?w>ts1 inside1 b ev5tually lac$ !m outside ea* gunwale1 :]e !y 7 less 9 ! way1 &1 :5 kept 9 a /ate ( semi-inflation1 project$ suffici5tly to prev5t a great deal ( ! ripple ( ! sea wa%+ into ! boat1 & ?is advantage we made ! mo/ ( :5 we 7 fairly at sea1 by fitt+ light bamboo /an*ions =w>d1 & secur+ ! tubes to !m1 s z to make a k9d ( rais$ wa% /reak r\nd ! b[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,inflat$ ,,tubes4 ,we left ! vessel on ! #bcrd ( ,octob] (f ,new ,ye>'s ,isl&1 & at fir/ _h f9e wea!r ) good work+ breezes1 b 9 a few days /rong adv]se gales came on4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] we work$ all day claw+ (f a lee %ore1 ! sea rag+ furi\sly ov] ! %all[ bottom2 b our boat1 ?\gh only #ah;ft4 long & #f;ft4 beam1 behav$ well1 & we wea!r$ ! rocks by less ?an a qu>t] ( a mile aft] sunset4 ,d>kness came on at once1 &1 z we d>e n run 9 = %elt]1 we made ! boat snug & hove to "u =esail & ma9sail all night4 ,we ran ?r\gh betwe5 ! ,crocodile isl&s1 ! cre/ ( ! %ort sea beh9d u foam+ ar\nd our qu>t]s1 :ile our b[sprit 0 actually dipp+ 9 ! next1 & began to fe> t we %\ld h to pass ! isl&s )\t f9d+ a %elt]1 :5 ,phibbs volunte]$ to swim a%ore4 ,we let g our c>ronade z an an*or1 & ran 9 to ! full l5g? ( ! l9e2 he sprang ov]bo>d1 & ) "s difficulty rea*$ ! %ore1 :]e he soon f\nd a quiet little nook to :i* he beckon$ u to /e]4 ,we w only add t on ! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 aft] hav+ sail$ ne>ly #gej miles1 we rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,alb]t ,riv]1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia4 ,sails & _! sub/itutes4 ,we _c dismiss ! subject ( boats )\t app5d+ a few rem>ks on su* simple =ms ( sails z are likely to be ( s]vice 9 su* small craft z a travell] might possess1 & we %all take1 z ! maximum1 "o ( ^? swift & h&y =e & aft s*oon]s 9 :i* ! ,am]icans pu% _! trade 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,ea* l[] ma/ & topma/ w\ld mo/ likely be 9 "o piece1 comb9+ great /r5g? ) neatness1 & obviat+ ! necessity = mu* /ay+4 ,! b[sprit is also ( a s+le piece2 ! sails are a jib f ! =ema/ head to ! b[sprit end1 a =e/aysail set to ! /em head1 a =esail & ma9sail on gaffs made to l[] :5 ! sail is reef$ or tak5 92 ! foot ( ! ma9sail is always ext5d$ by a boom1 & t ( ! =esail sometimes2 if !y are lac$ to ! boom1 z 9 ! ya*t ,am]ica1 :i* _h booms ev5 to ! foot ( h] jibs1 ! sails sit flatt] & bett] on a w9d1 b if !y are n1 !re is ! advantage ( be+ able to r$uce ! sails )\t ! tr\ble ( reef+1 by tric+ up ! foot2 gaff topsails may be ei!r jib-head$1 l ! =e1 or on a gaff1 l ! ma91 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ma9/ay causes "s little difficulty2 if x goes f ma/ to ma/1 ! tack & %eet ( ! =e gaff topsail mu/ be pass$ ov] to leew>d ( x :5 ! vessel goes ab\t2 if x leads d[n to ! deck !re mu/ be two p>ts1 "o on ea* side ! =esail1 & ! lee "o ought to be slack$1 & ! wea!r "o set up on ea* tack4 ,if a =ey>d1 or r a cross-jack1 is c>ri$1 a fly+ squ>esail1 half ! wid? ( ! y>d1 may be s5t up on ! wea!r side1 & a topsail may be set 9 ! same mann]1 ! =e & aft sails supply+ canvas en\gh on ! lee side4 ,! cutt] 7,no4 #b7 has a jib1 a =esail on ! /ay1 & a ma9sail2 ! jib topsail runs ) grummets on ! topma/ /ay1 b ! haly>ds only rea* ! l[]ma/ head2 a lug-head$ gaff topsail gives opportunity = a great] spread ( canvas4 ,! boat 7,no4 #c7 is rigg$ ) =esail & spritsail4 ,an eye 9 ! peak ( ! latt] receives ! upp] po9t ( ! sprit1 :ile ! l[] end is set into ! eye ( a snort]1 a bight ( rope pass+ r\nd ! ma/ & tight5$ *iefly by ! /ra9 ( ! sail ^u x4 ,sometimes x is pu%$ up by h& :ile ! sail %akes1 s z to set x prop]ly up1 b x is bett] to h a small tackle z se5 on page #aga to set x up )4 ,illu/ration3 #a-d ,no4 #d has %\ld]-(-mutton sails1 ! peaks ( :i* are b5t on to small tap] y>ds :i* slide up & d[n on & abaft ! l[] ma/s l gunt] topma/s2 ?is facilitates ! reef+ ( ! sails1 & also ! sett+ ( ! jib f ! =ema/ head4 ,no4 #e is a lugg]1 ! y>ds are slung 9 ! ?irds1 ! %orte/ & ?icke/ arm is =w>d1 & ! longe/ tap]s aft2 ! =emo/ lea* ( ! sail is v /rongly rop$1 s t ! tack holds d[n ! =e>m & elevates ! peak4 ,sometimes 9 well-mann$ vessels ! lugs are dipp$ s z to pass to leew>d ( ! ma/ :5ev] !y g ab\t1 & 9 ?is case ! tack may be b[s$ d[n consid]ably 9 front ( ! ma/ & a l>ge sail c>ri$2 b 9 %ort-h&$ craft ! tacks are br\ght d[n to ! ma/1 & ! =esail & miz5 are set on "o side & ! ma9sail on ! o!r1 & are n dipp$4 ,! aft] lea* ( ! jib mu/ be cut s z to g cle> ( ! =ey>d1 ! topma/s to slide abaft ! l[] ma/s2 & !re is always "s difficulty 9 sett+ a =e topsail1 z !re mu/ ei!r be a d\ble tack to pass ! sail ov] ! jib haly>d 9 go+ ab\t1 or its =e lea* mu/ rema9 to leew>d ( x4 ,! late5 7,no4 #f7 has triangul> sails ) v long tap] y>ds1 ! head & =e lea* becom+ "o2 inde$1 if !re be any di/9ct =e lea*1 ! sail becomes an ill-%ap$ lug1 & n a late54 ,! ma/s are some:at %ort2 sometimes m]e /umps1 b !n ! haly>ds & ! tacks mu/ be enorm\sly /rong to c\nt]poise ! imm5se l5g? ( ! y>d4 ,! proa sail 7,figs4 #g & #h1 p4 #agc71 a triangle spread ^u two bamboos1 hit*$ ^u a /ump ma/ 9 small boats1 we h describ$ at p4 #ace4 ,no4 #i is a modification ( x1 by :i* a boat sets jib & ma9sail 9 "o1 ! angle =m$ by ! y>d & boom becomes m acute at ea* reef z indicat$ by ! l9es4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 h[ev]1 to "w ! boat )\t a small miz5 to help h] r\nd 9 /ay+4 ,no4 #aj is ! %\ld]-(-mutton sail1 set on a s+le tap] y>d or ma/4 ,illu/ration ,palm leaves are sometimes us$ z sails2 our sket* repres5ts ?ree or m cocoanut leaves1 s wov5 toge!r z to pres5t a surface to receive ! w9d4 ,blankets & articles ( clo?+ are us$ 9 em]g5cies4 ,o>s are set up1 & a boat w ga!r consid]able way "u !m4 ,planks1 ! broad] & flatt] ! bett]1 are excell5t sub/itutes1 & may be trimm$ at pleasure4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 h[ev] graceful 9 art & poetry ! belly+ canvas may be1 ! *ief object ( ! sailmak] is to get x to sit l a bo>d4 ,illu/ration ,reef+ ( sails f ! sides4 ,sometimes :5 a sail is split1 or o!rwise r5d]$ uns]viceable1 x is desirable to use ano!r = a sub/itute )\t spoil+ x by cutt+4 ,we rememb] read+ ( a vessel 9 :i* ! topsail 0 split 9 a heavy gale2 a sp>e =esail 0 got out & /\t b&s sew$ on x1 f ! clews to ! reef-b&1 dim9i%+ upw>ds to ! wid? ! topsail head ought to be2 eyelet holes 7 work$ 91 po9ts or lac+s ins]t$1 & ! sail1 ?us r$uc$1 s5t up to d duty z a topsail4 ,illu/ration ,capta9 7n[ ,admiral ,sir ,e47 ,bel*]1 :5 9 comm& ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,sulphur1 made use ( a v clev] exp$i5t = imp>t+ motion to 8 vessel :5 ! w9d fail$4 ,he con/ruct$ a c\ple ( bolts1 ) /\t umbrella framework cov]$ ) canvas at _! heads1 & ) _! butts s ?ick5$ z to fit loosely into ! b[ guns4 ,a l9e 0 atta*$ to ea* butt1 & "o 0 giv5 9 *>ge to ! port & ! o!r to ! />bo>d wat*2 ! fir/ 0 fir$ to a good di/ance ahead1 & z soon z ! l9e 0 haul$ ^u ! frame exp&$ & oppos$ its full resi/ance1 s t1 z x c\ld n be drawn backw>ds ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! vessel mu/ beg9 to move4 ,be=e ?is 0 haul$ 9 ! next 0 fir$1 ! %ip w\ld increase h] rate ( progress1 &1 ! impetus be+ once acquir$1 %e w\ld hold h] way1 s t ev5tually ! m5 w\ld h little m to d ?an ga!r 9 ! slack ( ! l9e4 ,no sailor likes ! inaction ( a calm1 & besides ?is ! capta9 _h judg$ rightly 9 excit+ ! emulation ( 8 m5 by giv+ "o to ea* wat*1 & fur!r /imulat+ x by an occasional glass ( grog to ! h>de/ work+ side1 s t ! cry ( ! port wat* w\ld be1 ,haul away1 & run h] up to ! umbrella be=e ! />b[l9es get !irs laid out1 & vice v]s1 till sometimes a spe$ ( f\r knots an h\r 0 obta9$4 ,?us 0 ! good %ip haul$ out ( _m a belt ( calms1 & br\ght into ! region ( ! w9ds1 :i* might be only a few miles di/ant1 :ile o!r vessels n s provid$ might h la9 becalm$ = weeks2 & n only ?is1 b h] position 9 a bay or an*orage c\ld be %ift$ at pleasure1 & %e became almo/ indep5d5t ( w9d or extrane\s assi/ance by ?is +5i\s exp$i5t4 ,paddles work$ by mill sails h be5 propos$2 b ( ^! x w be suffici5t to rem>k t ! p[] ( ! paddles to drive ! vessel's head to w9d w be less ?an t ( ! w9d to drive h] backw>d by ! full am\nt ( all t is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! friction ( ! ma*9]y2 9 e o!r position ! w9d on ! sails w\ld d its "w )\t ! paddles4 ,h9ts 9 em]g5cies4 ,a ,prussian vessel1 ) ! leaks ga9+ on h] & h] crew exhau/$1 0 sav$ by la%+ a sp> across ! ma9ma/1 ) "o end project+ ov]bo>d ) a b>rel half full ( wat] fa/ to x1 s z to rise & fall ) ! sea4 ,! pump brakes 7 made fa/ to ! sp>1 & ! vessel 0 ?us kept afloat1 :ile ! crew 7 reliev$ f _! lab\r4 ,a boat has be5 kn[n to come a%ore safe ?r\gh a heavy sea by means ( a h&ful ( oil judici\sly ?r[n ov] by "o ( ! m5 :5ev] a wave ?reat5$ to break ne> h]2 & ,capta9 ,basil ,hall relates h[ "o ( 8 boats 0 hove to all night "u a droge ( all h] sp>s & sails & two or ?ree seal sk9s1 ! oil ( :i* work+ out calm$ ! wat] = a consid]able di/ance4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d might be indef9itely multipli$2 b we note only a few z sugge/ions4 ,no am\nt t we c\ld give w\ld supply ! want ( pres5ce ( m9d & ! ready p[] ( adapt+ ! means at h& to ! em]g5cy4 ,our space w n all[ u to g into all ! details ( boat sail+1 b we mu/ f9d room = "o or two g5]al rules4 ,9 seek+ to l& ?r\gh break]s1 :i* mu/ always be effect$ by ! o>s1 wait j outside !m till y f9d ! heavie/ roll] com+ 92 !n give way1 & come 9 ^u x1 ) y\r boat's b[ all b ov]hang+ its cre/1 &1 z x l&s1 y jump out & haul y\r boat beyond ! p[] ( its reflux4 ,"s crews are 9 ! habit ( giv+ two or ?ree p[]ful /rokes j be=e !y rea* ! %ore1 & !n pit*+ _! o>s simultane\sly z f> f !m z possible1 pick+ !m up aga9 :5 !y h secur$ _! boat4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to "k t !re is no curr5t to set ! o>s out to sea be=e do+ ?is4 ,9 com+ (f face ! break]s boldly1 b judici\sly wat* ! small] waves1 & give h] good way ?r\gh !m4 ,keep y\r boat's head on to ! sea1 & nev] let h] take a break] m ?an two po9ts on ei!r b[4 ,trim ! sails s t :5 br\ght to ! w9d ! boat w v ne>ly /e] h]self1 & %e w atta9 h] utmo/ spe$4 ,! action ( ! rudd] has always a slightly-ret>d+ influ5ce1 b if !re is any want ( balance let x be on ! side ( ard5cy or t5d5cy to fly up 9 ! w9d1 s t %e may c>ry a little wea!r helm r ?an want help+ up by a lee "o1 & ?us1 9 case ( sudd5 squalls1 ! boat w1 z if by in/9ct1 obey ! fir/ t\* ( ! lee helm1 &1 %ak+ ! w9d out ( h] sails1 w "r h]self4 ,! ma9 %eet ( an op5 boat %\ld nev] be made fa/1 b held ei!r by ! /e]sman1 or "s "o ne> him1 9 read9ess to ease (f4 ,a squall seldom comes s sudd5ly t ! fir/ puff1 if well wat*$1 w n help ! boat into ! w9d be=e ! full /r5g? comes2 b on ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia we h kn[n a squall come s sudd5ly ?r\gh ! dead calm ( ! night t x /ruck u at once l a bl[ f a sl$ge-hamm]1 &1 ?\gh we _h tak5 all ! usual precautions1 ! sea 0 p\r+ l a jet-black cat>act fleck$ ) diamonds ov] #h;ft4 ( ! lee gunwale be=e ! boat came to ! w9d2 & we w\ld say1 !re=e1 if !re is n an air to br+ ! boat's head up :5 y expect a squall1 help h] ) ! sweep ( an o> into ! be/ position to receive x4 ,if y want to c>ry on sail d n attempt to /iff5 ! boat by mak+ all ! crew sit to w9dw>d2 =1 %\ld ! ma/ break1 z is n unlikely ) ! increas$ /ra91 no?+ c prev5t h] capsiz+2 let !m sit 9 ! bottom4 ,9 ! way ( balla/1 no?+ c be bett] ?an bags ne>ly fill$ ) fre% wat]4 ,!y w assume ! =m ( any place y want to /[ !m 91 & w n s9k ! boat if %e %\ld fill2 9 fact1 be+ light] ?an salt wat]1 !y w\ld imp>t a trifl+ buoyancy4 ,tempor>y rudd]s4 ,! loss ( ! rudd]1 an accid5t :i* is by no means s unfrequ5t at sea z may be imag9$1 involves also1 = a "t at lea/1 ! loss ( control ov] ! vessel's c\rse4 ,ev5 9 ! op5 sea ?is mu/ be att5d$ ) consid]able p]il2 b :5 x happ5s 9 ! vic9ity ( rocks or %oals1 & ! vessel has n sea-room1 ! dang] becomes appall+4 ,! c>eful & vigilant trimm+ ( ! sails is ! readie/ means ( rega9+ comm& ( ! vessel1 & we believe ! ,wag] 0 extricat$ f a mo/ p]il\s position by ?is alone2 b x is a "w ( imm5se lab\r1 & h>asses ! crew sev]ely4 ,a /ream cable pay$ out a/]n1 & ve]$ to ei!r qu>t]1 is sometimes us$2 or1 if ! accid5t %\ld occur 9 mod]ate wea!r1 by /rik+ on a b>1 ! jolly boat ) ! plug out may be l[]$ & t[$ a/]n1 b bo? ^! plans *eck ! spe$ ( ! vessel1 & are only useful :5 !y c be made to imp$e "o side m ?an ! o!r2 & t ?is is n ! true pr9ciple ( /e]+ is kn[n to e but*]'s boy1 :o apologises = we>+ b "o spur by say+ if "o side ( 8 horse goes ! o!r mu/4 ,! rudd] may be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ! keel1 capable ( mov+ on a h+e to an angle ( #bb-a_/b on ei!r side1 & :5 ! vessel moves =w>d1 & ! helm1 = in/ance1 is put to port1 ! wat] imp++ on ! />bo>d side ( ! rudd] is reflect$ f x at an equal squ>e to t ( its incid5ce1 & ! result+ =ce t5ds to drive ! /]n to port & incl9e ! head to />bo>d4 ,b z ! =ce acts 9 ! direction ( a l9e midway betwe5 ! angles ( incid5ce & ( reflection1 x has also a ret>d+ t5d5cy1 & if ! helm 7 put ov] to an angle ( #de ! great] "p ( ! p[] w\ld be exp5d$ 9 /opp+ r ?an 9 /e]+ ! vessel4 ,if a %ip c\ld be made s flexible z to be conv]t$ l a fi% into ! segm5t ( a circle ei!r way at pleasure1 ! v p]fection ( /e]+ w\ld be atta9$1 & ! rudd] is m]ely ! be/ imitation ( ?is t c be devis$4 ,illu/ration ,our illu/ration %[s "o exp$i5t = ! rem$y ( ! mis=tunes we h nam$4 ,a w>p or cable is fak$ d[n ^u ! deck 9 l5g?s equal to t ( ! requir$ rudd]1 all ! p>ts are !n s closely press$ toge!r t x resembles a bo>d ( ! requir$ bread?2 x is !n /iff5$ by longitud9al & cross b>s1 a weight is atta*$ to ! bottom1 & a till] projects aft1 f ! extremity ( :i* ! /e]+ tackles 7,a7 lead 9 ov] ea* qu>t]4 ,:5 l[]$ into its place1 ! heel is conf9$ to ! /]n-po/ by *a9s or haws]s lead+ to ! gangway on ei!r side1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance ropes are reev$ ?r\gh ! gudgeons on ! /]n-po/4 ,sometimes two p>ts ( ! cable are left long] ?an ! re/ to come up ! rudd] trunk & =m ! neck ( ! rudd]1 a %ort sp> pass$ ?r\gh ! bight on deck s]ves to susp5d ! :ole4 ,v frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 :5 ! rudd] goes1 ! gudgeons1 & p]haps also "p ( ! /]n-po/1 are c>ri$ away1 & x !n becomes necess>y to devise "s plan :i* %all supply _! loss4 ,illu/ration ,sev]al exp$i5ts are giv5 9 ! ,nautical ,magaz9e = #ahcf1 & f ^! we extract two or ?ree examples4 ,a sp>1 su* z ! spank]-boom or jibboom1 is fir/ pass$ ov] ! /]n1 secur$ to ! c5tre ( ! taffrail by tempor>y p>tn]s1 & to ! heel ( ! /]n-po/ by /\t guys lead+ =w>d to ! gangways on ei!r side2 ! gaff is !n fitt$ on ?is1 j z x w\ld be on a ma/1 & "o ( ! smalle/ & /\te/ /orm /aysails is lac$1 ) ! head d[nw>ds1 to ! upright sp>1 & also to ! gaff1 ! foot ( ! sail be+ cut (f1 if x be too l>ge4 ,x is !n haul$ d[n to ! l[] end by a haly>d previ\sly reev$1 & ! gaff1 :i* %\ld g a little bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 is hoi/$ until ! sail sits z flat z a bo>d4 ,if great] p[] is ?\ght necess>y1 ! out] end ( ! gaff c be sawn v]tically d[n ! c5tre1 & bo>ds cl9*$ 91 z %[n 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #c72 or ei!r ! sail or bo>ds might be us$ sep>ately4 ,! %ip is /e]$ by guys lead+ f ne> ! end ( ! gaff ov] ea* qu>t]4 ,sometimes ! pr9ciple ( ! /e]+ o> is adopt$3 a sp>1 ) planks fa/5$ on its out] end1 is got ov]1 & ! =emo/ end is fitt$ to ! /]n by r+-bolts or la%+s1 s z to all[ x to "w freely )\t too mu* play4 ,! out] end is kept d[n ei!r by a l[] guy or by a piece ( pig balla/ or o!r weight2 & if a topp+-lift be atta*$1 lead+ to a boom ov] ! /]n & !nce to ! miz5 topma/-head1 ! o> may be lift$ out ( ! wat] :5 "o /roke has be5 complet$1 c>ri$ back aga9 to ! o!r side1 & ?us br+ ! %ip's head r\nd by a succession ( sweeps4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to make a tempor>y /]n-po/1 & ! sp>e l[] cap 7:i*1 h[ev]1 we may rem>k1 is g5]ally /[$ away :]e x is lea/ likely to be f\nd on an em]g5cy7 c be fitt$ on ?is by enl>g+ ! ma/head hole & secur+ x1 z be=e1 by l[] guys4 ,a topma/1 ) its heel upw>ds1 may be pass$ d[n ?r\gh x1 & su* additional sp>s or plank+ bolt$ on z w give ! ne$ful increase ( bread?4 ,! surface %\ld be z smoo? z circum/ances p]mit1 s t ! wat] may glance (f readily2 ! fid-hole w !n receive ! till]1 b ! sp> mu/ be well b&$ or la%$ r\nd to prev5t its splitt+ ) ! /ra91 or p]haps break+ (f :]e ! %eave-hole weak5s x4 ,illu/ration ,sc>f+ or fi%+ ( brok5 sp>s4 ,! capta9 ( our batt]$ little vessel _h always "s r\gh & ready exp$i5t at 8 f+]-ends4 ,:5 "o ( ! iron davits ( ! qu>t] boat 0 b5t by a collision1 he extemporis$ a =ge ) "s pig balla/1 on deck1 &1 ?\gh ! planks b5ea? 7 some:at scor*$1 he r5d]$ ! davit aga9 effective4 ,once1 :5 runn+ be=e ! w9d1 ! ma9sail jib$ 9 consequ5ce ( c>eless /e]+1 & ! boom1 be+ fa/5$ by a lazy guy1 a slov5ly %ift a little too common among u1 broke %ort (f2 h[ev]1 a good /\t plank 0 f\nd1 cut into f\r pieces1 :i* 7 laid r\nd ! fractur$ "p s z to inclose x 9 a k9d ( pack+-case1 ( :i* ! f\r sides did n meet at _! edges2 woold+s ( rope 7 pass$ r\nd at int]vals & tight5$ by driv+ 9 w$ges1 & ! boom1 ?\gh some:at clumsy1 0 aga9 fit = duty4 7,see illu/ration47 ,if a sp>1 ) bo? ends alike1 breaks at ei!r end1 a v neat & effective sc>f may be made by saw+ x d[n ! c5tre & rev]s+ ! two p>ts1 end = end1 s t ! fracture 9 "o half may come aga9/ ! unbrok5 "p ( ! o!r1 z 9 our sket* 7p4 #aha74 ,if ! fracture is long1 !re may be no ne$ = t unsightly app5dage call$ a fi%1 &1 ev5 if x is %ort1 a v small "o w s]ve ! purpose4 ,illu/ration ,if a ma/ breaks1 mu* above ! deck1 x may be aga9 us$1 ) little or no dim9ution ( its /r5g?1 by rev]s+ x1 & /epp+ :at us$ to be ! ma/head ^u ! keelson1 s t ! fractur$ "p may come bel[ ! deck1 :ile t :i* 0 ! heel is %ap$ & fitt$ to become ! head4 ,x w be evid5t f ! sket*es we give t 9 a %ip ) a v deep hold1 :]e v ne>ly half ! ma/ is bel[ ! deck1 ?is plan is m likely to be ( s]vice ?an 9 a %all[ "o1 :]e ! "p bel[ be>s b a small proportion to t above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kites4 ,z a sub/itute or z an auxili>y to ! common sails1 or z a means ( s5d+ up a signal or effect+ communication betwe5 a %ip & a lee %ore1 a kite ( suffici5t p[] w\ld frequ5tly be useful4 ,e voyag] kn[s h[ frequ5tly all ! l[] & l>g] sails ( a vessel are becalm$1 ! upp]mo/ & smalle/ cat*+ only a g5tle air1 :ile at a little height above !m ! w9d1 z indicat$ by ! fleecy cl\ds1 may be bl[+ mu* m briskly4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ev5 ! fly+ kites1 z ! upp] sails are figuratively call$1 h become useless1 real kites fly+ at a suffici5t elevation w\ld d good s]vice2 & ev5 ?\gh ! w9d might n be fair1 /ill s long z x 0 a little abaft ! beam ! vessel might be /e]$ to h] c\rse4 ,"o ?+ mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 & t is1 t :5 x has once fall5 calm bel[ ! kites _c be rais$ to ! breeze t is bl[+ above1 !re=e x w\ld be well ei!r to s5d !m up be=e ! breeze fails1 or at lea/ to s5d up 9 prep>ation a small "o1 to ! l9e ( :i* ! l>g] c\ld be hit*$1 & j]k$ cle> :5 x _h be5 c>ri$ to a suffici5t altitude4 ,a kite ( #ab;ft4 9 height spreads ab\t #ej;ft4 squ>e ( canvas1 & w pull1 9 a fre% breeze1 ) a /r5g? ( ab\t #bjjlb41 if ! height 7 d\bl$ ! /r5g? w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be f\rfold2 & z x w\ld act z a lift+ or buoyant in/ead ( a depress+ sail1 ! only risk 9 c>ry+ on w\ld be ! p>t+ ( ! l9e connect+ x ) ! vessel2 on ?is acc\nt x w\ld be ! be/ possible =m ( sail to rig 9 an op5 & ov]-cr[d$ boat :5 leav+ a wreck1 = its t5d5cy w\ld be to lift ! b[s ov] ! seas in/ead ( depress+ !m4 ,& ev5 if a man ab\t to risk ! passage by swimm+ f a /r&$ %ip to a lee %ore c\ld s5d up a small kite1 su* z he c\ld make ) a cotton %irt1 a c\ple ( /icks1 & a few fa?oms ( fi%+ l9e1 x w\ld mo/ likely buoy him ov] ! cre/s ( ! break]s 9 :i* he w\ld o!rwise be ov]:elm$4 ,b ! greate/ objection to ! g5]al use ( ! kite is1 t 9 ! usual mode ( fly+ we h no comm& ( x except t ( lett+ x g high] or haul+ x 9 at ! risk ( break+ ! l9e2 ?is has be5 met by a v +5i\s inv5tion1 & al?\gh x is pat5t$1 we ?9k t we may d ! public "s s]vice1 & ,mr4 ,pocock1 ! pat5tee1 no h>m1 by describ+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pocock',s ,,kite4 ,! common =m ( kite is be/4 ,! /&>d is made into two or ?ree equal l5g?s1 connect$ ei!r by fi%+-rod1 by t5t-pole1 or by p>asol jo9ts2 ! w+s h h+es at ! head ( ! /&>d1 &1 if l>ge1 jo9ts 9 ea* p9ion4 ,! flight b& consi/s ( two l9es1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* has an eye ^u x ?r\gh :i* ! l[]1 call$ ! brace l9e1 reeves1 & bo? come d[n to ! h& ( ! conductor1 & by ^! ! deviation ( ! /&>d f ! p]p5dicul> is controll$4 ,by haul+ on ! brace l9e ! surface is oppos$ fairly to ! full /r5g? ( ! w9d 7,fig4 #a72 by slack5+ x ! kite floats m horizontally1 all[+ ! w9d to pass g5tly b5ea? x1 s t ev5 9 ! /ronge/ gale ! p[] may be regulat$ at pleasure 7,fig4 #c74 ,! p[] may be increas$ by back+ ! fir/ ) a second kite z 9 ,fig4 #b1 all ! l9es ( ! second kite be+ made fa/ to _! correspond+ places on ! fir/1 s t bo? assume ! same relative position 9 all cases4 ,two small] l9es f ! w+s1 also pass+ ?r\gh eyes on ! upp] l9e1 act z braces by :i* to trim ! kite ^u a w9d2 & x appe>s f a diagram giv5 by ! inv5tor t a vessel brac$ %>p up w lie )9 ab\t five & a half po9ts ( ! w9d1 or z close z mo/ vessels c ) _! usual sails1 &1 !re=e1 may turn to w9dw>d4 ,) a kite ! op]ation ( tack+ w\ld be v easy4 ,ev5 %\ld ! boat n answ] h] helm1 ! kite l9e tak5 aft w\ld br+ h] head up to ! w9d1 &1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd on ! o!r qu>t]1 & aga9 =w>d to its prop] place1 w\ld help h] to h] prop] c\rse2 & 9 manoeuvr+ ! abs5ce ( ma/s w\ld be an advantage r ?an n4 ,a c>riage ) ! =e :eels capable ( be+ turn$ by a till] w\ld also turn to w9dw>d1 & ! draught p[] might be increas$ at pleasure by back+ "o kite ) ano!r1 ! connect+ l9es all be+ fa/5$ 9 _! prop] places1 z 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #ahc71 s t :atev] *ange ( position 0 imp>t$ to ! l[]mo/ kite might be also assum$ by all t 7 h>ness$ to x4 ,signals by day or night might be s5t up ) great facility by hit*+ ! haly>d block ^u any "p ( ! kite l9e1 :5 ! flags or lant]ns might be s5t f> above any sp>s or sails t c\ld ob/ruct ! view ( !m4 ,9 case ( %ipwreck1 ev5 a common kite extemporis$ ) ! r\ghe/ mat]ials w\ld v g5]ally be useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s5d+ ,,l9e ,,f ,,wreck ,,to ,,lee ,,%ore ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,kite4 ,:5 ! %ip is on a lee %ore1 a common kite1 fl[n f on bo>d1 c\ld n fail to br+ a l9e to l&1 &1 ) ?is communication once e/abli%$1 all h&s c\ld probably be sav$4 ,_! own boat might be ve]$ a%ore1 or ! m5 sl+ !mselves ) grummets & w>p !mselves h& ov] h&2 or if pass5g]s are on bo>d1 a cot or hammock1 slung to not*$ blocks runn+ on a haws] ) a l9e to haul x back to ! vessel1 & "o to br+ x aga9 t[>ds ! %ore1 might be employ$4 ,b ) kites rigg$ z we h describ$1 !re w\ld h be5 a great] *ance ( safety1 = !y may be brac$ to fly ?ree & a half po9ts ei!r way f ! direction ( ! w9d1 & if !y are employ$ to c>ry a grapnel or small k$ge1 !y may be brac$ & ve]$ )9 a limit ( sev5 po9ts ( ! compass t[>ds a suitable spot2 may be l[]$ gradually by ! slack+ ( ! brace l9e1 &1 if ! hold is n good1 aga9 elevat$ by haul+ x 91 to drop ! an*or 9 a m suitable spot4 ,9 our full-page illu/ration ! extemporis$ kite is n s completely rigg$1 b ! flight l9e is l$ ?r\gh a block1 s t ! wreck$ crew c\ld make fa/ to "o end a /rong] l9e2 &1 hav+ haul$ t ?r\gh1 c\ld next b5d on a suffici5tly /\t haws]4 ,! inv5tor /ates t he has travell$ 9 a c>riage1 at tw5ty miles p] h\r2 t a boat s drawn outsail$ ! spe$ie/ vessels ( ! usual rig2 t a lady asc5d$ to a height ( a hundr$ y>ds2 & t 8 son1 ) a #cj;ft4 kite1 scal$ a cliff #bjj;ft4 high4 ,?o ma9 & brace l9e ( a kite ( ?is size 7 #a_/b;94 9 diamet]1 ! braces 7prop]7 7 some:at small]4 ,! discov]y t a /atue once /ood on ,pompey's ,pill> 0 made by "s m]*ant capta9s :o asc5d$ x by means ( a l9e c>ri$ ov] by a kite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wea!r signs4 ,! canoe or boat voyag] %\ld at all times pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! in/ructions :i* =etell ! approa* ( /orms2 ^! are n at all times s unmi/akable z to enable him to surely c\nt on ! k9d ( day or night :i* he has to pass ?r\gh2 /ill1 ! rem>ks ( ! late ,admiral ,fitzroy1 publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 are ( mu* practical value3 ,:e!r cle> or cl\dy1 a rosy sky at sunset presages f9e wea!r2 a r$ sky 9 ! morn+1 bad wea!r1 or mu* w9d 7p]haps ra972 a grey sky 9 ! morn+1 f9e wea!r2 a high dawn1 w9d2 a l[ dawn1 fair wea!r4 ,s(t-look+ or delicate cl\ds =etell f9e wea!r1 ) mod]ate or light breezes2 h>d-edg$ oily-look+ cl\ds1 w9d4 ,a d>k1 gloomy blue sky is w9dy2 b a light1 bright blue sky indicates f9e wea!r4 ,g5]ally1 ! s(t] ! cl\ds look1 ! less w9d 7b1 p]haps1 m ra97 may be expect$2 & ! h>d]1 m 'greasy1' roll$1 tuft$1 or ragg$1 ! /rong] ! com+ w9d w prove4 ,also1 a bright yell[ sky at sunset presages w9d2 a pale yell[1 wet2 & ?us1 by ! preval5ce ( r$1 yell[1 or grey t9ts1 ! com+ wea!r may be =etold v ne>ly1 inde$1 if aid$ by in/rum5ts1 almo/ exactly4 ,small inky-look+ cl\ds =etell ra92 light scud-cl\ds driv+ across heavy masses %[ w9d & ra92 b1 if alone1 may indicate w9d only4 ,high upp] cl\ds cross+ ! sun1 moon1 or />s1 9 a direction diff]5t f t ( ! l[] cl\ds1 or ! w9d !n felt bel[1 =etell a *ange ( w9d4 ,:5 sea-birds fly out e>ly1 & f> to seaw>d1 mod]ate w9d & fair wea!r may be expect$2 :5 !y hang ab\t ! l&1 or ov] x1 sometimes fly+ inl&1 expect a /rong w9d ) /ormy wea!r4 ,!re are o!r signs ( a com+ *ange 9 ! wea!r kn[n less g5]ally ?an may be desirable1 &1 !re=e1 wor? notice2 su* z :5 birds ( long flight1 rooks1 swall[s1 or o!rs1 hang ab\t home1 or fly up & d[n or l[--ra9 or w9d may be expect$4 ,also1 :5 animals seek %elt]$ places1 in/ead ( spread+ ov] _! usual range2 :5 pigs c>ry /raw to _! /ies2 :5 smoke f *imneys does n asc5d readily 7or /raight upw>ds dur+ calm71 an unfav\rable *ange is probable4 ,dew is an indication ( f9e wea!r3 s is fog4 ,nei!r ( ^! two =mations occur "u an ov]ca/ sky1 or :5 !re is mu* w9d4 ,"o sees fog occasionally roll$ away1 z x 71 by w9d1 b seldom or nev] =m$ :ile x is bl[+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wat]pro(+4 ,! travell] w n unfrequ5tly wi% to r5d] sailclo?1 duck1 calico1 & o!r mat]ials wat]-pro(2 few h&y me?ods surpass t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,!y proce$ z foll[s3 to e ounce ( melt$ :ite wax is add$ "o qu>t ( spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,! mixture mu/ be /irr$ ) a /ick until q cold1 :5 ! mat]ial to be treat$ is ?or\ghly dipp$1 all[$ to dra9 out1 & !n f9ally hung by ! corn]s 9 a curr5t ( air to dry4 ,9 mak+ common t>paul9s x is well to soak ! canvas ?or\ghly 9 sea-wat] be=e lay+ on ! dress+1 & z ! wat] evaporates ! t> p5etrates ! fabric4 ,9 ,africa we us$ ! acrid milky juice ( ! ,euphorbium1 mix$ ) a little boil$ oil1 on calico4 ,x 0 v flexible1 & p]fectly protect$ a common op5 pack+-case1 ) books & pap]s1 on ! deck ( ! vessel f ! ,cape to ,london4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 :5 all[$ to soak into l95 or cotton clo?1 mu* increases its p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! deep-wat] glass4 ,to ^? :o are engag$ 9 boat exp$itions1 rese>*es along ! sea-coa/1 or lake inve/igations1 x is ( ! greate/ importance to be able to see f> d[n into ! dep?s bel[2 z1 = example1 = ! recov]y ( sunk5 seals1 :i* (t5 g to ! bottom l lead :5 /ruck dead by a %ot1 ! exam9ation ( rocks1 & ! detection ( lo/ objects4 ,! late ,mr4 ,:eelwright gives su* a ?or\ghly practical acc\nt ( 8 deep-wat] glass t we ins]t x 9 8 own words3 ,i h _h a little exp]i5ce myself 9 seal-%oot+ (f our nor?-we/ coa/1 & :5 ,i fir/ began ,i _h ! mortification ( see+ _m a seal :i* ,i _h %ot /one dead g d[n l a plummet1 & we lo/ him4 ,b aft]w>ds we us$ a seal-glass1 a k9d ( ma*9e v simil> to a small h&-*urn1 l a bucket1 ab\t "o y>d high1 tap]+ t[>ds ! top1 ab\t #i;94 wide at ! top & #ah;94 at ! bottom4 ,( c\rse ! top 0 op51 & 9 ! middle ( ! bottom 0 fitt$ a squ>e piece ( glass 7,i believe common w9d[ glass74 ,z soon z a seal sunk dead1 we ca/ ov] a small buoy1 kept 9 its place by a grapnel1 z ne> ! spot :]e ! seal sank z possible1 & !n we exam9$ ! bottom aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,we sunk ! glass ov] ! boat's side 7j :]e we fanci$ ! dead seal lay7 into ! wat]1 )9 ab\t two in*es ( ! top 7glass d[nw>ds71 & by /eadily look+ d[n ?r\gh ! little glass w9d[ we c\ld di/9ctly see ! bottom ( ! sea & :at lay on x4 ,z soon z we saw ! dead seal we hook$ him up ) a l9e & a drag4 ,i don't "k :at is ! greate/ dep? ( wat] 9 :i* su* a glass is available1 & x is n[ "s "t s9ce ,i us$ "o2 b ,i am sure ,i h (t5 se5 a dead seal ly+ 9 eight or t5 fa?oms2 & j r\nd ! rocks :]e we %ot ! seals ! wat] 0 nev] v deep1 b /ill we r>ely c\ld see ! bottom ) ! nak$ eye4 ,i d n believe ! glass at all has any magnify+ prop]ties1 b ,i suppose ! focus ( vision is bett] conc5trat$ bel[ ! surface ( ! waves 9 ! comp>atively /ill wat]4 ,i 0 at ?is "t liv+ ) "o ( ! ,cu/oms' (fic]s on ! coa/1 :o (t5 us$ su* a glass ) great success 9 f9d+ kegs t 7 sunk by smuggl]s (f ?is coa/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,treatm5t ( ! app>5tly dr[n$4 ,our rem>ks & directions conc]n+ ! v>i\s means :i* may be _h rec\rse to = trav]s+ riv]s1 lakes1 & ! sea w\ld be incomplete )\t in/ructions = ! re/oration ( ! app>5tly dr[n$4 ,none t c be drawn up are m p]fect ?an ^? giv5 by ! au?ority ( ! ,royal ,lifeboat ,in/itution1 :i* 7 publi%$1 ) "s ( ! foll[+ rem>ks1 9 ! ,field newspap] "s %ort "t s9ce3--,hang+ ! body up by ! heels to dra9 out ! wat] :i* is suppos$ to h be5 swall[$1 is n "o ( ! lea/ injuri\s ( ! popul> exp$i5ts 9 cases ( susp5d$ animation1 & x is1 9 itself1 suffici5t to keep up ! engorgem5t ( ! bra91 :i* is "o ( ! *ief dang]s to be appreh5d$4 ,s1 also1 w>m ba?s1 tobacco smoke1 & o!r depress+ influ5ces1 %\ld be /rictly prohibit$2 & also t horrible practice ( roll+ ! body ov] & ov]1 :i* is s frequ5tly adopt$ by ^? :o are ignorant ( its effects4 ,! ,royal ,national ,lifeboat ,in/itution & ,humane ,society con/antly circulate pr9t$ pap]s conta9+ cautions aga9/ ! adoption ( ^! exp$i5ts2 b1 un=tunately1 !y are seldom to be met ) :5 !y are want$1 &1 on t acc\nt1 we v5ture to impress ^u our read]s ! importance ( mak+ !mselves intimately acqua9t$ n only ) ! objectionable practices to :i* we h allud$1 b also ) ! me?ods :i* sci5tific m5 are agre$ ^u z ^? mo/ likely to re/ore ! circulation & respiration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be obs]v$ t = sev]al h\rs aft] ! subm]sion all hope ( recov]y %\ld n be giv5 up1 unless x is decl>$ by a m$ical man ( exp]i5ce t life is ext9ct4 ,! signs by :i* ?is op9ion may be =m$ are pretty cle> to him1 b by an ord9>y spectator !y are liable to be mi/ak51 s9ce !y are all m or less comp>ative 9 _! nature4 ,:51 h[ev]1 = half an h\r !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( brea?+1 or ( ! action ( ! he>t--:5 ! eyelids are half clos$1 ) ! pupils turn$ upw>ds & dilat$1 ! jaws cl5*$1 & ! f+]s semi-contract$--!re is little d\bt ab\t ! result1 especially if ! tongue is p>tially protrud$1 & ! lips & no/rils are cov]$ ) fro?y mucus4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body is (t5 n a reliable sign1 because t is kept up by artificial means2 b if1 9 spite ( ^!1 & 9 addition to ! exi/5ce ( ! above symptoms1 ! coldness ( ! surface is v manife/1 ev5 if !re is no m$ical au?ority = ! relaxation ( all ef=ts at re/oration1 x c s]ve little purpose to p]sev]e4 ,/ill x is bett] to err on ! safe side1 & 9 ?is c\ntry !re is seldom a long int]val ( d\bt4 ,b suppos+ a body to be br\ght out ( ! wat]1 x becomes a "q1 ,:at %all be done8 ,%all x be tak5 to ! ne>e/ h\se1 or at once be treat$ on ! spot8 ,! answ] is1 proce$ at once 9 ! op5 air1 :e!r on %ore or afloat1 & lose n a mom5t 9 ! attempt to re/ore brea?+1 & keep up ! temp]ature ( ! body by ! application ( dry heat4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! ma9 object1 & ! second mu/ be = a %ort "t sacrific$ to x1 b only = a few m9utes1 aft] :i* ! two objects mu/ be jo9tly pursu$4 ,^! ef=ts mu/ be cont9u$ en]getically till !y are ei!r f\nd to be successful1 or decl>$ to be useless4 ,%\ld ! brea?+ be re/or$1 ! circulation %\ld next be enc\rag$ by rubb+ ! limbs 9 ! direction ( ! he>t1 ) firm & /eady pressure1 & ) ! aid1 if possible1 ( w>m flannels or silk h&k]*iefs1 protect$ by a blanket ov] all4 ,beyond ^! g5]al directions1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to give o!rs m m9ute1 & ?is w be be/ done 9 ! words us$ 9 ! pr9t$ directions ( ! ,royal ,national ,lifeboat ,in/itution1 :i* are giv5 9 a succ9ct tabul> =m1 & %\ld be hung up 9 e public place ne> :i* accid5tal dr[n+ is at all likely to occur4 ,^! directions are z foll[3 ,,to ,,re/ore ,,brea?+4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,any ,,fur!r ,to cle> ! ,?roat4 ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,w>m?4 #a4 ,place ! pati5t on ! floor or ,n4,b4--,^! ef=ts mu/ gr\nd ) 8 face d[nw>ds1 & "o be made v cauti\sly1 ( 8 arms "u ! =ehead1 9 :i* & mu/ n be su* z position all fluids w escape by ! to promote ,w>m? & m\?1 & ! tongue itself w fall circulation rapidly2 = =w>d1 leav+ ! entrance into ! if circulation is induc$ w9dpipe free4 ,assi/ ?is op]ation by be=e brea?+ has be5 wip+ & cleans+ ! m\?4 re/or$1 ! life ( ! pati5t w be endang]$4 #b4 ,if satisfactory brea?+ comm5ces1 ,no o!r effect1 !re=e1 adopt ! treatm5t describ$ bel[ to %\ld be s\ght f promote w>m? & natural brea?+4 ,if !m1 ?an ! prev5tion !re be only slight brea?+1 or no ( evaporation1 & its brea?+1 or if x fail1 !n-- result1 ! dim9ution ( ! w>m? ( ! body4 ,to excite ,brea?+-- #a4 ,expose ! face1 #c4 ,turn ! pati5t well & in/antly neck1 & *e/1 except on ! side1 &-- 9 sev]e wea!r 7su* z heavy ra91 fro/1 or #d4 ,excite ! no/rils ) snuff1 sn[74 h>ts-horn1 smell+ salts1 or tickle ! ?roat ) a fea!r1 c41 if !y #b4 ,dry ! face1 neck1 are at h&4 ,rub ! *e/ & face w>m1 & *e/1 z soon z & da% cold wat] on x4 possible ) h&k]*iefs or any?+ at h&2 #e4 ,if !re be no success1 lose n a & !n dry ! h&s mom5t1 b in/antly & feet4 ,to imitate ,brea?+-- #f4 ,replace ! pati5t on ! face1 rais+ & support+ ! *e/ well on a fold$ coat or o!r article ( dress4 #g4 ,turn ! body v g5tly on ! side & a little beyond1 & !n briskly on ! face1 back aga92 repeat+ ^! measures delib]ately1 effici5tly1 & p]sev]+ly ab\t fifte5 times 9 ! m9ute1 or #c4 ,z soon z a blanket once e f\r seconds1 occasionally or o!r cov]+ c be v>y+ ! side3 obta9$1 /rip ! body2 b if no cov]+ c by plac+ ! pati5t on ! *e/1 be imm$iately procur$1 ! weight ( ! body =ces ! air out2 take dry clo?+ f :5 turn$ on ! side1 ?is pressure is he by/&]s1 dry & remov$1 & air ent]s ! *e/4 re-clo! ! body1 tak+ c>e n to int]f]e ) #h4 ,on ea* occasion t ! body is ! ef=ts to re/ore replac$ on ! face1 make uni=m b brea?+4 effici5t pressure ) brisk movem5t1 on ! back betwe5 & bel[ ! %\ld]-blades or bones on ea* side1 remov+ ! pressure imm$iately be=e turn+ ! body on ! side3 ! fir/ measure increases ! expiration1 ! second comm5ces inspiration4 />s ,! result is--,respiration or ,natural ,brea?+2 &1 if n too late1 ,life4 ,cautions4 #a4 ,be p>ticul>ly c>eful to prev5t p]sons cr[d+ r\nd ! body4 #b4 ,avoid all r\gh usage & turn+ ! body on ! back4 #c4 ,"u no circum/ances hold ! body up by ! feet4 ,n4,b4 ,! directions are pr9t$ 9 p>allel columns to avoid confusion1 & to insure t ! ef=ts to obta9 bo? objects %all be c>ri$ on at ! same "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals4 ,x w\ld be ( great advantage to e travell] if be=e />t+ on an exp$ition he 7 to sp5d a few h\rs 9 le>n+ f a blacksmi? h[ to weld toge!r two pieces ( iron1 & f a t9man h[ to sold] t9 or copp]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is exp]i5ce1 a man :o is det]m9$ to help himself ne$ n despair ( success if he w be> 9 m9d t ! *ief ess5tials 9 bo? cases are prop] heat1 /rict cleanl9ess1 & suffici5t quickness ( manipulation )\t hurry4 ,if ! travell] possesses a portable =ge1 x is mo/ likely he w h le>n$ h[ to use x be=e />t+2 if n1 he may 9 _m c\ntries1 ,s\? ,africa especially1 f9d almo/ 9 e tribe "s native :o c\ld make "o2 or if n1 he might adopt "s ( ! exp$i5ts describ$ "u t head4 ,8 fir/ c>e %\ld be to see t 8 fire burns cle>ly & ) suffici5t int5sity1 & ?is he may aid by occasionally da%+ 9 a little wat]1 :i*1 by ! decomposition ( ! gases1 w increase ! heat "u ! direct bla/1 :ile ! surplus1 fall+ on ! surr\nd+ coal1 w prev5t ! fire spread+ f>!r ?an is requisite4 ,! brok5 ends ( ! iron to be rejo9$ %\ld !n be plac$ 9 ! fire1 "o ( !m 9 ! c5tre ( ! heat1 & ! o!r ne> en\gh to acquire a prep>atory w>m?2 ! fir/1 heat$ to a bright orange r$1 %\ld be tak5 out & ?ick5$ by /amp+ ! brok5 po9t ^u ! anvil till x is consid]ably %ort] ?an be=e2 if ! heat is suffici5t1 ! sc>f1 or smoo? diagonal surface :i* is to =m "o "p ( ! weld$ jo9t1 may be work$ ^u x2 if n1 x mu/ be return$ to ! fire :ile ! o!r "p is tak5 out & driv5 up 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 us+ ! hamm]1 "s c>e is ne$ful to proportion ! =ce ( ! bl[ to ! size & comp>ative heat ( ! metal y are work+1 & also to turn ! iron "u ! hamm] s t ea* /roke %all help to consolidate ! mass in/ead ( splitt+ x into fibres4 ,:5 ! surfaces ( ! sc>f are work$ smoo?1 fair1 & p]fectly free f scales or dirt ( any k9d1 place !m side by side 9 ! fire & br+ !m to an int5se :ite heat1 s t :5 drawn =? !y may almo/ spontane\sly give (f small :ite sp>ks4 ,we w\ld add a caution aga9/ burn+ ! iron1 or p>tially fus+ x1 by too mu* heat1 b we d n ?9k a travell] ) an extempore =ge is 9 mu* dang] ( do+ ?is4 ,! anvil %\ld n[ be p]fectly clean2 ! smi?1 ) 8 hamm] ready 9 8 "r h&1 %\ld grasp ) 8 left "o ( ! pieces :ile 8 att5dant draws out ! o!r & lays x ) ! sc>f$ side upp]mo/ on ! anvil2 prompt action )\t hurry is n[ ! "o ?+ ne$ful3 ! smi? )draws 8 piece1 lays x ) its sc>f turn$ d[nw>ds on t ( ! assi/ant's1 & ) "o decisive /roke ( ! h&-hamm] unites !m2 a few m sm>t & rapid /rokes :ile ! iron is slightly turn$ to & fro to receive !m prop]ly1 complete ! union2 & :5 ! fir/ heat is lo/ ! iron is aga9 put into ! fire1 & ! jo9t :i*1 ow+ to ! ?ick5+ & %ort5+ previ\sly describ$1 %\ld pres5t a clumsy appe>ance1 may be trimm$ & hamm]$ d[n to its prop] dim5sions1 ! iron1 if ?is is neatly done1 hav+ lo/ b little ( its orig9al l5g?2 & x is n[ = ! op]ator to judge :e!r he w re/ore ?is by beat+ ! metal a little ?9n] or sacrifice a little ( x = ! sake ( reta9+ ! orig9al ?ickness4 ,among ! ,kafirs a rock is mo/ frequ5tly us$ = an anvil1 & a small] /one = a hamm]4 ,! ,we/ ,africans use a conical block ( iron1 ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! l9k ext+ui%]s1 "s ( :i* may yet be se5 be=e old h\ses 9 ,london4 ,! "w has1 9 consequ5ce1 a slightly ind5t$ appe>ance1 :i* di/+ui%es x f ! smoo?-fac$ hamm]-"w ( ,engl&2 b _! weapons are ( excell5t metal1 & s flexible1 t !y w almo/ tie 9 a knot r ?an break4 ,! ,abyss9ians also use weapons ( ?is temp]2 = !y say if a /eel sword breaks1 :o c m5d x1 b if x b5ds we c sit on x & /raight5 x4 ,scrap & hoop iron4 ,we h (t5 made v good knives = sk9n+ or cutt+ up animals f ! h&les ( brok5 gridirons1 fry+-pans1 /\t hoop1 or o!r bits ( iron4 ,brok5 %eep-%e>s are also excell5t sub/itutes4 ,! hoop iron us$ to b9d ! bundles ( compress$ hay issu$ to troop horses c be made use ( = an imm5se numb] ( useful purposes4 ,! walls ( _m ( ! /ables we erect$ 9 ! ,crimea 7 compos$ entirely ( ?is mat]ial1 closely int]wov51 l basketwork4 ,excell5t gabions c be made f x1 z c ! framework ( hut ro(s4 ,a piece a c\ple ( y>ds long1 d\bl$ =w>d & back 9 zigzag =m1 makes an excell5t gridiron4 ,%ort pieces1 /raight5$ out by hamm]+1 =m useful make-%ift knife blades = ! use ( native s]vants4 ,t5t poles are greatly /r5g!n$ by hav+ a spiral /rapp+ ( ?is iron nail$ to !m4 ,saws = cutt+ or r frett+ blocks ( /one c be made by /ret*+ a /rip ( ?is mat]ial edgewise 9 a wood5 frame1 aid$ by wat]1 %>p s&1 & a suitable balance weight1 su* z m>ble masons use4 ,excell5t eel traps are made by arrang+ long /rips ( hoop = a body1 & !n secur+ !m by small nails1 z rivets1 to hoops made f ! same mat]ial4 ,eel traps w be fully describ$ "u ! head ( ,fi%+4 ,we once made a complete set ( b>s = ! bottom & front ( a camp /ove entirely ( =age hoop iron1 made a scrap] = ! door1 a set ( hooks = a gun rack1 & a set ( cross hooks to hang meat on4 ,nev] he$lessly ?r[ away =age iron4 ,trimm+ & fil+ up are matt]s :i* may be left v mu* to ! ta/e & opportunities ( ! travell]1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 ct]is p>ibus1 a neatly f9i%$ piece ( "w1 besides be+ m satisfactory to ! eye1 is 9 itself /rong]1 z ! inequalities1 flakes1 flaws1 or r\ghnesses ( ! surface1 :i*1 "u any /ra91 might =m ! comm5cem5t ( a fracture1 are remov$2 & besides ?is1 especially 9 wet climates1 a well smoo!d piece ( "w is less liable to ru/ 9 pat*es ?an "o ( unequal surface4 ,if y int5d to file-f9i% y\r "w1 rememb] to let x cool sl[ly1 & d n h>d5 x by imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,! use ( cold or ( jo9]s' *isels4 ,9 "s cases incisions may be requir$1 too %>p or clean to be cut ) a file1 &1 if prop] c>e be tak51 a f9e1 %>p1 jo9]'s *isel may be us$ )\t m injury ?an may be set "r by fre% gr9d+ x2 x is advisable1 h[ev]1 fir/ to r5d] ! angle at :i* ! edge is set a little m obtuse1 s z to less5 ! dang] ( flaw+ x1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t to keep x z ke5 z possible4 ,tires & :eels4 ,9 all exp$itions 9 :i* :eel$ vehicles are us$1 no?+ causes m tr\ble ?an ! loos5+ ( ! tires1 ow+ to ! %r9k+ ( ! woodwork1 & possibly "s slight expansion ( ! metal1 f ! heavy pressure on ! r\gh roads1 z well z f ! int5se heat ( a tropical climate4 ,if suffici5t skill be available1 ! prop] c\rse is to cut & %ort5 ! tire1 = all o!r make-%ifts h ! disadvantage ei!r ( be+ insecure1 or positively injuri\s to ! fabric ( ! :eel4 ,suppos+ ! %ort5+ to be det]m9$ on1 ! tire mu/ be tak5 (f1 & if1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 x be fa/5$ ) rivets ?r\gh ! felloes1 ! cl9* on ! inn] ends ( ! bolts mu/ be fir/ cut or fil$ away1 ! wa%]s or iron r+s tak5 (f1 & ! rivets !mselves driv5 back ) a long pun* or drift p92 ! b& or tire w !n ei!r fall (f or require b a few bl[s to deta* x4 ,! /reaks us$ to protect ! :eels ( field artill]y guns & waggons are remov$ & replac$ sep>ately4 ,x is impossible to measure ! relative circumf]5ce ( ! felloes & ! inn] side ( ! b& )\t an in/rum5t simil> to ! p]ambulator2 i4 e4 a :eel or disc ( wood or metal1 m\nt$ on a h&le4 ,a *alk m>k is made on ! felloe & a correspond+ "o on ! edge ( ! disc2 ! two are set toge!r1 & ! disc--say #a;ft4 #f;94 9 circumf]5ce--w !n revolve p]haps t5 & a half times 9 go+ r\nd ! h9d] :eel ( a ,cape waggon ( ab\t #e;ft4 diamet]4 ,z soon z ! disc has aga9 rea*$ ! />t+ po9t ano!r *alk m>k is to be made ^u x1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! two m>ks on ! disc1 say #i;941 is to be add$ to ! numb] ( revolutions c\nt$2 x is !n to be appli$ to ! inn] side ( ! b&1 ! t5 revolutions c\nt$ (f1 ! additional #i;94 to be run1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! />t+ po9t & ! f9i% ( its c\rse is ! am\nt by :i* ! b& is too long4 ,"s judgm5t is requir$ to decide :e!r m or less ?an ?is piece %all be tak5 out4 ,if ! :eel looks v firm & close 9 its jo9ts1 p]haps a little less %\ld be cut1 z ! ov]lapp+ ( ! weld w take up a trifle--especially if x be n v skilfully & neatly done2 if ! :eel is loose & ! spokes n firmly %\ld]$ up to ! nave1 a little m may be tak5 away2 & 9 ?is case x is prop] to e/imate :e!r ! felloes w close up suffici5tly to =ce ! spokes home ^u ! nave2 if n1 ! ends ( f\r or m felloes opposite ea* o!r %\ld be cut a trifle %ort] ) a f9e t5on saw1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to cut ! d[els by :i* ! ends ( ! felloes are kept true to ea* o!r4 ,a smoo?1 h>d place mu/ n[ be s\ght out1 on :i* ! :eel c be laid flat1 ! front d[nw>ds1 a hole be+ dug1 if necess>y1 = ! reception ( ! nave2 flat /ones1 plates ( iron1 or slabs ( h>d wood1 laid ev5ly "u ! circumf]5ce1 w\ld be ( advantage :5 ! %ort5$ b& is to be driv5 on4 ,! next ess5tials are pl5ty ( wat] & abundance ( heat+ p[]4 ,! ends ( ! b& mu/ n[ be heat$1 & ! smi? w bevel (f ea* ( !m1 "o f ! inside & ! o!r f ! out1 s z to =m ! sc>f2 an att5dant or two hold+ ! b&1 z he directs1 ^u ! anvil4 ,! tire %\ld n[ be rev]s$1 & ! curvature increas$ by re/+ x on two po9ts ( support & /rik+ heavily betwe5 !m on its inn] surface till ! sc>f$ ends close ^u & beg9 to ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,x is aga9 plac$ 9 ! fire ) ! ends equally expos$ to ! int5se heat1 & at ! prop] mom5t is lift$ out by two att5dants & promptly1 b c>efully1 plac$ ^u ! anvil2 a few sm>t decisive bl[s are giv51 & ! jo9t is made4 ,! hamm] man n[ comes to ! assi/ance ( ! smi? & consolidates x by /rik+ alt]nate bl[s ) ! sl$ge1 "u 8 direction4 ,! circumf]5ce is aga9 tri$ ) ! revolv+ disc1 & if x be too %ort1 z x ought r to be1 x is aga9 heat$ & hamm]$ out1 ! weld1 if ?is be rightly done1 ga9+ solidity 9 ! process4 ,! b& is !n laid ^u ! gr\nd & a fire ( wood1 dry c[ dung1 or o!r mat]ial made1 s z to heat x to r$ness ?r\gh its :ole circumf]5ce4 ,x is !n lift$ by tongs or o!r means 7if hooks are us$ !y mu/ be appli$ f ! outside71 & plac$ ^u ! :eel1 &1 z quickly z possible1 hamm]$ d[n ne>ly into its true position4 ,! workm5 w soon f9d :at smoke to ! eyes is l1 b !y mu/ disreg>d ?is1 &1 be=e ! wood is too mu* burn$ away1 quantities ( cold wat] mu/ be da%$ on1 ! hamm] m5 all ! :ile beat+ d[n ! %r9k+ b& to a level ) ! felloes2 be=e x is q cold ! :eel %\ld be caught up & br\ght to ! anvil1 or a smoo? rock1 :]e ! tire is fac$ up true to ! felloe front by heavy bl[s1 & f9ally cool$ (f & tight5$ by ano!r deluge ( cold wat]4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u prompt action2 & ! tir+ ( a set ( waggon :eels at "s out /ation is really an excit+ ev5t1 at :i* all h&s are requir$ to "w ) a w4 ,repair ( p]*-bolts4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! s*ammel-bolt or p]*-bolt w give way 9 ! grip1 & if ?is flaw be detect$ 9 "t1 & ! bolt be long en\gh1 ! evil day may be /av$ (f by remov+ x1 bor+ a hole ?r\gh ! buik plank or floor ( ! waggon1 "r above1 & dropp+ ! bolt d[n ?r\gh x s t its head rema9s #c;94 or #d;94 high] ?an be=e1 & ! nip is br\ght ^u a fre% place1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e above ,h 7p4 #baf74 ,extempore anvils & vices4 ,= small "w1 ! reim s*o51 or drag1 turn$ up ^u a block ( wood1 w =m a v dec5t anvil2 & ! next ess5tial is a vice1 :i* ought to be z l>ge & p[]ful z c be c>ri$4 ,a weak ineffici5t vice is worse ?an useless4 ,! means ( atta*+ x ought also to be good1 = if x is n firmly fix$ no "w c be prop]ly f9i%$ 9 x4 ,no "p ( ! waggon ought to be us$ z a holdfa/ = ! vice1 unless inde$ x 7 prop]ly fitt$ ) iron gu>ds = t purpose be=e />t+1 = ! claws & screw-bolts w\ld spe$ily te> & split ! wood1 & only damage ! vehicle to no purpose4 ,x w\ld g5]ally be bett] to cut d[n a conv5i5t tree1 leav+ a /ump ab\t #c-a_/b;ft4 high1 & 9 ?is to cut a ni*e1 p>tly to let ! vice 93 x might !n be secur$ by hoops ( iron1 if available1 su* z ! nave b&s1 or any?+ simil>1 tight5$ ) w$ges1 & la%$ 9 its place by ?ongs ( raw hide1 :i*1 :5 !y dry1 acquire almo/ ! rigidity ( iron4 ,if ! vice _c be fix$ firmly1 x is bett] to cut ) ! saw a deep groove d[n into ! solid /ump1 &1 hav+ ins]t$ ! iron y wi% to file1 to tight5 x ) w$ges1 screws1 la%+s1 or su* o!r appliances z y may h at h& 7p4 #aff74 ,! tapp+ ( screws on bolts or nuts1 especially if ( any size1 requires t ! "w be firmly held2 b we %\ld r advise t duplicate bolts & nuts ( ! pr9cipal sizes us$ 9 waggon "w--#a_/b;941 #c_/d;941 #g_/h;941 & #a;94--be c>ri$1 z a set ( taps & dies c\ld n be _h ev5 9 ,cape ,t[n = mu* less ?an #e1 & an unskill$ h& w\ld be m likely to break ! in/rum5ts ?an use !m to advantage4 ,= ! small] sizes1 suitable = gun-locks1 c41 a plate & set ( taps might advantage\sly be c>ri$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,cutt+ bolts & gun-b>rels4 ,sometimes a bolt1 rod ( iron1 or a gun-b>rel1 has to be cut (f to a giv5 l5g?1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t way ( do+ ?is is to file a r[ ( small tee? ^u ! back ( a h&saw1 & ) x to saw (f ! sup]flu\s iron3 ! fir/ illu/ration %[s ! mann] ( cutt+ ! tee?1 & _! exact size & %ape4 ,always put 9 a bit ( copp]1 lead1 or lea!r to protect ! gun-b>rels f ! grip ( ! vice4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be well to rem>k "h1 t ne>ly all ,russian saws are made to cut backw>ds1 & all ! gun bree*-screws made 9 t c\ntry are cut ! rev]se way to ours4 ,= repairs ( guns1 x is well to h suffici5t wire ( diff]5t ?icknesses2 b :5 a h>d5$ pivot is requir$1 a brok5 gimlet or a bradawl w (t5 supply ! mat]ial2 & we h be=e n[ e>n$ a goat or %eep = d9n] by supply+ 9 ?is mann] "s defici5cy 9 ! arms br\ght to ! :ite man to be repair$4 ,x is conv5i5t to buy a musket-lock or two be=e />t+1 & to save all sorts ( screws1 tumbl]s1 spr+s1 c41 out ( old locks4 ,we 7 once ask$1 f> away 9 ,namaqual&1 to p]=m no less a s]vice = a fri5d ?an to put a new hamm] on 8 gun4 ,mode/ disclaim]s ( ability 7 n receiv$1 & !re 0 no?+ left b to d our be/4 ,we f\nd a bit ( flat iron1 :i*1 =tunately1 _h a hole 9 x3 ?is we fir/ squ>$ up ) a small ?ree-squ>e file1 & !n fitt+ x to ! tumbl]1 & mak+ sure t ! flat surface ( ! hamm] %\ld /rike ^u ! nipple1 labori\sly cut & fil$ away ! int]m$iate p>ts1 & be=e morn+ ! hamm] 0 fix$4 ,mr4 ,rae1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,zambesi exp$ition1 proce$$ m sci5tifically2 he employ$ a native to weld up a quantity ( iron hoop+ into a plate q ?ick & l>ge en\gh to make ! hamm]1 !n1 draw+ ! outl9e1 he bor$ small holes close toge!r all r\nd x1 broke (f ! sup]flu\s iron1 & f9i%$ ) ! file4 ,on "o occasion we 7 un=tunate en\gh to break ! little ,s-%ap$ bridle :i* connects ! claw ( ! ma9spr+ ) ! arm ( ! tumbl]4 ,mo/ ( our read]s w rememb] t ?is portion ( a gun-lock is ( a mo/ peculi> =m1 be+ n only ,s-%ap$1 b flat-*eek$ & ,t-end$4 ,not)/&+ ! app>5tly complicat$ nature ( ! und]tak+1 a new "o _h to be made2 s we proce$$ z foll[s3--,"o ( our small m9+ picks *anc$ to h an iron w$ge 7:i* _h orig9ally be5 cut f an old patt5 iron7 9 ! h&le4 ,?is we s(t5$ 9 ! fire1 work$ into =m on ! head ( an upturn$ hamm] ) "o ( small] size1 & !n r\ghly f9i%$ x up ) a h&saw file4 ,! screw hole _h !n to be made1 &1 z we _h no drill1 we took ! scissors f our fi%+-book1 gr\nd d[n ! po9t on our bit ( ,turkey hone1 temp]$ x 9 ! c&le1 & !n1 by d9t ( h>d lab\r & p]si/5t bor+1 made a hole ?r\gh ! end ( ! bridle4 ,we !n gave our "w a few f9i%+ t\*es1 ti$ x up 9 a bit ( old lea!r1 heat$ x 9 ! fire1 plung$ x 9 wat] to case-h>d51 & !n secur$ x 9 ! lock1 :]e x p]=m$ its "w well until we p>t$ ) ! gun s repair$4 ,sight+ guns4 ,mo/ ( ! hunt]s 9 ,s\? ,africa f9d t ivory1 f its agreeable creamy :ite1 is bett] adapt$ = ! korel1 or front sight ( a gun1 ?an ! poli%$ metal us$ = t purpose by ! mak]4 ,sometimes ! sight is accid5tally lo/1 & has to be replac$2 b m frequ5tly ! dazzl+ bit ( metal is purposely knock$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 #a-i ,a broad flat groove1 say #a_/b;94 broad1 or z wide z a h&saw file1 & #a_/af;94 deep1 is cut across ! midrib ( ! gun 7,fig4 #a71 & ! edges ( ?is are "u cut1 ei!r ) a %>p-edg$ file1 or1 if ! op]ator is exp]t 9 ! use ( tools1 ) a *isel & mallet4 ,a piece ( ivory 7,fig4 #c71 cut s t ! gra9 runs ) ! l5g? ( ! b>rel1 & ) an elevat$ ridge left 9 ! c5tre1 is !n fitt$ tightly 91 adju/$ z ne>ly z possible1 & ! metal cl9*$ d[n ^u x2 !n ! c5tral ridge is fil$ on ei!r side until1 by occasionally fir+ at a m>k1 ! gun is f\nd to %oot )\t lat]al deviation4 ,x %\ld1 9 ! beg9n+1 be consid]ably too high1 & %\ld !n be fil$ d[n s z to c>ry ! bullet po9t blank to its m>k at a hundr$ y>ds4 ,if ! back sight is lo/1 cut a not* across ! midrib z be=e1 & fa%ion a piece ( iron 7,fig4 #b7 to ! same %ape z y did y\r ivory1 only let ! elevat$ ridge 9 ?is case be across ! b>rel4 ,file a not* 9 ! c5tre1 & leave ! iron a little wid] ?an ! rib1 s t x may admit ( be+ driv5 a little to ei!r side1 & ! sup]flu\s metal fil$ (f :5 ! adju/m5t is ne>ly p]fect$4 ,m>k x1 & take x out to d ?is2 !n put x 9 aga91 cl9* x1 & te/ x by fir+ at a m>k4 ,figs4 #d & #e repres5t ! position ( ! two sights4 ,if ! gun %oots to ! "r1 %ift ! back sight 7,fig4 #f7 to ! left & ! front sight 7,fig4 #g7 to ! "r2 if to ! left1 %ift ! back sight 7,fig4 #h7 to ! "r1 & ! front "o 7,fig4 #i7 to ! left4 ,if ! gun %oots too l[1 file d[n ! front sight2 if too high1 file d[n ! not* ( ! back sight4 ,9 "o ( our own rifles ! front sight 01 z usual 9 milit>y patt]ns1 bas$ on ! block ( iron :i* =ms ! *eck = ! bayonet 7,fig4 #aa74 ,we did n remove ?is1 b cut beh9d x a v %all[ groove an in* broad1 & 9 ?is fix$ & sold]$ a piece ( iron ) a longitud9al groove1 to c>ry a knife-edg$ sight ( ivory1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 #ab ,,day #ac ,,night #ad ,,day #ae ,,night #af ,,night #ag ,,dut* ,,ro] ,= night %oot+1 we us$ ! only sixp5ce to be f\nd among/ our p>ty2 b5d+ & poli%+ x & cl9*+ x on to a saddle ( z9c pa9t$ black4 ,holes 7 pun*$ 9 ?is = lea!r ?ongs1 & 9 front 0 a not* cut to fit ! actual sight1 & s insure ! c5tral position ( ! silv] "o :5 9 use 7,fig4 #ac74 ,by day ! saddle 0 turn$ b5ea? ! b>rel 7,fig4 #ab71 & ! little flat ?ongs ( antelope hide 7 n at all 9 ! way4 ,) guns n ( milit>y patt]n ! sight c\ld n s conv5i5tly be turn$ "u1 b w\ld h to be remov$ by day2 b we %\ld ?9k a broad silv] sight might be fix$ on a /eel spr+ on ! rib beh9d ! sight1 ) a broad r+ to slip ov] & keep x d[n by day1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae1 or to draw back & let x rise into view by night z 9 ,fig4 #ad 7p4 #bja74 ,= ! same purpose our late fri5d1 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 us$ to wrap a bit ( :ite pap] r\nd ! muzzle ( 8 gun1 p9*+ x up 9 ! c5tre1 or lay+ a cord "u x to give x a little elevation 7,fig4 #af74 ,z a protection1 & also = ! contra/ ( ! col\rs1 ! ,dut*1 & _m ( ! ,engli% coloni/s1 /it* v tightly ov] all a bit ( sk9 f ! inside ( ! elephant's e> 7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is is v f9e1 exce$+ly /rong1 &1 :5 rubb$ ) a little grease1 int5sely black2 x is !n v c>efully cut1 to all[ ! front sight to appe> ?r\gh1 & left to dry4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is plan is1 t x corrects ! errors (t5 caus$ by ! mirage or refraction ( ! sun's rays f ! poli%$ b>rel1 :i*1 especially 9 ! tropics1 causes ! object aim$ at to become indi/9ct1 to assume ! appe>ance ( motion1 & to be se5 sometimes consid]ably above its true position1 !reby caus+ ! m>ksman to miss by %oot+ ov] x4 ,%ea? knives or bayonets4 ,no wise travell] ev] encumb]s himself ) a long sword or bayonet ( ord9>y patt]n2 b e "o c>ries a %ea? knife1 ( f #f;94 to #ab;94 9 ! blade2 & ! h&le ( ?is ought to be made s t x may fix z a bayonet on 8 gun4 ,we h se5 natives consid]ably a/oni%$ by ?is sudd5 conv]sion ( our gun into a spe> to kill a w\nd$ animal4 ,if ! knife h&le 7 simply made r\nd1 s z to /ick into ! b>rel1 l ! bayonet ( old times1 x w\ld be bett] ?an no?+2 b if ! side-spr+s 7 g5]ally adopt$1 x might be well to arm our troops1 int5d$ = s]vice 9 wild c\ntries1 ) a good s]viceable %ea? knife1 ( #h;94 or #aj;94 9 ! blade1 to be us$ = g5]al purposes1 & fix$ z a bayonet :5 want$1 r ?an ) ! or?odox triangul> ne$le1 t is only ( use 9 opportunities t occur b r>ely4 ,we rememb] a p>ty ( a c]ta9 l9e regim5t com+ ^u a numb] ( ,hott5tots1 :5 _! (fic] ord]$ !m to fix bayonets1 =gett+ = ! mom5t t z usual !y _h be5 left at home--j z 7 ! swords & /eel scabb>ds ( ! ,cape ,corps--le/ _! rattl+ %\ld give w>n+ to ! crafty foe4 ,x is a common cu/om 9 ,india1 :5 real "w has to be done1 to ?r[ aside ! /eel scabb>ds & replace !m ) wood5 ones1 :i* h ! d\ble advantage ( be+ noiseless & a pres]vative to ! edge ( ! sword4 ,we h he>d a man ( ! ,rifle ,brigade say1 he %\ld n fe> ev5 ?\gh lo/ 9 ! bu%4 ,%oot ! fir/ ,kafir t attacks y1 said he1 & arm y\rself ) 8 assegai1 & no o!r w come ne> y4 ,our allies1 ! ,f+oes1 9 ! w> ( #ahej-ec1 g5]ally c>ri$ "o or m assegais1 us+ ! %aft z a ramrod1 or hold+ two ( !m crosswise 9 ! left h& z a re/ = ! musket4 ,! ,kafirs1 :5 h>d press$1 reta9 ! l>ge/ assegai1 &1 break+ (f ! %aft1 use x z a sword or dagg]4 ,! conte/ is (t5 prolong$ by pick+ up ! assegais ?r[n by ! o!r p>ty1 & s5d+ !m back aga94 ,to prev5t ?is1 sometimes a tribe1 b5t on a %>p decisive conflict1 w cut ! %aft half ?r\gh1 s t x may break :5 x /rikes1 & become useless to ! enemy4 ,! ,dut* ,bo] sits d[n1 re/s 8 elb[s on 8 knees1 & ext5d+ 8 left arm1 ) ! ramrod grasp$ firmly & plant$ on ! gr\nd1 obta9s an almo/ immovable re/ = 8 heavy ro]4 ,_m ( !m %oot f ! left %\ld]1 & "s few c %oot f ei!r %\ld] equally well--an imm5se advantage if a man on horseback is surr\nd$ by enemies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,assegai ,,gun ,,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ramrod ,,gun ,,re/4 ,wat*-key1 to make4 ,9 an out-(-! way corn] ( ,c5tral ,india we 7 s un=tunate z to lose our wat*-key--! la/ ( ?ree4 ,?is we replac$ z foll[s3 ,we fir/ r\t$ out a piece ( s(t /eel ab\t ! size ( a small black-lead p5cil4 ,aft] fil+ (f "o end p]fectly flu%1 we plac$ x 9 ! fire1 :il/ we prep>$ ! squ>e end ( a saddl]'s awl by gr9d+ x to ! exact size ( ! key-squ>e ( ! fusee ( ! wat*4 ,:5 ! /eel 0 heat$ to a *]ry r$1 we fix$ x upright 9 ! vice1 & !n support+ ! bit ( awl ) a pair ( pli]s we1 ) a light hamm]1 drove x a fair di/ance into ! /eel b>4 ,:5 x cool$1 x 0 reheat$1 & ! bit ( awl driv5 deep]1 until a squ>e hole ( suffici5t dep? 0 =m$4 ,! b> 0 !n fil$ d[n to ! size ( ! key-hole ( ! wat*4 ,! requisite l5g? 0 !n cut (f2 ! end flatt5$ out = a ?umb-piece2 & a hole drill$ 9 x to pass a ?9 /rip ( t5don ?r\gh4 ,a few f9i%+ t\*es 7 giv5 ) a f9e file2 ! "w 0 heat$ to a blue heat on a bit ( r$-hot iron1 & 0 !n dropp$ into a cup ( wat]4 ,s we made our wat*-key1 :i* did its "w well ?r\gh ab\t #djjj miles ( travell+1 & 0 z good z new :5 we return$ to ,engl& ) x hang+ at our :ip-cord wat*-gu>d4 ,tools1 to temp]4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* heat is requir$ = iron "w c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! fire is p]fectly cle>1 especially if x has be5 previ\sly us$ = melt+ lead1 :5 any dross or o!r extrane\s matt] %\ld be scrupul\sly cle>$ out4 ,sulphur 9 any =m is mo/ de/ructive4 ,x w\ld be well t ! op]ator %\ld le>n be=e />t+ h[ to "w up & fre% temp] a cold *isel1 or pun*1 or ev5 to make "o if ne$ful out ( a brok5 file or rasp2 ( c\rse1 ! pun* is r\nd1 squ>e1 or octagonal1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & g5]ally flat at ! end to drive back ! nail or bolt t is to be )drawn4 ,sometimes a tap]$ po9t on a triangul> in/rum5t1 su* z a h&saw file1 ) ! edges %>p5$1 is useful = driv+ into a brok5 nipple1 & by turn+ x aga9/ ! sun to extract x :5 suffici5t hold has n be5 left = ! usual nipple key4 ,! cold *isel is fir/ =g$ to a *isel edge1 m or less f9ely tap]+ accord+ to ! /r5g? requir$1 ! two sides =m+ an angle ( ab\t #ae to #bj ) ea* o!r2 ! cantle is !n fil$ or gr\nd till its sides =m an angle ( f #de to #ij2 x is !n heat$ to a *]ry r$1 & dipp$ 9 wat] cauti\sly at fir/1 be+ frequ5tly tak5 out & wat*$ dur+ ! process till x assumes a pale /raw col\r1 a deep] t9t or ev5 a deep blue or purple1 accord+ to ! degree ( h>dness requir$1 & is f9ally gr\nd %>p ^u a /one ) pl5ty ( cold wat]4 ,small tools may be temp]$ by lay+ !m on a piece ( r$-hot iron1 su* z a bit ( waggon-:eel tire2 ! *ang+ col\rs %\ld be wat*$1 & :5 ! desir$ t9t appe>s ! tool may be plung$ into wat]4 ,%\ld x be too h>d ! temp] may be r$uc$ by dry gr9d+2 :5 a temp] n q s h>d & less liable to fly is requir$1 x may be giv5 by cool+ ! /eel 9 grease or oil4 ,! tools c>ri$ = ?is purpose mu/ v>y accord+ to ! means ( conveyance4 ,on ! ,nor? ,au/ralian ,exp$ition we _h a portable =ge1 :i* rema9$ at ! ma9 camp1 b on our inl& j\rneys ) pack$ horses we took z _m horse-%oes z 7 ?\ght requisite1 a small h& hamm]1 a pair ( tongs1 a few files1 rasps & pun*es1 & a supply ( nails4 ,case-h>d5+4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t "s object1 su* z a fi%-hook1 key1 portion ( a gun-lock1 or gun furniture1 w require be+ s treat$ z to h>d5 ! surface :il/ t\ghness ( texture is reta9$4 ,?is process is kn[n z case-h>d5+1 :i* is1 z its "n implies1 "o by :i* a h>d case or cru/ is =m$ ov] ! surfaces ( ! articles op]at$ on4 ,!re are num]\s in/rum5ts & contrivances 9 con/ant use 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* ! t\ghness ( iron comb9$ ) ! h>dness ( /eel1 communicat$ by ! process ab\t to be describ$1 is tak5 advantage (4 ,gun furniture1 fi%-hooks1 & h&cuffs are examples1 ! latt] mo/ rem>k$ly s1 z1 7 !y compos$ ( ord9>y iron1 no?+ w\ld be m easy ?an to file or saw !m ?r\gh2 if ( /eel1 a bl[ ) a /one1 or any o!r heavy sub/ance1 w\ld break !m z ?\gh made ( e>!nw>e4 ,:5 case-h>d5$ nei!r ( ^! devices is available4 ,too h>d to cut1 too t\gh to break1 ! metal is all t c be desir$4 ,hav+ fa%ion$1 fil$ up1 & f9i%$ ! article or articles 9 h&1 procure a fair quantity ( lea!r cutt+s1 or horseho( p>+s4 ,^! %\ld be roa/$ crisp1 & p\nd$ up until a suffici5t quantity ( co>se p[d] is obta9$ to bury ! "w :5 laid 9 a little iron box1 :i* c be conv5i5tly made by d\bl+ up ! edges & ends ( a bit ( %eet iron4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( iron1 clay may be us$ to =m ! box4 ,?is1 :5 fill$ & g5tly press$ d[n1 mu/ be plac$1 :5 dry1 9 a cle> bright fire1 & heat$ up to a blood r$ heat1 at :i* temp]ature x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 = a %ort "t1 tak+ c>e n to increase x4 ,! box & its cont5ts may !n be )drawn ) ! tongs1 & ?r[n into a pail ( cold wat]4 ,! "w may1 :5 cold1 be wa%$ & bru%$ clean1 made ?or\ghly dry1 oil$1 & put aside = use4 ,f]rocyanide ( potassium is also ext5sively us$ = case-h>d5+1 be+ ei!r spr9kl$ ov] ! "w :5 hot1 or mix$ ) "s conv5i5t sub/ance1 su* z dri$ c[ dung1 & plac$ 9 ! box2 b1 unless 9 ! h&s ( ^? accu/om$ to use x1 ! surfaces ( ! "w at times become pitt$ f ! contact ( /ray p>ticles ( ! salt4 ,to plat9ise iron1 c4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* gives ! foll[+ directions = cov]+ ! surfaces ( metallic objects ) a film ( plat9um3 ,dissolve 9 #aoz4 ( di/ill$ wat] #fj;grs4 ( bi*loride ( plat9um & #fj;grs4 ( pure honey4 ,add to ! above solution #c_/doz4 ( spirits ( w9e1 & #a_/doz4 ( e!r4 ,! mix$ liquids1 if n q cle>1 mu/ be filt]$ ?r\gh a piece ( :ite blott+-pap]4 ,! objects to be plat9is$1 :i* may be ( iron1 /eel1 copp]1 bronze1 or brass1 are to be ?or\ghly clean$ by wa%+ !m 9 soda1 !n 9 wat]4 ,:5 !y h be5 dri$ !y require heat+ ov] a lamp to a heat bel[ r$ness4 ,= ?is purpose !y may be susp5d$1 by means ( a f9e wire1 ov] a _s or an oil lamp1 9 su* a way z n to t\* ! flame4 ,sudd5ly1 be=e !y h _h "t to cool1 ! objects are to be completely plung$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! plat9is+ liquid4 ,"o imm]sion = a s+le m9ute g5]ally suffices1 b ! process may be repeat$ if necess>y1 c>e be+ tak5 to wa% & dry ! pieces op]at$ ^u be=e re-heat+ !m4 ,! composition ( ! solution may v>y consid]ably1 & yet good results be obta9$4 ,sometimes ! addition ( m honey improves x2 sometimes ! proportion ( bi*loride ( plat9um may be increas$ or dim9i%$ ) advantage4 ,inde$1 x w be f\nd t ! appe>ance ( ! plat9um film deposit$ ^u ! objects may be alt]$ by *ang+ ! proportion ( ! bi*loride pres5t4 ,! solution may be us$ sev]al times2 gradually1 h[ev]1 x loses all its plat9um1 ! place ( ?is elem5t be+ tak5 by ! iron or copp] dissolv$ (f ! imm]s$ objects4 ,if ! film ( plat9um deposit$ by ?is me?od is f\nd to be p]man5tly adh]5t1 ! plan promises to be v valuable4 ,x w\ld be a great boon to travell]s 9 w>m1 damp c\ntries to be able to protect iron & /eel articles by s simple a process4 ,9 ! same article ,pr(essor ,*ur* describes a new & v simple plan ( inlay+ iron ) silv]1 & also = enamell+ metals ) diff]5t col\rs4 ,bo? ^! processes really come )9 ! scope ( amateurs1 & we c /rongly recomm5d ! entire pap] to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! *emical arts4 ,we may n[ appropriately m5tion a few examples :]e ?is plat9is+ process seems to furni% desirable results4 ,articles made ( iron or /eel--wat*-*a9s1 seals1 sword-h&les1 keys1 & simil> useful or ornam5tal objects--are greatly improv$ 9 appe>ance1 &1 moreov]1 pres]v$ f all *ance ( ru/+1 by ?is treatm5t4 ,! col\r ( ! plat9um film is ( a neutral greyi% black1 & x (t5 %[s at ! same "t a fa9t iridesc5ce4 ,iron or /eel :i* has be5 inlaid ) gold or silv]1 =m+ :at is kn[n z damasc5e "w1 is greatly improv$ by plat9is+4 ,nei!r ! gold nor ! silv] are 9 ! lea/ degree affect$1 & !y w be f\nd to af=d a bett] contra/ ) ! col\r ( ! plat9is$ ?an ) t ( ! orig9al iron4 ,to pres]ve iron f ru/+4 ,iron :i* has become deeply ru/$ _c be plat9is$ by our process4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve f fur!r de/ruction objects ( /eel or iron hav+ an ar*ological or arti/ic int]e/1 a v excell5t plan may be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,! pure/ :ite p>aff9e is to be melt$ 9 a clean pan1 & ma9ta9$ at ab\t ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! ru/$ & corrod$ specim5s are to be imm]s$ 9 ?is p>aff9e ba? till !y cease to fro? f escape ( moi/ure4 ,!y are !n )drawn1 wrapp$ 9 blott+-pap]1 & kept 9 a w>m place till ! excess ( p>aff9e has be5 absorb$4 ,! objects ?us treat$1 :ile pres]v$ f fur!r decay1 d n acquire t disagreeable greasy aspect :i* ! v>ni% ord9>ily us$ imp>ts4 ,we h be5 oblig$ to t> our saw blades1 :i* 0 v inconv5i5t 9 work+1 b ?is 0 bett] ?an hav+ !m spoil$ by ru/4 ,smi?'s tools4 ,if ! travell] has a waggon1 z 9 ,s\? ,africa1 he may ei!r c>ry a portable =ge or tru/ to f9d+ natives capable ( build+ "o & supply+ bell[s ( _! own manufacture4 ,if he ?9ks ! weight ( a small anvil too great1 he %\ld c>ry a heavy sl$ge hamm]1 :i* w s]ve z an anvil = ord9>y purposes2 two h& hamm]s ( diff]5t weights2 half-a-doz5 pair ( tongs1 ( su* =m & size z w enable him conv5i5tly to hold ! diff]5t sizes ( "w he may f9d necess>y to d2 at lea/ a doz5 files or m--squ>e1 flat1 half-r\nd1 or rat-tail2 & ( ^! ! temp] %\ld nev] be de/roy$ by work+ ) !m on iron t has n yet become cool1 ?\gh occasionally "t may be sav$ by us+ a worn-out file to "w on iron :ile x is yet hot & comp>atively s(t2 cold *isels ( diff]5t sizes1 f small ones ( #a_/d;94 or #a_/b;94 wide1 to be tapp$ ) a small h& hamm]1 to o!rs ( #a-a_/b;941 to be held by pieces ( rod iron coil$ r\nd !m1 or /ill bett] by rods ( osi]1 & to be /ruck ) ! sl$ge hamm]2 if !re is an anvil1 ( c\rse a *isel to fix upright 9 ! hole provid$ w be tak5 ) x2 pun*es ( v>i\s sizes1 & a /ock & set ( drills = bor+ holes up to #a_/b;94 9 diamet]1 ) rym]s1 or tap]+ f\r-edg$ tools = gradually enl>g+ !m1 & c\nt]s9ks = lett+ 9 ! heads ( screws1 c41 to ! surface level4 ,= small "w1 su* z gun-locks1 c41 an ,ar*im$ean drill & set ( bits are v conv5i5t1 a h&-vice & set ( gunsmi?'s small files--triangul>1 squ>e1 flat1 half-r\nd1 r\nd1 & knife-edg$--%\ld accompany !m4 ,muskets1 to repair4 ,a travell] w frequ5tly h occasion ei!r = 8 own s]vants or = ! natives ( ! c\ntry to put fre% fire into ! pan cov] ( a musket2 = ?is purpose no?+ is bett] ?an ! blade ( an old saw1 ! ?9n] ! bett]2 a piece is brok5 (f1 s(t5$ & fil$ d[n to ! exact size2 x is !n b5t s z to fit ! face ( ! pan-cov]1 & is b\nd on to x by sev]al turns ( iron wire1 n drawn s tightly b t bits ( copp] wire may be ?ru/ b5ea? !m all r\nd ! edges t are to be jo9$2 borax1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is n[ laid on ) an old bru%1 &1 if necess>y1 small lumps are also add$1 & ! :ole is plac$ 9 ! fire & heat$ till ! copp] melts & brazes ! two p>ts firmly toge!r2 let x cool sl[ly1 f9i% x c>efully ) ! file1 heat x to a dull r$1 & temp] by cool+ x 9 wat]4 ,half-civilis$ ,hott5tots frequ5tly d ?is4 ,fi%-hooks1 to make4 ,! snoek-hook us$ 9 ,table ,bay is a bit ( brass wire z ?ick z a quill & #g;94 long2 ! po9t is fil$ %>p1 & ! b>b is m]ely su* a triangul> not* z might be made ) a h&saw file4 ,x is n b5t 9 a true sweep+ curve1 l our fi%-hooks1 b turn$ %>ply up at ab\t #b;94 f ! po9t1 s t :5 ! lip is pi]c$1 x slips at once into ! %>p b5d ( ! hook1 & ! /ruggles ( ! fi% are less likely to break x ?an !y w\ld be if x af=d$ ! lev]age t ! usual =m ( fi%-hook gives4 7,see ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #baa47 ,fi%-hooks c be made by tak+ a wire or rod ( ! requir$ size & s(t5+ x by heat+ x to a bright r$ & lett+ x cool v sl[ly 9 sawdu/ or leav+ x till ! fire dies out2 let ! s(t end abut aga9/ some?+ solid1 &1 ) a %>p *isel & mallet1 make a deep cut at su* an angle z to =m ! b>b2 file up ! po9t1 heat x aga91 & b5d x r\nd a /ick ( ! prop] size s t ! curve may be true4 ,we h1 be=e n[1 brok5 up a gridiron at ! galley fire1 & ) a hook ?us =m$ f "o ( ! b>s caught a "y %>k1 ^: fle% =m$ a v desirable addition to our f>e4 ,on ano!r occasion1 :ile explor+ a bran* ( ! ,victoria ,riv]1 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 we halt$1 z usual1 at noon1 ) scanty rations1 :i* ,mr4 ,gregory improv$ by tak+ f 8 hat a /\t sew+ ne$le1 s(t5+ x 9 ! fire1 & b5d+ x into a fi%-hook1 bait$ ) gras%opp]s2 a few /r&s ( ?read made a suffici5tly /rong l9e1 a small sapl+ =m$ a rod1 &1 9 a few m9utes1 he _h caught ?ree fi%1 resembl+ mullet1 ne>ly #ah;94 long4 ,! ne$le _h done good s]vice1 b 0 too preci\s to be ?r[n away1 s ,mr4 ,gregory c>efully re/or$ x to its pri/9e /raightness1 temp]$ x1 & aga9 /uck x 9 8 hat1 to be us$1 :5 requir$1 = its legitimate purpose4 ,brass1 & its treatm5t4 ,x is r curi\s t ) brass ! s(t5+ process is ! v rev]se ( t we use ) iron4 ,heat a bit ( brass & plunge x into cold wat]1 &1 ) a %>p knife or *isel1 y may c>ve x almo/ l pewt]2 heat x aga9 :5 f9i%$1 let x cool sl[ly1 & x becomes z h>d z be=e4 ,a travell] 9 ,africa %\ld be well provid$ ) brass1 ! be/ =m be+ t ( /\t wire z ?ick z /air c>pet rods2 ?is w s]ve = _m useful purposes3 hooks1 r+s1 ramrods = guns1 or almo/ any?+ c be made ( x4 ,:ile1 9 l5g?s suffici5t to make armlets1 x is always a conv5i5t m$ium ( b>t]1 or paym5t = ! s]vices ( ! natives1 :o1 ?\gh !y w give no?+ = holl[ lacqu]$ curta9 r+s1 w always appreciate solid metal1 t may be cut1 worn away1 or brok51 & rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,t9n+ ,copp]4 ,to t9 copp]3 fir/ clean ! surface c>efully by rubb+ x ) s&pap] or /one1 or wa%+ x ) dilut$ nitric acid or aqua=tis2 heat x till x is r too w>m to h&le1 by plac+ a hot iron or pan ( fire "u ! "p to be t9n$2 rub on1 ) a fea!r1 a little hydro*loric acid 7commonly call$ spirits ( salt7 ) z9c dissolv$ 9 x2 !n1 ) a sold]+ bolt previ\sly rubb$ on sal-ammoniac1 t\* ! bit ( t9 y hold ^u ! copp]1 &1 z y melt x1 spread x ev5ly ) a bit ( rag ov] ! surface y wi% to t92 ?is ought to be done ) ! insides ( all copp] vessels t are to be us$ = conta9+ liquids or = cook+1 & also = ! edges ( %eets t are aft]w>ds to be sold]$ toge!r4 ,ev5 if ! edges 7 to be rivet$1 x w\ld /ill be advisable to t9 !m1 z !y might !n also be sold]$ by slightly heat+ !m & runn+ a little t9 into ! jo9t1 by means ( ! heat$ bolt rubb$ on sal-ammoniac1 z be=e4 ,small iron nails1 tacks1 fi%-hooks1 c41 are protect$ f ! effects ( ru/ by t9n+4 ,! process is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,fir/ cleanse ! objects to be op]at$ on 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 !n place !m ) brok5 fragm5ts ( t9 & sal-ammoniac 9 an e>!nw>e bottle ov] a /rong *>coal fire4 ,:5 ! coat+ ( t9 is f\nd to be complete1 !y are fir/ wa%$ 9 clean wat]1 & !n dri$ 9 hot bran or sawdu/4 ,illu/ration3 #a-bj ,%eet metal1 to jo94 ,a v /rong jo9t may be made by turn+ up1 say #a_/b;941 m or less1 ( ! edge ( "o %eet 7,fig4 #a71 !n lay+ 9 x ! edge ( ! o!r 7,fig4 #b71 & turn+ up ! edges ( bo? 7,fig4 #c72 !n1 keep+ ! jo9t press$ d[n1 lift up ! second %eet z y w\ld op5 a book1 & press x out flat & op5 7,fig4 #d74 ,y _c make ?is jo9t 9 ! two edges ( ! same %eet1 turn$ r\nd ^u ea* o!r 7,fig4 #e71 unless y fir/ ne>ly flatt5 ! two p>ts 7,fig4 #f71 :5 !y may be d\bl$ ^u ea* o!r1 & ! %eet re/or$ to its cyl9drical =m by ! ins]tion ( any po9t$ cyl9d]1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! horn ( ! anvil or a block ( wood r\nd$ & tap]$ at ! end 7,fig4 #g74 ,suppose x is requir$ to make a pannik91 ?is jo9t1 :e!r previ\sly t9n$ s t x may be sold]$ or n1 is ! only prop] "o1 b ! corn]s %\ld previ\sly h be5 cut away1 s t only a s+le or1 at mo/1 a slightly ov]lapp+ d\ble ?ickness may be left at top & bottom 7,fig4 #h74 ,! bottom edge is n[ turn$ outw>ds by g5tly tapp+ x on ! block or anvil edge ) a hamm] till x resembles a n>r[ flange 7,fig4 #i74 ,a circul> piece is n[ cut = ! bottom s mu* l>g] z to all[ a rim to be turn$ up all r\nd 7,fig4 #aj71 & to admit ! flange )9 x 7,fig4 #aa72 !n sett+ x flat ^u ! anvil1 & =c+ into x a block ( wood t has be5 cut p]fectly to fit x1 cl9* d[n ! rim ( ! bottom ^u ! flange 7,fig4 #ab71 & turn !m bo? up aga9/ ! side toge!r 7,fig4 #ac74 ,! top edge may n[ be roll$ ov] 9 ! same mann]1 & x w give additional /r5g? if ! rim is /r5g!n$ by ! ins]tion ( a piece ( wire4 ,if ! =ego+ jo9ts h be5 c>efully made y w h a wat]-tight &1 :at is m1 a firepro( pannik9 ) or )\t ! aid ( sold]1 & a h&le c be rivet$ on or n j z suits y\r conv5i5ce4 ,"o great advantage ( ! fold$ jo9t is1 t if x is n too tightly hamm]$ d[n1 ! p>ts w slide freely on ea* o!r1 & advantage may be tak5 ( ?is = mak+ an op5+ 9 "o side ( a canni/] to be clos$ by a slid+ lid2 or1 if y are mak+ a pannik9 or o!r vessel1 & y\r metal is n l>ge en\gh to make ! :ole circumf]5ce 9 "o piece1 cut a small /rip 7,fig4 #ad7 ( ! bread? y wi% ! jo9t1 say #c_/af;94 or #a_/d;941 & fold ! edge ( ! metal twice ov] x 7,fig4 #ae71 !n draw x out2 d ! same ) ! o!r edge1 & also ) ! edges ( ! piece y int5d to ins]t 7,fig4 #af71 & y may !n1 ) a little c>e1 slip ! p>ts toge!r1 & cl9* d[n ! jo9ts z closely z y wi% 7,fig4 #ag74 ,if ! corn]s h previ\sly be5 snipp$ (f1 or smoo!d ) a file1 x w consid]ably increase ! facility ( do+ ?is4 ,utilisation ( meat t9 cases4 ,dur+ ! ,nor? ,au/ralian ,exp$ition1 :5 ,mr4 ,gregory 0 prep>+ = ! j\rney f ! ,victoria ,riv] to ! ,alb]t1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 he collect$ all ! empti$ pres]v$ meat t9s1 & burn+ (f ! old pa9t by plac+ !m above ! =ge fire1 smoo!d d[n ! t9 ^u ! surface ) a piece ( greasy rag1 trimm$ up ! ragg$ edges1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 obta9$ %eets ( t9n$ iron ne>ly equal to new2 f ^! he made pannik9s ( graduat$ sizes1 9 fact a ne/ ( !m1 "o fitt+ into ! o!r f ! l>ge/ to ! lea/1 ?us secur+ com=t & conv5i5ce to 8 p>ty1 & utilis+ mat]ial :i* _m p]sons w\ld h ?r[n away z useless4 ,9 op5+ a pack+ case l9$ ) t91 c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut ! edges z clean z possible1 = n only are ragg$ po9ts liable to te> ! h&s v disagreeably1 b if y wi% to make use ( ! t9 9 any o!r mann]1 x is ( great importance t x %\ld be kept q clean1 flat1 & free f unsightly wr9kles2 a smoo? %eet ( t9 may be cut1 turn$1 or b5t almo/ at w1 b if x has previ\sly be5 wr9kl$1 x is absolutely impossible to re/ore x to flatness1 & to make a true jo9t 9 x is z mu* out ( ! "q z to write freely on note pap] fall ( unsightly folds or creases4 ,= cutt+ t9 or o!r %eet metal1 a pair ( small t9 snips1 say #h;94 or #i;94 9 total l5g?1 w be f\nd exce$+ly useful3 /\t copp] or %eet-iron may be cut ) !m4 ,di%es & plates1 to make4 ,to make plates or di%es ( %eet iron or o!r metal1 cut out a disc or oval1 ( ! size y wi%1 & !n draw a l9e p>allel to ! edge all r\nd x 7,fig4 #ah72 !n draw l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre1 l po9ts on a compass c>d1 z _m z y please1 say twelve1 :i* w divide ea* qu>t] into ?ree p>ts1 answ]+ to ! h\rs on a clock face4 ,make a small holl[ across ! end ( a block ( wood1 ! /em ( ! ne>e/ small tree cut (f at a conv5i5t l5g? = in/ance1 lay ! edge ( y\r plate on x ) "o ( ! radiat+ l9es correspond+ ) ! holl[2 /rike x ) ! edge ( y\r hamm] till y h slightly ind5t$ x1 d ! same on ! opposite side1 & !n ) ! o!r two qu>t]s2 repeat ?is all r\nd1 & y w h a v neat & useful plate1 ) scollop$ edges l ! patty pans usually sold by t9m5 7,fig4 #ai74 ,rivets4 ,a few rivets ( v>i\s sizes1 ( iron1 t91 & copp]1 %\ld be tak52 b1 if ! "w is to be expos$ to ! action ( ! wat]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to fa/5 iron %eets ) copp] rivets1 z ! action ( ! metals on ea* o!r w be mo/ de/ructive4 ,t9 rivets may be us$ to fa/5 any o!r metal :]e great /r5g? is n requir$1 & !y are v advantage\s = _m purposes1 z h&les ( t9 or copp] pannik9s4 ,by ^! we mean rivets ( t91 n ( iron t9n$ ov]1 :i* also are useful1 b n s easily work$4 ,make-%ift =ge & bell[s4 ,to extemporise a =ge & bell[s1 ! natives ( ,africa & ,india1 :o inv>iably squat d[n to _! "w1 simply make _! fire on ! gr\nd1 :i* is previ\sly smoo!d & clay$ ov]2 beh9d ?is is rais$ a bank or f5ce ( clay1 p]=at$ = ! admission ( a tube1 ei!r ( wood ( ! b>k ( a small tree1 or ( ! horn ( an ox1 or o!r l>ge animal4 ,_! bell[s are v>i\sly =m$1 b 9 e in/ance a pair are us$1 be+ work$ alt]nately1 "o ) ! "r h& & ! o!r ) ! left1 s z to keep up a cont9u\s bla/4 ,!y are g5]ally =m$ ( goat or antelope sk9s ( ab\t ! same size1 :i* are sk9n$ (f z sacks1 & braii$ or s(t5$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,indian ,,blacksmi?4 ,! sack is made by cutt+ ! sk9 ( ! animal along ! inside ( ! ?ighs1 & !n1 )\t mak+ any o!r incision1 /ripp+ x ov] ! =e "p ( ! body1 ! head be+ previ\sly cut (f1 ! sk9 ( ! legs is sewn or knott$ up to prev5t ! escape ( air4 ,9 "o ( ! h9d] legs ( ea* bag is fitt$ a small] tube1 frequ5tly ( gemsbok horn1 & to ! sides ( ! ap]ture ( ! neck are sewn two pieces ( /ick ) loops ^u !m = ! ins]tion 9 "o ( ! ?umbs1 & 9 ! o!r ( ! f+]s1 s t by exp&+ ! h& ! neck c be op5$ :ile x is rais$ to inflate ! bag1 & clos$ up by grasp+ x tightly :5 x is press$ d[n to =ce ! /ream ( air ^u ! fire2 !n by inflat+ & compress+ ! bags alt]nately1 ! prim>y object ( a cont9u\s & suffici5t supply ( air is obta9$4 ,!re are v>i\s modifications ( =m1 9 "s ( :i* m or less wood is v +5i\sly us$2 b z ! p[] ( ! :ole dep5ds entirely on ! am\nt ( air t c be inclos$ 9 & =cibly expell$ f ! sk9 bags1 we ?9k ! =ego+ description w suffici5tly answ] ! purpose4 ,if ! travell] wi%es--z an ,engli%man g5]ally does--to /& up to 8 "w1 he c build up = 8 =ge a squ>e ( r\gh /ones1 & !n smoo? ov] ! top ) a mixture ( cattle dung & clay1 ( :i* la/ an?ills brok5 up af=d ! f9e/ quality2 or if ! hills are suffici5tly l>ge1 he may at once smoo? (f ! top ( "o & %ape ! embankm5t 9 ! re>4 ,b 9 ?is case he w also h to raise ano!r plat=m1 n only to c>ry 8 bell[s1 b = ! bl[] to sit ^u2 = we d\bt :e!r a native 9 ! wild]ness c\ld be prevail$ ^u to bl[ !m 9 any o!r position4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important portions ( a waggon1 & at ! same "t "o mo/ liable to damage1 is ! axle1 & x is !re=e ( vital consequ5ce t ! travell] %\ld und]/& prop]ly h[ to set ab\t repair+ x4 ,new axles4 ,suppose x be necess>y to condemn ! brok5 axle & make a new "o2 ! fir/ c>e is to seek out a tree ( good h>d wood--kameel doorn 7,acacia giraff7 is ab\t ! be/ a travell] is g5]ally likely to f9d1 ?\gh _m o!r v>ieties may be us$--& 9 ?9ly wood$ c\ntries ?is may imply a day or m sp5t 9 se>*+ = miles ar\nd1 = ! trunk %\ld be ( tol]ably /raight gra91 solid1 & capable ( af=d+ a log #f;ft4 or #g;ft4 9 l5g?1 #aj;94 9 dep?1 & #d;94 9 ?ickness4 ,a yoke ( ox5 may be s5t to draw x home1 & x %\ld !n be truly1 h[ev] r\ghly1 squ>$ up to ! above dim5sions4 ,! size ( ! ap]ture 9 ! nave1 bo? at ! back & front ( ! :eel1 %\ld !n be tak51 !y w g5]ally be ab\t #d;941 tap]+ to #c;94 or #b-a_/b;942 ! l5g? ( ! arm w probably be f #ad;94 to #af;94 ,9 cutt+ ! arm no?+ is to be tap]$ (f f ! front 7,fig4 #a7 or f ! l[] "p 7,fig4 #b71 all ! tap] be+ cut f above & f beh9d1 s t ! :eels may incl9e a little inw>d 9 front & bel[1 & if ! axle arms %\ld b5d a little ) ! weight ( c>go & ) ! =w>d draught1 !y may only h a t5d5cy to resume a true position4 ,! arms %\ld be c>efully l9$ (f 9 accordance ) ^! rules1 & 9 cutt+ ! %\ld] 7,fig4 #c7 x %\ld be squ>$1 n f ! edge ( ! axle1 b f a l9e 7dott$ 9 ! illu/ration7 drawn along ! c5tre ( ! arm1 s t ! back ( ! nave may be> truly aga9/ x4 ,9 cutt+ ! %\ld] be sure n to weak5 ! arm by lett+ ! saw g1 h[ev] little1 beyond ! prop] dep?1 = :]e s great a pressure has to be borne ! slighte/ cut w\ld become ! beg9n+ ( a fracture4 ,:5 ! arms h be5 cut & r\ghly r\nd$ by saw & adze or axe1 trim !m ) ! spoke-%ave1 & occasionally try on ! :eel1 :irl+ x r\nd to te/ ! tru?fulness ( ! "w--!re is almo/ sure to be suffici5t grease or t> left 9 x to m>k all ! undue projections1 & to leave clean ! holl[s on ! arm1 & ! m>ks %\ld be c>efully exam9$ t y may "k :at p>ts require to be trimm$ away4 ,x is n[ "t to take (f ! iron "w f ! condemn$ axle2 & suffici5t notice %\ld be tak5 ( e piece1 to "k exactly to :at portion ( ! woodwork x is to be re/or$1 = mu* extra difficulty is occasion$ by any unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,bolts1 ?\gh ( ! same app>5t size1 %\ld n be transf]r$ at r&om f "o side to ! o!r1 & e nut1 :5 once remov$1 %\ld be scrupul\sly re/or$ to ! individual bolt x belongs to4 ,^! injunctions may seem ne$lessly /rict2 b we speak f exp]i5ce1 & if ! read] has to attempt ! "w n[ "u consid]ation he w d well to att5d z /rictly to !m4 ,illu/ration ,! iron ske9s1 or friction gu>ds 7,fig4 #d71 %\ld be remov$ f ! arms ( ! old axle & c>efully let into ! correspond+ ones ( ! new2 & :5 ne>ly fitt$ !y may be slightly heat$ s z to *> & smoo? ! b$ = !mselves1 z well z to grip m tightly1 9 cool+1 ! wood !y are meant to protect4 ,be=e fa/5+ !m ) _! prop] bolts ! :eels %\ld be tri$ on to asc]ta9 t !y h be5 truly fitt$4 ,note4--,! sket* above %[s1 on "o side1 ! kap t5t1 or prop]ly-built ro(1 & on ! o!r1 ! wattl$ sub/itute4 ,o is ! front ( ! kadel1 or sw++ b$ frame1 ,l1 #h1 ,m1 on ! next page1 are ! yokes1 skeis1 & trek ge>1 drawn to ! scale giv5 at ! side4 ,if1 z is mo/ frequ5tly ! case1 ! new axle is a front "o1 x mu/ n[ be fitt$ "u ! re/ ( ! =e /ell or c>riage 7,h71 ! holes = ! connect+ bolts & p]*-bolt m>k$ & truly bor$1 & ! clamps :i* b9d x to ! upp] portion heat$1 driv5 into _! place1 & tight5$ by be+ sudd5ly cool$ ) wat]4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes1 :5 x is n necess>y1 or wood suffici5tly l>ge _c be procur$1 to make a new axle1 a new arm 7,i7 may be let 91 & ?is %\ld be sc>f$ & *eck$ 91 & ! inn] end 7,fig4 #e71 :i* rea*es ne>ly to ! c5tre ( ! axle1 cut1 n squ>e1 b diagonally across1 s t ! aft] side is some:at long] ?an ! front1 & ?is1 prev5t+ ! inn] end f com+ =w>d1 w also c\nt]act ! natural t5d5cy ( ! draught to =ce ! arm backw>d4 ,if ! longitud9al cut 7,fig4 #f7 = ! sc>f is also made n squ>e across1 b a little incl9$ upw>ds 9 front1 x w also help to resi/ ! backw>d pressure ( ! :eel4 ,no fa/5+ beyond ! bolt :i* passes ?r\gh ! qu>t] ( ! axle & ! b& at ! %\ld] is absolutely necess>y = ! fix+ ( a new arm4 ,we h1 ^u "o occasion1 n only made a new axle1 b :51 f uns\ndness ( timb]1 a new arm 0 necess>y1 h put 9 "o on :i* ! heavily-load$ waggon ran ne>ly #ajjj miles2 & besides ?is1 ! =e tong 7,j71 or socket 9 :i* ! dissel-boom or pole 7,k7 works be+ mu* brok51 we cut (f ! jaws on ei!r side1 & fitt$ new ones 9 a mann] t w be mu* bett] und]/ood by ! above sket* ?an by description2 & ^!1 aft] runn+ f ! ,zambesi to ,otjimb5gue1 7 /ill s firm t ! pr(essional waggon-wright1 deem$ x necess>y only to secure !m by ! addition ( a c\ple ( b&s put on hot1 & %runk d[n on !m ) wat]4 ,repair+ poles4 ,frequ5tly ! dissel-boom or pole w break1 b ! cutt+ & fitt+ ( a new "o is too simple a matt] to ne$ mu* m in/ruction ?an a c>eful inspection ( ! old "o w af=d2 x 0 our practice1 h[ev]1 to bore a hole p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>d beh9d ! dissel-bolt 7,fig4 #g71 & by means ( a #a_/b;94 bolt & nut1 tightly screw$1 pres]ve ! pole f splitt+ :5 subject$ to a heavy /ra94 ,mr4 ,re$]1 :om we met ne> ! ,zambesi1 %[$ u a v +5i\s plan ( /ay+ ! dissel-boom :5 ! =e tong 0 weak5$4 ,*apman w5t out & %ot a rh9oc]os1 & ,re$] fir/ nail$ a *ock ^u ! dissel-boom1 & fix$ on x a grummet ( rh9oc]os hide z tight z possible1 !n1 tak+ a long1 /\t /rip ( ! same1 he hit*$ ! middle ( x on 9 front ( ! grummet1 lead+ ! p>ts to ea* side ( ! spl9t] b>1 & !nce "u ! axle to ! bolts beh9d x1 :]e ! ends 7 ?9n$ (f suffici5tly to admit ( _! be+ easily made fa/4 ,^! /ays did n come =w>d en\gh to gall ! aft] ox54 ,! great virtue ( raw hide is t1 in/ead ( slack5+ l rope :5 x dries1 x %r9ks1 & becomes z h>d z iron4 ,suppose a dissel-boom sprung :]e ano!r c\ld n be procur$1 ! sk9 f ! leg ( an ox1 or a wild animal ( correspond+ size--say a buffalo or quagga--drawn on :ile wet & all[$ to dry1 w\ld make ! jo9t firm] ev5 ?an ! unfractur$ "p 7,fig4 #h74 ,! sk9 f ! tail ( an ox w1 9 ! same mann]1 m5d a brok5 waggon :ip2 & t ( a calf's tail is 9 l mann] us$ by ! ,kafirs to b9d ! "p :]e ! iron ( _! assegais or light javel9s is ins]t$ into ! %aft4 ,quagga sk91 inde$1 is especially us$ = ?is purpose1 & h>dly = any o!r1 z x is s rigid t ! ord9>y means = s(t5+ lea!r are ( no avail4 ,sometimes ! ,dut* f>m]s use ! sk91 j z x is /ripp$ (f1 z a j> or b>rel to hold corn or o!r produce4 ,illu/ration ,! repair ( :eels4 ,a long j\rney ov] r\gh roads & 9 an int5sely hot c\ntry1 l ,africa 9 ! dry season1 w tell ^u ! be/-made :eels1 & ! spokes & tires w become loose mo/ frequ5tly :]e x is impossible prop]ly to rectify ! defect4 ,9 su* cases a numb] ( w$ges ( dry1 /raight-gra9$ wood mu/ be prep>$1 & = ?is purpose "s box or pack+-case1 made ( deal1 mu/ be sacrific$1 z x w be almo/ impossible to procure any?+ s suitable 9 ! bu%2 ! plank mu/ be cut into pieces betwe5 #c;94 & #d;94 long1 &1 if ^! are aga9 sawn diagonally along _! l5g?1 mat]ial w be sav$ by ! production ( two w$ges1 :]e only "o c\ld h be5 made by ! :ittl+ process4 ,^! mu/ be driv5 tightly 9 f back & front1 betwe5 ! felloe & ! tire1 & z equally z possible all r\nd ! :eel2 if !y are !n wett$ )1 & all[$ to absorb1 a /rong solution ( salt 9 wat]1 !y w swell1 & w n aga9 %r9k z !y w\ld if wett$ ) wat] only4 ,we knew "o v practical ,engli%man :o us$ to soak 8 w$ges 9 salt & wat] be=e driv+ !m 91 b :at he ga9$ by ?us previ\sly swell+ !m we nev] 7 able to le>n4 ,if ! spokes become loose 9 ! nave ! tempor>y rem$y is to cut two /\t b>s1 9 l5g? j equal to ! diamet] ( ! :eel2 half *eck !m s z to give !m a bett] hold on ! felloe2 lay !m p>allel to ea* o!r on ! front ( ! :eel1 "o on ea* side ! nave1 & b9d e spoke z firmly z possible to !m ) ?ongs ( raw hide1 tak+ c>e to keep ! la%+s q close to ! c5tre ( ! :eel2 ! dry+ up ( ! ?ongs w %r9k !m s mu* t ! fabric ( ! :eel w be z firmly b\nd toge!r z if clamp$ ) iron4 ,if a spoke be brok51 cut a new "o mu* ?ick] ?an ! re/1 half *eck x on to ! back ( ! felloe1 & let ! o!r end abut ^u ! nave1 fill+ up ne>ly ! space betwe5 ! s\nd spokes on ei!r side2 x %\ld ne$ to be driv5 9 tightly1 &1 :5 9 position1 %\ld be secur$ by ?ongs ( raw hide1 bo? at ! nave & at ! felloe1 to /icks laid across ! front ( ! spokes on ei!r side1 & securely la%$ to !m4 ,lead1 & its uses4 ,lead is useful = a multitude ( purposes2 its great specific gravity1 & ! ease ) :i* x c be melt$1 cut1 hamm]$1 m\ld$1 & b5t1 r5d] x especially valuable z a h&y metal4 ,our space w n admit ( our giv+ m ?an a few ( ! mo/ notewor?y purposes to :i* x c be appli$ by ! hunt] & explor]4 ,projectiles ( all sizes c be made f x1 f ! pond]\s cannon %ot to ! small sizes us$ by ! hunt] naturali/4 ,cannon %ot4 ,r\nd %ot = artill]y1 ( excell5t quality1 c be manufactur$ f lead2 & !re is no d\bt t = c]ta9 purposes x is f> sup]ior to ! iron missiles 9 g5]al use1 ! *eapness ( ! latt] mat]ial be+ its great recomm5dation4 ,x w sometimes happ5 9 wild c\ntries t al?\gh regul> cannon balls are n obta9able lead is1 & to make r\nd %ot f x two or ?ree me?ods may be adopt$4 ,! fir/ is to =m a ball f well-mix$ clay1 or c>ve "o f wood1 ( size to fit ! bore ( ! piece easily1 b n too loosely4 ,! clay ball w require ?or\gh dry+ 9 ! sun or be=e a sl[ fire be=e use4 ,! wood5 "o w m]ely require spr9kl+ ov] ) f9e a%es f ! camp fire to fit x = use4 ,two l>ge calaba%es1 wood5 boxes1 b[ls1 or cook+ pots1 are n[ to be r m ?an fill$ ) well-knead$ clay1 :i* has be5 c>efully fre$ f /ones or grit1 press+ x well d[n ) a flat bo>d until x is q ev5 at ! surface & is p]fectly compact4 ,! clay r\nd ! edges ( ! two clay hold]s mu/ n[ be trimm$ (f ) a knife ev5 ) ! sides ( ! hold]s1 b project+ ab\t an in* beyond ! brim4 ,! surface ( ea* is n[ to be spr9kl$ ) v f9e a%es1 & ! ball press$ into ! c5tre ( ! clay until x is half imb$d$4 ,x is !n to be c>efully remov$1 & press$ 9 l mann] on ! o!r hold]4 ,! ball is !n tak5 out & laid aside1 ! two hold]s be+ all[$ to dry sl[ly1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! clay is n crack$ by ! too sudd5 application ( heat4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! vessels or hold]s are to be plac$ m\? to m\?1 & s fitt$1 by scrap+ ! clay1 t ! two ind5tations =m$ by ! ball fit exactly fac+ ea* o!r2 :5 ?is has be5 done1 a funnel-%ap$ inlet mu/ be cut = ! admission ( ! molt5 lead4 ,! two hold]s may n[ be put toge!r1 secur$ ) a la%+ ( cord or /rips ( hide1 & ! metal run 9 at ! inlet4 ,"s "t mu/ be all[$ to elapse be=e ! m\ld is di/urb$1 or ! lead w n h suffici5tly settl$ to admit ( ! %ot be+ remov$ )\t injury to ! app>atus4 ,! tail ( lead =m$ by ! inlet s]ves to lift ! %ot out by1 & is !n cut (f flu% ) ! surface4 ,a numb] ( balls may ) c>e be made ) ! same pair ( hold]s1 only ! greate/ caution is ne$$ 9 ?is1 z ) all o!r op]ations 9 :i* molt5 lead is us$1 to gu>d aga9/ ! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! m\ld1 or mo/ s]i\s accid5ts w happ54 ,we 7 busily engag$ "o night ov] ! camp fire ca/+ heavy bullets = our l>ge smoo? bore1 mak+ use ( an iron ladle = ! lead1 & a l>ge pair ( iron m\lds = ! balls4 ,^! _h become r hot & 7 laid aside to cool2 & :il/ ?is 0 do+1 z ! lead 0 beg9n+ to run r %ort1 we />t$ = ! t5t to get m1 desir+ "o ( ! ,indians1 :o 0 keep+ up ! fire & g5]ally aid+ 9 ! op]ations1 to g on ca/+ s soon z ! m\lds 7 cool4 ,t no "t might be lo/1 our dusky assi/ant plung$ ! hot m\ld 9 a pot ( wat]1 clos$ x up1 & proce$$ to p\r 9 ! *>ge ( heat$ metal1 :5 a viol5t explosion in/antly took place1 scatt]+ ! boil+ lead broadca/ ov] ! nak$ legs & bodies ( ! un=tunate natives1 s5d+ ! ladle "o way1 ! m\ld ano!r1 & caus+ a p]fect panic & dire dismay ?r\gh\t ! p>ty4 ,s(t /ones ( _m k9ds c be conv5i5tly made use ( = ca/+ 91 tak+ two ( equal size1 scoop+ out ! cavity 9 ea* /one ( ! =m int5d$ to be giv5 to ! ca/+1 & !n cutt+ an inlet4 ,common ,ba? sc\r+ bricks answ] ?is purpose admirably4 ,we con/antly use !m = ca/+ fi%+ leads1 plummets1 bodies = artificial baits1 c4 c4 ,two bricks1 or portions ( brick1 are made use (4 ,! surfaces are r5d]$ smoo? by rubb+ !m toge!r4 ,! int5d$ cavity is !n m>k$ ) a %>p po9t on ea* half1 & scoop$ neatly out ) a knife1 *isel1 or o!r conv5i5t in/rum5t2 :5 f9i%$1 not*$1 & ! inlet cut1 ! two halves are ti$ toge!r ) tape & ! lead p\r$ 94 ,objects ( six or sev5 p\nds weight c be made by ! use ( two common sc\r+ bricks4 ,balls ( l>ge size are (t5 made 9 ! ,ea/ by hamm]+ squ>e masses ( lead1 or iron1 on an anvil until suffici5tly r\nd = use4 ,great lab\r & no little skill are requir$ to p]=m ! op]ation1 :i* aft] all leads to v unsatisfactory results1 ! balls be+ r\gh & untrue1 correspond+ ) ! int]iors ( ! b>rels !y are int5d$ to be fir$ f4 ,we h se5 heavy /ones & bits ( iron cov]$ ) lead fir$ f ! mo/ unpromis+ look+ mat*locks1 :i*1 someh[ or ano!r1 deliv] _! *>ge ) great] =ce & accuracy ?an w\ld be anticipat$ on a fir/ exam9ation4 ,! be/ m\lds = ca/+ bullets ( all sizes & =ms are ^? made f gun-metal1 bronze1 or brass4 ,buck-%ot m\ld4 ,a buck-%ot m\ld ( ei!r ( ^! mat]ials w be f\nd ( great value4 ,we h "o :i* has prov$ on _m occasions ( ! greate/ s]vice2 x is con/ruct$ to conta9 two r[s ( cavities = ! %ot1 sev5 9 ea* r[1 "o above ! o!r2 s t :5 ! groove lead+ to ! inlets is fill$ ) lead1 & all ! cavities are *>g$1 ! second r[ is turn$ upw>ds & treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! %ot1 :5 cold1 are cut f _! necks ) a knife or /rong pair ( scissors1 & are !n fit = use4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t ! size ( common peas1 & a *>ge ( !m f a l>ge p[]ful gun is trem5d\sly effective2 !y are extremely useful = de] jump+1 antelope %oot+1 wild goose or bu/>d /alk+4 ,at v %ort di/ances1 & 9 close enc\nt] ) a l>ge animal1 !y may be us$ ) de/ructive effect1 b mu/ be only consid]$ 9 ! light ( a make%ift :5 ! true l>ge game ( ! =e/ has to be dealt )4 ,aga9/ attack+ hordes ( savages1 9 a bu% fight1 or canoe enc\nt]1 !y are invaluable4 ,! *>ge mu/ be proportion$ to ! size ( ! guns2 ^? ( heavy metal & l>ge bore g5]ally deliv] !m be/4 ,slugs1 to make4 ,slugs are to be made by fill+ a box or l>ge pot ) f9e clean s&1 =c+ x d[n tight1 & !n ) a smoo? r\nd /ick1 ab\t ! size ( a small p5cil1 mak+ a numb] ( holes f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! vessel or receiv] 9 :i* ! s& has be5 plac$4 ,:5 z _m are made z ! space w admit (1 p\r ! molt5 lead /eadily into !m until !y are fill$2 :5 cold1 ! s& c be ?r[n out1 & ! lead5 rods or p5cils sep>at$ f x4 ,^!1 :5 laid on a bo>d 9 r[s1 c be cut up into %ort junks by plac+ a /rong knife on !m1 & /rik+ x on ! back ) any conv5i5t in/rum5t4 ,?ick %eets ( lead are cut up into dice 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,^! are usually %ak5 ab\t 9 a t9 box or an iron pot1 9 ord] to r\nd (f ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration ,%ot1 to make4 ,! manufacture ( %ot by ! amateur1 al?\gh n q z easy ( accompli%m5t z ! prep>ation ( slugs1 may be1 ) ! ex]cise ( a little +5uity1 successfully c>ri$ out2 & al?\gh ! produce ( 8 lab\rs w n equal ! p]fect sph]es produc$ by ! pr(essional %ot manufactur]1 by ! aid ( 8 co/ly t[]1 yet x w be good en\gh = ! description ( %oot+ he w be likely to obta9 9 situations :]e ! mak+ ( %ot is r5d]$ necess>y4 ,we 7 driv5 to ! necessity ( devis+ ! plan we are ab\t to describe by ! impossibility ( obta9+ %ot1 c\pl$ ) ! urg5t want ( t to be procur$ ) x4 ,?us is ! op]ation to be conduct$3--,a piece ( iron1 su* z horse-%oes are made f1 is to be obta9$ if possible1 if n1 any o!r piece ( iron1 ab\t #b;ft4 long & ( mod]ate wid? & ?ickness1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,ab\t an in* f ! end ( ?is drill a wide-m\!d1 funnel-%ap$ hole1 ( ! =m kn[n z a c\nt]s9k1 until )9 ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* ( go+ ?r\gh ! b>2 !n1 ) a drill ab\t ! size ( a knitt+-ne$le1 ext5d ! hole q ?r\gh2 next1 get a piece ( dry plank1 ab\t #c;ft4 long1 & 9 x1 ) a h&saw1 cut z _m longitud9al cuts z ! wid? ( ! bo>d w admit (1 mak+ !m a little ov] ! eigh? ( an in* deep & ! ?ickness ( ! saw wide4 ,! bo>d1 :5 plac$ slightly on ! incl9e1 mu/ be s treat$ ) a *>ge ( molt5 lead t all ! cuts are fill$ ) x f ! upp] end2 ! result w be ! =mation ( a great numb] ( long lead wires4 ,^! are to be tak5 f ! grooves & fre% bat*es run1 until z _m p\nds h be5 made z x is int5d$ to make %ot4 ,a pres]v$-meat t91 or an ord9>y t9 pot1 mu/ n[ be ab\t "o-?ird fill$ ) wat]1 & ! rema9+ two-?irds fill$ up ) oil2 ! pot mu/ be plac$ on a plate or di%1 9 ord] to cat* any oil :i* may run ov] z ! "w proce$s4 ,! end ( ! iron b> :i* has ! hole 9 x is n[ to be plac$ 9 ! fire & heat$ to a bright-r$ heat3 :5 ! o!r end1 r\nd :i* a piece ( clo? may be b\nd1 is grasp$ ) ! left h&1 & ! b> quickly )drawn f ! fire1 /ruck sm>tly aga9/ "s solid body1 9 ord] to remove adh]+ du/ & a%es1 & !n held ) ! wide m\? ( ! hole upw>d1 a %ort di/ance above ! surface ( ! oil 9 ! pot4 ,a lead wire is n[ to be quickly tak5 up 9 ! "r h& & its end press$ well d[n into ! hole 7z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration72 if ! iron is well heat$1 ! wire w melt away v rapidly & run 9 a succession ( drops into ! oil3 wire aft] wire is to be ?us melt$1 until ! iron requires reheat+4 7,x is a good plan to h two or m irons at "w1 b x is n ess5tial47 ,?is wire-melt+ process mu/ be cont9u$ until all ! /ock has be5 exp5d$1 :5 ! solid cont5ts ( ! pot may be tak5 out4 ,if ! op]ation ( dropp+ has be5 prop]ly p]=m$ ! result w be %ot ( ab\t ?ree sizes--,no4 #g1 ,no4 #d1 & duck %ot4 ,c]ta9 conditional circum/ances some:at alt] ^! sizes1 b approximately !y are to be expect$1 & a c]ta9 numb] m or less tail$ w g5]ally be f\nd among/ ! re/4 ,to sep>ate ! ?ree sizes ( r\nd %ot two flat t9 boxes or empty s>d9e t9s are requir$4 ,) a piece ( nail fil$ d[n1 s z to make a hole ! size to j let ,no4 #g %ot ?r\gh1 pun* a numb] ( holes 9 ! bottom ( "o ( ! boxes1 s z to make a sort ( sieve ( x2 !n ) ano!r nail make holes 9 ! bottom ( ! second box1 j l>ge en\gh to let y\r ,no4 #d ?r\gh4 ,:5 ^! are prep>$1 wa% y\r mix$ %ot 9 wat]1 ) wood a%es 9 x2 ?is removes all ! oil 9 ! =m ( soap4 ,! %ot1 :5 dry1 is ready = sift+ ) ! boxes4 ,! fir/ box lets only ,no4 #g or a size or s small] ?r\gh1 keep+ back ! ,no4 #d4 ,! second box lets ! ,no4 #d ?r\gh1 reta9+ ! duck %ot4 ,ea* size may n[ h its own respective tail]s1 or pe>-%ap$ %ot1 mix$ ) x2 ^! c be got rid ( by all[+ ! %ot to run d[n ov] a slop+ bo>d1 :5 ! r\nd %ot run /raight to ! bottom1 :il/ ! tail]s run (f at ! sides1 & c be collect$ to melt up aga94 ,lead plates1 to make4 ,plates ( lead = writ+ inscriptions on c be ca/ by turn+ up ! edges ( a piece ( %eet copp]1 iron1 or t91 j high en\gh to =m a sort ( %all[ tray to hold ! molt5 lead4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( %eet metal1 ! surface ( a box ( s&1 or a flat /one ) a little wall ( clay r\nd x1 may be made use (4 ,lead p5cils & /ock :ip h&les4 ,lead p5cils1 = r\gh c>p5t]'s "w1 c be made by fill+ jo9ts ( small cane1 m>% re$s1 or we$ /alks1 ) melt$ lead1 & !n po9t+ !m ) a knife4 ,! h&les ( /ock :ips & "s o!r implem5ts are weight$1 & prev5t$ f splitt+1 by hav+ lead run into !m2 "s ( ! =m] are occasionally v elaborately ornam5t$4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ by fir/ cutt+ out ! int5d$ patt]n on ! h&le ) a %>p-po9t$ knife or o!r in/rum5t1 tak+ c>e t ! cutt+ p5etrates ! wood deeply1 t ! =m ( ! groove is slightly und]cut1 & t ea* r+ ( ! patt]n communicates ) ! "o bel[ x4 ,! fir/ r+ on ! /ick mu/ h an inlet made 9 x2 /rips ( /\t br[n pap] are n[1 aft] be+ slightly moi/5$ & t\*$ ov] ) pa/e1 roll$ r\nd ! /ick1 lay] aft] lay] 9 spiral =m1 until its :ole l5g? has be5 ?ickly cov]$ l ! case ( a rocket4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry ! lead is run 9 at ! inlet1 & :5 cold ! pap] c be /ripp$ (f1 & ! h&le f9i%$ (f & poli%$ ) s&-pap] or a bit ( fi%-sk94 ,bruis$ gun-b>rels1 to repair4 ,ind5tations 9 ! sides ( gun or rifle b>rels c be tak5 out by ! foll[+ process3--,take ! b>rel out ( ! /ock2 cut a cork s z to fit ! muzzle tightly1 & !n =ce x d[n ?ree in*es1 ram 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ( dry p[d]$ clay on ! cork1 twi/ a clo? dipp$ 9 cold wat] sev]al times r\nd ! b>rel 9 ord] to prev5t ! rib f becom+ unsold]$ by heat1 & !n fill up ! space above ! clay ) molt5 h>d5$ lead4 7,see ,to h>d5 bullets1 p4 #bbh47 ,y w !n h a metal plug exactly fitt+ ! b>rel4 ,remove ! cork & clay1 & fa%ion f /rong h>dwood a rod j long en\gh to rea* a few in*es beyond ! ind5tation4 ,a b> ( iron is n[ to be heat$ to a r$ heat1 & plac$ aga9/ ! ind5t$ spot on ! outside ( ! b>rel2 ! wet clo? be+ at ! same "t w\nd above & bel[ x4 ,! metal plug is n[ to be =c$ d[n ! tube ) ! rod until x re/s on ! ob/ruction1 :5 a few bl[s ) a piece ( heavy wood on ! upp] end ( ! rod w g5]ally pass ! plug onw>ds by =c+ ! tube back to its prop] position4 ,x w be well to rev]se ends ) ! plug & =ce x up & d[n sev]al times1 until x travels q freely pa/ ! po9t ( ob/ruction4 ,make-%ift rifle %ells4 ,rifle %ells may be extemporis$ by hav+ little t9 tubes ! l5g? ( ! conical bullet & ! size ( ! gun nipple made4 ,^!1 :5 _! ends h be5 plugg$ ) wood1 are plac$ "o by "o 9 ! m\ld1 held upright by a bit ( v f9e brass wire1 & ! lead ca/ r\nd !m1 s t ! lead at ! base ( ! bullet may ext5d beyond ! end ( ! tube & cov] x4 ,! ?9 end ( ! tube %\ld project j a trifle beyond ! apex ( ! cone1 z a re/ = ! cap4 ,! wood5 plug at ?is end is n[ tak5 out2 ! tube fill$ ) ! be/ sport+ p[d]1 & a /rong1 well made p]cussion-cap put on ! tube1 & secur$ !re ) /rong v>ni%1 seal+-wax1 or pit*4 ,! load+ ( a bree*-load] ) ^! is accompli%$ ) no dang]1 b ) a muzzle-load] ! v greate/ caution is requir$4 ,! end ( ! ramrod or load+ /ick %\ld be v deeply c\nt]sunk1 9 ord] to take all pressure (f ! cap2 & ev5 ) ?is precaution x is well to make use ( an ov]hang+ bran* ( a tree to place ! rod aga9/1 :il/ ! rifle is ?ru/ muzzle upw>ds until ! ball is home4 ,%ells some:at on ?is pr9ciple 7 fir/ br\ght into notice by ! late ,g5]al ,jacob1 ( ! ,sc9de ,irregul> ,horse4 ,!y are trem5d\sly de/ructive :5 skilfully us$3 de/roy+ l>ge animals by explod+ 9 !m1 & bl[+ up magaz9es ( gunp[d] at all b incr$ible di/ances2 b we h kn[n !m explode outside ! elephant & o!r l>ge pa*yd]ms1 ?us fail+ completely 9 ! object !y 7 us$ =4 ,mr4 ,met=d's improvem5t on ! ,jacob %ell is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,f9d+ t x did n always explode1 he mix$ equal p>ts ( *lorate ( potass & sulphate ( antimony2 ! two c be mix$ on a plate ) a bone pap]-cutt] or a quill p54 ,! m !y are mix$1 ! m s5sitive is _! detonat+ p[]4 ,! bullets are m\ld$ ) a hole f po9t ne>ly to base1 z = ,jacob's %ells1 b no copp] tube is us$4 ,! p[d] is fill$ 9 ) a quill to ! top1 & settl$ d[n by a few taps ( ! base ( ! bullet on a table1 & ! end is !n /opp$ ) wax4 ,b x is v que/ionable :e!r1 9 close enc\nt] ) l>ge animals1 x is n bett]1 aft] all1 to rely on ! m c]ta9 effects ( heavy balls ( ord9>y con/ruction1 ) /rong *>ges ( p[d] beh9d !m4 ,) ! num]\s improvem5ts 9 rifle %ells we _c deal1 z _m ( !m are too complex 9 _! compon5t p>ts = a w&]+ hunt] or explor] to be able to imitate successfully4 ,ladles1 spoons1 & o!r sub/itutes4 ,small ladles or iron spoons are usually us$ to melt lead 91 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 bullets & o!r small matt]s may be ca/ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 :i* is a fav\rite "o among/ ! ,indians3--,a piece ( dry h>d wood1 ab\t #af;94 long1 #c;94 broad1 & #b;94 ?ick1 is prep>$2 on "o end ( ?is a spoon-%ap$ cavity1 ) a lip-%ap$ groove 9 ! end1 is made2 9 ! bottom ( ?is a few r$-hot wood emb]s f ! fire are plac$ on ^! same fragm5ts ( flatt5$ lead1 & on ! lead "s good-siz$ pieces ( r$-hot emb]s4 ,a bit ( b>k is n[ twi/$ into a bl[-pipe1 f :i* a /eady /ream ( air is direct$ to ! m9iature furnace1 :i* almo/ in/antly melts ! lead1 & fits x = runn+ by ! lip into ! m\ld1 j z x w\ld f a spoon4 ,clean1 excell5t bullets are to be made 9 ?is way4 ,lead ore smelt+4 ,x sometimes happ5s t lead ore or gal5a is discov]$4 ,lead z a metal1 except 9 v r>e in/ances1 is n f\nd 9 a native or malleable =m2 & z ! ore is a sulphuret1 brittle1 & easily pulv]is$1 "s me?od mu/ be _h rec\rse to 9 ord] to smelt & r5d] x fit = use4 ,"s ,indians d x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,aft] r$uc+ a l>ge quantity ( ! ore to p[d]1 betwe5 heavy /ones1 !y seek out a holl[ tree /ump1 cle> out ! bottom flu% ) ! gr\nd1 & dig a pit j outside x4 ,!n on ! bottom or floor ( ! /ump a ?ick lay] ( dry wood is plac$1 ev5ly on ?is a lay] ( ! p[d]$ ore1 !n ano!r lay] ( wood1 !n "o ( ore1 & s on until ! /ump is q full4 ,a small hole is !n *opp$ ) a tomahawk ?r\gh ! side ( ! /ump1 level ) ! gr\nd & opposite ! pit4 ,?r\gh ?is orifice fire is introduc$1 & ! /ump soon becomes a mass ( gl[+ heat z ! air ru%es 9 at ! hole at ! bottom2 s fa/ z ! gal5a 7:i* is usually v pure7 is r$uc$ to melt$ lead x trickles ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! heat$ pile1 & runs out into ! pit1 :]e x is all[$ to settle & cool4 ,! ,dut*-,africans l to h _! bullets ( su* a size t :5 "o is put into a clean b>rel x passes sl[ly d[n )\t rattl+1 ! slight noise ( ! escap+ air be+ he>d z x desc5ds4 ,9 a skirmi% !y load v quickly2 ! p[d] is p\r$ f ! l>ge ox-horn into ! holl[ ( ! h&1 & !nce into ! gun3 a numb] ( bullets are held 9 ! m\?1 "o is dropp$ 91 & ! moi/ure cakes ! p[d] r\nd & holds x 9 its place ) a v slight tap f ! ramrod1 or sometimes p]haps )\t2 ?\gh we %\ld nev] advise any "o to incur s great a risk ( bur/+ 8 gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,=e/4 ,to h>d5 bullets4 ,= su* game z ! elephant or rh9oc]os ! hunt]s h>d5 _! bullets ) a little t9--n m ?an "o-t5?2 if too mu* is add$ x makes ! bullet brittle1 & detracts f its specific gravity2 x %\ld be j h>d en\gh to %[ a slight ind5tation :5 bitt54 ,! lead mu/ be fir/ melt$ z requir+ ! great] heat1 & ! t9 add$ aft]w>ds4 ,type metal1 or worn-out type f pr9t+ (fices1 is mu* us$ = ?is purpose2 b quicksilv]1 :i*1 f its own great specific gravity1 does n detract f ! weight ( ! bullet1 is ! be/ alloy4 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] says3--,! lead is melt$ 9 a pot1 :i* is kept at r$ heat4 ,en\gh to make ?ree or f\r bullets is tak5 9 a small] ladle1 & "o-t5? ( quicksilv] add$ & /irr$ into x ) a bit ( iron1 z if ! quicksilv] is expos$ to ! great heat ( ! l>g] pot x w soon evaporate4 ,! rifle bullets us$ 9 ! army1 be+ compress$ in/ead ( ca/1 are h>d en\gh )\t alloy2 & 9 bree*-load]s1 :]e ! bullet has to pass ?r\gh a b>rel :i* is g5]ally a trifle small] ?an ! *amb]1 x w\ld be unsafe to h>d5 x too mu*4 ,illu/ration ,cleft bullets4 ,! ,f+oes & ,kafirs cut a small piece (f two bullets1 s z to produce flat surfaces 7,fig4 #a72 !n1 :ile ! lead is /ill clean1 press !m /rongly toge!r1 giv+ !m a half turn to expel ! air & br+ !m p]fectly 9 contact4 ,!y w adh]e s /rongly z to be> ?r[+ on ! gr\nd1 & :5 fir$ at a hundr$ y>ds w sep>ate only a few in*es4 ,a bullet cleft v ne>ly ?r\gh ) two cuts1 s t x spreads into f\r p>ts 7,fig4 #b71 makes a fe>ful w\nd at close qu>t]s--a conical cut f its base 7,fig4 #c7 p>ticul>ly s4 ,sometimes two bullets are connect$ by a bit ( bell wire roll$ up spirally z a spr+ 7,fig4 #d74 ,we h se5 bundles ( nails b\nd toge!r ) wire by ! rebel ,hott5tots 9 imitation ( conical bullets4 ,! ,kafirs use bits ( ! legs ( iron pots4 ,"s ( ! native hunt]s use iron bullets1 or r bolts twice z long z _! diamet]2 b !y creep s close t !y _c miss1 & foll[ ! w\nd$ animal till he dies1 s t !y always recov] _! bullet4 ,extemporis+ bullet m\lds4 ,bullet m\lds may be extemporis$ 9 _m ways4 ,two %all[ boxes may be made & fill$ ) loam or clay1 mu* z ! m\lds = cannon %ot1 be=e describ$1 are made 7( :i* la/ no mat]ial is bett] ?an a p\nd$ an?ill71 & ! surface ( ! l[] "o mu/ be smoo?4 ,a piece ( /iff pap] pi]c$ ) holes ! size ( ! bullet laid on x1 & z _m bullets z conv5i5t press$ half way into ! clay1 ! o!r half mu/ !n be press$ d[n ^u x1 & :5 ne>ly dry ! bullets mu/ be tak5 out1 holes made ?r\gh to ! out] surface1 on :i* a small *annel %\ld be cut1 s t ! lead may run to ! entrance & n wa/e itself by spread+4 ,mo/ likely ! m\ld w\ld be damag$ aft] two or ?ree ca/+s1 b x is easy to make a new "o4 ,! ,dut* bo]s frequ5tly use blocks ( /eatite or soap/one1 ) half ! bullet cut into ea*1 & pegs or projections on "o half1 ) correspond+ holl[s 9 ! o!r1 keep ! two p>ts 9 true position 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 ,sydney we requir$ a conical bullet m\ld2 &1 z su* ?+s 7 n g5]ally kept = sale1 we engag$ a f\nd] to make a solid block ( brass1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 & 9 ?is to bore a cyl9dro-conical hole1 po9t d[nw>ds1 ab\t #a_/b 94 deep] ?an ! l5g? ( ! bullet2 ano!r piece 0 made ) a h&le at "o end1 & at ! o!r a projection 7,fig4 #g71 to fit into ! block & give ! =m ( ! holl[ back ( ! bullet2 a hole 0 bor$ ?r\gh ?is a little small] above ?an bel[1 s t :5 ! sup]flu\s lead 0 cut (f ! bullet w\ld come away ) a tail ab\t #a 94 long1 tap]+ to ! end2 ?is 0 easily cut (f ) prop] p9c]s2 !re 0 a small not* cut up ! side ( ! ins]t$ block s z to all[ ( ! escape ( air z ! lead 0 p\r$ 94 ,9 "s conical m\lds ! lead is p\r$ 9 f ! side1 & 9 o!rs f ! po9t4 ,we d n approve ( ei!r ( ^! me?ods4 ,! greate/ h>dness1 weight1 & d5sity %\ld be at ! po9t1 & !re=e ?is %\ld be d[nw>d 9 ! m\ld1 :ile ! metal is p\r$ 9 at ! base4 ,( c\rse ! great range acquir$ by "s ( our mo/ p]fect rifles ) cyl9d] conical bullets is an imm5se advantage1 = if animals _c be approa*$ !y may be %ot at long ranges2 & v frequ5tly dur+ ! la/ ,kafir w>1 :ile p>ties ) ! common musket h be5 def5d+ !mselves aga9/ savages :o occupi$ almo/ impregnable positions1 ^? among ! coloni/s :o possess$ long rang$ rifles w\ld occupy a hill p]haps a c\ple ( ?\s& y>ds (f1 & s5d bullets among ! enemy ) q suffici5t accuracy to create a v uncom=table feel+ ( insecurity4 ,a v fav\rite =m ( gun 0 a d\ble-b>rel1 ) "o b>rel rifl$1 & v c>efully sight$ = long ranges1 & ! o!r pla91 & capable ( ?r[+ a good *>ge ( buck %ot1 :i* we h se5 v effectively us$ at ?irty or =ty y>ds4 ,sport+ rifles4 ,:5 ! elephant hunt]s lie at ! wat] by night1 & %oot at v close qu>t]s1 !y f9d t a %>p-po9t$ conical ) v high velocity1 pi]ces s sudd5ly & %>ply1 t ! animal feels no %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & gets away = _m miles1 & dies beyond _! rea*4 ,!y !re=e *oose a %ort1 smoo?-bore gun1 ) a v l>ge r\nd bullet4 ,we h se5 !m z l>ge z half a p\nd2 & ?is1 ) a comp>atively small *>ge ( p[d]1 say #i;drs4 or #aj;drs41 bruises r ?an pi]ces1 communicat+ su* a %ock to ! adjac5t p>ts t ! creature is /unn$ z well z w\nd$1 & is n able to make ^? m>vell\s la/ ef=ts t 9 ! =m] case w\ld enable him at lea/ to die 9 peace f> out ( rea* ( 8 pursu]s4 ,we1 aft] a fair trial ( ! conical ball 9 ,india1 ab&on$ x on acc\nt ( ! quantity ( w\nd$ game lo/1 & return$ to ! old sph]ical projectile4 ,c>tridge mak+4 ,improvem5ts 9 guns are long be=e !y are g5]ally adopt$ 9 wild & di/ant c\ntries4 ,! old fl9t musket is to ?is day ! fav\r$ weapon ( mo/ ( ! bord] tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,ea/2 x w %oot q well en\gh = !m1 &1 if ( milit>y make1 x la/s a long "t 9 comp>atively good ord]4 ,p]cussion guns f\nd _! way v sl[ly ev5 among ! ,dut* coloni/s2 _m admitt$ _! sup]iority1 b !re 0 always ! unc]ta9ty ( be+ able to obta9 a supply ( caps1 &1 9 ! same way1 _m excell5t =ms ( bree*-load]s _c be adopt$ by p]sons travell+ or resid+ f> f civilisation1 because complicat$ & exp5sive c>tridges are requir$1 & :5 ! supply runs %ort ! gun is useless4 ,& sometimes1 because h[ev] p]fect ! gun may be :ile well tak5 c>e (1 its delicate adju/m5ts soon give way "u ! r\gh we> & te> ( actual h>d s]vice4 ,! advantages ( facility 9 reload+1 especially on horseback1 or :ile runn+ aft] or away f ! game or enemy1 are s great t if a bree*-load] c be made suffici5tly /rong & simple 9 all its p>ts1 capable ( be+ us$ z a muzzle-load] on em]g5cies1 or ) c>tridges s simple t a p]son ( ord9>y skill c make !m = himself1 x w surely comm5d itself to m5 ^: lives1 9 _m cases1 dep5d ^u ! effectiv5ess ( _! guns4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s 9 u to comp>e ! m]its ( ! v>i\s =ms4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! satisfaction ) :i* we us$ ! s+le-b>rell$ ,wilson bree*-load]1 ! simplicity & /r5g? ( :i*1 comb9$ ) facility ( load+1 7 all t c\ld be desir$1 unless1 inde$1 x 7 made self-capp+1 :i* we believe c\ld easily be done4 ,a metal bree*-plug1 to be ins]t$ :5 requir$1 conv]ts x into a muzzle-load]2 b !n a small] size ( bullet mu/ be us$1 & ! c>tridges are s simple & inexp5sive1 t we f\nd x m easy to make !m on ! spot4 ,! mat]ials requir$ 7 a few %eets ( tissue pap]1 a quantity ( felt wads1 tol]ably /\t1 half ( !m ! exact size ( ! bore1 & ! re/ a little small]4 ,illu/ration3 #a-aa ,a piece ( t9 ( ! =m & size indicat$ by ! diagonal l9es 7,fig4 #a7 9 our illu/ration 0 us$ z a patt]n by :i* to cut ! pap]4 ,! /raight edge t 0 to surr\nd ! bullet1 & ! f>!/ diagonal side1 7 t\*$ ) a little gum1 ga!r$ f ! ne>e/ mimosa4 ,a small cyl9d] ( wood 7,fig4 #c7 0 !n tak5 by ! knob1 9 ! left h&1 &1 ) ! "r1 ! holl[ base ( ! bullet 7,fig4 #b7 0 fitt$ on to ! convex end1 laid fairly on ! pap] 7,fig4 #f7 & roll$ =w>d until ! c>tridge case 0 =m$4 ,! wood 0 !n )drawn1 & ! pap]1 adh]+ to ! bullet1 left to dry4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] 7 complet$1 !y 7 set upright 9 any conv5i5t tr\gh1 or 9 a block ( wood 7,fig4 #g71 #c;94 deep1 bor$ ) holes ( ! prop] size 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! *>ge ( p[d] 0 p\r$ into ea* & cov]$ ) a small disc ( c>d or pap]4 ,"o ( ! small wads1 saturat$ ) grease1 0 next put 9 7,fig4 #h71 ! sup]flu\s pap] fold$ d[n on x 7,fig4 #i71 & a full-siz$ wad 0 !n affix$ to ! end ) a drop ( gum 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! tissue pap] 0 q /rong en\gh to conf9e ! p[d]1 & a milit>y cap1 ( fair av]age quality1 nev] fail$ to drive ! fire ?r\gh x to ! *>ge4 ,we f\nd x be/ to saturate our wads by melt+1 or r heat+1 our h>de/ fat ne>ly to boil+ po9t1 ?r[+ !m 9 & lett+ !m absorb z mu* z possible1 & !n spread+ !m out on a clean surface to cool4 ,( c\rse we c>ri$ a c\ple ( wad pun*es ( ! prop] size 9 case our supply %\ld run %ort4 ,illu/ration ,9 mak+ a c>tridge = a muzzle-load+ rifle1 ! wood5 roll] %\ld h a holl[ to receive ! po9t ( ! bullet2 ! bullet is plac$ on ! pap] ) ! base t[>ds ! "r h&1 j s f> )9 ! edge z to all[ a wad to be put beh9d1 & ! pap] turn$ d[n ov] x4 ,! p[d] is !n measur$ into ! case on ! po9t1 &1 9 load+1 ! p[d] is fir/ p\r$ into ! gun1 !n ! bullet is rev]s$ & ! pap] torn (f be=e x is ramm$ d[n4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r any =m ( s+le-b>rell$ rifle or %ot gun c compete ) a d\ble b>rel = g5]al usefulness & effici5cy4 ,:il/ on ! subject ( c>tridges1 x may n be amiss to ref] to ! tall[ c>tridges us$ = %ot guns4 ,!y add greatly to ! l5g? ( range1 & are extremely valuable = wildf[l %oot+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,c ,! foll[+ communication to ! ,field newspap] w s]ve to expla9 ! mode to be obs]v$ 9 _! manufacture3-- ,grease c>tridges1 to make4 ,a repres5ts a piece ( common c>tridge pap]2 ,b a roll] ( boxwood1 or any h>d wood1 turn$ to ! size to admit ! pap] ,a be+ roll$ once r\nd x1 & !n fitt+ into ! *amb] ,c2 ,c a *amb] turn$ out ( a solid piece ( wood1 ! *amb] to be ! exact size ( bore ( gun ! c>tridges are int5d$ =4 ,to make ! c>tridges1 cut a piece ( pap] 9 ! %ape ( ! draw+ ,a1 cutt+ ! top to ! wid? requisite1 to all[ ! pap] at top to ov]lap ne>ly a qu>t] ( an in*2 !n gum ! edge ( ! pap] to ab\t ! eigh? ( an in*1 z m>k$ by ! dott$ l9e on ! draw+ ,a4 ,place ! roll] ,b on to ! pap] at ,d1 & roll up firmly2 w9d r\nd x a little ?read1 to keep ! pap] f slipp+4 ,9 a few m9utes x w be dry4 ,y c !n pu% ! roll] out ( ! case1 & proce$ 9 ! same way till y h en\gh cases4 ,secondly1 take ! roll] & return x to ! case1 except+ t y leave ! roll] expos$ at ! top1 say = #af-;gauge ab\t #c_/h;942 place ! case & roll] 9 ! *amb]1 bottom upw>ds1 !n take "s f9e /rong tw9e & place r\nd z 9 draw+ ,no4 #a4 ,:5 drawn tight1 tie firmly1 & x w appe> z 9 ,no4 #b3 !n rev]se ! roll] & case1 br++ ! ti$ end d[n to bottom ( *amb]1 press d[n h>d to flatt5 ! bottom ( case1 draw out ! roll]1 p\r into ! case "s melt$ tall[ ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & !n put 9 y\r *>ge ( %ot1 hav+ suffici5t quantity ( tall[ to j cov] ! %ot4 ,put by until cool2 :5 set firm1 place on ! top ( ! tall[ a lea!r wad 7! size = #af-;gauge c>tridge w be #ah-;gauge74 ,any lea!r n too ?ick w d1 & y c cut ! wads out ) a pun*4 ,turn d[n ! case neatly ov] ! lea!r wad1 & make fa/ ) seal+-wax4 ,:5 load+ place ! ti$ end ( c>tridge next to ! p[d]4 ,^! directions are = bo? muzzle & bree*-load]s1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! roll]1 :i* = muzzle-load]s mu/ be made #a_/af;94 small] at ! bottom end1 z m>k$ by ! dots 9 draw+ ,b4 ,aft] a little practice ! c>tridges d n take long to make4 ,illu/ration ,make%ift c>tridges4 ,:]ev] ! means ( transport w p]mit1 take pl5ty ( ,ely's wire c>tridges1 b :5 !y _c be obta9$1 a make%ift =m1 well adapt$ = g5]al use1 may be made z foll[s3--,prep>e a /ick1 ab\t #ah;94 long1 by r\nd+ x c>efully & mak+ x fit ! bore ( y\r gun loosely4 ,r\nd ?is take two or ?ree turns ( oil$ silk1 su* z *emi/s sell4 ,!n draw (f ! end ( ! /ick tube en\gh to hold ! *>ge ( %ot & admit ( two ties be+ made r\nd x4 ,n[1 ) a piece ( f9e tw9e1 put on ! fir/ tie close to ! /ick2 !n put 9 y\r *>ge ( %ot1 & :5 x is %ak5 into place1 put ! o!r tie on ! out] end1 j z sausage sk9s are secur$4 ,! c>tridge is n[ complete1 & c be cut (f next ! /ick1 :5 y proce$ z be=e until all ! tube has be5 us$4 ,we manufactur$ a great numb] ( ^! 9 ,t>t>y1 & f\nd !m h>d-hitt+ & durable4 ,we usually c>ri$ a wai/coat pocket full ( !m1 & ramm$ "o d[n on ea* *>ge ( p[d] )\t any wad betwe5 ! c>tridge & p[d]1 b always plac$ "o ov] ! c>tridge1 9 ord] to prev5t x f ris+ 9 ! b>rel4 ,c>tridges ( ?is description kill consid]ably f>!r ?an a loose *>ge1 & are exce$+ly h&y :5 %oot+ f ! horse's back4 ,we1 ) #aoz4 ( ,no4 #d1 kill$ 9 ?is way1 ne> ,phoros ,pass1 an eagle1 :i* we gave ,capta9 ,blacki/on1 ,r4,a41 :o1 we believe1 deposit$ x 9 ! ,royal ,artill]y ,in/itution at ,woolwi*4 ,! f+]s ( old kid gloves %\ld always be kept1 z !y s]ve z excell5t cov]s bo? = %ot & ball4 ,%ot w require "o tie to keep x 92 balls w rema9 9 )\t fa/5+4 ,a little grease or oil %\ld be sme>$ ov] !m :5 fir/ made4 ,h9ts on fire>ms4 ,on _m occasions we h be5 oblig$ to fire %ot f a rifle1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ birds1 :5 ! smoo?-bores 7 n at h&4 ,ei!r ! oil$ silk or glove-f+] c>tridge is v f> sup]ior to a loose *>ge4 ,9 load+ ord9>y guns ) loose %ot1 x sometimes happ5s t a few gra9s get dropp$ into ! load$ b>rel betwe5 ! ramrod head & ! b>rel4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 inv]t ! gun1 pass ! rod upw>ds1 & ! %ot w fall out1 :5 ! rod c be )drawn4 ,! ramrod w also at times get firmly fix$ 9 a f\l b>rel1 & defy e ord9>y ef=t to get x out4 ,a little wat]1 _s1 or any o!r fluid p\r$ d[n ! b>rel almo/ in/antly releases x4 ,%\ld a gun or rifle miss fire1 or be expos$ = any "t to damp1 cut a small peg ( dry1 s(t wood1 hamm] x well d[n into ! nipple1 cut x (f flu%1 put on a new cap1 & pull ! trigg]1 :5 ! weapon is almo/ c]ta9 to g (f4 ,we fir/ saw ?is plan 9 use among ! ,s>d9ian ,b]sigli>i1 & h s9ce f\nd x answ] p]fectly4 ,:5 hunt+ ?r\gh wet jungles1 or ! re$s ( ! m>%1 p]cussion caps c be r5d]$ almo/ wat]pro( by melt+ a little beeswax on a piece ( t9 & !n dipp+ ! m\? ( ea* sep>ate cap 9 x4 ,^!1 :5 cold1 are set aside = use4 ,:5 plac$ on ! nipple1 ! wax =ms a %ield betwe5 ! cap & nipple1 :i* prev5ts ! wat] f work+ its way up4 ,all vegetable oil us$ ab\t gun-locks %\ld be prep>$ z foll[s3--,p>tly fill a common vial ) oil1 ?r[ 9 a half *>ge ( %ot1 hang x 9 ! air ) ! cork out1 & 9 a few days dra9 (f all ! cle> oil f ! top = use4 ,gun clean+4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 :5 x c be procur$1 is v valuable = clean+ ! int]iors ( guns1 pi/ols1 & rifles4 ,:5 wat] is us$1 wa% ! b>rels out ?or\ghly ) cold wat]1 mak+ use ( a t\gh wood5 rod ) a numb] ( not*es at ! end4 ,r\nd ?is a piece ( wooll5 clo? may be twi/$ until ( a size to act z a suck] 9 ! b>rel4 ,wooll5 is bett] ?an t[1 l951 or cotton1 z !re is no dang] ( ignitable ?reads be+ left beh9d1 & x c be us$ repeat$ly by wa%+ & dry+ x4 ,:5 ! b>rels are ?or\ghly clean1 fill !m ) boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ?is has all run (f ?r\gh ! nipple holes1 comm5ce ) a fre% /rip ( clo? to dry out ! b>rels1 :i* mu/ be held 9 a fold$ clo?1 9 ord] to gu>d ! h& f ! heat ( ! wat]4 ,:5 q dry1 & be=e ! b>rels are cold1 f9i% (f ) a little spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,lead may be remov$ by ! use ( a little quicksilv]4 ,! clean+ ( fire-arms 9 a wild c\ntry is a matt] ( ! v greate/ importance1 & %\ld nev] be entru/$ to s]vants1 unless1 f long s]vice & great exp]i5ce1 !y may be implicitly dep5d$ on4 ,ev5 ) su* foll[]s ab\t u1 we always1 h[ev] fatigu$1 clean our own guns4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t :ite m5 resid+ alone or 9 small communities 9 ! vic9ity ( num]\s & p[]ful native tribes possess cannon ( "s k9d or o!r1 g5]ally small signal guns f m]*ant %ips1 p]haps recov]$ f wrecks ^u ! coa/1 or field-pieces ab&on$ z n wor? ! tr\ble ( br++ away :5 "s milit>y outpo/ has ceas$ to be occupi$4 ,m\nt+ cannon4 ,dur+ #ahfc & #ahfd ! b>b>\s & desultory w> betwe5 ! ,namaqua ,hott5tots & ! ,dam>as1 :om !y _h s long oppress$1 0 keep+ ! c\ntry 9 a /ate ( al>m = _m hundr$ miles ar\nd1 & we 7 reque/$ to take *>ge ( a c\ple ( brass ya*t guns4 ,x 0 necess>y to m\nt !m1 s t !y might be easily mov$ f po9t to po9t on ! pla9 ar\nd ! village2 & = ?is purpose we took = ea* ! h9d] :eels & axle ( a ,cape waggon1 ins]t+ a pole to s]ve z ! trail into ! socket ( ! lang-wag5 9 ! c5tre ( ! axle2 we !n took a plank ( /9kwood1 #a;ft4 wide1 #c;94 ?ick1 & ab\t #d;ft4 long4 ,ab\t #a;ft4 f ! =emo/ end a /\t bolt pass$ ?r\gh x & ! c5tre ( ! axle s z to let x "w freely1 ! aft] end 0 tap]$ to a po9t & travell$ on a quadrant1 made f ! felloe ( an aft] :eel4 ,on ?is1 z a swivel b$1 we bolt$ d[n a pair ( *eeks ( #b;94 /9kwood to c>ry ! guns4 ,! quo9s & w$ges ran 9 grooves1 =m$ by #a;94 slips ( /9kwood nail$ ^u ! b$1 to :i* !y 7 secur$ by lany>ds ( raw hide2 ! boxes = ammunition on ei!r side 7 cov]$ ) raw hide1 & t conta9+ ! p[d] 0 ?ickly l9$ ) gre5 baize2 ! mat*es 7 kept 9 a small box 9 front ( ! gun-c>riage2 ! fuze-hold] 0 made f ! segm5t ( a holl[ brass curta9 r+ fix$ to a h&le ( h>d wood2 ! fuze itself 0 a /rip ( calico #a;94 broad1 d\bl$ & loosely twi/$ into a two-/r&$ rope2 x 0 /eep$ 9 a solution ( gunp[d]1 & ! col\r indicat$ its /r5g?--light grey 0 sl[ mat*1 & d>k grey 0 quick4 ,z we did n contemplate mov+ ! guns f>!r ?an necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! village1 we made no provision = yok+ draught ox51 b ?is c\ld easily h be5 done if ne$$4 ,x 0 en\gh = our purpose to provide man ropes1 "o pair beh9d ! gun & "o be=e1 s t1 ei!r 9 advance or retreat1 its muzzle might be t[>ds ! enemy4 ,! bullets 7 all ti$ up 9 calico1 ) wads made by cutt+ (f sections ( s(t deal rods1 & c>tridges ( twelve or f\rte5 musket balls or fifty revolv] bullets 7 made up4 ,"t guns4 ,"o use to :i* "o ( our guns 0 put is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,we 7 ask$ to repair ! clock1 b ?is is always difficult1 & x is unc]ta9 h[ long x may g correctly aft]w>ds4 ,we !re=e erect$ a frame ov] ! gun1 & fitt$ ! l5s ( a cam]a on an axle plac$ due ea/ & we/1 s t x c\ld turn 9 ! plane ( ! m]idian1 & s be adapt$ to ! sun's gradual *ange ( decl9ation4 ,bel[ ! l5s we fitt$ a piece ( t9 ) its edges turn$ d[nw>ds1 to hold a piece ( quick mat*1 a /rip ( calico1 /eep$ 9 a /rong solution ( gunp[d]1 b5ea? x2 a small slit 9 ! t9 0 !n s adju/$ z to let ! focus ( light fall ?r\gh x exactly at #ab o'clock2 a small clip ( t9 conf9$ ! o!r end ( ! mat* ov] ! v5t4 ,! mom5t ( noon 0 ann\nc$ ) a regul>ity t no clock 9 our possession c\ld h atta9$2 & "o great advantage 01 t if by ! int]position ( a cl\d1 :i* w\ld n happ5 once 9 n9e mon?s1 ! gun %\ld fail to fire at ! prop] mom5t1 x c\ld n g wrong1 = ! speck ( light w\ld pass ! n>r[ slit1 & no dis*>ge w\ld take place till ! next day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"t ,,gun4 ,illu/ration ,! abs5ce ( ! cap squ>es ( a gun c be rem$i$ by la%+ ! metal firmly d[n to ! c>riage ) a raw hide rope1 & !n twi/+ x up tight ) a /ick1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration2 :i* also exhibits ! mode ( rais+ a gun by mak+ use ( ! trail z a lev]4 ,a heavy gun may be m\nt$ by lett+ its muzzle into a hole 9 ! gr\nd :ile ! c>riage is run "u x4 ,p]cussion caps & sub/itutes4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ,dam>a & ,hott5tot w> we 7 becom+ exce$+ly %ort ( p]cussion caps1 & 7 oblig$ n only v c>efully to husb& ! few t 7 left1 b to turn our att5tion to ! manufacture ( sub/itutes4 ,! tips ( ,congreve mat*es1 ) ! wood cut to a po9t s z to /ick 9 ! nipple ( ! gun1 prov$ v effective1 b 7 liable to be bru%$ or %ak5 (f1 or to become damp if c>ri$ = any l5g? ( "t be=e fir+4 ,we1 !re=e1 fir/ inclos$ ! end ( ! mat* 9 ! %ell ( an exp5d$ cap1 & f9d+ ?is answ]1 we dissolv$ ! composition1 & put a drop into ! cap )\t ! wood2 we !n dissolv$ x (f a :ole box ( mat*es at a "t1 & ) a camel-hair p5cil put small drops into z _m cap %ells z x w\ld s]ve4 ,?is answ]$ admirably2 b our next fe> 0 t ! supply ( mat*es w\ld run %ort1 & !re=e1 draw+ on our own artificial horizon = ! quicksilv]1 on ! photographic /ores = nitric acid1 & on our fri5ds1 ! mission>ies1 = a supply ( alcohol f _! natural-hi/ory dep>tm5t1 we set ab\t ! manufacture ( fulm9ate ( m]cury accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3--,dissolve #aj grs4 ( m]cury 9 #a-a_/b oz41 by measure1 ( nitric acid2 ! solution is p\r$ cold into #b oz41 by measure1 ( alcohol 9 a glass vessel1 & g5tle heat is appli$ till eff]vesc5ce is excit$1 ?\gh x ord9>ily comes on at common temp]atures1 a :ite vap\r undulates on ! surface1 & a p[d] is gradually precipitat$1 :i* is imm$iately to be collect$ 9 a filt]1 well wa%$1 & cauti\sly dri$4 ,x detonates by g5tle heat or slight friction4 ,two gra9s & a half1 ) "o-six? ( gunp[d]1 =m ! quantity = "o p]cussion cap4 ,we us$ a conical twi/ ( blott+-pap] = ! filt]1 & mix$ ! fulm9ate1 :ile /ill moi/1 ) a small palette knife ^u a plate ) ! gunp[d]1 treat+ x v g5tly1 & 9 small quantities4 ,we collect$ all ! %ells ( exp5d$ caps1 & = new ones cut out a cross ( ?9 copp]2 !n1 mak+ a hole 9 a piece ( iron & a pun* ! size ( ! nipple1 we drove ! c5tre ( ! cross 91 & ! %ell 0 =m$4 ,/iff c>tridge-pap] /iff5$ ) gum w\ld h answ]$ = dry wea!r1 b w\ld n h be5 secure aga9/ wet4 ,brass guns & _! *>ges4 ,! block-h\ses erect$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 z depts & =ts 9 connection ) ! fur trade1 usually h guns m\nt$ 9 !m4 ,brass field guns & h[itz]s are also at times to be met ) at ! bord] /ations ( wild c\ntries1 & x may1 !re=e1 be well to "k ! *>ges & ranges ( ! ord9>y k9ds1 :i* are z foll[s3 ,,brass ,,field ,,guns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f-,,p\nd] ,,gun4 ,,weight1 #f;,,cwt4 ,,s]vice ,,*>ge1 #a-a_/b,,lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ranges4 ,elevation4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,r\nd ,%ot4 ,%rapnel4 ,case4 ,l5g? ( fuse4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p4,b4 #caj -- #ajj #c #a_/b #dgj #dej #aej #d #a #fbj #fjj #bjj #e #a-a_/b #gfj #gaj #bej #f #b #hij #hbj #cjj #g #b-a_/b #ajjj #ibj -- #h #c #aajj #ajbj -- #i #c-a_/b #aaij #aaaj -- #a #d #abhj #aahj -- #a #d-a_/b #acgj #abej -- -- #e #adej #acbj -- -- #e-a_/b #aecj #achj -- -- #f #afjj #addj -- -- #i-,,p\nd] ,,gun4 ,,weight1 #ace;,,cwt4 ,,s]vice ,,*>ge1 #b-a_/b,,lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ranges4 ,elevation4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,r\nd ,%ot4 ,%rapnel4 ,case4 ,l5g? ( fuse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p4,b4 #cjj -- #aej -- #j-a_/b #ejj -- #bjj -- #a #fhj #fgj #bej #c #a-a_/b #hcj #hjj #cjj #d #b #ifj #iaj -- #e #b-a_/b #ajhj #ajbj -- #f #c #aaij #aabj -- #g #c-a_/b #acjj #abbj -- #h #d #adjj #acbj -- #i #d-a_/b #aejj #adaj -- #i #e #aeij #aejj -- #j #e-a_/b #afhj #aeij -- #aj #f #agfj #afhj -- ,,brass ,,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ab-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ,,weight1 #fe;,,cwt4 ,,s]vice ,,*>ge1 #a-a_/d,,lb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,elevation4 ,common ,%rapnel4 ,case4 ,l5g? ,%ell4 ( fuse4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p4,b4 #bjj -- #ajj -- #j-a_/b #caj -- #aej -- #a #dbj #djj #bjj #c #a-a_/b #ecj #ebj #bej #d #b #fcj #fcj #cjj #e #b-a_/b #gae #gbe #f #c #hjj #hbj ------------------------- #g #c-a_/b #hhe #iaj #h #d #igj #ajjj ,rico*et4 #i #d-a_/b #ajej #ajij #aj #e #aace #aahj ,*>ge #foz41 el4 #g 4#fjj #aa #e-a_/b #abbj #abgj #hoz41 #f 4#fjj #ab #f #abij #acej #ajoz41 #e 4#fjj #ac #bd-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ,,weight1 #abe;,,cwt4 ,,s]vice ,,*>ge1 #b-a_/b,,lb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,elevation4 ,common ,%rapnel4 ,case4 ,l5g? ,%ell4 ( fuse4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p4,b4 #bgj -- #aej -- #j-a_/b #cij -- #bjj -- #a #ebj #ejj #bej #c #a-a_/b #fdj #fcj #cjj #d #b #gfj #gfj #e #b-a_/b #hfj #hgj ------------------------- #f #c #ifj #ihj #g #c-a_/b #ajfj #ajij #h #d #aafj #abjj ,rico*et4 #i #d-a_/b #abfj #acjj #aj #e #acej #adjj ,see ,table ,b4 #aa #e-a_/b #addj #aejj #ab #f #aebj #afjj ,,table ,b4 ------------------------------------- ,,rico*et4 #bd-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ----------------------------------- ,*>ge4 ,elevation4 ,pit*4 ----------------------------------- oz4 deg4 #f #ge #djj #i #dch -- #h #i #ejj #aj #ge -- #aa #f -- #aa-a_/b #ee -- #ab #ebe -- #ad #e -- #i #gge #fjj #ab #fe -- #af #dge -- ----------------------------------- ,c>tridges & wads = cannon4 ,c>tridges = ei!r brass or iron guns are be/ made ( "s wooll5 mat]ial2 trade s]ge or old blanket+ answ]s v well = ! purpose4 ,bags %\ld be made a little less ?an ! bore1 & into ^! ! *>ge ( p[d] is to be p\r$4 ,a piece ( wooll5 ?read1 d\ble wor/$1 or tw9e %\ld n[ be us$ to close ! end ( ! bag1 aft] :i* x is to be pass$ two or ?ree times r\nd ! bag1 giv+ x at ! same "t a compact cyl9drical =m by roll+ on a bo>d or table "u ! h&4 ,pass+ ! ?read ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! c>tridge aids mu* 9 keep+ its =m & facilitates load+4 ,a c>tridge ne$le %\ld be us$ to p]=m ?is op]ation4 ,?is ne$le c be easily made f a piece ( /\t copp] or brass wire4 ,flatt5 out "o end1 drill or pun* a hole 9 x to =m ! eye1 & file ! o!r end %>p = a po9t4 ,f\rte5 in*es is a conv5i5t l5g? = a c>tridge ne$le4 ,x is said t a sailor's wife enabl$ a ,briti% vessel to cont9ue a long & desp]ate fight by pillag+ ! (fic]s' qu>t]s ( all ! /ock+s %e c\ld f9d1 & h&+ !m up to be fill$ = c>tridges4 ,! inte/9es ( animals1 accord+ to _! size1 w\ld make z good c>tridge cases z c\ld be desir$4 ,wads may be made ( pick$ oakum twi/$ 9 a flat spiral to ! prop] size ( ! bore1 :5 !y are made to reta9 _! %ape by be+ secur$ "h & !re ) f9e tw9e pass$ ?r\gh ) ! ne$le4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( oakum1 wood5 wads may be made by fir/ spoke%av+ a /\t pole to ! size ( ! bore1 & !n saw+ x up into conv5i5t l5g?s4 ,guns to unspike & repair4 ,old guns :i* h be5 laid by w n uncommonly be f\nd spik$1 by hav+ a common nail driv5 into ! v5t4 ,if effici5t tools are at h& ?is may be drill$ out1 if n1 put a *>ge ( p[d] 9 ! gun1 bore a gimlet hole 9 "o ( y\r wood5 wads1 ?r\gh :i* pass a loosely-twi/$ /r+ well impregnat$ ) dissolv$ gunp[d]1 & aft]w>ds dri$4 ,cut ! end ( y\r prep>$ /r+ j at ! muzzle ( ! gun1 light x1 & get out ( ! way1 :5 ! explosion1 :i* soon takes place1 w n unfrequ5tly expel ! spike4 ,a gun :i* has _h its trunnions knock$ (f1 ) a view to r5d]+ x useless1 may be made ne>ly z effective z ev] by cutt+ ) ! axe or adze a b$ = x 9 a /\t piece ( log1 ( su* a =m t ! cascabel ( ! gun & ! bree* end are r m ?an half buri$ 9 solid wood4 ,! log may n[ be trimm$ (f to conv5i5t dim5sions1 & all made secure by a la%+ ( wet raw hide rope1 :i* re/s 9 a broad %all[ not* cut 9 ! log to receive x4 ,! gun & its b$ are ?us1 z ! rope dries1 held toge!r by a mat]ial little less rigid ?an iron4 ,prim+ cups1 to make4 ,! b$ log & gun may n[ be m\nt$ by plac+ a v /rong r\nd b> ( h>d t\gh wood across ! slide or c>riage imm$iately bel[ :]e ! trunnions w\ld h re/$4 ,?is receives a deep semicircul> not*1 cut to exactly correspond ) x on ! "u side ( ! b$ log4 ,! gun c n[ be elevat$ & depress$ 9 ! usual mann] by plac+ w$ges "u ! log4 ,! common mode ( prim+ a gun f a flask or horn1 :5 !re are no p]cussion or friction tubes to be obta9$1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 inconv5i5t & dang]\s4 ,x is f> bett] to keep on h& a few prim+ cups4 ,^! are made z foll[s3 ,f ! jo9ts ( a bamboo cut a numb] ( little cups1 ! bottoms be+ =m$ by ! knots ( ! cane2 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom bore a hole1 ) a gimlet or r$ hot wire1 l>ge en\gh to admit a piece ( m>% re$1 holl[ cane1 we$ /alk1 or quill1 ab\t #c;94 long1 & small en\gh 9 diamet] to pass d[n into ! v5t ( ! gun easily2 /op ! small end ) a bit ( melt$ seal+-wax2 secure ! l>ge end 9 ! cup by ! same ag5cy4 ,! cup becomes n[ a sort ( funnel1 ?r\gh :i* common f9e sport+ p[d] %\ld be p\r$ until bo? tube & cup are full1 :5 a piece ( oil$ pap] is /ra9$ ov] ! top ( ! cup l ! head ( a drum1 & is ti$ fa/ ) tw9e4 ,:5 ! gun is to be fir$1 ! c>tridge is pi]c$ 9 ! usual way ) ! prim+ wire4 ,! tube ( ! prim+ cup is n[ to be ins]t$ at ! m\? ( ! v5t1 & press$ d[n until ! bottom ( ! cup re/s on ! metal ( ! gun1 :5 on ! port fire or l9/ock be+ appli$1 ! pap] lid is in/antly burn$ ?r\gh1 & ! gun dis*>g$4 ,9 w9dy wea!r1 heavy tropical ra9s1 or at night1 ^! cups are extremely useful4 ,make%ift fire>ms4 ,a cannon1 ( v tol]able effici5cy = close qu>t]s1 & slug or bullet *>ges1 may be made by bor+ a hole p>tly ?r\gh a piece ( t\gh /rong log1 ) a pump aug]2 bore a v5t ) a gimlet1 put on "o or two hoops or r+s ( iron or raw hide1 & ! gun is ready = use4 ,we h se5 sev]al ( ^!1 :i* 7 effectually us$ dur+ ! rebellion 9 ,canada4 ,9 #ahch1 at ! siege ( ,h]at1 ,mahom$ ,%ah br\ght up a quantity ( metal on ! backs ( camels1 & _h a heavy bronze gun ca/1 & completely f9i%$ be=e ! t[n2 & :5 ! siege 0 rais$ ! k+ _h 8 gun sawn to pieces & tak5 to ,teh]an4 ,%ah ,abbas1 ( ,ispahan1 _h a heavy piece ( artill]y1 b said x w\ld delay 8 m>*1 & he w\ld mu* r c>ry metal on camels & ca/ artill]y be=e ! enemy's t[n4 ,dur+ ! ,indian mut9y1 ! rebels pull$ d[n ! telegraph-po/s :i* _h iron tube sockets fitt$ to !m 9 ord] to keep (f ! :ite ants4 ,^! sockets 7 tak5 (f1 & v5ts drill$ 9 !m4 ,!y 7 !n load$ ) p[d]1 & *>ges ( slugs made f d\bl$ up & hamm]$ pieces ( ! telegraph wire4 ,we h se5 a piece ( common iron gas-pipe1 a piece ( wood1 & a few bits ( %eet copp]1 conv]t$ into a v =midable mat*lock pi/ol4 ,9 our ,au/ralian boat voyage we _h a small #alb4 swivel c>ronade4 ,we jamm$ a pole ab\t #f;ft4 long into ! =k ( ! swivel1 & _h we met any ( ! ,malay trepang fi%]s1 :o g 9 companies ( a hundr$ or m1 we %\ld h made ! swivel-bolt fa/ to ! b[sprit j outside ! /em ( our boat1 &1 lett+ ! trail re/ on ! ma/ ?w>t1 h def5d$ ourselves ) heavy *>ges ( musket bullets4 ,( c\rse ! fi%]s might h be5 fri5dly1 or1 if n1 ! k t we _h a gun w\ld h made !m s1 & we %\ld n 9 any case h be5 ! aggressors4 ,! ,zemb\reks1 or drom$>y artill]y4 ,light guns m\nt$ on drom$>ies or camels are valuable = ! def5ce ( c>avans1 c4 ,! ,afghans fir/ us$ ^! 9 an em]g5cy aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,a numb] ( pivot$ arquebuses 7 m\nt$ on ! saddles ( drom$>ies1 :i* 7 taught to kneel :ile ! pieces 7 fir$ f _! backs4 ,! ,p]sians1 pr(it+ by ! lessons ( _! defeat1 also organis$ a simil> =ce1 ! guns weigh+ n m ?an #gelb4 ,! saddle 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ ( two-=k$ bran*es connect$ by wood5 b>s1 & if ! gun 0 slightly ov]load$ ! recoil w\ld injure ! fitt+s1 & di/urb ! animal2 b subsequ5tly ! saddle 0 mu* improv$1 & :eels 7 add$1 s t x might be tak5 f ! animal's back & us$ z a field gun4 ,x w be se5 t ! /aff ( ! bann]ol c>ries a little t5t1 & ?is cov]s ! ammunition bags4 ,a sk9 ( wat] hangs "u ! belly ( ! camel4 ,! ,p]sians h s\ght out ) eag]ness & p]sev]ance ! be/ =m ( artill]y to be c>ri$ on ! backs ( animals2 &1 z x seems t drom$>ies h be5 successfully import$ into ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 x may be ( advantage to "k t !y are capable ( be+ utilis$ 9 ?is way4 ,o!r animals1 p]haps ox51 might be tra9$ to c>ry small] guns4 ,illu/ration ,v effici5t common case %ot c be made by fill+ empty pres]v$-meat t9s ) rifle or pi/ol balls4 ,a bag ( coop]'s iron hoop rivets is a v fav\rite *>ge among ! ,s\?-,sea :al]s4 ,r\nd %ot c be made z direct$ "u ! head ,lead1 & its ,uses4 ,gr5ades & rocket arr[s4 ,extempore gr5ades c be made f empty soda-wat] bottles or old ink j>s4 ,on "o occasion we made a numb] f ! latt] vessels by fill+ !m ) a mixture ( buck %ot & /rong sport+ p[d]2 /opp]s ( wood 7 !n fitt$ by not*+ ! upp] ends1 & fa/5+ !m d[n ) wire1 l ! corks ( *ampagne bottles1 a gimlet hole 0 !n bor$ 9 ea*1 & a few in*es ( quick mat* put 94 ,:5 ! fuse has be5 light$1 ^! vessels are ei!r hurl$ f ! h& or fir$ f l>ge p[]ful cross-b[s1 :5 !y1 by explod+ 9 full flight or on ! gr\nd1 cause no trifl+ confusion among an undiscipl9$ enemy1 a pack ( wolves1 or a s\nd] ( hog 9 a cactus brake4 ,an un>m$ m]*antman 0 *as$ by a pirate galley2 %e hove to1 & pret5d$ to surr5d]1 b two m5 /ood at ! gangway ) a cask ( p[d]4 ,z soon z ! long l[ op5 boat came alongside !y ?rew x into h]1 & ! cook1 runn+ out ( ! galley1 ?rew a %ovelful ( hot coals aft] x4 ,! %ip =g$ ahead be=e ! smoke _h cle>$ away1 & escap$1 leav+ ! desp]adoes to _! fate4 ,l>ge arr[s tipp$ ) /rong pap] cases1 su* z are made = rockets1 only *ok$ at ! bottom1 become mo/ =midable projectiles4 ,! cases are p>tly fill$ ) p[d]1 a wad1 ) a hole 9 x1 is ramm$ d[n on ! *>ge1 a quill is put 9 ! hole1 ab\t ?irty buck %ot are deposit$ r\nd ! quill1 :i* is fill$ ) meal p[d]4 ,! case & quill head are !n capp$ ) pap] :i* has be5 soak$ 9 dissolv$ gunp[d] or nitre4 ,arr[s ?us made are to be fir$ f p[]ful h&-b[s1 aft] ! mat* has be5 light$4 ,9 ! true rocket arr[ ! t\*pap] is ignit$ j be=e ! arr[ is fix$ 9 ! b[1 & x is %ot j be=e ! fire rea*es ! composition2 ! combu/ion !n aids ! flight r ?an ret>ds x4 ,! head is /rongly b>b$1 s t x may n easily be drawn f ?at*$ ro(s1 c42 ! ,*9ese & ,indian tribes (t5 use ^!4 ,gunp[d]1 to make4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! hunt] or explor] has1 l _m memb]s ( ! ,alg]ian1 ,t>t>1 & ,mongolian tribes1 to turn gunp[d] manufactur]4 ,to make gunp[d] ?ree +r$i5ts are requisite3 viz41 saltpetre 7nitrate ( pota%71 sulphur1 & *>coal4 ,! two =m] +r$i5ts %\ld =m a "p ( ! equipm5t ( an exp$ition 7see ,f>ri]'s ,/ores1 p4 #hd74 ,/ill1 :]e su* /ores are n c>ri$1 sulphur & saltpetre are usually to be obta9$1 m or less pure1 f ! natives ( all b ! mo/ unfrequ5t$ & isolat$ c\ntries4 ,! saltpetre w require recry/allisation1 :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,take equal quantities1 by measure1 ( ! saltpetre & boil+ wat]1 /ir !m well ab\t ) a /ick until all ! lumps are ?or\ghly dissolv$2 /ra9 ! result+ fluid ?r\gh a co>se clo? 9 ord] to get rid ( /icks1 *ips1 & /ones1 & set x aside to cry/allise2 :5 ! process is complete dra9 ! wat] f ! cry/als1 set !m to dry on a sk9 or a clo?4 ,! sulphur1 if 9 lumps z import$1 w require purification by melt+4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be conduct$ ov] a v sl[ fire1 & imm$iately ! mass becomes liquid 9 ! pot x %\ld be put to /& = a few m9utes 9 hot wood a%es 9 ord] t impurities may settle to ! bottom4 ,! neck ( ! vessel may !n be held fa/ 9 a twi/$ /ick1 & ! cont5ts p\r$ dext]\sly out into a conv5i5t m\ld until ! s$im5t at ! bottom1 :i* is useless1 is left4 ,fl\r ( sulphur w n require ?is treatm5t4 ,! *>coal 7see ,*>coal ,burn+1 p4 #bfg7 %\ld1 = gunp[d] mak+1 be prep>$ f "s light1 clean-gra9$ wood4 ,9 ?is c\ntry will[1 )y1 ald]1 hazel1 l9d51 c41 are held 9 high e/eem = ! purpose2 b 9 wild c\ntries ! ne>e/ approa* to ^! )9 rea* %\ld be obta9$4 ,! ?ree +r$i5ts mu/ be fir/ sep>ately gr\nd1 ei!r 9 a native qu]n or /one h&mill1 betwe5 two conv5i5tly-=m$ /ones1 or 9 an extempore pe/le & mort>1 until r$uc$ to p]fect p[d]1 q free f lumps or grit4 ,! ?ree p[d]s are to be n[ weigh$ out c>efully 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,"o "p sulphur1 "o "p *>coal1 & six p>ts saltpetre4 ,mix ^! on a sk9 pegg$ out on ! gr\nd1 & rub ! mixture toge!r ) ! palms ( ! h&s until mo/ intimately & ?or\ghly bl5d$2 !n1 ) an empty p]cussion-cap box or dr9k+ cup1 measure y\r mixture1 & = e t5 cups or boxes ( p[d] put d[n a /one or make a m>k1 & = e m>k put aside a cup full ( w>m wat]1 s t y h j "o-t5? ( fluid4 ,?is y spr9kle ) a bun* ( fea!rs or grass1 a little at a "t1 on ! p[d]s1 until1 by con/ant & p]si/5t work+ & knead+1 a smoo? homog5e\s pa/e is =m$4 ,two well-select$ /ones mu* facilitate ?is /age ( ! process2 "o %\ld be l>ge & flat1 ! o!r wat]-r\nd$ & oval2 9 fact1 a wat]-worn pebble ( ab\t #blb4 weight4 ,by sitt+ on ! /ret*$ sk9 ) ! flat /one betwe5 ! legs1 ! wat] & spr9kl] at ! side1 & ! pebble betwe5 ! h&s1 ! pa/e c be effectually work$ up2 & x is well to be> 9 m9d t on ! p]fect homog5eity ( ?is pa/e dep5ds1 9 great measure1 ! quality ( ! gunp[d]4 ,illu/ration ,! pa/e--or devil z x is sometimes call$--be+ ?or\ghly elaborat$1 make squ>e flat cakes ( x #f;94 squ>e & #b;94 ?ick1 & wrap !m compactly up 9 cotton clo? or old %eet+ f\r or five times d\bl$2 !n /it* up a /\t hide bag j l>ge en\gh to conta9 all y\r cakes & _! cov]+s :5 built 9 compactly "o on ! o!r1 & sew up ! op5+2 !n1 ) a *isel1 scoop out a cavity 9 ! end ( a log j deep en\gh to half bury y\r case ( cakes2 !n1 ) ! aid ( a neighb\r+ tree1 & a few suitable pieces ( wood1 :i* are easily fa%ion$ ) ! axe1 prep>e su* a press z is %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! weight %\ld be increas$ gradually1 & ! pressure int5sifi$ until ! cakes are press$ into compact masses4 ,! cov]+s are n[ to be remov$1 & !n ! process ( com+ beg9s1 & ! help ( a corn+ sieve is requir$4 ,?is is made z foll[s3 ,make a wide /\t hoop ( any pliant wood1 & ov] "o ( its edges /ret* a head ( p>*m5t1 l t ( a banjo1 nail or lace x on wet1 & :5 dry x w become p]fectly tight1 l ! head ( a tamb\r9e4 ,n[1 take a v small-siz$ key1 file (f ! w>ds & b[1 %>p5 ! l[] edges r\nd ! tube ) ! file until x is conv]t$ into a %>p holl[ pun*4 ,turn y\r tamb\r9e upside d[n on a smoo?-fac$ log ( suitable size1 &1 ) a small hamm] & y\r little pun*1 proce$ to p]=ate ! p>*m5t until ! head is cov]$ ) small r\nd holes4 ,n[ fa%ion f any dry1 h>d1 heavy wood a flat disc #a-a_/b;94 ?ick & #d-a_/b;94 9 diamet]2 ?is1 ) ! brok5 cake1 is put 9 ! sieve & rattl$ ab\t =w>d & back until ! small brok5 granul> fragm5ts are 9 numb]s =c$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! p>*m5t1 & fall on ! sk9 /ret*$ to receive !m4 ,x w be f\nd t among ! gra9s ?us =m$ !re w be a c]ta9 quantity ( f9e du/2 ?is c be sep>at$ by sweep+ ! gra9s ov] a slop+ bo>d on :i* flannel has be5 /ret*$1 ! gra9s pass on1 ! du/ rema9s among/ ! fibres ( ! wool1 & c be collect$ to "w up aga94 ,! granules c n[ be plac$ 9 a little wood5 box & %ak5 ab\t until rubb$ smoo? aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,to f9i% !m (f x is well to place a l>ge %eet ( iron1 copp]1 t91 or any o!r metal ov] a pot ( boil+-hot wat]1 ?r[ ! n[ all-b-f9i%$ gunp[d] on ! plate & /ir x ab\t until completely dry4 ,a clean fry+-pan is by no means a bad in/rum5t = p[d] dry+2 take c>e t x is only plac$ on hot wat]1 & n subject$ to fire heat1 or a bl[-up w probably foll[4 ,too mu* caution _c be us$ aft] ! p[d] has be5 subject$ to ! granulat+ process2 be=e t !re is little to fe>1 aft] x a great deal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se>*+ ,,= ,,gold4 ,geology = travell]s4 ,9 travell+ ?r\gh little kn[n or comp>atively undescrib$ c\ntries1 x w be well = ! exp]i5c$ travell] to closely inve/igate & c>efully /udy ! geology ( ! region he is pass+ ?r\gh2 outcropp+ rocks & ! /ones ( ! riv] b$s %\ld be closely inve/igat$4 ,s& %\ld be ga!r$ on ! bord]s ( ! deep pools1 dri$1 spread out on pap]1 & exam9$ "u ! l5s4 ,?us w ! =mation ( inaccessible m\nta9 regions be (t5 br\ght to light4 ,! w9t] ices & spr+ floods1 by break+ up & dis9tegrat+ ! rocks !y fl[ ?r\gh1 gradually1 by friction & ! gr9d+ p[] ( wat]-mov$ b\ld]s1 r$uce ! detritus :i* accompanies !m to s&1 m or less pond]\s accord+ to ! metallic elem5ts ( :i* x is =m$4 ,?us1 by ! break+ up ( qu>tz ve9s by ! ag5cies j ref]r$ to1 gold is releas$ f its matrix to enri* ! s&s & %+le b$s ( c]ta9 riv]s4 ,alluvial t9 is 9 ! same way set free 9 gra9s & nodules f ! granitic or o!r =mations 9 :i* x resides1 &1 wat] borne1 travels onw>d until arre/$ by "s deep pit or crevice 9 ! riv] b$1 :]e x rema9s until di/urb$ by floods ( m ?an ord9>y magnitude1 or ! pick & %ovel ( ! m9]4 ,our space w n admit ( our deal+ at l5g? ) ! indications ( gold or o!r metals1 or ( ! regions 9 :i* ! preci\s metals & gems are to be s\ght4 ,metals1 to id5tify4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves by giv+ a few pla91 & we tru/ practical1 h9ts = ! f9d+ & id5tification ( su* metals1 /ones1 c41 z ! travell] is likely to meet )4 ,fir/ 9 importance we class gold2 &1 al?\gh prec>i\s & unc]ta9 9 ! bulk ( its deposits1 is m g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! e>?'s surface ?an any o!r metal4 ,h9ts to gold se>*]s4 ,clay slate =mations1 trav]s$ by iron-/a9$ qu>tz dykes1 are well wor? inve/igat+2 & mo/ ( ! /reams :i* fl[ ?r\gh su* =mations w be f\nd1 on c>eful exam9ation1 m or less aurif]\s4 ,9 prospect+ a /ream1 or riv] b$1 *oose localities :]e ! /ream1 aft] a %>p desc5d+ run1 has imp+$ aga9/ a p]p5dicul> bank1 =m+ an eddy be=e fl[+ onw>d4 ,dig away boldly all ! top deposit until ! b$ rock is rea*$4 ,r\t out all ! depressions1 crevices1 & holes 9 ?is1 scoop+ up all ! clay1 gravel1 & grit !y may conta94 ,place all ?is 9 conv5i5t quantities 9 a broad %all[ metal pan or di%1 add wat] to x1 rub x ab\t briskly ) ! h&1 p\r away all ! dirty wat]1 add m1 %ake x ab\t1 give a sweep+ rotatory motion to y\r pan1 pick out all l>ge lumps ( /one or qu>tz1 giv+ a %>p look at ! latt]2 /ill add wat]1 & "w ! pan until no?+ b f9e cle> s& rema9s 9 x4 ,a dext]\s roll+1 tilt+ motion is giv5 by ! initiat$1 :i* at once cle>s away ! bas] fragm5ts1 & reveals ! col\r1 z ! gold du/ is call$ by ! m9]s4 ,a broad %ovel is at times us$ some:at 9 ! same mann]1 ! h&le be+ held z %[n 9 ! full-page illu/ration ,se>*+ = ,gold1 :5 ! process is call$ vann+4 ,illu/ration ,m9+ & m9]s' tools4 ,to c>ry out a regul> sy/em ( inve/igation among qu>tz reefs1 m9]al ve9s1 & metallif]\s rocks1 c]ta9 tools & appliances w be ne$$--picks ( ,corni% patt]n1 su* z is repres5t$ 9 ! above illu/ration1 sets ( /eel bor]s1 ) cockscomb ends1 sets ( /eel gads or w$ges1 bor]1 /eel & gad /eel 9 b>s1 bla/+ p[d]1 safety mat* 9 coils1 "s heavy hamm]s1 a portable =ge 7su* z is "h repres5t$71 ,illu/ration set ( smi?'s tools1 %ovel blades1 sp>e pick-heads1 & hilts ( a%1 c4 ,:5 x is deem$ requisite to bla/ a portion ( rock1 ! bor] & hamm] are us$ mu* z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,"o man1 sitt+ on ! gr\nd1 holds ! bor] upright & turns x freely r\nd1 :il/ 8 assi/ant /rikes x ) ! hamm]4 ,a little wat] dropp$ f "t to "t d[n ! hole keeps ! bit cool1 & facilitates ! op]ation4 ,z sludge collects1 x is remov$ ) a species ( scrap]1 fa%ion$ f ! end ( an iron b>4 ,a small rod or /ick1 ) its end fibres fray$ & set up l a mop1 is us$ = dry+ out ! hole4 ,%\ld x be 9 wet gr\nd1 :]e moi/ure rema9s 9 spite ( swabb+ out1 a c>tridge compos$ ( tall[$ cotton or oil$ pap]1 may be us$ to inclose ! p[d] 94 ,accord+ to ! old-fa%ion$ plan1 :i* "s m9]s /ill foll[1 a long po9t$ copp] rod or ne$le 0 press$ into ! *>ge aft] x _h be5 ramm$ into ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,r\nd ?is rod clay1 pulv]is$ clay1 slate1 c41 0 closely pack$1 & driv5 ) a copp] tamp+ rod until ! hole 0 compactly fill$ up4 ,! ne$le 0 n[ )drawn1 & a mat*1 compos$ ( a long m>% re$ fill$ ) meal$ p[d]1 ?ru/ d[n ! orifice until ! *>ge 0 rea*$1 :5 ! upp] end 0 held 9 its place by clay4 ,a bit ( rag1 sme>$ ) moi/5$ p[d]1 0 atta*$ to ! head ( ! re$1 :i*1 :5 fir$1 burn$ long en\gh to af=d "t = ! m9]s to %elt] !mselves f ! effects ( ! explosion4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! s-call$ pat5t safety mat*1 x has be5 ) great advantage sub/itut$ = ! re$2 ! burn+ ( ?is mat* or fuse is g5]ally s uni=m1 t x has only to be cut accord+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! hole & ! place ( %elt]4 ,ev5 ?is great improvem5t 9 ! means ( ignition falls v %ort ( explod+ by voltaic electricity1 :i* %\ld always1 :5 practicable1 be _h rec\rse to4 ,! w&]+ m9] & explor] w1 h[ev]1 seldom be able to avail himself ( its valuable aid1 or ! use ( gun cotton or nitrate ( glyc]9e1 :i* ag5ts h ( late be5 mu* laud$ z sub/itutes = gunp[d] 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t diamonds & o!r preci\s /ones are f\nd 9 riv] b$s1 & su* o!r localities z m9]s are 9 ! habit ( exam9+4 ,we !re=e (f] a few h9ts & directions = ! id5tification ( ^! 9 _! r\gh /ate1 z giv5 by ,pr(essor ,t5nant3 ,illu/ration3 #a-bb ,preci\s /ones1 to id5tify4 ,fig4 #a is an octah$ron2 ,fig4 #b an octah$ron hav+ six planes on ! edges2 ,fig4 #c1 dodecah$ron ) rhombic faces2 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f are r>] =ms4 ,out ( #ajjj diamonds ,i h g5]ally f\nd ab\t "o ( ! =m ( ,fig4 #f2 ab\t t5 l ,fig4 #e2 fifty l ,fig4 #d2 & ! rema9d] l #a1 #b1 #c1 9 ab\t an equal proportion4 ,) reg>d to ! size & weight ( diamonds1 #ejj out ( #ajjj :i* came 9 ! same p>cel 7 f\nd small] ?an ,fig4 #a1 :i* is ! exact size ( a diamond weigh+ half a c>at2 #cjj 7 ( ! size #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f--none ( ^! exce$$ a c>at 9 weight2 eighty ( ! size #b weigh$ a c>at & a half2 only "o 0 z l>ge z ,fig4 #af--?is weigh$ #bd c>ats4 ,! rema9d] v>i$ f #b to #bj c>ats1 a c>at be+ equal to ?ree gra9s & "o-six? troy4 ,fig4 #g consi/s ( a conglom]at$ mass ( qu>tz pebbles r\nd$ ?r\gh hav+ be5 wat]-worn1 a cry/al ( diamond1 ! size ( a small pea1 & v>i\s gra9s ( gold1 ! :ole cem5t$ toge!r by oxide ( iron4 ,?is specim5 is peculi>ly int]e/+ at ! pres5t "t1 z %[+ ! association ( diamonds ) gold4 ,9 #ahdd a slave 0 se>*+ = gold 9 ! b$ ( a riv] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bahia1 & discov]$ diamonds4 ,x be+ a new locality = diamonds1 #big1jjj c>ats 7 collect$ 9 two ye>s1 :i* produc$ upw>ds ( #cjj1jjjl4 ,i see no reason :y diamonds %\ld n be f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 ,cali=nia1 z well z 9 ^? o!r gold di/ricts f :i* !y h hi!rto be5 obta9$4 ,! value ( ! mo/ inf]ior diamonds1 unfit = jewell]y1 is #ejl4 p] ounce4 ,c\ld !y be f\nd 9 suffici5t abundance to be sold at #el4 p] ounce1 ! b5efit to ! arts w\ld be incalculable4 ,n only w\ld ! seal engrav]1 wat*mak]1 lapid>y1 glazi]1 c41 be able to procure !m at easi] prices1 b num]\s sub/ances w\ld be r5d]$ useful :i* at pres5t _c be pr(itably work$ ow+ to ! high price ( diamonds4 ,figs4 #h to #aa repres5t f\r cry/als ( corundum4 ,?is sub/ance is commonly f\nd 9 six-sid$ prismatic cry/als1 & frequ5tly t]m9at$ at ea* end by six-sid$ pyramids4 ,:5 transp>5t1 & ( a blue col\r1 x is kn[n 9 jewell]y z ! sapphire2 :5 m]ely ( a r$ col\r1 x is call$ ,ori5tal ruby2 & :5 ?is col\r is ( a ri* dep?1 ! /one is m valuable ?an ev5 ! diamond4 ,figs4 #ab to #ad4 ,?ree cry/als ( sp9el-ruby4 ,x is ( v>i\s %ades ( r$1 & is easily di/+ui%$ f corundum by ! peculi>ity ( its cry/all9e =m & inf]ior h>dness4 ,figs4 #ae & #af4 ,cry/als ( g>net4 ,^! are *iefly f\nd 9 ! =m ( ! rhombic dodecah$ron2 are occasionally ( a beautiful r$ col\r2 :5 semi-transp>5t1 are call$ by ! jewell]s c>buncles4 ,!y are ( comp>atively little value4 ,figs4 #ag & #ah4 ,two rhombic prisms ( topaz4 ,x is f\nd 9 riv]s1 frequ5tly ) all ! edges & angles ( ! orig9al cry/al worn (f1 & pres5t+ a r\nd appe>ance1 9 :i* /ate x is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! diamond1 ow+ to ! col\r & specific gravity ( ea* be+ ! same4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 easily be di/+ui%$ f x by ! diff]5ce ( ! h>dness & fracture4 ,! diamond yields readily to me*anical division p>allel to all ! planes ( ! regul> octah$ron1 ! topaz only at "r angles to ! axis ( ! cry/al4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,t\rmal9e4 ,a cry/al hav+ six sides1 deeply /riat$ 9 ! longitud9al direction1 & t]m9at$ by a ?ree-sid$ pyramid2 col\r v>y+ f black to br[n & gre54 ,transp>5t specim5s are useful to ! philosoph] 9 exp]im5ts on pol>is$ light4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,cry/al ( transp>5t qu>tz or rock cry/al1 frequ5tly call$ a diamond 9 ! m9+ di/ricts1 z ,bri/ol diamond1 a ,corni% diamond1 c4 ,! cry/al repres5t$ by ?is figure 0 br\ght f ,cali=nia by a p]son :o refus$ #bjjl4 = x1 "u ! impression t x 0 a real diamond1 because x scrat*$ glass & c\ld n be scrat*$ ) a file4 ,its real value1 h[ev]1 is n m ?an #bs4 #f;d4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,b]yl1 pres5ts a six-sid$ prism1 & is usually ( a gre5 col\r4 ,riv] pe>ls1 to f9d4 ,:5 sub/ances are f\nd :i* are suppos$ to be preci\s /ones1 ! file te/ %\ld be at once appli$2 if ! tee? ( ! in/rum5t bite1 z x is call$1 or cut into ! sub/ance1 x w be at once fair to inf] t "s inf]ior m9]al has be5 discov]$4 ,! bit ( sapphire f ! case may also be call$ into use1 & if ! /one y h f\nd is ( :ite col\r1 & a corn] ( y\r sapphire bites or scrat*es x1 !re is no hope ( its be+ a diamond4 ,if on weigh+ x ! specific gravity ( ! specim5 is f\nd to be less ?an #ci1 x w n turn out to be a ruby or sapphire4 ,! application ( heat is ano!r te/1 z if no electricity is manife/$ x w n turn out to be a g>goon or a topaz4 ,if1 on te/+ x on y\r piece ( fl9t glass1 ! surface ( t is bitt5 by ! specim51 x w probably be f\nd to be ei!r rock cry/al1 qu>tz1 or p]*ance b]yl4 ,! riv]s ( _m c\ntries1 our own among/ ! numb]1 n unfrequ5tly conta9 l>ge mussel-l %ells2 ^! are ! fre%-wat] pe>l mussels 7,unio m>g>itif]us71 & ! pe>ls :i* ^! at times conta9 are ( consid]able value1 & well repay be+ look$ = :5 ! riv]s are l[4 ,all is n gold t glitt]s4 ,sulphuret ( iron & yell[ mica are n unfrequ5tly mi/ak5 by ! inexp]i5c$ = gold1 & we h n unfrequ5tly _h "s little difficulty 9 conv9c+ ! sangu9e discov]] ( 8 error4 ,sulphuret ( iron1 pyrites1 or ! mundic ( ! m9]s1 is a bright yell[ glitt]+ m9]al1 :i* sometimes has gold associat$ ) x4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 x & gold are suffici5tly m>k$4 ,/rike ! suspect$ fragm5t on a h>d sub/ance ) a hamm]1 & if mundic1 x at once becomes r$uc$ to m9ute fragm5ts1 :il/ gold w\ld be only slightly flatt5$4 ,gold is malleable2 mundic is n4 ,gold c be cut ) ! pocket-knife j z easily z copp]2 mundic resi/s ! knife1 turns its edge1 & w /rike fire aga9/ its back1 giv+ out sulphur\s fumes4 ,mundic1 aft] be+ made r$ hot1 is attract$ by ! magnet2 gold nev] is4 ,hot nitric acid causes x to decompose ) mu* eff]vesc5ce1 leav+ su* spangles ( gold z x may conta9 free 9 ! bottom ( ! te/ tube4 ,gold du/ is readily tak5 up by quicksilv]2 mundic is n4 ,yell[ mica is s mu* light] ?an gold t its comp>ative want ( pond]ability %\ld at once di/+ui% x2 a small portion plac$ on an iron b>1 & heat$ 9 ! fire to r$ness becomes1 on cool+1 flakey & lu/reless1 :il/ gold w\ld rema9 unalt]$2 x floats on ! surface ( m]cury1 refus+ to unite ) x1 :il/ gold is imm$iately conv]t$ into an amalgam4 ,sulphuret ( copp]1 or copp] ore z x is usually call$1 breaks freely "u ! hamm]1 b c be cut easily ) ! knife1 only in/ead ( produc+ a solid metallic *ip x crumbles into p[d]1 j z s(t /one or *alk w\ld4 ,alluvial t9 c 9 no case be mi/ak5 = ei!r gold1 silv]1 or copp]4 ,x is d>k col\r$1 breaks into p[d] "u ! hamm]1 & is exce$+ly pond]\s4 ,) ! s-call$ ros9 & wood t9 we _c deal "h1 z ! explor] is n v likely to f9d !m4 ,m9ute fragm5ts ( /ream t9 are to be easily di/+ui%$ f small bits ( iron ore by fir/ heat+ !m r$ hot1 & !n subject+ !m to ! magnet2 iron w be attract$1 t9 w n4 ,iron ore1 to smelt4 ,_m wild c\ntries produce iron ore ( rem>kable purity1 & a numb] ( native tribes1 by a r\gh sy/em ( smelt+1 contrive to obta9 en\gh metal = ! manufacture ( _! weapons1 implem5ts1 c4 ,! great] ! purity ( ! metal1 ! less difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 deal+ ) x4 ,%\ld ! explor] at any "t be call$ on to smelt a little iron ore1 he may proce$ z foll[s3 ,build a turret-%ap$ furnace1 proportion$ to ! quantity ( ore to be treat$1 l9e x ) ant-hill clay1 or common clay & s&1 leav+ a hole 9 ! front ne> ! bottom1 :i* has a tempor>y /opp] ( clay plac$ 9 x1 & ano!r orifice ab\t #b;ft4 up ! back = ! air bla/ to ent] at4 ,ei!r a l>ge pair ( d\ble bell[s1 compressible sk9 air-bags1 su* z we h be=e describ$1 or bl[+ cyl9d]s1 su* z are repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ illu/ration ,illu/ration1 mu/ be set up at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! back ( ! furnace4 ,^! cyl9d]s are us$ by ! inhabitants ( ,new ,gu9ea in/ead ( bell[s1 & answ] rem>kably well4 ,!y are compos$ ( two holl[ tree trunks1 plac$ side by side2 a wood5 tube1 :i* s]ves to let ! air out1 unites !m2 & a man or boy sits on ! tops ( ! tubes1 & works alt]nately up & d[n a c\ple ( mop-%ap$ pi/ons1 :i* are made f poles arm$ at ! ends ) bundles ( fibre1 fea!rs1 or dry grass1 s adju/$ t !y exp& on be+ ?ru/ d[n & collapse on be+ drawn up4 ,z "o pi/on man gets fatigu$1 ano!r takes 8 place2 ?us a cont9u\s /ream ( air is kept up4 ,:atev] me?od ( bla/ is decid$ on1 x mu/ be s arrang$ z to be cont9u\s & p[]ful4 ,:5 ! int]ior ( ! furnace is q dry1 ?r[ 9 a good quantity ( well-burn$ *>coal2 !n a lay] ( split dry wood until x rea*es ab\t #a;ft4 above ! entrance ( ! bla/2 !n ano!r lay] ( *>coal & dry c[ dung a few in*es deep2 !n spr9kle 9 loosely a lay] ( brok5 iron ore1 mix$ ) a little lime/one if y c get x2 !n ano!r lay] ( *>coal & dry c[ dung1 & ano!r ( ore2 & s on until ! furnace is all b full1 only "o lay] ( wood be+ us$4 ,n[ ?r\gh ! bla/ entrance introduce "s well-ignit$ & gl[+ emb]s f y\r fire2 put 9 ! tube ( y\r bla/1 :i* may be ( bak$ clay2 lute x fa/ 9 its place1 s z to prev5t any escape ( air2 & proce$ to bl[1 :5 y\r furnace w soon be 9 a /ate ( active ignition & gl[4 ,keep up ! bla/ /eadily1 & z ! cont5ts ( ! furnace s9k d[n add to !m f above lay] by lay] z be=e direct$1 until x is consid]$ t en\gh metal has be5 ca/ 94 ,s soon z x is ?\ght probable t ! iron has melt$1 a small portion ( ! clay ( ! tap-hole may be remov$ ) an iron b>1 :51 if 9 a suffici5tly flux$ condition1 ! iron w run freely out into long %all[ pits dug to receive x4 ,! iron ?us procur$ is call$ bloom1 & has to be heat$ 9 pieces 9 ! =ge fire1 & ?or\ghly roa/$ & ?ump$ ab\t until x is s(t & t\gh en\gh = g5]al use4 ,! natives d n z a rule wait = _! iron to fl[1 b op5 ! furnace :5 x cools d[n1 & !n drag out su* bloom z may h settl$ to ! bottom4 ,excell5t /eel is made f iron ?us procur$ by ! natives ( ! hill di/ricts ( ,india1 by putt+ x 9 small e>!n crucibles ) *>coal1 rice1 *aff1 p]oxide ( manganese1 & gre5 leaves4 ,^! pots are !n lut$ d[n ) clay1 & plac$ 9 a clay furnace heat$ ) dry c[ dung & *>coal4 ,"h !y rema9 = a consid]able "t1 :5 ! fire is all[$ to burn out2 ! pots are !n1 :5 cool1 remov$1 & ! /eel tak5 out to be fa%ion$ by ! h& ( ! smi? into any =m requir$4 ,we h us$ a great deal ( bo? iron & /eel prep>$ z above describ$1 & f\nd bo? ( admirable quality4 ,*emical te/s = m9]als4 ,a common horse-%oe magnet1 su* z c be b\ght = a m]e trifle at any toy%op1 w be f\nd v useful = extract+ p>ticles ( iron f o!r m9]al4 ,:5ev] ! means ( transport w admit1 x is well to take a small compact case ( simple appliances1 te/s1 & reag5ts4 ,! :ole1 by a little +5uity1 may be easily pack$ 9 a solid lea!r case v little l>g] ?an an ord9>y s&wi* box4 ,its cont5ts %\ld be z foll[s3 ,small glass-/opp]$ & capp$ bottle ( nitric acid1 ditto hydro*loric acid1 ditto liq4 ammonia1 ditto quicksilv]1 small cork$ bottles ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 bi-*romate ( pota%1 fus$ borax1 & common salt2 a small jo9t$ bl[pipe1 a pair ( =ceps1 a small pair ( scales1 fitt$ = tak+ specific gravities1 & a set ( weights1 a bit ( fl9t glass1 a piece ( sapphire1 :i* c be obta9$ f any lapid>y2 half a doz5 te/ tubes to ne/ "o )9 ! o!r2 half a doz5 old wat* glasses1 to be obta9$ = a few p5ce f any wat*mak]2 half a doz5 n>r[ /rips ( w9d[ glass1 cut to a ?ickness little great] ?an /\t wire1 & #e;94 long 7^! are = /irr+ up hot acids1 c472 a piece ( /\t copp] wire1 %ap$ l ! figure #i1 to hold ! wat* glasses on :il/ !y are ov] ! lamp or c&le flame2 a small f9e file & a few n>r[ slips ( well burnt light *>coal2 a common wire cig>-hold]1 to hold ! te/ tubes 9 :il/ heat$2 & a v small bright-fac$ hamm]1 su* z wat*mak]s use4 ,x is truly a/oni%+ h[ mu* qualitative analysis c be c>ri$ out ) ^! comp>atively limit$ means4 ,we w suppose t a little bag ( s& has be5 obta9$2 t x %[s1 on be+ spread out1 a numb] ( p>ticles ( a glitt]+ yell[ sub/ance1 z well z black-col\r$ gra9s1 mix$ ) common qu>tz & m9ute fragm5ts ( /one4 ,we fir/ place our s& on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & ) our pocket l5s h a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts4 ,%\ld any gra9s ( suffici5t size & que/ionable "* pres5t !mselves1 !y may be at once tak5 up on ! moi/5$ po9t ( a p94 ,if "o ( !m %\ld look l gold1 place x on "s h>d sub/ance & give x a bl[ ) y\r hamm]4 ,if x flatt5s )\t p[d]+1 drop x into "o ( y\r te/ tubes1 p\r 9 a little nitric acid1 & hold x 9 ! flame until x boils ?or\ghly4 ,if y\r p>ticle gives (f a tra9 ( m9ute bubbles & gradually dissolves1 p\r a little ( ! cont5ts ( y\r tube into two sep>ate wat* glasses plac$ side by side1 add a little wat] to ea*4 ,add a little common salt to ,no4 #a2 if ! p>ticle is silv]1 y w at once h a ?ick :ite precipitate--*loride ( silv]4 ,drop a few drops ( y\r liquor ammonia into ,no4 #b2 & if copp]1 ! beautiful & well-m>k$ blue col\r ( ammonuret ( copp] w at once appe>4 ,%\ld ! p>ticle h cru%$ "u ! bl[1 x is probably ei!r sulphuret ( iron or copp] ore4 ,to di/+ui% ^! two sub/ances :5 9 a m9ute /ate ( division1 proce$ ) ! acid z j describ$1 & te/ "o wat* glass ) a small fragm5t ( f]rocyanide ( potassium1 :51 if sulphuret ( iron or mundic1 y w h a d5se cl\d ( ,prussian blue 9 y\r wat* glass4 ,treat ! o!r ) y\r liquor ammonia1 & y w h ! same brilliant ammonuret ( copp] col\r z if ! p>ticle _h be5 native or malleable copp]4 ,hav+ satisfi$ ourselves z to ! select$ p>ticles--= %\ld ! flatt5$ gra9 resi/ ! action ( ! hot acid & rema9 bright1 x is surely gold--we place our s& on a %ovel1 & hold x !re until ! :ole is r$ hot2 x may !n be tak5 f ! fire1 & all[$ to cool on ! %ovel4 ,! magnet w n[ take out all ! bits ( iron4 ,n[ ) a hamm]-face or smoo? wat]-worn pebble proce$ to cru% all ! sub/ances on ! %ovel f9e4 ,!n at ! ne>e/ /ream ( wat]1 or 9 a l>ge tub1 c>efully van & wa% y\r sample until all ! e>?y & wor?less matt]s h be5 wa%$ away2 !n ! practis$ eye w in/antly di/+ui% ! gold1 if any4 ,! utt]ly inexp]i5c$ may1 h[ev]1 be deceiv$ by rema9+ fragm5ts ( mundic or copp] ore be=e ref]r$ to2 !re=e1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 let him dry 8 wa%$ metal p[d] on ! %ovel ov] ! fire1 !n c>efully place x 9 a small1 clean1 dry vial-bottle ) a little quicksilv]4 ,%ake & rattle x well ab\t until all ! p>ticles h be5 br\ght well 9 contact ) ! m]cury4 ,su* fragm5ts z x w n take up are n gold2 b to f9d t :i* x has conv]t$ into an amalgam1 place ! m]cury 9 a piece ( clean *amois lea!r1 press x c>efully1 & ! m]cury w =ce its way 9 m9ute globules ?r\gh ! lea!r1 leav+ ! gold 9 a s(t mass )94 ,?is1 by be+ heat$ to r$ness1 ?r[s (f ! rema9+ quicksilv]1 & c be e/imat$ z gold4 ,silv] w also amalgamate ) m]cury1 b c always be di/+ui%$ f gold by ! nitric acid & salt te/ be=e describ$4 ,lead ore is r>ely mi/ak5 = any?+ else1 its peculi> col\r1 cubical =m ( cry/allisation1 & gravity be+ g5]ally suffici5t to id5tify x4 ,a small quantity1 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & mix$ ) a little fus$ borax1 readily fuses on a *>coal slip be=e ! bl[pipe1 & is !n ord9>y lead4 ,! silv] (t5 associat$ ) lead ores c alone be e/imat$ by a regul> assay1 requir+ ! use ( crucibles1 cupels1 furnace1 c4 ,sulphuret ( antimony1 al?\gh massive & some:at lead-col\r$1 leaves a ?ick r\gh deposit on ! *>coal1 & fuses into a brittle cry/all9e regulus1 9 no way resembl+ lead4 ,small specim5s ( gal5a1 or lead ore1 %\ld always be pres]v$ = future inve/igation1 z x is at times extremely ri* 9 silv]1 :il/ at o!rs a m]e trace only rema9s4 ,we h analys$ lead ore f ,cornwall :i* yield$ betwe5 #ijoz4 & #ajjoz4 ( silv] to ! ton1 :il/ o!r samples1 rais$ 9 ,wiscons91 al?\gh yield+ #he p] c5t4 ( lead1 did n conta9 en\gh silv] to r5d] its extraction remun]ative4 ,! po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 m9]als & metals we h ?us be5 briefly lay+ d[n d n prop]ly apply to ! inve/igations ( ! regul> gold-digg]1 b are ma9ly int5d$ = ! use ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 exploration & rese>*4 ,! pr(ess$ gold-seek]1 z a rule1 ca/s all aside save ! "o great c5tre ( 8 hopes & pursuit4 ,he1 9 8 prospect+ exp$itions1 makes use ( ! broad %all[ metal pan %[n 9 ! illu/ration :i* repres5ts ,se>*+ = ,gold4 ,! quantity ( gold br\ght to light by its aid guides him 9 8 *oice ( a locality4 ,if x is consid]$ ri* en\gh1 he1 ) 8 mates1 s9ks d[n to ! pay dirt1 or deposit conta9+ ! gold2 ?is is ei!r wa%$ out at once on ! cradle1 or pil$ 9 heaps = future treatm5t4 ,) gold qu>tz-cru%+1 amalgamation on a l>ge scale1 or ! wa%+ d[n ( drift by hydraulic p[] & ! use ( flumes z practis$ 9 ,cali=nia1 we _c deal "h1 z ! appliances are f> m complicat$ & pond]\s ?an ! m]e travell] c\ld c>ry ) him4 ,base metal1 to detect4 ,x sometimes happ5s t imposition is attempt$ 9 f>-(f l&s1 & imitation gold ornam5ts (f]$ to ! travell]4 ,to te/ ! quality ( ^!1 x w be requisite to h a bit ( black t]ra-cotta pot1 or a fragm5t ( any h>d smoo? black /one4 ,rub ! suspect$ ornam5t on ?is until a metallic /reak is left1 dip "o ( y\r bits ( glass rod 9 y\r nitric acid1 & let a drop or two fall on ! track left by ! metal4 ,if ( base mat]ial1 ! p>ticles w rapidly turn gre5 & dissolve2 if gold1 !y w rema9 un*ang$2 & if an alloy1 ! comb9$ metal w be remov$1 & ! gold wall rema9 /ation>y on ! black surface4 ,! exact /&>d ( mixture or comb9ation c only be arriv$ at by ! use ( a set ( t\*-ne$les1 :i* are rubb$ & comp>$ ) ! d\btful m>ks on ! /one4 ,illu/ration ,/one1 to qu>ry4 ,!re are _m situations 9 :i* /one may be advantage\sly us$ = ! erection ( h\ses1 =ts1 or def5sible depts4 ,on ! discov]y ( a b$ ( rock adapt$ = ! purpose1 ! head or cov]+ e>? %\ld be remov$1 ei!r by ! ag5cy ( wat] obta9$ by div]t+ "s neighb\r+ /ream = ! purpose1 or by digg+ ) ! spade or %ovel4 ,c>eful exam9ation w n[ g5]ally disclose ve9s or seams trav]s+ ! /one1 su* ( ^! z run 9 fav\rable directions %\ld be select$1 & ! gads or w$ges be=e describ$ _h rec\rse to4 ,x is well to h1 at lea/1 a doz5 ( ^! = /one splitt+4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t #e;94 long1 #a-a_/b;94 wide1 & #a_/b;94 ?ick1 tap]+ to ! edge1 :i* %\ld n be too %>p4 ,all gads %\ld be made ( ! be/ gad /eel1 c>efully po9t$ & temp]$4 ,9 ent]+ ! gads1 x w be well to ins]t !m 9 ! select$ seam at ab\t #a;ft4 ap>t2 !n1 ) ! heavy hamm] or pick-head1 /rike ea* gad a bl[ or two 9 succession1 :i* w s]ve to op5 ! seam1 & n unfrequ5tly deta* ! requir$ fragm5t4 ,:5 l>ge squ>e or oblong blocks are requir$1 x is well to fir/ m>k out ! size requir$ on ! rock ) ! pick's po9t1 & !n ) ei!r ! bor] be=e describ$1 or a jump+ b> 7( =m %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration71 drill a r[ ( holes ab\t #h;94 ap>t on ! l9e be=e m>k$ out1 9 dep? proportion$ to ! int5d$ ?ickness ( ! /one1 9 ea* hole %\ld be plac$ a pair ( gad *eeks--^! are pieces ( half-r\nd iron b>4 ,! r\nd$ sides re/ aga9/ ! sides ( ! holes z ! gad is driv5 betwe5 ! flat surfaces1 ?us =c+ op5 ! gra9 ( ! rock )\t break+ away ! sides ( ! holes by gad cl9*+4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 ea* gad is gradually driv5 home until ! l9e ( holes run into "o long fissure & ! block is deta*$4 ,9 break+ out flat slabs ( comp>atively ?9 /one1 x w be f\nd a good plan1 aft] measur+ & m>k+ ! size decid$ on1 to s9k a %all[ groove ei!r ) ! pick's po9t or a /onecutt]'s *isel across ! extreme l5g? ( ! slab2 !n1 by ins]t+ ! gads at ! out] face or edge ( ! deposit1 ! slab w n only be rais$ b ev5ly brok5 (f4 ,fire is a mo/ p[]ful ag5t & aid 9 /one-break+1 especially :5 assi/$ by wat]4 ,! huge & massive b\ld] ( rock :i* bids defiance to ! sl$ge-hamm] may v soon be r$uc$ to fragm5ts by mak+ a /rong fire r\nd x1 &1 :5 ?or\ghly heat$1 ?r[+ buckets ( wat] ov] x4 ,! treatm5t ( /one4 ,"s ,indians are p>ticul>ly clev] 9 ! art ( /one divid+4 ,!y build a d\ble wall ( clay ! :ole l5g? ( ! /one1 leav+ ab\t six in*es ( b>e rock betwe5 !m4 ,!y !n lay m clay on ! outsides ( ! walls1 ne>ly ! wid? ( ! /one4 ,!n betwe5 ! walls ( clay !y make a long l9e ( fire ) dry c[ dung & *ips ( h>d1 dry wood4 ,an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t elapses be=e ! division ( ! /one is complet$1 :5 ! fire is c>efully ext+ui%$ ) e>? or s&1 & ! /one all[$ to cool4 ,rocks1 s plac$ z to prev5t rec\rse be+ _h to ei!r ( ! exp$i5ts describ$1 may be split out by ! action ( a small *>ge ( p[d]1 fir$1 z be=e direct$1 9 a hole made by ! jump+ b>4 ,to drill a hole ) ?is no hamm] man is requir$1 b ! weight ( ! protub]ance on ! in/rum5t1 :5 aid$ by a jump+ & rotatory motion1 is suffici5t to cut away ! rock4 ,wat] swab1 %ell scrap]1 c41 are us$ ) ^! implem5ts1 j z !y are ) ! m9]'s bor]1 :i* c be us$ 9 conf9$ spaces & "u outly+ works1 :]e ! jump] w\ld be useless4 ,a cr[b> or two w be f\nd v useful = lift+ out brok5 pieces ( /one1 c4 ,!re is also an in/rum5t mu* us$ 9 ,am]ica call$ a can?ook1 :i* is "h repres5t$4 ,x is extremely valuable = mov+ bo? /ones ( l>ge size & logs ( unwieldy dim5sions4 ,! h&le1 or lev]1 is made ( t\gh1 well-season$ timb]1 & is usually f #f;ft4 to #g;ft4 long4 ,! claw is ( s\nd1 t\gh1 wr\ght iron1 & proportion$ 9 weight & spread to ! bodies x is appli$ to4 ,two or ?ree sizes ( claws fit "o h&le1 j z a d5ti/'s key is adapt$ to ! size ( ! too? x is to grasp4 ,an oblong squ>e hole is cut ?r\gh ! lev] = ! claw's end to pass ?r\gh1 & a /\t iron p91 ) a hole 9 ! end = a split /op to g into1 keeps ! claw at its prop] po9t ( adju/m5t4 ,! b\ld] claw is ano!r mo/ useful implem5t4 ,x is us$ = turn+ ov] & roll+ out l>ge b\ld]s ( rock1 lift+ out logs1 c4 ,^! claws1 & ! *a9s & r+s to :i* !y are atta*$1 %\ld be made ( ! be/ ,sw$i% iron2 ! claw po9t %\ld be ( gad /eel1 weld$ 94 ,! =m ( ! hook or claw is v important1 z1 if n turn$ to ! exact b5d1 x w n grip or hold4 ,! above illu/rations w s]ve to %[ bo? ! =m ( ! claw & its mode ( action :5 9 use4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b\ld] ,,claw4 ,m9]s' pump1 to make4 ,:5 wat] settles 9 a comp>atively %all[ pit1 too l>ge to be conv5i5tly empti$ by ! aid ( buckets1 a v simple =m ( pump w be f\nd useful4 ,nail f\r long planks toge!r 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ squ>e box or tube1 say #a;ft4 squ>e2 n[ procure a /\t pole a little long] ?an ! box1 nail a flat bo>d to "o end ( x j z a table is atta*$ to its /&1 cut away ! edges until x fits ! box loosely1 !n nail a bord]+ ( old boot lea!r or hide r\nd ! edges until x fits tight en\gh to suck2 cut a l>ge squ>e hole 9 x1 & fa/5 ov] ?is ) tacks a piece ( tapp+ lea!r or raw hide back$ ) wood = a valve2 bore a hole 9 ! upp] end ( ! pole to put a cross h&le ?r\gh2 bore an aug] hole ?r\gh ! l[] end ( y\r box ab\t #a;ft4 f ! op5+1 & ?r\gh ?is drive a /\t /ick to keep ! suck] f com+ too f> d[n2 y\r pump is n[ complete4 ,place x 9 a slightly slant+ direction 9 ! pond1 & secure x ) a crook$ /ick driv5 9 by its side2 pu% ! suck] to ! bottom1 p\r a bucket ( wat] or s 9 to make x draw1 & y w1 by work+ ! pi/on /eadily up & d[n1 soon h ! wat] p\r+ 9 a flood ov] ! upp] edge ( ! box1 :]e x c be caught 9 a holl[ log or a pit l9$ ) clay4 ,"o ( ^! box pumps is %[n 9 ! full page illu/ration ,se>*+ = ,gold4 ,*>coal burn+4 ,! travell] w f9d x extremely useful to be able to manufacture 8 own *>coal4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods by :i* he c d ?is1 all dep5d+ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,pieces ( wood ( suitable l5g? & conv5i5t size are prep>$4 ,we %[ "h ! mo/ effective arrangem5ts4 ,illu/ration ,! pile1 :5 ev5ly & completely built up1 is cov]$ ) turf & a little s& or e>?--leav+ "o fair-siz$ orifice z a draught hole4 ,fire is introduc$ ei!r at ! bottom ( ! pile ?r\gh a hole left = x1 or dropp$ d[n ?r\gh ! space left by ! )drawal ( ! c5tre po/4 ,! orifices ( all *>coal pits or *amb]s %\ld rema9 op5 until ! fire has become well di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass ( wood1 b %\ld be cov]$ ) a /opp] ( turf or clay directly ! light grey smoke ( active combu/ion %[s itself4 ,! cont5ts ( ! pile may f "t to "t be te/$ by remov+ a small portion ( ! /opp+ or cov]+ turf & ins]t+ a hook$ iron rod1 by ! aid ( :i* a sample ( ! bak+ may be )drawn = exam9ation4 ,imm$iately on be+ satisfi$ t ! *>coal has be5 suffici5tly burn$1 m e>?1 turf1 s&1 c41 %\ld be heap$ on ! top ( ! pile1 until e crevice is /opp$ completely4 ,! fire w !n soon die out1 & ! cont5ts ( ! pile c be remov$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we also repres5t a contrivance = prep>+ *>coal = gunp[d] mak+4 ,illu/ration ,a small cask has "o head remov$1 a /\t pole run ?r\gh ! bung-hole1 & is !n ev5ly pack$ ) select$ billets ( light suitable wood4 7,see ,gunp[d]1 to make1 p4 #bdg47 ,! head is !n replac$1 ! cask cov]$ ) well-work$ clay1 & !n sunk 9 a pit prep>$ = its reception4 ,! pole is !n )drawn1 & a good quantity ( r$-hot emb]s ?r[n d[n ! hole4 ,! cask1 aft] be+ us$ = *>coal mak+1 is v useful = an ov51 z w be %[n :5 cook]y is "u consid]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,huts ,,& ,,h\ses4 ,timb] fell+4 ,be=e proce$+ to give directions = build+ huts & h\ses1 x may n be amiss to give a few h9ts on fell+ trees4 ,h9ts !y c only be1 z x is j z impossible to tea* ! art ( wield+ ! backwoodsman's axe by writ+ z x is to communicate ! faculty ( track+ wild animals ?r\gh ! =e/ by v]bal directions4 ,exp]i5ce & close obs]vation are ! only two true ma/]s 9 bo? cases2 /ill1 we may be enabl$ to give su* g5]al directions z may save our read]s f "s ( ! humiliat+ pr$icam5ts we h se5 ! inexp]i5c$ wood-*opp] plac$ 94 ,no?+ is m common ?an to see "o ( ?is class hopelessly p9*+ 8 axe at e cut1 f hav+ comm5c$ 8 *op too n>r[4 ,! l5g? ( ! *op1 or *ip z x is sometimes call$1 w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! size ( ! tree2 b 9 all cases x %\ld be made 9 a long w$ge =m1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,by cutt+ 9 ?is way1 ! surface ( ! /ump is left z level z a plan$ bo>d1 & ! log :i* is sep>at$ f x has1 :5 x falls1 a w$ge-%ap$ end4 ,x w1 9 mo/ cases1 be f\nd t ! tree :i* y are ab\t to fell w lean m or less 9 "o direction4 ,/ation y\rself1 axe 9 h&1 on ! side t[>ds :i* ! tree leans2 !n measure y\r di/ance by plac+ ! edge ( y\r axe on ! c5tre ( ! boll ( ! tree1 at su* a height f ! gr\nd t ! axe lays 9 a /raight & true l9e accord+ to ! /ature ( ! axe man4 ,! *eck or flange at ! end ( ! axe helve %\ld re/ 9 ! h&s z ! arms are ext5d$ t[>ds ! tree4 ,?is w give ! di/ance at :i* ! axe blade may be be/ br\ght to be> on ! tree trunk4 ,9 deliv]+ ! cuts1 :i* %\ld foll[ ! di/ance te/1 ! axe %\ld be dext]\sly & p[]fully :irl$ r\nd ! head2 sometimes obliquely f above d[nw>ds1 & at o!rs 9 a /raight & direct sweep across ! l9e ( ! log4 ,! horizontal =m ( ! l[] cut & ! w$ge %ape ( ! upp] w be ?us pres]v$ until ! tree is half cut ?r\gh1 :5 exactly ! same sy/em ( op]ation %\ld be foll[$ out on ! side ( ! tree opposite to t on :i* ! fir/ incision 0 made4 ,on ! second *op be+ ne>ly complet$1 ! tree w fall directly away f ! axe man 9 ! l9e ( its incl9ation4 ,on all ! tops1 lops1 & bran*es be+ remov$1 & ! log cle>$ f surr\nd+ imp$im5ts1 x may become a "q z to :at purpose x is to be appli$4 ,if x is ( great l5g?1 & comp>atively %ort pieces are requir$1 ! process kn[n z logg+ up mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,?is is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,aft] measur+ ! l5g? ( ! log1 & divid+ x into ! requisite numb] ( pieces by m>k+ x ) ! axe1 /& on ! tree trunk1 ) y\r feet po9t+ across ! gra9 ( ! wood1 !n ) y\r axe proce$ to cut two slop+ or w$ge-%ap$ cuts1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration ,illu/ration1 c>ry+ !m into ! log until half ?r\gh x2 !n face ab\t1 & make two on ! o!r side1 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 %\ld meet ! o!rs at _! wide/ diamet]1 :i* w be t ( ! tree4 ,"s settl]s 9 wild c\ntries burn d[n ! trees 9 ord] to save lab\r2 o!rs girdle !m4 ,to p]=m ?is latt] process1 x is necess>y to cut a wide b& ( b>k f ! butt ( ! tree ne> ! gr\nd4 ,?is prev5ts ! sap f asc5d+1 & ?us quickly de/roys vegetation4 ,:]e timb] is sc>ce & valuable1 ! cross-cut saw may be made to aid ! axe1 & ! tree tak5 (f almo/ level ) ! gr\nd4 ,x sometimes1 al?\gh n frequ5tly1 happ5s t trees are f\nd too l>ge to be fell$ by ! axe or saw4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! s-call$ big tree1 "o ( ! mammo? trees ( ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 fell$ by bor+ a complete circle ( holes r\nd & into its imm5se trunk ) aug]s4 ,five m5 7 occupi$ dur+ tw5ty-two days 9 complet+ ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! tree1 :i* 0 effect$1 aft] all ! holes _h conv]g$1 by ! introduction ( a numb] ( w$ges4 ,its p]iod ( gr[? 0 e/imat$ at #cjjj ye>s2 x measur$ #cjb;ft4 high1 & 0 #if;ft4 9 circumf]5ce at ! butt4 ,! b>k measur$ ne>ly #a;ft4 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 to cut timb]4 ,! quality1 /r5g?1 & durability ( timb] are mu* influ5c$ by ! season ( ! ye> 9 :i* x is fell$4 ,9 all temp]ate regions ! autumn or w9t] season %\ld be *os51 z at t "t little sap is fl[+ ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! tree4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x b too (t5 happ5s t well-gr[n oak timb] is all b sacrific$ 9 ord] t ! b>k may be procur$4 ,e>ly spr+1 ! season = b>k r5d+1 is ! v wor/ t c\ld by any possibility be *os5 = cutt+ timb]4 ,*>g$ z x is ) vegetable juices1 ri* 9 sac*>9e matt] & album51 ! se$s ( dry rot & decay are c>ri$ ) x1 :i* no aft] treatm5t w s]ve to eradicate4 ,9 tropical climates x is well to fell su* timb] z is int5d$ to be kept = future use at ! end ( ! dry season & be=e ! sett+ 9 ( ! ra9s2 all logs int5d$ = rails1 po/s1 c41 %\ld be split up1 imm$iately aft] fell+1 into ! r\gh =ms ( ! objects into :i*1 :5 fully season$1 !y w be conv]t$4 ,! b>k %\ld be all /ripp$ (f1 & ! r\gh timb] plac$ "u cov] 9 su* a situation z w admit ( light & air p5etrat+ freely ?r\gh x4 ,timb] cut & ?us treat$ "o season1 %\ld n be us$ until ! next4 ,! durability ( season$ timb] is inf9itely great] ?an t ( gre54 ,timb]1 to split4 ,= effici5t timb] splitt+1 a set ( ?or\ghly well-made & correctly-=m$ iron w$ges1 & a numb] ( equally well-%ap$ wood5 w$ges or gluts1 are ne$$4 ,! iron w$ges %\ld be made ( ! v be/ t\gh iron1 tipp$ ) gad /eel1 z 9 ! =m ( ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,all ! edges & corn]s %\ld be slightly r\nd$ (f 9 ord] to give fre$om 9 driv+2 ! l5g?1 f head to po9t1 %\ld be #aj 941 ! wid? across ! w$ge #b-a_/b 941 & ! ?ickness ( metal across ! edge at ! head #b 94 ,"s judgm5t is requir$ 9 temp]+ w$ges1 z !y mu/ be h>d en\gh at ! po9t to prev5t b5d+1 & yet n h>d en\gh to break4 ,! file te/ is z good z any4 ,! edge ( ! w$ge po9t %\ld nev] be hamm]$ ?9 be=e temp]+1 b left r ?ick to be r$uc$ to ! prop] degree ( %>pness on ! gr9d+ /one4 ,! wood5 gluts are usually consid]ably l>g] ?an ! iron w$ges2 ^! are to be made f h>d1 t\gh1 well-season$ timb]--r\nd /\t poles are conv5i5t = mak+ !m4 ,! prop] l5g?s1 :i* are ma9ly dep5d5t on ! size ( ! logs to be op]at$ on1 are sawn (f4 ,! sides or *eeks ( ^! pieces are !n *opp$ (f ) ! axe 9 approximately true w$ge =m1 an ev5 surface & exact pit* is aft]w>ds giv5 to !m ) a coop]'s draw+ knife or a spoke %ave4 ,w$ges1 :e!r ( iron or wood1 %\ld nev] be driv5 ) an iron hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,a w$g+ beetle1 ( =m %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 %\ld be always made use (4 ,! h>de/ & t\ghe/ wood to be obta9$ %\ld be us$ to =m ! head2 ! ends are usually hoop$ ) flat iron r+s1 & ! h&le fa%ion$ f "s t\gh ela/ic wood1 su* z a% or hickory4 ,sc>cely any two m5 use ! same size beetle1 b ! foll[+ w be f\nd fair av]age dim5sions f :i* to make "o3 ,l5g? ( beetle head #i;941 b9d+ hoops #a-a_/d;94 wide & #a_/b;94 ?ick1 diamet] ( beetle head #e-a_/b;941 l5g? ( h&le #b;ft4 #h;94 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 fitt+ 9 ! h&le1 z x is ess5tial to ! effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t t x & ! head %\ld be exactly true ) ea* o!r4 ,a slightly flatt5$ h&le lies 9 ! h& m compactly1 & works m freely1 ?an a p]fectly r\nd "o4 ,ne>ly all logs split be/ f ! small or cr[n end t[>ds ! butt4 ,if x is int5d$ to divide ! log into f\r pieces1 ! w$ges mu/ be ins]t$ z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration 7,a71 if into ?ree !y are plac$ z at ,b4 ,:5 rails1 c41 are to be made1 ! log mu/ be divid$ into qu>t]s1 by fir/ mak+ a cross-%ap$ cut 9 ! end ( ! log1 & /rik+ ! back ( ! axe ) ! beetle until ! edge ent]s deep en\gh to af=d a hold = ! iron w$ges4 ,longitud9al cuts ) ! axe are n[ to be made1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! log correspond+ ) ! cross4 ,! w$ges1 gluts1 & beetle d ! re/ :5 ! latt] implem5t is prop]ly wield$4 ,logs = %+le mak+ are qu>t]$ mu* 9 ! same way1 only in/ead ( be+ split out 9 ! full l5g?1 ! log is cut up into %ort l5g?s be=e qu>t]+4 ,! %+les may be #ae;94 long by #i;94 wide1 & 9 =m l t repres5t$ 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! axe & beetle may be us$ = splitt+ (f ^! wood5 flakes1 b ! la? r5d]'s froe is a f> m conv5i5t in/rum5t = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! diagrams 9 ! next page w s]ve to %[ ! mode by :i* ! long log qu>t]s are split up into rails1 c4 ,"s p>ticul> species ( tree w split )\t ! aid ( w$ges2 ! axe alone be+ us$ to cleave !m4 ,two axe m5 attack a log1 "o *ops 9 8 axe blade 9 ! l9e ( gra91 ! o!r foll[s beh9d & *ops 9 81 :5 ! fir/ man becomes ! second1 & s on until ! cut is complete & ! log is split4 ,illu/ration ,su* po/s z are int5d$ to be driv5 into ! e>? require accurate & c>eful po9t+4 ,ea* *eek ( ! timb] %\ld be smoo?ly & ev5ly slop$ (f to ab\t ! proportion %[n 9 ! illu/ration repres5t+ ! w$ge4 ,! c5tre ( ! po/ w ?us become ! po9t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ illu/ration repres5ts a log clip = hold+ a po/ :il/ und]go+ ! process ( po9t+4 ,! side w$ge holds ! po/ securely 9 ! not*$ piece ( log laid to receive x4 ,a camp1 g>d51 or cattle inclosure may be easily & exp$iti\sly f5c$ 9 by ei!r ( ! plans %[n 9 ! foll[+ illu/rations4 ,! fir/ sy/em ( rail+ consi/s 9 driv+ d\ble po/s into ! e>? at equal di/ances1 & !n dropp+ trimm$ poles & pieces ( wood or /ones alt]nately betwe5 !m4 ,a wood5 p9 driv5 ?r\gh ! heads ( bo? po/s at ea* nip keeps all compact & secure4 ,to erect a f5ce by ! second plan1 po/s are driv5 into ! gr\nd s+ly1 9 ! position %[n 9 ! diagram on ! next page1 & !n poles are laid ) _! ends cross+ at a suffici5t incl9ation to re/ aga9/ & be held by ! po/s4 ,! rails c be adju/$ to any di/ance ap>t1 by fitt+ 9 %ort pieces or junks ( pole betwe5 ! ends ( ! long b>s4 ,a v simple & useful f5ce = m>k+ ! b\nds ( a camp1 or piece ( cultivat$ gr\nd1 is =m$ by plant+ %ort /\t poles obliquely 9 ! e>?1 s t !y may cross ea* o!r l ! lett]s ,,xx4 ,! po9ts at :i* ! poles cross are secur$ ) a twi/$ )y1 a bit ( raw hide1 a /rip ( twi/$ b>k or root4 ,f5ces ( ?is k9d are v useful to %[ natives ! ne>e/ po9t to :i* !y may /ray t[>ds ! packs & bales ( goods4 ,illu/ration ,! natives ( ,briti% ,columbia & "s o!r c\ntries labori\sly hew & *op away ! two *eeks ( a log ) _! primitive hat*ets until !y =m a plank by ! r$uction ( a :ole tree4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a ! natives make use ( a long cross-h&l$ saw1 n unlike our pit saw1 = ! division ( a log into planks4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 s9k a sawpit z we d 9 ?is c\ntry1 b set up a pair ( cross legs or %e>s1 & run ! log obliquely across ! upp] =k until x is "s di/ance 9 ! air4 ,!y !n saw d[n to ! =k ( ! %e>s1 &1 :5 t is rea*$1 rev]se ! log1 end = end1 by tilt+ x1 & comm5ce at ! o!r extremity4 ,! hunt] or explor] w1 z a rule1 be ma9ly dep5d5t on 8 skill z a woodsman1 & wield] ( ! axe1 = a com=table dwell+ among/ ! =e/s4 ,! numb] ( a p>ty & ! duration ( a visit to any p>ticul> locality w influ5ce ! k9d ( /ructure x w be be/ to erect4 ,a s+le trapp] or hunt] naturali/ c cont5t himself ) v mod]ate accommodation4 ,bo>d wigwam4 ,a simple =m ( wigwam c be ?us built ) ! aid ( ! axe only1 9 a v %ort "t2 se>* out & cut f\r /\t =k end$ po/s betwe5 #f;ft4 & #g;ft4 long1 %>p5 _! ends1 drive two ( !m into ! e>? firmly at #i;ft4 ap>t1 !n cut a c\ple ( /raight /rong poles ( ab\t #a;ft4 gir? & #aj;ft4 long1 lay "o ( ^! 9 ! =ks ( ! two po/s & fa/5 x !re ) a twi/$ )y or a bit ( raw hide2 !n measure (f #e;ft4 f "o ( ! po/s1 &1 p>allel ) x1 set up "o ( ! o!rs1 plant ! rema9+ "o at ! o!r end1 lay 9 ! second pole1 secure x z be=e1 & ! framework is complete4 ,n[ look out = a free splitt+ tree1 log x up into #ac ft4 l5g?s1 split ^! into bo>ds1 place !m 9 a slop+ direction aga9/ ! poles :i* re/ 9 ! =ks1 & arrange !m s t ! upp] ends d n meet1 b leave a good wide op5+ = ! smoke to come out4 ,split up a log or two ! l5g? requir$ to bo>d up ! ends ( ! wigwam2 ?is c be done by sett+ ! bo>ds upright1 leav+ a wide "o movable to =m a door1 drive 9 a few h>d wood pegs s z to cat* ! bottoms ( ! bo>ds & all is made secure4 ,dur+ ! day a bo>d or two to leew>d may be slid aside to let 9 light1 by night air en\gh comes 9 ?r\gh ! *9ks4 ,log h\se1 to build4 ,z a m p]man5t home = a p>ty :o are ab\t w9t]+ 9 ! woods1 x is be/ to con/ruct a log hut ( ! description repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration ,illu/ration2 its size mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! numb] ( its propos$ occupants2 x c be made ei!r oblong or squ>e4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( trees ( conv5i5t bulk = h&l+ h be5 fell$ & logg$ up into prop] l5g?s1 ! ends %\ld be not*$ ) ! axe1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! f\r gr\nd logs are !n laid & key$ toge!r by _! not*es2 ! second r[ are !n plac$ on ^!1 ei!r by ! aid ( skid b>s plac$ 9 a slant+ direction on ! l[] logs1 or by manual lab\r4 ,:5 all ! walls are high en\gh1 ! doorway mu/ be cut 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,beg9 on ! upp] log & *op ?r\gh at ea* end1 ! exact wid? ( ! propos$ op5+ foll[ d[n1 cutt+ log by log until ! gr\nd log is rea*$2 cut ?is ne>ly half ?r\gh & !n split out ! piece1 ! o!r portion bel[ =ms y\r ?re%old4 ,take a fre% log1 & 9 x split out a space exactly to correspond ) t 9 ! gr\nd log1 place ?is z a cr[n+ log ) ?ree o!rs1 uncut1 to =m y\r wall plate1 ! split-out piece w =m ! top ( y\r doorway2 ! squ>e hole = ! w9d[ or %utt] is *opp$ out 9 ! same way4 ,! gable ends & ridge log mu/ be adju/$ at su* a pit* z to insure a free run = ra9 wat] or melt$ sn[2 ! f\r ends or butts ( ! gable angles %\ld re/ & be firmly w$g$ 9 f\r holes ax$ out = !m 9 ! ends ( ! upp] r[ ( wall-plate logs2 :]e ! gable peak crosses1 ! logs %\ld be not*$ toge!r & p9n$2 ! ridge log w !n re/ 9 ! crut*es =m$ by ! int]section4 ,n[1 aft] hav+ select$ ! mo/ conv5i5t spot = a fire-place1 *op a hole ?r\gh ! logs1 includ+ t on ! gr\nd1 ab\t #c;ft4 wide & #d;ft4 #f;94 high4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( =m+ a *imney & fire-back2 "o is to build a beehive-%ap$ wall outside ! op5+1 pla/]+ ! inside ) clay1 & =m+ a r\gh *imney /ack ) turf & /ones4 ,all *9ks or crevices betwe5 ! logs are /opp$ ) clay & moss4 ,"s ,am]ican trapp]s & hunt]s proce$ z foll[s3 ,!y cut a numb] ( poles long en\gh to rea* ! top ( ! propos$ *imney1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 a little high] ?an ! ridge ( ! ro(2 !y !n plant ! %>p5$ ends ( ! poles 9 ! e>? 9 su* a way z to =m a semicircul> h$ge surr\nd+ ! back ( ! hole 9 ! logs1 & ab\t #f;ft4 at its wide/ "p f !m4 ,an inn] h$ge ( /icks ab\t #f;ft4 long is n[ plant$ )9 ! r[ ( long poles1 at ab\t #h;94 f !m2 a numb] ( bu%y twigs are n[ collect$ & int]wov5 betwe5 ! poles & /icks until a sort ( d\ble wall ( basket "w is =m$ betwe5 ^! wick] p>titions2 a quantity ( wet clay & small gravel is firmly impact$1 & ramm$ d[n until ! space w hold no m4 ,! long poles are !n ga!r$ toge!r into a sort ( inv]t$ funnel =m1 a hole be+ left :]e _! small ends meet = ! smoke to pass ?r\gh2 a ?or\gh slap-da%+ ) ?9 wet clay )9 & )\t f9i%es ! affair4 ,! inn] lay] ( basket "w consumes 9 "t1 b leaves ! clay & /one h>d en\gh to resi/ an ord9>y heat4 ,huts ( ?is description are ei!r half log-ro($ or %+l$2 t repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration is cov]$ by ! =m] mode4 ,logs ( fitt+ size & l5g? are split 9 halves2 ! surfaces ( "o-half ( ^! are slightly holl[$ ) ! axe or adze1 & !n plac$ side by side ) ! r\nd surface d[nw>d on ! ridge b> & wall plate2 on ! holl[$ faces ( ^! ov] e int]val is laid face d[nw>d "o ( ! flat-fac$ pieces4 7,see illu/ration1 p4 #bge47 ,tempor>y wigwams4 ,to ro(-9 "o ( ^! log huts ) ! %+les we h be=e describ$1 ! build] mu/ proce$ 9 a diff]5t mann]2 r[s ( raft]s mu/ be p9n$ on to cat* ! %+les4 ,! fir/ r[1 or t at ! wall plate1 %\ld project "s in*es beyond x2 on ! heels ( ^! a long flat la? or batt5 ( wood is secur$ by wood pegs driv5 9 "h & !re1 ?is nips ! r[ ( %+les & keeps !m 9 place4 ,! second r[ is laid ov] & beyond ! batt5 & s on1 mu* z slates or tiles are laid = ! ro( ( an ,engli% h\se4 ,doors & %utt]s = log h\ses are usually made ( bo>ds obta9$ f split logs p9n$ toge!r ) cross-b>s1 & are g5]ally call$ d[el h+$2 an aug] hole is bor$ a few in*es into bo? frame & door1 a h>d wood peg plac$ half-way into ea* hole gives p]fect fre$om ( motion1 & w la/ z long z ! h\se4 ,a floor+ is v easily made by splitt+ a l>ge log into r\gh bo>ds1 & mu* increases ! com=t ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,illu/ration ,! above illu/ration repres5ts a r\gh tempor>y wigwam1 :i* may be easily made z foll[s3 ,select ei!r a l>ge fall5 log or high bank = a back2 drive two /\t =k$ pieces suffici5tly f> f ! back & f> ap>t to give space = ! int]ior2 lay ano!r pole across ! crut*es = a front wall plate1 & two side poles f ! back1 long en\gh to re/ on & be secur$ to ?is4 ,?at* ) hemlock or balsam fir bran*es1 arrang+ !m lay] ^u lay]1 butt end upw>ds4 ,! gable ends c be clos$ ) ei!r bran*es or grass-cov]$ hurdles or frames4 ,ano!r k9d is made by plac+ all ! po/s d\ble1 & !n dropp+ ! planks d[n betwe5 !m1 s t !y are nipp$ by ! uprights1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,illu/ration ,! huts ( savages4 ,z an almo/ inv>iable rule1 ! huts built by savage nations are r\nd1 or approximate m or less to ! circul> =m4 ,b sometimes !y are %apeless ?+s1 l ! rude gunyah ( ! ,au/ralian1 :i* consi/s m]ely ( a %eet ( b>k ( ! tea-tree 7"o ( ! ,eucalypti7 brok5 across ! middle & set up 9 a triangul> =m to %elt] ! body f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r2 :ile small fires are light$ all ar\nd = w>m? & def5ce aga9/ ! mosquitoes1 or a dry log1 #f;ft4 or #h;ft4 long1 is laid on ei!r side1 & set on fire 9 sev]al places4 ,equally simple is ! hut ( ! des]t bu%man4 ,a few /icks are set up aga9/ ea* o!r1 s z to =m an irregul> cone1 ) "o side left op5 to admit ! body ( ! sleep]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #bgi4 ,9 almo/ all tribes ! comm5cem5t is made 9 ! same mann]4 ,a circle is trac$ or imag9$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! wom51 squatt+ d[n1 ) %>p po9t$ /icks "w holes a foot or m ap>t all r\nd x2 long flexible w&s are ins]t$1 & _! tops b5t ov] & la%$ toge!r1 & if ! hut be l>ge1 "o or m poles are plac$ inside ! circle z supports4 ,9 ,kafirl& ! fire-place is simply a flat he>?1 occupy+ ! c5tre1 s t ! poles1 :5 !re are any1 are arrang$ r\nd x4 ,small] rods are wattl$ all r\nd1 or b\nd tightly to ! ribs ) /rips ( ! inn] b>k ( ! mimosa1 or o!r tree1 & ! hut is ?at*$ ) re$s1 grass1 or :atev] may be ! fav\rite or mo/ conv5i5t mat]ial ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,kafirl& ! huts are hemisph]ical1 l beehives1 or r l inv]t$ b[ls1 slightly flatt5$ on ! top4 ,! ?at*+ is v neatly & compactly done1 & g5]ally small ropes ( grass are c>ri$ _m times r\nd & r\nd outside ! hut1 & lac$ ) small] /rips ?r\gh ! ?at*+ to ! inn] frame4 ,! floor is nicely clay$ ) a compo/ ( kraal mi/ or cattle dung1 & ! f9e clay ( ant-hills brok5 up & well mix$4 ,sometimes ! inn] wall = #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 high is pla/]$ ) ! same1 & pumpk9 se$s /uck into x 9 fanciful patt]ns1 & pick$ (f aga91 :5 ! clay is dry1 leav+ a glaz$ film sp>kl+ 9 ! holl[4 ,9 "o ( our sket*+ trips ?r\gh ,kafirl& 9 #ahdh we _h be5 advis$ by ,capta9 ,rop]1 ( ! ,rifle ,brigade1 :o comm&$ at ! ,buffalo ,m\?1 always to g to a hut or village at night1 z %\ld any accid5t befall u our spoor c\ld be trac$1 & ! own] ( ! hut or headman ( ! village be held responsible2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld we sleep 9 ! bu%1 & our horse be /ol51 & ! ?ieves act on ! pr9ciple t dead m5 tell no tales1 x w\ld be v long be=e we 7 miss$1 & trac+ might be impossible4 ,!re is "o fault 9 ^! ,kafir huts4 ,!y resemble an inv]t$ b[l2 ! door is cut out ( ! edge1 & !re is no o!r ap]ture :atev]4 ,! consequ5ce is t if "o /&s up 8 l[] extremities may be absolutely *ill$1 :ile f ! wai/ upw>d he is imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( smoke or heat$ air2 & :5 ! fire has gone l[1 & ! int5sely cold air ( ! e>ly morn+ fills ! l[] "p1 driv+ ! w>m air above ! level ( ! doorway1 ! sleep] is glad to wrap himself m closely 9 8 mantle4 ,illu/ration ,9 c\ntries :]e /ratifi$ rocks1 z s&/one1 c41 :i* split easily into flat slabs1 ab\nd1 huts are frequ5tly built ( /one4 ,a circle ( blocks is laid on ! gr\nd1 !n ano!r on !m1 ) ! edges project+ a little inw>d1 s t ! circumf]5ce ( ea* c\rse is less ?an t ( ! "o imm$iately b5ea? x2 a l>ge slab cov]s ! top1 & f9i%es ! build+4 ,su* huts are f\nd 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,free ,/ate 9 ,s\? ,africa1 =m]ly ! ,orange ,riv] ,sov]eignty4 ,among ! v>i\s ,be*uana tribes 9 & beyond ! ,free ,/ate1 ! build+ ( a hut is a m elaborate & arti/ic affair2 9 fact1 x des]ves r to be call$ a h\se1 consi/+1 z x does1 ( walls & a ro( p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,9 its simple/ =m x consi/s ( a r[ ( /akes f #d;ft4 to #g;ft4 high1 set up 9 a circul> =m1 & ( a conical ro(1 ! frame ( :i* is mo/ly made sep>ately on ! gr\nd1 & !n lift$ into its place1 & b\nd firmly ^u ! upright wall4 ,9 ! l>g] huts a small] conc5tric circle ( /akes 7( c\rse mu* long] ?an ! fir/1 z !y h to rea* ! ro( at a high] po9t7 =ms an inn] *amb]1 & g5]ally ! eaves ( ! ro( are ext5d$1 s z to =m also a v]&ah1 or %ade1 all r\nd2 &1 besides ?is1 !re w be a l>g] circul> wall inclos+ a c\rty>d1 frequ5tly ( consid]able dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ief',s ,,hut1 ,,vaal ,,riv]4 ,sometimes1 z on ! ,l[] ,zambesi1 ! r[ ( /akes =m+ ! out] wall ( ! h\se is pla/]$ r\nd ) a broad c5tral horizontal b& ( r$ or yell[ clay1 leav+ ab\t a ?ird above & bel[ x op5 = v5tilation1 & sometimes ! :ole is elaborately smoo!d ) a mixture ( ! f9e clay ( brok5 ant-hills & cattle dung1 :i*1 be+ left ( its natural col\r1 has ! appe>ance ( a light greyi% /one4 ,all ?is is p]=m$ by ! wom51 :o put x d[n & smoo? x ) _! h&s1 f9i%+ n only ! h\se1 b ! out] walls & ev5 ! floor ( ! c\rty>d1 ) s mu* nicety t1 z good h\sewives say at home1 y might eat (f x4 ,rais$ seats are g5]ally built 9 ! =m ( segm5ts ( a circle1 & ^! are z c>efully smoo!d ov] z ! re/4 ,! hut ( a ,be*uana *ief at ,vaal ,riv] 0 a model ( neatness 9 its way2 ! walls _h be5 m>k$ (f into blocks1 zigzag l9es _h be5 trac$ on !m1 & unc\? patt]ns 7 pa9t$ 9 black or col\r$ clay ov] ! l[ door ( 8 inn] *amb]1 :i*1 hung r\nd ) antelope sk9s1 01 z he said1 v nice & w>m--9 fact1 insuff]ably hot4 ,! out] ap>tm5t 0 #c;ft4 or #d;ft4 broad1 & ran all r\nd ! inn]4 ,! "p ne>e/ ! door s]v$ z a reception room1 & ! remot] regions 7 us$ = ! /[age ( r\gh sk9s1 h\sehold ge>1 ! musket & ammunition1 & l>ge pots & calaba%es ( out*ulla or native be]1 :i* kept up a con/ant simm]+ z x f]m5t$1 & to ! ta/e seem$ v l spoil$ v9eg>4 ,l>ge frames are made ( wattl$ "w1 & coat$ ) clay till !y resemble capaci\s j>s2 9 ^! ! corn is /or$1 small ro(s are rais$ ov] !m1 & ! timb] ar\nd is wa/efully heap$ up to =m a k9d ( %elt] f ! sun = ! *ief & c\ncil to sit "u4 ,! h>tebee/e hut %[n 9 ! full-page camp sc5e 9 ,kafirl&1 mo/ly us$ by colonial ,hott5tots1 is simple & easy en\gh to make4 ,x has "o /raight side1 & "o lean-to1 & d]ives its "n f its resemblance to ! slop+ back ( ! animal4 ,! huts ( ! ,dam>as are g5]ally ( v rude con/ruction4 ,a circle ( /icks is plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! tops b5t ov] & la%$ toge!r1 g5]ally ) _! own b>k2 !y are !n r\ghly wattl$1 & pla/]$ ov] ) clay & kraal mi/4 ,ra9 s seldom falls t !y seem to take no precaution aga9/ x1 pref]r+ r to risk ! few dr5*+ %[]s ( ! wet season ?an to take ! tr\ble ( mak+ _! huts wat]pro(4 ,sometimes ! hides ( ! few cattle !y slaught] are spread ov] _! huts1 & kept 9 _! places by /ones or heavy poles laid on !m4 ,9 "o respect only !y h an advantage ov] ! ,kafir hut1 & t is1 ! smoke escapes ?r\gh ! cracks & int]/ices ( ! ro(4 ,int]nally !re may be a dri$ hide to sit or sleep on1 an e>!n pot = cook+1 a calaba% or two1 or a bambuse or wood5 b[l = milk or wat]2 two or ?ree sk9s /ripp$ (f :ole1 z sacks = u9tjies or e>? nuts2 & x may be an axe1 ( ,ovampo1 or m r>ely ( ,european1 manufacture4 ,illu/ration ,! box made ( /iff lea!r1 9 :i* !y c>ry grease & r$ o*re1 may also be "h2 b1 ) ! exception ( _! cattle1 ! ,dam>as seldom possess mu* m prop]ty ?an c be c>ri$ on ! p]son4 ,! huts ( ! ,b]g ,dam>as are /ill m primitive2 & sometimes !y seek no o!r %elt] ?an "o or two small bu%es1 ! l[] bran*es ( :i* are cut away1 :ile ! upp] ones are br\ght toge!r & int]wov5--o!rs be+ add$ if ne$ful--& grass ?r[n loosely ov] all4 ,inde$1 small trees1 ) ! l[] bran*es cle>$ away1 & ! upp] ones drawn toge!r & int]lac$1 =m v conv5i5t huts or arb\rs4 ,! ,be*uana wom51 9 mak+ a kraal1 beat ! mimosa bran*es on ! gr\nd till !y flatt5 !m into a fan-l =m1 !n !y plant !m side by side & int]lace ! bran*es4 ,illu/ration ,! ,namaqua ,hott5tots1 ! ,makobas or canoem5 ( ! ,bo-tlt-te ,riv]1 & _m ( ! ,be*uana tribes 9 ! ,orange ,riv] ,sov]eignty & else:]e1 build hemisph]ical frames ( flexible w&s1 & cov] !m ) mats ( ru%es l *eese mats4 ,^! are v neatly made4 ,! ,hott5tots use flat awls1 #ah;94 or #bj;94 long1 = ?is purpose1 b ! ,makoba awl is n m ?an #e 94 or #f 94 ,small ?ongs ( dress$ antelope sk91 or cords twi/$ f ! fibres ( diff]5t plants1 are us$ = sew+ ! mats4 ,^! might be easily made by a travell] ne$+ !m1 & he c\ld be/ d x by hav+ two or ?ree ne$les ( any conv5i5t l5g?1 f #d;94 or #e;94 to #bj;942 !y %\ld be flatt5$ at ! po9t1 & pi]c$ ) an eye to c>ry ! cord on :i* ! re$s are /rung4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od w\ld be to fix ! ne$les upright at ! prop] di/ance f ea* o!r1 & !n press ^u !m z _m ru%es z _! l5g? w\ld all[2 ^!1 ) ! /r+s drawn ?r\gh1 %\ld !n be remov$1 & a fre% set ?read$ on1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t ! /r+s are kept cle>1 s t !y reeve consecutively ?r\gh all ! ru%es1 & make a smoo? uni=m mat4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t1 :]e ! prop] mat]ials gr[1 ! natives w make & sell !m *eaply en\gh4 ,mats ( ?is description are mu* us$ by ! natives ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica 9 hut build+2 ! ne$les us$ 9 t c\ntry are n unfrequ5tly #e;ft4 long4 ,crook & prong h\se1 to build4 ,x (t5 becomes necess>y = ! travell]1 if he contemplates a /ay ( a few mon?s1 or ev5 weeks1 9 any "o place1 to build 8 own hut2 & x is z well t ?is %\ld be1 if possible1 some:at sup]ior 9 size & =m to ! dwell+s ( ! natives ar\nd him4 ,if ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! mat]ials at h& w admit ( x1 ?is may z well be a h\se regul>ly wall$ & ro($1 & at lea/ ! f\r corn] po/s1 z well z ! two :i* support ! gables1 %\ld be firmly let into ! gr\nd4 ,if c>e is tak5 to cut all ^! ) a =k1 s t ! ridge pole ( ! ro( may re/ 9 ! =ks ( ! gable poles1 & ! wall plates 9 ^? ( ! f\r corn] po/s1 ! build+ w be mu* /rong]1 & ! "w greatly facilitat$4 ,! raft]s may also h =ks1 :i* c re/ ^u ! wall plate1 b ?is w\ld leave ! ?icke/ "p ( ! bran*es upw>d2 a little lab\r 9 ?9n+ !m (f w\ld rem$y ?is1 or !y might1 9 fav\rable localities1 be s *os5 t x w\ld be ( v little consequ5ce4 ,e alt]nate raft] %\ld be rev]s$1 s t its =ks might help to support ! batt5s4 ,all ! poles =m+ ! side walls %\ld h =ks to help to support ! wall plate1 & ^? :i* =m ! sides ( ! doors or w9d[s %\ld be s select$ t small] =ks1 at ! prop] height1 w\ld s]ve to receive ! sills ( ! door & w9d[s4 ,su* a frame z ?is w\ld pres5t ! greate/ am\nt ( /r5g? & firmness ) ! lea/ possible necessity = la%+1 pegg+1 or o!r fa/5+4 ,illu/ration ,! sket* ( ! framework ( a h\se indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! =ks & bran*es may be us$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,if trees ( prop] size are abundant1 ! build] w be able to *oose !m s z to suit _! places1 ) z mu* regul>ity z indicat$ 9 ! draw+2 if n1 he mu/ make ! be/ ( ! mat]ials4 ,! small] framework beside x repres5ts t ( a hut we built at ,dept ,creek4 ,we set up ?ree =k$ poles z a triangle at ei!r end1 laid a ridge pole betwe5 !m1 & la%$ x firmly !re4 ,raft]s & batt5s 7 add$1 & we /ripp$ (f l>ge %eets ( tea-tree b>k 7,eucalyptus melaleuca87 to cov] x4 ,we also obta9$ "s ( ! :ite-b>k$ r$-gum tree 7,eucalyptus res9if]a72 b ?is is m brittle1 & did n answ] s well4 ,illu/ration ,! ro( may be cov]$ ) ! re$ mats already spok5 (1 "o or two ?icknesses ( :i*1 if ! ro( has a pit* ( n less ?an #de1 w suffice to keep out ra92 or x may be ?at*$ ) grass1 re$s1 or ! broad leaves ( ! fan palm-rememb]+ t1 :atev] mat]ial is us$1 x w ca/ (f wat] mu* bett] if ! po9t ( ! leaf is d[nw>d4 ,! l[e/ c\rse w be laid & securely fa/5$ fir/2 !n ! next1 ov]lapp+ x2 & s on to ! top4 ,?is may be done by simply la%+ ! /alks ( ea* c\rse to ! prop] batt52 or a ?at*+ ne$le may be made ( wood1 smoo? & flat1 an in* or m 9 bread?1 & pi]c$ ne> ! po9t ) an eye to c>ry ! la%+4 ,! inn] b>k ( _m trees1 ?\gh unfit to make cord :i* is to rema9 p]man5tly flexible1 w answ] v well = ?is purpose2 = if /ripp$ z requir$1 & us$ :ile /ill wet1 x w tie 9 any knot1 & be> /ra9+ tightly4 ,x w hold well en\gh :5 dry1 ?\gh x w\ld n aga9 be> work+ up1 on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess4 ,! leaves ( ! ,phormium t5ax1 ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* gr[ mu* l ^? ( ! common flag1 are v g5]ally us$ 9 t c\ntry1 j z !y are ga!r$1 = b9d+ v>i\s matt]s4 ,excell5t tw9e1 ?read1 clo?1 & rope are made f ! fibre1 z w be se5 z our "w proce$s4 ,! walls may be fill$ up1 accord+ to ta/e or necessity1 ) mats or re$s2 or1 if p]man5t %elt] f bad wea!r is requir$1 no?+ is bett] ?an wattle & daub1 & if ! wattl+ is c>efully done1 & good clay or brok5 ant-hills & kraal mi/ us$ = ! daub1 a v neat job may be made ( x4 ,we h %>$ ! hut ( a s]geant ( ,sapp]s 9 ! =e/ ( ! ,pi]ie ,hills 9 ,kafirl&1 :]e he _h a clay he>?1 & wattle & daub *imney1 &1 ?\gh a ro>+ fire 0 kept up1 he did n anticipate any dang]4 ,he _h *>ge ( a p>ty :o 7 cutt+ timb]1 & "o noble yell[ wood !y _h j fell$ 0 no less ?an #g;ft4 diamet] at its base4 ,! bu% v9es hung 9 long /raight l9es1 l ropes f ! upp] bran*es ( ?is tree2 & on "o ( ^!1 #fj;ft4 or #hj;ft4 long1 & n m ?an an in* ?ick1 ! s]geant1 :o 0 a heavy man1 rais$ himself1 & swung to & fro )\t fe> ( break+ x4 ,9 fact1 ^! v9es may be us$ :ile gre5 = _m ( ! purposes ( rope or cord4 ,we h dis5tangl$ ne>ly #cj;ft41 z f9e & almo/ z t\gh z a small fi%+ l9e1 f ! =e/ 9 front ( ! ,victoria ,falls1 & roll$ x into a small coil2 b once dry1 x becomes brittle1 & _c be /raight5$4 ,"s ( ^! v9es be> fruit1 :i*1 ?\gh n equal to ! cultivat$ grape1 is by no means to be despis$4 ,:5 look+ = a spot along ! banks ( ! ,zambesi on :i* to e/abli% a camp & rebuild our boat1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfb1 ,ave 7 w>n$ by ! natives :o came to meet u aga9/ ! pretty little seque/]$ spots beside ! tribut>y rivulets1 z !y 7 c]ta9 to be infe/$ by mosquitoes4 ,we1 !re=e1 hav+ 9 view also ! probability ( be+ oblig$ to /ay f> into ! unheal?y season1 tri$ back ab\t a mile1 & select$ a lime/one spur :i* _h a small valley betwe5 x & ! high] range 9 its re>4 ,illu/ration ,ro(1 to raise4 ,?is we nam$ ,logi] ,hill1 aft] our old & /eadfa/ fri5d 9 ,cape ,t[n2 &1 sett+ to "w ) a ke5 ,am]ican fell+ axe1 cut d[n ! ?orns & bru%wood on ! top1 :ile ! p assi/$ u 9 cutt+ or dragg+ ! fall5 bu%es to ! v]ge4 ,?ree mimosas1 :i* 7 9 a good position1 we left /&+1 & add$ "o = ! f\r? corn] po/4 ,!n select+ flexible bran*es1 we fram$ ^u ! gr\nd an oval ( correspond+ size2 on ?is ) light] poles 7mo/ ( !m ! "y /raight bran*es ( ! kookom boy\1 a gigantic /]culia 9 g5]al appe>ance1 some:at resembl+ ! baobab71 we fram$ a ro( simil> 9 =m to t ( a m>quee1 us+ = la%+s ! inn] b>k1 /ripp$ f ! bran*es j m5tion$4 ,to lift ?is1 z its weight 0 consid]able 9 proportion to its /r5g?1 & all ! p 7 away collect+ poles or grass = ! completion ( our huts1 0 r difficult1 b we _h =tunately a small coil ( manilla l9e & a few blocks4 ,) two ( ^! we made a tackle1 & lift+ "o side ( ! ro( #b;ft41 support$ x by a =k$ bran* :ile we rais$ ! re/1 %or+ x 9 ! same mann] all r\nd1 & !n lift+ x aga9 & support+ x on long] =ks till x 0 high en\gh to be fa/5$ securely 9 its place4 ,we plac$ =k$ uprights "u x at prop] int]vals1 b z ! eaves project$ consid]ably we did n f9d x necess>y to close 9 ! walls1 b :5 ! ra9 came on laid fre% poles ^u ! ro( & ?at*$ x ) grass & re$s to ! gr\nd4 ,= c5tral supports we took two =k$ poles1 & in/ead ( sett+ !m upright at ! two ends ( ! ridge pole ga9$ additional rigidity by cross+ !m l an ,x1 & la%+ !m toge!r 9 ! c5tre4 ,at "o end1 rais$ ^u =ks above #ah;94 high1 we made a plat=m ( small poles z /raight z we c\ld get !m to s]ve = a b$1 & :5 a buffalo 0 %ot spread ov] x ! dri$ hide to level x a little m4 ,?is plat=m 0 cont9u$ all r\nd betwe5 ! uprights & ! eaves1 & v>i\s /ores 7 laid on x4 ,"o advantage "h 0 ! immunity f ! ravages ( ! :ite ant1 :i* is seldom f\nd 9 a lime/one c\ntry4 ,b z ! ra9y season came on ho/s ( ! de/ructive little :ite-%\ld]$ beetle t fe$s on sk9s1 pres]v$ hides1 & specim5s ( all k9ds--seem+ r to enjoy ars5ic soap & o!r pres]vatives--ravag$ ev]y?+ made ( untann$ lea!r2 :ile o!r k9ds1 l>g] & /ill m unpleasant to ! eye & t\*1 w\ld actually comm5ce eat+ ! vels*o5s (f our feet dur+ ! %ort meal "t4 ,we %\ld h pref]r$ re$s = ?at*+1 z :5 laid at a suffici5t angle1 say any?+ above #de1 !y ca/ (f wat] p]fectly1 al?\gh if laid at a l[] angle !y might be by no means wat]-pro(4 ,( c\rse ! cut ends ( ! /ems mu/ be upw>d1 & ! leaves po9t+ d[n1 or ! wat] w be reta9$1 & all[$ to leak ?r\gh in/ead ( be+ ?r[n (f2 & ?is rule holds good :5 grass or su* l mat]ial is us$4 ,if ! ro( ( ! hut be conical1 ! ends may simply be br\ght up & ti$ tightly toge!r1 or !y may be work$ into an ornam5tal =m l ^? ( ! ,be*uana 7see p4 #bha74 ,if x has a ridge z ours _h1 x mu/ be cov]$ ) a horizontal lay]1 suffici5tly ?ick to keep ! wat] f ins9uat+ itself betwe5 ! meet+ ( ! two sides4 ,9 our own h\se we /ret*$ ! sails ( our boat & calico t5t )9 ! ro( to keep (f any leakage dur+ heavy %[]s1 & add$ fre% poles & grass to ! outside4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,glyn1 :o visit$ ! hill aft] we _h be5 compell$ to ab&on x1 & :o return$ to ,engl& be=e u1 report$ t our h\se 0 ! /ronge/ build+ ( ! k9d he _h ev] se54 ,bamboos1 = build+4 ,9 c\ntries l ! ,indian isl&s1 :]e bamboo c be obta9$ 9 any quantity & ( any size1 f a re$ fit = a lady's arr[ to "o big en\gh = ! ma/ ( a small sloop1 x is easy en\gh to build a h\se2 ! extreme /r5g? & lightness ( ! mat]ial1 ) its glossy surface & neat & uni=m appe>ance1 r5d]+ x 9 e s5se mo/ valuable = su* purposes4 ,poles ( uni=m size may be plant$ closely s z to =m a wall1 or pill>s may be plac$ m or less ap>t1 & mats or bl9ds ( small] re$s1 or l>g] ones split up1 may occupy ! int]vals4 ,balconies1 /rong & suffici5tly ornam5tal1 may be =m$2 & ! eaves ( ! ro( may be made to project to any di/ance1 s z to =m an effectual v]&ah2 :ile palisades or f5ces ( any =m or height may be con/ruct$ ad libitum4 ,bamboo1 f its poli%$ silice\s cov]+1 is1 ext]nally at lea/1 pro( aga9/ ! ravages ( ! :ite ant1 :i* de/roys )\t m]cy all ! s(t] k9ds ( wood & vegetable or animal fibre1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( boxes1 furniture1 books1 clo?+1 specim5s ( natural hi/ory or botany1 draw+s1 or articles ( necessity or luxury ( any k9d4 ,if ?und]/orms are frequ5t or dang]\s1 a glass bottle on ! highe/ po9t ( ! ro( w act z a non-conductor1 & may n unfrequ5tly av]t ! fla% t might o!rwise de/roy ! build+4 ,x is n always1 h[ev]1 effectual4 ,doors & gates1 to make & hang4 ,doors or gates may be made z closely work$ or z op5 z may be desir$2 &1 :ile ^u ?is subject1 x may be z well to m5tion a v conv5i5t way ( hang+ !m 9 ! abs5ce ( regul> h+es4 ,! h+e side ( ! door or gate %\ld be a /&>d ( "s /r5g?1 to :i* all ! re/ is fram$ & securely fa/5$ ) pegs or la%+s2 r\nd ?is & ! correspond+ doorpo/ a /rap or ?ong ( lea!r or cord %\ld be pass$ 9 figure ( #h fa%ion to =m ea* h+e1 or x may simply be pass$ r\nd bo? & seiz$ betwe5 !m ) small] cords4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n hold ! door ) suffici5t /iffness to let x sw+ true & easily2 !re=e1 take a common ale or port] bottle1 bury x neck d[nw>ds 9 ! gr\nd1 leave ! l[] end ( ! /&>d some:at long] ?an ! door1 po9t x a little1 & ins]t x 9 ! holl[ at ! bottom ( ! bottle--! gate w sw+ fairly on su* a pivot1 z x nev] gets out ( ord]1 & x may almo/ be said w nev] we> out4 ,illu/ration3 #a-aa ,! gate itself 7,fig4 #a7 may be built ( r\gh bran*es--"o tol]ably /\t limb1 = ! h+e or sw++ side1 %\ld h a good bran* project+ f its l[] "p diagonally upw>ds to ! upp] "p ( ! lat* side2 ano!r =k1 ) its bran*es z ne>ly at "r angles z possible1 w =m ! lat* side & top rail2 & a ?ird w make ! l[] "o4 ,nev] be 9 a hurry to trim (f small bran*es2 g5]ally !y w weave 9 & add to ! /r5g?2 &1 if n1 !y are easily cut (f aft]w>ds4 ,:5 ! po/s are set up on ! gr\nd1 x is z well to *> ! ends z a protection aga9/ damp or wood-de/roy+ insects2 cut not*es ne> ! ends1 & 9 !m w$ge good heavy /ones--!y w keep ! po/s firm1 & 9 c\ntries :]e !re is fro/ no?+ else c prev5t _! ris+ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,we f\nd ?is arrangem5t v valuable 9 ! ,crimea4 ,x is n necess>y t ! bottle %\ld be :ole2 if ! cup "u ! bottom is p]fect1 ! brok5 edges ( ! sides w give x additional firmness4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! gate po/ has a =k1 & ano!r on ! bran* s]v+ z ! top rail makes ! upp] h+e4 ,"o ( ! o!r bran*es has a =k project+ f ! l[] angle & work+ on ! gate po/ z a cutt]'s gaff does on ! ma/4 ,?is is easy to make1 c be un%ipp$ at a mom5t's notice1 & hung up aga9 z readily4 ,fig4 #c is a m regul>ly made gate on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! top rail has a hole work+ on ! ?9n$ upp] "p ( ! gate po/1 :i* is pi]c$ ) holes1 & has a peg s t ! gates may be rais$ or l[]$ z requir$2 ! l[] "p works on ! gaff pr9ciple4 ,x is g5]ally desirable to hang a gate s t x may %ut ( itself aft] x has be5 op5$2 & to ensure ?is1 if iron hook & /aple h+es c be _h1 let ! hook ( ! upp] h+e project a little f>!r f ! gate po/ ?an ! l[] "o1 z 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,if x is requisite t ! gate %\ld rema9 op5--:i* is sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 ! case--! upp] hook %\ld project less ?an ! l[]1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,g5]ally1 if ! h+es be equal1 ! gate w hang 9 :atev] position x may be left2 b if ! po/ incl9es f ! p]p5dicul> to "r or left1 ! gate w sw+ to ! same side4 ,v good /&>ds = f5ces may be made by cutt+ half mortices 9 ! opposite sides ( a squ>$ log1 #d;ft4 or #e;ft4 long1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 !n cutt+ x into planks1 &1 be=e ^! are q deta*$1 saw+ x d[n 9 ! direction ( ! diagonal l9e2 a pair ( ^! are mat*$ toge!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #g1 & ! l[] end mortic$ into a flat plank s f> z to let "o hole come bel[ x to receive a key to fix x !re4 ,! horizontal plank %\ld re/ ^u a %ort log at ea* end1 & x may be held 9 place by a c\ple ( not*$ pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,walls1 to build4 ,_m ( ! natives ( ,s\? ,africa are v h&y at build+ r\gh /one walls2 b !y require an ov]se] to insure ! prop] b9d+ ( ! /ones z !y are laid4 ,"s ( _! own c\ntrym5 may be f\nd ) skill en\gh = ?is4 ,x is no use to build up two fair faces1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 & !n fill up ! middle ) loose /ones--_! weight w\ld be sure to =ce out ! sides & br+ d[n ! :ole /ructure2 b l>ge flat /ones %\ld be *os51 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 to rea* ei!r q ?r\gh ! wall1 or at lea/ s f> t ! /ones on ! o!r side may meet & h a bond ) !m4 ,su* walls1 miles 9 l5g?1 are built )\t cem5t ( any k9d4 ,if galvanis$ iron wire is to be us$ = f5c+1 to support upright rails1 x is a good plan to h two rail-heads fix$ at ! prop] di/ance1 & to make ! turns ( ! wire on ^! to insure ea* loop be+ equidi/ant1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,*alk l9es & measur+ l9es ( all k9ds suff] f be+ coil$ or roll$ up by h&--turns & k9ks are put on or tak5 out ( !m2 & x is mu* bett] to h reels1 ei!r l ! log-reel ( a %ip1 or l ,fig4 #aa 7see p4 #bij71 :]e a peg 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! disc s]ves z ! crank by :i* to w9d x up4 ,illu/ration ,plank scre5s to make4 ,effective scre5s c be readily extemporis$ ) planks ( any k9d & ropes2 ! simple/ plan is to d\ble ! rope1 mak+ "o "p some:at long] ?an ! bread? ( all ! planks to be us$1 & leav+ :atev] sp>e end may be ^u ! o!r to hoi/ ! scre5 by :5 f9i%$4 ,! fir/ plank is laid 9 ! bight ( ! rope1 ! two p>ts ( :i* are !n cross$ & ! next plank laid betwe5 !m2 !y are cross$ aga9 = ! ?ird plank1 & s on till all are inclos$4 ,if !re is n an eye on ! %ort] end ( ! rope1 make a b[-l9e knot or two half hit*es on x 7see ,knots & ,hit*es71 & pass ! long] end ?r\gh2 !n lead ! sp>e l9e at ea* end ( y\r scre5 ov] ! =ks ( trees1 or %e] legs1 or :atev] support y mean to use1 & hoi/ away simultane\sly & c>efully2 = ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh p]fectly /rong & secure :ile e "p rema9s 9 its prop] place1 is mo/ easily dis>rang$2 & 9 fact ! great advantage ( x is t1 :5 no long] requir$1 x c be %ak5 to pieces l a h\se ( c>ds1 leav+ nei!r holes or imp]fections 9 ! planks nor k9ks or knots 9 ! rope4 ,we h %[n ! bo>ds r f> ap>t 9 our illu/ration = ! sake ( di/9ctness1 !y w lie clos]1 b !y mu/ always be sep>ate by m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! rope4 ,!y may be made to lie clos] by omitt+ to cross ! ropes & /opp+ !m toge!r ) small cord1 z 9 ,fig4 #b2 or a p]fectly wea!r-pro( wall ) ov]lapp+ edges may be obta9$ by loop+ ! rope into a *a91 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 tak+ c>e to make ! l[] l9k well fa/1 = on ?is ! security ( ! :ole dep5ds4 ,to take ?is to pieces no?+ m is necess>y ?an to slip ea* loop (f ! end ( ! plank2 let g ! fa/5+ ( ! l[] end1 & all ! l9ks ( ! rope *a9 w %ake out4 ,illu/ration ,great firmness may be imp>t$ to any ( ^! arrangem5ts by plac+ a small pole inside1 & secur+ e plank to x by successive hit*es ( a small] l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #d2 or1 if /\t] poles be us$1 ! walls may be built up 9 ?is mann]1 comm5c+ f ! bottom plank & fa/5+ ! upp] ones z y g on4 ,ea* plan w h its advantages "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,9 ! ,indian isl&s1 l>ge holl[ bamboos are ei!r split into ?ree or f\r p>ts1 mak+ some:at r\nd$ n>r[ planks1 or an incision is made 9 ! side ( ! cane1 :5 x is op5$ out1 laid flat1 press$1 & conv]t$ into a s+le plank4 ,movable scre5s ( consid]able size are made 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,figs4 #a & #b already ref]r$ to4 ,make%ift %elves4 ,a %elf is easily made by pi]c+ holes 9 ! f\r corn]s ( a plank1 pass+ l9es ?r\gh1 & susp5d+ x to a beam4 ,a v neat set ( book%elves may be obta9$ by d\bl+ two cords ( suffici5t l5g?1 work+ an eye 9 ! bight ( ea*1 pass+ ! ends d[n ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! fir/ plank1 & turn+ d\ble knots on !m1 s t x hangs fairly2 !n pass+ !m ?r\gh ! next & knott+ !m1 & successively ?r\gh z _m m planks z y require %elves4 ,re$ h\ses1 scre5s1 & %$s4 ,we h se5 h\ses built by trad]s or mission>ies almo/ entirely ( re$s1 "s ( :i* gr[ f #aj;ft4 to #bj;ft4 long & m ?an #a;94 ?ick4 ,bundles ( ^!1 ) ! ?9 ends & butts rev]s$1 & ov]lapp+ ea* o!r s z to equalise _! /r5g? z mu* z possible1 are laid on ! gr\nd to s]ve = top1 bottom1 & c5tre batt5s2 !n across ^! ! re$s are di/ribut$ 9 two or ?ree lay]s1 accord+ to ! requir$ ?ickness ( ! wall2 o!r batt5s are laid on ! upp] side to correspond ) ^? bel[1 & ! cords--slips ( b>k1 palm leaf1 twi/$ grass rope1 or ?9 & flexible =e/ creep]s--are pass$ ?r\gh to b9d ! :ole tightly toge!r4 ,if a numb] ( ^! are made say #ab;ft4 or #ae;ft4 squ>e1 !y may easily be arrang$ on ! framework ( a h\se1 or set up z a cont9u\s f5ce4 ,a tr5* is dug ab\t #a;ft4 deep1 ! scre5 ins]t$ 9 x1 ! e>? well press$ d[n1 & support is giv5 ei!r by %ores1 if ne$ful1 or by ! next scre5 =m+ an angle ) ! fir/4 ,if ! wood ( ! c\ntry is m available = mak+ hurdles1 !y c be us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration ,we h _h v excell5t tempor>y /ables & %$s erect$ 9 ,c5tral ,india1 compos$ entirely ( poles1 cords1 & grass1 =m+ :at is call$ *upp] scre5s4 ,^! are =m$ by lay+ toge!r d\ble poles2 9 ! space left betwe5 ^! poles long tufts ( jungle grass are arrang$1 until ! :ole frame is fill$ up1 :5 ! /icks or poles1 be+ tightly drawn toge!r ) cord1 ! grass is nipp$ betwe5 !m1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,:5 9 ! ,t>t> c\ntry1 we saw a numb] ( v com=table huts made by cutt+ out a k9d ( not* 9 ! hill side4 ,! space ?us =m$ 0 fir/ fram$ ov] ) /rong poles1 & !n cov]$ ) bru%wood2 a lay] ( turf cov]$ all1 & soon took root1 =m+ fe$+ gr\nds = :ole families ( goats1 :i* walk$ ab\t on ! h\ses q at home4 ,! fronts ( ^! hill dwell+s 7 compos$ ( wick] "w1 pla/]$ ) clay4 ,logs 7 holl[$ out by ! ,t>t>s almo/ z ?9 z pap]1 :5 _! ends 7 /opp$ ) clay4 ,9 ^? ! bees laid up _! /ores ( honey1 :i* 0 tak5 z requir$1 )\t di/urb+ ! indu/ri\s sw>m 9 ! next log4 ,! annex$ illu/ration repres5ts "o ( ^! huts & a pile ( bee logs4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,def5sible f>m-h\ses4 ,dur+ ! ,kafir w> we visit$ ! home/ead ( a ,scotti% f>m]1 :o1 al?\gh ^u ! v bord]1 _h gallantly det]m9$ to /& 8 gr\nd1 & to t end he _h built a small def5sible t[]2 ! flat ro( cov]$ ) raw hides1 & surr\nd$ by a loophol$ p>apet1 & ! only door front$ by a solid %ield ( brickwork1 ) a small ap]ture on "o side1 s t an enemy attempt+ to ent] mu/ d x 9 a /oop+ position1 & be=e he c\ld turn & /raight5 himself 9 ! doorway1 mu/ pres5t 8 head 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t possible position to h x split by ! def5d]s4 ,a l>ge wat] cask 0 kept fill$ 9 ! =t1 & ev5 %\ld ! enemy ga9 possession ( ! l[] room ! wom5 & *ildr5 c\ld /ill be tol]ably safe 9 ! upp]1 except f r&om %ots fir$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! floor1 & :i* ( c\rse c\ld be return$ 9 ! same mann] f above4 ,aga9/ fire _! only def5ce lay 9 ! supply ( wat] we h already m5tion$1 b c>e 0 tak5 to h no?+ inflammable 9 ! l[] room4 ,!re 0 no /aircase2 ! ladd] w\ld be drawn up ?r\gh ! trap4 ,! beams & floor+ w\ld require a consid]able blaze to ignite !m1 & aga9/ any quantity ( mat]ial be+ br\ght 9 = t purpose ! def5d]s reli$ ^u _! rifles1 or no less deadly smoo? bores1 load$ ) loop]s or buck %ot4 ,blockh\se4 ,blockh\se1 among milit>y edifices1 is1 z its "n implies1 a build+ con/ruct$ *iefly ( timb]4 ,if alone1 x con/itutes an indep5d5t =t2 if =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( a field-"w1 x becomes a retr5*m5t or r$\bt1 & s]ves to protect ! def5d]s f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r :5 ! "w is occupi$ dur+ a consid]able "t1 or to prolong ! def5ce :5 ! "w is attack$1 & aft] x is tak5 to enable ! g>rison to obta9 a capitulation4 ,:5 ! blockh\se is to be employ$ only z a retr5*m5t1 its plan is g5]ally a simple rectangle1 & its walls consi/ ( a s+le r[ ( piles plac$ upright 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! are pi]c$ ) loopholes at ! di/ance ( #c;ft4 f ea* o!r1 9 ord] t ! build+ may be def5d$ by a fire ( rifles f )94 ,! ro( is =m$ by lay+ timb]s horizontally across ! inclos$ area & cov]+ !m ) fasc9es & e>?4 ,! int]ior bread? ( ! build+ may be f #ah;ft4 to #bj;ft41 9 ord] to all[ a passage betwe5 ! two r[s ( b$/eads4 ,^! are plac$ ) _! heads to ! side walls1 & s]ve z /ages on :i* ! m5 may /& to fire ?r\gh ! loopholes :5 ! latt] are mu* elevat$ above ! floor4 ,9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry ! blockh\se possesses great advantages ov] an ord9>y field =t1 inasmu* z ! int]ior ( ! latt] w\ld be incessantly pl\gh$ up by ! fire ( artill]y direct$ into x by ! enemy f ! surr\nd+ heights4 ,"h1 !n1 ! blockh\se may ) propriety be con/ruct$ z an indep5d5t "w2 its plan may h re-ent]+ angles1 or be 9 ! =m ( a cross1 9 ord] to all[ ! faces to be def5d$ by flank+ fires f ! rifles & revolv]s f )92 & ! walls may be ?ick en\gh to resi/ ev5 ! %ot f #i-p\nd] guns4 ,= ?is purpose !y mu/ be made by plant+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 at a di/ance ( #c ft4 or #d;ft41 two r[s ( /rong piles1 ^? 9 ea* r[ be+ close toge!r1 & ! int]val betwe5 ! r[s be+ fill$ ) e>? up to ! height ( ! loopholes1 :i* %\ld nev] be imm$iately "u ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,! ro( mu/ be made %ell pro(1 z be=e2 b x has be5 recomm5d$1 :5 ! "w is n ov]look$ by ! enemy1 & :5 its bread? w p]mit1 to h ! piles =m+ ! side walls long en\gh to arise above ! ro(1 &1 ei!r alone or ) a mass ( e>? beh9d !m1 to s]ve z a p>apet4 ,:]e blockh\ses h to be con/ruct$ among ho/ile or d\btful ,indian tribes1 :o are n ! possessors ( artill]y1 ! fasc9e & e>? ro( & d\ble r[s ( piles may be easily & safely disp5s$ )4 ,logs1 squ>$ ) ! axe & laid on ea* o!r1 may be sub/itut$ = piles ) advantage1 z ! lab\r ( plant+ firmly 9 ! e>? s _m pond]\s beams ( wood is consid]able4 ,x is well1 9 build+ a blockh\se1 to con/ruct a rais$ brea/work ( small logs r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! ro(2 ^! may be r\ghly squ>$ & d[el$ toge!r ) %ort wood5 p9s4 ,! ro( itself %\ld1 aft] %+l+1 h a goodly lay] ( s&1 e>?1 or raw hides laid ov] x 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! fire-tipp$ arr[s ( ho/ile savages4 ,a few aug] holes "h & !re s]ve to c>ry (f ra9 wat] or melt$ sn[1 & ! log brea/work c be bo? loophol$ & fir$ ov] ) ease4 ,fronti] blockh\ses are usually built ( squ>$ logs ( timb] d[ell$ toge!r2 loopholes are made = fir+ rifles ?r\gh1 & por?oles = "o or two iron guns4 ,"s fronti] po/s are m]ely squ>es ( heavy log palisades1 ) all ! requisite (fices & build+s erect$ )9 !m4 ,a banquet runs f end to end ( ea* side ( ! squ>e 9 ord] t ! def5d]s may comm& ! attack+ =ce4 ,all trees & bu%es )9 long %oot+ range are c>efully remov$ s t !re %all be no cov]4 ,waggon burgs1 to make4 ,b&s ( travell]s 9 ,africa n unfrequ5tly s arrange _! waggons z to =m sub/antial def5ces aga9/ ! attacks ( ho/ile natives4 ,we h (t5 assi/$ 9 =m+ ^! s-call$ waggon burgs4 ,!y are made z foll[s3 ,"o waggon1 ) all ! wom51 *ildr51 & ammunition1 is plac$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,o!rs are drawn up1 ea* ) its inn] =e :eel ne>ly t\*+ ! out] h9d :eel ( ! "o be=e x1 & =m+ j su* an angle ) x t ! doz5 or !reab\ts ( vehicles =m an almo/ p]fect circle1 _! poles & trek ge> ext5d+ on ! outside1 s t ! ox5 c aga9 be yok$ to ea* )\t disord] or confusion4 ,!re is room inside = ! horses & cattle beside ! def5d]s2 &1 %\ld dang] be imm95t1 ! waggons c be lock$ toge!r by ! drag *a9s1 & all ! int]/ices *ok$ ) ?orn bu%es1 ! /ems ( :i* ?ru/ inw>d w\ld be securely fa/5$ by pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or by la%+ bran*es1 cut %ort = ! purpose1 to ! inn] :eels1 or by reims or ?ongs reev$ ?r\gh ! bifurcations2 :ile ! tangl$ bran*es w\ld oppose a b>ri] t no enemy c\ld =ce 9 ! face ( ! bullets or ! small %ot t w\ld be p\r$ ?r\gh4 ,! ge> ( ! ox5 w\ld also be br\ght 9 & us$ 9 /r5g!n+ ! def5ces4 ,illu/ration ,f>m & village1 to =tify4 ,9 r5d]+ a f>mh\se def5sible reg>d mu/ be _h to ! "* ( ! expect$ enemy4 ,9 c\ntries l ,s\? ,africa1 :]e ! ma9 object ( ! ,kafir is ! acquisition ( cattle1 ! h\se ought to comm& & protect ! kraal1 ! f5ce ( :i* w (t5 ( itself =m a %elt] = ! crafty foe4 ,x is usually circul>1 z ?is =m is mo/ easily made1 & w inclose ! greate/ numb] ( cattle1 ) a giv5 am\nt ( mat]ial2 b1 if x 7 made triangul>1 ) ba/ions on ! two angles ne>e/1 ! guns ( ! def5d]s w\ld sweep ! o!r two sides1 _! fire cross+ at ! f>!/ angle1 & leav+ no place = an enemy to conceal himself4 ,! h\se itself1 ) its outbuild+s1 %\ld if possible be 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 inclos+ z l>ge a c\rty>d z is conv5i5t = ! accommodation ( ! def5d]s & _! allies1 & on em]g5cies = _! horses1 ) a few %eep or ox54 ,if !re be a spr+ or well 9 x s mu* ! bett]2 a l$ge or bank1 #ah;94 or #b;ft4 high1 %\ld run along ! inside ( ! wall1 s t ! loopholes may be too high = ! enemy to look 9 at or fire ?r\gh2 & !re %\ld be small *amb]s project+ f ! angles1 or at lea/ f two diagonally opposite loophol$1 s t ea* c enfilade two sides ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entr5*$ ,,village ,,( ,,objimb5gue4 ,b p]haps x w be bett]1 in/ead ( describ+ an ideal def5sible home/ead1 to give an example ( a real "o1 :i*1 ?\gh n q p]fect 9 a milit>y view1 0 z ne>ly s z ! accommodation requir$ = ! traffic & ! "w c>ri$ on !re w\ld all[4 ,our illu/ration is a plan1 drawn f memory1 ( ! village ( ,objimb5gue1 to ! s\? ( :i* 7,fig4 #a7 is ! flat s&y b$1 #djjyds4 wide1 ( ! ,swakop ,riv]1 fill$ only dur+ ! flood$ season1 b 9 ! dry reta9+ a va/ am\nt ( wat] b5ea? ! s&1 :ile a little rivulet repres5t$ by ! fa9t l9e appe>s "h & !re ^u ! surface4 ,fig4 #b is a l[ bank or =e%ore1 ov]gr[n ) wild tam>isks or dabbie bu%es1 & p>tly cle>$ = a g>d5 7,fig4 #c7 9 :i* is a well1 & us$ 9 o!r places = corn l&1 c>e be+ tak5 to reap ! crop be=e !re is any possibility ( its be+ swept away by ! floods ( ! next season4 ,on ! ea/ ( ! village is a small tribut>y1 g5]ally dry1 call$ ! ,artip 7,fig4 #d71 & beyond ?is1 & ! limits ( ! picture1 w\ld be ! ,mission ,h\se ( ,regt]veldt & ! ,dam>a village1 ) its curi\s entr5*m5ts scatt]$ )\t ord]1 b n )\t great judgm5t1 ov] ! face ( ! hill :]ev] a few m5 c\ld f9d a place to %oot f4 ,! tr5* 7,fig4 #e71 front$ by ! m\nd ( e>? ?r[n out ( x1 & by a brea/work ( dabbie logs1 made by ! ,dam>as1 =m$ ! out] l9e ( def5ce ( 8 home/ead1 & he c\ld 9 em]g5cy h dep5d$ on a ?\s& m5 to man x4 ,fig4 #f is ! op5+ = ! s\!rn road lead+ across ! riv] f ! c\ntry ( ! ho/ile ,namaquas4 ,fig4 #g1 ! road lead+ f ,walvis* ,bay2 & ,fig4 #h1 ! cont9uation ( x t[>d ,lake ,ngami1 & ,fig4 #i is ! /eep edge1 #ae;ft4 or #bj;ft4 high1 ( ! pla91 on :i* ! village is built4 ,fig4 #aj is a small brea/work = a brass #a-p\nd] gun comm&+ ! s\!rn road1 & ,fig4 #aa = ano!r sweep+ ! op5 space to ! s\?-ea/1 :]e1 9 fact1 an attack actually took place4 ,! guns 71 h[ev]1 usually kept beside ! h\se1 :]e "o s]v$ z a "t gun1 & !y c\ld easily be mov$ :5ev] !y 7 want$4 ,fig4 #ab 0 a dwell+-h\se2 ! c5tral space is op5 & w\ld s]ve z a %elt] = native fugitives1 = horses1 %eep1 & a few ( ! mo/ valuable work+ ox52 ! front is compos$ ( a voor-h\se or entrance-hall1 usually occupi$ = g5]al family purposes & reception ( visitors1 & be=e x is a v]&ah4 ,at ea* angle are rooms us$ z sitt+ or b$ *amb]s2 on ! we/]n side are sp>e *amb]s = ! reception ( gue/s2 9 ! re> are kit*51 ba?-room1 & o!r (fices2 & on ! ea/ are /ore-rooms & ! entrance gate4 ,fig4 #ac is ! :eelwright & waggon mak]'s %op2 ,fig4 #ad1 ! smi?y2 ,fig4 #ae1 ! sawpit2 ,fig4 #af1 ! tir+ plate2 ,fig4 #ag1 small tr5*es ) angul> m\nds be=e !m1 comm&+ ! ea/]n gate ( ! village2 ,fig4 #ah1 ! gravey>d2 ,fig4 #ai1 ! workm5's cottages2 ,fig4 #bj1 ! slaught]-h\se & waggon-%$2 ! walls ( all ^! build+s be+ musket-pro(1 & ! w9d[s m or less conv5i5t = fir+ f4 ,figs4 #ba & #bb are /\tly /ockad$ cattle kraals2 !y 7 bo? squ>e1 b ! triangul> outl9e ( ,fig4 #ba %[s :at w\ld be ga9$ 9 def5sibility & lo/ 9 accommodation by adopt+ t =m2 ,fig4 #bb has small s*]ms at ! angles protect$ by ! fire f ! h\se1 & comm&+ ! o!r two sides2 ,fig4 #bc is a /oreh\se1 add+ b little to ! /r5g? ( ! position1 b indisp5sable = its use4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! directions ( effective fire f ! dwell+-h\se4 ,9 mo/ fronti] villages ! *ur*1 z ! mo/ sub/antial build+1 is us$ z a place ( refuge1 & z a la/ /ronghold aga9/ savage assailants2 & on ! ea/ coa/1 ! natives1 :5 !y ?r[ up a r\gh t[] ( def5ce1 always call x by ! ,portuguese "n1 ,egregia1 or *ur*4 ,*ur*es1 to =tify4 ,we h se5 ! *ur* at ,%iloh conv]t$ into a v pretty little =tification by "o ( our own eng9e] (fic]s4 ,ba/ions 7 rais$ at ! angles ( ! out] wall1 ! build+ itself 0 un?at*$1 & a brea/work1 ) loopholes1 rais$ ^u ! walls4 ,we h kn[n fri5ds :o h _h to entr5* _! waggons = mon?s among tribes ^: fri5d%ip 0 dubi\s2 & !y seem$ to pref] t1 especially = a night attack1 or = a s5try's accommodation1 ! embankm5t %\ld be beh9d ! tr5*1 & n be=e x1 s t !y might look f ! v edge ( ! pit & see ! d>k figure ( an approa*+ enemy aga9/ ! sky1 :il/ !y w\ld be invisible aga9/ ! m\nd beh9d !m2 :]eas1 if ! m\nd 7 9 front1 !y w\ld h to raise _! heads to look ov] x1 & an enemy creep+ close to ! gr\nd1 w\ld be absolutely invisible1 & w\ld1 moreov]1 be able to see cle>ly ! elevat$ figure ( ! s5try4 ,mission *ur*es1 plans = build+4 ,we h on sev]al occasions be5 ask$ to draw plans = *ur*es on remote /ations1 & = def5sible f>mh\ses2 9 ! =m] case1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! nature ( ! mat]ials at ! disposal ( ! mission>y1 to ! numb] ( ! congregation he wi%es to accommodate1 & also to ! numb] & skill ( ! assi/ants1 :e!r ,european or native1 he c employ or p]suade to jo9 9 ! "w4 ,g5]ally1 x is bett] s to draw ! plan t a portion ( ! *ur* may be comm5c$1 & suffici5tly furni%$ = almo/ imm$iate use2 :ile ! rema9d] is left to be f9i%$ z ! congregation increases1 & z ! tribe become m & m alive to ! b5efit conf]r$ on !m by religion & civilisation4 ,"s reg>d mu/ also be _h to ! doctr9al views ( ! mission>y requir+ ! plan4 ,if1 z is frequ5tly requir$1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! congregation are to be sep>ately seat$1 ! be/ =m is t ( ! ,greek cross1 & ! seats ( ! m5 mu/ be plac$ 9 "o arm & ^? ( ! wom5 9 ! o!r2 :ile ! position ( ! pulpit1 ) its back aga9/ ! angle ( ! o!r two1 gives e individual a fair opportunity ( see+ & he>+ ! m9i/]4 ,:]e ?is regulation does n prevail1 ! ,lat9 cross is ! be/ =m2 ! longe/ limb ly+ ea/ & we/ af=ds space = ! congregation & ! prea*]4 ,! w+s or %ort] limbs on ! nor? & s\? give v great support to ! walls1 & s]ve = ve/ries or o!r (fices2 ! t[] & por* at ! ea/]n end =m ! cont9uation ( ! long] limb1 & x %\ld also be capable ( increase if necess>y1 by ! addition ( a small] cont9uation at ! we/]n end4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 x is ! "p int5d$ = ! congregation t %\ld be fir/ built4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! mat]ials w\ld be r\gh unhewn surface /ones1 = p[d] to bla/ out m solid mat]ial w\ld be exp5sive4 ,tools = qu>ry+ w\ld be unatta9able1 & m5 ) skill or indu/ry to "w !m ev5 /ill m s1 :ile ant-hill clay w\ld be ! only available cem5t1 unless ! erection %\ld be 9 a lime/one di/rict1 or ne> a bea*1 :]e %ells 9 abundance c\ld be procur$ & burnt into lime4 ,bricks are (t5 made1 b !y are frequ5tly ( inf]ior clay1 & (t5 m]ely sun-dri$1 or ineffici5tly burn$1 & are 9 no case equal to ! well-squ>$ & h>d5$ article kn[n by ! same "n 9 ,engl&4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be prud5t n to make ! walls m ?an #aj;ft4 or #ae;ft4 9 height1 & to all[ at lea/ #b;ft4 ( ?ickness at ! base = e #aj;ft4 ( height1 & ev5 !n !y ought to be support$ by buttresses n m ?an #bj;ft4 ap>t2 ! top %\ld n be less ?an #ab;94 or #ae;94 9 wid?1 & if good planks = wall plates _c be procur$1 !y ought to be r m to all[ = ! prop] b$d+ 9 ( r\gh sub/itutes4 ,! ro( mu/ h a pit* ( #de to enable x to ?r[ (f wat] 9 ! ra9y season1 & ea* raft] mu/ be two-?irds ! wid? ( ! build+ to ! outside ( ! walls1 & s mu* m z is requir$ = ! projection ( ! eaves4 ,if1 !re=e1 raft]s c be procur$ #bj;ft4 9 l5g?1 ( :i* #b;ft4 are requir$ = projection1 ?is w leave #ah;ft41 & ! possible wid? ( ! *ur* may be f\nd by add+ half ! l5g? ( ! raft] ?us--#ahibg--bg;ft4 to ! outside ( ! walls1 or ab\t #bd;ft4 9 ! cle>2 ?is1 ) #d;ft4 ( passage d[n ! c5tre w give two b5*es ( #aj;ft4 capable ( accommodat+ six p]sons ea*4 ,ea* sitt] ought to h #c;ft4 ( space f front to re>1 al?\gh x is possible to sit 9 #b;ft42 ?us1 a space ( #fj;ft4 w\ld accommodate a congregation ( #bdj or #cfj p]sons1 accord+ to ! room all[$4 ,9 _m cases ! fitt+-up ( b5*es may be def]r$1 z ! natives w sit naturally on ! gr\nd1 or w br+ _! own seats ) !m4 ,at lea/ #ae;ft4 or #bj;ft4 ought to be res]v$ = ! pulpit & ! communion table1 & ?is w\ld give an aisle ( #hj;ft4 long by #bd;ft4 wide4 ,a high gable & ,go?ic w9d[ is d\btless a great ornam5t to a *ur*1 b x w\ld be dang]\s to build ! wall #ae;ft4 high] = t purpose2 & x is mu* bett]1 !re=e1 to make ! end no high] ?an ! sides1 & let ! ro( incl9e at an angle ( #de in/ead ( hav+ a gable end4 ,illu/ration ,! w9d[s mu/ be small1 & x is bett] to make !m lancet-%ap$ & n>r[2 if ! buttresses are #bj;ft4 ap>t !re may be two w9d[s1 #b;ft4 wide betwe5 ea*4 ,! raft]s ought n to come ov] ! w9d[s1 ev5 if ! wall plates be good1 b ought to re/ on ! solid space betwe5 !m4 ,! raft]s are half *eck$ at ea* end to ! cross-beam & let into *ecks on ! k+-po/2 ?us 7,fig4 #a7 /ruts to ! beam w consid]ably /r5g!n !m1 & if ^! are fitt$ into *ecks nail$ on in/ead ( be+ mortis$ or half *eck$ 91 ! /r5g? w n be impair$4 ,fig4 #b %[s m cle>ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! squ>e ends ( ! raft]s abut on ! k+-po/4 ,if x %\ld be desirable to avoid hav+ cross-beams ! raft]s may be fram$ z 9 ,fig4 #c2 b unless ?is is v sub/antially done ! weight ( ! ro( is apt to exp& !m & =ce ! walls outw>d4 ,we1 !re=e1 advise ! common =m1 at lea/ until ! assi/ance ( skill$ workm5 c be procur$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! k+-po/s may be a =k$ bran*1 & ! ridge pole w lie v nicely 9 ?is4 ,make%ift h\ses1 f\ndations1 & f5ces4 ,9 extemporis+ r\gh frame-h\ses 9 dry c\ntries1 ! f\ndation is a matt] ( small importance2 g5]ally1 :5 ! gr\nd is cle>$1 a place suffici5tly h>d & smoo?1 & a little elevat$ s t ra9 may n flood ! h\se1 is easily f\nd4 ,b sometimes a f\ndation mu/ be =m$1 n only to af=d a support to ! fabric1 b to raise ! floor above ! influ5ce ( damp or ( l[-ly+ noxi\s vap\rs4 ,we h he>d ( b>ges or vessels be+ gr\nd$ & h\ses built ^u !m1 & h 9 fact se5 in/ances ( ?is z well z ( ! deck h\ses be+ remov$ f wrecks & set up1 sometimes rais$ on l[ walls1 =m+ v com=table habitations a%ore1 & ( t5ts be+ set up z ro(s ov] walls ( r\gh /one4 ,we h he>d ( ! f\ndations ( a h\se 9 ,san ,francisco be+ laid ) ! #balb4-siz$ oblong boxes ( tobacco ) :i* ! m>ket _h be5 glutt$4 ,9 ,cape ,t[n1 :5 meat 0 a few halfp5ce a p\nd1 we h se5 bullocks' heads us$ z /op-gaps 9 ! f5ces ne> ,gre5 ,po9t4 ,! cores ( bullocks' horns are n unfrequ5tly us$ = ! same purpose 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,walvis* ,bay we saw bags ( co>se salt us$ z "p ( ! f\ndation ( ! orig9al wood5 %$ 9 :i*1 not)/&+ its l[ly appe>ance1 _m a travell] has f\nd s hospitable a reception4 ,we wond]$ a little at fir/ at ! use ( su* a mat]ial on a bea* ov]fl[+ = miles at e spr+ tide1 b f\nd x 0 protect$ f actual contact ) ! sea by an embankm5t ( s&1 support$ by po/s & plank+4 ,ra9 w\ld n occur p]haps once 9 two ye>s1 & ! fre% wat] f ! ,kuisip ov]spread ! flats s r>ely t su* a cont+5cy 0 h>dly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! bags & _! cont5ts seem$ to be 9 a normal /ate ( dampness1 b did n appe> to wa/e 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,:5 m commodi\s h\ses 7 requir$1 ! samphire1 t =m$ ! only vegetation on ! flats1 0 collect$ by ! ,hott5tot wom51 spread 9 lay]s alt]nat$ ) s& well trodd5 d[n into x until m\nds 7 =m$ ab\t #d;ft4 high4 ,on "o ( ^! a /ore 0 erect$ ( corrugat$ iron1 & on ano!r ! ,rh5i% mission>ies built a wood5 h\se !y _h br\ght out 9 frame1 s solid & sub/antial1 z to prove t timb] 9 ! l& x came f 0 ( f> less value ?an metal or any o!r mat]ial4 ,p]haps = p>ties :o c af=d ! c>riage1 corrugat$ galvanis$ iron h\ses (f] z conv5i5t a me?od z any ( obta9+ accommodation suffici5tly p]man5t1 & yet easily removable4 ,! rigidity imp>t$ by ! corrugation c\ld n be atta9$ by any ?ick5+ ( pla9 %eets1 :ile sc>cely m room is requir$ 9 pack+2 = al?\gh "o %eet ( pla9 iron occupies mu* less room ?an "o ( corrugat$1 ! %eets ( ! latt] fit s closely "o ^u ! o!r t a doz5 or tw5ty require n mu* m space ?an "o4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one took a h\se ( ?is k9d to ! ,zambesi 9 #aheh2 x =m$ a v effici5t %elt] = our /ores on ,exp$ition ,isl&1 b1 z we nev] made any p]man5t camp beyond ! ,portuguese t[n ( ,tette1 x 0 n aga9 requir$4 ,! %eets1 h[ev]1 us$ sep>ately or toge!r 9 any numb] accord+ to ! weight !y 7 to support1 =m$ excell5t bases = tables1 b$s1 settees1 z well z b5*es1 rais$ a few in*es f ! floor1 on :i* to /ore su* ?+s z we wi%$ to pres]ve f ! :ite ants4 ,build+s ( ! ,portuguese 9 ,africa4 ,at ,tette1 on ! ,zambesi1 !re are ridges runn+ p>allel to ! banks ( ! riv]1 ) holl[s betwe5 !m1 :i* may h s]v$ z supplem5t>y *annels dur+ extraord9>y floods2 &1 to avoid ! l[-ly+ mal>ia1 :i* is ( great] specific gravity ?an common air1 ! ,portuguese coloni/s erect _! h\ses on ^! ridges4 ,! holl[s s]ve z /reets or roadways1 & also z *annels to c>ry (f ! deadly exhalations1 :i*1 be+ heavi] ?an air1 naturally seek ! l[e/ level4 ,! dwell+ rooms are also fur!r elevat$ by be+ built ov] a basem5t1 :i* s]ves z a /ore-room1 ! elevation ( a few feet frequ5tly mak+ all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ance ( cat*+ fev] & ( escap+ x4 ,9 ^! /ore-rooms !y build isolat$ plat=ms ab\t #c;ft4 high1 on =k$ po/s ( h>d wood1 :i* are c>efully swept e morn+1 :ile salt is /rew$ ar\nd _! base to prev5t ! :ite ants approa*+4 ,probably t> or turp5t9e w\ld h ! same effect1 b 9 remote regions ^! are n always at comm&4 ,! t>r$ wood ( our iron h\se 0 nev] t\*$2 & ! camphor wood ( ,india is valu$ v mu* on acc\nt ( its immunity f _! attacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portuguese ,,h\se--,,zambezi ,,riv]4 ,:5 ! ,portuguese on ! ,zambesi build l>ge h\ses t are to be divid$ into rooms1 !y build into ! c5tral & side walls a r[ ( pill>s1 into ! ?ickness ( :i* /\t poles are built1 ) ! =ks left ^u !m1 & p]haps o!r r[s ( pill>s )\t ! connect+ walls are built = ! v]&ah4 ,dr4 ,kirk1 :5 consult$ z to ! be/ me?od ( colonis+ ! ,%ire1 or ,%e]ee ,riv]1 gave x z 8 op9ion t ! e/ates ly+ l[ 9 ! f]tile valleys %\ld be cultivat$ by natives only 7:o 9 _! own c\ntry d n seem susceptible to ! deadly influ5ce ( fev]1 ?\gh :5 remov$ to ano!r locality t is n p]ceptibly worse1 !y are z liable to be attack$ z ,europeans71 & t ! proprietors %\ld h _! resid5ces ^u ! hills1 z f> z possible above ! level ( ! mal>ia1 ) a small milit>y =ce at _! disposal1 to keep ord] :5 necess>y among ! inhabitants ( ! valley4 ,?is c]ta9ly appe>s to be ! only feasible plan ( occupy+ su* a c\ntry ) any b5efit to ! v>i\s p>ties conc]n$4 ,rio ,negro huts4 ,an ,indian cottage1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro1 has be5 ?us describ$3--,! ma9 supports are trunks ( "s =e/ tree1 ( heavy & durable wood2 b ! light raft]s are ! /raight1 cyl9drical1 & uni=m /ems ( ! ,j> palm4 ,! ro( is ?at*$ ) ! l>ge triangul> leaves ( ! ,c>an palm 9 regul> alt]nate r[s1 neatly b\nd ) sipos or =e/ creep]s4 ,! door is a frame ( ?9 /rips ( wood neatly ?at*$ ov]4 ,x is ( ! split /ems ( ! ,pa%iuba palm4 ,9 "o corn] is a heavy h>poon = c[-fi%2 x is ( ! black wood ( ! ,pa%iuba b>riguda4 ,by its side is a bl[pipe1 #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 long1 & a little quiv] ( small poison$ arr[s hangs ne> x4 ,) ^! ! ,indian procures birds = food or = gay fea!rs1 or %oots ! hog or tapir2 & x is f ! /em & sp9es ( two palms t !y are made4 ,8 great bassoon-l musical in/rum5ts are ( palm /ems2 ! clo? to wrap 8 valu$ fea!r ornam5ts is a fibr\s palm spa!1 & ! rude *e/ = 8 treasures is wov5 f palm leaves4 ,8 hammock1 8 b[/r+1 & 8 fi%+ l9e are fibres ( palm leaves2 ! fir/ f ! miriti1 & ! o!r two f ! tucum4 ,! comb on 8 head is ! h>d b>k ( a palm4 ,he makes fi%-hooks ( ! sp9es1 or uses !m to puncture on 8 sk9 ! peculi> m>k+s ( 8 tribe4 ,8 *ildr5 eat ! agreeable r$ & yell[ fruit ( ! pupunha or pea* palm1 & f ! assai he has prep>$ & (f]s y a fav\rite dr9k4 ,a c>efully-susp5d$ g\rd conta9s oil f ! fruit ( ano!r1 & ! long ela/ic-plait$ cyl9d] us$ = squeez+ dry ! m&iocca pulp to make 8 bread is ( ! b>k ( "o ( ! s+ul> climb+ palms :i* alone c resi/ = any consid]able "t ! action ( ! poison\s juice4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases a species is *os5 adapt$ to ! special object to :i* x is to be appli$1 & (t5 hav+ diff]5t uses :i* no o!r plant c s]ve s well4 ,papuan tree h\ses4 ,! arboreal dwell+s ( ! ,hora=o tribe 9 ,new ,gu9ea h be5 ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c\lt]3--,aga9/ ea* tree re/$ a not*$ pole1 & at a :i/le f ! *ief1 answ]$ by hundr$s ( simil> s\nds 9 e direction1 natives ) flambeaux flitt$ d[n ! poles till ! :ole =e/ 0 brilliantly illum9at$4 ,9 fact1 !y _h _! h\ses1 or r ne/s1 9 ! trees1 & :5 !y retir$ = ! night ! pole 0 haul$ up to prev5t surprise4 ,^! abodes 7 made by ?9n+ away "s ( ! bran*es1 & lay+ horizontal poles on o!rs suffici5tly /\t to be> !m2 ! uprights are cut ) =ks1 :i* re/ on ! l[] bran*es1 :ile _! upp] ends are la%$ ) cocoa-nut fibre to ^? above2 ! sides are =m$ by bamboos la%$ closely toge!r2 ! ro(+ is also ( cane cov]$ by %eets ( ?ick b>k sew$ toge!r1 & p]fectly pro( aga9/ ! heavy ra9s4 ,! floor+ is laid ) split bamboos & light wood1 & ! walls are l9$ ) /\t matt+1 :i* gives suffici5t %elt] aga9/ ! pi]c+ w9ds4 ,! %ape v>ies accord+ to ! spread ( ! tree2 sometimes :5 !y ext5d all r\nd an ext5sive h\se is made to inclose ! :ole tree2 ! smalle/ w measure #af;ft4 squ>e1 b sometimes !y are long] & less wide2 & :5 ! :ole tree is built 9 !y are ?ree times z l>ge4 ,!y are p]fectly safe1 = ! l[] bran*es are z ?ick z an ord9>y tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,papuan ,,tree ,,h\se4 ,am]ican ,indian lodges4 ,! lodges ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians are p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t resid5ces :i* c\ld be devis$ = p ( _! nomadic habits4 ,! lodge poles1 or supports1 are made f t\gh durable wood1 well-gr[n "y sapl+s be+ select$ = ! purpose4 ,on ! l9e ( m>* !y are1 by fa/5+ !m to a sort ( pad1 secur$ on ea* side ( a horse1 or ev5 dog4 ,! ends trail on ! gr\nd l ! skids ( a sl$ge1 & are pack$ ) v>i\s odds & ends1 :i* are prev5t$ f fall+ (f by cross-b>s & a la%+ ( hide or twi/$ b>k rope1 z %[n 9 ! full-page illu/ration4 ,:5 ! camp is ab\t be+ =m$1 ! poles are fre$ f _! atta*m5ts & set up 9 a circle1 =m+ an irregul> cone1 ! apex ( :i* consi/s ( ! conv]g+ & collect$ ends ( ! poles1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke escapes4 ,! lodge cov]s are made f prep>$ sk9s1 on :i* are depict$1 9 r\gh outl9e1 "s ( ! mo/ notewor?y a*ievem5ts & ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! own]4 ,! l[] bord]s ( ! sk9 cov]s are secur$ to ! gr\nd ) pegs1 :il/ ?ongs are made use ( = b9d+ ! poles 9 places & unit+ ! sk9s4 ,! tracks ( ! trail+ lodge poles 9 ! s&1 or across ! pla9s1 may be look$ on by ! travell] z peaceful indications1 z1 :]e ! lodge ge> is1 ! squaws & papooses w be f\nd4 ,on ! w> pa? all su* imp$im5ta are left beh9d 9 "s place ( safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,lodges4 ,! full-page illu/ration1 repres5t+ ,indian ,lodges1 w s]ve to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* dwell+ places ( ?is description are set up4 ,fuegean pole h\ses4 ,"s ( ! natives ( ,t]ra del ,fuego con/ruct small b tol]ably com=table huts f /raight trimm$ poles2 ^! are arrang$ 9 a %all[ pit1 ! exact size ( ! floor ( ! int5d$ hut2 !y are arrang$ side by side 9 conical =m1 ! tops ( all ! poles be+ br\ght toge!r become self-support+4 ,all ! int]/ices1 except ^? :]e ! heads ( ! poles come toge!r 7:i* =m exits = ! smoke71 are fill$ 9 tightly ) a mixture ( clay & ?ick s(t moss4 ,huts ?us built w resi/ ! action ( ! heavie/ /orms1 & are tol]ably dry4 ,peat1 :5 cut 9 slabs or blocks1 makes a valuable build+ mat]ial4 ,we once built a %oot+ h\se1 or r hut1 ne> ! banks ( a l>ge riv] ) ?is sub/ance4 ,we ?at*$ x ) re$s laid ov] will[ poles4 ,! door 0 made ( wick] "w cov]$ ) clay2 ! h+es 7 twi/$ will[s4 ,! w9d[ 0 made ( oil$ pap]2 ! fireplace 0 pla/]$ ) clay1 & we m\nt$ a small b>rel 9 lieu ( a *imney pot4 ,! fuel us$ 0 peat1 s !re 0 no dang] ( its tak+ fire4 ,hutt+ 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,9 a cont9u\s ,arctic w9t] ! usual relations ( fluids & solids are s completely *ang$ t entirely new necessities arise1 accompani$ by z novel means = supply+ !m4 ,wat]1 ei!r = dr9k+ or o!r purposes1 is z sc>ce z 9 ! drie/ p>ts ( ,india or ,africa2 = ?\gh 9 temp]ate c\ntries x may be a luxury to let a piece ( ice melt 9 ! m\?1 ! exp5diture ( animal heat 9 ?aw+ a m\?ful ( sn[ 9 ! ,arctic regions w\ld be great] ?an ev5 ! mo/ robu/ con/itution c\ld af=d4 ,wat]1 9 fact1 unless kept 9 con/ant agitation1 loses its fluidity4 ,a %eet ( ice is z dry z a piece ( glass1 & sn[ seems to h no m moi/ure 9 x ?an ! du/ ( ! highway on a ,d]by day4 ,ow+ to ?is quality sn[ does n accumulate on small surfaces elevat$ & expos$ to ! w9d4 ,capta9 ,p>ry f\nd t f ! ro( ( 8 vessel a fre% breeze inv>iably c>ri$ (f any sn[ t _h settl$ on x 9 calm wea!r1 & also f ! ma/s1 y>ds1 sails & rigg+4 ,8 op9ion is t 9 high latitudes ! less ! %ip is dismantl$ ! bett]1 = ! fro/ does n hurt ! ge>1 & no h>m c occur f ?aw+ till ! season = refitt+ arrives4 ,%\ld y at any "t be s situat$ z to be compell$ to w9t] on bo>d %ip 9 ! ,arctic regions1 x w be well to foll[ ! plan pursu$ by ,dr4 ,kane to r5d] 8 %ip & cab9 z cold pro( z possible4 ,he procur$ l>ge quantities ( moss & turf1 ) :i* ! qu>t]-deck 0 ?ickly cov]$4 ,d[n bel[ he inclos$ a space ab\t #ah;ft4 squ>e1 & pack$ ! walls =m+ x1 f floor to ceil+1 ) ! same mat]ials4 ,! floor 0 c>efully caulk$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is & common pa/e1 on ?is 0 laid a /ratum ( ,manilla oakum #b;94 ?ick1 & ov] ?is deposit a canvas c>pet 0 spread4 ,! entrance 0 f ! hold1 by a long moss-l9$ passage or tunnel1 =m$ aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,esquimaux arrange ! topsut1 or rabbit-burr[ l passage :i* leads to _! huts1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations at pp4 #cac & #cae4 ,a numb] ( doors & curta9s 7 !n con/ruct$ at su* po9ts z af=d$ a *ance = ! +ress ( cold4 ,?is moss ne/1 or d51 0 con/ruct$ to accommodate t5 m54 ,! outside ( ! %ip 0 bank$ up ) moss1 & ov] t a ?ick bank ( sn[ 0 made4 ,! sn[1 inde$1 :5 ly+ 9 prop] ?ickness1 & suffici5tly compress$1 =ms ! be/ possible mat]ial = build+4 ,cold z x is 9 itself1 x seems to act z a non-conductor ( heat2 & if an int]nal /ructure1 h[ev] slight1 c be set up1 ! ?ick] ! out] wall ( sn[ is made ! bett]4 ,capta9 ,p>ry's m5 proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 bank+ ! sn[ aga9/ ! %ip's sides1 a wall ( suffici5t height 0 built ab\t #d;ft4 f !m1 & loose sn[ 0 ?r[n 9 till x cov]$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! upp] works2 ab\t #h;94 ( sn[ 0 also laid on ! decks & hat*es1 & above ?is a lay] ( s& cem5t$ by wat]1 = ! d\ble purpose ( prev5t+ ! escape ( heat f bel[1 & sav+ ! planks f be+ rift$ by ! fro/2 & ! wa/e heat ( ! galley fire 0 utilis$ by mak+ ! funnel pass up ?r\gh a tank1 :i* 0 kept fill$ ) sn[1 ?us )\t any extra fuel produc+ #fe;galls4 ( wat] p] diem4 ,a wall ( sn[1 #ab;ft4 high1 0 built at a di/ance ( #beyds4 all r\nd ! %ip1 to af=d a com=table %elt] f ! w9d4 ,x is also ess5tial to make & keep always cle> ( ice a 'fire-hole1' f :i* wat] c be procur$ at any mom5t 9 case ( ne$4 ,! obs]vatory 0 built on %ore3 fir/ ( plank+ l9$ ) canvas1 ) a lay] ( turf outside1 & complet$ by an extra ?ickness ( solid slabs ( sn[2 x 0 flat-ro($1 & z small z possible1 ! in/rum5t room be+ #h;ft4 squ>e1 & ! work+ room #e;ft4 by #h;ft41 ?us economis+ ei!r natural or artificial heat4 ,9 fact1 x seems t ! prim>y object 9 build+ a h\se is to make ! actual dwell+ room z small z possible1 & ! passage to x s long & n>r[1 t x requires almo/ a long j\rney to rea* ! ext]nal air4 ,dr4 ,hayes describes a sn[ h\se1 or r cave1 dug by an ,esquimaux 9 a sn[ drift t _h collect$ 9 a %elt]$ holl[4 ,he dug d[nw>d fir/ ab\t #e;ft41 !n horizontally ab\t #aj;ft4 m1 toss+ ! deta*$ sn[ blocks out beh9d him1 & !n began to excavate 8 cav]n1 to :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 he built a doorway j l>ge en\gh to crawl ?r\gh4 ,! floor 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( /ones1 & !n ) sev]al lay]s ( re9de] sk9s2 ! walls 7 also hung ) sk9s2 two native lamps light$1 a sk9 hung across ! doorway1 & he & 8 family 7 at home1 ! temp]ature soon ris+ to ! freez+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[ ,,hut--,,arctic ,,regions4 ,! doctor's tempor>y encampm5ts 7 ?us =m$3 ,a pit is dug #ah;ft4 long by #h;ft4 wide & #d;ft4 deep2 ov] ! top are plac$ ! o>s to support ! sl$ge2 ov] ! sl$ge is ! boat's sail1 & on t is ?r[n loose sn[4 ,9 "o end ( ?is d5 is a small entrance hole1 clos$ ) blocks ( sn[2 ov] ! floor is a /rip ( india-rubb] clo?2 ov] ?is two buffalo sk9s1 betwe5 :i* ! :ole p>ty ( twelve pack !mselves z closely z possible1 ! only *ange ( co/ume be+ to take (f ! boots & /ock+s & replace !m ) sleep+ hose ( re9de] sk94 ,a pot ( hot c(fee1 or a ha% ( dri$ meat & pres]v$ potatoe1 cook$ ov] a lamp ( oil or alcohol1 =m+ ! repa/1 ( :i* ! mo/ e/imable quality is its w>m?4 ,capta9 ,p>ry1 be+ r surpris$ at ! %ort "t 9 :i* an ,esquimaux village sprung up ne> ! vessel1 induc$ "s ( ! natives to build a hut1 & f\nd t two or ?ree h\rs 7 en\gh to complete ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! only mat]ials are sn[ & ice1 ! latt] be+ only us$ = w9d[s4 ,a numb] ( slabs ( compact sn[1 #f;94 or #g;94 ?ick & #b;ft4 long1 are cut & laid edgewise 9 a circle1 on a level spot1 cov]$ ) sn[1 f #h;ft4 to #ae;ft4 9 diamet]2 on ?is is a second ti]1 slop+ a little inw>d1 ea* slab made to fit closely by runn+ a knife along its edges1 ! top is !n smoo!d (f ) ! knife1 & ! build]1 /&+ 9 ! c5tre1 receives ! slabs = ! successive ti]s f ! m5 outside4 ,:5 ! walls are #d;ft4 or #e;ft4 high !y beg9 to lean inw>d1 s t x appe>s z if ! blocks laid on !m w\ld fall2 b ! workman /ill goes on rais+ & clos+ 9 ! hemisph]ical walls1 & :5 !y h become too high = ! slabs to be h&$ ov] to him he cuts a hole at ! bottom ) 8 knife & has !m pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! dome is (t5 #i;ft4 or #aj;ft4 high1 & x is c>efully f9i%$ by ! m5 outside dropp+ ! nicely r\nd$ block t s]ves z a key/one1 to be receiv$ & fitt$ by ! man )94 ,! outside work]s heap sn[ r\nd ! f\ndations1 & c>efully /op up any accid5tal holes betwe5 ! blocks4 ,! build] lets himself out by cutt+ an ar* #c;ft4 high & #b-a_/b;ft4 wide1 & f ?is !y con/ruct two passages--end to end--ea* #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 long & #d;ft4 or #e;ft4 high1 ! l[e/ be+ next ! hut1 z %[n 9 ! outl9e gr\nd plan4 ,! ro(s ( ^! passages are sometimes ar*$1 & at o!rs cov]$ ) flat slabs4 ,if a s+le ap>tm5t is requir$ ! hut is n[ complete1 b if sev]al families are to reside toge!r ! passage is made common to all1 ! fir/ hut becom+ a k9d ( ante*amb]1 & is commonly a little small] ?an ! re/1 :i* are ent]$ by ar*$ doors #e;ft4 high4 ,sometimes ! gr\nd plan assumes ! =m ( a cross1 z 9 ! in/ance we n[ illu/rate4 ,a hole is cut into ! side ( ea* comp>tm5t1 & a circul> plate ( ice #c;94 or #d;94 ?ick1 & #b;ft4 9 diamet]1 let into x4 ,! light is l t transmitt$ ?r\gh gr\nd glass1 & is q suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hut4 ,a bank ( sn[1 #b-a_/b;ft4 high1 r\nd ! int]ior ( ea* room1 except ne> ! door1 =ms ! b$ & fireplace1 ! =m] occupy+ ! sides & ! latt] ! end opposite ! door4 ,! b$s are made by cov]+ ! sn[ ) a lay] ( /ones1 on :i* are sp>e paddles1 t5t poles1 :alebone1 pieces ( network1 & a quantity ( bir* twigs1 re9de] sk9s 9 pr(usion are heap$ on ^!1 creat+ n only a com=table b a luxuri\s re/+ place4 ,! fireplace is a %all[ vessel ( /one1 ! wick is ( moss rubb$ dry betwe5 ! h&s1 dispos$ along ! /raight edge = ab\t #ah;941 x supplies itself f a long /rip ( blubb] hung ne> en\gh to be melt$ gradually1 & drop sl[ly into ! holl[ ( ! /one2 ov] ! lamp is a network1 on :i* wet boots or mitt5s are usually laid4 ,frequ5tly !re are two o!r lamps 9 ! corn]s next ! door1 = no m>ri$ woman or wid[ c be )\t h] sep>ate fire4 ,) all ! lamps light$1 & ! room full ( p & dogs1 ! !rmomet] on ! net ov] ! fire /&s at #eh2 #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 away x falls to #cb1 close to ! wall x is #bc1 ! temp]ature ( ! op5 air be+ at ! same "t #be bel[ z]o4 ,if ! temp]ature is rais$ high] ?an ?is1 ! melt+ ( ! ro( causes great inconv5i5ce2 b :5 an incl9ation to drip is obs]v$1 a pat* ( cold sn[ is pla/]$ on to absorb ! sup]flu\s heat4 ,9 ! "t betwe5 ! extreme cold ( w9t]1 & ! season :5 x is possible to live 9 t5ts1 ! natives suff] mu* f ?is melt+ ( _! walls4 ,! cook+ is done 9 pots ( holl[$ /one 7lapis oll>is71 slung ov] ! lamps4 ,_m ( ^! are crack$1 b are jo9$ by lac+s ( s9ew1 or rivets ( copp]1 iron1 or lead1 :i*1 ) a suffici5t coat+ ( dirt1 makes !m aga9 wat]tight4 ,_! knives are sometimes ( ivory1 b ! be/ are ( iron1 obta9$ f ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,!y procure fire by /rik+ two pieces ( iron pyrites ov] a lea!r case ) dri$ moss 9 x1 & a little floss f ! se$ ( ! gr\nd will[ helps to convey ! flame to a bit ( oil$ wick--sometimes ! wick = ! lamp is made ( asbe/os4 ,at times1 especially 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! w9t]1 ! huts are built ( ice in/ead ( sn[4 ,!y approximate to a circul> =m1 b f ! flatness ( ! mat]ial necess>ily pres5t a numb] ( flat sides & obtuse angles4 ,!y are cem5t$ entirely ) sn[ & wat]1 & ro($ ) sk9s1 :i* are replac$ by sn[ z w9t] advances4 ,! ent]+ tunnels are also ( slabs ( ice1 z are ! k5nels = bit*es & puppies4 ,! sk9 canoes are propp$ up on slabs ( ice high en\gh to be out ( ! rea* ( ! dogs4 ,! semi-transp>5cy ( ! walls give ^! huts a /range effect1 & "s ( our lat] voyag]s h call$ !m cry/al palaces2 b all ! purity1 ei!r ( ice or sn[1 disappe>s1 & :atev] cleanl9ess ! ,esquimaux possess is =c$ ^u !m by ! annual ?aw+ ( _! h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,esquimaux ,,hut ,,( ,,ice ,,slabs4 ,! summ] t5ts are made ( sev]al seal or walrus sk9s1 ! =m] )\t ! hair1 & ! latt] ) ! ?ick out] coat tak5 (f1 & ! re/ %av$ d[n s ?9 z to admit light ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are irregul>ly sewn toge!r1 =m+ a k9d ( oval bag1 support$ 9 ! middle by a pole ( sev]al de]s' horns or bones ( o!r animals la%$ toge!r4 ,on ! top ( ?is is a cross or ,t-piece1 :i* s]ves to ext5d ! top ( ! t5t1 #f;ft4 or #g;ft4 f ! gr\nd ! l[] "p ( ! t5t pole re/s loosely on a l>ge /one1 f :i* any accid5t w knock x (f4 ,! bord]s ( ! sk9s are kept d[n by /ones laid on !m1 & ! top is /ay$ by a ?ong on ! out] side1 /ret*+ to a heavy /one at "s di/ance4 ,! door is m]ely two flaps1 "o ( :i* ov]laps ! o!r1 secur$ by ano!r /one4 ,sometimes a little %elt] f ! w9d is giv5 by an out] wall ( /one4 ,if a l>g] t5t is requir$1 two ( ^! bags are made to ov]lap at ! edges1 & are set up ) a c\ple ( poles4 ,! accumulation ( seal & walrus fle% & blubb] dur+ ! summ] mon?s makes ^! habitations disgu/+ly fil?y2 b x is to be rememb]$ t ! great necessity ( ! ,esquimaux is to keep himself w>m1 & he _c af=d to l[] ! temp]ature ( 8 sk9 by wa%+ (f ! grease & dirt :i* encru/ x4 ,on "o exp]im5tal trip ,capta9 ,p>ry 0 compell$ by a sudd5 decrease ( temp]ature to %elt] 8 p>ty 9 a small t5t4 ,!y attempt$ to w>m !mselves by smok+1 & f\nd ! temp]ature at _! feet to be #a bel[ z]o1 :ile ov]head ! smoke _h rais$ x to #g1 ! out] air be+ -#e1 soon fall+ to -#ae4 ,x 0 !n f\nd possible to dig a k9d ( cav]n 9 ! sn[1 ! spade be+ l5t z a fav\r to ! m5 :o mo/ requir$ to w>m !mselves1 a small fire & a pot ( s\p 7 made1 & by conf9+ ! smoke & hot air ! temp]ature 0 rais$ to #bj1 :ile outside x 0 -#be4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,extempore ,,bridges ,,& ,,make%ifts ,,= ,,cross+ ,,riv]s ,,or ,,rav9es4 ,! solit>y travell] 9 a wild c\ntry w be v r>ely compell$ to con/ruct 8 own bridge1 =1 z a g5]al rule1 he w only h to pass once1 or at mo/ to return by ! same r\te4 ,! lab\r ( mak+ a bridge w\ld be great]1 & m "t w\ld be lo/1 ?an by seek+ = a practicable passage at "s di/ant po9t1 or1 9 case a riv] 0 ! imp$im5t1 =m+ a float ( "s k9d4 ,swamp roads1 to make4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 occasions :5 !re is no alt]native b bridge-mak+1 z :5 explor+ exp$itions1 accompani$ by pack animals1 or a field =ce on ! m>*1 h riv]s1 swamps1 rav9es1 or1 p]*ance1 rott5 ice1 to pass ov]4 ,:]e !re is n wat] en\gh to float a canoe1 b :]e !re is suffici5t to cause ! =mation ( deep pools & dang]\s mire1 ov] :i* few animals us$ = ! conveyance ( baggage c\ld pass )\t ! aid ( "s artificial footway1 n>r[ deep *annels may be v (t5 r5d]$ comp>atively easy to cross by fill+ !m up ) bundles ( bru%wood or m>% re$s4 ,we 7 con/antly 9 ! habit1 :5 engag$ 9 mak+ =c$ m>*es ?r\gh ,c5tral ,india1 ( mak+ use ( ! /alks ( ! rec5tly cut juh>i = ?is purpose4 ,unsafe ice c be r5d]$ firm & secure by /rew+ a ?ick lay] ( re$s ov] x1 & !n ?r[+ wat] en\gh to cause ! :ole to freeze into a compact mass4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 proce$+ to describe ! v>i\s modes usually _h rec\rse to = r5d]+ trees available = bridg+ purposes1 x w be well to give a few pla9 & practical directions = asc]ta9+ ! wid? ( riv]s1 rav9es1 & ! arms ( swamps1 )\t ! aid ( sci5tific in/rum5ts1 & also = f9d+1 by make%ift modes1 ! altitude ( trees4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,wid? ,,( ,a ,,riv] ,,)\t ,,in/rum5ts4 ,fig4 #a4 ,if y h a pocket compass1 & ! riv] runs1 say ea/ & we/1 & y are on ! s\? side1 *oose a well-def9$ tree1 ,a1 or o!r object on ! opposite %ore1 & br+ x to be> nor? ( y2 m>k y\r position by putt+ 9 a /ake or peg1 ,b1 turn to "o side1 say ! left1 & walk we/w>d till ,a be>s nor?-ea/1 :i* w be ! case at ,c2 !n ,c ,b w be exactly equal to ,b ,a1 or ! bread? ( ! riv]1 because f ! po9t ,c1 ,a w be> nor?-ea/1 & ,b w be> ea/1 subt5d+ an angle ( #de1 & z ! l9e ,c ,b is ea/1 & ,b ,a is nor?1 !y subt5d an angle ( #ij1 or a "r angle1 & mu/ be ( equal l5g?2 ! triangle y h =m$ be+ ! half ( a squ>e1 divid$ by a diagonal l9e f corn] to corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,if y h room repeat ?is by walk+ ea/ till ,a be>s nor?-we/ f ,d2 & if ! fir/ op]ation has be5 correctly p]=m$1 ! second w confirm x2 or if ! fir/ be 9 error1 x is likely t ! second w be exactly z mu* 9 error ! opposite way1 & ! mean ( ! two obs]vations w be approximately correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,fig4 #b4 ,if y h n a compass1 *oose ,a z be=e1 set 9 a /ake at ,b1 & prolong ! l9e to ,c2 !n on ?is l9e erect a p]p5dicul> by loop+ a cord on ! /ake at ,c1 & ) a %>p5$ peg held at ! o!r end ( x draw+ ! arc1 ,d ,e2 !n1 mak+ ,d & ,e equidi/ant f ,b1 draw ?r\gh ^! ?ree po9ts ! l9e ,d ,b ,e ,f2 on ?is l9e retire t[>d ,f till ,a & ,b =m an angle ( #de1 :i* may be measur$ ei!r by fold+ a squ>e ( pap] diagonally1 or by pegg+ out a piece ( /r+ divid$ into two l5g?s ( #bd;94 & "o ( #cb;94 ,see t ! longe/ or diagonal side be>s truly ^u ,a1 & "o ( ! %ort] sides on ,b1 :i* w take place at ! po9t ,f1 !n ,f ,b w be equal to ,b ,a1 or ! bread? ( ! riv]4 ,repeat ?is also if ! gr\nd all[s1 on ! opposite side ,g1 & take ! mean ( ! two obs]vations4 ,! correctness ( all ^! obs]vations may be greatly increas$ by re/+ y\r rifle on ea* successive po9t1 & c>efully sight+ all ! l9es ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,fig4 #c4 ,ano!r excell5t & simple plan is--*oose ,a2 set 9 ,b2 f ,b erect ! p]p5dicul> ,b ,c1 ,c ,d1 divid$ equally at ,c2 f ,d erect ! p]p5dicul> ,d ,e2 retire along x till ! /ake ,c be>s truly ^u ,a1 :i* w be at ,f1 !n ,f ,d w equal ,b ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,fig4 #d4 ,if ! riv] bank is s curv$ t y _c draw ,b ,c ,d at "r angles1 y h two alt]natives4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( room retire z f> z y please f ! bank be=e plant+ ! /ake ,b1 & d$uct f ! result ! di/ance y retire f ! bank4 ,or1 if !re is n room1 y may draw ,b ,c ,d1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 diagonally1 & contrive to keep ,d ,e z ne>ly p>allel to ,a ,b z y c2 b any defect 9 p>allelism w greatly affect ! correctness ( y\r measurem5t1 z w be evid5t f ! dott$ l9e ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,fig4 #e4 ,if ! riv] is wide1 *oose ,a z be=e2 set 9 ,b1 & retire any measur$ di/ance1 say #fyds41 to ,c2 !n f ,b & ,c erect p]p5dicul>s ( equal l5g?1 & draw ! squ>e ,b ,c1 ,d ,e2 te/ x by /ret*+ a cord f corn] to corn]2 !n1 prolong+ ! l9e ,c ,e1 br+ ! /ake ,d 9 "o ) ,a1 & produce ! l9e ,a ,d till x int]sects ,c ,e at ,f2 !n divide ,f ,e into six p>ts1 measure z _m ( !m z y c on ! l9e ,e ,d1 & y w f9d z _m ( !m z !re are y>ds on ! l9e ,b ,a2 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 #aayds4 w be ! bread? ( ! riv]1 & "o may be d$uct$ because ! m>ks are n close to ! edge ( ! banks2 or say1 z ,e ,f is to ,e ,d s is ,b ,d to ,b ,a4 ,fig4 #f4 ,to erect a p]p5dicul> on a giv5 po9t on any l9e1 measure equal di/ances on ei!r side2 set 9 pegs1 loop a cord on !m alt]nately1 & /rike two arcs1 _! int]section w be p]p5dicul> to ! giv5 po9t4 ,to cross ! end ( a l9e by ano!r at "r angles1 set a peg "s di/ance back1 loop a cord on x1 & /rike an arc4 ,measure equal di/ances f ! end ( y\r giv5 l9e to ! arc1 !n a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! ?ree po9ts w be at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,a scale ( equal p>ts may be made by fold+ a slip ( pap] 9 half1 !n fold+ ea* "p 9 half1 & s subdivid+ x z mu* z y wi%1 b d n fold x 9 half1 & !n d\ble ! two p>ts to get ! qu>t]s at "o op]ation1 & !n d\ble ! f\r p>ts to get ! eigh?s1 or y w f9d !m come out v unequally4 ,a measur+ tape may be made by tak+ a n>r[ :ite tape1 say #a_/d;941 & w9d+ x on a slip ( c>d b>ely an in* wide1 j s little spirally t ea* turn may n half cov] ! prec$+ "o1 !n c>efully black5 ! edges1 &1 :5 y unw9d ! tape1 m>k e twelf? in* ) figures to d5ote feet1 & e six? ) an extra l9e4 ,a squ>e is made by tak+ a %eet ( pap]1 fold+ ! corn] d[n s t ! edge ( ! end co9cides ) ! edge ( ! side1 & !n cutt+ (f ! sup]flu\s l5g?1 ea* corn] ( ! squ>e is an angle ( #ij1 i4 e41 a "r angle or a qu>t] ( ! compass1 say f nor? to ea/4 ,! diagonal fold makes at ea* corn] an angle ( #de1 or f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 say f nor? to nor?-ea/2 fold ?is aga91 & x w give #bb-a_/b1 or two po9ts ( ! compass1 f nor? to nor?-nor?-ea/1 & ?is may aga9 be subdivid$ if ne$ful4 ,we h (t5 tri$ ! bread? ( riv]s by fir+ a rifle ball at "s well-def9$ m>k on ! o!r side1 ) ! sight adju/$ to #ajjyds4 or m1 accord+ to ! e/imat$ di/ance1 & notic+ :e!r ! ball rea*$ beyond or fell %ort ( ! m>k4 ,! habit ( do+ ?is v greatly corrects & assi/s ! eye 9 =m+ e/imates ( di/ance4 ,a good /one ?r[] ought to "k ! range he c make ) pebbles ( diff]5t sizes4 ,if a native is ne> buy "o ( 8 lea/ valu$ arr[s or spe>s1 & get him to ?r[ x across1 & !n ask him to ?r[ a simil> "o on gr\nd :]e y c recov] x & measure ! di/ance1 b nev] ask a savage to ?r[ away weapons ( ! *ase = no?+4 ,9 calm wea!r1 we h fir$ a rifle ball1 ) its utmo/ range1 on ! surface ( a lake1 & h c\nt$ seconds f ! "t we saw ! spla% till we he>d ! s\nd ( its fall4 ,s\nd travels #aadb;ft4 9 a second1 or ab\t a /atute mile 9 #d-c_/d seconds1 or a geographical mile--or r "o m9ute ( latitude1 or ( longitude on ! equator--9 #e-c_/d seconds4 ,,to ,,f9d1 ,,)\t ,,in/rum5ts1 ,,! ,,height ,,( ,a ,,tree ,,or ,,o!r ,,object1 ,,^: ,,base ,,is ,,accessible4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fold d[n a squ>e ( pap] f corn] to corn]1 & y w obta9 a triangle1 ( :i* two ( ! sides =m a "r angle1 & ! ?ird1 or diagonal1 =ms an angle ( #de ) ea* ( !m 7see next page74 ,make a m>k ^u ! tree #e;ft41 or ! height ( y\r eye1 f ! gr\nd1 & retire f ! tree till1 hold+ ! pap] /eadily ) "o %ort side horizontal & ! o!r v]tical1 y c take sight along its l[] edge at ! m>k1 & along ! diagonal side at ! topmo/ bran*es2 !n pace or measure ! di/ance f ! tree1 add #e;ft4 = ! height ( ! eye1 & y w h ! height ( ! tree2 because1 if ! two angles ( ! diagonal be #de1 ! base & ! p]p5dicul> mu/ be equal4 ,a piece ( ?9 bo>d1 ) p9s set 9 at ea* angle to s]ve z sights1 w\ld be bett] ?an ! pap]1 b is n s readily extemporis$4 ,if y split ! end ( a w& s z to hold ! pap] or bo>d q up to ! height ( y\r eye1 x w give additional /ead9ess4 ,! obs]v] 9 our illu/ration is unavoidably repres5t$ a little too ne> 8 "w1 b he is probably tak+ ! height ( ! fir/ bifurcation1 :i* is (t5 m important ?an ! height ( ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,height ,,( ,a ,,tree ,,by ,,rifle ,,or ,,fold$ ,,pap]4 ,fig4 #b4 ,or1 /ick+ a bran* into ! gr\nd1 select "o ( its =ks1 or la% on a cross piece :i* %all pass ?r\gh ! trigg] gu>d beh9d ! trigg]1 s t ! gun may be ab\t ! height ( y\r eye :5 y aim horizontally at ! m>k on ! tree1 ! trigg] f+] grasp+ ! /ick = great] /ead9ess4 ,take ano!r /ick1 ) a =k or cross re/ ( equal height ) ! fir/1 & connect !m by a small] /ick ( any l5g?1 say #ah;94 or #b;ft41 & at exactly ! same height above ! l[] re/ la% ano!r on ! second /ick1 s t1 ! base & p]p5dicul> be+ equal1 ! gun1 :5 its muzzle is laid on ! high] re/1 %all =m exactly an angle ( #de ) its l9e :5 previ\sly laid ^u ! l[] "o4 ,n[ retire until f ! l[] re/ y c sight ! m>k ^u ! tree1 & f ! upp] its highe/ bran*es2 !n ! di/ance f y\r pivot /ick1 plus #e;ft41 w be ! height ( ! tree4 ,our illu/ration purposely %[s ?is op]ation 9 ! simple/ possible =m2 b ! frame might be /eadi$ by la%+ on o!r cross b>s 7,x fa%ion71 & a fri5d to help 9 mov+ x to a great] or less di/ance f ! tree w\ld greatly assi/ ! obs]v]4 ,x w\ld be inconv5i5t to make ?is obs]vation kneel+4 ,a telescope1 a long /raight re$1 a roll ( pap]1 or a /raight tube ( any mat]ial1 w answ] almo/ z well z ! rifle4 ,ev5 a clasp knife 7,fig4 #c71 ) a bit ( re$ /uck into ! h&le :]e ! po9t %\ld rea*1 & re/+ on ! po9t ( ! half-op5$ blade1 is bett] ?an no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,if ! gr\nd is p]fectly level1 & y h a look+-glass1 lay x d[n & level x by sett+ on x a bas9 full ( wat]2 retire till y see ! top ( ! tree reflect$ 9 x1 !n if y\r di/ance f ! mirror equals ! height ( y\r eye1 ! di/ance f ! mirror to ! tree w be equal to its height4 ,9 p]fectly calm wea!r ! bas9 ( wat] w d )\t ! mirror1 or a %all[ pool or riv] w give an approximation2 b1 z ! gr\nd is always depress$ :]e wat] settles1 !re w be "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ! height ( ! eye1 :i* w m or less vitiate ! obs]vation1 & ?is w also be ! case if ?ir/y animals ru% 9 to di/urb x1 z 9 our sket*4 ,or if ! sun or moon is %9+1 set up a /ick1 & wat* till its %ad[ is equal to its height1 or note :5 y\r own %ad[ equals y\r height1 & ! height ( ! tree & ! l5g? ( its %ad[ w also be equal4 ,b1 z x may n be always conv5i5t to wait = ?is mom5t1 ! height ( ! tree may be f\nd by proportion4 ,if ! /ick is #e;ft4 & its %ad[ #g;ft41 !n if ! %ad[ ( ! tree be #gj;ft41 its height w be #ej;ft42 or if 9 look+ at its reflection 9 ! mirror1 ! height ( y\r eye be #e;ft41 & ! di/ance #h;ft41 !n if ! di/ance f ! mirror to ! tree be #hj;ft41 its height is #ej;ft4 ,9 ei!r ( ! fir/ two me?ods ! same rule mu/ be obs]v$2 ! pap] may be fold$ to a great] angle if y _c get f> en\gh f ! tree1 or a small] "o if y mu/ g f>!r1 & ! same ) ! elevation ( ! rifle4 ,9 ^! cases1 c>efully measure ! base & p]p5dicul> ( y\r small] angle1 & say1 z ! base ( ! small angle is to its p]p5dicul>1 s is ! di/ance f ! tree to its height4 ,?us1 z 9 ,fig4 #d on next page1 if ! di/ance betwe5 ! two re/s is #b;ft4 & ! elevation ( ! rifle #a;ft41 ! di/ance f ! tree mu/ be equal to d\ble its height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,all ^! obs]vations w apply to any object ( :i* ! highe/ po9t is p]p5dicul> to ! accessible base1 su* z a precipice1 ! wall ( a =t1 or ! gable end ( a h\se1 b n to ! peak ( a m\nta91 two or ?ree miles beyond its base1 nor to ! pit*$ ro( ( a h\se se5 sideways1 nor to ! spire ( a *ur*1 or flag/aff on ! c5tral t[] ( a ca/le1 unless ! doors ( ^! build+s be op5$ s t y c cont9ue to measure y\r base to a po9t exactly b5ea? t :i* y h tak5 ! angul> height4 ,/ill1 if ! base be n accessible1 x is n impossible to measure ! height1 = ! di/ance ( ! object may be tak5 by any ( ! plans = asc]ta9+ ! bread? ( a riv]1 or any ( ! above me?ods may be p]=m$ twice ov]1 z 9 ,fig4 #e2 fir/1 at any conv5i5t di/ance1 b1 & secondly1 at a measur$ di/ance1 c1 ne>] to or f>!r f ! object2 & ! easie/ way ( obta9+ ! result is to lay d[n on pap] ! obta9$ angles1 d1 e1 f1 & g1 h1 i1 9 due proportion to ! measur$ di/ance1 b1 c1 betwe5 !m2 !n f !m to protract ! angle1 d1 g1 a1 & cont9u+ ! base l9e1 f9d on x ! po9t j1 f :i* a p]p5dicul> w\ld meet ! top ( ! object1 a4 ,! di/ance1 b1 c1 be+ kn[n1 t ( ! base1 b1 j1 & ! height ( ! tree1 j1 a1 w be be/ f\nd by measurem5t ( equal p>ts1 b be> 9 m9d t ! result c only be an approximation to tru?1 = e additional op]ation involves an increase ( possible error4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cordway ,,& ,,"o-,,tree ,,bridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o-tree bridge1 to make4 ,9 pass+ ext5sive m>% tracks1 few exp$i5ts surpass ! s-call$ ,am]ican cordway1 ! subject ( ! illu/ration on p4 #cbe4 ,x is con/ruct$ z foll[s f ! description ( mat]ial usually ab\nd+ 9 m>% tracks3 ,trees & poles ( almo/ any description w be f\nd to answ]4 ,cut z _m z is ?\ght requisite4 ,divide !m into ?ree classes--gr\nd poles1 cross poles1 & /r+]s4 ,! gr\nd poles %\ld be ! l>ge/ & heavie/4 ,! cross poles are comp>atively %ort l5g?s1 & lay across ! gr\nd poles ) _! ends project+ "s di/ance beyond4 ,!y are laid closely toge!r1 & !n secur$ & b\nd d[n by ! /r+]s :i* lay on !m4 ,a tre5ail driv5 9 "h & !re s]ves to keep all 9 place by nipp+ ! cross poles tightly4 ,! ends ( ! gr\nd poles & /r+]s may be ei!r sc>f$ & tre5ail$1 or laid side by side & ti$ ) )ies or /rips ( suitable b>k4 ,x w be se51 on exam9+ ! illu/ration1 t :]e ! roadway ends a bridge beg9s4 ,?is is ( ! description kn[n z a "o-tree bridge1 & is made z foll[s3 ,select a tree ( suffici5t l5g? to rea*1 :5 fell$1 across ! /ream1 & ( fair av]age gir?1 say #i;ft42 fell x ) ! axe 9 ! mann] be=e direct$1 & !n walk out on ! trunk & cut away all ! bran*es f ! upp] surface2 !n log x up into l5g?s ( ab\t #aj;ft4 a suffici5t numb] ( transv]se pieces to rea*1 :5 plac$ side by side1 f "o end ( ! bridge log to ! o!r4 ,!n 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^! make a %all[ not* by deliv]+ "r & left cuts ) ! axe4 ,next ) y\r aug] bore two holes z wide ap>t z ! diamet] ( ! bridge log w admit (4 ,lay y\r transv]se piece on ! ma9 log1 s t x %all re/ 9 ! =m ( a true cross1 ) ! not* 9 ! c5tre re/+ on ! ma9 log2 !n1 :il/ keep+ ! cross piece /eady ) "o foot1 bore d[n ! aug] holes ab\t a foot into ! solid timb]4 ,tre5ails 7see ,tre5ails1 to make7 are !n to be plac$ 9 ! holes & driv5 home ) a mallet or ! head ( ! axe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree-,,nail$ ,,swamp ,,bridge4 ,swamp bridge1 to make4 ,ano!r =m ( tree-nail$ bridge1 calculat$ = v wet or dang]\sly swampy gr\nd1 is =m$ by lay+ d[n two l9es ( /\t] gr\nd logs ?an ^? us$ to =m ! cordway j describ$1 sc>f+ & tree-nail+ ! ends toge!r z !y are laid d[n4 ,! transv]se b>s = ! footway h a "r & left *ip tak5 out ea* end f ! surface :i* is to lay next ! gr\nd log4 ,!y are !n bor$ ) ! aug]1 "o hole at ea* end be+ suffici5t4 ,!y are !n plac$ closely side by side4 ,"o man completes ! hole :i* passes d[n into ! log1 :il/ ano!r drives home ! tre5ails1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,e>? or s& ?r[n ) a %ovel betwe5 ! cross pieces increases ! /ability ( ! arrangem5t4 ,tre5ails1 to make4 ,tre5ails h be51 & w be1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w2 x w1 !re=e1 be well "h to give directions = mak+ & us+ !m4 ,to ! %ipwright !y are invaluable1 z by _! aid he unites ! v>i\s planks & timb]s made use ( 9 ! c>ry+ out ( 8 art4 ,9 ,engl& !y are usually made f /raight-gra9$ oak1 :i*1 aft] be+ sawn into prop] l5g?s1 is split up into ! r\gh =m ( ! requir$ tre5ail4 ,?is1 aft] be+ fac$ & hewn ) ! adze1 is pass$ ?r\gh a d\ble-h&$ cutt+ in/rum5t kn[n z a tre5ail tool4 ,a skilfully-h&l$ axe1 a spoke%ave1 or a draw+ knife1 w1 al?\gh less exp$iti\sly1 produce ) ease well r\nd$ & s]viceable tre5ails4 ,9 wild c\ntries any t\gh /raight-gra9$ wood may be select$ = tre5ail mak+4 ,= bridge & roadway "w p9e wood w answ] ! purpose v fairly4 ,a dead log is be/ :5 x c be obta9$ = mak+ ^! wood5 holdfa/s4 ,cut x up into pieces ! l5g? ( ! propos$ tre5ail1 *op (f ! b>k1 & split !m into ei!r ?ree or f\r 7z direct$ at p4 #bgb71 accord+ to ! size ( ! log2 !n1 ) ! froe or axe1 split !m into r\gh squ>es ! l5g? ( ! requir$ tre5ail1 r\nd (f ! curves & corn]s1 *op (f ! edges at ! end1 s t x may ent] ! aug] hole freely1 & ! tre5ail is ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gabion ,,bridge4 ,gabion bridge1 to make4 ,riv]s :i* are too wide to be cross$ by ! "o-tree bridge1 & yet ( inconsid]able bread?1 may be cross$ by ! use ( ! gabion bridge1 :i* is ?us con/ruct$3 ,fir/1 prep>e z _m /rong wick] gabions z ! wid? ( ! /ream w r5d] necess>y4 ,ab\t #ad;ft4 ap>t w be f\nd a conv5i5t di/ance to place !m4 ,_! height w dep5d on ! dep? ( ! wat]4 ,?ree feet at lea/ %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! surface ( ! /ream & ! upp] edge ( ! gabion4 ,:]e suitable poles & /icks = gabion mak+ _c be obta9$ trees %\ld be fell$ & split up1 z = rails 7see p4 #bgc74 ,! b>s ?us obta9$ %\ld be cut up into prop] l5g?s1 &1 by ! use ( ! axe & aug]1 conv]t$ into l>ge deep crates1 su* z are us$ = pack+ e>!nw>e4 ,^! are made by bor+ r[s ( aug] holes 9 /rong wood5 b>s1 & !n driv+ ! %>p5$ ends ( ! less] b>s into !m until ! crate is f9i%$1 no nails or metal fa/5+s be+ requir$4 ,:e!r ! crate or gabion is us$1 ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction obs]v$ 9 mak+ ! bridge is ! same4 ,! fir/ gabion1 aft] be+ secur$ to ! end ( a /\t rope1 is laun*$ f ! bank1 & !n guid$1 end upw>d1 by ! aid ( =k$ sett+ poles1 to its prop] position4 ,/ones1 pebbles1 or pieces ( brok5 rock1 are n[ ca/ pell-mell by h& into ! op5 m\? ( ! gabion1 :i* is held d[n by ! sett+ pole until fix$ 9 its position by ! weight ( ! mass )9 x4 ,:5 q full two or ?ree /\t poles are laid side by side = a man to walk ov]4 ,he takes up 8 /ation on ! gabion1 & aids 9 arrang+ ! ends ( two side logs :i* are pu%$ out to him f ! %ore1 & plac$ wide en\gh ap>t to give suffici5t wid? to ! int5d$ bridge4 ,transv]se b>s =m$ ( split logs are n[ rapidly tre5ail$ on1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! second gabion is n[ laun*$ f ! fir/1 ! /one collectors ) bags & baskets walk out1 ca/ _! loads1 & return = m1 proce$+ 9 ! same mann] until ! bridge is f9i%$4 ,t>t> bridges1 to make4 ,:5 travell+ among ! ,t>t>s we _h on m ?an "o occasion to pass our mules & horses ov] r insecure-look+ bridges =m$ by ! natives4 ,!y 7 alike 9 con/ruction1 & 7 made by lay+ ?ree long /rong poles1 or r small tree trunks1 side by side f bank to bank4 ,across ^! alt]nately 7butt-end & top71 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on next page1 0 laid a close r[ ( tightly-b\nd bundles or faggots ( small bru%wood4 ,on ^! bundles ( twigs l>ge flat slabs ( turf1 grass side upw>d1 7 plac$ & /amp$ compactly d[n1 =m+ s]viceable & really good bridge ways4 ,a small riv] c be easily cross$ by m5 on foot by simply fell+ a tree ( suffici5t gir? & l5g? across x4 ,%\ld !re be a numb] ( packs or loads to pass across1 x w be well1 if ! p>ty is a l>ge "o1 to s /ation m5 along ! tree trunk t !y c pass ! bundles or articles f h& to h&1 j z firem5 h& buckets ( wat]1 ?us sav+ unnecess>y lab\r4 ,a rope /ret*$ across greatly aids ! m5 9 keep+ _! balance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t>t> ,,pole ,,& ,,faggot ,,bridge4 ,extempore jetty1 to build4 ,we1 on "o occasion1 :5 encamp$ on ! banks ( a l>ge ,indian riv]1 7 call$ on to provide = ! imm$iate transport ( a batt]y ( field guns1 waggons1 horses1 c41 to ! opposite side4 ,"s l>ge native boats 7 procur$1 b !y1 ev5 :5 empty1 drew s mu* wat]1 t !y c\ld n be made to approa* )9 "s di/ance ( ! %ore4 ,we !re=e fell$ two trees1 :i* =tunately /ood side by side1 lett+ _! cr[ns fall f ! bank1 well out into ! /ream4 ,we soon =ag$ out ?ree l>ge dug-out canoes1 :i* 7 conceal$ among ! re$s h>d by4 ,^!1 ) our own axe1 & ^? ( two /alw>t-limb] gunn]s1 we split into l5g?s ( unev5 plank4 ,:il/ we 7 do+ ?is1 a p>ty _h be5 at "w =c+ d[n l>ge heavy bran*es betwe5 ! two tree trunks1 & on ^! compactly-b\nd faggots ( bru%wood 7:i* a numb] ( natives atta*$ to ! exp$ition prep>$ close at h&7 7 ramm$ & /amp$ d[n4 ,?o bo>ds procur$ by cutt+ up ! canoes 7 arrang$ side by side on ?is b$1 _! ends be+ secur$ by burd5 ropes knott$ toge!r & hit*$ ov] !m1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a1 p4 #bib4 ,we n[ employ$ ! natives 9 ?r[+ buckets & bags ( e>? & s& ?ickly ov] & betwe5 ! planks4 ,ov] ?is extempore jetty--:i* rea*$ out to ! boats1 on "s ( :i* plat=ms _h be5 erect$--all our batt]y1 consi/+ ( two #ab-p\nd] h[itz]s1 & f\r #f-p\nd] guns1 ) all _! equipm5t1 pass$ 9 p]fect safety4 ,! "w 0 n comm5c$ until late 9 ! aft]noon1 & all _h cross$ long be=e morn+4 ,extempore baggage d]rick4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t !re is great] difficulty 9 transport+ ! baggage ( an exp$ition across a riv] ?an 9 gett+ ov] ! m5 & animals4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,we 7 explor+ ! ,victoria ,riv]1 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 :5 we came to a bran* ( "o ( its tribut>ies 7,jasp] ,creek7 s mu* swoll5 t x 0 unsafe to attempt cross+ x ) load$ horses4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 a passage to an isl&1 on :i* /ood a c\ple ( tall ov]hang+ gum trees4 ,we _h ) u sev]al fa?oms ( ,manilla l9e1 ab\t #a_/b;94 9 diamet]1 ?is 0 pass$ ov] a =k ( "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ project+ bran*es4 ,mr4 ,gregory swung himself across1 we foll[$2 & :ile our head /ockman1 ) a fatigue p>ty ( five horses1 br\ght ! packs to ! isl&1 "o man lift$ ! pack t _h be5 b5t on to ! l9e z high z possible2 ano!r gave an extra pull ^u ! o!r "p to lift x z cle> ( ! wat] z possible dur+ its passage1 lett+ g by ! run z x swung to ! o!r %ore1 :]e "o ( ! p>ty /ood ready to cat* ! pack1 :ile we1 mak+ a %>p run ) a small l9e1 help$ x across1 & *eck$ any t5d5cy to sw+ back aga94 ,9 ?is mann] we br\ght ov] a ton & a half ( provisions & /ores 9 betwe5 two & ?ree h\rs2 ! unload$ horses f\nd a practicable =d a little high] up4 ,tree footways4 ,sometimes ! int]lac+ ( ov]hang+ bran*es answ]$ our purpose2 or we f\nd x possible to fell a tree s t its head might fall on ! o!r %ore1 or into ! wat] po9t+ up /ream1 s t x w\ld drift & jam aga9/ ! opposite bank4 ,on ano!r occasion1 com+ to ! ,lua1 a tribut>y ( ! ,zambesi1 ru%+ ?r\gh a n>r[ place1 we w5t to ! edge ( ! =e/1 & ) a small tomahawk cut d[n ! be/ tree we c\ld f9d1 &1 assi/$ by ?ree or f\r ,makololo1 c>ri$ x to ! br9k1 rais$ x1 & let x fall across4 ,*a9 bridges1 to con/ruct4 ,9 _m ( ! colonial /reams x is necess>y to provide ! means ( passage1 = ! =ds may be inconv5i5tly f> ap>t4 ,9 su* cases ! g5]al exp$i5t is to pur*ase ! *a9 cables ( "s wreck$ %ip1 & /ret* !m across1 secur+ ! ends ei!r to /\t po/s or b>s w$g$ into clefts 9 ! rocks1 or to tol]ably broad surfaces ( timb] buri$ #f;ft4 or #h;ft4 9 ! e>?4 ,( c\rse /rong pur*ases are requir$ to /ret* ! *a9s1 especially if ! di/ance betwe5 ! riv] banks is great2 b ! buy] w\ld mo/ likely take c>e also to provide himself1 :5 he obta9$ ! *a9s1 ) a pair ( l>ge d\ble blocks ) iron-hook$ /raps1 & tw5ty or ?irty fa?oms ( /\t rope2 s t1 :5 su* a tackle is hook$ on1 & ! fall made fa/ to ! trek ge> ( a span ( well-tra9$ ox51 ! *a9 mu/ come or some?+ give way4 ,two p>ts ( ! *a9 mu/ be /ret*$ s z to assume p]fectly p>allel curves1 & on ^! ! planks = ! roadway are laid1 ! la%+s pass+ conv5i5tly ?r\gh ! l9ks & prev5t+ any possibility ( slipp+2 o!r *a9s or ropes are /ret*$ z h&-rails1 & = ! supports ( ^! x is a good plan to cut "y trees1 say #ab;ft4 long1 sl+ !m ab\t #d;ft4 f ! top1 & fa/5 !m to ! *a91 s t ! upp] "p w support ! rope1 :ile ! #h;ft4 ( butt hang+ bel[ s]ves z a c\nt]poise to keep x upright4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ dep5d on ! height ( ! bridge2 = if ! wat] cat*es any "p ( x dur+ ! ra9y season1 !re is great dang] ( ! :ole be+ swept away2 & x is !re=e advisable to make all ! fitt+s z light z is consi/5t ) ! safety ( pass5g]s1 s t 9 case ( extraord9>y floods !y may be swept (f be=e !y communicate /ra9 en\gh to break ! *a9--j z ! ma/s ( a vessel ought to be ( su* /r5g? z to be c>ri$ away be=e !y capsize ! %ip4 ,we h se5 a bridge built ( planks & tre/les1 v slightly fa/5$ toge!r1 b e "p 0 moor$ by a long l9e to "o or o!r ( ! banks4 ,! :ole affair w\ld g to pieces :5 ! floods came1 & :5 !y subsid$ ! pieces 7 haul$ 91 & ! bridge recon/ruct$4 ,fly bridges & f]ries4 ,9 broad] riv]s ! *a9 is c>ri$ across1 & a b>ge is built ) a w9* at ei!r end1 r\nd ! b>rels ( :i* a turn ( ! *a9 is tak52 ! waggon ab\t to cross is drawn ^u ! plat=m by two or m ( its own ox51 ! w9*es are hove r\nd1 & ! ox5 draw ! waggon up ! o!r %ore1 )\t ev5 hav+ be5 unyok$ dur+ ! passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,f]ries4 ,9 /rong rapid /reams an an*or & cable is laid high up ! /ream1 & ! l[] end t]m9ates 9 a bridle4 ,! boat is alike at ei!r end1 & :5 ab\t to leave ! %ore ! end ( ! bridle :i* happ5s to be =w>d is ga!r$ 91 :ile ! aft] "o is some:at slack5$4 ,! boat %oots ov] to ! o!r %ore1 & is kept !re by ! =ce ( ! /ream1 s long z ! bridle ne>e/ ! bank keeps h] head m up ?an ! f>!r "o all[s h] /em to be4 ,to br+ h] back aga91 haul 9 t :i* is f>!/ f ! %ore2 slack (f ! o!r1 & %e w recross ! riv] z if ( h] own volition4 ,! same may be effect$ by means ( ! rudd]4 ,h a %ort ma/1 to :i* ! cable is atta*$ j high en\gh to cle> ! heads ( pass5g]s1 c41 & ab\t "o-f\r? or "o-?ird f ! b[s4 ,!n1 if ! boat be ly+ on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 h] port side w be to ! %ore2 & z long z ! helm is to />bo>d1 or away f ! %ore1 ! rudd] w incl9e ! boat's head inw>d1 & ! =ce ( ! /ream w keep h] !re4 ,b put ! helm aport1 h] head w fall (f1 %e w %oot ov] to ! left bank1 & rema9 !re4 ,9 fact1 ?is fly+ bridge1 or f]ry--= x p>takes ( ! nature ( bo?--acts 9 ! wat] on ! v same pr9ciple t a kite does 9 ! air4 ,! l9e be+ made fa/1 n to ! /em ( ! boat1 b to a po9t ab\t "o-?ird aft1 w\ld all[ h] to ride /raight on end ) ! /ream only s long z by c>eful /e]+ h] head 0 kept exactly to x2 b ! mom5t an incl9ation is made1 by putt+ ! helm1 say aport1 ! boat's head incl9es to />bo>d2 %e receives ! /ream ^u h] port side1 :i* %\ld make an angle ( ab\t #bb ) ! l9e ( ! curr5t1 & %e at once %e]s to />bo>d or to ! left bank--rememb]+ always t1 9 speak+ ( a riv]1 ! obs]v] is suppos$ to face d[n /ream1 & ! banks are nam$ z !y are on 8 "r or left h&4 ,a wire rope f]ry ( ?is k9d is /ret*$ across ! unit$ riv]s ,moola ,moola & ,moola ,moota1 ne> ,poona4 ,we h cross$ by x (t51 & f\nd x to answ] admirably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,rope ,,f]ry4 ,sometimes x may be ( importance to bridge a rav9e1 :i*1 ?\gh n impassable = an active man1 is difficult = av]age pass5g]s4 ,! fir/ requisite is to get a l9e across4 ,if ! ne>e/ bank is a precipice a man may be l[]$ d[n ) a rope1 & he may !n climb ! opposite cliff1 tak+ ! rope ) him2 b if ! f>!/ bank is precipit\s also ! case is m difficult1 z ! rope w n help him to asc5d4 ,p]haps by walk+ up or d[n ! b$ ( ! gorge :ile 8 fri5ds above foll[ him ) ! rope1 he may f9d a practicable r\te2 or ano!r p>ty may be s5t _m miles up or d[n to f9d a cross+1 &1 by l[]+ ano!r rope1 haul him up ) ! fir/ /ill fa/4 ,l9e sl+s & lob/icks4 ,if nei!r ( ^! plans is possible1 a /one or lead5 weight may be slung ov] ) a small l9e1 mu* z sailors heave ! lead4 ,we usually employ = ?is purpose a contrivance kn[n among hunt]s z a squail]1 or lob/ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lob/icks4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ a lob/ick2 ! be/1 p]haps1 be+ ^? repres5t$ by ,figs4 #b & #c 9 ! engrav+ bel[4 ,an oval ball ( lead1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & ab\t #foz4 9 weight1 is prep>$4 ,a /rong1 t\gh1 & slightly flexible /ick is n[ fitt$ to ! hole 9 ! lead1 9 :i* x is held by a w$ge driv5 into its cleft end4 ,a long light l9e1 ei!r tw9e or fi%+ l9e1 is n[ coil$ ev5ly d[n on ! bank1 "o end is firmly knott$ to ! extremity ( ! h&le ( ! lob/ick1 & ! o!r to a peg driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,! end ( ! /ick :]e ! tw9e is made fa/ is n[ held lightly 9 ! h& ) ! ball d[nw>ds2 two or ?ree rapid & p[]ful turns r\nd ! head are n[ tak5 9 su* a way z to cause ! /ick to b5d4 ,x is !n hurl$1 at a good elevation1 across ! /ream or gorge1 :]e a man :o has previ\sly cross$ is wait+ = x4 ,! /r+ once across1 a rope atta*$ to x foll[s4 ,no "o unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( ^! implem5ts w\ld believe t !y c\ld be ?r[n to ! incr$ible di/ances :i* !y at times rea*4 ,fig4 #a is an extempore lob/ick1 made by splitt+ ! h&le1 ins]t+ a pebble or suitable /one1 & !n la%+ ! divid$ /ick fa/ ) tw9e4 ,a l9e may be s5t ov] by an arr[ or rocket1 tak+ c>e t ! atta*m5t is made ) wire or raw hide1 s t x may n be burn$ ?r\gh4 ,or1 if ! rav9e be wide1 x may be c>ri$ ov] by a kite1 & if mat]ials are at h& ?is kite may be made l>ge en\gh to c>ry a man also4 ,!re is no fe> ( ! kite l9e break+4 ,if !re is rope en\gh to make a bridge1 !re mu/ be en\gh to fly a kite /rong en\gh to c>ry a man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pole ,,*a9s4 ,make%ift fa/5+s4 ,! communication be+ effect$ by any ( ^! means1 ! next ?+ is to haul ropes ( increas+ weight & p[] across till !y are /rong en\gh to haul ov] ! actual cables1 & ^! may be made ( v>i\s indig5\s mat]ials3 ! b>k ( ! mimosa1 ( ! baobab1 & o!r trees2 ! fibre ( yucca or aloe leaves1 or1 /ill bett]1 ( ^? ( ! ,phormium t5ax2 bu% v9es1 b9d we$1 or creep+ plants2 rattans1 grass1 or /rips ( palm leaf1 may be twi/$ into ropes2 or poles ( any /raight wood1 ( ne>ly ev5 ?ickness1 may be cut & us$ z l9ks ( a *a91 by be+ /rongly1 yet some:at loosely1 atta*$ to ea* o!r by %ort] l9ks ( rope4 ,sometimes1 if a hole be cut 9 ! butt ( "o tree1 ! "y bran*es ( ! o!r w be f\nd pliant en\gh to pass ?r\gh x1 & weave ar\nd ! /em & ! few =ks t may be left on x = t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cable ,,& ,,twig ,,bridge4 ,bamboo maybe p>tially cut away ne>ly up to a jo9t1 leav+ long /rips on ei!r side1 :i* be+ d\bl$ back on !mselves =m excell5t l9ks2 or !y may be split up & splic$ toge!r l ! /r&s ( a rope2 &1 f ! great numb] ( v small1 long1 & pliant bran*es gr[+ f e jo9t1 bamboo (f]s great facility = ! atta*m5t ( o!r fa/5+s at e foot ( its own l5g?4 ,cane & twig roadways4 ,! cables hav+ be5 /ret*$ across & securely fa/5$1 ! next requisite is ! con/ruction ( ! roadway4 ,if bamboo is ! mat]ial1 ! l>ge /ems may be cut into l5g?s ( ab\t #e;ft41 & split into f\r1 giv+ pieces (1 p]haps1 f #d;94 9 wid?42 ^! %\ld be laid ) ! convex side upw>ds1 project+ ab\t #a;ft4 beyond ! cables on ea* side1 & securely la%$ to !m--! small %oots already m5tion$ w v mat]ially assi/ ?is process4 ,if small] bamboo is ab\t to be us$1 x c be split into ?ree or f\r p>ts1 or put 9 place )\t splitt+4 ,small ropes %\ld be provid$ z h& rails or safety l9es1 & ^! mu/ be conf9$ to ! sides ( ! bridge by upright /an*eons ab\t #c;ft4 or #d;ft4 high1 & plac$ tol]ably close toge!r4 ,twig ropes /ret* v unequally 9 use4 ,rattans & creep]s are (t5 ( v great l5g?1 & pieces #ajjyds4 long1 & n above #a-a_/b;94 9 ?ickness1 may be dis5tangl$ 9 ! =e/4 ,^! c be utilis$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,sometimes a roadway is made ( %ort pieces ( wood susp5d$ at ei!r end f ! cables1 b 9 ?is case ! am\nt ( small l9e requir$ is great]2 &1 :at is ( m importance1 ! safety ( ! travell] dep5ds at e /ep on ! fa/5+ ( ! piece he treads on1 :ile 9 ! =m] case1 ev5 if ! fa/5+ 7 insecure1 ! cable w\ld support 8 weight4 ,besides ?is1 9 ord] t !y may n sw+ ap>t1 e piece mu/ be la%$ to its neighb\r2 & x seems m safe & economical to build ! roadway on ! cables1 & /ret* light] ones above !m = safety l9es4 ,bridge %e>s1 to con/ruct4 ,if ! rav9e is n v broad1 a tree1 su* z ! /em ( a tall palm1 :i* w (t5 be #fj;ft4 high1 & #a;ft4 9 ?ickness2 or a bamboo1 :i* w be sometimes #hj;ft4 or #ij;ft41 may be rais$1 & secur$ by /ays & guys 9 a v]tical position2 or1 /ill bett]1 two may be la%$ toge!r z %e> legs & !n rais$4 ,if ! gr\nd is good ?is ne$ n be done at ! v edge ( ! cliff1 = :5 once ! %e>s are ne>ly upright1 smoo? planks may be put "u ! butts ( ! sp>s1 & !y may be pu%$ or haul$ 9 any direction4 ,if m5 c f9d a passage to ! o!r side1 & c>ry ov] "s ( ! /ays & guys !re1 ! "w w be mu* facilitat$4 ,if n1 make ano!r pair ( %e>s exactly l ! fir/1 & lay !m horizontally on ! gr\nd1 ) _! butts re/+ aga9/ & fa/5$ to ^? ( ! upright ones2 let ! /ays come to ! head ( ^!1 slack !m a little till ! uprights incl9e =w>d #bj or #cj ov] ! gulf1 !n keep all fa/1 & all[ ! horizontal %e>s to rise z ! o!rs are l[]$1 keep+ a *eck ^u !m all ! :ile1 until ! fir/ are laid fairly across4 ,if ! gulf is wide1 ?is op]ation might be c>ri$ on f bo? sides till ! %e>s meet1 & c\ld be secur$ toge!r 9 ! middle1 z 9 our illu/ration2 & ! roadway c\ld !n be con/ruct$ betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,%e>s4 ,guano /ages at ,i*aboe ,:5 vessels fir/ w5t to ! isl& ( ,i*aboe = guano1 x 0 cu/om>y to require e new com] to br+ two or ?ree /\t sp>s = ! purpose ( ext5d+ ! l&+ jetty2 & z ea* _h ! b5efit ( ! sp>s left by =m] vessels1 s ea* 0 expect$ to leave h] own = ! use ( ^? :o foll[$4 ,ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( ! rocky bottom1 ?ickly cov]$ ) seawe$1 ! dep? ( wat]1 & ! di/ance f %ore at :i* ! surf began to break1 all ! ord9>y me?ods ( con/ruct+ a jetty 7 impracticable1 especially :5 ! object ( ea* capta9 0 to load 8 vessel z quickly & easily z possible1 & to get away )\t exp5d+ ! lab\r ( 8 crew on works m ?an suffici5t = 8 own s]vice4 ,besides ?is1 ev5 _h holes be5 bor$1 piles driv51 & a /ag+ laid d[n ^u !m1 ! plat=m1 if p]man5tly spik$ d[n1 w\ld inevitably h be5 torn up by ! surf 9 ev5 a mod]ate gale2 or1 if loosely laid1 w\ld h be5 liable to su* con/ant d]angem5t z to be practically useless4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! base1 :ile /rong4 en\gh to support ! traffic1 %\ld pres5t little or no surface = ! waves to act ^u1 & t ! roadway %\ld be s elevat$ t break]s c\ld n t\* x4 ,ev5 "u ^! conditions1 x 0 f\nd t ! fir/ /ructures 7 wa%$ away1 & o!r =ms _h to be adopt$2 ^! c\ld only be built on ! nor? & ea/ sides ( ! isl&2 !y 7 n less ?an #bjj;ft4 or #cjj;ft4 9 l5g?1 & seldom or nev] 9 a /raight l9e4 ,a heavy b[] an*or1 sometimes weight$ by sev]al l5g?s ( *a9 frapp$ r\nd x1 0 laid d[n well outside ! surf1 ) "o or two fifte5 fa?om l5g?s ( *a91 & to ! end ( ?is a /\t haws] 0 b5t on & c>ri$ to ! %ore1 pass+ ov] & la%$ to ! int]section ( a pair ( /\t poles set up z %e>s1 & ) its %ore end lead+ to ano!r an*or or secure fa/5+1 to :i*1 :5 ! /ructure 0 complet$1 x c\ld be tightly set up by means ( tackles4 ,! fir/ pair ( %e>s hav+ be5 erect$1 x 0 comp>atively easy to erect o!rs1 & (t5 z _m z a doz5 or sixte5 pairs 7 fix$1 ! haws] pass+ ov] & s]v+ z a ridge rope to !m all4 ,at ab\t #ab;ft4 above high wat] small] sp>s 7 la%$ =e & aft1 s z to connect all ! %e> legs on ei!r side ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! jetty1 & o!rs 7 laid across & well secur$ by cleats & la%+s betwe5 ea* pair ( legs1 ) "s at %ort] int]vals1 on :i* ! roadway 0 con/ruct$ ( planks & sp>s1 sometimes nail$1 b m g5]ally securely la%$4 ,at ! end ( ?is /ag+ 0 a small plat=m1 slung by tackles to ! out]mo/ pair ( %e>s1 & capable ( be+ rais$ or l[]$1 s t boats might lie alongside x ei!r at high or l[ wat]4 ,! fly+ railway4 ,o!r vessels1 n s well provid$ ) sp>s z to entitle !m to %>e 9 ! accommodation ( ^! /ages1 adopt$ a k9d ( fly+ railway1 su* z is us$ on ! rocky coa/ ( ! ,cape ,v]des = ! %ipm5t ( salt4 ,a /\t sp>1 #dj;ft4 or #ej;ft4 long1 or sometimes1 if ! vessel 0 totally unprovid$1 h] own ma9boom 0 tak5 a%ore4 ,small] sp>s 7 set up z %e>s1 & by ^! ! l>ge "o 0 erect$1 & /ay$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position z a d]rick4 ,! heavie/ b[] an*or1 ) sev]al fa?oms ( *a91 0 laid outside ! surf1 9 ?irty or =ty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,a /\t haws] 0 b5t on to ! end ( ! *a91 c>ri$ to ! d]rick head1 & hit*$ r\nd x or o!rwise secur$2 & ! %ore end 0 ext5d$ inl& t[>d ano!r an*or1 to :i* x 0 haul$ taut by a p[]ful tackle4 ,ano!r tackle s]v$ to raise ! guano bags to ! d]rick head1 & on ! haws] travell$ a l>ge snat* or nat* block 7s call$ because "o ( its sides is not*$ to admit any "p ( a l9e1 ! end ( :i* _c conv5i5tly be reev$ ?r\gh74 ,a man1 seat$ on a k9d ( cross-tree1 w\ld pass ! hook ( ! travell+ block into ! sl+s ( ! bags :5 !y 7 hoi/$1 & w\ld deta* ! hook ( ! tackle1 & ! bags 7 eas$ d[n to ! boat ly+ out1 :]e ! haws] ne>ly rea*$ ! sea by a /\t l9e pass+ ?r\gh a s+le block at ! d]rick head4 ,g5]ally1 ! travell+ block alone _h to be br\ght back2 b if provisions or o!r /ores 7 to be l&$1 !y 7 hook$ on be=e x return$4 ,pass5g]s w\ld be l&$ or emb>k$ 9 ! same mann]2 sometimes 9 a /\t basket1 or 9 a cask cut into ! fa%ion ( an arm-*air2 b m g5]ally1 9 disda9 ( su* luxuries1 9 ! loops ( a d\ble b[l9e--! bold] spirits glory+ 9 be+ let g by ! run1 & glid+ d[n ! haws] j z ! ,russians d 9 _! sl$ges on artificial ice hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guano ,,/age ,,& ,,fly+ ,,railway ,,at ,,i*aboe4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t 9 ! erection ( "s make%ift contrivance1 or ! lay+ out ( a gr\nd plan = future op]ations1 "s r\gh & ready mode ( levell+ w be ne$$4 ,levell+4 ,! ,dut* ,african f>m]s use a v simple & effective level 9 lay+ out wat] furr[s = ! irrigation ( _! f>ms1 &1 :5 x is und]/ood t ev5 on v fav\rable gr\nd ^! furr[s are (t5 two miles long1 x w be se5 t "s little eng9e]+ is requir$4 ,!y take a table1 ! long] ! bett]1 & hav+ te/$ its surface by ! eye1 & by l9es /ret*$ across1 !y place on ea* end a l>ge bas9 fill$ to ! brim ) wat]4 ,:5 ^! are p]fectly full )\t ov]fl[+1 ! sight is tak5 ov] !m at a /aff set up ^u ! next /ation1 & ! height ( ! m>k on ?is1 less ! height ( ! table & bas91 gives ! diff]5ce ( level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\?-,,african ,,levell+ ,,table4 ,we _h a tube ( t9 #d;ft4 long & #a;94 diamet]1 ) two pieces ( glass tube b5t upw>d1 pass+ ?r\gh corks 9 ei!r end1 s t1 by us+ wat] col\r$ ) *>coal or mud1 we c\ld at once obs]ve ! true level4 ,a long bamboo or re$ clos$ at ! ends1 b op5 9 all its int]m$iate l5g?1 w d j z well1 & !re is no necessity t x %\ld be /raight4 ,small] pieces ( re$1 #c;94 or #d;94 long1 %\ld be set up 9 ea* end1 & ! bore ( ^! mu/ be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! wat] to fl[ freely to its natural level4 ,! top ( ^! may be not*$ = sights l ^? ( a rifle1 or slid+ sights may be fitt$ on ! side ( !m4 ,?is in/rum5t may be us$ = tak+ v]tical angles by fix+ ! eyesight ^u a pivot1 m>k+ ! place ( ! =esight on ! /aff1 :5 ! level has be5 tak52 !n p\r+ away ! wat]1 sight+ ! top ( ! object1 m>k+ ! elevation ^u ! /aff1 & !n ei!r draw+ ! obta9$ angle on pap]1 or tak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! base & p]p5dicul>1 & !n work+ out ! result by ! rule ( ?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,deod> ,,beam ,,bridge4 ,deod> bridges4 ,"o ( ! bridges ov] ! ,sutlej is =m$ ( l5g?y deod> c$> beams1 support$ at ei!r end by pi]s =m$ ( v /rong timb]s w$g$ = half _! l5g? 9 ! solid rock1 ! next timb]s ov]lapp+ ^? on :i* !y re/ by #b;ft4 or #c;ft41 ^! 9 turn be+ ov]lapp$ by o!rs1 till ! space betwe5 is s mu* dim9i%$1 t x c be spann$ by ! long deod> beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,rope ,,bridge4 ,rope bridges4 ,! ,jhula1 or rope bridge1 has a k9d ( seat slung to x1 capable ( be+ haul$ to & fro by l9es to ei!r bank1 & ! live /ock1 z well z ! baggage ( pass5g]s1 is secur$ to ?is & s5t across4 ,o!r bridges are made ( ropes ( bir* twigs1 two ( :i* are /ret*$ across f rude pi]s ^u ! banks1 & f ^!1 hang cradle l1 a cont9u\s hurdle ( ! same frail mat]ial s]v+ z a footway1 & atta*$ to ! ropes by a sort ( op5 basket "w1 a c\ple ( small] ropes /ret*$ b5ea? help+ to support ! roadway4 ,?is1 app>5tly1 by its own weight & ! unequal /ret*+ ( its p>ts1 soon gets out ( ord]1 & ! passage is a some:at haz>d\s feat 7see illu/ration1 p4 #cce74 ,d]is1 to make4 ,sometimes ! riv]s are cross$ on d]is1 or sk9s ( bullocks1 :i* are ?us prep>$3 ,"o cut is made along "o h9d leg1 ! sk9 is !n turn$ =w>d & /ripp$ (f uncut1 except at ! hocks & knees2 x is buri$ a few days to facilitate ! removal ( ! hair2 x is !n aga9 turn$ inside out1 & ! op5+s ( ! eyes1 m\?1 c41 sewn up2 x is !n turn$ back aga91 & ! incision /it*$ toge!r ) ?ongs ( raw hide2 ! op5 ends ( ! limbs are ti$1 except "o1 :i* is left z a tube to inflate ! sk92 ! ?9 t> ( ! deod>1 or o!r p9es1 is p\r$ 9 & %ak5 ab\t till ! fle% side is well *>g$ ) x1 & ! outside is tann$ ) an infusion ( pomegranate husks4 ,a d\ble cord is fa/5$ r\nd ! inflat$ sk91 across :i* ! wat]man lies on 8 *e/1 hold+ ! /r+ ) 8 left h& & work+ a %ort paddle ) ! "r1 assi/+ himself also ) 8 feet4 ,! pass5g]1 ) z mu* baggage z he c c>ry1 sits a/ride on ! f]ryman's back1 ) 8 knees on ! sk94 ,:5 heavy goods are to be c>ri$1 two sk9s are br\ght toge!r1 ea* man lay+ hold ( a project+ leg ( ! o!r sk91 & a frame--(t5 ( a *>pai1 or ,indian b$/ead--is laid ^u _! backs to receive ! load4 ,horses or mules are made to swim1 ! f]ryman lead+ !m by ! halt]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! inflat$ sk91 :5 c>ri$ by ! wat]man1 is mo/ ludicr\s 7see p4 #ccc72 b :5 ! air is let out x packs v conv5i5tly4 ,x is exce$+ly s]viceable1 co/s ab\t #cs41 & weighs ab\t #aflb4 ,raft]1 plank1 & slab bridges4 ,v neat & effective bridges may be made on ! raft] pr9ciple1 :i* our engrav+ at p4 #cjc w suffici5tly illu/rate4 ,! roadway1 ei!r horizontal1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 or ) m or less rise 9 ! c5tre1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 be+ support$ by ! k+-po/s1 a tol]ably broad riv] may be spann$ by a bridge support$ on lattic$-work$ sides1 l a numb] ( ,,xxxx's set up )\t int]v5+ spaces2 b ?is w\ld require skill$ workman%ip & secure fa/5+4 ,ar*es ( great /r5g? may be made ( ?9 planks laid "o ^u ano!r2 a doz5 in* planks w\ld ?us give an ar*$ beam #a;ft4 9 ?ickness1 & :5 prop]ly clamp$1 or b\nd toge!r1 exce$+ly /rong4 ,?is beam may be easily l5g!n$1 no jo9+ or sc>p+ ( ! individual planks is requir$1 _! ends may simply butt aga9/ ea* o!r2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t no two jo9ts come ev5 ne>ly toge!r1 or mu* ( ! /r5g? w be ?r[n away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plank ,,ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,slab ,,& ,,tre/le ,,bridge4 ,_m ,*9ese bridges are con/ruct$ ) slabs ( /one1 set up mu* 9 ! mann] ( ^? at ,/oneh5ge4 ,a numb] ( bridges ( ?is description1 =m$ entirely ( granite1 are to be se5 on ! ,corni% moors4 ,an ,indian army 0 once s5t to act aga9/ an enemy accu/om$ to a cold] clime4 ,a broad riv] *eck$ ! advance ( ! ,indians1 :o _h to rema9 day aft] day %iv]+ f cold :i* _! enemies bore ) impunity2 b _! lead] obs]v$ t ice 0 =m+ on ! riv]1 &1 ?\gh ! /rong curr5t kept ! c5tre cle>1 he f\nd a place "s miles bel[ ! ho/ile camp :]e x _h ne>ly unit$4 ,by pu%+ =w>d poles & faggots into ! wat] he made a nucleus on :i* fre% ice 0 =m$1 & be=e morn+ he _h suffici5tly bridg$ ! riv] to all[ ( ! passage ( a few m5 :o held _! position till ! re/ c\ld cross4 ,h9ts on =d+ riv]s4 ,9 =d+ deep & rapid /reams1 ! t5d5cy ( ! body to float greatly dim9i%es ! p[] to resi/ ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,we h se5 a %ort & compactly built man1 /ruggl+ aga9/ ?is difficulty1 :5 a c\ple ( tall aborig9es came to 8 assi/ance1 & ) mi/ak5 zeal put _! h&s "u 8 arms to hold him up1 till he expla9$ t he want$ !m r to press ^u 8 %\ld]s & keep him d[n4 ,a deta*m5t ( our troops f\nd !mselves be=e a =d :]e ! /ream 0 deep & /rong1 & :ile !y hesitat$1 ! tall guide pick$ up a heavy /one1 plac$ x on 8 head1 & walk$ safely ?r\gh4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! =d :i* is safe = ! fir/ man is n always s = ! la/4 ,an anci5t g5]al attempt$ ! passage ( a riv]1 b ! trampl+ ( ! m5 & horses loos5$ ! s&1 ! /ream swept x away1 re9=cem5ts 7 unable to come up1 ! advance 0 beat51 & 9 attempt+ to recross ! riv]1 numb]s 7 dr[n$1 ow+ to ! increase 9 ! dep? ( wat]4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries native pa?s w lead to ! practicable =ds1 & v frequ5tly villages w be e/abli%$ ne> !m1 s t in=mation & guides may g5]ally be obta9$4 ,9 ! ,cape colony1 p :o live ne> ! drifts or =ds ( l>ge riv]s frequ5tly keep spans or teams ( p[]ful ox5 = ! sole purpose ( draw+ ! waggons ( travell]s across1 & ^! are g5]ally l$ by "s /\t "y fell[ on a horse t is also well accu/om$ to ! locality4 ,x w (t5 happ5 9 ! c\rse ( exploration t ! travell] w h to f9d ! %all[ places = himself4 ,reefs1 or edges ( /rata1 runn+ across ! riv] are1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s en\gh1 b to f9d mod]ate %all[s 9 a riv] ( m ev5 dep? is n q s easy2 ! be/ way1 !re=e1 is to foll[ ! w9d+s1 be>+ 9 m9d g5]ally x is bett] to seek up ! riv] ?an d[n :]e fre% tribut>ies increase x4 ,9 all ! holl[s :]e ! /ream imp+es /rongly ^u ! banks !y are g5]ally v /eep1 ) consid]able dep? ( wat]1 :ile ! po9ts w be f\nd to slope d[nw>d ) %oals ext5d+ f !m1 & !re is g5]ally an eddy or return curr5t on ! upp] side2 !re=e1 if a po9t c be f\nd1 ) ano!r some:at bel[ x on ! o!r side1 a =d may reasonably be look$ =1 especially if ! wid? betwe5 ! po9ts seems great] ?an usual4 ,a =d seldom leads /raight across a riv]1 & !re is little use 9 look+ = "o 9 a holl[ or "u a /eep bank4 ,abyss9ian mule plat=ms4 ,mr4 ,p]cival1 :o has travell$ mu* 9 ,abyss9ia1 tells u t he us$ :at he calls portable incl9es to facilitate ! passage ( 8 long & heavily-lad5 mule tra9s ov] difficult places1 especially su* z ! p]p5dicul> edges ( /ratifi$ rock #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 9 ?ickness1 :i* to lad5 mules w\ld be z impassable z precipices ( a ?\s& times ! height4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 he employ$ "o or m mules 9 c>ry+ r\ghly-made plat=ms ( /\t poles ab\t #aj;ft4 long1 ) o!rs la%$ across !m1 ladd] fa%ion1 s z to pres5t a surface ( ab\t #aj;ft4 by #b;ft4 ,x w\ld be ! duty ( ! driv]s ( ^! mules to h1 at lea/1 "o ( !m well to ! front 9 anticipation ( any difficulty2 ! plat=m w\ld !n be laid d[n1 ! tra9 w\ld walk ov] x & pass on1 leav+ x 9 ! re> to be load$ up aga9 & br\ght on1 :ile "o ( ! o!r plat=m mules w\ld pass to ! front 9 ord] to be ready = ! next difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portable ,,incl9es ,,us$ ,,9 ,,abyss9ia4 ,! l5g? ( ^! w\ld dep5d on ! height ( l$ge ( rock to be m\nt$4 ,suppose ! /rata 7 #c;ft4 9 ?ickness1 !n a plat=m ( #d;ft4 #f;94 w\ld pres5t a surface ly+ at an angle ( #de1 :ile "o ( #g;ft4 #f;94 w\ld lie at #bb2 ?is1 = %ort di/ances1 w\ld n be at all a difficult incl9e ei!r to desc5d or to climb1 & plat=ms ( #aj;ft4 w\ld give pl5ty ( sp>e end to re/ on ! support+ edges1 & w\ld n be v inconv5i5t 9 c>riage4 ,mr4 ,p]cival says he has made !m ( wattl$ or hurdle "w f #ab;ft4 or #ae;ft4 up to #bd;ft4 9 l5g?1 & yet s light t "o mule has c>ri$ two ( !m2 & 9 foll[+ :at are call$ ! torr5t roads1 at ! bottom ( deep rav9es1 ^! w\ld come into requisition at e few hundr$ y>ds4 ,x 0 9 su* rav9es z ^! t mo/ disa/r\s ev5ts 7 anticipat$ by travell]s :o knew ! difficulties ( ! c\ntry1 )\t be+ at ! same "t aw>e ( ! skill & res\rces ( our milit>y eng9e]s4 ,9 native w>f>e an army might be wat*$ into a place f :i* escape is hopeless1 & 9 ! dry season ! grass w\ld be !n fir$ at ! entrance & ! exit2 or 9 ! ra9s1 "s small riv] might be p>tially damm$ up s z to accumulate a quantity ( wat]1 :i* be+ let loose at ! prop] mom5t by ! dragg+ out ( a pole t s]ves z a trigg] to let g ! re/ ( ! imp$im5ts1 w\ld sweep d[n ^u & ov]:elm ! helpless enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]s' ,,sw+ ,,& ,,ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,escape ,,pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,scal+ ,,ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rope ,,& ,,*a9 ,,ladd]s4 ,natural bridges4 ,besides ! modes ( cross+ riv]s or rav9es be=e describ$1 !re are v>i\s me?ods ( pass+ ov] comp>atively n>r[ imp$im5ts to ! onw>d j\rney4 ,a *ance tree1 /orm fell$ across ! /ream or gully1 n unfrequ5tly af=ds ! requisite footway )\t ! exp5diture ( lab\r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 localities 9 :i* old holl[ logs1 ca/ 9 ?is mann] across wat]1 are to be look$ on ) "s degree ( suspicion1 z ! foll[+ incid5t ( travel w s]ve to %[3 ,an old fri5d ( ours *anc$ "o day to arrive mu* fatigu$ at ! br9k ( a tropical /ream1 :i* _h "o ( ^! natural bridges ?r[n by "s /orm across x4 ,be=e pass+ ov]1 he lit 8 fire1 cook$ 8 food1 & indulg$ 9 a quiet smoke2 happ5+ to ca/ 8 eye along ! fall5 tree trunk1 he p]ceiv$ some?+ ( r s9i/] appe>ance1 9 sl[ motion1 on its surface4 ,on look+ m closely1 he saw a huge py?on1 half 9 & half out ( a hole 9 ! log1 app>5tly enjoy+ ! rays ( ! mid-day sun4 ,! b>k ( ! tree ne> to ! bank1 on :i* our fri5d 0 sitt+1 0 worn q smoo? by ! passage ( num]\s animals1 & !re is no d\bt t ?is =midable toll collector _h long enjoy$ ! monopoly ( 8 tree bridge4 ,our fri5d select$ ano!r cross+ place less c>efully gu>d$4 ,small /reams1 or ! n>r[ *annels ( swamps1 may be easily & exp$iti\sly cross$ by ! aid ( ! leap+ pole4 ,leap+ poles4 ,tall bamboos or t\gh1 /raight1 well-gr[n poles are suitable = ! purpose4 ,9 s(t f5 gr\nd1 x is a good plan to %oe ! bottom ( ! pole ) a piece ( flat1 /rong wood1 =m$ some:at aft] ! mann] ( a half ball1 ) a hole 9 ! middle = ! reception ( ! end ( ! pole4 ,9 explor+ ! cliffs at ! edges ( rav9es1 ! metal seek] n unfrequ5tly sw+s himself f l$ge to l$ge by ! aid ( a rope atta*$ above1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,! cliff climb]s1 :o se>* = ! eggs ( sea-f[l1 roam ab\t at times 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,9 desc5d+ f po9ts ( dang]1 :]e a leap = life af=ds ! only hope ( escape1 advantage may be tak5 ( ! contrivance :i* 0 us$ by ! rebels at ,kotah1 9 ,india1 dur+ ! mut9y4 ,!y1 on be+ pu%$ h>d by our troops1 :o _h ga9$ possession to ! approa*es to _! =tifi$ works )9 ! t[n1 bolt$ l rabbits 9 a w>r51 & made = an embrasure1 or r casemate1 9 "o ( ! ba/ions ( ! out] wall2 f ?is !y ?ru/ out a /rong1 b flexible bamboo pole1 f ! end ( :i* a rope dep5d$4 ,! inn] end ( ! bamboo 0 secur$ by heavy weights be+ plac$ on x4 ,! fugitives work$ _! way out by cl++ "u ! pole1 until !y 9 turn rea*$ ! rope at ! end1 :5 !y slid d[n to ! end1 & !n dropp$ (f into ! dry dit*4 ,judg+ f ! imm5se height ( ! ba/ion1 & ! rocky nature ( ! gr\nd1 we %\ld h _h b fa9t hopes ( escape ) life2 b !re is little d\bt t _m :o brav$ ! p]il ( ! fall escap$ m or less injur$4 ,make%ift ladd]s4 ,we _h no means at h& ( measur+ ! bamboo1 b %\ld judge x r\ghly at #dj;ft4 ,! illu/ration on p4 #cdg w s]ve to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 made use (4 ,n f> f ! ba/ion j ref]r$ to1 we f\nd a numb] ( ,indian scal+ ladd]s4 ,!y 7 mu* 9 appe>ance l l>ge bamboo hurdles4 ,! canes compos+ !m 7 b\nd at _! int]sections ) /rips ( twi/$ cane4 ,!y 71 = _! size1 rem>kably light2 & ! nature ( ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1 & ! way 9 :i* !y 7 put toge!r1 made !m imm5sely /rong4 ,a numb] ( m5 abrea/ might h asc5d$ !m easily4 ,!re are _m =ms ( make%ift ladd]s1 among/ :i*1 p]haps1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,! ord9>y rope ladd] is too well kn[n to ne$ m ?an a pass+ comm5t4 ,! rope & batt5 ladd] is p]haps n q s well kn[n1 b is f> m easy to m\nt & dism\nt2 its =m is %[n at ,a 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,two /rong *a9s1 & a set ( suitable siz$ b>s1 =m a v useful k9d ( ladd]1 mu* 9 use among m9]s2 its mode ( arrangem5t is %[n at ,b 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica & "s o!r c\ntries1 ! not*$ log ladd] is mu* us$ bo? 9 m9+ & surface op]ations4 ,x is1 z its "n implies1 a log not*$ deeply to receive ! feet & h&s ( ! climb]s4 ,ano!r =m ( log ladd] is made by bor+ a r[ ( aug] holes at equal di/ances1 say #b;ft4 ap>t1 & !n driv+ long /\t tre5ails ?r\gh !m1 s t ea* end ( ! tre5ail may project beyond ! side ( ! log1 = a h& & foot hold4 ,long =k$ bran*es may h _! lat]al %oots cut (f at conv5i5t di/ances ap>t1 s z to =m a footway ( %ort prongs4 ,a r[ ( spikes or tre5ails may be driv5 into ! side ( a cliff1 a wall1 or ! trunk ( a tree to climb up by4 ,! natives ( _m wild c\ntries adopt ?is me?od1 ab\t :i* we %all h m to say :5 ! subject ( tree-climb+ is "u consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,peg1 ,,bran*1 ,,& ,,log ,,ladd]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&+ ,,by ,,sw++ ,,d]rick4 ,l&+ d]rick4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 ! op]ation ( l&+ f a boat1 or emb>k+ f ! quays or jetties built out into ! sea1 is r5d]$ bo? difficult & dang]\s by ! great range imp>t$ to ! boat by ! roll ( ! swell1 :i* 9 ! ,ea/]n seas is at times v great4 ,9 su* situations1 x is a good plan to h a /\t po/ set 9 ! masonry1 or 9 a hole made 9 ! rock1 & to ! top ( ?is po/ a swivel crut*1 :i* holds ! trunnions ( a long project+ arm1 l t ( an ,egyptian well lev]1 to ! small end ( :i* a rope & cross-b> are securely fa/5$4 ,to ! %ort1 heavy end1 sev]al m ropes are atta*$1 by :i* :5 ! p]son to be l&$ has ei!r grasp$ ! cross-b>1 or seat$ himself on x1 ! contrivance is at once rais$ al(t1 & turn$ /eadily b rapidly inw>d1 :5 by eas+ (f1 ! man is all[$ to drop easily to 8 feet on solid gr\nd4 ,!re us$ to be su* a contrivance z ?is at ,/4 ,hel5a1 by ! aid ( :i* we h (t5 l&$4 ,! illu/ration on p4 #cdi w s]ve to %[ h[ ! app>atus is manag$ & con/ruct$4 ,a b>rel1 /\tly la%$ ) rope1 fitt$ ) a seat1 & cut away at ! side1 s z to admit ( ! travell] sitt+ 9 x1 z 9 a *air1 is us$ = ladies or invalids1 :o are slung 9 x at ! end ( ! arm1 & haul$ 9 z above describ$4 ,bridges ( boats4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to con/ruct bridges ( boats2 & ^! are (t5 works ( great magnitude1 requir+ a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial1 especially :5 an army ) artill]y & baggage waggons has to cross4 ,:e!r l>ge or small1 ! me?od ( proce$+ mu/ be ne>ly ! same4 ,fir/1 a numb] ( /\t beams mu/ be collect$1 suffici5t to make a d\ble l9e across ! riv]1 ) _! ends ov]lapp+ ea* o!r by m ?an ! bread? ( ! boats t are to support !m4 ,! boats %\ld be br\ght to ! %ore & moor$ a little above ! site ( ! int5d$ bridge4 ,if an*ors are procurable1 !y %\ld be laid at regul> int]vals across ! riv]2 a buoy %\ld be atta*$ to ! end ( ea* cable1 & a small l9e %\ld lead f ! f>!/ to ea* ne>] "o 9 succession1 till !y are all connect$ ) ! %ore4 ,a sub/antial frame ( beams %\ld be con/ruct$ at ! edge ( ! bank1 & a boat br\ght alongside x rid+ by ! fir/ cable1 & secur$ by a tempor>y moor+ to ! %ore4 ,two beams mu/ be laun*$ across h] ne> ! head & /]n1 & firmly la%$ to ! ?w>ts & /r+]s4 ,! boat mu/ n[ be swung out to ! full ext5t ( ! beams2 ! second cable mu/ be laid hold (1 & ! fir/ ca/ (f & haul$ to %ore = ! next boat1 :i* is dropp$ d[n /ream "u ! %ore end ( ! beams1 :i* are laid ^u h] gunwales & made fa/ !re2 :ile two o!rs are pu%$ f ! %ore & fa/5$ to h] z ! fir/ pair 7 to ! fir/ boat4 ,int]m$iate beams1 if requisite1 c be laid1 & plank+ la%$ or p9n$ ^u !m s z to complete t "p ( ! plat=m4 ,!n o!r beams & plank+1 suffici5t = a simil> plat=m1 %\ld be br\ght on bo>d1 = ! purpose ( f9i%+ ! bridge :5 ?is pair ( boats rea*es ! o!r %ore4 ,! out]mo/ boat %\ld n[ pick up ! ?ird cable1 & pass ! second to ! inn] "o2 :ile ! fir/ cable %\ld be tak5 by a ?ird boat1 :i* w drop d[n betwe5 ! o!rs & ! %ore1 to receive h] portion ( ! plat=m2 & s on 9 succession until ! bridge1 complet$ z x goes on1 ext5ds s ne>ly to ! o!r %ore t ! loose mat]ial c>ri$ by ! fir/ pair ( boats s]ves to complete ! connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exp$i5ts ,,= ,,boat ,,bridges4 ,an*ors may be extemporis$ f =k$ bran*es ( trees--! h>d] & heavi] ! bett]4 ,^! %\ld h /ones or iron la%$ to !m1 9 ord] to give weight4 ,sev]al =ks %\ld be left on ! ma9 /em1 & po9t$ to insure _! hold+4 ,if *>r$ 9 ! fire1 s mu* ! bett]1 z _! durability & /r5g? are mu* increas$ by ! process4 ,if !re is b "o =k1 c>e mu/ be tak5 s to balance ! an*or ) ! /one bel[ & ! cable above1 or a /ock la%$ across1 t ?is =k or arm %all be sure to take ! gr\nd4 ,! bridge may be also %or$ aga9/ ! /ream by bran*es1 ) _! =ks tak+ ! beams1 :ile _! l[] ends1 weight$ by /ones1 re/ aga9/ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,/ones are ( no use z an*ors1 z !y lose s mu* ( _! specific gravity :5 imm]s$2 b if a heavy /one c be dropp$ beyond a cleft 9 ! rock1 z 9 our sket*1 x w hold well4 ,if no an*ors or sub/itutes c be _h1 ! cables may be made fa/ to a /\t tree z f> up ! /ream z possible2 & be+ br\ght 9 ^u ! inn] b[ ( ea* boat1 %e w take ! /ream ^u t side & be =c$ outw>d4 ,! rudd]1 if %e has "o1 w assi/ 9 ?is1 b x is n mat]ial1 z %e c be kept at ! prop] angle by mak+ ! =emo/ beam a little long] ?an ! aft] "o4 ,if ! bridge is con/ruct$ s l[ d[n ! riv] z to be )9 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 an*ors are indisp5sable1 & ea* boat mu/ be moor$ head & /]n1 z %[n 9 "o ( ! examples 9 our illu/ration2 or1 if !re be b "o cable to hold h] aga9/ ! ebb1 %ores may be set s z to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! flood1 unless a great rise & fall1 or viol5t ru% at ! turn ( ! tide1 %\ld r5d] x unsafe to use !m4 ,if boats _c be _h1 two or ?ree l>ge casks1 plac$ end to end & firmly la%$ to poles laid p>allel to _! l5g?1 may be us$ at ea* junction ( ! beams2 or if a numb] ( small ones c be obta9$1 !y may be collect$ )9 a triangul> frame ( poles2 b 9 any case ea* float mu/ be suffici5tly buoyant to keep ! bridge at lea/ #c;ft4 cle> ( ! wat]1 if !re is any curr5t2 if !re is none1 ! plat=m may ev5 t\* ! wat]1 & be p>tially su/a9$ by x4 ,9 our sket* we h omitt$ all b a small portion ( ! plank+1 9 ord] to %[ m cle>ly ! mann] ( connect+ ! framework4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bamboo ,,c>ry+ ,,frame ,,& ,,p>buckl+ ,,log4 ,c>ry+1 roll+1 & p>buckl+ heavy sp>s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india & ,*9a v heavy weights are c>ri$ by an +5i\s framework ( bamboo4 ,a /\t pole is cross$ at its ends by two light] ones1 & ea* ( ^! aga9 by two o!rs1 ea* ( :i* is aga9 cross$ by small] ones #b;94 or #c;94 9 diamet] & #f;ft4 or #h;ft4 long2 ! sixte5 ends ( ^! are rais$ on ! %\ld]s ( z _m m52 ! weight is slung to ! c5tre ( ! l>g] beam1 & borne ) ease & com=t on ! ela/ic frame4 ,9 our illu/ration 7p4 #ceb71 two gangs ( coolies are repres5t$ c>ry+ a tree1 b m c\ld be employ$ if requisite4 ,= roll+1 ! tree %\ld be cle>$ ( project+ /umps z mu* z possible2 long skids %\ld be plac$ "u x1 & if ! ends f :i* ! tree is to be roll$ c be elevat$ by w$ges or o!rwise1 s z to make an incl9$ plane = x to roll d[n s mu* ! bett]2 at all ev5ts1 get ! ?ick end "u ! tree & let ! ?9 end be 9 ! direction t y wi% to roll x4 ,p>buckl+ is effect$ by mak+ fa/ ! end ( a l9e to a /ump or o!r holdfa/ 9 ! requir$ direction1 !n br++ ! end ( ! l9e "u ! log1 & tak+ "o or m cle> turns1 br++ ! end back ov] x & haul+ on4 ,a few h&s judici\sly us+ h&spikes or lev]s w greatly assi/ ?is op]ation4 ,ladd]s4 ,!re are times :5 ! pr9ciple ( ! common /ep-ladd] might be advantage\sly rememb]$2 & a travell] :o expect$ to h mu* climb+ might h "o ( ^? 9 :i* a groove is run 9 ! inside ( ea* /&>d1 & ! rungs1 work+ on pivots1 are %ut up into x1 ! :ole =m+ a light & compact pole1 :i* a man might easily c>ry on 8 %\ld]4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be *eap] & bett] to pur*ase ?is at home ?an to make x abroad4 ,a rope & batt5 ladd] is m easily made4 ,! rope is d\bl$1 an eye is turn$ 9 to ! bight1 holes are bor$ 9 ! ends ( ! /eps or rungs1 ! ends ( ! rope are pass$ ?r\gh1 & d\ble knots turn$ on to keep ea* /ep 9 place4 ,a light ladd]1 ei!r ( ?is k9d or t previ\sly describ$1 ) a coil ( rope to fl+ ov] ! l[] bran*es1 w\ld enable a botani/ or collector ( birds or insects to climb _m trees o!rwise inaccessible4 ,fire-escapes4 ,9 case ( fire 9 a t[n1 if any?+--say ! end ( a s(a or "p ( a b$ frame--c\ld be project$ only #a;ft4 or #b;ft4 f a w9d[1 & weight$ by a *e/ ( draw]s on its inn] end1 x w\ld =m :at p]sons unskill$ 9 climb+ s mu* require--a cle> po9t ( dep>ture2 & ! blankets1 %eets1 & cov]lets torn into /rips ( n less ?an #d;94 or #f;94 wide1 & twi/$ into a two-/r&$ rope1 c\ld be fa/5$ to ?is & us$--fir/1 to l[] ! m helpless p]sons into ! /reet1 &1 f9ally1 = ! active to glide d[n by4 ,x w\ld be too mu* to expect1 z has be5 propos$1 t e h\se %\ld h a coil ( rope1 b x is well to rememb] t if !re be only a ball ( /r+ x may s]ve to haul up /rong] l9es1 br\ght by volunte]s f )\t4 ,if infants are to be l[]$1 x is bett] to put !m 9 a bag ?an to tie a rope r\nd _! bodies2 a c\ple ( pill[ cases w\ld be /rong en\gh1 & !re w\ld be no fe> ( suffocation dur+ ! m9ute or two ( _! desc5t4 ,a man may tie a *ild on 8 back or desc5d ) x 9 8 arms1 b x is mu* saf] to l[] x sep>ately4 ,if flames are bur/+ f ! w9d[s b5ea?1 p]haps ! rope may be tak5 to ! next l[] /ory ( ! opposite h\se s z to avoid ! dang] ( burn+ ! rope or scor*+ ^? :o desc5d4 ,( regul> fire-escapes we ne$ say no?+1 z :]e !y are provid$ compet5t p]sons1 v frequ5tly seam51 are appo9t$ to "w !m2 b x is well to be> 9 m9d t1 z ! prop]ty ( flame & heat$ air is to asc5d1 a man creep+ close to ! floor may (t5 trav]se 9 safety a *amb] ! upp] "p ( :i* is impracticable4 ,a t[el or piece ( %eet+ dipp$ 9 wat] & ti$ r\nd ! m\? & nose w prev5t heat$ smoke & p>ticles ( burn+ matt] f ent]+ ! air passages1 & ?us enable a p]son to /ruggle = life 9 situations :]e suffocation w\ld be inevitable )\t "s su* exp$i5t = its pres]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,timb] ,,& ,,its ,,utilisation4 ,extraction ( sap4 ,we h be=e /at$ t timb] %\ld nev]1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 be fell$ ) ! sap 9 x2 /ill1 dur+ ! vicissitudes ( r\gh travel1 x w frequ5tly happ5 t1 9 ord] to execute repairs imp]atively ne$$1 ! trees mu/ be cut d[n1 hewn into =m1 & made use ( at once4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! object w be to get rid ( ! sap :i* fills all ! m9ute pores & tubes ( ! wood z quickly z possible4 ,to d ?is1 a tr5*1 proportion$ 9 l5g? & dep? to ! quantity & size ( ! timb] to be treat$1 mu/ be dug 9 ! e>?4 ,lay 9 ! logs1 aft] d5ud+ !m ( _! lat]al bran*es1 fill ! tr5* ) wat]1 & let !m soak 9 x :il/ y build a /rong h>d wood fire4 ,:5 ?is is ?or\ghly ignit$ ?r[ a numb] ( l>ge heavy /ones into x1 & z !y become r$ hot )draw !m ) twi/$ /icks1 & ?r[ !m into ! tr5* until ! wat] boils actively4 ,cont9ue to d ?is until !re are a numb] ( heat$ /ones 9 ! already boil+ sludge2 ?r[ !n a ?ick lay] ( clay1 turf1 & e>?1 ov] ! :ole mass1 & leave x to /eam & /ew = ! night4 ,a l>ge log1 int5d$ = ! axle ( a waggon or o!r heavy "w1 may be1 ) advantage1 subject$ to a second application ( ! same process1 :5 x w be f\nd mu* m t\gh & durable ?an if conv]t$ ) ! raw sap 9 x4 ,season+ wood4 ,be=e proce$+ to fell a gr[+ tree = imm$iate use1 x is well to se>* c>efully ab\t = a dead /orm-ca/ trunk ( ! k9d requir$1 :i* w1 z a rule1 be f\nd 9 tol]able condition4 ,:5 a dept is =m$1 or a po9t select$ z a r5dezv\s1 x is advisable to fell a few trees1 & let !m lay 9 /ore1 s to speak1 until !y are want$4 ,cutt+ a deep not* r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce ( a tree1 & lett+ x /& until requir$ = use1 mu* improves ! quality ( ! wood4 ,:5 practicable1 & "t w all[1 x is well to leave logs ( timb] int5d$ = season+ to soak 9 riv]s1 lakes1 or arms ( ! sea2 b x is wise1 at ! same "t1 to asc]ta91 by ! exam9ation ( pieces ( wood :i* h fall5 accid5tally into ! wat]1 :e!r any ( ! creatures addict$ to timb] bor+ are f\nd 9 ! locality4 ,! riv]s fl[+ into ! ,black ,sea ab\nd ) ! ,t]$o navalis1 or %ip worm1 to su* an ext5t t float+ logs v %ortly become s p]=at$ z to be p]fectly useless except = firewood4 ,mu* ( ! timb] we obta9$ 9 t "p ( ! _w 0 defective on acc\nt ( ! depr$ations ( ?is pe/1 ^: range1 un=tunately1 is a pretty wide "o2 & 8 works1 & ^? ( o!r bor]s1 are !re=e to be jeal\sly look$ = 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a propos$ salt or bracki% wat] timb] pond4 ,9 c\ntries :]e hot spr+s are met )1 !y may be utilis$ = timb] season+ & o!r purposes4 ,/icks or poles int5d$ = b5d+ into ox b[s1 or o!r curv$ =ms1 %\ld be plac$ ei!r 9 boil+ wat] or ! hot emb]s ( ! camp fire until ?or\ghly heat$ ?r\gh4 ,!y may !n1 aft] be+ prop]ly %ap$1 be ti$ 9 ! requir$ =m ) cords1 & hung 9 ! air to dry4 ,sev]al long crook$ /icks may be /raight5$ at once by =c+ !m side by side into ! holl[ ( a l>ge bamboo cane f :i* all ! knots1 except t at "o end1 h be5 remov$4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( /icks are arrang$ 9 ! cane1 place x m\? upw>ds1 & fill x to ! brim ) boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ! fir/ *>ge is cold add a second1 & s on until ! /icks h be5 ab\t an h\r 9 _! hot ba?4 ,!y c n[ be =c$ sep>ately into small] bamboos )\t wat]1 or la%$ betwe5 batt5s ( /iff wood until cold1 :5 su* small irregul>ities & curves z rema9 may be remov$ by heat+ ! "p requir+ treatm5t ov] ! fire & c>efully /raight5+ x ov] ! knee4 ,ne>ly all ! spe> h&les1 :e!r ( cane or =e/ wood1 f\nd among wild tribes are /raight5$ & r5d]$ fit = use by ! ag5cy ( fire4 ,/rong & p]fectly /raight tubes = bl[-pipes1 c41 are =m$ by ins]t+ a small cane into ! holl[ ( a l>g] "o & turn+ x r\nd till any deviation f ! /raight l9e 9 "o c\nt]acts t ( ! o!r4 ,/eam+ log4 ,! elegant curve giv5 to _m ( ! b[s f\nd among ! ,nor!rn ,indians is giv5 by fir/ heat+ !m 9 ! camp fire1 & !n1 aft] b5d+ !m c>efully to ! desir$ %ape1 keep+ ! curves 9 position by ! aid ( ?ongs4 ,we h "o ( ^! b[s n[1 :i* 0 ev5 *>r$ 9 ! c\rse ( mak+1 b has nev] lo/ its cont\r or ela/icity4 ,! b5d+ ( %ips' planks is effect$ by a process v simil> 9 pr9ciple4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ /eam+ *amb]1 ! planks ( a make%ift vessel may be effici5tly /eam$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a long holl[ log %\ld be set horizontally on tre/les ( conv5i5t height1 "o end mu/ be /opp$ ) a plug1 & ! o!r h a tight wood5 /opp] & cross-b> fitt$ to x4 ,:5 ! requir$ numb] ( planks are ?ru/ d[n ! log1 /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh a bamboo1 or holl[ tube ( wood1 f a l>ge cov]$ cauldron plac$ on a fire b5ea? ! log4 ,all ! jo9ts ( ! bamboo %\ld be lut$ fa/ ) clay1 & kept tight until ! planks are suffici5tly /eam$ = b5d+1 :5 !y are dragg$ out ) wood5 tongs1 & put 9 place on ! vessel4 ,! full page illu/ration %[s ! mode ( us+ a /eam+ log4 ,h>d5+ wood4 ,wood1 :i* does n require /raight5+1 is r5d]$ mu* m h>d & durable ?an x w\ld o!rwise be by ! action ( c>efully appli$ fire-heat4 ,! clubs & grubb+ /icks ( natives are g5]ally =tifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,spe>1 arr[1 & bl[-pipe d>ts h _! po9ts s h>d5$ by ! action ( heat1 t !y m closely resemble ! texture ( bone ?an aught else1 & p]=ate almo/ z readily z %>p5$ iron4 ,we h se5 ! t\gh1 d5se scales ( a l>ge fi% p5etrat$ ) ! greate/ facility by a spe> prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,flat /rips or la?s ( bamboo cut to a f9e edge1 & fire-h>d5$1 are us$ by _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n seas z sub/itutes = knives2 "s ( ^! truly make%ift blades are z ke5 z surgical in/rum5ts1 & are at times us$ 9 ! p]=mance ( m9or op]ations ( surg]y4 ,_m ( ! trees ( tropical c\ntries w be f\nd to possess he>t wood ( great /r5g? & d5sity1 :il/ ! outside or sap is light col\r$1 weak1 & next to useless4 ,h>d wood4 ,9 su* cases1 all ! outside lay] ( timb] %\ld be cut away ) ! axe or adze1 & ! c5tral core alone made use (4 ,9 select+ poles or /icks = purposes :]e t\ghness & durability are matt]s ( importance always1 :5 practicable1 take "y se$l+ trees4 ,next 9 quality to ^! are ! %oots :i* spr+ up f ! und]gr\nd roots ( l>ge trees4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! k9ds are int5d$ to be put aside to season1 !y %\ld be pull$ up by ! roots r ?an cut2 ! e>? may be beat5 out f among ! fibres by /rik+ ! roots ( ! /icks toge!r2 !y c !n be hung 9 an airy place to dry3 late 9 ! autumn or 9 ! w9t] are ! be/ seasons = root+ up sapl+s4 ,l>* trees4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! l>* fir gr[s abundantly1 a numb] ( tall "y trees w be f\nd f "s cause to h di$ z !y /&1 to h )]$ & become p]fectly dry4 ,^! w be f\nd extremely t\gh & well season$4 ,bamboos4 ,bamboos mu/ be select$ accord+ to ! purpose !y are int5d$ =4 ,! female bamboo1 z x is call$1 is rem>kable = ! l>g5ess ( ! cavities plac$ betwe5 ! int]nodes2 ?is quality r5d]s x buoyant1 light1 & well adapt$ = splitt+ up into planks4 ,we h se5 a v l>ge bamboo slit f end to end by mak+ "o long cut 9 ! side4 ,! cane is heat$ & c>efully op5$4 ,! knots are !n all smoo!d (f1 :5 ! holl[ %ell is laid betwe5 bo>ds on :i* heavy /ones are plac$1 until x is press$ p]fectly flat1 & becomes a bamboo bo>d4 ,! knots ( l>ge female bamboos make excell5t pails or wat] vessels4 ,a jo9t ( bamboo cut longitud9ally 9 half1 & support$ on feet =m$ f ano!r jo9t ( ! same cane1 aft] ! mann] ( a p5 tray1 makes a mo/ conv5i5t receptacle = p9s1 /eel p5s1 p5cils1 sail ne$les1 & a ho/ ( o!r matt]s :i* are requir$ to lay p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bamboo ,,pipes1 ,,buckets1 ,,etc4 ,wat] pipes1 = irrigation1 c be made f a tra9 ( canes ) _! ends ?ru/ into ea* o!r1 & secur$ by transv]se pegs1 z at ,fig4 #a1 on opposite page4 ,all long bamboos1 int5d$ = pipes or tubes1 mu/ h _! int]nodes remov$4 ,?is we us$ to d z foll[s3 ,we prep>$ "s %ort pieces ( r\nd b> iron ( a size j to fit ! bore ( ! canes easily4 ,we !n po9t$ "o end ( ! iron *unk & slop$ ! upp] end1 by hamm]+ on ! anvil1 to a w$ge =m4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! upp] edge we pun*$ a hole1 ?r\gh :i* we pass$ a wire long en\gh to rea* ! entire l5g? ( ! cane to be treat$4 ,! *unk 0 !n heat$ r$ hot 9 ! fire & dropp$ d[n1 l a bucket 9 a well1 on ! fir/ knot1 ?r\gh :i* x w\ld rapidly burn4 ,x 0 !n l[]$ away until x rea*$ ! second knot1 & s on until all 7 entirely remov$4 ,:5 ! *unk became cool$ by contact ) ! wood1 x 0 reheat$ & ent]$ aga94 ,fig4 #b %[s ! =m ( ! knot *unk1 c4 ,excell5t t> buckets 7,fig4 #c7 or wat] pails 7,fig4 #d7 are to be made f ! ends ( l>ge cane jo9ts4 ,boxes = :eel grease 7,fig4 #e71 dr9k+ cups1 boxes1 & a :ole ho/ ( o!r receptacles = v>i\s matt]s1 solid & fluid1 are made f ! same mat]ial4 ,! mode ( cutt+ & b5d+ bamboos is %[n by ,figs4 f #f to #ac4 ,9 ,ea/]n c\ntries "o occasionally meets ) specim5s ( ! female bamboo ( su* gigantic proportions & huge gr[? t no little wond] is excit$ z to ! mode ( cultivation _h rec\rse to 9 _! production4 ,we 7 = a long "t q at a loss = a solution ( ! my/]y1 b at l5g? discov]$ t among ! /ools or root clumps ( ! canes "o ( promis+ appe>ance 0 by ! natives select$ = treatm5t4 ,?is 0 dug up & c>efully replant$ 9 a fav\rable locality4 ,all ! %oots :i* spr\t up save "o are cut away4 ,?is is all[$ to gr[ up until x has rea*$ a fair av]age size4 ,x is !n cut (f to )9 ab\t #f;94 ( ! gr\nd1 leav+ a holl[ project+ /ump4 ,into ! bore ( ! cane ?us left1 a mixture ( sulphur & /able litt] is tightly ramm$1 j z y w\ld *>ge a hole = bla/+ or w\ld load a gun4 ,= a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s e %oot :i* %[s above ! gr\nd is cut away4 ,! be/ %oot ( ! f\r? ye> is all[$ to gr[ to its full altitude & bulk1 :i* at times is truly prodigi\s1 lead+ to ! false conclusion t "s cane ( peculi> species 0 ! subject ( wond] & inve/igation4 ,f ! less] memb]s ( ! bamboo family wat]-:eels1 b[s1 arr[s1 spe> heads1 pap]1 b[ /r+s1 p5s1 baskets1 brooms1 bru%es1 %\ld] poles1 buckets1 ma/s1 sp>s = boats1 c41 are made4 ,! male bamboo diff]s f ! female 9 hav+ sc>cely any cavity runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,canes ( ?is description are peculi>ly well adapt$ = ! h&les ( hog spe>s1 waggon :ip h&les1 & a multitude ( o!r purposes :]e great /r5g? & ela/icity are requir$4 ,cocoa-nut palm4 ,! cocoa-nut palm is a tree :i*1 on ! score ( usefulness1 is p]haps second to none4 ,on ! uses ( its fruit1 leaves1 gum1 fibre1 & sap we %all h m to say fur!r on 9 our "w4 ,! wood is ext5sively us$ = canoe build+4 ,x is hewn into =m by ! small %>p adzes ( ! isl&]s4 ,clamps are left on ! inside & bor$ ?r\gh4 ,d[els ( h>d wood are ins]t$ 9 ! edges1 & ! planks are sewn toge!r ) rattan or fibre ( ! cocoa-nut husk1 :ile ! timb]s are b\nd to ! clamps by la%+s ( ! same mat]ial1 z %[n 9 ! full page illu/ration4 ,mu* ( ! coir1 or cocoa fibre1 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is & o!r descriptions ( tw9e1 & = caulk+ seams & crevices 9 ! canoes :5 f9i%$1 is obta9$ by ! natives ( ! isl&s :i* dot ! ,ea/]n seas & ,pacific ,ocean f ! und]gr\nd burr[s ( ! great cocoa-nut-eat+ crab 7,birgus latro71 ^: subt]rane\s work+s are at c]ta9 seasons abundantly /or$ ) ?is useful mat]ial1 :i* is sometimes hook$ out ) long flexible /icks arm$ ) a species ( b>b1 & at o!rs procur$ by digg+ out ! crab1 ne/ & all4 ,canoe paddles & clubs are (t5 made f ! /alk ( ! cocoa palm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood5 ,,swivels4 ,wood5 swivels4 ,a great numb] ( useful & almo/ indisp5sable articles call$ into daily use by ! travell] & explor] c be made f wood4 ,swivels ( "o k9d or ano!r are 9 con/ant dem&1 z ! ropes us$ = te!r+ animals w\ld )\t _! aid soon become masses ( hopeless entanglem5t4 ,a v neat & useful =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a2 x consi/s ( two b>s ( flexible wood1 b5t by /eam+ or o!rwise into ! requisite curve4 ,! p>ts :i* =m ! neck ( a are ?9n$ (f1 b ! ends are left ( _! full ?ickness2 ! neck ( b is also left ?ick1 & 9 ea* ( its p>ts a groove is cut1 =m+ a holl[ ?r\gh :i* a passes2 b is !n clos$ by a la%+1 & ! swivel is ready = use4 ,fig4 #b is v effective1 & easily made4 ,a bit ( wood has ?ree holes bor$ 9 x2 a %ort piece ( rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! end holes1 & d\ble knots turn$ ^u its ends4 ,?is =ms a bridle2 &1 if x is requisite to atta* a long] l9e1 ?is %\ld n be loop$ ?r\gh s t "o cord may saw ^u ! o!r1 z at c1 b prop]ly hit*$1 z %[n at d4 ,! o!r l9e is pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tral hole2 & x w "w m easily & we> out less quickly if a small r+ or wa%] 7f7 ( h>d wood or sole lea!r is put on be=e ! knot is turn$ ^u its end4 ,fig4 #c is a pla9 =m ( swivel1 & easily made1 b is apt to *afe ! rope4 ,fig4 #d is a v neat & useful =m4 ,a longitud9al hole is bor$ 9 a block ( wood1 two l>g] ones are bor$ across x1 & ) a knife or *isel ^! are cut into "o l>ge op5+2 ! ends ( ! l9es are pass$ 9 t[>ds ! c5tre1 wa%]s are put on1 ! knots are made1 & ! swivel is complete4 ,fig4 #e is a useful patt]n4 ,! swivel is made ( ! jo9t ( a fir tree1 & any numb] ( l9es may be hook$ on to x4 ,! coll> is made ( two p>ts1 la%$ toge!r & susp5d$ f ea* end2 ! wa%] is also 9 two p>ts1 l ! coll>4 ,fig4 #f is easily made ) two pieces ( wire4 ,fig4 #g w\ld =m ei!r a crut* = a r[+ or scull+ o>1 or a swivel re/ = a gun or telescope1 c4 ,fig4 #h is a rod ( flexible wood1 ) ! two ends pass$ ?r\gh ! coll> & =e-lock$1 leav+ ! loop to turn freely4 ,fig4 #i is simply a broad-head$ nail pass$ ?r\gh a piece ( wood1 & ) its po9t b5t into a hook3 a wa%] ( iron saves we> & te>4 ,?is is v simil> to ! swivels us$ by rope-mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flail ,,swivels4 ,! common flail swivel is excell5t = _m purposes4 ,sometimes x is made ) two pieces ( /\t hide or sole lea!r1 %ap$ l ,fig4 #a4 ,"o ( ^! is turn$ s t ! n>r[ "p 9 ! middle =ms a loop2 :ile ! broad ends are nail$1 tightly /it*$1 or la%$ to ! ?ick or sw++ arm ( ! flail 7,fig4 #c72 ! o!r piece1 be+ l9k$ ?r\gh ?is loop1 is also b5t till ! broad ends meet2 & _! edges are !n securely /it*$ toge!r s z to =m a coll>1 :i* works freely on ! h&le 7,fig4 #b71 at ! end ( :i* is a knob to prev5t ! coll> slipp+ (f4 ,occasionally two flexible rods 7)ies7 are b5t = ?is purpose3 "o is firmly fa/5$ by a lea!r b& nail$ or la%$ to ! extremity ( ! sw++ arm 7,fig4 #e72 ! o!r has small knobs left on its ends to prev5t ! lea!r coll> slipp+ (f1 & ?is works freely on ! h&le 7,fig4 #d74 ,ei!r ( ^! arrangem5ts may be ?r[n out ( ge> by tak+ hold ( ! knob & draw+ ! ?9 end ( ! h&le out ( ! coll>4 ,a slice ( bullock's horn1 %ap$ z ,fig4 #a1 aft] s(t5+ x 9 hot wat]1 makes an excell5t coll>4 ,extempor>y measurem5ts4 ,e travell] ought to c>ry ) him ! means ( measur+ feet & in*es1 & z in/rum5ts = t purpose are s *eap & portable !re is h>dly any excuse = be+ )\t some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,we h a little wai/coat-pocket ivory rule1 fold+ into l5g?s ( #c;941 & occupy+ no m room ?an a small p5knife1 & ) ?is1 ev5 if an elephant 7 kill$1 we c\ld m>k (f #e;ft4 or m ^u a /em ( grass1 & use x z a measur+ rod1 ) ! little rule ready = ! fractional p>ts4 ,we _h at "o "t half-a-doz5 rules 7sold at a p5ny ea*71 #c;ft4 9 l5g?1 & fold+ on pivot jo9ts into l5g?s ( #f;941 & !y 7 q correct en\gh = common c>p5try4 ,tape l9es = #f;ft4 or #ab;ft4 may be _h 9 cases n l>g] ?an a ,g5eva wat*4 ,*e/]man's pat5t1 %utt+ ) a spr+1 is a good =m4 ,& ev5 if a travell] %\ld 7z he may (t5 be oblig$ to d7 disburd5 himself ( e incumbrance1 he ought to h in*es m>k$ ^u some?+ he is sure to c>ry ) him1 say ^u ! ramrod ( 8 gun1 or p]haps on ! rib ( ! gun itself2 b let ?is be done neatly by a skill$ workman be=e leav+ home1 = we %\ld e/eem ! companion ( ! *ase too highly to let x be recklessly disfigur$4 ,! inside ( ! wai/-belt may be m>k$ also 9 in*es4 ,x is at all times well to "k ! l5g? ( ! diff]5t jo9ts ( ! limbs4 ,suppose ! nail-jo9t ( ! =ef+] be #a;941 ! next jo9t w be #a-a_/d;941 ! next #b;941 & f ! knuckle to ! wri/ #d;942 9 ?is case ! f+] is b5t1 s t ea* jo9t may be measur$ sep>ately1 ?\gh :5 held /raight ! di/ance f ! tip ( ! =ef+] to ! wri/ w\ld be only #g;94 ,! span ) ?umb & =ef+] w\ld be #h;941 & ) ! ?umb & any ( ! o!r ?ree #i;941 or equal to ! l5g? ( ! foot2 f ! wri/ to ! elb[ w\ld be #aj;941 & f elb[ to =ef+] #ag;941 & f coll>-bone to =ef+] #b;ft4 #h;941 height to ! middle ( ! kneecap #ah;94 ,f ! elb[ to ! =ef+] is usually call$ a cubit1 b x is seldom /rictly s1 a cubit be+ #ah;94 ,9 l mann] ! full /ret* ( ! ext5d$ arms is call$ a fa?om1 b x is g5]ally some:at less1 a fa?om be+ #f;ft42 & 9 pay+ ,africans ) calico1 we f\nd x be/ to let e man measure (f 8 own fa?om1 ev5 ?\gh he protrud$ 8 *e/ & ?rew back 8 arms to ! utmo/1 he g5]ally took a trifle less1 & 0 mu* bett] pleas$ ?an if we _h measur$ x /rictly ) a rule4 ,if a man /&s ) 8 back to a flat wall1 & ext5ds 8 arms1 8 fa?om w be ne>ly equal to 8 own height2 b if he tries to measure ! gir? ( a tree by plac+ 8 brea/ aga9/ x1 & z x 7 embrac+ x1 he w f9d 8 fa?om _m in*es %ort1 & on an av]age p]haps n m ?an #e;ft4 ,! ,dut* f>m]s at ! ,cape cl5* bo? fi/s1 mak+ ! ext5d$ ?umbs meet1 & !y call ! :ole #a;ft41 :5 x is sometimes ne>] #ae;942 & an elephant measur$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld be report$ unduly small 7 x n t !y also measure f ! edge ( ! foot r\nd ! curve ( ! %\ld] to ! )] in/ead ( tak+ a /raight l9e1 s t "o error ne>ly balances ! o!r4 ,?is is a v useful measure1 b e man %\ld grasp a foot rule1 z 9 our sket*1 & asc]ta9 = himself h[ mu* 8 ?umbs ov]lap 9 do+ s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi/ ,,measure ,,& ,,pac+ ,,/ick4 ,! /ep is commonly suppos$ to be #c;ft41 & ! pace #e;ft41 b ?is is a mo/ unc]ta9 mode ( measurem5t2 a man may /ep #c;ft41 measur+ f ! heel ( "o foot to ! toe ( ! o!r1 b ev5 if he does s two /eps mu/ be less ?an #f;ft4 by ! l5g? ( 8 own foot1 & v few m5 c take ) any correctness a hundr$ consecutive /eps or paces4 ,besides :i* s _m travell]s conf\nd ! t]ms /ep & pace t x is impossible to tell :i* !y mean2 x is mu* bett]1 !re=e1 to use ! ^w y>ds & to measure !m by a milit>y pace /ick2 ?is may be two light /icks l a walk+-cane saw$ d[n ! middle & rivet$ at ! head l a pair ( compasses2 !n if1 at #a;ft4 f ! jo9t1 a /ick ( #a;ft4 9 l5g? be fa/5$ across ! op5$ legs !y w =m an equilat]al triangle1 & ! po9ts w be #c;ft4 ap>t2 ) ^!1 us$ l a pair ( compasses1 a man may measure (f #ajjyds4 almo/ z fa/ z he c\ld walk x1 & w\ld be c]ta9 ( 8 di/ance4 ,a =k$ bran* cut on ! spot & trimm$1 s t ! ends are #c;ft4 ap>t1 answ]s ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hit*es ,,on ,,measur+ ,,l9e4 ,= measur+ a base = r\gh triangulation1 a fi%+ l9e ( #ajj;ft4 is easily c>ri$2 ?ree measurem5ts w give #ajjyds41 & six w give z _m fa?oms4 #abj fa?oms is a cable's l5g?1 a common & useful unit 9 m>itime survey+4 ,to measure successive l5g?s let y\r l9e h a little /ray end beyond ! m>ks1 & z ! hanks are usually sold 9 l5g?s ( #abj;ft41 an ov]h& knot may be turn$1 #aj;ft4 f ea* end1 to m>k ! #ajj;ft4 ,/ick a p]fectly smoo? peg 9 ! gr\nd1 )\t project+ head or cat* ( any k9d1 make a loop 9 ! end ( y\r l9e1 & put x ov] ! peg1 c>ry out ! #ajj;ft4 & put 9 ano!r peg1 !n j]k ! l9e upw>d1 & y w cause a wave to run along x :i* w lift x (f ! end ( ! fir/ peg 7,fig4 #a72 b1 z a p]man5t loop might cat* ?orns or project+ bran*es1 x is well to make x ) a hit* 7,fig4 #b71 s t x may %ake out z x comes (f ! peg1 & leave only a free end to be haul$ 94 ,sev]al hit*es1 or a %eep%ank 7,fig4 #c71 might be us$ = ?is purpose1 b probably none w\ld answ] bett] ?an ! signal haly>d hit* 7,fig4 #d71 & ) ?is ! end may be made fa/ to any conv5i5t tree or bu% t /&s fairly 9 ! l9e y wi% to measure4 ,pass ! end twice r\nd ! bran* or peg1 !n tak+ ! end & a small bight ( ! measur+ "p1 hit* !m z if y 7 go+ to tie a reef knot1 pull ! fir/ hit* tight1 b d n complete ! knot by mak+ ! second hit*2 ?is w hold q fa/ en\gh1 & a slight j]k w be suffici5t to set x free :5 y wi% to haul 9 ! end4 ,hit* x to ano!r bran*1 & s 9 succession y may measure any numb] ( l5g?s y wi%1 tak+ c>e always to keep ! sev]al pegs or po9ts ( fa/5+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,a measur+ l9e %\ld m]ely be /raight ^u ! gr\nd1 & nev] be subject$ to any t5sion1 /ill less %\ld x be lift$ up & !n /ret*$ to a /raight l9e 9 ! air2 slopsell]s "k ?is :5 !y ask sailors to hold up a l5g? ( s]ge :ile x is be+ measur$1 b any exp]i5c$ h& meets ?is by insi/+ t 8 clo? be laid fairly on ! deck & measur$ !re4 ,to make or build :eels4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 dim9i%+ ! lab\r ( dragg+ a heavy body along ! gr\nd is to put roll]s und]nea? x1 & ! use ( ^! is exemplifi$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,assyrian monum5ts2 b ^! are left beh9d z ! mass moves onw>d1 & h to be con/antly c>ri$ =w>d & replac$ b5ea?4 ,! next /ep is to connect !m ) ! mass1 or ) ! c>riage support+ x1 by axles1 =m+ ei!r integral p>ts ( ! roll]s & turn+ ) !m1 or by fix$ axles1 on :i* ! roll]s or :eels revolve4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! anci5t vehicles 7 support$ on axles revolv+ ) ! :eels2 b we n[ only reta9 ?is =m 9 t ( ! :eelb>r[1 & ! simple/ way ( mak+ ?is1 :]e timb] is *eap & pl5tiful1 is to cut a log ( suffici5t l5g?1 !n to saw or *op d[n ! ends s z to leave a disc ( suffici5t size & ?ickness 9 ! c5tre1 ) two arms project+ f x to =m its axle1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,! b>r[ itself may ^u occasion be made ( a =k$ tree1 ( :i* ! s+le "p is ?ick en\gh to h a space cut 9 x to receive ! :eel1 :ile ! two bran*es s]ve z ! h&les1 & m9or ones f !m p]haps answ] ! purpose ( legs2 o!rwise a r\gh frame1 z %[n 9 our sket*1 may be built1 & pegg$ or tre5ail$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,solid ,,log ,,:eels4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,*ili1 ,t>t>y & else:]e1 r\gh discs ( timb] 7,fig4 #a7 are saw$ or *opp$ (f f l>ge trees4 ,a hole is made 9 ! c5tre to receive ! axle4 ,^! :eels answ] well en\gh = c\ntries :]e "t is ( no value1 m]cy to draught ox5 un?\ght (1 & :]e ! inhabitants w\ld r he> a dry :eel grate on its axletree ?an take ! tr\ble to grease x4 ,evil spirits dread a creak+ :eel1 say !y1 & s ! primitive contrivance is all[$ to revolve noisily4 ,a :eel ( ?is k9d might be made mu* m effici5t by leav+ a nave or boss 9 ! c5tre1 %ea!d ) h>d wood or raw hide1 & by b9d+ x ) ! latt] mat]ial let into a groove cut r\nd ! circumf]5ce 9 place ( a tire2 an endless b& cut out ( ! hide ( a rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 elephant1 or giraffe1 put on wet1 & all[$ to %r9k & dry be=e x 0 mu* us$1 w\ld be almo/ ev]la/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel ,,built ,,9 ,,segm5ts4 ,a v neat & s]viceable b>r[ :eel may be ?us built3 ,take a piece ( deal #d;94 wide1 #c;94 ?ick1 & #ad;94 long2 set a pair ( compasses to a radius ( #h;942 &1 fix+ ! c5tre leg #d;94 f ! block1 describe on x ! segm5t ( a circle2 draw ?is on bo? sides1 & cut ! block truly to ! outl9e2 !n saw x d[n into six ?icknesses ( some:at less ?an #a_/b;942 lay ?ree ( ^! toge!r1 s t _! *ords =m an equilat]al triangle1 ea* angle be+ #fj1 & _! segm5ts w complete ! circumf]5ce ( a true circle4 ,!n take ! o!r ?ree1 & lay !m on s t ! c5tre ( ea* %all cov] ! ends ( ea* pair ( ! l[] s]ies2 !n bore holes & screw or nail !m toge!r 7in* copp] boat nails1 ) rooves = cl5*+ !m1 are ! be/ = ?is purpose71 & y w h a :eel #c_/d;94 ?ick1 & #af;94 diamet]4 ,take a #a;94 b> ( wood #c;94 broad1 half *eck x into ! opposite triangles :]e !re is b "o ?ickness ( wood1 /r5g!n x by b>s f ! o!r angles1 bore a hole 9 ! c5tre1 & ins]t an axle ( h>d wood or iron4 ,if y h a piece ( iron hoop1 r$uce x1 & rivet ! ends toge!r1 s t x =ms a tire t w j n g on2 pun* half a doz5 holes 9 at int]vals1 heat x1 put x on quickly1 hamm] x into place1 & cool x ) wat]2 !n put nails or screws ?r\gh ! holes1 to keep x f work+ (f1 or tire x z be=e ) an endless b& ( raw hide2 or bore holes ?r\gh x #a;94 or #b;94 ap>t all r\nd1 at ab\t #a;94 f ! edge1 & lace ?ongs ( raw hide ?r\gh ^! & r\nd ! edge1 s z to pres]ve x f splitt+1 or be+ worn by contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,waggon ,,:eel4 ,to build a waggon :eel1 cle> a smoo? place ^u a floor1 levell$ ) ant-hill clay1 or pref]ably smoo? plank$4 ,take a #a_/b;94 /raight-edg$ batt5 ( r m ?an #e;ft4 9 l5g?1 & #c;94 or #d;94 9 wid?2 cl5* or screw a cross piece on ?is1 s z to =m a boss 9 ! c5tre1 z 9 ! figure on next page2 & ?r\gh ?is1 at ! edge ( ! batt51 bore a hole ) a bradawl1 :i* be+ also bor$ into ! floor =ms a pivot = x to "w on4 ,at #a;94 f ! c5tre1 bore a hole1 ?r\gh :i* a p5cil or a po9t$ scor+ iron c be pass$1 to draw ! fir/ circle = ! bore ( ! nave4 ,at #d-a_/b;94 bore ano!r1 to m>k ! circumf]5ce ( ! nave4 ,if a front :eel is requir$1 bore two holes at #ae;94 & #ah;94 = ! inn] & out] circumf]5ce ( ! felloes1 or make !m at #b;ft4 #b-a_/b;94 & #b;ft4 #f;94 = a h9d :eel4 ,hav+ drawn ^! circles1 decide ^u ! numb] ( spokes y int5d to use1 :i* w mo/ likely be eight or t5 = a =e :eel & twelve or f\rte5 = a h9d]1 su* z is %[n 9 our example 7,fig4 #a74 ,divide #cfj1 ! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle1 by ! numb] ( spokes1 ?us--#cfj divid$ by #h is #de2 9 l mann]1 #aj spokes w\ld =m angles ( #cf1 #ab ( #cj1 & #af ( #bb-a_/b4 ,to obta9 ^! angles1 /rike a circle on a good-siz$ %eet ( writ+ or c>tridge pap]2 fold x across ! c5tre1 exactly 9 half1 op5 x & fold x 9 half ! o!r way1 tak+ c>e t ! two p>ts ( ! previ\s fold p]fectly co9cide ) ea* o!r2 y w ?us h angles ( #ij1 :i* may be call$ nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/4 ,fold x aga9 betwe5 e two ( ^!1 & y w obta9 angles ( #de2 ^! aga9 divid$ w give angles ( #bb-a_/b2 & ! next subdivision w\ld give ! ?irty-two po9ts ( ! compass1 equal to #aa-a_/d ea*4 ,to obta9 angles ( #aj1 divide ea* angle ( #ij into ?ree p>ts1 & subdivide ea* ( !m into ?ree4 ,! /rong l9es 9 our next figure indicate angles ( #bb-a_/b = a sixte5-spoke :eel1 & ! fa9t l9es angles ( #aj4 ,our diagram ( ! :eel 0 drawn ) a bit ( c>d cut to ! exact size %[n 9 our figure1 pivot$ on "o p91 :ile ! po9t ( an ,,hh p5cil 0 pass$ ?r\gh o!r p9-holes to draw ! circumf]5ce4 ,if two ( ^! l9es %\ld come v close toge!r1 x w be se5 t ! p9-holes are n pi]c$ 9 ! same radial l9e1 or !y w\ld break "o into ! o!r2 b by plac+ !m a little on ei!r side conc5tric circles c be drawn z closely z requisite4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 cut a piece ( ?9 bo>d or /iff pap] to ! angle at :i* ! spokes are to be set--9 ?is in/ance #bb-a_/b--;& ) ! aid ( y\r /raight-edge draw a l9e across1 ?r\gh ! c5tre1 to bo? sides ( ! circumf]5ce ( y\r :eel2 draw ano!r across ?is at "r angles1 & te/ ! l9es by try+ :e!r ea* qu>t] w conta9 f\r times ! m\ld y h cut to ! angle ( #bb-a_/b2 !n draw two o!r l9es ( #de1 & subdivide ea* space into ! requir$ angles ( #bb-a_/b4 ,suppose y\r spokes are to be #a;94 ?ick1 )draw ! bradawl t has s]v$ y z a pivot1 & bore two holes1 ea* #a_/b;94 f ! c5tral l9e1 &1 pivot+ ! batt5 on ea* ( ^! 9 succession1 y w be able to draw ! l9es %[+ ! ?ickness ( y\r spokes1 a1 ! orig9al l9e /ill indicat+ ! direction ( _! c5tre4 ,!n divide ! circumf]5ce ( y\r felloe into eight segm5ts ( #de1 & draw %ort l9es across x z at d 7p4 #cfh71 to indicate ! l5g? ( ! felloe pieces1 ea* ( :i* mu/ conta9 "o pair ( spokes1 :ile its ends come fairly 9 ! c5tre ( ! space betwe5 two o!rs4 ,take a ?9 piece ( bo>d & cut a m\ld = ! felloe pieces1 m>k+ on x ! l9es = ! d[el holes1 d1 & ^? = ! ins]tion ( ! spokes1 c4 ,!n 9 l mann] cut a bo>d ) a circumf]5ce ( #i;94 z a m\ld = ! nave1 & on x draw ! l9es :i* m>k ! mortices = ! ins]tion ( ! spokes1 b4 ,! nave %\ld be turn$ ( "s good solid ev5-gra9$ wood1 n too h>d2 elm is well calculat$ = ! purpose4 ,x is g5]ally #i;94 or #aj;94 long1 & x %\ld h a hole #a;94 9 diamet] ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,a n>r[ pit1 #c;ft4 9 dep?1 is dug1 & two /\t beams1 #i;94 ap>t1 laid along its edges2 a #a;94 rod ( iron is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! nave1 :i*1 ) its iron b&s already driv5 on1 is plac$ betwe5 ! beams1 support$ by ! ends ( ! rod :i* re/ ^u !m 7/\t tre/les1 #c;ft4 high1 are sometimes us$ in/ead ( ! pit74 ,9 "o ( ! beams at ! back ( ! nave is a /\t upright1 ) a l9e m>k$ ^u x z a guide 9 bor+ ! holes truly4 ,illu/ration ,naves1 to turn4 ,to turn a nave to ! prop] =m )\t ! assi/ance ( a turn+ la!1 ! foll[+ make%ift contrivance w be f\nd useful & effici5t4 ,fit up f\r /rong planks1 or a /rong /ool1 ( =m %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,cut out two upright *eeks1 :i* mu/ be fitt$ by mortices to ! upp] surface ( ! /ool4 ,!n make a ,t re/1 & fit x 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ool1 9 "o ( a tra9 ( squ>e holes cut beh9d ! l9e ( ! *eeks4 ,! block ( wood int5d$ to =m ! nave mu/ h an ord9>y aug] hole bor$ ?r\gh its true c5tre1 & 9 ?is mu/ be firmly w$g$ an iron b>1 ) a crank or h&le b5t at "o end2 ?is b> re/s on be>+s prep>$ = x 9 ! *eeks1 "o be>+ is =m$ by bor+ a hole j l>ge en\gh to let ! pla9 end ( ! b> ?r\gh1 & ! o!r by saw+ out a deep not* = ! h&le end to drop into1 :5 x is prev5t$ f becom+ displac$ by a p9 pass$ 9 above x4 ,! man ab\t to (ficiate z turn] sits a/ride on ! /ool1 presses a long-h&l$ g\ge or *isel by ! action ( 8 %\ld] firmly d[n on ! re/1 ) its cutt+ edge aga9/ ! nave log1 :i* is turn$ /eadily r\nd by an assi/ant :o has *>ge ( ! h&le2 ! :ole op]ation be+ conduct$ mu* on ! pr9ciple ( tool gr9d+1 only t ! motion ( ! log is always t[>ds ! man :o manages ! *isel4 ,! re/ is advanc$ z ! log decreases 9 diamet]4 ,:eels1 to build4 ,if ! :eel is to h :at is call$ a di%1 cut a small piece ( wood 7,fig4 #c1 p4 #cfh7 to ! angle at :i* ! spokes are to project =w>d2 &1 hav+ m>k$ (f all ! mortices1 :i* w be #c_/d;94 wide by #a-a_/b;94 long1 take a brace & #c_/d;94 bit1 or a #c_/d;94 screw aug]1 & bore two holes 9 ! space m>k$ = ea* mortice1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 tak+ c>e to c5tre mo/ accurately ! spot at :i* ! po9t ( y\r bit or aug] is ins]t$1 & to keep its true direction by ! aid ( ! upright l9e & ! small angl$ bo>d4 ,! mortices w !n be f9i%$ ) a #c_/d;94 mortice *isel & mallet4 ,! holes 9 ! felloe 7,fig4 #d7 w be bor$ at ! same angle ) a #a;94 aug]2 =1 z ! spoke w be #a-a_/b;94 f back to front1 !re w be %\ld] en\gh 9 ^? directions )\t weak5+ x by cutt+ a %\ld] on ! sides4 ,( c\rse1 ! %\ld]s1 bo? at ! felloe & at ! nave1 w be cut to ! same angle at :i* ! holes are bor$4 ,! t5on %\ld be less ?an #c;94 9 l5g?1 s t x may all[ ( ! subsequ5t bor+ ( a #c;94 hole 9 ! nave to receive ! bu% or iron %ea?+ 9 :i* ! axle turns2 & 9 l mann] ! ends ins]t$ 9 ! felloes %\ld be less ?an #c;94 long1 s t !y may n receive any pressure f ! tire4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! c5tre+ ( ! felloe ends to bore ! d[el holes4 ,n[1 re/+ ! nave on its iron rod ^u ! beams ( ! pit or tre/les1 drive 9 ! fir/ spoke1 te/+ x by ! upright l9e & by y\r angl$ bo>d4 ,!n1 bor+ a hole 9 y\r upright1 drive 9 a peg & cut x (f at su* a l5g? t ! fir/ spoke may j t\* x 9 pass+4 ,drive 9 all ! o!r spokes s t !y also t\* ! end ( ! peg1 & !n 9 ! end ( ea* spoke make a cut #a;94 deep1 ) a f9e t5on saw1 to receive a w$ge ( h>d wood :5 ! :eel is built4 ,!n 9 "o end ( ea* felloe drive a d[el 7d7 r /iffly1 b s t x does n bottom 9 ! hole2 leave half its l5g? project+4 ,take a screw clamp & compress two ( ! spokes toge!r till _! ends w ent] ! holes 9 "o felloe piece2 drive x ab\t #c_/d 94 on1 & slack (f ! clamp4 ,if y h n a clamp1 pass ?ree or f\r turns ( rope or ?ong r\nd ! two spokes1 & twi/ !m tightly ) a hamm] h&le or o!r lev]4 ,d ! same ) ! next pair1 & fit on ! next felloe piece1 tak+ c>e t x receives fairly ! d[el ( ! fir/4 ,proce$ 9 ?is mann] all r\nd1 !n look c>efully to ! fair ins]tion ( all ! spoke ends & d[els1 &1 be+ satisfi$ ( ?is1 keep ! :eel turn+ sl[ly1 & /rike ! felloe pieces homew>d by sm>t bl[s ( a mallet z ea* spoke passes y4 ,:5 !y are all fairly home1 drive 9 ! w$ges to ! spoke ends1 trim (f ! felloe z neatly z y wi%1 ins]t ! bu% 9 ! nave1 & h ! :eel tir$ 9 ! mann] describ$ at pp4 #aie1 #aif4 ,illu/ration ,to make a /e]+ :eel4 ,a %ip's :eel diff]s f t ( a waggon 9 be+1 n a roll] mov+ freely on its axle & support+ ! c>riage & its load1 b r a s]ies ( lev]s arrang$ z spokes1 connect$ & support$ by ! felloe = ! purpose ( turn+ ! axle & ga!r+ 9 or slack+ (f on ei!r side ! ropes or *a9s by :i* ! till] is mov$2 ! spokes1 !re=e1 project #f 94 or #h 94 beyond ! circumf]5ce ( ! felloe1 & are smoo!d & r\nd$ (f s z to be easily & conv5i5tly grasp$ by ! /e]sman's h&4 ,! diamet] ( ! felloe %\ld n be less ?an #cj 941 or x w n give suffici5t lev]age2 nor m ?an #d ft41 or a man _c comm& x easily4 ,nei!r ! nave nor ! felloe are made solid1 b are built up 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! l9es ( circumf]5ce are trac$1 & ! angles ( ! spokes set (f 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,a disc ( h>d wood #i 94 9 circumf]5ce1 ab\t #b 94 ?ick1 & ) a hole #c 94 squ>e 9 its c5tre1 is laid ^u ! floor4 ,! spokes are arrang$ on ?is1 & screw$ or cl5*$ firmly to x2 ! int]/ices are !n fill$ up1 & ano!r disc ( simil> size is screw$ or cl5*$ ov] all to =m ! front4 ,! bu%1 or axle box1 :i* ( c\rse is squ>e1 is fitt$ 91 & an ornam5tal boss1 g5]ally cov]$ ) brass1 is screw$ ov] to conceal x4 ,! felloe pieces are #c;94 or #d;94 broad1 & #a;94 ?ick3 ! back pieces are laid s t _! c5tres come ^u ! spokes & _! ends betwe52 ! next set1 exactly z ?ick z ! spokes1 are laid 9 ! int]vals2 & ! front pieces are laid s t _! ends meet ^u ! spokes1 :]e !y are g5]ally conf9$ by an ornam5tal loz5ge1 a cross1 or an oval ( brass1 screw$ d[n ^u !m4 ,! axle is support$ 9 a true =e & aft l9e by a c\ple ( /an*eons1 ) bu%es = x to "w 92 & on "s "p ( x1 beh9d ! :eel1 is fix$ ! drum1 ov] :i* ! till] *a9s or hide ropes are pass$ ) two or ?ree turns1 s t z "o is ga!r$ 9 by a turn ( ! :eel1 ! o!r may be slack$ (f4 ,w9dlass4 ,a w9dlass may be ( any size1 f t ( ! old crossb[1 to "o fitt$ to weigh ! an*or ( a vessel1 al?\gh 9 l>ge %ips ! cap/an is ?\ght to af=d ! be/ & /eadie/ means ( apply+ ! cont9u\s ex]tions ( ! m54 ,a w9dlass may be r\ghly =m$ by sett+ up a c\ple ( =k$ logs1 or /ill bett]1 if possible1 *oos+ two =k$ trees firmly root$ 9 ! prop] place1 & lay+ across !m ano!r log1 ?9n$ (f z mu* z possible :]e x re/s 9 ! =ks1 to r$uce ! friction )\t too mu* impair+ ! /r5g?4 ,! c5tral "p ought to h paul not*es cut 9 x1 & a heavy paul log may be h+$ or pivot$ to a /\t /aple1 ne>ly level ) ! gr\nd1 s t its end1 act+ z a paul1 cat*es ! paul not*es & prev5ts ! w9dlass giv+ way to ! /ra9 ( ! cable :ile ! m5 are %ift+ _! h&spikes4 ,! b>rel ( ! w9dlass ought to be *opp$ or adz$ d[n to an octagonal =m 7expressively ?\gh errone\sly call$ #h-squ>e71 & holes %\ld be mortic$ "r ?r\gh 9 ea* face s t ea* man1 )\t *ange ( position1 %\ld h eight opportunities ( ins]t+ 8 h&spike4 ,a ,spani% w9dlass may be extemporis$ ) ! boat's o>s4 ,two ( !m are la%$ toge!r z %e]s ) legs ( unequal l5g?1 ! long] leg be+ 9 ! direction ( ! /ra94 ,a pair are set up 9 ea* side ( ! boat & la%$ to ! ?w>ts1 c>e be+ tak5 to put "s piece ( wood or o!r dunnage "u ! ends1 s t !y may n hurt ! plank+4 ,ano!r o> is n[ laid across1 ) its loom re/+ 9 ! =ks2 a grummet /rop or a %ort piece ( rope is made fa/ to ! middle ( ea* ( ! boat's /ret*]s2 if ! end is fray$ out1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! end is appli$ to ! loom ( ! o> t repres5ts ! w9dlass1 & ! /ret*] is turn$ r\nd & r\nd x until ! rope tight5s s mu* z to make x an effici5t h&spike4 ,x %\ld !n be /opp$ 9 position ) a bit ( y>n4 ,if !re is a davit 9 ! boat1 ! buoy rope is c>ri$ ov] ! %eave1 ?ree or f\r turns are pass$ ov] ! w9dlass o> & ! end is c>ri$ =w>d & held by "o ( ! boat's crew1 :o ga!rs 9 all he c & loses none z ! m5 heave r\nd4 ,:5 ! boat's /]n is hove d[n z l[ 9 ! wat] z is prud5t1 all ! m5 g 9 ! b[1 & sometimes jump !re1 to j]k ! an*or f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,w9dlass4 ,! gunn]'s cap/an is made by s9k+ "o end ( a waggon or gun axle 9 ! gr\nd1 plac+ a :eel on x upside d[n1 & la%+ h&spikes to ! spokes to act z cap/an b>s4 ,! rope to be hove on is pass$ r\nd ! nave ( ! :eel bel[ ! l9e ( ! spokes1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gunn]',s ,,cap/an4 ,an*ors4 ,9 _m c\ntries :]e navigation is n v f> advanc$1 wood5 an*ors are commonly us$4 ,we h se5 & sket*$ ^! on ! coa/ ( ,java1 & else:]e4 ,9 tropical c\ntries ! h>d heavy wood t s9ks ( its own weight is peculi>ly suit$ = ?is4 ,a =k$ tree ( suitable size is *os51 & sometimes1 b n always1 ! =k or fluke ( ! an*or is /r5g!n$ by a cross la%+ to ! %ank4 ,a heavy /one1 z long z possible 9 proportion to its ?ickness1 is la%$ across und]nea? ! %ank1 s]v+ ! purpose ( a /ock4 ,a loop = ! atta*m5t ( ! cable is made above x1 s t ! an*or1 :5 cle>$ = lett+ g1 may hang 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & may take ! gr\nd fluke d[nw>d4 ,a _m-=k$ tree ( heavy wood1 ) /ones la%$ on 7,fig4 #b7 = additional weight1 is m c]ta9 to hold1 b does n /[ s snugly :5 n 9 use4 ,?is1 9 a light] =m1 may be us$ z a creep] = dragg+ ov] ! bottom to recov] a lo/ cable1 c4 ,canoes1 9 %all[1 sluggi% wat]s1 are (t5 moor$ by "o or m ( _! poles /uck into ! mud4 ,a /one la%$ to "o ( ^! & a guy c>ri$ aft1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 w give additional security2 or a c\ple ( poles may be put ov] ! sides & cross$ "u ! bottom1 ! l[] ends be+ guy$ 9 ! same mann]1 b ?is w\ld be dang]\s 9 a /rong tide-way4 ,if ! boat is dropp+ d[n ) ! tide1 a pole ov] ! /]n1 ab\t a foot long] ?an h] draught ( wat]1 w take ! gr\nd & ei!r prev5t h] runn+ a%ore or at lea/ give w>n+ be=e %e does s4 ,:]e heavy wood _c be obta9$1 a c\ple ( holes may be bor$ 9 a slab ( s&/one 7,fig4 #d71 ! ends ( a =k$ bran* ?ru/ ?r\gh & =elock$1 ano!r /one be+ jamm$ into ! =k at "r angles ) ! fir/4 ,we h (t5 se5 an*ors ( ?is description 9 use among ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,make%ift ,,an*ors4 ,work+ 9 timb]4 ,a pump1 or nave aug]1 may be advantage\sly work$ ) :at are call$ sl+] /icks4 ,set ! log upright1 ei!r 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd by %or+ x1 or by a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods4 ,above x rig a /age1 on ! =ks ( trees1 ) a firm socket = ! /ock or %aft ( y\r aug] to "w 94 ,!n fit a waggon :eel on ! top ( x1 la% an upright p9 to "o ( ! felloes 7d n spoil a good :eel by bor+ holes 9 x74 ,! /icks h broad1 flat ends1 ) holes to "w ^u ! pivot1 & crut* h&les = ! m5 to take hold (4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago ev5 gun b>rels are bor$ out 9 ne>ly simil> fa%ion1 only two boys walk sl[ly r\nd ) a k9d ( cap/an b>1 ! drill be+ weight$ ) a basket ( /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bor+ ,,) ,,sl+] ,,/icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,timb] ,,by ,,/eam ,,& ,,saw4 ,saws & drills4 ,we h se5 ,africans1 9 ,portuguese s]vice1 work+ a common h&saw v effici5tly by fix+ a cross h&le to ! end ( ! blade2 !n two m5 w\ld sit opposite ea* o!r1 & hold+ ! log betwe5 ! soles ( _! feet1 z %[n 9 ! full page illu/ration1 w\ld "w ! saw betwe5 !m4 ,= r\gh "w ?is s]ves well en\gh4 ,9 su* case let !m h a saw ) tee? widely set1 & pretty mu* _! own way2 b if y want any?+ well done d x y\rself4 ,saws = natives ne$ n h mu* temp]1 & ! tee? %\ld be set v wide1 s z to d a great deal ( :at c>p5t]s call saw+ wood4 ,! ,g]mans are v fond ( us+ frame saws1 l t %[n 9 ! same illu/ration--a long1 n>r[ /rip ( s(t /eel1 /ret*$ tightly 9 a heavy rectangul> frame ( wood4 ,su* a saw c\ld be extemporis$ ) a few feet ( iron hoop+1 ) tee? fil$ on x4 ,x w\ld d = s(t wood1 b on h>d wood w\ld we> out quickly2 nev]!less1 x might la/ long en\gh to d ! requir$ "w4 ,we _h ?ree small web-saws1 assort$ sizes2 !y are v h&y to c>ry1 frames 7l t 9 our full page illu/ration--,boat build+ at ,logi] ,hill7 are easily made :5 want$1 & !y %\ld n be neglect$ if weight or bulk 9 c>riage is objectionable4 ,/ock & b[ drills may be easily made1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! arm ( a tree w af=d a socket above1 & ! wood or iron to be bor$ mu/ be firmly fix$ bel[2 a good siz$ disc ( heavy wood1 ! %eave say ( an old block1 or a piece saw$ (f a h>d tree1 acts z a fly :eel4 ,= small] "w a cotton reel 7,fig4 #b7 does well = ! b[ /r+s to "w on2 9 ?is case ! /ock ought to be ( iron1 pur*as$ at home4 ,! ,b[dit* isl&]s la% _! drill on alongside ! /ock 7,fig4 #c71 b we c h>dly sanction ?is plan1 ?\gh x might exceptionally prove useful4 ,if weight & n rapid motion is desir$1 make ! drill /ock ( a heavy log 7,fig4 #d71 ) ! pivot go+ up ?r\gh ! upp] socket1 & fit a crank on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ocks ,,& ,,drills ,illu/ration3 ,,hoop+ ,,& ,,bucket+ ,,( ,,casks4 ,coop]s' "w4 ,we h _h at times n actually to make casks ab initio1 b :at comes to v ne>ly ! same ?+1 to pick out ! mat]ials ( old ones %ak5 out1 :5 we ab&on$ a camp1 to tie !m 9 bundles1 & c>ry !m z be/ we c\ld till !y 7 aga9 requir$4 ,sometimes x is impossible to ga!r all ! individual p>ts ( "o cask1 & heads & /aves mu/ be tak5 z !y come4 ,9 ?is case1 pick out two heads ( ! same size1 or pieces :i* w make two4 ,measure _! diamet]1 & z ! circumf]5ce is1 = practical purposes1 ?ree times z mu*1 measure across ! ends ( ! /aves on ! inside ( ! *9e groove1 until _! unit$ wid?s fully equal ?ree times ! diamet]4 ,if y h ano!r cask a little l>g]1 set up ! /aves inside x2 or if y h "o some:at small]1 arrange !m outside1 & put on tempor>ily a l>g] hoop1 or la% !m ) a turn or two ( rope4 ,!n take ! hoops :i* y h select$ = ! cask1 & get ! l>g] ones ov] ! end1 drive !m d[n tol]ably tight1 ne>ly to ! c5tre4 ,!n1 tak+ "o ( ! heads1 bore a c\ple ( gimlets into x to hold x by1 or screw on x a clamp1 across ! gra91 s z to hold all its pieces fair & level4 ,let ?is d[n edgewise into ! belly ( ! cask1 !n1 draw+ x up1 ent] "o edge ( x into ! *9e groove1 &1 slack+ ! hoops if necess>y1 lift x till x fits 9 all r\nd4 ,if y f9d any difficulty 9 ?is1 take a knife blade1 or ?9 piece ( hoop iron1 pass x ?r\gh "o ( ! int]/ices ( ! /aves "u ! head1 & lift x till x ent]s ! groove4 ,if ?is is done at ! f\r qu>t]s1 x w be impossible = ! head to fall d[n inside4 ,drive ! l[] hoops d[n1 & :5 ! /aves beg9 to close up1 take out ! knife or hoop iron & tight5 ! hoops ) ! hamm] & driv]4 ,!n turn up ! cask1 & if y wi% to close x at once1 d ! same ) ! o!r end1 if n1 drive ! hoops on leav+ x op51 & slack !m up :5 y want to put ! head 94 ,put knives or ?9 iron betwe5 ! /aves1 z be=e1 to keep ! head f slipp+ d[n1 & )draw !m be=e y tight5 up4 ,if y h n ano!r cask to set up ! /aves 9 or ^u1 take "o ( ! hoops & support x z a horizontal r+ by ty+ x to small trees or po/s1 or set up ! head itself on a pole1 brea/ high1 = ! /aves to lean aga9/1 or dig a circul> tr5* a few in*es deep 9 ! gr\nd to set ! /aves 94 ,rememb] t if iron hoops are worn or ru/$ or b5t mu*1 & h to be /raight5$ out1 !y are v easily brok5 or bur/ by driv+ too tightly4 ,( c\rse !y c be m5d$ by pun*+ holes & rivet+ a piece 92 b !y require good pun*es & a matrix1 = :i* a piece ( h>d5$ wood may be sub/itut$1 & "s skill & pati5ce4 ,always heat bo? ! iron & rivets1 & d n pun* holes or cl5* rivets cold4 ,wood5 hoops are g5]ally )ies or sapl+s1 split d[n ! middle1 & left ) "o flat side & "o r\nd4 ,! ends are ?9n$ a little1 & not*es cut on ! upp] edge ( "o & ! l[] ( ! o!r4 ,^! are made to cat* ea* o!r1 ei!r ) a %ort ov]lap1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 :i* case ! two p>ts lie p>allel ) ea* o!r1 or ) a long jo9t 7,fig4 #b71 9 :i* ea* takes a half turn r\nd ! o!r1 betwe5 ! not*es4 ,! jo9t is !n s]v$ ei!r ) slips ( osi] or split rattan1 or o!r sub/itute = cord4 ,if x is necess>y to make a cask1 ! pieces =m+ ! discs us$ = ! heads %\ld be d[ell$ toge!r1 ) a bit ( pi? ( re$1 or o!r caulk+ mat]ial betwe5 !m1 & ! circumf]5ce mu/ be ?9n$ (f to an obtuse edge4 ,! /aves1 to look neat1 ought to be nicely r\nd$ z segm5ts ( a circle1 & ! ends %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! c5tre if belly is to be giv5 to ! cask2 b if x is n ess5tial t ! cask %\ld be p]fectly r\nd1 ! /aves may be ( flat plank4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 indisp5sable t _! edges %\ld be cut to ! prop] angle1 or !y w n fit closely nor support ea* o!r :5 hoop$ up2 ! diagram we give w facilitate ?is4 ,if !re are to be #bj /aves 9 a cask _! edges mu/ be cut at an angle ( #ah1 ?us #cfj divid$ by #bj is #ah1 & ! angle ( any o!r numb] may be f\nd by divid+ #cfj by ! numb] ( /aves4 ,! *9e groove may be cut ) a saw1 & x is bett] t ! /aves %\ld be always a little n>r[] at ! ends ?an 9 ! middle1 s t ! hoops may tight5 9 be+ driv5 on4 ,wat] casks1 to emb>k4 ,to becket a cask1 slack5 (f "o or m ( ! hoops1 take a /rip ( raw hide1 slip "o end "u1 twi/ ! middle a little1 !n turn x1 slip ! o!r end "u1 nick !m t !y may n draw out1 & tight5 up ! hoop4 ,a k9d-he>t$ ,am]ican1 capta9 ( ! ,me*anic1 ( ,bo/on1 :o fill$ our wat] casks :5 we 7 on scant all[ance1 (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 taught u ?is exp$i5t4 ,9 t[+ a numb] ( casks f %ore to ! vessel becket !m 9 ?is mann] at bo? ends1 & on two sides2 !n put !m end to end1 & pass a rope on ea* side ?r\gh all ! beckets4 ,if !re are two boats let "o t[ ahead ( ! o!r1 s z to leave b "o wake2 let ! bung-hole be d[nw>d1 = if ! cask leak1 ! salt wat] be+ heavie/1 w n run up into ! fre%1 nor w ! fre% run d[n into ! salt2 :]eas1 if ! bung is up1 ! fre% wat] may spla% out & ! wat] ( ! sea run 9 & spoil ! rema9+ cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 #a-g ,b5t wood4 ,hoops may be made by tak+ ?9 /rips ( any flexible wood1 ?ree or f\r times z long z ! circumf]5ce ( ! requir$ hoop1 coil+ !m z x 71 & !n b9d+ or cl5*+ !m toge!r4 ,^! are v /rong & flexible 7,fig4 #c74 ,jib /ay hanks 7,figs4 #a & #b7 are made ( any t\gh wood1 9 b>s #ad;94 or #af;94 long1 #a;94 wide1 & a little m ?an #a_/b;94 ?ick at "o edge1 & some:at less at ! o!r4 ,^! are not*$ ab\t #b;94 f ! ends1 s t :5 !y are b5t ! ends may cross ea* o!r & af=d a hold = ! la%+ t atta*es !m to ! lea* ( ! sail4 ,!y are n fa/5$ z ! sailor op5s !m to put !m on ! /ay1 & ! la%+ to ! lea* rope fa/5s !m suffici5tly4 ,hanks may be made ( ! =k ( a bran* 7,figs4 #d1 #f & #g71 & if a d\ble hank is requir$1 a bran* ) two =ks 7,fig4 #e7 w s]ve ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 #a-e ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica /irrups are v neatly made by tak+ a b> ( t\gh wood 7,fig4 #a71 #a;ft4 or #ad;94 long1 not*+ x s z to leave 9 ! c5tre a piece ( ! full ?ickness #d;94 long1 & leav+ ! ends ( ! full ?ickness1 ?9n+ d[n f !m to ! not* on ea* side till ! wood c be safely turn$ up s t ! ends meet & =m ! b[ ( ! /irrup 7,fig4 #b74 ,! ends are cut to ! prop] bevel1 & fa/5$ by a ?ong 9 a hole bor$ ?r\gh !m4 ,a c\ple ( horizontal b>s1 #b;94 long1 fa/5$ above1 =m a slip = ! /irrup lea!r to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is is a v neat arrangem5t1 b its only fault is its extreme lightness1 z1 :5 ! horse is 9 rapid motion1 ! foot _c readily f9d ! /irrup if x %\ld be lo/ = a mom5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! block ( wood1 sometimes ri*ly c>v$ & ornam5t$1 us$ by ! ,*ilians 7,fig4 #c71 is1 not)/&+ its clumsy appe>ance1 f> sup]ior4 ,?ree b>s1 s la%$ z to =m an equilat]al triangle ( at lea/ #e;94 inn] measurem5t1 w make a good /irrup4 ,! =k ( a bran*1 ) a cross piece la%$ on x1 or susp5d$ s t "o ( its arms =ms ! tread or bottom piece1 a ?ong ( hide mak+ ! o!r side ( ! triangle1 w answ] if suffici5tly heavy4 ,! hide ( ! hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 or giraffe1 :5 suffici5tly dri$1 may be cut into /irrups1 & left to h>d54 ,sometimes ! block :i* =ms ! /irrup is cut ) a project+ spike to =m a spur2 b ! ,mexican wood5 spurs1 consi/+ ( two /icks a little ?ick] ?an a p5cil1 #d;94 long1 arm$ ) small iron po9ts1 & provid$ ) /raps z 9 ,fig4 #d1 are ab\t ! neate/ & mo/ easily extemporis$ =m we "k4 ,make%ift axes or adzes4 ,among ! native tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e iron1 ow+ to ! small scale on :i* !y smelt x1 is v sc>ce & valuable1 consid]able +5uity is %[n 9 ! m\nt+ ( an axe blade4 ,?is is g5]ally a triangul> piece ( iron1 ) "o ( its sides ?9n$ d[n & gr\nd to a r\nd$ edge1 & ! o!r two tap]$ to a spike4 ,x is well kn[n t weight is an ess5tial quality 9 all *opp+ in/rum5ts1 & ! defici5cy ( iron has !re=e to be made up ) wood4 ,a /\t bran*1 ) ano!r project+ f x at an angle ( f #gj to #hj1 is s cut z to leave a block ( ! l>g] limb atta*$ l a mallet head to ! small] "o1 z 9 ! upp]mo/ figure ( our illu/ration 7p4 #chb74 ,! spike ( ! axe head is made r$ hot1 a hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! knob 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 & ! axe is ready = use1 & has besides ! advantage ( be+ conv]tible into an adze by simply tak+ out ! iron & ins]t+ x aga9 a?w>t ! hole in/ead ( keep+ x p>allel ) ! h&le2 ! two l[] figures w give a suffici5tly good idea ( ?is4 ,we h se5 ^! tools v effici5tly wield$ by honey hunt]s & by native woodsm5 & c>p5t]s1 :o1 :5 tir$ ( "w1 conv]t ! axe h&le into a pipe by tak+ out ! iron1 p>tially /opp+ ! middle ( ! hole ) a few gre5 leaves1 putt+ ! tobacco into "o end1 & apply+ _! broad lips to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,make%ift ,,axes ,,or ,,adzes ,! o!r two figures repres5t ! mann] 9 :i* a broad *isel may be conv]t$ into a s]viceable axe or adze1 by smoo?+ (f & *annell+ ! front ( ! knob1 & firmly la%+ ! *isel to x ) raw hide ei!r =e & aft or a?w>t%ips z requir$4 ,a plane iron 7p4 #adj7 is (t5 made to answ] ! same purpose4 ,! hoes us$ by ! wom5 9 ,africa are made 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! axes1 b l>g]2 sometimes !y are flat1 ?91 & oval2 sometimes *isel or adze %ap$2 & sometimes a g\ge l =m is giv5 to ! blade1 b 9 all cases a spike is left at ! top = ins]tion into ! heavy knob ( ! h&le4 ,at times ?is knob is cut :]e two bran*es project f x1 s z to =m a d\ble-h&l$ hoe1 an example ( :i* is %[n 9 our engrav+ ( a ,be*uana hut on p4 #bha4 ,hurdle or wattle "w4 ,x may n be amiss "h to give an example ( ! mann] ( mak+ a piece ( wattl$ "w = a door1 a w9d[ %utt]1 a table1 a b$/ead1 or any o!r purpose4 ,z _m /akes z are requir$ are plant$ firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 ei!r 9 a tr5* or1 :i* is bett]1 9 holes sep>ately made ) a grauw+ /ick = ! purpose4 ,rattans1 osi]s1 twigs1 re$s1 or grass1 are !n wattl$ 9 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! sket*1 _! ends be+ ei!r cut (f1 if !y are n flexible en\gh to b5d well1 or return$ r\nd ! out]mo/ /ake1 & wattl$ 9 aga9 if !y are4 ,9 do+ ?is1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to draw ! out]mo/ /akes unduly toge!r2 & to prev5t ?is x is a good plan to cut a /rong /ick1 ) a =k at "o end & a not* l gaff jaws 9 ! o!r1 & set x betwe5 ! /akes to keep !m ap>t1 remov+ x :5 x is necess>y to put fre% wattles ov] ! top1 & replac+ x :5 !y are to be =c$ d[n4 ,baskets1 crates1 or gabions ( any size1 may be made by sett+ up squ>es or circles ( /akes1 & remov+ !m :5 wattl$2 or h\ses may be built by fix+ !m m p]man5tly & us+ !m z ! walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wattl$ ,,"w4 ,we h (t5 admir$ ! simplicity ( ! equipm5t ( a ,javanese %ip c>p5t]2 ! pond]\s maul or heavy axe & adze ( our workman is unkn[n to him2 all 8 tools1 axe1 adze1 maul1 hamm]1 & aug]s1 are made s z to fit successively on "o h&le ab\t #b;ft4 9 l5g? 7see p4 #dd71 & are c>ri$ 9 a canvas hav]sack slung ^u 8 %\ld]4 ,we h se51 p]haps1 a hundr$ ,javanese workm5 squatt+ ab\t ! decks & sides ( our little s*oon] busy z bees1 & tapp+ away l s _m woodpeck]s1 :]e "o-f\r? ! numb] ( ,engli% c>p5t]s c\ld n h work$ )\t injur+ ea* o!r4 ,blocks or pulleys4 ,! att5tion ( ! travell] is too seldom direct$ to blocks & tackle4 ,^! useful & unpret5d+ economis]s ( lab\r are ?\ght to belong to a %ip1 & !re=e to be out ( place on an inl& j\rney4 ,nev]!less1 we h f\nd t ! possession ( eight or t5 blocks ( diff]5t sizes1 & two or ?ree coils ( rope to suit !m1 has (t5 done u mo/ ess5tial s]vice2 & z a travell] may unexpect$ly f9d !m necess>y1 :]e p]haps no?+ b rope ( hide or native vegetable fibre c be obta9$1 we subjo9 directions = mak+ ! simple/ =ms1 :i* we believe w meet mo/ ( ! probable requirem5ts3 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,blocks4 ,to make a s+le block1 take a piece ( good s\nd wood ( m$ium d5sity1 & ( a k9d t w n easily split4 ,elm is mu* us$ at home3 oak w d v well2 s w also ! /9kwood ( ,africa1 & o!rs ( l quality 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,let x be1 = in/ance1 #g;94 long1 #d;94 wide1 & #c;94 ?ick2 suppose x is to c>ry a rope ( #a;94 9 diamet]1 prop]ly call$ a #c;94 rope1 all ropes be+ measur$ by _! circumf]5ce4 ,gauge along ea* ( ! n>r[ sides two p>allel l9es #a;94 ap>t & #a;94 f ea* edge1 & draw l9es across at #a;94 f ea* end2 !n1 tak+ a brace & an in* c5tre-bit1 ins]t ! c5tre s t its cutt] %all j come )9 ! cross-l9e at ei!r end2 bore ! holes half ?r\gh1 & betwe5 !m bore two o!r holes ) ! same bit1 ?us tak+ out ne>ly all ! wood betwe5 ! l9es3 rev]se ! block1 & bore 9 l mann] f ! o!r side2 take a *isel & mallet & clean away all ! int]m$iate p>ts1 & y w h a %eave hole #e;94 long & #a;94 wide4 ,clean x up ) a file or rasp4 ,!n1 draw+ a longitud9al l9e along ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! broad] sides1 m>k x at #c;94 f "o end & #d;94 f ! o!r on ea* side1 &1 plac+ ! c5tre ( ! bit on ^! m>ks1 bore ?r\gh ea* side = ! p9-hole4 ,!n = ! %eave select a log ( ! h>de/ wood conv5i5tly obta9able2 lignum vit is g5]ally us$1 b _m k9ds ( acacia w\ld answ] v well4 ,see t x is l>ge en\gh to cut away all ! sap wood1 & leave a he>t #d;94 9 diamet]2 trim ?is to a circul> =m1 saw (f a disc #a;94 ?ick1 fix x 9 a la!1 & ) a g\ge or half r\nd rasp or file s9k a holl[ all r\nd ! edge4 ,if y h n a la!1 saw ! disc n q (f1 &1 :ile x is /ill atta*$ to ! log1 make ! holl[ on ! edge & saw x (f :5 f9i%$2 bore an in* hole 9 ! c5tre1 place x 9 ! %ell1 drive a pivot ( h>d wood "r ?r\gh1 & y w f9d t at "o end ( ! block ! %eave v ne>ly fills ! hole1 :ile at ! o!r a vacancy ( ab\t an in* is left to reeve ! rope ?r\gh4 ,!n1 ) a g\ge or half r\nd rasp1 s9k holl[s 9 ! outside ( ! %ell along ! c5tre l9e t[>d ea* end1 & across ! ends1 to receive ! /rop2 r\nd (f ! corn]s & edges z neatly z y wi%1 & y w h a s]viceable block l ,fig4 #a 7p4 #chd74 ,sometimes iron pivots are us$1 b ^! are a trifle small] ?an ! wood5 ones2 #c_/d;94 iron w\ld d1 b !n an iron socket ought to be let into ! %eave z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,"s %eaves h small iron roll]s let into !m to run r\nd on ! pivot1 & s dim9i% ! friction2 b a travell] ne$ n "w to su* a nicety z ?is4 ,! snat*-block4 ,! snat*-block has already be5 two or ?ree times m5tion$1 & p]haps ?is is a good opportunity to %[ its =m1 :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! %ell is long] & /\t] ?an t ( a common block1 & 9 "o side ( x is cut ! nat* f :i* x takes its "n2 x is iron b\nd1 b "p ( ! /rop is fa%ion$ into a hasp1 :i* is op5$ :5 ! bight ( a rope is to be pass$ into ! nat* & %ut d[n ^u its /aple & =elock$ to keep ! rope f com+ out %\ld ! /ra9 be sudd5ly releas$4 ,signal block4 ,fig4 #d is a v useful k9d ( block = signall+2 x has t5 or m %eaves side by side1 & z _m l9es runn+ ov] !m2 9 fact x ought to h z _m %eaves z !re are flags4 ,x is kept 9 ! signal lock] ) ! haly>ds always rove1 & ea* flag b5t on to its own l9e4 ,:5 requir$ = use "o end ( ! peak d[n-haul is b5t on to ! cleat 9 ! c5tre1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 & x is hoi/$ to ! peak end2 ! flags requir$ are !n s5t up1 c>e be+ tak5 to hoi/ ea* to su* a height t !y may read prop]ly "o "u ! o!r 9 ! requir$ ord]4 ,^! be+ done ) are haul$ d[n & o!rs s5t up1 & mu* confusion & loss ( "t is sav$ by ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( b5d+ on & unb5d+ ! sev]al flags f "o pair ( haly>ds4 ,d\ble block4 ,we give also figures ( two useful =ms ( d\ble block4 ,no4 #e1 on :i* ! %eaves are side by side1 is call$ a si/] block4 ,no4 #f1 9 :i* !y are "o above ! o!r1 is a fiddle block4 ,notice t 9 ?is =m ! l[]mo/ %eave is ! smalle/1 & ?us ! rope pass+ ov] x is n jamm$ by ! "o t passes ov] ! upp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,make%ift ,,la!s4 ,make%ift la!s ,9 ! manufacture ( a numb] ( wood5 articles1 su* z ! %eaves ( blocks1 b[ls1 r\nd balls1 c41 ! aid ( a make%ift la! w be requir$4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( la! made use ( 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,no4 #a 9 ! annex$ illu/ration is ! be/ we "k ( = ! use ( ! travell] or explor]4 ,to make a contrivance ( ?is k9d proce$ z foll[s3 ,prep>e ?ree squ>$ po/s1 bore an aug] hole ?r\gh ! top ( ea* at ab\t #e;94 f its head2 to ^! holes fit a sp9dle made ( "s h>d t\gh wood1 9 su* a way t x w j easily play r\nd 9 ! holes )\t %ak+ ab\t2 cut a slice f a log ab\t #g;94 9 diamet]2 trim x until x is q r\nd2 cut a tol]ably deep groove r\nd ! edge1 & bore a hole 9 ! c5tre = ! sp9dle to come ?r\gh4 ,n[1 f a piece ( po9t$ iron rod or b> make a pivot p91 z %[n pass+ ?r\gh ! head ( ! po/ :i* /&s alone2 fit ?is 9 ! hole s tightly t ! driv+ ( a s+le w$ge prev5ts x f slid+ =w>d or back4 ,all ! po/s mu/ be firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd at an ev5 dep?1 & at ! relative di/ances %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,9 ! end ( ! sp9dle opposite ! pivot p9 ?ree %>p iron spikes1 made f nail po9ts1 mu/ be driv52 ^! hold ! "w 9 its place :5 revolv+4 ,?is x is made to d by ! action ( ! spr+ ov]head1 :i* is usually made f a t\gh ela/ic pole or bamboo cane4 ,! end ( ! spr+ is fitt$ ) a long /rip ( hide or a rope1 :i*1 pass+ once r\nd ! groov$ slice ( log1 is atta*$ to ! end ( ! treadle4 ,?is is made f a naturally-=k$ bran*1 ) a bit ( plank la%$ fa/ to x = a foot bo>d4 ,! *isel re/ is made by driv+ a po/ into ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! "w1 mak+ a saw-cut 9 its head1 & !n driv+ a bit ( ?9 bo>d or a piece ( broad hoop iron into x1 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,t4 ,! sp9dle is prev5t$ f mov+ too f> back by hav+ p9s driv5 ?r\gh x be=e & beh9d ! tail-po/4 ,! la! repres5t$ at ,fig4 #b is common ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,x is by ! use ( ?is contrivance t we h se5 ! long & beautifully /raight pipe tubes1 = :i* ,/amb\l is s ju/ly celebrat$1 made4 ,we h also se5 ! turn]s ( ,poona1 9 ,india1 mak+ _! wond]ful ne/s ( almo/ air-tight boxes by ! aid ( ! b[-la! 7,fig4 #b74 ,x is erect$ mu* on ! pr9ciple ( ,fig4 #a2 b is usually plac$ s close to ! gr\nd t no "o b an ,asiatic c\ld "w conv5i5tly at x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+ ,,/ones4 ,gr9d+ /ones1 to m\nt4 ,few bord] /ores w be f\nd )\t a ,newca/le gr9d+ /one1 & v few exp$itions ( any magnitude omit includ+ "o or m 9 _! li/ ( useful matt]s4 ,!re are sev]al modes _h rec\rse to = sett+ up a gr9d+ /one1 b we usually adopt "o ( ! plans %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a natural =k set up 9 a slant+ direction1 & !n tre5ail$ aga9/ ! trunk ( a tree4 ,to m\nt ! /one1 a /raight b> ( wood or iron1 squ>$ 9 ! c5tre1 mu/ be w$g$ tightly 9 ! squ>e hole ( ! /one4 ,if ! axle is ( wood1 ! two ends mu/ be r\nd$1 9 ord] t !y may revolve freely 9 ! not*es cut = _! reception 9 ! support4 ,a wood5 w9* h&le mu/ !n be fitt$ to "o ( !m4 ,if ! axle is to be ( iron1 x %\ld be fir/ heat$ 9 ! fire to a r$ heat2 ! =m ( ! h&le b5t 9 x by hamm]+2 ! c5tre squ>$1 & r\gh5$ at ! edges by ! use ( a cold *isel2 & ! two be>+ or revolv+ surfaces made r\nd by ! use ( ! hamm] & file4 ,wood5 p9s or iron /aples w s]ve to keep ! axles f ris+ out ( ! not*es & becom+ displac$4 ,a susp5d$ bullock's horn1 ) a hole 9 ! small end1 ?r\gh :i* a wisp ( t[ or moss is loosely pull$1 makes a v good wat] drip1 to prev5t ! tools f los+ _! temp] :5 be+ gr\nd4 ,"s pref] putt+ a wood5 tr\gh1 to conta9 wat]1 "u ! /one4 ,?is is a m]e matt] ( ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pack-,,saddle ,,crooks4 ,! use ( =k$ /icks4 ,a va/ deal ( tr\ble may be sav$ :5 v>i\s useful articles are be+ made f wood1 by a judici\s selection ( su* bran*es z nature has already fa%ion$ to ! h& ( ! bu% c>p5t]4 ,! above illu/ration w s]ve to give an example ( ?is2 x repres5ts a set ( pack-saddle crooks4 ,to make ^!1 x is only necess>y to cut ) ! axe f\r /\t hooks & two /raight b>s2 bore or burn a hole ?r\gh ! upp] end ( ea* hook1 la% !m toge!r 9 pairs ) /rips ( raw hide or rope1 & la% on ! side b>s z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! hooks are !n ready to be plac$ on ! pack saddle1 to :i* !y are secur$ by a gir?1 :i* is atta*$ at ea* end to ! side b>s ( ! hooks4 ,we h f\nd ^! contrivances mo/ useful = c>ry+ dead game1 packs1 or bundles ( poles4 ,h&-b>r[4 ,a v useful description ( make%ift h&-b>r[ c be made f f\r =k$ bran*es arrang$ z %[n 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration1 & la%$ toge!r ) /rips ( raw hide4 ,we fir/ saw ^! contrivances 9 use on ! bord]s ( ! ,m5a c\ntry1 :]e ! natives us$ !m = ! purpose ( c>ry+ a peculi> description ( clay1 :i* 0 collect$ among ! rav9es betwe5 ! hills1 & us$ = ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,^! b>r[s1 f _! lightness1 ela/icity1 & great /r5g?1 answ] admirably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,make%ift ,,h&-,,b>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,camp ,,table ,,& ,,/ool4 ,camp furniture4 ,excell5t camp tables & /ools c be made by select+ su* bran*es or tree trunks z h gr[n 9 ei!r ?ree or f\r prong =m1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ 7,figs4 #a & #b repres5t a table & /ool74 ,! tops are made f slices cut f conv5i5t-siz$ logs4 ,! table top is support$ & /r5g!n$ by hav+ natural gr[n knee pieces tre5ail$ to ! sides ( ! ma9 upright or pill>4 ,a small /ool is be/ made by cutt+ away ! top ( ! pill> until x is made to fit1 a l>ge aug] hole bor$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! seat1 :5 driv5 91 ! pill> head is split ) a *isel1 & !n w$g$ tight4 ,%\ld a l>g] table leaf be requir$ ?an an ord9>y log slice w af=d1 "o may be built up by bor+ holes 9 ! edges ( bo>ds1 & tre5ail+ !m toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c 7p4 #chi74 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b ,gate lat*es4 ,lat*es = gates & doors c be made entirely ( wood1 z repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration ,a1 9 :i* ,fig4 #a %[s ! lat* 9 use1 & ,figs4 #b to #g ! =m to :i* ea* "p mu/ be cut be=e be+ put toge!r4 ,! illu/ration ,b repres5ts ano!r =m ( wood5 door lat* well adapt$ = cupbo>d fa/5+s1 & ?ree make%ift modes ( =m+ box h+es4 ,fig4 #a is ! swivel h+e2 ,fig4 #b ! salt-box h+e2 & ,fig4 #c ! claw h+e4 ,_! mode ( con/ruction w be at once und]/ood on ref]5ce to ! illu/ration ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,pl\gh4 ,! knee-l b5ds & =ks s (t5 f\nd to exi/ 9 ! bran*es ( trees are (t5 tak5 advantage ( 9 ! manufacture ( make%ift pl\ghs4 ,! prec$+ & foll[+ illu/ration repres5t a native & settl]'s make%ift pl\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,settl]',s ,,pl\gh4 ,illu/ration ,agricultural implem5ts1 c4 ,_m useful agricultural & o!r implem5ts c be made by ! use ( =k$ /icks1 "s ( :i* are %[n 9 ! above illu/rations4 ,a /rong =k1 ) tre5ails driv5 ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 its ends1 makes a v conv5i5t yoke = c>ry+ pails ( wat] or o!r heavy weights1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t pigs1 :5 ! settl] is =tunate en\gh to h any1 are apt to cause mu* mis*ief among ! "y canes or maize plants4 ,to prev5t !m f do+ s1 prep>e a good numb] ( hogs' cravats f /\t =k$ /icks1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 put !m on1 & a f5ce ( v mod]ate /r5g? w keep ! pilf]]s out effectually4 ,illu/ration ,_m descriptions ( trees w be f\nd on :i* ! bran*es gr[ 9 a species ( cr[n at ea* jo9t ( ! trunk4 ,! holly & "s k9ds ( p9es are famili> examples1 & are commonly f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f a piece ( ! ma9 /em ( a "y tree ( a suitable size1 a contrivance call$ a supple jack c be made by cutt+ (f ! radiat+ bran*es to a conv5i5t l5g?1 remov+ all ! b>k1 & !n po9t+ ea* project+ sp9e l a skew]4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! jack is hung up by its small end x =ms a mo/ conv5i5t contrivance f :i* to susp5d dead game1 fi%1 or odds & ends4 ,to hang a bird to ! jack pass "o ( ! po9t$ hooks up ?r\gh ! angul> space betwe5 ! l[] m&ible1 & br+ x out at ! beak4 ,a fi% is be/ susp5d$ by ent]+ ! hook at "o ( ! gill cov]s1 & br++ x out ( ! m\?2 h>es or rabbits by pass+ "o h9d leg ?r\gh a space =m$ by cutt+ a slit beh9d ! back t5don ( ! o!r4 ,! legs ?us =m a loop to slip ov] "o ( ! hooks ( ! jack4 ,! =ego+ illu/ration %[s ! jack 9 use4 ,illu/ration ,saddle re/s1 wall & t5t pole hooks1 c41 c be made f knee1 elb[1 or hook$ bran*es ( trees4 ,!y c be atta*$ to any fix$ po9t ei!r by ! use ( tre5ails or la%+1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration4 ,! maple & "s o!r k9ds ( trees are n unfrequ5tly f\nd ) l>ge project+ excresc5ces gr[+ on _! trunks2 ^!1 :5 c>efully *opp$ (f ) ! axe1 w be f\nd to h a h>d1 d5se cru/ or %ell next ! b>k1 :il/ ! ma9 body ( ! wood is s(t & easily scoop$ out4 ,f ^! abnormal gr[?s excell5t b[ls may be made4 ,"s ( !m are suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( vessels capable ( conta9+ f eight to t5 gallons be+ made f !m4 ,v excell5t platt]s or %all[ trays c be obta9$ f ! same s\rce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sl$ges ,,& ,,sl$ge ,,travell+4 ,! use ( ! sl$ge 9 "s ( its v>i\s =ms is g5]al ?r\gh\t ! great] portion ( ! kn[n _w4 ,! nor!rn regions may1 h[ev]1 be fairly consid]$ ! great field = ! p]=mance ( sl$g+ op]ations4 ,m51 animals ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ! w9d are all at times made available z means ( apply+ ei!r traction p[] or propulsion to ! sl$ge2 & z ! build & rig ( %ips & boats are f\nd to v>y accord+ to ! seas !y are sail$ ov]1 & ! requirem5ts ( ^? :o sail 9 !m1 s w sl$ges diff] 9 =m1 size1 capacity1 weight1 & ! mat]ial f :i* !y are con/ruct$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! climate & c\ntry !y are us$ 94 ,! f> nor?1 & 9 regions :]e long & rigid w9t]s lock ! e>?1 ! riv]s1 lakes1 & ev5 at times ! sea itself1 9 ice1 & cov]s ! :ole ) a ?ick mantle ( sn[1 su* travell+ w\ld be next to impossible1 )\t ! aid ( ! sl$ge1 :i*1 al?\gh app>5tly simple 9 design1 requires mu* c>e & judgm5t to con/ruct successfully4 ,dim5sions ( sl$ges4 ,dr4 ,kane1 ! ,arctic explor]1 ?us writes on ?is subject3-- ,! dim5sions & /ructure ( ! sl$ge are ( vital importance1 almo/ imp]ceptible diff]5ces cause an increase ( friction equal to ! draught ( ano!r man or dog4 ,! curvature ( ! runn]s mu/ be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4 ,! ',fai?' 0 ev5 pref]able to ! excell5t model ( ,capta9 ,mc,clintock2 ! dim5sions ( bo? are z "u3 ,,mccl9tock',s4 ,ft4 ,94 ',,! ,,fai?4' ,ft4 ,94 ,l5g? ( runn]s #ac #j ,l5g? ( runn]s #ac #j ,height ( ditto #j #aa ,height ( ditto #j #h ,horizontal wid? ( ,horizontal wid? ( all p>ts #j #b rail #j #b ,base ( runn]s #j #c ,o!r p>ts #j #b ,?ickness ( all p>ts #j #a ,?ickness ( all p>ts #j #a ,l5g? re/+ on a ,l5g? re/+ on a plane surface #e #j plane surface #f #j ,cross-b>s1 six 9 numb]1 ,cross-b>s1 five 9 numb]1 mak+ a wid? ( #c #j mak+ a wid? ( #c #h ,! %oe+ ( l>ge ,engli% sl$ges 0 burni%$ #a_/h;94 iron1 ours 7 anneal$ #c_/af;94 /eel1 z light z possible to admit slightly c\nt]sunk rivets4 ,sealsk9 la%+s1 appli$ wet1 7 us$ = ! cross-b>s1 ! wood 0 hickory & oak1 n ! ,canada elm us$ by ! ,lanca/] ,s\nd p>ties4 ,a sl$ge l ?is1 ) a canvas cov] on :i* to place & conf9e ! c>go1 w\ld load f #aejlb4 to #bjjlb4 p] man4 ,! ',fai?' has c>ri$ #afjjlb4 ,sl$ges1 to draw4 ,:5 manual lab\r is br\ght to be> on ! sl$ge x is usually appli$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( traction1 propulsion1 or ! two comb9$4 ,! m5 :o propel a sl$ge simply pu% beh9d1 :il/ ^? :o draw d s by ! aid ( track ropes & %\ld] b&s1 :i* latt] contrivances are call$ rue ruddies1 & are us$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! track l9es are be/ made f twi/$ horsehair1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( t mat]ial ,manilla rope is ! next be/4 ,ea* man ( ! track+ p>ty %\ld be provid$ ) 8 own track l9e & rue ruddy1 = :i* he %\ld be held responsible4 ,! sl$ge to be drawn is fitt$ at its front end ) a species ( bridle loop1 to :i* all ! l9es are atta*$ by r+s1 9 su* a way t z ! sway or motion ( ! sl$ge incl9es to ei!r side1 ! r+s travel =w>d or back on ! bridle4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to atta* "o l9e on ea* side )\t a r+ to ! sl$ge runn] outside ! atta*m5t ( ! bridle1 9 ord] t :5 ! sl$ge has to be turn$1 or its l9e ( direction sudd5ly *ang$1 ! p[] ( "o man on ea* side may be br\ght directly to be>4 ,! slid+ l9es mu/ be s adju/$ ) reg>d to l5g? t ! :ole p>ty ( track]s may use _! full p[]s )\t com+ 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! longe/ l9es may be f #af;ft4 to #bj;ft4 f r+ to end4 ,illu/ration ,! rue ruddy4 ,! rue ruddy is a broad b& ( d\ble canvas or sk9 ) ! edges sewn 91 & ! be>+ jo9ts padd$ & /uff$ ) hair4 ,a loop is =m$ at ! po9t at :i* ! track rope is atta*$1 ?r\gh ?is ! toggle ( ! l9e is pass$4 ,:5 an extra man is atta*$ to a l9e1 a sp>e toggle is atta*$ to x by a timb] hit*1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration "h giv54 ,a %ort ma/ & small squ>e sail c be us$ ) great advantage :5 ! w9d is fair4 ,kites w\ld also facilitate ! passage ( sl$ges ov] comp>atively smoo? ice4 ,illu/ration ,dog sl$ge & h>ness4 ,! dog sl$ge is a mo/ valuable & important accessory to nor!rn travel1 & )\t its assi/ance ! ,esquimaux hunt] & ,arctic explor] w\ld be at times almo/ helpless4 ,! =m ( ! dog sl$ge1 & ! mann] ( h>ness+ ! dogs1 v>ies accord+ to ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* x is us$ & ! p]iod ( ! ye> :5 its aid is requir$4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to a description ( su* z are mo/ likely to be ( value to ! ,european travell]1 leav+ him to select ! =m ( h>ness be/ suit$ to 8 p>ticul> ta/es4 ,dog h>ness is usually made f /rips ( sealsk9 sewn toge!r ) ?reads =m$ f s9ew4 ,"s driv]s make use ( "o trace1 o!rs pref] two4 ,! mo/ common plan is to lead two traces1 s to speak1 into "o1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,_m driv]s ( great exp]i5ce "w _! dogs abrea/ :5 ! s+le trace arrangem5t is adopt$4 ,o!rs use a lead]1 h>ness$ ahead ( ! o!r dogs4 ,dr4 ,hayes1 ! ,arctic explor]1 ?us writes reg>d+ 8 dogs3 ,we h>ness !m ea* ) a s+le trace1 & ^! traces are ( a l5g? to suit ! fancy ( ! driv]1 ! long] ! bett]1 = !y are !n n s easily tangl$4 ,! draught ( ! outside dogs is m direct1 & if ! team comes on ?9 ice & breaks ?r\gh1 y\r *ances ( escape f imm]sion are 9 proportion to _! di/ance f y4 ,! traces are all ( ! same l5g?1 & h5ce ! dogs run side by side1 &1 :5 prop]ly h>ness$1 _! heads are 9 a l9e4 ,my traces are s measur$ t ! %\ld]s ( ! dogs are j #bj;ft4 f ! =emo/ "p ( ! runn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,help+ ,,! ,,dogs4 ,spe$ & ! :ip4 ,) a twelve-dog team1 h>ness$ 9 ?is mann]1 a high rate ( spe$ may be ga9$4 ,six measur$ miles h be5 run ov] a tol]ably good surface 9 tw5ty-eight m9utes4 ,! direction & spe$ ( ! team are regulat$ p>tly by ! voice1 b ma9ly by ! :ip2 &1 z ?is in/rum5t is s important & difficult to h&le1 we _c resi/ giv+ ! read] ! b5efit ( ! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,kane1 ?an :om few h _h great] exp]i5ce 9 dog-sl$ge managem5t4 ,he ?us describes ! :ip he us$ = 8 teams4 ,! :ip is #fyds4 long1 & ! h&le b #af;941 a %ort lev] by :i* to ?r[ out su* a l5g? ( seal hide4 ,le>n to d x1 h[ev]1 ) a ma/]ly sweep1 or else make up y\r m9d to =ego driv+ a sl$ge1 = ! dogs are guid$ solely by ! la%2 & y mu/ be able1 n only to hit any p>ticul> dog out ( ! team ( twelve1 b to accompany ! feat also ) a res\nd+ crack4 ,aft] ?is1 y f9d t to get y\r la% back involves ano!r difficulty1 = x is apt to entangle itself among ! dogs & l9es1 or to fa/5 itself cunn+ly r\nd bits ( ice s z to drag y head ov] heels into ! sn[4 ,! secret by :i* ?is complicat$ set ( requirem5ts is fulfill$ consi/s 9 prop]ly describ+ an arc f ! %\ld]1 ) a /iff elb[1 giv+ ! j]k to ! :ip h&le f ! h& & wri/ alone4 ,! la% trails beh9d z y travel1 & :5 ?r[n =w>d is all[$ to ext5d itself1 )\t an ef=t to br+ x back4 ,y wait pati5tly aft] giv+ ! projectile impulse until x unw9ds its sl[ l5g?1 rea*es ! end ( its te!r1 & cracks to tell y t x is at its j\rney's end4 ,su* a crack on ! e> or =efoot ( an un=tunate dog is signalis$ by a h[l q unmi/akable 9 its import4 ,! m]e lab\r ( us+ ?is :ip is su* t ! ,esquimaux travel 9 c\ples1 "o sl$ge aft] ! o!r4 ,! h9d] dogs foll[ me*anically & ?us require no :ip1 & ! driv]s *ange ab\t s z to re/ ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smoo?+ ,,r\gh ,,runn]s4 ,esquimaux sl$ges & exp$i5ts4 ,_m ( ! ,esquimaux sl$ges are mo/ +5i\sly con/ruct$--"s be+ =m$ ( light slabs ( bone1 la%$ toge!r ) s9ew & %od ) runn]s compos$ ( highly-poli%$ walrus ivory4 ,%\ld ! surface ( ! runn]s become r\gh5$ f any cause1 ! ,esquimaux fills 8 m\? ) wat]1 & !n1 by contract+ 8 *eeks z 9 ! act ( bl[+ a trumpet1 =ces ! wat] 9 a /rong jet ov] ! face ( ! runn]4 ,a coat ( ?9 ice in/antly =ms1 & becomes froz5 firmly to ! bone1 produc+ a coat+ l t ( glass4 ,! above illu/ration w s]ve to %[ h[ ?is op]ation is conduct$4 ,illu/ration ,sl$ge log1 to make4 ,to e/imate ! spe$ at :i* a sl$ge is travell+1 a log mu/ be us$4 ,?is is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,a wood5 reel & sp9dle1 su* z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+1 mu/ be made2 r\nd ?is ! log l9e is coil$1 leav+ a free end = ! log or weight1 :i* may consi/ ( a piece ( scrap iron or a /one1 to be atta*$ to4 ,ab\t #bjyds4 f ! log a bit ( r$ rag %\ld be knott$ to ! l9e2 !n at e #ej;ft4 knot 9 a bit ( seal hide4 ,:5 ab\t to use ! log l9e1 ca/ ! weight well cle> ( ! sl$ge1 let ! reel give (f ! l9e freely until ! r$ rag is free4 ,directly t is (f ! coil1 turn y\r half-m9ute glass up1 & let ! s& run1 & :5 x is all d[n1 /op ! reel4 ,x w be !n se51 by ! foll[+ calculation1 :at ! spe$ has be54 ,z #abj times half a m9ute make "o h\r1 & #abj times #ej;ft4 make v ne>ly a geographical mile1 s _m bits ( hide w run cle> ( ! revolv+ reel z ! sl$ge travels miles 9 ! h\r4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 #a-c ,sl$ge equipm5t4 ,:5 fitt+ up y\r sl$ge equipm5t procure "s l>ge-siz$ m>r[ bones1 & saw !m up into a numb] ( tol]ably /\t r+s2 !n1 f o!r bones ( solid texture1 make toggles to accompany ! r+s4 ,^! contrivances1 %[n 9 ! above illu/ration1 are invaluable = atta*+ lea!r /raps to ea* o!r4 ,a simple slit 9 ! end ( ea* /rap admits ( ! toggle be+ pass$ ?r\gh !m1 :5 its not*$ =m prev5ts x f com+ out aga94 ,knots 9 dog h>ness t5d to endless hit*es & entanglem5ts2 & buckles1 f be+ compos$ ( metal1 w\ld be /ol5 to a c]ta9ty4 ,?ree modes ( atta*+ /rips ( hide to ea* o!r are %[n above4 ,figs4 #a & #b illu/rate h[ ! bone r+s be=e describ$ c be made use (4 ,fig4 #c %[s two loops twi/$ ov] ea* o!r4 ,a good-siz$ bladd]1 or sk9 bag1 =ms a conv5i5t receptacle = bo? r+s & toggles1 ( :i* make pl5ty4 ,camp+4 ,:5 ab\t to pit* camp1 or :il/ re/+1 drive ! spe>s into ! ice to secure ! dogs to by %ort neck ropes4 ,mo/ sl$ge dogs are tra9$ to lie d[n :5 ! :ip h&le is pass$ lightly along _! backs4 ,nev] he$lessly quit y\r sl$ge :il/ on ! m>*1 unless y h fa/ hold ( ! up/&]s1 or )\t fir/ br++ x to an an*or4 ,?is c be done by ?ru/+ a seal spe> or lance d[n into ! sn[ betwe5 ! fir/ two transv]se b>s ( ! sl$ge bottom4 ,%\ld y neglect ^! precautions1 y /& a good *ance ( see+ y\r runaway team g rattl+ (f 9 ! f> di/ance1 leav+ y to foll[ z y be/ may4 ,to *eck ! spe$ ( y\r sl$ge :5 y are on x1 plant y\r heels on ! sn[ & sit fa/4 ,! habits ( sl$ge dogs4 ,x w be g5]ally f\nd t 9 e team !re w be "o ma/] dog1 :o1 by ! use ( a %>p set ( tee? & a /rong w1 contrives to keep all ! re/ 9 subjection1 & n unfrequ5tly quells disord]s among ! qu>relsome pack by da%+ 9 among !m at ! height ( _! con/ant skirmi%es1 & s5d+ !m head ov] heels to ! "r & left1 !reby aid+ 8 ma/] 9 ma9ta9+ due discipl9e4 ,food = ! dogs4 ,froz5 or dri$ fi%1 & ! (fal ( su* animals z may be captur$ 9 ! *ase1 are us$ z dog food4 ,! ,esquimaux usually fe$ _! dogs b once 9 two days2 x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to fe$ e day1 b n until ! "w is f9i%$1 ! j\rney end$1 & ! camp pit*$4 ,no dog works well on a full /oma*4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! fe$+ ( y\r dogs 9 ord] t all may %>e alike1 z "s are s desp]ately artful & cunn+1 t !y d all 9 _! p[] to delude _! ma/] into a belief t1 in/ead ( hav+ _h _! full all[ance1 x is yet to come4 ,no nor!rn travell] ev] will+ly all[s 8 dogs to eat any portion ( ! liv] ( ! pol> be>1 z x is pron\nc$ by all ! ,esquimaux to be mo/ un:olesome & injuri\s to dogs2 !y1 !re=e1 ei!r bury ! be>'s liv] "u ! ice1 or1 if practicable1 ca/ x into ! sea4 ,no sl$ge or portion ( ! sl$ge equipm5t 9 ! con/ruction or repair ( :i*1 ?ongs or t5dons h be5 us$ %\ld be left 9 rea* ( ! dogs dur+ ! night1 or !y w be pretty sure to r$uce ! :ole to a wreck be=e morn+4 ,) su* make%ift sl$ges z h _! runn]s made f rolls ( froz5 hide ?is precaution is especially necess>y4 ,h9ts on sl$ges4 ,! foll[+ h9ts on ! subject ( sl$ges1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,kane1 are mo/ valuable1 be+ ! result ( no ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,to enc\nt] brok5 ice 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness1 & at a temp]ature de/ructive to life1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u y\r sl$ge2 %\ld x break d[n1 y might z well break y\r own leg--!re is no hope = y4 ,our sl$ge1 !n1 is made ( well-tir$ oak1 dovetail$ into a runn] %od ) iron2 no metal is us$ besides except ! screws & rivets :i* conf9e ! sl$ge to its runn]s4 ,9 ?is int5se cold1 iron snaps l glass1 & no immovable or rigidly fa/5$ wood-"w w\ld /& = a mom5t ! fi]ce concussions ( a drive4 ,ev]y?+ is put toge!r ) la%+s ( sealsk91 & ! :ole fabric is ! skeleton framework ( a sl$ge z flexible z a lady's "w-basket1 & weigh+ only #djlb4 ,on ?is we fa/5 a sack+ bottom ( canvas1 tightly /ret*$1 l its namesake ( ! f\r-po/ b$/ead1 ar\nd ! m>g94 ,we call ?is tick+ ! apron & cov]2 ! apron be+ a flap ( #af;94 high surr\nd+ ! cov]1 & ei!r hang+ loose at its sides1 l a valance1 or lac$ up d[n ! middle4 ,into ?is apron & cov] y pack y\r c>go--! less ! bett]--& !n lace & la% ! :ole securely toge!r4 ,rules = ! m>*4 ,! foll[+ rules to be obs]v$ on ! m>* or dur+ a halt are valuable & practical to a degree4 ,keep ! blood 9 motion )\t loit]+ on ! m>*2 & = ! halt raise a sn[ h\se1 or1 if ! sn[ lie scant or impracticable1 ensconce y\rself 9 a burr[1 or "u ! hospitable lee ( an incl9$ hammack-slab4 ,! outside fat ( y\r walrus su/a9s y\r little moss fire2 its froz5 slices give y bread2 its froz5 blubb] gives y butt]2 its scrag ends make ! s\p4 ,! sn[ supplies y ) wat]1 & :5 y are ambiti\s ( c(fee !re is a bagful /[$ away 9 y\r boot4 ,spread out y\r be> bag1 y\r only heavy movable1 & /uff y\r re9de] bag inside1 hang y\r boots up outside1 take a blade ( bone & scrape (f all ! ice f y\r furs4 ,n[ crawl 91 ! :ole p>ty ( y1 feet =emo/1 draw ! top ( y\r dormitory close1 head+ to leew>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sl$g+ ,,ov] ,,r\gh ,,ice4 ,useful odds & ends4 ,:5 ab\t to />t on a sl$ge j\rney1 a c]ta9 numb] ( useful matt]s w be requir$ 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$4 ,a few gre5 or blue gauze or t>latan veils1 to protect ! eyes f ! gl>e ( ! sn[1 w be f\nd ( ! greate/ value4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 sl$ge m5 n uncommonly collect a quantity ( ! deposit ( black f\nd 9 ! sconces ( ! lamps4 ,?is !y mix ) grease1 & ) x black ! eyelids & upp] "p ( ! face4 ,?is exp$i5t1 al?\gh n equal to a veil1 is f> bett] ?an no?+4 ,we h made use ( gre5 glass spectacles1 b f\nd !m next to useless1 z ! glasses soon became coat$ ) ice1 =m$ f ! cond5s$ vap\r giv5 (f ) ! brea?4 ,nev] travel )\t a small pocket mirror2 by its aid y c discov] at once :e!r y\r nose or e>s are becom+ fro/ bitt51 & c act accord+ly4 ,directions = ! treatm5t ( fro/ bite w be giv5 fur!r on 9 our "w4 ,nev] g )\t y\r possible sack1 :i* %\ld conta9 lots ( hide /rips1 ( all l5g?s & sizes1 awls1 ne$les1 cord1 lea!r1 knife1 :et/one1 & any numb] ( bone r+s & toggles4 ,a l>ge f9e-too!d rasp is ( great s]vice 9 fa%ion+ bone2 take "o1 or m2 "o h&le w s]ve = all1 & ! %>p1 tang ends s]ve to bore holes )4 ,few m5 h manag$ to r$uce _! sl$ge equipm5t to m simple elem5ts ?an ! doctor4 ,he says1 ,my plans = sl$g+1 simple z ,i once ?\ght !m1 & simple1 c]ta9ly1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,engli% p>ties1 h completely *ang$4 ,give me an #hlb4 re9de] fur bag to sleep 91 an ,esquimaux lamp1 ) a lump ( moss1 a %eet-iron sn[ melt]1 or a copp] s\p pot1 ) a t9 cyl9d] to slip ov] & def5d x f ! w9d1 a good pice de rsi/ance ( raw walrus beef1 & ,i want no?+ m = a long j\rney if ! !rmomet] w keep itself z high z m9us #cj4 ,give me a be>sk9 bag1 & c(fee to boot1 & ) ! clo!s on my back ,i am ready = m9us #fj1 b no w9d4 ,dur+ long j\rneys ov] r\gh & unev5 ice ! paws ( ! dogs are liable to become worn & sore4 ,dogs' boots4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 be=e enc\nt]+ su* h9drances to travel1 to protect !m ) mocass9s4 ,^! are made by r\nd+ a piece ( s(t hide1 ) ! hair side 91 & !n cutt+ all r\nd its edge a numb] ( small slits2 ?r\gh ^! a /rip ( hide is pass$4 ,! dog's paw is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! r\nd4 ,on ! /r+ be+ drawn home1 ! foot w be fitt$ z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,tol]ably well-f$ dogs w r>ely eat ^! protections (f1 z !y seem to "k p]fectly well :at !y are put on =4 ,mocass9s are especially ne$$ :5 !re is a ?9 %>p cru/ ( ice on ! surface1 & ! pace rapid4 ,illu/ration ,! tobogun sl$ge4 ,:5 ! sn[ is s(t1 ! =m ( sl$ge kn[n z a tobogun is v useful1 n only z a dog sl$ge1 b z a conv5i5t means ( c>ry+ packs1 traps1 or dead game2 :5 us$ = ^! purposes1 ! hunt]1 :o usually travels on sn[ %oes1 draws x aft] him by a track l9e4 ,! tobogun is made by ei!r b5d+ up ! end ( a t\gh plank by /eam1 or cutt+ ! desir$ =m ( wood out ( ! solid ) ! axe4 ,ice bo>ds4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( sl$ge some:at on ! tobogun pr9ciple1 kn[n z an ice bo>d4 ,?is is made f exce$+ly t\gh1 ela/ic wood4 ,x is turn$ up at ! b[ end l ! toe ( a skate1 & usually measures ab\t #a;ft4 wide by #h;ft4 long4 ,x is made ?us 9 ord] t x may freely pass along ! n>r[ ,indian trails across ! lakes4 ,?is bo>d1 al?\gh t\gh & flexible en\gh to pass ov] ! inequalities ( ! unev5 way )\t break+1 is /iff5$ at ! upturn$ pr[ by a piece ( wood1 :i*1 be+ fa/5$ inside ! curve1 pres]ves its b5t =m4 ,sev]al cross b>s1 dispos$ at int]vals 9 ! l9e ( ! sl$ge1 s]ve to add to its /r5g?4 ,! bridle or draw+ po9t ( ! sl$ge is =m$ ( hide1 & is secur$ to ! beak or /iff5]4 ,! team ( dogs us$ 9 draw+ ?is k9d ( conveyance is h>ness$ to two /iff t\gh poles1 :i* project to ! front4 ,! load is s pack$ z to admit ( its be+ divid$ equally ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! bo>d to :i* x is secur$1 by pass+ two hide ropes along its sides f end to end4 ,^! side cords are atta*$ by la%+s to ! cross b>s1 & =m a s]ies ( po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! la%+s :i* pass =w>d & back1 & f side to side ov] ! load4 ,aft] be+ haul$ up z tight z possible1 !re %\ld be rope en\gh = two tail pieces to trail beh9d2 ^! are useful to seize on :5 go+ d[n a slope1 if ! sl$ge requires turn+1 or 9 ev5t ( ! dogs tak+ x into _! head to bolt on a /eep incl9e1 ! sl$ge1 load & all1 is turn$ on its side1 & all[$ to drag to ! bottom1 :]e x is set "r1 & proce$s z be=e4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,common dog sl$ge4 ,! common runn] dog sl$ge is bett] adapt$ = travell+ ov] tol]ably h>d sn[1 & ! mode ( h>ness+ ! dogs is %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,! be>+ po9ts1 *e/ b&1 & coll> piece ( ! h>ness1 %\ld be made ( ?9 s(t hide1 sewn d\ble l an old fa%ion$ %ot belt1 & !n /uff$ ) hair-wool1 p\nd$ b>k1 fibre1 or moss4 ,a seal %\ld be always drawn head fir/1 z x travels ?us ) less ?an "o-half ! traction p[]4 ,! travail sl$ge4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is h>d1 or 9 ! abs5ce ( sn[1 dogs are frequ5tly us$ to draw a contrivance kn[n z a travail2 ?is is made by atta*+ two long t\gh /icks1 slightly turn$ up at ! h9d ends1 to ! neck coll> ( ! dog4 ,! small ends ( ! /icks %\ld re/ ne>e/ ! head ( ! dog2 by "s dog driv]s ^! are made to j cross ea* o!r ov] ! dog's neck1 :]e !y are b\nd to ea* o!r by a la%+ ( hide2 o!rs pref] atta*+ ea* /ick 9 a l9e ) ! body ( ! dog1 z 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! travail /icks are padd$ at _! po9ts ( contact1 & kept asund] be=e & beh9d ! load by cross b>s ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! %orte/ be+ next ! dog's h9d legs4 ,horses are frequ5tly equipp$ precisely 9 ! same mann]1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ! engrav+ repres5t+ ,indian lodges4 ,a horse ( fair av]age p[] w c>ry a travail load ( ab\t #bablb4 tw5ty-five miles p] day1 & a good dog w draw #gelb4 9 ! same way ov] prairie l&4 ,illu/ration ,dog packs4 ,su* dogs z are n employ$ 9 pull+ v (t5 c>ry packs on _! backs1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 ^! %\ld be at all times v light1 & ! gir?s & brea/ /rap wide en\gh to prev5t undue pressure4 ,we h se5 ! ,t>t>s pack _! dogs by plac+ a broad b& ( %eepsk9 ) ! wool inside r\nd ! dog1 fa/5 x ) loops & toggles1 fit on a brea/ /rap ( ! same mat]ial 9 ! same way1 & !n secure ! load to ! gir? by pass+ ?ongs ?r\gh a set ( bone r+s sewn 9 = ! purpose4 ,! ?ongs pass across ! load1 & g ?r\gh ! r+s on ! opposite side1 & ?us secure ! pack )\t compress+ ! dog1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,horse sl$ges4 ,:5 horses are us$ = sl$ge draw+ x is no uncommon practice to atta* !m to a conveyance =m$ by m\nt+ a common c>riage body on runn]s4 ,we h se5 ! ,russians use a mo/ conv5i5t & durable sl$ge body2 x 0 =m$ ( /rong wick] "w1 /r5g!n$ by /r+]s ( light wood1 b\nd ) la%+s ( raw hide4 ,! runn]s 7 fac$ ) /eel1 & ! horses1 ?ree 9 numb]1 work$ abrea/2 t 9 ! c5tre hav+ a sort ( ar* or hoop ov] 8 neck4 ,bells %\ld be us$ on all sl$ge teams1 z ! sl$ge glides along s noiselessly t collisions w\ld be frequ5t )\t ! *e]ful w>n+ note ( ! bells1 :i* c be he>d at a great di/ance 9 ! cle> fro/y air4 ,x is n our int5tion "h to ent] on ! subject ( sl$ges1 z us$ by ! sl$ge clubs = amusem5t or display1 z !y are n )9 our prov9ce4 ,field artill]y sl$ges4 ,field artill]y c be easily work$ on ! surface ( froz5 lakes & riv]s1 by atta*+ runn]s in/ead ( :eels to ! guns & waggons4 ,! recoil ( guns1 :5 fir$ f sl$ge runn]s1 is (t5 consid]able1 & _m modes are adopt$ to gov]n x4 ,! be/ make%ift plan we "k is to prep>e two long ?ick /raw mats = ea* gun sl$ge1 & be=e lay+ ! gun1 raise ! bree* ends ( ! runn]s by h&spike p[]1 to a suffici5t height to admit ( ! mats be+ drawn well "u !m1 :5 ! h&spike may be )drawn1 & ! runn]s all[$ to re/ on ! mats4 ,a species ( r\gh basket "w =m$ f p9e bran*es w answ] ! same purpose4 ,! re9de] sl$ge4 ,! re9de] is a mo/ valuable animal = sl$ge draw+1 &1 f ! imm5se numb] ( animals ( ?is description kept 9 a /ate ( p>tial dome/ication 9 ! nor? 7x has be5 r\ghly comput$ t 9 ,lapl& alone !re are #ajj1jjj71 ext5sive use is made ( !m z bea/s ( burd51 "s be+ us$ z pack animals1 & o!rs work$ on ! sn[ 9 ! =m ( sl$ge 7repres5t$ 9 ! opposite illu/ration7 kn[n z ! k]res4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,re9de] ,,sl$ge ,,or ,,k]res4 ,! mode ( h>ness+ ! de] is peculi>1 ! bridle loop1 =m$ ( t5dons1 be+ "u ! front ( ! sl$ge2 ?is arrangem5t gives lift+ p[]4 ,!n a s+le trace1 atta*$ to ?is bridle1 passes betwe5 ! de]'s h9d legs1 & is atta*$ to ! coll> 7:i* is well padd$ ) hair71 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a loop 9 ! back b&1 :]e x meets "u ! *e/4 ,! guid+ re9 is s+le ne> ! sl$ge1 :]e ! driv] holds x1 b d\ble ne> its t]m9ation2 "o "p is fa/5$ to ! coll>1 :il/ ! o!r is secur$ to ! de]'s head4 ,?is re9 is us$ mu* z our pl\ghm5 use a pl\gh re92 x is compos$ ( /rips ( plait$ hide1 &1 by a dext]\s turn ( ! wri/ & elb[1 c be made to d ! duty ( a :ip1 &1 al?\gh little control c be ex]cis$ ov] a wayw>d animal1 a tractable "o w p]=m j\rneys ( surpass+ l5g? 9 a wond]fully %ort space ( "t2 f sev5 to eight miles an h\r ov] tol]ably good gr\nd may be consid]$ av]age travell+4 ,x is record$1 h[ev]1 t an (fic] *>g$ ) important dispat*es once travell$ f ,umea1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 to ! city ( ,/ockholm 9 =ty-eight h\rs ) "o de] 7! di/ance is little %ort ( #ejj miles72 b ! life ( ! de] 0 sacrific$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ! j\rney4 ,! weight ( a de]'s load w dep5d mu* on ! nature ( ! "w he is engag$ on2 :5 employ$ 9 br++ 9 dead game1 produce1 c41 at a sl[ pace1 he c easily draw #c cwt41 b :5 equipp$ = a rapid j\rney ! weight drawn %\ld n am\nt to m ?an f #bcjlb4 to #bdelb4 ,engli%4 ,sl$ge de] n unfrequ5tly p]=m "s curi\s & inconv5i5t freaks ) _! driv]s4 ,%\ld !y f any cause ?9k !mselves unfairly dealt ) or h>%ly us$1 !y imm$iately turn back on ! conductor1 :o1 to save himself1 at once turns ov] ! sl$ge & gets "u x4 ,! de] n[ tries to make use ( 8 horns1 b f9ds !m ( little avail aga9/ ! mummy-l clo?+ ( 8 sk9-clad ma/]1 :o usually settles ! matt] by ! production ( a lump ( salt1 :i*1 :5 lick$ by ! eag] tongue ( ! irritat$ & cantank]\s de]1 acts l a *>m 9 re/or+ ord] & a good und]/&+1 :5 on he goes aga9 z fre% & will+ly z ev]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sib]ia re9de] are regul>ly ridd51 j z horses are 9 ,engl& & bullocks 9 ,africa & ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,summ] sl$ges4 ,summ] sl$ges ( v>i\s =ms are common to ! :ole _w4 ,we %all only deal ) ! mo/ notewor?y & valuable to ! settl] or explor]4 ,! mo/ common ( ^!1 kn[n z a wi%+ bone sl$ge1 is made f a curv$ & =k$ bran* cut (f to ! requir$ l5g?1 a deep not* is cut at ! po9t ( ! angle at ! union ( ! =k to fa/5 ! horses to1 transv]se pieces are tre5ail$ across ! prongs1 ! tail ends are slightly r\nd$ up l ! runn]s ( a sl$ge1 & ! head is also curv$ 9 an upw>d direction ) ! axe1 z se5 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,sl$ges ( ?is k9d are v useful = ! conveyance ( r\gh heavy sub/ances1 su* z build+ /one or m9]al ores1 pack$ 9 sk9 bags4 ,ano!r useful =m ( f>m]'s or emigrant's sl$ge is also %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,aug] holes are bor$ ?r\gh ! ends ( ! runn]s1 ?r\gh :i* a /rong wood5 b> is pass$1 to ?is ! traces are fa/5$4 ,sn[ %oes4 ,! description ( sn[ %oe us$ by ! natives ( diff]5t c\ntries & localities v>y j z mu* z ! sl$ges4 ,we c1 !re=e1 only deal ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction & use4 ,! racquet or sn[ %oe ( ! ,canadians v>ies 9 l5g? ) ! degree ( support+ p[] ( ! sn[4 ,! =m ( ! sn[ %oe is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! frame or outside rim ( ! %oe is made f t\gh1 light wood2 a% is mu* us$ = ! purpose4 ,! network is (t5 made f /rips ( moose sk91 de] sk91 or "s o!r untann$ hide4 ,!re are two modes by :i* ! network is secur$ to ! frame4 ,"o is to bore a tra9 ( gimlet holes at prop] di/ances ap>t all r\nd ! frame1 & ) ?9 /rips ( hide or t5don pass$ alt]nately backw>d & =w>d ?r\gh !m1 ! side loops ( ! racquet "w are tak5 up & ti$ fa/ to ! frame4 ,! o!r me?od consi/s 9 w9d+ a long ?9 ?ong r\nd ! frame1 & s b9d+ ! int]lac+ to x4 ,! annex$ illu/ration %[s "s o!r =ms ( ! sn[ %oe4 ,illu/ration ,! sn[ %oe is n /rapp$ to ! foot l ! skate1 b is fa/5$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 !re is an arrangem5t ( /rap ?r\gh :i* ! foot is ?ru/ )\t ! aid ( ! h&s2 ! l5g? & atta*m5t ( ! ?ong be+ proportion$ to ! foot ( ! we>]2 !n !re is an orifice left 9 ! middle ( ! network 9 ! c5tre l9e ( ! %oe1 b ne>] to ! toe ?an ! heel2 into ?is hole ! front "p ( ! foot is ?ru/1 mu* z "o w\ld put on an old heelless slipp]4 ,9 ! adju/m5t ( ! %oe fa/5+s1 ! ball ( ! great toe is made to re/ on :at ! ,indians call ! bimikibison1 or walk+ /rap4 ,?is is secur$ by its ends to ! frame ( ! %oe1 & by its sides by means ( %ort /raps to ! front cross b>4 ,9 addition to ^!1 a small loop is atta*$ to ! walk+ /rap ( j suffici5t l5g? to all[ ! toes to pass ?r\gh1 b n>r[ en\gh to keep back ! ball ( ! foot1 :i* acts z a sort ( /opp]1 & by its pressure lifts & pu%es ! %oe upw>ds & =w>ds4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! foot f work+ its way backw>ds1 a /rap or sl+1 ! adiman1 passes r\nd ! back ( ! heel4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! foot works1 s to speak1 l a scale beam1 ! be>+ "p be+ ! ball jo9t ( ! great toe1 & z ei!r end ( ! beam tilts up or d[n1 s ! %oe is dragg$ on or becomes a re/+ spot until its fell[ passes skimm+ly =w>d1 leav+ a well-m>k$ pair ( grooves beh9d ! travell]4 ,make%ift sn[ %oes are (t5 made 9 ! =e/ f light1 t\gh bo>ds4 ,^! are hewn into ! r\gh =m ( a fi%--broad be=e & n>r[ beh9d4 ,! toe hole1 or eye ( ! %oe1 is cut z 9 ! m p]fect %oe1 & an ind5tation is hewn out ( ! solid to admit ( ! foot always dropp+ into its prop] position4 ,^! are g5]ally us$ ov] v s(t sn[ or swampy unsafe gr\nd4 ,! curv$ sn[ %oes %[n 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #dji are at times ov] #f;ft4 long1 & are us$ on op5 gr\nd2 ! %ort] k9ds be+ bett] adapt$ = walk+ ! =e/1 :]e roots & o!r imp$im5ts to travel ab\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #a-c ,sn[-%oe boots4 ,su* boots z are worn = ord9>y travell+1 are utt]ly useless to ! sn[-%oe runn]1 :o c\ld n p]=m 8 "w 9 !m4 ,"h1 aga91 cu/oms v>y ) c\ntries4 ,! ,esquimaux1 aft] cov]+ 8 feet well ) birds' sk9s1 encases !m 9 cov]+s ( sealsk91 *ew$ pliant & s(t by 8 lov+ sp\se2 ov] ^! he draws a pair ( fur boots1 made f ! sk9s ( be>s' legs1 ) ! feet left on4 ,! mocass9 is ! =m ( foot ge> be/ adapt$ = ! use ( ! ,european travell]1 & to put x on prop]ly requires "s little practice & managem5t4 ,! foll[+ directions w at any rate %[ ! =m & nature ( ! mat]ials be/ calculat$ to insure com=t 9 walk+ & prev5t fro/ bite4 ,fir/ make a pair ( ?ick flannel cap socks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,^! are m]ely flannel soles or socks ) a toe cap sewn to !m4 ,^! are put on j z y w\ld put on slipp]s1 ov] ! cross$ ends ( ! long flannel b&ages :i* fold ev5ly "u ! toes on ea* side1 & lap ov] ea* o!r4 ,! long ends are n[ br\ght r\nd ! foot1 ov] ! sole1 r\nd ! heel1 & are w\nd ev5ly & spirally ov] & "u ea* o!r until br\ght well up "u ! calf ( ! leg4 ,"h !y are fa/5$ (f by pass+ ! free ends two or ?ree times "u ! coil4 ,! mocass9 may n[ be fa/5$ on ov] ?is arrangem5t1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 :5 a good ?ick pair ( blanket legg+s makes all complete = a tramp4 ,illu/ration ,norwegian skidor4 ,unlike ! sn[ %oes1 ! skidor ( ,lapl& & ,norway h no racquet "w1 b are m]ely long1 n>r[1 upturn$ runn]s1 to :i* ! feet ( ! skid lp>e or travell] are /rapp$4 ,illu/ration ,a peculi> /aff1 ) a project+ rim r\nd x1 is c>ri$ to aid 9 propell+1 guid+1 c41 :5 asc5d+ or desc5d+ unev5 surfaces4 ,! annex$ illu/ration w s]ve to give "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! skidor are us$1 b an imm5se deal ( practice is requir$ to make ev5 a tol]ably good skid lp>e4 ,skates & _! sub/itutes4 ,9 "s localities ! %9 bones ( animals are us$ z aids 9 pass+ ov] froz5 surfaces4 ,"o is securely /rapp$ "u ! sole ( ea* boot & made to act some:at aft] ! mann] ( a small sl$ge runn]4 ,on ! use ( skates we %all h little to say1 z ! art ( pla91 /raight=w>d skat+ is too g5]al to ne$ m ?an a pass+ rem>k4 ,we %[ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ! mode ( fa/5+ :i* we h f\nd mo/ reliable = use on r\gh ice1 & = h>d "w4 ,illu/ration ,we 7 _m ye>s ago advis$ to use x by a ,dut*man :o 0 celebrat$ = 8 feats 9 pace & di/ance2 we adopt$ 8 plan & adh]$ to x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,boots1 ,,%oes1 ,,& ,,s&als4 ,we h already advis$ ! travell] to include 9 8 outfit a good /ore ( ,engli% made boots & %oes--suit$ to ! "w he is likely to engage 9--9 w>m c\ntries su* z ,africa or ,india4 ,we pref] %oes1 & l !m z light z is consi/5t ) durability2 b1 = we> 9 ! jungle or by ! riv] side1 we h nev] f\nd any foot ge> to equal mod]ately /\t1 b flexible1 lac$ %oot+ boots & saumb]-sk9 gait]s4 ,! *ief defects ( a %oe is1 t if x is too l[1 or ill made1 s z to op5 at ! sides1 x may admit dirt or small /ones1 & t x does n protect ! ankle or %9 9 walk+ ?r\gh %>p grasses1 su* z ! spe> grass ( ,india 7! se$s ( :i* are l ! heads ( ,liliputian arr[s71 ! ,triodia sp9ifex ( ,au/ralia1 or ! l[ haak doorns ( ,africa4 ,m$ical & milit>y writ]s recomm5d %oes ei!r )\t or ) only v l[ heels1 & say t ! s-call$ milit>y heels give #b;94 ( additional height at ! exp5se ( all o!r good qualities2 & ?is w at once be evid5t if we consid] t ! prop] use ( ! foot 9 spr++1 walk+1 or runn+1 dep5ds ^u its be+ able to move f a p]fectly horizontal position1 till ! l9e ( ! sole f toe to heel =ms an angle ( #de or #ej ) ! gr\nd4 ,if !n1 by ! int]position ( a block ( lea!r1 we prev5t ! heel com+ )9 #ae or #bj ( ! horizontal l9e1 we dim9i% ! p[] ( ! foot j z mu* z we %\ld ! p[] ( a b[1 :51 kn[+ t ! ar*] c\ld draw at #cf;94 we 7 to insi/ t ! b[ %\ld be made ) a curve ( #ah;941 in/ead ( be+1 z x ought1 v ne>ly /raight4 ,! s-call$ support to ! ankle is n only unnecess>y b positively injuri\s4 ,op]a danc]s d n usually p]=m 9 boots1 b %oes z light z possible4 ,! ,z\aves simply we> gait]s to keep dirt out ( ! %oe1 & !y dete/ ! tight legg+s1 & on a m>* pit* !m away1 & let ! knick]bock]s l[] d[n ^u ! leg4 ,m51 9 ! con/ant habit ( we>+ tight or heavy boots1 are n likely to h good legs1 & none m>* bett] ?an ,highl&]s 9 _! kilts & %oes2 or natives ( wild c\ntries1 :o only put on s&als :5 ! expect$ m>* is s long1 t ! h>d sk9 ( ! foot w\ld we> ?r\gh fa/] ?an ! natural gr[? c\ld replace x4 ,we suppose t x w be suffici5tly def9ite to consid] boots z hav+ ! upp] lea!rs suffici5tly high to cov] ! ankle1 or z mu* ( ! leg or ?igh z may be requisite4 ,%oes1 z cov]+ a "p1 or ! :ole ( ! foot up to1 b n above1 ! ankle1 & s&als z be+ m]ely soles fa/5$ on by laces or ?ongs1 b n cov]+ or inclos+ ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 #a-b ,! =m we h f\nd mo/ useful is t call$ ! oxonian 7,fig4 #a71 com+ j high en\gh to cov] ! :ole in/ep )\t int]f]+ ) ! action ( ! jo9t1 & fitt+ closely r\nd b5ea? ! ankle4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! ,iri% brogue1 a good s]viceable foot cov]+4 ,ela/ic sides d n /& h>d we> 9 tropical heat1 & !re=e we use a front lac+4 ,we object to blu*]s1 because aft] "s we> ! flaps ( ! qu>t]s become loose1 & bits ( rott5 /ick or /iff grasses frequ5tly are =c$ 9 9 walk+4 ,african boots4 ,mo/ c\ntries h "s =m ( %oe easily made f mat]ials obta9able ^u ! spot1 & 9 ,africa ! vels*o5 ( untann$ lea!r is ! g5]al we>4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes ^! are v clumsily made1 ! nak$ foot is plant$ on ! piece ( lea!r int5d$ = ! sole1 & ! outl9e is m>k$ out ) ! po9t ( a knife1 ! blade be+ held s f> cle> z to obviate all dang] ( cutt+ ! foot1 a plan :i* c]ta9ly has ! m]it ( mak+ ! %oe suffici5tly roomy4 ,! ?9n] hide int5d$ = ! front is !n laid on ov] ! in/ep1 & ! edges1 be+ br\ght d[n1 are cut ev5 ) ^? ( ! sole2 &1 bo? be+ bor$ ) an awl1 are /it*$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) lea!r ?ongs1 ! qu>t]s are !n fitt$ on 9 ! same mann]1 & ! only reason t ! /it*es d n we> out is t ! sole is s mu* wid] ?an ! foot1 t no weight comes ^u ! "p 9 :i* ! seam is made4 ,a c\ple ( holes 9 ! front ( ! qu>t]s receive ano!r ?ong :i* s]ves z a tie1 & ?is1 be+ ! only "p t is 9 anyway tight1 mu/ consid]ably gall ! in/ep4 ,! hides ( ! giraffe1 ! el&1 or ! buffalo are us$ = soles1 & a piece l>ge en\gh = a pair may g5]ally be pur*as$ = eighte5p5ce4 ,^! are simply dri$1 & a native mu/ be hir$ to beat & s(t5 !m1 work+ grease into !m z he does s till !y become s s(t & supple t1 ?\gh !y are n wat]pro( 9 ! s5se ( absolutely repell+ ! liquid1 !y may be wett$ ?r\gh & dri$ aga9 )\t becom+ h>d4 ,sometimes a native w d ?is = a knife 7value n9ep5ce or a %ill+7 & ! grease2 b a %>p look-out mu/ be kept ^u ! latt]1 or he w rub x into 8 own sk9 in/ead ( t :i* he is employ$ to s(t54 ,an ,african c no m be tru/$ ) fat ?an _m ( our own c\ntrym5 ) ard5t spirits4 ,= ! upp] lea!r ! hide ( _m ( ! l>g] antelopes w d1 b t ( ! koodoo is mo/ univ]sally e/eem$1 be+ some:at ?ick] ?an /\t calf1 & v s(t & durable2 t ( ! wildebee/e is too h>d & /\t1 & ^? ( ! spr+bok & small] antelopes too ?94 ,?is sk9 is also subject$ to a long prelim9>y rubb+ & work+ 9 ! h&s ( ! natives1 grease be+ occasionally sme>$ on4 ,! prep>ation ( a good-siz$ sk9--su* z t ( a koodoo1 or ( an ox1 if x is to be s(t5$ s z to be fit = purposes :]e lightness & pliability are requir$--is p]=m$ z foll[s4 ,if ! hair is to be remov$1 ! sk9 is wrapp$ up ) ! hair inw>d1 fre% cattle dung hav+ be5 previ\sly spread ov] x to keep x moi/1 & if ! p>ty be n on a j\rney1 x is buri$ = a day or two1 to sweat ! hair (f2 b if ! hair is to be reta9$1 ?is prelim9>y process is disp5s$ )4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! hide is to be r$uc$1 x is !n pegg$ out tightly ^u ! gr\nd1 ) ! hair side d[nw>d1 & ! fle%1 & z mu* ( ! inn] side ( ! sk9 z requisite1 remov$ by scrap+ ) ! small1 broad-edg$1 s(t iron blades set l adzes1 across ! h&le1 & us$ v mu* 9 ! mann] ( ! scrap]s1 :i* s mu* disgu/ pass5g]s on long voyages :5 us$ ^u ! deck above _! b]?s4 ,! hide hav+ be5 /ill kept damp & s(t by be+ cov]$ ) cattle dung1 or moi/ clay1 is next tak5 9 h& by half a doz5 or m natives1 :o1 sitt+ ar\nd x & grasp+ ea* _! h&ful ( ! edge1 compress & rub x 9 e possible direction1 ev] & anon driv+ all _! h&s toge!r t[>ds ! c5tre1 & !n simultane\sly fall+ back1 /ret*+ ! sk9 to ! utmo/4 ,grease has to be appli$ occasionally1 & ! sk91 :5 put away = ! night1 mu/ be c>efully roll$ up & kept "u moi/ e>? till morn+4 ,mo/ ( ! native tribes also h "s species ( mimosa1 g5]ally a small v>iety1 ! b>k & "y roots ( :i* !y p\nd z f9e z possible 9 _! wood5 mort>s1 &1 by rubb+ 9 ! p[d] dur+ ! dress+ ( ! sk91 !y p>tially tan x1 & imp>t to x a r$di% br[n col\r4 ,%oemak]s' wax4 ,be=e proce$+ to make or repair boots or %oes1 %oemak]s' wax w be requir$4 ,x is a good plan to take a hornfull out f ,engl&4 ,! wax horn may be made f ! horn ( a common c[2 fill x ) s(t5$ wax until ne>ly full1 put 9 a wood5 bottom1 secure x 9 its place by driv+ 9 ?ree or f\r wire p9s1 & all is made secure4 ,:5 ! wax is requir$ = use1 saw (f ! small end ( ! horn f> en\gh d[n to rea* ! cont5ts4 ,apply heat to ! ext]ior until ! wax runs out 9 suffici5t quantity on a greas$ /one2 take up z mu* z is ne$$ = use1 "w x into a ball1 & put x to swim 9 a little wat]4 ,if y h to make y\r own wax proce$ z foll[s3 ,take #doz4 ( res91 gr9d x to a f9e p[d] betwe5 two /ones1 #a_/doz4 ( beeswax *opp$ up small1 & #boz4 ( common pit*2 mix ^! sub/ances ) ! res91 & place ! :ole 9 a small native *atty pot4 ,!n put ! pot 9 a b$ ( hot wood a%es1 & ) a long flat-po9t$ /ick "w & /ir ! mass ab\t until ?or\ghly melt$2 !n add #c_/doz4 ( good clean fat1 & keep ! :ole 9 a /ate ( solution = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r or tw5ty m9utes4 ,grease ! bottom ( a calaba% or b[l1 half fill x ) cold wat]2 take y\r pot (f ! fire ) a twi/$ /ick1 & p\r ! molt5 mat]ials into ! wat]4 ,:5 cold en\gh to h&le1 grease y\r h&s1 & "w ! wax ab\t2 pull x out into long /rips1 d\ble ^! back on !mselves1 & s proce$ until all ! mat]ials are well amalgamat$2 !n "w x out into a long /ick or rod1 take a greas$ knife1 & divide x up into pieces l>ge en\gh to make conv5i5t-siz$ balls = use4 ,^! are be/ kept float+ 9 wat] until want$4 ,la/s4 ,9 mak+ a pair ( %oes ! mode usually adopt$ is t previ\sly describ$1 &1 by d9t ( pati5ce & c>eful fitt+1 "s p]sons w make !m v neatly & effectively 9 ?is mann]2 b1 aft] all1 !re is always an unc]ta9ty z to _! fitt+ prop]ly1 & we f\nd x mu* bett] to take ! tr\ble 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( mak+ a pair ( la/s4 ,= ?is purpose x is be/ to take ! l5g? ( ! foot1 its extreme bread? & height at ! in/ep1 & cut two logs ( tol]ably h>d ev5-gra9$ wood 7we us$ ! sweet gum71 r l>g]1 & squ>e !m up to ^! dim5sions--say1 l5g? #aj;941 bread? #c;941 & height #d;941 m or less4 ,!n1 plac+ ! foot ^u a piece ( s(t gr\nd1 trace its outl9e1 & !n1 hold+ a bo>d v]tically aga9/ ! inn] side1 trace (f on ?is ! pr(ile1 & remov+ ! foot trace also ! outl9e ( ! pr9t x has made ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! inn] side & ! bottom ( ea* block ought to be nicely & truly squ>$ up1 ev5 ?\gh1 f scant9ess ( wood or o!r causes1 ! o!r sides %\ld n be s4 ,take all ! measurem5ts = bread? f ! /raight l9e made by ! edge ( ! bo>d ^u ! gr\nd1 & measure !m f ! inside edge1 "r & left1 ^u ! bottom ( ! blocks2 draw ! outl9e1 & inside x draw also ! actual tread ( ! foot1 measur$ 9 ! same mann] f ! impression on ! gr\nd4 ,!n1 measur+ f ! bottom ( ! bo>d1 transf] ! pr(ile ( ! foot to ! inside surface ( ea* block1 & ) axe or saw cut !m to ! outl9e ( ! heel & in/ep1 tak+ c>e n to attempt to r\nd !m till y h also cut !m to ! outl9e ( ! bread?2 !n1 hav+ asc]ta9$ t all y\r measurem5ts are true1 & t bo? la/s are ( simil> size & =m1 beg9 to r\nd !m z ne>ly z possible to ! natural =m ( ! foot1 l[]+ !m m on ! out] side t[>d ! small toes ?an on ! inn]1 :]e ! l9e ( ! in/ep ext5ds f ! ankle to ! great toe2 !n1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ! ar* ( ! foot1 comm5ce r\nd+ away ! edges ( ! sole f ! inn] l9e1 obs]v+ t 9 ! wai/ ( ! foot ! tread runs v ne>ly along ! out] edge1 leav+ ne>ly all ! holl[ to be cut away on ! inn] side4 ,let ! sole rise f ! gr\nd a little also "u ! toes1 z _! pressure d[nw>d w make ! %oe fit bett]1 & x w be less liable to cat* small imp$im5ts 9 walk+4 ,illu/ration3 #a-c ,be> 9 m9d t 9 ! natural foot ! great toe is z ne>ly z possible p>allel to ! /raight l9e drawn along ! inside ( ! foot1 & if x is =c$ f ?is position by ill-cut %oes1 su* z "s ye>s ago 7 inappropriately call$ /raights1 or by ! we>+ ( high heels1 n only is ! beauty ( ! foot sacrific$1 b its ela/icity1 its /r5g?1 & usefulness are mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c we h repres5t$ ! natural =m ( ! foot1 di/+ui%+ by ! flat %ad[ ! "p t actually t\*es ! gr\nd1 & by a light] outl9e along ! holl[1 t :i* may be consid]$ z ! av]age limit ( ! sole4 ,^! are "o-f\r? ! natural size1 &1 by us+ in*es = ! qu>t] in*es 9 our draw+s1 ! enl>g$ outl9es w be a suffici5t guide 9 cutt+ ! la/s1 ! av]age proportions ( feet be+ v ne>ly ! same1 ?\gh ( c\rse dim5sions w v>y4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ( ! next illu/ration we give ! =ms ( sole t may be us$4 ,if ! gr\nd is bad1 & x is necess>y to def5d ! foot aga9/ ?orns1 %>p /ones1 c41 ! out] l9es may be adopt$2 b on tol]ably fair gr\nd1 x is only ! actual tread t requires protection f ! sole4 ,h[ev]1 z ! foot is con/ant 9 its size1 ! small] ! sole is ! l>g] mu/ be ! upp] lea!r4 ,( ?is la/ we h repres5t$ two =ms4 ,!y are bo? %[n1 fold$ & /it*$1 s z to be ready = la/+2 b ! small] figures )9 %[ ! =m ( ea* "p be=e x is fold$4 ,illu/ration3 #a-c ,9 ,fig4 #b ! :ole upp] is cut out f "o piece1 fold$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! front1 & /it*$ at ! heel4 ,! edges %\ld n be cut (f too close to ! seam 7o!rwise neatness w be ga9$ at ! exp5se ( /r5g?71 & !y %\ld always be outside2 =1 if !y be turn$ 91 x w\ld be v difficult to flatt5 !m s p]fectly z n to gall ! heel4 ,?o front is split #b-a_/b;94 or #c;94 d[n ! in/ep1 & a piece ( /\t lea!r1 ) its edges ?9n$ d[n1 is /it*$ on & pi]c$ ) holes to receive ! lac+4 ,x is split n q ?r\gh1 b ab\t #a_/b;94 is left to /r5g!n ! front ( ! %oe1 & prev5t ! ?9n] lea!r te>+4 ,! edges 9 :i* ! holes are pi]c$ are1 ( c\rse1 left ! full ?ickness4 ,a tongue ( s(t lea!r ought to be /it*$ 91 t ! lac+ may n gall ! in/ep1 b ! edges ( ?is mu/ be c>efully ?9n$ d[n1 & no knots or ends ( ?read %\ld be left inside4 ,! ends may be fa/5$ (f v neatly )\t knots by m]ely tak+ "o or two /it*es backw>d along ! already f9i%$ seam1 & ev5 if ! fa/5+ %\ld %[ outside1 x w /ill be bett] ?an t aft] a long m>* ! in/ep %\ld be f\nd *af$ & ble$+1 & a sore e/abli%$ :i* w be v difficult to heal4 ,9 ,fig4 #c ! front is 9 "o piece & ! qu>t] 9 ano!r1 & ?is is a conv5i5t arrangem5t :51 ?\gh y may h pl5ty ( lea!r1 x is n ( suffici5t size to cut ! upp] 9 a s+le piece4 ,g5]ally1 ! edge ( ! qu>t] is laid ov] t ( ! front1 & /it*$1 leav+ ! upp] "p loose z a flap or e> to receive ! tie or lac+4 ,9 ?is case1 ! c5tre ( ! front is left long en\gh to come up z a tongue to def5d ! in/ep1 b ?is me?od has ! disadvantage ( leav+ a space on ei!r side ! foot1 op5+ =w>d z 9 ! case ( blu*]s1 & liable to receive 9 walk+ brok5 /icks1 re$s1 or grass /ems1 :i* are (t5 =c$ 9 ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,we1 !re=e1 pref] to /it* ! front edge ov] t ( ! qu>t]1 ins]t+ a tongue z neatly z possible1 & /it*+ on1 z be=e1 edg+s ( /iff lea!r to receive ! lac+1 tak+ c>e1 also1 t all edges inside ! %oe are trimm$ (f to no?+1 & t no fa/5+s (f are made inside4 ,all ^! %\ld be sewn ) saddl]s' seams--t is1 ! two p>ts %\ld be laid toge!r1 & holes be+ pi]c$ ) a f9e /raight awl1 ! two ?reads %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh f "r & left simultane\sly1 & drawn tight ) an equally firm pull on ei!r h&4 ,! seam w ?us %[ no diff]5ce on ei!r ( ! sides2 b1 if a section 7 made1 x w\ld pres5t ! appe>ance ( a *a91 z 9 ,fig4 #e ( ! engrav+ on p4 #dba1 ea* l9k inclos+ ! ?ickness ( lea!r left betwe5 ! holes4 ,al?\gh ! ?reads %\ld be tight5$ ) a firm h&1 !y %\ld n be haul$ ^u s z unduly to contract ! lea!r1 & s make ! seam grip ! foot l a cord :5 ! %oe is f9i%$4 ,! dorsal s9ews ( ! spr+bok1 or ! dome/ic goat1 sep>at$ into fibre ( ! prop] size1 w answ] v well = ?is purpose1 ! po9ts be+ cut %>p1 wett$1 & twi/$ a little1 w be q rigid en\gh to pass ?r\gh ! holes previ\sly bor$2 b :ile we h a /ock ( good :ity-grey ?read1 we pref] to use x d\bl$ & well wax$1 9 a c\ple ( /\t tailor's ne$les1 always1 h[ev]1 bor+ ! holes ) a f9e awl to insure regul>ity4 ,clamps4 ,a pair ( clamps are necess>y to hold ! "w1 z bo? h&s are employ$ 9 sew+4 ,!y may be made ( two /aves ( a p[d] b>rel1 or an ,am]ican fl\r cask1 or any o!r light ela/ic bo>ds t c be made to curve inw>d1 & grip ) a fair edge ) tol]able firmness4 ,^! are held betwe5 ! knees1 s t ! "w may be 9 a conv5i5t position = eye & h&4 ,if b>rel /aves _c be _h1 two small bits ( plank1 ) fair edges1 may be fitt$ 9 ! smi?'s vice4 ,a "y sapl+1 #b;94 or #c;94 ?ick1 may be cut (f ab\t #cj;94 f its root1 & ! /ump slit d[n ) a %>p axe1 ! edges be+ trimm$ (f ?9 & fair2 or ! boat nipp]s describ$ at p4 #abi may be press$ into s]vice4 ,illu/ration ,?read4 ,! or?odox mat]ial = sew+ on ! sole is1 ( c\rse1 ! wax$ ?read1 made by tak+ f ?ree to six or eight ?icknesses ( ! flax sold 9 balls = t purpose1 twi/+ !m loosely toge!r1 & wax+ !m ) ! mixture be=e describ$4 ,! ends ( ! ?reads are ?9n$ to a f9e po9t1 &1 a bri/le be+ split "p ( its l5g?1 ! f9e end ( ! ?read is laid betwe5 ! p>ts1 & !n roll$ sev]al times r\nd bo? ( !m2 & ! fa/5+ is made by op5+ ! /r&s ( ! ?read1 & pass+ ! p]fect end ( ! bri/le ?r\gh !m4 ,x is mu* m easy to d ?is ?an to describe x1 & 9 five m9utes' practice almo/ anyone ought to be able to le>n x4 ,we pref]1 h[ev]1 f9e reimpjies1 or ?ongs1 r less ?an #a_/h;94 broad1 cut f ! sk9 ( a /e9bok1 & nicely rubb$ up1 /ret*$1 & smoo!d4 ,! po9ts ( ^! cut %>p1 wett$ a little1 twi/$1 & all[$ to dry1 w be q f9e & h>d en\gh to be pass$ ?r\gh ! awl holes2 b we h ^u occasion tak5 a bit ( f9e brass rabbit wire1 & pass+ x ?r\gh a hole 9 ! end ( ! ?ong1 z f> z ! middle h d\bl$ ! two ends toge!r1 & twi/$ !m into "o1 to obta9 a m rigid po9t4 ,illu/ration3 #a-e ,illu/ration3 ,a-,c ,/it*+4 ,( ! sev]al me?ods ( /it*+1 ! simple/1 z has be5 m5tion$1 is to lay ! edges ( ! sole & upp] lea!r toge!r1 & /it* !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh 7,fig4 #a74 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ei!r ! ?read appe>s outside1 & is expos$ to be *af$ ^u ! gr\nd1 or ! sole itself mu/ be cut s z to let ! /it*es 91 & sometimes a cut is made 9 ! edge ( ! sole1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 b ?is has by no means a neat & f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,"s ( ! ,dut* f>m]s use :at is call$ ! b9n5 naaid1 or inside seam4 ,?is is made by turn+ ! edge ( ! upp] lea!r 7,fig4 #d7 9 ^u ! sole 7,fig4 #c71 & sew+ x ) a k9d ( back/it*1 :i* w be bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! figure ?an by description4 ,x mu/ be begun 9 ! wai/ ( ! foot & work$ r\nd ! front to ! o!r side4 ,! heel is f9i%$ la/ ( all1 z1 :5 ! %oe is once clos$1 ! =e p>ts ( x c\ld n be rea*$4 ,?is seam is v neat1 b a la/ _c be us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! plan we adopt$ is t us$ by %oemak]s = pumps or s+le sol$ %oes1 & we believe ?is to be ! easie/1 ! neate/1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ durable4 ,! sole 7,fig4 #a7 is cut ) ! heel t[>d ! ?icke/ "p 7if !re be any diff]5ce7 ( ! lea!r1 & if great] ?ickness is requir$1 ano!r piece 7,fig4 #b7 %\ld be cut to ! %ape ( ! heel & ?9n$ away to no?+ 9 front1 z x mu/ be plac$ on ! inside ( ! true sole1 & a ?ick edge w\ld ( c\rse give pa9 to ! foot4 ,a small groove or *annel 7,fig4 #c71 j deep en\gh to bury ! /it*es1 %\ld be cut ab\t #a_/b;94 f ! edge ^u ! upp] surface1 & a simil> "o 7,fig4 #c;a7 9 ! edge ( ! true sole2 !n1 ! holes be+ pi]c$ ) a curv$ awl1 ! two p>ts %\ld be firmly sewn toge!r4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts ! *annel cut all r\nd ! sole & heel = /it*+ on ! upp] lea!r1 & ,fig4 #e ! bevell$ edge aga9/ :i* ! upp] lea!r is laid4 ,b is a sectional view1 ) all ! p>ts simil>ly numb]$1 ! upp] lea!r be+ /it*$ on2 & ,c ano!r ) ! upp] /it*$ & turn$ into its prop] position :5 ! %oe is f9i%$4 ,! sole1 ) its inside upp]mo/1 mu/ !n be laid ^u its prop] la/1 & tack$ to x ) nails or pegs t w easily draw out :5 no long] requir$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! wai/ fits well d[n into ! holl[ ( ! la/4 ,! edge mu/ !n be bevell$ (f1 at an angle ( #de all r\nd1 r$uc+ its app>5t ?ickness by ab\t "o-half4 ,9 v f9e "w ! edge is ?9n$ d[n almo/ to no?+ 9 ! wai/1 b is left ne>ly ( its full ?ickness 9 ! heel4 ,! object ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is to pres5t an incl9$ surface = ! upp] lea!r to re/ aga9/ & be /it*$ to4 ,! upp] is !n turn$ inside out1 & plac$ ^u ! la/2 its height at ! heel1 at ! sides1 & on ! in/ep1 is measur$1 & ^! po9ts are fir/ secur$ by small tacks1 driv5 ab\t half 91 s t !y c be )drawn :5 no long] want$4 ,! edges are !n drawn tightly ov] ! edges ( ! sole1 & tack$ to x1 beg9n+ at ! toe & proce$+ equally along ! sides z f> z ! beg9n+ ( ! heel4 ,! la/ is !n tak51 ) ! sole upw>d1 betwe5 ! knees1 :]e x may be conf9$ by a /rap long en\gh to pass r\nd ! feet2 holes are pi]c$ ) a %>p curv$ awl1 ?r\gh ! upp] lea!r1 & ! bevell$ edge ( ! sole1 to ! *annel previ\sly cut4 ,! ?read or ?ong ( /e9bok hide1 be+ po9t$ at bo? ends1 is drawn z f> z its middle ?r\gh ! fir/ hole1 ! two ends are pass$ simultane\sly f "r & left ?r\gh ea* successive "o1 & ! seam1 comm5c+ f ! =e "p ( ! heel on "o side1 goes =w>d r\nd ! toe1 until x comes z f> back on ! o!r side4 ,9 comm5c+ ! sew+ ( ! heel1 if an inn] ?ick5+ piece has be5 put on1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t 9 front1 :]e x is yet ?91 ! /it*es take up also a portion ( ! ?ickness ( ! true sole1 & d n dep5d only on ! inn] heel1 until !y h pass$ ! end ( ! seam t connects ! two ?icknesses toge!r4 ,if ! /it*es ( ! connect+ seam h be5 set f> en\gh into ! sub/ance ( ! lea!r1 !re w be no dang] ( cutt+ !m 9 bor+ ! holes = sew+ on ! upp]4 ,illu/ration ,9 fa/5+ (f1 take two /it*es back ^u ! seam1 & a hole may be bor$ ?r\gh "o "p ( ! ?ong to pass ! end ( ! o!r ?r\gh1 b no knots mu/ be made2 inside !y w\ld gall ! feet1 & outside !y w\ld look clumsy & unworkmanlike4 ,our sket* w suffici5tly illu/rate ! =ego+ description4 ,fig4 #a;,a is ! sole2 ,fig4 #d1 ! *annel & /it*+2 ,fig4 #d;a1 ! /it*+ se5 ?r\gh ! upp] lea!r1 & ,d ! la/2 ,b %[s ! relative position ( ! p>ts :5 ! %oe is tak5 (f ! la/1 & turn$ ready = use4 ,no inn] sole or l9+ is ne$$1 = ! lea!r itself is s(t5$ suffici5tly 9 ! native processes4 ,we g5]ally pref]r$ to turn ! out] side1 or t f :i* ! hair _h be5 /ripp$1 inw>d1 z x 0 smoo!r to ! foot2 & besides ?is1 if left outside1 w\ld soon h look$ %abby f contact ) grass or ?orns1 :]eas ! inn] or fle%y side w\ld suff] no *ange ( appe>ance by casual abrasion4 ,! %oe fir/ f9i%$ %\ld be kept 9 a cool moi/ place1 & n suff]$ to dry till bo? are done1 :5 !y %\ld be tak5 (f ! la/s1 turn$ "r side outw>d1 & ea* put ^u ! la/ on :i* ! o!r 0 made1 & all[$ to dry1 a v little fat be+ rubb$ ^u !m1 t x may be absorb$ z ! wat] dries out1 to prev5t _! becom+ h>d4 ,9 "o pair ( %oes ?us made1 ) soles ( buffalo hide & koodoo upp]s1 we h p]=m$ ?ree j\rneys ( eighty miles ea*1 ) q en\gh int]m$iate walk+ to make up ! #cjj4 ,x may be ?\ght t we h insi/$ too mu* on ! lightness & pliability ( foot ge>1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t we n[ speak ( :at1 "u p>ticul> conditions1 we h f\nd useful4 ,a *ange ( circum/ances might r5d] l>ge & heavy boots an absolute necessity4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian we>s ! lighte/ possible mocass92 ! ,s\? ,african1 :5 he comes ne> 8 game1 takes (f 8 s&als1 t he may /ep z noiselessly z a cat4 ,! ,european hunt] w d well to foll[ _! example z closely z he c1 & :atev] ! =m ( ! foot ge> he adopts may be1 let x be light & flexible en\gh to walk1 jump1 climb1 or run ) facility4 ,illu/ration ,mocass9s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! mocass9 appe>s to be t 9 almo/ univ]sal use among all ! ,esquimaux & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! lead+ diff]5ce 9 =m ( con/ruction be+ t ! =m] usually c>ry ! upp] lea!r up ov] ! leg to =m a species ( boot1 :il/ ! latt] cov]s ! foot only ) ! mocass94 ,unlike ! %oes we h describ$1 ! ,indian mocass9 has f> m sole ?an upp] lea!r1 z ! s-call$ sole ext5ds up ov] ! sides1 front1 & heel1 to be unit$ ) ! bord] lea!r & front flap by a ga!r+ seam4 ,:5 ab\t to und]take a j\rney ov] v h>d or r\gh gr\nd1 a sort ( supplem5t>y sole ( gre5 hide1 ) ! hair left on ! outside1 is n unfrequ5tly put on4 ,! lea!r us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! be/ & s(te/ description ( mocass9s requires an imm5se deal ( rubb+1 dress+1 & manipulation2 t us$ by ! ,esquimaux tribes is *ew$ by ! wom5 until beautifully supple & pliant4 ,diff]5t tribes ( ,indians adopt diff]5t /yles or fa%ions 9 ! cut & f9i% ( _! foot ge>1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #dbd1 :i* repres5ts ! mocass9s ( di/9ct tribes2 ?us x is by no means difficult to detect attempt$ imposition by closely inve/igat+ ! foot cov]+s ( a spy or secret enemy4 ,illu/ration ,make%ift foot cov]+s4 ,v>i\s make%ift foot cov]+s are us$ by diff]5t nations4 ,"s ( ! bu%m5 & half-civilis$ ,hott5tots1 :5 !y h kill$ an animal ( suitable size1 su* z a buffalo1 quagga1 or any ( ! l>g] antelopes1 w cut ! sk9 all r\nd above & bel[ ! h\gh1 &1 hav+ /ripp$ x (f1 w draw x ^u _! own foot1 s t ! heel comes :]e ! h\gh ( ! animal us$ to be2 ! toe is !n clos$ ) a few /it*es1 a slit = a small tie or lac+ is made on ! in/ep1 &1 by walk+ 9 x be=e x dries or h>d5s1 x is trodd5 into ! %ape ( ! foot4 ,we h *os5 ! quagga sk9 = our illu/ration because ! /ripes help to id5tify ! p>ts us$ = ! h\gh-sk9 %oe2 b x is1 p]haps1 ! lea/ eligible = ! purpose1 z x dries s h>d & rigid t x mu/ be v unpleasant we>4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians use ! h\gh-sk9 ( ! moose 9 ! same mann]4 ,! peasantry & brig&s ( ,calabria & _m o!r portions ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 we> a v simple & useful k9d ( make%ift %oe4 ,a piece ( s(t hide is cut to sev]al sizes l>g] ?an ! foot1 a numb] ( po9ts or corn]s are all[$ to rema9 along ! edges1 ! foot1 aft] be+ well swa!d 9 b&ages1 is plac$ on ! piece ( hide1 :i* is !n ga!r$ up r\nd ! foot by loop+ & knott+ a long /rip ( cotton clo? or tape =w>d & back to ! corn]s ( ! hide until all is secure & compact1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on next page 7,fig4 #b74 ,! old ,highl& cat]ans %od !mselves 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,we h se5 ! ,crim-,t>t>s make excell5t w9t] foot cov]+s f %eepsk91 ) ! wool inw>ds 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is 0 cut mu* aft] ! ,calabrian plan1 b ! corn]s1 aft] hav+ slits made 9 !m1 7 loop$ to %ort flat lea!r /raps1 :i*1 :5 cross$ =w>d & back ov] ! front1 7 lac$ toge!r ) a long n>r[ ?ong ( %eepsk91 :i* s]v$ to hold a wid] piece ( wool-cov]$ sk9 9 place1 z a sort ( gait]4 ,!y also make a summ] %oe f s(t tann$ hide1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,illu/ration3 #a-d ,mo/ ( ! ,african tribes f9d ! sk9 ( _! sole suffici5tly h>d = _! ord9>y & daily walks1 b :5 !y expect to make long m>*es !y inv>iably use "s sort ( artificial protection2 & !re is no sur] sign on ! fronti] ( ! ,cape ,colony t ! ,kafirs int5d to make w> ?an to see among !m a g5]al prep>ation ( vels*o5s or s&als2 & (t5 ! cattle f>m]s on ! fronti] h be5 ?us =ew>n$1 :ile ! ,gov]nm5t au?orities1 deceiv$ by plausible excuses1 h imag9$ !re 0 e prospect ( a cont9u$ peace4 ,v>i\s =ms ( s&al are 9 use among diff]5t tribes1 b ^? us$ by ! ,be*uana 7,fig4 #a1 next page7 may be tak5 z a suffici5tly useful type4 ,! lea!r is sometimes r5d]$ slightly pliable by be+ p\nd$ & beat51 b v (t5 n4 ,! foot is plant$ on x1 & ! outl9e drawn1 ! sole be+ cut some:at l>g] ?an ?is4 ,two slits are made1 "o on ea* side ! holl[ ( ! foot1 & ! two ends ( a piece ( hide are pass$ up ?r\gh !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b2 & 9 ea* end ( ?is are cut two slits1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 = ! two p>ts ( a ?ong ( dress$ hide to pass ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration ,! ends ( ?is are pass$ ?r\gh ano!r piece :i* goes d[n betwe5 ! great toe & ! next1 !n passes ?r\gh ! sole1 & is fa/5$ sometimes by be+ return$ ?r\gh two o!r holes1 & ! divid$ ends pass$ ?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 _! own p>ts1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 & sometimes by be+ simply return$ only once 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* repres5ts ! v simple arrangem5t = tight5+ ! side /raps2 9 fact1 a ?ong ( hide1 ) sev]al holes bor$ 9 x = its own end to pass ?r\gh1 may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ up z conv5i5tly z a /rap & buckle1 ! s&al be+ put on or (f simply by draw+ ! loop ( ! ?ong ov] ! heel 9 ! same mann] z a l[ %oe4 ,illu/ration ,! ,dam>as we> s&als ) ! toe & heel po9t$1 & elongat$ #b;94 or #c;94 beyond ! foot1 l a small sn[ %oe2 ?is saves ! toes f contact ) small ?orns1 & !y (t5 /rap on greaves ( /iff hide to protect ! %9s4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,timor1 we pur*as$ two or ?ree pairs ( palm-leaf s&als1 v nicely wov52 ^! la/ v well = a few h\rs' walk+1 &1 be+ v *eap1 may be r5ew$ z (t5 z requisite4 ,on "s ( ! pilgrim roads 9 ,india1 ! poor] travell]s seldom provide s&als = !mselves1 b pick up ^? t are ?r[n away half worn by ! m luxuri\s4 ,illu/ration ,small rope1 n m ?an #a_/b;94 9 diamet]1 makes a good sole1 & by ?9n+ "o end1 & beg9n+ by b5d+ ?is j be=e ! holl[ ( ! foot1 !n coil+ x six or sev5 times r\nd1 & f9i%+ (f on ! inside ( ! foot1 s z to leave ! front two turns wid] ?an ! heel1 a v fairly %ap$ sole may be made2 ?is may be fitt$ ei!r ) ?ongs z a s&al1 or z a slipp] ) a canvas upp]4 ,! ,malays we> a wood5 sole1 ! heel & tread ( :i* are ab\t #b;94 ?ick2 x is held to ! foot simply by a peg1 ) a knob or button on ! top1 :i* is tak5 betwe5 ! great toe & ! next1 & ?us held on or dropp$ (f at pleasure2 ?is is1 9 fact1 mu* ! same t is worn by ! ,turks1 ,japanese1 & ,p]sians1 only t !y use a lea!r /rap in/ead ( a button4 ,sabots & socks4 ,sabots are1 at times1 extremely useful2 !y c be made f any light s(t wood1 su* z )y1 will[1 popl>1 or cotton wood 7,populus tremuloides74 ,cut two blocks f a log ) ! axe1 fa%ion !m r\ghly into ! =m ( a high %oe1 & !n1 ) a mallet & %>p g\ge1 proce$ to holl[ !m out to ! requisite capacity & ?9ness1 :5 ! outsides may be f9i%$ (f ) ! spoke%ave4 ,socks =m$ ( %eepsk91 ) ! wool on1 add mu* to ! com=t ( ! we>]4 ,! ,russian soldi]s1 be=e ,seba/opol1 made excell5t socks or false soles f plait$ /raw2 ^! 7 worn inside _! long boots1 & s]v$ to pres]ve ! feet f damp2 no /ock+s 7 worn ) !m4 ,an excell5t description ( sabot 0 =w>d$ to u dur+ ! ,crimean w> = use 9 camp2 ! sole 0 ( light wood1 ! upp] lea!r 0 l t ( a high %oe1 & ! l9+ ( ?ick felt4 ,! lea!r & wood 7 connect$ r\nd ! edges by ! use ( a r[ ( small flat head$ tacks1 mu* l ^? us$ 9 mak+ a pair ( bell[s4 ,no description ( foot ge> we h ev] se5 equals ^! felt-l9$ sabots = use dur+ t5t life4 ,9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y a sort ( boot compos$ ( ?ick felt is worn ov] bo? /ock+ & %oe4 ,:5 camp+ 9 or travell+ ?r\gh tropical c\ntries1 nev] omit turn+ y\r boots or %oes upside d[n1 & rapp+ ! soles %>ply be=e v5tur+ to put !m on1 z scorpions1 c5tip$es1 & o!r unwelcome intrud]s1 are p>ticul>ly fond ( tak+ %elt] 9 su* conv5i5t retreats4 ,we h f\nd x an excell5t plan1 :5 boots or %oes ( native lea!r get ?or\ghly wat] soak$1 to fill !m tightly ) any k9d ( gra92 ! moi/ure is absorb$ rapidly by x1 & ! lea!r is prev5t$ f %r9k+ by ! expansion ( ! se$4 ,dubb91 to make4 ,x is well to keep a good-siz$ pot or cani/] ( dubb9 = y\r ,engli% boots & %oes4 ,?is is be/ made z foll[s3--,take ( oil1 obta9$ by boil+ ox feet1 half a p9t2 beeswax1 #aoz42 spirits ( turp5t9e1 #aoz42 ,burgundy pit*1 #a_/boz42 res91 #a_/boz4 ,mix all ! +r$i5ts1 except ! spirits ( turp5t9e1 toge!r 9 a *atty1 & melt !m ov] ! emb]s ( ! camp fire until ?or\ghly dissolv$2 !n remove ! pot f ! fire1 p\r 9 ! spirits ( turp5t9e1 & /ir ! :ole ) a piece ( la? until cold4 ,to apply ! dubb9 prop]ly1 ! boot or %oe mu/ be held to ! fire until w>m1 :5 e "p ( x1 sole1 heel1 & upp]1 may receive a ?or\gh dress+ ov]1 & subsequ5t rubb+4 ,?is n only pres]ves ! lea!r f ! effects ( hot sun & wet gr\nd1 b prev5ts ! :ite ants1 cockroa*es1 & o!r dev\r+ insects f eat+ x4 ,"o ( our naval fri5ds1 :o 0 an ard5t naturali/1 _h a pair ( ,fr5* wood5 %oes1 :i* he f\nd a great protection :ile wad+ among %>p rocks 9 se>* ( specim5s1 :]e india-rubb] boots w\ld h be5 cut & become leaky4 ,a p]fectly wat]pro( boot or g>m5t ( any k9d is an excell5t ?+1 b an imp]fect "o is worse ?an useless2 & = wad+ aft] specim5s or work+ 9 ! wat]1 if x is n conv5i5t to be nak$1 a pair ( wood5 clogs1 ) a flannel %irt & draw]s1 & a /raw hat or ,tam o' ,%ant] bonnet1 is z good an equipm5t z any4 ,india-rubb] boots1 to m5d4 ,we h be=e spok5 ( india-rubb] wad+ boots1 :i*1 to be ( value1 %\ld be ( fir/-class quality & f9i%4 ,x w sometimes happ5 t1 not)/&+ all ! precautions y may take to gu>d !m f injury1 t %>p-po9t$ /icks1 ?orns1 c41 w make holes 9 !m l>ge en\gh to admit wat]4 ,9 ord] to enable y to repair ^! injuries :5 !y occur1 x w be well to pur*ase f ! mak] ( ! boots a good supply ( %eet india-rubb]4 ,get also f a *emi/ a bottle ( coal-t> naph?a fitt$ ) a glass /opp]4 ,:5 ab\t to m5d y\r boots1 take a %>p knife or pair ( scissors1 & snip or cut up ab\t #boz4 ( ! india-rubb] %eet4 ,! cut pieces %\ld n be l>g] ?an good-siz$ buck-%ot4 ,put ^! into a wide-m\!d bottle1 su* z is us$ = gum2 n[ p\r 9 en\gh naph?a to cov] ! rubb]2 put 9 ! cork1 & let ! mixture /& = a few h\rs to soak2 !n %ake ! bottle1 turn x upside d[n1 & rattle x f side to side2 repeat ?is process f "t to "t until ! rubb] is ?or\ghly dissolv$ 9 ! naph?a1 :i* x w be 9 ab\t ?ree days4 ,%\ld x become /icky & ?ick1 p\r 9 a little m naph?a & %ake x ab\t until ( a conv5i5t consi/5cy = use4 ,n[ cut a pat* f ! %eet rubb]1 l>ge en\gh to ext5d well beyond ! m>g9 ( ! hole2 give bo? ! pat* & ! surface to :i* x is to be appli$ a good coat+ ( ! rubb] v>ni%2 lay on ! pat*2 press x well home2 place a flat bo>d 9 ! boot "u ! pat*1 & ano!r bo>d on ! outside ov] x1 s z to nip bo? pat* & boot betwe5 !m2 lay a heavy /one or o!r weight on ! outside bo>d1 & let ! :ole arrangem5t rema9 until ! v>ni% is dry & ! union betwe5 ! p>ts complete4 ,if ! hole is 9 ! leg ( y\r boot1 turn x inside out until ! injur$ spot is rea*$ & ! pat* is se5 ?r\gh ! hole4 ,proce$ n[ ) ! inside exactly z y did ) ! outside1 :5 ! m5d w be complete4 ,if ! hole is 9 ! foot ( ! boot1 use only ! s+le pat* atta*$ to ! outside4 ,sore feet4 ,:5 ! sole ( a %oe has once be5 soak$ ) salt wat]1 x always reta9s dampness1 & _c aga9 be worn ) com=t or pleasure4 ,india-rubb] %oes _c be worn 9 w>m c\ntries ei!r alone or ov] ! ord9>y %oes1 unless !y are cut l[ & op51 & ev5 !n ! l5g!n$ use ( !m is inconv5i5t & pa9ful4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! feet ( ^? n ?or\ghly accu/om$ to h>d tramp+ w become bli/]$4 ,:5 ! eggs ( ei!r p\ltry or wild birds are to be obta9$1 x is a good plan to break "o or two1 accord+ to _! size1 into ea* %oe be=e />t+ 9 ! morn+2 or1 if y h any _s1 put a little 9 a cup or di%1 place a lump ( tall[ on a flat /ick1 & hold a hot br& ov] x until ! fat melts & runs into ! _s4 ,! o9tm5t ?us prep>$ may n[ be tak5 f ! _s & appli$ ?ickly to ! sore surfaces & bottoms ( ! /ock+s4 ,:5 l>ge bladd]s =m1 take "o ( y\r ne$les & draw a piece ( s(t wor/$ or wooll5 ?read1 obta9$ by unravell+ a bit ( old %irt1 directly ?r\gh ! bladd]s4 ,?is acts z a seton1 & causes ! fluid to freely dis*>ge itself4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,waggons ,,& ,,o!r ,,:eel$ ,,vehicles4 ,! :eel$ c>riages made use ( 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w are ev5 m v>i\s 9 _! design & con/ruction ?an ! sl$ges be=e describ$2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x w be f\nd1 :5 ! te/ ( actual use is br\ght to be>1 t ! description ( contrivance 7or at lea/ a modification ( x7 9 use among ! civilis$ & semi-civilis$ inhabitants ( a c\ntry or colony w be be/ adapt$ = su* "w z may h to be p]=m$ 9 x by ! travell] or explor]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to ov]come home prejudices1 &1 z an almo/ inv>iable rule1 ! ,briti% emigrant1 on 8 arrival at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope or ,au/ralia1 comm5ces by d5\nc+ ! colonial waggon z clumsy1 unworkmanlike1 & ineffici5t1 & usually ?reat5s to effect imm5se improvem5ts1 & j z inv>iably1 if he has to make a j\rney ( any di/ance into ! int]ior1 he adopts1 if he be a s5sible man1 ! vehicle :i*1 by ! exp]i5ce ( _m1 has be5 f\nd ! be/ = ! "w x has to d4 ,on ! well-made roads ne> ,cape ,t[n or ,port ,elizabe?1 or on ! broad pla9s ( ! ,orange ,riv] ,free ,/ate1 import$ c>riages f ,engl&1 or vehicles ^u _! model by colonial build]s1 may be us$ ) safety & advantage2 & ev5 "s ( ^? wondr\s comb9ations ( /r5g? & lightness import$ f ,am]ica1 "u ! names ( spid] or skeleton c>riages1 are f\nd to d good s]vice2 b :5 really h>d "w comes on1 & d5sely wood$ klo(s or rugg$ m\nta9 passes1 ) r\gh /ret*es ( road ov] hill-side or valley1 ) =ds 9 :i* /ones ( sev]al hundr$ weight seem to lose _! gravitation & become ! m]e play?+s ( ! torr5t1 ! pond]\s ,cape waggon w be at once appreciat$1 z all its p>ts are s /rongly put toge!r t ! /ra9 ( twelve or tw5ty ox5 _c draw !m asund]1 & yet fitt$ s loosely t !y w give & b5d to e inequality ( ! road4 ,! ,cape waggon is f\nd to hold its position aga9/ all rivals z ! vehicle be/ adapt$ to ! wants ( a travell+ or explor+ p>ty1 & ! exig5cies ( ! transport s]vice & g5]al c>ry+ trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,we h already1 at pp4 #fj & #fa1 giv5 an example ( a ,cape waggon ) side t5ts2 at pp4 #abi-acb1 we h %[n h[ ! t5t frame or o!r mat]ial ( a waggon might be conv]t$ into a boat2 at pp4 #adj-add1 we h indicat$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! waggon *e/s might be made available z a raft2 at pp4 #bae-bai w be f\nd diagrams & in/ructions = repair+ axles1 =e tongs1 dissel-booms1 /r5g!n+ :eels :5 ! spokes are %ak5 loose1 tight5+ up ! tires by driv+ w$ges betwe5 !m & ! felloes1 or mak+ & putt+ 9 new spokes )\t tak+ ! :eel to pieces2 at pp4 #aie-aig are rem>ks on tir+ ( :eels & prolong+ ! effici5cy ( /ra9$ bolts by %ift+ !m s z to fre%5 ! nip2 at pp4 #big & #bih waggon camps are describ$2 & ! me?od ( build+ :eels is giv5 at pp4 #cff-cgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cape ,,waggon 7,,) ,,diagrams74 ,cape waggon4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n[ only necess>y to give a g5]al view ( a full-siz$ kap-t5t$ travell+ waggon1 ) diagrams ( su* p>ts z h n hi!rto come "u notice4 ,su* a waggon is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! buik plank1 or floor 7a71 w sometimes be #ag;ft4 or m 9 l5g?1 ?\gh 9 mod]ate-siz$ vehicles x does n exce$ #ac;ft41 or !reab\ts4 ,! sides are g5]ally ( yell[ wood 7#c_/h;94 plank71 b1 secur$ to a sub/antial ladd]-l frame1 ! long] pieces ( :i* 7c7 are call$ le] boom51 or ladd] trees4 ,! sides & bottom are n fa/5$ toge!r1 nor are !y fa/5$ to ! und]/ell or c>riage1 b ! bottom plank is simply laid ^u ! s*ammels 7d7 & secur$ f mov+ by cleats 7e71 :i* grip ! aft] "o4 ,! =e & h9d] axles are connect$ by a /\t beam1 call$ ! lang wag5 7f71 work+ freely on a pivot pass+ ?r\gh ! aft]mo/ jaws ( ! =e tong 7g71 & /r5g!n$ by a b> ( iron 7h71 call$ ! iron lang wag54 ,! dissel-boom works l a c>riage pole 9 ! =emo/ jaws ( ! =e tong4 ,9 ?is tong1 also1 imm$iately beh9d ! axle1 is a /\t r+-bolt 7i71 to :i* are atta*$ ! drag *a9s1 & !y1 ) ! reim s*o5 & ! t> bucket1 are loop$ up to hooks1 fix$ at ! atta*m5t ( ! aft] tongs 7j7 ) ! lang wag54 ,to ! back ( ! aft] axle is susp5d$ a k9d ( framework1 call$ ! trap 7k71 = ! reception ( pots1 kettles1 & g5]al lumb]4 ,into ! ends ( ! s*ammels are set rungs1 or /an*eons 7l71 :i* conf9e & support ! waggon sides4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! c>riage1 cle> ( ! :eels & top hamp]4 ,all ! p>ts are di/+ui%$ by ! same lett]s4 ,fig4 #c %[s h[ ! buik plank 7a7 is laid ^u ! aft] s*ammel 7d71 & kept f %ift+ by ! clamps 7e72 x w be se5 t !re is room en\gh betwe5 x & ! rungs 7l7 = ! sides 7b71 & ^! are kept ap>t at ! aft] "p by ! aft] b> 7m71 z well z by ! aft] *e/ 7n71 & 9 front by ! =e *e/ only1 leav+1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 a space available = /[age ( r m ?an #aa;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 wide1 & #c;ft4 9 height2 ?\gh frequ5tly ! c>go is pil$ mu* high]4 ,! kadel1 or b$1 an oblong frame 7o1 p4 #baf71 ) a nett+ ( raw hide ?ongs1 is !n ei!r slung above ! c>go to ! /an*eons ( ! t5t1 or laid ^u sp>s plac$ across ! waggon1 ) _! ends re/+ on ! top rail or le] boom 7c74 ,! t5t frame %\ld be fir/ cov]$ ) re$ matt+1 simil> to a *eese mat1 & (t5 obta9able f ! ,hott5tots4 ,above ?is %\ld be ! "u sail1 :i* is v (t5 pa9t$ to r5d] x wat]pro(1 ?\gh = durability we pref] to h x ( /\t unpa9t$ ,no4 #a canvas1 & above ?is is drawn on ! upp] sail4 ,9 ! case ( a kap-t5t1 ?is is sometimes 9 ?ree or m pieces2 fir/1 ! ro(2 !n ! sides1 :i* are tack$ on "u a neat bord] at its edges2 &1 la/ly1 ! =e & aft] klaps or curta9s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ^! p>ts are made 9 "o4 ,! c5tral bread?s ( canvas are left #e;ft4 or #f;ft4 long] at ea* end1 s z to s]ve = ! =e & aft] curta9s1 & ! sides are /it*$ to ! ro(1 s t ! :ole may be put on or tak5 (f 9 "o piece4 ,! edges are !n ei!r button$ to brass /uds along ! le] boom1 or ti$ d[n ) ?ongs ( koodoo hide1 /it*$ on = ! purpose4 ,a c\ple ( bamboos or =k$ /icks are la%$ to ! =emo/ & aft]mo/ /an*eons ( ! t5t frame1 to s]ve z nicks 9 :i* to lay ! waggon :ip1 :i* is a well-select$ /raight-gr[n vad]l&s*e 7male bamboo71 f #aj;ft4 to #ae;ft4 9 l5g?1 ) a la% ( ab\t #bj;ft41 z ?ick 9 ! middle z ! little f+]1 & ) a voorslag1 or la% ( koodoo hide1 ab\t #d;ft4 or #e;ft4 m4 ,?is1 9 ! h&s ( a practis$ driv]1 is a mo/ =midable weapon4 ,any p>ticul> ox 9 ! long team ( twelve or f\rte5 may be g5tly fillip$ 9 any "p1 or h ! :ip crack$ next to 8 e> z a rem9d]1 or if he %[ /ubbornness or ob/9acy1 a cl\d ( hair may be cut f 8 sides f hip to %\ld]1 or ea* successive /roke ( ! long voorslag may be made to draw blood1 until he goes to 8 duty4 ,! side *e/s are support$ on /\t b>s 7o71 :i* cross b5ea? ! bottom ( ! waggon1 project+ #a;ft4 or #af;94 beyond its sides1 & ^!1 besides be+ bolt$ to ! bottom planks1 are g5]ally la%$ tightly to ! top rail by reims ( raw hide 7p71 :i* s]ve to keep ! bottom f b5d+ too mu* ) ! weight ( ! c>go1 & help /ill fur!r to b9d ! waggon toge!r4 ,on op5 colonial roads1 ! side *e/s are g5]ally rectangul>1 b we h se5 !m on ! waggons ( elephant hunt]s1 br\ght to a %>p po9t =w>d1 because1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a ?ickly-wood$ c\ntry1 trees or /umps w\ld knock (f 9 pass+ ! corn]s ( a rectangul> *e/4 ,we ?9k1 = economy ( room1 a long *e/1 tap]$ at bo? ends1 z %[n 9 our sket*1 might be adopt$2 & if !re 7 a probability ( ! waggon *e/s be+ requir$ = a boat1 z describ$ at pp4 #adj-add1 ?is might be made 9 two l5g?s1 z we h %[n x1 s t ! ends w\ld s]ve = ! respective ends ( ! boat or raft4 ,!y w\ld be secur$ ei!r by bolts & nuts1 or by la%+s ( hide to ! cross-b>s & to ! /an*eons ( ! waggon sides4 ,padlocks & hasps are g5]ally us$1 b a v /\t bran* may te> !m (f4 ,rim locks w\ld be bett]1 7 x n t ! same cause might dis>range ! set ( ! lid1 & prev5t its fitt+ prop]ly4 ,a c\ple ( /\t knees & *ocks %\ld be screw$ or bolt$ on to ! aft] "p ( ! floor = ! wat] cask to re/ 91 & ?is %\ld be securely la%$1 & nev] all[$ to /& or travel )\t at lea/ a day's wat] 9 x1 bo? to keep x f %r9k+ & leakage1 & also z a prev5tion aga9/ any unexpect$ em]g5cy or failure ( supply4 ,fig4 #d is a plan ( z mu* z is necess>y to %[ ( ! "u /ell1 or c>riage4 ,! same lett]s are atta*$ to ! p>ts4 ,! junction ( ! two b>s 7j7 ( ! aft] tong ) ! lang wag5 is %[n m di/9ctly4 p is ! head ( ! s*ammel bolt or p]* bolt1 :i* passes d[n ?r\gh ! s*ammel & axle1 all[+ ! latt] to turn freely4 ,! top ( ! s*ammel is se5 p>tly hid+ ! arms ( ! axle1 und]nea? x2 9 its ends are ! mortices = ! rungs4 q is ! lift]1 compos$ ( two p>ts--! legt] voet1 or upright1 ) two mortices1 correspond+ to ! height ( ! =e & aft] axles--& ! legt] h\t1 or lev]1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! requir$ mortice & =elock$ by an iron p94 ,! %ort] end is g5]ally arm$ ) "o or m iron /uds1 to keep x f slipp+2 ! long] end is tap]$ & r\nd$ j s z to be easily grasp$4 ,sometimes1 :5 iron reim %oes are n to be _h1 or are worn out1 a log ( wood is r\ghly %ap$ & slightly holl[$ 7r7 to receive ! tire ( ! :eel1 &1 in/ead ( *a91 is atta*$ to ! =e tong by a /\t hide rope4 ,a %ort end is also left ne> ! reim s*o51 to hook r\nd ! felloe ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration ,= r\gh "w1 su* z c>ry+ /ones or packages ( unh&y =m or dim5sions1 a buik waggon is v conv5i5t4 ,9 ?is ! regul> lang wag5 is releas$ f ! =e tong1 & ei!r replac$ by a r\gh beam ( any requir$ l5g?1 or ! beam is simply la%$ "u ! orig9al lang wag51 & its end is trimm$ d[n s z to be ins]t$ into ! jaws ( ! =e tong2 b z ! bolt might probably split & draw out f ! unprotect$ wood1 ! drag *a9s %\ld be l$ aft f ! r+-bolt1 & hook$ on z tightly z possible to ! aft] axle1 a turn or two be+ tak51 if !y are too long1 r\nd bo? ! lang wag5 & ! pole by :i* x is l5g!n$4 ,!y may be set up tight by us+ reims ( raw hide z lany>ds4 ,! sides consi/ ( a c\ple ( /\t planks set on edge--a c\ple ( #ba;ft4 deals = in/ance4 ,cross-b>s are la%$ "u ^! at int]vals1 to keep ! bottom f sagg+4 ,illu/ration ,extempor>y waggon4 ,a durable & conv5i5t =m ( waggon c be extemporis$ 9 any wild c\ntry :]e wood & raw hides are procurable by proce$+ z foll[s3 ,fir/ f dead1 b s\nd1 trees1 or season$ wood 7see ,wood1 to season71 fa%ion ! pieces = y\r waggon b$ frame1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration bel[4 ,bo? ! =e & h9d axle trees are compos$ ( two pieces ( wood mat*$ s z to lay ev5ly on ea* o!r4 ,on ! surface ( contact ( ea* piece-half holes are cut = ! admission ( ! pole 7,a71 prong piece 7,b71 & cross prong ends 7,c74 ,! p]* bolt 7,d7 %\ld be an iron p91 b may be a h>d wood tre5ail4 ,ei!r la%+s ( raw hide or tre5ails may be us$ = secur+ ! upp] & l[] axle pieces to ea* o!r4 ,! l[] piece ( wood1 or axle b>1 %\ld be compos$ ( "s h>d d5se1 yet t\gh1 wood1 z ! axles h to be =m$ f x4 ,! butt end ( ! prong piece 7,e7 is s adju/$ z to travel =w>d & backw>d on ! pole1 ?us l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! body ( ! waggon4 ,!re are two me?ods by :i* ! regulation ( ! prong piece is effect$4 ,"o is to h a tra9 ( holes 9 ! pole & "o hole 9 ! butt end ( ! prong piece = a p9 to pass ?r\gh1 :i* be+ driv5 d[n ?r\gh "o ( ! holes 9 ! pole holds x at t l5g?4 ,we1 h[ev]1 pref] holl[+ out ! l[] surface ( ! prong-piece butt ) a g\ge until x fits on ! pole aft] ! mann] ( a holl[ slide or rid]4 ,?is we la% fa/ to ! pole ) a long /rip ( raw hide1 tak+ sev]al turns bo? be=e & beh9d ! jo9t4 ,! prong piece mu/ be cut f a natural =k ( suitable size & l5g?4 ,! butt end %\ld be left at lea/ #ah;94 long1 9 ord] t suffici5t be>+ surface may be left to re/ on ! pole "u ! hide la%+4 ,by adopt+ ?is mode ( regulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! prong1 a pole ( mod]ate & conv5i5t size may be us$ )\t fe> ( breakage4 ,a v /\t pole is requir$ = ! p9 plan1 z ! aug] holes bor$ ?r\gh x t5d greatly to decrease its /r5g?4 ,! f\r upright po/s 7,f1 ,f1 ,f1 ,f7 are fitt$ into f\r squ>e holes *isell$ out 9 ! upp] axle piece = ! purpose ( receiv+ !m2 & !y s]ve to secure ! planks1 hurdles1 wattle "w1 or poles =m+ ! sides ( ! waggon4 ,directions = build+ & fitt+ :eels h be5 giv5 9 a =m] portion ( our "w2 & we ne$ !re=e only repeat t slices cut f suitable-siz$ log ends =m v fair make%ift :eels 7see p4 #cff72 b c>e %\ld be tak51 if native c>ts are us$ 9 ! region :]e ! make%ift waggon is build+1 to asc]ta9 ! gauge at :i* _! :eels are set & regulate y\rs accord+ly1 or ! :eel tracks on ^! trails w n mat* ) y\rs1 & s cause /ra9s & breakages4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! contrivance j describ$ w entirely dep5d on ! purpose = :i* x is f "t to "t requir$4 ,= ! conveyance ( ! packs & baggage ( a l>ge p>ty x may be drawn out to its full l5g?1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #ddj71 leav+ only pole en\gh = ! atta*m5t ( draught animals4 ,by br++ ! prong piece f>!r back a %ort f\r-:eel$ waggon c be =m$1 & by slipp+ ! =e axle & prong ov] ! end ( ! pole y leave ! p]* & h9d] axle to be us$ z a two-:eel$ c>t1 :il/ an extra pole fitt$ to ! fir/ axle & prong makes a second pair-:eel$ c>t j z h&y z ! o!r4 ,%\ld !re be b two available draught animals = ! two c>ts1 %afts c be us$ in/ead ( poles4 ,^! are easily made by la%+ on poles ) raw hide1 or cutt+ wide prong-%ap$ bran*es :i* spread out wide at ! butt1 :i* mu/ be left long en\gh to fit into ! pole hole ( ! axle piece1 :51 if cut ) a good curve1 ^! %afts w some:at resemble ^? ( a ,hansom cab4 ,act+ some:at on ?is pr9ciple1 ! ,cali=nian team/]s make use at times ( a sort ( tra9 waggon1 :i*1 ) a p[]ful mule team1 is1 ov] fav\rable gr\nd1 work$ entire2 b :5 ! vicissitudes ( travel require x1 !y "w ea* sep>ate comp>tm5t ( ! waggon j z we %\ld an ord9>y c>t4 ,illu/ration ,cape w9e waggon4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahdb1 we 7 accu/om$ to see ! primitive w9e waggon ( ! ,cape ,colony toil+ ov] ! dre>y wa/e ( %ift+ s&s kn[n z ! ,cape ,flats4 ,its :eels 7 l>ge & broad1 ! h9d] ones be+ (t5 #g;ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! =e & aft] c>riages 7 connect$ by a long fir pole1 & ! sides & bottom 7 =m$ ( six or eight trees ( ! same k9d1 s arrang$ z to =m a conv5i5t b$ = two or ?ree beak]s ( w9e4 ,at ! h9d] end w\ld be a t5t & sides ( wattl$ "w1 or p]haps ! sides ( an ord9>y waggon1 ) ! t5t atta*$1 w\ld be fitt$ tempor>ily on1 s z to =m a place ( %elt] = ! own] & 8 family4 ,x 0 g5]ally drawn by tw5ty or tw5ty-two ox54 ,! illu/ration on p4 #ddj repres5ts "o ( ^! w9e waggons2 &1 z x may s happ5 t ! lot ( ! settl] may be ca/ 9 regions resembl+ ! di/rict we h j spok5 (1 x may be well t he %\ld "k h[ to con/ruct a conveyance ( ?is k9d1 z ! =e "p ( ! waggon af=ds ample space = /[+ away b>rels or bales4 ,z w be se51 on ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ! l5g? ( ! waggon c1 l t be=e describ$1 be regulat$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! own]4 ,illu/ration ,indian gh>rie4 ,! illu/ration bel[ repres5ts a vehicle 9 :i* we p]=m$ "s v r\gh travell+ ?r\gh ,c5tral ,india4 ,its cov]1 or t5t1 0 compos$ ( pa9t$ cotton clo? /ret*$ ov] bamboo hoops & nail$ to ! framework4 ,on ! bottom1 or b$1 ( our conveyance we plac$ a /\t matress /uff$ ) cotton4 ,our rifles1 guns1 wat] b>rel1 & revolv]s hung 9 p\*es aga9/ ! inside ( ! waggon t5t4 ,! door 0 at ! re>4 ,! w9d[s _h curta9s fitt$ to !m4 ,! bullock teams v>i$ 9 /r5g? f "o pair to ?ree1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! c\ntry travell$ ?r\gh4 ,conveyances mu* l ?is 9 con/ruction1 & ( admirable quality1 are manufactur$ at ,ahm$nugg]1 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,:5 travell+ 9 ?is vehicle our heavy baggage foll[$ 9 two hack]ies1 or c\ntry c>ts1 ea* drawn by two pairs ( bullocks4 ,^! hack]ies1 l ! arobas ( ! ,t>t>s1 m]ely consi/ ( an axle1 a pair ( r\gh /rong :eels1 a pole1 & numb] ( odd poles1 /icks1 & pieces ( bo>d b\nd toge!r ) hide4 ,our m5 7 mu* puzzl$ 9 ,crim-,t>t>y :5 we ov]took1 on ! only road lead+ f passes p]fectly impracticable = :eel$ c>riages1 sev]al ( ! bullock arobas ( ! c\ntry lad5 ) bales ( sk9s & bags ( gra94 ,! ,t>t>s _h simply tak5 _! arobas to pieces by ca/+ (f ! hide la%+s1 pack$ ! bullocks1 !mselves1 & _! wolfi%-look+ dogs1 ) ! divid$ loads & waggon ge>1 m>*$ ov] ! passes1 & !n put ! :ole affair 9 travell+ trim aga94 ,) our horses & pack$ mules we _h no su* difficulty to cont5d aga9/4 ,mu* l ^! 9 con/ruction is ! s+le-ox c>t ( ,r$ ,riv]4 ,9 ?is ! ox is h>ness$ v mu* z a horse w\ld be1 work+ betwe5 a pair ( ord9>y %afts4 ,ea* driv] conducts 8 own tra91 :i* may consi/ ( a doz5 c>ts4 ,! ox5 are driv5 ) a long-h&l$1 heavy-?ong$ :ip1 :i* is a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! :ip ( a ,cape waggon] & t ( an ,au/ralian /ock-man4 ,ea* ( ^! primitive c>ts is capable ( transport+ ab\t #i;cwt4 ( buffalo fle% & hides f ! hunt+ gr\nds to ! dept ( ! hunt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wilson ,,mule ,,waggon 7,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica74 ,horse & mule waggons4 ,horse & mule waggons & c>ts v>y s mu* 9 con/ruction accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry !y are us$ 91 & to ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 t x w\ld be impossible to describe "o-t5? ( _! numb]4 ,! mode ( h>ness+1 too1 diff]s 9 almo/ e c\ntry4 ,:il/ we1 9 ,engl&1 usually cont5t ourselves ) a team h>ness$ 9 pairs1 ! ,russians n unfrequ5tly "w ?ree & f\r a-brea/4 ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese race1 9 _! devi\s w&]+s ab\t ! _w1 h tak5 ! enorm\sly high :eel ( ! ,p59sula ) !m1 & delight to see a big-boot$ po/ilion1 black or :ite1 act+ z pilot to ! lumb]+ old-_w conveyance !y j\rney 94 ,sc>cely any two artill]y s]vices 9 ! _w correspond 9 _! draught arrangem5t--"s mak+ use ( ! pole1 :il/ o!rs1 ,engl& among/ ! numb]1 use ! %afts4 ,our prov9ce be+ to deal m p>ticul>ly ) vehicles calculat$ to be> ! r\gh usage & vicissitudes ( travel1 we naturally turn to va/ly ext5sive c\ntries--:]e long j\rneys ov] hill1 pla91 & valley are commonly p]=m$--= ! be/ =m ( waggon to d x )4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ^! matt]s is always ! be/ guide4 ,! con/ant dem& almo/ inv>iably br+s ab\t ! requir$ supply4 ,we h no long waggon j\rneys 9 ,engl&2 &1 z nei!r ! artill]y or milit>y tra9 waggon ( ?is c\ntry1 nor ! equipage militaire ( ,france1 is 9 accordance ) our notions ( :at travell]s' mule waggons %\ld be1 we g a little f>!r a-field1 & select ! ,wilson waggon ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! subject ( ! full-page illu/ration4 ,! ,am]ican mode ( h>ness+ is also %[n4 ,all ^! waggons h :eel friction breaks fitt$ to !m1 z _h all ! ,s>d9ian waggons us$ dur+ ! ,crimean w>4 ,:eel drags4 ,9 travell+ ov] r\gh passes & /eep acclivities great att5tion %\ld be paid to ! application ( prop] break p[] to ! :eels4 ,! use ( ! skid & common drag-*a9 are too well kn[n to ne$ comm5t "h1 only t x may n be amiss to rem>k1 en passant1 t1 conduct+ y\r waggon d[n ! edge ( a /eep holl[1 or rav9e1 y mu/ h y\r %oe plac$ on ! :eel away f ! drop side4 ,nev] use y\r drag-*a9 :5 y c safely d )\t x1 z1 by conf9+ ! :eel 9 "o position dur+ ! desc5t ( /eep pit*es1 ! portion ( ! tire 9 contact ) ! gr\nd w be s]i\sly gr\nd & cut up4 ,all comp>atively light c>ts & waggons %\ld h ! lev] friction breaks be=e m5tion$ atta*$ to !m4 ,^! contrivances are simple 9 con/ruction1 p[]ful 9 action1 &1 by all[+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ret>d$ action to ! :eel1 _m advantages are ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,e ,! detail ( ! break arrangem5t v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries 9 :i* x is us$2 b ! illu/ration on p4 #ddc w s]ve to %[ ! pr9ciple on :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,! roll] 7,a7 has two /\t pieces ( hide rope w\nd r\nd x4 ,^! are atta*$ to ! break-b> 7,b71 :i* slides =w>d & back "u ! /aples 7,c74 ,by depress+ ! end ( ! lev] 7,d7 & hook+ d[n its end1 ! friction blocks 7,e7 are drawn aga9/ ! surfaces ( ! :eel tires & reta9$ !re ) j z mu* =ce z is ?\ght requisite4 ,! movem5ts ( a waggon tra9 furni%$ ) ^! contrivances are n ret>d$ & r5d]$ irregul> by ! con/ant & h>ass+ /oppages consequ5t on ! lead+ waggon]s skidd+ & unskidd+4 ,on ! cre/ ( a /eep desc5t be+ rea*$1 all ! team/] has to d is to heave d[n 8 lev] to ! requir$ pit*1 & hook on )\t /opp+ 8 team4 ,on gett+ ne> ! bottom he unhooks1 & is prep>$ to move sm>tly up on ! rise be=e him1 all ! o!r waggons foll[+ 8 example4 ,9 ?is way !re is no *eck4 ,9 go+ d[n dang]\sly-/eep incl9es x is a good plan to atta* a %ort bu%y tree ( good weight1 root end =w>ds1 by a /rong rope or *a9 to ! h9d axle4 ,illu/ration ,make%ift break4 ,a v effective make%ift break c be made by cutt+ a t\gh1 /\t pole1 long en\gh to ext5d "s di/ance beyond ! diamet] ( ! :eel to be dragg$4 ,la% ! ends ( ! pole to ! framework ( ! waggon1 s z to nip ! :eel1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,almo/ any am\nt ( nipp+ p[] may be ga9$ by tight5+ ! la%+s4 ,a l>ge explor+ p>ty1 or troops on ! m>*1 c also1 :5 requisite1 make use ( drag ropes1 by :i* to ease a load d[n a difficult place4 ,:5 x is desirable to completely lock a pair ( :eels1 cut d[n a "y tree ( suitable size1 trim (f ! bran*es1 & cut x to a l5g? suffici5t to pass directly across ! bottom ( ! waggon1 ?r\gh ! spokes ( ea* ( ! :eels to be lock$1 & ext5d a c\ple ( feet or s beyond ! nave ( ea* :eel a few turns ( rope r\nd bo? ! tree & ! felloe ( ! :eel prev5ts ! arrangem5t f slipp+4 ,?is is a v good plan to adopt :5 a waggon has to be /opp$ = any "t 9 ! middle ( a v /eep incl9e4 ,! two :eels on "o side ( a %ort-bodi$ c>riage may be lock$ by apply+ a rope or *a91 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,by treat+ bo? sides alike all f\r :eels w\ld be lock$1 z :5 waggons are drawn up to resi/ attack+ ,indians1 only t *a9 mu/ be us$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! lock+ f be+ cut free1 & ! waggon be+ />t$ out ( its place4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,sub/itute = :eels4 ,if "o :eel ( a f\r-:eel$ c>riage gets brok5 on a j\rney1 or :5 "s di/ance out ( camp1 & !re is no sp>e :eel to replace x1 make ! two =e :eels good1 leav+ ! defici5cy ) ! h9d axle2 !n cut d[n a tree ab\t #h;94 or #i;94 9 diamet]1 cut a deep not* 9 its l>ge end1 lay ?is on ! axle directly inside ! =e :eel on ! side t[>ds ! abs5t h9d :eel2 measure ! l5g? ( ! tree1 & see t x is long en\gh to trail on ! gr\nd sl$ge1 runn] fa%ion1 beh9d ! c>riage1 r\nd up ! gr\nd end1 l ! toe ( a skate1 ) y\r axe2 cut ano!r not* on its upp] surface = ! end ( ! axle f :i* ! brok5 :eel came to re/ 94 ,n[ la% bo? ! front & h9d axles 9 _! places firmly1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 & y w be at lea/ able to get to a conv5i5t place to effect a p]fect repair2 & "h we w\ld advise ! read] nev] to despair ( mak+ a successful m5d 9 almo/ any case ( breakages among :eel$ c>riages1 provid$ wood1 a few tools1 & raw hide c be obta9$4 ,a raw hide b&1 prop]ly fitt$ on wet1 & all[$ to dry gradually1 is little less reliable ?an good wr\ght iron1 & f> m s ?an bad4 ,waggon equipm5t4 ,e :eel$ c>riage us$ 9 explor+ or travell+ long j\rneys %\ld h its own grease box secur$ 9 a conv5i5t situation2 j above & be=e ! ne> =e :eel is a good place4 ,! =m ( ! common ,indian bamboo grease box is %[n at p4 #cei1 illu/ration ,no4 #c4 ,a good-siz$ ox-horn makes a conv5i5t grease box4 ,a mixture ( ,/ockholm t>1 #flb41 & fat1 #alb41 makes a good grease4 ,if a little common plumbago c be got to put into x1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,9 c\ntries :]e native vegetable oils are abundant1 !y may be us$1 in/ead ( ! fat1 to mix ) ! t>4 ,be> 9 m9d t keep+ ! :eels well greas$ is a duty ( no common importance4 ,9 hot c\ntries x is an excell5t plan to "w ! naves ( ! :eels ov] ) /rong tw9e1 j z boys "w balls 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! tw9e-"w af=ds a holdfa/ = a ?ick lay] ( wet c[dung1 or clay1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ :5ev] ! waggons are /ation>y = ! day or night4 ,we nev] omit ?is cu/om :5 x c be by any possibility adh]$ to4 ,by keep+ ! nave moi/ ! spokes ( ! :eel rema9 tight4 ,x is a good plan to well wat] ! gr\nd "u ea* :eel :5 encamp+ on v dry gr\nd4 ,! treatm5t ( injur$ :eels w be f\nd at pp4 #bai1 #bbj4 ,:5 any ( ! ironwork ( y\r waggon becomes b5t f an upset1 or o!r accid5t1 nev] attempt to /raight5 x cold4 ,light a fire1 heat x to a r$ heat1 hamm] x back to its prop] =m1 & !n let x cool gradually be=e putt+ x 9 its place4 ,plung+ x sudd5ly 9 cold wat] is apt to r5d] ! metal brittle4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( all iron fitt+s = ei!r waggon "w or horse equipm5t1 ab\t :i* we %all h m to say z our "w proce$s1 insi/ on see+ x1 )\t pa9t or v>ni%1 b>e f ! =ge1 z y c !n see t !re are no holl[s1 cracks1 or defects 9 x4 ,x is wond]ful :at a numb] ( %ortcom+s a good ?ick coat ( coal-t> w cov] :5 laid on ov] ! hot metal4 ,avoid malleable ca/ iron z y w\ld a brok5 limb4 ,x _c be b5t )\t ! dang] ( nipp+ (f %ort4 ,:5 brok51 x _c be weld$ or faggot$ up4 ,x is n reliable 9 any way1 & is a m]e delusion & sn>e to ! unw>y2 & yet1 incr$ible z x may appe>1 n only ! great] portion ( ! *eap horse equipm5t iron s5t to ! colonies is made f x1 b we h ourselves se5 m ?an "o attempt made by unscrupul\s contractors to introduce x 9 ,gov]nm5t "w1 :]e wr\ght metal _h be5 specially insi/$ on & agre$ =4 ,an exp]i5c$ man w g5]ally detect ! nature ( ! mat]ial at once1 b ! inexp]i5c$ requires "s r\gh & ready way ( judg+ ( ! quality ( t :i* he is ab\t to pur*ase4 ,buckles1 ,d's1 r+s1 hooks1 c41 w n unfrequ5tly %[ ! m>k ( ! m\ld 9 :i* !y 7 ca/4 ,if !re is no su* m>k1 take "o ( ! suspect$ objects 9 ! tongs1 put x on an anvil1 & ) a light hamm] knock x ab\t a little to see if x breaks up2 z a fur!r te/ put x 9 ! =ge fire1 heat x to a bright r$ heat1 cut & op5 out ! object to its full l5g?1 & !n proce$1 ) y\r hamm]1 to draw out ! end1 z if y 7 go+ to make a long %>p nail f x4 ,if ! suspect$ metal is wr\ght iron x readily takes ! spike =m1 b if malleable x w give "u ! hamm] & break up4 ,too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( all matt]s ( iron int5d$ to meet ! vicissitudes ( r\gh travel4 ,! iron ( ,sw$51 ,russia1 & ,india is excell5t :5 x is obta9$ ( native manufacture4 ,its admirable purity & t\ghness p>tly dep5d on ! quality ( ! ore f :i* x is obta9$1 b ma9ly f ! abs5ce ( sulphur 9 its composition4 ,?is arises f *>coal be+ us$ z a fuel = smelt+ in/ead ( ! coal made use ( 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i*1 f its conta9+ consid]able quantities ( sulphuret ( iron 7! mundic ( ! m9]s71 is b ill-adapt$ = ! production ( iron ( high quality4 ,?or\ghly good iron is conv]tible & reconv]tible into an endless numb] ( objects ( usefulness4 ,?us1 ! l9ks ( an old *a9 make excell5t /aples2 ^!1 :5 brok51 c be work$ up into nails1 & pieces ( ^!1 :5 fil$ up1 are us$ to make goad po9ts & _m o!r ?+s4 ,e waggon %\ld h its odd & end box = small matt]s 9 iron1 su* z l9* p9s1 ,s hooks1 ,d's1 spikes1 union l9ks1 c41 c4 ,all ^! are wor? _! weight 9 gold 9 a wild c\ntry1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be kept c>efully out ( ! rea* ( natives4 ,field artill]y4 ,! settl] 9 ! vic9ity ( a fronti] beyond :i* native tribes1 :o may become ho/ile at any "t1 reside w n unfrequ5tly f9d x useful to "k h[ field artill]y & ! waggons belong+ to x are h&l$ 9 cases ( breakage4 ,well-organis$ lab\r w p]=m m 9 a few m9utes ?an w\ld d\ble ! am\nt ( =ce 9 h\rs exp5d$ 9 ill-direct$ ef=ts4 ,works exclusively on artill]y matt]s r>ely rea* ! h&s ( any save (fic]s 9 t bran* ( ! s]vice4 ,we1 !re=e1 give ! foll[+ directions = ! managem5t ( disabl$ field artill]y1 furni%$ by ,g5]al ,lefroy1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 9 8 h&book ( ,field ,artill]y ,s]vice4 ,,case ,i4--,,gun ,,)\t ,a ,,waggon--,,c>riage ,,disabl$4 7#a47 ,dism\nt ! gun4 7#b47 ,nos4 #b & #c put a h&spike 9 ! muzzle1 & raise x4 ,nos4 #d & #e take a prolonge or drag rope1 pass x 9 ! re> ( "o trunnion & 9 front ( ! o!r1 & sl+ ! gun securely to ! limb] hook2 !n pass ! long end ( ! rope betwe5 ! boxes to ! front4 ,nos4 #f & #g /eady ! :eels4 ,nos4 #h & #i raise & hold up ! %afts :il/ #d & #e sl+ ! gun4 ,z soon z ! gun is slung1 #h & #i haul d[n ! %afts1 & hold !m ab\t ! same height !y w\ld be if a horse 0 hook$ 9 !m4 ,nos4 #f & #g !n take ! long end ( ! rope left by #d & #e1 & br+ x d[n at ! end ( ! box frame1 close to ! boxes "u ! bree* ( ! gun ab\t ! v5t a/ragal1 or betwe5 ! frame & footbo>d1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! gun1 s t ! rope w h no t5d5cy to slip (f ! c>riage4 ,:5 #f has done ?is & h&$ ! end ( ! rope to ! o!r side to #g1 & put ! fir/ "p ( a reef knot on x1 #a gives ! ^w ,be> d[n ! muzzle1 :5 #b & #c be> d[n4 ,nos4 #f & #g take a turn r\nd ! bree*1 br+ ! end ( ! rope up at ! end ( ! box frame1 & secure x4 ,nos4 #h & #i n[ let d[n ! %afts & leave !m4 7#c47 ,! trail is n[ ?r[n r\nd1 & ! c>riage is dism\nt$ & turn$ ov]4 7#d47 ,to lift ! c>riage4--,nos4 #h & #i place !mselves at ! brea/1 #f & #g at ! axletree arms1 #d & #e at ! *eeks ( ! c>riage1 close to ! axletree1 #b & #c at ! trail1 #a 9 ! %afts4 ,at ! ^w ,lift1 ! numb]s all lift1 & c>ry ! c>riage to ! re> ( ! limb]1 & re/ ! brea/ on ! re> ( ! boxes1 z f> on z ! front cap squ>e bolts4 ,nos4 #h & #i !n m\nt on ! footbo>d1 &1 tak+ hold ( ! brea/ *a9s1 ! :ole ( ! numb]s lift aga91 &1 mov+ =w>d1 cont9ue to lift until ! elevat+ screw box re/s on ! re> ( ! limb] boxes4 7#e47 ,no4 #a1 :o has be5 9 ! %afts dur+ ! op]ation1 gives ! prop] directions = balanc+ ! c>riage4 7#f47 ,plac+ ! :eels4--,nos4 #d & #e put on ! wa%]s & l9*-p9s2 ! numb]s on ea* side w put on ! :eels di% d[n2 & ! f\r l[e/ numb]s w la% 9 re>1 & ! f\r highe/ numb]s 9 front4 ,nos4 #b & #c w !n secure ! trail to ! h&spike 9 ! muzzle by ! lock+ *a94 7#g47 ,la%+ ! c>riage4--,nos4 #d & #e use ! box la%+s1 #f & #g ! drag rope & brea/ *a9s4 ,! side-arms are laid on ! top ( ! boxes close to or betwe5 ! box gu>d irons & ! c>riage4 ,,case ,,ii4--,a ,,gun ,,) ,a ,,waggon--,,c>riage ,,disabl$4 7#a47 ,! gun & c>riage are dism\nt$1 & ! gun is slung z 9 ! fir/ case4 7#b47 ,! waggon & gun c>riage are s plac$ t ! re> ( ! waggon w be close to & 9 front ( ! c>riage2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! gun c>riage w be br\ght to ! re> ( ! waggon1 & plac$ ) ! trail to ! waggon be=e x is dism\nt$4 7#c47 ,! c>riage is !n turn$ upside d[n1 z 9 ! fir/ case4 7#d47 ,at ! ^w ,prep>e to lift1 #b & #c place !mselves at ! brea/1 #d & #e at ! axletree arms1 #f & #g at ! *eeks1 & #h & #i at ! trail4 ,at ! ^w ,lift1 ! c>riage is lift$1 & ! trail re/$ on ! footbo>d4 ,nos4 #h & #i !n jump up & seize ! trail h&les1 & at ! next heave br+ ! trail on ! re> box4 ,!n1 lift+ & mov+ =w>d1 !y br+ ! trail eye ne> to ! limb] boxes1 b n to t\* !m4 ,9 ?is position ! cap squ>e bolts w injure ! lids ( ! boxes1 b by plac+ a piece ( wood ab\t #c;94 or #d;94 ?ick on ! boxes x w raise ! c>riage cle>4 7#e47 ,to unla% ! waggon boxes & place ! :eels4--,nos4 #b1 #d1 #c1 & #e unla% ! re> boxes2 #f1 #h1 #g1 & #i ! front boxes4 ,!n ! two extreme numb]s & ! two c5tre ones w ea* take "o ( ! box la%+s 7or #b1 #i1 #e1 & #f7 & lay !m conv5i5tly to :]e !y are ne$$4 7#f47 ,plac+ ! :eels4--,! f\r numb]s on ea* side !n lift ! gun :eels1 di% inw>ds1 inside ! re> :eels ( ! waggon1 & re/ !m on ! axletrees4 ,nos4 #b & #c la% ! :eels toge!r at ! re>4 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #e1 & #g la% to ! box h&les4 ,nos4 #h & #i la% toge!r 9 front1 & !n fix ! trail to ! p]*4 7#g47 ,! sp>e side-arms to be put 9 _! prop] places on ! gun c>riage1 & ! o!rs alongside ! gun4 ,,case ,,iii4--,a ,,gun ,,axletree ,,arm ,,brok54 7#a47 ,! gun is slung "u ! limb]1 z 9 ,cases ,i4 & ,,ii41 & ! c>riage is limb]$ up4 ,"h x may be rem>k$ t a piece ( *a9 w\ld answ] be/ = sl++ ! gun1 because a rope sl+ takes up s mu* room t ! trail eye is sometimes prev5t$ f be+ key$2 besides a rope may get *af$4 7#b47 ,to take (f ! disabl$ gun4--,no4 #b takes a h&spike & passes x "u ! axletree close to ! :eel4 ,x is mann$ at ! o!r end by #h4 7#c47 ,nos4 #d & #f /& ready to take (f ! :eel2 #c1 #e1 #g1 & #i take hold ( ! highe/ "p ( ! opposite :eel1 & place _! feet aga9/ ! l[e/ "p1 to ease #b & #h4 ,at ! ^w ,take (f ! :eel1 #b & #h lift2 ! numb]s on ! opposite side pull ov]2 #d & #f take ! :eel (f ! axletree1 b hold x 9 su* a position t ! axletree w pass betwe5 ! spokes1 :]e x is to re/1 & !y rema9 to keep ! :eel /eady4 7#d47 ,nos4 #b & #h !n take a /\t sp>1 ab\t #ab;ft4 or #ad;ft4 long1 & pass x "u ! axletree & secure x to a piece ( wood 9 ! trunnion holes & to ! *eeks ( ! c>riage4 7#e47 ,! numb]s on ! opposite side place ! :eel1 di% side up1 on ! limb] boxes2 & all ! numb]s assi/ to secure x--#b1 #c1 #d1 & #e 9 re>1 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i 9 front4 ,,case ,,iv4--,a ,,gun ,,& ,,waggon--,,! ,,gun ,,limb] ,,disabl$4 7#a47 ,?is case c only occur :5 a gun & its waggon are by !mselves2 = if two or m guns & waggons are act+ toge!r1 a waggon limb] w\ld be tak5 = ! gun1 & !n ! case w\ld be z ,no4 #f4 7#b47 ,unlimb] & run ! gun 9 re> ( waggon4--,at ?is ^w #b & #c be> d[n ! muzzle2 #d & #e man ! :eels2 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i man ! trail2 & ! gun is run 9 re> ( ! waggon1 ) ! trail eye "u ! re> axletree4 ,nos4 #h & #i pass ! lock+ *a9 ?r\gh ! trail eye4 ,if x w n pass ?r\gh1 x mu/ be br\ght up at ! side2 b x is bett] ?r\gh ! eye or h&spike r+4 7#c47 ,limb] up4--,nos4 #b & #c be> d[n ! muzzle2 #d & #e man ! :eels2 #f & #g raise ! trail4 ,"o ( ! next numb]s passes ! lock *a9 ( ! gun ov] ! axletree ( ! waggon1 f re> to front1 across to #h1 :o w pass x ov] ! axletree f front to re>1 &1 assi/$ by #i1 w take a turn "u ! neck ( ! trail plate & r\nd ! returns4 ,x is !n secur$ by its own hook4 7#d47 ,to remove & place ! limb] boxes4--,! limb] w be la%$ to ! side ( ! waggon body by ! numb]s on t side on :i* ! limb] /&s4 ,no4 #a 9 ! %afts2 #b & #d unla%2 #f & #h untie ! boxes1 & slip !m a little to ! re>4 ,! limb] w !n be la%$ close to ! waggon :eel 9 ! c5tre ( ! limb]1 9 l9e ) ! axletree ( ! waggon4 ,no4 #a !n lets d[n ! %aft-prop4 ,nos4 #b & #d m\nt on ! waggon1 & #f & #h on ! footbo>d ( ! limb]4 ,nos4 #b & #f lift "o box on ! top ( ! waggon :eel1 :5ce !y w be assi/$ by #c & #e to place x on ! re> box ( ! waggon body4 ,nos4 #d & #h w !n lift on ! o!r box1 &1 assi/$ by #g & #i1 place x on ! front box ( ! waggon body1 ! locks front & re>4 7#e47 ,dism\nt ! limb]4--,! limb] is n[ mov$ =w>d a little4 ,nos4 #f & #g hold up ! spl9t] b>4 ,nos4 #h & #i take out ! %afts1 & lay !m d[n2 !n relieve #f & #g at ! spl9t] b>1 :o w take hold ( ! front "p ( ! :eels1 & #d & #e ! re> "p1 #f & #g att5d+ to ! l9*p9s & wa%]s4 ,nos4 #b & #c take hold ( ! re> ( ! limb]1 & at ! ^w ,take (f ! :eels1 #b1 #h1 #c & #i lift1 & #d1 #f1 #e & #g take ! :eels (f4 ,!n ! :ole is laid on ! gr\nd4 7#f & #g47 ,! waggon boxes are unla%$ & ! :eels plac$1 z 9 ,case ,,ii4 7#h47 ,! limb] body is n[ turn$ upside d[n & plac$ on ! top ( ! boxes ( ! waggon limb]1 axletree to ! re> by ! :ole ( ! numb]s1 & secur$ beh9d by bo? ( ! limb] box la%+s1 & 9 front ( ! spl9t] b> & pit*ells by ! prolonges or fitt+ ropes4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e la%+ beh9d1 & #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i 9 front4 ,! small box ( sp>e l9*p9s & wa%]s to be laid on ! disabl$ limb] by #h4 7#i47 ,! %afts are !n plac$1 "o on ea* side1 betwe5 ! disabl$ limb] boxes & ! gu>d irons ( ! waggon body1 po9t to ! re>1 & secur$ by ! pocket /raps4 ,,case ,v4--,,waggon ,,limb] ,,disabl$4 ,?is case is s simil> to ,case ,,iv4 t ! details w\ld only be a repetition1 except :5 ! ^w trail is us$ 9 ,case ,,iv4 use ! ^w p]* 9 ?is4 ,! waggon body be+ secur$ ! same z ! gun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yok+ or h>ness+ draught ox54 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! ox5 draw f ! neck1 or1 r1 ! yoke is laid ^u ! neck1 & is prev5t$ f slipp+ backw>d by ! hump1 :i*1 :5 ! ox presses =w>d1 is pu%$ /rongly aga9/ x4 ,! =m ( ! yoke & its furniture is %[n on p4 #bag4 ,! yoke is ab\t #f;ft4 9 l5g?1 & #c;94 ?ick4 ,9 its c5tre is a /rong /aple1 ?r\gh :i* are pass$ sev]al turns ( reim or hide ?ong1 to lace x to a correspond+ r+ on ! dissel-boom 7,k71 or on ! trek t\w 7#h74 ,ne> ea* end are two mortices1 #c;94 long1 #c_/d;94 wide1 & ab\t #a;ft4 ap>t1 ?r\gh :i* to pass ! jeuk skeis1 or yoke keys1 :i* keep x 9 place on ! neck ( ! ox4 ,! ends %\ld be r\nd$ s z n to *afe ! animal4 ,a knobb$ head1 m or less ornam5t$1 keeps !m f slipp+ ?r\gh ! mortices1 & on ! outside edge ( ea* key are cut two not*es1 to receive ! ?roat /rap1 :i* is simply a d\ble ?ong ( s(t5$ hide1 s twi/$ z to leave a loop at ea* end4 ,?is is hit*$ to ! upp] or l[] not*es to tight5 or loos5 x1 & x may be m nicely adju/$ by twi/+ or untwi/+ x till x atta9s ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! /rap w readily be recognis$ on p4 #bag4 ,:5 ! ox5 are to be inspann$1 ! span or team is driv5 to ! waggon1 & ! nooses ( ! reims or raw hide halt]s are ?r[n ov] ! horns & tight5$ on ! =ehead4 ,! ox5 are !n arrang$ 9 pairs1 & held by "o or m assi/ants1 z se5 ne> waggon ,no4 #i1 on p4 #bih4 ,! driv] !n leads out ! =e ox51 lifts ! yoke ov] ! neck ( ! f>!/1 hit*es ! ?roat /rap into ! nicks1 & !n1 hold+ up ! yoke ) "o h&1 ) ! o!r he draws =w>d ! o!r ox1 & induces him to walk to 8 prop] place "u ! yoke4 ,! voor loop]1 or boy t leads !m1 !n holds ! reims ( ! =e ox5 s z to keep ! trek t\w tol]ably tight1 :ile ! o!r ox5 are yok$1 z se5 be=e waggon ,no4 #b1 on p4 #bih4 ,9 outspann+ ! ord] is rev]s$1 ! =e ox5 be+ left to keep ! trek rope tight till ! v la/4 ,an ox requires fully #h;ft4 to pull 92 !re=e1 a trek t\w = twelve ox5 mu/ be fully #dj;ft4 long1 z ! two aft] ox5 w be yok$ to ! dissel-boom1 & require no rope4 ,our accompany+ sket* ( ,cape ox5 9 _! yokes w suffici5tly %[ ! arrangem5ts4 ,a ,cape waggon is suppos$ to be load$ ) ab\t #bjjjlb4 ( c>go1 b #cjjjlb4 is n uncommon1 & we h se5 a waggon ) #djjjlb4 />t z lightly z c\ld be wi%$1 ?\gh :5 x came on bad roads x 0 too heavy = ! ox54 ,! trek t\w is usually ( hide rope1 b hunt]s sometimes use *a9 & sometimes hemp5 rope1 ei!r ( :i* defy ! tee? ( jackals & hynas4 ,*a9 may1 p]haps1 gall ! sides ( ! ox51 b we h se5 x us$ on long j\rneys )\t bad effect4 ,hemp is apt to rot1 f exposure to alt]nate wet & excessive dryness1 b we h se5 x d good s]vice4 ,) a hemp5 rope1 get a sailor to splice 9 all ! r+s be=e y leave ! coa/4 ,a ,hott5tot w d well ) a hide rope1 b n ) "o compos$ ( hemp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cape ,,ox ,,team4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 two-:eel$ drays1 some:at l ! ,scot* c>t1 are us$4 ,!y w sometimes c>ry #cjjjlb4 ( wool ov] bad roads4 ,!y are v h&y1 b /ra9 ! necks ( ! pole ox5 r4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes1 only two ox5 are us$1 z 9 our sket*--sometimes1 six or m4 ,! yoke lies ^u ! neck1 l ! ,african1 b is fa/5$ by iron b[s pass$ up ?r\gh ! yoke & key$ above x1 s t1 :5 once an ox is yok$1 no?+ on e>? c free him till ! b[ is remov$4 ,! long bamboo :ip ( ,africa is unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! h&le is %ort1 ! la% long & heavy1 & is (t5 t]m9at$ by a bit ( silk1 to produce a m effective crack4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,spa91 ! yoke is simply laid across ! =eheads ( ! two ox51 & la%$ fa/ to ! base ( _! horns4 ,?is is n only a s\rce ( great discom=t to ! animals1 b is an absolute wa/e ( _! muscul> p[]2 =1 /rong z ! neck ( an ox und\bt$ly is1 t "p ( ! sp9al column :i* =ms x _c ) impunity be> ! cont9u$ heavy /ra9 or ! occasional concussions :i* might )\t injury be receiv$ ^u ! %\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sw+ ,,ox ,,goad4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w ! yoke is laid across ! back ( ! head1 & is la%$ fa/ to ! roots ( ! horns4 ,?is plan is foll[$ by "s ( ! ,hispano-,am]icans1 :o make use ( an enorm\sly long goad1 hung 9 a sl+1 to drive ! cattle )4 ,9 addition to ! po9t ( ! weapon a %>p dropp]1 or bob1 is hung on 9 su* a way t1 by l[]+ ! %aft ( ! goad1 x may fall end d[nw>ds on ! bullocks1 work+ too close to be attack$ by ! po9t4 ,! prec$+ illu/ration w s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ?is contrivance & ! mode ( fa/5+ on ! yoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,ox ,,h>ness4 ,"s ( ! ,g]mans adopt a mu* bett] plan4 ,!y take a broad b& ( /\t lea!r1 s /uff$ & padd$ z to =m a cu%ion1 & fit ?is ^u ! hump ( ! ox1 z %[n 9 our sket*4 ,9 ea* end ( ?is are /\t r+s1 to :i* ! traces are atta*$1 & !re is a slight coll> & a belly b& to keep x f slipp+ 9 its place1 b ! :ole /ra9 comes ^u ! "p be/ able to support x1 i4e41 ! %\ld] hump2 & ?is simple ge> has ! advantage ( be+ applicable to "o or any numb]1 :ile ! yokes c only be us$ = pairs ( ox54 ,rememb] t ! prud5t z well z ! m]ciful man is m]ciful to 8 bea/2 & if y want an animal to "w = y1 take especial c>e t he is n gall$ nor incommod$ by sup]flu\s or ill-fitt+ ge>1 nor frett$ & irritat$ by unnecess>y *a/isem5t1 inflict$ 9 su* a mann] t he _c und]/& x4 ,if x is necess>y to flog him1 take c>e to d x 9 su* a mann] t he c escape ! puni%m5t only by go+ to 8 "w1 & discont9ue x z soon z he really does s4 ,little good c\ld result f our describ+ ! v>i\s modes by :i* bullocks are h>ness$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 z ! explor] w1 9 great measure1 h to be guid$ 9 ! selection ( ! way 9 :i* he int5ds to "w 8 teams by ! description ( animal ) :i* he is ab\t to deal4 ,illu/ration2 ,a1 ,b ,hump$ cattle draw effici5tly by ei!r ! ,g]man plan1 be=e describ$1 or ! yoke & p9 plan %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration 7,a71 because a mu* l>g] am\nt ( pressure comes on ! ant]ior po9t ( ! hump1 or be>+ po9t ( ! yoke piece1 ?an 9 any o!r direction1 ! p9 m]ely keep+ ! neck ( ! bullock 9 ! prop] position1 & regulat+ ! l9e ( draught2 :il/ humpless cattle require1 9 lieu ( a coll>1 ei!r a neck b[1 z %[n at ,b1 or "s o!r mode ( adju/m5t1 by :i* neck & %\ld] p[] c be br\ght to be>4 ,! ,indian1 ,african1 & ,ea/]n cattle "w accord+ to ! =m] rule1 :il/ ! ,engli% & ,au/ralian draw by ! latt]4 ,! ,au/ralian ox b[1 z we h be=e /at$1 is usually compos$ ( iron1 b5t into ! requir$ =m2 :il/ t 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! we/]n c\nties ( ,engl& is made f a pole ( t\gh wood1 commonly elm1 m\ld$ to ! requisite %ape by ! aid ( heat4 ,! yoke %\ld be made f "s t\gh light timb]1 & ! neck b[s ( "s wood n liable to spl9t]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,h>ness ,,& ,,pack ,,animals4 ,:e!r mules or horses are select$ = waggon & c>t draught too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ! arrangem5t & fitt+ ( ! h>ness !y are int5d$ to "w 92 &1 al?\gh ! patt]n w v>y some:at n only 9 e c\ntry1 b 9 e prov9ce1 ! travell] passes ?r\gh1 ! lead+ pr9ciples rema9 mu* ! same1 & :e!r ! traces are ( rope *a9 or lea!r1 ! (fice !y p]=m rema9s unalt]$4 ,coll>s1 let ! patt]n be :at x w1 require especial c>e 9 fitt+1 z no?+ t5ds m effectually to disable a h>ness animal 7mule or horse7 ?an a coll> c>elessly or injudici\sly appli$4 ,e animal 9 ! team %\ld h its own1 & on fir/ select+ ! coll> = fitt+ s put x on t ! coll> /rap c be buckl$ up to ! la/ hole 9 ! tongue /rap4 ,:5 y h done ?is !re %\ld be room en\gh at ! bottom ( ! coll> 9 front ( ! animal's *e/ to pass ! op5 h& :5 laid flat freely =w>d & back betwe5 ! inside ( ! coll> & ! animal's neck4 ,:5 new coll>s are f\nd to fit uneasily & *afe 9 p>ticul> places1 x is a common exp$i5t among mule team/]s to lay ! ill-fitt+ coll> 9 wat]1 & all[ x to soak = ! night2 x is !n tak5 out wet & fitt$ to ! animal's neck1 to :i* x at once adapts itself4 ,mu* tr\ble is (t5 exp]i5c$ on long & toilsome exp$itions f loss ( condition & leanness ( ! animals caus+ ! saddles & coll>s to fit badly &1 consequ5tly1 cause sev]e sores4 ,take1 !re=e1 pl5ty ( curl$ hair /uff+ ) y1 9 ord] t defici5cies 9 ! padd+ may be f "t to "t made good4 ,:5 a coll> is too l>ge to be adapt$ to a ?9 neck by /uff+1 x w be well to cut a portion out ( its c5tre at once1 :i* c be done by fir/ measur+ ! excess ( space r\ghly1 !n take ! coll> (f ! animal2 lay x on a bo>d or table1 & cut out ev5ly z mu* z is ?\ght requisite1 & if on te/+ ! coll> x is f\nd /ill too l>ge1 cut out a little m f ea* side ( ! incision until ! coll> takes its prop] be>+1 b take c>e t a prop] m$ium is obs]v$ reg>d+ ! position ( ! l[] end1 or b[1 ( ! coll>4 ,if x hangs too f> d[n ! movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! %\ld] are int]f]$ )4 ,if x presses too f> upw>ds ! w9dpipe becomes unduly press$ on4 ,"s p]sons use :at is call$ cr[n pads = ! top1 or ridge1 ( ! neck1 "u :]e ! n>r[ portion1 or cr[n1 ( ! coll> re/s4 ,^! are sometimes made f %eepsk9 ) ! wool on1 b x w be bett] to get "s mod]ately /\t b smoo? & s(t lea!r4 ,cut ?is into pad pieces1 ea* ( :i* may be #ac;94 long & #h;94 wide4 ,make a cut at ea* end ( ! pieces ab\t #b-a_/b;94 f ! end ( ! pad1 ext5d+ x to ab\t an in* f ! c5tre4 ,!n turn y\r pad1 & cut f ! opposite side until only ! in* ( s\nd lea!r rema9s betwe5 ! two cuts4 ,treat ! o!r end ( ! pad 9 ! same way1 & x w be fit = use4 ,a v tol]able make%ift coll> & pair ( hames may be made z foll[s3 ,collect a good quantity ( re$1 ei!r :eat or m>% re$2 cut (f all ! heads1 or tops1 leav+ no?+ b ! cle> %afts ( ! plant4 ,make ^! up 9 a bundle1 & place !m to soak 9 wat] = "o night4 ,measure ! horse's or mule's neck = size ( int5d$ coll> ) a piece ( cord2 lay ?is on ! gr\nd 9 ! =m & ( ! size ( ! coll>2 !n close to ! /r+1 z x is plac$ on an ev5 spot1 drive 9 a d\ble r[ ( long pegs at ab\t #f;94 ap>t2 !n proce$ to lay 9 y\r re$ betwe5 ! two walls ( pegs1 s dispos+ ! re$s t too _m ends d n appe> at any "o place2 cont9ue to lay 9 re$s1 work+ !m r\nd ! ends ( ! oval & ?ump+ !m well d[n 9 _! places1 until suffici5t sub/ance has be5 ga9$ = ! =e "p ( ! coll>2 !n1 ) f9e tw9e1 proce$ to b9d ! re$s firmly toge!r by la%+ !m spirally4 ,n[ make a second re$ coll> j z y did ! fir/1 only let x be l>g] & m bulky2 &1 ) a pack+ ne$le & tw9e1 sew ! two coll>s toge!r1 "o on ! o!r--t fir/ made on ! top4 ,n[ try ! unit$ coll>s on ! animal1 ! l>ge coll> be+ next ! %\ld]4 ,see t !re is pl5ty ( space bel[ ! w9dpipe 9 front ( ! *e/ :5 x is made to fit at bo? top & bottom4 ,l9e ! inside ( ! be>+ or l>ge coll> ) s(t pliant lea!r laid ov] a lay] ( s(t moss1 f9e cocoa fibre1 fur ( animals1 or any?+ else y c get calculat$ = /uff+ purposes4 ,a piece ( hide laid on & sewn wet w cov] ! outsides ( bo? coll>s2 b :il/ x is dry+ ! hames %\ld be fa/5$ 9 ! groove =m$ by /it*+ ! two coll>s toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,! hames are made z foll[s3 ,get two well-season$ pieces ( t\gh /rong wood2 cut !m to ! %ape ( ! curve & l5g? ( ! coll>1 & fa%ion !m z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,a is ! trace hame-tug1 =m$ ( a loop & sev]al turns ( raw hide2 ,b is ! hame /rap =k1 bel[ :i* an oblong squ>e hole is cut = ! /rip ( hide =m+ ! hame /rap to pass ?r\gh2 ,c is ! l[] end ( ! hame cut into hook =m1 to admit ( its be+ securely la%$ ) hide /rips to its fell[ on ! opposite side4 ,brea/ /raps may be us$ 9 lieu ( a coll> & hames4 ,:5 />t+ on an exp$ition take pl5ty ( h>ness lea!r ) y4 ,raw hide & /rips ( s9ew are admirable = repairs1 b good tann$ & curri$ lea!r is ne$$ = ! h>ness itself4 ,! illu/ration on next page repres5ts a v useful & pla9 set ( mule h>ness1 & also ! way 9 :i* a long rope or lasso is us$ = secur+ a refractory mule to ! side ( a waggon :il/ ! h>ness is be+ put on4 ,"s mules are s dang]\sly skilful 9 ! use ( _! =e & h9d feet1 t ev5 an accompli%$ prizefight] might view _! feats 9 ! art ( attack ) envy4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! effects ( ?is objectionable skill1 we proce$ z foll[s3 ,?r[ ! runn+ noose end ( y\r lasso ov] ! mule's head1 & let x settle well ov] 8 neck2 !n edge him quietly away until he is /&+ /em & /]n ) ! waggon on ! ne> or left-h& side2 !n1 keep+ well be=e y\r mule1 pass ! free end ( ! lasso betwe5 ! upp] spokes ( ! ne> =e :eel2 draw out y\r end by walk+ backw>ds ) x1 keep+ up a /eady /ra9 until y walk 9 a wide circle well outside ! range ( mules' heels2 slip dext]\sly beh9d ! :eel & tail ( ! waggon1 keep+ y\r lasso tight all ! :ile2 !n pass y\r lasso end1 f )\t1 inw>ds betwe5 ! spokes ( ! ne> h9d :eel2 haul taut & belay4 ,!re are v few mules t _c be successfully h&l$ 9 ?is way4 ,! guide z to ! prop] height ( ! lasso is giv5 by ! po9t ( elb[ & ! l9e ( ! /ifle jo9t4 ,if ! mule is a small "o1 *oose l[] spokes 9 ! :eel ?an = a tall1 long-legg$ animal4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b ,! adaptation ( hames to coll>s is almo/ z important z ! fitt+ ( ! coll>s to ! animals4 ,hames are sometimes made ( wood fitt$ ) iron "w1 b !y are f> bett] :5 made f good t\gh wr\ght iron4 ,"h we aga9 say1 bew>e ( malleable ca/4 ,dur+ ! r\gh "w ( a campaign hames are con/antly gett+ brok51 p>ticul>ly at ! union ( ! r+ po9t & ! blade ( ! hame4 ,! old patt]n us$ by our horse artill]y & field batt]ies 0 especially objectionable1 z ! po9t ( union 7%[n 9 ! above illu/ration at ,a7 0 s unme*anically effect$ t incessant tr\ble & con/ant breakage 0 ! result4 ,we h submitt$ to ! ,horse ,gu>ds au?orities t :i* we believe to be a f> m durable & effici5t patt]n 7z %[n at ,b1 p4 #dfj74 ,! hames n[ 9 use are c]ta9ly bett] ?an !y 7 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,crimean w>2 b ^? :i* we us$ dur+ our long =c$ m>*es 9 ,india dur+ ! mut9y 7 v f> f be+ p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b ,we1 "s "t s9ce1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ a v simple contrivance1 by :i* a fall5 or disabl$ horse or mule c\ld be in/antly fre$ f ! t5sion ( ! traces )\t cutt+ or unbuckl+4 ,! latt] op]ation1 by-!-bye1 x is next to impossible to p]=m1 f ! /ra9 on ! trace4 ,by ! use ( our slip 7repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration7 ! trace c be releas$ by turn+ up ! p5dulum 7,a7 until x mat*es ) ! slot 7,b71 :5 x drops out to ! front1 & =ms a cross h&le1 l t ( a corkscrew1 to draw ! lock p9 by4 ,! in/ant ! p9 is drawn z f> z x c be pull$ out1 ! trace is deta*$ f ! r+ ( ! hame4 ,! lock p9 _c be lo/1 z x c only be drawn out to a c]ta9 di/ance--9 fact1 j f> en\gh to free ! trace f its hold4 ,mu* mis*ief is done to team animals by hav+ bits ( insuffici5t sub/ance & solidity4 ,see t !y are ( suffici5t diamet] to prev5t cutt+1 & t !y are long en\gh f *eek to *eek to prev5t pressure on ! angles ( ! m\? & lips4 ,see also t ! bit is s atta*$ to ! head/all t ! corn]s ( ! m\? are n drawn up by x4 ,let ! ?roat lat* be long en\gh to see pl5ty ( daylight "u1 or1 by draw+ on ! head/all1 ! poll ( ! head may be sev]ely rubb$ & a poll evil e/abli%$4 ,! nature ( ?is injury w be fully dealt ) "u ! head ( ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,if be>+ re9s are us$ at all1 see t !y are slack4 ,a good /ore ( anti-friction pads w be f\nd ( ! greate/ value on ! m>* to keep su* portions ( ! h>ness z are f\nd to rub ! sk9 ( any animal 9 ! team f do+ fur!r mis*ief4 ,^! are made ( v s(t pliant lea!r1 /uff$ ) s(t curl$ hair4 ,sev5 in*es long by #d-a_/b;94 wide1 & #b-a_/b;94 ?ick1 w be f\nd a conv5i5t size4 ,!y are secur$ betwe5 ! /rap caus+ irritation & ! sk9 by bits ( ?ong fa/5$ to _! backs = ! purpose4 ,galls f saddles or coll>s are n unfrequ5tly caus$ by "s h>d & unev5 po9t ( be>+4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 take a long %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 pass x ?r\gh ! lea!r or wooll51 &1 by work+ x ab\t & pu%+ 9 e direction1 =ce ! /uff+ back until a cavity mu* l>g] ?an ! gall is =m$2 ?ump ! cov]+ ov] & into ! cavity well ) ! r\nd end ( a tool h&le until x fits ! injur$ spot )\t pressure4 ,nev] all[ team/]s or driv]s to tie knots 9 /raps ( any k9d ) a view to %ort5+ !m4 ,insi/ on m holes be+ pun*$ = ! buckle tongue1 or ! cutt+ ( ! /rap to ! prop] l5g?4 ,knott$ /raps & s]i\s galls g h& 9 h&4 ,9 adju/+ y\r traces to ! sw+le trees1 see t !re is l5g? en\gh giv5 !m :5 slack = ! sw+le tree to rea* j suffici5tly f> d[n ! back ( ! h9d leg to cross half-way betwe5 ! po9t ( ! hock & ! holl[ ( ! heel4 ,z ! trace is tight5$1 !re w !n be en\gh space = ! animal to move 8 legs freely 94 ,wat* him z he walks (f1 & see t no?+ t\*es him beh9d at full /ride4 ,!re are m kick]s made by ill-adju/$ sw+le trees ?an any o!r cause4 ,! weak] ! animal is1 ! m liable he is to get 8 h9d legs batt]$ by ! b>1 z he lacks _s & en]gy to keep well cle> ( x4 ,! b> is1 h[ev]1 8 enemy f t "t1 & x is difficult to make him =get pa/ sorr[s4 ,illu/ration ,*a9s & l9ks4 ,waggon *a9s ( "o sort & ano!r (t5 snap :5 x is highly inconv5i5t to repair !m4 ,keep1 !re=e1 9 y\r odd & end box a good numb] ( union l9ks1 made z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,!y are =g$ r flat1 /\t] 9 proportion ?an ! *a9 !y are int5d$ to unite1 9 ord] to gu>d !m aga9/ op5+4 ,a lea!r ?ong or tie1 ) a toggle end1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! slots at ! two ends ( ! union1 9 ord] t ! l9ks may n come out :5 ! *a9 is slack4 ,! loop$ ends ( ropes are conv5i5tly atta*$ to *a9s1 or *a9s to /&+ r+s1 by ^! union l9ks4 ,! illu/ration on p4 #dfb repres5ts "o ( !m unit+ ! ends ( two *a9s4 ,pack animals4 ,pack animals are ( ! greate/ s]vice & value to ! explor]1 z !y travel easily ?r\gh tracts ( c\ntry :i* are impassable = :eel$ c>riages ( all descriptions4 ,horses1 ponies1 mules1 donkeys1 ox51 elephants1 camels1 drom$>ies1 lamas1 goats1 & dogs are all1 m or less1 us$ z pack animals 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & no two c be f\nd 9 :i* ! pack saddle & its ge> w exactly correspond4 ,! nature ( ! gr\nd to be pass$ ov]1 & ! description ( load to be c>ri$1 w 9 great measure call = "s special arrangem5t 9 ! =m & adju/m5t ( ! ge>4 ,= ! use ( a well-organis$ explor+ or hunt+ p>ty1 provid$ ) horses or mules1 we "k ( no pack saddle equal to t describ$ & figur$ at pp4 #be & #cf4 ,saddles ( ?is description1 al?\gh admirably adapt$ = c>ry+ ! well-made & ev5ly-=m$ bags ( ! explor]1 w\ld n answ] to ! requirem5ts ( ! pr(essional pack]1 :o c>ries objects ( e imag9able %ape1 f a bundle ( pick-heads1 or a case ( bottl$ ale1 to a b>rel ( p[d]4 ,= ! safe transport ( su* matt]s z ^! no saddle is bett] ?an ! ,hispano-,am]ican pack saddle4 ,no p 9 ! _w und]/& ! managem5t & pack+ ( mules z well z ! ,spani>ds & _! desc5dants4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,spani% pack saddle may be said to be ! ap>ejo1 :i* is1 s to speak1 a framework = ! back ( ! mule compos$ entirely ( hide4 ,its =m is repres5t$ at ,a 9 our illu/ration entitl$ ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,ea* side flap ( ! ap>ejo is compos$ ( a d\ble lay] ( hide1 ) space suffici5t betwe5 ! lay]s to introduce an effici5t /uff+ ( hay1 dry moss1 fibre1 or o!r /uff+ mat]ial4 ,! cu%ions or side pads1 :5 /uff$1 %\ld be ab\t #c;ft4 #h;94 long by #b;ft4 #h;94 wide4 ,ea* flap & side cu%ion w ?us con/itute "o side ( ! saddle body4 ,^!1 :5 /it*$ toge!r at ! top1 w =m a sort ( holl[ ridge )9 :i* ! backbone w re/ free f pressure & friction4 ,! ap>ejos ( ! ,&alusian mulete]s :o1 ) _! mules1 accompani$ u f ,spa9 to ! ,crimea _h lay]s ( small twigs dispos$ betwe5 ! /uff+ ( ! panels & ! cov]+ ( hide1 s t ! riata1 or rope us$ 9 secur+ ! load1 0 prev5t$ f cutt+ grooves 9 ! padd+4 ,ea* ( ^! ap>ejos weigh$1 :5 new & dry1 #celb4 ,on ! inside ( ea* cu%ion lea!r a hole is left1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial con/itut+ ! /uff+ c at any "t be got at4 ,! c>eful pack] w con/antly avail himself ( ?is orifice1 9 ord] t su* portions ( /uff+ z may become %ift$ & work$ up into h>d lumps by ! movem5ts consequ5t on travel may be r$i/ribut$ & ev5ly dispos$ (4 ,! above illu/ration repres5ts ?is ap>ejo :5 plac$ on ! back ( ! mule4 ,illu/ration ,next ! sk9 ( ! animal is plac$ a piece ( s(t well-wa%$ canvas1 #d;ft4 #f;94 squ>e2 on ?is is !n laid ?ree lay]s ( ?ick wooll5 blanket2 on ^! lay]s1 ! true saddle clo?--! corona ( ! pack]s4 ,?is is made ( /\t wooll5 clo?1 ) fr+$1 work$1 & ornam5t$ bord]s4 ,! corn]s ( ea* ( ^! clo?s be> on !m ! lett] or numb] ( ! mule to :i* x belongs4 ,:5 remov$ f ! mule1 x is plac$ ) ! saddle ge> on or "u ! ap>ejo1 s t e mule c be at once fitt$ ) 8 own trapp+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,h>ness4 ,to secure ! ap>ejo1 & ! clo?s b5ea? x1 to ! mule's back1 a wide gir?1 call$ a syn*1 is us$4 ,?is may be compos$ ei!r ( hide1 grass1 clo?1 or common sail canvas d\bl$4 ,its edges %\ld be sewn 9 a broad hem4 ,! wid? may be ab\t #ac;941 & ! l5g? n suffici5tly great to g r\nd ! mule's body1 ov] ! ap>ejo & clo?s "u x4 ,"o end ( ?is gir? has a r+ sewn into x1 & ! o!r a b5t /ick ( natural gr[?1 z %[n at ,b 9 full-page illu/ration ( ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,to tight5 ! syn* by draw+ ! two ends toge!r1 a long /rip ( well-greas$ ?ong is us$4 ,?is is pass$ sev]al times ?r\gh bo? r+ & wood5 eye1 aft] "o end has be5 made fa/4 ,by p[]ful & cont9u\s haul+ on ! free end1 ! r+ & eye are at l5g? drawn close en\gh toge!r bel[ ! saddle to make all secure4 ,a loop is !n =m$ 9 ! free end1 & ! b[ pull$ "u ! =w>d & back la%+s ( ! ?ong4 ,:5 ! syn* is to be relax$1 x is only necess>y to pull on ! free end to set all free4 ,pack ropes & saddles4 ,two ropes are us$ = la%+ on ! load4 ,"o is call$ ! riata1 & %\ld be ( pliant1 ev5ly-spun #b-a_/b-;94 rope1 #gjyds4 long2 ! second1 or sl+ rope1 is be/ made ( /\t pat5t sa% l9e4 ,=ty feet w be f\nd long en\gh = a sl+ rope4 ,no writt5 directions or pictorial illu/ration w give ! lea/ idea h[ to la% fa/ ! het]og5e\s objects con/itut+ a g5]al pack load2 no?+ b exp]i5ce & +5uity 9 ! h&l+ ( rope w ev] tea* ! travell] h[ to =m ! intricate spid]-web-l la%+1 int]lac+1 & cross-b9d+1 :i* by a pr(essional ,spani% or ,mexican pack] are wov5 until z t5se z a h>p /r+4 ,cross-tree saddles4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & _m trad]s & explor]s 9 ,nor? ,we/ ,am]ica make use ( ! s-call$ cross-tree saddle = transport+ _! peltries & /ores4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n at ,c 9 our full-page illu/ration repres5t+ ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,! gir? = t description ( saddle has two sets ( holes made 9 x1 s t ! ends may be lac$ toge!r by ! use ( a /rip ( hide1 repres5t$ at ,d4 ,tight5+ h>ness4 ,a good numb] ( n>r[ flat batt5s ( t\gh wood & bundles ( twigs w be f\nd v useful = plac+ betwe5 ! load ropes & load1 z 9 ! case ( bags conta9+ s(t sub/ances1 or articles likely to be cru%$ 91 a groove is at once =m$ by ! t5sion ( ! /ra9$ rope1 & )\t "s int]pos+ m$ium no little mis*ief is done4 ,:5 a rope is f\nd loose f any cause1 x c be tight5$ by ?ru/+ a %ort curv$ /ick into ! loop =m$ by ! slack "p1 :51 by twi/+ ! lev] r\nd & r\nd1 ! requir$ t5sion is soon ga9$4 ,:5 pack+ a mule or adju/+ a dis>rang$ pack x is well to p>tially bl9dfold ! animal4 ,?is is done by ! ,spani>ds by ! use ( a contrivance call$ a tapajo1 repres5t$ at ,e 9 ! full-page illu/ration ( ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,! h9d /rap ( ?is is plac$ beh9d ! e>s1 j z ! head /rap ( a halt] w\ld be4 ,! lea!r "p hangs be=e ! mule's eyes1 :il/ ! fr+e-l tails hang d[n at ! sides4 ,:5 n on a mule's head1 ! tapajo is us$ in/ead ( a :ip by plac+ ! =ef+] ?r\gh ! r+ 9 its middle4 ,bell mules4 ,9 travell+ ?r\gh a c\ntry tol]ably free f l>ge animals ( prey or ho/ile ,indians1 x w n be requisite to hobble a l>ge tra9 ( mules dur+ ! night1 z !y w n /ray f> f ! hobbl$ bell m>e4 ,?is animal leads ! m>* by day & keeps ! mulada toge!r at night4 ,a geld+ n uncommonly takes ! place ( ! m>e z ! be>] ( ! bell4 ,:ite or grey animals %\ld be select$ to p]=m ?is duty4 ,nev]1 on any acc\nt1 all[ a /ud mule to accompany y\r b&2 he r>ely ?rives1 is always ready = a fight1 & is z bad z an enrag$ wild bea/ :5 fairly r\s$4 ,x is n wise to "w mules h>d until aft] ?ree ye>s old--f\r1 five1 & six are bett] ages to buy at4 ,h9ts to mule buy]s4 ,exam9+ a /range or ill-temp]$ mule's tee? ) a view to asc]ta9+ 8 age is at times r a risky op]ation4 ,to d ?is1 put on a bl9d1 get a halt] put on ! mule's head2 /& well 9 aga9/ ! ne> =e-%\ld]1 pass ! "r h& g5tly up ! neck1 patt+ ! animal z x goes until y are enabl$ to take a /eady firm grip ( ! root ( ! e> ) y\r "r h&2 !n1 ) y\r left1 seize quickly1 b tightly1 on ! upp] lip & nose4 ,d ?is quickly & resolutely1 gu>d+ aga9/ a bl[ f ! =e-foot1 & y w probably get a glance ( ! front tee?1 or incisors1 & see if ! corn] too? is tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,ano!r piece ( important in=mation w be ga9$ at ! same "t1 & t is :e!r ! d5tition ( ! upp] jaw is free f de=mity4 ,x sometimes happ5s t bo? mules & horses are :at is call$ ov]hung or p>rot-beak$1 :i* simply means t ! upp] r[ ( front tee? projects s f> beyond ! l[] t ! two r[s c by no ef=t ( ! animal be br\ght 9 contact4 ,?is defect is (t5 ov]look$1 b :5 pres5t is a fruitful s\rce ( loss ( condition & consequ5t weakness1 z food1 easily ga!r$ by animals ) naturally-=m$ r[s ( tee?1 is all b lo/ to ! un=tunate possessor ( a p>rot-m\?4 ,see1 too1 t ! tongue is p]fect4 ,mules = pack+ purposes %\ld n be too l>ge or high on _! legs4 ,"s ( ^? :i* accompani$ u f ,&alusia to ! ,ea/ 7 #af h&s & ov]2 :il/ ! great majority ( ! tra9s we work$ 9 ,c5tral ,india 7 v little l>g] ?an common donkeys1 & c]ta9ly less ?an a great _m we h se5 9 ,egypt4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ ,am]ican w> has %[n t ! ,hispano-,mexican mules are a mo/ h>dy & valuable /ra94 ,speak+ ( ^! animals1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t mule corral at ,wa%+ton says3--,!re is 9 ,old z well z ,new ,mexico a class ( mules t are kn[n to u z ,spani%-,mexican mules4 ,^! mules are n l>ge1 b = endurance !y are v sup]ior1 &1 9 my op9ion1 _c be excell$4 ,i am n say+ too mu* :5 ,i ass]t t ,i h se5 no?+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t c\ld comp>e ) !m4 ,!y c app>5tly /& any am\nt ( />vation & abuse4 ,i h _h ^! ,spani% mules 9 a tra9 ( tw5ty-five six mule teams1 & />t+ f ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 on ,colonel 7s9ce ,g5]al7 ,sumn]'s exp$ition 9 #aheg1 h travell$ to ,walnut ,creek1 on ! ,santa ,f r\te1 a di/ance ( #cjj miles 9 n9e days1 & ?is 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! usual effects ( h>d driv+1 ,i notic$1 %[$ b v little on !m4 ,i notic$1 also1 along ! m>*1 t ) a halt ( less ?an ?ree h\rs1 fe$+ on grass t 0 only tol]ably ?ick1 !y w fill up bett] & look 9 bett] condition = resum+ ! m>* ?an "o ( our ,am]ican mules t _h re/$ five h\rs & _h ! same =age4 ,! bre$1 ( c\rse1 has some?+ to d ) ?is2 b ! animal is small]1 m compact ?an our mules1 &1 ( c\rse1 x takes less to fill him up4 ,x /&s to reason t a mule ) a body half z l>ge z a hog%ead _c satisfy 8 hung] 9 ! "t x w\ld take a small "o4 ,?is is ! secret ( small mules outla/+ l>ge ones on ! prairies4 ,x takes a l>ge "o s long to f9d en\gh to eat :5 grass is scanty t he has n "t en\gh = re/ or recup]ation4 ,i (t5 f\nd !m leav+ camp 9 ! morn+ q z hungry & disc\rag$ z !y 7 :5 we halt$ ! previ\s ev5+4 ,) ! small mule x is diff]5t4 ,he gets en\gh to eat quickly1 & has "t to re/ & refre% himself4 ,! ,spani% or ,mexican mules1 h[ev]1 are bett] z pack animals ?an = a team4 ,!y are vici\s1 h>d to break1 & two-?irds ( !m kick4 ,^! obs]vations ( ! sup]9t5d5t are highly practical1 & well wor? be>+ 9 m9d 9 ! pur*ase ( pack mules4 ,we are ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 t !re are o!r qualities to be f\nd 9 small well-=m$ animals1 ap>t f ! comp>atively small am\nt ( food requir$ to support !m4 ,activity1 endurance1 & muscul> p[] d n1 s f> z our exp]i5ce has enabl$ u to judge1 increase 9 ! ratio ( size2 & ! great majority ( notewor?y & rem>kably clev] p]=mances "u saddle or pack relat$ by hunt]s & explor]s h be5 a*iev$ by animals ( comp>atively small size4 ,we d n ?9k t ev5 ! ,engli% hunt] w be f\nd an exception to ! rule4 ,(t5 h we dev\tly wi%$ t x might be our good =tune to possess a #af-;h& horse ) go+ & /ay+ qualities1 equal 9 proportion1 size = size1 to ^? ( a /urdy1 b v t9y cob we 7 once 'cute en\gh to select f a drove fre% f ! wilds ( ,bulg>ia4 ,we conceive t a well-=m$ mule--t is to say ) cle> bright eyes1 hocks n incl9$ to give 9 l ^? ( a c[1 /\t muscul> haun*es1 a %ort back1 & d>k small compact feet--%\ld1 = av]age s]vice1 be ab\t #ad h&s high1 & weigh ab\t #h;cwt4 ,avoid all spott$1 dappl$1 or :ite mules4 ,^! are1 among ! pack]s1 kn[n z pa9t$ or calico mules1 & are by no means z h>dy z ^? ( d>k uni=m col\rs4 ,m>es are always to be pref]r$ to horse mules4 ,!y are m tractable1 & foll[ ! bell m>e bett] on ! m>*4 ,h9ts on mule equipm5t4 ,ab\t #adjlb4 is z mu* z a mule ( av]age p[] c travel well ) f day to day4 ,nev] />t a mule tra9 )\t look+ c>efully at ea* mule z he passes2 & if y see "o ( !m rais+ 8 lips & twit*+ 8 m\? & nose dep5d ^u x he is gett+ gall$1 & requires look+ to4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! halt] heads fit easily across ! back ( ! head1 & t1 9 putt+ ! halt] on1 ! e>s ( ! mules are n injur$ or r\ghly h&l$4 ,no?+ makes a mule s %y & dispos$ to be vici\s z sore e>s4 ,! halt]s us$ = pack mules are j su* z we use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we1 h[ev]1 pref] lea!r head coll>s ) ropes atta*$ to !m4 ,illu/ration ,hobbl+ cattle4 ,!re are _m ways ( prev5t+ horses & mules f /ray+ f ! spot at :i* !y are int5d$ to rema94 ,! ,indian me?od ( picket+ horses by ! use ( head & heel ropes is by f> ! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t we h ev] _h rec\rse to4 ,! heel hobbles--! subject ( ! accompany+ illu/ration--are be/ made ( /\t tann$ lea!r2 ! inside surface %\ld be l9$1 & h a slight /uff+ ( curl$ hair put 9 to prev5t friction2 "o hobble end t]m9ates 9 a lea!r loop2 ! o!r1 9 a lea!r toggle4 ,! heel ropes !mselves %\ld be made f s(t flexible rope 7cotton is (t5 spun into heel ropes72 ! /r&s are op5$ & untwi/$ to a %ort di/ance1 9 ord] t !y may be securely /it*$ fa/ to ea* hobble4 ,at ab\t #f;ft4 f ! hobbles ! two heel ropes are splic$ toge!r & =m "o tail rope1 :i* is secur$ r\nd a peg driv5 into ! e>?4 ,two ropes atta*$ to ! head coll> are also secur$ to pegs1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #dga4 ,:5 on ! m>* ea* horse %\ld c>ry 8 own head & heel ropes secur$ 9 a lea!r wrapp] beh9d ! saddle4 ,illu/ration ,head ropes may be conv5i5tly fa/5$ to ! head coll> by hav+ a /rap & buckle l t repres5t$ at ,a 9 ! annex$ illu/ration atta*$ to ! end ( ea* rope1 if ! o!r end is f9i%$1 z %[n at ,b4 ,"o head rope left on :5 ! horse is equipp$ = m>*+ =ms a conv5i5t head-coll> rope1 :i* c be coil$ up & secur$ z %[n at p4 #cg4 ,! ,cape hunt]s usually secure _! horses dur+ a tempor>y halt by ! use ( ! knee halt]4 ,! mann] ( adju/+ ?is is %[n at ,a 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ! hook hobbles1 figur$ at p4 #cc1 are adju/$ z at ,b 9 ! illu/ration bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cape ,,knee ,,halt] ,,& ,,au/ralian ,,hobbles4 ,x is a common practice 9 ! army to /ret* a long rope betwe5 a numb] ( po/s1 & !n secure ! horses to x at int]vals by fa/5+ ! ends ( ! head-coll> *a9s4 ,we h se5 mule tra9s 9 ,india fa/5$ 9 a simil> mann] to a long cord /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,al?\gh space is economis$ by ! adoption ( ^! plans1 !y lead to an endless numb] ( s]i\s accid5ts f kicks1 bites1 & /ake w\nds f ! spl9t]$ po/s4 ,! addition 9 weight to ! pres5t scale ( milit>y horse equipm5t may be1 p]haps1 urg$ z a reason :y ! head & heel ropes ( ,india h n be5 univ]sally adopt$ by ! troops ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! result ( our exp]i5ce is t ! v slight addition :i* is made to ! burd5 by ! /rapp+ on ( a pair ( light /rong head & heel ropes to ! re> ( ! saddle is a m]e mite 9 ! balance :5 comp>$ ) ! con/antly recurr+ & s]i\s evils we h j ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,head ,,& ,,heel ,,ropes4 ,horses1 to tie up4 ,if y are )\t hobbles1 y\r horse or mule may be prev5t$ f /ray+ f> by fa/5+ ! =e & h9d leg on ! same side toge!r ) a piece ( rope or a c\ple ( lea!r belts4 ,! two =e feet may be hobbl$ toge!r 9 mu* ! same mann]1 all[+ j a %ort scope = ! animal to move "o foot be=e ! o!r4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! lasso is us$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( hide lasso or hair cabre/o 7! manufacture ( :i* w be treat$ ( fur!r on 9 our "w71 a horse or mule may be secur$ by fir/ putt+ ! noose end ov] ! head & adju/+ ! neck loop j to fit ! small ( ! neck easily1 & !n ) ! free or trail end tak+ a s+le hit* knot ?r\gh ! loop4 ,?is prev5ts ! noose f runn+ up & /rangl+ ! animal %\ld x become sudd5ly al>m$ & hang back4 ,mu/angs1 h[ev]1 v r>ely hang on a lasso aft] once exp]i5c+ its p[]s4 ,nev] tru/ ! security ( y\r rid+ animal1 :5 ei!r hunt+ or sc\t+1 to ei!r ! regulation head-coll> *a9 or head/all-rope1 z1 %\ld a sudd5 al>m f any cause arise1 y\r /e$ w 9 all probability give a sudd5 snort1 tuck 8 haun*es well "u him1 get 8 =e legs well to ! front1 give 8 head a viol5t %ake1 ) "o ef=t s5d all y\r head ge> to ! f\r w9ds1 & g scamp]+ away p]haps = ev]4 ,lassoes are n s easily brok54 ,if halt+ among trees or bu%es fa/5 ! trail end to a flexible bran*2 if !re are no bu%es1 & y h a peg1 fa/5 ! lasso to x4 ,if out on ! prairies )\t a peg1 dig a deep hole 9 ! e>? ) y\r knife2 tie a l>ge knot 9 ! end ( ! lasso1 =ce x to ! bottom ( ! hole1 & !n /amp ! e>? & turf well 9 ov] x4 ,on s&y des]t gr\nd ! lasso end may be secur$ to any odd article1 su* z a bag or blanket1 :i* may be !n deeply buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,an ox may be conv5i5tly secur$ by pass+ two or ?ree turns ( a rope r\nd ! roots ( ! horns & !n mak+ a knot 9 front4 ,all ropes long en\gh to admit ( ! animal walk+ & fe$+ 9 a mod]ately l>ge circle %\ld h "o ( ! =ms ( wood5 swivel be=e describ$ atta*$ to x 9 ord] to prev5t twi/+ & entanglem5t4 ,%\ld a p>ty ( ,icel& horsem5 wi% to halt = a %ort "t1 !y place _! horses ) _! heads toge!r1 & heels =m+ ! out] bord] ( ! circle2 ! bridles are !n loop$ & knott$ toge!r4 ,horses secur$ 9 ?is way _c /ray because no two animals pull 9 ! same direction4 ,?is plan w only answ] ) v quiet animals4 ,! entire horses ( ! ,ea/ w\ld fight desp]ately if ?us br\ght 9 contact4 ,horses1 to lead4 ,l>ge b&s ( horses may be driv5 or l$ 9 /r+s fa/5$ head & tail1 or m>*$ on :at is call$ a waggon l9e4 ,?is is a long /rong rope fa/5$ at ea* end to a c>t or waggon1 suffici5t di/ance be+ ma9ta9$ betwe5 ea* vehicle to keep ! rope mod]ately tight4 ,! halt]s ( ! horses to be l$ are fa/5$ at conv5i5t int]vals along ! l9e ( ! rope1 & z ! waggons travel s ! horses m>* 9 a l9e4 ,if !re are _m /ores to be transport$ at ! same "t1 put !m 9 ! re> waggon1 z ! l9e ( m>*+ horses aid greatly 9 draw+ ! load4 ,an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d is v conv5i5t :5 a /amp$e f ,indians is to be dread$4 ,emb>k+ horses4 ,horses may be conv5i5tly emb>k$ by ! use ( ! sl+ %[n 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #dgd4 ,! belly-b& is made ( v /\t sail canvas1 m\nt$ on two /raight /rong b>s ( wood4 ,! ropes1 :i* %\ld be ( ?or\ghly reliable #d-a_/b;94 or #e;94 rope1 aft] pass+ r\nd "u ! edges ( ! belly-b&1 are securely fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! b>s1 & ea* t]m9ates 9 a loop4 ,f\r /rong rope loops are secur$ to ! edges ( ! b& = ! brea/ & bree* ropes to pass ?r\gh4 ,"o man holds ! horse's head /eady by ! halt]1 &1 if requisite1 adju/s a bl9d2 two m51 "o on ea* side1 pass ! rope loops ?r\gh ea* o!r2 :il/ o!rs br+ r\nd ! brea/ & bree* ropes1 haul !m up tight & d\ble knot !m4 ,at ! ^w hook on1 ! hook ( a fall work+ f a d]rick is pass$ ?r\gh ! upp] loop & /opp$ ) a piece ( small /uff4 ,at a giv5 signal ! m5 on bo>d at ! tail ( ! fall1 walk sm>tly away ) x1 & ! horse moves rapidly al(t guid$ by two guy ropes until directly ov] ! hat*way1 :i* %\ld be well padd$ ) bags ( /raw4 ,at ! signal to l[] away1 ! horse is l[]$ /eadily to ! hold or l[] deck1 :]e a deep b$ ( /raw is spread1 & m5 wait to ca/ loose & conduct x to ! /all allott$ = its reception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emb>kation ,,sl+4 ,9 regul>ly-fitt$ horse transports1 boxes are n unfrequ5tly fitt$ = ! horses to walk into be=e be+ l[]$ 9 !m4 ,sometimes1 :5 ne> ! %ore1 horses are all[$ to swim to l&4 ,! managem5t ( horses on bo>d %ip w be treat$ ( "u ! head ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hold ,,on1 ,,all6 ,pack animals & packs4 ,horses & ponies = pack+ %\ld be ( /urdy %ort-legg$1 cobby bre$4 ,a full-siz$ horse's pack = mod]ately fa/ & cont9u\s travell+ %\ld n weigh m ?an ab\t #abjlb4 ,a lively well-=m$ ox w c>ry ab\t ! same burd54 ,donkeys w c>ry f #ejlb4 to #fjlb41 accord+ to size & condition4 ,a pair ( /rong cane or wick] panni]s1 ) lids made to h+e & lock1 & cov]$ ) /\t wat]pro($ duck1 w be f\nd v useful = putt+ 9 articles = imm$iate use4 ,cook+ ut5sils1 food = ! day1 & a *ange ( dry g>m5ts1 are conv5i5tly /[$ away 9 ^! receptacles4 ,bew>e h[ y pack a numb] ( rattl+1 clatt]+ pots1 pans1 & kettles loosely on a timid ox's back4 ,%\ld sudd5 al>m seize him1 x w mo/ probably lead to su* a sc5e z is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration on ! opposite page4 ,camels4 ,camels & drom$>ies are frequ5tly mo/ valuable to ! travell]2 &1 al?\gh g5]ally associat$ ) ! torrid zone & its belong+s1 we see no reason :y ! camel %\ld n be successfully acclimatis$ 9 _m c\ntries 9 :i* x is n[ practically unkn[n to ! pack] & travell]4 ,camel ,l& has be5 said to embrace ! ,can>ies1 ,morocco1 ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 ! ,great ,des]t1 ,egypt1 ,africa1 ,arabia1 ,turkey 9 ,asia1 ,p]sia1 ,cabool1 ,beloo*i/an1 ,h9doo/an1 ,burmah1 ,?ibet1 ,mongolia1 ,t>t>y 9 ,asia1 ! ,crimea1 & a comp>atively small tract ( c\ntry 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! camel has be5 kept & r5d]$ available = g5]al use on ! e/ates ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 at ,pisa1 = v ne>ly two c5turies4 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica are1 we conceive1 p>ticul>ly well calculat$ = ! utilisation ( ! lab\rs ( ! camel4 ,! op9ion commonly ent]ta9$ t ! camel c only fl\ri% 9 tropical l&s is mo/ errone\s4 ,! ord9>y geographical range ( ?is animal may be r\ghly /at$ z be+ betwe5 #ae & #eb ( nor? latitude1 & #ae ( longitude we/ ( ,gre5wi* to ab\t #abj ea/ ( x4 ,we h _h opportunities ( work+ camels ( ! ,bactrian1 ,arabian1 & ,saundney bre$s1 "u m ?an common vicissitudes ( bo? climate & lab\r2 we h ridd51 muffl$ up 9 fur helmet & gloves1 ?r\gh ! deep sn[1 :]e ! woolly-coat$ ,bactrians1 cr\*+ beh9d a %elt]+ rock1 discuss$ _! meal ( co>se /eepe hay cont5t$ly1 & 7 h>dy to a degree2 we h se5 ! burd5 camels ( ,egypt1 "u huge loads1 troop+ across ! dry des]ts ( t l& z if !y 7 9 _! elem5t2 we h p]=m$ ov] #cjjj miles ( pack+ ) ,indian camels1 & h tak5 "p 9 mo/ sev]e =c$ m>*es ) ,saundneys1 c>ry+ two m5 7an ,engli%man & a native71 a heavy saddle1 two sets ( arms1 acc\trem5ts1 & ammunition1 ov] difficult tracts ( c\ntry bord]+ on ! s&y des]t regions ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,illu/ration ,h>ness+ camels4 ,al?\gh we h se5 ! camel h>ness$ mu* aft] ! mann] ( an ox1 & us$ 9 draught1 x w r>ely be f\nd ( mu* s]vice to ! explor] :5 us$ 9 h>ness3 z pack animals1 camels are invaluable4 ,a good =m ( camel pack saddle is giv5 at ,f 9 our full-page illu/ration ( ,horse ,equipm5ts2 & ! above diagrams w s]ve to %[ h[ ord9>y camel rid+ saddles may be made4 ,any /rong t\gh wood w answ] = ! uprights & side pieces2 ! la%+s are ( raw hide2 ! cu%ions1 or pads1 ( lea!r1 /uff$ ) wool or curl$ hair2 ! gir?s are ( spun goats' hair2 & ! brea/ /rap is a wide b& ( plait$ ?ongs4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! c\rage1 p[]1 & spe$ ( ! camel :5 we /ate t1 be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,railway1 ! mails 7 transport$ on camels' backs twice p] mon? across ! ,des]t betwe5 ,gr& ,cairo & ! head ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 a di/ance ( eighty-f\r miles1 )\t halt+1 9 ab\t eighte5 h\rs4 ,! weight ( ea* camel-load 7f\r mail boxes1 c47 0 ab\t #cjjlb4 ,few matt]s ( animal nom5clature h l$ to m confusion & misund]/&+ ?an ! t]ms camel & drom$>y2 & ?is has ma9ly aris5 f ! di/9ction laid d[n by ,buffon1 :o /ates t ! camel has two humps1 :il/ ! drom$>y has only "o4 ,if ?is po9t ( di/9ction 7 correct1 !re w\ld be no camels 9 ,egypt1 & "o w\ld h to travel to ,t>t>y & "s remote p>ts ( ,asia to f9d !m2 & ! drom$>y1 & t only1 w\ld be f\nd 9 ,turkey1 ,arabia1 ,gr& ,cairo1 ,africa1 & ,india4 ,among/ ! ,arabs & ,egyptians ! ^w gimel is appli$ to all ! memb]s ( ! g5us--! t]m drom$>y nev] be+ made use (4 ,an animal us$ exclusively = rid+ purposes is call$ a hag9e4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be conv5i5t to foll[ _! example1 & call a baggage animal ( ?is family a camel1 & t us$ = rid+ purposes a hag9e4 ,our space w n admit ( our ent]+ on ! subject ( camel bre$+1 or ! v>i\s crosses ( bre$s f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 z1 l ^? ( ! horse1 !y w\ld fill a volume4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,cattle ,,m>k+4 ,9 all l>ge & imp]fectly settl$ c\ntries ! use ( a private m>k1 or br&1 is mo/ important1 n only z a means by :i* animals c be id5tifi$ & recov]$ :5 lo/1 b z ! evid5ce ( legal transf] & ( p>ticul> bre$ or /ra9 ( /ock4 ,animals are mo/ commonly m>k$ ) ei!r "s conspicu\s & t5aci\s pigm5t1 by slits or cuts ( def9ite =m made 9 ! e>1 or by initials or "s symbol br&$ ) a heat$ iron on "s "p ( ! body4 ,%eep may be bo? e>-m>k$ & lett]$ ) ei!r r$ or black pa9t4 ,! lett]+ is easily & exp$iti\sly effect$ by ! use ( ! cov] or bottom ( an old biscuit t94 ,lay y\r %eet ( t9 on ! table1 & ) ! po9t ( y\r knife sket* out ! outl9e ( ! lett] or lett]s y h det]m9$ on z y\r m>k1 tak+ c>e t !y are ( conspicu\s size2 !n ) a mallet & *isel cut out ! lett]s4 ,y w !n h a sort ( /5cill+ %eet2 cut x to a conv5i5t size1 nail a piece ( wood to x = a h&le1 & y\r m>k] is complete4 ,place x aga9/ y\r %eep1 pa9t ov] ! outside ( ! plate ) a l>ge pa9t-bru%1 & y\r m>k is made 9 an in/ant4 ,y\r sacks1 bags1 & boxes c be m>k$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! same contrivance4 ,a h]d ( cattle c be tempor>ily m>k$ by a newly-arriv$ settl] 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r or tw5ty m9utes1 z foll[s3 ,procure a waggon :ip h&le or a long pole2 !n la% to its end a r\nd ball ( ei!r hide1 ) ! hair on1 or a bit ( old blanket1 fix+ on y\r ball to ! /ick j z ! /rik] ( a drum-/ick is made4 ,dip ?is 9 a pot ( pa9t or t>1 & !n put x adroitly aga9/ ! haun* or %\ld] ( ! animal to be m>k$4 ,give x a sudd5 %>p twi/ r\nd1 & !re w be in/antly =m$ a r\nd ball-l spot4 ,) a lot ( timid newly-pur*as$ cattle1 ) :i* y are anxi\s to move (f at once1 ! above plan w be f\nd a good "o4 ,a native h]dsman w\ld despise su* means ( recognition2 & _m ( ! colonial f>m]s w\ld "k individually e horse1 ox1 or %eep 9 _! possession1 j z we "k by expression ( ! c\nt5ance or peculi>ity ( figure any p]son among our own acqua9tance2 & we h ev5 he>d ( a case 9 :i* ! calf ( a c[1 t _h be5 /ol5 _m ye>s be=e1 0 recognis$ by its resemblance to its "m1 & ! !ft ?us trac$ out & detect$4 ,! cutt+ ( m>ks 9 ! e> seems to be ! m primitive &1 p]haps1 ! easi]1 z involv+ less ne$ ( tools or app>atus2 b x is difficult to give suffici5t v>iety to enable _m f>m]s to h ea* a di/9ctive m>k4 ,"o slit1 or m1 9 ! "r or left e>1 a swall[-tail 9 "o & a slit 9 ! o!r1 or a hole pun*$ ) a wad cutt]1 are among ! mo/ common2 b all are liable to be torn (f by dogs or wild animals2 & ! hole 9 ! e> is especially objectionable1 z ! creature itself is almo/ sure to te> x ?r\gh by scrat*+ ) 8 h9d] foot4 ,moreov]1 almo/ all are liable to be alt]$ %\ld ! m>k$ prop]ty fall into di%one/ h&s2 & mo/ f>m]s1 &1 x may be said1 all trad]s1 n[ employ ! br&+ iron--fa%ion$ to repres5t ei!r _! own initials or "s arbitr>y sign1 z a cross1 a squ>e1 a triangle1 a circle or any segm5t ( x1 a /> ( any p>ticul> numb] ( rays1 ! figure =m$ by cross+ two triangles 7z "h %[n74 ,illu/ration ,9 ,am]ica1 & "s o!r c\ntries1 x is requisite on ! pur*ase ( animals--horses & mules especially--t ! travell] %\ld n only get a receipt = 8 pur*ase money1 b get indors$ on x by ! sell] 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! new own]'s c\nt]-br&1 9 mann] z foll[s3 ,receiv$ ( ,capt4 ----1 ! sum ( ---- doll>s1 9 paym5t = a br[n m>e mule4 ,sell]'s br&1 ,o4 ,b42 buy]'s br&1 ,w4 ,signature1 c4 ,! new br& %\ld be plac$ "u ! old "o1 & unless ^! precautions are tak5 ! new pur*as] /&s a v excell5t *ance ( hav+ 8 rec5tly-acquir$ /ock seiz$ on at "s fronti] po/1 & deta9$ until ! legality ( ! transf] has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x is sometimes agre$ on t ! own] %all r5\nce all claim to an animal by rev]s+ 8 own br& above t orig9ally made by him1 ?us1 reverse,b_/,a--inverted,a_/,b ,!re are tales1 h[ev]1 ( c]ta9 dwell]s at a di/ance f ! law :o h acquir$ consid]able skill 9 alt]+ ! m>ks ( any /ray cattle t may fall into _! h&s1 & ?is is an op]ation requir+ no little skill1 = %\ld ! m>k be old1 an iron made too hot w burn ! addition 9 s deeply t x w = a long "t display an air ( fre%ness n 9 accordance ) ! orig9al4 ,"s initials are v easy ( alt]ation2 ?us1 ,c may be conv]t$ into ,o1 or ,q1 or ,g2 ,i may be made at lea/ into ?irte5 lett]s )\t increas+ its size1 :i*1 :5 x is us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!rs1 is a po9t ( consid]able importance1 & into sev]al m if a slight increase may be v5tur$ on4 ,p may become ,b or ,r1 & ,l or ,f may be *ang$ to ,e4 ,x may be well = u to po9t out to ^? :o h *>ge ( ,gov]nm5t /ock1 or are likely to h /ol5 animals (f]$ !m = sale1 t ! ?ief n unfrequ5tly sees fit to adopt an an*or z 8 br&1 z1 if x is ( prop] size1 ! broad arr[1 by ! addition ( ! /ock & flukes1 makes a v respectable "o4 ,we h he>d ( an unscrupul\s coloni/ :o br&$ all 8 cattle ) a fry+ pan1 & _h no p>ticul> place on :i* to apply x2 ?us1 no matt] :at ! br& on a /ray horse or ox might be1 he _h no?+ to d b to clap ! r$ hot disk above x1 & 8 own m>k spe$ily & effectually oblit]at$ e o!r4 ,x is said t he aft]w>ds rep5t$1 &1 9 pro( ( x1 l$ a mo/ exempl>y life 9 a ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5t = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration ,x is a good plan to h a small iron & to br& cattle ^u ! horns1 z x is impossible to efface ! m>k by any process t w\ld n betray itself4 ,?is iron may also be us$ = br&+ small articles--su* z t5t poles1 yokes1 waggon-ge>1 or any?+ 9 ! travell]'s possession--n only z a precaution aga9/ !ft1 b z a means ( af=d+ an indication ( 8 fate %\ld he p]i%1 z _m a poor fell[ has done 9 a gallant b fruitless ef=t to explore an unkn[n c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 #a-i ,any man ) a few tools & a mod]ate %>e ( +5uity c make 8 own br&+ iron f a suitable-siz$ *unk ( s(t iron4 ,file x to ! "r =m1 give x an ev5 surface2 !n ) a p5cil sket* ! lett]1 or m>k1 on ! iron1 only tak+ c>e to rev]se ! object z y w\ld 9 draw+ on wood4 ,:5 y\r p5cil l9es are complete1 scrat* !m 9 ) a %>p h>d po9t4 ,rub a little gunp[d] & grease into !m 9 ord] t !y may %[ conspicu\sly1 & !n1 ) a hamm] & small cold *isel1 proce$ to *ip away ! sup]flu\s iron until ! patt]n /&s boldly & %>ply out4 ,heat x & try ! pr9t on a bo>d1 &1 if requisite1 trim & file aga9 until x is to y\r satisfaction4 ,a l>ge drill is ( great s]vice 9 mak+ br&+ irons1 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 c be atta*$ to h&les ei!r by leav+ a piece ( metal on ! back ( ! *unk long en\gh to weld ! h& iron to1 or a screw may be made at ! back to hold x 9 its place4 ,"s p]sons make *unk1 h& iron1 & all f "o piece ( metal2 o!rs =m ! lett]s1 c41 f n>r[ /rips ( iron1 b5d+ !m to ! requir$ figure1 & !n rivet+ !m fa/ to a sort ( frame4 ,we1 h[ev]1 consid] ! solid *unk =m ( iron by f> ! be/ & mo/ durable4 ,a cle> *>coal or wood fire is be/ = heat+ ! br& 94 ,x %\ld be heat$ j hot en\gh to s+e r ?an burn into ! sk92 s long z ! roots ( ! hair are de/roy$ ! burn+ may be consid]$ effective4 ,z we h be=e /at$1 ! p>ticul> /ra91 or bre$1 ( c]ta9 animals may be kn[n by ! peculi> way 9 :i* !y are br&$4 ,! ,arabs h a great numb] ( private m>ks1 :i* few1 save !mselves1 und]/&4 ,horses & drom$>ies are m>k$ 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,!re is also a di/9ction drawn by !m betwe5 l>ge & small horses4 ,! =m] are kn[n z ,aneezah ,arabs1 &1 if ( high ca/1 usually be> ! peculi> m>k ( ! tribe by :i* !y are re>$4 ,all ,arab horses "u #ad h&s are call$ ,n$jdi4 ,^!1 :5 f\nd by any tribe to possess m ?an ord9>y purity ( bre$ & excell5ce1 are m>k$ ) an extremely n>r[ cresc5t1 l a new moon1 ) ! horns a little m ?an an in* ap>t4 ,9 ! illu/ration on p4 #dha we give a few examples ( drom$>y br&+1 z %[+ ! p>ticul> class ( animal indicat$ by x4 #a4 ,amadabieh4 #b %[s ! g5]al m>k ( a ,bi*>ieh tribe1 :i* w be se5 to exi/ on all ! o!r examples4 ,! additions %[ ! private br& ( ea* small community1 or division ( ! tribe1 ?us3 #c4 ,amitirah2 #d4 ,mahom$-,ouzabieh2 #e4 ,m5acir2 #f4 ,a*abab2 #g4 ,caw>ah2 #h4 ,mahazi2 #i4 ,valgat4 ,hav+ %[n ! m>ks by :i* _m /ra9s or bre$s ( camels may be kn[n1 x may n be amiss to give a few g5]al h9ts on camel & hyge5e pur*ase & managem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,hyge5s ,,& ,,camels4 ,! foll[+ directions to pur*as]s ( ^! animals are giv5 by ,l9ant ,bey1 eng9e]-9-*ief ( dykes & bridges to ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt1 & 7 translat$ = ! in=mation ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,po9ts 9 ! drom$>y4 ,to avoid deception 9 ! *oice ( a drom$>y "o mu/ be v mu* ( a connoisseur ( ! animal1 = ,i ?9k x is m difficult to be skill$ 9 drom$>ies ?an 9 horses4 ,"o mu/ h liv$ ) ,arabs & _! drom$>ies to appreciate ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x may be conceiv$1 !n1 h[ difficult x is to designate cle>ly :at con/itutes a good drom$>y4 ,a drom$>y %\ld n be too tall1 nor its legs too long1 :i* w\ld give x a gaunt appe>ance2 nor %\ld ! *e/ be too wide nor too heavy4 ,! =e-legs %\ld n t\* ! callosity ^u ! brea/4 ,! two r[els or mullets 7molettes7 ( ! =e-feet %\ld be f> f t\*+ ea* o!r :5 ! animal walks4 ,! belly %\ld be r\nd1 )\t be+ puffy2 & ! hump %\ld n be too big4 ,! neck %\ld be r wide ?an n>r[1 ! head well set on1 ! eye l>ge1 & ! lips clos$4 ,9 walk+ ! animal %\ld %[ suppl5ess 9 ! neck1 & h a wavy movem5t ( ! head4 ,! m suppl5ess !re is 9 ?is motion ! easi] w be ! gait4 ,to be highly e/eem$ a drom$>y %\ld n cry :5 t\*$2 &1 :5 bridl$1 halt]$1 or saddl$1 x %\ld give utt]ance only to a l[ grumbl+4 ,a drom$>y %\ld n be tak5 t has be5 s]i\sly hurt ne> ! %\ld]s1 :]e ! saddle re/s1 ?\gh x does n indicate disease1 b proce$s only f ! little c>e ! ,arabs give to keep+ _! saddles 9 repair4 ,9 a female ?is is less objectionable2 =1 9 giv+ bir?1 if h] w\nds h caus$ any disease1 x is almo/ always cur$4 ,f9e caut]y m>ks on ei!r side ( ! callosity1 on ! brea/1 or on ! belly ne> ! navel1 indicate always int]nal1 incurable disord]s4 ,! h9d-legs %\ld n be too angul>1 b r /raight4 ,! hump %\ld n be too mu* to ! front2 r to ! re> is bett]1 z !n ! saddle is m easily adju/$4 ,! hair %\ld n be too %ort1 z !n ! animal is m easily injur$4 ,! feet %\ld be small1 ! nails & ! hair r\nd !m black r ?an :ite4 ,fawn-col\r$ drom$>ies are m highly priz$ ?an ^? entirely :ite4 ,:5 m\nt$1 ! drom$>y %\ld in/antly & quickly rise & />t (f4 ,:5 ! drom$>y moves1 x %\ld be ) su* _s t ! rid] is oblig$ to hold him 92 ?is supports bo?4 ,to urge him on kick him on ! %\ld] ) ! foot4 ,x is v difficult to f9d a drom$>y unit+ 9 itself all ^! requisite qualities1 & v r>ely c su* an "o1 especially if x is a female1 be pur*as$2 = ! ,arabs love _! f9e-blood$ drom$>ies z mu* z !y d _! horses1 & x is only z pres5ts1 or else at enorm\s prices1 t ! *oice/ animals c be obta9$4 ,a fir/-rate ,nomanieh is wor? 9 ,cairo f five hundr$ to six hundr$ doll>s2 b ^? ord9>ily met ) !re sell f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ doll>s4 ,! ,bi*>iehs sell = less2 good ones--t is to say1 su* z are = sale--may be _h = f sixty to "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,at ne>ly = ! same prices z = ! ,bi*>ieh c be pur*as$ also ! o!r bre$s ( ! ,mahazi1 ,caw>ah1 & ,ababdi4 ,i w rem>k "h t ! ,bi*>ieh drom$>ies d n c>ry z heavy burd5s z ! ,nomanieh4 ,^! la/ c>ry a saddle call$ 'gabit1' fitt$ ) pads1 & ) saddle-bags t]m$ 'kr\rque1' t hang d[n on bo? sides ( ! saddle & c>ry ! baggage1 provisions1 c41 ( ! rid] & ( ! drom$>y4 ,! ,bi*>ieh c>ries a wood5 saddle1 laid ov] two small pads1 :i* are n fa/5$ to x4 ,?is saddle is call$ 'ky>pah1' 'm>al\p1' c41 c41 accord+ to its %ape4 ,saddle-bags _c be c>ri$ ov] x1 on acc\nt ( its =m2 b beh9d x a small sack ( hide call$ 'bila1' 9 :i* a little luggage c be pack$1 may be atta*$ aft] ! mann] ( a valise or portmanteau4 ,(t51 9 exp$itions1 a s]vant or foll[] rides beh9d ^u ! drom$>ies ( ! two bre$s4 ,bo? rid]s c>ry _! arms4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,nomanieh g5]ally c>ries f #bjjlb4 to #bcjlb42 ! ,bi*>ieh1 #ahjlb4 ,at ! utmo/ _! burd5s are #cjjlb4 & #cejlb4 ,a drom$>y1 well equipp$1 well ridd51 & 9 good condition1 c easily make 9 a day ov] suitable gr\nd1 level & a little s&y1 ab\t n9ety miles1 t is1 betwe5 morn+ & ev5+2 b x _c keep on at t rate4 ,x c make fifty miles a day = fifte5 or tw5ty days1 & = a long j\rney c be c\nt$ ^u = t4 ,i h myself travell$ ^u "o n9ety miles 9 elev5 h\rs1 & gone twelve miles 9 =ty m9utes4 ,! c>ry+ p[] ( ! camel w dep5d 9 great measure on ! /ock !y came ( & ! climate 9 :i* !y are employ$1 ! ,c5tral ,asiatic camel be+1 z a rule1 m vigor\s & endur+ ?an t ( ei!r ,africa or ,india4 ,! loads ( camels w v>y greatly ) ! nature ( ! "w !y are employ$ to p]=m4 ,:]e v %ort di/ances "u burd5 h to be travell$1 z = in/ance f ! depts ( a t[n to a camp 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 a p[]ful & heal?y camel c c>ry f #aajjlb4 to #abjjlb42 = ! m>*1 or :5 produce or baggage has to be c>ri$ any di/ance1 f #cjjlb4 to #djjlb4 w be f\nd q heavy en\gh to admit ( regul> & cont9u\s p]=mance ( c>ry+ duty4 ,we always r\ghly e/imate our weight ( /ores & equipm5ts at sev5 camels to ! ton2 = sl[ ord9>y travell+ ( ab\t tw5ty miles p] day ( f eight to t5 h\rs 9 duration2 = m rapid movem5ts ! loads %\ld be proportionately light5$4 ,camels & _! loads4 ,! foll[+ table ( camel burd5s made use ( 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w may prove useful to ! travell] 9 _m l&s3 ,,c\ntry4 ,,weight4 ,,description ,,( ,,animal4 ,alg]ia1 ,morocco1 ,f #cjjlb4 to #djjlb4 ,ord9>y camels ( ! ,tunis1 c\ntry4 ,tripoli1 ,egypt1 ,f #cejlb4 to #eejlb4 ,camels ( ! c\ntry4 ,syria1 ,l>ge-siz$ bull camels ,asia ,m9or1 7loks1 z !y ,turkey 9 ,asia1 ,f #ejjlb4 to #fjjlb4 call$7 & hybrids ,p]sia & ,t>t>y1 7or booghdee74 ,beloo*i/an1 ,cabool1 ,h9doo/an1 ,f #cjjlb4 to #djjlb4 ,ord9>y bre$s4 ,?ibet1 ,birmah1 ,mongolia1 ,crim-,t>t>y & ! bord]s ( ,f #cjjlb4 to #ejjlb4 ,bactrian4 ,s\!rn ,russia1 ,h9ts on camels4 ,! age ( a camel1 l t ( a horse or mule1 may be judg$ ( by ! tee?4 ,x rema9s )\t incisor tee? until ! t]m9ation ( ! ?ird ye> ( its life1 :5 x has two2 at five ye>s old1 x w h f\r2 at six ye>s old six incisors2 & at eight !re w be a full complem5t--can9es & mol>s4 ,! condition ( ! hump is a good index ( ! g5]al well-do+ ( ! animal1 z t /ructure is ! fir/ to fail or dim9i% f want or ov]work4 ,! food ( camels may be said to be f\nd ev]y:]e on ! e>?'s surface :]e vegetation1 ( ev5 ! mo/ scanty & unattractive "*1 is to be f\nd4 ,all is food t comes to too? ) ! camel1 & :5 l[ trees h be5 sc>ce1 we h (t5 s5t a native arm$ ) our hat*et or billhook to climb into a l>ge peepul1 neem1 or baubul ?orn tree1 & *op d[n a c>tload or two ( bran*es4 ,^!1 :5 dragg$ ) hook-end$ /icks to :]e ! camels 7 picket$1 7 receiv$ ) cav]n\s rumbl+s & grunts ( satisfaction2 & ! same tree1 by ! use ( ! same implem5t1 yield$ n unfrequ5tly ! supp] = ! camels & ! fuel to cook our own ev5+ meal4 ,! ,arabs g5]ally ma9ta9 t ! camel %\ld n dr9k m frequ5tly ?an once 9 e ?ree days1 al?\gh 9 dry hot wea!r we h kn[n !m dr9k mu* m frequ5tly )\t be+ app>5tly ! worse = ! indulg5ce4 ,we h on _m occasions endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( wat] tak5 at ea* p]iod ( ?ir/-qu5*+1 & ! result ( our inve/igations h l$ u to ! conclusion t ab\t five gallons %\ld be all[$ z a dr9k to ea* camel :5 he takes 9 wat] on ! m>*4 ,! /oma*s ( ! camel1 l ^? ( o!r rum9at+ animals1 are con/ruct$ s z to admit ( a /ore ( bo? food & wat] be+ laid up 9 !m to meet ! dem& :5 o!r s\rces ( supply fail4 ,9 cases ( extreme necessity1 & :5 ! pres]vation ( human life dep5ds on ! obta9m5t ( wat]1 ! supply to be f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( ! camel %\ld n be ov]look$ or =gott54 ,dur+ ! ,alg]ian campaign ! ,fr5* made "s inve/igations 9 ord] to f9d out ! quantity ( wat] a dead camel's /oma* w\ld conta91 & ! result 0 t ab\t #ae p9ts 0 ! av]age arriv$ at4 ,?is wat]1 al?\gh gre5 & turbid1 _h no (f5sive smell2 & x 0 at ! "t ass]t$ by ! ,arabs t wat] ( ?is "* requir$ ?ree days to cle> itself4 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 c\ld r>ely1 if ev]1 be all[$ to elapse1 z ?ree days w\ld probably close ! sc5e ( suff]+1 exhau/ ! pati5ce ( ! di/ress$ travell]1 or lead him to m natural s\rces f :i* to obta9 ! preci\s fluid4 ,9 a case ( em]g5cy1 we %\ld simply pass ! wat] ?r\gh our pocket filt]1 :i* w be describ$ "u ! head ,wat]1 & ! ,sap ( ,plants1 & dr9k x at once4 ,camels1 to emb>k4 ,! regul> pur*ase1 collection1 emb>kation1 & transport ( camels has r>ely be5 s c>efully & successfully conduct$ z by ! (fic]s appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ! report =w>d$ to ,congress by ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! emb>kation dep>tm5t w n fail to be ( int]e/ & value4 ,he says3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! %ip is an*or$ z close z possible to ! place ( emb>kation to save "t4 ,! camel boat ) ! c> 9 x is r[$ on %ore1 & a =ce ( ab\t t5 m5 s5t to get ! camels 94 ,!re is also s5t on %ore 9 ! boat a good tackle 7n v l>ge71 a camel h>ness complete1 sp>e plank1 hamm] & nails1 & ab\t #ej fa?oms ( #b;94 rope1 all ( :i* w be ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emb>kation ,,tackle4 ,x is requisite to select a place = ! boat :]e %e w lie ) h] b[ on a level ) ! :>f4 ,if ?is _c be done1 & x is necess>y to 'bea*' h]1 !n a /rong bridge made ( /\t plank1 & ab\t #h;ft4 wide1 w h to be con/ruct$1 /rong en\gh to be> n only ! camel's weight1 b to /& _! /ruggl+4 ,?is ,i 0 oblig$ to d4 ,! b[ ( ! boat be+ secur$ firmly to ! :>f or bridge1 ! h>ness is plac$ on ! camel1 :i* is l$ up z close z x w g4 ,if x w walk "r into ! c>1 "o end ( :i* is plac$ on ! gunwale ( ! boat1 s mu* ! bett] 79 no in/ance did we f9d !m will+ to g )\t =ce71 b if x w n g 9 !n hook on ! tackle to ! brea//rap ( ! h>ness on ! camel2 let ! m5 keep a /eady pull ^u x1 & ! camel w g 9 )\t a hurt1 no matt] h[ mu* he may resi/4 ,f\r m5 guide ! camel1 & keep x 9 ! c5tre ( ! planks1 & "o man leads x by ! halt] into ! c>1 ?r\gh :i* ! tackle is l$1 "o block be+ hook$ to ! o!r end ( ! boat4 ,aft] ! camel is 9 x is made to lie d[n1 ! knees ti$ r\nd ) ropes1 a rope across ! neck & made fa/ to ! knees1 & two or ?ree ropes across ! back to keep x d[n4 ,x is !n hoi/$ on to ! camel deck )\t fright or excitem5t ( any k9d4 ,! opposite illu/ration w s]ve to %[ h[ ! ropes & tackle are arrang$ = ! purpose ( urg+ a reluctant camel onw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,r\gh ,,wea!r4 ,:5 ! camels 7 all on bo>d ! report goes on z foll[s3-- ,hav+ tak5 9 all ! camels1 two days we occupi$ 9 fitt+ to ea* "o its prop] h>ness 7= almo/ e "o ( !m diff]$ 9 size & =m71 m>k+ _! numb]s on ! h>ness1 & fitt+ out ea* "o ) bru% & currycomb--all ( :i* x is necess>y to be done be=e go+ to sea4 ,hayracks1 made ( l>ge op5 network1 7 fitt$ amid%ips1 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! camel deck4 ,l>ge bags fill$ ) hay 7 also plac$ aga9/ ! %ip's sides = _! haun*es to re/ aga9/1 & two ropes fitt$ = secur+ to ! h>ness on ea* camel4 ,! above engrav+ w %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! camels 7 secur$ :5 a gale ( w9d or a heavy sea prevail$4 ,to enable ! camel gu>d to effici5tly wat* _! *>ge at night1 f\r l>ge lant]ns ) reflectors 7 put up1 & light$ e ev5+ at sunset2 &1 9 case ( accid5ts f fire1 two l>ge wat] tubs 7 kept always full4 ,camel j\rnal4 ,! ,am]ican camel j\rnal kept on bo>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates %ip ,supply is s ?or\ghly practical & useful1 t we ins]t a specim5 ( its =m ( con/ruction = ! guidance ( travell]s :o may h to p]=m a voyage ) camels newly pur*as$ = an exp$ition or campaign4 ,,camel ,,j\rnal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,date4 ,,hay4 ,,wat]4,,oats4 ,,peas4,,meal4,,m$ic9es4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ah 4,bales4,galls4,bags4,galls4 lb4 lb4 ,jan4 #babhjlb4 #cj #b -- -- sulphur ,receiv$ on bo>d #f camels 7#b ( !m males74 ,wa%$ !m & secur$ !m 9 _! /alls4 ,put sulphur 9 _! wat]4 #bbbbjlb4 #dj #a -- -- -- ,fitt$ ! h>ness :5 requir$1 & rubb$ ! camels well ) curry- combs & bru%es4 ,nam$ ! camels & lett]$ ! h>ness4 #bca bale #dj #a -- -- -- ,refill$ ! net- t+ ) hay1 z also ! f5d]s = _! beh9ds4 ,w5t r\nd ! camels ) sulphur o9tm5t1 & ap- pli$ x on all suspici\s-look+ places4 ,ceas$ to issue oats4 ,lit- t]$ ) hay4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! treatm5t ( camels :5 suff]+ f disease or accid5t w be giv5 "u ! head ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,! ,,sap ,,( ,,plants4 ,locality = wat]4 ,! :ole success ( an exp$ition & ! pres]vation ( ! lives ( ^? compos+ x h n unfrequ5tly dep5d$ on ! obta9m5t ( ?is preci\s fluid2 &1 z its importance to ! travell] is vital1 s ! s\rces f :i* x is to be obta9$ are num]\s4 ,riv]s1 lakes1 spr+s1 & ra9 pools are ! mo/ common & obvi\s1 ne$+ no comm5t "h4 ,%[]s ( ra9 (t5 yield a consid]able quantity1 :i* may be caught 9 sails or %eets spread = ! purpose1 select+ ^? :i* are free f ! p]spiration ( m5 or animals4 ,deep clefts among rocks & rav9es (t5 conta9 a great deal1 & ! cliffs by ! sea-%ore1 al?\gh !re are no rivulets to be discov]$1 frequ5tly conta9 cracks & crevices1 ?r\gh :i* wat] runs & loses itself 9 ! s&4 ,! b$s ( app>5tly dri$-up wat]c\rses %\ld be always explor$ c>efully1 z high up z possible1 & ! /ones at ! bottom ( ! deepe/ pools lift$ out1 & _! re/+ places exam9$4 ,a piece ( wooll5 clo?1 a sponge1 or a bun* ( s(t moss1 w mu* facilitate ! )drawal ( *ance f9ds 9 su* places4 ,spots ( l[ gr\nd1 on :i* re$s1 ru%es1 or o!r wat] plants are f\nd1 %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 & _! dep?s prob$ ) a /rong %>p-po9t$ /ick4 ,! tracks ( wild animals are (t5 valuable guides to wat]2 b c>eful exam9ation is ne$$ le/ ! se>*] %\ld take ! back track1 & g f1 in/ead ( t[>ds1 x4 ,a %>p look\t ov]head t[>ds ev5+ w (t5 be rew>d$ by a sight ( ! flocks ( wild-f[l or o!r birds w++ _! way t[>ds ! dr9k+ places4 ,baggage animals & dogs at times %[ extraord9>y in/9ct 9 f9d+ pools & spr+s :]e !y are lea/ expect$ to exi/4 ,we h also se5 ,indians app>5tly guid$ by "s s+ul> faculty to its neighb\rhood4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries "s p>ticul> k9d ( tree w be met ) g5]ally associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( wat]1 & gr[+ ne> x4 ,illu/ration ,%\ld moi/ure be discov]$ a hole %\ld be at once dug by loos5+ ! e>? & gravel ) ! /ick1 & !n cle>+ out ! hole ) ! h&1 a small well z deep z ! arm is long1 may be v rapidly made 9 ?is mann]3 ,well h>d5+ ! po9t ( ! digg+ /ick 9 ! fire w add mu* to its effici5cy1 & is mu* bett] ?an a m]e po9t+ ) a %>p in/rum5t4 ,:]e ! soil is ( a loose "* & ! sides ( ! well likely to fall 91 a long bundle ( re$s or ru%es %\ld be b\nd toge!r & ?ru/ d[n4 ,holes ( ?is k9d may be long pres]v$ z dr9k+ places by mak+ up a r\nd ball ( sl5d] twigs j suffici5tly l>ge to fit ! hole1 ramm+ x firmly to ! bottom1 !n plac+ a bamboo or o!r holl[ tube long en\gh to rea* a c\ple ( feet or s above ! surface1 & !n fill+ 9 ! hole ) e>? & press+ ! :ole well d[n4 ,! wat] is ?us pres]v$ f evaporation1 & c be suck$ freely ?r\gh ! tube4 ,at times x w be f\nd to fl[ up ! tube & run ov]1 or a second tube may be put 9 to bl[ ?r\gh1 :5 ! wat] c be caught 9 any conv5i5t vessel by bor+ a hole ?r\gh a bit ( b>k = ! upp] end ( ! tube to fit into1 ?us =m+ a %oot = x to run (f ?r\gh1 z 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,:5 horses or cattle h to be wat]$ f a pool or well ( any size1 & ! wat] is any di/ance bel[ ! surface1 ! old exp$i5t ( ! lev] & po/1 s common all ?r\gh ,egypt & mo/ ,ea/]n c\ntries1 w be f\nd an exce$+ly useful "o4 7,see ! foll[+ full-page illu/ration47 ,:5 travell+ ?r\gh ,c5tral ,india1 :]e ! wells are (t5 v l>ge & deep1 we us$ to f9d our small brass lota pot1 :i* 0 c>ri$ /rapp$ fa/ to ! front ( ! saddle1 ) a long coil ( :ipcord /[$ away 9 x to l[] & raise by1 ( great s]vice4 ,dr9k+ tr\ghs = cattle are conv5i5tly made f holl[ tree trunks1 %eets ( b>k ) ! ends nipp$ up1 or by digg+ a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd & plac+ a piece ( canvas or an indi>ubb] gr\nd %eet 9 x4 ,9 wat]+ cattle f contrivances ( ?is k9d two sep>ate h]ds %\ld be =m$1 consi/+ ( ^? :i* h to dr9k & ^? :i* h drunk1 lett+ !m up "o at a "t1 & keep+ back ! re/4 ,mu* confusion & irregul>ity are ?us avoid$1 & y are sure t ea* animal has _h its %>e4 ,wat]1 to f9d4 ,we c only give a few g5]al h9ts on se>*+ = wat]4 ,p]haps ! sure/ way is if !re are natives 9 ! c\ntry to make fri5ds ( !m1 n by hurri$ly & lavi%ly =c+ ^u !m pres5ts--co/ly1 x may be1 to ! giv]1 b valueless to !m--b by quietly wait+ to see :at !y value1 & giv+ x 9 mod]ate quantities1 z if ! donor knew its wor? z well z !y4 ,half a /ick ( tobacco1 a %ort pipe1 a sixp5ny knife1 or cotton h&k]*ief1 blue spott$ ) :ite1 or a few /r+s ( beads ( ! k9d !y value--g5]ally :ite1 r$1 blue1 or black opaque se$ beads--w ga9 _! good w bett] ?an useless t9sel or gewgaws ( t5 times ! co/2 :ile a ,dut* brass-b>rell$ t9d]-box1 ) fl9t & /eel1 value #as4 or #as4 #f;d41 becomes f> 9 ! int]ior an article ( su* value t x ought n to be giv5 except z a rew>d = real s]vice4 ,extravagant lib]ality w only be attribut$ to fe>1 m especially if ha/e accompanies x2 !re=e1 x is wise to sp5d a little "t be=e mak+ ev5 ! prelim9>y (f] ( a pipeful ( tobacco1 & m be=e giv+ ! real pres5t & mak+ kn[n :at is desir$ 9 return4 ,b 9 reality ! travell] w save "t1 & :5 he does ask = wat] ! native w br+ him a supply1 or po9t out :]e to obta9 x2 :]eas1 7 he to op5 ! negotiations by hurri$ly dem&+ in=mation1 ! natives w\ld become suspici\s ( 8 motive1 & w\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance tell him a lie 9 ord] to ?r[ him (f ! sc5t & ga9 "t to discov] 8 suppos$ int5tions4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( native guides1 conv]g+ footpa?s ( m5 or animals w probably lead to a pool4 ,mo/ antelopes dr9k e day1 b ?is is n ! case ) ! gemsbok or ! el&1 ! la/ ( :i* nev] dr9ks1 or1 if x ev] does1 ! in/ances are q exceptional4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! flight ( birds morn+ & ev5+ %\ld also be wat*$1 b ?is1 h[ev]1 is n always an infallible sign1 z we h se5 cockatoos dr9k+ wat] s black t we c\ld n use x2 b :51 z we h also se51 ev5 ! p>rots des]t an isl& be=e sunset x becomes tol]ably c]ta9 t no wat] w be f\nd ^u x4 ,depressions on ! gr\nd %\ld be foll[$1 & additional fre%ness ( vegetation c>efully s\ght =4 ,an iron ramrod may be ?ru/ into ! gr\nd :5 !re is any *ance ( dampness bel[ ! surface1 & ! travell] %\ld make himself acqua9t$ ) ! peculi> plants ( ! c\ntry :i* gr[ ne> ! wat]4 ,! p&anus1 or screw p9e ( ,au/ralia1 is "o ( ^!4 ,9 savage c\ntries ! lab\r ( seek+ & digg+ = wat] falls pr9cipally on ! wom51 :o usually make use ( a fire-h>d5$ grubb+ /ick = work+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! /ick is load$ ) a p]=at$ /one ( sev]al p\nds weight to give additional =ce to ea* /roke1 & z ! soil is loos5$ x is cle>$ out by ! ins]tion ( ! h& & arm1 us+ ! b5t f+]s z a scoop4 ,use is also made ( a /ick split to ab\t #ab;94 or #ae;94 f ! end1 & ?is1 :5 work$ d[n into s(t soil1 cat*es & br+s up a quantity 9 ! cleft1 & ?is be+ %ak5 out ^u "o side ! /ick is aga9 cle> & fit to br+ up m4 ,a bamboo cane1 ) ! end split up into sev]al filam5ts1 is us$ = ! same purpose by ! natives ( ,india4 ,:]e only salt or sal9e wat] is to be obta9$ rec\rse may be _h to di/illation1 :i* may s]ve1 z x has done 9 _m well-au!nticat$ cases1 to at lea/ save ! lives ( ! human be+s & dogs ( a p>ty4 ,little hope c\ld1 h[ev]1 be ent]ta9$ ( be+ enabl$ by ?is means to supply ! wants ( cattle or horses4 ,make%ift /ill4 ,a /ill may be v easily made f any vessel :i* w /& fire1 su* z "o ( ! copp] wat] b>rels h]eaft] describ$1 or ev5 a common cook+ pot & a gun b>rel 7s+le or d\ble71 a holl[ bamboo ) ! knots remov$1 or1 9 fact1 any holl[ tube4 ,if a pot is us$1 a /\t heavy wood5 cov] mu/ be fitt$ to x1 ?r\gh :i* two holes are to be cut--"o at ! side = ! b>rel or tube1 & ! o!r a bung-hole at ! top1 :i* mu/ h a /opp] fitt$ securely to x1 & is us$ to introduce ! wat] z x becomes exhau/$4 ,?is saves ! tr\ble ( remov+ ! cov]1 & ?us di/urb+ ! o!r arrangem5ts4 ,! annex$ illu/ration w s]ve to expla9 ! nature ( a contrivance ( ?is k9d4 ,! boat-%ap$ box re/+ on ! =k$ /icks is made ( b>k1 p9n$ at ! ends ) wood5 p9s4 ,?is is fill$ ) a c\ple ( wooll5 blankets or a quantity ( moss1 or ev5 seawe$4 ,! b>rel passes directly ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & is kept cold by con/antly ?r[+ cold wat] ov] x4 ,! fre% wat] runs out ?r\gh ! hole f :i* ! nipple is unscrew$1 & is caught 9 any suitable vessel2 & ! wa/e salt wat] ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ! b>k = ! purpose4 ,_m modifications ( ?is plan might1 ( c\rse1 be _h rec\rse to1 b ?is w be f\nd ab\t z conv5i5t z any4 ,b>rels1 or hoop$ vessels ( any k9d1 are ab\t ! v wor/ t c be tak5 into a wild c\ntry1 z ! hoops come (f z ! wood %r9ks1 caus+ leaks & endless tr\ble4 ,illu/ration ,copp] wat] flasks4 ,= c>ry+ wat] on ! backs ( animals a pair ( ?9 %eet copp] flasks 7#bj;94 long1 #ab;94 broad1 & #h;94 ?ick7 w be f\nd exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,^! %\ld h broad & /rong loops sold]$ on to pass lea!r /raps & la%+s ?r\gh1 & 9 us+ wat] x %\ld be tak5 alt]nately to pres]ve an ev5 balance4 ,! bung-holes %\ld be at ! ends & h a /\t rais$ r+ r\nd !m1 ?r\gh :i* a hole is drill$2 ?r\gh ?is a p9 is run1 pass+ ?r\gh a correspond+ hole 9 ! wood5 /opp]1 ?us keep+ x secure4 ,^! flasks1 :5 made1 %\ld be ?or\ghly t9n$ inside4 ,!y are useful = a numb] ( purposes4 ,wat] c be boil$ 9 !m z well z c>ri$4 ,!y c1 on an em]g5cy1 be conv]t$ into a /ill1 z be=e /at$1 & :5 cork$ up air-tight are a great support to a raft4 ,"o at ea* end ( an outrigg] pole r5d]s ! upsett+ ( a canoe or float log next to impossible4 ,no knock+ ab\t hurts !m1 & %\ld at any "t a leak be discov]$ a bit ( sold] puts ! matt] to rights at once4 ,wat] sk9s & pails4 ,next 9 value to flasks1 p]haps1 come lea!r mussacks1 ( ! description us$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y c be made ( any size1 &1 :5 injur$ or prick$1 z !y sometimes are by %>p /icks or ?ir/y nigg]s1 !y are readily repair$ = ! "t by p9*+ up a piece ( lea!r at ! orifice & pass+ a %>p-po9t$ /ick ?r\gh1 ov] :i* a clove hit* 7see ,knots & ,hit*es7 may be secur$4 ,a pat* may be sewn on :5 !re is "t to d x1 j z a cobbl] m5ds a %oe4 ,b be> 9 m9d t1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y ?read or hemp5 cord us$ 9 m5d+ or mak+ lea!r ut5sils or articles 9 ?is c\ntry1 a dry c>efully-cut lea!r ?ong %\ld be us$ in/ead1 z :5 once 9 place x swells f ! action ( ! wat] on x1 & completely fills ! holes ?r\gh :i* x has be5 pass$1 !reby prev5t+ leakage4 ,9 ,mongolia !y use a v useful pail or bucket = c>ry+ wat]4 ,x has a head fix$ into x mu* l t ( an ord9>y b>rel1 & !re are two op5+s or bung-holes2 "o tol]ably l>ge on "o side1 j bel[ ! edge ( ! head1 & ano!r ?r\gh ! head itself4 ,9 ^! orifices wood5 plugs or /opp]s are fitt$1 &1 :5 wat] is to be p\r$ out1 ! /opp] 9 ! head is j eas$ l ! v5t peg ( a cask1 s t air may be admitt$2 :5 ! /opp] is tak5 out ! l>g] hole freely dis*>ges ! wat]1 :i* w\ld n run )\t ! v5t-peg arrangem5t4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfe1 :5 we _h ent]$ ! ,victoria ,riv]1 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 & ! ,tom ,t\gh 0 /ill drift+1 9 daily dang] ( break+ up ^u ! s&-banks1 we _h become tir$ ( c>ry+ wat] ov]l& f di/ant pools to supply #adj %eep2 &1 consid]+ t if our inflatable boat 7p4 #dh7 w\ld hold air to float ^u ! wat] %e w\ld also hold fre% wat] to float 9 salt1 we det]m9$ to seek supplies f>!r up ! riv]2 & putt+ ! f\r sections into ! s*oon]'s gig1 we sail$ or pull$ alt]nately ?irty or =ty miles up ! riv]1 till ! entire cessation ( ! mangroves & ! appe>ance ( ! p&anus1 or screw p9e1 ^u ! banks & isl&s %[$ t we 7 above ! influ5ce ( ! tide & 9 a /ream ( p]man5tly fre% wat]4 ,canoe wat]-transport4 ,we halt$ at ,palm ,isl&1 &1 *oos+ a place :]e ! wat] 0 a little m ?an knee deep1 we ?rew ! inflatable sections ov]bo>d1 &1 fix+ ! bell[s 9 ! valves1 held !m b5ea? ! surface & pump$ wat] into !m1 j z we w\ld h pump$ air _h we requir$ !m = boats4 ,we did n q fill !m ) wat]1 b =c$ 9 a little air to give !m buoyancy1 &1 at ! same "t1 to pres]ve _! %ape4 ,9 t[+ !m1 h[ev]1 ! pressure ( ! wat] caus$ ! =emo/ ends to assume a w$ge-l =m1 :ile ! wat] & air1 be+ =c$ aft1 c>ri$ all ! buoyancy ?i!r1 & !y w5t d[n head-=emo/4 ,we rem$i$ ?is by cutt+ a long sp> & la%+ !m to x1 mak+ fa/ also an indi>ubb] mattress to ! p>ts mo/ liable to g d[n4 ,t$i\s en\gh 0 our voyage d[n ! riv]4 ,to make any?+ l spe$ ) su* a drag a/]n ( ! boat 0 impossible1 ei!r ) o>s or sails2 & dur+ ! heat ( ! day we f\nd ! cem5t ( ! bags beg9n+ to s(t5 & give way4 ,!y _h be5 w>rant$ to /& #agj2 b1 te/+ !m by ! !rmomet]1 ! int]nal heat 0 only #abj4 ,we ga!r$ up ! defective "p1 knott$ x ) a bit ( tw9e1 & lac$ ! bag along ! gunwale ( our boat--keep+ h] 9 trim by lac+ its fell[ on ! o!r side--leav+ only "o pair to be t[$ a/]n4 ,! ext5sive %all[s1 :]e = half a mile on a /ret* ! riv] p]colat$ ?r\gh r ?an fl[$ ov] broad banks ( angul>ly-brok5 /ones1 caus$ u consid]able lab\r & anxiety le/ "s %>p] po9t ?an usual %\ld pi]ce our bags & deprive u ( ! fruit ( all our toil4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !y yield$ k9dly to ! v>y+ pressure2 & we roll$ !m1 "o by "o1 ov] ! successive rea*es--work+ = h\rs toge!r ?r\gh ! night1 & frequ5tly 9 pools 9 :i* we saw alligators1 & sometimes %>ks ( consid]able size4 ,our week's "w1 h[ev]1 toilsome z x 01 result$ 9 a supply ( #fjj or #hjj gallons ( fre% wat]1 ta/+ some:at ( indi>ubb]1 b /ill available = ! %eep4 ,?is supply we c\ld h obta9$ 9 no o!r mann]4 ,%ips' wat]-bags4 ,wat]-bags = %ip use may be made ( /\t ,no4 #a canvas4 ,!y %\ld be ( oblong =m1 ab\t #b;ft4 long by #ah;94 wide4 ,!y %\ld be 9 two ?icknesses--! inside or l9+ be+ kept p]fectly clean1 & ! out] "o previ\sly oil$ ) good boil$ l9se$ oil & all[$ to dry be=e x is made up1 s z to keep ! inn] canvas z free f ta9t z possible4 ,g5]ally ! canvas is wett$ ) salt wat]1 & !n hung up till x is w9d dry1 or j s damp t no wat] w drip f x4 ,x is !n consid]$ to be capable ( absorb+ j s mu* oil z w suffice to r5d] x wat]pro( )\t clogg+ x or mak+ x unpleasant to h&le :5 x is dry4 ,a suffici5tly /\t rope %\ld be /it*$ r\nd ! seam ( ! bag2 beckets or loops %\ld be left 9 x at ! f\r corn]s = conv5i5ce ( h&l+2 & a wood5 tube or /opp] %\ld be ins]t$1 & firmly seiz$ 9 ) small cord at "o corn]4 ,^! bags are mo/ conv5i5t :5 a supply ( wat] is ne$$ on any em]g5cy1 especially if ! l&+ be difficult or dang]\s1 or ! inhabitants ho/ile4 ,!y occupy no room 9 ! boat :ile empty4 ,! o>sman may pull 9 un5cumb]$ ?r\gh ! surf2 or1 if x is necess>y to fight1 ! riflem5 may use _! weapons4 ,:5 ! l&+ is effect$ ea* c>ri] may seize 8 bag1 sl+ x ov] 8 %\ld] ) a lany>d1 & exp]i5ce no h9drance until he actually fills x1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! weight ( ! wat] w become a burd54 ,! bags w lie flat 9 ! boat's bottom1 accommodat+ _! =m to t ( ! space !y occupy4 ,if x is necess>y to c>ry sail !y s]ve z balla/2 & ev5 7 ! boat to fill1 !y w\ld n s9k h]1 b1 z fre% wat] is ( some:at less specific gravity ?an salt1 w\ld1 if secur$ by bottom bo>ds laid ov] !m & b5ea? ! ?w>ts1 help to keep h] up2 & on ?is acc\nt !y w\ld =m ! mo/ eligible balla/ = boats on sep>ate s]vice1 & ev5 = pleasure boats on excursions1 :]e !y might n be 9 actual ne$ ( a l>ge supply ( fre% wat]4 ,calaba%es1 horns1 & egg-%ells4 ,cattle horns s]ve 9 ,s\? ,africa = p[d]-flasks or wat] vessels1 "s1 especially among ! ,be*uana tribes1 be+ #ac;ft4 f tip to tip1 & capable ( conta9+ sev]al gallons ea*2 :ile ! ,hott5tots use !m to hold honey be]1 & ! ,abyss9ians = t$ge or mead4 ,a calaba%1 or g\rd1 is us$ by mo/ ( ! natives ( ,s\? ,africa1 z well z _m o!r c\ntries1 z a wat] vessel4 ,x is light1 wat]-tight1 n v easily brok51 & ev5 if an un=tunate fracture %\ld take place ! natives repair x by bor+ holes on ei!r side ! crack1 po9t+ !m diagonally t[>ds ea* o!r1 s t1 by giv+ a slight turn to ! po9t ( ! s9ew us$ = ?read1 !y ei!r pass x ?r\gh ! next hole or br+ x s ne> t x may be caught1 cro*et fa%ion1 by a f9e ?orn or a crook-po9t$ ne$le4 ,! leakage is /opp$ by a little grease & clay rubb$ into ! holes4 ,a calaba% ) a long neck may be cut s z to =m a spoon or ladle4 ,o!rs ( small] size are us$ z snuff-boxes1 or receptacles = _m trifles2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,turkey calaba%es are us$ = p[d] flasks4 ,an o/ri*'s egg-%ell ) a net work$ tightly r\nd x makes a good wat]-bottle4 ,bladd]s & paun*es4 ,! bladd]s1 or paun*es1 ( sla9 animals are v g5]ally us$ z wat] vessels4 ,if an animal has drunk rec5tly wat] may be f\nd 9 its /oma*4 ,we h qu5*$ our ?ir/ ) ! milk ( a blesbok doe z %e lay dead1 ?\gh n yet cold1 ^u ! pla94 ,we h (t5 se5 our foll[]s1 :5 a buffalo or o!r animal has be5 kill$1 take out ! paun*1 %ake out its cont5ts1 & ha/5 ) x to ! ne>e/ /ream1 :]e1 ) b>ely a prep>atory r9s+1 !y w\ld fill x ) wat] q clean en\gh = _! idea ( cul9>y op]ation2 &1 call+ on ! ne>e/ native resid5t1 w\ld invite him to br+ 8 pots ) him & assi/ 9 cook+ ! banquet4 ,sometimes ! paun* scrap$ ?9 is susp5d$ by ?ongs pass$ ?r\gh l purse /r+s4 ,occasionally two mimosa ?orns1 :i* are n unfrequ5tly #d;94 or #e;94 long1 or a c\ple ( skew]s1 are ?ru/ ?r\gh & ! cord tight5$ r\nd "u !m4 ,if a small hole %\ld be f\nd1 x may be /opp$ by putt+ a some:at l>g] pebble ^u ! place1 ga!r+ ! sk9 ar\nd x1 & !n ty+ ! neck firmly ) a cord2 or ! edges may be skew]$ toge!r ) a ?orn1 & ! neck b\nd tightly ) cord4 ,:5 a rh9oc]os has fall5 we h se5 ! ,dam>a wom5 c>efully extract ! long inte/9es1 di/5d !m ) air1 & br+ !m home coil$ r\nd _! bodies1 to be us$ !reaft] z wat] vessels4 ,wat]pro( baskets4 ,! ,kafirs on ! fronti] ( ! ,cape ,colony plait baskets ( s f9e a texture t !y employ !m = hold+ milk & ev5 wat]2 b x is bett] t !y %\ld become saturat$ ) ! fir/ be=e !y are us$ = ! latt]1 z1 ?\gh !y swell :ile wet & are p]fectly tight1 pure wat] w\ld dry out ) ! heat f ! fibre ( an empty basket1 & ! consequ5t %r9k+ ( ! texture w\ld make x leaky4 ,we h se5 mo/ elegant & s]viceable baskets made 9 ,timor ( ! leaves ( ! fan palm4 ,! ends ( all ! spread+ leaflets are ga!r$ toge!r 9 a po9t1 & a cord ( twi/$ fibre is pass$ z a h&le f ?is po9t to ! /ump ( ! foot/alk4 ,a pair ( ^! baskets1 hold+ two or ?ree gallons ea*1 are slung to ! ends ( a bamboo1 & ! be>] tak+ ?is across 8 %\ld] c>ries wat]1 or sometimes palm juice1 ab\t ! t[n4 ,! latt] refre%+ bev]age is sold at a doit p] cup2 ! cup itself be+ made ( a small] palm leaf1 & also pur*asable = a doit or two4 ,at ,walvis* ,bay1 9 ,s\?-,we/ ,africa1 :]e ra9 falls p]haps once 9 two ye>s1 & ! riv] runs ) fre% wat] once 9 t51 !re is a small wat] hole call$ ,s& ,f\nta94 ,?is is ab\t f\r miles f ! l&+ place1 & ! wat] 01 & p]haps /ill is1 br\ght by two or m ,hott5tots dragg+ a cask fitt$ up l a g>d5 roll]1 ) ! pivots set firmly into /\t cross-pieces nail$ or screw$ ^u ea* end ( ! cask4 ,%afts ( wood1 ) holes bor$ 9 !m to fit ^u ! pivots1 may be us$ z means ( traction1 or1 if m conv5i5t1 ropes ) ?imbles or grummets turn$ 9 ! ends = ! same purpose2 b 9 ?is case ! trek ropes %\ld be kept ap>t by a horizontal b> t !y may n *afe ^u ! *9e ( ! cask4 ,x w also be advantage\s to fit on felloe-pieces1 ne> ea* end1 s z to =m a sub/itute = :eels1 on :i* ! cask may travel1 & ?is w save a great deal ( we> & te> %\ld ! c\ntry be r\gh or /ony4 ,a l>g] cask m\nt$ on ! aft] :eels ( a waggon1 & fitt$ ) *ocks on a frame ly+ on ! axle is useful4 ,camp filt]4 ,filt]+ bags c be made ( wooll5 or o!r clo?4 ,an excell5t & conv5i5t camp filt] is ?us made3 ,take a wood5 box or b>rel1 long & deep4 ,bore a numb] ( holes 9 ! bottom1 fa/5 9 a blanket bag1 & !n place a lay] ( grass1 small twigs1 or moss on ! bottom1 ov] ! holes2 !n a lay] ( s&2 !n a ?ick b$ ( co>se lumps ( *>coal2 !n fre% lay]s ( grass or moss1 until ! box or b>rel is ab\t half fill$4 ,!n fa%ion a false head or cov]1 mak+ x j l>ge en\gh to move up & d[n ! cask or box freely2 burn or bore a numb] ( holes 9 x1 &1 :5 fitt$ 91 press x firmly d[n on ! arrangem5t bel[1 & drive a few nails 9 above to keep x f ris+4 ,:5 ?is contrivance is p>tially sunk 9 a pond or lake ! wat] w asc5d to ! upp] comp>tm5t above ! false head1 f :i* x c be dipp$ or drawn = use4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r useful b>rel filt] c be made by knock+ bo? ! heads out ( a small cask1 bor+ x full ( gimlet holes1 plac+ x on a ?ick lay] ( *>coal & pebbles 9 a l>g] cask1 also bor$ full ( holes1 & !n fill+ 9 all ! space betwe5 ! out] & inn] b>rels ) ! mixture1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ is an exp$i5t easily extemporis$ & frequ5tly us$ 9 damp soils1 :]e wat] is sc>ce4 ,a quantity ( grass is ti$ up 9 a wisp1 or plait$ into a bag2 two re$s are ins]t$ 9 ?is--"o z a suction tube1 & ! o!r to admit air2 & ! app>atus is buri$ :]ev] a suffici5cy ( moi/ure is likely to p]meate ! soil4 ,illu/ration ,! annex$ illu/ration %[s a v common exp$i5t4 ,suppose ! wat]s ( a riv] to be excessively turbid3 a well may be dug 9 ! bank at any conv5i5t di/ance1 & ! wat] t collects 9 x w at lea/ be mu* cle>] ?an t ( ! riv]4 ,( c\rse none ( ^! modes w correct *emical impurity4 ,h9ts on spr+s4 ,we h he>d x said t ev5 sea-wat] by filtration ?r\gh a consid]able mass ( s& w lose mu* ( its saltness & become dr9kable1 & t1 by digg+ wells at "s di/ance f ! m>g9 ( ! bea*1 x may be obta9$ ) a v small am\nt ( bracki%ness4 ,we %\ld l to he> a well-au!nticat$ in/ance ( ?is1 9 :i* !re c\ld be no d\bt t ! sea-wat] _h be5 ?us purifi$1 & t ! digg]s _h n 9 fact /ruck ^u a /ratum moi/5$ by ! inl& dra9age1 & r5d]$ m or less bracki% by meet+ ) ! sea-wat]4 ,we h kn[n a rem>kable in/ance ( ! discov]y ( a spr+ ( fre% wat] 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! salt4 ,9 #ahee1 :ile atta*$ to ! ,nor?-,au/ralian ,exp$ition1 we _h great difficulty 9 supply+ ! %eep c>ri$ by our s*oon]1 ,tom ,t\gh1 ) wat]4 ,we made "o trip up ! ,victoria ,riv]1 ) indi>ubb] bags--& ?is we purpose to notice m fully "u its prop] head+--& se>*$ ! c\ntry on ei!r side ! riv] 9 all directions4 ,we f\nd _m little pools 9 %ady holl[s ( rock1 or ( alluvial soil1 m>k+ ! c\rse ! rivulets w\ld take 9 ! ra9y season1 & _m ( !m deck$ ) wat]lilies4 ,b ^! 7 too di/ant to be ( s]vice to u1 & we aga9 exam9$ ! c\ntry 9 our vic9ity4 ,9 "o cleft ( rock we f\nd a p9t or two ( wat]1 & ) a long twig & ! brok5 %ell ( a g\ty /em fruit we drew up en\gh to allay our ?ir/2 b aft] trav]s+ ! arid ridges = h\rs we 7 return+ unsuccessfully1 :51 pass+ at half-tide along ! muddy m>g9 ( ! riv] :]e a bold project+ headl& =bade u any o!r pa?1 ,mr4 ,gregory notic$ a little wat] collect$ 9 a holl[ ( ! mud ar\nd a b\ld]4 ,we ?\ght at fir/ x 0 only ! dra9age ( ! retir+ tide1 b on ta/+ x1 we co9cid$ 9 8 op9ion t x 0 n salt wat]4 ,we set to "w ) our h&s & cle>$ away ! mud & bracki% slime till1 hav+ rea*$ a /ratum too h>d = our f+]s' ends1 we re/$1 & soon _h ! satisfaction ( see+ a small ?readlike /reamlet ( cle> wat] =c+ its way ?r\gh ! muddy s$im5t4 ,9 a few m9utes ne>ly half a p9t ( fre% wat] _h collect$1 &1 hav+ satisfi$ ourselves ( ! value ( our discov]y1 we return$ to our s*oon]1 &1 putt+ a c\ple ( pun*eons 9 ! long boat1 wait$ till ! turn ( ! next tide1 & dropp$ d[n ) ! ebb to ! headl&4 ,our well 0 n yet uncov]$1 b we began to "w z soon z ! wat] fell bel[ our knees1 greatly to ! a/oni%m5t ( our ,dut* sailor1 :o c\ld h>dly f9d t]ms /rong en\gh to express x4 ,allamagtig1 said he ov] & ov] aga91 h ,i liv$ s long 9 ?is _w t ,i mu/ come to dig = fre% wat] und]nea? ! salt6 ,we made a fire on ! uncov]$ b\ld] to give u light1 at no small risk ( injury f ! splitt+ (f ( heat$ fragm5ts2 &1 remov+ z _m l>ge /ones z we c\ld1 cle>$ out a spr+ ( p]fectly pure fre% wat]1 abundant en\gh to fill bo? our pun*eons be=e ! tide aga9 rose high en\gh to cov] x4 ,nor 0 ?is a transi5t ph5om5on1 = ! next ye>1 be=e we left ! riv]1 we aga9 cle>$ out ! ,gregory well & fill$ all ! casks ( our vessel = h] voyage4 ,! sket* repres5ts v ne>ly ! locality 9 "q2 ! high-wat] level is %[n by ! upp] horizontal l9e1 & ! half-tide by ! l[] "o1 & t ( ! well is obs]vable betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration ,a make%ift filt] c be made z foll[s3 ,a small re$ is ins]t$ into a walnut %ell1 or any o!r receptacle ( ab\t ! same size1 pi]c$ ) small holes1 & pack$1 n too tightly1 ) hemp1 cotton1 coir sponge1 or o!r por\s mat]ial2 x is !n plac$ 9 ! %ell ( a cocoa-nut1 an o/ri*'s egg1 or t9 pannik9 ( any k9d1 & ! int]val betwe5 ! two mod]ately pack$ ) *>coal made ei!r f wood or1 /ill bett]1 bones1 ) any fibr\s mat]ial1 & a mixture ( s& or gravel4 ,?is is plung$ b5ea? ! wat]1 & ! tube be+ tak5 into ! m\?1 a little suction does all ! re/4 ,! %ank or w+-bone ( a crane1 a /ork1 or albatross1 may be us$ z a tube 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa always c>ry "o or m suction re$s 9 ! quiv] ) _! arr[s1 &1 :5ev] ! wat] is surr\nd$ by banks s /eep t ! lips _c conv5i5tly rea* ! surface1 lie d[n & suck ! wat] ?r\gh ! tube4 ,:5 !re is only damp soil !y dig a hole1 &1 wrapp+ up ! end ( ! re$ 9 a tuft ( grass1 !y bury x1 & suck ! wat] t filt]s ?r\gh4 ,b z ! ,bu%woman fills ! o/ri*'s egg-%ells1 to be c>ri$ away = home consumption1 %e takes ano!r re$1 or (t5 m]ely a bit ( grass or /raw1 z a conductor1 & spirts ! wat] along x f ! o!r side ( h] m\? into ! %ell4 ,! orifice is !n plugg$ ) a wisp ( grass2 &1 a doz5 or m ( ! %ells be+ pack$ 9 a net1 %e takes !m on h] back & m>*es1 p]haps1 _m a mile to deposit !m :]ev] ! m5 require wat]4 ,grass filt]s4 ,sometimes ! ,bu%m5 take a good h&ful ( grass1 & la% x v tightly up at ! tap] end1 leav+ ! butt spread+ & at lib]ty2 9 fact1 !y tie x on exactly ! opposite pr9ciple to t on :i* a broom or bir* rod is made4 ,!y dip ! l>ge end into ! muddy pool1 & !n all[ ! wat] to drip f ! tap] end into _! m\?s if !y h no o!r vessel at h& to receive x4 ,(t51 :5 ! mud is compos$ ma9ly ( vegetable matt]1 & is too light to sep>ate & fall to ! bottom ( a pannik9 z s$im5t1 ?is is ab\t ! be/ way ( cle>+ x4 ,_m plants1 l ! aloe 9 ,s\? ,africa1 or o!rs ^: leaves po9t upw>d & h a cup-%ap$ cavity at _! junction ) ! /alk1 reta9 a consid]able quantity ( wat] aft] ra9s2 & "s seem to h ! p[] ( imbib+ moi/ure f ! air1 ev5 ?\gh no ra9 falls4 ,ra9-wat] is collect$ at sea by spread+ ! %ip's awn+s1 & hang+ buckets "u !m by means ( sail hooks2 ^!1 ( c\rse1 depress t "p ( ! canvas to :i* !y are hook$ on2 ! wat] fl[s t[>ds x1 & runs d[n ! lany>d into ! bucket4 ,9 situations :]e a good supply ( re$s is to be obta9$ a tol]ably effective contrivance = wat]-cle>+ may be made z foll[s3 ,cut en\gh re$s to =m a bundle z l>ge z a six-gallon b>rel2 lay !m ev5ly1 ) _! heads "o way & _! cut ends ! o!r4 ,n[ cut ?ree long sl5d] poles or rods2 =m !m into hoops by la%+ _! ends ) cord1 raw hide1 or a few creep]s1 & !n secure !m r\nd ! bundle ( re$s1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ,! re$ cyl9d]1 if prop]ly made1 %\ld be firm1 compact1 & capable ( /&+ alone l a cask4 ,x %\ld n[ h a b[l-%ap$ depression cut 9 its c5tre1 & be plac$ 9 ! f\l wat]1 & secur$ !re by driv+ a /\t r\gh pole d[n ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! depression4 ,! bottom ( ! re$ cyl9d] may or may n t\* ! bottom4 ,9 deep wat] x rema9s hung1 or1 r1 impal$ on ! pole 9 su* a way t ab\t #f;94 ( ! cut ends ( ! re$s are above ! surface4 ,! wat] w quickly fill ! depression1 out ( :i* x may be dipp$ ) a cup or o!r vessel4 ,illu/ration ,! ,indian wat]-c>ri]s spread a piece ( ?ick native clo? ov] ! m\? ( an e>!n *atty pot1 & !n p\r ! tank wat] on x until ! vessel is full1 :5 ! cont5ts are transf]r$ to ! lea!r mussac1 or wat]-bag4 ,we h (t5 _h rec\rse to ?is exp$i5t on a small scale1 & made use ( our brass lota pot1 ) a d\ble silk h&k]*ief spread ov] its m\?1 to /ra9 (f impurities4 ,cle>+ nut4 ,turbid wat] is cle>$ to "s ext5t by plac+ a piece ( common alum 9 x4 ,a lump ! size ( a common nutmeg w be f\nd suffici5t to ?r[ d[n a heavy s$im5t f a pailful ( f\l wat]4 ,9 ,india a species ( nut or se$ is made use ( 9 ! same way1 & appe>s to act mu* 9 ! same mann]1 al?\gh f diff]5t *emical aff9ities4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is wat]-cle>+ nut1 ! late ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t1 9 8 admirable "w on ,ceylon1 says3 ,to correct ! impurity ( ! tank wat] :5 int5d$ = _! own use1 ! natives employ a horny se$ 7! production ( a species ( '/ry*nos'7 ab\t ! size ( a c(fee bean1 call$ by ! ,tamils 'tettan kotta1' & by ! ,s+halese '+9i' 7,/ry*nos potatorum74 ,?is !y rub r\nd ! inside ( ! unglaz$ e>!n *atty 9 :i* ! muddy wat] is held till ab\t "o-half ! se$ is gr\nd (f1 :i*1 m+l+ ) ! wat]1 =ms ) x a delicate mucilage4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes ! impure p>ticles1 be+ seiz$ by ?is1 desc5d1 &1 on _! subsid5ce1 =m an app>5tly viscid s$im5t at ! bottom1 :il/ ! cle> fluid rema9s at ! top2 &1 al?\gh n altoge!r bright1 is suffici5tly pure = ord9>y purposes4 ,! curi\s & valuable plant ,s4 potatorum1 or ! 'cle>+ nut bu%' is abundant 9 ! woods & m\nta9s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x be>s a %9+ fruit1 :i* becomes black z x rip5s4 ,! tr9al "n is d]iv$ f ! use :i* is made ( ! se$s1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 are sold by ! native deal]s 9 ! baza>s expressly = ! purpose ( purify+ turbid wat]4 ,?is plant 7,/ry*nos ,/4 ,ignatii1 or ,/4 ,ignatius's bean7 is a climb+ %rub )\t t5drils1 be>+ long droop+ :ite fl[]s1 :i* h ! p]fume ( jasm9e4 ,! species is id5tical ) ! ,ignatia am>a ( ,l9nu4 ,x is a native ( ,co*9-,*9a & ! ,philipp9es1 z well z ( ,india prop]4 ,illu/ration ,pat5t filt]4 ,we1 a %ort "t s9ce1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ a small portable filt]1 :i* c be c>ri$ ei!r 9 ! brea/ pocket or hol/]4 ,its mode ( use w be und]/ood on ref]5ce to ! illu/ration4 ,place ! end ( ! tube 7,a7 firmly 9 ! pipe 7,b72 fix ! cov] securely on ! cup1 & !n ?ru/ x ) ! h& b5ea? ! surface ( ! f\l wat]4 ,hold ! m\?piece 7,c7 betwe5 ! lips1 & draw ! air by suck+ f ! int]ior ( ! flask until ! wat] fl[s freely into ! m\?4 ,if a draught ( wat] is requir$ = imm$iate use1 ! cov] may be n[ remov$1 :5 ! cup w be f\nd full4 ,if a l>g] quantity ( wat] is ne$$1 "o or m flasks may be plac$ 9 an erect position 9 a tub or pail ( wat]1 set 9 action z be=e direct$1 & all[$ to run until ! wat] 9 ! tub has rea*$ ! level ( ! flasks1 :i* w n require hold+ "u wat] :5 once fill$ by exhau/+ ! air conta9$ 9 !m4 ,to r5ew or cleanse ! pack+1 :i* may consi/ ( sponge1 wooll5 clo?1 flannel1 wild cotton1 or f9e moss1 unscrew ! cov] ( ! pack+ box )9 ! cov]1 :5 x c be easily )drawn & replac$4 ,! tube1 :5 n 9 use1 is c>ri$1 coil$ up1 )9 ! flask1 :i*1 on an em]g5cy1 may be made use ( = boil+ wat]1 tea1 s\p1 eggs1 or meat4 ,we h _h ! hon\r ( exhibit+ ?is simple b useful contrivance at meet+s ( ! memb]s ( bo? ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution & ! ,royal ,society4 ,illu/ration ,we h n[ appli$ ! same pr9ciple to /opp]s = bottles1 or any o!r vessels1 s t a common be] or sodawat] bottle c be in/antly conv]t$ into a syphon filt]1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,by ! use ( our inv5tion we effectually get rid ( ! ova & l>v ( wat] insects1 & ! ?\s& & "o liv+ & dead impurities :i* are s abundant 9 ! lakes1 /reams1 & ponds ( tropical c\ntries4 ,to get into ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! flask or bottle1 !y w\ld fir/ h to pass ?r\gh metal grat+ ,no4 #a2 !n ?r\gh ! pores ( closely-impact$ sponge1 wooll51 or f9e fibr\s matt]2 &1 la/ly1 ?r\gh ano!r grat+1 or /ra9] ,no4 #b4 ,!re is sc>cely any possibility ( =eign sub/ances ( any k9d pass+ ?r\gh ! /uff+ box1 s t wat]1 unless *emically ta9t$ or poison$ by m9]al solutions1 c be r5d]$ fit = use 9 two or ?ree m9utes by ! use ( ei!r ! metal flask or /opp]4 ,we extemporis$ a camp filt] 9 ! ,crimea by knock+ out ! bottom ( a common cl>et bottle1 turn+ x l>ge end upw>ds1 fa/5+ a piece ( d\bl$ rag ov] ! orifice int5d$ = ! cork1 /uff+ ! neck tightly ) sponge & s& 9 alt]nate lay]s1 hang+ x up ) tw9e ov] ano!r bottle1 & !n fill+ x ) ! by-no-means cle> fluid br\ght to ! t5ts by ! wat] c>ri]s4 ,ice1 ev5 :5 tak5 f a v dirty puddle1 is comp>atively pure1 z 9 freez+ mo/ ( ! impurities are set free4 ,v impure wat] f /agnant pools %\ld1 be=e use1 be boil$ 9 ! camp-kettle ) a good netful ( *>coal4 ,?is process n only t5ds mu* to purify x1 b kills all wat] insects1 _! ova1 & ! legions ( animalcul :i* inhabit ! pools ( ! tropics4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 ,c5tral ,india = example1 ! wat]s 9 c]ta9 wells1 al?\gh p]fectly bright & cle>1 is s highly *>g$ ) sal9e matt] z to be p]fectly undr9kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,well4 ,wat] rais+4 ,! accompany+ full-page illu/ration repres5ts "o ( ! modes by :i* ox-p[] is1 9 ! ,ea/1 br\ght to be> on wat] rais+4 ,! great] numb] ( ! ext5sive tracks ( irrigat$ l& devot$ to ! gr[? ( ! opium poppy1 ! cotton plant1 & ! v>i\s native gra9s are wat]$ by its aid4 ,! =m ( ! wat]-bag1 or bucket1 diff]s some:at 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,by "s mak]s x is =m$ f tann$ hides fa/5$ to an iron frame2 by o!rs1 ! hides are m]ely tann$ 7accord+ to directions giv5 fur!r on71 spread op5 at ! top1 & tap]$ (f to a long n>r[ op5 bag at ! end4 ,to expla9 ! use ( ?is contrivance1 we w suppose t ! bag is at ! bottom ( ! well1 at ! end ( ! well rope & po9t guide1 :i* latt] cord is fa/5$ to ! tap] end or deliv]y m\? ( ! bag4 ,n[ ?is guide be+ %ort] ?an ! ma9 well rope1 on :i* all ! /ra9 falls1 draws up ! tap]$ po9t l a d\bl$ coat-sleeve above ! level ( ! bag's m\?4 ,at a signal 7usually a %rill yell7 f ! well boy1 ! well-tra9$ ox walks away d[n an incl9$ plane1 haul+ on ! ma9 well rope1 :i* works ov] a smoo? r\nd /ick fitt$ above ! well1 :il/ ! po9t guide rope works ov] ano!r fitt$ at ! side4 ,n[ x w be se5 t z ! great lea!r sack1 ) its d\bl$-up sleeve bottom1 rea*es ! m\? ( ! well1 ! po9t guide w draw ! cuff ( ! sleeve out ov] ! r\nd /ick1 :i* w !n be consid]ably l[] ?an ! m\? ( ! bag1 or bucket2 all ! wat] w !n gu% out ?r\gh ! sleeve1 :i* w be z ! small end ( an enorm\s funnel4 ,! wat] ?us p\r$ out is usually receiv$ 9 a sort ( pond made f pieces ( matt+ fill$ ) e>?4 ,a l>ge holl[ tree trunk is !n fitt$ to "o side1 or ! end1 = ! wat] to fl[ ?r\gh into ! ma9 canal ( ! sy/em ( irrigation4 ,9 ,t>t>y1 wat] is rais$ 9 mu* ! same mann]2 b a man on horseback makes ! l9e fa/ to 8 gir? or saddle1 & gallops f ! well up to a m>k previ\sly made at a prop] di/ance f ! well1 & :i* %\ld be a trifle m ?an ! actual dep? f :i* ! wat] is to be rais$4 ,9 almo/ all c\ntries1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t1 lev]s1 heavily weight$ on ! %ort] arm1 & ) a bucket atta*$ to ! long]1 h be5 us$ = rais+ wat] f deep wells4 ,! pictorial records ( ,anci5t ,egypt atte/ ! antiquity ( ?is me?od4 ,! %ado( ( mod]n ,egypt is ! same1 & we h se5 x us$ bo? 9 t c\ntry & on ! remote/ mission /ations 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,! mode ( apply+ x w be se5 by a glance at our full-page engrav+4 ,! wat] rais$ by ! %ado( is commonly us$ = irrigation4 ,we1 h[ev]1 f\nd x v valuable dur+ ! ,crimean w> = rais+ wat] = bo? m5 & horses4 ,:5 us$ among ! crops1 ! wat] is receiv$ sometimes 9 a res]voir ) embankm5ts1 gu>d$ by matt+1 & at o!rs1 into tr\ghs :i* lead direct to ! ma9 irrigat+ *annel1 f :i* small] furr[s lead (f to e "p ( ! field4 ,^! are /opp$ ) lumps ( clay or e>?1 & :5 ! wat] is requir$ 9 any direction1 ! irrigator removes ! ob/ruction by ?ru/+ 8 toes b5ea? & lift+ x out ( ! way4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,india1 & o!r c\ntries1 :eels & ma*9es1 m or less elaborate1 are us$ = lift+ wat]4 ,!re mu/ be1 = ?is purpose1 at lea/ "o v]tical :eel ( suffici5t diamet] to c>ry an endless b&1 on :i* are fa/5$ a s]ies ( buckets1 9 su* a mann] t !y w reta9 v ne>ly _! p]p5dicul> position1 until !y surm\nt ! highe/ portion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 & w !n tip & dis*>ge ! wat] into a tr\gh or res]voir4 ,^! buckets may be wood5 b[ls1 e>!n *atty pots1 bags ( lea!r or canvas1 jo9ts ( bamboo1 or any?+ t is mod]ately wat]-tight2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! less leakage !re is ! bett]4 ,! b& %\ld run r\nd a simil> :eel ! axle ( :i* is ne>ly level ) ! wat]1 s t ! b& is kept tight & ! buckets =c$ b5ea? ! surface2 b ?is may be disp5s$ ) if ! b& & upp] :eel are suffici5tly r\gh1 or if !re be /uds or po9ts to cat* ! full buckets & prev5t _! slipp+4 ,! :eel may be turn$ ei!r by a crank1 by manual lab\r1 or ox5 or o!r animals may be employ$4 ,9 ?is latt] case !re may be ano!r l>g] :eel or drum ^u ! same axle1 & sev]al turns ( rope be+ tak5 ov] x1 ! ox may be driv5 away1 unw9d+ x z he goes2 or an endless screw1 slop+ at an angle ( #de1 may be cut ^u ! axle1 :ile a simil> "o work+ 9 x is cut ^u a v]tical %aft4 ,or cogg$ :eels ( ! same angle 7z %[n 9 our figure7 may be us$2 ! v]tical pill> w !n be turn$ by an ox yok$ to a cross-b> & walk+ r\nd x 9 a circul> pa?2 b x w be necess>y t ! dis*>g+ tr\gh %\ld pass b5ea? a little bridge 9 ?is pa?1 & t ! communication ) ! wat] to be drawn up %\ld ei!r be by a well )9 ! circle1 or by a *annel to ! riv] pass+ "u a simil> bridge4 ,! /an*eons ( ! frame :i* supports ! v]tical b> mu/ /& outside & well cle> ( ! pa?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a1 #b ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b ,we give1 also1 an example ( a box pump4 ,f\r deals or bo>ds1 ( any l5g? or bread?1 are nail$ toge!r1 b _! l[] ends = ab\t a foot or m %\ld be left a little wid] ?an ! re/ ( ! l5g?2 two :eels ( ne>ly equal diamet] %\ld be fix$1 "o ) "p ( its circumf]5ce bel[ ! wat]1 & ! o!r some:at high] ?an x is requisite to raise x2 an endless b& ( canvas or o!r mat]ial mu/ pass r\nd bo? :eels1 & "o side ( x ?r\gh ! tr\gh4 ,on ?is b& mu/ be fa/5$ by "o edge a numb] ( bo>ds or floats ( su* size z ne>ly to fill ! inn] diamet] ( ! tr\gh1 )\t be+ s tight z to /ick 9 any "p ( x2 a hole %\ld be bor$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 & a small l9e run ?r\gh & knott$1 s z to keep ! floats always at "r angles to ! b&4 ,!re %\ld be a sp\t ne> ! top ( ! tr\gh1 to lead ! wat] (f 9 any requir$ direction4 ,fig4 #b on ! same illu/ration %[s "p ( an endless b&1 ) pockets or bags /it*$ on x2 ^! may be ( almo/ any /\t mat]ial ( tol]ably close fibre--,no4 #a canvas w\ld answ] v well4 ,!y w\ld dis*>ge ! wat] ov] ! :eel into a res]voir1 & no tube1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 w\ld be ne$$4 ,illu/ration ,we give1 also1 an example ( :eels driv5 by wat] p[] ov] & und]%ot4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to m>k ^! ) di/9ctive figures4 ,9 ! fir/ ! wat] is convey$ by a pipe or tr\gh1 & all[$ to fall ^u ! :eel into buckets or receptacles =m$ 9 its p]iph]y by fix+ bo>ds across betwe5 ! two rims1 at su* angles z are indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 :i* may be tak5 to repres5t ! heads ( ! nails driv5 into _! edges2 & ?us !y w reta9 wat] until1 by ! revolution ( ! :eel1 !y h sunk s f> z to be bel[ ! level ( ! axle1 :5 !y all[ ! wat] to escape1 & come up light & empty on ! o!r side4 ,"s ( ^! :eels are z mu* z #cj;ft4 or m 9 diamet]2 inde$1 ! l>g] !y are1 ! great] is ! lev]age obta9$ f a giv5 am\nt ( wat]2 &1 ! :eel once set 9 motion1 ! p[] ?us ga9$ may be appli$ by connect+ ge> to any me*anical purpose4 ,! und]%ot simply has bo>ds or floats fix$ across x ) _! edges co9cid+ ) ! l9es ( ! spokes4 ,inde$1 if a paddle /eam] 7 an*or$ 9 a tideway1 & h] :eels disconnect$ & all[$ to revolve ) ! =ce ( ! tide1 !y w\ld furni% a good example ( ! und]%ot :eel2 & ! paddle ( a wreck$ /eam] w\ld be bett] ?an any?+ a coloni/ ) scant appliances c\ld make = ! purpose4 ,/ill1 ) a few tools & a mod]ate %>e ( +5uity v fair make%ift wat]-:eels may be con/ruct$ 9 situations :]e !y may be f\nd mo/ valuable4 ,we h1 :5 among ! ,t>t>s1 se5 !m erect a small wood5 hut ov] a n>r[ rapid m\nta9 /ream1 leave a sort ( trap 9 ! floor1 fix 9 "s r\gh =k$ tree trunks & beams1 & on !m m\nt a little wat]-:eel made ( hewn planks & b>s tre5ail$ toge!r on ! d\ble-cross sy/em1 l t adopt$ 9 build+ up ! :eel a 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #eaa1 :i* is suppos$ to be erect$ = m9+ pumps1 & is f$ by a two-plank %oot4 ,! ,t>t> :eels 7 inv>iably und]%ot1 l t at ,b1 & 7 us$ = sett+ 9 motion ! trip hamm]s us$ 9 full+ _! co>se native wooll54 ,9 ! beautiful valley ( ! ,k[ie ,riv]1 a few miles bel[ ,graham/[n1 we saw a r +5i\s application ( w9d p[] to a horizontal :eel4 ,! pr9ciple w be be/ %[n by call+ to ! read]'s memory ! well kn[n nautical toy :i* consi/s ( f\r or m cutt]s1 or =e & aft rigg$ vessels1 sail+ 9 a circle on a ma/-head or flag-/aff4 ,9 ! =e & aft sails ! =emo/ lea*1 or edge1 is atta*$ by r+s1 or o!rwise1 to ! ma/ or /ay ( ! respective sail1 & is /ret*$ tight1 :ile ! aft] lea* is left m or less free1 accord+ z ! %eet is haul$ 9 or eas$ (f4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is :5 ! vessel is be=e ! w9d ! sails fill1 b z _! surface cat*es x obliquely !y d n ex]t _! full =ce till ! vessel receives ! w9d ^u h] qu>t]4 ,:5 ! w9d is a-beam1 or bl[+ across h] at "r angles1 ! sails are /ill help+ h] =w>d1 & cont9ue to d s1 ev5 :5 h] head comes up s ne> z j n to %ake ! w9d out ( !m4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! sails lose _! p[]1 z !y pres5t only _! =emo/ edge to ! w9d1 & n a broad surface l ^? ( a squ>e-rigg$ %ip :5 %e is tak5 aback4 7,we w !re=e suppose f\r cutt]s1 a1 b1 c1 d47 ,! cutt] a is be=e ! w9d1 b has ! w9d some:at on ! qu>t]1 :ile c1 hav+ come up sev]al po9ts1 is n[ ne>ly head to w9d ) h] sails %ak+1 & d has tak5 ! w9d on ! o!r tack4 ,?us1 !re are always ?ree vessels ^: sails are help+ !m r\nd 9 "o direction1 :ile ! f\r?1 = ! mom5t t %e is 9 ! w9d's eye1 is p[]less to resi/ !m4 ,?is p[] c be appli$ to a l>ge horizontal :eel4 ,!re %\ld be two :eels1 "o #ah;94 or #b;ft4 above ! o!r2 !y are made z light z possible1 & ea* has a small] rim or felloe1 say #ah;941 )9 ! o!r4 ,! sails are 9 ?is in/ance flat bo>ds1 ) a d[el left on ea* end = a h+e4 ,^! d[els "w 9 holes 9 ! upp] & l[] spokes1 midway betwe5 ! inn] & out] felloes4 ,x w be se5 t ! sails m>k$ w receive ! w9d on "o side until1 com+ s f> be=e x t !y jibe1 !y assume ! position ( ^? :i* receive x on ! o!r4 ,:5 !y come up to ! w9d on ! o!r side ! :eel !y pres5t _! h+$ edge to ! w9d1 & %ift l ! sails ( cutt] c1 b )\t %ak+4 ,! be/ angle = !m to make is #bb-a_/b on ei!r side ! c5tral l9e1 & ?is is also ! angle at :i* ! sails ( a w9dmill %\ld pres5t _! surfaces4 ,well s9k+4 ,! explor]1 or settl]1 w n unfrequ5tly h to s9k wells = ! obta9m5t ( wat] = himself & 8 animals4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t ,nature has comm5c$ ! =mation ( a well1 :i* m]ely requires ! lab\rs ( man to complete4 ,! cr[b> & pick w1 9 su* cases1 v quickly enable ! travell] to deep5 x suffici5tly to meet 8 tempor>y ne$s4 ,:]e a long-cont9u$ resid5ce is int5d$1 & a regul> & cont9u\s supply ( wat] is requir$1 ap>t f t obta9$ f riv]s or lakes1 wells ( great] or less dep?1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd & wat] supply1 mu/ be und]tak54 ,! ,indians manage to con/ruct wall$ wells ( great dep? 9 loose s&y soil 9 ! foll[+ +5i\s mann]3 ,!y fir/ m>k a circle1 ! size ( ! int5d$ well1 on ! e>?4 ,!y !n dig a groove1 or tr5*1 ( ! wid? ( ! int5d$ ?ickness ( ! l9+ wall ( ! well1 mu* z our masons s9k a f\ndation = a h\se4 ,!y n[ proce$ to build a circle ( masonry 9 ! groove1 & c>ry x up to a few feet 9 height above ! surface4 ,o!r ,indians n[ get inside ! wall1 &1 ) %ort-h&l$ hoes & fire-h>d5$ /icks1 dig away ! s& f b5ea? ! f\ndation ( ! wall r\nd ! entire circle4 ,z ! s& is loos5$ & dug out1 x is tak5 up 9 cane baskets & ?r[n outside4 ,z ! wall s9ks into ! e>? by be+ und]m9$1 x is con/antly add$ to by build+ above until ! requir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,! ,*9ese s9k v n>r[ & deep wells by ! use ( a k9d ( jump]1 or bor+ bit4 ,?is is hung susp5d$ f ! end ( a long bamboo spr+ beam1 :i* is con/antly work$ up & d[n1 ?us caus+ ! bit to con/antly drop & pick1 s to speak1 on "o spot4 ,! bit is holl[1 & :5 x becomes full ( sludge produc$ by its incessant tapp+1 x is )drawn f ! hole1 cle>$ out1 & ent]$ aga94 ,a little wat] add$ f "t to "t mu* assi/s ! op]ation1 & t5ds to keep ! bit f becom+ heat$4 ,z x w be se5 ?is me?od1 al?\gh v useful z a make%ift1 is t$i\s to a degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,f ,mu* fe> 0 ent]ta9$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,abyss9ian w> t !re w\ld be a great sc>city ( wat] 9 consequ5ce ( ! comp>atively limit$ numb] ( wells & indiff]5t quality ( ! wat] to be f\nd 9 t portion ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* our troops _h to m>* %ortly aft] _! arrival2 & !re is little d\bt b t s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 if no worse1 w\ld h be5 exp]i5c$1 _h n a contrivance1 kn[n z ! ,am]ican tube well-bor]1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,norton1 be5 br\ght to ! notice ( ! ,gov]nm5t au?orities4 ,! wells =m$ by ^! deeply-p5etrat+ sets ( tubes 7 f\nd to supply wat] freely & exp$iti\sly 9 t c\ntry4 ,h[ f> ! p]=at$ end ( ! tube w\ld be effective1 if driv5 ?r\gh clay1 we h _h no means ( asc]ta9+2 b we are ( op9ion t = rea*+ deeply-buri$ wat]-yield+ deposits ( ord9>y "* ! tube-bor] w be f\nd mo/ valuable4 ,its action is simplicity itself4 ,! =ego+ illu/ration repres5ts ! contrivance fix$ on ! gr\nd & ready = use4 ,b1 ,b1 ,b are ! legs ( a triangle1 ,c is ! /rik+ po9t = ! monkey 7,d71 :i* is rais$ by ! pulley ropes 7,e1 ,e7 until x rea*es ! head ( ! triangle :5 x is all[$ to fall on ,c1 :i* is secur$ to ! jo9t ( tube ,f1 :i*1 hav+ a %>p arr[ headlike po9t1 readily ent]s ! e>?4 ,jo9t aft] jo9t are add$1 l ^? ( a fi%+ rod1 until ! requir$ dep? has be5 rea*$1 :5 a small pump is atta*$1 z 9 ! annex$ cut1 :i* %[s ! position ( ! set ( tubes 9 ! e>? aft] ! wat]-yield+ b$1 or deposit1 has be5 p5etrat$4 ,illu/ration ,:5 v l>ge quantities ( wat] are ne$$1 z = ! use ( troops1 troop horses1 & baggage animals1 sev]al tubes c be driv5 9 at "o spot & c\pl$ toge!r at ! top1 :5 "o pump c be made to draw f all4 ,! weight ( su* an arrangem5t z t repres5t$ w\ld be by no means great1 & ! co/ a m]e trifle :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ly process ( ,artesian well bor+ z usually c>ri$ out4 ,%\ld x be decid$ on to ab&on a well1 ! tubes c be drawn up & driv5 else:]e4 ,) reg>d to ! quantity ( wat] :i* tube wells ( a c]ta9 diamet] ( bore are capable ( br++ to ! surface1 ,mr4 ,norton in=ms u t "s ( 8 #a-a_/d;94 wells yield z mu* z #ijj gallons ( wat] p] h\r1 :il/ "s ( ! l>ge bores h p\r$ =? z mu* z #aj1jjj gallons p] h\r4 ,! modes by :i* wat] c be rais$ f common pit or %aft wells are num]\s4 ,"s ( !m we h describ$2 o!rs1 su* z ! old-fa%ion$ bucket & rope1 are too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,e ,! m9]'s pump w be f\nd describ$ at p4 #bff4 ,a v useful & effective pump may be readily made by bor+ an aug] hole ?r\gh a tree-trunk1 m\nt+ x ) a brake-piece & h&le z at ,a 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 fix+ on a valv$ suck] & plung]1 z repres5t$ at ,b4 ,c repres5ts a b>rel pump4 ,?is is made by fix+ a %ort squ>e wood5 box 9 ! bottom ( a l>ge /rong cask 9 su* a mann] t a l>ge bung-hole may be bor$ :]e ! c5tre ( ! box comes4 7,! accompany+ engrav+ w s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ! arrangem5t47 ,!n outside ! hole atta* a long tube made ( /\t sail canvas4 ,w9d a /iff rope into a spiral1 r\nd a sp> or pole1 :i* c be )drawn :5 ! coil is complete1 & atta* x "h & !re ) /it*es ( tw9e4 ,?is spiral coil w keep ! tube f collaps+ :5 9 use4 ,!n 9 y\r squ>e upright box fix a valv$ suck]1 made z %[n at ,d1 & ano!r valve 9 ! bottom ( ! box1 z at ,e4 ,a brake & h&le may be fitt$ to ! side ( ! b>rel1 & a h>d wood or iron plung] atta*$1 :5 ! pump w be ready = use4 ,z ! wat] fl[s out ov] ! rim ( ! box x is caught 9 ! b>rel1 to :i* a sp\t ( lea!r1 t91 or b>k may be atta*$4 ,!re are num]\s trees & plants to be f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w :i* yield1 9 addition to _! fruits1 l>ge quantities ( sap & o!r products1 :i* (t5 prove ( ine/imable value to ! travell]4 ,x w\ld be next to impossible to sep>ate arbitr>ily ! fruit-yield+ memb]s ( ! vegetable _w f ^? :i* furni% juice or sap only4 ,we %all !re=e 9 ?is "w treat ( ! mo/ valuable & notewor?y1 deal+ ) !m z !y happ5 to come "u notice4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ des]t p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa ! travell] ought n to despair ( f9d+ means to qu5* 8 ?ir/1 ev5 ?\gh wat] may n be obta9able4 ,9 "s p>ts he may1 p]haps1 cat* sight ( small antelopes paw+ ! h>d r$ soil1 or may at lea/ come on places t h be5 s scrat*$2 & ?\gh 9 _m in/ances ?is may h be5 done only to clean ! ho(s1 he w f9d t 9 o!rs holes ( sev]al in*es 9 dep? h be5 made = ! purpose ( obta9+ succul5t roots look+ v l small turnips4 ,sometimes ^! may be f\nd p>tially eat51 or left beh9d entire1 :5 ! timid animal has be5 />tl$ f 8 repa/4 ,! =m ( ^! roots %\ld be c>efully not$1 toge!r ) t ( _! leaves1 z ! travell] c only discov] ! :]eab\ts ( o!r roots by ext]nal indications1 & _c be guid$--z ! antelope probably is--by ! sc5t ( moi/ure b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,! natives ( ne>ly e sep>ate di/rict "k ( "s peculi> root t is1 p]haps1 conf9$ to _! own locality2 & x is always well to enc\rage !m to br+ a supply1 n only ( ! root1 b ( its leaves1 & to ask !m to po9t out ! plant1 s t its appe>ance may be obs]v$ be=e x is di/urb$4 ,"s ( ^! are small tub]s1 ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 on a long und]gr\nd /em2 o!rs are mu* l>g]2 & we h se5 "o ( ! k9d call$ m>qu1 :i* measur$ 9 its longe/ circumf]5ce #c-a_/b;ft41 & #b-a_/b;ft4 9 its %orte/4 ,! m>qu1 or m>khw1 is prop]ly ( a flatt5$ sph]ical figure1 ) an indication ( tap-root bel[ & a small conical protub]ance above1 f :i* ! sl5d] /em spr+s up4 ,its se$s are /rung ^u a ske9 ( fibres 9 long r\nd tap]+ pods1 #d;94 to #f;94 long1 & ?ick] ?an a goose-quill4 ,! ta/e & appe>ance1 :5 cut1 w\ld be some?+ l t ( a v fibr\s wat]y turnip2 b :5 ?ir/-qu5*+ plants are s\ght =1 we believe t ! m ta/eless !y are ! bett]4 ,! small] roots are m agreeable ?an ^? ( l>g] size2 & we h frequ5tly f\nd t ! ma/ication ( ev5 a small portion ( su* a root af=ds m relief ?an ! dr9k+ ( any quantity ( wat]4 ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 :]e ra9 seldom falls & ! night dews are heavy1 a v consid]able quantity ( wat] may be obta9$ f ! grass & l[ bu%es be=e sunrise1 by %ak+ !m ov] "s wide %all[ vessel2 or a piece ( wat]pro( clo? /ret*$ across ! prong end ( a wide-=k$ /ick4 ,:5 prop]ly put toge!r an implem5t ( ?is k9d is n unlike a l>ge du/pan4 ,sponges1 or s(t por\s clo?s1 absorb a l>ge quantity ( wat] :5 br\ght 9 contact ) wet plants or moi/ surfaces ( any k9d4 ,!y c be squeez$ out z fa/ z !y become *>g$ ) wat]4 ,aft] a long j\rney1 :5 ! ?roat is p>*$1 ! sk9 ( ! lips dri$ & crack+ = want ( moi/ure1 ! tee? f\l$1 & ! tongue1 ) all its papill1 dry & h>d z ! tee? ( a rasp1 rattl+ aga9/ !m1 !re is no imm$iate relief 9 dr9k+ wat]4 ,we h at times halt$ 9 a melon pat*1 & h select$ & cut into slices ! ta/eless melons = our horses4 ,! ,hott5tots & ,bu%m5 collect ^! 9 quantities1 & ) a /ick ma% up ! inside until x becomes a pulp2 &1 z ! wat] exudes f ! brok5 cells1 !y obta9 p]haps a m\?ful f ea* melon4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,kalah>i ,des]t x is notic$ t !re are individual elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 or o!r animals1 t nev] dr9k wat]1 hav+ atta*$ !mselves to a locality 9 :i* !y f9d melons & succul5t roots z sub/itutes4 ,inde$1 we believe t at lea/ "o tribe ( ,namaqua ,hott5tots live v com=tably 9 an absolutely wat]less c\ntry1 subsi/+ *iefly on ! milk ( _! cattle1 :i* 9 turn qu5* _! ?ir/ solely by eat+ wat] melons4 ,our fell[ travell]1 ,joseph ,macabe1 9 8 ardu\s j\rney to ,lake ,ngami1 travell$ long di/ances )\t wat]2 & "o day he _h to drive 8 ox5 t5 miles to eat wat] melons1 & !n to drive !m back to ! waggons to p]=m _! day's "w4 ,?is privilege 0 duly pur*as$ f ! ,bu%m5 :o liv$ ne>1 & :o !re=e might be suppos$ to look ^u ^! wild fruits z _! own4 ,a l9e 0 trac$ ^u ! gr\nd2 b x requir$ all ! ef=ts ( ! ,bu%m51 & ! h]dsm5 too1 to make ! ?ir/y cattle und]/& t !y 7 only to eat )9 a c]ta9 limit4 ,! beautiful travell]'s tree ( ,madagasc> collects & reta9s ?r\gh almo/ ! drie/ seasons a welcome /ore ( wat]4 ,its ample leaves po9t upw>d to ! heav5s2 & all ! ra91 dew1 or atmosph]ic moi/ure f _! broad surfaces1 is conduct$ d[n until x lodges 9 ! holl[ =m$ j above ! junction ( ! midrib ) ! /em4 ,! natives pi]ce ! leaf-/alk ) a spe>2 ! wat] gu%es out1 & is caught 9 a vessel held "u to receive x4 ,s unfail+ is ! supply f ^! trees1 t :]e "o ( !m is se5 no native w tr\ble himself to walk ev5 a %ort di/ance to a riv]4 ,! mo/ valuable prop]ty1 h[ev]1 ( ?is tree is t x may be tapp$ aga9 & aga9 )\t vital injury4 ,x is mo/ likely t ! orifice w close1 & ! w\nd$ leaf w aga9 collect wat]2 or1 at mo/1 ! injur$ leaf w die (f1 leav+ ! o!rs 9 full vitality4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! collection ( palm juice1 9 :i* ! tree itself is mat]ially injur$ & (t5 completely de/roy$4 ,illu/ration ,on ! l[ l&s at ! ,delta ( ! ,zambesi1 :]e ! v>i\s species ( mangroves h fulfill$ _! (fice 9 w9n+ f ! dom9ion ( ! ocean ! broad s&-banks annually deposit$ by ! riv]1 an abundant gr[? ( ! ,d\m palm & wild date beg9s to occupy ! new =m$ l&4 ,! natives seek ^? t h gr[n to n m ?an a man's height1 &1 cutt+ (f all ! leaf-/alks ) ! exception ( ! m]e/ spr\t 9 ! c5tre to cont9ue ! vitality1 make a deep incision :]e ! leaves %\ld be1 /ick 9 x a bit ( fold$ leaf z a sp\t1 & hang an e>!n pot "u x by a /rip ( leaf1 %elt]+ x f ! sun by a k9d ( basket1 loosely b +5i\sly wov5 f ano!r leaf 9 ! mann] %[n 9 our sket* on p4 #eai4 ,9 connection ) ! subject ( wat] we may "h appropriately notice ! exp$i5ts us$ by _m nations = ! sep>ation ( juices f ! fruit conta9+ !m1 or = express+ f gra9 or fibr\s sub/ances ! wat] 9 :i* !y h be5 wa%$ or /eep$1 & :i* may ei!r be collect$ z hold+ 9 solution "s nutriti\s matt]1 or ?r[n away z c>ry+ (f some?+ di/a/eful or ev5 poison\s4 ,9 ,kafirl& ! /em ( a species ( ,zamia is laid = sev]al days 9 a runn+ /ream1 & we h g5]ally se5 x po9t$ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t s t ! moi/ure ) :i* x is sur*>g$ might dra9 gradually f ! l[] end1 c>ry+ ) x ! acrid or unpleasant juices1 :ile ! impact ( ! /ream f above w\ld =ce m wat] into its pores & cont9ue to dislodge all t x 0 desirable to remove1 leav+ ! f>9ace\s matt] betwe5 ! fibres4 ,ano!r plant1 commonly kn[n by ! appropriately descriptive "n ( elephant's foot 7,te/ud9>ia ( ,bur*ell1 or ,tamus elephantopus71 is us$ z an article ( food by ! ,hott5tots1 & on ?is acc\nt is (t5 call$ ,hott5tot's bread4 ,we h n actually se5 ! prep>ation ( x1 b believe t v little is requir$ beyond cutt+ out ! int]nal pi?1 :i* resembles ! inside ( a turnip1 & bak+ x on ! emb]s4 ,! rem>kable lump :i* re/s ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd be>s1 9 g5]al %ape & col\r1 "s resemblance to ! foot ( an elephant1 & av]ages ne>ly ! same size2 b we h se5 "s ne>ly #c;ft4 9 diamet]4 ,x is cov]$ ) r\gh angul> projections1 rem9d+ "o ( ! scales on ! %ell ( a tortoise4 ,on ! ,zambesi1 ne> ,logi] ,hill1 we h se5 ! native wom5 frequ5tly wa%+ a k9d ( cassava1 cut into discs across ! gra9 s ?9 z to leave ! fibre z %ort z possible4 ,^! 7 put into ! closely-wov5 baskets ( ! c\ntry1 :i*1 be+ ab\t half imm]s$1 7 work$ ) a rotatory motion simil> to t ( gold wa%+--remov+ "s acrid juice1 & leav+ :at little nutrim5t might be conta9$ 9 ! fibre4 ,9 _m c\ntries great & long-cont9u$ pressure is employ$4 ,"s vegetable sub/ances conta91 9 addition to _! nutriti\s prop]ties1 juices s acrid z to de/roy almo/ e o!r fibre t might be us$ to conta9 !m2 & !re=e1 z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 p>ticul> k9ds ( palms or o!r trees are valu$ because pressure bags c be wov5 ( !m t w resi/ ?is action4 ,^! bags are ( v>i\s %apes2 b a v fav\rite "o is t ( a long d\ble cone1 loosely wov5 ) ! slips1 :i* repres5t ! ?reads1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 a long loz5ge-l =m1 s t :5 ! bag is fill$ x %ort5s up & greatly enl>ges its c5tral diamet]2 b :5 x is hung by "o end to a tree1 & a consid]able weight is atta*$ to ! o!r1 its elongation contracts its diamet] & squeezes out ! juices ( :atev] is plac$ inside x4 ,we h se5 v>i\s =ms ( ^! bags1 :i* 7 9 use among/ ! anci5t ,egyptians = express+ ! rema9d] ( ! juice aft] ! grapes _h already be5 trodd5 9 ! w9e-press4 ,bo? ! anci5t & mod]n contrivances appe> to h be5 matt$ bags ( elongat$ =m1 & ) a v /\t eye or loop at ei!r end2 & ! *ief diff]5ce is 9 _! size4 ,! upp] "o is work$ by two m51 :o1 ins]t+ /aves into ! loops at ! ends1 twi/ !m opposite ways2 :ile ! l[] is work$ by five--f\r ( :om1 hav+ twi/$ x z tightly z !y c1 haul ! /aves ap>t1 :ile ! fif?1 ?r[+ himself betwe5 ! upp] ends1 =ces !m ap>t /ill f>!r4 ,! effect 9 ea* case is ! fl[ ( a copi\s /ream ( second quality w9e1 :i* p\rs f ! twi/$ bag into ! receptacle plac$ = x4 ,!re is a plant1 :i* mu* resembles ! ba*elor's pill[ ( our ho?\ses1 f\nd gr[+ 9 ,mexico & "s o!r c\ntries4 ,:5 x is root$ 9 ! e>? x is m l a vegetable h$gehog ?an aught else1 be+ cov]$ ) long po9t$ ?orns1 l ^? ( ! cactus4 ,hunt]s & travell]s (t5 collect ^! unpromis+-look+ productions = ! sake ( ! wat] !y conta94 ,:5 fre$ f _! atta*m5t to ! gr\nd1 !y are tak5 on a =k$ /ick1 :i* is held 9 ! left h&1 :il/ ! ?orn-cov]$ r9d is slic$ (f ) a hunt+-knife held 9 ! "r4 ,! pulp1 ?us laid b>e1 af=ds en\gh moi/ure to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( ei!r man or horse4 ,! agave 7,agave ,am]icana7 yields a v l>ge quantity ( sap4 ,to obta9 ?is1 ! cr[n is cut (f1 & a deep hole scoop$ out 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant4 ,?is1 9 a %ort "t1 fills ) fluid1 :i*1 :5 collect$1 f]m5t$1 & prop]ly prep>$1 is ! celebrat$ pulque ( ! ,mexicans4 ,l>ge-siz$ bamboo canes n unfrequ5tly hold bottl$-up betwe5 _! int]nodes a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 ! pres5ce ( :i* c be detect$ by giv+ ! canes1 "o aft] ano!r1 a %>p sudd5 %ake1 :5 ! imprison$ fluid gives out a holl[1 gurgl+ s\nd easily recognis$4 ,to obta9 ! cane-wat]1 x is only necess>y to tap ! jo9t or cut d[n ! cane4 ,?is juice is n only an agreeable & refre%+ dr9k1 b is by ! natives believ$ to be p>ticul>ly :olesome & sanit>y 9 its effects on ! con/itution4 ,x is some:at curi\s t ! silici\s elem5t f\nd cov]+ ! outside ( ! cane l a h>d v>ni% %\ld be held 9 solution by ?is fluid2 b t x is s !re c be no d\bt1 z1 :5 ! liquid1 or sap1 is all[$ to rema9 = any l5g? ( "t 9 ! tubul> cavity ( ! cane1 x ei!r becomes absorb$ altoge!r1 or leaves a h>d concrete sub/ance f> m l a m9]al ?an a vegetable sub/ance2 possess+1 9 fact1 all ! attributes ( an e>? product4 ,x is n act$ on by any ( ! ord9>y acids2 x rema9s unalt]$ by fire2 & =ms1 ) ! alkalies1 a cle> glass1 j z fl9t w\ld4 ,?is curi\s sub/ance is ! celebrat$ tabas*e]1 :i* is r5[n$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ = its m>vell\sly curative qualities2 & x is n improbable t ?is1 l _m o!r ,ori5tal productions1 may conta9 virtues little dream$ ( by ! m$ical practition] at home4 ,9 "s ( ! =e/s ( ! tropics a l>ge description ( pit*] plant is f\nd4 ,! natural cups f\nd on x n only conta9 a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 b h ! disadvantage ( be+ natural traps = insects & all sorts ( small creep+ ?+s1 :i*1 attract$ by ! moi/ure1 fall 91 & are dr[n$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a pit*] is f\nd ) p]fectly cle> & delici\sly cool wat] 9 x1 :i* well repays ! ?ir/y se>*]4 ,9 _m nations1 ! palm trees peculi> to !m supply an almo/ inexhau/ible v>iety ( ! necess>ies or ! conv5i5cies & luxuries ( life1 f timb] = h\se or %ip build+ to f9e clo? = we>+ app>el1 z well z _m articles ( food & refre%+1 or (t5 intoxicat+1 dr9ks4 ,ne>ly all ! palms conta9 :at is call$ a cabbage1 or 9 o!r words a mass ( "y vegetable matt] 9 ta/e1 ne>ly resembl+ ! he>t ( a cabbage /alk1 & bo? 9 ,au/ralia & ,africa we h occasionally avail$ ourselves ( ?is4 ,we d n advise x1 except 9 cases ( necessity1 because ! cutt+ ( x out ev5 f a "y tree involves consid]able lab\r1 & x is always ) "s regret t a man feels himself oblig$ to de/roy a noble tree1 p]haps #dj;ft4 or #ej;ft4 9 height to obta9 h>dly vegetable matt] en\gh to s]ve him = a s+le meal4 ,at ,coepang1 9 ,timor1 we h se5 ! leaves ( ! fan palm conv]t$ into buckets or pails by simply draw+ ! po9ts or leaflets toge!r & secur+ !m2 :ile ! less] leaves or fronds 7 9 ! same mann] made into exquisite little dr9k+ cups1 capable ( conta9+ "o doit's wor? ( palm juice1 :i*1 :5 p]fectly fre%1 is mo/ delici\s & refre%+4 ,! l>ge leaves ( ! palm may be us$ = ! collection ( dew or occasional %[]s4 ,! wat] casks ( "o ( ! ,dut* gunboats 7 set out ^u ! bea* ne> h] an*orage1 & ! /ems ( ?ree or f\r palm leaves ins]t$ 9 ea* bung-hole to conduct ?i!r all ! moi/ure t might fall ^u _! broad surface4 ,palms1 to climb4 ,! tall palm tree is usually climb$ by ! aid ( a loop ( loosely-twi/$ rope1 or a hoop ( any suffici5tly /rong & flexible mat]ial l>ge en\gh to encircle ! tree & ! body ( ! climb]1 all[+ him to lean back 9 x at su* an angle t ! pressure ( 8 feet aga9/ ! trunk is suffici5t to support him4 ,%ort /eps are tak5 upw>d1 & ! rope is j]k$ up skilfully a little at a "t2 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 duly to proportion ^! motions1 = if ! feet be too high1 ! head & %\ld]s w project s f> t ! p[] ( ! arms w n suffice to be> ! /ra91 :ile if !y are too l[ !y w n be press$ ) suffici5t =ce aga9/ ! tree1 & w slip d[nw>d4 ,! nor!rn limits ( ! palms are--9 ,europe #dc1 9 ,asia #cd1 & 9 ,am]ica #cd ( latitude2 ! s\!rn are--9 ,africa #cd1 9 ,new ,zeal& #ch1 & 9 ,am]ica #cf4 ,! kn[n species am\nt at pres5t ne>ly to #fjj1 b x is suppos$ t at lea/ f #ajjj to #abjj w be f\nd4 ,! /ems ( "s d n rise above ! gr\nd1 :ile o!rs are #bjj;ft4 high2 "s are no ?ick] ?an a goose-quill1 :ile o!rs are z l>ge z a hog%ead2 "s are climb+ plants1 ) long flexible /ems2 "s are cov]$ ) fibr\s network1 & "s h sp9es or ?orns #h;94 or #aj;94 long1 t may be us$ = ne$les or arr[s4 ,"s ( ! leaves are #ej;ft4 long & #h;ft4 wide--^! are compos$ ( num]\s leaflets on a /rong midrib2 "s are undivid$1 & yet are #cj;ft4 long & #e;ft4 wide2 & o!rs aga9 are fan-%ap$4 ,! fruits are g5]ally small1 ! cocoa-nut be+ ! l>ge/ ( ! family2 ! k]nel is (t5 too h>d to be eat51 & ! cov]+ fibr\s or woody2 b 9 "s ! se$s are cov]$ ) a pulpy or f>9ace\s mass t (f]s sweet & nutriti\s food2 "o species on ! ,zambesi rem9d$ u ( g+]bread4 ,! cocoa-nut1 especially 9 its gre5 & immature /ate1 is a mo/ agreeable fruit1 & ! wat]1 or milk z we call x1 is !n mo/ cool+ & refre%+2 :5 x m ne>ly approa*es to rip5ess ! k]nel may be scrap$ or p\nd$ ^u its own liquor1 & x !n =ms a v effici5t sub/itute = milk 9 a cup ( tea4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( oil & o!r valuable products may be obta9$ f ! tree & its fruit4 ,ea* "y nut1 :5 9 ! true milk /age ( its gr[?1 w yield ab\t a p9t ( fluid1 cool1 & ( slightly acid ta/e4 ,! y\ng] nuts conta9 a s(t1 ri* sub/ance1 n unlike blanc-mange1 :i* c be easily scoop$ out4 ,f ! juices ( ^! immature nuts ! natives manufacture an indelible black dye4 ,toddy1 cocoa-nut w9e1 arrack1 or rack z x is sometimes call$1 is made f ! sap ( ! cocoa palm4 ,9 fav\rable seasons ! plumes ( cocoa-nut blossom are %ot out f amid/ ! fronds ( ! tree cr[n ab\t e six weeks4 ,imm$iately on ! appe>ance ( ! new fl[] spa! ! toddy mak] asc5ds ! tree aft] ! mann] be=e describ$1 or1 z on ! ,malab> coa/1 by cutt+ a tra9 ( not*es 9 ! tree trunk4 ,on arriv+ at ! clu/] ( "y fronds & ! %ea? conta9+ ! blossom1 he b9ds ! :ole toge!r ) tw9e4 ,he !n makes a puncture 9 ! /alk ( ! spa! ) 8 toddy knife1 raps ! "p well ) ! h&le1 & !n hangs a *atty pot to receive ! juice z x dra9s out dur+ ! night4 ,be=e sunrise he reasc5ds ! tree1 l[]s ! full pot1 :i* may conta9 f two to six p9ts1 & replaces x ) an empty "o4 ,imm$iately on obta9m5t ?is juice is extremely cool & sweet to ! ta/e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v few h\rs f]m5tation sets 91 & x becomes slightly acid4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs x becomes q s\r4 ,be=e too great a *ange takes place1 h[ev]1 ! toddy man prop]ly treats 8 brew by ! aid ( ! true v9\s f]m5tation1 & !n di/ils x 9 a r\gh1 make%ift /ill1 :i* among "s ( ! ,ea/]ns is extemporis$ f a holl[ /one1 rock1 or piece ( holl[ tree trunk1 :i* =ms ! head ( ! /ill4 ,a long holl[ cane = a tube1 & piece ( b>k1 & "s coir saturat$ ) cold wat] = a cond5s]1 almo/ any pot or j> w1 ) a little +5uity1 =m a tol]ably effici5t /ill4 ,excell5t v9eg> is made z foll[s f ! palm juice3 ,aft] collection1 ! toddy or sap is plac$ 9 e>!n pots & cov]$ d[n = ab\t f\r weeks4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! fluid is /ra9$ & return$ to ! pots1 ) a few pods ( capsicum1 a piece ( ! fruit ( ! gamboge tree1 & a pod f ! ,indian hors]adi% 7,hyp]tan!ra mor+a7 are ?r[n into ea* pot ( fluid1 :i* is !n all[$ to rema9 at re/ = five weeks1 :5 excell5t v9eg>1 well adapt$ = ! use ( ! settl]1 is ! result4 ,if1 in/ead ( toddy or v9eg>1 sug> is requir$1 x c be readily made f ! palm sap1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 is treat$ be=e f]m5tation4 ,x is1 on be+ drawn f ! tree1 boil$ 9 a suitable pot or o!r vessel until x becomes ?ick & /r+y2 a little lime is add$2 r\gh cry/allisation takes place1 & jagg]y1 or palm sug>1 is ! result4 ,cocoa-nut oil is valuable = a great numb] ( purposes4 ,x is obta9$ f ! ripe or mature nut 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! natives ( _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n seas cut ! k]nels ( ! nuts 9 pieces1 boil !m ) wat] 9 a l>ge kettle2 collect su* oil z rises to ! top ) a sea-%ell m\nt$ on ! end ( a /ick2 !n p\nd ! boil$ nut 9 a mort> made f a piece ( holl[ log ) a wood5 pe/le2 reboil ! pa/e ?us =m$2 skim aga91 & s on4 ,! mills us$ = ! expression ( ?is & o!r oils1 & ! cru%+ ( sug>-canes1 we %all describe z our "w proce$s4 ,! %ell ( ! cocoa-nut makes excell5t cups & bottles4 ,to extract ! k]nel to =m ! latt]1 ! natives bore out "o ( ! eyes1 p\r out ! milk1 fill ! nut ) sea-wat]1 & bury x 9 ! s& expos$ to ! sun's rays4 ,9 a %ort "t decomposition is set up1 & all ! cont5ts ( ! %ell c be easily %ak5 out at ! eyehole4 ,! fibr\s husk f "t immemorial has suppli$ ! native craft ( ,india1 z well z our vessels trad+ !re1 ) a *eap & g5]ally useful k9d ( rope1 call$ coir1 :i* possesses ! valuable prop]ty ( be+ s light z to be ( mu* less specific gravity ?an wat]1 & :i* is1 !re=e1 mu* us$ = buoy ropes1 life l9es1 w>ps1 & cables1 & ! ropes = ! upp] edges ( fi%+ nets4 ,hats1 bags1 baskets1 s&als1 & _m o!r ?+s1 are made f x2 its leaves =m ! cov]+ ( huts1 & its leaf-/alk =m _! framework1 & s]ve any purpose = :i* light ela/ic w&s are requir$4 ,! date palm1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 furni%es fruit m or less delici\s accord+ to ! species f :i* x is tak54 ,! ,arab & 8 horse1 & camel too1 ^u em]g5cy1 w live ^u x2 & )\t x ! des]ts1 to :i* x is indig5\s1 w\ld be un9habitable4 ,an ,african species 7,o,eleis guian5sis7 af=ds palm oil1 :i* is ! basis ( our c&les4 ,a vessel tak+ 9 palm oil once />t$ x into a tank built 9 ! hold1 b ! task ( digg+ x out :5 x rea*$ ,engl& 0 s ardu\s t no?+ 0 sav$ by n provid+ casks4 ,sago is ! produce ( a palm1 :i* 9 ! ,ea/ yields ! food ( ?\s&s2 x is ! pi?y c5tre ( ! /em1 requir+ sc>cely any prep>ation to fit x = food1 & a s+le tree sometimes yields #fjjlb4 weight4 ,^? :i* furni% ! s-call$ cane = *air bottoms are a species ( calamus2 !y hang on trees by long hook$ sp9es1 & are sometimes #fjj;ft4 or #ajjj;ft4 long4 ,^! are (t5 us$ z /ays or /&+ rigg+ among native vessels1 & sometimes we believe z cables4 ,:5 split into small] sections & twi/$ !y =m tol]able1 b n p]fectly flexible1 ropes2 & slips ( !m1 z is well kn[n1 are commonly us$ by ! ,*9ese = ty+ up v>i\s packages4 ,! helmet :i* we wore ?r\gh ! ,indian campaign is compos$ ( ?is mat]ial closely wov54 ,_m v>ieties all ov] ! _w yield a sug>y sap f _! yet unop5$ spa!s or f _! /ems1 & ?is1 :5 p>tly f]m5t$1 is ! palm w9e ( ,africa &1 z we h %[n1 ! toddy ( ! ,ea/ ,indies2 :ile simil> bev]ages are obta9$ by ! ,s\? ,am]icans f ! ,mauritia o9if]a & o!rs4 ,a nation at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco ,riv] live almo/ entirely on a palm 7probably ,mauritia flexuosa72 !y build _! h\ses elevat$ on ! trunks1 & live ^u ! fruit1 sap1 & su* fi% z ! wat]s ar\nd !m may af=d4 ,res9s & wax are produc$ by "s species4 ,! fruits ( a calamus1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 are cov]$ ) a r$ res9\s sub/ance1 :i*1 9 common ) ! produce ( o!r trees1 is ! dragon's blood ( comm]ce1 & is us$ z a col\r1 a v>ni%1 & 9 too? p[d]4 ,! ,c]oxylon audicola1 a l(ty palm gr[+ 9 ! ,&es ( ,bogota1 secretes 9 its /em a res9\s wax1 us$ = mak+ c&les4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,brazil1 ! ,c>nauba 7,cop]nicia c]if]a7 has ! und]side ( its leaves cov]$ ) pure :ite wax1 ) no admixture ( res94 ,?at* = h\ses1 awn+s = boats1 & ev5 ! upp] /reaks ( l>ge canoes1 umbrellas1 hats1 baskets1 wat] buckets1 cordage1 & numb]less o!r ?+s1 are made ( palm leaves4 ,9 ,cuba ! ,*amrops arg5tica1 & 9 ,sicily ! ,*amrops humilis1 is us$ = mak+ hats & o!r f9e "w4 ,9 ,india ! place ( ! papyrus 0 suppli$ by palm leaves1 on ^: h>d & glossy surfaces ,pali & ,sanscrit *>act]s 7 inscrib$ ) a metal po9t2 ! leaves ( ,corypha tali]i1 /rung toge!r1 =m ! ,h9doo volume4 ,! fruit ( ,areca cate*u is ! betel nut1 ! fav\rite /imulant ( ! ,ea/]n p1 :i* !y *ew ) lime4 ,! fibre ( ! piassaba palm is made into *eap & durable cables on ! ,amazon1 & is introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! =m ( brooms1 c4 ,al?\gh ! settl] or explor] :o directs 8 /eps to ,nor? ,am]ica has no palms to supply him ) food1 dr9k1 & clo?+1 he w f9d o!r memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom ready to 8 h&4 ,maple sug> is ( va/ importance to ! settl] 9 ! backwoods1 z x s]ves n only z a sub/itute = cane sug>1 b is n unfrequ5tly us$ in/ead ( salt4 ,x is obta9$ by treat+ ! sap ( ! ,ac] sac*>9um1 or sug> maple4 ,! range ( ?is valuable tree is v ext5sive4 ,x is met )1 9 great] or less abundance1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,jean 9 ,upp] ,canada to ,virg9ia4 ,x ab\nds 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,v]mont1 & ,new ,hamp%ire1 "s ( ! trees be+ f\nd to rea* #hj;ft4 9 height4 ,sug>-mak+ may beg9 e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 or1 9 fact1 directly ! sap beg9s to rise4 ,fro/y nights1 foll[$ by w>m1 g5ial days1 are ! mo/ fav\rable = ! process ( sap draw+1 :i* is proce$$ ) z foll[s3 ,"o or m aug] holes1 up to f\r1 are made1 at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! gr\nd1 9 ! trunk ( ea* tree to be treat$4 ,into ea* ( ^! holes a little holl[ %oot or tube ( b>k is ?ru/1 :i* conveys ! sap z x fl[s into vessels plac$ = its reception4 ,ea* tree w produce f #ae;gals4 to #bj;gals4 ( sap1 & #e;gals4 ( sap w yield ab\t #alb4 ( sug>4 ,:5 ! vessels "u ! sp\ts are ne>ly full ! sap %\ld be ladl$ f !m into pails & c>ri$ to a %$1 9 :i* a l>ge b>rel1 ) ! upp] head remov$1 has be5 set up z a res]voir4 ,9 ?is x is all[$ to rema9 at re/ until all =eign sub/ances h settl$ to ! bottom4 ,x is n[ quickly drawn (f & convey$ to ! boil]1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( a prop] arrangem5t1 may be a l>ge camp kettle1 9 :i* x is heat$ /eadily until evaporat$ d[n to ! consi/5ce ( treacle1 :5 x is aga9 remov$ & plac$ 9 an op5 vessel to cool4 ,:5 cold1 x is /ra9$ ?r\gh a flannel bag into a second boil]1 :]e x is aga9 heat$1 cl>ifi$ ) eggs1 a little bullock's blood1 or new milk4 ,! boil+ is n[ cont9u$ until a little ( ! syrup1 tak5 on ! po9t ( a clean *ip & held 9 ! air1 %[s a disposition to assume a cry/all9e appe>ance1 :5 ! heat+ process is /opp$ & ! *>ge )drawn f ! pot4 ,x is n[ 9 ! c&y /ate1 & is ca/ into a v>iety ( qua9t =ms by ! use ( small m\lds prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,if granulat$ sug> is requir$1 a small b>rel is set up at a mod]ate di/ance f ! gr\nd2 ! upp] head is remov$1 & ! l[] "o bor$ full ( gimlet holes4 ,on ! *>ge ( c&y be+ ?r[n into ?is1 all ! fluid portions dra9 away 9 a /ate ( ?9 molasses ?r\gh ! holes into a tub or box plac$ bel[ ! b>rel1 9 :i* ! sug> is soon f\nd fit = use4 ,gum sug> is made by ?r[+ ! c&y :5 hot f ! pot out on ! sn[4 ,?is treatm5t has ! prop]ty ( *eck+ cry/allisation & conv]t+ ! sug> into a t\gh mat]ial mu* us$ = *ew+4 ,a settl]'s family 9 a good maple di/rict c1 by ! use ( prop] siz$ boil]s1 c41 make upw>ds ( #gjjlb4 ( good s]viceable sug> 9 "o fav\rable season4 ,manna1 to prep>e4 ,manna is a sub/ance well wor? ! att5tion ( ! explor]1 z x is1 curi\sly en\gh1 produc$ by trees & %rubs ( totally diff]5t ord]s 9 diff]5t geographical ranges4 ,! ,arabs & ,p]sians obta9 a k9d1 kn[n z ,guzunjbe51 f a species ( tam>isk call$ ! ,guz bu%4 ,! description kn[n on ! ,arabian coa/1 & 9 ! di/rict surr\nd+ ,m\nt ,s9ai1 by ! "n ( ,to(ra1 is also procur$ f ! tam>isk ?ickets1 :]e x dra9s f ! ends ( ! ?orns1 & falls on ! dry leaves1 small twigs1 & /icks :i* h fall5 to ! gr\nd2 x !re congeals into h>d masses1 & is 9 t condition ga!r$ = use4 ,x is by ! ,arabs consum$ z a sub/itute = honey1 & is eat5 on bread or o!r food4 ,! camel ?orn ( ,india & ,syria is manna yield+1 produc+ ! description kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ z ,al haj4 ,! s-call$ ,beiruk honey is 9 reality a k9d ( manna :i* is yield$ by a l[ /unt$ tree1 n unlike a dw>f asp51 :i* is kn[n z ! ,ghrab bu%4 ,9 ! ,uzbec c\ntry manna is obta9$ f a small tree ^: trunk is divid$ into knots by a s]ies ( annul> r+s4 ,9 ,arabia1 ! ,a%ur is ! manna-be>+ plant4 ,9 ,mesopotamia1 x fl[s f a species ( oak1 & is mo/ abundant on su* trees z h ! l>ge/ %>e ( gall nuts4 ,a m$ic9al & highly valu$ manna is obta9$ 9 "s di/ricts 9 ,p]sia f a peculi> will[1 :i* gr[s 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,a k9d ( l>* furni%es ! ,manna ,brigantica1 & 9 ! ,lebanon di/rict x fl[s f ! c$>s4 ,9 ,europe1 ! a% is ! manna be>]1 & ?ree k9ds are f\nd to produce x m or less abundantly4 ,! two mo/ commonly treat$ = its obta9m5t are ,frax9us rotundifolia & ,ornus ,europa4 ,to obta9 ! manna f ^! trees incisions are made 9 ! b>k ) a knife2 ! fir/ cut is made ne> ! gr\nd1 & ! o!rs at #b;94 or #c;94 ap>t1 ! cuts be+ #a;94 long & #a_/b;94 deep4 ,^! cuts are made at ! rate ( "o p] day1 m\nt+ upw>d1 cut by cut1 9 ea* r[4 ,imm$iately bel[ ^! p]p5dicul> cuts inverted,t-%ap$ incisions are made 9 su* a way t ea* cross cut may receive & hold fa/ ! end ( a leaf ga!r$ f ! tree1 :i* s]ves to conduct ! sap away f ! trunk & all[ ( its dropp+ into ,indian fig leaves plac$ on ! gr\nd = its reception4 ,! ,indian fig leaf1 cultivat$ = ! purpose1 has ! peculi> prop]ty ( dry+ ) its edges curl$ up1 r5d]+ x extremely useful z a sap receiv]4 ,augu/ is ! mon? usually select$ = tapp+ ! manna trees1 & dry w>m wea!r is mo/ fav\rable = ! op]ation1 z ra9 dissolves & de/roys ! congeal+ mass ( produce4 ,! manna collect$ f ! b>k by scrap+1 aft] hav+ run 9 long te>s d[n ! trunk1 is consid]$ v inf]ior to t caught 9 ! fig leaves1 & is1 consequ5tly1 sold at a mu* l[] price4 ,a great numb] ( fruit1 b]ry1 & nut be>+ trees & bu%es are to be f\nd on v>i\s portions ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican t]ritories4 ,fur!r s\?1 ! productions assume a m tropical "*4 ,"h we are m]ely deal+ ) "s ( ! =e/ /ores ( ! nor? & nor?-we/4 ,! foll[+ is b a brief li/1 z our space is limit$3 ,am]ican wild fruits4 ,! pagessaveg ( ! ,indians1 ,prunes sauvages ( ! ,fr5*-,canadians1 or wild plum ( ! trapp]s1 is usually collect$ late 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]4 ,x gr[s abundantly on ! riv] sides & lake %ores4 ,! ,indians ei!r dry or boil x ) maple sug>1 :5 x is conv]t$ into a sort ( cake by boil+ & /irr+ ! fruit ab\t 9 ! kettle until ! mass is ?ick en\gh = treatm5t1 :5 x is ?r[n f ! pot & spread out to ab\t an in* deep 9 a flat lay] on a piece ( bir* b>k1 :5 x is expos$ to ! sun until x becomes q t\gh & t5aci\s4 ,x is !n roll$ up l s(t lea!r1 plac$ 9 a bir*-b>k box1 & buri$ 9 ! e>? until want$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season1 :5 dri$ meat is 9 use1 l>ge pieces ( ?is prep>ation are cut (f ) a knife & boil$ ) x4 ,! s& *]ry ( ! trapp]s1 or la c]ise grappe ( ! ,canadians1 gr[s abundantly ab\t ! bord]s ( sug>-maple groves1 on ! edges ( old cle>+s1 & ab\t ! bord]s ( ! prairies4 ,x is fit to ga!r 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! ,indians ga!r l>ge quantities1 cru% !m betwe5 flat heavy /ones1 /ir ! mass well toge!r ) de] fat1 & !n boil x 9 a kettle until x becomes a ?ick t5aci\s cake or pa/e1 :5 x is1 l ! wild plum cake1 buri$ until requir$4 ,! small r$ =e/ crab apples c be ?or\ghly prep>$ by dry+1 :5 !y are bo? :olesome & nutriti\s4 ,! wortleb]ry ( ! trapp]s1 or bellois ( ! ,canadians1 is extremely abundant 9 a great numb] ( localities4 ,to prep>e ! fruit a ?ick close basket-"w tray1 or hurdle ( :ite c$>1 is us$4 ,?is1 :5 cov]$ ) a lay] ( ripe b]ries1 is susp5d$ ov] a sl[ /eady wood fire until dry1 :5 !y are pack$ away 9 b>k boxes4 ,!y are ei!r mix$ ) d\gh to =m cake1 or boil$ ) meat or fi%4 ,! ma%kigim9 ( ! ,indians1 les ottakas ( ! ,canadians1 ! cranb]ry ( ! trapp]s3 ?is fruit1 al?\gh commonly kn[n among trapp]s & ,engli% settl]s z ! cranb]ry1 is mu* l>g] ?an ! ,european v>iety4 ,swampy gr\nd is mo/ cong5ial to its gr[?4 ,x is fit to ga!r z e>ly z ! mon? ( ,octob]1 b rema9s on ! bu%es ev5 aft] be+ ?ickly buri$ by sn[ 9 ! w9t] season4 ,imm5se quantities ( ^! b]ries are annually ga!r$ by ! ,indians1 n only = _! own use1 b z a bran* ( trade ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates trad]s1 :o readily pur*ase !m = pres]v+4 ,= ,indian use1 !y require no treatm5t1 z !y d n readily decay2 b by settl]s !y are usually boil$ 9 syrup1 or pres]v$ 9 maple sug>4 ,wild hazel nuts are f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,^! are be/ kept by fir/ pack+1 & !n bury+ !m 9 an e>!n j> or b>k box4 ,swan potatoes are f\nd gr[+ on ! %all[ m>g9s ( riv]s1 lakes1 & /reams4 ,^!1 :5 dug f ! s(t ooze & wa%$ clean1 are /rung on a long ?9 /rip ( :ite c$> wood1 & hung up ov] ! fire to dry4 ,!y are boil$ = use1 :5 !y become plump & palatable4 ,wild raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 c41 are to be met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,butt] nuts1 hickory nuts1 & p9ons1 or cone nuts1 are all1 m or less1 des]v+ ( ! att5tion ( ! hunt] or explor]4 ,sago-mak+4 ,9 "s isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago nature has s b\ntifully provid$ = ! wants ( ! human race t x seems z if a remnant ( ,p>adise yet l+]$ ^u e>?1 & man _h nev] be5 s5t5c$ to eat 8 bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s are reliev$ f t necessity1 & to all appe>ance !y are little bett] = x4 ,! man :o1 by *opp+ d[n a tree & wa%+ its pi? = a week or two1 c provide himself ) a sub/itute = bread = a :ole ye> is n likely to be1 nor is he really equal ei!r 9 physical /r5g?1 activity1 or intellig5ce to him :o mu/ e>n 8 food by cultivation ( ! soil1 by *as+ wild animals 9 _! =e/ haunts1 or by laun*+ 8 little craft ^u ! wat]s1 & ensn>+ or do+ battle ) ! d5iz5s ( ! ocean4 ,illu/ration ,our sket* repres5ts ! pr9cipal processes ( sago-mak+4 ,! palm :i* yields ! sago is cut d[n2 a slab is *opp$ (f f ! upp] side ( ! trunk1 leav+ ! pi? :i* occupi$ ! l>ge int]nal holl[ expos$2 ?is is beat5 out 9 fragm5ts1 r ?an *opp$1 by a club ( heavy wood1 9 ! end ( :i* a %>p angul> fragm5t ( qu>tz or o!r /one is set4 ,! pi? is !n wa%$ 9 a tr\gh compos$ ( ! swell+ portions ( ! leaf /ems1 :]e !y embrace ! trunk on :i* !y gr[1 j z ! jaws ( a cutt]'s gaff g r\nd ! ma/4 ,two ( ^! are plac$ ) _! broad ends toge!r1 support$ by /akes & cross-b>s1 s z to =m a long tr\gh wide/ 9 ! middle1 & out ( level4 ,a ?ird is set ) its n>r[ end meet+ t ( ! next piece1 :il/ ! wide end rises at a slight elevation4 ,across ?is is plac$ a scre5 ( fibr\s clo?1 support$ by ano!r /ick1 ela/ic en\gh to keep x always tol]ably tight )\t undue /ra91 & a mass ( ! pi? be+ plac$ beh9d ?is is wa%$ by wat] p\r$ repeat$ly ^u x & all[$ to p]colate ?r\gh & run (f till all ! sup]flu\s matt] is wa%$ away1 & ! sago alone is left4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( ! banana & planta9 family1 too1 l5d _! aid 9 furni%+ a l>g] quantity by f> ( life-support+ elem5ts ?an ! f9e/ descriptions ( :eat gr[n on ! same area ( gr\nd4 ,:e!r eat5 9 a ripe /ate z a fruit1 or boil$ gre5 z a vegetable 7:5 x is n a bad sub/itute = ! potato71 ?is production is bo? palatable & :olesome4 ,a good /ore food is made by cutt+ ! fruit into slices1 hang+ x up to dry1 &1 :5 requir$ = use1 boil+ x into a pulp4 ,useful roots4 ,planta9 fl\r is made by ?or\ghly dry+ ! fruit1 & !n gr9d+ x 9 "o ( ! native mills h]eaft] describ$4 ,!n ! root ( ! ,t>o 7,cal&ium escul5tum71 t ( ! sweet potato 7,battata convolvulans71 & ! roots ( c]ta9 edible f]ns 7,pt]is escul5ta among/ ! numb]71 are valuable z yield+ food4 ,_m ( ^! productions furni% dr9k z well4 ,! planta9s be=e ref]r$ to yield a v palatable cid]1 :i* is made z foll[s3 ,a deep hole is dug 9 ! e>?1 & a numb] ( planta9s /ripp$ f ! ma9 /em is ?r[n 92 /raw & e>? are ca/ on1 & ! planta9s are all[$ to rema9 at re/ = eight days4 ,! peel is !n /ripp$ (f1 & ! pulp is plac$ 9 a l>ge op5 tr\gh ) wat]1 :]e x is ?or\ghly wa%$ & mix$ ) x4 ,at ! end ( two days ! cid] may be /ra9$ (f = use4 ,:isky may be made f sweet potatoes 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dig up z _m ( ! tub]s z y may f9d x conv5i5t to treat2 boil !m until q s(t2 place !m 9 l>ge j>s1 or o!r vessels1 ) ab\t _! own bulk ( wat]2 /ir ?is mixture well ab\t1 & !n to ea* j> add a little m]issa b>m 7obta9$ f native be]-brew+71 :i* may be plac$ on a small bundle ( cocoa-fibre or cotton4 ,:5 f]m5tation has tak5 place1 erect y\r /ill1 :i* may be ( ! k9d describ$ & figur$ at page #die2 or a l>ge native pot may be m\nt$ on a holl[$-out ant-hill to s]ve z ! /ill boil]2 a small] pot inv]t$ & plac$ on ! op5 m\? ( ?is =ms ! /ill head or dome4 ,:5 ! l[] pot is *>g$ ) ! f]m5t$ wa%1 ! upp] pot is lut$ fa/ ) clay4 ,a small hole is bor$ ne> its top = ! reception ( ! end ( any holl[ tube y c get2 ?is is also secur$ ) clay4 ,! cond5s+ process is c>ri$ out by keep+ ! tube cold ) clo?s or mats & cold wat]4 ,! dep5d+ end ( ! tube %\ld dis*>ge itself into any conv5i5t vessel p>tly sunk b5ea? ! surface ( cold wat]4 ,a native pot1 or a common tea-kettle1 w make a good receiv]2 & an ord9>y pail1 or tub1 a conv5i5t wat] tank 9 :i* to place x4 ,by ! use ( su* a contrivance z ?is1 half-a-doz5 bottles ( v good spirits may be made 9 "o day's di/ill+4 ,milk-_s4 ,! ,mongols make _! milk-_s--kn[n z kumis--9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a l>ge quantity ( milk ( any k9d 7m>e's milk is consid]$ be/7 is fir/ turn$ s\r1 & !n all[$ to f]m5t4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a l>ge iron camp-kettle or pot2 "o ( ! wood5 b[ls or di%es 9 use among ! ,t>t>s is n[ fitt$ closely into ! m\? ( ! kettle or boil]1 & lut$ fa/ r\nd ! edges ) wet c[-dung or clay2 an elb[-%ap$1 holl[ bran* ( a tree1 or a curv$ tube1 is n[ fitt$ into a hole 9 ! convex surface ( ! b[l1 & m c[-dung or clay is appli$4 ,into ! m\? ( ?is b5t pipe a wood5 tube is fix$1 :i* is kept cold by ! con/ant contact ( a wet %eepsk94 ,z ! pot boils ! _s passes ov]1 & is collect$ = use 9 "s suitable vessel plac$ z a receiv]4 ,?is is also kept cold by ! aid ( %eepsk9s & wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,camp ,,cook]y4 ,aft] ! obta9m5t ( food1 ! art ( prep>+ x 9 its mo/ nutriti\s1 :olesome1 & palatable =m ranks next 9 importance4 ,x is well1 :5 travell+ ) a l>ge p>ty1 to asc]ta9 ! qualifications ( a c\ple ( /eady m51 & regul>ly appo9t !m to ! cook+ dep>tm5t1 tak+ c>e t exemption f gu>ds1 ) a few o!r privileges1 may make ! (fice ( cook "o to be r envi$2 &1 9 ord] t 8 op]ations may be successfully conduct$1 he %\ld fully und]/& ! art ( fire-mak+4 ,fire1 to make4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa1 & ! tribes along ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,zambesi1 z well z _m o!r wild nations1 k9dle fire by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood aga9/ ea* o!r2 !re are ( c\rse v>ieties ( me?od1 b ! pr9ciple1 t ( :irl+ ! po9t ( a mod]ately h>d /ick 9 a holl[1 cut 9 "o ( a some:at s(t] "*1 is v g5]ally ! same4 ,! ,bu%m5 c>ry ^! fire-/icks 9 ! quiv] ) _! arr[s2 & :5 !y ne$ fire1 two m5 sit opposite ea* o!r1 & "o1 lay+ 8 s&al on ! gr\nd1 places on x ! fire-/ick1 p]haps z ?ick z ! little f+]1 & holds x betwe5 ! soles ( 8 feet1 or betwe5 8 toes1 :i* = _m purposes c be us$ by ! natives ) little less effect ?an ! f+]s4 ,9 ! end ( ?is /ick a small not* is cut1 & 9 ?is is plac$ ! po9t$ end ( ano!r /ick1 ab\t ! ?ickness & ne>ly ! l5g? ( a common ramrod4 ,"o man1 tak+ ?is betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s1 rubs !m s z to communicate to x a rapid :irl+ motion1 keep+ at ! same "t a g5tle1 /eady1 d[nw>d pressure4 ,9 a few seconds1 ?is causes 8 h&s to rea* ! bottom1 & 8 companion !re=e sits ready to clap 8 h&s to ! top & cont9ue ! motion till !y also come d[n1 & he 9 turn is reliev$ by ! fir/4 ,v %ortly f9e wood du/ is produc$1 & soon aft] ! end ( ! :irl+ /ick & ! holl[ 9 :i* x turns become *>r$1 & smoke rises f ! little heap ( du/4 ,a small ne/ ( v c>efully prep>$ dry grass or fibr\s b>k1 rubb$ v f9e1 has already be5 provid$1 & 9 our illu/ration a ?ird man is apply+ ?is to ! sm\ld]+ wood-du/1 "s ignit$ p>ticles ( :i* he w try to cat* on ! ne/ ( fibre1 ! :ole w !n be envelop$ 9 co>s] mat]ial1 & :irl$ rapidly r\nd1 at arm's l5g?1 until x bur/s into a blaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,obta9+ ,,fire ,,by ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,! ,,:irl+ ,,rod4 ,:]e two or ?ree m5 assi/ ea* o!r 9 ?is mann]1 a c\ple ( m9utes suffices to obta9 fire2 b if "o man attempts x alone1 he _c keep up a cont9u\s friction1 = he loses spe$ & heat e "t he has to %ift 8 h& f ! bottom to ! top ( ! :irl+ rod1 &1 ev5 :5 he has produc$ ! fir/ ignition1 he is m liable to lose ! sp>k ?an a ?ird man :o w\ld wat* 8 opportunity = cat*+ x :ile ! o!r two 7 keep+ up ! heat by ! vigor\s motion ( ! :irl+ rod4 ,among _m tribes ! produc+ ( fire 9 ?is mann] is a ?+ ( daily occurr5ce4 ,! inhabitants ( "s ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s obta9 fire by plac+ a piece ( bamboo1 :i* has be5 previ\sly split 9 half1 convex side upw>ds1 on ! gr\nd2 a small cut is !n made 9 x z a sort ( hold+-po9t = ! end ( a flat piece ( bamboo1 held some:at aft] ! mann] ( a *isel1 to "w on4 ,! flat piece1 on be+ driv5 by ! h&s rapidly =w>d & back on ! surface1 or back ( ! long holl[ piece ( cane jo9t1 rapidly works a hole ?r\gh x2 ! wood du/1 =m$ by ! friction1 fall+ ?r\gh ! orifice soon beg9s to smoke1 sm\ld]1 & burn1 :5 x is plac$ 9 a tuft ( dry fibre1 l an egg 9 a ne/4 ,a small creep] or v9e is n[ fa/5$ to ! ne/1 :i* is !n rapidly :irl$ r\nd ! head until x flames4 ,!re is a v conv5i5t & portable means ( c>ry+ fire1 sold "u ! "n ( a /rike-a-light1 or *ucknuck2 x is =m$ f a brass tube ( #a;94 calibre & #c;94 9 l5g?1 :i* has a cap & a slid+ bottom to x2 x is fill$ ) t9d]1 made z usual by sett+ fire to a piece ( rag & ext+ui%+ x z soon z x has ceas$ to blaze2 x conta9s also a gun fl9t or bit ( agate1 & its *a9 passes ?r\gh an oval ( /eel or case-h>d5$ iron4 ,:5 fire is requir$1 ! cap is tak5 (f1 & ! box held 9 ! left h&1 ) ! fl9t s held aga9/ its edge t any sp>ks /ruck f x by ! /eel1 :i* is tak5 9 ! "r1 mu/ fall ^u ! t9d]4 ,:5 x is done )1 ! fl9t is put 9 aga91 ! cap put on1 & ! movable bottom is pu%$ up s z to leave no vacant space1 b to exclude all ! air1 & to ext+ui% ! burn+ timb]4 ,^! t9d]-boxes are highly priz$2 & "o ( !m1 value "o %ill+ or s1 is by no means a despicable pres5t to a native 9 ! remote int]ior4 ,! %ank bone ( any small animal is easily conv]t$ into a *ucknuck tube4 ,sl[ mat* & t9d] are important matt]s to ! explor]4 ,loose cotton1 or almo/ any o!r vegetable fibre twi/$ into a cord1 & !n soak$ 9 wat] 9 :i* a little saltpetre or gunp[d] has be5 dissolv$1 w s]ve = a sl[ mat*4 ,! l>ge puff-balls1 or devil's snuff-boxes z !y are call$ by hunt]s1 f\nd gr[+ ab\t ! bord]s ( ! =e/1 =m excell5t punk or t9d]4 ,aft] be+ ga!r$ !y %\ld be hung on a /r+ to dry1 !n cut into ?9 slices1 & beat5 on a bo>d ) a /ick until all ! p[d] or snuff is driv5 (f1 :5 x w be fit = use1 ei!r z t9d] or to smoke wild bees f _! holes4 ,! s(t1 p>tially-decay$ wood f\nd 9 dry dead logs or holl[ trees makes a v good description ( t9d]4 ,9 default ( a t9d]-box1 mo/ p]sons c>ry a pocket-knife & a gun-fl9t4 ,if a bit ( rag1 ) a little dry gunp[d] bruis$ into x1 is roll$ up tightly1 & held ) ! fl9t 9 ! left h& s t ! sp>ks may fall on ! end ( ! roll1 x is v likely to take fire4 ,_m /ones1 z qu>tz1 agate1 jasp]1 iron pyrites1 c41 w give =? a sp>k1 s t if ! travell] has a knife1 a bit ( /eel1 or case-h>d5$ iron ab\t him1 he ne$ n despair if he c only f9d a /one4 ,! ,malays n unfrequ5tly obta9 a sp>k by /rik+ a piece ( brok5 *9aw>e %>ply aga9/ ! h>d fl9ty surface ( a well-develop$ bamboo jo9t4 ,lucif]1 congreve1 or ve/a mat*es are n[ s common1 t few travell]s ?9k ( c>ry+ any?+ else2 yet x is n safe to tru/ to !m alone1 z a little accid5tal damp may spoil ! :ole /ock4 ,if !y ignite by simple friction !re is dang] ( accid5t2 if !y ignite only on ! box1 a supply ( friction tablets %\ld be c>ri$1 = ! box w soon g to pieces ) r\gh usage4 ,! trapp]s ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica make use ( ! ,g]man mat*es1 su* z are pack$ 9 r\nd wood5 boxes be+ pref]r$4 ,! composition ends ( ^! are dipp$ 9 a v>ni% compos$ ( %ellac & a little me?ylat$ _s1 :i*1 :5 dry1 z x w be 9 ab\t half-an-h\r1 r5d]s !m p]fectly damp-pro(4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! sun %9es cont9u\sly1 a burn+ glass1 su* z ! l5s ( a telescope or a ,/anhope microscope1 w obta9 fire at any "t dur+ ! day4 ,! ,p>sees1 :5 s]v+ on bo>d ,european %ips1 c>ry _! own fire2 & we h se5 a boat's crew ) #c;ft4 ( good /\t rope1 us$ z a sl[ mat* to reta9 x4 ,a man arm$ ) a gun or pi/ol has always ! means ( obta9+ fire4 ,if x be a fl9t lock1 he ne$ n ev5 draw ! *>ge1 b1 ?r[+ out ! prim+ on "s dry surface1 he may plug up ! t\*-hole ) a bit ( wet clay1 wet or greasy rag1 /r+1 or wood2 9 fact any ( ^! mat]ials1 ev5 ?\gh dry1 if ramm$ 9 tightly1 become incombu/ible4 ,! end ( a bit ( pack?read wett$1 or ( raw hide reimpjie1 is bett] ?an any1 because ! rema9d] c be us$ to pull x out )4 ,! prim+ c !n be rubb$ on a bit ( rag--dry or slightly moi/5$--a corn] ( x /uck into ! pan1 ! gun full cock$ & ! trigg] pull$1 :5 mo/ likely ! sp>ks w be f\nd to h ignit$ ! t9d]4 ,) a p]cussion gun ! *>ge1 if x be load$1 mu/ be drawn or fir$ away s z to leave ! b>rel empty1 !n a little p[d] mu/ be put 91 & a bit ( dry rag1 ) p[d] rubb$ ^u x1 ramm$ loosely into ! b>rel2 ! gun %\ld be fir$ ) its muzzle d[nw>ds or t[>ds a rock or /ump1 t ! rag may n be bl[n too f> away4 ,! fire be+ obta9$ by any ( ^! means1 & secur$ by be+ communicat$ to a small collection ( inflammable mat]ial1 ! next process is to build up & ignite ! fuel t is to s]ve ! travell] = w>m? or cul9>y purposes4 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 h be5 already collect$4 ,prud5t cooks g5]ally tie a dry ?orn bran* beh9d _! waggon on leav+ _! outspan1 s z to h x ready z soon z !y aga9 halt2 or1 if fuel be sc>ce1 !y keep a bright look\t ^u ! way = dry /icks or ! dung ( tame or wild animals4 ,su* fuel %\ld be brok5 up1 & ! /icks r\ghly assort$ into sizes4 ,a small elevation w be *os5 or made on a dry pat* ( gr\nd1 & ! fire be+ laid on a little faggot ( small /icks1 o!rs are c>efully pil$ r\nd x po9t+ upw>d1 at an angle ( #de or m t[>ds ! c5tre--j z if a conical ro( or a *ur* /eeple 7 to be built--& r\nd ^! ! l>g] ones are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 successive sizes4 7,see ,fig4 #b1 p4 #eea47 ,?us1 ! prop]ty ( heat$ air be+ to asc5d1 ! flame is l$ naturally up along ! twigs1 & ?r\gh ! int]/ices1 & :5 /icks z ?ick z ! ?umb are well k9dl$1 o!rs may be pil$ on ) less att5tion to regul>ity4 ,if ! int5tion is to make a transi5t blaze z l>ge z possible1 p]haps = a night signal1 dry ?orn bran*es ( ! mimosa1 ) _! l>ge ?orns & loose twigs1 ?r[n on z lightly z possible1 w answ] excell5tly4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,k>roo veldt ( ,s\? ,africa a bu% or %rub ( :i* ! leaves blaze up ) almo/ a res9\s fla%1 b ( :i* ! /em is almo/ incombu/ible4 ,?is w\ld s]ve well = su* a signal2 b :5 want$ = ! purposes ( cook+1 ! fire requires con/ant repl5i%+1 & f ! repeat$ calls = fre% supplies1 ! %rub has acquir$ ! expressive "n ( ! ,br+ on bu%4 ,a species ( prolea1 locally call$ ,waggon bu%1 is also highly 9 reque/1 z its res9\s blossoms ma9ta9 a m /eady heat4 ,if ! fire is requir$ z a day signal1 l>ge quantities ( gre5 wood1 leaves1 c41 %\ld be heap$ on to make z mu* smoke z possible2 & vice v]s if concealm5t is desir$--gre5 wood %\ld be avoid$1 & only small quantities ( dry wood us$4 ,we h (t51 dur+ a night halt among ! date-palm jungles1 select$ a tree at a conv5i5t di/ance f its fell[s1 to =m a sort ( gigantic tor*4 ,! dry fronds give (f 9 burn+ suffici5t heat to make ! :ole cr[n ( ! tree inflammable2 ?is1 9 turn1 ignites ! trunk1 :i* burns = "s "t1 & gives a mo/ brilliant light4 ,! light+ ( a fire 9 a hot dry climate is a matt] ( comp>ative ease :5 comp>$ ) ! obta9m5t ( "o 9 ! damp woods ( a cold inclem5t region4 ,an exp]i5c$ campaign] w g5]ally contrive to c>ry ) him a few pieces ( dry res9\s wood1 kn[n z k9dl+ *ips1 ) :i* to />t 8 fire4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 look out %>ply = a dead tree or holl[ log1 & f ! lee side ( x1 if ra9 is fall+1 *op out a good supply ( wood z a f\ndation = y\r fire4 ,if y _c f9d a dead tree or log1 select ! dry side ( a liv+ "o2 *op (f ! b>k ) y\r axe1 & !n f ! expos$ timb] remove "s long ?9 *ips4 ,n[1 "u ! %elt] =m$ by spread+ y\r blanket or coat1 proce$ ) y\r hunt+ knife to cut ^! *ips into long1 ?91 n>r[ %av+s1 mu* l ^? us$ 9 mak+ ! ,bav>ian toy brooms4 ,:5 a good quantity ( ^! has be5 prep>$ ga!r a bundle ( ! v f9e/ & mo/ sl5d] bru%wood y c f9d4 ,! l>ge/ /icks %\ld n be /\t] ?an :eat /raws2 cut ^! up into foot l5g?s2 place y\r bun* ( %av+s on z dry a spot z y c f9d4 ,if !re are /ones to be obta9$1 place "o on ea* side ( x4 ,n[1 ) y\r small /icks1 build a sort ( cone loosely ov] ! %av+s1 ea* /ick be+ arrang$ end upw>ds1 j z hop poles are /or$ = ! w9t]2 lay ov] & outside ^! a few /\t] /icks & bits ( b>k4 ,:5 y\r cone is complete introduce y\r fire to ! c5tre ( ! cone's base4 ,a tube ( b>k or holl[ re$1 a piece ( curl$ up dry hide1 or a gun-b>rel ) ! nipple tak5 out1 s]ves = a bl[pipe to g5tly urge on ! fire )4 ,we--z /at$ 9 ! e>ly portion ( ?is "w--endeav\r1 if possible1 to h a small pair ( bell[s z "p ( our travell+ kit4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to "k h[ to manage )\t !m4 ,small quantities ( gunp[d] cauti\sly spr9kl$ 9 w aid consid]ably 9 sett+ up ! fir/ flame ( a sluggi% fire4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be ex]cis$ 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ accid5ts f explosion4 ,we 9 our e>ly days n>r[ly escap$ ! loss ( a h& by /rew+ a little p[d] f ! flask on "s damp moss1 :i* we 7 endeav\r+ to coax into a fire4 ,! in/ant ! gra9s ( p[d] rea*$ ! fire !y ignit$1 communicat$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 &1 =tunately1 blew ! brass top f ! copp] body1 )\t bur/+ ! metal4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ne>ly a half-*>ge ( p[d] explod$ 9 ! left h&1 :il/ we 7 /rew+ 9 ! p[d] ) ! "r f+] & ?umb 9 a mann] :i* we are to ?is day utt]ly at a loss to acc\nt =4 ,:5 mak+ use ( gunp[d] z a fire /imulant1 we n[ inv>iably p\r ! quantity ab\t to be us$ on a leaf or a piece ( b>k1 & place ! flask 9 a place ( p]fect safety1 "s di/ance f ! fire1 :i*1 :5 once fairly e/abli%$1 may be treat$ ) m boldness1 & suppli$ ) /icks ( l>g] size4 ,if y int5d camp+ d[n = ! night ) y\r p>ty1 ! fir/ ?+ to d1 aft] see+ t y\r fire is burn+ /rongly1 is to collect a good & suffici5t /ore ( fuel to la/ ?r\gh ! night & well up into ! morn+4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts ( fitness 9 ! locality = camp+ purposes w be ! close vic9ity ( prop] firewood2 & "h we mu/ caution ! inexp]i5c$ aga9/ ! *oice ( s(t wood trees = a true camp fire4 ,p9es1 & o!r memb]s ( ! conif]1 are v ill adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,a%1 maple1 bee*1 bir*1 & o!r h>d woods are ! sorts to be s\ght =4 ,trees ( ab\t #a;ft4 to #ad;94 9 diamet] are ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,:5 fell$ ) ! axe1 !y %\ld be cut into logs ( ab\t #ab;ft4 9 l5g?1 & all ! bran*es *opp$ up %ort to fe$ ! fire )4 ,prep>e two /rong heavy /akes ( ab\t #e;ft4 9 l5g?1 %>p5 ! po9ts & drive !m into ! e>? j beh9d y\r fire1 9 su* a way t !y may /& at ab\t #f;ft4 ap>t4 ,cut a not* 9 ! re> ( ea* ne> ! top = ! support or back /ake to key into4 ,n[ place ?ree ( y\r fire logs "o on ! o!r1 z if y 7 build+ a log wall4 ,?is =ms y\r fire-back2 n[ take two %ort] logs & fix !m at ! ends z log re/s1 & on ^! lay ano!r long fire log1 :5 ! arrangem5t w be complete4 ,a fire ( ?is k9d1 :5 once ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 w burn dur+ ! longe/ night1 =m a p]fect wall ( fire1 & cause little tr\ble1 z all ! fe$+ fuel is ca/ 9 betwe5 ! front log on ! log re/s & ! fire-back4 ,a pot1 to be boil$ on a fire ( ?is k9d1 is conv5i5tly susp5d$ f a /\t gre5 pole1 s plac$ z to re/ above ! fire-back1 :il/ its po9t is =c$ into ! gr\nd beh9d4 ,to keep a small fire /eadily burn+1 let ?ree logs z l>ge z possible be laid end to end1 div]g+ at an angle ( #fj f ea* o!r 7z 9 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #eea71 pu% _! burn+ ends occasionally toge!r1 & !y w la/ _m h\rs1 ) b little att5tion4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia take dry logs1 #f;ft4 or m 9 l5g?1 & lay+ !m d[n #c;ft4 or #d;ft4 ap>t1 set !m on fire 9 sev]al places4 ,lett+ %ort] logs meet !m f ! outside1 & lay+ good-siz$ pebbles ar\nd !m1 !y !n /ret* !mselves on ! gr\nd & sleep betwe5 ! two l9es ( fire1 & :5 ! wood is consum$ ! /ones cont9ue = "s "t to radiate ! heat !y h previ\sly absorb$4 ,_m tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians h _! own especial fa%ion ( fire-build+1 s t a des]t$ camp fire w n unfrequ5tly reveal ! id5tity ( ! tribe by :om x 0 made4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 :5 ! flats are swamp$ ) heavy %[]s1 & x w\ld seem almo/ impossible to k9dle ! scanty fuel t c be obta9$1 ! ant-hills ) :i* ! pla9 is cov]$ prove ! greate/ imag9able boon to ! travell]4 ,"o ( ^! hills1 #c;ft4 or #d;ft4 high1 is select$1 its top cut flat (f1 & a hole dug l an ov5 9 its side4 ,9 ?is ! fire is k9dl$1 ! flame ru%es up ?r\gh ! gall]ies1 ! clay becomes r$ hot1 & ! kettle or fry+-pan soon beg9s to feel its influ5ce4 ,b ?is is n all1 = ! gall]ies are mo/ likely full ( vegetable matt] z well z ( ants' eggs1 & l>v1 & ^! help to increase ! flame4 ,( c\rse x is cruel1 b ! travell] & 8 foll[]s mu/ h food4 ,by ! ex]cise ( a little +5uity1 holl[s c be cut 9 x = conv5i5ce ( bak+ bread1 c4 ,mo/ f>m]s build a clay ov5 at "s little di/ance f _! h\ses to avoid ! necessity ( hav+ a fire actually "u _! ro(4 ,9 ! ,zuur veldt1 9 ,t>t>y & ,c5tral ,india1 :]e fuel is sc>ce1 we h se5 ! cattle-dung collect$ & pil$ along ! tops ( all ! walls & o!r enclosures to dry4 ,:5 camp+ d[n = any l5g? ( "t a /ack ( logs & split h>d wood %\ld be =m$4 ,/raight logs are easily split by w$ges1 b /ump ends1 :i* =m excell5t fuel1 are s t\gh t !y require bl[+ op5 ) gunp[d]4 ,to d ?is1 we bore an aug] hole into ! sub/ance ( ! /ump1 p\r 9 our *>ge ( p[d]1 & !n screw into ! hole a tap]$ iron plug1 on :i* a v deep r\gh screw ?read has be5 cut4 ,?is plug has a r+ made 9 its upp] end to admit ( ! passage ( an iron p9 us$ 9 screw+ x 91 & ! r+ ( a bit ( old ox *a91 ! o!r end ( :i* is secur$ to ! log "u treatm5t by a l>ge /aple1 or a screw bolt1 9 ord] to prev5t ! plug f be+ bl[n away & lo/4 ,illu/ration ,! annex$ illu/ration repres5ts a section ( ! /ump2 & x w be se51 on exam9ation1 t ! plug has a hole runn+ longitud9ally ?r\gh x = a sl[-mat* to g ?r\gh4 ,! inside end ( ?is mat* is all[$ to rema9 long en\gh to rea* ! p[d] 9 ! bottom ( ! hole1 & t at ! outside ( suffici5t l5g? to enable y1 aft] light+ x1 to get beh9d a tree1 or 9 "s o!r safe place1 until ! explosion takes place1 & ! fly+ spl9t]s & fragm5ts settle4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( "o ( ^! iron bla/+ plugs1 a h>d wood tre5ail may be us$ to /op ! aug] hole1 & ! v5t may be bor$ ) a gimlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,qu]n4 ,make%ift mills4 ,9 deal+ ) _m ( ! food1 dr9k1 & oil yield+ products ) :i* we %all h to deal1 mills or cru%+ contrivances1 m or less complicat$1 w be requir$4 ,! mo/ simple & primitive ( ^! is =m$ by plac+ ! sub/ance to be treat$ betwe5 two /ones1 & gr9d+ x by work+ !m =w>d & back ) ! h&s4 ,! tortillas or ?9 pancakes ( ,spani% ,am]ica are made f fl\r prep>$ by ! aid ( a contrivance ( ?is k9d4 ,! maize or ,indian corn us$ 9 _! manufacture is fir/ /eep$ 9 wat] to s(t5 x4 ,h&fuls ( ! prep>$ gra9 are !n ?9ly scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! l[] or b$ /one4 ,! top /one is !n br\ght into play until ! :ole is r$uc$ to a species ( pa/e4 ,?is1 :5 flatt5$ out betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s1 & rapidly bak$ ov] ! fire1 =ms a description ( bread 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ,mexico & o!r c\ntries :]e ! ,spani% races h =m$ settlem5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! ,ea/]n races & tribes make use ( ! anci5t qu]n or h&-mill to cru% _! gra94 ,?is primitive mill1 ! subject ( ! annex$ illu/ration1 is1 ) trifl+ modifications ( arrangem5t1 almo/ _w wide4 ,a b$ /one1 slightly convex1 is capp$ by a runn+ /one some:at concave4 ,a hole 9 ! c5tre admits ( ! gra9 be+ p\r$ 9 ) ! left h&1 :il/ a second hole out ( c5tre receives ! end ( ! h&le us$ 9 caus+ ! upp] /one to revolve on ! l[]4 ,z ! gra9 is r$uc$ to p[d] x falls out on a clo? plac$ to receive x1 & by repeat$ly pass+ betwe5 ! /ones a meal ( suffici5t f95ess = practical purposes is soon =m$4 ,:5 two or m p]sons "w at a mill ( ?is description1 supplem5t>y h&les are atta*$ to ! upright turn+ /ick by /rips ( raw hide4 ,! *upatees or aps ( ,india are usually made f meal gr\nd 9 mills ( ?is description4 ,*upatees1 l tortillas1 are n unlike pancakes1 & =m a mo/ important elem5t ( an ,indian hunt]'s diet4 ,our native foll[]s always contriv$ to be> ) !m 9 "s way or ano!r ! pair ( /ones necess>y to =m a qu]n1 & a piece ( %eet iron to bake ! aps on1 s t1 :]ev] gra9 ( any k9d 0 procurable1 we 7 at lea/ sure ( bread4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( meal has be5 gr\nd out1 x is1 by ! aid ( a little wat] & mu* manipulation1 conv]t$ into d\gh or att>4 ,?is is divid$ into balls1 ea* ball be+ suffici5t to =m "o *upatee4 ,! balls are !n "o by "o tak5 betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s & dext]\sly slapp$ & patt$ until q r\nd & z ?9 z an ord9>y pancake1 & !n adroitly transf]r$ to ! piece ( %eet iron :i* re/$ on a small fire close at h&4 ,a little ghee1 or native butt]1 0 !n add$4 ,! aps1 :5 bak$ br[n1 are tak5 (f ! plate1 & eat5 hot or /or$ away = future use4 ,:5 atta*$ to ! exp$ition s5t into ! jungles = ! capture ( ! ,nahwab ( ,b&a1 we saw our native hunt]s & foll[]s1 :5 p>ticul>ly %ort ( gra91 ga!r ! se$ ( a ?9 wiry grass call$ n>doo = meal-mak+ purposes4 ,?is n>doo mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) ! ,au/ralian se$ ( ! same "n1 z t gr[s on a plant n unlike our ,engli% wood sorrel1 ! h>e-bell1 or a long-/emm$ clov]2 :il/ t ( ,india is a true c]eal1 ) a head furni%$ ) _m gra9s1 l v dim9utive b>ley4 ,9 ,africa & _m o!r c\ntries ! pe/le & mort> are ext5sively made use ( = gra9 & se$ cru%+4 ,a h>d wood log is easily holl[$ out by ! aid ( fire & cutt+ tools1 & a pe/le is extemporis$ f any suitable piece ( heavy wood4 ,illu/ration ,a p[]ful & simple description ( mill is made by mak+ a r\nd & some:at tap]+ hole 9 a l>ge slab ( s&/one or grit4 ,9 ?is a conical block ( /one is fitt$ 9 su* a mann] z to admit ( its be+ turn$ r\nd by a cross-h&le1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,! corn or o!r gra9 to be cru%$ is ?r[n into a groove :i* surr\nds ! hole 9 ! b$ /one4 ,a g5]ally useful oil or sug>-cane mill is 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,its ma9 b$ or cyl9d] is =m$ f a solid block ( h>d /one1 :i* is hewn out until ( ! =m ( an upturn$ mort>2 9 ! bore or b>rel is fix$1 at an angle1 a piece ( h>d1 heavy1 & massive baubul ?orn tree1 :i* acts z a pe/le or cru%]2 to ?is is atta*$1 by la%+s ( raw hide1 a head b>1 :i* s]ves to guide its movem5ts & direction4 ,?is head b> is 9 turn connect$ ) ! travell+ b>1 :i* runs r\nd ! cyl9d] mu* z ! jaws ( a boom might be made to run r\nd a ma/4 ,! illu/ration bel[ w s]ve to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! arrangem5ts are made4 ,"o or m bullocks are made use ( to turn ! pe/le ( ! mill2 & su* liquid z may be =c$ out ( ! sub/ance "u treatm5t runs ?r\gh an orifice1 l ! v5t ( a cannon1 into a cane tube1 :i* conducts x into a pot sunk 9 ! e>?4 ,! great] portion ( ! native cane sug> made 9 ! ,ea/ is manufactur$ by ! aid ( ?is description ( mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug>-,,cane ,,mill4 ,:il/ at ,tette1 9 ,africa1 we _h an opportunity ( see+ ! process ( cane sug> mak+ c>ri$ out by ! native cultivators1 :i* is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ a quantity ( canes1 m9us _! tops1 7 br\ght 91 & a c\ple ( m51 arm$ ) ?9 d\ble-edg$ s(t iron knives1 #b;ft4 long & #c;94 wide1 caught up ! canes 9 _! left h&s & *opp$ (f pieces ab\t #b;ft4 long1 lett+ !m fall 9 heaps1 :5ce !y 7 tak5 by o!rs1 :o dress$ (f any knots or "y %oots t might imp$e _! progress ?r\gh ! mill4 ,z soon z ?is 0 complet$1 ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 :i* are always tak5 asund] & clean$ aft] a day's "w1 7 set up1 ! :ole consi/+ ( eight pieces ( wood--fir/1 ! tr\gh1 or canoe z ! natives call x 7an oblong block #e;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #f;94 wide1 ) a holl[ #c;94 deep to cat* ! juice1 & ?ree circul> holes or sockets 9 ! c5tre1 cut n q ?r\gh1 to receive ! l[] ends ( ! roll]s72 secondly1 two po/s1 "o at ei!r end ( ! tr\gh1 ) _! upp] ends t5on$ to c>ry ano!r log ) correspond+ sockets = ! upp] end ( ! roll]s2 ?irdly1 ?ree v]tical roll]s1 #d;ft4 long & #h;94 diamet]1 _! upp] p>ts be+ cut into ! =m ( a long screw1 ! worm ( ! c5tre "o runn+ 9 ! usual direction1 & ^? ( ! two o!rs 9 ! opposite4 ,! head ( ! c5tral roll] projects above ! framework1 & is squ>$ s z to fit into a mortice 9 ! middle ( a long beam1 ! two ends ( :i* are us$ z lev]s1 &1 :5 turn$1 ! deep-cut worm1 act+ on ^? ( ! o!r roll]s1 causes !m to revolve 9 ! opposite direction4 ,a heap ( cane 0 laid by ! mill2 &1 :ile eight or t5 m5 ran r\nd ) ! lev] b>1 a native1 squatt+ on ! receiv+ side1 f$ ! canes by h&fuls betwe5 ! c5tre & ! "r-h& roll]2 :ile ano!r1 cat*+ !m z !y came out 7z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration71 s5t !m back aga9 betwe5 ! c5tre & ! opposite roll] on 8 own "r4 ,?is 0 repeat$ till ! canes 7 cru%$ dry & ! tr\gh fill$4 ,! juice 0 bal$ out ) a calaba%2 & :5 x became %all[ 0 scoop$ up by ! h&1 /ra9$ ?r\gh a basket into two l>ge copp] pans #cj;94 wide & #h;94 deep1 & boil$ on op5 wood fires1 a c\ple ( wom5 /irr+ x till suffici5tly evaporat$4 ,! pans 7 !n plac$ on small heaps ( s(t e>?1 & ! /irr+ cont9u$ till ! :ole mass assum$ ! consi/5cy ( d\gh or t(fy1 & ev5tually cry/allis$ into a f9e bright yell[i% br[n sug>1 leav+ no treacle1 molasses1 or refuse ( any k9d4 ,! gre5 cane *ew$ to express ! juice is pleasant & nutriti\s2 ! fre% sap is a mo/ luxuri\s draught2 ! syrup1 ?ick5$ by boil+1 b n yet cry/allis$1 is ( a bright gold5 col\r1 & bett] 9 ta/e ?an :at we call treacle2 ! pap or t(fy is by no means bad4 ,next morn+1 z ! friction ( ! roll]s _h worn ! out] side ( ! sockets & ?us increas$ ! space betwe5 !m1 a native c>p5t] let 9 pieces ( h>d wood across ! gra9 ( ! beam1 & 9 !m cut holl[s to ! prop] outl9e ( ! sockets4 ,?is is frequ5tly necess>y2 &1 if x is too long delay$1 ! roll]s sep>ate s mu* t ! ?read ( ! c5tre screw cat*es ! edge in/ead ( ! holl[ ( ! o!rs1 & is liable to break bo?4 ,a set ( roll]s w la/ f "o to ?ree seasons1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( "w requir$4 ,! panellas1 or e>!n sug> j>s1 are made by wom54 ,sug> pots1 to make4 ,a %all[ wood5 di%1 ( ab\t #ad;94 int]nal diamet]1 is *os51 & 9 ?is ! clay1 previ\sly knead$ into a long roll1 is s coil$ z to make a circul> wall2 ?is is next press$ & patt$ into a compact mass1 ) a smoo? surface2 x is !n built ^u1 tap]+ into a k9d ( pe> %ape t[>ds ! top1 :i* is #d;94 9 diamet]1 & is f9i%$ 9 a smoo? edge 7a woman w d ?is 9 ab\t t5 m9utes72 x is !n g5tly lift$ f ! di% & set aside to dry4 ,next day x is turn$ up1 & ! wide "p1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 ! base1 is gradually built ^u ) fre% clay1 till x ar*es ov] s z to leave a v small ap]ture2 ! f+]s ( ! left h& are introduc$ to support ! "w1 :ile ! hole is be+ dim9i%$ by applications ( fre% clay until x becomes s small t ! la/ f+] has to be )drawn1 & x is f9ally clos$ by ! dext]\s application ( a small piece1 q moi/1 dabb$ on ) correct aim1 & slightly smoo!d (f at ! edges by g5tle application ( ! f+]s4 ,a hemisph]ical cap is !n made = ! f9i%$ panella1 :i* appe>s beside x4 ,! j>s are !n bak$ to a dull r$4 ,f #aelb4 to #bjlb4 ( sug> is put 9 ea*1 mak+ ! gross weight f #bglb4 to #bilb41 a pad ( grass to give a flatt5$ base is lac$ to ea* j> ) /rips ( palm leaf1 a c\ple ( loops or beckets are left to lift x by1 & ea* j> is sold = ab\t ?ree fa?oms ( calico4 ,cakes1 to bake4 ,9 cook+ an z-koekie1 or a% cake1 a fire is made ^u a smoo? flat piece ( gr\nd1 & :5 ?is is well heat$1 & !re are pl5ty ( gl[+ emb]s1 ! fire is swept away2 ! cake1 g5]ally ( meal or ( seconds fl\r & wat]1 ) a p9* ( salt 9 x1 is laid ^u x1 ! a%es are !n /rew$ ov] ! cake1 & ! emb]s rak$ ov] all1 fre% wood be+ heap$ ov] if necess>y1 & x is left = two or f\r h\rs accord+ to its size & ! int5sity ( ! fire4 ,! ,au/ralian damp] is made 9 ! same mann]1 except t ! f9e/ fl\r is us$ & knead$ ) z little wat] z possible2 9 fact ! fl\r is m]ely damp$ suffici5tly to make x adh]e1 & !n by d9t ( h>d knead+ is conv]t$ into a solid mass1 ! object be+ to h no moi/ure 9 x t w\ld cause x to become m\ldy if kept or c>ri$ = sev]al days ^u a j\rney4 ,z ?is article ( bread/uff is su* a g5]al fav\rite ) old bu%m51 x may n be amiss to give full directions = its prep>ation4 ,! size ( ! damp] ( c\rse dep5ds on ! num]ical /r5g? ( ! p>ty = :i* x is ab\t be+ prep>$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to obta9 a flat1 broad1 dri$ %eepsk91 or slab ( b>k1 l>ge en\gh to con/itute a knead+-bo>d2 on ?is p\r f y\r fl\r sack en\gh fl\r = use2 spr9kle 9 "s salt2 "w a wide bas9-%ap$ hole 9 ! middle ( ! fl\r1 keep+ ! "r h& mov+ r\nd x :il/ wat] is ?r[n 9 a little at a "t f any conv5i5t vessel held 9 ! left4 ,cont9ue to d ?is until a ?ick1 /rong1 adhesive d\gh is =m$2 "w ?is well ab\t on ! bo>d ) dry fl\r until a l>ge pudd+-%ap$ ball is =m$2 /rew y\r bo>d ) fre% fl\r1 du/ ov] y\r ball ) a little1 & proce$ to press & flatt5 x out until a r\nd1 ev51 pancake-%ap$ mass is =m$--ab\t #b-a_/b;94 9 ?ickness w be f\nd a conv5i5t sub/ance4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by cutt+ a not* 9 a %>p /ick at #b-a_/b;94 f ! jo9t1 & ?ru/+ x ?r\gh "h & !re1 work+ away 9 ! meantime until ! ?ickness is uni=m4 ,! r$ hot emb]s ( y\r camp fire1 :i* %\ld be good1 cle>1 & well-burn$1 mu/ n[ be scoop$ aside ) a %ovel1 flat-po9t$ /ick1 or a %eet ( gre5 b>k1 leav+ a cle> ev5 surface ( he>?4 ,n[1 deftly tak+ ! damp] 9 ! palms & outspread f+]s ( y\r two h&s1 drop x ev5ly & lightly on ! heat$ gr\nd1 mak+ all flat & compact ) y\r h&s1 & !n ) y\r %ovel or make%ift spade rake back ! heat$ emb]s ov] y\r damp] until x is deeply buri$ 9 !m1 & 9 betwe5 "o & two h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! weight ( ! bat*1 x w be cook$ to a turn1 be ( a light ri* br[n1 & a fea/ = a k+4 ,hungry m5 n unfrequ5tly satisfy _! hung] by mak+ d\gh nuts1 or begg>s on ! coals z !y are call$1 :il/ ! damp] is cook+4 ,^! are m]ely small lumps ( d\gh ha/ily twi/$ (f & ca/ on ! emb]s to grill4 ,! dri$ yea/ p[d]s prep>$ by "s good mak]s are well wor? tak+ on an exp$ition1 :5 v sup]ior bread c be made by _! aid4 ,we h made good bread ) & )\t !m1 by plac+ ! loaf "u an upturn$ copp] or iron cook+ pot1 heap+ on ! a%es until ! bak+ process 0 complet$1 & !n du/+ ! loaf well ) a bun* ( fre% gre5 twigs4 ,we made an excell5t ov5 9 ! ,crimea f an old p[d] cani/]4 ,?is we buri$ 9 an horizontal direction 9 ! bank at ! back ( ! cook h\se4 ,clay 0 well ramm$ 9 r\nd x1 & aft] x _h be5 suffici5tly heat$ by a *>ge ( v9e roots & aught else we c\ld obta91 x 0 swept out1 ! bread pies or t>ts 7= we ev5 arriv$ at t /age ( ! bak]'s art at la/7 7 put 91 ! copp] cov] ( ! cani/] 0 lut$ fa/ ) wet clay1 & ! bak+ prov$ mo/ satisfactory4 ,a small iron-hoop$ b>rel makes an excell5t ov54 ,lay x on its bilge 9 a deep groove1 scoop$ 9 a conv5i5t bank1 cov] x ) a complete & ?ick coat+ ( /rong clay1 leav+ "o head1 ! out] "o1 op52 !n fill 9 ! e>? above ! cask1 & well /amp x d[n2 n[ lay a few /ones 9 ! cask1 & light a fire on !m1 lett+ x sm\ld] ! :ole ( "o day & a night1 9 ord] t ! clay may dry4 ,n[ remove ! /ones1 & light a /rong fire ( dry wood 9 x4 ,?is w burn out all ! /aves1 & leave ! clay ov5 fit = use4 ,a l>ge flat /one & "s clay makes a good ov5 /opp]4 ,illu/ration3 #a-g ,if a light cake = pres5t use is requir$1 & ! a%es adh]+ to ! out] surface are ?\ght objectionable1 a fry+-pan1 ( :i* ! h&le _h be5 brok5 (f1 may be inv]t$ ov] x1 or a plate ( iron may be support$ ^u f\r /ones1 & ! fire pil$ ov] all z be=e4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,! ?ree-legg$ iron pot1 or ,meg ,m]rilies 7,fig4 #d71 =ms an excell5t ov52 light bread may be bak$ 9 x1 or jo9ts may be roa/$1 or pa/ry made to suit ! mo/ fa/idi\s ta/e4 ,a fire mu/ be made und]nea? x1 & a suffici5t quantity ( cle> gl[+ emb]s rak$ out & pil$ ^u ! iron cov]1 :i* ought n to be lift$ until ! mom5t :5 ! cont5ts are judg$ to be prop]ly cook$4 ,fle% meat4 ,b x is :5 ! l>g] animals ( ! wild]ness fall be=e ! hunt]'s rifle t ! res\rces ( ! ,african *ef de cuis9e are really call$ into requisition4 ,suppose an elephant has be5 laid l[1 &1 aft] an extemporis$ supp] ( /eaks1 or c>bonatjies1 ! p>ty det]m9e to h a foot = breakfa/1 ! fire1 :i* has already p>tially dri$ ! gr\nd1 is swept away1 or p]haps a new spot is *os51 & a hole #cj;94 9 wid? & dep? is made1 a fire is light$ 9 ?is1 & a quantity ( dry wood ?r[n on & all[$ to burn until ! sides ( ! hole & ! e>? imm$iately surr\nd+ x are ?or\ghly heat$2 ! fire is !n rak$ out1 ! foot1 g5]ally a =e "o1 :i* has be5 amputat$ at :at may be call$ ! wri/-jo9t1 & answ]+ to ! knee ( ! horse1 is plac$ 9 its natural position 9 x 7,fig4 #e71 ! a%es are %ovell$ 91 ! hot emb]s above !m1 ! hot e>? ov] all1 & a ro>+ fire is light$ on ! top & left to burn all night4 ,9 ! morn+ ?is is cle>$ (f1 ! foot is dug out1 ! upp] p>ts soil$ by ! contract ( ! a%es are cut away1 & ! ri* gelat9e & o!r morsels are left to be dug out by ! /\t ke5 po9t$ knives ( ! expectant hunt]s1 ! t\gh sk9 s]v+ all ! purposes ( a di%4 ,v frequ5tly a piece ( ! trunk is put 9 at ! same "t1 & ?is is g5]ally left z a /&-by1 to be eat5 cold1 :5 x looks & ta/es almo/ l co>se tongue2 ! foot1 on ! contr>y1 be+ be/ :ile /ill w>m4 ,! hump ( ! :ite rh9oc]os1 treat$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 is 9 reality a mo/ delici\s morsel1 ! ri* juices accumulat+ 9 ! di% =m$ by ! ?ick sk91 :ile ! upp] "p & adh]+ a%es is cut (f & ?r[n away2 b1 if prop] c>e has be5 tak51 ano!r flap ( sk9 slightly l>g] w h be5 cut out & skew]$1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 = a di% cov]1 & ?is w n only prev5t ! annoyance caus$ by dirt & a%es1 b w prev5t ! absorption ( ! juices :i* w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,a mode ( cook+ a di% ( hippopotamus1 discov]$ by ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 is well wor? be>+ 9 m9d4 ,speak+ ( x1 he says3 ,i tri$ boil+ ! fat fle% & sk9 toge!r1 ! result be+ t ! sk9 assum$ ! appe>ance ( ! gre5 fat ( ! turtle1 b is f> sup]ior4 ,a piece ( ! head ?us boil$1 & !n s\s$ 9 v9eg>1 ) *opp$ onions & cay5ne pepp] & salt1 ?r[s brawn completely into ! %ade4 ,! rump /eak f an el& is also a delicacy h>dly to be surpass$4 ,! side ( ! rump1 sk9 & all1 ) z mu* fle% z c be dug out ) x1 is cut (f2 ! edges ( ! sk9 are !n ga!r$ toge!r & skew]$ l a pudd+ bag 7see ,fig4 #g71 & x is !n put into ! heat$ hole1 or a fire is built ar\nd & ov] x ^u ! surface1 ! advantage be+ t ! juices h no *ance ( escape & ! meat is mo/ delici\sly cook$2 9 fact1 if ! quantity be insuffici5t1 all ! inn] portions ( ! sk9 may be p>$ away & eat51 leav+ only ! scor*$ cuticle4 ,! gipsies' me?od ( roll+ up a f[l 9 a ball ( clay1 putt+ x into ! fire till x becomes r$ hot1 & !n break+ x op51 ) all ! fea!rs scor*$ s z to be no long] recognisable1 & ! f[l itself delici\sly cook$1 is well kn[n4 ,fi% :5 dress$ 9 ?is way are delici\s4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! natives appe> to h a ta/e = boil+ or /ew+ _! food1 al?\gh at ! same "t !y d n possess vessels ( iron1 or ev5 ( clay1 t w be> ! action ( ! fire3 nev]!less _! case is n hopeless4 ,we h frequ5tly se5 ! cook+ holes ( ! ,au/ralians--g5]ally beside "s rivulet1 :]e fi% & fre%-wat] mussels 7 easily to be obta9$1 & ev5 an alligator might occasionally be kill$4 ,a hole 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #eea71 #b;ft4 9 diamet] & #a;ft4 9 dep?1 is dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! inside nicely clay$2 ! fi% or fle%1 c>efully wrapp$ 9 grass or 9 ! leaves ( ! p&anus1 is put 9 & ! hole fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! meantime l>ge /ones h be5 heat$ at a fire n f> (f1 & ^! are dropp$ "o aft] ano!r into ! wat]1 be+ remov$ by means ( crook$ /icks z !y cool to make room = o!rs m ?or\ghly hot2 !n1 :5 ! wat] boils1 or is z ne>ly boil+ z x is possible = hot /ones to make x1 ! hole is cov]$ ) grass2 e>? is heap$ on x1 & ! food is left to /eam until x is consid]$ suffici5tly cook$4 ,%\ld ! mess be l>ge1 & require long] boil+1 a fire may be light$ above ! cook+ hole1 less = ! purpose ( imp>t+ fre% heat ?an = t ( prev5t+ ! loss ( ! heat already produc$ bel[ x4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ,s&wi* ,isl&]s1 & "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,we/ ,am]ica1 cook mo/ ( _! food 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s a pig1 ) ! potatoes1 yams1 or o!r vegetables1 is nicely wrapp$ 9 sev]al folds ( mat or native clo? & left to /ew all night2 & we h he>d x said t fle% may be boil$ by ?is process 9 a suffici5tly wat]-tight basket4 ,salmon & o!r fi% are commonly boil$ by ,indians 9 bir* b>k by ! aid ( hot /ones4 ,make%ift furnace4 ,:ile coa/+ along ! %ores ( ,nor? ,au/ralia we 7 (t5 at a loss = some?+ l a w>m meal2 =tunately1 we _h z a comp5sation a case ( g9 ) u1 &1 z long z x la/$1 we ?ankfully avail$ ourselves ( x z a means ( re/or+ ! animal heat aft] we _h be5 *ill$ & we>i$ by a night ( exposure & incessant lab\r4 ,:5 ! wea!r mod]at$ a little1 we took a #flb4 pres]v$ beef t9 7see ! foll[+ engrav+71 cut out ! top ( x1 & !n1 aft] mak+ a numb] ( triangul> cuts 9 ! sides ab\t half-way d[n1 we turn$ ! tongues inw>ds s z to make at ! same "t supports = ! piece ( t9 we _h cut out f ! top1 & holes by :i* ! air c\ld ent] freely2 ! upp] edge we cut into van-dykes1 turn+ alt]nately "o po9t inw>d & "o a little out1 s z to make a firm re/ & secure hold = ano!r t9 ( ! same size1 :i* we us$ z a boil]4 ,we set ! :ole ^u ! bottom ( our upturn$ bal+ tub1 & light$ our fire ^u ! false bottom ) coir1 or fibre ( cocoa-nut husk1 /eep$ 9 cocoa-nut oil1 & ) *ips ( deal cut (f ! trail ( our little c>ronade4 ,9 ?is mann] we n only made tea & c(fee1 b w>m$ up our pres]v$ meat1 & fri$ our salt pork4 ,illu/ration ,dur+ ?is voyage we fell 9 ) "o ( ! v few s-call$ edible ?+s we h be5 unable to eat1 & ?is 0 ! trepang 7be*e le m]1 or sea-slug72 ?is1 ) ! scanty boil+ or roa/+ we c\ld af=d x1 0 ab\t z t5d] & well ta/$ z ! sole ( a %oe well saturat$ ) sea-wat]2 b1 aft] hav+ be5 p>boil$ & dri$ by ! ,malay collectors1 sold by !m = #ael4 p] ton to ! ,*9ese1 & subject$ to ! elaborate cul9>y op]ations ( t p1 we h no d\bt t1 ) suffici5t condim5t1 x produces a s\p q wor?y ( ! praises !y be/[ ^u x4 ,illu/ration ,:5 we 7 left ) a c\ple ( ,krooboys 9 ! p9nace ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]mes1 on ! ,zambesi1 we took an empty pres]v$ potatoe box1 compos$ ( %eet iron1 betwe5 #af;94 & #ah;94 squ>e1 &1 cutt+ out ! top z 9 ! case be=e describ$1 we made half-way up ! sides a s]ies ( triangul> cuts1 turn$ ! po9ts inw>d z supports1 & let ! top %eet previ\sly pun*$ full ( holes d[n ^u !m2 above ?is we cut a good-siz$ hole = ! admission ( fre% fuel1 & ano!r bel[ = access to ! a%es accumulat+ !re4 ,?is prov$ a fir/-rate portable furnace2 x 0 l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! c(fee kettle & a mod]ate-siz$ /ew pot or fry+-pan4 ,! bottom be+ made ) a flange rivet$ to ! sides1 z %[n by ! rivet heads 9 ! sket*1 0 sunk ne>ly #a 94 )9 ! edges1 & !re=e left j t am\nt ( vacant space betwe5 x & ! boat's ?w>ts or o!r plank t x might be set ^u1 ?us prev5t+ any dang] ( burn+ ! plank %\ld ev5 ! fall+ emb]s heat ! iron be=e !y di$ out4 ,= additional security1 we put a c\ple ( *ocks "u to raise x2 b !re 0 no necessity = secur+ x by cleats or la%+s2 /ill we h drawn !m to %[ h[ !y might be appli$1 if requisite4 ,a piece ( ! iron wire nett+1 n[ commonly sold = f5c+1 if neatly turn$ up at ! sides1 w\ld make a v effici5t fire-basket2 &1 if ! me%es prove too l>ge1 a c\ple ( pieces s cut or fold$ t !y cov] ea* o!r unequally w\ld r$uce ! size ( ! ap]tures to some?+ less ?an half4 ,?is might be slung by wires 7z 9 ,fig4 #a71 set ^u legs1 or support$ accord+ to conv5i5ce4 ,! =m ( ! old cresset1 :i* may be well en\gh imitat$ ) a few bits ( iron hoop 7,fig4 #b71 ) or )\t rivets1 is wor? be>+ 9 m9d4 ,light may be obta9$ by /ick+ a pole into ! gr\nd1 splitt+ ! top ( x1 & /ick+ 9 ! cleft a slip ( r$ p9e or o!r res9\s wood2 ! burn+ may be accel]at$ by depress+ ! light$ end 7z 9 ,fig4 #c71 or ret>d$ by rais+ x4 ,illu/ration3 #a-f ,fuel4 ,:5 wood is sc>ce1 almo/ any animal sub/ance may be us$ z fuel2 ! dung ( all gram9ivor\s animals1 ! dri$ fle%1 c>tilage1 fat & bones1 w all burn4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one once burnt ! dri$ bones ( an elephant 9 ! furnace ( ! little /eam] ,ma ,rob]t2 & 9 try+ d[n ! blubb] ( a :ale1 ! scraps f :i* no m oil c be extract$ are us$ z fuel to melt ! re/4 ,arctic explor]s con/antly burn bones to obta9 heat4 ,p>ties away f a vessel on boat s]vice frequ5tly h blue lights or rockets ) !m4 ,a blue light is usually provid$ ) a p]cussion cap1 s t x be>s its own means ( ignition2 b1 if !re %\ld be no ne$ to burn x1 ! sulphur may be remov$ & us$ 9 small quantities to tip ! ends ( bits ( pap]1 wood1 or any light combu/ible matt] to s]ve z mat*es4 ,a c&le may be sav$ f gutt]+ by be+ plac$ 9 a tube l>ge en\gh to conta9 x ) a small ap]ture to let ! wick come ?r\gh2 if a spiral spr+ is at h& to =ce ! c&le gradually up1 s mu* ! bett]2 if n1 h ! tube long en\gh to all[ a /ick ( ! same size to be ins]t$ "u ! butt ( ! c&le1 !n weight ! tube heavily 7see ,fig4 #d1 p4 #eee71 & x w ( itself press d[nw>ds z ! c&le burns away4 ,fig4 #e is a clay m\ld us$ by ! natives ( "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago = cook+ sago2 x is heat$ ne>ly r$ hot1 ! sago pa/e is ladl$ into ! holl[s %[n 9 x1 &1 :5 cook$1 tak5 out 9 ! =m ( v palatable biscuits4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa we make v excell5t fritt]s by mix+ a /\t batt] ( meal or fl\r ) a little sug>2 !n sett+ a pot ( %eep's-tail fat ^u ! fire1 we keep x boil+1 & tak+ up a spoonful ( ! batt] drop x into ! boil+ fat4 ,:5 a ,s\? ,sea :al] is try+ out blubb]1 ! m5 take biscuits1 saturate !m ?or\ghly ) wat]1 tie !m 9 a clo? to :i* a l9e is made fa/1 & ?r[ !m into ! boil+ oil4 ,!y also tie up fi% 9 a clo? & ?r[ !m into ! pot1 secur$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,h9ts on food4 ,comm&] ,e4 ,bel*] says t f>m]s ?r[ a bag ( fl\r into ! wat] to keep x cool2 ! out] lay] only =ms pa/e half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,am]ican :al]s put _! fl\r casks into salt wat] to prev5t weevils gett+ 92 ! out] pa/e dries z h>d z fl9t1 & resi/s _! attacks4 ,& la/ly1 speak+ f 8 own exp]i5ce1 he says ! fl\r balls wa%$ a%ore f a wreck1 dirty-look+ & /udd$ ) s&1 gravel1 & pebbles till !y seem$ almo/ l plum pudd+s1 7 mo/ c>efully ga!r$ up & pres]v$2 !y 7 brok5 :5 requir$1 & ! dry fl\r inside made into cakes2 ?is1 ) a little rum f ! wreck & a scanty supply ( salmon pur*as$ f ! natives1 support$ him & 8 crew = t5 days2 ev5 ! fl\r :i* _h be5 rea*$ by salt wat] 0 n q spoil$1 if ! gravel & s& c\ld be extract$4 ,:at we r absurdly reject z ! (fal ( an animal conta9s 9 reality "s ( its t5d]e/ & be/ p>ts1 & ! natives :o foll[ a :ite man = ! game he kills are well aw>e ( ?is2 & !y "k t he has a prejudice 9 fav\r ( cleanl9ess1 :i* to !m seems gr\ndless4 ,h[ev]1 !y d n fail to take advantage ( x1 &1 9 cutt+ up an animal1 g5]ally contrive to break up ! int]ior 9 su* a mann] t1 )\t actually spoil+ ! tit bits1 !y give !m a v unsightly appe>ance4 ,if ! travell] is cont5t ) ! solid fle%1 ( c\rse he c let !m d z !y l2 if n1 he mu/ look out 9 "t4 ,x is q well to "k t ! m>r[-bones slightly w>m$ af=d mo/ delici\s food2 ! m>r[ ( ! ox is good1 t ( ! buffalo is bett]1 b t ( ! koodoo is ! ne plus ultra4 ,! bones ( ! quagga--at lea/1 s f> z our exp]i5ce goes--af=d no m>r[2 inde$1 !re is no holl[ = x1 ! inside be+ a cellul> /ructure fill$ ) oil4 ,! fle%1 also1 be+ r rank1 p]sons ( v delicate ta/e d n reli% x4 ,! wild ,hott5tots1 h[ev]1 n only eat x1 b use ! "n quagga z ! g5]al t]m = food4 ,we h frequ5tly eat5 x1 & c safely say t x only requires a good appetite to make x palatable en\gh4 ,! head ( ?is or any o!r animal is be/ cook$ 9 its sk9--a good fire be+ made r\nd x & e>? heap$ ov] ! emb]s all night4 ,! sk9 ( mo/ animals w af=d nutrim5t--( c\rse1 ! ?ick] x is ! bett]2 t ( ! hippopotamus1 :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts f half an in* to two in*es1 is v good4 ,x may be roa/$1 or broil$1 or boil$ d[n to a s(t jelly or ev5 to a s\p or gelat9e1 & 9 all ^! v>i\s =ms x is good4 ,we h sav$ l>ge slabs ( ! hide aft] kill+ a hippopotamus2 & aft] ! fle% 0 gone ! sk9 s]v$ u well1 ! ,dam>as wa%+ x & p\nd+ x betwe5 a c\ple ( /ones till x 0 t5d] en\gh to eat4 ,:5 t 0 done1 h[ev]1 & we _h to come d[n ^u ! hides ( buffaloes %ot ?ree mon?s be=e1 & at t "t dri$ s h>d 9 ! sun t we _h to cut !m up ) a h&-saw1 we f\nd t1 ev5 aft] a c\ple ( days' soak+ 9 ! pool & two days m ( boil+1 no?+ b ! simple fact t we _h no?+ else w\ld h induc$ u to eat !m4 ,! quagga sk9 is ev5 h>d]2 b our native foll[]s cut x out piecemeal f "u a ,dut* lad :o 0 us+ x z a b$ till !y b>ely left him en\gh to lie ^u4 ,we _h us$ ! hide ( a black rh9oc]os to make side *e/s = ! waggon1 & ^!1 ?\gh mu* h>d] ?an ! h>de/ wood we "k1 7 tak5 (f1 roa/$1 p\nd$ betwe5 /ones1 & eat54 ,meat t has be5 cut into small pieces & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 s z p>tially to dry )\t all[+ x to become ta9t$1 may be eat5 )\t fur!r cook+4 ,9 ,t>t>y x is said to be common = a rid] to cut a ?9 /eak ( beef & lay x "u 8 saddle be=e he sets out on 8 j\rney1 & aft] "s h\rs he f9ds t ! comb9$ effects ( con/ant pressure & w>m? h1 if n cook$ x1 at lea/ r5d]$ x palatable en\gh to be eat54 ,9 ,norway1 ! /ew-pot1 aft] hav+ /ood = "s "t ^u ! fire1 is tak5 (f & wrapp$ 9 a ?ick cov]+ ( felt1 :i*1 be+ a bad conductor1 prev5ts ! escape ( ! heat1 & =ces x to exp5d itself on ! cont9u$ cook+ ( ! meat4 ,a v neat arrangem5t ( ?is k9d 0 rec5tly exhibit$ at ! ,polyte*nic "u ! "n ( ! ,norwegian cook+ /ove4 ,x consi/s ( a small wood5 box1 ?ickly l9$ ) felt1 9 :i* !re is j room to deposit a /ew-pan4 ,aft] x has be5 br\ght to boil+ heat ^u ! fire1 x is !n %ut close1 & 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs ! d9n] is ?or\ghly cook$4 ,we %\ld ?9k ?is1 9 waggon travell+ 9 ,africa1 = soldi]s on ! m>*1 or on bo>d fi%+ boats or small vessels1 w\ld be a v desirable acquisition4 ,9 ,au/ralia we con/antly ate our ration ( salt pork uncook$2 &1 ev5 :5 rec5tly tak5 f ! cask1 x 0 v good 9 ?is mann]1 ) a little lime-juice & sug>4 ,p] contra1 h[ev]1 ! pork1 ) ! bone cut out1 & pack$ 9 canvas bags = c>riage by pack horses1 soon became dri$ by ! sun2 ! fat all melt$ out ( x1 & 0 us$ to grease our boots or h>ness2 & ! once juicy1 succul5t1 full-siz$ f\r-p\nd piece ( pork became1 aft] a few mon?s' c>riage1 a semi-fossiliz$ bit ( nondescript matt]1 n mu* bigg] ?an our fi/1 & weigh+ j ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd4 ,nev]!less1 we _h to take x at its nom9al value1 z we _h no opportunity ( repl5i%+ our /ores until our return to camp2 & we f\nd exp]im5tally t we c\ld n af=d to dim9i% our scanty rations any fur!r by boil+ x4 ,x may be ( int]e/ "h to give ! scale ( rations on :i* we travell$1 & on :i*1 ?\gh we c\ld c]ta9ly h consum$ m1 we liv$ & work$ = sev]al mon?s )\t f9d+ our heal? or /r5g? 9 any way impair$3 ,salt pork1 p] diem1 #a lb4 7nom47 ,fl\r1 #a lb4 ,c(fee1 roa/$ & gr\nd1 #c_/d oz4 ,or tea1 #a_/d oz4 ,sug>1 #c oz4 ,tobacco1 #a_/d oz4 ,soap1 #a_/d oz4 ,9 camp1 if we kill$ a %eep1 ! all[ance 0 #a-a_/d lb4 ( fre% meat in/ead ( salt2 a p9t pannik9 0 also us$ z hold+ an equival5t to #a lb4 ( fl\r4 ,b on ! j\rney we 7 nev] able to issue a full p\nd1 because dry+ x 9 ! sun dim9i%$ its weight2 &1 beside ?is1 z we c>ri$ two #a_/b-lb4 t9s ( gunp[d] 9 ea* #ej lb4 bag ( fl\r1 _! weight1 z well z t ( ! d\ble canvas bag1 _h to be d$uct$1 leav+ a net weight ( v little ov] #dh lb4 ,9 s]v+ ! weekly rations1 our plan 0 to weigh e man's bag ( fl\r aga9/ our own1 &1 if he ?\ght 8 0 9 any way defici5t1 to give him ! option ( *ang+2 also1 :5 ! pork 0 laid out1 to let e man *oose 8 ration1 & to take t :i* rema9$ = ourselves2 & we f\nd1 z we believe w g5]ally be ! case1 t ! m51 see+ t !y 7 fairly treat$1 did n abuse ! confid5ce we plac$ 9 !m4 ,%eep kill+4 ,9 times ( sc>city1 x may be well 9 kill+ a %eep to foll[ ! example ( ! ,t>t>s1 :o are p]haps ! mo/ dext]\s %eep but*]s 9 ! _w4 ,:5 !y kill a %eep no?+ is wa/$2 ev5 ! blood is mo/ c>efully pres]v$ = use4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ ! ?roat ( ! animal 9 ! usual way1 !y pass a long sl5d] knife 9 by ! side ( ! brea/-bone 9 su* a way t all ! l>ge vessels above ! he>t are in/antly sev]$4 ,all ! blood !re9 conta9$ is p\r$ out into ! cavity ( ! *e/ )\t ! escape ( any4 ,:5 requisite1 x is ladl$ or scoop$ out1 & plac$ 9 "s conv5i5t vessel4 ,to sk9 ! animal1 ! knife is fir/ run along ! :ole abdom9al l9e1 f ! top ( ! ?roat "u ! *9 to ! inside ( ! root ( ! tail1 l9es are !n cut up ea* leg to ! ho(1 & ! sk9 is dext]\sly /ripp$ back f ea* side until no?+ b a m]e l9e ( adhesion is left f ! top ( ! tail1 along ! middle ( ! back1 & up ! neck4 ,! %eep is n[ turn$ on its back1 & ! sk9 spread ev5ly out1 l a mat1 "u x4 ,! process ( division into conv5i5t jo9ts n[ takes place1 ea* piece be+ arrang$ 9 ord] on ! sk91 :il/ ! (fal is secur$ 9 a wide basket4 ,:5 all ! jo9ts h be5 duly cut out1 ! sk9 is tak5 by two m51 "o be=e to grasp ! sk9s ( ! =e-legs & ! o!r ^? ( ! h9d1 j z a h&-b>r[ is c>ri$2 & 9 ?is way ! meat is c>ri$ to ! t5ts = use4 ,economy 9 food4 ,once1 9 ,au/ralia1 aft] hav+ empti$ a #ejlb4 bag ( sug>1 we r9s$ out ! bag ) half a p9t ( wat]1 mak+ a /rong syrup1 :i* we p\r$ into a small iron bucket2 !n1 r9s+ x aga9 ) ano!r half p9t1 we obta9$ a l quantity1 some:at less sweet2 & ?is we repeat$ till ! bag 0 wa%$ clean & we _h ab\t ?ree p9ts ( sweet5$ wat] 9 our bucket4 ,we !n drew f ! /ore half a ration ( sago = f\r p]sons--i4e41 #a_/blb4 ea*--boil$ x 9 ! syrup1 & ?us produc$ a mess :i* ev]yone :o ta/$ x decl>$ to be delici\s4 ,"o ( our p>ty devot$ a sp>e h\r to fi%+1 &1 ) hook & l9e1 caught a l>ge wat] tortoise & "s fi%2 & %ot a bird4 ,! fir/ ( ^! :5 kill$--i4e41 s f> z ! division ( ! jugul> w\ld kill x--0 laid ^u its back ^u ! emb]s1 s]v$ up 9 its own %ell1 & 0 a mo/ palatable addition to our meal4 ,! l>ge liz>ds ( ,au/ralia1 sometimes f #d;ft4 to ne>ly #f;ft4 long1 are mo/ excell5t & delicate food1 b ! prop] me?od is to roa/ !m 9 ! sk92 & we h kn[n ! mo/ int5se anxiety felt le/ we %\ld require ! sk9 ( a p>ticul>ly f9e "o z a specim5 ( natural hi/ory4 ,?is 0 some:at calm$ by ! assurance t we only wi%$ to sket* x1 b ! op]ation 0 mo/ jeal\sly wat*$1 &1 :5 we _h complet$ our picture1 we divid$ ! body into qu>t]s & ! tail into f\r junks1 = ! f\r memb]s ( ! p>ty2 & ^! da9ties1 c>efully spread ^u =k$ bran*es cut = ! purpose1 7 set up above ! emb]s ( an ample fire1 rak$ out into gl[+ heaps "u ea* junk or qu>t]4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes !y 7 ?or\ghly cook$1 & prov$1 inde$1 a delicacy1 ! fle% be+ :ite z *ick51 & ! ta/e rem9d+ u r ( turkey ?an any?+ else4 ,! v>i\s cockatoos1 p>rots1 wood-pigeons1 /orks1 & cranes are all good4 ,! dawn or rose-brea/$ cockatoo 7,cacatoa eos71 ! :ite v>iety ) ! sulphur-col\r$ cre/1 or ! black cockatoo1 ea* =m a v tol]able1 ?\gh n an ample1 meal = "o man4 ,v>i\s species ( hawks or kites1 ?\gh n s delicate1 may also be eat52 & 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e c>rion is n s pl5tiful z 9 ,africa1 & ! hawks fe$ pr9cipally ^u insects or small fi%1 _! fle%1 ?\gh d>k 9 col\r & t\gh1 is by no means bad4 ,we h eat5 ! :ite-head$ ,african fi%-eagle & ! l>ge horn$ owl1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at t\gh & rank1 7 bett] ?an go+ ^u scanty f>e4 ,we fir/ ate ! fle% ( a snake at ,graham's ,t[n1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,a fri5d _h br\ght u a puff-add] z a specim52 &1 :5 we _h sk9n$ x1 ! fle% look$ s :ite & firm t we cut out a junk1 ab\t #f;94 long & z ?ick z our wri/1 & desir$ ! ,kafir girl1 :o act$ z cook1 to fry x4 ,an acqua9tance :o p>took ( x ackn[l$g$ t x 0 good1 & t only ! ?\ght ( eat+ snake prev5t$ 8 enjoy+ x m fully4 ,! ,au/ralian blacks eat snakes ( e k9d1 z well z any small animals !y c cat*2 & we h (t5 se5 fell[s ^: sole app>el consi/$ ( a snake gird$ r\nd _! wai/1 ) two or ?ree rats hit*$ by _! tails to x4 ,we 7 taught ! or?odox way ( cook+ !m by a fir/-rate fell[1 ,john ,fahey1 an ,iri%man1 :o _h be5 ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s among ! blacks4 ,he fir/ let ! flame exp5d itself1 & !n spread out ! emb]s1 on ^! he coil$ up ! snake until ! scales 7 slightly scor*$2 !n tak+ x by ! tail1 he drew x repeat$ly ?r\gh 8 h&1 bru%+ ! crisp scales (f t[>d ! head1 & aga9 coil$ x on ! emb]s till x 0 ?or\ghly cook$2 !n op5+ x & ?r[+ away ! (fal he pick$ out ! tit bits & (f]$ !m to u1 & aft]w>ds divid$ ! body4 ,! fle% ( ! alligator :ile "y1 & n m ?an #f;ft4 9 l5g?1 is v good2 b :5 l>g]1 x becomes v /rong1 & acquires a musky flav\r4 ,we once kill$ an alligator ( #aa;ft4 on ! ,horse%oe flats1 ne> ,curiosity ,peak1 ,victoria ,riv]1 ,nor? ,au/ralia4 ,! smell 0 to a degree rank2 yet :5 we took ! c>case to ! vessel next morn+1 & ! second ov]se] clean$ ! sk9 & skeleton1 we f\nd t excell5t cutlets 7 to be obta9$ f ! muscul> portion ( ! tail2 & aft] breakfa/1 :5 ! prejudices ( ! crew _h giv5 way1 claimants 7 f\nd = ! fle% z fa/ z x c\ld be /ripp$ f ! bones4 ,consid]able season+ 0 requir$1 b /ill x 0 bett] ?an salt junk4 ,:ite ants4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 j :5 ! :ite ants are ab\t to sw>m & take ! half-h\r's flight :i* is all[$ !m be=e _! w+s drop (f1 ! natives collect ) tor*es2 ! ants1 be+ attract$ by ! light1 assemble1 & are swept up by basketsful4 ,aft] be+ scor*$1 !y are kept 9 mat bags1 hold+ two or ?ree gallons ea*1 & are really delici\s food4 ,!y are pleasant to ! ta/e1 & v nutriti\s2 = if "o be left on a %eet ( note-pap] :5 ! sun is %9+ brightly on x oil en\gh w exude to make a spot a c\ple ( in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! *ief conv5i5ce ( ^! is t !y require no cook+1 b any quantity may be c>ri$ 9 a bag1 & a h&ful tak5 out & eat5 :5 want$4 ,! va/ cl\ds ( locu/s1 :i* 9 "s c\ntries bo? d>k5 ! air & deva/ate ! l&1 are eat5 gre$ily by ne>ly ev]y?+ possess+ life--m51 animals1 birds1 fi%1 & insects1 all jo9 9 ! locu/ fea/4 ,! provid5t savage lays by a /ore m]ely smoke dri$1 to consume at 8 leisure ) su* tub]\s roots or o!r und]gr\nd productions z 8 sable sp\se1 arm$ ) h] %>p po9t$ grubb+ /ick1 c procure = him4 ,! inhabitants ( _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago consume c]ta9 insects z food1 :]ev] !y c procure !m4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 :o resid$ "s "t among ! ,dyaks1 says3 ,e day boys 7 to be se5 walk+ along ! roads1 & by ! h$ges & dit*es1 cat*+ dragon flies ) birdlime4 ,!y c>ry a sl5d] /ick1 ) a few twigs at ! end1 well ano9t$1 s t ! lea/ t\* captures ! insect1 ^: w+s are pull$ (f be=e x is consign$ to a small basket4 ,! dragon flies are s abundant at ! "t ( ! rice fl[]+1 t ?\s&s are soon caught 9 ?is way4 ,! bodies are fri$ 9 oil1 ) onions & pres]v$ %rimps1 or sometimes alone1 & are consid]$ a great delicacy4 ,9 ,borneo1 ,celebes1 & _m o!r isl&s1 ! l>v ( bees & wasps are eat5 ei!r alive z pull$ out ( ! cells1 or fri$ l ! dragon flies4 ,9 ! ,moluccas ! grubs ( ! palm beetles 7,cal&ra7 are regul>ly br\ght to m>ket 9 bamboos & sold = food2 & _m ( ! great horn$ ,lamellicorn beetles are slightly roa/$ on ! emb]s1 & eat5 :5ev] met )4 ,9 _m di/ricts :]e ! cocoanut palm gr[s abundantly1 ! curv$ & tightly roll$ up immature fronds are p]=at$ by ! work+s & burr[+s ( ! ,tucuma or ,grugru1 ! l>v ( ,oryctes rh9oc]os4 ,^! are l>ge plump grubs1 ) black h>d heads1 & are e/eem$ a great luxury1 be+ ei!r fri$ 9 cocoanut oil1 or seiz$ by ! head1 dipp$ 9 a little lime juice & dispos$ ( )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,! ne/s ( ! :ite ants are (t5 brok5 by ! natives 9 se>* ( ! eggs1 & ev5 ( ! insects1 = sc>city ( animal food compels !m to eat any?+1 & ! grubs t lurk "u ! b>k ( ! gum trees are acc\nt$ delici\s f>e4 ,john ,fahey 0 an adept 9 se>*+ !m out2 & 9 fact1 :5 we fir/ made our camp1 girdl$ sev]al trees 9 ord] t !y might die1 & t grubs might accumulate "u ! b>k4 ,! grubs are eat5 fre%1 raw & liv+1 j z !y are tak5 f ! tree4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries !re w be "s vegetable product or o!r available = food4 ,9 ,au/ralia we h cut out :at may be call$ ! cabbage f ! roots ( ! p&anus leaves1 & f\nd x1 :5 boil$1 almo/ z good z a v inf]ior turnip4 ,! se$s f ! l>ge globul> fruit 7 also wor? look+ =1 because 9 ! p5cil ( fibre1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! base1 is conta9$ a quantity ( sweet & f>9ace\s matt]2 ?is we f\nd also 0 highly reli%$ by ! small fi% & fre%-wat] tortoises 9 ! rivulets1 & we frequ5tly bait$ our hooks ) !m4 ,9 ,africa1 if we 7 accompani$ by a ,dam>a on a %oot+ trip1 & 7 unsuccessful1 we return$ hungry1 b if we took a ,makalaka1 he w\ld be sure to dig up roots or ga!r wild fruit1 or vegetables ( "s k9d or o!r2 & p]haps cat* a liz>d or o!r small creature1 or occasionally discov] a bees' ne/ 9 a holl[ tree4 ,once :5 we 7 mu* exhau/$ ) long-cont9u$ want ( food1 ! man :o accompani$ u saw a few ( ! small ,african bees ar\nd ! bran* ( a tree1 he =?) climb$ x1 & *opp+ (f a piece ( b>k1 bruis$ up ! ends ) ! head ( 8 axe1 till he _h =m$ a k9d ( tr\gh1 :i* he set 8 assi/ants to hold1 & *opp$ away till he _h suffici5tly enl>g$ ! hole to all[ him to extract ! honeycomb4 ,! roots ( ! lotus or blue wat]-lily are v good1 & h a ta/e1 :5 roa/$1 some?+ betwe5 t ( a *esnut & a potatoe4 ,lotus roots are obta9$ f ! bottoms ( "s ( ! ,ea/]n lakes & riv]s by mak+ use ( a v long & s(t lea!r sack4 ,into ?is ! lotus ga!r] gets until ! top ( ! sack is on a level ) 8 neck4 ,he !n walks1 or r hobbles1 into ! wat]1 wades by %ort /eps out to ! lotus b$s2 &1 :5 he feels ! roots b5ea? 8 feet1 he digs & works ) 8 toes & heels until !y are deta*$ f _! hold on ! bottom1 & float on ! surface1 f :i* !y are readily rak$ & collect$ = use4 ,! ,bu%m5 wade 9 ! %all[ pools & pluck !m up by h&1 b 9 ! deep] riv]s ! canoe m5 h long poles ) a hook at ! end = deta*+ ! roots4 ,9 ^! pools1 also1 !y frequ5tly capture ! matamaetlie or edible frog1 :i* is sometimes ne>ly z l>ge z a *ick54 ,! ,bu%m5 grip !m by ! nape ( ! neck1 /rike !m across ! ?ighs & across ! sp9e to disable !m1 & !n1 plac+ _! lips to ! v5t1 bl[ till !y =ce ! /oma* & all ! entrails out at ! m\?4 ,! fle% ( ^! frogs is exce$+ly good1 m l *ick5 ?an any?+ else1 & we (t5 f\nd a good-siz$ "o make u a v satisfy+ meal4 ,lotus se$4 ,! se$ ( ! lotus is ext5sively us$ z food ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/2 ! ,*9ese e/eem x highly1 & prep>e x 9 a great numb] ( ways4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 9 speak+ ( lotus se$1 says3 ,all ! tribes ( ! ,:ite ,nile h _! h>ve/ ( lotus se$2 !re are two species ( wat]-lily1 ! l>ge :ite fl[]1 & ! small v>iety4 ,! se$ pod ( ! :ite lotus is l an unbl[n arti*oke1 conta9+ a numb] ( light r$ gra9s1 equal 9 size to mu/>d se$1 b %ap$ l ^? ( ! poppy1 & simil> to !m 9 flav\r1 be+ sweet & nutty4 ,! ripe pods are collect$1 & /rung ^u %>p po9t$ re$s1 ab\t #d;ft4 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ?us ?read$ !y are =m$ into l>ge bundles1 & c>ri$ f ! riv] to ! villages1 :]e !y are dri$ 9 ! sun & /or$ = use4 ,! se$ is gr\nd into fl\r1 & made into a k9d ( porridge4 ,rice1 to boil4 ,rice is s well kn[n z a food gra9 t little ne$ be said ( x fur!r ?an t a wild k9d is f\nd gr[+ 9 _m ( ! swamps ( ,am]ica2 ! gra9 f ?is is beat5 (f ) /icks into canoes :i* are propell$ ?r\gh ! %all[ wat] 9 :i* ! rice /alks gr[4 ,"s skill is requir$ 9 cook+ rice1 9 ord] t ea* gra9 may be sep>ate4 ,our native ,indian cook us$ to proce$ z foll[s3 ,! rice 0 fir/ ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 a l>ge j> ( clean cold wat]1 two wa%+s be+ g5]ally requir$ to remove all /a94 ,! wat] 0 !n /ra9$ (f1 & ! clean rice dra9$ q dry4 ,a cook+ pot full ( wat] 0 !n plac$ on a brisk fire1 & all[$ to boil actively2 :5 9 full ebullition ! rice 0 ca/ 91 ! fire /irr$1 & ! boil+ cont9u$ actively = ab\t sixte5 m9utes1 :5 ! pot 0 lift$ (f1 plac$ on "o side1 & a p9t lota pot ( cold wat] ?r[n sudd5ly into x2 ! sudd5 *ill ?us communicat$ divides e gra9 f its fell[1 &1 :5 /ra9$ dry1 rice prep>$ 9 ?is mann] is truly excell5t & attractive4 ,o/ri*'s eggs h (t5 be5 treat$ (1 & e travell] speaks ( !m accord+ to 8 p>ticul> exp]i5ce4 ,probably1 :5 a p>ty ( half-a-doz5 m5 h pl5ty ( bread & e o!r necess>y = a good meal1 !y w f9d t "o egg is q en\gh = !m2 :ile a /\t fell[1 de/itute ( ev]y?+ b a ke5 appetite1 w\ld f9d an o/ri*'s egg n m ?an en\gh to satisfy himself4 ,! capacity ( a good-siz$ "o is ab\t #b-a_/b p9ts1 ! ta/e is ri*1 & sometimes a trifle /rong2 9 fact1 we c\ld nev] eat mu* ( "o unless x 7 9 "s way dilut$1 say mix$ ) fl\r & made into a cake4 ,! readie/ way ( cook+ !m is to break "o end ( ! %ell1 set ! o!r end into ! emb]s on ! gr\nd1 & s cook & s]ve ! cont5ts 9 _! own %ell4 ,we pref]1 h[ev]1 to />t ! egg into an e>!n pot1 & add ne>ly an equal quantity ( fl\r or meal1 mak+ cakes or fritt]s1 season$ or n accord+ to ta/e4 ,v>i\s foods4 ,inde$1 we %\ld ?9k t1 if eggs 9 pl5ty c\ld be obta9$1 ?is w\ld be a v economical & effective way ( provision+ a small p>ty = a j\rney :]e ev]y?+ mu/ be c>ri$1 & :]e ! means ( c>riage 0 scant or p]haps altoge!r want+2 b1 9 ?is case1 ! eggs w\ld h to be mix$ ) z mu* fl\r z !y w\ld take up1 & ! cakes bak$ z dry z possible )\t burn+ any "p ( !m4 ,a nautical fri5d has told u ( a plan adopt$ on survey+ exp$itions1 :5 boats are s5t = sev]al days f ! %ip4 ,a r\gh grat] is made by pun*+ holes 9 a %eet ( t91 & a junk ( salt meat grat$ d[n tol]ably f9e2 ! meat p[d] is !n mix$ ) fl\r ) v little wat]1 roll$ up into small balls or cakes1 & dri$ 9 ! galley4 ,:5 want$1 a portion is brok5 (f1 knead$ ) a little wat]1 envelop$ 9 a cru/ ( fl\r & wat]1 ti$ up 9 a clo?1 & boil$ 9 ! boat's copp] z a meat pudd+4 ,! ,nor? ,au/ralian exp$ition 0 abundantly suppli$ ) pres]v$ fre% meat1 b ! t9s 9 :i* x 0 pack$ c\ld n conv5i5tly be c>ri$ 9 bags on pack horses1 & !re=e1 9 prep>ation = an ext5sive inl& j\rney1 e/imat+ ! quantity requir$1 we took out ( /ore equal weights ( pres]v$ beef & fl\r2 !n tak+ ! cont5ts ( a #flb4 t9 ( beef & #flb4 ( fl\r1 he knead$ !m toge!r1 divid$ ! mass into =ty-eight p>ts ( #a_/dlb4 ea*1 & bak$ !m 9 an ov5 built ( clay & ! s*oon]'s pig balla/ = ! purpose4 ,ne>ly #clb4 weight 7 lo/ by ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure 9 ! process ( bak+1 s t ! =ty-eight cakes repres5t+ #ablb4 ( meat & fl\r1 & =m+ six days' rations = "o man1 c\ld be c>ri$ at a weight ( #ilb42 ! rations ( sug> & o!r groc]ies mak+ ! total weight only ab\t #aj-a_/blb4 or at mo/ #aalb4 ,z long z ! biscuits rema9$ :ole f\r ( !m 7 consid]$ equival5t to #alb42 b :5 !y 7 brok5 up into du/ a pannik9 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full 0 reckon$ an equival5t4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! be/ way ( us+ x 0 to mix x ) wat] & w>m x up z a ?ick s\p4 ,?is comp\nd has be5 adopt$ by o!r travell]s 9 ,au/ralia1 & f\nd to answ] ! purpose exce$+ly well4 ,we %\ld ?9k t :]e fre% & really good fruit is pl5tiful x might be treat$ ) fl\r ne>ly 9 ! same mann]1 & w\ld =m a v agreeable v>iation 9 ! diet4 ,dri$ fruit may be _h 9 _m c\ntries1 su* z ,cape ,colony1 :]e dri$ pea*es1 rais9s1 c4 are con/antly 9 ! m>ket1 & ^! /ew$ ) ! meat are n to be despis$2 b 9 "s =m or o!r vegetable matt]1 z acid z possible1 is absolutely necess>y2 = no "o :o has n be5 compell$ to live = weeks toge!r ^u meat alone c imag9e h[ utt]ly disgu/+ ! smell & ta/e ( ev5 ! fre%e/ & mo/ sav\ry jo9ts become :5 unv>i$ by any vegetable1 to say no?+ ( ! injury to heal? t su* a diet mu/ cause4 ,9 ,au/ralia we h ga!r$ ! "y %oots ( ! wild v9e & made :at our cook call$ rhub>b t>ts ( !m2 & :5 ^! fail$1 a small succul5t h]b call$ portulac1 or m popul>ly potluck1 :i* c\ld be eat5 z a salad1 suppli$ _! place4 ,9 ,africa we h f\nd unspeakable relief f a bundle ( dry tam>9ds br\ght f a di/ant tribe2 & :5 recross+ ! des]t dur+ ! ra9y season1 we f\nd abundant supplies ( wild grapes gr[+ luxuriantly along our pa?4 ,no matt] t !y 7 n ripe2 ! m t>t & s\r !y 7 ! bett]2 & by ! "t we _h got well )9 ! des]t bord]1 & 7 beg9n+ to f9d t ! int5se s\rness1 :i* _h already s]v$ its purpose z a corrective1 0 beg9n+ to set our tee? on edge1 we also began to f9d rip] clu/]s on ! bu%es z we advanc$2 !y 71 ( c\rse1 n equal to ! cultivat$ v>ieties1 b 7 by no means a bad sub/itute4 ,we also ga!r$ daily l>ge quantities ( ! be] b]ry1 or ovmbapoov1 ab\t ! size ( a cranb]ry1 b ne>ly fill$ ) a h>d /one or k]nel2 ^! 7 ( a pleasant1 sweeti%1 acid ta/e1 & c\ld be eat5 z we ga!r$ !m & walk$ along1 or :5 we halt$ c\ld be p\nd$ ) wat] 9 a halwe /amp block1 or mod]n mort>1 into a v pleasant pulp2 ! only drawback 0 ! small quantity ( food 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( k]nel1 & ! difficulty ( gett+ rid ( ! latt]4 ,sometimes we w\ld collect a quantity1 p\r boil+ wat] ^u !m1 let x /& to extract ! juices1 & !n put x aside to f]m5t4 ,! liquor ?us obta9$ 0 n unpleasant1 x 0 some?+ betwe5 inf]ior be] & second-rate cid]4 ,once we boil$ ! juice d[n to a ?ick syrup1 :i* 0 s sweet t a spoonful ( x s]v$ in/ead ( sug> to our tea1 b ! quantity produc$ 0 s small 9 proportion to ! tr\ble t we nev] repeat$ ! process4 ,_m o!r fruits1 roots1 & vegetables might be nam$2 b if ! travell] makes fri5ds ( ! natives !y w f9d :atev] ! c\ntry produces = him1 & !y w nev] refuse to %>e :at !y pick up ei!r ) him or ) _! hungry comrades4 ,inde$ _! language supplies no title ( contempt equival5t to t ( ! man :o eats alone1 or :o saves any?+ = ! morr[4 ,we _c omit1 h[ev]1 to m5tion ! fruit ( ! ,baobab or ,adansonia1 :i* bo? 9 ,africa & 9 ,au/ralia we h f\nd extremely valuable4 ,! tree w at once be kn[n by its enorm\s size4 ,we h g5]ally se5 "y1 well-condition$ trees #cj;ft4 9 circumf]5ce1 :ile o!rs h be5 #ej;ft4 or #fj;ft41 & ! l>ge/ we "k ( 0 actually #aja;ft42 its height1 h[ev]1 is by no means proportionate1 x be+ seldom m ?an #fj;ft41 or at mo/ #gj;ft4 or #hj;ft4 ,! fruit is g5]ally ab\t ! size ( an o/ri*'s egg1 ?\gh we h se5 x mu* l>g]2 ! r9d is ab\t z ?ick z ! egg-%ell1 & easily brok52 ! int]ior is occupi$ by se$s imb$d$ 9 a pleasant sub-acid pulp1 ( a :ite col\r1 :i* :5 dry resembles cream ( t>t>1 & has caus$ ! ,dut* ,africans to be/[ ^u x ! "n ( krem t>t boom1 or cream-(-t>t> tree4 ,?is pulp ! ,bu%m5 p\nd up ) a little wat]1 & sometimes mix ) x a little meal ( grass se$s1 to ?ick5 x1 or by add+ m wat] make a v pleasant dr9k4 ,9 ,au/ralia we f\nd ev5 ! s(t wood s succul5t t we c\ld cut out a junk ) ! axe1 & *ew x = ! moi/ure x conta9$ l a wet sponge2 :ile ! fruit ( ! ,g\ty-/em tree 7,adansonia ,gregorii71 :5 boil$ up ) a little sug>1 act$ z a p[]ful antiscorbutic among ! sailors ( our little s*oon]1 completely cur+ ! disease1 & leav+ only ! unavoidable weakness1 f :i*1 ) ! advantage ( bett] food1 !y gradually recov]$4 ,millet ( v>i\s k9ds1 kn[n "u ! g5]al d5om9ation ( ,kafir corn1 c be pur*as$ f mo/ ( ! ,kafir & ,be*uana tribes4 ,x may be eat5 boil$ ) meat1 b %\ld be previ\sly husk$ 9 a wood5 mort>1 & w\ld be bett] & m dige/ible if x 7 also bruis$4 ,we h gr\nd x to a k9d ( r\gh meal 9 a c(fee-mill1 b f\nd t x w\ld n knead up into cakes )\t a little ,european or colonial fl\r to b9d x4 ,sometimes ! native wom5 bruise x to meal 9 _! wood5 mort>s1 & 9 times ( sc>city ga!r ! se$s ( sev]al wild grasses1 :i* !y treat 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is meal w n make bread 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 b x w make a v good mess1 some?+ betwe5 bread & pap or porridge1 call$ maassa4 ,an e>!n pot ) wat] is set ^u ! fire1 & :5 ! wat] boils a little meal is dropp$ 9 & /irr$1 m & m is !n gradually add$ & /irr$ until ! mess ?ick5s1 & is s]v$ up l a v d5se pa/e4 ,a v little s\p or meat gravy makes x agreeable en\gh4 ,maize or ,indian corn is v ext5sively gr[n 9 ,africa1 & mo/ o!r w>m c\ntries1 & no?+ c be m delici\s ?an ! "y e>s1 ei!r boil$ or roa/$ 9 _! %ea?1 ! leaves ( :i* ev]yone /rips (f = himself :5 x comes to table1 spread+ a little butt] on ! e> accord+ to ta/e2 x is p]fect etiquette 9 ?is case to take ! e> up 9 bo? h&s j z y w\ld pick a bone1 & bite ! gra9s (f2 inde$1 ! "y corn _c be prop]ly eat5 9 any o!r mann]4 ,maize gra9s1 :5 9 ! milk /age1 c be pres]v$ = future use 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! heads are fir/ cut f ! /alk1 ! cov]+ ( leaves & ! tassel are !n /ripp$ (f1 & all ! gra9s brok5 f ! cob or core ) ! f+]s into a %all[ basket2 a wide pit is !n dug 9 ! e>?1 & r$ hot /ones & emb]s are ca/ 9 until ! bottom & sides ( ! pit are ?or\ghly heat$4 ,all ! /ones & a%es are !n remov$1 & all du/ bru%$ away ) gre5 bran*es4 ,a quantity ( maize leaves are n[ br\ght & made use ( to l9e ! pit1 & =m a sort ( ne/ = ! reception ( ! maize1 :i* is cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( leaves & left until bak$4 ,! gra9 subject$ to ?is process1 in/ead ( becom+ p>*$ & dry1 rema9s sweet1 & :5 boil$ ) meat mu* resembles gre5 peas4 ,! gr\nd nut1 su* z is br\ght f ,si]ra ,leone1 is obta9able 9 _m p>ts4 ,x may be eat5 raw1 b is bett] slightly roa/$4 ,! ,portuguese make a v nice confect ( x1 & x conta9s s mu* ess5tial oil t "o nut w burn ) a cle> flame1 l a wax c&le1 = fully a m9ute4 ,?is oil makes x "o ( ! be/ sub/itutes = c(fee we "k (4 ,slightly roa/$ & gr\nd1 & infus$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 x is exce$+ly good4 ,mo/ ( ! indig5\s gra9s & grasses are also us$1 b "s ( !m only act z a k9d ( vegetable *>coal to give a toa/-&-wat] l col\r to ! morn+ bev]age4 ,we h frequ5tly tri$ ! beans ( v>i\s species ( mimosa1 & h f\nd !m valuable 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( ess5tial oil conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! dw>f %rubs1 c>ry+ g5]ally ! l>ge/ beans1 7 ! be/1 & we %\ld ?9k ! dim9utive tree1 sc>cely #ah;94 high1 & be>+ a pod m ?an a foot long1 call$ ,el&'s boontjie1 w\ld be be/ ( all4 ,at o!r times we h us$ burnt pumpk91 b ?is produc$ r a k9d ( vegetable s\p4 ,uses ( tea4 ,tea is "o ( ! mo/ valuable & important /ores c>ri$ by ! explor] or travell]1 & an ample supply %\ld always be tak54 ,we pref] ! ,au/ralian me?od ( tea-mak+ to any o!r2 &1 :e!r ) our brass lota pot or t9 qu>t mug & p9t cup1 proce$ 9 ! same mann] to brew x4 ,we fir/ p\r z mu* wat] z we ?9k requisite 9 ! pot1 put x on ! fire1 & raise x to ! boil+ po9t2 !n take x (f & add tea 9 proportion to ! numb] to be brew$ =1 cov]+ d[n ! vessel ) an inv]t$ tea b[l until ! tea has drawn2 x is !n fit = use4 ,by adopt+ ?is plan ! tea = ! e>ly morn+'s />t ne$ n be made ! night be=e2 a few *ips1 /icks1 dead leaves1 or a lamp1 w s]ve to give heat en\gh to boil a well-black5$ pot2 & a v few m9utes w suffice1 :ile ! packs are be+ arrang$1 to prep>e a b[l ( w>m tea1 :i*1 ) a little bread or native cake1 w s]ve z a /&-by until ! regul> breakfa/ h\r4 ,= a v long "t x 0 our cu/om :5 9 ,india to /rike t5t at #b ,a4,m4 & m>* at #c1 9 ord] to avoid ! heat2 b we nev] omitt$ our b[l ( tea4 ,among ! natives ( ,*9ese ,t>t>y ext5sive use is made ( brick tea1 n only z an article ( diet1 b z a m$ium ( curr5cy & ex*ange4 ,?is curi\s prep>ation is commonly made use ( by travell]s & ! l[] ord]s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,t>t>y1 ,tibet1 & ! ,kirghis /eppes4 ,! bricks v>y 9 size accord+ to ! p>ticul> di/rict 9 :i* !y are made2 b to be ( conv5i5t & saleable "* !y %\ld be ab\t #a;ft4 long1 #f;94 wide1 & f #a;94 to #a-a_/b;94 ?ick4 ,to make tea-bricks1 all ! late %oots1 imp]fectly-=m$ leaves1 & immature buds to be f\nd 9 ! tea plantations1 aft] ! tea h>ve/ is ov]1 are collect$2 !y are !n subject$ to ! action ( wat] until s(t & pliable1 bullock's blood is !n add$1 ! mass is !n ?or\ghly mix$ & incorporat$1 &1 :5 ( a t\gh1 firm consi/5ce1 x is divid$ into portions ( conv5i5t size1 :i* are press$ into brick m\lds prep>$ = !m4 ,:5 turn$ f ! m\lds ! bricks are laid on hurdles1 & subject$ to heat until dry4 ,!y are !n fit = ! m>ket1 to :i* ! f9i%$ commodity is usually c>ri$ 9 %eepsk9 bags4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 ! portion to be consum$ is brok5 f ! brick ) ! head ( a hat*et or a heavy /one2 ! fragm5ts ?us deta*$ are brok5 up small betwe5 two flat /ones1 & !n rubb$ betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s until f9e en\gh = prep>ation4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( prep>+ brick tea = consumption4 ,"o is to place ! r\gh p[d] 9 a pot or kettle ) wat]1 & boil x until a r$ decoction is =m$1 a little salt is !n ?r[n 91 :i* causes a slight eff]vesc5ce to be set up2 :5 ?is ceases1 & ! liquid becomes tranquil1 & ( d>k col\r1 milk is add$4 ,if x is desir$ to make ! tea ?us prep>$ m ?an commonly attractive to ! visitor1 butt] is add$4 ,sometimes a mixture1 call$ ,imitanka1 is made f x2 ?is is =m$ by add+ a quantity ( clott$ cream :i* has become s\r to ! boil$ tea wat]1 & :5 x has boil$ a %ort "t1 add+ salt & a b[lful ( millet se$ fl\r4 ,! :ole mixture is !n boil$ = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 & is ready = ! table1 or r floor ( ! t5t1 on :i* x is usual to sit4 ,b>ley meal & suet add$ to ! tea wat] makes a k9d ( gruel1 or /irab\t1 :i* is mu* reli%$ by ! w&]+ ,t>t>s1 & appe>s to agree va/ly well ) !m4 ,brick tea is n only us$ z we h describ$1 b is common among ,t>t> deal]s1 & ^? :o att5d ! fairs held = ! purpose ( sale & ex*ange z a m$ium ( curr5cy1 j z ! beav] sk9 & ! ,d5talium %ell are by ! ,nor? ,we/ ,indians ( ,am]ica4 ,almo/ e c\ntry has its own peculi> me?od ( pres]v+ animal food = future use4 ,! salt+ ( meat1 & ! consequ5t det]ioration ( its n\ri%+ prop]ties1 mu/ be well kn[n to all :o h made long voyages1 unless1 inde$1 !y h always sail$ 9 fir/-class %ips1 :]e ! appe>ance ( salt junk ^u ! cab9 table is q exceptional4 ,:]e x c conv5i5tly be c>ri$1 we ?9k t boil$ fre% beef1 pres]v$ 9 air-tight t9 cani/]s1 is by f> ! be/1 z be+ 9 effect equal to fre% kill$ meat cook$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,we h se5 consid]able quantities ( ?is meat us$ aft] be+ c>ri$ by l& & sea ab\t ! _w = ye>s1 & we d n rememb] t we h ev] op5$ a t9 :i* 0 n 9 good ord]1 & p]fectly fit = food4 ,& we %\ld also ?9k t 9 _m places :]e imm5se h]ds ( cattle almo/ encumb] ! l& !y live ^u1 ?is me?od ( transport+ _! fle% to a bett] m>ket w\ld be well wor?y ! att5tion ( _! own]s4 ,!re are _m v>iations 9 ! me?od ( pres]v+1 b we believe ! simple/ & mo/ effective to be z "u4 ,kill ! animal by a rifle %ot beh9d ! e> or o!rwise1 sk9 x1 & hoi/ x by block & tackle to a conv5i5t tree1 !n comm5c+ at ! h9d-legs1 :i* are ( c\rse upp]mo/1 /rip (f all ! fle% f ! bones1 leav+ ! skeleton /ill hang+1 cut ! fle% into pieces z ne>ly #flb4 9 weight z possible1 put !m into a cauldron ) v little wat]1 & boil !m well4 ,h a numb] ( cyl9drical #flb4 t9s1 & set !m ready 9 a tr\gh ( boil+ wat]1 kept hot by a /eam pipe or o!r available means2 put a piece ( beef 9 ea* t91 ) liquor en\gh ne>ly to fill x1 & !n sold] on ! top1 :i* %\ld h a hole 9 x2 :5 all ! t9s ( meat are ?us f> advanc$1 p\r 9 at ! small hole liquor en\gh to fill ! t91 clean r\nd ! edges ( ! hole1 & close x ) a drop ( hot sold]1 s z to seal ! t9 h]metically2 !n remove !m f ! wat]1 dry ! outsides1 pa9t !m ) any co>se col\r1 mix$ ) boil$ oil1 & !y are ready = exportation to any "p ( ! _w4 ,:]e meat 9 ?is =m _c be c>ri$1 p]haps ! next be/ me?od is to cut x into /rips or flakes1 & dry x ?or\ghly 9 ! sun1 )1 or m frequ5tly )\t1 a little salt ^u ! surface4 ,meat by ?is process loses "s ( its nutriti\s quality1 b x is s conv5i5tly kept & c>ri$1 & s little liable to damage1 t !re is sc>ce a c\ntry 9 ! _w hav+ sun en\gh = ! purpose :5 x is n adopt$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! fle% ( ! buffalo1 or bison1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica t ( ! dome/ic1 or r half-wild1 ox1 is us$2 & ,sir ,f4 ,head1 9 8 r\gh notes ( ! pampas1 rem>ks t a man c live long] on dri$ beef & wat] ?an he c on any o!r unv>i$ diet4 ,! trapp]s & trad]s ( ,nor? ,we/ ,am]ica make ext5sive use ( a k9d ( prep>$ food kn[n z pemmican1 & v l>ge quantities ( x are manufactur$ on ! buffalo range4 ,x is ?us made4 ,buffalo fle% is cut ) ! hunt+ knife into conv5i5t flakes & flat /eaks or lay]s4 ,^! are ei!r hung 9 ! sun or ne> a sl[ fire until dry1 :5 ! dri$ meat is gr\nd betwe5 two /ones until suffici5tly f9e4 ,a bag is !n made ( buffalo hide1 ) ! hair side out1 & ! pres]v$ fle%1 aft] hav+ be5 ?or\ghly mix$ ) hot fat1 is well ramm$ & press$ 94 ,! bag is !n securely /it*$ up1 & ! pemmican all[$ to cool & h>d54 ,:5 requir$ = use1 x is cut f ! mass l h>d sausage meat1 & ei!r eat5 cold1 or1 :5 mix$ ) fl\r or meal1 a sort ( ?ick porridge1 call$ by ! trapp]s robiboo1 is made f x4 ,food to pres]ve4 ,9 _m ( ! ,au/ralian isl&s & ,new ,zeal& va/ quantities ( sea-f[l 7! sooty petrel or mutton bird1 especially7 are captur$ = food by ! sailors & natives4 ,^! birds visit ! isl&s annually 9 va/ flocks1 arriv+ g5]ally ab\t ! latt] end ( ,novemb]1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ _! eggs1 ( :i* ea* h5 bird lays "o or two1 ab\t size ( ord9>y goose eggs1 & some:at simil> 9 flav\r4 ,! cock bird takes *>ge ( ! ne/ dur+ ! day & ! h5 by night1 tak+ 9 turn ! duty ( go+ to sea = food4 ,p]fect w>r5s1 l ^? ( rabbits1 are =m$ by ^! birds1 :o burr[ 9 ! s(t gr\nd = a di/ance ( #b;ft4 or #c;ft41 & !re =m _! ne/s4 ,"s ( ! isl&s are s ?ickly & completely honeycomb$ by ^! fea!r$ m9]s z to r5d] walk+ a v unsafe proce$+4 ,! collection ( ! eggs & "y birds f ! dep?s ( ! holes is a task usually assign$ to ! native wom51 :o n uncommonly f9d a snake coil$ up :]e ! "y petrel %\ld be4 ,:5 a l>ge cat* is det]m9$ on = pres]vation & ! obta9m5t ( fea!rs1 a numb] ( bird hunt]s assemble & con/ruct a sort ( h$ge or f5ce a %ort di/ance f ! bea*1 & j be=e daybreak1 :5 ! birds1 ab\t to proce$ to sea to fe$1 are out ( _! retreats1 a sudd5 ru% is made by ! :ole assembl$ p>ty ( birdcat*]s :o1 ) ! mo/ hide\s yells & cries1 drive ! ?rongs ( waddl+1 flapp+ victims1 :o _c rise f ! gr\nd to fly1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fatal b>ri]1 :]e a deep pit has be5 prep>$ = _! reception4 ,into ?is !y are =c$1 lay] on lay]1 until !y lit]ally suffocate ea* o!r 9 _! va9 endeav\rs to escape f ! trea*]\s pitfall4 ,! fea!rs1 :5 pluck$ f ! birds1 are wor? ab\t #c;d4 p] p\nd1 & x requires ! jo9t plumage ( ab\t tw5ty to produce t quantity4 ,?irty bags ( fea!rs1 con/itut+ ! c>goes ( two trad+ boats1 7 obta9$ by ! sacrifice ( #ah1jjj birds4 ,a portion ( ! birds are pres]v$ by dry smok+1 & are ext5sively made use (4 ,"s ( ! ,new ,zeal& tribes1 by :om ?is bird is call$ ! ,titi1 h rec\rse to a mo/ +5i\s & effective me?od ( pres]vation = x & "s o!r articles ( food4 ,! petrels1 aft] hav+ be5 c>efully pluck$1 h all _! bones remov$4 ,!y are !n cook$ ov] ! fire 9 l>ge %all[ di%es or platt]s1 made f ! b>k ( ! ,tot>a tree1 & :5 suffici5tly done are plac$ 9 ! natural bottles or flasks =m$ ( a species ( seawe$1 l a huge v>iety ( ! bladd]-wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus7 ( our own coa/s4 ,! heat$ fat f ! birds is !n p\r$ 91 & ! sea-bottle securely ti$ up4 ,provisions treat$ 9 ?is mann] rema9 p]fectly good = a v long "t1 be+ completely exclud$ f bo? air & moi/ure4 ,! ,indians ( ,vanc\v] ,isl& make use ( seawe$ bottles1 made l ^? j describ$1 to /ore up fi% oil 94 ,h9ts on l>ge game4 ,9 ,africa1 ! fle% ( ! ox & ( all ! game animals--f ! antelope & buffalo to ! giraffe1 & ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 & elephant--is us$ "u ! g5]al "n ( biltong4 ,! sc5e1 :5 "o ( ! l>g] animals has be5 %ot1 & is f\nd p]haps next morn+ by ! hunt]'s native foll[]s1 is excit+ en\gh4 ,9 ! case ( an elephant :i* has la9 till t5 or elev5 o'clock1 :5 ! heat ( ! sun w h begun to =m gases 9 ! /oma*1 & to di/5d ! c>case till a man may tread ^u x z he w\ld on an unyield+ rock1 ! man1 ^: duty x is to make ! fir/ incision1 approa*es cauti\sly1 tak+ c>e1 if possible1 n to to come leew>d1 & especially to see t 8 retreat is cle>2 !n rea*+ =w>d at ! full l5g? ( 8 arm1 he drives 8 spe> into ! abdom51 leap+ backw>d at ! same "t to avoid ! gase\s & liquid dis*>ge :i* ensues4 ,! re/ wait until ! c>case has collaps$1 & ! /5* is some:at dissipat$1 & !n ru% 9 & comm5ce ! cutt+ up4 ,! ?ick sk9 is torn 9 broad planks f ! sides1 gr\ps ( m5 m\nt ^u ! ribs1 &1 squatt+ !re ^u _! hams1 use _! assegais 9 cutt+ d[n ?r\gh ! fle%2 o!rs1 hav+ effect$ a brea* 9 ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! abdom51 ent] & te> out ! int]nal da9ties1 & !n1 assegais 9 h&1 beg9 to cut ! fle% f ! inside ( ! ribs--an op]ation1 x w be readily believ$1 involv+ no small risk to ^! :o happ5 to be sitt+ j above !m1 & :o n unfrequ5tly receive a h9t t ! human sk9 is by no means invuln]able4 ,! surr\nd+ bu%es n[ beg9 to be cov]$ ) blanket-l flaps ( sk9 & meat1 by membranes & %eets ( ! int]nal fat1 & f e fire arises ! sav\ry od\r ( "s tit bit1 be+ ha/ily grill$ to appease ! appetite :ile ! pot :i* has be5 fill$ ) ! fir/ cutt+s ( ! fle% is be+ boil$4 ,long1 /raight poles are next cut1 & laid across l rails f =k to =k ( o!r trees1 & on ^! ! fle%1 cut into /rips f #c;ft4 to #af;ft4 long1 & ab\t two f+]s ?ick1 is hung to dry1 c>e be+ tak5 n to hang x s closely z to prev5t ! air pass+ freely betwe5 ! pieces4 ,two or ?ree days w g5]ally be en\gh to dry ! meat1 :i* is !n tak5 d[n1 & ei!r ti$ up 9 bundles if to be c>ri$ by m51 or /[$ z loosely z possible 9 ! waggon1 be+ op5$ & spread out at e halt = ! fir/ few days to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( putrefaction2 fur!r cook+ is n absolutely necess>y4 ,! biltong may be bruis$ up ) a yoke skei1 or ! head ( an axe1 & eat5 raw1 or x may be broil$ & bruis$ z be=e1 or if boil$ x may be put into a native mort> & p\nd$ ) a pe/le or a yoke skei until ! fibres are ?or\ghly sep>at$1 & mu* tr\ble is sav$ 9 ! way ( ma/ication4 ,) ! addition ( a little c9namon or o!r spice1 dri$ pea*es1 %r$s ( dri$ onion1 or any little ?+ to v>y ! ta/e1 ?is is by no means a bad di% = hungry m54 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 x is well to make a proportion ( ! meat c>ry itself2 & "h ! travell] w be call$ ^u to ex]cise great caution4 ,x w nev] d to pur*ase at r&om a numb] ( animals ( v>i\s species1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! diff]5t k9ds w n h]d toge!r1 &1 !re=e1 ea* w require sep>ate att5dants2 &1 secondly1 because ! c\ntry to be explor$ may be unfav\rable to ! exi/5ce ( "s ( !m4 ,9 ,nor? ,au/ralia we took no cattle1 because we _h reason to ?9k t plants poison\s to !m ab\nd$ !re4 ,( our flock ( %eep we took none beyond ! /&+ camp1 & ev5 ( !m we lo/ m ?an ?ree-f\r?s by ! disa/]s ( ! sea & riv] voyage be=e !y 7 l&$4 ,if m5 w\ld make up _! m9ds to eat horsefle%1 we believe x w\ld be m economical1 & w\ld give less tr\ble to ! explor+ p>ty1 :o might pur*ase at ! outset a consid]able additional numb] ( horses1 "y ( c\rse1 b at lea/ suffici5tly docile to c>ry a pack & travel ) ! o!rs2 & :5 ! burd5 ( "o ( ^! _h be5 eat5 (f1 to %oot him1 & conv]t z mu* ( 8 fle% z c\ld n be eat5 9 ! fir/ two days into biltong4 ,9 _m ( ! lat] exp$itions camels h be5 us$ m or less successfully1 & _! fle% has also s]v$ z food to ! explor]s on em]g5cies4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ox5 are s g5]ally us$ t no "o ?9ks ( und]tak+ a j\rney ( any ext5t )\t !m1 &1 n less z a matt] ( c\rse1 8 vehicle is ! ox waggon2 horses1 z _m z ! travell] c af=d1 also accompany him2 b1 if he is really a hunt]1 ^! are seldom or nev] ridd5 until _! en]gies are requir$ = active s]vice1 b leisurely driv5 on by a ,hott5tot lad1 & c>efully t5d$1 s z to husb& _! /r5g? & keep !m 9 good condition till !y are really want$4 ,%eep & goats are tak5 because mo/ ( ! native tribes are s ess5tially pa/oral t ^! animals may be *eaply pur*as$ f !m2 & "y lads1 will+ to drive !m1 may be hir$ = a trifl+ rew>d 9 addition to _! food4 ,nev]!less1 all ^! animals are liable to casualties on ! road3 ! goats or %eep may die f fe$+ on ! beans t fall f ! kameel doorn & v>i\s acacias2 ! /ud may be ?9n$ (f by ! annual horse sickness1 ev5 ?\gh ! travell] may h tak5 ! precaution to buy1 at a high] price1 :at are call$ salt$ horses--i4e41 su* z h once _h ! sickness--= x is well kn[n t if a horse takes ! sickness 9 a di/rict :]e x prevails 9 a mild =m1 :i* is g5]ally ! case 9 su* z h be5 = a consid]able "t colonis$1 x w n protect him 9 ! remote wild]ness :]e ! disease /ill ma9ta9s its unmitigat$ /r5g?4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always advisable to ask n only :e!r ! horse has _h ! sickness1 b :]e he pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal4 ,we h kn[n z mu* z #ajjl4 giv5 by a hunt] = a horse up to 8 weight & w>rant$ to be salt$1 ) ! proviso1 h[ev]1 t if ! horse di$ ( sickness dur+ ! fir/ season 8 price 0 to be r$uc$ by #fjl4 ,h9ts on food ga!r+4 ,9 all cases ( extreme sc>city ( food1 we /rongly advise ! travell] to leave no /one unturn$ :i* may yield alim5t ( "s k9d to help him on 8 way be=e he sacrifices 8 rid+ horse or mule4 ,:]e a numb] ( animals accompany an exp$ition1 a few may p]haps be p>t$ ) f "t to "t2 b we e>ne/ly advise ! solit>y hunt] or explor] to ex]cise e faculty he possesses = food f9d+ be=e he makes up 8 m9d to de/roy 8 f\r-foot$ fri5d4 ,diff]5t regions n only furni% diff]5t food-yield+ products1 b possess climates :i* necessitate ! use ( appropriate k9ds ( alim5t4 ,food may be view$ 9 ! light ( fuel1 & man z a lamp4 ,! m int5se ! cold & sev]e ! ex]tion ! great] w be ! exp5diture ( elem5ts ri* 9 c>bon1 su* z oil1 fat1 blubb]1 fle%1 c4 ,arctic travell]s & ^? :o dwell 9 ! regions ( ice & sn[ f9d !mselves compell$ to foll[ v closely ! cu/oms ( ! ,esquimaux 9 _! diet scale4 ,dr4 ,kane1 ! ,arctic travell]1 says3 ,our j\rneys h taught u ! wisdom ( ! ,esquimaux appetite1 & !re are few among u :o d n reli% a slice ( raw blubb] or a *unk ( froz5 walrus beef4 ,! liv] ( a walrus 7,awuktanuk7 eat5 ) little slices ( 8 fat1 ( a v]ity is a delici\s morsel4 ,fire w\ld ru9 ! curt pi?y expression ( vitality :i* belong to its uncook$ pieces4 ,*>les ,lamb's roa/ pig 0 no?+ to ,awuktanuk4 ,i wond] t raw beef is n eat5 at home4 ,depriv$ ( extrane\s fibre1 x is nei!r indige/ible nor difficult to ma/icate4 ,) acids & condim5ts x makes a salad :i* an educat$ palate _c help reli%+2 & z a p[]ful & cond5s$ heat-mak+ & antiscorbutic food x has no rival4 ,i make ?is la/ broad ass]tion aft] c>efully te/+ its tru?4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,gre5l& prep>e !mselves = a long j\rney 9 ! cold by a c\rse ( froz5 seal4 ,at ,up]navik !y d ! same ) ! n>:al1 :i* is ?\ght m heat mak+ ?an ! seal1 :ile ! be>1 to use _! own expression1 is '/rong] travel' ?an all4 ,9 ! f> nor?1 :]e ! explor] has to c>efully husb& su* food z good =tune may ca/ 9 8 way1 no portion ( an animal is wa/$4 ,! ,doctor1 :5 speak+ ( ! value ( e "p ( a bea/1 says3 ,! sk9 makes ! basis ( s\p1 & ! claws c be boil$ to a jelly2 lungs1 l>ynx1 /oma*1 & entrails are all available4 ,/>vation is f> less to be fe>$ by an exp]i5c$ travell] 9 tropical climates ?an among ! ice ( ! pol> regions1 z1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! l>ge quantities ( animal food consum$ to su/a9 vital heat are n ne$$2 &1 9 ! next1 ! vegetable & insect _w f> m abundantly contribute _! aid 9 furni%+ 8 l>d]4 ,"h aga9 ! explor] w d well to foll[1 9 cases ( necessity1 ! example set by ! natives1 :o n unfrequ5tly manage to su/a9 life 9 regions :i* to ! unpractis$ eye w\ld pres5t no?+ b hopeless b>r5ness4 ,! inhabitants ( v ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ,presidio del ,norte1 9 ,mexico1 subsi/ = mon?s toge!r on ! l>ge bulb\s roots ( ! ,maguay 7,agave ,mexicana71 :i* gr[s 9 ! dry arid soil ( ^! regions4 ,^! roots v>y 9 size f ! diamet] ( a #dlb4 loaf to t ( a two-gallon j>1 & are n unlike a huge onion 9 ext]nal appe>ance4 ,:5 int5d$ = food !y are simply dug up & roa/$ 9 hot a%es1 :5 !y become palatable & :olesome4 ,x is f ^! roots t ! ,mexicans prep>e _! celebrat$ ,mescal1 or agu>di5te1 a _s /rong] ?an ! be/ :isky4 ,to prep>e ?is1 a pit is dug 9 ! gr\nd to ab\t ! dep? ( #c;ft4 & ab\t #aj;ft4 9 diamet]2 a complete lay] ( /ones is !n made on ! bottom & r\nd ! sides ( ! pit1 :i* is !n fill$ ) billets ( wood & bran*es ( bu%es2 ^! are !n ignit$1 & ! fire is suff]$ to burn until ! /one l9+ & bord]s ( ! pit are /rongly heat$2 a quantity ( fre%ly-ga!r$ grass is !n ?r[n 9 & =m$ into a sort ( l9+ = ! /ones1 & on ?is ! bulbs ( ! maguay are ca/ until ! pit is ne>ly full1 :5 a quantity ( grass is ?r[n ov] ! top lay]1 & ! bak+ or roa/+ process is suff]$ to g on until ! roots are ?or\ghly cook$4 ,l>ge lea!r sacks are !n br\ght to receive ! roots4 ,wat] is ?r[n 9 until a sort ( gruel is =m$1 :i* f]m5ts = ab\t a week1 & is !n di/ill$ 9 a r\gh make%ift /ill1 :5 ! liquor is fit = consumption4 ,?is is ! plant :i* produces ! pulque1 :i* we h be=e describ$4 ,! fibres ( ! leaves make excell5t ropes & tw9e2 ! "y & immature leaves1 :5 d\bl$ up 9 ! h&1 make an excell5t sub/itute = soap & ! fre% crisp spr\ts are good = cattle food4 ,! region ( ! ,gila & ! ,sonora di/rict also produce ! ,petahaya1 ! great c&elabra c]eus4 ,?is curi\s plant gr[s 9 ! =m ( ei!r a flut$ column or gigantic c&elabrum2 ! /em is n unfrequ5tly f #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 9 diamet]1 & gr[s to a height ( f #dj;ft4 to #ej;ft4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,b>tlett1 9 8 exploration ( ! ,gila1 made ext5sive use ( ! fruit ( ?is plant4 ,he ?us describes x3 ,! plant probably blooms late 9 ,may or e>ly 9 ,june1 & ! fruit is matur$ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! fl[]s1 borne on ! summits ( ! bran*es1 are #c;94 9 diamet]1 & ab\t ! same 9 l5g?4 ,! petals are /iff & curl+1 & ( a cream-:ite col\r2 ! /am5s are yell[ & v num]\s4 ,! fruit is ab\t ! size & %ape ( an egg1 sometimes r long] ?an ! true egg %ape1 hav+ a few small scales )\t sp9es4 ,! col\r ( ! fruit is gre51 t+$ ) r$ :5 fully ripe4 ,x consi/s ( an out] coat or sk9 fill$ ) r$ pulp1 inclos+ num]\s small black se$s4 ,! fruit :5 mature bur/s at ! top1 & exposes ! pulp1 :i* at ?is "t is r mawki% to ! ta/e2 b a few days' exposure to ! sun dries x to ab\t "o-?ird its orig9al bulk1 & ! :ole mass drops out ( ! sk94 ,9 ?is /ate x has ! consi/5cy ( ! pulp ( a dri$ fig1 & ! sac*>9e matt] be+ conc5trat$ by dry+1 x some:at resembles t fruit 9 ta/e4 ,! ,pimo & o!r ,indians collect ! pulp & roll x into balls1 9 :i* /ate x probably keeps ! :ole ye>1 z x 0 (f]$ to our p>ty :i* pass$ ?r\gh 9 ,janu>y4 ,!y also boil ! pulp 9 wat] & evaporate x to ! consi/5ce ( molasses1 aft] :i* x is pres]v$ 9 e>!n j>s4 ,insects1 z well z fruit & fruit products1 contribute l>gely 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w to ! subsi/5ce ( ! natives4 ,wild honey n unfrequ5tly proves an acceptable addition to ! explor]'s l>d]4 ,to obta9 ?is ! movem5ts ( wild bees %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,sometimes !y may be se5 high ov]head fly+ 9 a direct & /eady d\ble /ream2 "o ?rong b5d+ its way heavily lad5 to ! hive or colony1 & ! o!r dep>t+ on a fre% exp$ition4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w--,india1 = example--! wild bees usually con/ruct _! combs ei!r b5ea? ! %elt] af=d$ by ! bifurcation ( ! l>ge bran*es ( a timb] tree or ! /ems ( ! palm fronds z !y %oot f ! ma9 trunk4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & "s o!r c\ntries !y g5]ally seek ! protection af=d$ by a holl[ & p>tially decay$ tree trunk4 ,to f9d ! /ores ( a sw>m ( wild bees1 ca/ y\r eye %>ply ov]head & note ! g5]al l9e ( flight4 ,cat* a bee & tie a ?9 filam5t ( d[n1 wild cotton1 or :ite floss silk to 8 leg & let him fly2 he w g5]ally w+ 8 flight homew>ds1 & c be foll[$4 ,if !re is any unc]ta9ty ab\t ! l9e ( direction 9 :i* ! bees fly1 :i* may proce$ f o!r sw>ms be+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 cat* two bees at diff]5t po9ts1 plume !m1 & c>efully note ! po9t at :i* _! l9e ( flight jo9s4 ,:5 y h to track a long bee flight1 x is a good plan to dress a piece ( b>k ) honey1 9 ord] t x may act z a lure to ! bees4 ,z !y take 9 a /ore & fly away ) x1 note _! flight1 tak+ ! l9e foll[$ by ! greate/ numb]2 advance y\r b>k a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds 9 ! l9e2 take a fre% dep>ture1 & s on until ! bee tree is discov]$4 ,! honey guide ( ,africa 7,cuculos indicator7 w1 by 8 re/lessness & ef=ts to attract att5tion1 n unfrequ5tly conduct ! travell] to ! bees' ne/2 b :5 foll[+ ?is fea!r$ conductor be on ! al]t & keep bo? b>rels ( y\r rifle at full cock1 z he sometimes br+s y face to face ) a creature f> m =midable ?an a honey bee4 ,to take possession ( ! honey few ,europeans l to v5ture on ! bold c\rse foll[$ by _m natives1 z f "s cause or ano!r1 :i* we are utt]ly at a loss to expla91 a nak$ black fell[ w invade ! /ronghold ( ! bees & c>ry (f ! honeycomb 9 _! v mid/1 ) little or no prep>ation4 ,:5 bees are 9 a holl[ tree ! be/ plan is to fell x ) ! axe1 light a long l9e ( damp bru%wood to leew>d1 make z mu* smoke z y c1 & dur+ ! panic caus$ by ! g5]al cra%1 split up ! log1 *op ! bee hole l>ge en\gh to be practicable1 & get ! honeycomb out z fa/ z y c into "s conv5i5t vessel4 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia we f9d ! l>ge spid] !re f\nd 7,aranea edulis7 gre$ily p>tak5 (4 ,x is simply roa/$ ov] ! fire :5 requir$ = use4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s description ( food made use ( by ! natives ( ! lake bord]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*alco & ,texococo2 ?is is made f ! eggs ( a species ( boat fly 7,notonecta7 & two or ?ree insects ( simil> habits4 ,! insects deposit _! eggs by myriads on ! /alks ( ! re$s gr[+ 9 & ab\t ! m>g9s ( ! lakes4 ,! natives1 :5 go+ on an egg-hunt+ exp$ition1 provide !mselves ) clo?s & /icks4 ,! re$s1 :5 b5t to ! edge ( ! spread clo?1 are beat5 & %ak51 :5 ! eggs drop (f into ! %eet plac$ = _! reception4 ,aft] be+ spread on o!r %eets1 & ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun1 !y are treat$ j z if !y 7 gra9s ( corn4 ,fl\r is made f !m by gr9d+2 ?is is regul>ly pack$ 9 suitable bags1 m>k$ z to weight1 c41 & sold 9 ! native m>kets4 ,9 lay+ 9 ! /ores ( an exp$ition ab\t to />t f any l>ge city x is well to obta91 if possible1 a good supply ( ,*allet's pres]v$ vegetables1 z !y c be made available :5 nature furni%es no gre5 food4 ,! space occupi$ by ?is useful prep>ation is s small t a v l>ge quantity c be /[$ away 9 a v small compass4 ,x has be5 comput$ t #c;ft4 ( cubic space w conta9 #af1jjj full all[ances4 ,9 pa/oral c\ntries !re is usually little difficulty 9 obta9+ milk2 & 9 regions de/itute ( dome/icat$ cattle ! explor] c g5]ally manage to get on )\t x4 ,goats yield a great deal ( excell5t milk1 & trot along freely ) animals on a m>*4 ,:5 x is desirable to c>ry milk = any di/ance = ! use ( *ildr5 or sick p1 x may be pres]v$ z foll[s3 ,take a t9 cani/]1 a bottle1 or a l>ge ox horn1 ) a bottom & m\? made 9 x2 fill ! vessel ) milk2 put x 9 ! camp kettle1 & let x boil /eadily = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,n[1 if y\r vessel is a cani/]1 sold] d[n ! cov]2 if a bottle or horn drive 9 ! /opp] & wax x d[n ) melt$ beeswax4 ,! milk w !n keep well4 ,9 "s c\ntries pres]v$ toad-/ools are ext5sively made use ( z an article ( food2 b "h we mu/ give ! travell] a caution reg>d+ ! mu%room or ,ag>icus family :5 view$ 9 ! light ( alim5t1 z1 /range to say1 v>ieties :i* are f\nd p]fectly :olesome 9 "o c\ntry are n s 9 ano!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we f9d "s ( ! mo/ poison\s toad-/ools f\nd 9 ,engl& 7,a4 virosus & ,a4 musc>ius7 among/ ! numb] eat5 ) impunity 9 "s p>ts ( ,t>t>y & ,russia4 ,!re may be said to be only ?ree k9ds ( true edible ,ag>ici f\nd 9 ,great ,brita94 ,a4 campe/ris1 ! common mead[ & g>d5 mu%room1 rem>kable = its pleasant od\r & ! col\r ( its gills2 ,a4 prat5sis1 or ! fairy-r+ mu%room 7:i* is f\nd gr[+ 9 ! gre5 r+s or circles 9 our grass l&s1 attribut$ by ! sup]/iti\s to sup]natural ag5cy72 & ,a4 ,georgii1 :i* 9 "s respects resembles ,a4 campe/ris1 b has light] col\r$ gills & less flav\r4 ,:5 driv5 by necessity to seek mu%room food1 ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or out ( x1 be> ! foll[+ rules 9 m9d3 ,avoid e "o y see ) its cap or head ?9 9 sub/ance z comp>$ to ! ?ickness ( ! plates or gills--) ! upright or /alk atta*$ to "o side ( ! cr[n--) ! plates or gills all ( ! same l5g?--yield+ a juice l ?9 milk2 &1 if y f9d any ) a sort ( b& compos$ ( a sub/ance l ! webs ( spid]s surr\nd+ ! upright1 h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,we h se5 :ole /r+s ( dri$ ,a4 musc>ius susp5d$ to dry f ! raft]s ( ,t>t> huts4 ,^! y may eat safely 9 ,t>t>y1 b n out ( x4 ,fi% roe1 l mu%rooms1 :5 int5d$ = food1 requires c>e 9 selection4 ,! l>ge b>bel1 f\nd 9 _m ( ! l>ge riv]s & lakes abroad1 yield at times a v consid]able quantity ( roe or spawn4 ,?is we h kn[n on sev]al occasions to prove v un:olesome1 if n absolutely poison\s4 ,h]r+ spawn is collect$ on "s coa/s 9 va/ quantities by ! natives1 :o place long l9es ( bu%es at l[-wat] m>k = ! ova to collect on4 ,salmon roe is also eat5 to a great ext5t by _m ,indian tribes4 ,we h se5 great quantities ( /urgeon spawn collect$ = conv]sion into cavi>e4 ,to prep>e ! spawn l>ge bags1 ) _! ends sewn up1 are made2 a slit is !n made 9 ! side1 j l>ge en\gh to put ! h& ?r\gh2 into ?is ! roe & a good quantity ( /rong bay salt br9e are introduc$ & ! hole is !n secur$ ) a wood5 skew]4 ,:5 ! br9e has ne>ly all soak$ out ?r\gh ! bag1 a pair ( h& /icks are fa/5$ to its ends2 ^! are seiz$ by two m5 & twi/$ r\nd until ! bag resembles a ?ick rope4 ,roe pickl$ & press$ 9 ?is way w keep a long "t1 & is v nutriti\s4 ,! eggs ( p\ltry or seaf[l c 9 "s c\ntries be collect$ 9 consid]able quantities & laid 9 z a /ore4 ,eggs boil$ h>d 9 a /rong solution ( salt keep well4 ,!y may also be pres]v$ by fir/ break+ !m into boil+ wat]1 ) a little salt dissolv$ 9 x1 j z y w\ld prep>e poa*$ eggs2 boil = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & !n take !m out ( ! wat]2 place !m to dra91 & :5 dry heat !m on a ?9 iron %eet ov] ! fire until depriv$ ( moi/ure2 !y are !n fit to pack away4 ,to pres]ve native butt]1 fir/ melt1 !n /ra9 x ?r\gh a clo?1 boil x /eadily 9 a camp kettle1 skim (f all ! fro? ) a l>ge %ell1 set 9 a /ick1 until no m rises2 !n p\r x :il/ hot into lea!r bags or e>!n j>s to settle4 ,d n omit ! /ra9+ process1 or y w f9d m hairs 9 y\r butt] ?an are agreeable4 ,a se>* among ! rocks1 pools1 & ov] ! l$ges on ! seacoa/ w g5]ally repay ! food hunt]4 ,%ell fi%1 small cru/aceas1 & 9 "s localities edible seawe$s1 may be f\nd2 bo? lav> we$ & c>agre5 moss w help to furni% out a meal4 ,:5 %oot+ seaf[l to help to fill ! l>d] d n pick !m2 op5 ! sk9 across ! v5t1 tak+ c>e n to cut ?r\gh into ! abdom9al cavity2 turn back ! sk9 ) y\r knife1 cut (f ! projection or oil gl&1 kn[n z ! p>son's nose1 & !n /rip ! sk9 =w>d1 cutt+ (f ! legs at ! knee-jo9ts1 w+s at ! p9ions1 & ! head half way up ! neck2 n[ remove ! entrails f y\r bird1 wa% x well 9 ! sea1 & if y h an onion or two = /uff+ cut !m up & put !m 9 ! bird1 :i* may be sewn or skew]$ up1 & !n roa/$4 ,a sea bird makes a good grill if split d[n ! back1 pegg$ op5 ) a /ick1 well pepp]$ & salt$1 & !n broil$ ov] ! emb]s4 ,capta9 ,bligh f\nd t by keep+ seaf[l 9 a h5coop & fe$+ !m ) gra9 t !y became fat & ( good flav\r4 ,snails =m nutriti\s & :olesome food1 z d ! ,unios & ,adontas 7popul>ly kn[n z fre%-wat] mussels74 ,^! %ells are to be f\nd 9 mo/ lakes & riv]s4 ,fi% ( "o k9d or ano!r w g5]ally repay ^? :o se>* = !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,fi% ,,& ,,amphibi\s ,,animals4 ,! sea1 e/u>ies1 riv]s1 lakes1 brooks1 & ponds (t5 yield an acceptable supply ( food to ! explor]1 :o usually adopts ! mo/ effective means ( secur+ 8 prey1 )\t tr\bl+ 8 head mu* z to :e!r ! mode ( capture is /rictly sportsmanlike or n4 ,! inhabitants ( little kn[n wat]s are n1 z a rule1 p>ticul>ly %y 9 tak+ a bait2 b "s inve/igation w at times be ne$$ to discov] :at description ( fi% are procurable be=e a successful plan = captur+ !m c be put 9 =ce4 ,sea fi% are g5]ally to be tak5 ) small fi%1 pieces ( fi%1 fi% entrails2 %ellfi%1 su* z mussels1 clams1 limpets1 cockles1 c42 small /rips ( salt pork r9d1 ! lug worms f ! s&1 & ! rag worms f b5ea? /ones & drift wood4 ,artificial baits1 too1 are (t5 us$ ) mu* advantage4 ,! b[l ( a common pewt] spoon1 m\nt$ ) a pair or ?ree /rong hooks1 ti$ back to back1 is an extremely kill+ lure = mo/ pr$atory fi% 9 bo? fre% & salt wat]4 ,to m\nt & prep>e "o ( ^!1 x w be requisite to cut (f ! h&le ( ! spoon close to ! b[l4 ,drill a small hole j inside ! po9t f :i* ! /em has be5 tak5 (f1 & ano!r at ! small end4 ,loop ?r\gh ! hole at ! l>ge end a piece ( /rong f9e l9e1 ab\t #d;ft4 long1 & to ?is atta* a swivel2 !n loop on #c;ft4 m l9e ( ! same description to ! fir/ swivel1 & to ! end ( ?is atta* a second swivel4 ,a loop fa/5$ to ! end r+ ( ?is s]ves to atta* ! trace & spoon to ! ma9 l9e by4 ,gut or gimp may be us$1 in/ead ( ord9>y l9e1 :5 x is desirable to fi% f9e4 ,! hooks1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a triangle or simple pair1 mu/ be ( size proportion$ to ! description ( fi% !y are int5d$ to cat*2 &1 :5 securely atta*$ to a #c-;94 piece ( v /rong d\ble gut1 %\ld be fa/5$ to ! hole 9 ! small end ( ! spoon4 ,:5 us$ ) a rod ! spoon is spun )1 aft] ! mann] ( any o!r sp9n+ bait2 b :5 us$ f a boat or canoe a lead ( suffici5t weight mu/ be atta*$ to ! trace1 9 ord] to keep x "s consid]able di/ance bel[ ! surface1 :51 z ! boat is urg$ onw>ds1 its rapid revolutions & glitt]+1 flick]+ play prove mo/ fatally attractive4 ,_m ( ! pe>l-%ell baits us$ by ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s are mu* ! same 9 pr9ciple1 only t ! hooks !y use are usually ( %ell1 wood1 or bone4 ,illu/ration ,boneta & albecore are at times tak5 9 consid]able numb]s by mak+ use ( a rude imitation ( ! fly+ fi%2 & ! =m ( ?is contrivance 7repres5t$ at ,fig4 #d 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration7 w %[ t "o ne$ n despair ( cat*+ fi% because he has no fi% hook4 ,make%ift hooks4 ,a piece ( oak or o!r h>d wood1 ab\t #g;94 long1 is procur$4 ,?is is cut slightly tap]+ t[>ds ! tail1 l ! body ( a fi%4 ,ab\t #a;94 f ! tail a hole is bor$1 & ?r\gh ?is a /rong %>p nail1 su* z c>p5t]s use1 is driv5 obliquely4 ,a few turns ( tw9e r\nd ! wood & nail s]ve to prev5t %ift+ or splitt+4 ,! head end ( ! /ick has a not* cut r\nd x to fa/5 ! l9e to1 & secure a c\ple ( /rips ( :ite rag 91 s t ! free ends may repres5t ! w+s or f9s ( ! fi%4 ,?is affair1 :5 f9i%$ & atta*$ to a /rong l9e1 is ca/ into ! sea1 & kept leap+ f wave to wave1 :5 x is gre$ily seiz$ by ! pursu+ boneta or albecore1 :o discov]s :5 too late t1 in/ead ( secur+ a ri* & palatable fly+ fi%1 he has swall[$ a nail in/ead4 ,! ,esquimaux make an excell5t sub/itute = a fi% hook by scrap+ a /rip ( :alebone r\nd & f9e1 & !n b9d+ on a piece ( h>d1 f9ely-po9t$ bone at an acute angle1 ) a /rip ( s9ew or split gr\nd will[1 z %[n at ,fig4 #c4 ,a sail ne$le may be made to d duty = a hook by atta*+ x to ! l9e1 z %[n at ,fig4 #b4 ,! albatross c be conv5i5tly tak5 :5 foll[+ a %ip at sea by ! use ( a bait$ sailmak]'s hook4 ,! po9t holds 9 ! curv$ portion ( ! bird's beak1 :il/ ! swivel at its loop$ end prev5ts ! l9e f twi/+ & becom+ entangl$4 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #ehf1 repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ?is hook is =m$4 ,illu/ration ,! %anks ( horse-nails make v good fi% hooks4 ,^!1 :5 fil$ d[n to ! prop] ?ickness1 mu/ be laid1 "o by "o1 9 a n>r[ groove made 9 a piece ( h>d wood1 & ! b>b /ruck up ) a *isel or ! slop$ edge ( a knife4 ,"o sm>t1 well-direct$ bl[ on ! in/rum5t usually effects ?is4 ,! po9t is n[ to be fil$ up %>p1 ! wire g5tly heat$ 9 ! fire1 & twi/$ ) pli]s--or1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 a split /ick--into prop] hook =m1 :5 x is to be subject$ to ! case-h>d5+ process4 7,see ,case-h>d5+47 ,hooks ( any size may be made 9 ?is way1 m]ely tak+ c>e to use good t\gh iron = ! purpose4 ,/\t1 l>ge-siz$ ne$les may be us$ /raight = ! capture ( eels & "s o!r k9ds ( fi%4 ,:5 s us$1 ! l9e is firmly secur$ by wax$ ?read or silk to ! c5tre ( ! ne$le1 :i* is bait$ by draw+ a l>ge worm or o!r bait ov] bo? ne$le & l9e1 :i*1 :5 s prep>$1 lie 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,on ! fi% swall[+ ! bait & ! l9e be+ drawn tight1 ! ne$le at once becomes fix$ across ! ?roat1 & ?us holds ! captive until dragg$ to ! %ore4 ,! ne$le is !n easily )drawn by press+ back "o end ) a bit ( /ick4 ,tackle1 to select4 ,we /rongly advise ! travell] to include 9 8 li/ ( /ores a lib]al supply ( fi% hooks ( v>i\s sizes1 = bo? sea & riv] fi%1 toge!r ) "s /rong brass swivels1 a few hanks ( /\t gut1 & fi%+ l9es = riv] & sea fi%+4 ,! =m] %\ld be ( ! k9d kn[n z prep>$ salmon l9e1 & ! latt] hemp or cotton sea l9e4 ,! sea l9es %\ld be all b>k$ be=e use2 any tann] w subject !m to t process = a m]e trifle4 ,l9es s treat$ are inf9itely m durable ?an ^? us$ 9 a raw /ate4 ,x w sometimes happ5 t :5 sep>at$ f y\r /ores1 %ort ( food1 & ) v few appliances ) y1 a cat* ( fi% proves highly acceptable1 & tackle ( "s k9d has to be extemporis$4 ,we h _h on _m occasions to d ?is4 ,rods c be made v easily f t\gh /icks or bamboo canes4 ,fi%+ l9es %\ld nev] be put away wet1 z !y w soon decay1 & become weak & unreliable4 ,! mo/ portable & conv5i5t =m ( h& reel we h ev] us$ is made z foll[s3 ,two pieces ( well-season$ wood are cut flat1 l /\t r\nd-end$ pap] knives4 ,illu/ration ,two holes are burn$ or bor$ 9 ea*1 z at #a 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 !n two r\nd b>s are cut ) po9ts & %\ld]s1 z at #b4 ,a cork bung is !n fa%ion$ & bor$ 9 ! c5tre1 z at #c2 ! hole 9 ?is admits "o ( ! r\nd b>s1 & s]ves to /ick ! po9ts ( ! hooks 94 ,no4 #d repres5ts ! frame or reel put toge!r1 & %[s ! position ( ! bung & ! loop ( ! l9e4 ,! ends or %\ld] pieces ( ! r\nd b>s are secur$ by small p9s driv5 ?r\gh !m4 ,reels ( ?is description af=d free v5tilation to ! l9es coil$ on !m4 ,!y c be tak5 asund] 9 an in/ant1 & w pack 9 a v small space4 ,h9ts on tackle mak+4 ,we made an excell5t outfit = fly-fi%+ 9 ! ,crimea z foll[s3 ,we select$ a set ( /raight t\gh dog-wood /icks f ! fasc9es = ! jo9ts ( our rod2 ^! 7 f]ul$ ) tubes made f pres]v$-meat t9s cut & sold]$4 ,! r+s 7 made f wire buttons ) ! ?read cov]+ cut (f2 ! l9e f hair pull$ f ! horses' tails1 twi/$ or laid up by ! aid ( a set ( quill /icks1 ! use ( :i* w be describ$ z our "w proce$s4 ,! w9* 0 made f a l>ge-siz$ cotton reel m\nt$ on a frame ( =age hoop iron1 & ! h&le f a piece ( a brok5 ,russian ramrod4 ,we 7 (t5 ask$ by envi\s fell[ campaign]s :]e we _h pick$ up su* an excell5t fly-rod & fitt+s4 ,our hav+ made x f ! limit$ means at our disposal 0 nev] ev5 suspect$ by !m4 ,a d9n] extemporis$4 ,! foll[+ adv5ture w s]ve to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* a little +5uity w (t5 procure a d9n]4 ,our little p>ty encamp$ "o morn+1 aft] a v long fatigu+ night m>* 9 ,b5gal1 "u ! %elt] ( an imm5se banyan tree :i* grew on ! banks ( a deep re$-fr+$ lake4 ,a small native village1 situat$ at no great di/ance1 _h be5 pillag$ & des]t$ "s "t be=e1 & a mis]able p>iah dog or two w&]+ disconsolately ab\t betwe5 ! huts1 & a few inquisitive-look+ cr[s p]*$ on ! ro(s1 7 ! only liv+ creatures to be discov]$4 ,no l& ( ,canaan 0 ?is2 commons ( ! v %orte/ k9d />$ u unpleasantly 9 ! face4 ,/ill we _h "s bags ( gra9 ( ! c\ntry1 & a little ghee or native butt]4 ,an old corn mill1 ( ! qu]n patt]n be=e describ$1 0 =ag$ out f "s =gott5 nook or corn]1 & set to "w prep>+ fl\r4 ,a ne$le f ! doctor's in/rum5t case1 :5 heat$ 9 ! fire & b5t to a prop] =m1 made a v tol]able hook2 a ske9 ( 8 suture silk1 a l9e2 a bamboo cane1 pull$ f ! ro( ( a hut1 a rod2 a bit ( b>k ) a /ick ?r\gh x made a float2 a few %ot1 split ) a knife1 s9k]s2 & "s beetle l>v1 :i* 7 r\t$ out ( a decay$ log1 =m$ a v too?some bait4 ,! lake 0 cle>ly our l>d]1 & to x we betook ourselves ) z little delay z possible1 ! long cane ov] "o %\ld]1 a d\ble-b>rell$ gun ov] ! o!r1 & a lea!r bucket swung ov] ! arm 9 lieu ( a fi%+ creel4 ,no ,waltonian enticem5ts 9 ! %ape ( gr\nd bait 7 ne$$ "h2 ! bait 0 h>dly out ( sight be=e ! float vani%$1 & !n1 on ! haul devil1 pull bak] pr9ciple1 out our fl\nd]+ victims came among/ ! s$ges & re$s4 ,a %rill bla/ on our railway :i/le n only br\ght "o ( ! sable camp foll[]s to c>ry ! welcome capture to ! cook1 b r\s$ six or eight l>ge grey wild ducks1 :i* _h la9 l s _m wat] rails among/ ! tall re$s1 & s5t !m ) out/ret*$ necks & :i/l+ w+ :eel+ r\nd ! lake1 :5 by dropp+ "u a holl[ bank & keep+ well d[n we lull$ suspicion1 & ! flock come cutt+ ! air "r ov]head4 ,n[ is our "t1 &1 pit*+ ! heavy d\ble well be=e !m1 we let drive 9 rapid succession ! two *>ges ( big %ot4 ,?ree ?ump+ ducks come l clods to ! e>?2 a few fea!rs drift (f on ! w9d f> 9 ! re> ( ! survivors1 :o d n l+] on ! w+2 & little did we c>e :]e _! flight might lead !m--our hunt]'s d9n] _h be5 e>n$1 & 9 less ?an two h\rs f its obta9m5t 0 duly cook$1 eat51 & its m]its discuss$4 ,illu/ration ,alligators1 to cat*4 ,a v effective contrivance = tak+ caymans or alligators 0 made use ( by ,wat]ton's foll[]s 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! annex$ illu/ration repres5ts a modification ( x4 ,two or m t\gh fire-h>d5$ /icks are not*$ at ! l>ge end l ! head ( a t5t peg1 & b>b$ at ! po9t l a /raight5$ fi% hook4 ,! not*$ ends are b\nd fa/ ) raw hide la%+s to a /\t rope1 :i* has be5 s]v$ = ab\t #f;ft4 or #g;ft4 ) /\t wire4 ,:5 ?is contrivance is to be us$1 ! b>b$ t9es & rope are ?ickly w\nd r\nd ) ! entrails ( "s animal1 & !n susp5d$ j above ! wat] by support+ ! rope on an upright crut*1 :i* is s adju/$ z to give way on ! bait be+ tak54 ,:5 ! :ole mass has be5 p\*$ by ! alligator1 & ! rope is haul$ on1 ! t9es op51 cat* across ! gullet1 & act z a hook4 ,we h he>d ( alligators be+ de/roy$ by inclos+ a cani/] ( p[d]1 ) ! wires ( a galvanic batt]y atta*$ to x1 9 ! (fal ( any animal2 ?is1 :5 fitt$ ) a l9e & float1 0 ca/ into ! wat]1 &1 on a bite be+ p]ceiv$1 ! connection ( ! circuit 0 made1 :5 ! alligator 0 %att]$ by ! =ce ( ! explosion :i* foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi% ,,spr+4 ,alligators1 to baffle4 ,alligators are incorrigible pe/s to ! fi%]man1 wait+ until ! fi% is securely hook$1 & !n c>ry+ x (f1 l9e & all4 ,! foll[+ plan is ! be/ we "k to baffle ! gre$y m>aud]s4 ,/rong flexible /icks1 l small fi%+ rods1 are to be cut1 tak+ c>e to select su* z h lat]al bran*es "s di/ance d[n4 ,"o ( ^! is to be cut to ab\t #b;94 f ! ma9 /em1 & a not* made 9 its end = a button on ! l9e to cat* 91 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,?is1 :5 fre$ by ! bit+ ( ! fi%1 all[s ! rod to spr+ sm>tly up1 & sw+ ! fi% high en\gh to be beyond ! rea* ( ! pr[l+ pirate4 ,ligg]s & trimm]s4 ,a v>iety ( fi% may be tak5 9 ponds & lakes by ! use ( inflat$ bladd]s1 ( :i* sev]al c be us$ at once4 ,!y are ?us prep>$4 ,! bladd]1 aft] be+ well fill$ ) air by bl[+ into x ?r\gh a quill or bit ( cane1 mu/ h its neck securely ti$ up ) tw9e1 & to ?is fa/5+ a piece ( /ick ! size ( ! little f+] mu/ be atta*$1 s t x =ms a sort ( /em-l app5dage to ! bladd]4 ,! l9e1 ) ! bait$ hook atta*$1 is n[ to be knott$ fa/ to ! c5tre ( ! /em1 & !n w\nd on x j z ?read is w\nd on a reel4 ,! l[] end ( ! /ick or /em mu/ n[ h a slit made 9 x4 ,! l9e1 :5 pull$ into ?is1 %\ld h j a suffici5t l5g? to hang freely 9 ! wat]4 ,! bladd] is n[ to be tak5 to ! w9dw>d side ( ! pond or lake1 & ca/ adrift4 ,on ! bait be+ seiz$ by ! fi%1 ! l9e is j]k$ f ! slit4 ,! bladd]1 revolv+ on its own axis1 all[s ! coil to unw9d f ! /em1 & f its extreme buoyancy soon tires out ! l>ge/ captive1 ^: position x s]ves to indicate to ! fi%]man1 :o ga!rs up 8 prizes at 8 leisure f 8 canoe or re$ boat4 ,bundles ( ru%es1 l>ge corks1 empty bottles1 & a numb] ( o!r ?+s1 c be us$ z sub/itutes = ! bladd]s4 ,contrivances ( ?is k9d are commonly call$ trimm]s or ligg]s4 ,l>ge turnips are (t5 us$ by poa*]s to m\nt l9es on = ! capture ( pike 9 pres]ves1 z1 unless r exp]i5c$ h&s1 ! keep]s d n suspect ! dang]\sly de/ructive "* ( ^! float+ roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>bel ,,l9e4 ,on ! ,vaal ,riv]1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 we caught b>bel up to #bglb4 weight by ?us us+ an empty p[d] cani/]2 b x 0 an*or$ 9 mid /ream by a /one n heavy en\gh to prev5t a l>ge fi% f dragg+ x4 ,?is 0 left all night1 & if 9 ! morn+ x 0 miss+ f its place1 a black boy 0 s5t up or d[n to discov] x4 ,our canoe 0 !n laun*$1 & ! prize secur$4 ,if b>bel 7 fi%$ =1 ! hook 0 all[$ ne>ly to rea* ! bottom2 if o!rwise1 x 0 kept b a little bel[ ! surface4 ,frogs 7 g5]ally us$ z bait4 ,if ! fi%]man is n occupi$ z we 7 by o!r "w1 & c sp>e ! "t1 or does n possess a canoe1 he may make fa/ a suffici5tly /rong haul+ l9e1 & s br+ 8 capture to ! %ore :5ev] he wi%es4 ,! me?od ( arrang+ ?is contrivance is %[n 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration4 ,ott]s1 to make4 ,! ott] is ano!r contrivance ) :i* great numb]s ( fi% are (t5 tak51 & ?us x is made3 ,procure a piece ( v light /rong wood1 & f x fa%ion a bo>d #bb;94 long1 #i;94 wide1 & #b;94 ?ick4 ,trim ! ends to a %>p edge1 & r\nd !m (f 9 boat =m4 ,!n1 on t portion :i* w\ld correspond ) ! keel ( a boat1 fa/5 a long /rip ( lead ( ! same ?ickness z ! bo>d1 & s adju/ its weight t1 :5 y\r bo>d ) its lead keel on is plac$ 9 wat]1 ab\t #a;94 only ( ! upp] edge appe>s above ! surface4 ,two holes are !n to be bor$ at ea* end1 & ?r\gh ^! two sep>ate /r+s are to be pass$1 & ! ends s knott$ z to prev5t !m f pull+ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! loops ?us =m$ mu/ be j long en\gh to come 9 contact 9 ! c5tre ( ! bo>d4 ,f\r knots w ?us be on "o side ( ! bo>d1 & ! loops ! o!r4 ,a #d-;94 piece ( v /rong1 /iff brass wire mu/ n[ be us$ to connect ! two loops1 & on ?is a /\t r+ mu/ be plac$ s t x may travel =w>d & back on ! wire4 ,to ?is r+ ! ma9 l9e on :i* ! hooks are fa/5$ is to be atta*$ by a loop & swivel4 ,to "w ! ott]1 x w be necess>y to laun* x 9 ! wat]1 & walk away along ! bank until x runs out ) ! l9e1 :i* is coil$ on a wood5 frame or reel & c>ri$ 9 ! h&4 ,! ott] travels backw>d or =w>d accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! /r+ or l9e is pull$1 & is 9 pr9ciple mu* l a pap] kite1 ! loops p]=m+ ! "p ( ! belly-b&4 ,gr\nd l9es1 to manage4 ,gr\nd l9es (t5 well repay ! tr\ble be/[$ on sett+ !m4 ,!y are be/ made ( /rong1 f9e hemp5 l9e4 ,a heavy rifle ball or o!r suitable weight mu/ be fa/5$ to "o end1 & a po9t$ peg to ! o!r4 ,a numb] ( hooks on twi/$ horsehair traces are to be loop$ on1 at equal di/ances ap>t1 at ! end ne>e/ ! s9k]4 ,! l9e :5 duly bait$ & pegg$ fa/ to ! bank is to be tak5 on a long =k-end$ /ick1 s t ! end has a sw+ ( ab\t #h;ft4 or #i;ft4 ,) ?is ! baits & s9k] c be ca/ a v long di/ance out2 & :5 x is requisite to take up ! l9e to re-bait or take (f fi%1 ! =k is aga9 made use ( to draw x ov]1 & ?us keep ! hooks cle> ( ! bank4 ,:5 us+ a night l9e1 x is a good plan to fa/5 ! %ore end to a t\gh bran* twi/$ 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 z by ! play x af=ds :5 ! fi% makes a sudd5 ru% ! l9e is sav$ f be+ brok54 ,illu/ration ,travell]1 to make4 ,wide pools 9 riv]s & ! /ret*es ( sea bea* frequ5t$ by fi% at ! ris+ ( ! tide are conv5i5tly fi%$ by ! use ( a travell]4 ,?is is simply a d\ble l9e ) "o half only m\nt$ ) hooks4 ,x is ?us us$3 ,at dead l[ wat] a heavy /one is procur$1 & r\nd x is plac$ a piece ( /rong cord1 to ! end ( :i* is fa/5$ a l9k ( *a91 ! b[ ( an old key1 a slice f ! end ( a m>r[ bone1 or a common curta9 r+2 & ?r\gh ?is "o end ( ! d\bl$ l9e is pass$1 & br\ght back to ! /&+ place ( ! fi%]m54 ,z ! tide fl[s & approa*es ! %ore1 t half ( ! l9e )\t hooks is drawn 91 :i*1 ( c\rse1 causes ! draw+ out ( t half provid$ ) !m4 ,a small cross /ick knott$ to ! c5tre ( ! l9e prev5ts ! fir/ hook f pass+ ?r\gh ! r+ & caus+ entanglem5ts4 ,z fi% are caught1 or ! bait requires r5ew+1 ! l9e is haul$ out & pull$ back aga9 to its old position )\t ! tr\ble ( ca/+4 ,by ?is me?od a mu* l>g] space c be cov]$ by ! tackle ?an c\ld be comm&$ by ! ord9>y me?od4 ,h>poon arr[4 ,! h>poon arr[ is at times a v effective means ( secur+ fi%1 especially :5 !y are bask+ on ! surface ( ! wat] or among ! we$s4 ,! arr[-head is made f a l>ge-siz$ sea-fi% hook1 heat$ 9 ! fire & /raight5$4 ,?is :5 cut to ! "r l5g? is secur$ to ! %aft ( ! arr[ ) wax$ ?read4 ,a small loop is also fa/5$ on1 to atta* ! h>poon l9e by4 ,?is %\ld be compos$ ( v f9e /rong l9e2 & :5 ab\t to be us$ x is coil$ c>efully away 9 a small wood5 b[l or calaba%4 ,! b[ %\ld be r %ort1 & ( consid]able p[]4 ,a little practice at float+ corks or o!r light sub/ances w soon s]ve to tea* ! me?od ( dis*>g+ ! h>poon & adju/+ ! l9e4 ,basket fi% traps4 ,basket traps1 ( diff]5t =ms ( con/ruction1 are mu* us$ by ,indians = ! tak+ ( fi%4 ,"s are simple 9 ! extreme1 & mu* resemble a lady's cr9ol9e4 ,) x ! native wades ab\t 9 ! wide %all[ lakes1 keep+ ! bell-%ap$ m\? d[nw>ds1 & frequ5tly /rik+ ! bottom ) x4 ,:5 a fi% happ5s to become inclos$1 x imm$iately d>ts (f & endeav\rs to escape2 b its head com+ 9 contact ) ! side ( ! basket1 ! %ock is at once felt by ! wad]1 :o ?ru/s 8 b>e arm d[n ?r\gh ! small or upp] op5+ ( 8 contrivance1 & s secures 8 victim1 :o1 :5 a /rip ( v9e or gr\nd cane has be5 pass$ ?r\gh 8 gills1 is all[$ to trail aft] 8 captor4 ,on ! ,zambesi ! wom5 wade 9 ! cle> %all[ wat] ) a funnel-%ap$ basket1 ! small] end ( :i* is prolong$ by a pole or h&le4 ,:5 a fi% is se51 ! wide l[] end ( ! basket is at once d>t$ d[n ^u him1 & he is captur$ at leisure4 ,wick] cages ( trumpet =m1 con/ruct$ mu* on ! pr9ciple ( ! ord9>y eel basket1 appe> common among/ ! aborig9es ( ne>ly e "p ( ! _w4 ,"s we once discov]$ :5 hunt+ 9 ! ,bheel c\ntry 7 ( mo/ elegant =m1 & wov5 entirely f ! f9ely-split fibres ( s+le bamboo jo9ts1 ! knot be+ left entire at "o end1 to =m a r+ ?r\gh :i* ! bait is introduc$4 ,by "s tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians long rods are us$ to =m ^!1 j z we employ will[s4 ,"s traps made 9 ?is way are v l>ge4 ,huge baskets are (t5 susp5d$ & secur$ b5ea? wat]falls 9 ! run ( ! salmon1 :i* on miss+ _! leap fall back into ^! traps4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] h be5 inclos$1 ! ,indians1 arm$ ) %ort clubs1 ent] ! baskets & despat* ! ill-fat$ fi%1 :i* are !n ca/ out on ! rocks to ! dusky ladies ( ! tribe1 :o are wait+ to receive !m4 ,on ! ,zambesi1 ! ,bo-tlt-le ,riv] ne> ,lake ,ngami1 & 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 ! natives are v +5i\s 9 ! con/ruction ( dams or weirs2 & creels or trap baskets are skilfully plac$ at ! outlets4 ,"s ( ^! are ( /iff re$s or osi]s2 o!rs1 ( ru%es s flexible z to be m]ely a bag or net4 ,long semicircul> p\nds are1 by ! natives ( "s c\ntries1 con/ruct$ ( /icks & twigs betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>ks4 ,! fi%1 gett+ embay$ )9 ^!1 are left high & dry z ! tide falls1 & are ga!r$ up be=e ! return ( ! waves4 ,illu/ration3 #a1b ,dams1 weirs1 & spe>s4 ,dams & fi%+ weirs are built across /reams by ! inhabitants ( mo/ c\ntries4 ,at ^! ! fi% are ei!r entrapp$ 9 hut*es furni%$ ) b>s1 on ! eel-basket or sp>r[-cage pr9ciple1 %ot ) arr[s1 scoop$ up 9 hoop nets1 or spe>$ ) h& spe>s ( v>i\s =ms4 ,"s ( ^! are p]fectly simple 9 con/ruction1 :il/ o!rs are rem>kably +5i\s & curi\s4 ,! annex$ illu/ration 7,fig4 #a7 repres5ts "o mu* us$ by ! inhabitants ( nor!rn regions = ! capture ( ! salmon4 ,by ! ,esquimaux ^! implem5ts are made pr9cipally ( horn4 ,! h&les are ( drift wood1 neatly b\nd toge!r ) /rips ( t5don4 ,! c5tre spikes are ( %>p5$ bone1 :il/ ! b>bs 9 ! jaws ( ! spe> are usually made f two common iron nails1 obta9$ by burn+ *ance fragm5ts ( wreck4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! tr\t spe> ( ! trapp]s4 ,! t9es are ( /eel1 set 9 an iron head-piece4 ,_m ( ! natives ( ,africa & ,au/ralia are v skilful 9 ! con/ruction ( dams & weirs4 ,we h se5 9 "s riv]s ! small] *annels effectually block$ aga9/ ! passage ( fi%1 :i* h at fir/ be5 g5tly l$--by v slight ob/ructions1 & !n =c$ by impassable b>ri]s1 n>r[+ l a funnel z !y w5t on--to take ! desir$ c\rse1 at ! end ( :i* creels or basket traps1 sometimes ( s(t ru%es1 or 9 o!r cases ( twigs or cane1 h be5 set to receive !m2 :ile 9 sluggi% wat]s1 su* z ! ,bo-tlt-le ,riv] at ,lake ,ngami1 long zigzag f5ces ( re$s are set up1 inclos+ a consid]able space1 & n>r[+ gradually to sev]al funnel-%ap$ outlets1 at ea* ( :i* "o or m creels are set1 belong+ to v>i\s families4 ,op5+s are left 9 ! l9es = ! ord9>y passage ( canoes2 b :5 a take is to be made ^! are c>efully clos$1 & ! canoes 9 deep wat]1 ) a promiscu\s m$ley ( wad]s 9 ! %all[s1 =m an ext5d$ l9e1 gradually clos+ 9 & driv+ ! fi% t[>d ! traps4 ,mo/ ( ! creels are po9t$ at ! f>!r end1 s t ! fi% w$g+ !mselves 9 _c escape1 & 9 all ! m\? is arm$ ) a set ( ela/ic re$s l ! wires ( a m\se-trap1 all[+ free +ress1 b oppos+ any return4 ,illu/ration3#a-c ,fig4 #a %[s a ,zambesian creel ( ?is class1 & sev]al ( !m are annually wa%$ away by "s unexpect$ rise ( ! riv]1 & ei!r c>ri$ ov] ! falls or wa%$ a%ore on rocks or po9ts ( l& ne> !m4 ,fig4 #b is +5i\sly made ( a pole ( bamboo1 z be=e m5tion$1 :i* is c>efully split 9 ! direction ( its fibre1 into any numb] ( ?9 rods or /rips1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave ! la/ jo9t or int]node intact1 s t !y all rema9 connect$ l bran*es spr++ f "o root2 !y are !n op5$ out1 b5t into ! prop] =m1 & ei!r lac$ toge!r ) small] cross pieces ( cord or f9e rattan1 or ! /rips !mselves are (t5 int]wov5 or plait$ s z to =m a mo/ elaborate piece ( arti/ic basket "w4 ,fig4 #c is a creel or trap extemporis$ ) ?ree iron hoops1 f\r poles to keep !m at a prop] di/ance ap>t1 & suffici5t spuny>n to =m a net r\nd !m2 !re is an entrance at ea* end1 &1 z ^! are also =m$ ( y>n1 _! ends mu/ be kept 9 =m & position by l9es /ret*$ tightly betwe5 !m4 ,fi%+ l9es1 to make4 ,fi%+ l9es c be made ( a v>iety ( mat]ials4 ,prep>$ sea-we$ ( a p>ticul> description is ext5sively us$ by "s ( ! coa/ ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica4 ,wild hemp is also made use ( by !m2 n>r[ /rips ( hide are 9 use = "s k9ds ( fi%+ among/ ! ,esquimaux2 :il/ yucca1 aloe1 & p9eapple fibres are made available 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,! inn] b>k ( trees & ! hair ( animals1 horses especially1 are mat]ials well adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,to twi/ ?is into traces = fa/5+ hooks to1 9 ! abs5ce ( silkworm gut1 a common pocket knife c be conv5i5tly us$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,:5 a hair l9e ( _m /r&s1 ( consid]able l5g? & free f knots1 is requir$1 rec\rse may be _h to quill /icks1 z !y are call$ 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 #a-d ,^! are made z foll[s3 ,?ree pieces ( deal1 or any o!r light wood1 are to be cut to ! size ( common p5hold]s1 & to #d;94 9 l5g?2 "o end ( ea* is to be v slightly tap]$1 & h a half-in* piece ( quill fitt$ to x l a float cap4 ,suppos+ a twelve-hair l9e is want$1 t numb] ( hairs f an entire horse's tail are knott$ toge!r at "o end1 & !n all ! free ends at ! o!r are to be cut to unev5 l5g?s2 f\r are !n plac$ 9 ea* quill1 & a /ick put 9 to hold !m fa/4 ,! knott$ end is !n secur$ to a fix$ po9t by a p91 & ! /icks laid side by side 9 ! left h&4 ,! "r-h& /ick is n[ tak5 up by ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 ! prop] twi/ giv5 to ! unit$ /r&s1 & ! /ick pass$ ov] ! o!r two1 s t x may lay ! ?ird 9 ! r[4 ,! next /ick is n[ tak5 up1 twi/$1 & pass$ on 9 ! same way1 draw+ out ! hairs f "u ! cap z ! /r& %ort5s until a hair is free ( ! cap1 :5 ano!r is ins]t$ 9 its /ead1 tak+ c>e to keep all ! l5g?s unev54 ,to tap] ! l9e1 drop a hair f "t to "t until ! l9e is long en\gh1 :5 ! protrud+ ends are nipp$ (f4 ,! l9e w !n be fit = use4 ,! above engrav+ w expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ! /icks1 quills1 c41 & ! way 9 :i* ! horsehairs are ins]t$4 ,_m descriptions ( fibre admit ( be+ twi/$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! mann] 9 :i* wires are twi/$ by ! aid ( a w9* h&le & holl[ /ick2 ,fig4 #d1 ! way 9 :i* a r+ c be tak5 f ! f+] by ! aid ( a bit ( twi/$ l9e4 ,! f+] is b\nd above ! r+1 & ! free end us$ to draw (f ! r+1 l ! worm ( a screw4 ,illu/ration ,silkworm gut1 to make4 ,v /rong s]viceable l9es c be made f almo/ any ( ! endless numb] ( vegetable fibres to be obta9$ by soak+ ! /ems ( plants or ! inn] b>k ( trees1 & !n lay+ !m up1 z x is call$1 :i* is done by =m+ ! numb] ( /r&s int5d$ = twi/+ by divid+ a small hank ( fibres equally1 & !n1 aft] imp>t+ ! requir$ degree ( twi/ to ! /r& ne>e/ to ! "r h&1 pass+ x ov] ! o!r to ! extreme left1 & s on1 lay+ 9 fre% fibres z !y are ne$$4 ,! ,indians (t5 twi/ _! l9es on ! ?igh "u ! h&1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,! surplus twi/ may be tak5 out ( all l9es by fa/5+ "o end to a tree or o!r fix$ po9t1 & !n1 aft] hav+ tak5 a turn r\nd a piece ( smoo? /ick1 walk+ backw>ds until all ! l9e has be5 pass$ "u a mod]ate /ra9 r\nd ! /ick4 ,9 su* c\ntries z produce silk-yield+ cat]pill>s1 excell5t l9es may be made f ! silk w\nd directly f ! cocoons1 & !n twi/$ into ?read4 ,silkworm gut c also be obta9$ :]ev] silk-sp9n+ worms are met )4 ,to make x1 a numb] ( ! cat]pill>s are to be collect$ j prior to _! "t ( sp9n+4 ,^! are to be plac$ 9 a pot or o!r conv5i5t vessel1 conta9+ a mixture ( v9eg> & wat] 9 equal quantities2 !y are !n to be cov]$ d[n & all[$ to /& ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,a worm may be !n tak5 out1 op5$1 & te/$ z to its fitness = draw+4 ,if1 on pull+ ! yell[i% gre5 coils :i* w be f\nd )9 x to _! full ext5t & extreme l5g?1 !y break f s(tness ( texture1 ! worms mu/ be all[$ to rema9 9 ! vessel "s "t long]1 temp]ature hav+ mu* to d ) ! condition ( ! pickl$ insects4 ,:5 ! coils are f\nd to be t\gh1 & /& /ret*+ fully out1 "o end ( ! /r& mu/ be plac$ 9 a slit made 9 ! end ( a ?9 bo>d or %eet ( b>k prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,! /r& is n[ to be drawn & ev5ly /ret*$ to ! o!r end ( ! bo>d1 9 :i* correspond+ slits h be5 made1 :5 ! extremity ( ! gut is secur$ 9 "o ( !m4 ,:5 all ! worms h be5 ?us treat$1 ! /ret*+ bo>d is to be plac$ 9 ! sun1 9 ord] t ! gut may dry1 :i* x usually w 9 ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,x w n[ be f\nd t a consid]able quantity ( yell[ sub/ance w rema9 adh]+ to ! gut4 ,?is mu/ be remov$1 & 9 ord] to d s dissolve a piece ( common soap ab\t ! size ( a musket ball 9 a gallon ( ra9 wat]4 ,place ?is ) ! gut 9 x 9 a boil]1 & boil x = t5 m9utes1 :5 ! gut mu/ be turn$ out on a clo? to dra94 ,be=e cool+ ea* /r& mu/ be lightly & sm>tly drawn ?r\gh a pl$get ( cotton held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 :i* w at once /rip (f ! yell[ coat+2 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to press ! s(t5$ /r& h>d en\gh to r5d] x flat or curl$4 ,z fa/ z ! /r&s are run ?r\gh ! cotton !y mu/ be replac$ on ! bo>d & aga9 dri$ 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* !y c be select$ z to size1 quality1 l5g?1 c41 & pack$ up 9 hanks by twi/+ cotton or any o!r k9d ( ?read r\nd !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%+ ,,raft ,,) ,,lev] ,,net4 ,fi%+ nets4 ,nets ( v>i\s =ms h be5 9 g5]al use f p]iods ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 &1 s f> z we "k1 no aborig9al p h yet be5 discov]$ :o 7 ignorant ( _! use4 ,! mat]ial & =m ( con/ruction are f\nd to v>y ) ! region 9 :i* !y are _h rec\rse to1 & ! "* ( prey s\ght to be captur$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ primitive =m is t ( ! common hoop or l&+ net1 s g5]ally us$ on our coa/s = cat*+ %rimps4 ,a =k$ pole1 a net bag1 & a little tw9e1 are all t is requir$ to con/ruct "o ( ^! ( effici5t patt]n4 ,! two /icks con/itut+ ! =k are b5t r\nd t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! two ends ov]lapp$1 & !n la%$ toge!r4 ,! net bag is !n fa/5$ on4 ,a great numb] ( modifications ( ?is description ( net are us$1 "s work$ by h&1 & o!rs rais$ f ! wat] by me*anical contrivances4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration repres5ts a fi%+ raft & lev] net z us$ by ! natives ( ,ceylon & "s o!r isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n seas4 ,"s ( ! ,*9ese fi%]m5 con/ruct eng9es mu* on ! same pr9ciple2 only1 in/ead ( rais+ ! net by a rope & lev]1 a long plank is made use (4 ,?is runs along ! c5tre ( ! fi%+ boat1 & on x sits ! fi%]man wait+ = ! %oal to pass ov] ! radius ( 8 trap1 :5 ) a sudd5 backw>d movem5t he ?r[s 8 :ole weight on ! extreme end ( ! balance-bo>d on :i* he has be5 cr\*+1 & ?us raises ! nets ) a sm>t upw>d j]k4 ,! trammel is ano!r =m ( net ( mu* value to ! voyag] & explor]4 ,x simply consi/s ( two nets--"o co>se 9 ! me%1 & ! o!r comp>atively f9e--lead$ at ! bottom & cork$ at ! top1 & s moor$ ) heavy /ones t !y may hang curta9-l 9 ! wat] across ! run ( ! /ream or tide4 ,! fi% 9 _! nocturnal w&]+s d>t aga9/ ! fir/ net1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh ! l>ge me%es ( ! second1 =m+ a sort ( purse 9 :i* ! fi% are secur$4 ,_m o!rs become entangl$ by ! tw9e ( ! me%es1 :i* 9 _! ef=ts to escape gets "u ! gill cov]s & s holds !m fa/4 ,incr$ible quantities ( fi% are at times tak5 9 nets ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are especially valuable on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* !y c be set & tak5 up1 two m5 be+ suffici5t = ! p]=mance ( ei!r op]ation4 ,:5 a promis+ spot has be5 select$1 ! fir/ an*or /one is ca/ ov]1 toge!r ) a buoy l9e & l>ge cork4 ,! foot l9e1 net1 & cork l9e !n foll[1 be+ ca/ ev5ly ov] by "o man1 :il/ ! o!r ei!r r[s or sculls sl[ly ahead4 ,:5 all ! net has be5 ?us all[$ to run out1 ! o!r end is secur$ by an an*or /one & indicat$ by a float4 ,! spoils are secur$ 9 two ways4 ,"o is to raise ! fir/ an*or /one by ! buoy l9e1 & !n ga!r 9 ! net fold aft] fold1 ) all x may conta91 9 ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,! o!r is to raise "o ( ! /ones1 pass x ov] ! boat & all[ x to s9k aga9 to ! bottom1 ?us leav+ ! foot l9e & leads 9 ! h&s ( ! boatm51 :o proce$ to draw ! boat along by x1 cle>+ ! net ( fi%1 we$s1 or entanglem5ts z !y g1 & all[+ ! net to s9k aga9 z !y proce$1 until ! :ole l5g? has be5 ov]haul$ & re-set4 ,illu/ration ,tip-up1 to make4 ,a trammel net may be us$ "u ! ice by cutt+ two holes ?r\gh x at a conv5i5t di/ance ap>t4 ,a pole is !n pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! net is susp5d$ f a set ( r+s :i* run freely on ! pole1 & ropes are rove s z to haul ! net =w>d or back to ei!r ( ! holes1 at :i* ! fi% are tak5 out4 ,:5 cle>1 ! net is set aga94 ,great numb]s ( fi% may at times be tak5 by fi%+ ) ! hook ?r\gh holes made 9 ! ice4 ,a contrivance kn[n z a tip up is (t5 us$4 ,! annex$ illu/ration ,illu/ration w s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ! arrangem5t4 ,a hole is bor$ 9 a piece ( flat /ick2 ?r\gh ?is a cross-p9 is driv51 leav+ x long en\gh at ! ends to re/ across ! hole 9 ! ice4 ,! l9e1 hook1 & bait are atta*$ to "o end ( ! flat /ick1 & a bit ( col\r$ rag to ! o!r4 ,:5 ! fi% has tak5 ! bait1 ! flag end ( ! /ick tips up1 & ! little p5dant flutt]s al(t & signals fi% caught "h4 ,a numb] ( tip ups may be set at once1 & are easily wat*$4 ,:5 fi%+ ) a common l9e at an ice hole x is well to rig up a little wigwam or break w9d4 ,/rips ( c['s udd] make excell5t baits = use "u ! ice4 ,seals may be spe>$ 9 _! bl[ holes by wait+ pati5tly ov] !m4 ,! =m ( ! excavation 9 ! ice made by ! animal is %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration2 an exam9ation ( x w %[ t x is requisite t ! h>poon or spe> %\ld be v c>efully1 yet p[]fully1 ?ru/ d[n or ! seal w probably escape4 ,illu/ration ,! trunk or b[ net is extremely useful = cat*+ fi% 9 comp>atively n>r[ /reams4 ,^! are long tunnel-%ap$ network bags1 fl>$ out widely at "o end1 & tap]$ to a pocket =m at ! o!r4 ,hoops ( suitable size are made use ( to keep ! tube prop]ly di/5d$1 & a m\setrap-l arrangem5t ( me%es & tw9e prev5ts su* fi% z may ent] f go+ back aga94 ,! purse end ( ! net is made to untie l a bag1 & has a piece ( rope & a /one fa/5$ to x1 s t ! wide end ( ! net is always d[n /ream & 9 ! run ( ! fi%1 :i* is upw>ds4 ,! l>g] descriptions ( nets1 su* z se9es1 drift nets1 trawls1 dr$ges1 c41 d n /rictly come )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w2 /ill all vessels1 & ev5 l>ge boats proce$+ on survey+ or explor+ exp$itions1 %\ld be furni%$ ) bo? l9es & nets4 ,a small gr\nd se9e1 ,corni% patt]n1 & a light trammel1 su* z are made & sold by ! ,fr5*1 w occupy b little space1 & pay well = tak+4 ,a few pieces ( sp>e net1 & a good supply ( tw9e1 are matt]s by no means to be ov]look$4 ,:5 engag$ 9 fi%+ f a boat on rocky gr\nd1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! grapnel or creep]1 if simply secur$ to ! end ( ! pa9t]1 & l[]$ away1 w1 on an attempt to haul x up aga9 be+ made1 resi/ e ef=t & rema9 firmly fix$ among ! rocks4 ,to prev5t ?is pass ! pa9t] d[n ! %ank ( ! creep]1 & take a turn ) x ov] "o ( ! claws j at ! back ( its b5d2 n[ br+ y\r pa9t] up ! %ank aga91 & ) a piece ( common tw9e tie x fa/ to ! head r+1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,%\ld ! creep] get fa/1 ! /r+ w give way on be+ haul$ on1 caus+ ! claws or flukes to be upset1 :5 !y are at once set free1 & ! creep] c be weigh$4 ,illu/ration ,cru/aceans1 to cat*4 ,crayfi% & "s o!r cru/aceans c be tak5 readily 9 "s situations by /ret*+ pieces ( net ov] hoops ( casks1 & !n1 :5 susp5d$ by cords weight$ ) /ones1 & bait$ ) any (fal1 ^! contrivances are l[]$ d[n to ! haunts ( ! fi%4 ,crayfi% are met ) 9 incr$ible numb]s on "s portions ( ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! adjac5t isl&s1 t ( ,juan ,f]n&ez yield+ !m1 z well z o!r fi%1 9 va/ numb]s4 ,illu/ration ,fi%+ implem5ts1 c4 ,9 ,table ,bay crawfi% are caught 9 great numb]s 9 baskets made ( r\gh nett+ ( rope y>n1 /ret*$ ^u an iron hoop1 & bait$ ) bits ( fi% or (fal 7z 9 ,fig4 #a71 let d[n ne>ly to ! bottom1 & haul$ up z soon z ! krief is se5 or felt tugg+ at ! bait4 ,! crawfi% con/itutes ! food ( a great proportion ( ! ,malay or ,mahometan population4 ,fig4 #b is a crab pot4 ,fig4 #c is a peculi> k9d ( mace1 ) spikes z long & z %>p z possible1 us$ by ! ,malay lads 9 ,table ,bay4 ,we d n at pres5t rememb] ! "n by :i* x is locally kn[n2 b x is ?r[n 9 ! mann] ( a lob/ick into ! mid/ ( ! %oals ( small fi% t frequ5t ! bay1 & seldom fails to secure "o or m ( !m4 ,h9ts on ! haunts ( fi%4 ,! haunts ( fi% w be f\nd to v>y consid]ably1 p>ticul> species ab\nd+ 9 situations :]e o!r inhabitants ( ! same wat]s are b r>ely met )2 &1 al?\gh no absolute set ( rules c be laid d[n = ! discov]y ( ! fi% ( ei!r riv]s1 lakes1 or ! sea1 /ill !re are conditions fav\rable to _! congregation4 ,?us ! m\?s ( /reams dis*>g+ !mselves into ! sea are usually good fi%+ pit*es1 z are ! wat]s cov]+ reefs & b$s ( sunk5 rock1 :i* crop out & raise _! cre/s above ! ord9>y sea bottom4 ,on s& & gravel /ret*es flat fi% ( mo/ k9ds are to be successfully s\ght =2 :il/ a rugg$1 rock-/rew$ bottom1 brok5 up into deep crevices & yawn+ we$-fr+$ gulfs1 is a fav\rite resort ( ! l>g] cru/acea4 ,ne>ly all sea fi% are mo/ dispos$ to fe$ z ! tide rises4 ,9 tidal riv]s _m species ( fi% come d[n 9 =ce to ! com+ flood2 :il/ o!rs run up f ! sea--mullet1 bass1 & _m o!rs d ?is4 ,tribut>y /reams & rivulets dis*>g+ !mselves into lakes1 riv]s1 or ponds1 usually supply a consid]able quantity ( food suitable = fi%1 & =m gravel b$s on :i* spawn c be deposit$4 ,! m\?s ( su* /reams are mu* frequ5t$ by all k9ds ( fi%4 ,! deep1 well-l spots among/ ! b$s ( wat] plants1 & ! /ill deeps b5ea? ! %ade ( ov]hang+ trees1 are fav\rite spots ) mo/ ( ! s(t-m\!d fi%1 su* z c>p1 & _m o!rs ( simil> habits & ta/es4 ,h9ts on baits4 ,9 "s localities ! se$s & blossoms ( c]ta9 plants ov]hang+ ! wat]1 & occasionally fall+ 91 act z a lure to consid]able numb]s ( fi%4 ,9 ,nor? ,au/ralia ! l>ge globul> fruit ( ! wat] p&anus yields se$ r\nd :i* is a sweet1 well-ta/$ f>9ace\s pulp1 :i* may n only be eat5 by ! fi%1 b by ! travell] z well4 ,?is sub/ance is an excell5t bait = bo? fi% & wat] turtle4 ,! latt] are be/ caught by a %ort1 /rong hook1 :i* ne$ n be b>b$1 z x is n expect$ to pi]ce ?r\gh1 b only to cat* 91 ! horny bill1 & to be> ! heavy back /ra9 z ! creature resi/s ! attempt to heave him 94 ,a %ort1 /iff p9 b5t into a hook w d = ! small k9ds1 or a sailmak]'s hook = ! l>g]4 ,%ip-biscuit du/1 ca/ by ! h&ful into ! wat] & all[$ to s9k gradually1 w frequ5tly attract l>ge %oals ( _m k9ds ( fi%4 ,! fi% inhabit+ ponds & wat] holes are at times de/roy$ by "s tribes ( ,indians by ! use ( juices ( ! euphorbia1 or ! ,indian milk bu%4 ,! juicy bran*es ( ei!r ( ^! are cru%$ betwe5 /ones until a sort ( pulp has be5 =m$4 ,?is is ca/ into ! wat]1 & soon poisons ! fi%1 :i* float helplessly ab\t1 & are soon collect$4 ,a p[d] made f ! ,coculus ,indicus1 :5 mix$ ) d\gh1 is also us$ = ?is purpose4 ,small pellets ( ! pa/e are brok5 (f & ?r[n to ! fi%1 :o soon become intoxicat$1 & swim r\nd 9 a circle at ! surface1 :5 !y are tak5 up ) a small h& net1 or a piece ( clo? /ret*$ on a =k$ /ick4 ,lime is (t5 made use ( to de/roy fi%1 b dire necessity c alone ju/ify ! use ( ei!r ( ^! latt] modes ( fi% capture1 z !y lead to :olesale & indiscrim9ate slaught]4 ,pools1 wells1 & wat] holes are (t5 completely dra9$ ( _! cont5ts by ?ir/y m5 & equally ?ir/y cattle4 ,se>* %\ld always be made "u /ones & 9 sly corn]s = bo? fi% & wat] tortoises1 :i* w frequ5tly repay ! tr\ble ( look+ =4 ,"s *a9s ( ponds 9 ,au/ralia & wat] holes 9 o!r c\ntries conta9 enorm\s eels4 ,^! %\ld be well look$ aft]1 z !y make a mo/ palatable & nutriti\s meal4 ,! l>ge/ are to be tak5 ) night l9es1 ! less] ones 9 ! eel baskets1 be=e describ$4 ,:5 mack]el fi%+ (f ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 we provid$ ourselves ) a good supply ( biscuit du/1 :i*1 :5 spr9kl$ broadca/ 9 ! sea1 br\ght imm5se numb]s ( ! small-siz$ brilliant mack]el usually tak5 !re r\nd our boat4 ,! bait we us$ 0 a n>r[ /rip ( v :ite pork r9d4 ,! hook 0 a v small "o1 & ! tackle z f9e z t usually us$ = tr\t fi%+4 ,!re is no limit to ! quantity to be ?us tak5 :5 ! fi% are (f ! isl&4 ,we on "o occasion _h great sport among/ ! bream at ! ,cape de ,v]ds by hav+ rec\rse to ! same exp$i5t4 ,we (t5 attract numb]s ( sea fi% to ! neighb\rhood ( our boat or canoe by plac+ bran1 biscuit du/1 or pulv]is$ crab %ells1 ) all ! fi% (fal we c collect1 9 a piece ( old fi%+ net1 & !n l[] ! mass1 ) a good-siz$ /one 9 x1 by a /\t cord until )9 ab\t #f;ft4 ( ! bottom & directly "u ! boat1 :5 ! cord is made fa/4 ,bait ) fi% entrails or /rips ( fi%1 & use a lead s9k]4 ,:5 ab\t to fi% ! wat]s ( little-kn[n l&s1 x w at times be requisite to employ baits ga!r$ ab\t ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! sc5e ( op]ations1 & ! naturali/-sportsman w usually discov] "s k9d suit$ to 8 purpose4 ,"s species ( gr\nd nuts :5 roa/$ ov] ! fire make a v attractive bait = "s memb]s ( ! c>p family1 among/ :i* is ! ,roheta1 or sacr$ c>p ( ,india4 ,gras%opp]s1 locu/s1 mantis1 beetles ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ! l>v f\nd fe$+ among/ ! leaves or burr[+ 9 ! decay$ logs1 are all good 9 _! way4 ,small fi%1 frogs1 & "y birds are excell5t = troll+ )1 or = bait+ night l9es4 ,e>?worms1 slugs1 snails1 & pieces ( meat f any animal or bird :i* may be %ot1 are all available4 ,pieces ( beef are 9 high repute z baits on _m riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & among/ ! ,falkl& gr\p4 ,artificial flies ( ! rude/ /yle ( manufacture (t5 prove z de/ructive z ! mo/ elaborately f9i%$ specim5s4 ,fea!rs & col\r$ fur or wool secur$ to a hook1 9 ! %ape ( a r\gh hairy worm1 =m a v kill+ bait = bo? sea & riv] fi%4 ,x is h>d to say :at ^! anomal\s-look+ contrivances are tak5 =4 ,flies !y 9 no way resemble4 ,/ill !y are gre$ily snapp$ at by ! fi%1 & t is ! ma9 po9t aft] all4 ,! ,indians ( ! lakes & ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica make use ( a v s+ul> fea!r contrivance1 ) :i* !y attract ! fi% )9 _! rea*4 ,a %uttlecock-l affair is con/ruct$ & loosely atta*$ to ! end ( a long rod or pole1 :i* is ?ru/ f> d[n 9 ! cle> deep wat]4 ,! %uttlecock is !n deta*$ by a sudd5 j]k1 & comes sp9n+ & gyrat+ t[>ds ! surface4 ,! fi% on see+ x make a ru% & endeav\r to effect a capture1 b are transfix$ by ! ready spe> ( ! ,indian sportsman4 ,fi% spe>+4 ,fi% spe>+ by ! aid ( fire has be5 practis$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w f ! v e>lie/ ages4 ,canoes or boats ( light draught ( wat] may be us$4 ,p9e knots1 or any o!r res9\s or fatty fuel1 is usually made use (4 ,a species ( grate or fire pan is fix$ s z to project beyond ! b[1 & ! spe>man /&s ready ) 8 weapon--su* z is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #b1 page #eif--;& /rikes ! fi% :5 he sees him4 ,tor*es ( re$ or vegetable fibre b\nd toge!r are (t5 c>ri$ along ! banks ( riv]s1 or out on ! wide s& %all[s ( c]ta9 seas1 to effect ! same object4 ,great numb]s ( turbot & small /urgeon are spe>$ 9 ?is mann] by ! ,t>t>s inhabit+ ! ,russian %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #fjd1 is a set ( gra9s = /rik+ dolph9s or small fi%4 ,! small] pair ( prongs screw on & (f1 or turn on a pivot1 s t !y c be laid flat ) ! o!rs1 & /[ 9 less room4 ,! l9e is made fa/ r\nd ! neck ( ! iron close by ! b>bs1 & ! end ( ! /aff is heavily load$ ) lead1 s t :5 a fi% is /ruck ! weight turns up ! po9ts1 & prev5ts any *ance ( its escape4 ,along ! %all[ bea* ( ,walvis* ,bay we us$ frequ5tly to wade ) a h>poon1 /rik+ /+-rays1 flat %>ks1 fiddle or angel fi%1 or occasionally a m da9ty sole 9 ! %all[ wat]2 al?\gh n unfrequ5tly %>ks ( l>g] size w\ld cruise 9 our vic9ity1 & sometimes try to get betwe5 u & ! %ore4 ,we f\nd 9 /rik+ ! small] fi% t ! great b>b ( ! common h>poon w\ld frequ5tly ei!r drive !m out ( its pa? ) a sup]ficial w\nd1 or w\ld cut ?r\gh _! sides )\t secur+ !m2 & we !re=e took z a sub/itute a s(t iron ,kafir assegai1 or spe> 7,fig4 #e1 p4 #fjd71 &1 fitt+ x into a bamboo %aft1 cut sev]al b>bs 9 ea* ( its edges ) a f9e t5on saw1 :i* caus$ x to hold all x p5etrat$4 ,! few ,hott5tots :o ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! vic9ity ( ! bay d s p>tly by assi/+ 9 ! fi%]y or 9 dis*>g+ ! c>goes ( vessels1 & also 9 a great measure by spe>+ s& %>ks & /+-rays 9 ! %all[s ( ! lagoon4 ,= ?is purpose !y use ei!r /icks po9t$ & h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 or ! %>p /raight horns ( ! gemsbok 7,oryx cap5sis7 set l a pike-head ^u a /ick2 &1 because !y h to wade a great di/ance 9 ! %all[ wat]s1 & x w\ld be inconv5i5t to g a%ore ) e fi% !y kill1 !y set up a tripod ( /icks ne> !m1 & on ?is !y hang _! prizes until !y h accumulat$ en\gh to be wor? c>ry+ a%ore to ! wom51 ^: task x is to clean & dry !m = w9t] use4 ,! spe> or javel9--laun*$ f ! h&1 project$ f a b[1 dropp$ f a height ov]head1 or 9 "s cases fir$ f a gun1 & yet secur$ to a l9e--seems to be kn[n 9 "s =m or o!r to mo/ nations1 :e!r civilis$ or b>b>\s4 ,! elaborate comb9ations ( me*anical skill & sci5tific k suppli$ to our :al]s1 & int5d$ 9 "s cases to be fir$ f swivels or %\ld] guns1 sometimes to de/roy ! creature 9 ^: body !y are buri$ by _! explosive p[]1 & sometimes to p>alyse ! vital en]gies by *emical comp\nds or by p[]ful poisons1 are beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is "w1 & we %all take1 !re=e1 z our type ( ?is species ( weapon ! h>poon 9 its mo/ simple &1 z we believe1 its mo/ g5]ally effective =m1 z us$ by :al]s 9 e ocean t has yet be5 trav]s$4 ,! weapon itself consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! iron & ! %aft1 s fitt$ z to rema9 firmly unit$ till ! bl[ is /ruck1 & !n1 :5 ! /ra9 comes ^u ! l9e1 to sep>ate f ea* o!r1 s t !re may be no dang] ( ! b>b be+ torn f its hold by ! weight or lev]age ( ! /aff :5 viol5tly sway$ by ! convulsive /ruggles ( ! :ale4 ,! head ( ! h>poon is triangul>1 or p]haps m ne>ly he>t-%ap$1 ! po9t repres5t+ ! apex1 & ! b>bs ! two sides ( ! base4 ,its size is ab\t #c-a_/b;94 ea* way1 or z l>ge z ! palm ( a mod]ately-siz$ h&1 & its ?ickness :]e x jo9s ! %ank ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 & f ?is x r\nds (f gradually1 r ?an tap]s1 to ! edges4 ,!re are v>i\s op9ions z to ! metal ( :i* x %\ld be made2 "s pref] iron s s(t t ! back ( a sailor's jack knife w scrape x to an edge1 some:at r\gh & any?+ b p]man5t1 b yet suffici5tly ke5 to cut ?r\gh ! sk9 & blubb] into ! fle% ( ! :ale2 o!rs say s(t /eel :i* may be %>p5$ by a file2 & "s insi/ on hav+ x edg$ ) /eel ( ! f9e/ quality1 & gr\nd & set to z f9e an edge z a razor4 ,ea* has its advantages4 ,! f9e ke5 edge ( ! la/ w be m c]ta9 to ent]1 & w pi]ce m deeply1 b1 if once blunt$1 x _c be s readily %>p5$ by ! simple appliances at ! comm& ( ! sailor4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be gu>d$ by be+ kept 9 a lea!r %ea? ( su* =m t ! edges _c be blunt$ by contact ) any portion ( x1 & at ! same "t _c damage x by cutt+ ! seams4 ,x is well p>tially to fill ?is %ea? ) grease or tall[1 9 :i* ! edge ( ! h>poon may be emb$d$1 & s kept p]fectly secure f ru/4 ,( ! mat]ial ( ! %ank !re c be b "o op9ion4 ,x %\ld be ( #a_/b-;in* iron ( ! be/ possible quality1 smoo?1 ev5 free f flaws1 t\gh ( fibre1 & s pliable z to admit ( be+ coil$ r\nd its own /aff1 uncoil$1 & /raight5$ aga9 )\t break+4 ,x %\ld be f #bj;94 to #b;ft4 9 l5g?1 & %\ld t]m9ate 9 a conical socket to receive ! %aft4 ,! %aft %\ld be ( a%1 hickory1 or o!r /rong & ev5-gra9$ wood1 #c;94 9 diamet]1 & g5]ally ab\t #e;ft4 long2 ?\gh 9 "o ( full size x w\ld be #f;ft41 & ! iron "p #c;ft41 mak+ a total l5g? ( #i;ft4 ,a lany>d ab\t #c;ft4 9 l5g?1 & ( #b-a_/b;94 rope1 is atta*$ to ! %ank by simply tak+ two turns ( x tightly r\nd ! iron1 & !n return+ & seiz+ ! end d[n ^u itself4 ,! lany>d is /opp$ to ! /aff ) spuny>n s tightly z to keep ! po9t ( ! wood firmly press$ d[n into ! iron socket "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 & 9 its f>!r end is splic$ an eye1 into :i*1 :5 requir$ = s]vice1 ! l9e is hit*$1 ! regul> :ale l9e be+ #b-a_/b;94 9 circumf]5ce & #bjj fa?oms long2 & :5 ! :ale is /ruck1 & ! l9e *eck$ z ! w\nd$ animal d>ts away1 ! increas$ t5sion draws ! /aff f its socket1 & x rema9s fa/ by ! /ops already m5tion$ to ! lany>d1 secure f be+ lo/1 & incapable by its lev]age ( loos5+ ! hold ( ! b>b$ iron ^u ! fle%4 ,_m ( ! less frequ5t$ bays & h>b\rs 9 our colonial possessions are frequ5t$ by :ales & cetaceans ( v>i\s k9ds2 & we h se5 excit+ *ases ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! an*orage 9 ,table ,bay4 ,! peculi> con/ruction ( ! :ale boat is well kn[n4 ,%e is g5]ally f #be;ft4 to #cj;ft4 9 l5g?1 #f;ft4 or #g;ft4 9 bread?1 & #b-a_/b;ft4 or #c;ft4 deep1 ris+ ) a graceful %e] till ! /em & /]n w\ld be f #d;ft4 to #e;ft4 high4 ,%e g5]ally pulls five o>s1 ! boat-/e]] tak+ ! b[1 :ile ! boat-head] /e]s ) a long o> or sweep1 conf9$ by a grummet to ! /]n-po/4 ,a tub1 ) ! :ale l9e coil$ 9 x1 is plac$ 9 ! /]n %eets2 ! h>poons1 ea* prop]ly %ea!d1 are hung 9 beckets 9 ! b[s1 & ne> !m are ! lances4 ,^! are half-in* rods1 #e;ft4 or #f;ft4 long1 ) "o end flatt5$ out to ! %ape & dim5sions ( ! b[l ( a l>ge table-spoon1 only t ! n>r[ end is atta*$ to ! %ank1 :ile ! broad "o is =w>d1 & is %>p5$ z ! cutt+ edge4 ,! o!r end ( ! iron has also a conical socket1 9 :i* a %aft ( wood simil> to t ( ! h>poon is fitt$1 mak+ a weapon ab\t #ad;ft4 9 l5g?1 to :i* is atta*$ a lany>d ( p]haps #bj;ft4 to prev5t its loss4 ,! blades are also %ea!d l ^? ( ! h>poons1 n only to pres]ve _! edge1 b to prev5t _! accid5tally cutt+ any ( ! crew2 a broad-blad$ knife is also kept h&y 9 its %ea? = ! purpose ( cutt+ ! l9e %\ld x be necess>y4 ,g5]ally ! :al]s keep a man on wat* ^u "s comm&+ height1 or agree ) ! keep] ( "s signal /ation to hoi/ a private signal :5 a :ale is 9 sight1 & sometimes ev5 to turn ! advantage ( 8 elevat$ position to acc\nt by signalis+ to ! m5 9 ! boat ! movem5ts ( ! :ale4 ,! end ( ! l9e is tak5 f its tub1 l$ =w>d ov] ! ?w>ts betwe5 ! r[]s1 & b5t on to ! eye ( ! h>poon lany>d4 ,z ! boat approa*es1 ! boat /e]] lays 9 8 o> & /&s up1 h>poon 9 h&1 wat*+ ! mo/ fav\rable mom5t to drive x ) all 8 =ce1 ?r\gh sk9 & blubb]1 deep into ! solid fle%1 ! boat sometimes actually t\*+ ! :ale be=e ! h>poon is laun*$4 ,! o>sm5 back ! boat (f z quickly z possible out ( ! rea* ( ! sweep+ tail1 & ! :ale g5]ally dives1 !n d>ts =w>d at full spe$1 sometimes bel[ & sometimes at ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! boat /e]] n[ makes 8 way aft1 & takes ! /e]+ o>1 :ile ! head] goes =w>d & takes *>ge ( ! l9e4 ,:ile ! :ale is /rong x is all[$ to run out1 *eck$ only by "o turn r\nd ! boll>d1 :ile ! boat is t[$ ) almo/ al>m+ swiftness ?r\gh ! wat]2 b z soon z he becomes weak5$ or slack5s 8 spe$ ano!r turn is tak51 & ! l9e *eck$ z mu* z possible1 or ev5 haul$ 91 if x is safe to d s1 wat] be+ freely us$ to keep ! rope f burn+ :5 ! l9e is runn+ on ! /ra94 ,z soon z possible ! boat is haul$ close up to ! :ale1 ! long lances are ?ru/ into 8 side1 /ill fur!r weak5+ him ) w\nds & loss ( blood1 until "s vital organ is rea*$1 & ! cond5s$ brea? bl[n f 8 no/rils is crimson$ ) 8 blood4 ,!n ! boat backs (f till ! dea? /ruggle is ov]1 & ! c>case ( _! mighty victim be+ tak5 9 t[1 is bea*$ ^u "s conv5i5t spot = cutt+ x up & try+ d[n ! blubb]4 ,( c\rse ! :ale is t[$ head fir/1 z 9 t position ! involunt>y action ( ! f9s1 mov$ by ! ripple ( ! sea1 helps ! boatm52 :ile 7 !y to attempt to t[ him by ! tail1 ! same action w\ld n only neutralise all _! ef=ts1 b w\ld mo/ probably t[ !m 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hippopotamus ,,trap4 ,few sail+ vessels b\nd ^u long voyages g to sea )\t a h>poon1 a dolph9 gra9s1 & a %>k hook2 & ! =m] is call$ into requisition :5ev] a %oal ( porpoises are se5 keep+ way ) ! vessel1 ev] & anon lett+ h] pass !m1 & !n d>t+ ahead to recov] _! position 9 advance4 ,a rope1 g5]ally ! end ( ! =e b[l9e1 pass+ ?r\gh its own block at ! b[sprit end1 is !n b5t on to ! lany>d ( ! gra9s4 ,"o ( ! crew goes out on ! m>t+ale guys1 &1 hav+ made a l9e fa/ ab\t wai/ high to ! m>t+ale or dolph9 /rik]1 to give him a little additional support1 /&s wat*+ ! movem5t ( ! porpoises b5ea?4 ,at l5g? "o comes directly "u him1 keeps ! same c\rse z ! %ip1 & p]haps1 = a mom5t1 ! same spe$4 ,he laun*es ! gra9s1 &1 if 8 aim has be5 true1 ! porpoise is transfix$4 ,! m5 at ! inn] "p ( ! b[l9e haul on1 & raise ! victim cle> ( ! wat]4 ,! h>poon] seizes ! end ( a rope previ\sly laid ne> him1 & pass+ x r\nd ! h>poon l9e quickly ties 9 x a runn+ b[l9e knot4 ,?is he passes ov] ! head ( ! porpoise1 & tight5s x at ! juncture ( ! body ) ! tail2 & n till !n does he consid] 8 prize secure4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is case ! sport1 ! trial ( skill1 ! opportunity = display+ quickness ( eye & skill 9 ! managem5t ( ! weapon1 is ! *ief inducem5t2 yet ! capture is n )\t its value4 ,! fle% ( ! w>m-blood$ porpoise is 9 reality fre% meat1 & is sold z su* among ! l[] classes 9 _m =eign ports4 ,sev]al gallons ( oil may be obta9$ f "o ( mod]ate size1 & ! sk9 furni%es good t\gh lea!r = mak+ ?ongs1 or cov]+ any portion ( ! rigg+ t ne$s s]v+ ) raw hide4 ,long n>r[ /rips ( ! fi%1 :5 c>efully cut out ) a %>p knife1 make a k9d ( porpoise biltong2 ?is1 :5 ?or\ghly air$ by lay+ x 9 ! sun1 makes a fair k9d ( food4 ,a k9d ( rissole is also made f ! solid portions ( ! fi%2 ^! are cut into m9cemeat1 =m$ into balls ( suitable size1 & !n fri$4 ,/eaks are also to be extemporis$ f ! be/ cuts4 ,! hippopotamus h>poon ( ! ,zambesi diff]s consid]ably f t j describ$4 ,! iron is only #f;94 or #h;94 long1 ) a small b>b at "o end & a spike 9 ! o!r1 to /ick loosely into a /aff ( light wood #b;94 ?ick & ab\t #e;ft4 long4 ,! iron has a k9d ( knob or ?ick5+ 9 ! c5tre to s]ve z a cat* = ! l9e1 :i* is knott$ r\nd x4 ,! l9e is ab\t ! ?ickness ( a small lead l9e4 ,x is v neatly & firmly twi/$ by h& f ! fibres ( plants & %rubs bord]+ ! riv]1 & is coil$ tightly & ev5ly r\nd ! /aff ( ! h>poon f end to end1 s z to increase its ?ickness1 & make x z l>ge z c conv5i5tly be grasp$ 9 ! h&4 ,! end ( ! l9e is securely /opp$ to ! /aff1 :i* is secur$ f splitt+ by be+ b\nd r\nd ) small cord1 ) a k9d ( ,turk's-head knot turn$ ^u ! end t receives ! iron4 ,! hippopotami live 9 families or small h]ds ( f half a doz5 to tw5ty ea*1 bask+ ^u ! s&banks 9 ! tropic sun1 ba?+ 9 ! dep?s & rais+ _! clumsy-look+ equ9e heads above ! surface to look out1 or tak+ nightly walks = miles into ! c\ntry to crop ! h]bage ( "s fav\rite spot4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! pr[l+ habits ( ! animal1 ! natives con/ruct 9 8 pa? or run1 a h>poon trap or drop4 ,! full-page illu/ration w s]ve to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is contrivance is arrang$4 ,! in/ant ! gr\nd cord is deta*$ f its hold by ! advanc+ foot ( ! hippopotamus1 ! heavy beam hold+ ! b>b$ iron drops ) trem5d\s =ce1 & fixes ! spe>-head deeply 9 ! fle% b5ea? ! t\gh sk9 ( ! victim1 :o r>ely escapes ) 8 life4 ,a g5]al hippopotamus hunt is n unfrequ5tly und]tak51 :i* is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! natives1 hav+ decid$ :i* h]d !y int5d to attack1 mu/] ab\t half a doz5 canoes1 ea* c>ry+ two m5--a h>poon] & a paddl]2 !y close gradually & cauti\sly r\nd ! h]d1 & delib]ately select _! victim2 clos] & clos] !y draw 91 till1 z ! semicircle ( canoes n>r[s r\nd !m1 ! animals exhibit fir/ curiosity & !n al>m1 & extreme caution is necess>y to avoid s t]rify+ !m z to make !m break ! l9e & take to flight in/ead ( gaz+ at ! advanc+ boats4 ,:5 ! animals dive1 ! canoes come on2 :5 !y rise or appe> mu* al>m$1 !y /op1 or approa* b sl[ly4 ,at l5g? a =tunate h>poon] f9ds himself ne> an animal2 ! hippopotamus dives1 ! canoe p]haps ga9s ano!r l5g? & is close ^u him2 :5 he aga9 rises1 ! h>poon] /&s erect & next to nak$1 l a magnific5t /atue1 9 ! b[1 8 uprais$ "r h& grasp+ ! h>poon1 & 8 left a paddle1 e muscle ( 8 body z rigid & immovable z if he 7 9 reality ( bronze4 ,! hippopotamus eyes him suspici\sly2 he seems to "k t dang] ?reat5s him2 b1 l a cunn+ f5c]1 he waits ! mom5t ( ! bl[1 & w n expose himself by prematurely attempt+ to avoid x4 ,8 in/9ct1 h[ev]1 is no mat* = ! cunn+ ( 8 enemies2 ! h>poon] makes a fe9t ( /rik+ ) ! paddle2 ! animal />ts aside to avoid ! expect$ bl[2 & z he does s ! hunt] deliv]s ! h>poon ) all 8 =ce4 ,! small b>b p5etrates ! t\gh ?ick sk91 & no p[] c draw x out aga92 ! l9e uncoils2 ! light /aff1 sometimes ev5 ) a bladd] atta*$1 floats beh9d to m>k 8 track2 ! w\nd$ animal f9ds no re/2 o!r h>poons are deliv]$2 & z he becomes we>i$ ) ex]tion1 pa91 t]ror1 & irritation1 opportunities are f\nd to ?ru/ at him ) broad-blad$ spe>s until he s9ks b5ea? 8 w\nds & dies4 ,! h>poon ( ,lake ,ngami & ! ,bo-tlt-le ,riv] diff]s f t ( ! ,zambesi1 & m ne>ly resembles our own1 except t1 z iron is sc>ce & valuable1 ! head is /ill a m]e spike1 b>b$ at "o end & po9t$ at ! o!r1 = ins]tion 9 a heavy beam ( mimosa or kameel-doorn4 ,! iron draws f ! /aff z soon z ! b>b pi]ces ! ?ick hide1 & ! animal spr+s =w>d 9 its ef=ts to escape2 b x is atta*$ to ! /aff1 n by a long l9e l ! ,zambesian1 b by a %ort ske9 ( tw5ty or ?irty small cords ( mimosa b>k loosely twi/$ toge!r1 firmly seiz$ or la%$ to ! iron at "o end & to ! /aff at ! o!r1 & slightly /opp$ to x 9 ! middle1 /ill fur!r to prev5t any risk ( f\l+4 ,! /aff is ( wood too heavy to float2 a hole is bor$ 9 ! upp] end1 & a %ort loop ( /rong rope wov5 or twi/$ into x1 & to ?is loop is b5t on ! end ( a /\t rope ( twi/$ palm leaves1 :i* s]ves z ! h>poon l9e1 & is kept 9 ! canoe1 paid out or haul$ 9 aga9 l ours1 & has beside ! advantage ( be+ s light t1 ev5 7 ! hunt] to let g ! end1 x w\ld float ^u ! surface1 & ev5tually lead to ! discov]y ( ! animal4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t ! *ase ( ! hippopotamus ne>ly resembles t ( ! :ale1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! fact t x is c>ri$ on 9 a fre%wat] riv] or a %all[ lake1 in/ead ( ! sea4 ,:5 hippopotamus hunt+ on ,lake ,ngami ! canoes approa* ) ! same caution z ^? on ! ,zambesi1 until ! h>poon] f9ds an opportunity to /rike2 !n1 :5 ! w\nd$ animal d>ts away1 ! canoe m5 hold on to ! l9e1 slack+ x out :5 !y are oblig$1 & ga!r+ 9 z mu* z possible at e opportunity1 & endeav\r+ to haul alongside z soon z !y notice ! fir/ symptoms ( fatigue1 & use ! =midable spe> !y c>ry = ?is especial s]vice4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a task ( difficulty & dang]1 = ! irritat$ animal may turn & cru% a tol]ably l>ge canoe 9 8 trem5d\s jaws1 & has be5 kn[n1 al?\gh n c>nivor\s1 completely to sev] ! body ( a man2 m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 z ! natives dext]\sly avoid 8 *>ge1 he *amps ! /aff ( ! h>poon1 & endeav\rs to bite ?r\gh ! ske9 :i* connects x ) ! iron 9 8 side4 ,7 ?is a s+le rope he w\ld soon lib]ate himself1 b ! small cords become entangl$ betwe5 8 tee?1 &1 ?\gh he may cut ?r\gh a few ( !m1 o!rs are sure to rema9 /rong en\gh to hold him4 ,_m canoes jo9 9 ! *ase1 annoy him on e side1 bewild] & we>y him1 & drive him at l5g? into %all[ wat]1 :]e ! hunt]s1 c>ry+ ! l9e a%ore1 cat* a turn r\nd ! ne>e/ tree1 yield+ a little if 8 /r5g? appe>s yet suffici5t to te> out ! b>b1 b always ga!r+ x 9 z ! assailants1 "s 9 canoes & o!rs wad+ 9 ! %all[s1 drive him ne>] & ne>] to ! %ore1 inflict+ w\nd aft] w\nd ) _! broad-blad$ spe>s1 till1 sp\t+ blood f 8 no/rils l a :ale 9 its mortal agony1 he ceases to resi/1 & becomes ! prize ( ! hunt]s4 ,! c>case ( an animal l ?is is inde$ a valuable acquisition2 ! fle% ( ev5 a mod]ate-siz$ "o is at lea/ equal to t ( ?ree ox51 ev5 aft] all[+ = ! wa/eful mann] 9 :i* wild fle% is g5]ally consum$4 ,8 hide1 #b;94 9 ?ickness on ! neck & )]s1 is excell5t z food1 or pr(itable z an article ( b>t] ) ! coloni/s1 :o make ! great agt] zambocs1 or :ips = ! aft] ox5 ( _! waggon teams2 :ile ! tusks1 :i* w frequ5tly weigh #flb4 or #glb4 ea*1 & sometimes m1 are1 or us$ rec5tly to be1 wor? ab\t #ahs4 p] p\nd 9 ,london1 ?\gh1 s9ce ! introduction ( m9]al compositions = d5tal purposes1 we believe ! value ( ,zeeko ivory has mu* decl9$4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia use spe>s ( consid]able l5g?1 v>y+ f #aj;ft4 to #ab;ft41 & are also rem>kable = ! great di/ance to :i* !y c ?r[ !m1 atta9+ 9 "s in/ances1 we h be5 assur$1 to a di/ance ( #bgj y>ds1 a range = :i* !y are indebt$ to ! use ( ! wom]a or ?r[+ /ick1 an in/rum5t t assumes diff]5t =ms among v>i\s tribes1 ?\gh its pr9ciple is ! same 9 all4 ,^? we _h an opportunity ( see+ 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia 7 r n>r[ bo>ds1 #c;94 wide1 & little m ?an #a_/b;94 ?ick1 s cut z to be conv5i5tly grasp$1 & tap]+ f ! h&le till !y 7 b>ely #c_/d;94 wide at ! po9t1 on :i* a little rev]t$ piece ( bone ab\t ! size ( a cock's spur 0 affix$ ) gum & la%+s ( vegetable fibre1 & ! po9t ( ?is j fitt$ a correspond+ ind5tation 9 ! end ( ! spe> %aft4 ,! wom]a is ab\t #cj;94 9 l5g?1 & is held 9 ! "r h&1 ! =ef+] ( :i* sometimes grasps ! spe> also1 to /eady x until ! mom5t be=e x is ?r[n1 :ile ! left h& supports ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 prev5ts ! weight f depress+ ! po9t1 & /eadies & directs ! aim4 ,! advantage ga9$ by ! use ( ! wom]a w be readily und]/ood by anyone :o w rememb] t ! l5g? ( /roke is an important elem5t 9 e/imat+ ! p[] ( a /eam eng9e4 ,suppose ! l5g? ( a man's arm1 f coll>-bone to fi/1 to be #c;ft41 & ! *ord ( ! arc ?r\gh :i* he is able to sw+ 8 body 9 ! act ( ?r[+ #d;ft41 we %all h #aj;ft4 z ! l5g? ( 8 /roke2 & if we add to ?is d\ble ! l5g? ( ! wom]a1 or #e;ft41 we %all f9d t he is able to apply propell+ =ce to ! weapon :ile x is pass+ ?r\gh #ae;ft4 ( space1 an advantage :i* naturally exhibits its correspond+ effect 9 ! increase ( range4 ,! spe> po9t is g5]ally *>r$ to h>d5 x4 ,! boom]ang1 a weapon ^: app>5tly my/]i\s prop]ty ( com+ back to ! h& t has ?r[n x1 mu/ be n[ mu* bett] und]/ood 9 ,engl& ?an x 0 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,au/ralian cricket]s4 ,x is a ?9 blade ( wood1 curv$ ei!r sabre-l 9 ! segm5t ( a circle1 or b5t 9 ! c5tre at an obtuse angle4 ,b its peculi> prop]ty is t1 ow+ to a slight twi/ or *ange 9 ! plane ( surface on ei!r side ! c5tre1 x becomes 9 reality a segm5t ( "o turn 9 ! flange ( a screw ( exce$+ly small pit*1 & if its l5g? 7 indef9itely increas$ x w\ld assume ! =m ( ! spiral spr+s us$ 9 c&le lamps1 or 9 ! well kn[n toy ( ,jack-9-!-box2 & suppos+ a small segm5t ( "o turn cut f ! wire ( su* a spr+ & flatt5$1 )\t alt]+ ei!r its circumf]5tial or its spiral curve1 we %\ld h an exact repres5tation ( ! boom]ang4 ,little m ne$ be said ( ?is weapon1 z no "o b a native c\ld ev] hope to use x effectively4 ,turtle spe>s4 ,a v simple =m ( h>poon is us$ = spe>+ turtle by "s ,au/ralians we fell 9 ) ne> ! ,g\lburu ,isl&s4 ,!y _h evid5tly be5 alongside ,european %ips1 & x 0 probably f ?is s\rce t !y _h acquir$ ! ess5tial "p ( _! h>poon--an iron spike ab\t #f;94 long1 & po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,to ?is 0 fa/5$ a small l9e1 :i* 0 also /opp$ to ! /aff--a light pole ab\t #h;ft4 long--! rema9d] ( ! l9e be+ held loosely coil$ 9 ! h&4 ,sometimes ! ,au/ralians use _! paddle z a spe> by hav+ ! blade end %>p5$1 b>b$1 & h>d5$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,poison$ ,,weapons1 ,,arr[s1 ,,spe>s1 c4 ,poison$ arr[s4 ,! arr[s ( ! ,s\? ,african ,bu%m5 are wor?y ( notice1 n only = ! +5uity display$ 9 mak+ =midable weapons f su* app>5tly insignificant mat]ials1 b = ! deadly poison ) :i* 9 _m cases !y are imbu$4 ,a crook$ /ick1 a few re$s1 bits ( bone1 & ! dorsal s9ews ( any antelope1 are all ! mat]ials requir$ 9 ! =mation ( ! weapons4 ,! poison+ is sometimes a m elaborate affair4 ,among ! s\!rn tribes1 "s ( :om /ill ma9ta9 an exi/5ce z hunt]s & occasional m>aud]s on ! bord]s ( ! colony1 ! juices ( ! bulbs ( v>i\s species ( am>yllis & hman?us1 mix$ sometimes ) s]p5t poison1 & aid$ by ! adhesive acrid juice ( ! euphorbium1 are boil$ d[n 9 ! holl[ ( a /one to ! t\gh visc\s consi/5cy ( birdlime1 & sp>+ly sme>$ ^u ! arr[ heads4 ,f>!r to ! nor? ! process is mu* m simple4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ! ,kalih>i ,des]t1 & ! regions 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,ngami1 use ! entrails ( a grub call$ 'kaa or ngwa1 an almo/ in>ticulate s\nd1 :i* x is impossible to write s z to enable ! ,engli% read] to pron\nce x ) any?+ l correctness4 ,bo? =ms ( spell+ are attempts to indicate a click ( ! tongue aga9/ ! tee?1 foll[$ by a slight nasal r++1 & end+ 9 ! broad s\nd ( ! v[el a4 ,! grub is ( a creamy :ite1 & is s(t1 ) ! exception ( its head2 & :5 full-siz$ seldom mu* exce$s ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x lives *iefly1 p]haps almo/ exclusively1 ^u ! leaf ( a tree call$ ,m>uru pape]ie1 :i* v>ies f ! size ( a small l[-gr[+ %rub to t ( a mod]ately-siz$ tree1 upw>ds ( #bj;ft4 high1 or #ab;94 or #ad;94 9 ?ickness4 ,x is cov]$ ) ?orns1 & its wood 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,ngami 0 s(t & ( a v ev5 texture2 b t[>d ! ,zambesi x seem$ h>d]4 ,:5 we fir/ saw x x 0 fe$+ on ^! leaves1 & we 7 r puzzl$ by a loose ragg$ mantle or envelope ( gre5 matt]1 :i* seem$ to be peel+ (f l a sk9 9 process ( be+ ca/4 ,x lay 9 loose rolls1 mo/ly p>allel to ! muscul> r+s ^u ! body1 & 0 gradually =c$ =w>d1 s z to =m a hood or %ield above ! head1 :]e x dri$ & broke (f z x accumulat$1 & 0 replac$ by fre% matt]4 ,our highe/ magnify+ p[] 0 ! microscope ( a sextant2 b ?is at l5g? enabl$ u to decide t ! gre5 matt] 0 m]ely excrem5t issu+ n only 9 ! usual mann]1 b also f pores rang$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! body4 ,z ! grub atta9s its full size1 ?is matt] issues m sp>+ly1 & is ( a br[n] col\r4 ,! grub drops to ! gr\nd1 buries itself to ! dep? ( a c\ple ( feet1 & =ms its cocoon ( a ?9 %ell ( e>?1 cem5t$ by glut9\s juices ar\nd its body4 ,?is is q h>d en\gh to be> h&l+1 ev5 r r\ghly1 s long z x reta9s its p]fect =m1 & we br\ght sev]al specim5s to ,engl&2 b if x is once brok51 ! slighte/ t\* is en\gh to complete its de/ruction4 ,9 apply+ ?is poison to _! arr[s1 ! ,bu%m5 collect a numb] ( ! cocoons1 :i* !y lay ne> !m on a sk91 a leaf1 or on a s&al2 !y break "o ( ^!1 &1 tak+ out ! grub1 hold x betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & squeeze ! entrails1 or r ! int]nal juices1 9 small drops ^u ! arr[ head1 :i* is !n c>efully laid ^u any extemporis$ re/ to dry 9 ! sun1 mu* z an arti/ lays 8 bru%es on some?+ t w keep ! hair f contact ) any?+ capable ( giv+ or receiv+ damage f ! col\r ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,!y take ! greate/ possible c>e n to let ^! juices come 9 contact ) any cut or sore1 or abrasion ( ! sk91 = !y w\ld 9 su* case produce ! same excruciat+ agony t is inflict$ ^u a w\nd$ animal2 & x is said t a man ) a w\nd1 h[ev] slight1 s infect$1 w\ld become a maniac1 & w\ld probably de/roy himself 9 ! extremity ( 8 pa94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 believ$ t fat rubb$ pl5tifully on ! w\nd1 & tak5 int]nally 9 suffici5t quantities1 w\ld prove an antidote2 b ?is is a m$ic9e by no means likely to be always at h& among p]sons liv+ a nomadic life1 & b occasionally suppli$ ) animal food l ! ,bu%man4 ,=tunately = !m !y possess ano!r rem$y1 gr[+ pl5tifully & naturally 9 mo/ p>ts ( _! c\ntry4 ,we 7 aw>e t !y knew ( ?is2 & a fri5d1 :o _h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! *ief = a consid]able "t1 _h long attempt$ to induce him to reveal its "n1 b he 0 unwill+ to d s1 till 9 a conv]sation ) ano!r memb] ( 8 tribe he m5tion$ its "n2 & our fri5d1 :o p]fectly und]/ood ! ,se*uana & "s ( ! o!r native languages1 ask$ him at ! next opportunity if ! rem$y 9 "q 7 n ! ,kla hatlwe1 & ?us surpris$ him into ! confession t :ite m5 knew ev]y?+1 & t fur!r attempts at concealm5t 7 useless4 ,! ^w kala signifies fri5d1 b we are n aw>e ( ! mean+ ( ! conclud+ syllables4 ,! ,kla hatlwe is a small1 s(t-/emm$ plant2 ! fl[] is yell[1 />-%ap$1 & has five petals2 ! /am5s are num]\s1 & ! calyx is divid$ into two sepals4 ,! root is some?+ betwe5 a bulb & a tub]--r\gh & br[n outside--&1 :5 cut1 is se5 m>k$ ) conc5tric l9es ( light r$di% br[n & purple4 ,! leaves are #b-a_/b;94 9 l5g?1 & #a_/d;94 wide4 ,! mid-rib ( ! leaf projects on ! "u surface1 & =ms a depression on ! upp]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two o!r plants :i* be> ! same "n1 & are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,"o ( !m has a broad] leaf & l>g] fl[]1 & ta/es l sorrel2 & ! ?ird has a wav$ or wr9kl$ leaf4 ,! root or bulb is *ew$ & laid on ! w\nd1 & is foll[$ by pl5tiful application ( fat4 ,! natives use an arr[ ) a bone head dott$ ov] ) ! ngwa or 'kaa poison1 & loosely ins]t$ into ! %aft4 ,?is is a sl5d] re$1 seldom m ?an #c_/h;94 ?ick4 ,x is b\nd ) s9ew at ! end to keep ! head f splitt+ x1 & is also b\nd = ! same purpose ne> ! not*4 ,9 fa/5+ ?is s9ew no knots or hit*es are us$1 b ! end is fray$ out v f9e1 *ew$ s(t1 &1 :ile /ill s(t1 is firmly press$ d[n ^u ! re/1 :]e its glut9\s prop]ties cause x firmly to adh]e4 ,! ,bu%man makes use ( a simple & effectual me?od ( %ea?+ 8 arr[s1 s z to r5d] any accid5ts impossible4 ,:5 n int5d$ = use ! po9t is rev]s$ & ent]s ! socket 9 ! %aft4 ,!y make use ( a v +5i\s exp$i5t = tight5+ ! b[/r+4 ,a small knob ( h>d5$ s9ew is firmly la%$ to "o end ( ! b[1 ! /r+ made ( ! dorsal s9ews ( ! spr+bok or o!r antelope1 slightly twi/$1 has a loop at "o end1 :i* is hit*$ on to ! end ( ! b[2 ! o!r is br\ght up & pass$ betwe5 ! knob & ! wood1 sev]al turns are tak5 loosely r\nd ! latt]4 ,:5 requir$ = use ! b[ is b5t by hold+ x ) ! h& & knee1 ) ! action repres5t$ 9 ! beautiful /atue ( ,cupid1 & !n ) ! o!r h& turn+ ! coil ( s9ew ar\nd ! end ( ! b[ until ! /r+ is suffici5tly tight5$4 ,!y also adopt a v simple plan ( pres]v+ an o/ri* fea!r4 ,! ,bu%man1 x may be aft] weeks or mon?s ( pati5t /alk+1 kills an o/ri*4 ,he kn[s ! fea!rs are valuable1 & t f a :ite trad] he may obta9 = !m tobacco1 clasp knives1 t9d] boxes1 or o!r articles ( value to himself1 b he also kn[s t he mu/ keep !m clean & unbrok54 ,he !re=e ins]ts ! quill fir/ into a re$1 & taps x on ! gr\nd till ! :ole fea!r has vani%$1 & he c c>ry x ab\t 9 8 quiv]2 &1 to say tru?1 x is at fir/ sight a little a/oni%+ to a ,european :5 a ,bu%man (f]s = inspection a sl5d] re$1 to see him draw f x a gracefully wav+ o/ri* plume ( ! f9e/ quality & l>ge/ size4 ,! simple app>atus by :i* ! ,bu%m5 obta9 fire is %[n at page #ecf4 ,x consi/s ( two /icks ( mod]ately close-gra9$ b n v h>d wood4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* may be call$ ! fire /ick1 is some:at ?ick] ?an ! little f+]1 & may be ( any l5g?1 g5]ally ab\t #a;ft4 or #ah;941 & 9 ?is small not*es are cut ) ! po9t ( an assegai1 at ab\t #a;94 ap>t1 = ! reception ( ! end ( ! o!r1 or ! :irl+ /ick4 ,?is is ab\t ! size & l5g? ( ! ramrod ( a common f[l+ piece1 & bo? are c>ri$ 9 ! quiv]1 ) _! arr[s1 suck+ re$s1 & ru%es1 = ! manufacture ( bracelets1 c4 ,! prep>ation ( ! w\r>i poison is usually conduct$ by natives1 f :om x is be/ obta9$4 ,?is sub/ance may be at times ( s]vice to ! explor]4 ,! sumpitans ( ! ,dyaks & ,borneans %\ld also be notic$4 ,mr4 ,bates says t salt is put on ! tongue ( ! coati z a re/orative f ! /upor induc$ by ! w\r>i poison4 ,we h (t5 he>d ( poison$ bullets1 & once saw an exp]im5t tri$4 ,a hole 0 bor$ 9 a revolv] bullet & fill$ ) ! juices ( ! 'kaa or ngwa--! ,bu%man's poison grub2 ?is 0 fir$ into ! rump ( an ox2 ! animal %[$ little or no sign ( acute pa91 b seem$ to be dull & /upefi$ = "s h\rs4 ,at l5g? x seem$ z if x 7 likely to recov]1 &1 p>tly because ! fle% 0 really want$ = food1 & p>tly to end an exp]im5t :i* seem$ likely to lead to no useful result1 ! poor creature 0 %ot dead4 ,probably ! fire might h neutralis$ or de/roy$ ! active pr9ciple ( ! poison4 ,we h he>d ( "s native tribes :o prep>e arr[ poison by fir/ mak+ a holl[ ne/ 9 ! liv] ( a dead animal4 ,!y !n fill ?is ) liv+ c5tip$es1 scorpions1 t>antulas1 & o!r poison\s creatures4 ,^! !y irritate by /rik+ ! liv] ) a /ick1 :5 ! virus ( ! unit$ assemblage ( v5om be>]s is p\r$ out & at once absorb$ by ! liv]1 :i* is rubb$ ov] ! weapon to be treat$4 ,! ,*9ese plunge _! arr[s 9 a putrid c>case 9 ord] to poison !m4 ,! ,malays keep _! poison prep>ations /rictly secret4 ,poison$ weapons reta9 _! de/ructive qualities = ye>s1 & %\ld !re=e be h&l$ ) extreme caution4 ,a squ>e ( pap]1 fold$ diagonally across1 may be us$ z a fea!r = a bl[pipe arr[4 ,wild cotton is also us$ to make ! arr[ fit ! tube4 ,a cross-b[ ( peculi> con/ruction is us$ by ! ,*9ese2 ! action ( ! trigg] is suffici5tly simple to ne$ no explanation1 & ! *ief peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! fact ( its hav+ a k9d ( res]voir above ! b>rel1 9 :i* half a doz5 or m arr[s or bolts lie "o ^u ! o!r2 ?is is connect$ ) ! b>rel only at ! =emo/ end1 ! /r+ pass+ b5ea? x1 & ! l[]mo/ arr[ re/+ on ! /r+ until ! b[ is b5t2 !n ! /r+ be+ pull$ back all[s "o arr[ to drop into its place 9 ! b>rel1 f :i*1 ( c\rse1 a suffici5t l5g? ( ! upp] "p has be5 cut away to admit ( ! arr[ fall+ 94 ,:5 ! trigg] is pull$1 ! /r+ drives ! l[] arr[ out f b5ea? ! o!rs2 ! next arr[ !n re/s on ! /r+1 &1 :5 t is aga9 drawn back1 drops l ! fir/ into ! b>rel2 & s on until all are exhau/$1 & x becomes necess>y to repl5i% ! res]voir4 ,illu/ration ,! pellet b[1 ! subject ( ! illu/ration bel[1 is an in/rum5t ) :i* _m tribes make excell5t practice ) small pellets ( h>d5$ clay4 ,= ! inexp]i5c$1 a padd$ glove is necess>y = ! protection ( ! left ?umb1 & !re is also a peculi> knack 9 s hold+ ! b[ t t arm %all be ! m]e/ trifle out ( ! l9e ( flight ( ! pellet4 ,_m semi-b>b>\s nations are p]fectly aw>e ( ! advantage to be ga9$ by rifl+ _! arr[s1 & ?is is done sometimes by hav+ r l>ge b>bs1 & giv+ !m a pit* or turn on opposite sides1 or by putt+ on ! fea!rs spirally4 ,9 us+ ! arr[ = ! capture ( tortoises on ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 ! ar*]s l to %oot at su* a di/ance t !y may give _! arr[ a good elevation1 & all[ x to fall m p]p5dicul>ly on ! back ( ! tortoise1 z x has !n a bett] *ance ( p5etrat+ ! %ell4 ,x has no b>b1 z1 if its broad po9t once pi]ces1 !re is n mu* fe> ( its be+ dragg$ out4 ,a ?orn wrea? is us$ by ! ,ug&a & o!r nations 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 & is describ$ by ,capta9 ,speke4 ,! ?orns all po9t to ! c5tre1 & yield j en\gh to all[ an antelope or o!r animal to put 8 foot ?r\gh1 :5 _! po9ts are sure to ent] ! leg1 & prev5t its com+ (f4 ,a log is made fa/ to x1 heavy en\gh to imp$e ! motions ( ! animal1 b n suffici5tly s to te> ! wrea? (f f 8 leg & all[ him to get away4 ,"y bran*es ( _m k9ds ( mimosa 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :i* h ?orns #e;94 or #f;94 long1 w\ld answ] well = ?is4 ,! anci5t ,romans & ,greeks made use ( ?is contrivance 9 de] hunt+4 ,we rememb] see+1 sev]al ye>s ago1 ! foot ( a ,vaal rheebok encumb]$ ) a jo9t ( ! sp9e ( a horse or ox4 ,! poor creature _h lit]ally put its foot 9 x "s "t be=e1 & _h worn ! pa9ful app5dage till ! sk9 b5ea? 0 de/roy$ & ! t5dons weak5$1 :i* l$ to its be+ ev5tually caught4 ,! manufacture ( /one weapons4 ,europeans are v r>ely r$uc$ to su* a /ate ( de/itution z to be entirely )\t "s tool or weapon ( iron or /eel1 ev5 if x is m]ely an old jack knife2 yet su* cases may1 & sometimes d1 happ54 ,we rememb] read+ ) great int]e/ ! tale ( two seam5 :o1 dur+ _m weeks' soj\rn on a small isl&1 possess$ absolutely no?+ b "o knife1 :i* s]v$ !m to cut up ! sea birds !y manag$ to cat*1 till at l5g? ?is1 hav+ be5 wrapp$ 9 a bloody clo? & c>efully /[$ away 9 a crevice ( ! rocks1 0 f\nd by "s bird1 dragg$ f its hid+ place1 & irrecov]ably lo/2 !n !y ) great lab\r beat out & gr\nd d[n ^u ! rocks an old spike nail4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! ability to produce a cutt+ edge f a fl9t or o!r pebble ( suffici5t h>dness w\ld h /ood !m 9 good /ead2 & ev51 if we rememb] h[ (t5 edg$ tools are sp>$ by us+ a piece ( glass z a scrap]1 we %all be ready to ackn[l$ge t a ke5-edg$ fragm5t ( fl9t1 obsidian1 or agate may advantage\sly be us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,p]haps x may be ?\ght absurd to give directions = ! break+ ( glass = ?is purpose1 yet1 simple z ! matt] seems1 a h9t may n be ?r[n away3 ,take ! back ( a knife1 or ! smoo? /raight edge ( any piece ( iron fix$ ) tol]able firmness = a mom5t1 !n1 tak+ ! piece ( glass 9 bo? h&s1 re/ its edge midway betwe5 !m on ! edge ( ! iron2 let ! upp] edge ( ! glass lean f y1 & pu% x g5tly along ! iron1 s z slightly to ind5t ! edge ( ! glass2 !n1 rev]s+ its position s z to make x lean t[>ds y1 draw x sm>tly along ! iron1 & y w f9d x sep>at$ by a clean fracture directly across1 =m+ a l9e m or less curv$1 & leav+ "o edge ( ! glass mu* %>p] ?an ! o!r4 ,by a little practice1 & by press+ a little m ) "o h& ?an ! o!r1 almo/ any curvature t ! "w to be done may require may be a*iev$4 ,9 ,nor? ,au/ralia we _h reason to believe t _m ( ! tribes ?r\gh ^: c\ntry we pass$ 7 utt]ly ignorant ( ! use ( iron4 ,fragm5ts ( jasp] & o!r /ones 7 f\nd 9 sev]al localities1 :]e !y _h evid5tly be5 us$ = cutt+ up or sk9n+ animals4 ,spe> heads t !y _h dropp$ or lo/ 9 ! *ase 7 occasionally pick$ up2 & once we came across a consid]able area pr(usely /rewn ) *ips ( e =m & k9d1 indicat+ t ! manufacture ( weapons _h be5 ext5sively c>ri$ on !re4 ,"s ( ^! might be relics ( antiquity2 b ^? /rewn ^u ! surface ov] an area ( #bjjyds4 or #cjjyds4 7 q rec5t2 :ile along ! riv] side 7 holes 9 ! e>? surr\nd$ by scor*$ %ells ( ! fre%wat] mussel1 ( ! tortoise & turtle1 besides bones ( fi% & alligators1 & fragm5ts ( *>r$ wood & black5$ /ones t _h be5 us$ 9 cook+4 ,! savages might h be5 few 9 numb]2 p]haps 9 "o in/ance ! cook+ holes w\ld indicate ! pres5ce ( tw5ty or ?irty2 :ile1 f ! numb] ( *ips1 f six to eight seem$ to h be5 engag$ 9 mak+ weapons2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ?or\ghly z !y enjoy ! pleasure ( do+ no?+1 !y are nei!r ignorant nor idle :5 employ$ ei!r 9 ! *ase or 9 ! prep>ation ( sn>es or weapons = x4 ,besides ?is--z only ! p]fect weapons w\ld be tak5 away = actual s]vice1 & ! failures & imp]fect ones w\ld f> outnumb] !m--x is easy to imag9e h[ su* *ips w\ld accumulate dur+ successive g5]ations4 ,! foll[+ explanation ( ! progress ( /one-implem5t mak+ 0 giv5 u by a fell[ travell]1 & our own exam9ation ( ! fragm5ts on ! spot confirm$ 8 /atem5t3--,! op]ator1 squatt+ d[n be=e a block l>ge & solid en\gh to be us$ z an anvil1 selects a pebble z ne>ly oval z possible1 & ab\t ! size ( an o/ri* egg or a cocoanut4 ,"o end ( ?is he /rikes on ! l>ge block1 s z to deta* a fragm5t1 :i* leaves a flatt5$ base2 !n1 tak+ x v]tically 9 8 h&s1 he /rikes ! edge ( ?is base ^u ! anvil1 deta*+ 9 succession two ovate *ips z ne>ly z possible equal 9 =m & size2 & ?is1 if clev]ly done1 leaves a %>p & well-def9$ c5tral rib1 ) a slightly holl[$ facet on ei!r side4 ,! next bl[ %\ld1 if successful1 split (f ano!r piece1 small at ! base1 spread+ slightly z x goes upw>ds1 & f9ally tap]+ to a ke5 po9t1 ) ! rib previ\sly =m$ runn+ truly along ! c5tre2 & ?is *ip con/itutes ! spe> head1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! %aft ) gum & la%+s ( b>k or vegetable fibre4 ,if ?is is well done1 at lea/ ?ree *ips mu/ h be5 made 9 ! production ( "o head2 b if1 z is mo/ likely1 ! failures greatly outnumb] ! successes1 ! proportion ( *ips mu/ be greatly increas$4 ,sometimes1 :5 a pebble is f\nd well suit$ = ! "w1 facets are /ruck (f on all sides1 & spe> heads are =m$ z long z ! cleavage ( ! core rema9s suffici5tly p]fect4 ,"s ( ^!1 :5 ab\t half work$ out1 pres5t s great a resemblance to a common be] glass ) facets on x1 t we h>dly "k h[ to convey a bett] idea ( ! peculi> =m4 ,! /one tomahawks discov]$ 7 g5]ally ( trap or gre5/one4 ,!y 7 fir/ *ipp$ out into a long w$ge-l =m1 & !n ) great lab\r gr\nd up to a uni=m r\nd$ edge ^u o!r /ones1 & ) gum & la%+s securely fix$ into a bran*1 "p ( :i* is g5]ally made to b5d r\nd !m z a h&le4 ,blacksmi?s 9 ?is c\ntry secure _! cold *isels mu* 9 ! same mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,track+1 ,,hunt+1 ,,& ,,trapp+4 ,mo/ read]s ( works on travel mu/ be famili> ) ! app>5tly wond]ful p[] possess$ by savages ( foll[+ ! tracks ( m5 or animals1 & yet ?is is 9 reality only a habit ( closely obs]v+ effects1 & ref]r+ !m to _! natural causes4 ,on ! roads ( a popul\s c\ntry1 pass5g]s1 animals1 & vehicles succe$ ea* o!r s rapidly t no cont9u\s spoor ( any "o ( !m rema9s2 b x is o!rwise 9 ! des]t & ! wild]ness4 ,!re x is impossible = man or bea/ to efface ! track t he has made4 ,9 c\ntries su* z ,kafirl&1 :]e cattle !fts are common1 no evid5ce is requir$ b ! track ( ! /ol5 animals ent]+ a village1 & ! headman is consid]$ responsible until he %[s :]e ! same track has gone out aga94 ,kafirs h be5 kn[n to sweep out ! spoor ) bran*es :]e !y 7 ab\t ent]+ a riv]2 b su* a ruse1 ?\gh x might prev5t a f>m] mak+ oa? to ! exact place at :i* !y cross$1 w\ld nev] actually deceive him1 or prev5t 8 f9d+ ! track on ! o!r side4 ,sometimes a numb] ( m5 w tread 9 ea* o!r's foot/eps1 or !y w walk backw>d = %ort di/ances1 or w put on _! %oes heel =emo/2 b a practis$ eye w soon detect ! deceit1 & be ar\s$ to d\ble vigilance4 ,x may be ?\ght t a man pass+ b>efoot$ ov] a h>d rock w\ld leave no trace2 & yet ! f9e du/ ( ! road he left1 cak$ by p]spiration1 has be5 suffici5t to betray him4 ,sometimes1 9 a grassy c\ntry1 ! track is be/ se5 by look+ out ahead1 :5 x appe>s z a cont9u\s l9e1 %[+ :]e ! grass has be5 turn$1 al?\gh x is almo/ invisible at a %ort di/ance2 & ?is is sometimes ! case on pla9s ( co>se s& or %+le4 ,v frequ5tly1 ?\gh no actual footpr9t may rema91 /ones or pebbles w h be5 turn$ s z to lie ) t side upp]mo/ :i* has = a long "t re/$ on ! gr\nd1 & an eye accu/om$ to obs]vation detects ?is at once1 & w sometimes see1 by ! condition ( ! upturn$ side1 :e!r x has be5 mov$ s rec5tly z n yet to be p]fectly dri$4 ,if a %[] has fall51 x w at once be se5 :e!r ! tracks 7 made be=e ! ra91 dur+ x1 or aft]w>ds2 9 ! same mann] ! morn+ or ev5+ dew ^u ! tracks w furni% a te/ ( "t1 z w ! grass )]+1 if cru%$ 9 ! heat ( ! day or p>tially re/or$ if b5t :ile ! dew 0 on x4 ,if !re has be5 w9d1 x may be kn[n :e!r ! tracks 7 made dur+ its cont9uance1 by ! position ( ! grass1 or by ! s& or du/ drift$ f x2 & if ! w9d has *ang$ at a rememb]$ "t1 x may be possible to tell exactly ! po9t at :i* ! track & *ange took place4 ,if p]iodical or alt]nate w9ds bl[1 z1 = in/ance1 ! l& & sea breezes ne> ! coa/1 x w be easy to tell dur+ :i* ( !m ! track 0 made4 ,sleep+ places1 or halts = re/1 = food1 dr9k1 or o!r purposes1 %\ld be c>efully s\ght =4 ,! condition ( ! grass cropp$ by an animal1 & ! fragm5ts dropp$ f its m\?1 mu/ be exam9$1 z also its dung1 ! comp>ative moi/ure or dryness ( :i* is an unfail+ index to ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce x 0 dropp$4 ,if !re are two or m tracks1 & ! "t :5 "o 0 made is kn[n1 t ( ! o!rs may be inf]r$ by look+ %>ply = any place :]e !y cross1 & asc]ta9+ :i* ov]lies ! o!r4 ,we h be5 foll[$ = _m miles at night by a lion1 b ?\gh we knew by ! panic spread+ among ! ox5 t some?+ 0 di/urb+ !m1 we 7 n aw>e ( ! fact till our ,hott5tot w5t back next morn+ & report$ ! track ( a great man lion1 /ep = /ep ^u our horse's spoor4 ,n only c ! p]iod ( "t at :i* tracks are made be v closely e/imat$1 b v>i\s circum/ances connect$ ) ! track w n unfrequ5tly af=d mo/ important in=mation4 ,z1 = in/ance1 :]e ! tracks ( nak$ feet are inve/igat$1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t savages 9 walk+ turn _! toes 91 :il/ ,europeans turn !irs out2 if ! track is left by %od m51 ! description ( foot ge> w (t5 tell a tale4 ,a mocass9 pr9t ) ! toes turn$ out w\ld indicate t a :ite man 9 ,indian ge> _h pass$4 ,! army patt]n boot or %oe1 ! native s&al1 worn by aborig9es ( "s c\ntries1 ! %oot+ boot1 & ! light buck-sk9 %oe1 all leave _! well-m>k$ & di/9ctive tracks4 ,! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* a boot or %oe sole has be5 nail$ or repair$ w enable an exp]i5c$ track] to foll[ its pr9t un]r+ly among/ fifty o!rs2 l>ge or small1 n>r[ or wide1 ! track w 9 almo/ all cases reta9 its individuality1 except :5 cunn+ ,europeans put on o!r m5's boots = ! purpose ( crime4 ,! nature ( a footpr9t w1 by its comp>ative dep? & =m1 %[ :e!r ! p]son :o made x c>ri$ a burd51 or 0 9 light m>*+ ord]2 if 9 a hurry1 or travell+ leisurely2 :e!r travell+ will+ly1 or l$ z a captive2 :e!r sob] or intoxicat$4 ,9 foll[+ horse tracks ! pace at :i* ! animal or animals 7 go+ c be judg$ by ! impressions left on ! gr\nd4 ,a /ray horse walk+ leisurely away1 fe$+ z x goes1 w usually leave an irregul> b well-m>k$ track1 caus+ b little di/urbance ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 a sudd5 fright caus$ by ! appe>ance ( a wild animal or an attempt at capture w be %[n by a scatt]+ ( e>?1 s&1 or gravel1 & probably by ! ca/+ out ( ! pellets :i* collect 9 ! holl[s ( ! feet4 ,a fright5$ horse />t+ )\t a rid] w usually leave ! deep & di/urb$ tracks caus$ by ill-direct$ spe$ at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! run1 :i* w 9 mo/ cases prove r erratic4 ,_h ! same horse be5 gallop$ away by a rid]1 ! man's track might be f\nd1 or if n1 ! fir/ sixte5 or tw5ty ho( /rokes w v>y 9 di/ance1 dep?1 c41 f ^? f>!r on1 :]e ! animal _h be5 caus$ to /rike into 8 regul> /ride4 ,mo/ hunt]s c id5tify ! track ( _! own horse4 ,a defect 9 ei!r ho(1 a brok5 %oe1 & ! mode ( %oe+1 are all matt]s to be well look$ to4 ,! horses ( wild tribes1 f n be+ %od1 are to be di/+ui%$ f ^? belong+ to ,europeans1 :o ei!r %oe all r\nd or leave ! h9d feet b>e1 & only %oe ! =e ho(s4 ,mule tracks are n ( ! same =m z ^? ( ! wid] & r\nd] foot$ horse1 & c be in/antly recognis$4 ,track+ on sn[ is usually foll[$ ) mu* great] rapidity ?an :5 prosecut$ on ! uncov]$ gr\nd2 /ill no little exp]i5ce is ne$$ to successfully foll[ up p>tly oblit]at$ & :olly fill$ up foot/eps4 ,! impressions left 9 sn[ by diff]5t animals require "s /udy be=e ! inexp]i5c$ hunt] c ) c]ta9ty di/+ui% "o f ano!r4 ,! art ( track+ c no m be taught )\t ! aid ( ! =e/ & ! pla9 to demon/rate 91 ?an c a skilful cricket] be made )\t all[+ him to play ! game4 ,! h9ts :i* are "h giv5 are m]ely int5d$ to =m a sort ( gr\ndwork1 on :i* ! exp]i5c$ hunt] mu/ himself build4 ,9 trav]s+ ! woods & wilds let no?+ escape ! eye1 & nev] all[ ! slighte/ deviation f ! common ord] ( ?+s to pass )\t close scrut9y & ! application to ! case ( a sy/em ( inductive reason+4 ,no liv+ creature acts volunt>ily )\t aim2 &1 al?\gh at times mu* my/]y surr\nds ! do+s ( "s furr$ or fea!r$ inhabitants ( ! wild]ness1 dep5d on x a little close scrut9y w n fail to %[ bo? plan & purpose 9 t :i* at fir/ appe>$ an enigma4 ,! /rang] to ! wilds w\ld feel no little compassion = ! poor crippl$ lapw+ plov]1 :o1 cry+ pla9tively1 tott]s on & /ruggles to escape f ! hunt]1 until at l5g?1 on a good space ( gr\nd be+ travell$ ov] 9 fruitless pursuit1 ! cunn+ bird :eels away al(t ) a mock+ :i/le1 & %ortly rejo9s h] brood ( m\se-l little ones among ! moss hags4 ,we once saw a hy5a ne> our camp take a piece ( old dry goat's hide 9 8 m\? & p]=m a numb] ( /range & unc\? movem5ts1 z if ei!r lame or drunk2 a second1 h[ev]1 cr\*$1 p>tly conceal$ by "s euphorbium bu%es & /ones4 ,_! object 0 to lure away our dogs :il/ !y !mselves rema9$ at a safe di/ance1 :5 ! pair w\ld h made %ort "w ( "s ( !m4 ,9 track+ w\nd$ game look out %>ply = ev5 ! mo/ m9ute blood specks or flakes ( foam1 ^!1 :]e f\nd1 are great helps ov] h>d gr\nd4 ,dead or dy+ animals are discov]$ 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t by birds ( prey2 & :5 !y are se5 curl+ & :eel+ ov] any p>ticul> spot y may re/ assur$ t food is ! attraction4 ,no?+ requires great] c>e & circumspection ?an ! approa* ( ! hunt] to ! lurk+ place ( any animal capable ( do+ mis*ief :5 suff]+ f ! effects ( a w\nd4 ,we h kn[n ev5 antelopes to use _! horns freely :5 unable to escape4 ,no l>ge bea/ ( prey %\ld be approa*$1 al?\gh app>5tly dead1 until all d\bt on ! subject is remov$ by ei!r a %ot ?r\gh ! head or a pelt+ ) /ones4 ,)9 ! colonies1 ( c\rse1 roads are regul>ly made1 b 9 ! wild c\ntry beyond1 & less important places )91 ! b\nd>y ! s-call$ roads are m]ely foot or bridle pa?s or waggon tracks4 ,we h he>d a f>m] say1 ,i h made a new road r\nd ! m\nta9 to-day1 & we und]/ood by ?is m]ely t he _h driv5 8 waggon by a fre% r\te1 leav+ o!rs to foll[ 8 track if !y ?\ght x bett] ?an ! old "o4 ,sometimes ! waggon is n employ$ ^u ?is "w1 b ! track hav+ be5 fir/ c>efully e/imat$ by ! eye a ?orn tree is cut d[n1 dragg$ along x by ! ox51 & ! road is made4 ,a waggon track across ! c\ntry seems practically indelible1 ! :eels are almo/ sure to cru% ! side ( an ant-hill "h & !re1 & ev5 if ! insects repair ! damage ! new "w w always %[4 ,if x passes dur+ ! ra9s1 ! clay knead$ by ! feet ( ! ox51 or furr[$ by ! :eels1 is bak$ s h>d by ! succe$+ hot wea!r t ord9>y vegetation = _m seasons w n efface ! m>ks4 ,if 9 ! dry season grasses are cru%$ d[n1 ! /umps ( a tuft w %[ = a long "t ! passage ( ! :eels4 ,m especially is ?is ! case if a fire sweeps ov] ! pla9 imm$iately aft]1 or if ! waggon passes dur+ or aft] a prairie fire4 ,we h kn[n a fell[ travell] recognise 9 ?is mann] ! tracks 8 waggon _h made sev5 ye>s be=e4 ,! l9es ( *>r$ /umps cru%$ %ort d[n rema9+ to indicate ! passage ( ! :eels1 ?\gh all o!r impressions _h be5 oblit]at$ by ! rank annual gr[? ( grass1 fully #ab;ft4 9 height4 ,(t5 :5 waggons h pass$ = ! fir/ "t across a grassy pla91 ! vegetation !y h cru%$ d[n w be p>tially replac$ or m+l$ ) o!r k9ds1 ei!r indig5\s1 & only wait+ = ?is opportunity to spr+ up1 or gr[+ f undige/$ se$s f o!r localities deposit$ 9 ! dropp+s ( ! ox52 or ev5 x may be exactly ! same vegetation simply r5d]$ m luxuriant by be+ ?us manur$4 ,we h se5 a broad grassy pla9 look+ l an imm5se corn field1 b "r across x ! road 0 m>k$ by a broad b& ( yell[ fl[]s contra/+ ) ! deep gre5 ar\nd4 ,po9ts ( ! compass4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! prevail+ w9ds leave unfail+ indices ( ! direction ( ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,?us all ! un%elt]$ trees on ! road f ,cape ,t[n lean t[>ds ! nor?-we/ or nor?-nor?-we/2 & on ! sub-tropical pla9s ( ,s\? ,africa & ,au/ralia we frequ5tly notic$ t ! cont9u$ w9ds f ! s\?-ea/ _h laid ! grass t[>ds ! opposite po9t4 ,! ris+ or sett+ sun is a useful guide1 s is ! moon1 & also ! />s2 b ! travell] mu/ acquire = himself ! habit ( obs]v+ :]e any ( ! heav5ly bodies are likely to be at a giv5 "t1 by day or night1 & ?is :ile he is ^u kn[n pa?s1 & n 9 actual ne$ ( !m1 & !n 8 k w s]ve him if by accid5t he %\ld lose ! road4 ,if ! decl9ation is ! same z ! latitude ( ! place1 ! sun w be v]tical at noon1 & !re=e ( no s]vice z a guide = ne>ly a qu>t] ( an h\r1 b by extemporis+ a plumb l9e1 & obs]v+ :e!r its %ad[ %ort5s or l5g!ns1 x may soon be f\nd :e!r ! sun is ea/ or we/ ( ! m]idian4 ,9 us+ />s select1 if possible1 ^? t are f> nor? or s\?1 & z l[ z possible2 or1 if ! pole be f> above ! horizon--z x mu/ be 9 all places f> remov$ f ! equator--take ! /> t is ne>e/ to x1 & t consequ5tly revolves ) ! lea/ possible *ange ( position4 ,9 ! nor? ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> w s]ve1 b if ! pole /> c be se51 x is1 ( c\rse1 ! be/--! two />s call$ ! ,po9t]s w guide ! eye to x4 ,& 9 ! s\?1 :5 ! s\!rn cross is v]tical1 ei!r above or bel[ ! pole1 x is due s\?2 & ?is may be asc]ta9$ by try+ :5 ! two />s ( ! long] beam co9cide ) a plumb l9e1 b at any "t ! position ( ! pole may be e/imat$ by rememb]+ t x is half-way betwe5 ! l[] /> ( ! cross & ! little ,magellan cl\d4 ,9 travell+ ) a waggon f almo/ any civilis$ colony1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t trad]s & hunt]s h p5etrat$ s f>1 t = p]haps #aejj or #bjjj miles !re is no?+ to be done b to let ! waggon driv] foll[ _! tracks1 :i* w g5]ally be 9 e respect ! be/ t c\ld be select$1 :ile ! travell] hunts or explores on ei!r side ! pa?1 or ga9s exp]i5ce z to ! slope a waggon c climb1 desc5d1 or travel on )\t capsiz+2 ! av]age size ( trees "u ! bran*es ( :i* x c pass1 & ! d5sity ( ! grove 9 :i* x c cont9ue a g5tly me&]+ c\rse betwe5 ! trees )\t ! absolute necessity ( cutt+ a road1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 he avoids if possible by mak+ ev5 a consid]able dt\r1 = ! lab\r is excessive & sev]e4 ,hunt+4 ,! pr(essional hunt]s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & inde$ mo/ ( ! amateurs :o are ard5t 9 ! pursuit ( game1 n only foll[ ! wild animals by day1 b z !y become %y1 or few 9 numb]1 lie 9 wait = !m at ! wat]s at :i* !y come to dr9k by night2 = ! less dang]\s animals !y m]ely ?r[ up a circul> wall ( loose /ones1 #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 high1 to hide ! hunt] f ! view ( ! approa*+ animals2 & n unfrequ5tly an exp]i5c$ h& w ev5 wat* 9 ^! = ! lion1 ! rh9oc]os1 or ! elephant1 tru/+ = security to a quick eye & e>1 & to skill 9 h&l+ ! two or ?ree sp>e guns :i* are kept ready load$ )9 easy rea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\? ,,african ,,s*]m1 ,,or ,,rifle ,,pit4 ,) ! l>g] animals x is1 h[ev]1 m advisable to dig a pit ab\t #aj;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 deep1 & #cj;94 wide1 & to ro( 9 #e;ft4 or #f;ft4 ( ! c5tral "p ( ?is ) /\t logs1 t an elephant w\ld n break 7 he to tread on !m 9 pass+ ov]2 ! ends are left op51 & a bank ( e>? is left 9 ea*1 l>ge en\gh = ! hunt] to sit ^u1 ) no?+ b 8 head %[+ above ! edge ( ! s*]m4 ,g5]ally two m5 lie 9 ea* pit1 "o wat*+ :il/ ! o!r sleeps4 ,! pit %\ld be made 9 a spot c>efully *os5 to leew>d ( ! pa? by :i* ! elephants or o!r animals are likely to come1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 to cov] any signs ( human "w ab\t x4 ,! cut ends ( ! logs plac$ across x mu/ especially be hidd51 & if *ips h be5 made 9 ! vic9ity1 !y ought to be remov$1 & ev]y?+ r$uc$ z ne>ly z possible to its natural appe>ance & condition4 ,mo/ hunt]s c>ry a pick & "o or two spades = ?is & simil> purposes1 b we h f\nd a worn-out adze exce$+ly h&y & mu* lik$ by native s]vants4 ,! "w %\ld be comm5c$ e>ly 9 ! day1 s t x may be f9i%$ by a little aft] noon1 & left to recov] its natural quiet1 & ! air to purify itself f ! ta9t ( man1 = ev5 ?\gh ! elephant may n be s e>ly on ! wat*1 small] animals1 disreg>d$ by ! hunt]1 are sure to be ab\t him1 & any al>m among !m w mo/ assur$ly spread itself1 until a g5]al s5se ( dang] p]vades ! wild]ness2 & if ?is ext5ds to ! ke5 s5ses ( ! elephants1 !y w n approa* till !y h assur$ !mselves by e possible precaution t all is safe4 ,we h se5 ! pa? m>k$ = a consid]able di/ance by ! s]p5t9e track ( ! ext5d$ proboscis1 sometimes actually t\*+ ! gr\nd1 & at o!rs mov+ s closely 9 contact t ! brea?+ w\ld di/urb ! du/1 z ! lead] ( ! h]d delib]ately te/$ ! sc5t = e in* ( ! way4 ,& ! *ange ( elephant9e tactics s9ce rifle pits 7 introduc$ suffici5tly proves t :at we call in/9ct is 9 reality an intellig5ce capable ( receiv+ new ideas & guid+ its possessors 9 meet+ novel dang]s4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 all ! elephants _h to fe> 0 ! pitfall ( ! ,bu%m51 ) its %>p5$ /akes at ! bottom1 !y w\ld come fe>lessly on1 tru/+ to _! lead]1 z ) ext5d$ trunk z above m5tion$1 w\ld lit]ally feel ! gr\nd in* by in*1 &1 hav+ once detect$ a frail deceitful cov]+ t mask$ ! pitfall1 w\ld toss aside ! /icks & grass1 & ! :ole h]d w\ld foll[ 9 contemptu\s security along ! v edge ( ! n[ undread$ sn>e4 ,f> diff]5tly d !y n[ act2 if !y b suspect ! pres5ce ( a pit !y w n approa* until1 by mak+ a c>eful circuit f> to leew>d1 !y h assur$ !mselves t _! *ief enemy man1 & especially ! :ite man1 has n rec5tly be5 ne> ! wat]4 ,if a ta9t rema9s ^u ! air !y act ) ! extreme/ caution2 = h\rs !y w rema9 motionless1 wait+ till _! ke5 s5ses detect ! rec5tly ta9t$ breeze1 or _! huge exp&$ e>s cat* ! crackl+ ( a twig or ! slighte/ s\nd made by ! incauti\s hunt]4 ,if _! fe>s prepond]ate1 !y may n only refra9 f dr9k+1 b ev5 des]t ! locality1 & travel #ej or #ajj miles dur+ ! night to ano!r wat]1 b ?ir/ may ov]come _! prud5ce1 & !y may approa* & ent] ! wat]2 ! hunt] mu/ !n1 9 p]fect quietude1 make himself acqua9t$ ) ! individuals ( ! h]d1 select+ ! male t c>ries ! heavie/ ivory1 & wait pati5tly until he comes ne> en\gh & exposes 8 %\ld]1 !n1 aim+ upw>ds1 at ! l[] "p ( ! aft] lobe ( ! huge e>1 he reckons ei!r to cripple ! animal by break+ its %\ld] bone1 or to kill x by s5d+ 8 bullet to ! he>t2 !n1 judg+ at once ! effect ( 8 %ot1 he cat*es up 8 sp>e gun & ei!r fires aga9 at ! same elephant or selects ano!r1 & endeav\rs to cripple him also4 ,if two hunt]s are toge!r1 !y c agree be=eh& :e!r !y %all fire toge!r at ! ^w giv5 by "o1 or :e!r "o man %all fire bo? guns4 ,9 ! latt] case at ! ^w1 or r at ! sign signify+ be ready1 bo? set ! hair trigg]s ( _! rifles1 & ! man :o is to fire be+ assur$ t 8 comrade is prep>$1 waits a fav\rable mom5t & fires2 ! o!r does n consci\sly pull ! trigg]1 b1 ) 8 gun c>efully align$ ^u ! vital "p & 8 =ef+] h>dly t\*+ ! trigg]1 waits pati5tly till ei!r ! concussion ( ! air or ! slight n]v\s action induc$ by ! report ( 8 fri5d's gun causes 8 f+] to contract ^u ! trigg]1 & 8 gun is fir$4 ,9 elephant %oot+ x is always well t two m5 %\ld be toge!r1 = ?\gh x is n probable1 x is at ! same "t possible t an elephant may attack ! s*]m4 ,an attack ( ?is k9d occurr$ to ! bro!rs ,gre51 ! well-kn[n ,african travell]s & hunt]s2 ! enrag$ elephant began te>+ (f ! beams & e>? t ro($ ! s*]m1 & 9 a few mom5ts m w\ld h dragg$ =? 8 victim1 :5 ! bro!r fir$ ) delib]ate aim & kill$ ! enrag$ animal4 ,we h already said t ! fav\rite place = ! dea? %ot is beh9d ! lobe ( ! e>1 j :]e x ov]laps ! %\ld]1 b if ! %ot c p5etrate ab\t #a;ft4 bel[ any "p ( ! sp9e x may cut ! l>ge blood vessels !re2 or if fir$ f beh9d1 & /rik+ ab\t #a;ft4 bel[ ! ins]tion ( ! tail1 x may pass ?r\gh to ! vital organs 9 ! *e/1 & prove fatal4 ,if an elephant is walk+ or runn+ 9 su* a mann] t ! dea? spot 7dood plek7 beh9d ! %\ld] is expos$ ! %ot %\ld be deliv]$1 if possible1 s z to /rike :5 8 leg is ?r[n =w>d & ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! sk9 is tightly /ret*$2 if ! leg is backw>d1 ! sk9 w hang 9 loose yield+ folds1 & ! %ot w mo/ likely fail to ent]4 ,african hunt]s seldom fire at ! head ( an elephant unless he is *>g+ & !y mu/ *eck him--he seldom fails to sw]ve f 8 c\rse on receiv+ ! bullet--b ?is rule is n infallible2 we h hit an elephant z fairly z possible 9 ! =ehead )\t effect+ ?is4 ,ano!r rule is to run f ! elephant ! mom5t y h fir$1 & !n look r\nd to see if he is giv+ *ase2 if he is1 y c increase y\r spe$1 if n1 y c easily /op & get ano!r %ot2 b if y wait = him to *>ge be=e y run y give him ! *ance ( dim9i%+ ! di/ance v mat]ially be=e y c get up ! requisite spe$4 ,wahlb]g1 ! em95t ,sw$i% naturali/1 held t a man ought to /& l a rock1 & ! elephant w\ld be sure to sw]ve be=e he rea*$ him2 sometimes ! bolde/ c\rse is ! safe/1 b 9 8 case at l5g? x fail$1 ! elephant came "r on1 & ! c>e] ( ! brave naturali/ 0 clos$ = ev]4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 al?\gh he has p]sonally kill$ ,african elephants by %ots 9 _! head1 f\nd t he c\ld by no means dep5d ^u be+ able to d s1 & rem>ks t ! man :o /&s to meet ! *>ge ( an elephant by a %ot 9 ! head _c feel ! prop] am\nt ( confid5ce t 8 %ot w be effective2 inde$1 ! probability is t x w decid$ly fail to kill4 ,capta9 ,faulkn]1 :o volunte]$ to accompany ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,"y 9 8 se>* = ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 told u t he det]m9$ to prove exp]im5tally :e!r an ,african elephant c\ld be kill$ by a head %ot1 & t he1 by walk+ close up to !m1 kill$ sev]al 9 t mann]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t he travell$ 9 a new di/rict1 :]e nev] :ite hunt] _h be5 be=e1 & t ! elephants !re 7 ignorant ( _! dang]1 & n prep>$ to meet or avoid x l ^? frequ5t+ ! old hunt+ gr\nds4 ,9 hunt+ ! elephant ! fav\rite %ot ( ! hunt] 9 ,india is t 9 ! head2 b 9 ,africa ?is is seldom successful4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,natal t a p>ty ( sailors 7,lieut4 ,f>ewell's1 we ?9k7 7 *all5g$ to g out ) ! ,zulus to kill an elephant1 *iefly ) ! desire t _! defective weapons or want ( skill w\ld r5d] !m objects ( ridicule to ! natives4 ,nei!r _! c\rage nor _! good =tune1 h[ev]1 fail$ !m2 !y =m$ front z ! elephant came on1 fir$ at ! head1 & kill$ x4 ,9 ,africa1 z we h be=e /at$1 ! dood plek1 or dea? spot1 ( all ! animals ( ! *ase is consid]$ to be beh9d or 9 ! %\ld]2 & 9 ! case ( ! elephant ?is is m>k$ by ! po/]ior & l[] edge ( ! e>1 :i* is s l>ge t 9 a male #aj;ft4 #i;94 high at ! %\ld] ! e> measur$ #e;ft4 #c;94 9 dep? & #c;ft4 #i;94 f front to re>4 ,! ,african elephant is mu* l>g] ?an ! ,indian1 :i* does n av]age m ?an #aj;ft42 :ile "o %ot by a fri5d measur$ #aa;ft4 #h;94 at ! %\ld]1 & probably betwe5 #ab;ft4 & #ac;ft4 at ! highe/ "p ( ! back4 ,mr4 ,pe!rick also tells ( "o #ab;ft4 #d;94 at ! %\ld]1 ) a pair ( tusks weigh+ #adjlb42 & ( ano!r ( #ae;ft4 at ! %\ld]1 ^: pair weigh$ #ajjlb4 ,9 g5]al a bull's tusk w weigh f #eja;b4 to #ijlb41 & a c['s n m ?an #cjlb4 ,! l>ge/ we h ev] se5 weigh$1 "o #aeclb4 & ! o!r #afclb4--#ajjlb4 ,dut* be+ equal to #ajhlb4 ,engli%4 ,! native me?ods ( kill+ ! elephant seem to al>m ! survivors b little1 & w\ld probably nev] drive !m f ! c\ntry2 b s9ce ! introduction ( fire>ms !y h gradually be5 =c$ s f> t[>ds ! int]ior t x is difficult to believe t h]ds ( !m _h once br[s$ on ! slopes ( ,table ,m\nta94 ,a few are left 9 ! d5se =e/s ( ! ,kuysna1 :]e !y may n be %ot )\t special p]mission1 & "s 9 ! ,addo & ,sundays ,riv] ,bu%1 betwe5 ,algoa ,bay & ,graham/[n1 & x w be long ere !y are ?or\ghly extirpat$ f ! c\ntry to ! nor?w>d ( ,natal2 b 9 ! di/rict ( ,lake ,ngami !y are becom+ sc>ce1 & ! hunt]s f ,walvis* ,bay h to g ye>ly mu* f>!r to ! nor?w>d1 & foll[ !m to new di/ricts4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! waggons ( ! hunt]s h to be fitt$ out = ! season's j\rney l %ips = a long voyage4 ,groc]ies & meal mu/ be pur*as$ be=e />t+4 ,if bread %\ld be desir$1 corn may 9 g5]al be b\ght = beads1 & fle% w be suppli$ by sp>e cattle1 %eep1 or goats1 driv5 ) ! waggons1 or by ! hunt]'s rifle4 ,( work+ ox5 !re mu/ be a suffici5t numb] to replace ^? t die f ! deadly /+ ( ! tsetse1 or o!r causes2 & ! /ud %\ld also be num]\s en\gh to all[ = ! ravages ( ! horse sickness1 = exhau/ion1 & = casualties 9 ! field4 ,a salt$ horse--i4e41 "o t has recov]$ f ! sickness1 & is1 !re=e1 suppos$ n to be liable to x aga9--is wor? any money2 b ?is dep5ds mu* on ! locality1 = if a horse t has pass$ ! ordeal 9 a di/rict :]e ! sickness is 9 a mild =m be tak5 to "o :]e x is m sev]e he is liable aga9 to disease & dea?4 ,! ,we/]n negroes are v +5i\s & clev] 9 hunt+ elephants4 ,! h]ds are wat*$ = weeks1 _! haunts are asc]ta9$1 _! pa?s c>efully trac$1 & ! possibility ( cat*+ !m 91 or driv+ !m to1 ! ?icke/ p>ts ( ! =e/ debat$ on2 !n ! bu% v9es1 monkey ropes1 lianas1 or b9dwe$ are cut1 s z n q to fall1 b to hang loosely f ! bran*es4 ,"s ( ! pa?s are block$ by trees fell$ across !m2 o!rs are left op5 z entrances & o!rs z escapes2 & 9 ^! la/1 :]e two /\t trees1 ) conv5i5tly =k$ bran*es1 n>r[ ! pass betwe5 !m1 a heavy beam1 pi]c$ ) sev]al holes1 into :i* spe>-heads are ins]t$ & tightly w$g$1 is rais$1 s z to hang z high z possible directly across ! pa?2 a /\t rope at ea* end ( ! beam is loop$ ov] ! %ort ?ick end ( a pole1 :i* re/s on a =k$ bran*1 & ( :i* ! long] end is held d[n by ano!r rope atta*$ to a peg /uck into ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ! tree1 ! imm5se lev]age af=d$ by ! long] arm mak+ x easy = a small /ra9 to keep x d[n1 & ! %ort] end po9t$ up1 s t ! loop _c slip (f4 ,:5 all is ready ano!r l9e1 ab\t #af;94 f ! gr\nd1 is /ret*$ f peg to peg across ! pa?4 ,! =e/ is !n surr\nd$1 ! elephants di/urb$ ) l\d noises1 driv5 f _! fav\rite haunts1 & =c$ to take refuge 9 ! ?icke/ =e/2 & "h m51 previ\sly /ation$ 9 ! trees1 cut ! rema9+ bu% v9es1 & let ! tangle fall l a bo>d+ nett+ among & ar\nd ! elephants2 spe>s & assegais are also hurl$ d[n on !m at e opportunity4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a s]vice ( great dang]1 = ! p]secut$ animal1 ) 8 f>-rea*+ trunk1 may seize ! ne>e/ hunt] & da% him to jelly aga9/ a tree1 or trample him to dea?4 ,b :ile ?us engag$1 ! o!rs cut & let fall m tangle1 & drive d[n ^u him _! broad-blad$ spe>s until he s9ks exhau/$2 :ile o!rs t break away are driv5 ) l\d %\ts into ! op5+s t gradually n>r[ z ! pa?s approa* ! beam falls 7contrivances mu* l ^? us$ 9 ! capture ( ! hippopotamus71 :]e at ! next /ep ! elephant mu/ trip ! horizontal l9e1 draw out or break ! pegs1 release ! lev] ends ( ! long trigg]s1 & ! next mom5t1 ) w\nd$ body & disabl$ sp9e1 lie wri?+ 9 ! p[] ( 8 enemies1 "s ( :om1 if !y approa* too closely 8 p[]ful wide-sweep+ trunk1 may yet1 h[ev]1 pay de>ly = _! victory4 ,x is =tunate1 p]haps1 t ne>ly all occupations necess>y = ! obta9m5t ( animal food 9 a wild c\ntry n only entail ! necessity = ! exp5diture ( suffici5t physical =ce to s]ve z heal?ful ex]cise1 b also af=d enjoym5t en\gh to induce m5 to engage 9 !m4 ,x might be %[n t ev5 ! daily lab\r ( ! me*anic is n always ! exception to ?is rule4 ,b = ! pres5t purpose x is en\gh t ! *ase1 besides supply+ food & raim5t to savages & semi-b>b>\s tribes f ! remote/ antiquity till n[1 has always possess$ su* *>ms = ! vigor\s & heal?y man rejoic+ 9 8 /r5g?1 & pr\d ( ! opportunity ( display+ x1 t n only ! savage1 confid5t 9 8 p]sonal address1 & ! support ( 8 fell[-hunt]s1 exults 9 op5 battle ) ! fi]ce/ animals2 9 trials ( spe$ & endurance ) ! fleete/2 or ( pati5ce & wat*ful skill 9 ensn>+ ! mo/ w>y4 ,b our own c\ntrym51 l$ by ! love ( adv5ture & excitem5t1 w leave beh9d ! luxuries ( civilis$ life1 & *e]fully endure ! privations ( a toilsome j\rney = ! m]e *ance ( engag+ s+le-h&$ ) "s fi]ce creature :i*1 ) _! inf]ior weapons1 a :ole tribe ( natives w\ld f9d x difficult to subdue4 ,nor is ?is love ( excitem5t & adv5ture to be class$ ) ! cold-blood$ cruelty s (t5 attribut$ to hunt]s4 ,! battue sy/em1 by :i* h]ds ( timid1 helpless animals are driv5 f all qu>t]s into an inclosure be=e "s pot5tate--:o sits 9 safety 9 8 gall]y ) ready-load$ rifles1 h&$ to him by obsequi\s att5dants1 :o score (f ! hundr$s he has sla9--we surr5d] freely to ! reproa* & reprobation x des]ves4 ,!re may be enjoym5t 9 :olesale slaught]1 b ! _s t c\ld f9d x is n ( ! sort :i* urg$ a "y milit>y fri5d ( ours to *ase f\r lions across ! pla9s ne> ,bloem ,fonte91 & to regret only t 8 horse fail$ to br+ him to close qu>t]s be=e !y ga9$ ! %elt] ( ! brok5 rocky hills4 ,( c\rse !re are but*]s :o1 :5 animals happ5 to be pl5tiful & easy ( approa*1 w kill = ! m]e pleasure ( boa/+ ( ! numb]s !y h %ot2 b ! true sportsman w\ld turn disgu/$ f su* facile slaught]4 ,"s ex]cise ( skill1 endurance1 & m or less p]sonal risk1 is necess>y to 8 enjoym5t2 & :5 to 8 ard\r = ! *ase he adds ! accompli%m5ts ( ! arti/1 ! naturali/1 & ! geograph]1 he des]ves ! praise in/ead ( ! reproa* ( ^? :o sit at home at ease1 & _c ent] into ! en?usiasm :i* alone has enabl$ him to endure privation & conqu] difficulty1 in/ead ( turn+ we>y & defeat$ f ! h>d%ips ( travel4 ,all travell]s1 & _m mission>ies 9 ,africa1 are f *oice or necessity hunt]s--& ^? :o d n desire 9 "s way to improve ! opportunities ca/ 9 _! way are few 9 numb]--& if !y enjoy ! task ( kill+ savage animals :i*1 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity1 _h bett] be ?9n$ (f1 ! cattle f>m]s1 ! agriculturi/s1 or ! hungry natives1 z !y satisfy _! crav+s = animal food1 w ?ank !m1 & hail ! hunt]s z fri5ds 9 ne$4 ,! ,cape f>m]1 :e!r ,engli% or ,dut*1 is seldom s spiritless z n to enjoy ! hunt+ ( 8 own lions1 & ! av5g+ ) 8 own h& ! depr$ations on 8 cattle4 ,) game m wor?y ( 8 lead1 ! ,dut* coloni/ works m me?odically2 & ?\gh 9 g5]al he exhibits b little ( ! da% & recklessness *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% (fic]1 he lacks n c\rage or det]m9ation :5 occasion calls x =?4 ,lion hunt+4 ,:5 x becomes kn[n t a lion has e/abli%$ himself 9 ! vic9ity1 & 8 depr$ations become annoy+ to ! cattle own]s1 8 spoor or trail is tak5 up & foll[$ z f> z prud5t t[>ds 8 lair2 ?is asc]ta9$1 a c\ncil is held z to ! be/ means ( dislodg+ him & br++ him into position to receive ! fire ( ! hunt]s4 ,if !re be natural %elt] s mu* ! bett]2 if n1 ! horses are fa/5$ toge!r 9 l9e1 &1 held by ! aft] rid]s or ,hott5tot s]vants1 are back$ d[n s ne> z to af=d ! m>ksman an opportunity ( a fair %ot2 "o or m1 :o c be implicitly reli$ on = c]ta9ty ( aim & /ead9ess ( h& 9 ! mom5t ( p]il1 are *os5 to res]ve _! fire 9 case ! re/ %\ld miss1 & ! o!rs are told (f to fire 9 regul> ord]4 ,! m>ksman1 edg+ a little cle> ( ! %elt] ( ! horses1 sits d[n1 re/s 8 elb[s on 8 knees1 &1 grasp+ 8 ramrod z an additional support1 takes z delib]ate an aim z circum/ances p]mit at ! lion1 aim+ to hit him1 if possible1 9 ! brea/2 = x is seldom t ! animal1 :5 ?us be>d$ 9 8 d51 refuses to face 8 foe1 or expose 8 %\ld]s to ! deadly missile4 ,possibly1 he lies ) head ext5d$ =w>d1 s t x w\ld be useless to fire at ! slop+ skull2 & x is likely also t ! =e-paws s cov] ! *e/ t !re is ! *ance1 by break+ "o ( !m1 ( some:at crippl+1 b at ! same "t provok+ him to a headlong *>ge1 9 ! fury ( :i* ev5 ! loss ( a =e-paw w\ld be unhe$$1 & w\ld dim9i% b little 8 p[] ( do+ mis*ief4 ,suppose him irritat$ by a pa9ful w\nd1 ) a ro> l ?und] he b\nds =w>d1 & ! inexp]i5c$ h&s1 if any su* !re be1 dis*>ge _! guns z he comes on2 b !re are always "s cool-head$ fell[s :o "k t )9 ab\t five & tw5ty y>ds he w /op & ga!r 8 en]gies = a f9al spr+4 ,delib]ate z ! ,dut*man is1 he kn[s :5 "t is preci\s2 ! heavy ro] is /eadily align$1 &1 if ! aim be true1 ! mon>* ( ! =e/ falls dead ^u ! spot1 or1 collect+ 8 la/ en]gies1 spr+s ^u ! horses4 ,n[ is ! "t = ! res]ve4 ,at a glance he takes 9 ! exig5cies ( ! situation1 he /eps aside = a cle> view1 8 bullet cru%es ?r\gh skull or %\ld]1 & ! fi]ce animal falls helpless to ! gr\nd4 ,! re/less /e$s are br\ght aga9 to quietude1 ! visitors ga!r r\nd ! pro/rate foe1 exam9e ! p]=ations1 & adjudge to ea* ! m]it ( 8 respective %ot4 ,n always1 h[ev]1 is ! affair s happily end$4 ,9 #ahej1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! ,orange ,riv] ,sov]eignty1 n[ ! ,free ,/ate1 on our way to ,vaal ,riv]1 we he>d ( a conte/ t _h ne>ly prov$ fatal to a brave old bo] & 8 no less gallant nephew2 & z we soon aft] became acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! witnesses & actors 9 ! sc5e1 & saw ! horses deeply scor$ by five %>p talons on ei!r qu>t]1 we h no hesitation 9 relat+ x4 ,! lion1 aft] receiv+ ! fire ( ! uncle1 _h sprung ^u him1 knock$ him d[n1 & lay ^u him1 gl>+ defiance at 8 enemies4 ,! "y man1 confid5t ( 8 skill & /ead9ess ( h&1 boldly advanc$ close up to him1 set 8 ,sneid] or hair trigg]1 & aim$ delib]ately at ! =ehead2 "o g5tle t\* ( ! =ef+]1 & in/ead ( ! expect$ dea? %ot1 ! hamm] fell into half-cock4 ,aga9 he prov$ ! edge ( 8 fl9t1 set 8 hair trigg]1 & aga9 & aga9 x fail$ him4 ,! lion 0 gr[+ re/less2 8 tru/$ weapon 0 useless 9 8 h&4 ,:at wond] t 8 c\rage fail$1 &1 da%+ x to ! e>?1 he turn$ & fl$4 ,9 an in/ant ! lion 0 ^u him1 & he 9 8 turn lay helpless b5ea? ! mon/]'s weight4 ,= "s "t he wait$ pati5tly1 expect+ 8 comrades to fire2 b only "o ( !m rais$ 8 gun1 & t b>rel wav]$1 s t ! re/ begg$ him n to fire4 ,! uncle rose1 & cat*+ up 8 gun ha/5$ to ! rescue1 b x _h be5 dis*>g$2 & ) 8 brok5 arm he attempt$ 9 va9 to load x4 ,! "y man advis$ 8 comrades1 & !n entreat$ !m to come on & %oot ! lion :ile he 0 yet quiet en\gh to give !m a good *ance2 b !y came n4 ,he curs$ !m = a set ( c[>ds4 ,next he curs$ ! lion1 & 9 ! recklessness ( despair he kick$ him4 ,! a/oni%$ bea/ turn$ r\nd & seiz$ ! left knee1 b ?is 0 a false move1 = ! "y bo] n[ drove 8 "r foot s vigor\sly & rapidly into ! expos$ flank t ! lion />$ ar\nd him 9 bewild]m5t1 & f9ally walk$ (f1 leav+ ! "y fell[ lam$ only = a "t4 ,ab\t ! same "t we became acqua9t$ ) a "y bo]1 :o1 :ile ly+ 9 ! p[] ( ! lion1 _h be5 s mangl$ t !re 0 n suffici5t muscle left ^u 8 "r arm to enable him to raise x )\t ! assi/ance ( 8 left4 ,no "o c\ld see him advance to give 8 h& )\t a feel+ ( pity1 yet 8 grip 0 z he>ty z ev]2 & :5 8 f+]s clos$ ^u ! gun/ock1 ! ne$ful /r5g? to raise x to ! %\ld] seem$ to return4 ,& not)/&+ 8 mis=tune no man 0 readi] or bold] 9 ! hunt+ field4 ,( ! me?od adopt$ by ,engli% hunt]s1 s _m illu/rative anecdotes are be=e ! public1 t 9 our limit$ range x is difficult to select "o t %all be new &1 at ! same "t1 suffici5tly /rik+ to arre/ att5tion4 ,g5]ally1 if ! c\ntry is tol]ably op51 two or ?ree g5tlem51 ) _! native s]vants1 & p]haps a few dogs1 to di/ract ! att5tion ( ! lion1 w ride up1 & "o1 *eck+ 8 horse z he passes1 w fire f ! saddle1 />t+ =w>d if ! lion spr+s1 & tru/+ to 8 comrades to relieve him4 ,among ! ,bu%m5 ! lion is n mu* hunt$2 9 fact1 "s ( !m seem to look ^u him z an involunt>y b5efactor1 :o1 aft] he has kill$ 8 prey1 w c]ta9ly let "s rema9 = !m1 & may1 p]haps1 be sc>$ f 8 repa/1 s z to leave !m all4 ,sometimes1 p]haps1 !y v5ture1 if annoy$ by "o ( m5-eat+ prop5sities1 to track him to 8 lair1 & z he lies 9 dreamy enjoym5t aft] a full meal1 to lodge a poison$ arr[ 9 8 side4 ,b 9 g5]al !y pref] to enli/ ! :ite man 9 _! cause1 p>tly because !y "k 8 weapons to be m in/antane\sly effective1 & p>tly because !y are sure he w rew>d !m = %[+ him ! sport4 ,! feat ( ,gordon ,cumm+ deliv]+ a village f ! p]secution ( a pair ( man-eat]s1 by kill+ !m bo? ) two %ots f 8 d\ble-b>rel gun 0 /ill talk$ ( by ! natives :5 we 7 9 ! ,sov]eignty4 ,! g5]al introduction ( fire>ms among ! half-ca/es & ! native tribes has r5d]$ obsolete _m ( _! cu/oms1 & x is n[ r>e ev5 9 ,africa to see "s ( ! weapons !y =m]ly us$2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! long spe>s ) :i* ! ,kafirs attack$ ! hippopotamus or elephant4 ,b a lion hunt on fair & op5 gr\nd1 by a tribe ( savage w>riors1 mu/ h be5 an excit+ sc5e4 ,) !m ! prep>atory track+ up & ga!r+ ( in=mation ess5tial to ! ,engli% hunt] are ne$less2 ! haunts & habits ( ! lion !y int5d to hunt h long be5 too famili> to !m4 ,! hunt]s ) _! nak$ bodies fre% ano9t$1 & li! & well-turn$ limbs1 assemble ar\nd ) light assegais or javel9s1 & ) long /icks tuft$ ) black o/ri* fea!rs4 ,a few fe9ts & false attacks are made1 & ! lion is drawn or driv5 f 8 cov]s to ! op5 pla94 ,n[ ! fight beg9s4 ,encircl$ by ! active w>riors ! lion /&s at bay1 p]plex$ & baffl$ by _! rapid *ange ( place1 & p]haps some:at confus$ by %\ts f e qu>t]4 ,at l5g? ! irritat$ bea/ exposes himself to ! attack4 ,"s bold w>rior ru%es pa/ & d>ts 8 assegai1 escap+ if he c1 :ile ! manoeuvre is repeat$ by ! next4 ,n all are ?us successful4 ,! w\nd$ animal *>ges furi\sly1 b 9 ! mom5t ( extreme p]il ! native /rikes 8 plum$ /aff into ! gr\nd1 &1 be=e ev5 ! quick eye ( ! lion c detect ! *eat1 d>ts (f 9 ano!r direction1 driv+ home1 p]haps1 ano!r assegai z he passes4 ,_m1 p]haps1 are w\nd$2 b unless he does x at a /roke ! lion has no "t to kill1 = he is already bri/l+ l a porcup9e ) spe>s1 & "o mom5t ( inaction w\ld expose him to ! fatal %[] t w\ld p\r 9 ^u him f e side4 ,8 fate soon] or lat] is seal$2 :atev] way he *>ges 8 foes elude him2 w\nd aft] w\nd exhau/s 8 /r5g?1 till1 ble$+ & helpless1 he s9ks ^u ! gr\nd1 & 8 sk9 & paws are borne 9 triumph to ! *ief2 :ile ! wom5 ( ! kraal1 ) clapp+ ( h&s & extempor>y songs ( triumph1 welcome & congratulate ! victors4 ,! elephant1 un=tunately = 8 love ( ease & indol5ce1 or p]haps r quiet & undi/urb$ enjoym5t1 is end[$ ) _m qualities :i* (f] peculi> temptations to 8 app>5tly contemptible1 yet 9 reality =midable1 enemies4 ,to savage tribes ! am\nt ( fle% acquir$ by ! de/ruction ( an elephant is a suffici5t inducem5t = a small tribe to lab\r 9 digg+ pitfalls1 or unite 9 ! attempt to we>y out & irritate him almo/ to dea? by numb]less light javel9s1 till "s "o1 bold] or m =tunate ?an ! re/1 is able to approa* & drive ! l>g] spe> ) skill & /r5g? suffici5t to give a deadly w\nd4 ,to ! ard5t sportsman1 :o is also a clev] arti/ & lov] ( nature1 ! m]e act ( engag+ ) & conqu]+ s+le-h&$ ?is gigantic animal1 af=ds an almo/ deliri\s excitem5t4 ,b beyond all o!r consid]ations1 ! p>am\nt inducem5t to trad]s1 hunt]s1 & ev5 to natives among :om :ite m5 h already p5etrat$1 is t1 l ! greate/ ( m>9e animals1 ! :ale1 he c>ries ab\t him t :i* may be made pr(itable 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 & ?us repay ! hunt] = ! lab\r ( de/roy+ him4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! elephant ?is inducem5t is ! ivory1 ) :i* 9 ,africa bo? males & females are provid$2 :ile 9 ,india ! hunt]s f9d ! females )\t tusks1 & ! males s frequ5tly s t pr(it f ?is s\rce r>ely ent]s into ! sportsman's calculations1 nev]!less1 great numb]s are annually kill$ 9 ,ceylon & o!r p>ts ( ! ,indian ,empire4 ,x requires a k ( ! imm5se damage a s+le elephant is capable ( do+ among ! cane or gra9 fields ( ! natives to induce ^? :o _c ent] into ! en?usiasm ( ! sportsman1 to return a v]dict ( ju/ifiable elephanticide4 ,tig]s1 pan!rs1 leop>ds1 pumas1 c41 are tak5 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! =m] animals1 z we h be=e /at$1 are captur$ 9 l>ge cage traps fitt$ ) drop doors & trigg] lev]s1 :i* are ?r[n out ( ge> :5 ! animal seizes a bait susp5d$ f !m4 ,! ,malays are v skilful 9 sett+ traps ( ?is description4 ,! sy/ems adopt$ 9 %oot+ ! l>ge animals ( prey j m5tion$ 9 ! jungles ( ! f> ,ea/ are too well kn[n to ne$ description "h4 ,!y may be said ma9ly to consi/ 9 %oot+ f a h[dah plac$ on an elephant's back2 %oot+ on foot1 aid$ by beat]s2 wat*+ a live or dead bait f a mee*aum or scaffold+ erect$ 9 a tree2 or %oot+ at night f ! rifle pit1 aft] ! mann] already describ$4 ,to hunt antelopes by ! aid ( tam$ leop>ds1 or to take de] ) ! be>coot1 or hunt+ eagle1 x is necess>y to secure ! s]vices ( a regul> /aff ( native hunt]s1 keep]s1 & track]s--9 fact1 a ret9ue :i* few m]e travell]s c\ld support4 ,sword hunt+1 z practis$ by ! inhabitants ( ! ,abyss9ian bord]s1 is a pursuit requir+ m ?an ord9>y skill & adroitness--9 %ort1 almo/ a lifetime may be pass$ 9 fruitlessly endeav\r+ to successfully imitate ! feats ( ! ,aggage]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m weapons & hunt+ appliances us$ 9 wild c\ntries :i* ! travell] w d well to famili>ise himself )4 ,! spe>1 ! b[ & arr[1 ! sl+1 ! lasso1 ! bolas1 ! sumpitan or bl[ pipe1 & ! club1 may z make%ifts /& him 9 good /ead4 ,a k ( ! use ( ! boom]ang w\ld be extremely valuable2 b we h nev] kn[n a :ite man :o c\ld ?r[ x ev5 passably well4 ,! spe>1 z ca/ f ! wom]a1 or ?r[+ /ick1 is ano!r weapon m>vell\sly accurate1 long-rang$1 & deadly 9 ! h&s ( ! black fell[1 b resolves itself into a m]e %>p po9t$ /ick :5 ! ,european attempts to use x4 ,x is mu* ! same ) ! ,kafir assegai4 ,v few ,engli%m5 le>n to use x well1 :il/ ! natives hurl x ) a/oni%+ =ce & precision4 ,!re are calls1 too1 :i* are successfully us$ by ! natives ( _m c\ntries = attract+ game to ! lurk+ place ( ! sportsman4 ,! bir* b>k call+ trumpet ( ! ,am]ican & ,canadian moose hunt] is an example ( ^!2 b practice alone w enable ! travell] to use x successfully4 ,pitfalls4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,africa excel 9 ! con/ruction ( pitfalls1 & !re is sc>cely a tribe1 ) ! exception ( ! pa/oral ,kafirs on ! fronti]1 or ! half-ca/es1 :o possess fire>ms1 t does n m or less supply itself ) wild fle% 9 ?is mann]4 ,! tools us$ 9 s9k+ pitfalls resemble *isels1 p]haps a h& bread? broad1 & #h;94 or #a;ft4 long2 ^! are set 9 /\t h&les #f;ft4 or m 9 l5g?1 & us$ 9 a mann] t may be und]/ood aft] a glance at ! beautiful gr\p ( ,mi*ael ov]?r[+ ,satan4 ,! pits w be #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 wide1 & m ?an #h;ft4 deep1 b !y tap] w$ge-l t[>ds ! bottom1 :i* is only a few in*es wide1 ! int5tion be+ t an antelope or o!r animal %all jam 8 body immovably betwe5 ! sides be=e he c t\* ! bottom ) 8 feet4 ,ab\t ! c5tre ! pit is cross$ by a wall ( ! h>d soil1 rea*+ ab\t half-way to ! top1 & left /&+ = ! purpose ( cat*+ any animal t1 hav+ once fall5 91 is able to spr+ =w>d1 & ( hold+ him helplessly susp5d$ by ! belly4 ,! top is c>efully cov]$ ) small /icks1 ov] :i* re$s or grass are laid1 & e>? du/$ ov] ! :ole z naturally z possible4 ,a little wat] is !n spr9kl$ ov] all to equalise ! surface4 ,( c\rse ?is has to be v arti/ically done to deceive ! timid game2 !re=e !re is no wond] t a m\nt$ hunt]1 or ev5 a travell] on foot1 %\ld occasionally fall 94 ,sometimes1 to insure ! capture ( ! animal1 a small hole1 also c>efully cov]$1 is made j be=e "o end ( ! pit1 & ! creature /umbl+ 9 ?is1 leaps =w>d & precipitates itself into ! true sn>e4 ,we h on ?ree occasions fall5 into su* pits 7unprovid$ ) ! little hole la/ m5tion$1 :i* might h prov$ a w>n+ to a man1 :o1 if possible1 w\ld in/9ctively /ep backw>d71 & once _h consid]able difficulty 9 gett+ out1 because1 ow+ to ! w$ge-%ap$ =m1 our hips 7 tightly jamm$ betwe5 ! sides1 :ile our feet c\ld n rea* ! bottom2 b1 by vigor\sly /ick+ our elb[s into ! sides above1 we at l5g? extricat$ our l[] extremities4 ,a fell[ hunt] _h a m dang]\s adv5ture ?an ?is2 = ! "o t he fell into _h ?ree /akes1 t w\ld c]ta9ly h impal$ an antelope1 fix$ upright 9 x2 b =tunately a man goes /raight d[n feet =emo/1 & seldom or nev] falls l5g?wise4 ,^! pits = s+le animals1 h[ev]1 are b petty affairs comp>$ ) ! ext5sive hopo or tellekello f5ces1 built = ! purpose ( inclos+ l>ge h]ds ( game1 t are ei!r driv5 dur+ ! day by ext5d$ l9es ( m5 f all qu>t]s into ! wide entrance1 or sudd5ly f9d !mselves =c$ into x :5 !y come by night to dr9k at ! wat]2 9 ei!r case ! space betwe5 ! f5ces n>r[s rapidly1 funnelwise1 ! f5ces !mselves be+ made /rong] 9 proportion to ! dim9ution ( ! space betwe5 !m1 until ?is becomes little m ?an a n>r[ lane1 & ! f5ces assume ! proportions ( palisades1 high & /rong en\gh to prev5t ! escape ev5 ( ! l>ge animals t cr[d into x4 ,at ! end ( ?is passage is a l[ f5ce1 p>tially conceal+ f view ! yawn+ pit beyond1 ! app>5t size ( :i* is dim9i%$ by beams & poles s laid z to cov] a consid]able portion ( ea* side1 & ?us r5d]+ x impossible = any animal attempt+ to spr+ out to make 8 escape4 ,we h (t5 se5 ^! f5ces2 b ! ,bu%m5 w v seldom get up a drive :5 :ite hunt]s are 9 ! vic9ity1 pref]r+1 v naturally1 to eat game :i*1 ) v little tr\ble to !mselves1 has be5 %ot by ! ,european or ! coloni/1 r ?an to assemble _! tribe & be on wat* all night at ! tellekello4 ,on occasions su* z we h ref]r$ to1 ! wide/ op5+ ( ! f5ces is kept z ne> z possible to ! pool or riv] :]e ! wild game comes to dr9k1 )\t encroa*+ s f> z to int]f]e ) _! free access to ! wat]4 ,! ,bu%m5 dig holes outside ! f5ce1 make 9 !m l>ge fires ( h>d wood1 & cov] ! /ill gl[+ emb]s ) dry e>?1 :i* absorbs a great am\nt ( heat1 & gives x out gradually dur+ ! night to ^? :o come to sleep1 or at lea/ to lie d[n & wat* beside x4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !y fa%ion a numb] ( tor*es ( "s dry light wood1 pref]r+ t ( a dead baobab2 & at night1 :5 ! h]ds come d[n to qu5* _! ?ir/1 !y draw _! cordon r\nd 9 re> ( !m1 light _! tor*es1 &1 wav+ !m 9 ! air1 ru% =w>d ) wild ge/iculations & l\d outcries4 ,sometimes ! l>g] animals1 su* z ! black rh9oc]os1 or o!rs1 in/ead ( submitt+ to be driv51 w endeav\r to break ?r\gh ! f5ce1 b ! active ,bu%m5 sw>m along ! outside1 & meet e attempt by wav+ _! blaz+ tor*es1 or ?r[+ !m 9 ! faces ( ! animals2 at l5g? ! h]d cr[d$ toge!r comes to ! n>r[+ neck ( ! funnel4 ,! height & /r5g? ( ! palisade =bids all hope ( escape2 ! natives1 wild ) delight1 are %\t+ & press+ on _! re>1 !y ru% ?und]+ on to ! n>r[e/ "p1 ! slight f5ce :i* hides ! pit f view is easily leap$1 o!rs foll[1 bl9dly pu%$ on by ! cr[d 9 ! re>1 until at l5g? ! pit is fill$ ) p]haps "o or two hundr$ animals1 wri?+1 /ruggl+1 & suffocat+1 & moreov] bruis$ & /unn$ by ! ho(s ( ^? :i* ru% madly on1 seek+ to escape ov] !m4 ,! ,bu%m5 n[ assemble ne> ! pass & /ab ) _! assegais1 z _m z !y c1 b ^! are few 9 comp>ison2 & :5 ! pit is once fill$1 ! escape ( ! majority ( ^? t rema9 is tol]ably c]ta94 ,tsetse fly4 ,! mo/ s]i\s imp$im5t :i* /&s 9 ! ,african hunt]'s road to success is ! tsetse fly1 :i* haunts ! =e/s & ! banks ( /reams 9 _m p>ts ( s\!rn & subtropical ,africa4 ,horses & dogs are also liable to be fatally affect$2 b m51 mules1 & donkeys1 z well z %eep or goats & wild animals1 are n injur$4 ,:5 cattle are bitt5 by ! fly1 z ?is dread$ pe/ is call$1 p> em95ce1 !y beg9 to lose condition1 ! coat ceases to be sleek & glossy1 & 9 a p]iod1 proportion$ to ! sev]ity or numb] ( ! bites1 g5]ally f twelve h\rs to a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 or ev5 a mon?1 ! animals die4 ,if ! tsetse infe/$ di/rict is n l>ge1 x is mu* bett] to make ! circuit ( x1 or to pass ?r\gh x 9 ! night4 ,we h se5 a horse ?us tak5 ?r\gh ! belt on ! %ores ( ! ,zambesi z a pres5t = ,tekalatu4 ,he w\ld be t[$ by a canoe across ! broad riv]1 & hurri$ on to a place ( security be=e ! morn+4 ,! fly1 z may be suppos$ f ^! rem>ks1 is v local4 ,"o ( ! ,transvaal republicans told u t a mimosa tree1 ) bright yell[ b>k 7probably ! sweet gum71 0 "o tol]ably c]ta9 indication ( its habitat2 b x is be/ to inquire ( ! natives :at are its p>ticul> limits1 & especially to le>n :e!r ! tribes 9 advance keep cattle or dogs1 & if !y d n1 to ask :y s4 ,h !y possess$ cattle1 & be5 plund]$ ( !m1 or c !y n keep !m because ( ! proximity ( ! fly8 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! ox5 mu/ be kept beyond ! b\nds2 b mules or donkeys may be us$ ) safety4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ?is pe/ are well def9$2 & we h he>d ! ,dut* coloni/s speak ( ,de ,kant van de ,vleig51 or ! edge ( ! flies1 ) z mu* precision z a municipal (fic] 9 def9+ ! b\nd>y ( 8 p>i%4 ,frequ5tly "o side ( a waggon road w be spok5 ( z infe/$1 :ile ! o!r is safe2 & sometimes ! hunt]s speak ( rid+ up to ! edge ( ! fly1 & go+ 9 on foot to %oot game4 ,:e!r ! r m ?an half-reason+ elephants "k t ! fly kills horses or n1 we _c und]take to say2 b !y c]ta9ly connect ! idea ( comp>ative security ) ! fly c\ntry1 j z an ,au/ralian horse kn[s t ! /ocky>d is ! only place 9 :i* he is nev] flogg$1 & retreats to x :5ev] he he>s ! crack+ ( ! dread$ /ock :ip4 ,t ! fly is local !re c be no d\bt2 & ! only *ance1 s f> z we h he>d1 ( ?is pe/ be+ f\nd out ( its prop] di/rict1 is t a h]d ( buffaloes or o!r game may be *as$ to "s di/ance1 & c>ry ! fly ) !m2 b if !y rema9 long ! insect w leave !m & return to its prop] range4 ,illu/ration3 #a1 #b ,! fly1 a little m ?an half an in* long & m sl5d] 9 proportion ?an a common h\se fly 7! illu/rations giv5 bel[1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 give ! true size & an enl>g$ view ( ! insect71 hov]s /eadily ov] ! devot$ cattle ) a peculi>ly rapid motion ( ! w+s4 ,to speak ei!r ( its bite or its /+ w\ld convey an errone\s idea2 x seems to pi]ce ! sk91 & dilute ! blood x wi%es to dr9k by ! injection ( a fluid1 j z ! mosquito does2 ! surplus liquid m+les fatally ) ! blood4 ,we believe nei!r goats nor %eep are injur$ by ! virus4 ,! pi]c+ app>atus mu/ be ( consid]able l5g?1 z ! insect w p5etrate a pilot coat & full suit ( und]clo?+2 ! puncture leaves no subsequ5t pa9 l t ( a mosquito1 b is />tl+ en\gh at ! mom5t4 ,! description ( ! fly may be ?us summ$ up3 ,! abdom5 is m>k$ ) transv]se /ripes ( yell[ & d>k *esnut1 fad+ t[>ds ! back1 & imp>t+ ! appe>ance ( a longitud9al /ripe ( yell[ d[n ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,! belly is a livid :ite2 dusky glassy-br[n w+s fold+ ov] ea* o!r2 eyes1 br[ni% purple4 ,x has six long legs4 ,its proboscis is ab\t "o-six? ( an in* long4 ,x has tufts ( hair on ! body1 :i* are d+ie/ ab\t ! m\?1 on ! back1 & ne> ! tail4 ,x is ke5 ( smell1 quick ( sight1 & its flight is rapid & /raight4 ,x is said t a peculi> bre$ ( dogs1 kn[n z ! ,moscoba1 or ,byly dogs1 rema9 exempt f injury1 f hav+ f "t immemorial be5 re>$ 9 ! fly di/rict1 & escap$ a c[-milk diet z ! natives say4 ,x has no injuri\s effect ^u game :atsoev]4 ,! ,cape ,colony1 ! ,free ,/ate1 ,kafirl&1 ,natal1 & mo/ ( ! ,transvaal ,republic1 z well z ,namaqua & ,dam>a l&--! ,kalih>i ,des]t & ! des]t betwe5 ! ,bo-tlt-le & ,zambesi riv]s--may be reg>d$ 7speak+ g5]ally7 z cle> ( ! fly1 b ! hunt]s on ! v>i\s tribut>ies ( ! ,limpopo suff]$ v heavy losses2 & ,mr4 ,coqui & p>ty1 :o travell$ f ,orig/adt to ,delagoa ,bay1 lo/ all _! cattle1 we believe1 f ! tsetse1 n f> f ! la/-nam$ place4 ,:5 travell]s fir/ began to f9d _! way to ,lake ,ngami _m1 = want ( local k1 lo/ sometimes half _! cattle4 ,at ,tette1 & ! o!r ,portuguese possessions on ! ,zambesi1 v few cattle & no horses are kept1 b ,s5hor ,pascoal possess$ a few donkeys4 ,! natives 9 ! vic9ity h no cattle4 ,we d n rememb] t we saw ! tsetse !re1 b possibly ?is may h orig9ally prev5t$ _! introduction1 & ! fly may h di$ out 9 places :]e ! wild animals h be5 de/roy$4 ,:5 we travell$ f ,walwis* ,bay1 we fell 9 ) no fly all ! way to ,lake ,ngami1 b turn+ !nce to ! nor?-we/ we fe>$ to pu% too f> to ! nor?w>d1 z ! banks ( ! ,te\ghe1 & probably ! woods "s di/ance f x1 7 kn[n to be infe/$4 ,f ! lake ea/w>d we travell$ 9 comp>ative safety along ! ,bo-tlt-le ,riv]1 & turn$ nor? ov] ! elevat$ riv]less pla9 t[>ds ! ,zambesi4 ,9 ! valley ( t great riv] sy/em we fir/ felt ourselves 9 actual proximity to ! fly4 ,at ,dak1 ! cattle graz$ 9 safety2 b a s]vant1 :o 0 s5t to outspan1 t5 or tw5ty miles to ! we/1 _h to return because he _h got into an infe/$ locality2 & :5 we />t$ ) "o waggon only to visit ! ,falls1 we f\nd t pat*es ( mimosa & o!r =e/s on ! banks ( ! ,matietsie ,riv] 7 also frequ5t$ by ^! little pe/s4 ,we tri$ to save ! ox5 by ru%+ !m pa/ :5ev] ! edge ( ! bu% approa*$ too closely to ! riv]2 b an accid5tal delay expos$ ! cattle to ! fatal influ5ce ( ! tsetse4 ,at ! ,anyati1 or ,buffalo ,riv]1 we _h to leave ! waggon & cattle z ! long b$ or s& hill cov]$ ) mopani & o!r trees1 betwe5 x & ! ,falls1 0 kn[n to be infe/$4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 also on 8 way to ! ,victoria ,falls1 f ,natal1 left 8 waggons 9 ,moselekatses c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( ! fly 9 ! int]v5+ di/ricts1 & made 8 way on foot4 ,a fell[ travell] ( ours _h a safe camp = sev]al mon?s ) cattle at ,boana2 & at ,logi] ,hill on ! ,zambesi 7lat4 #ah #d #eh ,s42 long4 approx4 #bf #ch ,e47 we d n rememb] to h se5 any1 ?\gh we resid$ !re f ,septemb] to ! foll[+ ,febru>y1 9 #ahfb-fc4 ,9 ! p>ts ab\t ,*ob ! fly is f\nd ne> riv]s only1 9 or ne> ri* soils1 & m>%y spots--g5]ally 9 mimosa or mopani =e/s4 ,x sometimes %ifts its position1 & has be5 kn[n to leave a spot :i* has be5 greatly hunt$ ) guns--probably because ! game _h dim9i%$ or left4 ,! foll[+ are ! fir/ symptoms 9 ox5 ( be+ bitt53 ,a swell+ "u ! ?roat1 :i*1 if lanc$1 emits a yell[i% fluid2 ! hair /&s on end or rev]s$2 !y become debilitat$1 & ?\gh ! h]bage is ev] s luxuriant1 refuse to fill !mselves & become v ?92 _! eyes wat]1 & at l5g?1 :5 _! end is approa*+1 a cont9ual rattl+ 9 ! ?roat or *e/ may be he>d a few paces (f4 ,sometimes "o out ( ! numb] recov]s1 b v r>ely1 & only :5 x has no "w to p]=m aft] be+ bitt54 ,horses g5]ally swell ab\t ! eyes1 no/rils1 & te/acles1 :]e1 probably1 ! bites are mo/ num]\s2 ! hair becomes rev]s$1 & p9+ gradually away1 !y die4 ,bo? cattle & horses live f a =tnight to six mon?s aft] be+ bitt51 b g5]ally all die %ortly aft] ! fir/ ra9 falls4 ,aft] dea? ! he>t ( an ox is encas$ 9 a yell[i% & glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* might be mi/ak5 = fat4 ,! fle% is full ( little bladd]s ( wat]1 & ! blood is half wat] at he>t1 :i*1 on cool+1 becomes congeal$ into a yell[ glut9\s sub/ance4 ,! vitals are ( a livid col\r4 ,we d n believe t ! fle% is r5d]$ unfit = food if ! animal be kill$ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 b :5 ! poison has made mu* progress 9 ! blood1 & ! creature becomes mu* out ( condition1 x mu/ ( c\rse be greatly det]iorat$4 ,we d n "k ( any rem$y1 & no c]ta9 prev5tive2 x w\ld be a great boon to travell]s if any composition1 disgu/+ to ! insect1 innoxi\s to ! animal1 & easy ( c>riage & application1 c\ld be discov]$4 ,we h he>d a hunt] propose to t> 8 horse1 & !n ride into ! fly1 & %oot elephants2 & x is suppos$ t ! ano9t+ ( cattle ) _! own excrem5t mix$ ) milk w save !m f be+ bitt51 b bo? ^! exp$i5ts1 beside be+ annoy+ to ! animals1 w\ld be liable to lose _! efficacy 9 a %ort "t4 ,cat*+ cattle4 ,! vang-/ock is g5]ally us$ to slip ! noose ov] ! h9d leg ( an ox unwill+ to be caught4 ,if a turn c be got r\nd ! o!r leg s mu* ! bett]2 ano!r noose is ?r[n ov] 8 horns2 m5 cat* him by ! tail1 ano!r seizes him by ! horns1 us+ !m z lev]s1 &1 ) all 8 memb]s ?us pu%$ & haul$ 9 contr>y directions1 d[n he mu/ g4 ,if he is meant = a waggon ox ! yoke is put ^u 8 neck1 & once fa/ 9 ! middle ( a doz5 well-drill$ yokefell[s 8 /ruggles are unavail+1 & he soon beg9s to feel ! necessity ( tak+ k9dly to 8 "w4 ,if he is want$ = a pack ox1 a hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! c>tilage ( ! nose1 & a small /ick #d;94 or #f;94 long1 ) a =k at "o end l a ,y pu%$ ?r\gh2 ?is s]ves z a bit1 to :i* 8 halt] is made fa/2 a long reim is pass$ v tightly1 ) _m turns1 r\nd 8 body1 "s old sk9s are ti$ ^u 8 back1 & he is =c$ to /& or walk ) ^! = sev]al h\rs4 ,next day heavi] packages are put on1 & he is ?us ex]cis$ till he is well accu/om$ to c>ry a load4 ,! ,kafirs v frequ5tly tie packages ^u ! horns ( _! ox54 ,= rid+ ox51 ^? t seem ( a less greg>i\s or dep5d5t temp]1 & g mo/ freely alone1 are select$1 z !y give less tr\ble to ! rid]4 ,_m ( ! mo/ highly valu$ h loose1 p5d5t horns1 sw++1 l locks ( hair1 ) e motion ( ! head4 ,we believe ?is is mal=mation1 & is produc$ by beat+ & break+ ! core ( ! horn :ile /ill "y4 ,9 rid+1 ! reim is c>ri$ f ! nose-bit ov] ! =ehead1 & ?us ! nose c be j]k$ up into ! air at ! rid]'s pleasure1 or ! animal guid$ by a g5tle pull f side to side4 ,rid+ ox54 ,among completely uncivilis$ ,kafirs or ,hott5tots ! ox is ridd5 ) only a few sk9s la%$ on 8 back1 b aft] communication ) ,europeans !y g5]ally improvise "s sort ( saddle1 p]haps a c\ple ( pads connect$ by /rips ( sk91 or a piece ( sk9 ) ! ends turn$ up t[>ds ! middle & /it*$1 s z to =m two bags1 :i* may be fill$ ei!r ) grass or ) any s(t articles t h to be c>ri$4 ,we h ridd5 ox5 v com=tably ) an ,engli% saddle1 & h us$ spurs1 :i* are well en\gh = g5tle admonition1 b ! sambok1 or hide :ip1 mu/ be at h& z a m conv9c+ argum5t4 ,! armam5t ( a hunt] is exp5sive4 ,a c\ple ( hundr$ p\nds may v easily be sp5t ^u 8 rifles1 )\t subject+ him to ! imputation ( extravagance4 ,he mu/ h 8 good1 /\t1 pla9 gun 7smoo?-bor$7 = g5]al purposes--d\ble-b>rel1 ( elev5 gauge2 !n 8 rifles1 c>ry+ bullets ( f #boz4 to #foz4 ea*2 & mo/ probably "o or m smoo? bores1 ( /ill heavi] metal1 = night %oot+ at close qu>t]s1 :5 extreme accuracy ( aim is n ( mu* importance1 & :]e ! %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em by ! concussion ( a l>ge r\nd bullet :i* bruises ! p>ts ar\nd1 in/ead ( m]ely p5etrat+ !m l ! %>p po9t$ cyl9dro-conical1 is mu* m likely to br+ d[n ! animal be=e he has _h "t to w&] v f> f ! place :]e he 0 %ot4 ,p[d] is requir$ 9 l>ge quantities1 =1 besides be+ always liable to wa/e or injury f damp1 ! load+ ( guns1 ) f #f;drs4 to #aj;drs4 to a *>ge1 ! numb] ( %ots fir$ = practice at ant-hills1 ineffectively 9 ! *ase1 or %ot away by native s]vants1 c\nts = some?+4 ,a lib]al /ock ( %ot ( v>i\s sizes1 caps1 wadd+1 & gun requisites %\ld be laid 94 ,( c\rse !re mu/ be a proportionate am\nt ( m]cury1 t91 or type metal1 to h>d5 ! bullets1 till !y c j be ind5t$ betwe5 ! tee?1 :5 !y are suppos$ to be h>d en\gh1 )\t los+ too mu* ( _! weight4 ,spr+ guns4 ,:5 engag$ 9 hunt+ 9 ! =e/s dur+ ! day1 ! hunt] w n unfrequ5tly f9d x conv5i5t to set ei!r gun or b[ traps = ! purpose ( de/roy+ mis*iev\s & rov+ night pr[l]s4 ,almo/ any old gun or musket1 provid$ t x w g (f :5 ! trigg] is pull$1 & w n bur/ f ! effects ( a good heavy *>ge1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( gun trap we h ev] us$ is =m$ by la%+ a piece ( horn1 bone1 or poli%$ wood1 to ! back ( ! trigg] gu>d ) wax$ ?read1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! trigg] /r+ is !n br\ght back1 pass$ ?r\gh beh9d x1 & l$ =w>d ?r\gh ! ramrod hoops4 ,! gun1 :5 heavily load$1 is la%$ fa/ to "s tree or po/ at a conv5i5t height f ! gr\nd4 ,a /\t =k$ /ick plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t #ah;94 f ! muzzle1 w1 accord+ to its l5g?1 s]ve to regulate ! l9e ( fire to ! height ( ! animal ! trap is int5d$ =4 ,! trap is bait$ ei!r by atta*+ a piece ( meat ( suitable size to ! end ( ! trigg] /r+ 9 su* a way t1 z ! food is seiz$ & dragg$ away1 ! trigg] may be drawn1 & ! gun explod$4 ,:]e jackals or o!r small animals ( prey are abundant1 !y are v apt to spr+ y\r trap & wa/e y\r ammunition4 ,9 ord] to prev5t !m f do+ s1 x is well to =m a sort ( pass or road up to a l>ge bait /ak$ to ! e>? ) crook po/s or pegs1 & !n c>ry y\r trigg] l9e at a slight /ra9 high en\gh = a jackal to g "u x1 b l[ en\gh to be /ruck on ! advance ( a l>g] animal4 ,! out] end mu/ n[ be ti$ fa/ to a tree or po/1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ! opposite page4 ,illu/ration ,"s hunt]s we h kn[n adju/ _! trigg] l9es on ! lev] pr9ciple1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! plan is a good "o = draw+ a trigg] ) a heavy pull2 b we pref] our own plan1 because x is always available4 ,! bit ( horn ne$ nev] be tak5 f ! gu>d :5 once prop]ly secur$ !re4 ,a v good porcup9e trap is made f ! b>rel ( an old cavalry pi/ol1 /apl$ to a block ( wood1 & explod$ by ! fall ( a piece ( old spr+4 ,a little bone peg or sett+ p9 re/s on ! top ( ! b>rel1 & supports ! spr+ until ! /r+ :i* is fa/5$ to ! middle ( ! sett+ p9 is drawn4 ,! lea/ pull on ! /r+ causes ! l[] end ( ! p9 to slip (f ! b>rel1 & all[s ! spr+ to fly %>ply d[n on ! cr[n ( ! nipple4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,porcup9e ,,trap4 ,arr[ traps4 ,b[ & arr[ traps are 9 use 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,*9ese & ,t>t>s are v clev] at con/ruct+ !m4 ,v l>ge & p[]ful cross-b[s1 *>g$ ) poison$ arr[s1 & set mu* aft] ! mann] ( a gun-trap are (t5 us$ = ! de/ruction ( tig]s & o!r animals4 ,l>ge & v /rong bamboo b[s1 *>g$ ) a numb] ( arr[s plac$ 9 a r[1 are set ) a l9e /ret*$ across ! run ( ! animals 9 su* a mann] t a set ( trigg] /icks1 %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 may be act$ on :5 ! l9e is drawn on4 ,illu/ration ,!re is an arr[ trap1 ! ,elg-,l$1 us$ = ! de/ruction ( elk 9 ! =e/s ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,no b[ is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e4 ,! hunt]1 :5 ab\t to set an elg-l$1 seeks = a regul>ly us$ elk track4 ,ea* side ( ?is1 :5 f\nd1 he plants a po/ ab\t #d;ft4 9 height1 l ! po/s ( a gate4 ,at ab\t #f;ft4 f "o ( ! po/s he plants ano!r 9 ! same l9e1 & on ! tops ( ! two uprights he fixes by p9s a fir-pole *opp$ flat1 j z a h& rail ( a bridge is made4 ,he !n cuts a long t\gh spr+ pole1 & la%es its l>ge end fa/ to two m uprights 9 su* a way t1 :5 =cibly b5t back l a spr+1 its small end may sweep ! :ole l5g? ( ! h&-rail1 z we w call x4 ,on ! top ( ?is h& rail a deep groove is cut1 & 9 x re/s a heavy-head$ arr[4 ,:5 ! spr+ pole is drawn back to its full ext5t1 x is held 9 place by a h>d wood p91 set at a slope 9 a not* cut 9 ! top ( ! h& rail4 ,to ! bottom or heel ( ?is p9 is atta*$ "o end ( a /\t copp] wire1 :il/ ! o!r end is c>ri$ across ! elk track & made fa/ to ! o!r gate po/4 ,bru%wood skilfully dispos$ on ei!r side ( ! track keeps ! elk 9 ! direct road1 :il/ fre% "y bran*es & elk food li*5 scatt]$ freely "h & !re s]ve to s attract ! att5tion ( ! advanc+ animal t ! fir/ intimation he receives ( any?+ be+ amiss is ! passage ( ! massive /eel-po9t$ %aft ?r\gh 8 body4 ,we 7 fir/ %[n h[ to set an elg-l$ by an old ,norse skipp]1 :o z a w>n+ in=m$ u t ! be/ c[ he ev] possess$1 or 0 ev] likely to possess aga91 0 f\nd dead )9 t5 y>ds ( ! fir/ elg-l$ he ev] con/ruct$4 ,:il/ on ! subject ( traps ( ?is k9d1 x may n be amiss to caution our read]s aga9/ plac+ any ( !m 9 situations :]e ei!r dome/ic animals or human be+s are likely to /ray4 ,:5 y set gun or b[ traps ne> camp1 w>n all y\r foll[]s t y h done s4 ,9 sett+ a gun trap be sure t ! cock+ ( ! gun & putt+ on ! cap are ! la/ two op]ations p]=m$4 ,9 ! case ( arr[ traps nev] lay 9 y\r arr[ until e detail ( y\r arrangem5ts h be5 complet$4 ,nev] cross 9 front ( a set trap1 or y may pay de>ly = do+ s4 ,9 situations :]e x is n conv5i5t or pr(itable to con/ruct arr[ traps1 de] are (t5 tak5 9 consid]able numb]s by fir/ =m+ a r\gh f5ce ( tree trunks & bran*es1 & !n mak+ op5+s j l>ge en\gh = ! animals to pass ?r\gh at int]vals4 ,9 ^! pass ways nooses ( /rong cord are susp5d$ 9 su* a way t1 z ! de] endeav\rs to =ce its way ?r\gh1 ! slip knot tight5s r\nd 8 neck & holds him fa/ until dispat*$4 ,t\gh1 ela/ic "y trees are n unfrequ5tly made to d duty z de] traps1 by b5d+ !m d[n until _! tops are a few feet f ! e>?2 a runn+ loop ( /rong cord is !n made fa/ to ! extreme end ( ! natural spr+1 :i* is held d[n by a l9e1 peg1 & trigg] arrangem5t set 9 ! de] pa?4 ,z ! animal1 9 /ray+ onw>d1 cat*es 8 leg 9 ! l9e1 ! trigg] sets ! b[ free1 ! noose runs home1 & ! captive sw+s al(t4 ,"s ( ! jungle tribes ( ,india make use ( an +5i\s hook arrangem5t = de] & antelope cat*+1 :i* is ?us prep>$3 ,a pebble f ! riv] b$1 a /\t1 %>p1 hook-%ap$ ?orn & a %ort piece ( twi/$ hide or grass rope are us$ to make ! trap4 ,! pebble has a hole made 9 "o ( its ends1 ?r\gh ?is "o end ( ! rope is loop$1 :il/ ! o!r end is securely la%$ to ! ?ick end ( ! hook$ ?orn1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,?is contrivance is bait$ by plac+ a small r\nd jungle fruit1 ( :i* de] are v fond1 on ! hook1 :i* is1 ) its cord & pebble1 laid 9 ! pa? :i* ! animals foll[ 9 go+ to & f wat]4 ,on ! bait be+ tak5 into ! m\?1 ! hook quickly becomes emb$d$ 9 ! loose sk9 bel[ ! tongue4 ,! de]1 be+ unable to get rid ( x1 /rikes impati5tly upw>ds ) "o ( its =e-feet1 /amp+ furi\sly1 l an enrag$ %eep2 9 do+ ?is1 ! cleft betwe5 ! two ho(-tips1 be+ op51 receives ! cord1 ! pebble runs up to ! back ( ! pa/]n1 into ! holl[ ( ! heel1 holds fa/ !re1 & s compels ! delud$ bea/ to cap] ab\t on ?ree legs1 :5 a well-direct$ arr[ soon settles ! matt]4 ,on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t a sport kn[n z fire-hunt+ is mu* foll[$4 ,?is mode ( hunt+ is prosecut$ at night4 ,! hunt] provides himself ) a rifle1 an old fry+-pan1 fa/5$ to ! end ( a pole1 & a good supply ( res9\s p9e knots4 ,^! he ignites 9 ! pan1 & z ! bright flame leaps up1 he wat*es c>efully = ! gleam f ! eyes ( ! de] among/ ! d>k %ad[s ( ! =e/4 ,:5 ! two gl[+ orbs are p]ceiv$ a ball is direct$ imm$iately betwe5 !m4 ,canoes are n unfrequ5tly us$ 9 fire-hunt+1 :5 ! de] are lily-root hunt+ on ! bord]s ( lakes & riv]s4 ,salt-licks or sal9e incru/ations are p[]ful attractions to de]1 :o w travel long di/ances at night to indulge _! fondness = salt1 :5 !y c be (t5 %ot 9 great numb]s by ! aid ( fire k9dl$ ne> ! lick4 ,trapp]s & squatt]s at times manufacture artificial salt-licks by bor+ a great numb] ( aug]-holes 9 pro/rate tree trunks2 ^!1 :5 tightly ramm$ ) salt1 seldom fail to attract su* de] z may be 9 ! vic9ity4 ,c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 t dome/ic cattle are n %ot at ! lick 9 mi/ake1 z ! salt is mu* reli%$ by !m4 ,illu/ration ,:5 a de] is kill$ by ! hunt] at "s di/ance f camp1 he ei!r protects x f ! attacks ( animals or birds ( prey until x c be conv5i5tly remov$1 or proce$s to prep>e x = pack+ at once on 8 horse1 pony1 or mule4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re are no vultures1 animals ( m$ium size may be kept 9 safety by atta*+ !m to a spr+-pole1 or ris]4 ,?is is made by b5d+ d[n a t\gh1 ela/ic "y tree until ! cr[n =k is rea*$2 trim ?is 9 su* a way ) y\r hunt+ knife t a sort ( hook$ crut* is =m$4 ,n[ lock ! h9d legs ( y\r animal toge!r by mak+ a slit beh9d "o back t5don1 & runn+ ! opposite leg ?r\gh until ! h\gh jo9t prev5ts its return2 place ! loop ?us =m$ ov] y\r hook-crut*1 & !n let ! tree spr+ back to its orig9al erect position1 & y\r game w be safe f gr\nd pilf]]s4 ,! pole w be too small = be>s to climb4 ,birds & wild cats are sc>$ away by atta*+ a few bits ( col\r$ rag1 or a flutt]+ pocket h&k]*ief to ! prong4 ,l>ge r$ de] or moose c be cut up be=e susp5sion4 ,:5 l>ge animals h to be left :ole & unsk9n$ 9 ! woods1 lay !m longways aga9/ ! side ( a fall5 log2 cov] !m ) ?orn bu%es1 & !n proce$ to cut "s long ?9 w&s1 or small bran*es2 /rip ! b>k f !m1 9 ord] t ! :ite /ick may %[4 ,plant ! ends 9 ! e>?1 & b5d ! upp] portions ( ! rods ov] ! ?orn bu%es1 among/ :i* !y c be wattl$4 ,few wolves w face ?is arrangem5t1 z x looks too mu* l a trap to be safely v5tur$ on4 ,to prep>e a de] = pack+ on a horse :i* has to c>ry ! hunt] z well1 proce$ z foll[s3--,fir/ make an incision directly beh9d ! back ( ! head1 above :at is call$ ! pi?+ spot1 or jo9t betwe5 ! atlas & d5tata ( anatomi/s2 cut r\nd ! neck until ! muscles1 c41 are all divid$2 !n twi/ ! head r\nd1 us+ ! antl]s z a pair ( lev]s2 divide ! atta*m5t betwe5 ! two bones j m5tion$1 & ! head is sep>at$ f ! neck4 ,cut ! neck f ! body j at ! la/ neck jo9t1 :i* lays 9 front ( & above ! %\ld]s4 ,cut (f all ! feet at ! pa/]n jo9ts4 ,n[ pass y\r knife directly 9 ?r\gh ! front l9e ( ! brea/ bone1 & cut =w>d & back until ! brisket is completely divid$4 ,!n 9 ! same l9e c>ry y\r cut /raight d[n ! c5tre ( ! belly until ! po9t ( y\r knife re/s on ! root ( ! tail4 ,feel = ! ar* bone ( ! pelvis1 sk9 back ! tissues f x1 place y\r knife on its c5tre ) ! heel ( ! blade close to ! bord] ( ! bone4 ,if ! knife is a p[]ful "o1 & 9 good ord]1 a little dext]ity 9 its use w suffice to divide ! ar* at once4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 return to ! brisket1 =ce op5 ! cut made 9 x1 ins]t ! two h&s1 & pull "r & left until y c br+ y\r knee to be> 9 flatt5+ out ! two sides by ! giv+ way ( ! heads ( ! ribs4 ,take ! two ?ighs & spread !m op5 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ?is is done seek = ! end ( ! w9dpipe2 :5 f\nd make a hole ?r\gh x & pass 9 a %ort /ick = a cross h&le to hold on by1 pull x upw>ds & backw>ds1 cutt+ away "r & left above x su* adhesions z w be f\nd1 turn out all ! inte/9es by free+ !m 9 ! same mann]1 tak+ c>e n to puncture !m dur+ ! op]ation4 ,if ! "w has be5 prop]ly done no?+ b ! kidneys w rema9 9 ! body ( ! de]1 :i* c be easily la%$ fa/ to ! ,ds beh9d ! saddle4 ,! liv] & he>t c be made a sep>ate package (1 z !y are well wor? tak+ home4 ,fall-traps4 ,a great numb] ( =ms ( ! fall-trap1 z x is call$1 are to be f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & trapp]s ( fur-be>+ animals avail !mselves ext5sively ( ! use ( eng9es ( ?is description4 ,f ! l>ge/ be> to ! t9y erm9e ! drop or deadfall produces dea?1 j z we see ! common slide-door cage successfully us$ 9 tak+ alive ei!r ! royal ,b5gal tig] or ! pilf]+ kit*5 m\se4 ,deadfall traps are especially valuable to ! nor!rn trapp]1 :o1 ) axe1 knife1 & rifle1 p5etrates va/ solitudes 9 se>* ( furs4 ,! mat]ials = 8 traps co/ him m]ely ! tr\ble ( cutt+ !m f ! surr\nd+ =e/2 b no little +5uity1 =e?\ght1 & deep calculation are ne$$ to s arrange ! tree-trunks1 pegs1 /icks1 & baits1 z to successfully impose on creatures s ri*ly end[$ ) in/9ct z ! fur-coat$ inhabitants ( ! wilds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,( ,,f\r ,,trap1 ,,set ,,& ,,divid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,be> ,,trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squirrel ,,trap4 ,! m>t9 trap is a contrivance mu* us$ = tak+ small animals ( ! weasel tribe1 is g5]ally useful1 & is made z foll[s3 ,:5 y h reason to suspect ! pres5ce ( ! animals y are 9 se>* (1 ei!r f hav+ se5 _! tracks or not$ _! movem5ts1 proce$ to build y\r p\nd wall1 z x is call$4 ,?is is a horse-%oe or half-t[] arrangem5t1 ab\t #d;ft4 9 height1 built up ) heavy /ones & pieces ( h>d compact turf4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! back ( y\r half t[] pass a /\t1 r\nd$1 smoo? /ick1 ab\t ! size ( a common broom h&le1 %>p5 ! end :i* comes to ! front1 & adju/ x s t1 :5 ! wall is complet$1 x may project at ab\t #b;ft4 #f;94 f ! gr\nd1 & #d;94 )9 ! l9e ( ! two side walls4 ,n[1 ) y\r axe1 fell a good heavy /raight "y log1 long en\gh to lay well across ! front ( y\r p\nd :5 br\ght up almo/ 9 contact ) ! /ones =m+ ! ends4 ,n[1 ) y\r knife1 make y\r figure ( f\r1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,:5 ?is is complet$ make y\r loop-l9e4 ,?is is a /\t /r& ( twi/$ c$> b>k1 ) a smoo?ly-ti$ loop at "o end4 ,?is loop is run on ! project+ /ick 9 ! c5tre ( ! p\nd1 & pu%$ back until ! loop t\*es ! back wall4 ,! o!r end ( ! l9e is made fa/1 ab\t #d;94 f ! gr\nd to ! bait1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly fre%1 clean1 sweet1 & uncontam9at$1 to be ( any use4 ,any small pieces ( bird or squirrel w d4 ,:5 ! bait is atta*$1 ! figure ( f\r is br\ght into use4 ,! ma9 /em or k+ po/ re/s on ! %>p5$ end ( ! c5tre project+ /ick :i* holds ! loop & bait1 :il/ ! drop log re/s on ! cr[n po9t at a slant4 ,imm$iately on ! animal tak+ ! bait1 he walks backw>d ) x1 draws ! loop along ! /ick until x draws ! k+ po/ away1 :5 d[n drops ! fall log across 8 back & in/antly kills him1 )\t injur+ 8 sk94 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe a v>iety ( modifications ( ! figure ( f\r are us$ = de/roy+ be>s1 gluttons1 & o!r animals4 ,! woodcuts giv5 on ?is & ! previ\s page w s]ve to expla9 ! nature ( ?ree ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plank ,,fall-,,trap4 ,great numb]s ( foxes are tak5 by ! ,sw$i% hunt]s by ! use ( a contrivance kn[n z a tana4 ,?is is usually made f ! /ump end ( a small tree1 *opp$ ) ! axe to a slop+ or w$ge-l =m4 ,two cuts are !n made1 "o on ea* side ! c5tre or highe/ po9t1 on :i* ! bait1 usually a cat's head1 or any piece ( (fal1 is fix$4 ,9 p]=m+ a s]ies ( leaps to get at ! bait1 ! fox gets "o ( 8 =e-paws 9 a slit1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 :5 he rema9s a prison] until dispat*$ by ! hunt]4 ,illu/ration ,! fox hook is ano!r contrivance = ! capture ( foxes & wolves4 ,! illu/ration on ! foll[+ page %[s ! hook :5 set & be=e bait+4 ,! body or slip ( ! contrivance is made by p9n+ two h>d wood %eaves or trucks to a block-piece ( any t\gh wood2 a t\gh "y tree is b5t d[n to =m ! spr+2 a loop1 or belly+ ( ! l9e1 :i* mu/ be ( /rong cord1 is plac$ betwe5 ! trucks1 & a small w$ge ins]t$ to keep x !re4 ,! hook1 :i* is be/ made f bone or horn1 is next bait$ ) a piece ( meat1 & plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a fox or wolf seizes ! bait1 ! fir/ det]m9$ tug he gives draws out ! w$ge4 ,! block-piece1 ) its trucks1 rema9s atta*$ to a /ump1 :il/ ! pole-spr+ flies viol5tly up1 & c>ries ) x ! pr[l]1 :o hangs l "s fur-jacket$ & odd-look+ fi%4 ,assafoetida1 :5 rubb$ aga9/ /umps & logs1 is said to attract wolves4 ,illu/ration ,! pr(essional trapp]1 :o d]ives 8 livelihood f ! sale ( ! sk9s :i* good =tune & skill comb9$ may ca/ 9 8 way1 avails himself l>gely ( ! use ( ! /eel trap or g9 = ! capture ( animals ( all k9ds & descriptions2 & 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w has ! manufacture & use ( ?is valuable contrivance rea*$ su* p]fection z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! /eel traps manufactur$ at ,oneida1 on ! ,ne:\se pr9ciple1 are admirable1 & range f ! #j size1 adapt$ = musk-rat1 to ,no4 #f1 or ! great be> tam]1 repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,:5 l>ge traps1 su* z t j describ$1 are us$1 !re w n unfrequ5tly be "s risk & dang] 9 sett+ !m4 ,mr4 ,ne:\se1 ! mak] ( ! ,oneida trap1 gives ! foll[+ h9ts on ! subject 9 8 valuable "w on ,am]ican trapp+3 ,all t is necess>y to be c>ri$ into ! woods to d ?is is f\r /rong lea!rn /raps furni%$ ) buckles4 ,:5 y wi% to set a trap1 cut f\r lev]s ( a size & l5g? proportion$ to ! size ( ! trap1 take two ( !m2 make a loop ( "o ( ! /raps & slip x ov] "o end ( ea*1 !n br+ ! trap spr+ betwe5 !m1 press !m toge!r1 & adju/ a loop ov] ! o!r ends ( ! lev]s4 ,s]ve ! o!r spr+ 9 ! same way4 ,n[ spread ! jaws1 adju/ ! dog & pan1 loos5 ! lev]s1 & y\r trap is set4 ,! /raps weigh only a few ounces1 & are easily c>ri$4 ,he also gives u a valuable h9t or two on ! use ( s-call$ slid+ poles1 :i* are contrivances mu* us$ by trapp]s1 & a/utely rem>ks z foll[s3 ,animals ( aquatic habits1 :5 caught 9 traps1 inv>iably plunge at once into deep wat]1 & x is ! object ( ! trapp]1 avail+ himself ( ?is plunge1 to dr[n 8 captive z soon z possible1 9 ord] to avoid 8 viol5ce1 & keep him out ( ! rea* ( o!r animals4 ,! weight ( ! trap & *a9 is usually suffici5t = ?is purpose 9 ! case ( ! musk rat4 ,b 9 tak+ ! l>g] amphibi\s animals1 su* z ! beav]1 ! trapp] uses a contrivance :i* is call$ ! 'slid+ pole4' ,x is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,cut a pole #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 long1 leav+ bran*es en\gh on ! small end to prev5t ! r+ ( ! *a9 f slipp+ (f2 place ?is pole ne> :]e y set y\r trap 9 an incl9$ position1 ) its small end rea*+ into ! deepe/ "p ( ! /ream1 & its l>ge end secur$ at ! bank by a hook driv5 into ! gr\nd2 slip ! r+ ( y\r *a9 on to ?is1 & see t x is free to trav]se d[n ! l5g? ( ! pole4 ,:5 ! animal is tak51 x plunges desp]ately into ! region t[>ds :i* ! pole leads4 ,! r+ slides d[n to ! end ( ! pole at ! bottom ( ! /ream1 &1 ) a %ort *a91 prev5ts ! victim f ris+ to ! surface or return+ to ! %ore4 ,:il/ on ! subject ( /eel traps1 x may be well to obs]ve t ! bait1 :atev] x may be1 %\ld nev] be plac$ on ! plate ( ! trap4 ,hang x up on a /ick2 /rew x r\nd ab\t2 lay x be=e or beh9d ! trap 9 a run1 or set ! trap )\t bait1 b d n bait ! trap itself1 z do+ s ) wild =e/ animals is next to useless4 ,d n secure y\r trap *a9 to a fix$ object1 z ! animal w probably get free4 ,:5 sett+ y\r traps1 cut clogs = !m2 ^! clogs are m]ely %ort l5g?s ( pole1 ( weight & size proportion$ to ! size ( ! trap4 ,d n fa/5 ! clog s t x may drag crosswise1 or x w become fix$ among/ ! und]gr[?4 ,to make x travel end-on place ! r+ ( ! *a9 ov] ! end ( ! clog1 :i* %\ld be l>ge en\gh to fit x mod]ately tight1 !n ) y\r tomahawk 7:i* %\ld always be at y\r side :il/ trapp+7 split ! clog end1 ins]t a /\t flat w$ge1 & drive x home2 ?is w effectually keep ! r+ on & prev5t cross+4 ,traps %\ld be r5d]$ p]fectly sweet be=e sett+ by putt+ !m 9 ! camp fire & heat+ !m up to a po9t j bel[ t :i* w\ld t5d to injure ! spr+s4 ,boil+ hot wat] & wood a%es are sometimes us$ = ! same purpose4 ,%eepsk9 gloves ) ! wool on may be us$ to h&le ! traps ) 9 ord] t no ta9t f ! trapp] may rema9 ab\t !m4 ,_m baits are prep>$ by trapp]s = lur+ animals to ! trap4 ,! mu*-laud$ beav] m$ic9e1 or ca/or bait1 is a :ite creamy secretion f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a set ( gl&s ne> ! scrotum ( ! male beav]4 ,foxes are (t5 attract$ by lay+ d[n "s e>? tak5 f a fox d51 or by scatt]+ small pieces ( fri$ meat dress$ ) honey ab\t ! neighb\rhood ( ! traps4 ,mr4 ,ne:\se /rongly recomm5ds z a fox bait ! foll[+ prep>ation3 ,obta9 f ! female ( ! dog-fox1 or wolf1 ! matrix 9 ! season ( coition1 & pres]ve x 9 a qu>t ( alcohol tightly cork$2 leave a small portion ( ?is prep>ation on some?+ ne> ! trap1 & !n1 putt+ "s ( x on ! bottoms ( y\r boots f "t to "t1 /rike l>ge circles 9 two diff]5t directions lead+ r\nd ! trap4 ,a v attractive bait+ oil = m9k & o!r fi%-eat+ animals may be made by cutt+ any k9d ( fi% into small pieces1 leav+ !m 9 an un/opp]$ bottle1 & all[+ !m to be expos$ to ! sun & air2 putrefaction soon takes place1 & a ?ick /rong oil is =m$1 ! smell ( :i* is a great attraction4 ,musk rats1 :i* ab\nd 9 _m ( ! %all[ lakes & riv] bottoms ( ,am]ica1 are ei!r spe>$ ?r\gh ! walls ( _! w9t] h\ses by trapp]s :o travel ov] ! ice 9 pursuit ( !m1 or captur$ 9 /eel traps ( ! description already spok5 (4 ,a musk-rat spe> is made by m\nt+ a smoo? poli%$ rod ( highly-temp]$ /eel 9 a #c;ft4 or #d;ft4 h&le1 j z a *isel is fitt$4 ,! blade or t9e %\ld be ab\t a y>d long & a little "u half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! po9t %\ld be z %>p z a ne$le4 ,9 us+ ?is in/rum5t1 ! hunt] looks out %>ply = a spot ( :ite or ho> fro/ on ! dome ( ! musk rat h\se2 ?r\gh ?is he plunges 8 spe>1 kn[+ t ! sleep+ family is b5ea? x4 ,! heat giv5 (f by ! animals causes a p>tial ?aw1 :i* leads to ! tell-tale :ite incru/ation4 ,on ! rats be+ transfix$1 a hole is cut ) a tomahawk ?r\gh :i* to take !m out1 :5 a /eel trap is set = ! capture ( su* fugitives z may h escap$ ! po9t$ /eel4 ,cat*+ birds4 ,! explor]'s l>d] w n unfrequ5tly dep5d = a supply on su* fea!r$ game1 l>ge or small1 z good =tune may place at 8 disposal4 ,9 _m regions animals ( ! *ase1 prop]ly s call$1 d n exi/2 9 o!rs1 !y are s ?9ly scatt]$ ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry t _! capture is at ! be/ prec>i\s & unc]ta94 ,few r\tes1 h[ev]1 :i* ! travell] c\ld select on ! face ( ! habitable globe w be f\nd de/itute ( fea!r$ inhabitants ( "s k9d4 ,we "k ( no bird :i* c\ld n1 "u ! pressure ( hung]1 be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,vultures are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ repulsive fea!r$ creatures 9 creation1 & yet in/ances are n want+ 9 :i* />v+ m5 h f$ on !m4 ,our space w n admit ( our ent]+ on a description ( ! v>i\s & complex net arrangem5ts made use ( 9 ! capture ( wildf[l 9 decoys by ! cont95tal sportsman4 ,we %all deal only ) su* contrivances z may be turn$ out ( h& by ! ex]cise ( a little +5uity & ! use ( simple tools & common appliances4 ,o/ri* cat*+--! o/ri* be+ ! l>ge/ kn[n bird--p]haps des]ves ! fir/ place 9 our li/4 ,illu/ration ,a v>iety ( me?ods are adopt$ = ! capture ( ! o/ri* & emu by ! natives ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! ,arabs & ,cabiles ( ,alg]ia organise regul> o/ri* hunts1 = :i* ! horses are sy/ematically tra9$ by hav+ _! food gradually decreas$ 9 bulk1 & be+ ridd5 long di/ances daily 9 ! full heat ( ! sun4 ,! o/ri*es1 :5 f\nd1 are head$ t[>ds an ambuscade ( m\nt$ hunt]s1 :o1 :5 ! birds approa* )9 ! requir$ di/ance1 da% out f _! concealm5t1 & lit]ally ride d[n ! game1 :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly exhau/$1 is knock$ on ! head ) %ort heavy /icks4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,africa lie c>efully conceal$1 ) _! b[s & arr[s1 at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! ne/s ( ! birds or ! edge ( a vley or pool to :i* !y come to dr9k4 ,/alk+ is an art ! ,bu%man excels 92 &1 ) a piece ( o/ri* sk9 on 8 back1 a /ick r\ghly hewn into ! =m ( ! neck & head ( ! bird1 toge!r ) 8 %ort b[1 9 ! left h&1 & a supply ( arr[s 9 8 head b& 7z %[n 9 ! annex$ woodcut71 ! cunn+ hunt] creeps up w9d t[>ds ! fe$+ flock1 & n unfrequ5tly succe$s 9 %oot+ d[n m ?an "o be=e ! al>m is giv54 ,! ,au/ralian native1 :5 emu hunt+1 provides himself ) a leaf-cov]$ bran* l>ge en\gh to effectually conceal him z he advances /ep by /ep up w9d t[>ds ! birds z !y /alk =w>d & back on ! pla9 9 se>* ( food4 ,:5 )9 range ! native fits ! holl[ end ( 8 long fire-h>d5$ spe> into ! too? ( 8 wom]a1 or ?r[+ /ick1 & s5ds x :i/l+ on its mission ( dea?4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! o/ri* is hunt$ by m\nt$ m51 :o capture x by ! aid ( ! bolas1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree r\nd$ pebbles sewn up 9 raw hide cases & atta*$ to /rips ( hide1 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ! use ( ?is contrivance ! balls are made to :irl rapidly r\nd ! head ( ! hunt] z he gallops t[>ds 8 prey1 & div]ge to ! full ext5t ( _! ?ong atta*m5ts4 ,:5 suffici5tly close to ! object ( pursuit1 ! :ole affair is laun*$ =? ) extraord9>y =ce & precision1 entangl+ ! legs1 w+s1 or neck ( ! bird1 & n unfrequ5tly inflict+ a heavy /unn+ bl[ or two z well4 ,9 di/ricts :]e :eel$ vehicles are employ$ by ei!r settl]s or natives1 o/ri*es or emus may be successfully approa*$ by conceal+ y\rself 9 "o ( !m z !y g creak+ & jolt+ sl[ly 9 a l9e ) ! flock4 ,by a little managem5t ! bullock team may be s guid$ z to edge d[n until at v close qu>t]s1 :5 a heavy *>ge ( buck%ot "u ! w+1 or a well-direct$ bullet ?r\gh ! body1 seldom fails 9 br++ ! game to bag4 ,we h successfully approa*$ bu/>ds 9 ?is mann]1 bo? 9 ,india & ,t>t>y4 ,be=e comm5c+ y\r /alk1 x is well to arrange "s /raw or re$ 9 ! c>t1 waggon1 or hack]y 9 su* a mann] t x %all af=d concealm5t )\t prev5t+ y1 :5 )9 %ot1 f in/antly />t+1 gun 9 h&1 to a kneel+ po/ure1 :i* we h f\nd ! be/ attitude to %oot 9 :5 subject$ to ! irregul> motion ( a vehicle ) :eels out ( circle1 & travell+ ov] a pla9 )\t roads4 ,= ?is description ( %oot+1 a /rong h>d-%oot+ gun is ne$$4 ,"o ( ! k9d describ$ at page #i ( ?is "w w be f\nd well adapt$ = ! purpose1 & is id5tical 9 size ( bore--viz41 #aa--weight1 c41 ) "o we always use4 ,:5 ab\t to comm5ce bu/>d %oot+1 x w be well1 if y h no ,ely's wire c>tridges1 :i* are ( ! greate/ value = all l>ge f[l1 to prep>e "s f old kid-glove f+]s1 or oil$ silk1 z direct$ at pp4 #bce & #bcf4 ,x is seldom1 ev5 :5 %oot+ ) heavy *>ges ( p[d] & c>tridges1 t /&+ or runn+ %ots at bu/>ds prove fatal4 ,we h f\nd x ! be/ plan to cont9ue ! approa* /eadily1 until ! bird1 becom+ al>m$1 makes a %ort rapid run1 z x almo/ inv>iably w1 & !n spreads its wide w+s = flight4 ,!n fire well to ! front & bel[ ! w+1 & ! *ances are greatly 9 fav\r ( ! sportsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,traps ,,= ,,small ,,game4 ,wild turkeys are approa*$ by ! aid ( a call made f a holl[ bone4 ,"s skill & exp]i5ce are ne$$ bo? to make ! call & use x :5 made4 ,"s hunt]s succe$ 9 imitat+ ! cluck1 or yelp z x is call$1 )\t ! aid ( ! bone2 b to d ?is x is necess>y to /udy ! exact pit* & intonation ( ! bird's voice1 :i* c only be done by li/5+ to x4 ,great numb]s ( wild turkeys are tak5 9 cribbets1 or p5s1 :i* are made mu* on ! same pr9ciple z ! bird trap %[n at ! front ( our full-page illu/ration1 only t1 in/ead ( /icks ( ord9>y size1 poles are made use (4 ,! foll[+ directions = mak+ a wild turkey p5 or trap are giv5 by ,audubon1 & are ?or\ghly practical & to ! purpose3 ,"y trees ( f\r or five in*es 9 diamet] are cut d[n & divid$ into pieces ( ! l5g? ( twelve or f\rte5 feet4 ,two ( ^! are laid on ! gr\nd p>allel to ea* o!r1 at a di/ance ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,two o!r pieces are laid across ! ends ( ^! at "r angles to !m1 & 9 ?is mann] successive lay]s are add$ until ! fabric is rais$ to ! height ( f\r feet4 ,x is !n cov]$ ) simil> pieces ( wood plac$ ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t1 & load$ ) "o or two heavy logs to r5d] ! :ole firm4 ,?is done1 a tr5* ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 dep? & wid? is cut "u "o side ( ! cage1 into :i* x op5s slant+ly & r abruptly4 ,x is cont9u$ on its outside to "s di/ance1 s z gradually to atta9 ! level ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,ov] ! "p ( ?is tr5* )9 ! p51 & close to ! wall1 "s /icks are plac$ s z to =m a k9d ( bridge ab\t a foot 9 bread?4 ,! trap be+ n[ f9i%$1 ! own] places a quantity ( ,indian corn 9 its c5tre z well z 9 ! tr5*1 & z he walks (f drops "h & !re a few gra9s 9 ! woods1 sometimes to ! di/ance ( a mile4 ,?is is repeat$ at e visit to ! trap aft] ! turkeys h f\nd x4 ,sometimes two tr5*es are cut1 9 :i* case ! tr5*es ent] on opposite sides ( ! trap1 & are bo? /rewn ) corn4 ,no soon] has a turkey obs]v$ ! tra9 ( corn ?an x communicates ! circum/ance to ! flock by a cluck1 :5 all ( !m come up1 &1 se>*+ = ! gra9s scatt]$ ab\t1 at l5g? come ^u ! tr5*1 :i* !y foll[1 squeez+ !mselves "o aft] ano!r ?r\gh ! passage "u ! bridge4 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ole flock sometimes ent]s1 b m commonly six or sev5 only1 z !y are al>m$ by ! lea/ noise1 ev5 ! crack+ ( a tree 9 fro/y wea!r4 ,^? )91 hav+ gorg$ !mselves1 raise _! heads & try to press _! way ?r\gh ! top or sides ( ! p51 pass+ & repass+ on ! bridge1 b nev] = a mom5t look+ d[n or attempt+ to escape ?r\gh ! passage by :i* !y ent]4 ,?us !y rema9 until ! own] ( ! trap1 arriv+1 closes ! tr5*1 & secures 8 captives4 ,great numb]s ( bo? cap]cailzie & blackcock are tak5 9 ! =e/s ( nor!rn ,europe by ! aid ( traps & sn>es4 ,! =m] diff] 9 =m ( con/ruction ) ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,deadfalls are 9 common use4 ,!y are ei!r made 9 su* a way z to all[ "o long heavy pole to fall on ! bird1 or sev5 or eight /\t poles are batt5$ toge!r z !y w\ld be to =m a door4 ,a hole is cut 9 ! upp] end l>ge en\gh = ! ma9 po/ or sett+ /ick to pass up ?r\gh z ! flap ( ! trap falls4 ,! figure-(-f\r =m ( release is t usually made use (4 ,! illu/rations at page #ffc w s]ve to %[ ! arrangem5t :5 put toge!r & ! mode ( not*+ ! sep>ate portions4 ,bir* or bee* wood makes excell5t figure-(-f\r traps4 ,c[b]ries & o!r =e/ fruits are us$ z baits to /rew 9 & ab\t ! traps4 ,a v +5i\s =m ( p5 trap is also mu* us$ 9 ! ,nor? = blackcock capture2 x is call$ ! orre tratt1 & is ?us con/ruct$3 ,a "y p9e ( ab\t #ab;ft4 high is select$ z ! c5tre pole2 all ! bran*es are remov$1 & ! top ( a well-gr[n "y spruce fir tree la%$ 9 a rev]s$ position to ! pole ab\t #d;ft4 f ! gr\nd2 a crut* or =k is n[ fa/5$ ) cord to ! head ( ! pole2 )9 ab\t #a;ft4 ( ! top 9 ?is crut* is la%$ ! tip /ick1 :i* is s ti$ z to act z a scale-beam or ! see-saw us$ by boys2 a bun* ( :eat or o!r corn 9 ! e> is secur$ to ! extreme end ( ! ma9 pole4 ,:5 ^! arrangem5ts h be5 made1 a numb] ( l>* poles ) ! b>k on are driv5 9 r\nd ! ma9 pole 9 funnel =m1 mu* z "y trees are def5d$ f ! attacks ( de] or rabbits 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! top ( ! funnel %\ld be ab\t #d;ft41 & ! bottom ab\t #bj;94 across4 ,a few t\gh /icks or v9es wattl$ 9 "h & !re give firmness & compactness to ! /ructure4 ,:5 ?is is complete1 plant a few poles1 ) bun*es ( p>tly ?re%$ oat or b>ley re$ ti$ to _! tops 9 su* a way t a good foo?old may be af=d$ to birds on cross bran*es left = ! purpose1 :i* %\ld be ne> en\gh to ! tip /ick ( ! ma9 pole = a blackcock to hop easily (f :5 attract$ by ! bun* ( :eat e>s4 ,! in/ant he settles on ! tip /ick x gives way1 & all[s him to drop d[n into ! p5 on ! fir-bran* frill 9 ! c5tre1 :i* in/antly gives way "u 8 weight1 & lets him d[n to ! bottom4 ,%\ld he attempt to rise1 ! b>b-l p9e bran*es keep him d[n4 ,! tip /ick1 hav+ fall5 back to its orig9al position1 is ready = a fre% victim1 :o quickly desc5ds to jo9 8 fell[ 9 ! bottom ( ! p51 :i* has be5 kn[n to become well fill$ dur+ a %ort w9t]'s day4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,f ,sn>es4 ,sn>es may be made ( anneal$ brass or copp] wire1 or ( sev]al /r&s ( twi/$ horsehair4 ,twi/$ copp] or brass wire makes excell5t sn>es1 b x mu/ be v s(t & pliable4 ,iron wire1 :5 us$ z a make%ift = ! two =m] descriptions ( mat]ial1 %\ld be anneal$ be=e use3 ?is process1 :i* adds greatly to ! pliability & t5acity ( iron wire1 is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,d\ble y\r wire into a hank or bundle ( conv5i5t size2 twi/ a loose rope made ( dri$ grass or /raw r\nd x 9 all directions until ! coil is completely cov]$2 ignite ! /raw or hay b&1 & let x burn to a%es2 let y\r wire cool gradually1 & y w f9d x almo/ z pliant z a ?ong4 ,! snoods1 or gra9s z !y are call$1 are be/ made f /\t :ite horsehair1 twi/$ by ! aid ( a half-op5$ pocket knife1 z at ,fig4 #a1 page #eih4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ^! are made 9 "s di/ricts = ! capture ( snipes & woodcocks1 & are us$ 9 a k9d ( trap kn[n z a spr+le4 ,z a gr\nd trap = birds1 x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ remun]ative t c be set2 its =m1 :5 adju/$ = use1 is %[n at ! front ( ! full-page illu/ration1 ,traps = ,small ,game4 ,common hazel is ! be/ mat]ial to make all ! woodwork ( a spr+le f4 ,! annex$ illu/ration %[s ! arrangem5t 9 a divid$ =m4 ,! p>ts consi/ ( ! ris] ,a1 ! sweik ,b1 ! b[ ,c1 ! hookpo/ ,d1 & ! button ,e4 ,! ris] l9e--a piece ( /\t twi/$ tw9e--! gra9s1 & ! button 9 place are %[n at ,f4 ,! ris] %\ld be plant$ s z to lay well back1 9 ord] t x may ex]cise its full p[] :5 9 action4 ,:5 sett+ ?is description ( trap = snipes or woodcocks no bait is us$4 ,a conv5i5t spot is *os5 on ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y bore = food2 & a road+ is !n made ) small b5t twigs1 z 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 9 ext5d$ ,v =m4 ,illu/ration ,! sweik is set directly across ! n>r[ pass1 =m$ by ! conv]g5ce ( ! two twig walls or h$ges4 ,no woodcock or snipe w ev] pass out ov] ! b>ri] =m$ by ! b5t twigs4 ,fe$+ & runn+ onw>ds1 !y m]ely t\* _! beaks aga9/ ! bord] h$ge1 "w _! way up ! gradually n>r[+ passage1 until ! sweik1 ) its surr\nd+ ( gra9s or sn>e1 is rea*$1 :5 ! head or feet ( ! bird1 press+ d[n ! =m]1 releases ! button f its hold on ! not*4 ,! ris] flies up1 & ! neck1 or "s o!r portion ( ! body ( ! bird1 is caught )9 ! noose1 :i* holds ! game firmly aga9/ ! b[1 until /rangl$ or tak5 out by ! trapp]4 ,we h se5 hundr$s ( spr+les set along ! l9es =m$ by ! :eels ( a waggon across an op5 /ret* ( pla9 or moorl&4 ,wat] settl+ 9 ^! =ms a sort ( wat] road = snipes to run 94 ,two or ?ree twigs on ea* side are all t w be ne$$ at ea* trap1 9 su* a fav\rable trapp+ gr\nd z ?is4 ,on an op5 flat or m>% mead[1 #ad;ft4 or #ae;ft4 ( twig road+ w n be too mu* = ea* side or limb ( ! d\ble or s+le ,v arrangem5t4 ,spr+les set = birds1 requir+ a bait su* z fieldf>es1 blackbirds1 missel ?ru%es1 r$w+s1 c41 %\ld h _! sweiks plac$ ov] %all[ oval pits2 haw?orn1 p>acan?us or cotonea/] b]ries1 rott5 apples1 or e>s ( un?re%$ :eat or b>ley make good baits = spr+les4 ,va/ numb]s ( migratory birds ( ! ?ru% tribe are tak5 = ! m>ket on ! ,cont95t & 9 ! nor? ( ,europe by ! use ( v>i\s =ms ( ! dona4 ,?is is a trap made by ei!r b5d+ into half-hoop =m a /ick ei!r gr[+ or ins]t$ 9 an aug] hole bor$ 9 a tree4 ,! /r+ us$ to b5d ! b[1 & =m a head l9e = ! hair nooses or sn>es1 is usually made ( ba/ obta9$ f ! lime or l9d5 tree2 tw9e1 or any o!r cord-l mat]ial1 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,sev]al =ms ( ?is k9d ( trap w be se5 susp5d$ f ! trees 9 ! full-page illu/ration1 repres5t+ ,traps = ,small ,game4 ,a v excell5t =m ( spr+ b[ trap is made by b5d+ a /rong pliant hazel or o!r /ick into ! =m %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh "o end ) a r$-hot wire2 draw ! sn>e or gra9s ?r\gh ! hole until ! two ends ( ! b[ closely approa* ea* o!r1 !n =ce ! end ( ! tread-=k 7,a71 :i* mu/ be cut to a truncat$ conical =m1 into ! hole 7,b71 until ! gra9s is held by x 9 su* a way t ! =ce ( ! b[ _c draw x ?r\gh ! hole1 & yet pressure on ! tread-=k w displace x1 & set ! gra9s free to be drawn ?r\gh ! hole1 unless ! bird :i* has /epp$ on ! =k is caught1 9 :i* case x is held1 z %[n 9 ! full-page illu/ration4 ,l>ks1 quails1 f9*es1 c41 are readily tak5 9 sn>es1 hung ei!r f b[s or /ret*$ l9es adju/$ s z to hang j above ! gr\nd2 sev]al ( ^! arrangem5ts are %[n 9 ! full-page illu/ration4 ,*aff or gra9 %\ld be scatt]$ ab\t traps ( ?is k9d1 :i* answ] be/ :5 sn[ is on ! gr\nd4 ,a great numb] ( bo? birds & small animals are to be tak5 9 cribbets3 ^! are pyramidal-%ap$ p5s1 or cages1 built up by plac+ r\nd1 /raight /icks1 ) ! b>k on1 "o on ! o!r1 j z a log h\se is built1 only t cribbet /icks are n not*$ z logs are = build+4 ,:5 ! cribbet is built to ! requir$ size & height = ! description ( game to be caught 9 x1 a /r+ at ea* corn]1 br\ght to ! apex ( ! trap1 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a knot1 & made tight by twi/+ r\nd a /ick plac$ 9 ! loop1 makes all firm & compact4 ,a piece ( b5t v9e or bri> s]ves to set ! trap1 :i* is arrang$ z %[n 9 ! full-page illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,wild geese1 ducks1 widgeon1 teal1 wat] rails1 coots1 c4 c41 are tak5 readily by traps prop]ly set = !m4 ,on ! coa/s ( ,f9l& & ,lapl& great numb]s ( wild geese are tak5 by =m+ a little f5ce or hurdle 7:i* /&s ab\t brea/ high to a goose71 on project+ po9ts or spits ( l& :i* /ret* out into ! bays or h>b\rs4 ,unb>k$ /icks1 ab\t ! size ( a common walk+-/ick1 are ?ru/ firmly into ! gr\nd1 at ab\t #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 ap>t1 & !n at e ?ird or f\r? /ick a second is plac$ at ab\t a foot f ! o!r1 =m+1 s to speak1 a pair ( gate po/s1 & 9 su* a mann] z to =m an irregul> l9e1 completely surr\nd+ ! sea-l9e ( ! spit4 ,a /r+ or wire is n[ /ret*$ tightly f /ick to /ick1 only omitt+ ! spaces left betwe5 ! pairs ( po/s4 ,^! are left unf5c$1 & are ea* provid$ ) a runn+ noose1 made ( twi/$ hair or wire1 :i* is secur$ to "o ( ! po/s4 ,:5 ! arrangem5t is complete1 b>n refuse is scatt]$ inside ! f5ce4 ,! geese1 com+ 9 f ! sea to fe$1 brea/ ! f5ce1 until an op5+1 =m$ by "o ( ! gates1 is f\nd4 ,?is is quickly ent]$1 & ! noose1 runn+ 9 r\nd ! neck ( ! intrud]1 holds him fa/4 ,a sort ( trap raft frame is mu* us$ = duck cat*+ dur+ w9t] 9 ! nor?4 ,"s %ort pieces ( bo>d s]ve to =m ! side & end floats ( ! raft4 ,an upright po/ is set at ea* corn]1 & a top l9e is /ret*$ r\nd ! heads ( ! side & end po/s1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,hair or wire nooses are set all r\nd ! duck raft1 :i* is usually float$ 9 a hole made 9 ! ice2 a quantity ( wat] plants1 pull$ up by ! roots1 are ?r[n )9 ! b>ri]s4 ,! ducks or o!r f[l1 9 endeav\r+ to =ce _! way ?r\gh ! loops1 are hung by ! neck1 & /rangl$4 ,illu/ration ,wood5 frames are also m\nt$ ) wire sn>es & cross /r+s1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #fgg1 & prep>$ = s9k+1 by ! aid ( /ones1 ?r\gh holes 9 ! ice1 until !y are ab\t #c;ft4 or #e;ft4 b5ea? ! surface4 ,! ducks congregate 9 ^! holes1 & 9 div+ aft] food become entangl$ 9 ! sn>es1 & are dr[n$4 ,! frames are haul$ up once or twice dur+ ! day1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! dead birds4 ,small-siz$ fi% hooks1 fa/5$ to /\t l9e or tw9e1 & bait$ ) bits ( unio1 pond mussel1 or o!r fre%-wat] molluscs1 remov$ f ! %ell1 make good traps = ducks4 ,h]ons1 /orks1 egrets1 & o!r wad] birds1 c be caught by hooks bait$ ) small fi%4 ,sea-f[l are caught 9 consid]able numb]s by bait+ ord9>y fi%+ hooks & l9es ) bits ( pork r9d or fi% (fal4 ,illu/ration ,ducks & o!r wildf[l are captur$ by ! natives ( ,au/ralia by ! aid ( a long rod or w&1 to :i* a f9e /rong noose ( twi/$ b>k is atta*$4 ,furni%$ ) ?is contrivance1 ! native proce$s to make = himself a head dress or cr[n ( riv] we$s1 & !n1 w& 9 h&1 swims & wades out to :]e ! unsuspect+ f[l are fe$+ & disport+ !mselves2 "h1 ) ! rod re/+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & pu%$ =w>d1 duck aft] duck is fir/ noos$ by ! neck1 & !n drawn "u ! surface to ! duck-cat*]1 :o quickly atta*es ! victims to 8 belt by slip-loops fa/5$ to x = ! purpose4 ,bo? ! ,*9ese & ,indians take wildf[l on ponds or lakes by ! aid ( a g\rd %ell plac$ on ! head4 ,a few real g\rds or pumpk9s are fir/ laun*$ well to w9dw>d1 & all[$ to float among/ ! birds 9 ord] to allay suspicion4 ,! f[l] !n1 ) 8 g\rd-%ell cap 79 :i* two small peepholes are cut7 on 8 head & neck1 ent]s ! wat] at "s spot :]e a clump ( re$s or ru%es c be f\nd z a concealm5t1 & !n swiftly swims or wades1 z ! dep? ( ! wat] may r5d] necess>y1 out among/ ! birds4 ,"h he proce$s to draw z _m z he requires d[n by ! feet1 secur+ 8 game j z ! ,au/ralians fa/5 !irs4 ,! %oot+ or trapp+ ( wildf[l by ! :ite hunt] or explor] is (t5 mu* facilitat$ by ! use ( false or decoy birds4 ,^! may be ei!r solid blocks ( c>v$ wood1 pa9t$ s z to imitate ! plumage ( real birds 7! heads & necks ( ^! %\ld be made to take (f71 /uff$ sk9s m\nt$ on wood5 or b>k floats1 %eet metal1 or gutta-p]*a models2 _m ( ^! are beautifully made1 b are r co/ly & tr\blesome to c>ry4 ,we pref]1 :5 mak+ use ( a few decoys1 to employ duck1 goose1 or widgeon sk9s /uff$ ) b>k *ips1 & balanc$ ) lead atta*$ to a loop fa/5$ to ! brea/4 ,bits ( lead pipe make good weights4 ,ea* decoy bird %\ld h an an*or weight & cable /r+ atta*$ to x1 s t x may rema9 9 its prop] place until pick$ up f ! canoe by ! aid ( a long =k$ pole4 ,ambu%es are (t5 made use ( 9 m>%es1 on ! bord]s ( lakes1 or ! banks ( tidal riv]s1 = ! purpose ( conceal+ ! sportsman f ! quick eyes ( ! pass+ f[l4 ,a good siz$ cask sunk 9 ! ooze1 & !n well furni%$ ) /raw1 makes a good lurk+ place4 ,on flats1 :]e ! tide fl[s1 x is a good plan to plant f\r /\t po/s 9 a squ>e4 ,bore sets ( aug] holes up ea* po/ 9 su* a way t f\r /\t iron or h>d wood p9s may be pass$ completely ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! po/s1 & project ab\t six in*es t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! squ>e4 ,on ^! project+ ends a light plat=m or /age ( bo>ds is fix$ = ! sportsman to /& on2 a few bundles ( m>% re$s1 fa/5$ to ! frame1 are s spread out z to =m an effectual scre54 ,a n>r[ bo>d to sit on is support$ on two b>s run ?r\gh ea* pair ( end po/s4 ,:5 %oot+ ducks on ! m>%es ( ,s\!rn ,russia we us$ to =m a sort ( scre5 by cutt+ a bundle ( m>% re$s1 fa/5+ _! tops toge!r ) a piece ( tw9e1 spread+ ! l[] ends out l a l>ge ext+ui%] or ! hat ( a beehive1 & !n plac+ ! :ole arrangem5t on ! head4 ,:5 seat$ ?us array$ on a good ?ick pile ( re$s1 ) y\r legs encas$ 9 well-greas$ boots1 & y\r gun plac$ well "u cov]1 ! ducks1 geese1 widgeon1 & o!r f[l1 come fe>lessly by on :i/l+ w+1 & are knock$ ov] & bagg$ accord+ly4 ,a contrivance1 kn[n z ! cr9ol9e /alk]1 may be us$ ) advantage 9 approa*+ _m descriptions ( wildf[l2 ?is contrivance is made f f\r b>s ( wood nail$ toge!r 9 a squ>e1 z a picture frame is made4 ,at ea* corn] a leg is plac$1 ab\t knee high4 ,a /r+ s]ves to sl+ ! arrangem5t ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! sportsman1 j z a falcon]'s hawk /& us$ to be c>ri$4 ,a numb] ( %ort l5g?s ( cord or ropey>n atta*$ to ! frame s]ve z la%+s = bundles ( re$s or long gre5 bran*es1 s t1 :5 ! /alk] is adju/$ prop]ly1 ! sportsman walks z ?\gh 9 a v l>ge & high topp$ cr9ol9e4 ,:5 he wi%es to rema9 /ation>y1 he drops 8 frame s t ! legs may re/ on ! gr\nd4 ,he c !n sit d[n on ! h9d b> & rema9 well conceal$4 ,! gun is usually c>ri$ slung until requir$ = use1 9 ord] t ! h&s may be free to manage ! cr9ol9e4 ,calls4 ,calls ( diff]5t k9ds are g5]ally made use ( to attract de]1 wildf[l1 rails1 plov]1 & p>tridges4 ,! moose de] is call$ ) a trumpet =m$ f bir* b>k4 ,duck & goose calls v>y 9 =m ) ! locality 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,! natural w9dpipe & l>ynx1 fre%ly /ripp$ f ! bird1 are1 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ p]=m]1 ! be/ t c be devis$4 ,l&rails c be br\ght close to ! sportsman by ! use ( a small ?9 flat bone 7beef-rib bone is z good z any71 cut into tee?1 l ^? ( a saw4 ,ov] ^! a ?9 flat /rip ( bone is drawn %>ply & repeat$ly until ! answ]+ bird is )9 %ot4 ,p>tridge calls are made by /ret*+ a bit ( /\t p>*m5t or moi/5$ vellum ov] ! m\? ( a common bottle neck1 brok5 (f %ort4 ,:5 ! /ret*$ membrane is dry1 a small p9 hole is made 9 its c5tre1 & ?r\gh ?is a knott$ horsehair is pass$1 until ! knot is drawn aga9/ ! inside ( ! drum-head4 ,a little p[d]$ res9 is plac$ on ! f+]s1 & ! hair is drawn %>ply ?r\gh 9 su* a way t ! voice ( ! real bird is closely imitat$4 ,woodpigeon1 plov]1 & weasel calls c be pur*as$ = a small sum f any respectable gunmak]1 & are f> bett] ?an mo/ amateurs c\ld hope to make4 ,!y occupy a small space1 & c be easily /[$ away 9 ! gun case4 ,mu* might be said on ! subject ( wildf[l punts1 sunk flats1 f[l+ canoes1 c41 b a consid]ation ( su* appliances c be sc>cely ent]$ on 9 ?is "w4 ,birdlime4 ,! use ( birdlime may be (t5 _h rec\rse to = ! capture ( a great v>iety ( birds1 p>ticul>ly su* z assemble 9 l>ge flocks ab\t ! neighb\rhood ( spr+s or wat] holes4 ,! mo/ exp$iti\s & be/ mode ( prep>+ birdlime is to place ab\t a p9t ( l9se$ oil 9 an e>!n pot or o!r vessel1 :i* %\ld be set upright 9 ! hot a%es ( ! camp fire1 & boil$ sl[ly & /eadily until r$uc$ to ab\t a ?ird 9 quantity1 :51 in/ead ( oil1 birdlime w be left 9 ! vessel4 ,! inn] b>k ( ! holly1 "s k9ds ( elm1 a p>asitical plant l a mi/letoe :i* gr[s f ! mango tree1 ! /raight upright %oots ( ! common eld]1 & sev]al creep]s or v9e-l plants f\nd 9 tropical c\ntries1 produce birdlime4 ,to prep>e x1 ! b>k1 aft] be+ scrap$ free f ! out] %ell1 mu/ be boil$ 9 ra9-wat] = at lea/ t5 h\rs2 ?r[ x !n 9 a mass out on a clo? to dra92 dig a pit 9 ! e>? 9 a cool place1 put a flat /one 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 ?r[ y\r b>k 9 on ! /one1 lett+ x re/ z a pile or heap4 ,n[ place ano!r flat /one on ! top ( ! pile1 ?r[ 9 grass r\nd ! edges to keep any e>? f gett+ 91 fill up y\r pit ) e>? s z to leave a slight depression 9 ! middle2 ?r[ a little wat] into ?is e o!r day = ?ree weeks1 :5 ! b>k w h become /r+y & t\gh4 ,lay x n[ little by little betwe5 two r\gh /ones1 & gr9d x into a pa/e4 ,"w ! pa/e ) clean h&s 9 a cle> runn+ /ream1 until all impurities & =eign sub/ances are wa%$ away1 & !n place x 9 a clean e>!n pot1 cov]$ ) a tile or flat /one = a week1 :5 ! lime w be fit = use4 ,:5 int5d$ = ! capture ( small birds1 x %\ld be sme>$ on sets ( twigs or bran*es1 s set t ! birds may settle easily on !m4 ,:5 us$ = cr[ cat*+1 x is plac$ 9 a ?ick coat on ! inside ( pap] cones1 :i* are made z ?\gh int5d$ = silkworms to sp9 92 ea* cone is bait$ by plac+ a piece ( raw meat 9 its n>r[ end1 & !n ?ru/+ a ?orn or %>p spl9t] ( wood ?r\gh bo? x & ! pap]4 ,! cr[1 9 attempt+ to get at ! bait1 ?ru/s its head into ! cone1 :i* rema9s fix$ on l an ext+ui%]4 ,birds ?us caught ei!r flap ab\t helplessly or keep m\nt+ 9 ! air until1 becom+ exhau/$1 !y fall to ! e>?1 & are easily tak54 ,on "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific va/ quantities ( dragon flies are tak5 = food by boys1 :o1 arm$ ) long w&s tipp$ ) birdlime1 lightly t\* ! insect1 :i* is at once secur$1 & plac$ 9 a basket c>ri$ susp5d$ f ! %\ld]s4 ,poison4 ,we h always a great av]sion to ! use ( poison z an ag5t = ! de/ruction ( animal life2 & x is only 9 cases ( absolute necessity t rec\rse %\ld be _h to x4 ,! sk9s ( fur-be>+ animals s de/roy$ are v inf]ior to ^? obta9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! fle% ( birds & animals poison$ by /ry*n9e 7! ag5t commonly made use ( by hunt]s & travell]s = poison+ purposes7 is s int5sely poison\s1 t any creature p>tak+ ( x is almo/ sure to p]i%4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! be/ plan1 :5 x is consid]$ advisable to rid ! vic9ity ( ! camp ( ! pres5ce ( furr$ or fea!r$ c>nivora1 to de/roy "s suff]+ or worn-out baggage mule or horse ) /ry*n9e1 & !n place its rema9s 9 a position 9 :i* access to !m is easy2 b see t y\r own dogs are secur$1 or !y1 ) all ! magpies1 cr[s1 vultures1 wolves1 wild dogs1 c41 c41 9 ! di/rict1 w /& a fair *ance ( be+ de/roy$4 ,we rememb] he>+ ( two settl]s 9 ,au/ralia :o1 f9d+ t _! crops 7 s]i\sly damag$ by cocatoos1 tri$ all 9 _! p[] to %oot !m1 b to no purpose4 ,!y at l5g? prep>$ a quantity ( corn ) /ry*n9e1 & spread x ab\t ! cle>+s4 ,! cocatoos eag]ly dev\r$ ! gra91 fell dead 9 ! =e/1 & 7 9 due "t dev\r$ by ! d+oes or native wild dogs1 :o 9 turn fell b5ea? ! p[]s ( ! pot5t vomic nut4 ,x is be/ to take su* /ry*n9e z may be requir$ f ,engl&4 ,apo!c>ies' ,hall is ! be/ place to obta9 x f4 ,! be/ way to pack x = travell+ is 9 a /\t glass-/opp]$ bottle1 :i* has _h a /rong t9 case or jacket sold]$ ov] x4 ,! t9 cov] or cap fitt+ ov] all %\ld h a skull conspicu\sly m>k$ on x4 7,see ,box m>k+s47 ,too mu* caution _c be us$ 9 h&l+ or deal+ ) ?is mo/ deadly & fe>ful poison4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,palanqu9s1 ,,/ret*]s1 ,,ambulances1 ,,etc4 ,9 _m c\ntries :]e x is difficult to keep rid+ or draught horses1 or :]e ! want ( roads precludes ! use ( :eel$ c>riages1 ^? :o c af=d to ride are borne ^u ! %\ld]s ( m5 9 conveyances m or less simple or elaborate2 & n only d ^! v>y mu* 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b ! mode ( %\ld]+1 & ev5 ! /ep ( ! be>]s is z v>i\s z ! fa%ion ( ! vehicle4 ,! peculi> %ort trot ( ! palkee be>]s diff]s f ! ela/ic spr+ ( ! ,zambesians :5 !y c>ry 9 s+le file1 & t aga9 f _! sw++ walk or run :5 !y c>ry 9 pairs--ea* man embrac+ 8 comrade1 :ile ! pole re/s on ! "r %\ld] ( "o & on ! left ( ! o!r2 :ile !y walk on sep>ate pa?s1 ab\t #c;ft4 ap>t1 ea* man lean+ inw>d1 at an angle ( #ae degrees or #bj degrees t[>ds 8 comrade1 j z ! horse & rid] lean inw>d 9 a circus4 ,! ma*ila1 or ma%eela1 is simply a c\*1 slung by *a9s or lea!r ?ongs to a pole ( female bamboo ( ! l>ge/ possible diamet]1 s t x may be> easily on ! %\ld]s ( ! m51 & n cut !m1 z a small] pole w\ld4 ,g5]ally an awn+ ( *9tz or calico1 spread on y>ds l a boat's awn+1 ) curta9s on ei!r side1 is atta*$ to ! bamboo2 b sometimes1 :5 ! ma%eela is int5d$ to be m /rictly a private c>riage1 a slop+ ro( or p5t-h\se ( re$s is slung saddle-wise ov] ! pole1 completely scre5+ ! occupant f ! public eye1 :ile a small w9d[ on ea* side af=ds suffici5t facility ( obs]vation f ! int]ior4 ,all ! ,portuguese on ! ,zambesi keep ma%eelas & sets ( be>]s1 :o g5]ally h a tol]ably easy "t ( x1 _! duty be+ to convey _! ma/] or mi/ress to & f ! corn l&1 ! *ur*1 or any h\se 9 ! little t[n :]e an ev5+ p>ty is afoot or a morn+ call to be made4 ,:5 x is actually necess>y to c>ry a sick or disabl$ man1 a hammock may be extemporis$1 by roll+ a small /one into ea* corn] ( a blanket1 & ?us =m+ a knob1 or projection :i* w prev5t ! slipp+ ( ! cords or ?ongs ) :i* x is made fa/ to ! pole4 ,we saw a "y ,dut* lad1 "u ! influ5ce ( fev]1 c>ri$ by a c\ple ( ,zambesian natives 9 a sk9 hammock1 two corn]s ( :i* 7 fa/5$ to a %ort cross-pole1 or y>d1 at ! head1 :ile ! o!r end 0 ga!r$ up & ti$ altoge!r to ! ma9 or be>+ pole4 ,illu/ration ,! pressure ( ?is pole on "o %\ld] 0 p>tially reliev$ by a /ick held lev]-wise ov] ! o!r1 s z to take a portion ( its weight1 z %[n 9 our illu/ration2 &1 9 connection ) ?is1 we may well rememb] ! c>ry+ /ick ( hawk]s & packm53--,smoo?1 r\nd1 & j ?ick en\gh to be grasp$ ) com=t 9 ! h&2 !n spread+ to ne>ly #c;94 9 bread? z x curves g5tly ov] ! %\ld]1 & aga9 turn+ m decid$ly upw>ds1 to =m a hook = ! pack to hang ^u4 ,almo/ anyone ) ord9>y +5uity & a little pati5ce c\ld f9d out ! mo/ conv5i5t =m = himself4 ,illu/ration3 #a-h ,fig4 #a1 9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( sket*es1 is a hammock1 ei!r ( canvas1 l a seaman's1 or ( ornam5tal grass rope1 l ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,si]ra ,leone1 or o!r places1 :]e consid]able ta/e is (t5 %[n 9 weav+ 9 ! diff]5t lace-l patt]ns ( ! bord]s or 9 arrang+ ! v>i\s col\rs4 ,! ends are spread by two /icks or /ret*]s1 ab\t #b;ft4 long2 ^! may ei!r be /it*$ or wov5 into ! mat]ial1 or simply kept 9 place by hav+ ! ends ( ! clews knott$ r\nd !m4 ,x is slung to a pole ( female bamboo1 :i* %\ld be z light & ( z l>ge diamet] z possible4 ,fig4 #b is a cot1 a mo/ luxuri\s arrangem5t1 :i* may be made up to any degree ( simplicity or complet5ess4 ,! bottom consi/s ( "o bread? ( /\t canvas1 fully #f;ft4 9 l5g?1 or m if = a v tall man4 ,a piece ab\t #a;ft4 9 dep? is !n /rongly seam$ on to ea* end1 & a simil> piece along ea* side2 & ! upp] edges ( ^! %\ld be turn$ d[n1 & sewn into pipes capable ( conta9+ poles or /ret*]s ( ab\t #a-a_/b;94 9 diamet]4 ,^! pieces %\ld n be /it*$ toge!r at ! edges1 :i* meet :5 !y are turn$ up1 b %\ld h eyelet holes & lac+s1 s t :5 n 9 use1 or :5 laid d[n z ! f\ndation = a b$1 or tak5 ap>t to be wa%$1 ! canvas may lie l a flat %eet4 ,! eyelet holes = ! clews %\ld be s made t ea* clew may encircle ! /ret*] 9 its canvas pipe & tie r\nd x4 ,! ends ( ! /ret*]s %\ld h holes bor$ 9 !m1 s t !y may be firmly1 b n too /iffly1 la%$ toge!r ) small cord2 & ^? at ! bottom may ei!r be secur$ 9 ! same mann]1 or a regul> frame ( jo9]'s "w may be made to fit x1 & a web ( /\t sack+ or ( cords tightly int]lac$1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 may be sub/itut$4 ,fig4 #c is ! common milit>y /ret*]1 :i* may be ?us made3 ,take #f;ft4 ( #cj;94 wide /\t canvas1 draw a l9e ) *alk or *>coal #f;94 f ea* side & p>allel to x1 or fold & crease ! canvas along a ?read2 turn ea* edge d[n to "o ( ^! m>ks1 & /it* x s z to make a pipe ( #f;94 9 circumf]5ce1 into :i* a pole1 some:at small] or a little less ?an #b;94 9 diamet]1 w slip easily 9 & out2 ^! poles %\ld be at lea/ #h;ft4 or a trifle m to leave suffici5t ends = ! be>]s4 ,!n take two bo>ds1 #e;94 broad1 #a;94 ?ick1 & a little ov] #b;ft4 long2 bore or cut 9 ea* two holes l>ge en\gh to let ! ends ( ! poles pass ?r\gh2 & ) ! ne>e/ p>ts ( _! circumf]5ce1 j #ah;94 ap>t1 put !m toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c2 :5 n 9 use1 lay ! bo>ds 91 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 & roll !m ^u ! /ret*]2 9 ?is figure "o ( ! poles is %[n )drawn f ! side pipe4 ,9 active s]vice "o ( ^! is usually c>ri$ by a soldi] 9 ! re> ( 8 company2 & if a comrade is w\nd$1 f\r m5 c>ry him on ! /ret*]1 :ile f\r m c>ry _! muskets1 & act1 if necess>y1 z a relief4 ,! w\nd$ man's blanket & great coat s]ve = 8 pill[1 & ^? ( 8 comrades1 if necess>y1 are us$ to cov] or support him 9 any position 8 injury may require4 ,a plot ( gr\nd1 z smoo? & z mu* %elt]$ f %ot z possible1 is select$4 ,! suff]] is laid d[n1 ! poles are )drawn f ! pipes on ea* side1 s t !re may be no imp$im5t to m$ical exam9ation2 & :5 ! w\nd is dress$1 ! poles are once m ins]t$1 & ! man borne to ! tempor>y or p]man5t hospital4 ,fig4 #e %[s a little addition we improvis$ 9 ,dam>a l&4 ,we screw$ clamps ( wood ^u ! end pieces1 & 9 !m ins]t$ o!r poles1 ! l[] ends ( :i* 7 %ort1 & /\t en\gh to s]ve z legs1 & conv]t$ ! /ret*] into a l[ b$/ead1 :ile ! upp] support$ a small awn+1 & 7 /eadi$ by /ays lead+ to ! ends ( ! be>+ poles4 ,?is 0 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( br++ home a fri5d :o _h be5 w\nd$1 at a di/ance2 & dur+ our j\rney t[>ds ! spot we us$ x nightly1 & f\nd x a mo/ com=table b$2 x roll$ up l ! milit>y /ret*]1 & ! clamps ( ! awn+ poles increas$ its bulk v slightly4 ,fig4 #f is ! kadel1 or b$ frame1 usually slung 9 a ,cape waggon1 ) two ( ! yokes1 or m1 if necess>y1 la%$ "u x z be>]s4 ,fig4 #g %[s h[ ! muskets ( a small p>ty may be us$ to c>ry a w\nd$ comrade4 ,! belts s]ve z la%+s1 & ov]coats or blankets z b$d+2 or if grass1 or small bran*es are available1 a quantity may be cut1 & a tol]ably s(t c\* made ( !m4 ,( c\rse x is q possible t eight muskets c\ld n be sp>$2 9 ?is case two only might be laid side by side1 ) ?ree across !m--"o to support ! head & %\ld]s1 "o "u ! hips1 & ! ?ird "u ! knees1 ! belts pass+ z mu* z possible "u ! o!r portions ( ! body4 ,fig4 #h indicates ! use ( lances & swords = ! same purpose2 ! sket* is purposely made 9 ! simple/ possible =m1 9 ord] to %[ m cle>ly ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction4 ,if m lances or swords are at h&1 ! possessors ( !m w see at any mom5t h[ to suit ! com=t ( ! w\nd$ man bett] ?an any details we c\ld give w\ld tea* !m4 ,illu/ration ,! =m ( /ret*] indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ engrav+ is wor?y ( remembrance3 x resembles two %ort ladd]s1 h+$ side by side1 & is furni%$ ) /\t /raps1 be+ (t5 us$ ) m reg>d to ! security ( ! prison] ?an to 8 com=t4 ,9 "s c\ntries a c\ple ( horses or donkeys are h>ness$ betwe5 ! ends ( two long poles or %afts1 on ! c5tre ( :i* ! load is support$1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,?is arrangem5t might1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 be made available = ! c>riage ( a w\nd$ man1 or 9 a case ( great em]g5cy ! ends ( a blanket might be knott$ toge!r2 &1 two m5 be+ laid 9 ! bights1 ! c5tral "p might be laid across ! back ( a horse1 ) "o man hang+ on ea* side1 & secur$ ) ! be/ means available at ! mom5t4 ,among civilis$ nations x w\ld1 p]haps1 be bett] to leave ! w\nd$ to ! m]cy ( a victori\s enemy ?an to risk ! ext9ction ( life by su* r\gh means2 b 9 fight+ savages no liv+ man ought1 "u any circum/ances1 to be left 9 _! p[]1 & a soldi] _h bett] die "u ! r\gh1 ?\gh k9dly1 ef=ts ( 8 comrades to remove him ?an become a prison]--to be kept alive z long z he is capable ( endur+ torture4 ,illu/ration ,! ,kaffirs1 & we suppose mo/ o!r savages1 c>ry (f n only _! w\nd$1 b also ! dead1 n f any motives ( humanity1 b simply to deprive ! enemy ( a trophy4 ,among "s tribes a quantity ( re$s are cut & made into a bundle1 ) ! corpse inside2 ?is is firmly la%$ to a long pole1 & is easily c>ri$ ^u m5's %\ld]s4 ,:5 our late fri5d1 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]son1 0 w\nd$ 9 8 gallant & self-sacrific+ attempt to free ! ,dam>as f _! ,namaqua oppressors1 we _h to adopt a some:at m elaborate arrangem5t4 ,! fact t a limb _h be5 %att]$ r5d]$ x impossible t he c\ld lie ) com=t ^u ! yield+ canvas ( ! /ret*] 7,fig4 #e ( ! gr\p giv5 on page #fhd72 &1 !re=e1 :5 x 0 f\nd necess>y to remove him1 we s5t to ,objimb5gue = planks1 & ) !m made a level & unyield+ surface1 support$ by cross batt5s1 not*$ at ea* end1 s z to lie securely on ! be>+ poles4 ,on ea* side we rais$ "o bread? ( ab\t #i;941 mak+ !m "w ^u claw h+es ( brass wire1 s t !y c\ld ei!r be turn$ d[n or entirely remov$ at pleasure2 on ^! sides we screw$ uprights or /an*ions1 ) not*es 9 _! edges1 s t crossb>s c\ld be laid 9 !m 7z may be se5 9 our full-page illu/ration71 & rais$ or l[]$ f not* to not* z ne$ful4 ,"o ( ^! crossb>s 0 ne> ! head ( ! /ret*]1 s t he c\ld occasionally re/ 8 %\ld]s1 by tak+ hold ( x by p>tially lift+ himself f 8 b$2 & two o!rs 7 ne>] to ! foot1 = ! purpose ( slightly support+ & /eady+ a box1 ) fall+ sides1 9 :i*1 = fur!r security1 we encas$ ! %att]$ leg4 ,:5 we halt$ to dress ! w\nd ! crossb>s 7 fir/ remov$1 ! sides let d[n or tak5 away1 ! sides ( ! small box conta9+ ! limb also remov$2 :ile ! awn+ 0 left spread1 & occasionally blankets 7 /ret*$ f trees to %ield x f ! direct action ( ! sun4 ,:5 ! dress+ 0 complet$ ev]y?+ 0 easily re/or$ to its place1 & a few po9ts & lany>ds1 knott$ 9 _! prop] places1 made all fa/ aga94 ,! same engrav+ also %[s a rude b n an uncom=table =m ( litt]1 extemporis$ = a w\nd$ ,dam>a1 f a =k$ bran*1 ) ! small] twigs lopp$ (f :]e !y 7 9 ! way1 or int]wov5 :]e !y w\ld s]ve to fill up a gap 9 ! b$2 o!r b\ghs & cross pieces 7 add$1 & a few sk9s1 k>osses1 or blankets1 conv]t$ x into a v com=table c\*4 ,illu/ration ,sometimes a man1 ?\gh unable to walk1 c sit & practically support himself2 9 ?is case two m5 may lay _! muskets toge!r1 end = end1 & hold !m across betwe5 !m = him to sit on1 ) 8 arms ^u _! %\ld]s2 & ev5 if !y h no weapons at h& !y may make him a v com=table seat by jo9+ _! h&s & arms1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,sick ,,or ,,w\nd$4 ,?us1 ! two be>]s /& side by side1 & half fac+ ea* o!r1 ,no4 #a grasps 8 own "r wri/ ) 8 left h&2 ,no4 #b does ! same2 ,no4 #a !n grasps ! left wri/ ( ,no4 #b ) 8 dis5gag$ "r h&1 & ?is br+s ! "r h& ( ,no4 #b into ! prop] position to cat* ! left wri/ ( ,no4 #a4 ,9 ?is easily extemporis$ *air !y c be> a tol]ably heavy man )\t undue /ra9 on ! muscles ( _! own arms2 & :5 !y become we>y two o!rs c at once take _! places1 or !y may ga9 a little relief by int]*ang+ ! position ( _! "r & left h&s1 :ile no?+ c be m com=table to a disabl$ man ?an ! easy *air ?us =m$ = him4 ,fig4 #d %[s h[ a %ort pole c be us$ to =m a seat-re/ = c>ry+4 ,! mode ( c>ry+ us$ 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries by a *air /rapp$ on ! back ( a port]1 & /ill fur!r secur$ by a b& pass+ r\nd 8 =ehead1 z %[n at ,fig4 #e1 might occasionally be f\nd useful4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! s$an1 or ( ! electione]+ *air1 fa/5$ on two =e & aft %\ld]-poles1 9 a mann] :i* any sailor c\ld effect ) a few bits ( cord1 %\ld also be borne 9 m9d1 to be us$ or n1 accord+ to ! necessity ( ! case4 ,b&ages & m$ical appliances4 ,9 our illu/ration on p4 #fij1 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! cross b&ages appli$ to an injur$ head2 & "h we may rem>k1 once = all1 t 9 b&ag+1 z 9 knott+ or la%+1 simplicity is ! ess5ce ( security4 ,let z _m turns ( ! b&ages be us$ z are absolutely necess>y to cov] & secure ! dress+s ( ! w\nd2 all 9 addition are n only sup]flu\s1 b detrim5tal4 ,fig4 #b 7p4 #fij7 %[s ! support = a dislocat$ %\ld] or brok5 coll>-bone3 a roll or pad ( calico is plac$ "u ! armpit1 & secur$ by a b&age ov] ! opposite %\ld]2 ano!r b&age is !n pass$ 9 figures-(-#h fa%ion r\nd ! arm & ! body1 9 ord] to conf9e ! arm close to ! side4 ,! arm ( ?is figure1 ) ! palm ( ! h& plac$ aga9/ ! brea/1 z at ,fig4 #c 7p4 #fij71 %[s ! position 9 :i* ! limb %\ld be plac$ 9 cases ( fracture ( ! bones or o!r injury2 ! h& !n ly+ betwe5 ! prone & sup9e positions1 & ! bones & muscles assum+1 )\t con/ra9t1 _! natural relative position t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is figure also %[s ! mann] ( apply+ a b&age to a tap] limb4 ,if ! b&age 7 w\nd spirally r\nd1 "o edge w\ld be unduly tight :ile ! o!r w\ld be slack2 !re=e1 at e turn r\nd ! limb a turn m or less decid$ is tak5 9 ! b&age1 :i* ?us accommodates itself easily & exactly to ! %ape ( ! limb4 ,illu/ration3 #a-ac ,9 ! next figure is %[n ano!r =m ( head b&age 7,fig4 #d71 "o "p ( :i* =ms a loop1 :ile ! next1 pass+ ?r\gh x1 is turn$ upw>ds at "r angles ov] ! head1 & ?is is repeat$ until ! :ole1 or z mu* ( ! scalp z is necess>y1 is cov]$4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t =m :51 f any o!r injury1 x is n advisable to pass a cross b&age "u ! *94 ,fig4 #e is ! /rapp+ or b&age = a brok5 jaw4 ,x is made ( /ick+ plai/]1 a hole is cut = ! *91 & ! ends are cut 9 swall[ tails1 to all[ !m to take ! %ape ( ! face !y are laid on4 ,fig4 #f is ! b&age = a brok5 rib4 ,if ! body is at re/1 ! bones w assume _! natural place1 b ! expansion & contraction ( ! *e/ 9 brea?+ di/urbs & disunites !m4 ,sometimes1 !re=e1 ! :ole *e/ is tightly b&ag$2 b z x w answ] ! purpose j z well if ! injur$ side is prev5t$ f exp&+1 /rips ( adhesive plai/] may be cut suffici5tly long to rea* f ! /]num to ! sp9e1 & s to conf9e ! w\nd$ side & leave ! o!r free4 ,if ! back ( ! h& %\ld be injur$1 x may be necess>y to place a ball ( calico or o!r s(t sub/ance 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 !n clos+ ! f+]s ^u x to b9d ! fi/ firmly d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,if x is requir$ to keep ! elb[ b5t1 a b&age may be appli$1 z 9 ,fig4 #h2 ?is may be 9 case ( cuts 9 ! b5d ( ! arm or simil> injuries4 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj are ,t & cross b&ages 9 case ( injuries 9 ! gro94 ,fig4 #aa is 9 case ( a brok5 knee-cap4 ,! limb mu/ be support$ ) ! foot z high z possible1 s t !re be no possibility ( ! muscles draw+ asund] ! p>ts ( ! patella1 :i* mu/ f>!r be drawn toge!r by b&s ( /ick+ plai/]1 cross$ ov]1 to prev5t ! brok5 edges ris+ out ( _! place4 ,fig4 #ab is a _m-tail$ b&age4 ,x may be made ( sev]al slips ( calico /it*$ ^u "o1 cross+ !m all 9 ! c5tre2 or1 if ! sore be ( su* a1 nature t1 x may be necess>y to remove "o or two )\t displac+ ! o!rs1 x is bett] simply to lay !m on a flat %eet ( calico or a small pill[ made = ! purpose1 & g5tly introduc$ b5ea? ! limb4 ,9 ! figure ! b&s ne>e/ ! knee are laid fir/ on ! pill[1 ! o!rs ov]lap !m z !y g d[n1 !n t :i* is ne>e/ to ! toes is fir/ lapp$ r\nd ! foot1 & ! o!rs foll[ 9 succession to ! knee2 ! la/ b& alone ne$s fa/5+1 & ?is is p]haps ! neate/ & mo/ secure b&age kn[n4 ,fig4 #ac is a cross1 or figure-(-#h b&age1 exce$+ly useful :5 appli$ to ! turn ( a jo9t1 z 9 ! sket*4 ,spl9ts1 c4 ,fig4 #a1 9 ! gr\p ( illu/rations on p4 #fib1 is 9 case ( injury to ! radius close to ! wri/ jo9t4 ,x may be necess>y to h a crook$ spl9t & b5d ! h& on x1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,we believe x w m frequ5tly be f\nd advisable to place ! palm ( ! h& to ! spl9t2 b ?is mu/ be left 9 a great measure to ! judgm5t & daily exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator & 8 pati5t4 ,fig4 #b is a spl9t1 9 case ( fracture ( ! bones ( ! l[] arm4 ,!re w also be a %ort spl9t on ! inn] side1 & ! arm mu/ be support$ by a sl+4 ,fig4 #c is an angl$ spl9t = injuries ne> ! jo9t4 ,x may be c>ri$ ready made ( gutta p]*a1 or may be extemporis$ ) ! be/ mat]ials at h&4 ,illu/ration3 #a-ac ,figs4 #d & #e ( ! annex$ illu/rations are spl9ts = ! inn] & out] b5d ( ! arm2 ! out] may support ! arm ne>ly to ! wri/2 ! inn] %\ld be %ort]2 o!rs %\ld be ready made 9 gutta p]*a4 ,figs4 #f & #g are sub/itutes = !m1 extemporis$ f ! smoo? b>k ( a "y tree1 z ne> ! size ( ! arm z possible4 ,fig4 #h is a piece ( b>k s cut z to all[ ( its be+ b5t to ! =m ( ,no4 #f4 ,figs4 #i & #aj are inn] & out] spl9ts = ! leg1 usually made ( gutta p]*a1 & ( c\rse made "r & left4 ,sometimes a fully suffici5t holl[ is left = ! ankle1 & sometimes a hole is cut entirely ?r\gh4 ,fig4 #aa is a leg ) a cradle ( b>k support+ ! ?igh1 ! calf1 & ! sole ( ! foot1 & ) a spl9t or %ield ( ! same cov]+ ! in/ep & ! %94 ,fig4 #ab is a leg :i* has be5 brok51 b&ag$ & support$ 9 ! be/ position to avoid any d]angem5t ( ! p>ts by unequal t5sion ( ! muscles4 ,( c\rse spl9ts w\ld h to be secur$ above ^! b&ages4 ,fig4 #ac is a jo9t$ re/1 sometimes us$ 9 fractures ( ! ?igh1 to give ease to ! limb :5 !re is n mu* fe> ( muscul> action dis>rang+ x4 ,! pegs at ! sides draw out = conv5i5ce ( dress+1 & s]ve at o!r times to keep 9 position ! pads or cu%ion :i* are plac$ "u ! limb4 ,illu/ration3 #ad-ai ,fig4 #ad is ! full-l5g? spl9t = a brok5 ?igh4 ,! limb is b&ag$1 ! spl9t secur$ at ! ankle & hip1 & ! ov]-all b&age p>tially pass$ on4 ,we h _h to we> a spl9t b\nd ov] all ) />*$ b&ages f toe to armpit4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] m5tions "o ( ! ,agage]s :o broke 8 ?igh1 & :om he b\nd up 9 ?is mann] l a mummy ) /rips ( b>k & calico1 /iff5$ ) gum1 & :o1 aft] ly+ on 8 back a few weeks1 0 able to rise & jo9 9 ! *ase z en]getically z be=e4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! ext5sion ( ! leg )\t a spl9t1 by fold+ a long /rap ( /ick+ plai/] up ea* side ( ! calf1 mak+ a l9e fa/ 9 ! bight1 lead+ x ov] a %eave or roll]1 & atta*+ a weight1 say ( #flb4 or #hlb41 to ! o!r end4 ,fig4 #af is a %eet1 or long t[el1 or piece ( clo?1 ) two half hit*es made 9 ! middle1 & pass$ ov] ! ankle = ! purpose ( ext5d+ ! limb2 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ends on :i* ! pull is made come out on ! inn] side1 abrea/ ( ! holl[ ( ! foot4 ,^! la/ two exp$i5ts are useful 9 case ( fracture 9 a /rong & muscul> limb2 =1 by keep+ up a cont9u$ /ra91 !y we>y out ! muscles1 & cause !m to relax1 :5 ! bone may be set ) less difficulty4 ,we once assi/$ ,dr4 ,kirk to set ! ?umb ( a ,zambesian negro4 ,we _h no appliances at h&1 b _h to sit beh9d him1 embrac+ & hold+ him back1 :ile ,dr4 ,kirk grasp$ & haul$ ^u ! ?umb4 ,! involunt>y contraction ( 8 muscles 0 = a long "t m ?an a mat* = u2 b at l5g? we succe$$ 9 we>y+ him out1 & slipp+ ! ?umb into its socket4 ,fig4 #ag 7p4 #fic7 is a foot-re/ we made = our fri5d ,&]son4 ,x is simply a piece ( bo>d ab\t #bg;94 or #cj;94 long1 holl[ :]e ! calf ( ! leg comes1 & cut completely ?r\gh :]e ! heel w\ld o!rwise re/4 ,a piece ( ?9 bo>d is !n cut ne>ly to ! %ape ( ! foot1 & is fix$ by a pivot jo9t across ?is space2 a c\ple ( /r+s lead+ f holes 9 ! bo>d support x at any angle t is mo/ com=table = ! foot1 :i* is b\nd to x2 & a small bracket b5ea? ! end ( ! pr9cipal bo>d raises x s f> t ! heel _c *afe or press ^u ! mattrass1 :i*1 h[ev] slight may be ! contact1 becomes1 :5 endur$ = h\rs )\t a *ange ( position1 m pa9ful to a helpless man ?an "o 9 heal?1 & free f con/ra9t1 c readily believe4 ,fig4 #ah 7p4 #fic7 is a box-spl9t1 ) slid+ bottom & fall+ sides1 :i* we also made on ! same occasion4 ,its use 0 to s]ve z an ext]nal case & protection = ! w\nd$ limb4 ,:5 all ! dress+s 7 on1 ! h+es 7 m]ely pieces ( cord1 pass$ figure-(-#h fa%ion ?r\gh ! holes1 & ! lany>ds 7 /rong en\gh to susp5d ! :ole p]fectly cle> ( ! b$ :5 x 0 necess>y to *ange ! l954 ,fig4 #ai 7p4 #fic7 is a light awn+ frame to support ! weight ( ! b$ clo?+1 :i* might o!rwise press pa9fully ^u ! toe4 ,! la/ ?ree articles 7 made at ,b>m51 a remote mission /ation 9 ,s\?-,we/ ,africa1 ) no m tools ?an a travell] usually c>ries ) him1 & !re=e we presume t !y are by no means beyond ! p[] ( o!rs :o may be simil>ly situat$4 ,! illu/ration on ! opposite page repres5ts ! mode ( sett+ a dislocat$ %\ld]4 ,a man takes (f 8 boot1 sitt+ beside ! pati5t1 places 8 foot "u ! armpit1 !n tak+ hold ( ! wri/ he pulls x /eadily t[>ds him1 until ! muscles relax & ! bone slips into its place4 ,a pad mu/ !n be secur$ "u ! armpit & ! arm b\nd firmly to ! side4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 #a-c ,sometimes x is necess>y to /op ! too copi\s fl[ ( blood f a w\nd2 & = ?is purpose a t\rniquet 7,fig4 #a71 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration1 mu/ be extemporis$3 a h&k]*ief may be roll$ up ) a /one 9 x1 or an ov]h& knot may be turn$ 9 ! ?icke/ "p1 or any means adopt$ to insure pressure on ! injur$ blood-vessel2 ea* end ( ! h&k]*ief mu/ be !n return$ ^u itself1 s z to =m a bight1 ?r\gh bo? loops s =m$ a %ort /ick mu/ be pass$ & twi/$ tightly1 until ! compression /ops ! fl[ ( blood2 if an art]y is cut1 ! blood gu%es =? 9 regul> pulsations1 bright & r$2 if only ve9s are injur$1 ! fl[1 h[ev] copi\s1 is /eady1 & ! col\r is d>k]4 ,_m ( ! ,s\? ,african ,kafir & ,be*uana tribes h a v +5i\s me?od ( cupp+4 ,!y take ! end ( an ox-horn1 ab\t ! size ( a small w9e-glass 7,fig4 #b71 & p]=ate ! small] end ) a small hole communicat+ ) ! int]nal cavity2 !y sc>ify ! "p to be op]at$ on ) a gr\p ( p]haps half a doz5 cuts1 half an in* long & a qu>t] ( an in* deep1 made ) an assegai or r\gh-edg$ iron knife2 ! l>ge end ( ! horn is !n plac$ ov] ! w\nds1 ! op]ator sucks ) all 8 might1 & z soon z he has produc$ a p>tial vacuum dext]\sly plugs ! little hole ) a bit ( wax1 & all[s ! horn to rema9 until ! blood drawn f ! w\nds s f> fills ! cavity t !re ceases to be a vacuum1 & ! horn drops (f4 ,! clot ( blood1 ab\t z l>ge z a flor9 & half an in* ?ick1 is !n cle>$ out & ?r[n aside1 a fre% op]ation is !n p]=m$1 & o!rs 9 succession1 till ! :ole surface ( ! limb1 g5]ally ! inside ( ! ?igh or arm1 is cov]$ ) gr\ps ( little sc>s1 & blood en\gh has be5 extract$4 ,,tailor',s ,,"w4 ,al?\gh x is 9 e respect bett] & m economical = a travell] to take full supplies f home s z to be able to devote all 8 "t to ! real objects ( 8 j\rney1 yet x is q possible t ^! may fail1 & t he may h to tru/ to 8 own +5uity to replace !m4 ,a cotton or wooll5 %irt1 worn ov] all1 & belt$ r\nd ! wai/1 is 9 cold wea!r a v simple1 & n inconv5i5t or unsightly1 addition to ! clo?+4 ,we h tak5 a navy s]ge frock1 & fold+ 9 & /it*+ a slight gore d[n ! back1 & turn+ up ! skirts inside t[>ds ! wai/1 & /it*+ !m !re1 h made a v neat & com=table hip jacket = walk+ or rid+1 )\t cutt+ x 9 any "p1 except d[n ! front1 :]e a c\ple ( buttons1 9 addition to ^? already atta*$1 7 q suffici5t to conf9e x4 ,a cotton %irt may be treat$ 9 ?is mann] = a light] bl\se or jacket2 & = ^? :o wi% some?+ m /yli% 9 appe>ance we give a diagram1 :i* we ?9k w suffici5tly expla9 itself4 ,illu/ration ,tr\s]s1 to make4 ,we h1 9 cases ( ne$1 cut out a pair ( tr\s]s1 & /it*$ !m :ile sitt+ on ! waggon box dur+ ! morn+ j\rney1 s z to h !m ready to put on at ! next /ation2 & we h done ?is )\t int]mitt+ our usual obs]vations = c\rse & di/ance & notes ( ! r\te4 ,^! may be made 9 two pieces1 "o = ea* leg--#b-a_/byds4 or #cyds41 accord+ to /ature1 be+ en\gh = a pair4 ,! duck1 or o!r mat]ial1 is fold$ along ! c5tre ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 & x may !n be fold$ 9 half1 b %\ld n be cut until ! measurem5ts are tak52 if ! /uff is scant1 ! diagonal l9e ( ea* "p at ! wai/ may cross into ! o!r half1 & ?us x may be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! duck1 ( :i* tr\s]s are usually made1 is #bg;94 9 wid?1 & 9 g5]al ?is is f\nd to be en\gh1 ) little or no?+ to sp>e2 if /uff is pl5tiful & "t ( any importance1 ! tr\s]s may be made 9 two pieces1 ea* ( :i* =ms "o leg & half ! body2 !re is no diff]5ce except 9 ! front1 ! buttons be+ sewn on ! "r side1 :ile ! correspond+ holes are on ! left4 ,presum+ ! l5g? f above ! hip to ! heel to be #dj;941 #b-a_/dyds41 or #ha;941 ) c>e 9 supplem5t+ "o "p by ! pieces cut out ( ! o!r1 w j s]ve2 b we w suppose t we h #b-a_/byds41 or #ij;941 & are n compell$ to su* an ex]cise ( +5uity4 ,ea* half w n[ be #de;94 long1 ( :i* m>k or crease (f #a;94 at ! end1 l l1 = ! hem at ! bottom2 f ?is l9e1 k k1 measure #dj;94 along ! edge1 #da;94 along ! c5tre1 & #db;94 along ! o!r edge2 draw a diagonal l9e ?r\gh ^! po9ts1 & draw ano!r #b;94 beyond & p>allel to x2 ?is w be suffici5t to turn d[n = ! wai/b&1 & w occupy ! rema9d] ( ! #de;94 ( /uff4 ,9 duck or canvas1 :]e bo? sides are alike1 "s in*es might be sav$ by cutt+ x diagonally across ! c5tre2 b 9 drill molesk91 or any?+ t has a "r & wrong side1 ?is w n be ! case1 s t x _h bett] be left out ( ! "q4 ,! inn] seam ( ! leg w be #cj;941 measur$ f k k to ! po9ts a & h1 :]e ! duck w rema9 ( its full bread?2 take ! gir? ( ! wai/ at ! po9t l1 &1 f9d+ x #cb;941 divide x by f\r1 & m>k (f #h;94 on ea* side ! c5tral l9e2 !n take t ( ! hips along ! l9e b b1 &1 f9d+ x #cf;941 divide x by f\r1 z be=e1 b in/ead ( m>k+ (f #i;94 on ea* ! c5tre1 m>k #h;94 be=e & #aj;94 beh9d x2 !n on ! edge int5d$ = ! front draw a curv$ l9e f a to ! po9t b1 & cont9ue x 9 a /raight l9e upw>d2 !n draw ! outl9es ( ! piece t is to be fold$ into ! p>ts c1 d1 & e1 ea* ( :i* is to be #a-g_/h;94 wide1 & cut r\nd ! outl9e1 :i* is /rongly m>k$ 9 ! diagram1 fold+ & creas+ %>ply1 b n cutt+ ! mat]ial along ! dott$ l9es4 ,cut ! back ( ! tr\s]s f ! po9t h ) a slight curve1 t\*+ ! end ( ! measur$ l9es b & j4 ,we %\ld !n comm5ce by turn+ d[n ! p>ts c1 d1 & e1 work+ button-holes 9 !m z 9 ! diagram1 & /it*+ !m firmly1 b v neatly1 9 _! places1 & rememb]+ t we are work+ on ! left half ( ! g>m5t4 ,we %\ld !n take ! "r half1 fold 9 ! p>ts c1 d1 & e1 z be=e1 & /it* !m1 omitt+ ! button-holes4 ,we %\ld !n take ! two p>ts1 & lay+ !m toge!r at a1 /it* !m z f> z b2 !n lay+ toge!r ! po9t h1 /it* up ! back seam1 next br++ a & h toge!r1 /it* d[n ea* leg1 turn d[n ! wai/b&1 & /it* x1 mak+ button-holes z at f1 9 ! diagram1 & fix+ buttons to mat*1 turn+ up & seam+ ! bottoms ( ! legs4 ,mak+ eyelet-holes = a lac+ at ! back ( ! wai/b& braces we usually make no provision =2 b if ! we>] desires1 buttons may be affix$ = !m 9 _! prop] place4 ,jacket1 to cut out4 ,we give also ! outl9es ( a pla9 & useful jacket1 :i* may be made 9 six pieces1 ( :i* ?ree only are drawn3 ,fig4 #a1 half ! back2 ,fig4 #b1 half ! front2 ,fig4 #c1 "o sleeve2 ! o!rs ( c\rse are exact duplicates ( !m4 ,our draw+ is made on a scale ( #a-ab;94 to #a;94 ,fig4 #a is half ! back1 ! fir/ measurem5t = :i* is tak5 f ! coll>1 s f> d[n ! c5tre z j to cle> ! saddle--say1 = in/ance1 #bd;942 ! next is ! gir? ( ! *e/--say "o qu>t]2 say #h-a_/b;94 is all[$ = ! half back1 & a little m1 or #i-a_/b;94 = ! half front4 ,! rectangul> figures1 #a & #b1 %\ld be fir/ drawn to ^! measurem5ts1 & ?is w mu* facilitate all future op]ations4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! circumf]5ce ( ! neck = coll> be #ab;941 ! proportions w be = ! half back #b-a_/b;94 & = ! half front #c-a_/b;94 ,f ! coll> d[n to ! l9e across ! %\ld]s w be ab\t #f;941 & f ! coll> to ! l9e ( *e/ measurem5t #i;94 ,! fir/ ( ^! l9es drawn on ! p>allelogram w give ! po9t f :i* to draw ! diagonal l9e = ! %\ld] seam1 & ! second ! bottom ( ! oval t is to be cut out = ! armhole2 ! edges are holl[$ ab\t #a_/b;94 = ! wai/4 ,! diagram1 we hope1 w be suffici5tly cle> to indicate ! few rema9+ measurem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,patt]n ,,= ,a ,,jacket4 ,f ! front ( ! coll> on ,fig4 #b d[n to ! l9e ( ! %\ld]s w be ab\t #e;941 & f ! coll> end ( ! %\ld] seam to ! same l9e w be fully #g;942 ! oval = ! armhole w be #f;94 deep & #d-a_/b;94 across1 ( :i* #a;94 is to be cut into ! half back & #c-a_/b;94 into ! half front4 ,ab\t #d;94 beyond ! front l9e ( ! diagram may be all[$ on ea* half ( ! front = ov]lapp+1 & on ?is ! buttons w be plac$ accord+ to ta/e4 ,! dott$ l9es ( ,fig4 #c repres5t ! sleeve1 ! measure = :i* w be f c5tre ( back to armhole2 #g-a_/b;94 f armhole to elb[2 :5 ! arm is rais$ & b5t inw>ds1 #aj-a_/b;94 f elb[ to wri/2 #aj-a_/b;94 ! circumf]5ce ( ! arm--loosely tak51 w probably be #aj;942 & ! wri/ #i;942 b m may be all[$1 accord+ to ! we>]'s fancy4 ,a /raight l9e1 #ba;94 9 l5g?1 mu/ n[ be drawn1 & at #d-a_/b;94 f ! top x mu/ be cross$ by ano!r ( #aj;941 #h-a_/d;94 ( :i* mu/ project 9 front1 & #a-c_/d;94 beh9d2 on ^! l9es ! curve :i* m>ks ! ins]tion ( ! sleeve mu/ be drawn1 beg9n+ f ! long] end ( ! cross l9e1 & sweep+ r\nd by ! top2 d[n aga9 to ! %ort]1 !n cont9u+ d[nw>d = ! convex seam till x crosses ! fir/ l9e1 ab\t #h;94 f ! bottom1 & f>!r on ! base l9e1 ab\t #b-a_/b;94 9 front ( x2 #i;94 m =w>d mu/ be all[$ = ! wid? at ! wri/1 & a /raight l9e drawn f ?is po9t to ! long] arm ( ! cross w give ! inn] seam4 ,9 /it*+ ! p>ts toge!r1 we %\ld comm5ce ) ! %\ld] seam1 f ! armhole upw>d2 !n ) ! side seam1 f ! arm d[nw>d2 !n1 fold+ ! sleeve piece1 we %\ld /it* ! inn] seam f ! wri/ upw>ds2 &1 plac+ ! t]m9ation ( ?is seam on ! =e "p ( ! armhole1 #a-a_/b;94 or #b;94 bel[ ! %\ld] l9e1 /it* ! sleeve 92 !n1 comm5c+ at ! coll>1 w\ld make ! back seam1 &1 ?is done1 w\ld trim (f all inequalities ( ! edges2 !n turn d[n1 & hem !m1 & f9i%1 m or less1 accord+ to ta/e or conv5i5ce4 ,we h _h b little exp]i5ce 9 jacket-mak+1 z x is a g>m5t we seldom use 9 ,african travel2 b to our ability to cut "o1 9 at lea/ endurable /yle1 = ! *ief ,mo%otlani1 on ! ,zambesi1 we are indebt$ = "s ( our be/ views ( ! falls4 ,at #i o'clock ea* morn+ we w\ld say to him1 ,we h fix$ en\gh = y\r m5 to sew all day1 n[ we want ! canoe1 & ! man to g d[n ) u to ! wat]fall4 ,,di/9ctive ,,box ,,m>k+s4 ,illu/ration ,:5 a travell] has to employ 7z is mo/ g5]ally ! case 9 wild c\ntries7 s]vants :o _c read1 x is z well to m>k 8 boxes ) "s rudely-drawn pictorial sign1 :i* %\ld1 if possible1 h "s relation to ! cont5ts2 ?\gh ?is is n a matt] ( absolute necessity1 s long z ! own] himself kn[s :at is 9 ea* & :at di/+ui%+ m>k is plac$ ^u x4 ,we give a few specim5s1 :i* w suffici5tly illu/rate our mean+2 & any numb] may be devis$ if necess>y1 su* objects be+ *os5 z are mo/ likely to be famili> to ! s]vants employ$3 ?us1 on m>itime or fi%+ /ations1 diff]5t vessels1 cutt]s1 lugg]s1 s*oon]s1 brigs1 b>ques1 or %ips1 or p>ts ( vessels1 z guns1 an*ors1 cap/ans1 w9dlasses1 v>i\s knots1 z ! reef-knot1 b[l9e1 c41 rem>kable & at ! same "t famili> =ms ( fi%1 or implem5ts us$ 9 cat*+ !m1 z hooks1 l>ge & small h&-leads1 h>poons1 gra9s1 nets1 c41 w\ld be appropriate2 :ile 9 hunt+ or pa/oral c\ntries v>i\s animals--! ox1 ! horse1 ! %eep or goat1 ! elephant1 ! camel1 ! giraffe1 ! lion1 & _m o!rs--w\ld naturally be *os54 ,"o box might be> ! figure ( a man1 ano!r ( a woman2 ! tool *e/ might h a saw or an axe2 a p[d] horn w\ld indicate ! box conta9+ gunp[d]2 :ile o!rs1 hold+ r\nd or conical bullets1 c>tridges1 or small %ot1 might be m>k$ ) _! peculi> sign2 clo?+ might be indicat$ by a jacket & tr\s]s4 ,illu/ration ,! late em95t & amiable ,dr4 ,hold51 :o p]i%$ 9 ! attempt to explore ,s\?-,we/]n ,africa1 0 accu/om$ to m>k all 8 boxes 9 ?is mann]4 ,he _h left a waggon 9 ! c>e ( ! *ief ,le%u la tebe1 at ,lake ,ngami1 & :5 ?is 0 receiv$ by ! ag5t ( ! surviv+ relatives x 0 f\nd t all ! boxes _h be5 brok5 op51 & plund]$ ( ev]y?+ ( value to ! natives2 b "o1 aft] be+ brok51 _h be5 s5t out ( ! t[n to a lonely hut ne> "s adjac5t village4 ,we insi/$ t x %\ld be return$1 no matt] 9 :at condition or h[ev] t]rible might be ! cont5ts2 & at l5g? ! my/]i\s box1 :i* = m ?an two ye>s _h be5 a t]ror to ! c\ntry1 0 plac$ be=e u4 ,x _h be5 brok51 l ! re/2 b ! plund]]s1 on lift+ ! lid1 & f9d+ !mselves confront$ by a v]itable human skull1 gr9n+ horribly a gha/ly smile1 _h %ut x hurri$ly d[n1 & s5t ! dread$ box away4 ,!y 7 n a little a/oni%$ at our tem]ity :5 !y saw u quietly lift up ! emblem ( mortality2 nor 7 we less gratifi$ to f9d b5ea?1 securely gu>d$ by ! grisly s5t9el1 five bottles ( ! be/ ,fr5* br&y1 :i* ! un=tunate doctor _h tak5 ?is +5i\s me?od ( pres]v+4 ,we ought also to m5tion t 8 m$ic9e *e/ 0 m>k$ ) ! figure ( a snake1 signify+ poison2 & x w\ld be well if all *e/s1 bottles1 or cases conta9+ ei!r poison or m$ic9es1 :i* might be hurtful if wrongly us$1 7 m>k$ ) a dea?'s head1 a snake1 or cross$ bones1 or "s o!r unmi/akable w>n+4 ,,demean\r ,,t[>ds ,,companions ,,or ,,natives ,,& ,,:ite ,,s]vants1 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,travel1 ,,etc4 ,ev]y?+ dur+ a j\rney beyond ! limits ( civilisation dep5ds ^u ! good feel+ & h>mony among ! p>ty1 & no?+ %ort ( unavoidable necessity %\ld be suff]$ to int]f]e ) ?is2 !re are1 ( c\rse1 cases 9 :i* human nature c /& no f>!r provocation1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t =be>ance is seldom rep5t$ (1 :ile ha/y res5tm5t1 ev5 if express$ only 9 words1 may lay ! f\ndation ( ill-feel+1 :i* becomes all ! m bitt] because ! p>ties _c sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,at ! same "t1 ev5 =be>ance %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 a k9dly _s1 = ev5 an outspok5 qu>rel is bett] ?an ! habit ( nurs+ ! wra? to keep x w>m2 ! fir/ may admit ( explanation1 or ! p>ties to x1 if reconciliation does n foll[1 may agree to dismiss ! subject & "w toge!r till ! close ( ! j\rney2 &1 if bo? be hon\rable1 ea* w disda9 to d less ?an 8 duty1 or to ?r[ an unfair %>e ( lab\r or privation ^u ! o!r4 ,b 9 ! second case no su* explanation is possible2 ! p]son :o feels himself ! subject ( displeasure has no *ance ( le>n+ :at is ! nature ( 8 (f5ce1 & goes on unconsci\sly1 p]haps repeat+ x1 till1 l an ov]*>g$ ?und]-cl\d1 ! /orm bur/s1 & ! re/oration ( peace :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 w\ld h be5 easy1 becomes impossible4 ,_m a tale c\ld we tell ( comrades 9 travel :o h freely risk$ _! lives ov] & ov] aga9 = ea* o!r1 & c\nt$ x n ev5 a ?+ = :i* !y expect$ ?anks1 :o h rema9$ fa/ fri5ds until ! close ( _! j\rney1 & 9 mo/ in/ances1 we are glad to say1 ?is fri5dly feel+ has rema9$ undi/urb$4 ,9 "o case relat$ to u1 "o ( ! travell]s _h be5 call$ a c[>d by 8 comrade because he fail$ to fire at a lion at ! expect$ mom5t4 ,8 reply 01 ,we w n qu>rel ov] x n[2 b we sep>ate at ! fir/ opportunity1 & meantime ,i may f9d a *ance to prove t ,i h n des]v$ y\r reproa*4 ,"o day he :o _h be5 ?us /igmatis$ rema9$ at home2 &1 :5 8 comrade return$1 said to him--,i ?\ght ,i %\ld be able to %[ t y\r words 7 undes]v$3 a lion has attack$ ! camp4 ,:]e is he8 ask$ ! o!r4 ,lift up ! cov]+1 & y w see him "h1 0 ! reply4 ,!re 0 b "o w\nd--x 0 9 ! =ehead--& f s %ort a di/ance _h ! dea? %ot be5 dis*>g$ t ! fla% ( ! gun _h s+$ ! hair ar\nd ! orifice x made4 ,! accus] apologis$ = 8 ha/y words2 b ! brea* 0 nev] heal$1 & ! sep>ation took place soon aft]4 ,! *oice ( s]vants mu/ be v mu* guid$ by ! habits & disposition ( ! travell] himself2 b if he c1 z ought to be ! case1 disp5se ) _m ( ! luxuries ( civilis$ life1 !n we %\ld consid] x be/ = him to engage p accu/om$ to ! duties !y are requir$ to p]=m f among ! s]vants ( ! coloni/s or :ite resid5ts1 :o "k & c answ] = _! "* & ability4 ,_m travell]s :o />t = ! ,cape ,colony l to h a :ite man z an ov]se]1 & he g5]ally acts also z cook & p]sonal s]vant4 ,su* m5 z ^! are to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! fronti] t[ns1 & "o :o is really compet5t to ! "w 9 h& is invaluable2 b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection1 = h[ev] inexp]i5c$ ! travell] may be he _h bett] comm& 8 own att5dants ?an submit to ! int]v5tion ( a man :o is unfit to manage !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y w at lea/ look ^u him z ! ma/]1 :o hires1 :o pays1 & fe$s !m1 & = :om !y feel b\nd to "w2 9 ! latt]1 !y h no hesitation 9 say+ to an incompet5t ov]se]1 ,y are n our ma/]1 b only a s]vant l ourselves1 & we c>e no?+ = y4 ,m especially is ?is ! case if !y f9d him ignorant ( ! managem5t ( ox51 an ineffici5t hunt]1 or too mu* dep5d5t ^u guides = indications ( 8 way 9 ! bu%4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at2 ! discipl9e ( a %ip may be c>ri$ on1 ?\gh ! capta9 be incompet5t1 if 8 fir/ lieut5ant be a ?or\gh seaman2 b if t (fic] is n up to 8 duty1 ev5 a fir/-rate capta9 c h>dly atone = ! defici5cy4 ,if a man :o1 9 8 y\?1 has be5 a soldi] or a sailor1 ent]s ! s]vice ( a travell]1 he possesses _m advantages ov] ord9>y s]vants4 ,! soldi] ought to h le>n$ some?+ ( ! value ( discipl9e & ord]1 & to be able to comb9e respect = himself ) ob$i5ce to 8 employ]s2 :ile ! sailor mu/ h le>n$1 dur+ 8 probation1 a ?\s& %ifts & exp$i5ts2 &1 above all1 h acquir$ a habit ( self-reliance 9 difficulty & dang] t _c be too highly valu$4 ,effici5t m51 h[ev]1 mu/ be s\ght out & well paid2 x is ( little use to expect !m to flock to ! int5d+ travell] & ask employm5t2 !y are n ( ! class :o g5]ally hang ab\t l>ge t[ns1 b are m likely to be f\nd on ! v bord]s ( civilisation4 ,moreov]1 !y are n too pl5tiful2 !y w\ld be m likely to ask1 z 0 ! case 9 ,au/ralia1 h y a good "* f y\r la/ s]vant8 & inquiry %\ld be made 9 "t among o!r travell]s z to ! "* & reliability ( su* p]sons z !y h reason to ?9k fit = ! *>ge4 ,)9 a colony1 9 case ( a dispute ) a s]vant1 an appeal to ! magi/rate is possible2 ?\gh if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! ne>e/ ju/ice %\ld live f ?irty to fifty miles away--n always conv5i5t--! ma/] p]haps inquires ( 8 native h]dsman respect+ ! fate ( a miss+ ox or two or ?ree %eep2 &1 ! replies n be+ satisfactory1 h9ts 8 suspicion t !y h be5 kill$ & eat52 ! h]dsman indignantly d5ies x1 %ort5s 8 knobke]ie 9 8 "r h&1 & ga!rs 8 k>oss1 or blanket1 ov] 8 left arm1 z a ,spani>d does 8 cloak4 ,if ! ma/] be ( quick temp]1 he closes ) & dis>ms him1 or p]haps gets knock$ d[n4 ,if o!rwise1 he takes ! m prud5t alt]native ( rid+ to ! magi/rate4 ,if he does ! fir/1 ! native1 ^: "t is ( no value to him1 />ts (f at once to ! magi/rate1 & obta9s a summons aga9/ 8 ma/] = assault4 ,if he *ooses ! latt]1 8 h]dsman probably takes advantage ( 8 abs5ce to add z _m m cattle z he c to ! miss+ li/1 & be=e he c be legally summon$ is f> away f ! p[] ( ! law1 seek+ refuge among remote tribes4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is n to be wond]$ at t occasionally ! coloni/s took ! law into _! own h&s2 & ( _! mann] ( proce$+ ! foll[+ incid5t1 relat$ to u by a fri5d1 may s]ve z a fair example4 ,a native s]vant hav+ transgress$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! p ( ! f>m 7 assembl$1 & he 0 put ^u 8 trial2 ! evid5ce 0 aga9/ him1 & he 0 ask$1 ,w y be tak5 be=e ! magi/rate8 ,w y receive =ty la%es at ! waggon :eel1 or w y be %ot8 ,!y g5]ally1 said our in=mant1 *oose to take ! flogg+ (fh&4 ,b h[1 said we1 if "s cunn+ fell[ %\ld *oose to be %ot8 ,oh1 said he1 t is n v likely2 b a man once did s1 & he 0 all[$ to run a hundr$ y>ds1 :5 a bullet 0 fir$ pa/ him1 b suffici5tly ne> to let him he> ! s++ ( x4 ,x 0 n v f> f ! locality :]e ?is ev5t happ5$ t a flock-ma/] began to f9d a /eadily-increas+ mortality among 8 %eep1 ! v heal?ie/ ( :i*1 )\t any app>5t cause1 sick5$1 & 9 a %ort "t di$4 ,n[1 :5 m]9o or o!r wool-be>+ rams are import$ at a co/ ( #abjl4 ea*1 x behoves a man to look well aft] ! good condition ( _! prog5y1 b no symptom ( disease m>k$ ! approa*+ dea?s2 ! %eph]ds ask$ = ! c>cases1 &1 f9d+ ^!1 he propos$ to s]ve !m out z rations1 b !y refus$1 & insi/$ t %eep %\ld be kill$ = !m z usual4 ,v good1 said he1 dig a pit & ?r[ 9 ! c>cases1 & ,i w kill = y4 ,next morn+ he f\nd ! pit _h be5 op5$ & its cont5ts ab/ract$4 ,:5 %eep 7 aga9 br\ght 9 dead he ?rew quicklime into ! pit ) !m2 ! mortality began to dim9i%1 & a po/-mortem exam9ation result$ 9 ! discov]y t a v f9e mimosa ?orn1 specim5s ( :i* may be _h ( all sizes1 f t ( a sew+-ne$le to #e;94 or #f;94 9 l5g?1 _h be5 ?ru/ "u ! %\ld]1 & left to "w its way to ! he>t ( ! animal4 ,unless1 9 case ( gross & insol5t disob$i5ce1 :i* x is necess>y to *a/ise ) a /rong h& ^u ! spot1 "s =m ( trial & exam9ation ( evid5ce = & aga9/ ! culprit ought always to prec$e ! puni%m5t2 & ?is c\rse1 s f> z we h se51 is g5]ally adopt$ by ,engli% travell]s1 a love ( fair play be+1 we are fa9 to hope1 9 spite ( occasional excesses1 inh]5t among u4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ in/ances we h kn[n ( ?is occurr$ n f> f ,objimb5gue4 ,a tra9 ( waggons 0 pass+ up c\ntry f ! ,bay2 w9e & spirits 7 fl[+ freely2 &1 z is usually ! case :]e long-en=c$ ab/95ce is succe$$ by opportunities ( unlimit$ indulg5ce1 "s ( ! p>ty 7 n q z judges ought to be be=e d9n]4 ,jeal\sy--t fruitful s\rce ( qu>rels--produc$ "o dur+ ! night1 & an ,engli%man broke a ,hott5tot's head--t is to say1 inflict$ a scalp w\nd half an in* wide & z deep z ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 w\ld p]mit4 ,! inflictor ( ! bl[ 7we nev] f\nd out :o 0 ! actual aggressor7 0 conf9$ 9 ! room t _h be5 assign$ to u1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few wild tricks inspir$ by ! wan+ influ5ce ( ! liquor1 su*1 = in/ance1 z draw+ a sword-bayonet & giv+ po9t at a fri5d :o ent]$1 behav$ ) rem>kable propriety1 till a raad c\ld be duly =m$ among ! re/4 ,( evid5ce v little 0 requir$2 !re 0 ! tottie ) 8 w\nd$ head2 ! def5dant plead$ provocation & ! influ5ce ( dr9k1 & express$ 8 will+ness to pay a fair comp5sation4 ,eight p\nds /]l+ 0 propos$ & cons5t$ to1 & a bill drawn out & sign$ ^u ! spot4 ,r exorbitant damages we ?\ght = a w\nd :i* disabl$ ! lad b = a day2 b we 7 fre% 9 ! c\ntry !n1 & ?\ght ! old h&s knew be/ h[ to manage _! own affairs4 ,extravagant & wild z 0 ! sc5e1 x 0 nev]!less a pro( t :]ev] a numb] ( ,engli%m51 or _! colonial desc5dants1 c be ga!r$ toge!r1 a _s ( fair play w actuate ! majority4 ,) native s]vants1 v mu* mu/ dep5d ^u ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are hir$4 ,among "s ( ! sup]ior tribes1 if m5 are well *os51 !y may be left to p]=m _! own duty 9 _! own way2 an occasional expression ( approval f ! ma/]1 & half an h\r's *at ) !m n[ & !n1 to %[ t1 ?\gh he tru/s !m1 he is n c>eless ( 8 own int]e/s nor unm9dful ( !irs1 be+ ne>ly all t is requir$2 :ile ! p[] ( )hold+ a good "* or mak+ a d$uction f _! pay at ! end ( ! j\rney is en\gh to re/ra9 any irregul>ity !y might be tempt$ to4 ,sometimes !y may be hir$ f ! *iefs1 :o !n transf]s to ! ma/]1 = ! "t be+1 8 au?ority ov] !m1 & looks to him = ! safe return ( 8 m5 at ! end ( ! /ipulat$ "t4 ,9 ?is case ! travell] becomes pro tempore _! *ief1 & may ex]cise 8 p[] 9 summ>y puni%m5t ( a culprit1 or may res]ve 8 "r to appeal to ! actual *ief on 8 return4 ,9 o!r cases1 z ) ,lasc>s or o!r natives ( ,india1 a gang may be hir$ ) _! own ,s]ang1 or ,t9dal1 to :om all ord]s respect+ !m %\ld be giv51 & f :om !y w submit to any am\nt ( puni%m5t1 ?\gh !y w\ld res5t x z an insult1 only to be aton$ ) blood1 if inflict$ by a :ite man4 ,! ,kroom5 ( ! coa/ ne> ,si]ra ,leone1 :o are usually employ$ on bo>d our m5-(-w>1 are g5]ally engag$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,we _h twelve on ! ,zambesi exp$ition1 "u a v f9e head man1 call$ ,tom ,jumbo4 ,:5 our little /eam]1 ! ,ma ,rob]t 7:i*1 if n ! be/ con/ruct$1 0 c]ta9ly ! be/ abus$ little vessel afloat7 0 put toge!r on ! ,zambesi1 ,mr4 ,rae1 ! eng9e]1 took "s tr\ble to tra9 ,tom ,c(fee 7a ,krooman7 to act z /ok] & g5]al assi/ant4 ,tom _h1 h[ev]1 a w ( 8 own2 &1 prov+ refractory1 0 br\ght be=e ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 :o1 f motives ( humanity1 in/ead ( ord]+ him corporal puni%m5t1 put him (f duty & /opp$ 8 pay4 ,! ,kroom5 ga!r$ 9 s]i\s consultation ov] ! s5t5ce1 & at l5g? deput$ ,jumbo to appeal aga9/ x3 ,! ,kroom51 said he1 d n und]/& be+ put (f duty2 !y come to "w1 & !y mu/ "w4 ,i w see to t1 & !y w expect _! pay :5 ?is voyage is done4 ,if !y are insol5t or lazy1 or des]ve puni%m5t1 tell me ( x1 & ,i w flog !m2 !y 'savey' t1 b !y d n 'savey' /oppage ( _! pay4 ,mr4 ,rae also felt ! s5t5ce press r heavily ^u him4 ,none ( ! o!r m5 7 fit1 )\t fre% in/ruction1 to take ,tom's place2 & z ! duties ( *ief eng9e]1 ) ^? ( /ok] & assi/ant1 7 r too on]\s = "o individual1 he 0 fa9 to jo9 9 ! reque/ t ,c(fee %\ld be set to "w aga94 ,9 "s places x is almo/ impossible to avoid ! employm5t ( slave lab\r 9 "s =m or o!r2 = ev5 ?\gh ! ma/] d n1 z ( c\rse no ,engli%man ) prop] feel+ w1 reta9 a man 9 compulsory bondage1 or sell him = pr(it :5 8 t]m ( s]vitude is expir$1 x is 9 "s c\ntries impossible to hire a free lab\r]2 & to give a man 8 lib]ty imm$iately aft] he has be5 pur*as$ f 8 *ief1 or ma/]1 w\ld only deprive ! hir] or pur*as] ( all b5efit dur+ ! expect$ p]iod ( s]vice4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 "s ( ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! upp] bran*es ( ! ,nile4 ,a well-kn[n travell] 9 t region 0 once tax$ ) slave trad+2 he indignantly d5i$ ! *>ge4 ,he _h b\ght m5 ( _! *ief1 z ev]yone :o requir$ s]vants 0 oblig$ to d2 b he *all5g$ pro( t he _h ev] deta9$ "o 9 bondage or sold him aga9 :5 8 s]vice 0 complet$4 ,an ,engli% milit>y (fic]1 9 ! same dilemma1 b\ght m52 he 0 a k9d ma/]1 he f\nd !m good s]vants1 & :5 he requir$ !m no long] he made !m pres5ts & set !m free4 ,a sudd5 cl\d d>k5$ e br[4 ,_h !y n s]v$ him well8 ,:at fault _h !y committ$ t he %\ld n[ disc>d !m1 & turn !m adrift1 )\t provid+ !m ano!r ma/]8 ,we once met 9 ,dielli1 ! capital ( ! ,portuguese settlem5t 9 ! isl& ( ,timor1 an ,engli% capta9 :o1 mov$ by compassion at ! mis]able condition ( "s prison]s 9 ! h&s ( ,malay pirates1 yield$ to _! entreaties1 & pur*as$ "s ( !m2 & on arrival at ! fir/ ,briti% port he w5t a%ore to consult ! magi/rate z to ! prop] mann] ( giv+ !m _! lib]ty4 ,y _c give !m _! lib]ty1 said he1 !y are free already2 &1 ?\gh y h act$ f motives ( humanity1 y _h bett] let !m g z quietly z possible1 = n only is y\r pur*ase ( no effect1 b y h br\ght y\rself into "s dang] by mak+ x4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ! ,engli% travell]s1 or trad]s1 v prop]ly refuse to h any?+ to d ) ! pur*ase ( slaves1 ?\gh m5 & boys w come to !m desir+ to be b\ght4 ,a fri5d ( ours _h an (f] ( ?is k9d made :ile we 7 toge!r2 b ?\gh x w\ld h be5 v advantage\s to h a c\ple ( lads :o1 9 a %ort "t1 w\ld h be5 well qualifi$ to act z int]pret]s1 he decl9$ ! (f]4 ,on a previ\s occasion1 h[ev]1 :5 a boy _h begg$ h>d t he w\ld buy him he refus$1 b told ! lad to g & make ! be/ b>ga9 he c\ld = 8 own lib]ty2 ! price 0 h&$ ov] to him1 he ransom$ himself1 & joyfully return$ to ent] ! s]vice ( 8 new ma/]4 ,frequ5tly a :ite man picks up "s mis]able1 neglect$ *ild1 lets x sit by 8 fire1 & huddle among 8 s]vants1 gett+ a %>e ( _! food2 & if he be1 z he ought1 a k9d-he>t$ fell[1 an occasional pat ^u ! woolly head & a tit bit f himself4 ,:5 its condition is improv$1 he p]haps sets x to "s trifl+ "w2 b no soon] is x suppos$ to h become useful ?an d[n come ! p>5ts or bro!rs1 or "s impo/ors :o repres5t !mselves z su*1 & ?reat5 to take ! *ild away unless !y are prop]ly paid = all[+ him to keep x4 ,9 ,dam>a l& especially su* cases 7 common2 & we became q accu/om$ to he> ! native s]vant girls tell+ ea* o!r1 z a matt] ( v little importance1 t su* a "o _h ?r[n h] *ild into ! fire t morn+4 ,n t ! /atem5t 0 to be tak5 lit]ally2 b r t ! "m _h j ab&on$ x1 & ! poor creature _h crawl$ t[>ds ! fire = w>m?1 & s scor*$ itself4 ,!re 7 also "s natives :o _h a great facility = e/abli%+ a relation%ip ) ^! un=tunates2 & two or ?ree _h ga9$ q a reputation = _! skill 9 discov]+ "s g5ealogical aff9ity ) anyone t _h become ! pet ( a ,european suppos$ to be able to af=d to pay = ! luxury ( keep+ x4 ,9 ! ,portuguese settlem5ts on ! ,l[] ,zambesi a modifi$ =m ( slav]y exi/s1 totally di/9ct f1 & unconnect$ )1 ! slave trade1 & r5d]$ mu* m endurable by ! fact t ! slaves1 or1 m prop]ly1 s]fs or bondsm51 are subjects ( ! ,cr[n1 & may n be remov$ f ! colony1 an ord9ance1 h[ev]1 respect+ :i* some?+ may be said on bo? sides2 =1 if x prev5ts subjects be+ sold z slaves into =eign bondage1 x is sometimes assign$ z a reason = n legally m>ry+ a native woman2 t if a man 7 to d s1 he c\ld n take h] f ! c\ntry1 &1 n be+ all[$ to leave h]1 w\ld ?us pass ^u himself a s5t5ce ( conf9em5t !re = life4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( s]vitude "u ! ,cr[n1 ! position ( a slave seems to be t he _c *ange 8 ma/]1 & 8 ma/] _c dis*>ge or sell him1 except "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,dur+ ! ,liv+/one exp$ition we 7 frequ5tly s]v$ by slaves l5t or hir$ to u by _! ma/]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,katura1 l5t u by ,major ,sic>d1 ! comm&ant1 :o always address$ him z ,vossa ,m]cee1 or ,mi/]1 act$ z our h\se /ew>d1 & _h "u him ,jose1 ! cuis9i]1 :o became highly indignant if any ( u raze$ 8 _m-syllabl$ title into cook4 ,katura _h a position to ma9ta91 & he und]/ood x2 he 0 n only a /ew>d1 b a plucky little fell[1 & ! fir/ dead man we sket*$ !re 7^: corpse w be se5 9 ! picture ( ,maz>o ,mutu1 9 ,dr4 ,liv+/one's second book7 0 "o ( 8 %oot+4 ,al?\gh a slave he _h rights ( 8 own1 & 0 well aw>e ( !m4 ,sometimes he w\ld br+ u a few eggs1 & :5 we (f]$ to pay = !m pr\dly rem>k$ t ! ova katura 7 n = sale1 b he _h no objection to accept a pres5t2 nei!r w\ld he agree to put a price on any s]vice we ask$ him to d = u2 we made him a pres5t ( navy s]ge--en\gh to make a frock (4 ,next morn+ he told u t 8 ma/] want$ x1 & ask$ u h[ mu* calico he %\ld dem& 9 return4 ,we told him ?ree y>ds = "o ( ! s]ge2 ! major demurr$ to ?is1 & ,katura refus$ him ! s]ge1 & aft] a mon? or six weeks made ! b>ga9 on 8 own t]ms1 & ask$ u = a foot rule t he might measure ! calico he _h receiv$4 ,a que] sort ( slav]y ?is6 said a ,yankee fri5d1 to :om we aft]w>ds relat$ ! circum/ance4 ,! foll[+ valuable h9ts on travel 7 communicat$ by ,capta9 ,/u>t1 ! ,au/ralian explor]1 to ,mr4 ,a4 ,gregory1 on 8 tak+ comm& ( ! exp$ition be=e ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w1 & 9 :i* we took "p4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! directions z concise z possible1 we h1 9 repeat+ !m1 avoid$ ! repetition ( ! lead]'s "n1 c4 ,9 o!r respects we give ! directions1 words ( advice1 & h9ts1 9 ,capta9 ,/u>t's own words4 ,9 communicat+ !m1 he says3-- ,mr4 ,augu/us ,gregory1 n be+ a milit>y man1 & n1 p]haps1 hav+ acquir$ ! habits ( caution peculi> to t s]vice1 ,i v5ture to put toge!r a few h9ts = 8 consid]ation1 :i* ,i w\ld fa9 hope may be ( use to him1 & = (f]+ :i* my pa/ exp]i5ce 9 ! field ( discov]y1 & my anxi\s desire to promote ! success ( ! und]tak+ 9 :i* he is emb>k$1 mu/ be my apology4 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! lead] to come to a /rict und]/&+ ) 8 m5 be=e he engages !m to con=m to ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t ,i h drawn up1 & :i* is a copy ( t :i* ,i made ! m5 sign :o accompani$ me on my c5tral exp$ition4 ,x is ! only means1 :5 at a di/ance f home1 to keep ! m5 9 ord] & subjection4 ,i f\nd x mo/ efficaci\s on "o occasion2 :51 "o ( ! m5 hav+ misconduct$ himself1 ,i /ruck 8 "n (f ! pay li/1 r$uc$ 8 supply ( provisions1 & only re9/at$ him at ! e>ne/ solicitation ( 8 comrades & on _! gu>antee t he %\ld n (f5d aga94 ,! comm&+ (fic] %\ld h 8 camp always compact4 ,8 %eep 9 ! c5tre ( x1 & ! drays flank+ ! %eepfold ) ! t5ts at ! angles4 ,i w\ld caution him nev] to be )\t a gu>d4 ,let him give 8 m5 to und]/& t he w nev] disp5se ) ! gu>d4 ,i nev] did b on "o occasion1 :i* might well h be5 excus$1 & on t "o occasion ,i 0 robb$4 ,mr4 ,gregory may re/ assur$ t 8 safety at all times1 :e!r 9 ! pres5ce ( natives or n1 dep5ds on ?is necess>y vigilance4 ,i h be5 peculi>ly =tunate 9 my int]c\rse ) ! natives4 ,i believe ! reason ( ?is is t ,i h always put myself 9 _! position1 & deem$ ! al>m & vehem5ce !y h exhibit$ at ! approa* ( m5 & bea/s !y _h nev] se5 be=e z only natural4 ,in/ead ( approa*+ ne>]1 ,i h giv5 !m "t to recov] f _! amazem5t be=e ,i h sep>at$ myself f my m51 & walk$ s+ly & un>m$ t[>ds !m1 & sat quietly d[n on ! gr\nd1 until !y _h l[]$ _! spe>s & appe>$ pacifi$4 ,"o ( ! natives is sure to advance & sit d[n z ,i _h done1 & s1 by gradual approa*es1 we at l5g? sat d[n side by side4 ,b x is long be=e ! native raises 8 eyes to look at y4 ,i h always respect$ _! cu/oms 9 ?is respect1 & am happy to say t ,i nev] fail$4 ,treat ! natives k9dly1 & !y w s treat y4 ,on no acc\nt did ,i all[ my m5 to h any int]c\rse ei!r ) ! m5 or wom54 ,?is ,i int]dict$ "u ! sev]e/ p5alties4 ,! lead] %\ld n rema9 too long 9 "o spot4 ,he w und]/& t famili>ity subdues fe>4 ,i w\ld recomm5d him to h a respectable & responsible /orekeep]1 :o %\ld h a t5t ) ! ov]se] ( /ock4 ,! provision %\ld be weigh$ out weekly to ! m51 & /ock tak5 once a mon?1 & a return ( :at has be5 issu$ & :at rema9s giv5 by ! /orekeep] to him4 ,su* regul>ity inspires confid5ce4 ,if ! comm&] %\ld foll[ a riv] into ! des]t1 he w mo/ probably f9d x assume a *a9 ( ponds1 & ultimately disappe> 9 a va/ pla94 ,i w\ld beg ( him 9 su* case n to move on 8 p>ty until he has asc]ta9$ t !re is wat] 9 front ( him4 ,he c h no idea h[ soon he c place himself 9 jeop>dy4 ,i "k n t ,i c give ,mr4 ,gregory any fur!r fri5dly h9t4 ,d\btless he is exp]i5c$ 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( an exp$ition1 & he may be assur$ he has my be/ pray]s = 8 success4 ,! foll[+ g5]al rules = ! treatm5t ( ,indians1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,br[n1 may also be useful 9 ref]5ce to o!r tribes1 ?\gh a travell]'s behavi\r to a b>b>\s or savage p mu/1 to a great ext5t1 dep5d on circum/ances--8 position 9 ! tribe & ! cu/oms ( ! nation1 :i* ought nev] to be wantonly outrag$4 ,^! rules 7 p>tially drawn up = me at an e>ly date ( my resid5ce among ! ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ican ,indians by a g5tleman :om to m5tion w\ld be to "n1 p]haps1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! e]ies ( ! fur trade4 ,i aft]w>ds add$ & am5d$ !m by my own exp]i5ce4 #a4 ,nev] pass an ,indian village 9 ! night if y suspect any mis*ief4 ,!y w be sure to f9d y out1 & !n1 l all bullies1 see+ t y are afraid ( !m1 w act ^u t k4 #b4 ,if y suspect mis*ief1 camp outside at a di/ance1 & pass 9 daylight2 y c !n see bett] :at y are ab\t4 #c4 ,if y come to a village :]e y ?9k !re is likely to be an attack made on y1 g into ! *ief's lodge1 &1 if possible1 into "o :]e !re are a numb] ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,if _! s5se ( hospitality does n prev5t !m f mole/+ y1 !y "k t :5 :ite m5 are attack$ bullets fly ab\t1 & "s may /rike ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,x is an axiom t no man likes to put 8 head d[n a gun-b>rel4 #d4 ,tru/ to an ,indian's hon\r1 & y are tol]ably safe--y & y\r goods2 b n to 8 hone/y1 = he w /eal ! e>s (f y\r head1 unless y are v skilful 9 mak+ a ca*e4 ,if 9 a neighb\rhood :]e !re are ,indians1 y _h f> bett] leave y\r goods 9 _! *>ge until y come back2 y w g5]ally f9d !m safe2 b if !y f9d y\r ca*e--_! hone/y be+ d\bt$1 & hav+ no hon\rable scruples--!y w be sure to clean x out4 #e4 ,nev] appe> to be afraid ( !m4 #f4 ,nev] give !m "o c5t less or "o c5t m ?an y b>ga9$ =--z a "r4 ,if y d1 !y w ?9k x only yield+ to !m1 & !n imag9e y h *eat$ !m at fir/4 ,y may give a small pres5t if y l4 ,x is a cu/om ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h introduc$ ( giv+ aft] a trade has be5 complet$ a small potlat*1 or gift1 ( _! free accord1 accord+ to ! value ( ! goods trad$4 ,^? ,indians :o h trad$ ) ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company expect x4 #g4 ,9 mak+ pres5ts1 take into consid]ation _! wants2 only make pres5ts :]e y may expect a return2 !y d t ) y2 & goodness ( he>t is only ?r[n away4 ,nev] calculate on ?is la/ weakness4 #h4 ,9 mak+ pres5ts = conciliatory purposes1 always make !m to ! head p2 nev] m9d ! small] tribes' m54 ,be sure1 h[ev]1 t x is ! *ief y are mak+ pres5ts to1 & n "s =w>d & impud5t fell[1 :o is usually ! fir/ to acco/ y at ! outskirts ( a village4 ,! *ief g5]ally retires on 8 dignity1 & wants to be s\ght out4 ,secure ! head man's reg>d1 & y ne$ n m9d ! fav\r ( ! small] ones2 b ev5 if y _h abundance ( goods to di/ribute1 y w\ld be sure to create r$ blood & he>t burn+s by "o man's pres5t be+ bett] ?an ano!r1 or suppos$ to be1 c4 #i4 ,i h g5]ally adopt$ ! practice1 :5 ,i _h n mu* to give1 ( giv+ x to ! *ildr54 ,if y w9 ! *ildr51 y w9 ! "m1 & ( c\rse ! fa!r4 ,a little pres5t goes a long way ) ! *ildr54 ,if y give x to ! "m1 y (t5 excite ! fa!r's jeal\sy1 & fru/rate y\r purpose4 ,always rememb]1 9 addition1 t a savage values a man's g5]osity1 c41 accord+ to ! size ( 8 pres5ts1 & act accord+ly4 #aj4 ,nev] all[ ! natives to eat ) y z y\r equal4 ,z a rule1 play ! great man ) !m4 #aa4 ,if a savage is travell+ ) y1 give him food :5ev] he wants x4 ,food giv5 :5 he wi%es x is ( t5 times m value ?an :5 he gets x :5 he does n ne$ x1 or is n hungry4 ,consult 8 wi%es 9 ?is respect4 #ab4 ,nev] attempt to ga9 any?+ by =ce2 always by p]suasion1 argum5t1 & pres5ts4 #ac4 ,not)/&+ all y w be told ab\t ! value ( a m$ical k 9 travell+ among savages1 ,i h g5]ally f\nd x ( v little b5efit1 & frequ5tly1 :5 put 9 practice1 ( real detrim5t4 ,an ,indian w nev] come to y unless :5 at dea?'s door & he has lo/ confid5ce 9 8 own sorc]]s4 ,y may give him "s m$ic9e1 & p]haps 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! pati5t dies1 z he w\ld h done anyh[4 ,_! pr(essional jeal\sy is rais$1 & y are accus$ by ! m$ic9e m5 ( kill+ ! p]son2 & ! wor/ ( ! matt] is1 x is (t5 believ$ by ! cr$ul\s p4 ,if ! man recov]s1 x is r>ely t y get ! cr$it ( x4 ,x is ! m$ic9e m5 :o h done x4 ,) surg]y x is some:at diff]5t4 ,if ! op]ation is "o n involv+ any v s]i\s consequ5ces if unsuccessful1 by all means p]=m x4 ,!y !n see ! work+ ( y\r sup]ior k be=e _! eyes4 #ad4 ,be j & firm1 pati5t & equanim\s ) !m4 ,display no ang] or viol5t & passionate ge/ures1 & nev] be v prone to notice insults4 #ae4 ,nev] say y w d a ?+ & n d x4 ,nev] ?reat5 to d any?+ unless y int5d to d x4 #af4 ,no p notice ! weakness & moral %ortcom+s ( a man quick] ?an savages2 !re=e bew>e1 especially 9 re foem94 #ag4 ,try by all means to le>n ! cu/oms & social etiquette ( ! p2 = no?+ raises y m 9 _! e/imation ?an ?is k1 or enables y to see :5 y are slight$4 #ah4 ,if y are attack$1 & at ! la/ extremity h to fire1 take to ! bu%4 ,an ,indian does n l to v5ture 94 ,he kn[s !re is a man !re & a gun1 & t somebody may be %ot1 & t somebody may be himself4 #ai4 ,if y h a wat* at night1 nev] /& ne> ! fire2 = !n y are only giv+ ! man a *ance to fire at y4 #bj4 ,always1 & above ev]y?+1 rememb] t ! he>ts ( all mank9d are ! same1 & t all ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ano!r is m]ely ! ov]lay caus$ by etiquette1 cu/om1 & education2 at he>t !y are ! same4 ,!re are _m arts :i* might be m5tion$ z useful 9 treat+ ) ,indians2 b1 z ^! dep5d ^u a k ( ! p>ticul> tribal cu/oms1 ^! g5]al rules mu/ suffice4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,on ,,sket*+ ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,,"u ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,difficulties ,,( ,,travel4 ,= arti/s mak+ a t\r ( ! ,lake ,di/ricts1 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 or ! m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,wales1 e possible conv5i5ce is suppli$ by ! col\rm5 ( ,london4 ,! explor]-arti/ mu/1 h[ev]1 h rec\rse to _m %ifts & exp$i5ts4 ,! tal5t$ au?or ( ,a ,pa9t]'s ,camp 9 ! ,isl&s actually fitt$ out a little /udio on :eels1 ! front ( :i* 0 a l>ge %eet ( cle> plate glass1 s t1 :atev] might be ! wea!r1 he w\ld be able to pa9t ^u ! spot1 & ) all ! tru?ful reality t work+ 9 ! pres5ce ( nature only c imp>t4 ,e effect ( /orm or sun%9e on ! hills1 cat*+ ! pass+ ra9 cl\d :ile ! %[] 0 /ill fall+1 ) its mi/y fragm5ts torn (f by ! gale1 illum9at$ by ! beaute\s ra9b[1 or light$ up by rays ( sun%9e pi]c+ ?r\gh ! gloom2 & :5 su* luxuri\s appliances c be obta9$1 & are us$1 moreov]1 to s good a purpose1 f> be x f u to say a ^w aga9/ !m4 ,9 fact1 we w\ld advise e "o :o det]m9es1 z he ought1 to make 8 sket*es z p]fect & tru?ful a realisation z possible ( ! c\ntry !y illu/rate1 to provide e conv5i5ce he c af=d or c>ry = ! successful prosecution ( 8 "w2 reg>d+ !m1 h[ev]1 simply z means t[>ds t end1 & ca/+ !m aside unhesitat+ly :51 f ! lab\r ( transportation1 !y become h9drances in/ead ( helps to him4 ,we w suppose1 fir/1 t ! int5d+ travell] wi%es to take sket*es 9 p5cil or 9 wat] col\rs1 z occasion may s]ve1 ( ! objects ( int]e/ t he meets )1 he %\ld be provid$1 z we h said1 ) fold+ sket*-books ( folio & qu>to sizes1 ) draw+ pap]1 :ite & t9t$1 cut to _! respective sizes4 ,he w be able to =m a tol]able e/imate ( ! numb] ( sket*es he is likely to make 9 a day1 & _h bett] n encumb] 8 folio ) m ?an a good all[ance ( pap] = ! "w he expects to d4 ,suppose he reckons six or eight sket*es1 &1 all[+ m>g9 en\gh1 takes a doz5 %eets--?ree :ite1 & two ea* ( ! pe>l1 ! w>m & cool grey1 & ! drab pap]1 putt+ away at ! close ( ! day 8 f9i%$ sket*es 9 a case specially provid$ = !m1 & repl5i%+ 8 folio f t 9 :i* he keeps 8 /ore4 ,! pres]vation ( 8 folio & its cont5ts f injury by ra91 by ! da% ( sea wat]1 or by o!r causes1 is ( ! fir/ importance1 & = ?is purpose he %\ld h a hav]sack ( good /\t canvas--i4e41 sail clo?--= ea*2 ?is may be slung by a lea!r /rap & buckles1 b we pref] t ! %\ld] /rap %\ld be ( d\ble canvas #b-a_/b;94 wide1 & t ! end1 :i* comes =w>d ov] ! "r %\ld]1 :5 ! sket* book is c>ri$ on ! left side %\ld pass ?r\gh a loop at ! corn] ( ! hav]sack1 & d\bl+ back ^u itself be provid$ ) po9ts or o!r means ( fa/5+ x at ! requir$ l5g?4 ,if buckles1 hooks & eyes1 or o!r su* exp$i5ts are us$1 let !m be n ( iron or /eel1 b ( plat$ or well-t9n$ mat]ial1 s t no ru/ or oxide ( metal %all ga!r on & rot ! canvas4 ,let ! "p :i* w\ld !n hang next ! body ( ! we>] be ( d\ble canvas s /it*$ ) two v]tical seams t x may =m ?ree pockets1 "o l>ge en\gh = ! box ( wat] col\rs 9 front1 "o 9 ! re> = ! japann$ or plat$ wat] bottle1 & ! c5tral sub-divid$1 s z to c>ry a few sp>e p5cils1 a memor&um book1 to :i*1 if ! travell] c>es ab\t mapp+ 8 r\te1 may be add$1 a #f;94 scale1 protractor1 & divid]s2 9 :i* case he w d well to add a %eet or two ( ! squ>$ mapp+ pap] to ! cont5ts ( 8 folio1 & two or ?ree %eets ( foolscap1 ) a leaf ( semi-c>bonic pap] & a ,h ,h ,h p5cil = 8 j\rnal4 ,a ?ird ?ickness ( canvas w at once =m ! pocket = ! folio & ! front ( ! hav]sack2 & we w\ld advise t ! d\ble /rip1 already spok5 ( z =m+ ! sl+1 %\ld be suffici5tly long to =m also ! sides & bottom ( ! hav]sack4 ,! octavo1 #aa;94 by #g-a_/b;94 folio1 w be f\nd v conv5i5t & h&y on boat exp$itions1 horse or foot j\rneys1 hunt+ trips1 or :5 ! arti/ has to c>ry ev]y?+ himself1 & mu/ dim9i% weight & incumbrance z mu* z possible4 ,9 ! ,au/ralian explor+ trips we 7 n able to c>ry any o!r1 & ?is hangs easily f ! qu>t] ( ! saddle on ! ne> side4 ,9 ,kafirl&1 we slung ! sket*-book itself 7cov]$ ) sk9 to keep (f ! occasional ra97 by %ort /raps & buckles to our wai/ belt2 & "o long /rap1 pass+ ov] ! %\ld] to ! belt 9 front1 rema9$ always fa/1 s t if a sudd5 movem5t1 ei!r ( our own troops or ( ! enemy1 necessitat$ x1 we c\ld at once ?r[ ! sket*-book ov] our %\ld]1 & advance or retreat z requisite4 ,we w\ld advise1 h[ev]1 t ! imp]ial1 #ae;94 by #aa;941 folio %\ld be c>ri$ if possible1 z x gives s mu* m space = detail 9 l&scape or o!r subjects ?an c be ga9$ ^u ! small] scale4 ,) ! l>ge book ! tw5ty-f\r tube col\r box c be c>ri$1 ) ! small] a twelve tube mu/ be tak52 & 9 ei!r case weight may be economis$ on %ort trips by c>ry+ only ! lid t =ms ! palette ) ! little divisions t %\ld always be f\nd along its edge *>g$ ) pat*es ( col\r2 9 ?is case a slip ( t9 or copp] mu/ be fitt$ z a tempor>y cov] to ! box left at home4 ,we d n advise ! solid sket*-block = h>d s]vice2 fir/1 because x exposes to risk an unnecess>ily l>ge quantity ( pap]1 & next1 because1 ) r\gh usage1 ! %eets may become loose1 & cease to be a block4 ,! folio ) japann$ t9 frame1 = conf9+ ! %eet actually 9 use1 is ! be/4 ,x %\ld be made ( /rong1 light1 saddl]s' lea!r1 r ?an ( ! flimsy mat]ials2 :i* s]ve well en\gh = lady /ud5ts a mile or two f home4 ,! millbo>d surfaces may be v>ni%$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil1 & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,d n h !m cov]$ ) pap] pa/$ on1 b ) ! pla9 surface ( ! mill$ bo>d4 ,we f\nd x v conv5i5t to m>k a scale ( in*es along ! sides ( our frame1 & h a movable slip ( ?9 brass fa/5$ ^u x by simply b5d+ ! ends r\nd1 s z to enable u to draw a truly horizontal l9e at any height1 & ?is w\ld be especially useful 9 mapp+1 or ! horizon 9 sea-views4 ,if a sket*+-/ool c be c>ri$1 x w be f\nd a great conv5i5ce1 z1 :5 ! arti/ has to sit ^u ! gr\nd1 to say no?+ ( possible unpleasantness f /orms or dampness1 ! eye is l[]$ s mu* t (t5 ! grass 9 ! =egr\nd w hide ! great] "p ( ! l&scape4 ,! triangul> /ool1 :i* folds up into a /ick b little l>g] ?an a policeman's trun*eon1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m4 ,"o ( ! legs may be long]1 ) a c\ple ( cross-b>s1 on :i* to re/ ! sket*-book2 or su* a conv5i5ce may be made ) a c\ple ( ?umb-screws to slip on :5 requir$4 ,9 sket*+ a l&scape x is ( great importance to decide1 fir/1 :at y int5d to make ! pr9cipal object1 & h[ mu* 9 ! way ( accessory y c include beside x4 ,ab\t sixty degrees1 or ! six?-"p ( a circle1 is all t c be se5 horizontally1 )\t mov+ ! head1 & ab\t =ty v]tically1 & ?is may be r\ghly e/imat$ by hold+ up ! h&s l bl9k]s on ea* side ( ! face1 & obs]v+ :]e !y %ut (f ! view4 ,photograph]s h a little frame made specially = ?is purpose1 & ! arti/ may1 by op5+ ! frame ( 8 folio1 & hold+ x ne>ly at arm's l5g?1 see h[ mu* ( ! l&scape x includes4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t no "o look+ at a l&scape c see ! spot he /&s on2 &1 !re=e1 if x is desir$ t ?is spot %all be ! =egr\nd1 he mu/ retire1 say t5 or fifte5 y>ds1 s z to br+ x )9 ! limit ( 8 vision4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]--:51 = in/ance1 he is look+ ov] ! edge ( a cliff--?is might deprive him ( ! sight ( "s ( ! mo/ beautiful portions ( ! view1 & x might be bett] to rema9 on ! edge1 leav+ a suffici5t blank at ! bottom ( ! pap]1 & !n retir+ to sket* ! =egr\nd1 *oos+ su* a position z %\ld make its *>act]i/ic features enhance ! beauty ( ! view4 ,x conduces v greatly to correctness if ! be>+s ( di/ant hills are tak5 by compass & not$ 9 p5cil on ! upp] m>g9 ( ! sket*1 :ile ne>] features are simil>ly not$ at ! bottom--if ! e/imat$ di/ance 9 miles is add$1 ?is enhances greatly ! value ( ! sket*1 z x becomes !n a geographical record1 9 addition to its m]it z a "w ( art4 ,hold+ up ! pap] /eadily at ne>ly arm's l5g?1 & mak+ on its upp] edge ! app>5t horizontal di/ances1 & on its side ! heights1 assi/s ! draw+ v mu*2 & ! p5cil may be held up & ! di/ances gaug$ on x by ! ?umb-nail1 & measur$ on ! pap]4 ,two knots on ! ends ( a bit ( /r+1 "o held on ! p5cil1 & ! o!r betwe5 ! tee?1 w ensure ! measurem5ts be+ all tak5 at ! same di/ance f ! eye1 :i* is ( great importance4 ,! angle =m$ by ! side ( a m\nta9 may be e/imat$ by mak+ ! p5cil co9cide ) x1 & !n br++ x d[n on ! pap]4 ,! p]spective ( rec$+ l9es may be f\nd 9 ! same mann]2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to hold ! p5cil 9 ! plane ( ! picture1 & n let x po9t away f ! obs]v]2 ! limits be+ ?us asc]ta9$1 ! =ms may be slightly indicat$1 & !n1 aft] a /eady & se>*+ gaze at ! object1 firmly1 b n heavily1 drawn4 ,:5 once ! pap] is ind5t$ by ! pressure ( ! p5cil1 ! l9e c nev] be entirely eras$2 & ! surface1 once injur$1 c nev] be re/or$4 ,no l9e %\ld be made at r&om2 be ! t\*es few or _m1 ea* %\ld def9itely repres5t "s =m4 ,! m]e/ outl9e accurately sket*$ ^u ! spot is pref]able to any am\nt ( indef9ite fill+ up1 :i* ! arti/ _h bett] leave to 8 own imag9ation1 assi/$ by memory & a fai?ful sket*1 :5 he f9i%es 8 picture4 ,9 a p5cil sket*1 little notes1 indicat+ ! nature ( ! soil1 ! foliage1 ! col\r or condition ( ! wat] or ! cl\ds1 may be neatly writt5 91 9 su* a mann] t1 unless on close inspection1 !y bl5d into ! =ms ( ! objects1 & r assi/ ! draw+ ?an detract f its appe>ance3 = in/ance1 ! ^w rocks may run alongside ! %ad[ ( a fissure1 & _! k9d or col\r--r$1 grey1 basalt1 or s&/one1 c4--grass1 s&y pla91 wat]1 d>k cl\ds1 cumuli or light cirri1 accid5tal or ca/ %ad[s1 or gleams ( light1 are all wor?y ( notice2 :ile ! direction ( a riv] may be indicat$ by a small arr[-head4 ,x may also be en\gh if sev]al objects ( a k9d are toge!r1 z a cr[d ( m51 a h]d ( animals1 or a flotilla ( small vessels1 to draw "o or m c>efully & simply indicate ! position ( ! re/4 ,if !re is "t1 a few t\*es ( col\r on ! pr9cipal p>ts--say ! grey ( di/ant hills & ! /rong] t9ts ( ! ne>] ones 9 flat wa%es4 ,if a sket* is to be f9i%$ 9 col\r on ! spot1 ! outl9es %\ld be made z be=e1 ) ! greate/ c>e2 b no "t %\ld be wa/$ 9 attempt+ to %ade or f9i% ) ! p5cil4 ,if ! pap] is ( a light pe>l or a w>m grey t9t1 s t ,*9ese :ite w tell ^u x1 x w be less dazzl+ to ! eye :5 reflect+ ! rays ( a v]tical sun2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t all t9t$ gr\nds imp>t _! own "* to ! "w1 &1 if /rict fidelity is s\ght1 no?+ b pure :ite pap]1 ) a suffici5t gra9 or texture to take ! col\r well1 & to give t slight brok5 unc]ta9ty ( t\* :i* is ( s mu* advantage 9 foliage or r\gh surfaces1 & yet suffici5tly f9e to admit ( ! mo/ delicate manipulation :]e x is requir$4 ,! "r side ( ! pap] is t on :i* ! mak]'s "n1 press$ into its texture1 is prop]ly se52 &1 if ! %eet is cut1 ea* piece t does n include "s portion ( ?is %\ld be m>k$ ) an ,r on ! "r side1 to prev5t mi/ake4 ,! p5cil sket* be+ complet$1 wet ! pap] all ov] ) y\r l>ge/ bru% fill$ ) pure wat]--?is some:at s(t5s1 :ile x fixes ! p5cil l9es1 & disposes ! pap] to receive col\r m readily4 ,take up ) ! half-dri$ bru% any drops ( wat] t may hang "u ! edge ( y\r sket*+ frame1 :i* %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be p]fectly clean4 ,det]m9e n[ :at p>ts ( y\r picture are to be :ite1 or ( pure & unmix$ blue1 & !n1 ) ! l>ge bru%1 pass a v fa9t t9t ( pale orange ov] all ! re/4 ,! ?ree primitive col\rs1 r$1 blue1 & yell[1 9 _! greate/ obta9able purity1 %\ld n[ be plac$ on ! pallette1 :i* ought to be clean1 & if possible un5cumb]$ by o!r col\rs4 ,suppose y h ,indian yell[1 c>m9e1 & cobalt4 ,) a little dilut$ cobalt wa% 9 ! cle> blue spaces 9 ! sky1 c>ry+ a t9t d[nw>d on any "p ( ! gr\nd 9 :i* grey is to pr$om9ate1 s z to imp>t dep? ( col\r z spe$ily z possible1 & r$uce ! di/ract+ effect ( ! :ite pap] z se5 9 opposition to ! p>ts y are pa9t+2 if ! lights on ! cl\ds are to be pure :ite1 =m a grey ) a little cobalt & c>m9e & pa9t _! %ad[ sides1 !n ) a clean half dry bru% s(t5 ! h>%ness ( ! edges1 & r$uce !m to ! =m y wi%1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! m correctly & ev5ly y c lay ! edge ( ! orig9al wa%1 & ! less x wants re-t\*+ ! bett] = y\r picture4 ,if ! sky is to be cl\dless1 turn ! picture bottom up1 take a v fa9t wa% ( cobalt & c>m9e & lay x along ! horizon1 lett+ ! l[] edge hang full & wet1 s z to give y "t to "w on x be=e x dries1 & yet n s full z to run d[n 9 a drip1 & s produce unequal l9es across ! sky2 !n take up a little pure cobalt & wa% 9 ano!r l9e ( col\r a little deep] ?an ! fir/1 ! wet edge ( :i* w run imp]ceptibly into y\r second l9e1 & ?us 9 succession keep work+ 9 l9es ( deep] blue1 until by an imp]ceptive gradation y rea* ! z5i?4 ,if sunset or sunrise is to be repres5t$1 keep a pure :ite space = ! sun1 r\nd ?is lay a wa% ( ,indian yell[1 r\nd ?is ano!r ( c>m9e1 & beyond ?is ano!r ( cobalt ) a little c>m9e 9 x1 keep+ ! picture /ill rev]s$1 s t 9 graduat+ ! t9ts ! mo/ brilliant col\rs may run into ^? t are less s--z ! yell[ into ! r$ & ! r$ into ! blue1 r ?an t ! cold] col\rs %\ld run into ! w>m1 & ?us impair _! purity4 ,! sun may !n be t9t$ z requir$1 rememb]+ always t ! s\rce ( light mu/ be bright] ?an ! atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* x %9es--?\gh1 if ! sun be sett+ 9 a bank ( cl\d or haze1 great effect may be ga9$ by pa9t+ x ( a deep & lurid r$2 :ile its cle> & ne>ly :ite light %9es on ! light cl\ds 9 ! z5i? above ! influ5ce ( ! haze4 ,calm wat] w reflect ! col\r ( ! sky accord+ to ! angle at :i* x is view$2 if y look d[n on x1 x w reflect ! d>k blue ( ! z5i?1 b at ! same "t1 if x be transp>5t1 x w also transmit ! brok5 col\rs ( ! gr\nd b5ea?1 & ?us _m beautiful effects are produc$--! yell[ s& ( ! tropics imp>t+ a brilliant gre5 to ! %all[ sea1 :ile rocks or sea-we$ w give ri* tones ( br[n4 ,if ! spectator is l[ d[n1 ! wat] w reflect ! col\r ( ! horizon1 & its own local col\r w be lo/ or mu* dim9i%$2 ! reflection ( objects on its banks w also appe> m p]fectly 9 proportion to its /illness2 b nev] fall into ! error ( mak+ ! reflection an inv]t$ facsimile ( ! real object--x is 9 reality an image z se5 f ! level ( ! wat] at a po9t midway betwe5 ! spectator & ! object4 ,get a good photograph %[+ a reflection1 or lay a look+-glass horizontally & place an object on x1 & y w see at once :at we mean4 ,! di/ant hills may ei!r melt into ! s(t t9ts ( ! sky1 p>tak+ ( roseate light & fa9t sky %ad[1 or may rise cold & d>k aga9/ a cle> horizon1 or may be %[n 9 full light aga9/ a heavy /orm cl\d2 9 any case1 ! tone ( col\r prop] to _! respective di/ances mu/ be pres]v$1 & 9 ?is respect !re c be no bett] rule ?an to copy ^? t nature h]self pres5ts4 ,objects 9 ! middle di/ance w be m /rongly col\r$2 & if any p>ticul> object be select$ z ! subject ( ! l&scape1 ! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ?is1 & ! rema9d] made subs]vi5t to x1 by hav+ some:at less f9i% be/[$ ^u !m4 ,fix ! eye /eadily ^u ! *os5 object1 & obs]ve h[ all detail becomes indi/9ct t[>ds ! limits ( ! vision1 & !n 9 l mann]1 hav+ work$ up ! detail ar\nd ! c5tre ( int]e/1 let ! col\rs become a little fa9t]1 & ! "w less def9ite t[>d ! corn]s ( y\r sket*4 ,9 foliage1 take ! lighte/ t9t1 say ,indian yell[ & ,fr5* blue1 or ,prussian blue t[>d ! =egr\nd :]e int5se gre5 is requir$1 & lay 9 ! masses1 keep+ ! =ms l>ge & broad1 & bl5d+ a little m blue ) ! p>ts t are to repres5t ! f>!/ side ( ! tree2 !n1 :5 ?is is dry1 take a d>k] t9t & some:at m m9utely repres5t ! =ms ( ^? portions t take ! middle t9t or local col\r2 & la/ly1 take a ?ird = ! deep] %ad[1 /r5g!n+ ?is ) t\*es ( ri* w>m br[n or cool grey z y wi% ! masses to advance or to retire4 ,ev5 pure crimson may be us$ ) advantage z a %ad[ to cool cle> gre5 9 ! =egr\nd2 9 l mann] ! prop] %ad[ = a yell[ s&hill on a bea* is n a deep] yell[1 b a cool purpli% grey1 compos$ ( ! complem5t>y col\rs blue & r$4 ,to give "s idea ( ! "w t may be done ) ?ree well-*os5 col\rs1 we app5d ! foll[+ li/1 :i* might be mu* enl>g$3-- ,yell[ & r$ produce orange4 ,prim>ies ,yell[ & blue1 gre54 ,r$ & blue1 purple4 ,orange & gre51 citr9e4 ,second>ies ,orange & purple1 russet4 ,purple & gre51 olive4 ,:5 ! eye is fatigu$ by look+ at "o ( ! brilliant prim>y col\rs x seems to relieve itself by see+ ! second>y col\r :i* is complem5t>y to x3 ?us if we h look$ at r$--say at a r$ light--= "s "t1 & turn ! eye away we %all see a gre5 "o ( ! same size & =m1 be+ se5 9 fact by t portion ( ! eye only t has be5 fatigu$ by ! /rong impression ( ! r$4 ,if we h look$ at a yell[ light we %all behold a purple image1 because ?is is compos$ ( ! o!r two col\rs2 blue & r$ is complem5t>y to yell[4 ,blue1 be+ a cool col\r1 does n s mu* fatigue ! eye2 h5ce1 ?\gh by ! =ego+ rule we ought to see its image 9 bright orange1 9 practice we r>ely d s4 ,f ^! facts we le>n t1 :5ev] "o ( ! prim>y col\rs is us$ 9 a picture1 ! complem5t>y col\r =m$ ( ! o!r two ought to be plac$ n v f> f x1 s z agreeably to relieve ! eye4 ,9 mo/ cases ! l&scape actually be+ copi$ w af=d suffici5t facility = ?is2 sometimes x w n2 b ^! in/ances are exceptional1 & probably w occur 9 ! sn[ wa/es ( ! nor?1 on ! solitude ( ! ocean1 or 9 ! s&y des]ts ( ! tropics1 :]e dre> monotony or wild & t]rific gr&eur con/itute ! *>m ( ! picture1 & fidelity r ?an pleas+ composition mu/ be ! arti/'s aim4 ,we subjo9 also a few comb9ations ( col\r :i* w be f\nd useful 9 l&scape pa9t+3 ,a]ial t9ts = skies1 cl\ds1 & di/ance3 = v delicate prep>atory wa%1 cadmium yell[ & rose madd]2 /rong ditto1 ,indian yell[ & c>m9e2 neutral ditto1 yell[ o*re & br[n madd]2 /ill d>k] & less a]ial1 light r$1 ,v5etian r$1 or ,indian r$4 ,cobalt = delicate blue skies2 ,fr5* ultram>9e = /rong]4 ,cobalt & rose madd] = delicate cl\d t9ts4 ,= gold5 sunsets3 aureol91 gamboge1 lemon yell[1 cadmium yell[1 ,indian yell[1 yell[ o*re--to be us$ accord+ to ! brilliancy or dep? ( col\r requir$1 & to be contra/$ by cool greys compos$ ( cobalt & rose madd]1 or ,fr5* ultram>9e4 ,crimson sunsets3 rose madd]1 c>m9e1 crimson lake1 ,indian r$1 purple madd]1 contra/$ ) cool grey2 & sometimes gre5i% tones =m$ by add+ a little yell[ to ! blue & r$4 ,9 d>k /orm cl\ds1 ,fr5* blue or indigo1 ) light r$1 ,v5etian r$1 or ,indian r$1 or purple madd]4 ,indigo & ,prussian blue require great caution 9 _! use4 ,) any ( ! be=em5tion$ yell[s1 !y =m ri* gre5s = sea t9ts or foliage2 ) raw si5na or burnt si5na1 !y give v deep gre5s = /ormy seas or heavy =e/ trees4 ,light r$ & ,prussian blue give a gre5i% grey4 ,light r$ ) cobalt or ultram>9e give greys some:at less a]ial = middle di/ance1 m\nta9s1 c4 ,indian r$1 ) ! same blues1 gives a m opaque grey4 ,sepia & ,fr5* blue make a cool grey2 raw & burnt si5na are good col\rs = autumnal foliage1 /ems ( trees :]e grey is n requir$1 rocks1 ,dut* galliots1 & _m o!r =egr\nd objects2 br[n madd] & v&yke br[n af=d great dep? = =egr\nd %ad[s4 ,= native complexions1 raw si5na ) a little ( ! burnt w give ! col\r ( a ,hott5tot4 ,a ,kafir requires burnt si5na 9 ! half t9ts1 v&yke br[n 9 ! %ad[s1 & a cool grey l ! reflection ( ! sky 9 ! lights--?is is be/ produc$ by a little ,*9ese :ite & cobalt laid on ?9 ov] ! br[n4 ,!re may be a little blue put into ! black ( ! hair to contra/ ! bett] ) ! br[n sk94 ,= a ,negro1 crimson lake & blue-black2 ! lights made ) ,*9ese :ite & blue z be=e4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,di/ances ,,& ,,h9ts ,,on ,,field ,,obs]v+4 ,,on ,,measur+ ,,! ,,di/ance ,,travell$ ,,by ,,:eel$ ,,c>riages4 ,:5 no in/rum5t = ?is purpose is obta9able1 ! be/ plan we "k ( is t adopt$ by ! late ,dr4 ,bur*ell1 ! em95t ,s\? ,african travell]1 & aft] him by ,capta9 ,cornwallis ,h>ris1 ! explor] & naturali/1 9 ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! same c\ntry2 & ?is is1 to measure ! l>ge :eel c>efully1 to m>k "o ( its spokes1 & c\nt its revolutions dur+ any giv5 "t1 say a m9ute1 & !n conv]t ! result into miles or p>ts ( a mile p] h\r4 ,?us1 if a :eel be #eyds4 9 circumf]5ce1 & x makes six revolutions 9 a m9ute1 ! di/ance 9 t "t w be #cjyds41 or #ahjjyds41 i4e41 #djyds4 m ?an a mile p] h\r2 twelve revolutions w ( c\rse be #hjyds4 ov] two miles2 &1 dur+ =m] j\rneys1 :5 our :eel 0 mak+ eighte5 revolutions1 we us$ to reckon ! waggon 0 go+1 all[+ = occasional unavoidable /oppages1 two & a half miles p] h\r4 ,) a wat* hav+ a second h& x is easy to note any fraction ( "t1 b ) "o n s provid$ less ?an a m9ute _c easily be e/imat$4 ,aft] a little practice we became s accu/om$ to ?is t we seldom us$ a wat*2 b :5 sitt+ on ! waggon-box w\ld j look ov] ! side1 & e/imate ! rate at :i* ! :eel 0 go+1 j z a sailor w\ld 9 l mann] make a v fair e/imate ( ! spe$ ( 8 %ip4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t an ,african ox-waggon1 n ov]load$1 & on tol]ably fair gr\nd1 travels ab\t two & a half miles an h\r2 & we h also f\nd t ) pack horses 9 ,au/ralia1 if ! same rate is assum$1 ! result+ measurem5t ( ! day's "w w be v ne>ly correct4 ,we tri$ once to make a tro*eamet]1 b at ! "t _h nev] ei!r se5 "o or read a description ( x1 & !re=e ! pr9ciple co/ u "s ?9k+ out4 ,x 0 p]fectly evid5t t1 = motive p[]1 an axle s weight$ t x c\ld n revolve 9 a revolv+ box w\ld produce ! same effect ^u ! works z an axle made to revolve1 by weights or o!rwise1 9 a fix$ box w\ld h on ^? ( a clock4 ,we !re=e made a box ( su* a =m z to fit betwe5 spokes ( ! h9d] :eels ( a waggon1 & 9 x fitt$ an axle ) a heavy plummet1 s fix$ to x z to prev5t its turn+ :5 ! box revolv$2 on ?is axle 0 "o too? fitt+ into ! cogs ( a sixty-too!d :eel1 :i* !re=e mov$ "o too? = e revolution1 or once r\nd = e sixty2 ! axle ( ?is _h also "o too? act+ on ano!r ( sixty tee?1 s ! two 7 capable ( regi/]+ sixty times sixty1 or ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ revolutions1 :i*1 suppos+ ! :eel to be only #eyds4 9 circumf]5ce1 w\ld measure t5 miles & a qu>t]1 ! numb] ( revolutions be+ indicat$ by a h& fix$ ^u ! axle ( ea* :eel1 ea* mov+ on its own dial-plate1 l ^? ( a pat5t log4 ,we f\nd t ! ma*9e answ]$ q well en\gh to conv9ce u t we 7 "r 9 pr9ciple1 & to make u regret t we _h n ! tools & appliances at h& to fit x s p]fectly z to insure smoo?ness & uni=mity ( action4 ,to all1 h[ev]1 :o h ! means1 we w\ld say d n fail to buy a tro*eamet]3 x is a small1 compact in/rum5t1 fitt$ 9 a copp] case1 capable ( be+ /rapp$ on any conv5i5t "p ( ! :eel2 & "o ( fair quality ne$ n co/ above #bl4 #ajs4 or #cl4 ,! in/rum5t is compos$ ( two revolv+ too!d :eels1 ! upp] :eel hav+ #aja & ! l[] #ajj tee?1 susp5d$ f & turn$ by an endless screw2 !re are two indices1 t on ! upp] :eel po9t+ out e s+le revolution1 & t on ! l[] e hundr$4 ,! :ole circuit ( ! in/rum5t is #aj1ajj revolutions1 & ! foll[+ is an example ( its p[]3 ,"o complete circuit ( #aj1ajj revolutions1 ) a c>riage-:eel ( #ab;ft4 circumf]5ce1 w\ld indicate #bc miles1 m9us #hjyds4 ,?us1 #ee revolutions give #bbjyds41 or #a furlong2 #aaj give #ddjyds41 or a qu>t] ( a mile2 #ddj give #agfjyds41 or #a mile2 #gjdj give #af miles2 #aj1ajj equal to #bc miles1 m9us #hjyds4 ,to set ! in/rum5t unscrew ! mill$ nut f (f ! /eel endless screw1 & move ! :eels r\nd until bo? ! indices co9cide2 screw ! nut firmly 9 its place1 %ut up ! in/rum5t1 & /rap x securely to ! (f-:eel 9 ! c5tre ( ! nave4 ,9 ,africa we _c lit]ally foll[ out ^! in/ructions1 = ! nave is n brass capp$1 z ) c>riage-:eels at home1 b ! end ( ! axle comes ?r\gh1 & ! :eel is secur$ to x by a wa%] & a l9* p92 !re=e1 we /rap ! tro*eamet] betwe5 ! spokes z ne> to ! nave z possible1 & 9 our j\rney to ! ,zambesi ,fall we secur$ a p9t pannik9 p]man5tly betwe5 ! spokes z a protection to ! tro*eamet]1 :i* j fitt$ nicely into x dur+ ?is j\rney4 ,we measur$ a di/ance ( betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj miles1 & d n rememb] t ?is in/rum5t fail$1 except once f be+ *ok$ ) f9e dry s&1 & once aga9 f equally f9e s& & wat]4 ,we subjo9 a table1 by :i* x w be se5 t our waggon-:eel 0 #eyds4 #b-a_/b;94 9 circumf]5ce2 ?is fraction gave "s little tr\ble 9 ! prelim9>y computation1 & x look$ v absurd to calculate ! /ages to half an in*1 b if we _h ?r[n x out a consid]able error w\ld h accumulat$1 & :5 ! table 0 once =m$ ! tr\ble 0 at an end4 ,,tro*eamet] ,,table4 ,fir/ ,:eel4 -------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ,fur4 ,yds4 ,ft4 ,94 ---------------------------------------- - #a - #e #j #b-a_/b #b - #aj #j #e #c - #ae #j #g-a_/b #d - #bj #j #aj #e - #be #a #j-a_/b #f - #cj #a #c #g - #ce #a #e-a_/b #h - #dj #a #h #i - #de #a #aj-a_/b #aj - #ej #b #a #aa - #ee #b #c-a_/b #ab - #fj #b #f #ac - #fe #b #h-a_/b #ad - #gj #b #aa #ae - #gf #j #a-a_/b #af - #ha #j #d #ag - #hf #j #f-a_/b #ah - #ia #j #i #ai - #if #j #aa-a_/b #bj - #aja #a #b #ba - #ajf #a #d-a_/b #bb - #aaa #a #g #bc - #aaf #a #i-a_/b #bd - #aba #b #j #be - #abf #b #b-a_/b #bf - #aca #b #e #bg - #acf #b #g-a_/b #bh - #ada #b #aj #bi - #adg #j #j-a_/b #cj - #aeb #j #c #ca - #aeg #j #e-a_/b #cb - #afb #j #h #cc - #afg #j #aj-a_/b #cd - #agb #a #a #ce - #agg #a #c-a_/b #cf - #ahb #a #f #cg - #ahg #a #h-a_/b #ch - #aib #a #aa #ci - #aig #b #a-a_/b #dj - #bjb #b #d #da - #bjg #b #f-a_/b #db - #bab #b #i #dc - #bag #b #aa-a_/b #dd #a #c #j #b #de #a #h #j #d-a_/b #df #a #ac #j #g #dg #a #ah #j #i-a_/b #dh #a #bc #a #j #di #a #bh #a #b-a_/b #ej #a #cc #a #e #ea #a #ch #a #g-a_/b #eb #a #dc #a #aj #ec #a #dh #b #j-a_/b #ed #a #ec #b #c #ee #a #eh #b #e-a_/b #ef #a #fc #b #h #eg #a #fh #b #aj-a_/b #eh #a #gd #j #a #ei #a #gi #j #c-a_/b #fj #a #hd #j #f #fa #a #hi #j #h-a_/b #fb #a #id #j #aa #fc #a #ii #a #a-a_/b #fd #a #ajd #a #d #fe #a #aji #a #f-a_/b #ff #a #aad #a #i #fg #a #aai #a #aa-a_/b #fh #a #abd #b #b #fi #a #abi #b #d-a_/b #gj #a #acd #b #g #ga #a #aci #b #i-a_/b #gb #a #ade #j #j #gc #a #aej #j #b-a_/b #gd #a #aee #j #e #ge #a #afj #j #g-a_/b #gf #a #afe #j #aj #gg #a #agj #a #j-a_/b #gh #a #age #a #c #gi #a #ahj #a #e-a_/b #hj #a #ahe #a #h #ha #a #aij #a #aj-a_/b #hb #a #aie #b #a #hc #a #bjj #b #c-a_/b #hd #a #bje #b #f #he #a #baj #b #h-a_/b #hf #a #bae #b #aa #hg #b #a #j #a-a_/b #hh #b #f #j #d #hi #b #aa #j #f-a_/b #ij #b #af #j #i #ia #b #ba #j #aa-a_/b #ib #b #bf #a #b #ic #b #ca #a #d-a_/b #id #b #cf #a #g #ie #b #da #a #i-a_/b #if #b #df #b #j #ig #b #ea #b #b-a_/b #ih #b #ef #b #e #ii #b #fa #b #g-a_/b #ajj #b #ff #b #aj #aja #b #gb #j #j-a_/b ---------------------------------------- - ,second ,:eel4 ------------------------------------- ,no4 ,miles4 ,fur4 ,yds4 ,ft4 ,94 ------------------------------------- #a -- #b #gb #j #j-a_/b #b -- #d #add #j #a #c -- #f #baf #j #a-a_/b #d #a #a #fh #j #b #e #a #c #ad #j #b-a_/b #f #a #e #bab #j #c #g #b #j #fd #j #c-a_/b #h #b #b #acf #j #d #i #b #d #bjh #j #d-a_/b #aj #b #g #fj #j #e #bj #e #f #abj #j #aj #cj #h #e #ahj #a #c #dj #aa #e #bj #a #h #ej #ad #d #hj #b #a #fj #ag #c #adj #b #f #gj #bj #b #bjj #b #aa #hj #bc #b #da #j #d #ij #bf #a #aja #j #i #ajj #bi #j #afa #a #b ------------------------------------- ,we give also an example ( ! "w3-- ,decemb] #bg1 #ahfa4--;,f ,*ri/mas ,tree1 s\?-we/ angle ( ,lake ,ngami1 two miles f ,boleb5g--tro*eamet] at z]o4 ,fir/ halt s\? ( ! ,lake3-- ,tro*eamet] #f #cg m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #f #a #e #bab #j #c #cg #j #j #ahg #a #h-a_/b --------------------------- #a #f #agi #a #aa-a_/b #bh?4--,nor? ( ! ,vlei ,mosl5yan3-- ,tro*eamet] #bb #ia #f #cg ------ #af #ed m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #aj #b #g #fj #j #e #f #a #e #bab #j #c #ed #j #a #ec #b #c ----------------------- #d #f #aje #b #aa ----------------------- #bi?4--,! ,big ,tree1 or ,baobab at ,mamakahooie3-- ,borr[ #aja ,tro*eamet] #ej #gc #bb #ia ------ #bg #hc m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #bj #e #f #abj #j #aj #g #b #j #fd #j #c-a_/b #hc #j #a #bjj #b #c-a_/b ----------------------- #h #j #afe #j #e ----------------------- #bi?1 p4m4--,a holl[1 ) wat]3-- ,borr[ #aja ,tro*eamet] #gf #ec #ej #gc ------ #be #ha m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #bj #e #f #abj #j #aj #e #a #c #ad #j #b-a_/b #ha #j #a #aij #a #aj-a_/b ----------------------- #g #c #ajd #b #aa ----------------------- #cj?4--,a small ,vlei3-- ,borr[ #aja ,tro*eamet] #ic #dd #gf #ec ------ #af #ib m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #aj #b #g #fj #j #e #f #a #e #bab #j #b #ib #j #b #bf #a #aj-a_/b ------------------------ #d #g #gh #a #aj ------------------------ #ca/4--,outspan 9 ! ,bu%4 ,tro*eamet] #ab #hi ,add #ajj ------ #aab #hi #ic #dd ------ #ai #de m4 fur4 yds4 ft4 94 #aj #b #g #fj #j #e #i #b #d #bjh #j #d-a_/b #de #j #a #h #j #d-a_/b ------------------------ #e #e #ef #a #b ------------------------ ,z a means ( measur+ a base l9e = triangulation ( a c\ntry ! tro*eamet] is invaluable4 ,suppose ! c\rse is nor?1 & t a m\nta9 be>s #ij1 or ea/2 let ! waggon travel till ! m\nta9 be>s #de m s\!rly1 or #ace1 i4e41 s\?-ea/2 !n /op ! waggon1 read ! tro*eamet]1 & ! l5g? ( road travell$ w be equal to ! di/ance ( ! m\nta9 f ! />t+ place4 ,ev5 if ! c\rse does n =m a "r angle ) ! be>+1 ! same me?od may be foll[$1 involv+ only a little m calculation1 or ! tr\ble ( lay+ d[n ! angle ^u pap]4 ,9 places :]e a waggon _c travel1 x w\ld be well to h a l>ge :eel1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! old p]ambulator1 & fix ! tro*eamet] ^u x2 only let x be load$1 s z to be> ! semblance ( usefulness 9 ! eyes ( natives1 or ev5 ( illit]ate :ite m51 or !y w infallibly c>ry x ov] ! bad places1 z ,capta9 ,/urt's m5 did1 to save !mselves tr\ble4 ,! tro*eamet] may be fitt$ to any piece ( ma*9]y1 z ! screw or paddles ( a /eam]1 ! sails ( a w9dmill1 a wat]:eel1 or any?+ capable ( turn+ r\nd4 ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,compass4 ,illu/ration ,! rule = asc]ta9+ ?is by ! be>+ ( ! ris+ or sett+ sun is giv5 9 all epitomes ( navigation1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h2 b ?is is only practicable 9 a level c\ntry1 :]e ! sun c be se5 )9 at mo/ a few m9utes ( ! prop] times1 & _c be c>ri$ out among m\nta9s or ?ick =e/s4 ,9 su* case we 7 9 ! habit ( sett+ up two /icks 7,a ,a71 /ret*+ a ?read 7,b7 across !m1 & f ! middle ( ?is lett+ fall a plumb l9e 7,c72 !n1 tak+ a flat bo>d1 ) a %eet ( pap] 7,d7 /ret*$ on x & project+ a little ov] ! edge1 make a hole 9 ! project+ "p to let ! plumb l9e hang ?r\gh1 tak+ c>e n to vitiate its correctness2 !n select an object 7,e71 ! small upright /em ( a tree1 or set up a /ick at a good di/ance1 #ajjyds4 or #bjjyds41 or m1 z ne>ly compass nor? ( ! plumb l9e z possible--if x is n exactly s1 note its deviation on ei!r side ) ! utmo/ correctness1 & draw on ! pap] ! l9e ,f ,d1 :i*1 if prolong$1 w\ld rea* ! tree at ,e4 ,!n1 betwe5 t5 & elev5 9 ! =5oon1 set out ! artificial horizon1 & take an altitude ( ! sun2 call /op %>ply at ! mom5t ( obs]vation1 & let an assi/ant1 ) a /raight-edg$ rule & p5cil1 draw ! l9e ( %ad[ ca/ by ! plumb l9e at t mom5t2 read (f1 & let y\r assi/ant record y\r obs]v$ altitude beside ! l9e he has drawn2 re/ a m9ute or two at lea/2 !n take ano!r obs]vation1 & s on1 till ?ree or five1 or any odd numb] ( l9es h be5 drawn1 =m+ a p5cil ( rays f ! plumb l9e4 ,leave ! sextant clamp$ at ! la/ obs]vation1 & 9 ! aft]noon1 be=e ! sun comes d[n at t altitude1 be ready ) ! horizon1 & call /op at ! mom5t1 or ev5 j be=e1 ! sun comes into contact1 y\r assi/ant be+ ready1 z be=e1 to draw ! %ad[ ( ! plumb l9e4 ,y w n[ f9d t ! %ort int]val ( re/ tak5 betwe5 ! morn+ obs]vation w give y "t to set y\r sextant to ! next altitude1 & to wait quietly till ! sun comes d[n to x2 d ! same ) ! re/2 &1 :5 all are drawn1 take ! mean ( ea* p5cil ( l9es1 & betwe5 !m draw an exact c5tral l9e1 radiat+ l ! re/ f ! plumb l9e2 x w be evid5t t ?is mu/ repres5t ! %ad[ :5 ! sun's c5tre 0 exactly on ! m]idian1 & !re=e x mu/ be due nor? & s\?4 ,measure ! angle betwe5 ?is & ! magnetic nor? l9e already drawn1 & ! result 9 degrees & m9utes w be ! v>iation ( y\r compass2 or1 take ! be>+ ( ! l9e by compass1 & ! result 9 po9ts or 9 degrees w be ! v>iation1 :i* call ea/ or we/1 z ! compass nor? is to ! ea/ or we/ ( ! true m]idian4 ,take ! be>+ aga9 ( ! tree or m>k set up 9 ! morn+ to asc]ta9 t y\r pap] has n be5 %ift$ dur+ ! obs]vations4 ,if y\r magnetic l9e has n be5 drawn exactly nor? & s\? x is n ( great importance2 b rememb] t ! exact error mu/ be asc]ta9$ & all[$ = by addition or subtraction 9 calculat+ ! angle betwe5 x & ! true nor?4 ,an unkn[n error1 h[ev] small1 r5d]s an obs]vation useless2 b a kn[n error1 h[ev] great1 involves only ! tr\ble ( correction4 ,,to ,,obta9 ,,levels ,,or ,,l[ ,,altitudes4 ,illu/ration ,9 mapp+ a c\ntry1 x is desirable to give z ne>ly z possible ! comp>ative heights ( ! hills2 or x may be necess>y to take ! altitude ( a l[ />1 or ! height ( a tree or o!r object4 ,= ?is purpose take a wide-m\!d j> or glass bottle1 su* z is us$ = ! collection ( specim5s2 r\nd ! neck ( x splice or tie a cord or ?ong ( lea!r to c>ry x by2 !n tie or fix by seal+-wax1 gum1 or res91 two hairs or ?reads cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles2 & !n1 /&+ ov] ! j> ) ! face t[>ds ! object to be measur$1 take a pocket1 or full-siz$ sextant1 & br+ ! top ( ! object to ! spot :]e ! ?reads cross ea* o!r1 tak+ c>e to keep ! eye s p]p5dicul>ly above _! junction t ! cross$ l9es & _! reflect$ image may appe> 9 "o2 !n read (f ! obs]v$ angle--= in/ance #aaj #db #cj4 ,apply ! index error1 :i* suppose to be #cj subtract$1 & subtract #ij f ! correct$ altitude1 ! rema9d] w be ! true altitude2 ?us3 ,obs]v$ delta #aaj #db #cj ,index error #j #j #cj ----------- #aaj #db #j #ij #j #j ----------- ,altitude requir$ #bj #db #j ----------- ,x w conduce v greatly to /ead9ess if a re/ is us$2 ! /& ( a !odolite1 ) ! in/rum5t remov$1 or ( a photographic cam]a1 or ?ree =k$ /icks set up s t ! sight c\ld be direct$ d[nw>ds ?r\gh a c5tral ap]ture1 w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,if ! sextant is set to #ij1 all[+ = index error1 & ! horizon is swept r\nd ) x1 ! eye be+ kept /eadily p]p5dicul> to ! cross l9es1 x w at once %[ :at objects are above or bel[ ! level ( ! obs]v]'s eye4 ,a look+-glass may be us$ 9 ! same mann]1 b x mu/ be v c>efully te/$ 9 e direction ) a _s level & ev5 !n x is b an ineffici5t sub/itute = ! m]cury1 :i* levels itself1 & :i* _c possibly give a false result1 because no?+ b agitation c de/roy ! p]fect level ( its surface1 & unless x is at re/ x _c reflect an unbrok5 image1 & no obs]vation c be made4 ,illu/ration ,a look+-glass may also be susp5d$ v]tically1 its surface be+ te/$ by two plumb l9es1 "o on ea* side its c5tre4 ,a horizontal l9e may be /ret*$ at a foot or two f its front2 !n1 if ! obs]v]1 retir+ a few paces1 raises or l[]s himself till ! l9e & its reflection appe> 9 "o--8 eye & ! l9e mu/ be 9 ! same horizontal plane--& he may obs]ve ! altitude ( ! sun1 or o!r cele/ial body1 :5 9 ! z5i? or too high to be obs]v$ 9 ! m]curial artificial horizon2 ?is plan1 h[ev]1 is only an approximation to correctness1 & %\ld only be us$ :5 ! m]curial horizon is n available4 ,,! ,,plane ,,table1 ,,& ,,its ,,use4 ,9 mak+ a plane table1 disc>d all ! complicat$ arrangem5ts ( sights1 protractors1 fix$ compasses1 _s levels1 & levell+ screws1 ea* ( :i* has an individual error1 :i* mu/ be f\nd & all[$ = be=e correctness c be atta9$2 :ile ! approximation to p]fection ga9$ by _! mo/ c>eful use is almo/ c]ta9 to be vitiat$ by ! contraction ( ! pap] :5 remov$ f ! table on :i* x has be5 /ret*$4 ,illu/ration3 #a-e ,take any flat bo>d--,fig4 #a 7an arti/'s draw+-bo>d7 is z good z any--& /ret* on x a %eet ( draw+ or /\t c>tridge pap]3 ! be/ levell+ app>atus is a wood5 hemisph]e 7,fig4 #b71 screw$ tempor>ily on to its back1 & work+ 9 a circul> ap]ture 7,fig4 #c7 9 ! top ( su* a /& z is us$ = ! photographic cam]a or !odolite2 !re is no necessity t ! surface %\ld be truly horizontal2 inde$1 x is mu* bett] t x %\ld be capable ( alt]ations ( position1 s t objects above or bel[ its horizon may be sight$ & mapp$ at pleasure4 ,set up a ne$le 7a7 9 ! c5tre ( ! draw+-pap]1 & lay aga9/ x a /raight-edg$ rul] 7b7 ) two o!r ne$les 7c c71 set p]fectly upright 9 ea* end z ne> z possible to ! fiducial edge1 z sights2 !n1 *oos+ "s pr9cipal object--say a well-m>k$ conical peak1 ! bluff edge ( a precipice1 or a deep & n>r[ cleft 9 di/ant m\nta9s--& keep+ y\r rul] press$ aga9/ ! c5tral ne$le1 br+ ! o!rs1 :i* s]ve z sights1 9 c>eful alignm5t ) ! object1 & draw a p5cil l9e along ! fiducial edge "r across ! pap]2 !n1 ) y\r prismatic compass 7re/+ on ! table = great] /ead9ess1 if !re is no iron 9 x to affect ! magnet71 take v c>efully ! be>+ ( ! object1 & note x 9 degrees f nor?1 or z]o1 say #dj1 on ! l9e y h drawn2 !n lightly sket* ! object on ! l9e1 e/imat+ its di/ance f ! c5tre1 accord+ to ! scale on :i* y are work+1 say "o or m in*es to a mile4 ,direct ! sights to any numb] ( well-m>k$ & recognisable objects1 draw l9es1 & sket* !m lightly at _! e/imat$ di/ances4 ,!n h a m>k set up z f> (f z possible1 say a mile1 or any c>efully-measur$ di/ance1 direct ! sights1 & draw a l9e t[>ds x2 m>k its di/ance accurately on ! pap]1 & ins]t ! pivot ne$le !re2 remove ! table to ! m>k$ spot1 &1 ) y\r prismatic compass1 set ! fir/ l9e aga9 to #dj2 !n br+ y\r sights to be> ^u ! object1 draw ano!r l9e along y\r /raight edge1 & ! po9t at :i* ?is cuts ! fir/ w be ! true position ( y\r object2 correct y\r fir/ sket* /ill lightly1 b d n efface any?+2 sight all ! o!r objects1 & sket* !m :]e ! second set ( l9es cut ! fir/4 ,!n *oose ano!r /ation1 =m+1 if possible1 an equilat]al triangle ) ! o!r two2 m>k its position on ! map1 remove ! pro( ne$le !re1 c>ry ! table to ! spot1 set ! fir/ l9e aga9 to #dj1 & sight ! same objects a ?ird "t all r\nd1 & ! ?ird set ( l9es cross+ ! o!r two w give _! true di/ances f ! c5tre ) suffici5t accuracy = all ord9>y purposes4 ,a ball & socket jo9t = adju/+ ! table to ! necess>y alt]ations ( level may be made by nail+ on b5ea? x a hemisph]e ( wood 7,fig4 #b71 work+ 9 a circul> hole 7,fig4 #c7 9 ! top ( ! /&4 ,,extemporis$ ,,sight ,,vane ,,= ,,levell+ ,,/aff4 ,fig4 #e4 ,suppose y\r /aff #a-a_/b;94 ?ick3 take a piece ( t9 ab\t #g;94 wide1 & ( any conv5i5t l5g?1 say ne>ly squ>e2 l9e x (f z 9 ,fig4 #d1 s t !re %all be ?ree divisions p>allel to ea* o!r1 z wide z ! /aff is ?ick1 & on "o side ( !m leave ano!r division1 ab\t #c_/d;94 wide1 & on ! o!r m>k & cut out two projections #c_/d;94 squ>e1 & a semicircul> eyepiece1 some:at l>g]1 ) a quadrant-l ap]ture1 z 9 ! illu/ration2 b5d ! t9 at ! divisional l9es1 s z to clasp ! /aff loosely1 ) ! sight vane project+ f x2 let a cord be atta*$ to ! top ( ! t91 & pass ?r\gh a hole 9 ! top ( ! /aff to draw x up by1 & atta* ano!r cord to ! bottom to draw x d[n aga9 if requir$4 ,^u ! edge ( ! n>r[e/ divisions draw ! subdivisions ( ! measures already m>k$ ^u y\r /aff1 lett+ !m comm5ce f ! level ( ! bottom ( ! ap]ture 9 ! sight vane1 & read d[nw>ds2 !n1 direct+ ! telescope ( y\r levell+ in/rum5t t[>ds ! /aff1 let an assi/ant l[] or raise ! sight vane accord+ to y\r signals1 & !n read (f ! numb] ( subdivisions on ! v]ni] until y come d[n to a l9e1 m>k+ a division on ! /aff2 read (f ?is1 & add ! fractional p>ts1 & ! excess or defici5cy ov] or bel[ ! height ( ! eye w be ! diff]5ce ( level 9 feet1 in*es1 or :atev] measurem5t may be us$4 ,illu/ration ,movable /&s = in/rum5ts mu/ be light = ! sake ( portability1 b /ead9ess _c be obta9$ )\t weight2 & = ?is purpose a bucket ( wat]1 a bamboo fill$ ) wat] or s&1 a bag ( /ones or s&1 a l>ge /one1 or la%+ to a t5t peg driv5 into ! gr\nd1 may be employ$1 z 9 our illu/ration4 ,,make%ift ,,cl9omet]4 ,illu/ration ,capta9 ,l5dy recomm5ds a simple =m ( cl9omet]1 :i* is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! cl9omet] consi/s ( a quadrant ( pa/ebo>d or ( brass1 hav+ a plummet1 ,a ,h1 susp5d$ at its c5tre1 & graduat$1 z 9 ! diagram1 on bo? sides4 ,:5 we require an angle ( elevation1 we look along ! edge1 ,a ,c1 till ,b is 9 sight1 :5 ! plummet indicates ! angle4 ,= an angle ( depression rev]se ! in/rum5t4 ,?is in/rum5t is an excell5t sub/itute = ! ord9>y =m ( sextant 9 case ( accid5t or breakage4 ,! same (fic] describes an +5i\s sub/itute = an ord9>y wat] level1 :i* c always be replac$ by a little rul]1 ,a ,b1 susp5d$ by /r+s1 ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 hav+ a little weight "u x to prev5t ! w9d f %ak+ x4 ,:5 held by ! /r+ ! l9e ,a ,b w give a horizontal direction4 ,to make use ( x = levell+ along ,a ,b1 />t f ,a1 hold ! rul] up to ! eye1 &1 aim+ along its edge1 notice to :at po9t 7,b7 ( ! gr\nd ! visual ray corresponds4 ,repair !re1 we %all h asc5d$ a di/ance--! height ( ! eye above ! gr\nd4 ,/>t afre% f ,b1 & 9 ?is mann] ! numb] ( /ations made betwe5 ,a & ,b1 multipli$ by ! height ( ! eye above gr\nd1 w give ! diff]5ce ( level requir$4 ,illu/ration ,! same au?or gives ! foll[+ useful h9ts on ! e/imation ( di/ance3 ,pac+ is g5]ally resort$ to :ile fill+ 9 ! details ( a survey4 ,! trott+ ( a horse might also be made available4 ,di/ances c also be measur$ by "t :5 we h previ\sly asc]ta9$ ov] h[ _m y>ds we walk or ride 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is is n a r>e occurr5ce 9 ! field4 ,:5 di/ances are measur$ by pac+ or rid+ a correction is necess>y1 ow+ to ! l5g!n+ caus$ by acclivities & ! turn+s ( roads4 ,on slightly unev5 gr\nd we subtract #a-g? ( ! di/ance pac$1 & #a-e? :5 ! inductions are m important4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is ev5 s\nd travels at ! rate ( #aaah;ft4 p] second2 !re=e a musket fir$ may s]ve to measure a di/ance4 ,a wat* gives ! numb] ( seconds elaps$ betwe5 ! in/ant ! light is se5 & t :5 ! report is he>d2 t numb]1 multipli$ by #aaah;ft41 gives v approximately ! di/ance4 ,if no wat* is to be _h ! "t is obta9$ by c\nt+ ! pulsations ( an art]y4 ,a s\nd pulse av]ages f #ge to #hj 9 a m9ute4 ,di/ances may ev5 be guess$ by obs]v+ t 9 cle> wea!r ! w9d[s ( a h\se c be c\nt$ at #djjjyds4 ,horses & m5 appe> z dots at #bbjjyds4 ,a horse is cle>ly se5 at #abjjyds4 ,! movem5ts ( m5 are p]ceiv$ at #hjjyds42 & ! head is di/9ctly visible at #djjyds4 ,= ! measurem5t ( "t1 z we h said be=e1 a ?or\ghly well-made ,engli% lev] wat* is pref]able to a *ronomet]1 z x w )/& ! r\gh jolts & vibrations caus$ by be+ c>ri$ on horseback1 or 9 a waggon1 f> bett]4 ,sun-dials1 prop]ly s call$1 are r>ely ( mu* use to ! travell]2 /ill ! pocket compass may be made to d duty z an indicator ( "t4 ,!re is a small & v portable little in/rum5t to be obta9$ ( mo/ opticians1 9 ! =mation ( :i* a silk cord is s atta*$ to ! bord] ( ! compass case t on adju/+ ! compass1 s t ! ne$le %all po9t to a black /ud ins]t$ = ! purpose1 a %ad[ is ca/ by ! silk on ! figure indicat+ ! h\r ( ! day4 ,a small equation table is atta*$ to ! inside ( ! cov]4 ,:5 no wat* is at h& seconds c be indicat$ closely en\gh = practical purposes by susp5d+ a small bag ( %ot or bullets f ! end ( a piece ( f9e fi%+ l9e or copp] wire4 ,atta* ! upp] end to a cross b>1 laid 9 ! crut*es ( two =k$ /icks1 let ! bag hang1 & regulate ! l5g? ( ! /r+ until y f9d t x describes ! prop] arc 9 sw++2 y\r own pulse1 ! numb] ( :i* has be5 already giv51 or t ( a horse1 :i* may be r\ghly set d[n z ?irty-six beats p] m9ute1 w be a suffici5t guide4 ,if great accuracy is s\ght1 rec\rse may be _h to repeat$ a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,an excell5t make%ift h\r-glass c be made f two empty soda-wat] bottles1 & a little f9e dry s&4 ,a wood5 plug ( #c;94 long %\ld be s cut z to fit ! necks ( ! bottles tightly4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! plug1 f end to end1 burn ) a r$-hot wire a f9e ev5 hole1 !n ) y\r pocket-knife make a funnel-%ap$ or fl>$-out m\? to ea* hole1 cutt+ away until ! extreme edge ( ! plug is rea*$4 ,see t y\r s& is free f small /ones or lumps1 p\r x into "o ( ! bottles1 ins]t ! plug half-way1 & te/ ! quantity by lett+ x run out at ! hole4 ,:5 y h ! prop] *>ge to run = fifte5 or ?irty m9utes1 place ! bottles m\? to m\? 9 su* a way t "o-half ! plug %all be 9 ! neck ( ea* bottle4 ,a bit ( raw hide sewn r\nd ! union ( ! bottle m\?s makes all secure4 ,! jo9$ bottles c !n be m\nt$ 9 a wood5 frame = use4 ,two bits ( flat squ>e bo>d1 ) holes 9 ! c5tre = ! bottoms ( ! bottles to come p>tly ?r\gh1 p9n$ at ! corn]s by f\r b>s ( wood1 is z good a =m ( frame z any4 ,! ,malays make use ( a v conv5i5t & simple =m ( "t indicator or wat] clock1 :i* is made z foll[s3--,a l>ge-siz$ cocoa-nut %ell is obta9$2 ?is is fir/ scrap$ p]fectly smoo?1 & !n at ! bottom a v m9ute hole is bor$4 ,! nut%ell is !n set float+ 9 a pail ( sea wat]4 ,z ! %ell fills x gradually settles deep] & deep]1 & at la/ s9ks to ! bottom ) a gurgle & a ?ud4 ,! rapidity ( fill+1 & consequ5t duration ( "t1 is regulat$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! size ( ! orifice4 ,?us a man may be set to keep a two-%ell wat* or a f\r-%ell wat*1 & s on4 ,! in/ant ! %ell s9ks to ! bottom ( ! pail x attracts att5tion by ! di/urbance made4 ,x is !n imm$iately tak5 up1 ! wat] is p\r$ out1 & x is set afloat aga94 ,excell5t "t c be kept by ?is primitive arrangem5t4 ,= asc]ta9+ ! altitude ( high l&s1 ranges ( hills or m\nta9s1 a ?or\ghly good comp5sat$ an]oid b>omet] %\ld be tak54 ,?is w n only be valuable = measurem5ts1 b w be ( consid]able s]vice 9 ! obs]vation ( wea!r signs4 ,we h "o n[ 9 use made expressly = u by ,mr4 ,c>y1 ( #aha1 ,/r&4 ,x is protect$ by a smoo? wood5 cov] or case1 envelop$ 9 tightly-/ret*$ lea!r4 ,a sl+ is fitt$ to x by a swivel loop1 :i* admits ( its be+ c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld] or 9 ! jacket pocket4 ,! ,table ( ,altitudes1 giv5 on ! next page1 w prove a useful guide :5 conduct+ obs]vations ) x4 ,,table ,,( ,,altitudes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,an]oid or ,height ,an]oid or ,height ,an]oid or ,height ,correct$ 9 ,feet4,correct$ 9 ,feet4,correct$ 9 ,feet4 ,b>omet]4 ,b>omet]4 ,b>omet]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 #cajj #j #bfgf #djjj #bcaa #hjjj #cjid #ej #bfgb #djej #bcjg #hjej #cjhh #ajj #bffg #dajj #bcjc #hajj #cjhc #aej #bffb #daej #bbih #haej #cjgg #bjj #bfeg #dbjj #bbid #hbjj #cjga #bej #bfeb #dbej #bbij #hbej #cjff #cjj #bfdg #dcjj #bbhf #hcjj #cjfj #cej #bfdb #dcej #bbhb #hcej #cjed #djj #bfcg #ddjj #bbgg #hdjj #cjdi #dej #bfcc #ddej #bbgc #hdej #cjdc #ejj #bfbh #dejj #bbfi #hejj #cjch #eej #bfbc #deej #bbfe #heej #cjcb #fjj #bfah #dfjj #bbfa #hfjj #cjbf #fej #bfac #dfej #bbeg #hfej #cjba #gjj #bfji #dgjj #bbeb #hgjj #cjae #gej #bfjd #dgej #bbdh #hgej #cjaj #hjj #beii #dhjj #bbdd #hhjj #cjjd #hej #beid #dhej #bbdj #hhej #biii #ijj #behi #dijj #bbcf #hijj #biic #iej #behe #diej #bbcb #hiej #bihh #ajjj #behj #ejjj #bbbh #ijjj #bihb #ajej #bege #ejej #bbbd #ijej #bigg #aajj #bega #eajj #bbbj #iajj #biga #aaej #beff #eaej #bbaf #iaej #biff #abjj #befa #ebjj #bbaa #ibjj #bifa #abej #beef #ebej #bbjg #ibej #biee #acjj #beeb #ecjj #bbjc #icjj #biej #acej #bedg #ecej #baii #icej #bidd #adjj #bedb #edjj #baie #idjj #bici #adej #bech #edej #baia #idej #bicd #aejj #becc #eejj #bahg #iejj #bibh #aeej #bebh #eeej #bahc #ieej #bibc #afjj #bebd #efjj #bagi #ifjj #biag #afej #beai #efej #bage #ifej #biab #agjj #beae #egjj #baga #igjj #bijg #agej #beaj #egej #bafg #igej #bija #ahjj #beje #ehjj #bafc #ihjj #bhif #ahej #beja #ehej #baei #ihej #bhia #aijj #bdif #eijj #baee #iijj #bhhf #aiej #bdib #eiej #baea #iiej #bhhj #bjjj #bdhg #fjjj #badg #ajjjj #bhge #bjej #bdhb #fjej #badd #ajjej #bhgj #bajj #bdgh #fajj #badj #ajajj #bhfd #baej #bdgc #faej #bacf #ajaej #bhei #bbjj #bdfi #fbjj #bacb #ajbjj #bhed #bbej #bdfd #fbej #babh #ajbej #bhdi #bcjj #bdfj #fcjj #babd #ajcjj #bhdc #bcej #bdee #fcej #babj #ajcej #bhch #bdjj #bdea #fdjj #baaf #ajdjj #bhcc #bdej #bddf #fdej #baab #ajdej #bhbh #bejj #bddb #fejj #bajh #ajejj #bhbc #beej #bdcg #feej #baje #ajeej #bhah #bfjj #bdcc #ffjj #baja #ajfjj #bhab #bfej #bdbh #ffej #bjig #ajfej #bhjg #bgjj #bdbd #fgjj #bjic #ajgjj #bhjb #bgej #bdbj #fgej #bjhi #ajgej #bgig #bhjj #bdae #fhjj #bjhe #ajhjj #bgib #bhej #bdaa #fhej #bjhb #ajhej #bghg #bijj #bdjf #fijj #bjgh #ajijj #bghb #biej #bdjb #fiej #bjgd #ajiej #bggf #cjjj #bcig #gjjj #bjgj #aajjj #bgga #cjej #bcic #gjej #bjff #aajej #bgff #cajj #bchi #gajj #bjfc #aaajj #bgfa #caej #bchd #gaej #bjei #aaaej #bgef #cbjj #bchj #gbjj #bjee #aabjj #bgea #cbej #bcgf #gbej #bjea #aabej #bgdf #ccjj #bcga #gcjj #bjdg #aacjj #bgda #ccej #bcfg #gcej #bjdd #aacej #bgcf #cdjj #bcfb #gdjj #bjdj #aadjj #bgca #cdej #bceh #gdej #bjcf #aadej #bgbf #cejj #bced #gejj #bjcb #aaejj #bgba #ceej #bcej #geej #bjbi #aaeej #bgaf #cfjj #bcde #gfjj #bjbe #aafjj #bgaa #cfej #bcda #gfej #bjba #aafej #bgjf #cgjj #bccg #ggjj #bjah #aagjj #bgja #cgej #bccb #ggej #bjad #aagej #bfif #chjj #bcbh #ghjj #bjaj #aahjj #bfia #chej #bcbd #ghej #bjjg #aahej #bfhf #cijj #bcbj #gijj #bjjc #aaijj #bfha #ciej #bcae #giej #aiii #aaiej #bfgf #djjj #bcaa #hjjj #aiie #abjjj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,?is ,table is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly = ! graduation ( an]oids ) a circle ( measures 9 feet conc5tric ) ! ord9>y circle ( b>ometric height measur$ 9 in*es4 ,! circle ( feet is to be read (f1 at ! upp] & l[] /ations1 by ! index2 & ! rule = measur+ ! height w be3 ,subtract ! read+ at ! l[] /ation f ! read+ at ! upp] /ation2 ! diff]5ce is ! height 9 feet4 ,,example4 ,94 ,ft4 ,b>omet] at ,upp] ,/ation1 #bcej #geej ,l[] #bdbj #fgej ---- ,actual height #hjj ,!re is no correction = temp]ature requir$ ) an]oids :i* are comp5sat$4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5t "h describ$ 9 ! measurem5t ( altitudes1 ! movable ne$le po9t :i* is turn$ by ! mill-edg$ rim is set opposite ! index h&4 ,?is is to be done at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 or hill4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! index h& & ! movable ne$le po9t w be ! numb] ( feet asc5d$ 7vide ,table app5d$1 & ,example74 ,suppose ! index h& /& :5 at ! foot ( ! hill at #cj;94 #aj_/ajj1 & :5 y aga9 look at ! in/rum5t y f9d ! index h& has gone back1 or has fall5 to #bi;94 #ab_/ajj1 !n y w\ld h asc5d$ #ijj;ft4 ,at page #bf ( ?is "w we ref]r$ to ! hypsometrical or boil+-po9t app>atus us$ 9 tak+ altitudes4 ,s9ce ! rem>k !re made 0 p5n$ we h endeav\r$1 & we hope successfully1 to s gu>d ! improv$ =m ( an]oid b>omet]1 ref]r$ to at p4 #gda1 f ! *ance ( accid5t1 t x c be safely c>ri$ by ! explor] ( ev5 ! mo/ rugg$ & inhospitable regions4 ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,sextant ,,& ,,artificial ,,horizon4 ,we d n propose 9 ?is "w to trespass on ! prov9ce ( books on nautical a/ronomy4 ,we take x = grant$ t e travell] us+ a sextant w also provide himself ) an ,epitome--,norie's1 ,rap]s1 or ,k]igan's 7( c\rse ! late/ possible edition ( ei!r71 & ) ! ,nautical ,almanac1 :i* may be _h = ?ree ye>s 9 advance1 by p]sons contemplat+ a long j\rney4 ,! mo/ important in/rum5t is ! sextant itself1 & 9 ! selection ( ?is ! greate/ c>e %\ld be us$4 ,ebony or o!r wood may d = ! frames ( su* z are to be us$ at sea 9 temp]ate climates1 b = tropical use1 ev5 = sea s]vice1 we recomm5d a brass or gun-metal frame1 & = obs]v+ on l& no o!r %\ld be us$4 ,! quadrant1 :i* is q equal to ! obs]vation ( altitude at sea1 w take an angle ( #ij1 b %\ld read up to #aj or #bj m2 b ! sextant1 or six? ( a circle1 is made to take 9 an angle ( twice #fj1 or #abj1 & %\ld also read #aj or #bj high]4 ,:5 we 7 at ! ,zambesi m\?1 9 #aheh1 ,dr4 ,liv+/one's sextant rea*$ only #abg1 :ile our own w\ld read to #acg or #adj1 :i*1 :5 ! altitude ( ! sun 0 increas+ daily1 gave u ! advantage ( obs]v+ a week or t5 days long] ?an he c\ld4 ,we left ! in/rum5t 9 ! c>e ( ! ,portuguese ,comm&ant ( ,tette1 b h no hope ( ev] see+ x aga91 ! t[n hav+ be5 burnt & ! inhabitants massacr$ by ,l&e5s1 ,banzai1 or o!r f]oci\s savages4 ,! sextant we g5]ally use--& :i* we h te/$ by _m ye>s' con/ant use--is brass fram$1 reads to #abf #ef1 is ( #h in*es radius1 & has its arc & v]ni] on :i* ! figures are engrav$ ( gold1 :i* has a s(t lu/re1 exce$+ly agreeable to ! eye "u a tropical sun1 & is equally pleasant to read by lamp light2 a scre5 ( gr\nd glass is plac$ be=e x to s(t5 ! light /ill m1 & prev5t annoy+ glitt] & reflection2 ! degrees are divid$ into six?s ( t5 m9utes ea*1 & ! m9utes likewise into t5 seconds2 ! microscope travels on a fix$ frame1 & a small mill$-head$ screw br+s x to ! figures to be read4 ,a small lamp fix$ on ! axis ( ! index arm1 ) a reflector to %$ ! light ^u ! arc & v]ni]1 is sometimes made use (4 ,= ne>ly all angul> measurem5ts t an explor] is likely to require1 a really good sextant w be f\nd suffici5t1 b "s1 = ! sake ( /ill great] p[] & accuracy1 provide !mselves ) a repeat+ circle2 b al?\gh ?is possesses _m advantages1 we d\bt :e!r ! exp5se ( su* an in/rum5t w n place x beyond ! rea* ( ! g5]ality ( travell]s1 :ile ! extra c>e requir$ w con/itute too great a claim ^u ! "t ( any :o _c devote !mselves entirely to a/ronomical obs]vations1 b mu/1 p]haps1 give ! great] "p ( _! "t to o!r avocations4 ,! d\ble sextant inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,george1 ,r4,n41 ( ! a/ronomical dep>tm5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 describ$ at page #bg ( ?is "w1 w be f\nd a portable & mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t = ! use ( explor]s4 ,! !odolite has also _m advantages1 especially 9 tak+ a r\nd ( angles2 b f :at we h se5 ( x 9 practice we %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t an explor]1 ) 8 sextant & compass1 is m indep5d5t1 & c d m ?an he c\ld possibly effect ) ! !odolite4 ,! artificial horizon is1 z its "n imports1 int5d$ to obviate ! difficulties caus$ by ! fact t ! real1 or sea horizon1 may be at times invisible1 obscur$ by fog or cl\ds1 or t ! obs]v] may be abs5t f x1 & (t5 f> inl&1 :]e ! unev5ness ( ! e>?'s surface prev5ts any?+ l a reliable real horizon be+ f\nd4 ,( ! artificial horizons us$ at sea we h n mu* to say1 ! un/ead9ess ( ! vessel =bidd+ ! use ( any in/rum5t t c be di/urb$ by motion4 ,! be/ we h se5 is ,capta9 ,be*]'s p5dulum horizon1 a little frame sw++ ne> ! object-glass ( ! sextant1 & c>ry+ a c\ple ( horizontal wires1 s arrang$ t :5 !y appe> 9 "o to ! eye ( ! obs]v] !y ought to be on a level ) ! horizon & p>allel ) x2 a small lamp is s fitt$ to ! sextant z to r5d] ^! wires visible at night if ! altitude ( ! moon or a /> is requir$2 b we d n ?9k ! latitude d$uc$ f su* an obs]vation c be m ?an approximately true4 ,x is on %ore1 & mo/ ( all 9 ! f> int]ior ( ! great cont95ts ( ! _w1 t ! artificial horizon is mo/ ne$$1 & t x r5d]s ! true/ s]vice to ! explor]2 & !re=e x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! in/rum5t %\ld be at once simple 9 con/ruction1 easy ( managem5t1 n easily put out ( ord]1 &1 above all1 p]fectly reliable 9 ! result obta9$ f x4 ,! fir/ requisite is a p]fectly flat & horizontal reflect+ surface1 9 :i*1 :5 ! obs]v] looks d[n ^u x1 ! image ( ! sun or /> may be di/9ctly se54 ,n[1 x is easy to f9d flatness3 a disc ( silv]$ glass1 or poli%$ metal1 or ev5 a bit ( cr[n glass1 pa9t$ black on ! "u side1 or a common r\nd %av+-glass w\ld d if ?is only 7 requir$2 b ?is flat surface mu/ also be p]fectly horizontal1 & to atta9 ?is v>i\s arrangem5ts ( tang5t screws & _s levels h be5 inv5t$1 all ( :i* require great c>e 9 levell+1 & h ! defect t ! slighte/ accid5tal t\* :ile !y are 9 use may alt] ! level1 & s vitiate ! obs]vation4 ,by common cons5t1 !re=e1 obs]v]s almo/ univ]sally tru/ to fluid mirrors1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly level if !y are suffici5tly quiesc5t to reflect a p]fect image4 ,wat]1 d>k5$ ) any col\r+ matt]--ink2 wat] ) a little treacle1 to r5d] x less liable to be agitat$ by ! w9d1 or ?9 t> w d2 b all ^! h disadvantages :i* r5d] !m only fit to be look$ ^u z sub/itutes :5 m]cury _c be obta9$2 9 fact1 long ago we 7 told by ! late ,capta9 ,wa%+ton1 ,hydrograph] to ! ,admiralty1 to use no?+ b m]cury4 ,! horizon tr\gh1 z x is call$1 is simply a block ( wood ( oblong =m1 ab\t #f;94 long1 #d;94 wide1 & #a;94 ?ick2 ?is is holl[$ to ! dep? ( ab\t #c_/h;94 or #a_/b;941 leav+ a suffici5t rim to reta9 ! m]cury :i* is p\r$ into x4 ,sometimes a hole is pi]c$ 9 ! rim1 & is cont9u$ 9 ! solid wood "u ! holl[1 s t ! m]cury1 be+ p\r$ into a small funnel fitt$ 9 ! rim1 runs und]nea? & rises l a f\nta9 9 ! c5tre ( ! tr\gh4 ,! v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ?is k9d & o!rs m complicat$ are call$ f\nta9 horizons1 b !y are n really necess>y1 _! pr9cipal object be+ to insure ! p]fect purity ( ! m]curial surface by =c+ x to fl[ d[nw>d fir/ ?r\gh ! funnel1 & s to leave ! scum beh9d2 b ?is object may be j z well atta9$ by inv]t+ ! bottle1 s t all ! impurities may float ^u ! surface1 & all[+ ! pure m]cury to run ?r\gh ! p]=at$ /opp] into ! tr\gh4 ,! bottle is g5]ally ( iron1 & has ! p]=at$ /opp] already m5tion$1 :i*1 :5 ! m]cury has to be return$ to x1 s]ves also z a funnel4 ,wood5 bottles are also made1 b no travell] ought to dep5d ^u !m1 z 9 hot climates !y %r9k & split2 & we h f\nd 9 ,namaqual& all our m]cury adrift 9 a t9n$ box1 =m+ an amalgam :i* did n at all improve x4 ,we h !re=e1 = _m ye>s1 kept x 9 a common /onew>e ink bottle1 ) a bit ( wa%lea!r ti$ ov] ! cork1 & h f\nd ?is to answ] admirably2 9 p\r+ out ! m]cury1 hav+ remov$ ! cork1 we /op ! m\? ( ! bottle ) ! =ef+]1 completely inv]t x1 & !n1 slightly mov+ ! f+]1 leave an op5+ suffici5t = a /ream ( pure m]cury to fl[ into ! horizon4 ,our tr\gh is r\nd1 & ab\t #d;94 across1 :i* is q l>ge en\gh4 ,9 p]fectly calm wea!r we pref] to obs]ve on ! pla9 surface ( ! uncov]$ m]cury2 b if w9d comes on1 z x (t5 does 9 ,africa & ,au/ralia ab\t noon1 we cov] x ) a ro( ( ! usual =m1 i4e41 two small panes ( glass fix$ 9 a frame s z to =m an angle ( #de ea* ) ! horizon1 or #ij ) ea* o!r1 &1 /&+ l a ro( ov] ! m]cury1 all[ ! rays f ! heav5ly body to pass d[n to x1 & be reflect$ to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( r5d]+ ?is ro( z portable z possible h be5 tri$2 our own is figur$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,capta9 ,george's new artificial horizon1 h[ev]1 bids fair to sup]s$e all ! old =ms ( arrangem5t1 z its portability1 /r5g?1 & simplicity ( adju/m5t /& unrivall$4 ,capta9 ,george's horizon may be made suffici5tly l>ge to equal ! surface ( ! "o n[ us$2 b ! portable or pocket =m "h allud$ to is ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3-- ,self-repl5i%+1 #f;94 long1 #b-a_/b;94 broad1 #c_/d;94 ?ick1 weighs #a-a_/dlb41 cubic measure #aa-a_/d;94 ,! wood5 "o ( old5 date1 #i-a_/b;94 long1 #e-a_/b;94 broad1 #e-a_/b;94 ?ick1 weighs #e-a_/clb41 cubic measure #bhg-a_/c;94 ,improv$ fold+ ro(1 c41 all iron1 #h;94 long1 #d-a_/b;94 broad1 #b-a_/b;94 ?ick1 weighs #f-c_/dlb41 cubic measure #ij;94 ,! improvem5ts h]e9 specifi$ are n only its r$uc$ size & weight1 b its me*anical arrangem5ts1 =m1 & mod]ate price4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> disc-l res]voirs1 ab\t #b-a_/b;94 9 diamet]1 & #c_/d;94 9 dep?1 made ( iron1 at ! same ca/+3 "o conta9s ! m]cury1 & ! o!r is ! tr\gh1 fitt$ ) glass cov] = obs]v+4 ,! discs are connect$ at _! circumf]5ce by a n>r[ neck1 & 9 x is drill$ a hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! m]cury passes f "o res]voir to ! o!r2 & ?is communication is op5$ or %ut (f by a /op-cock1 on ! cone pr9ciple1 su* z is us$ = wat] or gas1 s t ! m]cury c be pass$ f "o disc to ! o!r )\t remov+ ! glass cov]1 or ! risk ( los+ any m]cury4 ,! m]curial disc1 ,a1 is fitt$ ) a cyl9d]-/opp]1 ,d1 act+ on a spiral spr+1 by :i* air c be admitt$ or all[$ to escape4 ,! tr\gh disc1 ,b1 is fitt$ ) two glasses1 ,g & ,e1 :i* are gr\nd ma!matically p>allel3 "o ( ! glasses is fitt$ to a frame1 & screws on ! disc1 & is us$ :ile pass+ ! m]cury 9 or out ( ! tr\gh2 aft] :i* op]ation x is remov$ & replac$ by ! o!r glass1 ! edge ( :i* next ! /op-cock %\ld be support$ by ! blade ( a pocket-knife & !n l[]$ on ! m]cury at ! opposite side1 & by a g5tle pressure1 =ce out ! int]v5+ air1 leav+ ! glass to float on ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,)\t ?is c>e1 "s ( ! m]cury might be press$ ov] ! edge ( ! disc4 ,! glass !n pres5ts a cle> reflect+ surface1 :i* is n only protect$ f ! effects ( ! w9d1 c41 b also ma9ta9s s great a /ead9ess z to m>k a decid$ improvem5t ov] ! old triangul> glass ro( :i* is plac$ ov] ! m]cury1 in/ead (1 z 9 ?is case1 be+ on x4 ,x may be us$ afloat "u fav\rable circum/ances 7! obs]v] & artificial horizon be+ plac$ on a p5dulum table74 ,ano!r great advantage to ?is improv$ artificial horizon is ! facility ) :i* altitudes c be obs]v$ at #b elevation1 & consequ5tly its adaptation = ! measurem5t ( v l[ />s1 z well z ! peaks ( m\nta9 ranges4 ,to return ! m]cury to its res]voir1 remove ! glass ,g t floats on ! m]cury1 by lift+ x up ) ! po9t ( a knife1 & !n screw on ! o!r glass cov]1 ,e4 ,x is n[ only necess>y to hold ! in/rum5t v]tically1 ! tr\gh end be+ upp]mo/ 7,fig4 #d71 turn ! /op-cock1 & press g5tly d[nw>d on ! cyl9drical /opp]1 & ! m]cury w rapidly return to its res]voir4 ,! foll[+ diagrams 7half ! actual size ( ! in/rum5t71 %[ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 & ! me?od ( fill+ & empty+ ! res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a-d4 ,fig4 #a is ! in/rum5t complete4 ,a1 ! m]curial res]voir2 ,b1 ! obs]v+ tr\gh2 ,c1 ! /op-cock2 ,d1 ! cyl9drical /op4 ,fig4 #b is ! in/rum5t ) ! p>ts ( ! obs]v+ tr\gh remov$1 :i* are %[n above x4 ,e1 rim ) glass %ade2 ,f1 rim )\t glass %ade2 ,g1 ! glass t floats on ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,fig4 #c4 ,position ( ! in/rum5t :ile fill+ ! obs]v+ tr\gh4 ,fig4 #d4 ,position ( ! in/rum5t :ile return+ ! m]cury into its res]voir4 ,9 mod]ate wea!r ! glass ,g w be q suffici5t protection aga9/ ! w9d1 b 9 gu/y wea!r screw on ! rim ,f1 b x mu/ n t\* ! glass ,g4 ,! glass ,e w protect x f any wea!r1 tak+ c>e to level ! gr\nd on :i* ! horizon /&s4 ,9 fill+ ! obs]v+ tr\gh1 be c>eful t ! glass cov]1 ,e1 is screw$ on tight2 by press+ on ! cyl9drical /op ,d 7,fig4 #a7 ! m]cury fl[s quickly3 ! tr\gh half fill$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 is suffici5t = ord9>y obs]vations2 b = v l[ altitudes ! tr\gh mu/ be ?ree-qu>t]s fill$ or m z f\nd necess>y to raise glass ,g 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a-b4 ,be=e return+ ! m]cury into ! res]voir1 unscrew ! %ort tube ne> ! /op-cock1 tapp+ x sm>tly at ! same "t1 to %ake d[n ! globules ( m]cury t may rema9 9 ! tube2 !re is a small hole 9 ! screw1 :i* mu/ be br\ght 9 sight1 !n turn ! /op-cock1 & ! m]cury w run rapidly into ! res]voir4 ,:5 ab\t to use a sextant & artificial horizon ( ! common =m ( con/ruction1 our fir/ c>e is to select a tol]ably level1 &1 if !re be w9d1 a %elt]$ spot ( gr\nd1 ) a cle> view to ! nor? or s\?1 or1 if ! />s admit ( a nor? & s\? obs]vation1 to see t ! view is cle> bo? ways4 ,on ?is we place our artificial horizon1 sometimes on our sextant case1 sometimes on a /& 7wa% lea!r71 b seldom1 if we c avoid x1 on ! b>e gr\nd1 because !n ! m]cury1 if spill$1 w\ld be difficult to ga!r up4 ,! horizon ro( we keep ne> to cov] ! m]cury1 9 case w9d %\ld arise1 b we nev] use x unless 9 case ( necessity2 !n1 sitt+ ei!r nor? or s\? ( ! horizon1 accord+ to ! position ( ! cele/ial object1 we look ) ! nak$ eye = its reflect$ image 9 ! m]cury1 & s seat ourselves t we c conv5i5tly keep x /eadily 9 view4 ,we set ! sextant ne>ly to z]o1 & look up )\t ! telescope to ! sun or />1 & !n1 gradually mov+ ! index =w>d1 we br+ its image d[n to meet ! reflection 9 ! quicksilv]2 !n1 screw+ on ! inv]t+ telescope1 :i* is ! simple/ & be/ = obs]vation1 we move ! index by h&1 till ! contact is ne>ly p]fect2 !n fa/5 ! index by ! clamp+ screw1 & ) ! tang5t screw complete ! contact2 & s long z ! object is ris+1 by gradually turn+ ! tang5t screw we keep ! images toge!r2 :5 !y sep>ate m sl[ly1 & at l5g? rema9 9 contact = ne>ly half a m9ute1 we "k t ! m]idian altitude has be5 obs]v$2 we wait ano!r m9ute to see !m sep>ate 9 ! opposite direction z ! body beg9s to desc5d1 & !n read (f ! obs]v$ altitude4 ,our illu/ration w suffici5tly expla9 t ! sextant is held 9 ! left h& & ! tang5t screw work$ ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r4 ,fig4 #b is ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,capta9 ,george3 ! arc is /eadi$ by ! =ef+]1 & ! tang5t screw turn$ by ! middle f+] & ! ?umb2 a police or bull's-eye lant]n is good to read (f by1 & ! light1 ( :atev] nature1 %\ld be plac$ beh9d ! obs]v]1 s t x may n int]f]e ) 8 "w1 & yet may be ready = him to use :5 he wi%es to read 8 altitude4 ,,projection ,,( ,,r\tes4 ,! foll[+ directions = ! projections ( r\tes by ,capta9 ,george1 ,r4,n41 are s ?or\ghly pla9 & practical t x w be well = ! travell+ obs]v] to h rec\rse to !m3--,= out-door or field "w ! easie/ me?od is by ! plane projection1 ! data ?us obta9$ be+ transf]r$ to a ,m]cator's projection at ! fir/ halt or /opp+ /ation4 ,9 ! plane projection "o equal l5g? is assign$ to all ! degrees ( latitude & longitude4 ,x 0 fir/ adopt$ on ! errone\s supposition t ! e>?'s surface is a plane2 x is /ill ! be/ = ! travell] to use 9 8 e>ly attempts to project 8 j\rney :ile ! objects are /ill 9 sight4 ,?is projection is available z f> z #bj on ei!r side ( ! ,equator2 beyond ! p>allel ( #bj & z f> z #fj ,m]cator's projection is pref]able4 ,betwe5 #fj & ! pole ! di/ortion ( bo? ! plane & ,m]cator's projection is s app>5t1 t a pol> or circul> projection mu/ be adopt$4 ,%eets ( pap]1 rul$ into squ>es by /rong l9es1 & subdivid$ by f9] ones1 af=d great assi/ance 9 map "w4 ,= out-door "w ! scale ( #a;94 to "o mile is amply l>ge en\gh to regi/] e p>ticul> ( "o day's j\rney on a %eet ( #ab;94 squ>e4 ,! 9-door1 or table plan1 may be r$uc$ t5 miles to ! in*1 & plans = transmission home maybe aga9 r$uc$ to #a;94 to #a :5 l>g] plans _c be s5t4 ,! *ief po9t aim$ at 9 ! foll[+ directions is to draw m att5tion ?an has hi!rto be5 giv5 to ! true be>+ ( objects1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/4 ,any object ^: true be>+ is ea/ or we/ mu/ be 9 ! same latitude z ! place ( ! obs]v]4 ,secondly4 ,any object ^: true be>+ is nor? or s\? mu/ be 9 ! same longitude z ! place ( ! obs]v]4 ,illu/ration ,:ile travell+ 9 a nor!rly or s\!rly direction1 f a /ation ^: latitude is kn[n1 & c>efully not+ ! di/ance & direction travell$1 x is only necess>y to wat* :5 objects come to ! true ea/ or we/1 & _! latitude is obta9$4 ,:5 travell+ 9 an ea/]ly or we/]ly direction f a fix$ /ation1 not+ di/ance & direction1 x is only necess>y to wat* :5 objects come to ! true nor? or s\?1 & _! diff]5ce ( longitude c be obta9$ by us+ ,table ,b1 f ! /ation left4 ,?us1 suppose a travell] passes f ,a1 ^: latitude is kn[n1 t[>ds "s di/ant hill 7,b71 8 r\te mak+ an angle ( #be ) ! m]idian4 ,he sets 8 sextant to #fe 7#fe #be #ij71 or to #aae 7#ahj - #fe72 !n z ! objects #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d successively come into contact ) ,b or ,a1 z ! case may be1 he asc]ta9s ) precision ! mom5t :5 !y are truly ea/ or we/ ( him1 & s1 kn[+ ! di/ance he has travell$ f ,a1 he c readily calculate or project _! latitude4 ,:5 ! travell]1 z w frequ5tly be ! case1 has to deviate f ! l9e ( r\te1 8 position c be det]m9$ by compass1 or true be>+ ( any object1 & an angle ( a second object2 or he may h rec\rse to transit obs]vations2 t is to say1 :]ev] two fix$ objects come 9 l9e1 an angle to a ?ird object w det]m9e ! position ) great accuracy4 ,illu/ration ,obs]ve t 9 travell+ along ,x ,y ,z ! hills ,a ,b ,c c be mapp$ = at ,x1 or !reab\ts2 ! be>+ ( ,b f ,c c be det]m9$ at ,y2 t ( ,a f ,b2 & at ,z t ( ,a f ,c1 & s on1 = any numb] ( hills4 ,& x is v important to recollect t x is n necess>y to cat* ^! l9es ( sight precisely1 = by tak+ be>+s twice1 & ! int]m$iate c\rse approximately1 !re are suffici5t data = protract+ out ^u pap] ! requir$ be>+4 ,?us1 z soon z ! peak ( a di/ant hill is ab\t to be occult$ by ! %\ld] ( a ne>] "o1 a be>+ %\ld be tak51 & aga9 ano!r z soon z x has reappe>$ on ! o!r side1 & ! int]m$iate c\rse not$4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od ( fill+ up a field sket* w become m app>5t z exp]i5ce is ga9$4 ,a ?ird & accurate me?od ( fix+ ! position is 9 g5]al use among m>9e surveyors1 b has hi!rto be5 b little resort$ to by l& travell]s1 viz41 by ! angles subt5d$ betwe5 ?ree kn[n objects4 ,! in/rum5t call$ ! /ation-po9t] is g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose1 b ! position may also be f\nd ) a pair ( compasses & a protractor1 or m simply z foll[s by means ( a protractor & a %eet ( trac+ pap]4 ,draw a l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! pap]1 place ! protractor on x1 ne> to ! bottom ( ! %eet1 lay (f ! "r h& angle to ! "r1 & ! left h& angle to ! left ( ! c5tre l9e2 rule p5cil l9es1 radiat+ f ! po9t ov] :i* ! c5tre ( ! protractor _h be5 plac$1 to ! po9ts t _h be5 laid (f1 !n place ! pap] on ! plan or map1 & move x ab\t until ! ?ree l9es co9cide ) ! objects tak51 prick ?r\gh ! po9ts t lay b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! protractor1 & ! obs]v]'s position is transf]r$ to ! plan4 ,:5 possible ! c5tre object %\ld be ! ne>e/4 ,,to ,,con/ruct ,a ,,map ,,on ,,m]cator',s ,,projection4 ,on a %eet ( c>tridge pap]1 #ch;94 by #bj;941 x is propos$ to con/ruct a map on ,m]cator's projection1 on a scale ( t5 miles to an in* equatorial1 i4e4 #f;94 to a degree ( longitude4 ,lat4 #ca to #cc ,n4 ,long4 #cd to #cf ,e4 ,draw a base l9e1 f9d its c5tre1 & erect a p]p5dicul> to ! top ( ! pap]2 ! extremes ( longitude #cd & #cf1 add$ toge!r & divid$ by #b1 give #ce1 ! c5tral m]idian1 & :i* is repres5t$ by ! p]p5dicul>4 ,on ea* side ( x lay (f #f;941 & erect p]p5dicul>s = ! m]idians #cd & #cf2 divide ! base l9e into t5 mile divisions1 & ! "p f #ce #ej to #cf into miles = ! latitude scale4 ,f ,table ,a take ! foll[+ quantities3-- ,lat4 #ca to #cb #a #ajd ! di/ance betwe5 p>allels #ca & #cb ,lat4 #cb to #cc #a #aaa #cb & #cc ------- #b #bae #ca to #cc ,hav+ ?us obta9$ ! di/ance betwe5 ! requir$ p>allels1 divide ! map into squ>es ( t5 miles ea* way1 & ! map is ready = ! projection ( ! r\te4 ,a4--,,table ,,to ,,con/ruct ,,maps ,,on ,,m]cator',s ,,projection4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #j #a #jj #a #jjaa #jjaa #jja #a #jjb #a #jjc #a #jjd #a #jje #a #jjf #aja #jjia #ja #a #jaba #jaea #jjg #a #jb #a #jbb #a #jbf #a #jbi #a #jcc #bja #jcfa #jdaa #jdea #jdia #jee #a #jei #a #jfe #a #jg #a #jgg #a #jhb #cja #ji #a #jifa #ajda #aaaa #ab #a #abh #a #acg #a #adf #a #aeg #a #afg #dja #agfa #ai #a #bjaa #bada #bbg #a #bdb #a #bef #a #bga #a #bhh #a #cjf #eja #cbda #cdca #cfda #chfa #djh #a #dcd #a #dei #a #di #a #ead #a #edh #fja #ehcb #jahb #jehb #jiib #ade #b #aiad #b #bdg #b #cje #b #cfh #b #dch #gjb #eacb #eihc #jiac #aifc #cac #c #ddf #c #eih #d #aga #d #cgd #e #jaa #hje #bief #jc #f #dfdg #djch #eaaaj #bgg #ab #dgiaf #bifbc #adcci #dbb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,use ( ! table4--,f9d ! requir$ p>allel2 ! t5s at ! side1 & ! units at ! top4 ,at _! int]section w be f\nd 9 degrees & m9utes ! di/ance ( ! requir$ p>allel f ! next less degree1 to be measur$ f ! scale ( longitude on ! map 9 progress4 ,giv5 ! p>allel ( #cj1 requir$ t ( #ca4 #cj at ! side & #a at ! top int]sects at #a #jif1 ! requir$ di/ance ( ! two p>allels4 ,giv5 ! p>allel ( #ca1 requir$ t ( #cc3 #cb #a #ajd #cc #a #aaa ------ #b #bae ! di/ance betwe5 ! #ca & #cc p>allels4 ,b4--,,giv5 ,,! ,,dep>ture ,,to ,,f9d ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,longitude4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #j #ajjjaajjjfajjacajjbf #ajjch #ajjee #ajjge #ajjih #ajabe #ajajaedajahgajbbdajbfaajcjf #ajcec #ajdjc #ajdeg #ajead #ajegh #bjajfdbajgaaajgheajhfdajidf #aajcd #aaabf #aabbd #aacbf #aadcd #cjaaedgaafffaagibaaibdabjfb #abbjh #abcfa #abeba #abfij #abhfh #djacjedacbejacdefacfgcacijb #adadb #adcie #adffc #adide #aebdb #ejaeeegaehijafbdbaffafagjac #agdce #aghhc #ahcfa #ahhga #aidaf #fjbjjjjbjfbfbacjabbjbgbbhab #bcffb #bdehf #beeic #bffie #bgijd #gjbibchcjgafcbcfacdbjdcfbhj #chfcg #daccg #ddded #dhjig #ebdjf #hjegehgfcibegahefhbjegieffdaadge #adccd #aiajh #bhfec #egcjg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,use ( ! table4--,f9d ! requir$ p>allel1 ! t5s at ! side & ! units at ! top1 at _! int]section w be f\nd a quantity1 :i*1 multipli$ by ! dep>ture1 gives ! diff]5ce ( longitude4 ,! dep>ture f ! m]idian on ! p>allel ( #cd 0 #be miles1 requir$ ! diff]5ce ( longitude3 #be #abj #cjjj ! diff]5ce ( longitude4 ,9 ! p>allel ( #fj ! dep>ture 0 #cj miles3 #cj #b #fj miles1 or #a degree4 ,9 ! p>allel ( #ce ,n4 ! r\te 0 ,n4 #dj ,w4 #cg miles di/ance4 ,by trav]se table1 #dj c\rse1 di/4 #cg dep4 #bch #abb #bijc miles diff]5ce ( longitude4 ,! foll[+ example w s]ve to %[ h[ ! travell]'s record ( progress may be conv5i5tly kept4 ,x 0 fram$ by ,s4 ,w4 ,norie expressly = ! use ( navigators2 b explor]s & travell]s w f9d x a simple & useful =m = record+ ! day's "w3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,correct$ ,diff]5ce ( ,latitude4 ,dep>ture4 ,c\rses4 ,di/ance4 ------------------------------------ ,n4 ,s4 ,e4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,n4,e4 #cf #bee #bee ,n4 by ,w4 #ad #acg #bg ,n4,e4 by ,e4 #a_/b ,e4 #eh #bgc #eab ,n4 by ,e4 #db #dab #hb ,e4,n4,e4 #bi #aaa #bfh ------------ ------------ ,diff]5ce #aahh #aaag #bg ( ,lat4 #bg -- ,dep4 #ajij ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! diff]5ce ( latitude #aahh & dep>ture #ajij give ! c\rse ,n4 #db #cb ,e41 & di/ance #afab4 ,latitude left #eb #cf ,n4 ,m]c4 prjctns4 #cgbd ,longitude left #ba #de ,w4 ,diff4 lat4 #a #ei ,n4 ,diff4 lon4 #ahd or #c #d ,e4 -- -- ----- ,latitude 9 #ed #ce ,n4 ,m]c4 prjctns4 #cibe ,longitude 9 #ah #da ,w4 ------ ---- ,sum ( lats4 #b7ajg #aa ,m]c4 diff4 lat4 #bja ,mid lat4 #ec #ce ,,to ,,measure ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,wat] ,,convey$ ,,by ,a ,,riv] ,,9 ,,ea* ,,second4 ,9 trav]s+ regions wat]$ by riv]s & runn+ /reams1 x n unfrequ5tly becomes important to asc]ta9 ! spe$ at :i* !y fl[ 9 _! d[nw>d c\rse t[>ds ! sea1 & ! foll[+ directions giv5 by ,capta9 ,george1 ,r4,n41 are s p]fectly cle> & practical t bo? "t & tr\ble w be sav$ by ! travell] :o foll[s !m out 9 conduct+ 8 inve/igations4 ,! data requir$ are--! area ( ! riv]1 section1 & ! av]age velocity ( ! :ole curr5t4 ,all t a travell] is likely to obta9 )\t special equipm5t is ! area ( ! riv]1 section1 & ! av]age velocity ( ! surface ( ! curr5t :i* diff]s f t ( its entire body1 ow+ to fractional ret>dation at ! bottom4 ,to make ! necess>y measurem5ts1 *oose a piece :]e ! riv] runs /eadily 9 a /raight & deep *annel & :]e a boat c be _h4 ,prep>e half a doz5 floats ( dry bu%es1 ) pap] flags1 & be assur$ !y w act4 ,po/ an assi/ant on ! riv] bank at a measur$ di/ance 7( ab\t #ajj y>ds71 d[n /ream1 9 face ( a well-m>k$ object2 r[ across /ream1 9 a /raight l9e1 keep+ two objects on a l9e 9 ord] to ma9ta9 y\r c\rse4 ,s\nd at regul> int]vals f %ore to %ore1 fix+ y\r position on ea* occasion by a sextant angle betwe5 y\r />t+ place & y\r assi/ant's /ation1 & ?r[ ! floats ov]bo>d1 signall+ to y\r assi/ant :5 y d s1 t he may note ! int]val t elapses be=e !y sev]ally arrive opposite him4 ,take an angle f ! opposite %ore to give ! bread? ( ! riv]4 ,to make ! calculation approximately1 protract ! section ( ! riv] on a pap]1 rul$ to scale 9 squ>e feet1 & c\nt ! numb] ( squ>es 9 ! area ( ! section4 ,multiply ?is by ! numb] ( feet betwe5 y & ! assi/ant1 & divide by ! numb] ( seconds t ! floats occupi$ on an av]age 9 rea*+ him4 ,important riv]s %\ld always be measur$ above & bel[ _! conflu5ce1 = x settles ! "q ( _! relative sizes1 & ?r[s great light on ! ra9fall ov] _! respective bas9s4 ,! sectional area at ! "t ( ! highe/ wat]1 z %[n by m>ks on ! banks & ! slope ( ! b$1 ought also to be asc]ta9$4 ,,on ,,obta9+ ,,geographical ,,in=mation ,,f ,,natives ,,or ,,fronti] ,,coloni/s4 ,_m highly-accompli%$ travell]s fail to obta9 mu* reliable in=mation beyond ! actual limit ( _! own obs]vation1 because !y d n suffici5tly all[ = ! great diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( express+ a geographical idea betwe5 an educat$ ,european obs]v] & an untutor$ savage2 & yet x w\ld n be too mu* to say t ! latt] has (t5 en\gh a ?or\ghly practical idea ( ! di/rict he actually kn[s4 ,! man :o wants in=mation mu/ n talk latitude & longitude to a native or to an un$ucat$ ,european1 nor mu/ he expect !m to %ape _! answ]s to ! =m 9 :i* he expects to receive !m2 = if he does he may be told t riv]s run f ! sea to ! m\nta9s1 & o!r absurdities1 :i* are relat$ z pro(s ( native /upidity1 :5 !y are 9 reality no m ?an discrepancies betwe5 ! =m ( "q & t ( ! answ]4 ,at ! same "t he mu/ e/imate ! m5tal calibre ( 8 in=mant1 & avoid we>y+ him too mu*2 = sometimes ! native m9d1 ov] burd5$ ) a succession ( ideas1 becomes confus$1 & n unfrequ5tly suspici\s1 & 9 ?is la/ case actual falsehoods w be told1 9 ord] to ga9 "t to f9d out ! int5tion ( ! que/ion]1 be=e ! tru? is reveal$4 ,9 all deal+s ) natives ! ,european mu/ rememb] t !y h no idea ( ! value we place ^u "t2 !re is no use 9 say+1 ,let u come to ! po9t at once4 ,x is f> bett]1 inde$ x is absolutely necess>y1 to delay judici\sly1 z !re is always an impli$ conte/ betwe5 visitors2 & ! man :o is 9 a hurry to speak loses dignity4 ,d n di/urb y\r in=mant's tra9 ( ?\ght1 b try to accommodate y\r own to x4 ,let him tell z m9utely & t$i\sly z he pleases h[ he has travell$2 h[ long he walk$ ) ! ris+ sun on 8 "r or left2 h[ mu* he turn$ ei!r way2 :]e he halt$ = re/ or refre%m5t2 :e!r he cross$ riv]s on foot or 9 canoes2 induce him1 if possible1 to trace a map ^u ! gr\nd1 9 do+ :i* he w mo/ probably beg9 by mak+ ! direction ( all 8 l9es co9cide ) ! actual be>+ ( ! c\ntry2 = natives1 ?\gh !y may be br\ght to compreh5d a map :5 its nor? po9t co9cides ) ! real nor?1 _c believe t x is also "r :5 x is plac$ 9 any o!r position4 ,we h frequ5tly te/$ ,hott5tots ) reg>d to ! direction ( places a ?\s& miles di/ant1 & h f\nd !m po9t z correctly z we c\ld take ! be>+ ) a pocket compass4 ,sometimes x w be f\nd t ! same individual w give a riv] a doz5 diff]5t names2 & ?is is (t5 because1 9 speak+ ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( x1 he gives to ea* ! "n ( ! *ief :o has 8 village !re1 & :o dr9ks wat] at ! place :i* is call$ aft] him2 !re=e1 endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r ! riv] has a real "n1 & d n apply to x ! fir/ &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ inappropriate "n t is giv54 ,europeans :o h settl$ 9 ! colonies1 & h become trad]s or hunt]s1 frequ5tly pu% v f> into ! int]ior1 & su* m5 h g5]ally v cle> ideas ( direction & locality1 b are (t5 v mode/ & diffid5t :5 ask$ to furni% in=mation to be laid d[n on pap]4 ,9 #ahdi1 :ile /ay+ at ! ,vaal ,riv]1 we p]suad$ our fri5d ,macabe1 ) "s difficulty1 to give u ! l5g? 9 h\rs & ! direction ( ! v>i\s /ages ( 8 j\rney on ! riv] ,limpopo4 ,^!1 ) ! riv]s1 m\nta9s1 villages1 & o!r features ( ! c\ntry1 we laid d[n1 on a scale ( "o in* to a mile1 on sev]al %eets ( c>tridge pap]1 & te/$ ! correctness ( our "w by lay+ x on ! floor1 ) its nor? co9cid+ ) ! real nor?1 & reque/+ our ,dut* visitors to /& z if !y 7 ab\t comm5c+ ! same j\rney1 & indicate h[ mu* !y turn$ to ! "r or left z !y proce$$4 ,! foll[+ facts relat+ to "t %\ld be impress$ on ! memory ( e travell]3--,! e>? is divid$ 9 its circumf]5ce into #cfj2 ! day is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x !re=e foll[s t #ae ( longitude w repres5t "o h\r ( "t2 consequ5tly1 z y travel t[>ds ! ea/1 :5 y h j\rney$ ov] #ae1 y w h ga9$ "o h\r on ! sun1 :i* w rise j "o h\r e>li] ?an x did at ! />t+ po9t4 ,if natives accompany y on a j\rney1 ask !m to po9t 9 ! direction ( places at diff]5t times1 & p>ticul>ly to tell y :5 y are exactly abrea/ ( !m1 z well z be=e1 & aft] y h pass$1 & ?us1 by a k9d ( r\gh triangulation1 y w ga9 _! approximate position4 ,if cattle /ray to great di/ances1 ask ! m5 :o g aft] !m ! reason ( _! hav+ tak5 any p>ticul> direction1 & y w probably ga9 "s in=mation respect+ ! =m ( valleys or m\nta9s1 & p]haps ( wat]+ places4 ,9 ,nor? ,au/ralia we 7 l$ by ! tracks ( horses1 :i* _h be5 lo/ ab\t a =tnight1 to a consid]able /ream4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,explor]s ,,on ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,objects ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,bates1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 & ,as/4 ,sec4 ,r4,g4,s41 we are enabl$ to furni% our read]s ) ! foll[+ valuable & practical in=mation reg>d+ ! ga!r+ toge!r & pres]v+ su* objects ( natural hi/ory z he may be =tunate en\gh to discov]3-- ,travell]s 7says ,mr4 ,bates7 :o int5d devot+ !mselves especially to natural hi/ory w g5]ally possess all ! requisite in=mation be=eh&4 ,x is to ^? ^: objects or duties are ( ano!r nature1 or :o1 :il/ on a purely geographical l& exp$ition1 wi% to "k ! readie/ means ( collect+1 pres]v+1 & safely transmitt+ specim5s !y collect1 t ! foll[+ h9ts are address$4 ,outfit4 ,d\ble b>rel guns ) sp>e nipples1 & a few common guns to l5d to native hunt]s1 especially if go+ to ! int]ior ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,f9e p[d] 9 cani/]s1 & f9e %ot 7,nos4 #h & #aa71 mu/ be tak5 f ,engl&2 co>se p[d] & %ot c be _h 9 any "p2 a good supply ( ! be/ caps4 ,ars5ical soap1 a few p\nds 9 t9 cases2 bru%es ( diff]5t sizes2 two or ?ree scalpels2 scissors 7includ+ a pair ( %ort blad$ ones72 =ceps ( diff]5t sizes = ins]t+ cotton into ! necks ( birds' sk9s2 ne$les & ?read4 ,a few small traps ) :i* to capture small 7mo/ly nocturnal7 animals2 /rong l&+ net = wat] mollusks1 c42 two /\t insect sweep+ nets2 cyl9drical t9 box1 ) %\ld] /rap1 = collect+ plants2 a few doz5 ( small & /rong broad-m\!d bottles1 & a c\ple ( cork$ pocket boxes2 insect p9s1 a few ounces ea* ( ,nos4 #e1 #ad1 & #aa2 /one j>s1 = reptiles & fi%es 9 _s1 to fit f\r 9 a box1 ) wood5 p>titions4 ,if animals 9 _s are to be collect$ l>gely1 a supply ( %eet t91 or z9c1 ) a pair ( sold]+ irons1 & a supply ( s(t sold]1 mu/ be tak5 in/ead ( /one j>s3 cyl9drical cases c be !n made ( any size requir$4 ,by means ( ! sold]+ app>atus also empty p[d] cani/]s or o!r t9 vessels c be easily conv]t$ into receptacles = specim5s2 a ream or two ( botanical dry+ pap]1 ) bo>ds ( same size z ! %eet1 & lea!r /raps2 a few gross ( *ip pill boxes 9 ne/s2 a doz5 cork$ /ore boxes 7ab\t #ad;94 by #aa;94 & #b-a_/b;94 deep7 fitt$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 a t9 *e/2 a few y>ds ( indi>ubb] wat]pro( %eet+1 z tempor>y cov]+ to collections 9 wet wea!r1 or 9 cross+ riv]s2 a set ( c>p5t]'s tools4 ,an outfit may be mu* light5$ by hav+ all ! provisions & o!r consumable articles pack$ 9 squ>e t9 cases1 & 9 boxes & j>s ( su* =ms z may r5d] !m available = conta9+ specim5s4 ,if ! travell] is go+ to ! humid regions ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,asia1 or tropical ,am]ica1 :]e excessive moi/ure1 mildew1 & ants are great enemies to ! naturali/1 he %\ld add to 8 outfit two dry+ cages1 = ev]y?+ t is n put at once into spirits is liable to be de/roy$ be=e x is dry en\gh to be /[$ away 9 boxes4 ,!y may be made ( light wood1 s arrang$ z to take to pieces & put toge!r aga9 readily2 "o = birds %\ld be ab\t #b;ft4 #f;94 long by #a;ft4 #f;94 high1 & #a;ft4 broad2 ! o!r = insects & o!r small specim5s may be ab\t "o-?ird less4 ,!y %\ld h fold+ doors 9 front1 hav+ panels ( p]=at$ z9c1 & ! backs :olly ( ! latt] mat]ial2 ! sides fitt$ ) racks to hold six or eight pla9 %elves1 :i* 9 ! small] cage %\ld be cov]$ ) cork or any s(t wood t may be obta9$ 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,a /rong fix$ r+1 fa/5$ 9 ! top ( ! cage1 ) a cord hav+ a hook atta*$ to ! end1 by :i* to hang x 9 an airy place2 x w keep ! conta9$ specim5s out ( h>m's way until !y are q dry1 :5 !y may be /[$ away 9 close fitt+ boxes4 ,if ?is plan be n adopt$1 x w be almo/ impossible to pres]ve specim5s 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! c\ntries :i* are n[ ! lea/ kn[n ) reg>d to _! natural hi/ory are ,new ,gu9ea & ! l>ge isl&s to ! ea/ ( x1 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 ! isl& ( ,borneo1 ,tibet1 & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ,equatorial ,africa1 & ! ea/]n side ( ! ,&es1 f ! ea/ ( ,bogota to ! s\? ( ,bolivia4 ,collect+4 ,9 mo/ ( ! bett]-kn[n c\ntries botany has be5 bett] inve/igat$ ?an zoology2 & 9 mo/ c\ntries !re /ill rema9s mu* to be done 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact /ation & ! range bo? v]tical & horizontal ( kn[n species4 ,?is leads u to "o po9t :i* _c be too /rongly insi/$ on1 namely1 t "s means %\ld be adopt$ by ! travell] to record ! exact locality ( ! specim5s he collects4 ,9 ! l>g]-dri$ animals ?is may be done by writt5 tickets atta*$ to ! specim5s2 9 p9n$ insects a lett] or numb] may be fix$ on ! p9s ( all specim5s tak5 at "o place & "t1 ! m>k to ref] to a note book4 ,! initial lett]1 or fir/ two or ?ree lett]s ( ! locality1 is p]haps ! readie/ plan2 & :5 all ! specim5s tak5 at "o place c be put into a sep>ate box1 "o memor&um ^u ! box itself w be suffici5t4 ,reptiles & fi%es c h small p>*m5t tickets atta*$ to !m be=e plac+ !m 9 spirits4 ,a travell] may be puzzl$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! pr(usion ( animal & vegetable =ms :i* he sees ar\nd him1 to "k :at to secure & :at to leave4 ,books c be ( v little s]vice to him on a j\rney1 & he _h bett] at once ab&on all ideas ( encumb]+ himself ) !m4 ,a few days' /udy at ! pr9cipal museums be=e he />ts on 8 voyage may tea* him a great deal1 & ! cultivation ( a habit ( close obs]vation & m9ute comp>ison ( ! specim5s he obta9s w tea* him a great deal m4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all species :i* he may meet ) = ! fir/ "t f> 9 ! int]ior %\ld be pref]r$ to ^? common ne> ! civilis$ p>ts4 ,he %\ld /rive to obta9 z mu* v>iety z possible1 & n fill 8 boxes & j>s ) quantities ( specim5s ( "o or a few species4 ,b z "s ( ! r>e/ & mo/ int]e/+ species h great resemblance to o!rs :i* may be m common1 he %\ld avail himself ( e opportunity ( comp>+ ! objects side by side4 ,9 mo/ tropical c\ntries ! species f\nd 9 op5 & semi-cultivat$ places are mu* less int]e/+ ?an ^? inhabit+ ! int]ior ( ! =e/s2 & x g5]ally happ5s t ! few h&some k9ds :i* attract ! att5tion ( ! natives are species well kn[n 9 ,european museums4 ,9 botany1 a travell]1 if oblig$ to re/rict 8 collect+1 might conf9e himself to ^? plants :i* are rem>kable = _! economical uses1 always tak+ c>e to id5tify ! fl[]s ( ! tree or %rub ^: root1 b>k1 leaves1 wood1 c41 are us$ by ! natives1 & pres]v+ a few specim5s ( !m4 ,b1 if he is ! fir/ to asc5d any high m\nta91 he %\ld make z g5]al a collection ( ! fl[]+ plants z possible at ! high] elevations4 ,! same may be said ( insects f\nd on m\nta9s1 :]e !y occur 9 v great div]sity2 on ! %ady & cold sides r ?an on ! sunny slopes2 "u /ones & ab\t ! roots ( h]bage1 especially ne> spr+s2 on %rubs & l[ trees1 & s =?2 = ^u a k ( ! plants & insects ( m\nta9 ranges dep5d _m curi\s que/ions 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( =ms ov] ! e>?4 ,9 reptiles1 ! small] ,batra*ia 7frogs1 salam&]s1 c47 %\ld n be neglect$1 especially ! extremely num]\s family ( tree frogs4 ,liz>ds may be caught g5]ally ) ! insect-sweep+ net2 ! arboreal species1 se5 out ( rea*1 may be br\ght d[n ) a *>ge ( du/ %ot4 ,snakes %\ld be tak5 )\t injur+ ! head1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! body4 ,a cleft /ick may be us$ 9 secur+ !m by ! neck1 & on rea*+ camp !y may be dropp$ into ! j>s ( spirits4 ,z l>ge a collection z possible %\ld be made ( ! small] fi%es ( inl& lakes & unexplor$ riv]s4 ,dr4 ,gn!r1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has au?oris$ me to say t a travell] _c fail to make a l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ discov]ies if he collects a few specim5s ( ! species he meets ) 9 ! lakes & riv]s ( ! int]ior ( any c\ntry4 ,x c sc>cely be expect$ t specim5s ( ! l>g] animals c be br\ght away by a geographical exp$ition1 al?\gh "s species are /ill desid]ata 9 ! l>ge museums ( ,europe4 ,additional specim5s ( all g5]a1 ( :i* !re are num]\s closely-alli$ species 7e4g41 rh9oc]os1 antelopes1 equus1 c471 w\ld be v welcome = ! bett] discrim9ation ( ! species4 ,if only portions c be obta9$1 skulls are to be pref]r$4 ,9 humid tropical regions1 entire sk9s _c be dri$ 9 "t to prev5t decay1 & x is necess>y to place !m1 roll$ up 9 a small compass1 9 spirits4 ,! small] mammals1 ( :i* !re rema9 _m to rew>d ! explor] 9 almo/ all extra-,european c\ntries1 may be sk9n$1 dri$1 & pack$ 9 boxes 9 ! same mann] z birds4 ,! small] birds %ot on an excursion %\ld be c>ri$ to camp 9 ! game bag1 fold$ 9 pap]1 ! w\nds1 m\?1 & anus be+ fir/ plugg$ ) cotton4 ,p[d]$ calc9$ gypsum w "h be f\nd v useful 9 absorb+ blood f fea!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! facility ) :i* x c be aft]w>ds cle>$ f ! specim5s4 ,all plants1 :5 ga!r$1 are plac$ 9 ! t9 box :i* ! travell] c>ries ) him4 ,l& & fre% wat] %ells may be c>ri$ home 9 a bag4 ,all h>d-bodi$ insects1 su* z beetles1 ants1 & s =? %\ld be plac$1 9 collect+1 9 small bottles1 ea* bottle hav+ a piece ( slightly-moi/5$ rag plac$ )9 x1 to prev5t ! insects f cr[d+ & injur+ ea* o!r4 ,! h9t previ\sly giv51 ) reg>d to numb]s ( specim5s1 mu/ be repeat$ "h4 ,take z great a v>iety ( species z possible1 ! sweep+-net %\ld be freely us$ 7except 9 v wet wea!r7 9 sweep+ & beat+ ! h]bage & l[] trees4 ,9 collect+ ants1 x is necess>y to op5 ne/s & secure ! w+$ individuals ( ea* species1 :i* mu/ be aft]w>ds kept toge!r ) ! w+less ones to secure ! id5tification ( ! species4 ,bees & wasps may be caught 9 ! net & !n plac$1 by means ( small =ceps1 9 ! collect+ bottle1 & aft]w>ds kill$ 9 ! same way z beetles & o!r h>d-bodi$ insects4 ,all s(t-bodi$ insects %\ld be kill$ on capture 7by a slight pressure ( ! *e/ und]nea? ! w+s by ?umb & f+]71 & !n p9n$ 9 ! pocket collect+ box4 ,if ! travell] has leisure & incl9ation = ! pursuit1 he may readily make a l>ge & v>i$ collection ( ^!1 & w d good s]vice to sci5ce if he notes c>efully ! exact localities ( 8 captures1 altitude above ! sea1 nature ( c\ntry1 ! sexes ( ! species1 if detect$1 & in=mation on habits4 ,! delicate species %\ld be h&l$ v c>efully & put away into ! dry+ cage imm$iately on return f an excursion4 ,spid]s may be collect$ 9 bottles1 & aft]w>ds kill$ & p9n$ 9 ! same way z o!r insects4 ,cru/acea 7%rimps1 crawfi%1 c47 9 riv]s & pools may be collect$ ) ! l&+ net1 & aft]w>ds well dri$ & p9n$ l h>d-bodi$ insects1 except :5 !y are l>ge 9 size1 :5 _! bodies mu/ be op5$1 & empti$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,pres]v+ & pack+4 ,previ\s to sk9n+ a small mammal or bird make a note ( ! col\r ( its eyes & s(t p>ts1 &1 if "t admits1 ( ! dim5sions ( its trunk & limbs4 ,x facilitates sk9n+ ( birds to break1 be=e comm5c+1 ! fir/ bone ( ! w+s a %ort di/ance above ! jo9t1 :i* causes ! memb]s to lie op5 :5 ! specim5 is laid on its back on ! sk9n+ bo>d4 ,! animal %\ld be laid ) its tail t[>ds ! "r h& ( ! op]ator1 & ! incision made f ! brea/ bone ne>ly to ! anus4 ,a blunt wood5 /yle is useful 9 comm5c+ ! op]ation ( sep>at+ ! sk9 f ! fle%4 ,:5 ! leg is rea*$1 cut ?r\gh ! knee jo9t1 & !n cle> ! fle% f ! %ank z f> z c be done1 aft]w>ds wa%+ ! bone slightly ) ars5ical soap1 w9d+ a ?9 slip ( cotton r\nd x1 & return+ x to ! sk94 ,repeat ! process ) ! o!r leg1 & !n sev] ) ! broad-blad$ scissors ! sp9e above ! root ( ! tail4 ,by c>efully cutt+ into ! fle% f above ! sp9e is f9ally sev]$ )\t injur+ ! sk9 ( ! back1 & x is !n easy to cont9ue ! sk9n+ up to ! w+s1 :5 ! bones are cut ?r\gh at ! place :]e !y _h previ\sly be5 brok51 & ! body f9i%$ z f> z ! comm5cem5t ( ! skull4 ,a small piece ( ! skull is n[ cut away1 toge!r ) ! neck & body1 & ! bra9s & eyes are scoop$ out1 ! inside wa%$ ) soap1 & clean cotton fill$ 91 ! eyes especially be+ made plump4 ,9 l>ge head$ p>rots1 woodpeck]s1 & "s o!r birds1 ! head _c ?us be cleans$2 an incision has !re=e to be made ei!r on "o side or on ! back ( ! neck1 ?r\gh :i* ! back ( ! skull c be ?ru/ a little way & !n cleans$1 ! incision be+ aft]w>ds clos$ by two or ?ree /it*es4 ,! bones !n rema9+ 9 ea* w+ mu/ be cleans$1 b s z n to loos5 ! quill fea!rs4 ,x is mu* bett] to take out ! fle% by mak+ an incision on ! outside ( ! sk9 along ! fle% on ! inn] side ( ! w+4 ,! inside ( ! sk9 mu/ n[ be wa%$ ) ! soap1 & a neck ( cotton 7n too ?ick7 ins]t$ by means ( long n>r[ =ceps1 tak+ c>e to fix ! end well inside ! skull1 & )draw+ ! empty =ceps )\t /ret*+ ! sk9 ( ! neck & ?us di/ort+ ! %ape ( ! bird4 ,sk9s ne$ n be fill$ up ) cotton or any o!r mat]ial1 b laid ) ! fea!rs smoo!d d[n on ! bo>ds ( ! dry+ cage until !y are ready to be pack$ 9 boxes4 ,9 v humid climates l t ( ,tropical ,am]ica1 oxide ( ars5ic 9 p[d] is pref]able to ars5ical soap1 on acc\nt ( ! sk9s dry+ quick]1 b x _c be recomm5d$ to ! g5]al travell]1 ow+ to ! dang] att5d+ its use4 ,9 mammals ! tail (f]s "s difficulty to a beg9n]4 ,to sk9 x1 ! root 7aft] sev]+ x f ! sp9e7 %\ld be secur$ by a piece ( /rong tw9e1 :i* %\ld !n be atta*$ to a nail or beam4 ,) two pieces ( flat wood 7"o plac$ on ea* side ( ! nak$ root7 held firmly by ! h& & pull$ d[nw>ds1 ! sk9 is made rapidly to give way g5]ally to ! tip4 ,! tails ( "s animals1 h[ev]1 c be sk9n$ only by incisions made d[n ! middle f ! outside4 ,! l>g] mammal sk9s may be inv]t$1 &1 aft] wa%+ ) soap1 dri$ 9 ! sun2 &1 z be=e rem>k$1 x is (t5 necess>y to roll !m up & pres]ve 9 spirits4 ,! sk9s ( small mammals & birds1 aft] !y are q dry1 may be pack$ 9 boxes1 :i* mu/ be previ\sly well wa%$ inside ) ars5ical soap1 l9$ ) pap]1 & aga9 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ! soap1 & well dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,?is is ! v be/ means ( secur+ ! specim5s f ! attacks ( noxi\s insects1 :i* s (t51 to ! great disgu/ ( ! travell]1 de/roy :at he has tak5 s mu* pa9s to secure4 ,:]e wood is sc>ce1 z 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 boxes may be made ( ! sk9s ( antelopes1 or o!r l>ge animals1 by /ret*+ !m :5 newly /ripp$ f ! animal ov] a squ>e framework ( /icks1 & sew+ up ! edges aft] be+ dri$ 9 ! sun2 !y make excell5t pack+-cases4 ,) reg>d to reptiles & fi%es1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! foll[+ rem>ks s5t to me by ,mr4 ,osb]t ,salv91 :o collect$ ^! animals mo/ successfully 9 ,guatemala3--,almo/ any _s w answ] = ?is purpose1 its fitness consi/+ 9 ! am\nt ( alcohol conta9$ 9 x4 ,9 all cases x is be/ to procure ! /ronge/1 be+ less bulky1 & ! wat] c always be obta9$ to r$uce ! /r5g? to ! requisite am\nt4 ,:5 ! _s sold retail by natives is n suffici5tly /rong1 by visit+ ! di/ill]y ! travell] c (t5 obta9 ! fir/ runn+s 7! /ronge/7 ( ! /ill1 :i* w be /rong] ?an he requires undilut$4 ,! _s us$ %\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t pro(1 & ! travell] %\ld always be provid$ ) an alcoholomet]4 ,if ?is is n at h&1 a little practice w enable him to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! _s f ! rapidity ) :i* ! bubbles break :5 ris+ to ! surface ( a small quantity %ak5 9 a bottle4 ,:5 ! _s has be5 us$1 ?is te/ is ( no value4 ,:5 animals or fi% are fir/ imm]s$1 x w be f\nd t ! _s becomes rapidly weak]4 ,l>ge specim5s absorb ! alcohol v spe$ily4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is absorption takes place %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 & 9 w>m climates ! liquid te/$ at lea/ e twelve h\rs1 & fre% _s add$ to re/ore x to its orig9al /r5g?4 ,9 cold] climates x is n requisite to wat* s closely1 b practice w %[ :at att5tion is necess>y4 ,x w be f\nd t absorption ( alcohol w be ab\t proportionate to ! rate ( decomposition4 ,_s %\ld n be us$ too /rong1 z its effect is to contract ! out] surface1 & ?us clos+ ! pores prev5t ! alcohol f p5etrat+ ?r\gh to ! inn] p>ts ( ! specim54 ,! pr9cipal po9t1 !n1 is to wat* t ! /r5g? ( ! _s does n get bel[ a c]ta9 po9t :ile ! specim5 is absorb+ alcohol :5 fir/ put 94 ,x w be f\nd t aft] two or ?ree days ! _s reta9s its /r5g?2 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! specim5 w be p]fectly pres]v$4 ,_s %\ld n be ?r[n away1 no matt] h[ (t5 us$1 s long z ! travell] has a res]ve suffici5t to br+ x back to its requisite /r5g?4 ,9 select+ specim5s = imm]sion1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! means at ! travell]'s disposal4 ,fi% up to #i;94 long may be plac$ 9 _s ) simply a slit cut to all[ ! _s to ent] to ! entrails4 ,) l>g] specim5s x is bett] to pass a long knife outside ! ribs1 s z to sep>ate ! muscles on ea* side ( ! v]tebra4 ,x is also z well to remove z mu* food f ! entrails z possible1 tak+ c>e to leave all ^! 94 ,! l>g] specim5s c be sk9n$1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! inte/9es 91 & simply remov+ ! fle%2 v l>ge specim5s pres]v$ 9 ?is way absorb v little _s4 ,all half-dige/$ food %\ld be remov$ f snakes & animals4 ,9 spite ( ^! precautions specim5s w (t5 appe> to be decompos+1 b by m con/ant att5tion to re-/r5g!n+ ! _s !y w 9 mo/ cases be pres]v$4 ,a case 7copp] is be/7 ) a top t c be unscrew$ & refix$ easily1 %\ld always be c>ri$ z a receptacle2 ! op5+ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! h& to be ins]t$4 ,?is is to hold fre%ly caught specim5s4 ,:5 !y h become pres]v$ !y c all be remov$ & sold]$ up 9 t9 or z9c boxes2 z9c is be/1 z x does n corrode s easily4 ,! travell] w f9d x v conv5i5t to take lessons 9 sold]+1 & s make 8 own boxes4 7,= directions = sold]+1 see p4 #baj ( ?is "w47 ,if he takes !m ready made !y _h be/ be arrang$ s z to fit "o into ano!r be=e !y are fill$4 ,:5 mov+ ab\t1 all specim5s %\ld be wrapp$ 9 calico1 l951 or o!r rags1 to prev5t _! rubb+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is %\ld also be done to ! specim5s 9 ! copp] case :5 a move is necess>y1 z well z to ^? f9ally pack$ = transportation to ,europe4 ,^! la/ %\ld h all _! int]/ices betwe5 ! specim5s fill$ 9 ) cotton wool or rags4 ,if a leak %\ld occur 9 a case1 specim5s ?us pack$ w /ill be ma9ta9$ moi/1 & w keep "s "t )\t mu* injury4 ,pro( _s %\ld be us$ :5 ! specim5s are f9ally pack$1 b x is n necess>y t x %\ld be fre%4 ,l& & fre%-wat] %ells1 on rea*+ camp1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a bas9 ( cold wat] to entice ! animals out1 & !n1 aft] dra9+ (f1 kill$ by p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] !m4 ,!y may be cleans$ ( fle% by means ( a /rong p9 or p5knife4 ,! op]culum or m\?piece ( all %ells :i* possess x %\ld be pres]v$ & plac$ inside ! empty %ell4 ,ea* %ell :5 dry %\ld be wrapp$ 9 a piece ( pap] & ! collection pack$ 9 a box well padd$ ) cotton or o!r dry & ela/ic mat]ial4 ,! insects collect$ on an excursion %\ld be att5d$ to imm$iately on arrival 9 camp4 ,:5 leisure & space are limit$ all ! h>d-bodi$ ones may be put 9 bottles ( _s1 & ea* bottle :5 ne>ly full %\ld be fill$ up to ! cork ) a piece ( rag1 to prev5t injury f %ak+4 ,_m species1 h[ev]1 become /a9$ by _s1 & x is f> bett] 9 dry c\ntries1 su* z ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,c5tral ,asia1 to pres]ve all ! h>d bodi$ ones 9 a dry /ate 9 pill boxes4 ,!y are kill$ :il/ 9 ! collect+ bottles by plung+ = a few m9utes ! bottom half ( ! bottles 9 hot wat]4 ,an h\r aft]w>ds ! cont5ts are %ak5 out ov] blott+ pap] & put into pill boxes1 ! bottoms ( ! boxes be+ padd$ ) cotton1 ov] :i* is plac$ a circul> piece ( blott+ pap]4 ,! op5 pill boxes %\ld !n be plac$ 9 ! dry+ cage = a day or two1 & !n fill$ up ) m cotton1 ! lay] ( insects be+ fir/ cov]$ ) a circul> piece ( pap]4,c ,! s(t bodi$ specim5s :i* are br\ght home p9n$1 %\ld be /uck 9 ! dry+ cage until !y are dry1 & !n p9n$ v close toge!r 9 ! /ore boxes4 ,! /ore boxes bo? bottom & sides %\ld ea* h inside a coat+ ( ars5ical soap be=e !y are cork$1 & z !y become fill$ "o by "o %\ld be wa%$ outside ) ! soap & pa/$ all ov] ) pap]4 ,camphor & o!r pres]vatives are ( little or no use 9 tropical climates4 ,9 "s c\ntries :]e ! travell] may wi% to make a collection ( ! butt]fly fauna1 ! be/ way is to pres]ve all ! specim5s 9 little pap] envelopes4 ,he %\ld be c>eful n to press ! insects too flat1 simply kill+ !m by pressure und]nea? ! brea/1 fold+ _! w+s c>efully backw>ds & slipp+ !m ea* into its envelope4 ,9 v humid tropical c\ntries1 su* z ! riv] valleys ( tropical ,am]ica & ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ! plan ( /[+ away ev5 h>d-bodi$ insects 9 pill boxes does n answ] on acc\nt ( ! m\ld ) :i* !y soon become cov]$4 ,!re are1 !n1 only two me?ods t c be adopt$2 "o1 pres]v+ !m at once 9 spirits1 ! o!r1 p9n+ all ^? ov] a qu>t] ( an in* long 7runn+ ! p9 ?r\gh ! "r w+ case1 s z to come out b5ea? betwe5 ! second & ?ird pair ( legs71 & gumm+ ^? ( small] size on small %eets ( c>d1 cut ( uni=m size1 s z to fit p]p5dicul>ly 9 rack$ boxes l ^? us$ to conta9 microscopical slides b l>g]4 ,! c>ds may be a few in*es squ>e1 & ea* may hold sev]al scores ( specim5s v lightly gumm$ d[n a %ort di/ance ap>t4 ,aft] ! c>ds are fill$ !y %\ld be well dri$1 & ! box conta9+ !m wa%$ outside ) ars5ical soap1 & pa/$ ov] ) pap]4 ,all ! p9n$ specim5s %\ld be plac$ to dry = a few days 9 ! dry+ cage1 & aft]w>ds p9n$ v close toge!r 9 ! cork /ore boxes4 ,c ,! only pres]vative ne$$ is a dilut$ wa% ( ars5ical soap inside ! pill boxes1 :i*1 z 9 all o!r cases :5 soap is us$1 mu/ be well dri$ aft]w>ds be=e ! boxes are fill$4 ,plants are dri$ by pressure1 by means ( ! bo>ds & /raps1 betwe5 %eets ( botanical dry+ pap]1 ! pap] requir+ to be *ang$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,:5 dry ! specim5s may be plac$ betwe5 %eets ( old newspap]s1 toge!r ) notes ! travell] may h made ^u !m1 ea* plac$ ^u ! object to :i* x ref]s4 ,bundles ( pap]s conta9+ plants are n ( difficult c>riage1 b !y require to be gu>d$ aga9/ wet1 especially 9 =d+ riv]s & 9 ra9y wea!r1 & %\ld be wrapp$ 9 sk9s or ,india rubb] %eet+ until !y c be safely pack$ 9 wood5 boxes & despat*$ to ,europe4 ,se$s may be collect$ :5 q ripe1 & pres]v$ 9 small packets ( botanical pap] ) numb]s writt5 on !m1 ref]r+ to pres]v$ specim5s ( ! fl[]s4 ,dry fruits & capsules %\ld be collect$ :5 9 c\ntries n previ\sly explor$ by botani/s1 if ! travell] has means ( id5tify+ ! species to :i* !y belong4 ,! collection ( fossils & m9]als1 except 9 ! case ( ! discov]y ( new localities = valuable metals1 is n to be recomm5d$ to ! travell] if he is n a geologi/4 ,fossils f an unexplor$ c\ntry are ( little use unless ! nature & ord] ( sup]position ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd c be at ! same "t inve/igat$4 ,9 ! cases1 h[ev]1 ( rec5t alluvial /rata on ! suppos$ b$s ( anci5t lakes1 or deposits 9 caves1 or rais$ sea bea*es conta9+ %ells or bones ( v]tebrate animals1 ! travell] w d well to br+ away specim5s if a good opportunity (f]s4 ,if ! plan ( ! exp$ition includes ! collection ( fossil rema9s1 ! travell] w ( c\rse provide himself ) a prop] geological outfit & obta9 ! necess>y in/ructions be=e leav+ ,europe4 ,:il/ engag$ 9 collect+ ! beautifully =m$ & delicate %ells f\nd adh]+ to ! m9ute asp]ities =m$ by ! process ( dis9tegration on ! ro(s ( ! crypts =m$ by ! anci5t ,tauro-,scy?ian tribes1 we proce$$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! discov]y ( an almo/ cry/all9e specim5 we prep>$ a s(t b$ = its reception by arrang+ 9 ne/ =m a v s(t silk h&k]*ief 9 our well worn =age cap1 ! gold b& ( :i* s]v$ z a sort ( hoop ( support4 ,?us arrang$1 ! ne/ 0 held exactly "u ! fossil %ell1 :i* 0 9 mo/ cases fre$ f its atta*m5ts by a s+le %>p & well direct$ bl[ f our pick head on ! heel ( a %>p well-temp]$ /eel *isel 7old files make ! be/74 ,z ! specim5s 7 "o by "o tak5 f ! cap-ne/ !y 7 arrang$ c>efully lay] aft] lay] 9 old pres]v$ meat t9s1 bran be+ lib]ally spr9kl$ 9 ov] ea* di/9ct lay] ( %ells4 ,on ! t9 be+ ne>ly fill$1 m bran 0 add$ until ! pack+ 0 firm & complete1 ! r\nd t9 cov] 0 !n =c$ 9 until ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* f ! upp] rim ( ! t94 ,a few cuts "h & !re 9 ! t9 ) a pair ( cutt+ nipp]s admitt$ ( ! turn+ 9 ( a numb] ( clip pieces by b5d+ ! cut t9 9 elb[ =m ov] ! cov]4 ,^! t9s :5 duly numb]$ & not$ 7 pack$ 9 a sixty-gallon b>rel ) f9e s(t hay made f /eppe grass4 ,! collections ?us pack$ rea*$ ,engl& 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 situations :]e old pres]v$ meat t9s _c be obta9$1 l>ge jo9ts ( bamboo1 or ! ?9 e>!n pots us$ by natives1 might be made available = deposit+ v fragile specim5s 94 ,f9e sawdu/ w answ] ne>ly z well z bran = pack+ p[d]2 rott5 wood f an old decay+ log may be rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s into f9e du/1 & made use ( = ! same purpose4 ,all collections made 9 tropical c\ntries %\ld be s5t to ,europe ) ! lea/ possible delay1 z !y soon become det]iorat$ or spoilt1 unless great c>e is be/[$ on !m4 ,dry sk9s ( animals & birds may be pack$ 9 wood5 cases1 simply ) %eets ( pap] to sep>ate ! sk9s4 ,%ells & skulls %\ld be provid$ ) abundance ( ela/ic padd+1 su* z cotton4 ,! boxes conta9+ insects & cru/acea %\ld be plac$ 9 ! middle ( l>ge boxes1 surr\nd$ by an ample b$ ( hay1 or o!r light1 dry1 ela/ic mat]ial2 if ?is la/ po9t be n c>efully att5d$ to1 x w be d\btful :e!r su* collections w su/a9 a voyage )\t mu* injury4 ,travell]s h excell5t opportunities ( obs]v+ ! habits ( animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 & ^! h9ts w\ld be v defici5t 7 n a few words said ^u ?is subject4 ,to "k :at to obs]ve 9 ! economy ( animals is 9 itself an accompli%m5t1 :i* x w\ld be unreasonable to expect ! g5]al travell] to possess1 & )\t ?is he may br+ home only insignificant details1 contribut+ b little to our /ock ( k4 ,"o g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 may be kept always pres5t to ! m9d1 & ?is is t any?+ conc]n+ animals :i* be>s ^u ! relations ( species to _! conditions ( life is well wor? obta9+ & record+4 ,?us1 x is important to note ! v>i\s enemies :i* ea* species has to cont5d )1 n only at "o epo* 9 its life1 b at e /age f bir? to dea?1 & at diff]5t seasons & 9 diff]5t localities2 ! way 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( enemies limits ! range ( a species %\ld be also notic$4 ,! inorganic influ5ces :i* inimically affect species1 especially int]mitt5tly 7su* z ! occurr5ce ( disa/r\s seasons71 & :i* are likely to op]ate 9 limit+ _! ranges1 are also important subjects ( inquiry4 ,! migrations ( animals1 & especially any p>ts :]e ! irruption ( species into di/ricts previ\sly un9habit$ by !m1 are well wor? record+4 ,! food ( ea* species %\ld be notic$2 & if any *ange ( cu/om>y food is obs]v$1 ow+ to ! failure ( ! supply1 x %\ld be c>efully record$4 ,! use 9 nature ( any peculi> physical con=mation ( animals1 ! object ( ornam5tation1 & s =?1 %\ld be also inve/igat$ :]ev] opportunity occurs4 ,any facts relat+ to ! int]bre$+ 9 a /ate ( nature ( alli$ v>ieties or ! conv]se--t is1 ! antipa?y to int]m+l+ ( alli$ v>ieties--w\ld be extremely int]e/+4 ,9 %ort1 ! travell] %\ld be> 9 m9d t facts hav+ a philosophical be>+ are mu* m important ?an m]e anecdotes ab\t animals4 ,to obs]ve ! actions ( ! l>g] animals a telescope or op]a-glass w be necess>y1 & ! travell] %\ld be> 9 m9d1 if a microscope is ne$$ 9 8 j\rney1 t1 by rev]s+ ! tubes ( ! telescope1 9 :i* all ! small glasses are conta9$1 a comp\nd microscope ( consid]able p[] is produc$4 ,sk9s1 & _! treatm5t4 ,! hunt] ( ! fur-clad d5iz5s ( ! =e/ & ! field1 :o1 = ! love ( sport & ! obta9m5t ( trophies ( ! *ase1 p5etrates to little-kn[n regions2 & ! h>dy & ke5 trapp]--:o1 ) pack1 traps1 kit1 & rifle1 /e]s 8 own c\rse to ! mo/ remote & untrodd5 solitudes--ea* require a some:at diff]5t mode by :i* to fit _! spoils :5 ga!r$ = transport to ei!r ! cities ( ,europe or ! trad+ port ( ! pr(essional peltry deal]s4 ,x w\ld be a hopeless task to attempt giv+ all ! processes _h rec\rse to by bo? classes ( hunt]s1 z _m ( !m are kept scrupul\sly secret by _! discov]]s4 ,indians1 too1 pr(ess to "k m ( sk9-dress+ ?an !y c>e to divulge4 ,we w1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves by communicat+ to ! read] su* modes ( sk9-dress+ z we h ei!r practis$ ourselves1 pick$ up f exp]i5c$ & travell$ comrades1 or glean$ f ! reports & exp]i5ces ( practical explor]s & slay]s ( l>ge & small game 9 wild c\ntries4 ,! "* ( ! climate 9 :i* ! hunt] may be pursu+ 8 vocation w det]m9e ! necessity = ! imm$iate removal ( ! sk9s ( ! animals kill$ f ! c>cases1 or ! po/ponem5t ( ! op]ation until camp is rea*$ & e assi/ance at h&4 ,9 deal+ ) ! l>g] c>nivora ( tropical climates1 too mu* exp$ition _c be us$ 9 ! p]=mance ( sk9n+ op]ations4 ,on no acc\nt1 :5 by any possibility x c be avoid$1 %\ld a dead & unsk9n$ animal be expos$ to ! action ( ei!r wet or ! sun's rays4 ,imm$iately on be+ f\nd to be p]fectly dead ! animal %\ld be convey$ to a cool %ady situation1 & ! hide at once remov$4 ,! purpose = :i* ! sk9 is ultimately int5d$ w influ5ce ! me?od to be obs]v$ 9 remov+ x f ! body4 ,if to be pres]v$ = /uff+1 mu* great] c>e is requir$ ?an is usually be/[$ on hides m]ely int5d$ = camp use1 or sale to pur*as]s ( r\ghly dri$ sk9s4 ,great al]tness & firmness are also requir$ on ! "p ( ! ,european hunt] :o is engag$ 9 tig] %oot+ 9 ,india to prev5t ! native hunt]s & camp foll[]s f burn+ (f ! :isk]s ( ! sla9 bea/1 & /eal+ ! claws4 ,! :isk] s+e+ c]emony arises f sup]/ition1 & ! greate/ anxiety exi/s to possess tig] claws 9 ord] t !y may be made use ( z amulets4 ,keep1 !re=e1 a v close wat* on y\r tig] sk9s4 ,:5 ab\t to comm5ce sk9n+ a tig]1 lion1 leop>d1 or o!r ( ! l>ge ,felid1 *oose a level spot ( gr\nd1 lay ! animal on ! flat ( its back1 ) all f\r legs 9 ! air4 ,prep>e f\r /\t %>p po9t$ /akes & drive !m into ! gr\nd at ab\t six feet f ! animal1 plac+ a /ake opposite ea* leg 9 a p>allelogram4 ,n[1 ) "s pieces ( sp>e rope1 grass cord1 raw hide ?ongs1 or twi/$ creep]s1 fa/5 ea* paw to ! head ( a /ake1 & /ret* ! legs well out4 ,) y\r sk9n+ knife--:i* %\ld be %ort 9 ! blade1 half r\nd-po9t$1 & v long h&l$--comm5ce y\r cut betwe5 ! two c5tre l[] tee? & c>ry x directly backw>ds along ! c5tre ( ! belly to ! v5t1 tak+ great c>e n to p5etrate ! abdom9al cavity4 ,a l9e d[n ea* leg f ! paw jo9t to ! c5tre l9e %\ld n[ be cut2 ! h9d legs %\ld be fir/ sk9n$ by peel+ (f ! hide completely r\nd b5ea? ! paw jo9ts1 :i* %\ld be divid$ & ! /umps ?us =m$ fa/5$ to ! /ake ropes2 ! sk9 c n[ be /ripp$ & turn$ d[n ov] ! ?ighs2 a cut along ! "u side ( ! tail w enable ! op]ator to sk9 t cleanly out1 :5 x c be cut (f at ! root2 ! two =e legs may n[ be treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! h9d1 mak+ ! b>e /umps fa/ & sk9n+ d[n to ! %\ld] jo9ts1 & up ! front ( ! neck & ?roat4 ,! animal may n[ be turn$ on its belly & ea* leg /ump haul$ tightly out to ! bottom ( ea* /ake2 ! sk9 is n[ turn$ up ov] ! back1 & /ripp$ up z f> z ! atta*m5t ( ! e>s2 great c>e mu/ n[ be ex]cis$ 9 sep>at+ _! roots f ! head )\t cutt+ ! sk92 divide c>efully r\nd ! eyes1 lips1 & corn]s ( ! m\?1 & ! sk9 w be free4 ,!re are two ways ( /ret*+ out sk9s = ! purpose ( fir/ free+ !m f e p>ticle ( fat & adh]+ matt]4 ,"o is to lay !m on ! gr\nd fur side d[nw>d1 & !n secure !m by driv+ a numb] ( %>p wood5 pegs r\nd ! m>g9s2 ! o!r is to cut "o or two /raight t\gh poles1 la% _! ends toge!r1 & make a hoop l>ge en\gh to take 9 ! sk91 & all[ ( suffici5t space to admit ( its be+ tightly /ret*$ out by be+ atta*$ to ! int]ior ( ! hoop by a r\gh sy/em ( lac+1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,a sk9 well secur$ 9 ?is way becomes z t5se z a tamb\r9e4 ,! hoop c be set on its edge or incl9$ to facilitate ! op]ation ( fat trimm+1 :i* mu/ be mo/ /rictly c>ri$ out1 )\t cutt+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,a pair ( /rong broad po9t$ =ceps mu* facilitate ! op]ation4 ,! po9t & edge ( ! sk9n+ knife %\ld be con/antly t\*$ up & r5ew$ on a but*]'s /eel or bit ( ,norway /one4 ,on no acc\nt all[ y\r native foll[]s to attempt ! treatm5t ( y\r /ret*$ sk9s1 z !y w mo/ c]ta9ly ru9 !m by ! cau/ic nature ( ! +r$i5ts !y employ4 ,_m mixtures ( sub/ances suitable = sk9 pres]vation are recomm5d$1 & we possess a consid]able numb] ( !m4 ,! foll[+1 communicat$ to ! ,field by a correspond5t sign+ himself ,i4 ,f41 is a ?or\ghly good "o1 & easy ( prep>ation 9 any "p ( ,india4 ,aft] trimm+ (f all fatty matt]1 c41 apply ! foll[+ mixture3 p[d]$ alum1 "o "p2 p[d]$ turm]ic 7! huldee ( ! natives71 f\r p>ts2 p[d]$ kadukai nuts1 eight p>ts2 to be well mix$1 & dilut$ ) wat] until j fluid4 ,! kadukai nuts are ! fruit ( a tree 7,t]m9alia *ebula7 common all ov] ,india4 ,its v]nacul> names are1 9 ,h9do/anee hurra2 9 ,tamil1 kadukai m>um2 9 ,teloogoo1 k>kai4 ,! dri$ nuts are commonly sold 9 ! native baza>s4 ,:5 no prep>ation = sk9 dress+ is at h&1 firewood a%es may ) advantage be spr9kl$ ov] ! sk9s4 ,! ,am]ican trapp]s make use ( no prep>ation :atev]1 b m]ely expose ! p]fectly clean$ & trimm$ sk9 to ! action ( ! air4 ,traps1 :5 set = animals1 %\ld be visit$ frequ5tly1 9 ord] t ! game tak5 may be p]fectly fre%2 ta9t$ sk9s lose _! hair1 & become valueless = fur purposes4 ,! small] fur-be>+ animals tak5 by ! pr(essional fur hunt]s ( ,am]ica1 su* z ! fi%] fox1 raccoon1 c41 are n sk9n$ by be+ op5$ f end to end1 b are treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 incisions are made close to ! h9d paws2 ^! are c>ri$ d[n to ! bord]s ( ! v5t2 ?is is circl$ or cut r\nd1 & ! tail op5$ & sk9n$ out4 ,an orifice w n[ exi/ l>ge en\gh to admit ( ! sk9 be+ /ripp$ f ! animal1 by turn+ x inside out1 z ! op]ation ( sk9n+ proce$s4 ,?ree modes are adopt$ = /ret*+ sk9s s prep>$3 "o is by :at is call$ a bo>d /ret*]2 ?is consi/s ( ?ree pieces ( light t\gh wood1 ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! c5tre figure ( ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! two flat side pieces are fir/ plac$ 9 ! p\* or pocket1 =m$ by rev]s+ ! surfaces ( ! sk92 ! c5tre /ick is !n pass$ d[n betwe5 ! two sides1 :i* are nicely r\nd$ (f at ! edges & po9t by scrap+ ) glass or a %>p knife4 ,:5 prop]ly fitt$ to ! /ret*] l a glove on a wood5 clean+ h&1 a tack or two or a few cuts 9 ! edges ( ! bo>d w s]ve to hold ! sk9 fa/ until dry en\gh to pack away4 ,a /rong flexible rod may be made use ( z a sk9 /ret*]1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ cut4 ,illu/ration ,! sk9s %\ld be turn$ inside out be=e ! b5t twig is ins]t$2 its own spr+ keeps ! sk9 di/5d$ until dry1 :5 x is remov$ & ! sk9 pack$2 or a long lancet-%ap$ bo>d1 ) a hole 9 x1 may be us$ = /ret*+ ! sk9s ( m>mots1 musk rats1 c4 ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration repres5t+ /ret*+ bo>ds1 & has a hole 9 x to be us$ = susp5d+ ! sk9s :il/ dry+4 ,/ret*+ bo>ds mu/ be made ( sizes proportion$ to ! sk9s !y are int5d$ =4 ,nev] dry sk9s ei!r by ! fire or 9 ! sun4 ,a v>iety ( me?ods are _h rec\rse to = prep>+ ! sk9s ( animals useful to ! travell] & explor]1 by :om !y c be employ$ ei!r 9 a raw /ate1 simply dri$1 or z lea!r4 ,raw hide1 z x is call$1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable & useful mat]ials at ! comm& ( ! travell] or hunt]4 ,x is to him a sub/itute = metal1 rope1 & tw9e1 & ) x breakages ( ! mo/ ext5sive & app>5tly hopeless "* c be effectually repair$4 ,la%+s ( raw hide = imm$iate use c be cut f ! sk9 ( an animal j kill$4 ,?is1 :5 tightly & ev5ly adju/$ ov] a fractur$ object1 contracts z x dries1 & b9ds all firmly toge!r4 ,! hair may be remov$ f hides by soak+ !m 9 lime-wat] or plac+ !m 9 ! e>? = a few days4 ,_m ( ! ,african tribes prep>e hides = use z g>m5ts1 c41 by fir/ pegg+ !m out on ! gr\nd1 trimm+ !m clean1 all[+ !m to dry sl[ly1 & !n bray+ _! surfaces ) a s(t s& brick4 ,sk9s ?us prep>$ we> well1 s long z no wat] is all[$ to rea* !m4 ,sk9s may be taw$1 z x is call$1 by plac+ !m to /eep 9 a /rong solution ( alum & common salt4 ,hides collect$ 9 l>ge numb]s = transmission to ! home m>ket are usually salt$ or pickl$4 ,settl]s & coloni/s may f9d ?is mode ( pres]v+ sk9s ( value1 s we give ,mr4 ,danna's acc\nt ( ! process1 :i* w be f\nd ?or\ghly practical1 & c be reli$ on4 ,speak+ ( ! treatm5t ( hides br\ght to ! sea side = %ipm5t1 he says3 ,! fir/ ?+ is to put ! hides to soak4 ,?is is done by c>ry+ !m d[n at l[ tide1 & mak+ !m fa/ 9 small piles by ropes1 & lett+ ! tide come up & cov] !m4 ,e day we put tw5ty-five 9 soak = ea* man1 :i*1 ) u1 makes #aej4 ,!re !y lie =ty-eight h\rs1 :5 !y are tak5 out & roll$ up 9 :eelb>r[s1 & ?r[n into vats4 ,^! vats conta9 br9e1 made v /rong1 be+ sea-wat] ) great quantities ( salt ?r[n 94 ,?is pickles ! hides1 & 9 ?is !y lie =ty-eight h\rs2 ! use ( ! sea-wat] into :i* !y are fir/ put be+ m]ely to s(t5 & clean !m4 ,f ^! vats !y are tak5 to lie on a plat=m tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & are !n spread ^u ! gr\nd & c>efully /ret*$ & /ak$ out1 s t !y may dry smoo?4 ,aft] !y 7 /ak$1 & :ile yet wet & s(t1 we us$ to g ^u !m ) our knives & c>efully cut (f all ! bad p>ts1 ! pieces ( meat & fat :i* w\ld o!rwise corrupt & affect ! :ole if /[$ away 9 a vessel = mon?s1 ! l>ge flipp]s1 ! e>s1 & all o!r p>ts t prev5t close /[age4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ difficult "p ( our duty1 z x requir$ mu* skill to take (f ev]y?+ necess>y1 & n to cut nor injure ! hides4 ,x 0 also a long process1 z six ( u _h to clean #aej1 mo/ ( :i* requir$ a great deal to be done to !m1 z ! ,spani>ds are v c>eless 9 sk9n+ _! cattle2 !n1 too1 z we clean$ !m :ile !y 7 /ak$ out1 we 7 oblig$ to kneel d[n ^u !m1 :i* always gives beg9n]s ! back a*e4 ,! fir/ day ,i 0 s sl[ & awkw>d t ,i only clean$ eight2 at ! end ( a few days ,i d\bl$ my numb]1 & 9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks c\ld keep up ) ! o!rs1 & clean my proportion--tw5ty-five4 ,sk9s ( animals may be fitt$ = transport f ! hunt+ gr\nds to a camp or dept situat$ at a di/ance ( sev]al days' j\rney1 by pegg+ !m tightly out2 & !n1 :5 ?or\ghly fre$ f adh]+ fat1 giv+ !m a ?or\gh spr9kl+ ) wood a%es4 ,small quantities ( lea!r may be made by s9k+ l>ge native j>s 9 ! e>?1 p>tly fill+ !m ) tan1 :i* is yield$ by an almo/ endless numb] ( trees & %rubs4 ,wat]1 :5 add$1 extracts ! tann+ pr9ciple1 & all[s ( its soak+ freely into ! pores ( ! sk9 "u treatm5t4 ,x is a good plan to make use ( sev]al j>s arrang$ 9 a r[2 ^! %\ld all conta9 /rong b>k or tan wat]1 & z ! sk9 becomes p>tly tann$ 9 j> ,no4 #a x %\ld1 aft] be+ well squeez$ & press$1 be pass$ to ,no4 #b1 & s on ?r\gh ! set4 ,?us writes ,sir ,samuel ,bak] on ! subject ( sk9 dress+3 ,my antelope sk9s are j complet$1 & are ?or\ghly tann$1 ea* sk9 requir$ a d\ble h&ful ( ! 'g>ra' or fruit ( ! ,acacia arabica4 ,! process is simple4 ,! sk9 be+ ?or\ghly wett$1 ! g>ra is p\nd$ into a pa/e2 ?is is rubb$ into ! hide ) a r\gh piece ( s&/one until x becomes p]fectly clean & free f impurities2 x is !n wrapp$ up ) a quantity ( ! pa/e1 & is deposit$ 9 a tr\gh1 & kept 9 ! %ade tw5ty-f\r h\rs--x %\ld und]go a simil> rubb+ daily1 & be kept 9 ! tr\gh to soak 9 ! g>ra = f\r or five days4 ,aft] ?is process x %\ld be well rubb$ ) fat1 if requir$ to keep s(t & pliable :5 wett$4 ,if soak$ ) milk aft] tann+1 ! lea!r w become wat]pro(4 ,! l>ge tann$ ox hides us$ by ! ,arabs z cov]lets are p]fectly wat]pro(1 & are simply prep>$ ) milk4 ,^! are made 9 ,abyss9ia1 & c be pur*as$ f t5 pia/res to a doll> ea*4 ,! ,arabs ?or\ghly appreciate ! value ( lea!r1 z !y are entirely dep5dant ^u su* mat]ial = cov]lets1 wat] sacks1 travell+ bags1 c4 ,! sac de voyage is a simple sk9 ( ei!r goat or %eep1 drawn (f ! animal z a /ock+ is drawn f ! leg4 ,?is is v neatly ornam5t$ & arrang$ ) loops :i* close ! m\?1 :i* is secur$ by a padlock4 ,v l>ge sacks1 capable ( conta9+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( corn1 are made 9 ! same mann] by draw+ entire ! sk9s ( ! l>g] antelopes2 t ( ! tetel is consid]$ ! mo/ valuable = ?is purpose4 ,! hide ( ! wild ass is ! f9e/ ( all lea!r1 & is s close 9 ! gra91 t1 be=e tann+1 :5 dry & h>d5$ 9 ! sun1 x resembles horn 9 transp>5cy4 ,i h made excell5t mocass9s ) ?is sk91 :i* are admirable if kept wett$4 ,mo/ ( ! wat] sacks we us$ 9 ,c5tral ,india 7 prep>$ by )draw+ all ! body ( ! animal--antelope or goat--piecemeal ?r\gh ! orifice left by cutt+ (f ! head4 ,! legs 7 !n remov$ to ! ho( jo9t1 & ! tubes s =m$ s fitt$ ) ?ongs1 t !y c\ld be ti$ fa/ or left op5 at ! w ( ! own]2 bury+ ! sk9 9 ! e>? = a day or two caus$ ! hair to become loose en\gh to rub (f 9 wat]4 ,a *>ge ( p\nd$ pomegranate r9d mix$ ) wat] 0 !n introduc$ to ! int]ior ( ! sk9 sack1 & well %ak5 ab\t sev]al times dur+ ! day4 ,?is process 0 cont9u$ until ! sub/ance ( ! sk9 became conv]t$ into lea!r1 & 0 p]fectly free f ! slighte/ t5d5cy to ta9t4 ,! neck orifice 0 !n ei!r sewn up ) a ?ong1 or left ) a /r+ r\nd x1 to be clos$ or left op5 z might be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,sk9s ?us prep>$ we h f\nd useful = an almo/ endless numb] ( purposes4 ,! foll[+ directions = ! manufacture ( gazelle sk9 girbas1 or wat] sacks1 z practis$ by ! ,arabs1 giv5 by ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 w n fail to prove ( int]e/ & value to ! read]3 ,! flay+ process = ?is purpose is a delicate op]ation1 z ! knife mu/ be s dext]\sly us$ t no false cut %\ld injure ! hide4 ,! animal is hung up by ! h9d legs1 an incision is !n made along ! inside ( bo? ?ighs to ! tail1 & ) "s tr\ble ! sk9 is drawn (f ! body t[>ds ! head1 precisely z a /ock+ might be drawn f ! leg2 by ?is op]ation ! sk9 =ms a seamless bag1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,to =m a girba1 ! sk9 mu/ be buri$ 9 ! e>? = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x is !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 & ! hair is easily deta*$4 ,?us r5d]$ clean1 x is tann$ by soak+ = sev]al days 9 a mixture ( ! b>k ( ! mimosa & wat]1 f ?is x is daily )drawn & /ret*$ out ) pegs1 ^u ! gr\nd2 x is !n well scrubb$ ) a r\gh /one1 & fre% mimosa b>k1 well bruis$1 ) wat] is rubb$ 9 by friction4 ,ab\t f\r days are suffici5t to tan ! sk9 ( a gazelle1 :i* is mu* valu$ = its t\ghness & durability4 ,! ap]ture at ! h9d qu>t]s is sewn toge!r1 & ! op5+ ( ! neck is clos$ :5 requir$ by ty+4 ,a good wat]-sk9 %\ld be por\s1 to all[ ! wat] to exude suffici5tly to moi/5 ! ext]ior2 ?us ! action ( ! air ^u ! expos$ surface causes evaporation & imp>ts to ! wat] )9 ! sk9 a delici\s coolness4 ,! ,arabs usually prep>e _! tann$ sk9s ) an empyreumatical oil1 made f a v>iety ( sub/ances1 ! be/ ( :i* is t f ! sesame gra94 ,?is has a p[]ful smell & r5d]s ! wat] s disagreeable t few ,europeans c\ld dr9k x4 ,?is oil is black & mu* resembles t> 9 appe>ance1 x has ! effect ( pres]v+ ! lea!r & ( r5d]+ x p]fectly wat] tight4 ,9 des]t travell+1 ea* p]son %\ld h 8 own private wat] sk9 slung ^u 8 drom$>y2 = ?is purpose none is s good z a small siz$ gazelle sk9 t w conta9 ab\t two gallons4 ,snake sk9s c be conv]t$ into v useful & highly ornam5tal lea!r by tann+ !m4 ,! ,indians ( ,nor?-we/ ,am]ica add greatly to ! value & durability ( _! prep>$ sk9s by subject+ !m to ! smok+ process4 ,?is is conduct$ by =m+ a m9iature sk9 t5t ov] a n>r[ deep hole dug 9 ! e>?2 ?is1 :5 fill$ ) damp sl[ burn+ fuel1 gives =?1 :5 light$1 d5se volumes ( smoke1 :i*1 act+ on ! inn] or fle% sides ( ! spread sk9s1 imp>ts to !m consid]able p[] to resi/ damp & o!r det]iorat+ influ5ces4 ,hides t are "u ! op]ation ( dress+ %\ld nev] be all[$ to become dry1 z x is v difficult to re/ore p]fect flexibility to !m by ! aid ( wat]4 ,wet c[ dung is ! be/ mat]ial we "k = pres]v+ ! moi/ure ( ! sk9s on :i* x is spread4 ,milk curds are made use ( = ! same purpose by ! ,t>t> tribes4 ,we h also se5 gr\nd oil se$s1 conv]t$ into a pa/e ) milk1 us$ by "s ,indian hill tribes4 ,p>*m5t & catgut4 ,p>*m5t is a mat]ial :i* w be f\nd useful = _m purposes1 su* z labell+ ! species collect$1 c42 almo/ any mod]ate-siz$ sk9 c be conv]t$ into ?is sub/ance4 ,! fir/ /ep is to remove ! hair f its follicles4 ,?is may be done by bury+ ! sk9 9 moi/ e>? = two or ?ree days2 x %\ld1 :5 f\nd season$1 be spread1 hair side out1 on a b>rel or r\nd log1 & well scrap$1 until q clean4 ,f\r long t\gh peel$ rods or w&s %\ld n[ be pass$ ?r\gh a tra9 ( small slits1 l button-holes1 9 ! edges ( ! sk91 all f\r bord]s ( ! trimm$ sk9 be+ furni%$ ) its spread+ w&4 ,! ends ( ! w&s are n[ to be cut (f flu% ) ! bord] ( ! sk94 ,a pole hoop l t figur$ at page #ggf %\ld n[ be prep>$1 & ! /ret*$ sk9 lac$ to its c5tre by cords or ?ongs pass$ inside ! w& until x is z tight z a tamb\r9e4 ,e p>ticle ( adh]+ membrane %\ld be c>efully cut away1 & ! sk9 rubb$ d[n to ! requir$ sub/ance ) a flat-surfac$ s&/one2 pumice-/one1 :5 x c be obta9$1 is excell5t = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! p>*m5t has und]gone prep>ation1 & is remov$ f ! pole hoop1 x may be fitt$ = writ+ on by fir/ ?or\ghly rubb+ its surface ) a p]fectly smoo? wat]-worn pebble1 & !n t\*+ its surface lightly ov] ) ox-gall4 ,catgut c be made f ! inte/9es ( almo/ any animal z foll[s3 ,aft] c>efully remov+ all impurities f ! surfaces ( ! gut1 place x 9 a pot ( wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! out] %ea?1 or cov]+ membrane1 w m freely come away4 ,n[ d\ble back a few in*es ( ! end bord] ( y\r gut tube1 j z y w\ld turn d[n ! top bord] ( a /ock+1 cat*+ ! bag ?us =m$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb2 dip wat] up ) x until ! d\ble fold is ne>ly full4 ,! weight ( ?is fluid w in/antly cause ! gut to become inv]t$1 & br+ its inn] surface to ! outside4 ,?is c n[ be easily fre$ f any adh]+ matt]2 & if ! gut is int5d$ = twi/+1 set up two /iff /\t /akes 9 ! e>?1 a little wid] ap>t ?an ! l5g? ( ! gut "u treatm5t4 ,cut a saw cut 9 ! head ( ea* /ake4 ,n[ firmly la% ea* end ( y\r gut to ! not*$ ends ( two n>r[ flat pieces ( wood1 fa%ion$ l /\t knife blades1 & ?9 en\gh to ent] ! saw cuts 9 ! /ake heads4 ,by alt]nately twi/+ ^! & fix+ !m 9 ! saw cuts1 to prev5t _! runn+ back1 ! gut may be ev5ly & neatly twi/$ aft] ! mann] ( a s+le /r& cord4 ,! twi/$ mat]ial ?us =m$ becomes1 :5 dry & aft] x has be5 rubb$ smoo? ) a wooll5 rag & a little grease1 excell5t catgut1 fit = drill b[s1 b[/r+s1 la! b&s1 ?read = sew+ /rong lea!r "w1 c4 ,bladd]s %\ld always be sav$4 ,!y only require inflation ) air & dry+ to pres]ve !m4 ,illu/ration ,holes 9 hides1 wat]-bags1 or bladd]s1 may be repair$ by ga!r+ up ! lips ( ! orifice1 pu%+ a %>p spl9t] or ?orn ?r\gh bo? lips1 & !n ty+ a /r+ tightly beh9d ! cross piece ?us =m$4 ,! holes 9 l>ge sk9s c be repair$ by plac+ pebbles or /ones1 j too l>ge to pass ?r\gh1 inside !m4 ,a few turns ) a /rip ( raw hide beh9d ! /one makes all secure & p]fectly wat]-tight4 ,a sph]ical bullet may be made use ( 9 ?is mann] to repair a ?orn prick 9 a wat]-bag4 ,a ref]5ce to ! above illu/ration w s]ve to %[ h[ ^! repairs are effect$4 ,! horns ( cattle c be made use ( = a numb] ( useful purposes4 ,soak+ 9 boil+ wat] s(t5s !m suffici5tly to enable ! +5i\s op]ator to fa%ion !m into almo/ any %ape4 ,bones %\ld nev] be he$lessly ca/ away2 sawn up !y make excell5t r+s = dog h>ness or ! head-l9es ( fi%+-nets2 /ilets = splic+ cord1 me%es = nett+1 c4 ,t5dons ( animals make excell5t glue1 & c be easily split up into sew+ ?read4 ,! swimm+ bladd]s ( fi%1 :5 dri$1 =m excell5t is+las4 ,sole1 %>k1 & dogfi% sk9s1 dri$ & m\nt$ on h&les1 make v effici5t rasps & files = woodwork4 ,eel-sk9s make mo/ durable h>ness ties1 &1 twi/$ or plait$ toge!r1 =m v s]viceable :ips4 ,hides or sk9s c be cut into long /rips = trail rope or lasso mak+ by cutt+ !m spirally ) a %>p knife1 j z a cobbl] cuts out a lea!r boot-lace f a circul> scrap ( %oe lea!r4 ,hides & objects compos$ ( ei!r prep>$ hide or lea!r %\ld be frequ5tly treat$ ) clean1 well-s(t5$ grease1 9 ord] t !y may reta9 _! flexibility & t\ghness ( texture4 ,hides us$ 9 cov]+ ! frames ( bull boats1 z !y are call$ by ! trad]s & trapp]s ( ! nor?-we/1 :o (t5 use !m1 require to be frequ5tly bea*$1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & !n greas$1 to r5d] !m suffici5tly durable to enc\nt] ! det]iorat+ influ5ces br\ght to be> on !m dur+ a long riv] or lake voyage4 ,fat1 to treat4 ,9 cutt+ up & trimm+ ! c>cases ( l>ge animals1 consid]able quantities ( fat w be accumulat$1 provid$ t c>e is tak5 to prev5t native fell[s f appropriat+ x4 ,fat is useful = an imm5se numb] ( purposes4 ,its value z fuel has already be5 expla9$ 9 t portion ( our "w devot$ to a consid]ation ( lamps4 ,! bones ( ne>ly all l>ge animals may be made to yield a consid]able quantity ( fatty matt] by cru%+ !m to fragm5ts betwe5 two heavy /ones2 boil+ ! mass ?us obta9$ 9 any suitable vessel1 & !n sk9n+ (f ! eyes ( grease z !y appe> on ! surface ) a l>ge %ell fa/5$ to ! end ( a /ick1 or an ox horn fa%ion$ into a scoop4 ,:5 fat is to be /or$ up = use x %\ld be fir/ melt$1 &1 aft] all fragm5ts ( membrane1 c41 h be5 sep>at$ by a r\gh sy/em ( /ra9+1 p\r$ into hide bags to cool4 ,all blubb]-be>+ cetaceans yield l>ge quantities ( oil1 :i* is to be obta9$ by a process kn[n among/ :al]s z try+ out4 ,conv5i5t siz$ pieces ( ! blubb] are ?r[n into l>ge cauldrons1 :i* are ma9ly heat$ by ! wa/e *ip or us$-up mat]ial left z a residue :5 ! oil runs =?4 ,! liv]s ( %>ks & o!r l>ge fi% also yield oil freely by treatm5t 9 ! kettle4 ,besides be+ useful = :eel lubricat+1 lea!r-dress+1 c&le-mak+1 & a v>iety ( o!r useful purposes1 fat c1 by prop] treatm5t1 be made available z ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( soap4 ,soap1 to prep>e4 ,"s c>e & managem5t1 h[ev]1 are requir$ to manufacture a really good & useful article4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] ?us writes ( 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! matt]3 ,soap-boil+ is n s easy z may be imag9$4 ,x requires n only mu* att5tion1 b ! quality is dep5d5t ^u ! prop] mixture ( ! alkalies4 ,sixty p>ts ( pota% & =ty ( lime are1 ,i believe1 ! proportions = common soap4 ,i _h nei!r lime nor pota%1 b ,i %ortly procur$ bo?4 ,! ,hegleck tree 7,balanites egyptiaca7 0 extremely ri* 9 pota%2 !re=e ,i burn$ a l>ge quantity1 & made a /rong ley ) ! a%es4 ,?is ,i conc5trat$ by boil+4 ,!re 0 no lime/one2 b ! riv] produc$ a pl5tiful supply ( l>ge oy/]-%ells1 t1 if burn$1 w\ld yield excell5t lime2 accord+ly1 ,i con/ruct$ a kiln ) ! assi/ance ( ! :ite ants4 ,! c\ntry 0 infe/$ by ^! creatures1 :i* erect$ _! dwell+s 9 all directions4 ,!re 7 cones f six to t5 feet high1 =m$ ( clay1 s ?or\ghly cem5t$ by a glut9\s prep>ation ( ! insects t x 0 h>d] ?an sun-bak$ brick4 ,i select$ an egg-%ap$ hill1 & cut (f ! top exactly z we take (f ! slice f an egg4 ,my ,tookrooris !n work$ h>d1 & ) a hoe & _! lances !y holl[$ x out to ! base1 9 spite ( ! attacks ( ! ants1 :i* puni%$ ! legs ( ! intrud]s consid]ably4 ,i made a draught hole f ! outside base at "r angles ) ! bottom ( ! holl[ cone4 ,my kiln 0 p]fect4 ,i load$ x ) wood1 ^u :i* ,i pil$ ab\t six bu%els ( oy/]-%ells1 :i* ,i !n cov]$ ) fuel1 & kept x burn+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is produc$ excell5t lime1 & ,i comm5c$ my soap-boil+4 ,we possess$ an imm5se copp] pot1 ( ,egyptian manufacture1 9 addition to a l>ge & deep copp] bas91 call$ a 'te%ti4' ,^! w\ld conta9 ab\t t5 gallons4 ,! ley hav+ be5 boil$ d[n to great /r5g?1 ,i add$ a quantity ( lime & ! necess>y fat4 ,x requir$ t5 h\rs' boil+1 comb9$ ) c>eful managem5t ( ! fire1 z x w\ld frequ5tly asc5d l foam1 & ov]fl[ ! edge ( ! ut5sils2 h[ev]1 at l5g? hav+ be5 con/antly /irr$1 x turn$ to soap2 be=e x became cold ,i =m$ x into cakes & balls ) my h&s1 & ! result ( ?is manufacture 0 a weight ( ab\t =ty p\nds ( mo/ excell5t soap ( a v sport+ description4 ,we ?us wa%$ ) rh9oc]os soap2 our lamp 0 trimm$ ) ! oil ( lions2 our butt] = cook+ purposes 0 ! fat ( hippopotami1 :ile our pomade 0 made f ! m>r[ ( buffaloes & antelopes1 sc5t$ ) ! blossoms ( mimosas4 ,we 7 entirely indep5d5t1 z our :ole p>ty _h subsi/$ ^u ! produce ( ! rod & rifle4 ,sleep+-bags4 ,if ! travell] contemplates ! prosecution ( explorations 9 cold & inhospitable regions1 x w be well = him to pres]ve a numb] ( %eep or goats' sk9s1 ) ! hair or wool on1 :i* %\ld be prep>$ = conv]sion into cov]lets1 sleep+-bags1 mats1 ov]coats1 c4 ,a v>iety ( =ms ( sleep+-bags are 9 use 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 "s1 z 9 ! case ( ^? us$ by ! fronti] gu>d betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 are s con/ruct$ z to be d\bl$ up1 /rapp$ toge!r1 & conv]t$ into a sort ( knapsack4 ,! d[n ( wat]f[l1 especially t ( ! eid] duck1 :5 /it*$ betwe5 any suitable fabric & quilt$1 =ms a mo/ p[]ful non-conductor ( heat4 ,a v useful & *eap =m ( sleep+-bag c be made by pa/+ a numb] ( old newspap]s toge!r1 giv+ !m a coat ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 & !n /it*+ !m betwe5 two %eets ( any t\gh durable fabric4 ,! p]son ab\t to be measur$ = a sleep+ bag %\ld h ! extreme bread? ( ! %\ld]s1 wid? across hips1 & height tak51 add+ eighte5 in*es to ! head ( ! bag to =m a flap4 ,cut out y\r two ma9 bag pieces1 or top & bottom1 to ! %ape ( two l>ge sleeve bo>ds su* z tailors use1 n[ cut out two long n>r[ slips1 ab\t tw5ty in*es wide1 & long en\gh to g ! :ole l5g? ( bo? sides & r\nd ! tap]$ r\nd$ bottom ( ! bag1 & up to ! end-bord]s ( ! m\?1 ^! /rips are sewn 9 exactly z ! lea!r is atta*$ to ! upp] & l[] bo>ds ( a pair ( common bell[s4 ,sleep+-bags %\ld be made v /rong1 9 ord] t !y may be us$ to c>ry a v>iety ( odd articles 94 ,illu/ration ,ruck sacks4 ,:il/ on ! subject ( bags1 x w be well to m5tion a mo/ conv5i5t description ( sack us$ by ! ,tyrolese *amois hunt]s = c>ry+ food1 dead game1 ammunition1 c4 ,x is be/ made ( light tann$ canvas or flax clo?4 ,a squ>e bag ( ! requir$ size is made f ei!r ( ^! mat]ials1 ! m\? ( ! bag is made to draw 9 ! usual way & tie1 b to ! loop ( ! neck /r+ are atta*$ two lea!r %\ld] /raps1 to ! ends ( :i* wood5 toggles & /\t l9e loops h be5 sewn4 ,ea* l[] corn] ( ! bag %\ld h a wood5 or cork ball ! size ( a billi>d ball1 securely /it*$ into x4 ,:5 ! bag is plac$ on ! back ) its burd5 9 x1 ! %\ld] /raps are pass$ ov] ! %\ld]s1 "u ! arms1 & d[n to ! ball-furni%$ corn]s1 ov] :i* ! slip-knots & loops ( ! toggle /r+s are n[ secur$4 ,! above illu/ration w s]ve to expla9 ! nature ( ! arrangem5t1 any?+ c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 ?is contrivance1 f a s+le p>tridge to a full gr[n *amois or roebuck4 ,a sack ( ?is k9d c>efully fitt$ & made1 is v sup]ior to an ord9>y knapsack4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,ropes ,,& ,,tw9e4 ,ropes & tw9e ( diff]5t sizes & l5g?s %\ld always =m "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! travell] or explor]4 ,^! may be ei!r home-made or manufactur$ f su* suitable mat]ials z may be obta9able 9 ! regions travell$ ?r\gh4 ,a great numb] ( productions1 vegetable & animal1 are available = cord-mak+ purposes2 & n unfrequ5tly x w be f\nd 9 tropical regions t nature has h]self =m$ ! rope ready to ! h& ( him :o w take ! tr\ble to ga!r x4 ,! rattan1 :i* is a species ( palm1 al?\gh commonly & incorrectly call$ a cane1 is a notewor?y example2 x possesses extraord9>y flexibility & t\ghness1 is light1 por\s1 cov]$ ) a wat]pro( glaze1 & gr[s to a consid]able l5g?1 (t5 to ! ext5t ( #cjj;ft4 ,rattans1 :5 simply laid toge!r1 c be at once conv]t$ into ropes ( almo/ any l5g? & /r5g?4 ,numb]s ( native susp5sion-bridges are support$ by cables =m$ entirely f rattan4 ,w>p+ ropes1 us$ by ! raftsm5 ( ! ,malay coa/1 are =m$ f ?is mat]ial2 ^! curi\s ropes are n unfrequ5tly ! eigh? ( a mile 9 l5g?1 & possess imm5se /r5g?4 ,! lianas1 monkey ropes1 or p>asitical creep]s1 too1 :i* gr[ 9 su* pr(usion 9 ! tropical jungles1 ne$ little prep>ation to suit !m = use z cordage4 ,will[s & o!r t\gh flexible /icks or twigs are readily conv]t$ into rope by simply twi/+ !m toge!r2 !y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be well soak$ 9 wat] be=e twi/+4 ,an almo/ endless numb] ( trees1 %rubs1 & plants yield fibre well calculat$ = cord or rope-mak+ purposes4 ,! b>k ( "s ( ! mimosas is z t\gh z ! f9e/ hemp1 & c be /ripp$ f ! trees 9 any quantity4 ,ba/1 or matt+ fibre1 z x is call$1 is yield$ by a numb] ( trees1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ ! l9d5 or lime ( our own c\ntry4 ,= "s purposes ba/ /rips may be us$ )\t twi/+ by m]ely soak+ !m 9 wat]1 & !n divid+ !m into ribbons ( ! requir$ /r5g?4 ,! inn] b>k ( ! elm1 :5 well soak$1 becomes extremely t\gh1 & twi/s well4 ,! long flag-l leaves ( ! ,phormium t5ax1 or ,new ,zeal& hemp1 c be us$ z ties or la%+s )\t any treatm5t or prep>ation2 sep>at$ f ! juices & leaf-pulp by mac]ation & scrap+ ) a muscle-%ell1 ! fibre is f\nd to be beautifully f9e1 & adapt$ = ei!r sp9n+ or weav+4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ga!r+ b>k = rope or tw9e mak+ purposes x is always well to be> 9 m9d t ! out] or true b>k1 yield+ little useful fibre1 is1 h[ev]1 applicable to a v>iety ( useful purposes1 z ! above illu/ration1 repres5t+ a numb] ( articles =m$ f outside b>k1 w %[4 ,! me?od by :i* l>ge %eets ( b>k are /ripp$ f =e/ trees is %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! s-call$ ,manilla hemp is n ! product ( ! hemp plant1 b is produc$ by a vegetable s closely resembl+ a ,banana tree t x is difficult to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! names giv5 by e>ly travell]s & o!rs to productions ( ?is k9d1 %\ld be only calculat$ to mislead1 in/ead ( be+ guides to _! orig92 ! s-call$ ,*9a grass is n a grass1 b is obta9$ f a plant closely resembl+ a nettle 7,urtica t5acissima74 ,! common /++ nettle ( ?is c\ntry conta9s a fibre out ( :i* v good tw9e c be made2 /raw1 hay1 ru%es1 & swamp grass1 make good t\gh b&s1 :i* are useful = _m purposes4 ,! ,esp>to grass1 z x is call$1 is a dry gr\nd ru%1 & 0 us$ 9 v e>ly ages = ! manufacture ( ropes1 b is n[ ext5sively appli$ to pap]-mak+ purposes4 ,cocoa-nut husks1 & ! leaves ( all ! agave tribe1 ! yuccas1 & mo/ ( ! aloe-%ap$ plants1 yield an abundance ( fibre1 z does ! p9e apple plant by soak+ or mac]ation 9 wat]4 ,cotton1 wild or cultivat$1 makes excell5t cord4 ,smok$ sea we$ is us$ = l9es by ! ,briti% ,columbian ,indians4 ,no "o possess$ ( ev5 ord9>y p[]s ( obs]vation w fail 9 discov]+ a ho/ ( o!r fibre s\rces 9 travell+ ?r\gh tropical1 or ev5 temp]ate regions4 ,a numb] ( animal sub/ances w also be f\nd1 :i* by ! aid ( +5uity may be conv]t$ into ?read & cordage4 ,f9e /rips ( t5don scrap$ r\nd & po9t$ make excell5t sew+ ?read4 ,/rips ( raw hide1 soak$1 twi/$ or plait$1 & greas$1 =m ropes or cords ( imm5se /r5g? & consid]able durability3 to =m long /r&s = ^!1 see ! directions giv5 at page #ghd4 ,! hair or wool ( animals1 & ! web spun by ! wild silkworms are also available = twi/+ or work+ up into cord4 ,_m me?ods m or less simple are _h rec\rse to 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 = s comb9+ & int]tw9+ fibres & o!r mat]ials t1 unit$1 !y may resi/ break+1 /ra9s1 & det]iorat+ influ5ces4 ,! untutor$ savage1 z he is call$1 proce$s to ga!r 8 fibre1 prep>e x1 & by ! aid ( 8 op5 palm & nak$ ?igh only 7z %[n at page #eii71 twi/s x into an ev51 compact1 & beautifully wr\ght l9e ( any l5g?1 free f knots or irregul>ities1 a task :i* ! highly educat$ :ite man1 unless tutor$ by savages1 w\ld va9ly attempt to p]=m4 ,lay+ up z x is call$1 is ano!r simple me?od by :i* a two or ?ree /r& cord or rope c be made4 ,ea* sep>ate /r&1 :5 equally divid$ & secur$ at "o end1 is tak5 by ! f+] & ?umb1 or ! h&1 accord+ to ! size ( ! "w1 twi/$ on itself & pass$ ov] to ! (f side ( ! op]ator2 ! ne> side /r& is n[ treat$ 9 ! same way1 & s on1 fibre be+ c>efully jo9$ 9 ) ! fag end ( ea* /r& z x becomes too %ort = twi/+3 7vide pages #eih1 #eii47 ,no two /r&s %\ld be suff]$ to rema9 ! same l5g?1 9 ord] t no two unions ( fre% fibres %\ld take place at ! same spot4 ,a common ?ree-plait is an exp$iti\s mode by :i* ?ree /rips ( %eet+1 or o!r fabric1 may be conv]t$ into a rope4 ,f\r /r& r\nd plait is =m$ by mak+ ea* pair ( /r&s cross ea* o!r f "r to left alt]nately1 until ! :ole l5g? requir$ is complet$2 ?is =m ( plait is useful = :ip ?ongs1 & w run ?r\gh ! %eeve hole ( a block4 ,a s+le /r& cord or tw9e may be twi/$ f loose fibre1 by b5d+ a w9* h&le 9 "o end ( a ?ick iron wire1 & a hook 9 ! o!r4 ,set up a /iff /ake1 wai/ high1 9 ! e>?1 bore or burn a hole ?r\gh x l>ge en\gh to all[ y\r wire to revolve freely 9 x1 n[ split y\r po/ d[n to ! hole1 ent] y\r wire & all[ ! cleft /ake to reta9 ! wire 9 ! hole by its own spr+2 /ation "s p]son to turn y\r w9* h&le1 :il/ y1 ) a goodly supply ( fibre r\nd y\r body1 fir/ hook on en\gh to =m tw9e ( ! requir$ size to ! book ( ! wire1 & !n walk backw>ds z ! ?read increases 9 l5g?2 a =k$ /ick set up "h & !re s]ves to support ! sag or belly ( ! tw9e z x is =m$4 ,a little ?9 glue or size rubb$ on ) a rag prev5ts ! /r&s f op5+ too freely4 ,?reads ?us made may be ei!r laid up by h& or spun into cordage by ! regul> ropemak]'s :eel1 a make%ift =m ( :i* may be easily extemporis$ by fitt+ a light flat hoop ) a hub1 a set ( spokes1 a wire h&le1 & a set ( hook-axl$ cotton reels4 ,) su* a contrivance z ?is ropes & cords ( small size may be twi/$2 b1 = ! manufacture ( ropes ( l>ge dim5sions1 su* an arrangem5t z t repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #gia7;,illu/ration mu/ be made use (4 ,an exam9ation ( x w %[ t an implem5t1 call$ a top1 is made use ( 9 ord] to keep ! /r&s 9 _! prop] relative positions4 ,?is top is m]ely a conical block ( wood1 ) a set ( deep grooves1 accord+ to ! numb] ( /r&s to be twi/$1 cut 9 x longitud9ally4 ,tops may be made ( almo/ any size1 to suit ! "* ( cord 9 ! c\rse ( production4 ,/raw-ropes1 to sp94 ,grass or /raw ropes may be conv5i5tly & exp$iti\sly spun to almo/ any l5g? by ! aid ( an app>atus made z foll[s3 ,take f\r n>r[ flat pieces ( bo>d1 say f\r in*es wide1 an in* ?ick1 & ?ree feet long1 make two equal-sid$ crosses ( !m by nail+ !m toge!r2 take c>e1 h[ev]1 t no nails are us$ 9 ! true c5tres ( ! crosses1 z a two-in* augur hole w h to be bor$ 9 ea*4 ,at "o foot f ! end ( ea* arm ( ! crosses bore an in* hole1 & into ^! fit a r\nd$ /ick1 f\r feet long1 9 su* a way1 t :5 p9n$ fa/ 9 ! holes ! :ole arrangem5t may resemble a l>ge-siz$ fi%+ reel )\t a h&le4 ,n[ fa%ion a /raight1 smoo?1 "o in* & a half /ick 9 su* a way z to leave a head l t ( a l>ge nail at "o end & a po9t at ! o!r4 ,! po9t$ end mu/ project ab\t a foot beyond ! hole 9 ! inn] cross :5 ! /ick is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! c5tre hole 9 ! crosses1 & ! head is br\ght 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! out]4 ,to use ?is app>atus1 bore a hole 9 a tree1 ins]t ! po9t$ end ( ! reel axle1 or /ick2 ! reel =m$ by ! crosses & b>s w n[1 if prop]ly made1 revolve freely if /ruck ) ! h&4 ,ga!r up a long lock ( grass1 hay1 or /raw1 & atta* x to "o ( ! cross-arms4 ,?r[ ! arrangem5t r\nd by giv+ a circul> sw+ to y\r /raw1 keep up ! revolv+ motion1 & keep add+ fre% mat]ial to ! end ( y\r rope until x becomes too long to be easily manag$2 w9d ! surplus l5g? r\nd ! b>s ( ! reel1 or drum1 & twi/ on until y h made z mu* rope z y require4 ,%ort hay or /raw b&s are made by cat*+ a loop ( ! mat]ial ov] ! turn$-up ?umb 9 su* a way t x may =m a loop2 keep turn+ ! h&1 & ga!r+ fre% mat]ial f bel[ until ! b& is complet$4 ,?umb b&s is ! "n usually giv5 to %ort grass ropes ?us made4 ,h>d rove ropes1 to treat4 ,l>ge ropes are v liable :5 new to give consid]able tr\ble by _! disposition to k9k4 ,x is !re=e (t5 necess>y to take ! extra twi/ out ( !m by fa/5+ "o end high up 9 a conv5i5tly gr[n tree1 & susp5d+ a sp>e waggon :eel f ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #gia74 ,! use ( t> 9 ! manufacture ( rope t5ds to impair its /r5g?1 b adds to its p[] to resi/ det]iorat+ influ5ces4 ,weight ( rope1 to e/imate4 ,x (t5 becomes requisite1 :5 load+ waggons1 pack+ animals1 or load+ boats1 sl$ges1 canoes or rafts1 to be enabl$ to =m "s e/imate ( ! weight ab\t to be plac$ 9 !m1 & !re are few aids to travel m difficult to weigh ?an rope1 on acc\nt ( its bulk & peculi> =m ( con/ruction4 ,x is well !re=e to h rec\rse to a r\gh & ready sy/em ( calculation to arrive at ! requir$ in=mation4 ,! /r5g? ( ropes %\ld also be approximately kn[n be=e apply+ !m4 ,rob9son gives ! foll[+ simple rules = calculat+ ! /r5g? ( ropes ( ! ord9>y =m ( con/ruction1 & also _! weights4 ,multiply ! circumf]5ce ( ! rope 9 in*es by itself1 & ! fif? "p ( ! product w express ! numb] ( tons ! rope w c>ry4 ,= example1 if ! rope be six in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 #f #f #cf1 ! fif? ( :i* is #g-a_/e1 ! numb] ( tons :i* su* a rope w su/a94 ,to f9d ! weight ( %r\d or haws] laid rope1 multiply ! circumf]5ce 9 in*es by itself2 !n multiply ! product by ! l5g? ( ! rope 9 fa?oms1 & divide by #dbj1 ! product w be ! weight 9 cwts4 ,example--to f9d ! weight ( a six-in* haws] laid rope #abj fa?oms long2 #f #f #cf #abj #dcbj1 :i*1 divid$ by #dbj1 gives ! weight ( ! rope #aj;cwt4 #a qr4 #dlb4 ,to f9d ! weight ( cable-laid cordage1 multiply its circumf]5ce 9 in*es by itself1 & divide by #d2 ! product w be ! weight 9 cwts4 ( a cable #abj fa?oms long1 f :i* ! weight ( any o!r l5g? may be readily r$uc$4 ,example--requir$ ! weight ( a twelve-in* cable #abj fa?oms long2 #ab #ab #add1 divide by #d1 & ! product1 #cf1 is ! weight 9 cwts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a-,k ,knots & ,hit*es4 ,to r5d] ropes & cords available = ! v>iety ( purposes to :i* !y are appli$ by ! travell]1 knots1 hit*es1 splices1 c41 mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,^! are s num]\s 9 =m & mode ( con/ruction1 t to describe half t are kn[n to practical rigg]s & sailors w\ld require a goodly volume4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves by describ+ "s ( ! mo/ useful & g5]ally available4 ,x is impossible to tea* ! art ( knot-ty+ by writt5 directions2 we !re=e give a sket* ( ea* m5tion$4 ,x w be well = ! /ud5t :o wi%es to acquire a k ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are =m$ to provide himself ) a mod]ately /\t piece ( cord1 &1 by foll[+ out ! l9es ( turn1 twi/1 & direction1 giv5 9 ! diagrams1 & repeat+ ! op]ation1 he w soon acquire pr(ici5cy4 ,a1 9 ! accompany+ full-page illu/ration1 repres5ts a pair ( hit*es1 :i* c be caus$ to run firmly & freely home by haul+ on ! /&+ end1 or conv]t$ into a useful loop by pass+ a few turns ( /opp+ r\nd bo? ends4 ,b is a fi%]man's b5d1 useful = an almo/ endless numb] ( purposes4 ,:5 ! two knots 9 ! %ort ends are pull$ home1 !y run toge!r by pull+ ! two ma9 or free ends4 ,c is a reef knot1 us$ = knott+ ! reef po9ts ( sails or unit+ ! ends ( ropes or cordage4 ,d %[s a mode by :i* ! end ( a rope may be quickly fa/5$ to a r+4 ,e & ,f are l>k knots1 us$ = fa/5+ ! pa9t]s ( boats or canoes2 x is only necess>y1 9 case ( sudd5 attack or al>m1 to pull out ! /op /ick to in/antly free ! pa9t] )\t unty+4 ,g is a b[l9e knot1 :i* is applicable to any purpose :]e x is requisite to h a loop :i* w n run home4 ,h is a haws] b5d1 :i* c be exp$iti\sly made use ( = jo9+ ! ends ( l>ge ropes4 ,i is a knot commonly made use ( = secur+ a haws] to a moor+ po/4 ,j is an arrangem5t kn[n z a toggle & loops1 useful = a great numb] ( purposes2 ! toggle1 act+ z a button1 c be secur$ or releas$ ) great facility4 ,k is a ,c>rick b5d1 useful = unit+ t[ ropes or l>ge haws]s to ea* o!r4 ,! seiz+ or /opp+1 repres5t$ z secur+ ! %ort ends 9 "s ( ^! knots1 may be compos$ ( rope1 y>n1 or /\t tw9e4 ,a4 %ea?+1 or p>cell+1 compos$ ( old canvas1 or "s o!r /\t mat]ial1 %\ld always be plac$ r\nd ropes :i* are subject$ to friction aga9/ quay walls or rocks1 9 ord] to protect !m f *afe4 ,! annex$ illu/ration also repres5ts a numb] ( useful knots1 & modes ( apply+ ropes & cords4 ,illu/ration3 #a-aa ,fig4 #a repres5ts a timb] hit*1 :i* w be f\nd mo/ useful = tak+ a firm hold by cord on a r\nd sp> or pole4 ,fig4 #b is ano!r me?od by :i* a rope c be secur$ r\nd an upright po/4 ,fig4 #c %[s a sl+1 useful = rais+ or l[]+ packs1 bales1 or boxes4 ,fig4 #d is kn[n z a h>ness loop2 sev]al ( ^! c be ti$ 9 a drag rope1 9 ord] t m5 may make use ( !m z %\ld] coll>s to draw by4 ,fig4 #e is a twi/$ or tail timb] hit*1 adapt$ = secur+ a log or piece ( r\nd timb] = l[]+ or rais+4 ,fig4 #f %[s h[ to make a loop 9 ! end ( a pack or box la%+2 ! knot1 runn+ home1 secures ! loop1 & prev5ts its draw+ close4 ,fig4 #g is a %eep%ank1 us$ = %ort5+ a long rope1 & ?us r5d]+ cutt+ unnecess>y4 ,fig4 #h is a loop-slip1 us$ = unit+ two loop$ ends securely4 ,fig4 #i is a weav]'s or nett]'s knot1 mu* us$ by ^? :o repair or make nets = fi%+4 ,fig4 #aj is a ,tom ,fool's knot1 v useful = =m+ h&les to j>s & pots2 ! m\? ( ! vessel is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! knot1 ! two free ends ti$ fa/1 & ! two loops left = ! h& to grasp4 ,fig4 #aa is a broo* knot1 us$ = =m+ ! loop 9 rope = ca/+ horses4 7,vide ,vet]9>y ,surg]y47 ,nett+4 ,! art ( nett+ ) ! ne$le & me% is s g5]ally und]/ood t x is n our int5tion to deal ) ! subject "h fur!r ?an to advise all ^? :o may *ance to be ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* net mak+ op]ations are conduct$1 to take a few lessons be=e quitt+ home to explore wild regions4 ,! aborig9es ( e "p ( ! kn[n _w c make nets1 b x is well t ! ,european travell] %\ld be capable ( manufactur+ 8 own4 ,almo/ any piece ( dry1 t\gh wood1 c1 by ! ex]cise ( a little +5uity1 be fa%ion$ into a ne$le & me%1 & tw9e1 t5dons1 /rips ( hide1 & a v>iety ( o!r mat]ial1 c be wr\ght into network1 = hunt+1 f[l+1 fi%+1 c4 ,splic+4 ,splic+ is effect$ by op5+ ! /r&s ( ! two ropes to be unit$1 = "s little di/ance d[n ! cord4 ,! two sets ( div]g+ /r&s are !n ?ru/ betwe5 ea* o!r1 s t !y may be ev5ly rev]s$4 ,a %>p bone1 metal1 or h>d wood /ilet or prick] is n[ us$ to raise ! /r&s "o by "o = ! passage ( ! correspond+ /r&1 until bo? sets h be5 work$ f> en\gh d[n ! rope to r5d] ! union complete4 ,a loop is splic$ by op5+ ! /r&s ( ! end1 =m+ a loop 9 ! rope ( suffici5t capacity1 & !n rais+ ! /r&s1 9 ! mann] be=e describ$1 "o by "o at ! requir$ po9t ( union4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,bu% ,,vet]9>y ,,surg]y ,,& ,,m$ic9e4 ,be=e />t+ on an exp$ition 9 :i*1 ! s]vices ( horses1 mules1 bullocks1 & o!r animals are requir$ x is well to be provid$ ) su* a /ore ( vet]9>y requisites z are giv5 at page #hd ( ?is "w2 ! nature ( ! "w & ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is int5d$ to op]ate w ma9ly det]m9e ! necessity or o!rwise = a portable =ge & regul> set ( %oe+ smi?'s appliances4 ,:5 ^! are requisite x w be well to secure ! s]vices ( "o or m work+ f>ri]s to take *>ge ( & use !m4 ,a loose %oe1 or ev5 a set ready fitt$1 c be pretty successfully appli$ by an +5i\s & h&y amateur2 b few1 save ^? practically acqua9t$ ) ! smi?'s art1 c\ld und]take ! regul> %oe+ & fitt+ ( an exp$ition tra94 ,/ill we /rongly recomm5d all ^? ab\t to ca/ _! =tunes 9 wild l&s to att5d frequ5tly1 be=e quitt+ ,engl&1 at "s good =ge1 9 ord] t z _m h9ts z possible may be ga!r$ & /or$ up = future use4 ,horse %oe+ l horse rid+1 _c be taught by books4 ,e travell] %\ld "k h[ to take (f & put on a %oe1 & also h[ to use ! draw+ knife & se>*]4 ,9 "s c\ntries horses are n %o$ at all2 9 o!rs1 ! =e feet only h %oes atta*$ to !m4 ,& "h we w\ld (f] a ^w ( advice to travell]s4 ,nev] attempt to alt] ! patt]n ( ! %oe 9 :i* ! horses ( ! c\ntry visit$ are 9 ! habit ( work+1 or disappo9tm5t & vexation are pretty sure to be ! result4 ,on our fir/ visit to ,turkey we reg>d$ ! r\nd plates ( iron ) holes 9 _! c5tres & hobnail$ bord]s1 call$ 9 t c\ntry by c\rtesy horse %oes1 9 ! light ( p]fect abom9ations1 & _h our newly pur*as$ animals %od 9 ! ,engli% /yle4 ,at ! end ( a week1 h[ev]1 we gladly ga!r$ ! ca/ (f native %oes toge!r & _h !m replac$ by a native smi? 9 ord] to avoid a brok5 neck4 ,%\ld a horse or any o!r animal ( burd51 n except+ ev5 an elephant1 fall lame f any cause n absolutely pat5t & well kn[n1 look fir/ to ! foot ( ! affect$ limb & be sure t no /ray nail1 piece ( brok5 iron1 ?orn1 or o!r %>p sub/ance1 has f\nd a lodgm5t4 ,x is n our int5tion to ent] on a consid]ation ( ! v>i\s diseases & ailm5ts to :i* ! animals ( ! travell] or settl] are subject 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 z our space w n p]mit ( our do+ s4 ,we mu/ !re=e cont5t ourselves by giv+ su* g5]al h9ts & directions z may prove useful 9 ! abs5ce ( a qualifi$ vet]9>y surgeon4 ,_m diseases to :i* pack & draught animals are subject are ( su* a "* z to r5d] x requisite t !y %\ld be ei!r de/roy$ or left by ! way 9 ! h&s ( "s responsible p]son = treatm5t4 ,x is nev] advisable to travel an animal suff]+ f l+]+ sickness4 ,! fir/ loss is g5]ally ! lea/ 9 su* cases4 ,sev]e cases ( sore back %\ld nev] occur 9 a well-regulat$ exp$ition2 z pads or *amb]+ %\ld be _h rec\rse to ! v in/ant ! slighte/ t5d5cy to gall is p]ceiv$1 & x is well1 9 _m cases1 to compel ! rid] ( ! animal to walk until ! back is s\nd4 ,galls on ! )]s & poll ( ! head are m to be fe>$ ?an any o!r injury ( l k9d1 z matt] is extremely liable to burr[ 9 su* situations1 & lead to ! =mation ( fi/ul\s cavities & excessively tr\blesome w\nds4 ,hot ba?+ & p\ltices =m$ f bran1 or gr\nd oil se$s & w>m wat]1 %\ld be fir/ us$1 ) a view to ! palliation ( ! mis*ief2 b :5 once matt] is =m$1 freely op5+ ! p\* =m$ f top to bottom is ! only c\rse4 ,to make a horse-p\ltice bag sew two pieces ( s(t t\gh mat]ial toge!r 9 ! =m ( a common %ot-bag1 clos+ bo? ends & sides2 fa/5 a wide s(t /r+ to ea* corn]1 cut a /raight slit 9 "o face ( ! bag1 & ?r\gh x ?ru/ ! mix$ p\ltice mat]ial until x is ne>ly full1 :5 x c be secur$ ov] ! seat ( injury4 ,animals obta9$ f natives n unfrequ5tly suff] f a peculi> description ( gall1 kn[n z a sitfa/4 ,exam9ation %[s an irregul> piece ( dry1 h>d1 dead sk91 surr\nd$ by a bord] or *annel ( sore4 ,! only way to effectually treat su* a case z ?is is to fir/ secure ! animal1 & !n1 ) a %>p-po9t$ knife1 cut ! isl& ( dead cuticle clean f ! w\nd1 :i*1 if kept clean & prop]ly treat$ ) any simple dress+1 w soon heal4 ,a mixture1 consi/+ ( common nitre1 #aoz41 to a p9t ( cold wat]1 we h f\nd v useful 9 su* cases4 ,illu/ration ,! frightful w\nds on ! backs ( camels1 too (t5 caus$ by ! c>elessness ( native camel-driv]s1 are p>ticul>ly liable to take on an almo/ putrid condition4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ^! we h f\nd lea!r burn$ to a black1 crisp mass1 & !n r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 a mo/ valuable prep>ation4 ,simply /rew$ ov] & into ! w\nd1 x quickly causes heal?y action to be set up4 ,any spr\t+s ( new fle% :i* m\nt above ! surface ( ! sk9 are kn[n z pr\d fle%1 & %\ld be r$uc$ to ! prop] level by ! use ( nitrate ( silv]1 blue /one 7sulphate ( copp]71 nitric acid1 or ev5 ! r$-hot iron4 ,9 ord] to p]=m _m ( ! op]ations = ! treatm5t ( diseas$ or injur$ animals1 x w be requisite to ca/ & prop]ly secure !m4 ,! horse is be/ ?r[n by ! aid ( hobbles1 a set ( :i*1 z adju/$ = use1 are repres5t$ 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,! lea!r /rap atta*$ f ! =e to ! h9d-leg is put on aft] ! animal has be5 ?r[n d[n by haul+ on ! rope-end$ *a91 %[n at ! front ( ! =e-foot4 ,:5 ! legs are drawn suffici5tly close toge!r1 a spr+ clip is pass$ ?r\gh a l9k ( ! *a92 :5 ! horse is to be releas$1 a small screw-p9 is drawn1 :i* causes all ! f\r hobbles to be set free1 !y !n fall (f z ! animal rises4 ,make%ift ca/+ ropes4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( regul> hobbles1 a v good sub/itute may be =m$ by d\bl+ a v long pliant rope1 knott+ x securely f> en\gh d[n ! d\bl$ end to =m a coll> = ! head & neck ( ! animal to pass ?r\gh 7see ,fig4 #aa1 p4 #gif72 ! two free ends are n[ c>ri$ betwe5 ! =e legs1 "u ! body1 inside ! two h9d legs1 above ! hocks2 ! ends are !n br\ght =w>d on ea* side1 & pass$ f )9 outw>ds1 ?r\gh ! coll> rope4 ,:5 all is adju/$1 ! h9d-leg rope loops may be ev5ly & g5tly %ak5 d[n until !y re/ 9 ! holl[s ( ! fetlock jo9ts4 ,on ! free ends be+ haul$ on ! horse w be ?r[n1 :5 ! ends ( ! rope are secur$ by half-hit*es4 ,illu/ration ,! annex$ illu/ration w s]ve to expla9 ! nature ( ?is contrivance4 ,a s(t spot %\ld be *os5 to ca/ on2 a halt] %\ld always be securely plac$ on ! head1 & 9 cases ( great timidity a fold$ rug z a bl9d ov] ! eyes4 ,! head ( a ca/ horse %\ld be firmly held d[n by a man told (f = ! purpose1 until ! animal is fre$ f ! ropes & ab\t to rise4 ,an ox is ca/ by cat*+ 8 h9d-leg1 or bo? if possible1 9 a noose 9 ! end ( a reim held by means ( a vang/ock1 or cat*+ /ick2 ano!r noose is ?r[n ab\t 8 horns1 "o or two fell[s cat* 8 tail & pull aga9/ ^? :o h ! legs1 :ile v likely1 if he has tol]ably l>ge horns1 ano!r uses !m z lev]s to ?r[ him (f 8 balance1 & ! sp>e h&s assi/ by pu%+ ) all _! might at 8 broadside1 :51 z a matt] ( c\rse1 he mu/ g d[n4 ,h9ts on camp m$ic9e mak+4 ,l>ge op5 ga%es f horns1 weapons1 or tusks c be sewn up by sep>ate /it*es ( ei!r flexible wire or f9e1 smoo?ly-cut /rips ( raw hide4 ,a v useful dress+ = w\nds ( ?is "* is made z foll[s3 ,common aloes1 #a_/blb42 gum myrrh1 #a_/dlb42 spirits ( almo/ any k9d1 #b qu>ts2 wat]1 #a qu>t2 place ! vessel conta9+ ?is mixture 9 mod]ate sun heat = f twelve to f\rte5 days2 /ra9 & bottle = use2 apply on l9t1 t[1 or ! plume ( a l>ge fea!r2 myrrh c be obta9$ 9 ! ,ea/ f "o ( ! ,mimosa tribe1 & aloes f ! plant ( t "n4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa aloes juice is ?us collect$ by ! ,hott5tots3 a hole is made 9 ! e>?1 & a %eepsk9 =c$ into x4 ,! leaves ( ! aloe are all cut (f except two pairs ( ! y\nge/ left 9 ! =m ( a cross 9 ! c5tre2 ! leaves are !n rang$ ) _! cut ends ov] ! holl[ 9 ! %eepsk91 & left to dra94 ,if w9d arises1 h[ev]1 x /ops ! dra9age by coagulat+ ! gum on ! surface1 & ! lab\r is lo/2 ! juice is ?ick5$ by boil+1 & sold = exportation to ,engl&4 ,! f>m]s use ! fre% juice z a v>ni% = wood-"w1 to :i* x gives a good poli% & a br[n col\r2 x is said1 also1 to be an effectual v]mifuge4 ,:]ev] ! aloe plant gr[s1 ! above r\gh & ready mode ( obta9+ its juices may be _h rec\rse to4 ,a v useful purgative = mules & horses is made by break+ a p\nd ( aloes into r\gh pieces2 ?r[ ^! into sev5 p9ts ( ra9 wat]1 & !n add a p9t ( _s ( "s k9d4 ,! dose w v>y ) ! size & condition ( ! animal f #doz4 to #foz4 ,liquids are be/ giv5 to animals f a small ?9 horn f :i* a long tap]+ slice has be5 cut1 s z to =m a sort ( scoop4 ,! wat] & gra9 ( "s di/ricts cause sev]e attacks ( colic or gripes2 ^! ne$ imm$iate att5tion4 ,a dose consi/+ ( l9se$ oil1 #a p9t2 t9cture ( opium1 #aoz42 nitric _s ( e!r1 #aoz42 mix$1 %\ld be giv51 & repeat$ 9 half an h\r1 if ! pa9 is n subdu$4 ,w>m soapy wat] enemas %\ld be frequ5tly ?r[n up4 ,an enema app>atus is easily extemporis$ f a l>ge bladd] or lea!r bag & holl[ /ick ) its extreme end or m\? cut p]fectly r\nd & ev54 ,soap suds are be/ =m$ by rubb+ a piece ( soap on a r\gh bru% 9 a pail ( w>m wat]4 ,opium is a mo/ valuable pa9-kill]1 ei!r 9 its solid or liquid =m4 ,to prep>e make%ift laudanum3 ,take ( r\gh baza> opium #coz42 p[d] x r\ghly betwe5 two /ones2 ?r[ ! p[d] into an e>!n pot1 & add a qu>t ( good cle> s\nd _s2 cov] ) a flat /one1 & place 9 ! %ade = twelve days2 /ra9 ?r\gh a d\ble cotton clo?1 & bottle = g5]al use ( man or bea/4 ,animals mu* f$ on b>ley or o!r heat+ gra9 are v liable to become affect$ ) mange4 ,sep>ate all ! diseas$ f ! heal?y1 z ! disease is exce$+ly contagi\s4 ,dress all y\r diseas$ cases ) ! foll[+ mixture1 :i* may be rubb$ 9 ) a bru% or piece ( hide ) ! hair on3 ,common oil ( t>1 #a qu>t2 common spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2 fi% oil ( any k9d1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( t1 native se$ oil1 #a qu>t2 p[d]$ brim/one1 #a_/blb42 mix ?or\ghly 9 a conv5i5t vessel ) a /ick4 ,rub 9 ! mixture e o!r day = ?ree complete dress+s1 & on ! day aft] ! la/1 wa% well ) w>m wat] & pl5ty ( r\gh soap4 #aoz4 ( gunp[d] & #a_/doz4 ( brim/one1 rubb$ into an o9tm5t ) #foz4 ( fat1 is a good make%ift rem$y4 ,to prev5t attacks ( mange & o!r sk9 diseases 9 animals kept mu* on gra91 x is well to give occasional doses ( ! foll[+ p[d] 9 ! food3 ,common baza> antimony 7! kohl ( ! deal]s7 #a_/blb42 brim/one 9 p[d]1 #alb42 nitre1 #a_/blb42 mix3 dose #a_/boz4 ,/ra9s or sev]e injuries to jo9ts or t5dons1 are (t5 b5efit$ 9 _! second /age1 t is1 aft] all ! b5efit aris+ f fom5tations1 p\ltices1 c41 has be5 tak5 advantage (1 by ! action ( c\nt]-irritation1 9 ! =m ( a bli/]4 ,can?>ides1 or ,spani% flies are commonly us$ = bli/]+ purposes1 b ! spott$ fly ( ,india 7,mylabris ci*orii7 answ]s e purpose4 ,bli/]+ oil1 :i* is useful = spra9s or to rub into sore ?roats1 is made z foll[s3 ,dri$ flies1 r\ghly cru%$1 #aoz42 good cle> vegetable oil1 #a p9t2 spirits ( turp5t9e1 #doz42 mix2 place ! :ole 9 an e>!n *atty pot or j>2 put ! vessel 9 w>m camp fire a%es = ?ree h\rs1 & !n /ra9 = use4 ,bli/]+ o9tm5t is made by r$uc+ ! dry fly to p[d]1 tak+ c>e to cov] ! no/rils dur+ ! op]ation1 & mix+ #aoz4 ( ! du/ to #foz4 ( cle> fat2 /& ! pot conta9+ ! mixture 9 ! hot a%es = eight h\rs1 & !n /ra9 :il/ w>m ?r\gh a co>se clo? d\bl$4 ,horses :5 bli/]$ %\ld h cane jo9t necklaces1 or cradles z !y are call$1 fitt$ on _! necks1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f bit+ ! bli/]$ surface4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to remove ! hair be=e apply+ ! bli/]4 ,:5 ! sk9 has be5 well act$ on1 ! bli/] may be wa%$ (f ) w>m wat] & soap1 & fat or palm-oil appli$ 9 ord] to allay irritation4 ,fly-infe/$ animals1 to treat4 ,! flies ( tropical c\ntries are mu* to be dread$ :5 ! w\nds ( animals are "u treatm5t2 ova deposit$ by !m arrive at maturity 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t1 :5 !y burr[ into ! tissues1 & cause mu* tr\ble to ! att5dant z well z pa9 to ! animal4 ,! %ea?s ( ev5 heal?y horses & mules n unfrequ5tly become *>g$ ) a liv+ mass ( ^! c>nivor\s l>v1 :i* cause su* irritation z to make ! suff]+ animal kick viol5tly up "u its belly1 & manife/ o!r symptoms ( uneas9ess2 a %>p wat* %\ld be kept = ^! symptoms1 & :5 obs]v$ ! animal %\ld be at once ca/1 & ! intrud]s r\t$ out by manual manipulation2 w>m wat] & soap w cleanse ! "p1 & a good dress+ ( oil w allay ! irritation4 ,fly-infe/$ w\nds are be/ dress$ ) ! foll[+ o9tm5t3 ,common v]digris1 gr\nd to a v f9e p[d] & sift$1 #aoz42 common res91 #aoz42 fat or l>d1 #ajoz42 fir/ melt ! fat 9 an e>!n pot1 & !n /ir 9 ! p[d]2 w>m = "o h\r 9 ! a%es1 & /ir till cold ) a /ick4 ,!re is an oil prep>$ f a species ( ,indian gum res9 call$ diccimaulieh1 :i* is a valuable addition to ! above o9tm5t1 z flies appe> to ent]ta9 a root$ antipa?y to x4 ,flies are n ! only pe/s "o has to gu>d aga9/4 ,mule lee*es1 to de/roy4 ,mules1 especially ^? pur*as$ 9 ,spa91 are n unfrequ5tly f\nd to h ! insides ( _! m\?s1 z f> back z ! roots ( _! tongues1 fe/oon$ ) huge1 bloat$1 black & gre5 lee*es4 ,a numb] ( our ,&alusian mules 71 on our voyage f ,spa9 to ! ,ea/1 f\nd by our *ief mulete] to be s infe/$4 ,we !re=e br\ght ! mules1 "o by "o1 to a /\t po/ or /an*ion1 plac$ rope hobbles on _! feet1 & rope halt]s on _! heads2 :5 ! head 0 well secur$1 a /\t rope loop at ! end ( a /ick 0 us$ to keep ! m\? op51 :il/ a t[-end$ /ick1 dipp$ 9 a /rong solution ( common salt 9 sea-wat] 0 us$ to ?or\ghly wa% out ! :ole cavity ( ! m\?4 ,! result 0 mo/ satisfactory2 ! lee*es tumbl$ helplessly out into ! bucket ( pickle held = _! reception1 & ultimately f\nd _! way into ! sea4 ,our mules comm5c$ to ?rive f ! day ( our successful pickle hunt1 & we nev] discov]$ ano!r mule-lee* dur+ ! exp$ition4 ,tee?1 & _! irregul>ities4 ,bo? horses & mules w at times be f\nd to quid _! food z x is call$1 t is1 to =m dur+ ! process ( ma/ication irregul>ly =m$ balls ( p>tially cru%$ hay1 /raw1 or grass4 ,! discov]y ( ^! pellets %\ld always be foll[$ by an exam9ation ( ! mol> tee?1 ev5 %\ld x be f\nd necess>y to ca/ ! animal be=e ! exam9ation c be made1 z loss ( condition too frequ5tly foll[s quidd+4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t irregul>ity ( ! edges ( ei!r ! upp] or l[] r[s ( tee? h caus$ ! infliction ( w\nds on ! inside surfaces ( ! *eeks4 ,9 o!r cases1 x w be f\nd t f ! decay ( "o or m tee?1 ^? :i* %\ld meet friction & consequ5t we> h1 9 ! abs5ce ( x1 gr[n to an inord9ate & inconv5i5t l5g?4 ,^! irregul>ities are be/ correct$ by ! aid ( ! too? rasp1 :i* is readily made by weld+ a worn out flat rasp to an iron rod ab\t two feet 9 l5g?4 ,b5d y\r rasp1 :5 unit$ to ! rod & /ill hot1 into ! =m ( a %all[ g\ge1 & %ort5 x to ab\t six in*es2 reset ! tee? ) a %>p pun*1 retemp]1 & ins]t 9 a common wood5 h&le = use4 ,:5 ab\t to pur*ase ei!r horses or mules1 see t ! upp] r[ ( incisor tee? d n ov]hang ! l[]1 con/itut+ :at is call$ p>rot m\?4 ,animals s mal=m$ r>ely ?rive well1 f inability to crop _! food4 ,cautions reg>d+ gl&]s4 ,always reg>d ) extreme suspicion any animal suff]+ f a ?91 glue-l dis*>ge f ei!r "o or bo? no/rils3 look well up ! nose1 & be p]fectly c]ta9 t !re are no ulc]s on ! membrane1 or p]*ance y may introduce a gl&]$ subject1 :i* w endang] ! lives ( bo? m5 & animals4 ,%\ld su* appe>ances z ^? j describ$ pres5t !mselves 9 an animal aft] pur*ase1 ord] x to be in/antly de/roy$1 toge!r ) all ! wooll5 or lea!r equipm5t belong+ to x4 ,! metal c be r5d]$ free f ! gl&] poison by ?or\ghly heat+ x 9 ! camp fire1 & !n ?r[+ x :il/ fizz+ hot into wat]4 ,nev] attempt to treat a case ( ev5 suspect$ gl&]s :il/ travell+3 %oot+ is ! only safe me?od ( reliev+ ! animal f its suff]+s4 ,horses or mules c be readily %ot dead ) ei!r ball or small %ot4 ,to d ?is in/antly1 /& on ! (f-side ( ! animal1 ab\t six feet f & 9 a l9e beh9d ! %\ld]2 aim well bel[ ! e>1 9 a direction f beh9d =w>ds1 & f bel[ upw>ds4 ,a *>ge ?us deliv]$ f a gun1 rifle1 or l>ge heavy pi/ol--n an insignificant popgun revolv]--w /rike ! creature dead on ! spot1 & ?us save x unnecess>y torture4 ,h9ts on horse & mule pur*ase4 ,be=e quitt+ ! subject ( ,vet]9>y ,surg]y1 x may be well to caution ! int5d+ pur*as] aga9/ lay+ out 8 money 9 animals affect$ by cat>act4 ,9 ord] to discov] :e!r ?is defect exi/s1 place ! animal ) its head j 9 a l9e ) ! two po/s ( a /able or %$ doorway2 scre5 ! eye "u exam9ation f ! direct rays ( ! sun ) y\r cap or felt hat1 look /eadily & ke5ly d[n into ! int]ior ( ! eye1 & if a cat>act is !re x w be p]ceiv$ 9 a pe>l-t9t$ spot or pat* on ! cry/all9e l5s ( ! eye1 j z ?\gh ! bull's-eye ( a m9iature lant]n _h receiv$ a m>k f ,fr5* *alk4 ,cl\ds on ! out] surface ( ! ball ( ! eye or cornea are 9 no way to be conf\nd$ ) cat>act2 cl\ds su* z ^! are caus$ 9 a v>iety ( ways--/rokes f flexible bran*es1 :ip la%es1 c41 & g5]ally yield to treatm5t ) z mu* calomel z w fill an ord9>y p]cussion cap1 rubb$ up ) a half-teaspoonful ( honey4 ,place a piece z l>ge z a ,no4 #d %ot 9 ! affect$ eye e o!r day1 until ! opacity passes away4 ,cat>act1 on ! o!r h&1 is beyond treatm5t1 & greatly detracts f ! value ( ! animal suff]+ f x4 ,bony excresc5ces r\nd ! coronets1 con/itut+ r+ bone1 & slits 9 ! wall ( ! ho(1 call$ s&-cracks1 also detract mu* f ei!r a horse's or mule's value = travell+1 & %\ld be c>efully look$ =4 ,d n1 z a rule1 pur*ase v "y horses or mules1 z !y are f> m likely to give tr\ble & fall sick ?an ^? ( m matur$ age2 ^? ( f six to t51 or ev5 elev5 ye>s old1 if s\nd & 9 good condition1 w d good s]vice4 ,,app5dix4 ,,velocity ,,table4 ,! foll[+ is a tabul> =m %[+ ! velocities ( mov+ bodies z giv5 by ,pes*el3 ,feet p] second4 ,riv]s #c-d ,v rapid /ream #ac ,w9d 7ord9>y7 #aj ,/orm #ed ,hurricane #hj-abj ,s\nd 7?r\gh air7 #aajj ,s\nd 7?r\gh metal7 #ab1jjj ,air 9 vacuum #abhj ,ball f air-gun ,air cond5s$ #ajj times #fig ,musket ball #abhj ,rifle ball 7at mo/7 #afjj ,cannon ball 7#bd-p\nd]7 #bdej ,e>?'s rotation 7at equator7 #aebe ,e>?'s c5tre 9 its orbit #aja1jfa ,miles p] h\r4 ,racehorse #fj ,pigeon #bj-cj ,p]egr9e falcon #abj ,ocean /eam]s #ba ,riv] /eam]s #bb ,railway tra9 #hj ,sail+ vessel #aj ,malay proa #bj ,miles p] second4 ,light #bjj1jjj ,electricity #egf1jjj ,,weight ,,( ,a ,,sup]ficial ,,foot ,,( ,,plate ,,or ,,%eet ,,iron4 ------------------------------ ,no4 ( ,?ickness ,weight ! wire 9 9 guage4 in*es4 p\nds4 ------------------------------ #a #dj #g_/h #ce #c_/d #cj #aa_/af #bge #e_/h #be #i_/af #bbe #a_/b #bj #g_/af #age #c_/h #ae #a #e_/af #abe #b #ab #c #aa #d #a_/d #aj #e #hgd #f #hab #g #c_/af #ge #h #fhf #i #fbd #aj #efb #aa #a_/h #e #ab #dch #ac #cge #ad #cab #ae #bhb #af #a_/af #bej #ag #bah #ah #ahf #ai #agj #bj #aed #ba #adj #bb #a_/cb #abe #bc #aab #bd #a #be #ji #bf #jh #bg #jgb #bh #a_/fd #jfd #bi #jfe #cj #jej ------------------------------ ,,weight ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,"o ,,cubic ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,sub/ances3 lbs4 ,ca/ iron #dej ,wr\ght iron #dhf ,/eel #dhi ,p9e wood #bie ,wat] #fbe ,air #jjge ,/eam #jjcf ,,weight ,,( ,,rod ,,iron ,,"o ,,foot ,,9 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,dim5sions3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,squ>e ,,iron4 ,,r\nd ,,iron4 ,,flat ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in*4 ,p\nds4 ,in*4 ,p\nds4 ,in*4 ,p\nds4 #a_/d #jb #a_/d #jad #a_/d #a #jh #c_/h #je #c_/h #jd #c_/h #a #ac #a_/b #jh #a_/b #jg #a_/b #a #ag #e_/h #ac #e_/h #a #e_/h #a #ba #c_/d #ai #c_/d #ae #c_/d #a #be #g_/h #bf #g_/h #b #a_/d #b #ag #a #cd #a #bg #c_/h #b #be #a-a_/h #dc #a-a_/h #cd #a_/b #b #cd #a-a_/d #ec #a-a_/d #db #e_/h #b #db #a-c_/h #fd #a-c_/h #e #c_/d #b #ea #a-a_/b #gf #a-a_/b #f #a_/d #c #be #a-e_/h #hi #a-e_/h #g #c_/h #c #ch #a-c_/d #ajd #a-c_/d #ha #a_/b #c #ea #a-g_/h #aai #a-g_/h #ic #e_/h #c #fc #b #ace #b #ajf #c_/d #c #gf #b-a_/d #aga #b-a_/b #ace #a_/d #d #cd #b-a_/b #baa #b-a_/b #afg #c_/h #d #ea #b-c_/d #bef #b-c_/d #bja #a_/b #d #fh #c #cjd #c #bci #e_/h #d #hd #c-a_/b #dad #c-a_/b #cbe #c_/d #d #aja #d #eda #d #dbe #a_/d #e #db #e #hde #e #ffh #c_/h #e #fc #f #abag #f #ief #a_/b #e #hd #g #afef #g #acj #e_/h #e #ajf #h #bafc #h #afii #c_/d #e #abg ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,relative ,,heat-,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,bodies4 ,gold #ajjj ,plat9um #iha ,silv] #igc ,copp] #hih ,iron #egd ,z9c #cfc ,t9 #cjd ,lead #ahj ,m>ble #bd ,porcela9 #abb ,fire brick #aa ,fire clay #aa4d ,) ,wat] z a ,/&>d4 ,wat] #aj ,p9e #ci ,lime #ci ,oak #cc ,a% #ca ,apple #bh ,ebony #bb ,,relative ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,h>e's fur #acae ,eid] d[n #acje ,beav]'s fur #abif ,raw silk #abhd ,wool #aaah ,lamp black #aaag ,cotton #ajdf ,l9t #ajcb ,*>coal #icg ,a%es 7wood7 #ibg ,sew+ silk #iag ,air #egf ,,relative ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,fluids4 ,m]cury #ajjj ,wat] #ceg ,pro( _s #cab ,alcohol 7pure7 #bcb ,,radiat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,bodies4 ,wat] #ajj ,lamp black #ajj ,writ+ pap] #ajj ,glass #ij ,indian ink #hh ,bright lead #ai ,silv] #ab ,black5$ t9 #ajj ,clean t9 #ab ,scrap$ t9 #af ,ice #he ,m]cury #bj ,poli%$ iron #ae ,copp] #ab ,,! ,,/one ,,weight4 ,! t]m /one is (t5 us$ to indicate weight1 b "s confusion is apt to arise if ! nature ( ! object or sub/ance to be weigh$ is n cle>ly indicat$2 ?us1 9 weigh+ m5 accord+ to :at is kn[n z horseman's weight1 #adlb4 avoirdupois are made use (2 9 weigh+ but*]'s meat1 #hlb42 iron1 #adlb42 glass1 #elb42 hemp1 #cblb42 *eese1 #aflb4 ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,gold4 ,v few t]ms are m loosely us$ ?an t ( gold1 & x is !re=e necess>y t ! travell] %\ld make himself fully acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! alloy made use ( "u ! "n ( gold 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries he may *ance to visit4 ,let him n suppose t1 because ! glitt]+ *a9 or r+ display$ 9 an ,engli% jewell]'s w9d[ is m>k$ 9 conspicu\s lett]s ,w>rant$ f9e gold1 ! ornam5t is z a matt] ( c\rse compos$ ( pure gold1 or he w buy exp]i5ce de>ly4 ,f9e gold means no?+ fur!r ?an t an alloy ( "s k9d conta9+ "s gold is = sale4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to insi/ on ! exact quality ( ! article 79 c>ats--#ah c>ats1 #bb c>ats1 or :atev] x is repres5t$ to be7 be+ /at$ on ! v5dor's bill ( *>ge4 ,! nature ( gold alloy diff]s mat]ially 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ?\ght x well to provide ! read] ) ! foll[+ useful tables compil$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,/reet] & us$ 9 8 ,h9ts to ,pur*as]s ( ,jewell]y4 ,qualities ( ,gold manufactur$ 9 diff]5t ,p>ts ( ! ,_w4 s4 d4 ,engl& ,f #a c>at1 wor? #j #c #f to #bb c>ats1 wor? #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,france #ah c>ats1 #c #c #h-a_/b only common by special p]mission4 ,d5m>k #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,bad5 #ad #b #i #f-a_/b ,g]many 7all ,/ates7 #ab #b #b #e-a_/b to #ae c>ats1 wor? #b #ac #a ,russia #ae #b #ac #a to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,au/ria #aj #a #ae #d-a_/d to #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,italy #ab #b #b #e-a_/b to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,holl& #d #j #ad #b to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,africa #bc #d #c #a-a_/b ,india #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b to #bc-a_/b #d #c #a-a_/b ,rome ,all #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,u4 ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,f #a #j #c #f to #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,norway & ,sw$5 ,all #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,belgium ,f #ah #c #c #h-a_/b to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,spa9 ,all #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,switz]l& ,all #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,g5eva ,f #ad #b #i #f-a_/b ,wat* cases only4 ,*9a ,f #af #b #af #g-a_/b to #bc-c_/d c>ats1 wor? #d #d #j ,japan ,f #ah #c #c #h-a_/b to #bc-c_/d #d #d #j ,brazil ,all #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,hamburg ,f #ac-a_/b #b #aa #c-a_/b to #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,turkey #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,greece #aj #a #ae #d-a_/d to #af #b #af #g-a_/b ,p]sia #c #j #aj #g-a_/b to #bc-a_/b #d #c #a-a_/b ,egypt #ah #c #c #h-a_/b ,rio ,janeiro ,import$ f #a c>at #j #c #f to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,*ili #j #c #f to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,p]u #j #c #f to #bb #c #ag #aj-a_/b ,siam ,ne>ly pure1 f9e "w4 ,au/ralia ,same z ,engl&1 except t made up f ! digg+s4 ,mexico ,pr9cipal manufacture f9e4 ,any quality is all[$ to be import$ into ^! c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ table by ! same au?or w s]ve to %[ 9 a cond5s$ =m1 ! value ( diff]5t gold alloys relatively1 & also ! extremely l[ /&>d at :i* s call$ gold articles are manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,gold ,value ,table4 s4 d4 #bb-;c>at gold is wor? #c #ag #aj-a_/b p] oz4 #ah #c #c #h-a_/b #af #b #af #g-a_/b #ad #b #i #f-a_/b #aj #a #ae #d-a_/d #i #a #aa #aj #h #a #h #c-c_/d #f #a #a #b-a_/b #d #j #ad #b #b #j #g #a #a #j #c #f ,s9ce writ+ ! e>ly portion ( ?is "w1 we h f\nd x requisite1 9 ord] to supply a manife/ want1 to h manufactur$ a small lea!r case 7on ! exact model ( our own71 conta9+ all ! te/s & appliances requisite = ! id5tification ( preci\s metals or preci\s /ones4,d ,we h also caus$ to be con/ruct$1 f our own patt]n1 a small triple bran* ( gold ( diff]5t degrees ( alloy4 ,ea* bran*1 :5 rubb$ on ! t\* /one1 & treat$ ) nitric acid1 w leave a *>act]i/ic /reak1 :i* may be comp>$ ) "o =m$ by rubb+ ! article to be te/$1 & treat+ x ) acid 9 ! same mann]2 ! nature ( ! alloy w ?us be f\nd by comp>ison4,e ,,em]son',s ,,table ,,( ,,/r5g?s1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,load ,,t ,,c ,,be ,,safely ,,borne ,,by ,a ,,squ>e ,,in* ,,rod ,,( ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,sub/ances3 lbs4 avoir4 ,iron rod1 #a;94 squ>e1 w be> #gf1djj ,brass #ce1fjj ,ivory #ae1gjj ,oak1 box1 yew1 plum-tree #g1hej ,elm1 a%1 bee* #f1jgj ,walnut1 r$ fir1 holly1 eld]1 plane1 crab #e1jjj ,*]ry1 hazel #d1gfj ,ald]1 asp1 bir*1 will[ #e1jjj ,lead #dcj ,free/one #iad ,d ,?is1 toge!r ) its accompany+ in/ruction book1 c be obta9$ at ! explor]'s room1 e/abli%$ by ,s4 ,w4 ,silv] ,co41 #ff #fg1 ,cornhill4 ,e ,?is te/ bran* c be obta9$ ei!r at ! explor]'s room1 or f ,mr4 ,e4 ,/reet]1 ,conduit-/reet1 ,bond-/reet4 ,em]son's rule is1 t a cyl9d]1 ! diamet] ( :i* is d in*es1 load$ to "o f\r? ( its absolute /r5g?1 w c>ry z foll[s3 cwt4 ,iron #ace d#b ,good rope #bb d#b ,oak #ad d#b ,fir #i d#b ,ano!r ( 8 rules is t a cyl9drical rod ( well-season$ clean-gr[n fir ( an in* circumf]5ce drawn 9 l5g? w be> at its extremity #djjlbs4 & a sp> ( fir #b;94 9 diamet] w be> ab\t #g tons1 b n m4 ,a well-made & c>efully-kept hemp rope ( "o in* 9 circumf]5ce1 w be> #ajjjlbs4 be+ at its extremity4 ,mr4 ,b>l[ has =m$ ! foll[+ table z a mean result+ f exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( direct cohesion on a squ>e in* ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 lbs4 ,box #bj1jjj ,a% #ag1jjj ,teak #ae1jjj ,fir #ab1jjj ,bee* #aa1ejj ,oak #aj1jjj ,pe> #i1hjj ,mahogany #h1jjj ,he also /ates z foll[s reg>d+ ! transv]se /r5g? ( beams1 c4 ,mr4 ,weale ?us quotes f ,mr4 ,b>l['s essay3 ,! transv]se /r5g? ( rectangul> beams1 or ! resi/ance :i* !y (f] to fracture1 is z ! bread? & squ>e ( ! dep?2 !re=e1 if two rectangul> beams h ! same dep?1 _! /r5g?s are to ea* o!r z _! bread?s1 b if _! bread?s are ! same1 !n _! /r5g?s are to ea* o!r z ! squ>e ( _! dep?s4 ,! transv]se /r5g?s ( squ>e beams are z ! cubes ( ! bread?s or dep?s4 ,also 9 cyl9drical beams ! transv]se /r5g?s are z ! cubes ( ! diamet]s4 ,?us1 if a beam :i* is "o foot broad & "o foot deep support a giv5 weight1 !n a beam ( ! same dep? & two feet broad w support d\ble ! weight2 b if a beam be "o foot broad & two feet deep x w support f\r times z mu* z a beam "o foot broad & "o foot deep4 ,if a beam "o foot squ>e support a giv5 weight1 !n a beam two feet squ>e w support eight times z mu*4 ,also a cyl9d] ( two in*es 9 diamet] w support eight times z mu* z a cyl9d] "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! app5d$ table gives data be>+ on ! subject4 ,teak #bdfb ,engli% oak #afgb ,canadian oak #agff ,dantzic oak #adeg ,adriatic #achc ,a% #bjbf ,bee* #aeef ,elm #ajac ,pit* p9e #afcb ,r$ p9e #acda ,new ,engl& fir #aajb ,riga fir #aajh ,m> ,=e/ fir #abfb ,l>* #aabg ,,index4 ,a4 ,abyss9ian mule plat=ms1 #cde ,accommodation ( t5ts1 to increase1 #fa ,adaptation ( hames to coll>s1 #dfj ,admiral ,bel*]'s exp$i5t = mov+ vessels dur+ calms1 #age ,adzes or axes1 make%ift1 #cha ,african boots1 #dab ,agu>di5te1 to make1 #egi ,albatross1 cat*+1 #ehg ,alligators1 cat*+1 #eij ,secur+ sn>$ fi% f1 #eia ,aloe juice1 extract+1 #hjb ,altitudes1 asc]ta9+1 #gda ,l[1 or levels1 to obta91 #gcd ,table (1 #gdb ,am]ican cordway1 #cbd ,indian lodges1 #cjh ,life raft1 #afg ,portable boat1 #aed ,wild fruits1 #ecj ,ammunition1 pack+1 #ag ,tak+ abroad1 #ag1 #ai ,amphibi\s animals1 trapp+1 #fff ,an*ors1 #cge ,angle at :i* to pit* a t5t1 #ef ,animals1 calls (1 #fgi ,infe/$ ) fly1 treatm5t (1 #hjd ,purgative =1 #hjb ,sk9 (1 z food1 #eeg ,wild1 obs]vation ( ! habits (1 #ggc ,antidotes = poison1 #hj ,f arr[s1 #fbj ,ants1 locu/s1 & o!r insects & _! l>v z food1 #efb ,anvils1 #aic1 #aig ,ap>ejo1 #dfc ,application ( w9d p[] to horizontal :eel1 #eab ,aps or *upatee1 #edd ,aquatic birds1 traps =1 #fge ,arctic regions1 h9ts = !1 #cji1 #caf ,hutt+ 9 !1 #cji ,armam5t1 hunt]'s1 #fee ,arobas waggon1 #dda ,arre/ hemorrhage1 #fie ,arr[-fi%+1 #eid ,trap1 #feg ,arr[s1 h>poon1 #eid ,poison$1 #fai1 #fbb ,rifl+1 #fbd ,artificial horizon1 #bi ,& sextant1 use (1 #gdc ,artill]y1 *>ges =1 #bda ,c>tridges & wads =1 #bdc ,drom$>y or ,zemb\rcks1 #bde ,field1 #ddh ,repair+1 #bdc ,%ot =1 #bdf ,sl$ges1 #djf ,unspik+1 #bdc ,zemb\rcks1 #bde ,arti/'s mat]ials1 #bb ,asc]ta9+ altitudes1 #gda ,v>iations ( ! compass1 #gcb ,a% cake1 #edi ,assegais1 to r5d] useless1 #bjc ,atta*m5t ( /raps1 = sl$ges1 #cii ,au/ralian b>k canoe1 #afb ,spe>s & spe> ?r[+1 #faf ,t5t1 #ei ,two-:eel drays1 #ded ,axes or adzes1 make%ift1 #cha ,axles1 to make & repair1 #bae ,b4 ,baggage d]rick1 extempore1 #ccj ,bags1 pack-saddle1 #cf ,sleep+1 #ghf ,baits1 fi%1 h9ts on1 #fje ,= traps1 #ffg ,bak+ bread1 #eej ,cakes1 #edi ,balla/ = boats1 #agg ,balsas canoe1 #adj ,bamboos1 build+ )1 #bhi ,v>i\s uses =1 #ceh ,bananas & planta9s = food1 #ecc ,b&ages1 surgical1 #fhi ,b>k canoes1 #aje ,au/ralian1 #afb ,canadian1 #aeg ,= canoes1 mode ( /ripp+1 #aef ,/ripp+ f trees1 #ghi ,uses (1 #ghi ,base metals1 to detect1 #bfc ,baskets1 fi% traps1 #eie1 #eig ,wat]pro(1 #ejj ,bayonets1 #aa ,%ea? knives z1 #bjb ,beams1 ma/s1 c4 = plat=m boats1 #aad ,be> trap1 #ffc ,be*uana hut1 #bhj ,b$s1 camp1 #dd ,beehive hut1 ,kafir1 #bgi ,bees' ,ne/s1 tak+1 #ehj ,wild1 to smoke out1 #ecg ,bell mules1 #dff ,bell[s1 #fi ,& =ge1 extempore1 #bac ,bell-t5t made to hold _m p1 #fa ,b5t wood1 #chj ,biltong1 #ege ,bir* b>k canoes1 #aeg ,= canoes1 #aef ,birdlime1 #fgi ,birds1 aquatic1 traps =1 #fge ,calls =1 #fgi ,traps =1 #fgc ,pres]v+1 #egd ,sea1 cook+1 #ehd ,sn>+1 #fgc ,bite ( tsetse fly1 #fec ,bits1 #cd ,blackcock trap1 #fgb ,bladd]s & paun*es = hold+ wat]1 #dii ,& wat]-sk9s1 repair+ (1 #ghc ,use (1 #ghc ,blanket us$ = extemporis+ a t5t1 #ei ,bl9dfold+ pack animals1 #dfe ,blockh\se1 #bif ,blocks & pulleys1 #chc ,d\ble1 #chf ,signal1 #che ,snat*1 #che ,bo>d h\se1 #bgh ,wigwam1 #bgd ,bo>ds1 ice1 #djc ,boats1 ,am]ican portable1 #aed ,balla/ =1 #agg ,bridges (1 #cej ,build+1 #aba1 #abe1 #abh ,canvas or sk91 #dh1 #ajj ,cape waggon1 #abi1 #aca ,catam>an1 #afe ,cl9k]1 #abe1 #abh ,collapsible1 #aee ,connect+ beams1 ma/s1 c4 = plat=m1 #aad ,copp]1 #ej1 #aah ,copp]1 mat]ials us$ 91 #ed ,copp] plat=m1 #aaj ,corrugat$ iron1 #ea ,esquimaux1 #ajc ,fitt$ ) inflat$ tubes1 #agj ,indian cattle1 #ii ,inflat$ canvas1 #dh ,inflat$1 to make safe1 #aag ,iron1 #ea1 #aah1 #abc ,leaky1 #ia ,massoolah1 #afd ,metal life1 #abd ,metal plat=m1 #ajg1 #aaj ,metal1 to connect odd sections (1 #abe ,mixture = pa9t+ metal1 #aac ,models (1 #aje1 #aai ,norwegian1 #afe ,paddl+1 #acd ,portable canvas1 #di ,portable /eel1 #aff ,proas1 #ace ,quagga hide1 #ajb ,re$1 #ig ,rules = sail+1 #agg ,russian c>go1 #ajb ,scull+1 #acb ,sk91 #ajj ,?+s to be ?\ght ( :5 design+1 #aje ,torres ,/raits1 #afb ,wattl$1 #abe ,:ale1 #faj ,)\t nails1 #afe ,wood5 plat=m1 mat]ials =1 #aad ,bo]s' me?od ( load+ guns quickly1 #bbh ,boil+ meat1 #eec ,rice1 #efe ,wat] )\t pots1 #eec ,bolts & nuts1 dies & taps =1 #aih ,bones1 horns1 t5dons1 fi% sk91 c4 use (1 #ghd ,books = travell]s1 #bi1 #ca ,boom]ang1 #fag ,boots1 ,african1 #dab ,& %oes1 #f1 #dab ,clamps =1 #dbj ,india rubb]1 to m5d1 #dbi ,9 tropical c\ntries1 h9ts on1 #dbi ,laces1 #g ,la/s =1 #daf ,mak+1 #dag ,sl$ge dogs'1 #djc ,sn[ %oe1 #daj ,/it*+1 #dba ,?read =1 #dbj ,wad+ among rocks1 #dbi ,bor+ heavy logs1 #cgf ,botanical specim5s1 collect+1 #gfd ,pack+ & pres]v+1 #gga ,b\ld]s1 to remove1 #bfe ,buoys1 life1 #ie ,b[ls1 wood51 #cic ,b[s1 cross1 ,*9ese1 #fbc ,pellet1 ,indian1 #fbd ,/r+s1 tight5+1 #fbb ,box m>k+s1 #gjj ,boxes z floats1 #ig ,copp]1 #h ,= ,cape waggon travell+1 #i ,= rafts1 #add ,braces1 #e ,br&s ( camels1 #dha ,cattle1 mak+1 #dhj ,br&+ cattle1 #dgh ,bran*1 peg1 & log ladd]s1 #cdi ,brass guns & _! *>ges1 #bda ,= b>t] ) natives1 #baj ,s(t5+ & h>d5+1 #baj ,bread bak+1 #eej ,break]s1 rules = pass+ ?r\gh1 #agf ,break = :eels1 #ddc ,brick tea1 #ega ,bridge %e>s1 to con/ruct1 #ccf ,bridges1 boat1 #cej ,cable & twig1 #cce ,*a91 #cca ,deod> beam1 #cda ,fly1 #cca ,gabion1 #cbg ,ice1 #cdc ,indian rope1 #cda ,natural1 #cdf ,"o tree1 #cbe ,raft]1 plank1 & slab1 #cdb ,swamp1 #cbf ,t>t>1 #cbh ,bridles1 #cd ,brok5 ma/s1 #ahb ,sp>s1 sc>f+1 or fi%+ (1 #aha ,bruis$ gun b>rels1 to repair1 #bbf ,buckets1 bamboo1 #ceh ,canvas1 #fg ,gutta p]*a1 #gc ,lea!r1 #gb ,palm1 #ebc ,buck-%ot m\lds1 #ai1 #bbb ,buik-waggon1 #dcg ,build+1 bamboo =1 #bhi ,boats1 cl9k]1 #abh ,boats1 h9ts on1 #abh ,boats ( metal1 #aba ,boats ( wood1 #abc ,boats1 ?+s to be ?\ght ( :51 #aje ,fires1 #eci1 #edj ,jetty1 #cbi ,mission ,*ur*es1 plans =1 #cja ,( ! ,portuguese 9 ,africa1 #cje ,rafts1 pr9ciples (1 #adg ,walls1 #bia ,:eels1 #cff1 #cga ,bullet m\lds1 #i1 #bbj1 #bcj ,bullets1 cleft1 #bbi ,h>d5+1 #bbh ,bullock trunks1 #h ,bull's-eye lant]n1 #hf ,burn+ *>coal1 #bff ,bu% knife1 #aa ,bu%man's hut1 #bgh ,bu/>d %oot+1 #fgj ,butt]1 pres]v+1 #ehc ,buy+ horses1 #egg ,second-h& guns1 h9ts on1 #aa ,c4 ,cable & twig bridge1 #cce ,cakes1 bak+1 #edi ,meat1 #eff ,sago1 #eef ,calaba%es1 float1 #if ,= hold+ wat]1 #dih ,calls1 bird & animal1 #fgi ,calm+ tr\bl$ wat] by means ( oil1 #agf ,camels1 #dge ,br&s1 #dha ,emb>k+1 #dhg ,fe$+1 #dhf ,h>ness+1 #dgf ,h9ts on1 #dhc1 #dhf ,j\rnal or di>y1 #dhi ,loads & di/ances1 =1 #dhe ,on %ipbo>d1 fa/5+1 #dhi ,wat] 9 /oma*1 #dhg ,w\nds on backs (1 #hjj ,camp b$s1 #dd ,filt]s1 #eja ,furniture1 #chi ,m$ic9e-mak+1 h9ts on1 #hjb ,( ox waggons1 to def5d1 #big ,canadian b>k canoe1 #aeg ,c&les1 #hf ,gutt]+1 to prev5t1 #eef ,mak+1 #hg ,malay1 #hi ,pack+1 #hh ,scre5s =1 #hh ,cannon1 c>tridges =1 #bdc ,*>ges1 c4 #bda ,m\nt+1 #bcg1 #bdj ,repair+1 #bdc ,%ot =1 #bbj1 #bdf ,unspik+1 #bdc ,wads1 #bdc 7,see also ,artill]y47 ,canoes1 ,au/ralian b>k1 #afb ,balsas1 #adj ,b>k1 #aje1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb ,bir* =1 #aef ,canadian b>k1 #aeg ,c>riage =1 #aei ,c$> b>k1 #afj ,dug-out1 #ajd1 #afc ,fejee1 #aci ,fuegian1 #afa ,inflat$ canvas = "o man1 #ej ,long1 #afc ,mode ( /ripp+ b>k =1 #aef ,outrigg]s =1 #ii ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl&1 #aeh ,%oe1 #afa ,wat] transport1 #dif ,cante5s1 #gj ,canvas boat1 inflat$1 #di ,boat1 portable inflat$1 #dh1 #ajj ,buckets1 #fg ,canoe = "o man1 inflat$1 #ej ,or sk9 boat1 #ajj ,cape waggon1 #dcc ,boats1 #abi1 #aca ,*e/s z rafts1 #adj ,load =1 #dec ,t5t1 #ei ,t5t or tilt1 #acj ,w9e1 #ddj ,cap squ>es ( a gun1 make%ift =1 #bci ,caps = ! head1 #e ,p]cussion1 & _! sub/itutes1 #bdj ,prim+1 to make1 #bdd ,cap/an1 gunn]'s1 #cgd ,c>go boat1 ,russian1 #ajb ,c>nivora1 hunt+ (1 #fdf ,c>p5t]'s tools1 #da ,c>riages1 canoe1 #aei ,:eel$ measur+ di/ances travell$ by1 #gbf ,c>ry+1 roll+1 & p>buckl+ heavy sp>s1 #ceb ,c>ry+ wat]1 #die ,c>tridges & wads = cannon1 #bdc ,mak+1 #bcb1 #bce ,case h>d5+1 #bje ,cases = saddles1 #cd ,t91 utilisation (1 #bab ,ca/+ horses1 #hjj ,ox51 #hja ,ropes = horses1 #hja ,casks1 wat]1 to emb>k1 #cgi ,catam>an float1 #afe ,cat*+ albatrosses1 #ehg ,alligators1 #eij ,cattle1 #fed ,crayfi%1 lob/]s1 c41 #fjd ,cr[s1 #fhj ,de] ) ?orn wrea?s1 #fbd ,ducks1 c4 #fge ,fi%1 #ehe1 #ehg ,musk rats1 #ffg ,o/ri*es1 emus1 c41 #ffh ,porpoises1 #fab ,sea fi%1 #ehe ,turkeys1 #fgj ,catgut & p>*m5t1 #ghb ,cattle boat1 #ii ,br&s1 mak+1 #dhj ,cat*+1 #fed ,dr9k+ tr\ghs =1 #dic ,hobbl+1 #dfi ,m>k+1 #dgh ,wat]+1 #dic ,cautions reg>d+ gl&]s1 #hjf ,c$> b>k canoe1 #afj ,c]eals z food1 #efi ,*a9 & rope ladd]s1 #cdh ,& l9ks1 #dfb ,bridges1 #cca ,pole1 #cce ,*alk l9es1 #bib ,*>coal burn+1 #bff ,*>ges1 c4 = brass guns1 #bda ,*emical te/s1 = m9]als & metals1 #bfj ,*e/s z rafts1 ,cape waggon1 #adj ,*9ese cross-b[1 #fbc ,slab & tre/le bridge1 #cdc ,*isels1 cold1 #bjd ,mak+ incisions 9 iron )1 #aid ,*ucknuck1 or /rike-a-light1 #ecg ,*upatee or aps1 #edd ,*upp] scre5s1 #bid ,*ur*es1 =tify+1 #cja ,mission1 plans = build+1 #cja ,cid]1 planta91 #ecc ,clamps = boot mak+1 #dbj ,clean+ guns1 #bcg ,cle>+ f9e s& f gun-locks1 #fi ,nut1 #eje ,cleft bullets1 #bbi ,climb palms1 to1 #ebc ,cl9k] boat1 #abe1 #abh ,cl9omet]1 make%ift1 #gch ,clip = hold+ po/s1 c41 #bgc ,clock1 wat]1 #gda ,clo?s1 saddle1 #cc ,coats1 #e1 #f ,cocoa nut palm1 uses =1 #cfj ,%ells1 use (1 #ebf ,use (1 #ebd ,cold *isel1 mak+1 #bjd ,mak+ incisions 9 iron )1 #aid ,colic or gripes1 rem$y =1 #hjb ,collapsible boat1 #aee ,coll>s1 horse1 #deg ,collect+ botanical specim5s1 #gfd ,dew1 #eah1 #ebc ,m9]alogical & geological specim5s1 #gga ,natural hi/ory specim5s1 #gfc ,wat] f ra9-falls1 #ejd ,coloni/s & natives1 to obta9 in=mation f1 #geh ,common dog sl$ge1 #djd ,companions & s]vants1 conduct to1 #gjb ,compass1 pocket1 #bh ,po9ts (1 #fcc ,v>iation (1 to asc]ta91 #gcb ,m>k+ di/ances )1 #cj ,conduct to companions & s]vants1 #gjb ,connect+ beams1 ma/s1 c4 = plat=m boats1 #aad ,contusions1 rem$y =1 #gi ,conv5i5t tool hold-all1 #dc ,cook+ pots1 #ga ,sea birds1 #ehd ,/ove1 ,norwegian1 #eeh ,copp] & iron1 to t91 #baj ,boats1 #ej1 #ea ,boats1 mat]ials us$ 91 #ed ,boxes1 #h ,or iron skiff1 #aah ,skiff1 #aah ,t9n+1 #baj ,wat] flasks1 #die ,coop]'s "w1 #cgg ,coracle1 #ajj ,cordway1 ,am]ican1 #cbd ,corrugat$ iron boat1 #ea ,h\ses1 #cje ,co/ & mat]ials ( metal plat=m boat1 #aaj ,cotton tor*1 #hi ,cov]s = lamps1 #hg ,cravats1 hog's1 #cia ,crayfi%1 lob/]s1 c4 to cat*1 #fjd ,creep] or grapnel1 to trip1 #fjc ,crimea1 t5t us$ 91 #fb ,crook & prong h\se1 to build1 #bhd ,cross-b[1 ,*9ese1 #fbc ,cross-tree saddles1 #dfe ,cr[s1 cat*+1 #fhj ,cup lamp1 #he ,cupp+1 #fie ,cutt+ gun b>rels1 #aih ,%eet metal1 snips =1 #bac ,timb]1 season =1 #bgj ,up l>ge game1 #ege ,d4 ,d',abri1 ,t5te1 #eg ,dam>as hut1 #bhb ,damp]1 #edi ,damp places1 procur+ wat] f1 #dib ,dams1 weirs & spe>s1 #eif ,dead game1 protect+1 #ffj ,deep-wat] glass1 #ahg ,de] cat*+ ) ?orn wrea?s1 #fbd ,entic+1 #ffj ,traps1 #fei ,def5sible camp ) ox-waggons1 #big ,*ur*es1 #cja ,f>m-h\se & village1 #bie1 #bih ,deod> beam bridge1 #cda ,d]rick1 baggage1 #ccj ,l&+1 #cdi ,d]is1 to make1 #cdb ,design+ boats1 ?+s to be ?\ght ( :51 #aje ,de/roy mule lee*es1 to1 #hje ,detection ( base metal1 #bfc ,dew1 collect+1 #eah1 #ebc ,di>rhoea & its rem$y1 #gi ,di>y1 c4 9 duplicate1 #ba ,or j\rnal1 camel1 #dhi ,dies & taps = bolts & nuts1 #aih ,dim5sions ( sl$ges1 #cid ,disabl$ artill]y1 managem5t (1 #ddh ,di%es & plates1 to make1 #bac ,dislocat$ %\ld]1 r$uc+1 #fid ,di/ances1 e/imation (1 #gci ,= camels1 #dhe ,measurem5t1 #cj1 #gbf ,travell$ by :eel$ c>riage1 measur+1 #gbf ,di/il agu>di5te1 to1 #egi ,wat]1 to1 #did ,ditty bag1 #fh ,divid+ & pack+ v5ison1 #ffa ,dogs1 boots =1 #djc ,free f ! attacks ( ! tsetse fly1 #feb ,packs =1 #dje ,secur+ to sl$ges1 #djj ,sl$ge & h>ness =1 #cif1 #djd ,sl$ge1 food =1 #djj ,doors & gates1 to make & hang1 #bhi ,d\ble boat ( copp]1 #ea ,block1 #chf ,canvas boat1 inflat$1 #di ,metal boats1 #ajg ,sextant1 #bf ,d\gh nuts1 #eej ,drags = :eels1 #ddc ,draw+ sl$ges1 #cie ,drays1 ,au/ralian1 #ded ,dress+ = w\nds1 #gc ,sk9s1 #ggi ,dri$ fle%1 #eeh ,drills & saws1 #cgf ,dr9k+ tr\ghs = cattle1 #dic ,driv+ a coracle1 #ajj ,& lead+ horses1 #dgc ,droge1 !1 #afg1 #afh ,drom$>y br&s1 #dha ,po9ts 9 !1 #dhc 7,zemb\reks71 artill]y1 #bde ,dr[n$1 treatm5t ( ! app>5tly1 #ahh ,drugg+ fi%1 #fjf ,dubb91 to make1 #dbi ,duck = gr\nd %eet1 c41 #f ,ducks1 c41 cat*+1 #fge ,dug-out canoes1 #ajd1 #afc ,duplicates ( correspond5ce1 c41 #ba ,e4 ,economy 9 food1 #efj ,edible frog1 #efd ,eggs1 o/ri*1 #efe ,pres]v+1 #ehc ,%ells (1 horns & calaba%es = hold+ wat]1 #dih ,elephant hunt+1 #fcd ,elg-,l$1 #feh ,elk trap1 #feh ,emb>k+ camels1 #dhg ,horses1 #dgc ,wat] casks1 #cgi ,emus1 o/ri*es1 c41 cat*+1 #ffh ,engl&1 outfit to take f1 #d ,entic+ de]1 #ffj ,equipm5t1 mule1 h9ts on1 #dfh ,nor? ,au/ralian exp$ition1 #ce ,sl$ge1 #cii ,waggon1 #ddf ,erect+ a p]p5dicul> on a giv5 po9t1 #cbj ,escape1 fire1 #cec ,pole1 ,indian1 #cdg ,esquimaux boat1 #ajc ,ice hut1 #cad ,lamp1 #hf ,sl$ges1 #cih ,sn[ hut1 c41 #cab ,summ] t5ts1 #cae ,e/abli%+ communication ) a lee %ore by means ( a kite1 #ahe ,e/imate di/ance1 to1 #gci ,/r5g? ( ropes1 to1 #gic ,"t1 #gdj ,weight ( rope1 to1 #gic ,exp$i5ts = mov+ vessels dur+ calms1 ,admiral ,bel*]'s1 #age ,= sav+ boats 9 r\gh wat]1 #agf ,= work+ %ips' pumps1 #agf ,exp$ition by tw5ty-"o m5 = eighte5 mon?s1 /ores1 c41 requir$ =1 #df ,extract+ gun nipple1 #bjd ,sap f timb]1 #cee ,extricat+ waggons f quicks&s1 c41 #ade ,f4 ,fall-traps1 #ffb ,plank1 #ffd ,f>m]'s /ores & horse m$ic9es1 #hd ,f>mh\se1 def5sible1 #bie1 #bih ,& village1 to =tify1 #bih ,fa/5+ camels on %ipbo>d1 #dhi ,horses1 #dgb ,make%ift1 #cce ,fat1 to treat1 #ghd ,fea!rs1 o/ri*1 pack+1 #fbb ,fe$+ ( camels1 #dhf ,feet1 sore1 #dcj ,fell+ timb]1 #bfh ,f5ces1 #bgc1 #bia ,f]ries & fly bridges1 #cca ,f]ry+ :eels ov] riv]s1 #add ,fev] & its rem$y1 #gg ,field artill]y1 #ddh ,sl$ges1 #djf ,guns & _! *>ges1 #bda ,figure ( f\r traps1 #ffc ,fijee canoes1 #aci ,fil+ up & trimm+ iron aft] =g+1 #aid ,filt]s1 camp1 #eja ,extemporis$1 #eja1 #ejc1 #ejf ,pat5t1 #ejf ,f9d+ height ( a tree or o!r object1 ^: base is accessible1 )\t in/rum5ts1 #cba ,po9ts ( ! compass1 #fcc ,riv] pe>ls1 #bef ,wat]1 #dic ,wid? ( riv]s or rav9es )\t in/rum5ts1 #cah ,fire>ms1 h9ts on1 #bcf ,make%ift1 #bde ,te/+1 #ac ,fire baskets1 #eee ,build+1 a1 #eci1 #edj ,escapes1 #cec ,fuel =1 #eci1 #eda1 #edb1 #edc ,ma9ta9+1 #edb ,places1 make%ift1 #eec ,produc+1 #ece ,signal1 z a1 #eci ,fi% baits1 h9ts on1 #fje ,cat*+1 #ehg ,drugg+1 #fjf ,haunts (1 h9ts on1 #fje ,hooks1 make%ift1 #ehf1 #ehg ,hooks1 to make1 #bji ,roe1 pres]v+1 #ehc ,sea1 ,cat*+1 #ehe ,secur+ f alligators1 #eia ,sk91 use (1 #ghd ,spe>+1 #fjg1 #fjh ,spe>s1 weirs1 & dams1 #eif ,tor*1 #hi ,traps1 baskets1 #eie1 #eig ,fi%+ brok5 sp>s1 #aha ,implem5ts1 #fjd ,l9es1 to make1 #eig ,nets1 #fjj1 #fjc ,tackle mak+1 & h9ts on1 #ehh ,"u ice1 #fjb ,fitt+-up ( t5ts1 #fa ,flasks1 wat]1 copp]1 #die ,flat-bottom$ /eel boat1 #aff ,fle%1 dri$1 #eeh ,pres]v+1 #egb ,transportation (1 h9ts on1 #egf ,fl9t muskets1 #aj ,float = "o man1 sk91 #aed ,waggons1 to1 #add ,floats1 calaba%1 #if2 boxes1 #if ,catam>an1 #afe ,b>k1 #ii ,inflat$ sk91 #aeb ,mangrove wood1 #afc ,milk-bu%1 #afc ,sk91 #ii ,wood1 #ii ,fl\r1 pres]v+ f weevils1 #eef ,f wrecks1 #eeg ,fly bridge & f]ries1 #cca ,infe/$ animals1 treatm5t (1 #hjd ,tsetse1 #fej ,fly+ railway at ,i*aboe1 #cch ,food1 economy 91 #efj ,ga!r+1 h9ts on1 #egg ,insects & _! l>v z1 #efb1 #eha ,reptiles z1 #efj1 #efd ,sl$ge dogs'1 #djj ,v>i\s1 #eff ,vegetable1 #efc ,foot cov]+s1 make%ift1 #dbe ,footways1 tree1 #ccj ,=d+ riv]s1 h9ts on1 #cdd ,=ge & bell[s1 extempore1 #bac ,=eca/le lamp1 #hg ,h9ts on ! managem5t ( !1 #aib ,=k$ /icks1 uses (1 #chh ,=m ( t5t peg1 #fd ,=tify+ *ur*es1 #cja ,f>m & village1 #bih ,f\ndations = h\ses1 #cjd ,fox trap1 #ffd ,fractur+ glasses1 z to obta9 a %>p edge1 #fbe ,fritt]s1 #ecf ,frogs1 edible1 #efd ,fruits1 obnoxi\s juices1 remov+ (1 #ebj ,wild1 #efg ,wild1 ( ,am]ica1 #ecj ,fuel = fires1 #eci1 #eda1 #edb1 #edc1 #eef ,fuegean pole h\se1 #cji ,canoe1 #afa ,furnace1 make%ift1 #eec ,furniture1 camp1 #chi ,g4 ,gab]d9e1 #d ,gabion bridge1 #cbg ,galls 9 horses1 #gii ,game1 dead1 protect+1 #ffj ,pegs1 c41 #cib ,gates1 lat*es =1 #cij ,mak+ & hang+1 #bhi ,ga!r+ food1 h9ts on1 #egg ,mu%rooms1 h9ts on1 #ehb ,g5]al h9ts on boat build+1 #abh ,geographical in=mation1 to obta9 f natives & coloni/s1 #geh ,geological & m9]alogical specim5s1 collect+1 #gga ,geology = travell]s1 #bej ,gipsy t5t1 #eg ,gl&]s1 cautions reg>d+1 #hjf ,glass bottles1 lightn+ av]t$ by1 #bhi ,fractur+1 s z to obta9 a %>p edge1 #fbe ,gloves1 #e ,gold1 id5tify+1 #beg ,qualities (1 #haj ,se>*]s1 h9ts to1 #bea ,grapnel or creep]1 to trip1 #fjc ,grass filt]s1 #ejd ,gr5ades & rocket arr[s1 #bdf ,gr9d/ones1 m\nt+1 #chg ,gripes or colic1 rem$y =1 #hjb ,gr\nd l9es1 & _! managem5t1 #eic ,= t5t pit*+1 #ff ,guano /ages at ,i*aboe1 #ccg ,gum-tree b>k canoe1 #afb ,gun b>rels1 to cut1 #aih ,b>rels1 to repair :5 bruis$1 #bbf ,clean+1 #bcg ,locks1 oil =1 #bcf ,nipple1 to extract a1 #bjd ,repair+1 #aii ,re/s1 #cib ,second-h&1 h9ts on buy+1 #aa ,sight+1 #bjj ,sights1 #bja ,sl+s1 #ci ,spr+1 #fef ,tell+ "t by1 #bch ,gunn]'s cap/an1 #cgd ,gunp[d]1 to make1 #bdg ,plan = secur+1 #cg ,gunyah1 !1 #bgh ,gut1 silkworm1 #eii ,guttap]*a buckets1 #gc ,gutt]+ 9 c&les1 to prev5t1 #ecf ,h4 ,habits ( wild animals1 obs]vation (1 #ggc ,halt]s1 #cg ,hames1 adaptation to coll>s1 #dfj ,make%ift1 #deh ,hammocks1 #de ,h&b>r[1 make%ift1 #chi ,h& mill1 #edd ,hang+ doors & gates1 #bhi ,h&les ( /ock :ips & lead p5cils1 #bbe ,h>d5+ brass1 #baj ,bullets1 #bbh ,h>d rove rope1 treatm5t (1 #gic ,wood1 #ceh ,h>ness & pack animals1 #deg ,= dog sl$ge1 #cif ,h9ts on1 #dfa ,mule1 #dei ,tight5+1 #dfe ,h>ness+ & yok+ draught ox51 #deb1 #ded1 #dee ,camels1 #dgf ,h9ts on1 #dfa ,re9de]1 #djf ,h>poon+ hippopotami1 #fac ,seals "u ice1 #fjc ,h>poons1 #fji ,arr[1 #eid ,h>tebee/e hut1 #bhb ,hats & caps1 #e ,haunts ( fi%1 h9ts on1 #fje ,hay & /raw ropes1 sp9n+1 #gib ,head/alls1 #cg ,heat-conduct+ bodies1 #hji1 #haj ,heavy sp>s1 to c>ry1 roll1 or p>buckle1 #ceb ,height ( a tree1 or o!r object ^: base is accessible1 to f9d )\t in/rum5ts1 #cba ,hemorrhage1 to arre/1 #fie ,hide boat1 quagga1 #ajb ,ropes1 #ghd ,h9ts on boat build+1 #abh ,boots 9 tropical c\ntries1 #dbi ,buy+ second-h& guns1 #aa ,camels1 #dhf ,camp m$ic9e mak+1 #hjb ,fire-arms1 #bcf ,fi% baits1 #fje ,fi%+ tackle1 #ehh ,food ga!r+1 #egg ,=d+ riv]s1 #cdd ,gold se>*+1 #bea ,ga!r+ mu%rooms1 #ehb ,h>ness & h>ness+1 #dfa ,haunts ( fi%1 #fje ,horse & mule pur*ase1 #hjf ,hyge5s1 & camels1 #dhc ,managem5t ( ! =ge1 #aib ,matt]s connect$ ) waggons1 #ddf ,mule equipm5t1 #dfh ,mule pur*as+1 #dff ,raft build+1 #adg ,s5tries1 #cja ,s]vants & slaves1 #gjd ,s]v+ rations1 #eei ,%oe+ horses1 #gih ,sl$ges1 #dja ,transportation ( fle%1 #egf ,trapp+1 #fff ,travel1 #gja ,travell+ 9 ! arctic regions1 #cji1 #caf ,hippopotami1 use (1 #faf ,h>poon+1 #fac ,hit*es & knots1 #gid ,on measur+ l9es1 #cfe ,hobbles1 #ch ,hobbl+ cattle1 #dfi ,hogs' cravats1 #cia ,hold-all = tools1 #dc ,hold] = tor*es1 #eee ,honey1 f9d+ & tak+1 #ehj ,hook trap1 #ffd ,hooks1 fi%1 #bji1 #ehf1 #ehg ,hoop-iron1 uses =1 #aid ,horizon1 artificial1 #bi ,artificial1 & sextant1 use (1 #gdc ,horizontal :eel1 application ( w9d p[] to1 #eab ,horn lant]n1 #hf ,horns = hold+ wat]1 #dih ,use (1 #ghd ,horse & mule waggons1 #ddb ,horses1 buy+1 #egg ,ca/+ ropes =1 #hja ,coll>s1 #deg ,emb>k+1 #dgc ,fa/5+1 #dgb ,galls1 #gii ,gl&]s1 #hjf ,lead+ & driv+1 #dgc ,m$ic9es & f>ri]'s /ores1 #hd ,p\ltice1 #gii ,pur*ase (1 h9ts on1 #hjf ,secur+1 #hjj ,%oe+1 h9ts on1 #gih ,sl$ges1 #dje ,sore backs1 #gii ,tee?1 & o!r irregul>ities1 #hje ,?r[+1 #hjj ,h\r glass1 #gdj ,h\ses1 ,african1 ,portuguese1 #cje ,bo>d1 #bgh ,crook & prong1 #bhd ,corrugat$ iron =1 #cje ,def5sible f>m1 #bie1 #bih ,f\ndations =1 #cjd ,fuegean pole1 #cji ,log1 #bge ,logi] hill1 #bhg ,re$1 #bic ,?at*es =1 #bhe1 #bhh ,h[itz]s1 & _! *>ges1 #bdb ,hunt]'s armam5t1 #fee ,hunt+ elephants1 #fcd ,l>ge c>nivora1 #fdf ,lions1 #fdb ,hurdle or wattle "w1 #chb ,husks ( cocoa nut1 use (1 #ebf ,huts1 ,be*uana1 #bhj ,beehive1 #bgi ,bu%man's1 #bgh ,dam>as1 #bhb ,fuegean1 #cji ,h>tbee/e1 #bhb ,ice1 #cad ,namaqua ,hott5tot1 #bhc ,papuan tree1 #cjg ,peat1 #cji ,savages'1 #bgh ,sn[1 #cab ,/one1 #bhj ,rio ,negro1 #cjg ,t>t>1 #bid ,?at*es =1 #bhe1 #bhh ,vaal riv]1 #bha ,hutt+ 9 ! arctic regions1 #cji1 #caf ,hyge5s & camels1 h9ts on1 #dhc ,i4 ,ice bo>ds1 #djc ,bridg+ a riv] by means (1 #cdc ,fi%+ "u1 #fjb ,h>poon+ seals "u1 #fjc ,huts1 #cad ,gett+ "u1 #fjb ,i*aboe guano /ages & fly+ railway1 #cch ,id5tification ( gold1 #beg ,preci\s /ones1 #bed ,implem5ts1 fi%+1 #fjd ,impurities f wat]1 remov+1 #eje ,incisions 9 iron ) cold *isels1 to make1 #aid ,increase accommodation ( t5ts1 #fa ,increase size ( bell-t5t1 #fa ,indian 7,am]ican7 lodges1 #cjh ,cattle boat1 #ii ,escape pole1 #cdg ,gh>rie waggon1 #dda ,lamp1 #hg ,pellet b[1 #fbd ,rope bridge1 #cda ,scal+ ladd]s1 #cdh ,indi>ubb] boots1 to m5d1 #dbi ,inflat$ boats1 to make safe1 #aag ,canvas boat1 #dh1 #di1 #ej ,sk9 floats1 #aeb ,tubes1 boat fitt$ )1 #agi ,in=mation f natives & coloni/s1 to obta91 #geh ,insects & _! l>v z food1 #efb1 #eha ,inspann+1 #deb ,in/rum5ts = mapp+1 #ca ,= mapp+ a r\te1 #bd ,/&s =1 #gch ,inte/9es = hold+ wat]1 #ejj ,introduction1 #a ,iron articles1 selection (1 #ddf ,boats1 #ea1 #abc ,corrugat$ = h\ses1 #cje ,mak+ incisions ) cold *isels 91 #aid ,ore1 to smelt1 #beh ,plat9iz+1 #bjf ,rod1 weight (1 #hji ,ru/+1 to prev5t1 #bjg ,skiff1 #aah ,te/ = wr\ght or malleable1 #ddg ,t9n+1 #baj ,trap1 #ffe ,uses = scrap & hoop1 #aid ,weld+ (1 #aib ,irregul>ities ( tee? 9 draught animals1 #hje ,irritat$ surfaces1 rem$y =1 #hj ,j4 ,jackets1 #d ,mak+1 #fih ,jetty1 to build an extempore1 #cbi ,jo9+ odd sections ( metal boats1 #abe ,%eet metal1 #baa ,j\rnal 9 duplicate1 #ba ,or di>y1 #bj ,or di>y1 camel1 #dhi ,juices1 obnoxi\s1 remov+ f fruits1 c41 #ebj ,k4 ,kaffir beehive hut1 #bgi ,kill+ %eep1 #efj ,kites z auxili>ies to swimm+1 #ahc ,z sails1 #ahb ,e/abli%+ communication ) a lee %ore by means (1 #ahe ,scal+ cliffs )1 #ahe ,signall+ by means (1 #ahd ,tack+ by means (1 #ahd ,knives1 #dj ,knives1 make%ift1 #aic ,%ea? & bayonets1 #bjb ,knots & hit*es1 #gid ,l4 ,ladd]s1 #cec ,indian scal+1 #cdh ,make%ift1 #cdh ,m9]s'1 #cdg ,peg1 bran*1 & log1 #cdi ,rope & *a91 #cdh ,ladles1 spoons1 & _! sub/itutes1 #bbg ,lamps1 bull's-eye1 #hf ,cov]s =1 #hg ,cup1 #he ,esquimaux1 #hf ,=eca/le1 #hg ,indian1 #hg ,railway1 #hg ,oils =1 #he ,portuguese1 #hd ,reflect+1 #hg ,wicks =1 #he ,lanc]s' t5t1 #eh ,l&+ d]rick1 #cdi ,lant]ns1 bull's-eye1 #hf ,horn1 #hf ,l>* trees1 #ceh ,l>ge game1 cutt+ up1 #ege ,l>v ( insects z food1 #efb ,la/s = boots1 #daf ,lat*es1 #cij ,la!s1 make%ift1 #chf ,laudanum1 prep>ation (1 #hjc ,lead ore smelt+1 #bbh ,p5cils & /ock :ip h&les1 #bbe ,plates1 to make1 #bbe ,lead+ & driv+ horses1 #dgb ,leaf tor*1 #hi ,leakage 9 wat]-sk9s1 repair+ (1 #dii ,leaky boats1 to /op1 #ia ,leap+-poles1 #cdg ,lea!r buckets1 #gb ,lee*es1 mule1 to de/roy1 #hje ,lee %ore1 e/abli%+ communication by kites ) a1 #ahe ,levell+1 #cdj ,/aff1 extemporis$ sight vane =1 #gcg ,levels or l[ altitudes1 to obta91 #gcd ,wat]1 sub/itute =1 #gch ,libr>y1 ! travell]'s1 #bi1 #ca ,life-belts1 #id ,boat1 metal1 #abd ,buoys1 #ie ,l9e1 #if ,raft1 ,am]ican1 #afg ,ligg]s & trimm]s1 #eia ,light+ a fire1 #eci1 #edj ,lightn+1 av]t$ by glass bottle1 #bhi ,l9e sl+s & lob /icks1 #ccd ,l9es1 fi%+1 #eig ,= measur+1 #bib ,gr\nd1 & _! managem5t1 #eic ,measur+1 #cfe ,l9+ = old huts1 t5ts z1 #fa ,l9ks & *a9s1 #dfb ,lion hunt+1 #fdb ,liz>ds1 snakes1 c4 z food1 #efj ,loads = camels1 #dhe ,cape waggon1 #dec ,lob/]s1 crayfi%1 c4 to cat*1 #fjd ,lob /icks & l9e sl+s1 #ccd ,locality = wat]1 #dia ,lodges ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 #cjh ,logg+-up timb]1 #bfi ,logi] hill h\se1 #bhg ,log1 bor+ a1 #cgf ,clip1 #bgc ,= sl$ges1 to make1 #cii ,h\se1 to build1 #bge ,peg & bran* ladd]s1 #cdi ,splitt+1 #edc ,/eam+1 #ceg ,long canoes1 #afc ,lotus roots & se$s z food1 #efd ,l[ altitude or levels1 to obta91 #gcd ,m4 ,ma9ta9 a fire1 #edb ,maize1 pres]v+1 #efi ,malay tor*1 #hi ,mallets = driv+ t5t pegs1 #fd ,managem5t ( =ges1 h9ts on !1 #aib ,disabl$ artill]y1 #ddh ,gr\nd l9e1 #eic ,mange1 prev5tive & rem$y1 #hjc ,mangrove wood floats1 #afc ,manna & its prep>ation1 #ebi ,maple sug>1 #ebh ,mapp+1 #cj ,in/rum5ts =1 #ca ,on ,m]cator's projection1 #ged ,r\tes1 in/rum5ts =1 #bd ,tables1 #gee ,m>k+ boxes1 #gjj ,cattle1 #dgh ,m>r[ bones1 #eeg ,m>t9 trap1 #ffb ,massoolah boats1 #afd ,ma/s1 brok51 #ahb ,= plat=m boats1 #aad ,mat*es f blue lights1 #eef ,mat]ials = copp] boats1 #ed ,metal plat=m boat1 #aaj ,ropes1 #ghh ,sket*+1 c4 #bb ,wood5 plat=m boat1 #aad ,mats1 ru%1 #bhc ,measurem5ts1 extempor>y1 #cfc ,( di/ances1 #cj ,( di/ances travell$ by :eel$ c>riages1 #gbf ,( "t1 #gdj ,( wat]fl[ ( a riv]1 #geg ,r\gh modes (1 #cfc ,measur+ l9es1 #bib1 #cfe ,l9es1 hit*es on1 #cfe ,tape1 to make1 #cbj ,meat1 boil+1 #eec ,cakes1 #eff ,pres]v+1 #egb ,roa/+1 #eea ,transportation (1 h9ts on1 #egf ,m$ical /ores1 #gc ,m$ic9es1 #gc ,h9ts on mak+1 #hjb ,horse1 & f>ri]'s /ores1 #hd ,m]cator's projection1 mapp+ on1 #ged ,mescal1 to make1 #egi ,metal 7base71 to detect1 #bfc ,metal boat1 build+ a1 #aba ,d\ble1 #ajg ,jo9+ odd sections (1 #abe ,life1 #abd ,mixture = pa9t+1 #aac ,plat=m1 #ajg1 #aaj ,/eel1 #aff ,metal pannik91 mak+1 #baa ,%eet1 jo9+1 #baa ,%eet1 snips = cutt+1 #bac ,metals1 te/s =1 #bfj ,milk-bu% floats1 #afc ,pres]v+1 #ehb ,_s1 #ecd ,mills1 make%ift1 #edd ,m9]alogical & geological specim5s collect+1 #gga ,m9]als1 *emical te/s =1 #bfj ,m9]'s pump1 to make1 #bff ,sw+ & ladd]1 #cdg ,tools & m9+1 #beb ,m9+ & m9]'s tools1 #beb ,mission *ur*es1 plans = build+1 #cja ,mixture = pa9t+ metal boats1 #aac ,mocass9s1 #dbd ,models ( boats1 #aje1 #aai ,mosquito nets1 #fg ,m\lds1 buck %ot1 #ai ,bullet1 #bbj1 #bcj ,%ot1 #bbb ,m\nt+ cannon1 #bcg1 #bdj ,gr9d/ones1 #chg ,mov+ vessels dur+ calms1 ,admiral ,bel*]'s exp$i5t =1 #age ,mules1 bell1 #dff ,equipm5t1 h9ts on1 #dfh ,h>ness =1 #dei ,lee*es1 to de/roy1 #hje ,pack+ purposes1 #dfg ,plat=ms1 ,abyss9ian1 #cde ,pur*ase (1 h9ts on1 #dff1 #hjf ,refractory1 to secure1 #dei ,tee? & _! irregul>ities1 #hje ,waggons =1 #ddb ,mu%rooms1 h9ts on ga!r+1 #ehb ,muskets1 fl9t1 #aj ,repair+1 #bjh ,musk rats1 cat*+1 #ffg ,n4 ,namaqua ,hott5tot hut1 #bhc ,n>doo = meal1 #ede ,natives & coloni/s1 to obta9 in=mation f1 #geh ,natives1 pl\gh1 #cij ,rew>d+1 #dic ,natural bridges1 #cdf ,hi/ory specim5s1 pres]v+ & pack+1 #gff ,hi/ory specim5s1 collect+1 #gfc ,naturali/s' outfit1 #gfa ,nave aug]1 to "w1 #cgf ,turn+1 #cgj ,necess>ies = ! table1 #gj ,necess>y c>p5t]'s tools1 #da ,nets1 fi%+1 #fjj1 #fjc ,mosquito1 #fg ,nett+1 #gig ,"u ice1 #fjb ,nipple ( a gun1 to extract1 #bjd ,nor? ,am]ican wild fruits1 #ecj ,au/ralian exp$ition1 equipm5t (1 #ce ,norwegian cook+ /ove1 #eeh ,boats1 #afe ,skidor1 #daa ,nuts & bolts1 taps & dies =1 #aih ,o4 ,o>s = travell]s1 #aad ,obs]vation ( ! habits ( wild animals1 #ggc ,obs]vatory1 portable1 #bi ,obta9 geographical in=mation f natives & coloni/s1 #geh ,levels or l[ altitudes1 to1 #gcd ,odds & ends = sl$g+1 #djb ,to take abroad1 #fi1 #gc ,(fal ( animals1 #eeg ,oil = gun locks1 #bcf ,= lamps1 #he ,on tr\bl$ wat]s1 #agf ,or sug> cane mill1 #edf ,palm1 #ebe ,o9tm5t = w\nds1 #hjb ,oneida trap1 #ffe ,"o man1 inflat$ canvas canoe =1 #ej ,"o-tree bridge1 #cbe ,ore1 iron1 smelt+1 #beh ,lead1 smelt+1 #bbh ,o/ri*es1 cat*+1 #ffh ,eggs1 #efe ,fea!rs1 pack+1 #fbb ,ott]1 mak+ & work+1 #eic ,outfit = arti/s1 #bb ,naturali/'s1 #gfa ,outrigg]s = canoes1 #ii ,make%ift1 #ib ,outspann+1 #dec ,ov5s1 make%ift1 #eej ,ox51 ca/+1 #hja ,yok+ & h>ness+1 #deb1 #ded ,p4 ,pack animals1 #dfc1 #dgd ,animals1 bl9dfold+1 #dfe ,ox51 #fed ,pack ropes1 #dfe ,saddle1 #ce ,saddle bags1 #cf ,saddle crooks1 #chh ,saddle1 ,spani%1 #dfc ,pack+ ammunition1 #ag ,botanical specim5s1 #gga ,c&les1 #hh ,natural hi/ory specim5s1 #gff ,o/ri* fea!rs1 #fbb ,rid+ saddles1 #cg ,v5ison1 #ffa ,packs & pack animals1 #dgd ,dog1 #dje ,paddl+1 #acd ,pail-yoke1 #cia ,pails1 palm1 #ebc ,wat]1 #dif ,pa9t+ & sket*+ "u difficulties ( travel1 #gaf ,metal boats1 mixture =1 #aac ,palanqu9s1 /ret*]s1 c41 #fhb ,palm1 bucket (1 #ebc ,cabbage1 #ebc ,climb+1 #ebc ,cocoa nut1 #cfj ,leaves1 use (1 #ebg ,oil1 #ebe ,range & uses ( !1 c4 #ebd1 #ebf ,sug>1 #ebe ,toddy1 #ebd ,v9eg> f1 #ebe ,pannik91 to make1 #baa ,papuan tree hut1 #cjg ,p>buckl+1 c>ry+1 & roll+ heavy sp>s1 #ceb ,p>*m5t & catgut1 #ghb ,pass+ ?r\gh break]s1 rules =1 #agf ,pat5t filt]1 #ejf ,patrol t5t1 #ee ,paun*es & bladd]s = hold+ wat]1 #dii ,pe>ls1 riv]1 to f9d1 #bef ,peat hut1 #cji ,pegs & re/s = guns1 game1 c4 #cib ,bran* & log ladd]s1 #cdi ,pellet b[1 #fbd ,pemmican1 #egc ,p5cils & /ock :ip h&les1 #bbe ,p5etration ( rifle balls1 #ag ,p5 trap1 #fga ,p]* bolts1 to repair1 #aig ,p]cussion caps & _! sub/itutes1 #bdj ,p]p5dicul>1 on a giv5 po9t1 to erect1 #cbj ,pipes1 buckets1 c4 ( bamboo1 #ceh ,pi/ols1 #ah ,pit*+ t5ts1 #ee ,selection ( gr\nd =1 #ff ,pitfall1 #fdg ,plane table & its use1 #gce ,plank fall trap1 #ffd ,h\se1 #bgh ,raft]1 & slab bridges1 #cdb ,scre5s1 to make1 #bib ,plans = build+ mission *ur*es1 #cja ,planta9s1 cid]1 #ecc ,planta9s = food1 #ecc ,plants hold+ wat]1 #ejd1 #ebb ,sap z sub/itute = wat]1 #dia ,yield+ sap z a sub/itute = wat]1 #eaf1 #eah1 #eba ,plates1 lead1 to make1 #bbe ,mak+1 #bac ,plat=m boats1 connect+ beams1 ma/s1 c4 =1 #aad ,metal1 #ajg1 #aaj ,wood51 #aad ,plat=ms1 ,abyss9ian mule1 #cde ,plat9iz+ iron1 c41 #bjf ,pl\ghs1 native1 #cij ,settl]s'1 #cia ,pocket compass1 #bh ,h&k]*iefs1 #e ,po9ts 9 ! drom$>y1 #dhc ,( ! compass1 #fcc ,poison$ arr[s1 #fai1 #fbb ,cure ( w\nds f1 #fbj ,poisons1 #fhj ,& _! antidotes1 #hj ,pole *a9s1 #cce ,h\se1 ,fuegean1 #cji ,indian escape1 #cdg ,poles1 leap+1 #cdg ,repair+1 #bah ,porcup9e trap1 #feg ,porpoises1 cat*+1 #fab ,uses (1 #fac ,portable boat1 ,am]ican1 #aed ,boat ( inflat$ canvas1 #dh ,boat1 /eel1 #aff ,obs]vatory1 #bi ,tool *e/1 #dd ,portuguese build+s 9 ,africa1 #cje ,lamp1 #hd ,potato :iskey1 #ecd ,pots & pans1 #ga ,raft (1 #aej ,sug> mak+1 #edh ,p\ltice1 horse1 #gii ,p[d]-flasks1 #ai ,preci\s /ones1 to id5tify1 #bed ,prep>ation ( ,am]ican wild fruits1 #ecj ,laudanum1 #hjc ,manna1 #ebi ,sk9 = boots1 #dad ,pres]v+ birds1 #egd ,botanical specim5s1 #gga ,fi% roe1 eggs & butt]1 #ehc ,fle%1 #egb ,fl\r f weevils1 #eef ,iron f ru/+1 #bjg ,maize1 #efi ,milk1 #ehb ,natural hi/ory specim5s1 #gff ,sk9s1 #ggd ,pres]v$ vegetables1 #ehb ,prev5t+ a c&le f gutt]+1 #eef ,iron ru/+1 #bjg ,prev5tive & rem$y = mange1 #hjc ,( tsetse fly bite1 #fed ,prim+ caps1 to make1 #bdd ,pr9ciples ( raft build+1 #adg ,proas1 #ace ,procur+ aloe juice1 #hjb ,fire1 #ece1 #edj ,wat] f damp places1 #dib ,wat] f wells1 #dib ,produc+ fire1 #ece ,projection1 ,m]cator's1 mapp+ on1 #ged ,( r\tes1 #gea ,prong & crook h\se1 to build1 #bhd ,protect+ dead game1 #ffj ,pulleys or blocks1 #chc ,pump+ %ips1 #agf ,pumps1 extemporis$1 #eaf ,m9]s'1 to make1 #bff ,punk1 #ecg ,pur*ase ( horses & mules1 h9ts on1 #hjf ,purgative = animals1 #hjb ,purify+ wat]1 #ejg ,q4 ,quadrant1 #gdd ,quagga hide boat1 #ajb ,qualities ( gold1 #haj ,quantity & nature ( /ores requir$ by #ba m5 = #ah mon?s1 #df ,( ammunition to take abroad1 #ag ,qu>ry+ /one1 #bfc ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl& canoe1 #aeh ,que51 !1 #edd ,quicks&s1 extricat+ waggons f1 #ade ,r4 ,radiat+ heat p[] ( v>i\s bodies1 #haj ,raft]1 plank & slab bridges1 #cdb ,rafts1 ,am]ican life1 #afg ,cape-waggon *e/s z1 #adj ,f wreck$ %ips1 #ib ,inflat$ sk91 #aeb ,pot1 #aej ,pr9ciples ( build+1 #adg ,re$1 #ih ,s$ge grass1 #aej ,tr5nell$1 #adf ,rail splitt+1 #bgb ,railway lamp1 #hg ,ra9falls1 collect+ wat] f1 #ejd ,rais+ a ro(1 #bhg ,wat] f wells1 #ejh ,waggons1 c4 f quicks&s1 c4 #ade ,rakes1 =ks1 c4 f /icks1 #cia ,rations = "o man = six days1 #eff ,scale (1 = r\gh travell+1 #eei ,h9ts on s]v+1 #eei ,rav9es or riv]s1 to f9d ! wid? ( )\t in/rum5ts1 #cah ,r$uc+ dislocat$ %\ld]1 #fid ,re$ boat1 #ig ,h\ses1 scre5s & %$s1 #bic ,raft1 #ih ,reef+ ( sails f ! sides1 #agd ,reflect+ lamp1 #hg ,re9de] sl$ge1 #djf ,h>ness+1 #djf ,refractory mule1 to secure1 #dei ,region ( ! tsetse fly1 #feb ,rem$y = colic & gripes1 #hjb ,di>rhoea1 #gi ,fev]1 #gg ,irritat$ surfaces1 #hj ,mange1 #hjc ,sn[ bl9dness1 #gi ,/ra9s & contusions1 #gi ,remov+ b\ld]s1 #bfe ,obnoxi\s juices f fruits1 c41 #ebj ,s&1 c4 f gun locks1 #fi ,r5d] boats safe1 #ib ,repair+ axles1 #bag ,bladd]s1 wat] sk9s1 c41 #ghc ,bruis$ gun-b>rels1 #bbf ,cannon1 #bdc ,guns1 #aii ,leakage 9 wat] sk9s1 #dii ,muskets1 #bjh ,p]*-bolts1 #aig ,poles1 #bah ,vessels1 tempor>y1 #afh ,:eels1 #bah ,:eel-tires1 #aie ,reptiles z food1 #efj1 #efd ,re/s = guns1 c41 #cib ,rifle %oot+1 #bjc ,revolv]s1 #ah ,rew>d+ natives1 #dic ,rice1 boil+1 #efe ,rid+ & pack ox51 #fed ,saddles1 pack+ (1 #cg ,rifle balls1 p5etration (1 #ag ,= travell]s1 #bca ,re/s1 #bjc ,select+1 #aj ,sights1 #af1 #bja ,%ells1 extempore1 #bbf ,sport+1 #bca ,rifl+ arr[s1 #fbd ,rigs ( vessels1 #agb ,rio ,negro huts1 #cjg ,riv]s1 f]ry+ :eels ov]1 #add ,h9ts on =d+1 #cdd ,or rav9es1 to f9d ! wid? ( )\t in/rum5ts1 #cah ,pe>ls1 to f9d1 #bef ,wat] fl[1 measurem5t (1 #geg ,rivets1 #bac ,roads1 to make swamp1 #cag ,roadways1 cane & twig1 #cce ,roa/+ meat1 #eea ,rocket arr[s & gr5ades1 #bdf ,rod iron1 weight (1 #hji ,roll+1 c>ry+1 & p>buckl+ heavy sp>s1 #ceb ,ro(1 to raise a1 #bhg ,roots = food1 #ecc ,( lotus z food1 #efd ,yield+ sap z a sub/itute = wat]1 #eaf1 #eah1 #eba ,rope bridge1 ,indian1 #cda ,ca/+1 = horses1 #hja ,*a9 ladd]s1 #cdh ,h>d rove1 treatm5t (1 #gic ,hay1 #gib ,hide1 #ghd ,ladd]s1 #cdh ,mak+1 #gij ,mat]ials =1 #ghh ,pack1 #dfe ,/raw1 #gib ,/r5g? (1 to e/imate1 #gic ,weight (1 to e/imate1 #gic ,rucksacks1 #ghg ,rudd]s1 tempor>y1 #agh ,rue ruddy1 #cie ,rules = pass+ ?r\gh break]s1 #agf ,= sail+ boats1 #agg ,to be obs]v$ :5 sl$g+1 #dja ,ru% mats1 #bhc ,russian c>go boat1 #ajb ,r\tes1 projection (1 #gea ,s4 ,sabots & socks1 #dbh ,sacks1 ruck1 #ghg ,wat]1 sk91 #ghj ,saddles1 #cb ,& gun re/s1 #cib ,cases1 #cd ,clo?s1 #cc ,cross-tree1 #dfe ,pack1 #ce ,pack+ (1 #cg ,spani% pack1 #dfc ,sago cakes1 #eef ,mak+1 #ecb ,sail+ boats1 rules =1 #agg ,sails & _! sub/itutes1 #agb ,kites us$ z1 #ahb ,to reef f ! sides1 #agd ,sub/itutes =1 #agd ,samov>1 #ij ,s&als1 #dbf ,s&1 c4 f gun locks1 to remove1 #fi ,sap f timb]1 to extract1 #cee ,( plants z sub/itute = wat]1 #dia ,savages' huts1 #bgh ,saw-pit1 sub/itute =1 #bgd ,saws & drills1 #cgf ,scale ( rations = r\gh travell+1 #eei ,scal+ cliffs1 c4 kites =1 #ahe ,ladd]s1 ,indian1 #cdh ,sc>f+ ( brok5 sp>s1 #aha ,scissors1 #da ,scrap-iron1 uses =1 #aid ,scre5s1 ,*upp>1 #bid ,= c&les1 #hh ,plank1 #bib ,re$1 #bic ,scull+1 #acb ,sea-birds1 cook+1 #ehd ,sea-fi%1 cat*+1 #ehe ,season = cutt+ timb]1 #bgj ,seals1 h>poon+ "u ice1 #fjc ,season+ wood1 #cee ,second-h& guns1 h9ts on buy+1 #aa ,sections1 odd1 ( metal boats1 to jo91 #abe ,secur+ cattle1 #dfi ,fi% f alligators1 #eia ,gunp[d]1 mode (1 #cg ,horses1 #dgb ,horse = an op]ation1 #hjj ,t5t ropes1 modes (1 #fe ,se$s & roots ( lotus z food1 #efd ,s$ge grass raft1 #aej ,selection ( bullet m\lds1 #i ,gr\nd = t5t pit*+1 #ff ,guns1 #i ,iron articles1 #ddf ,rifles1 #aj ,s]vants1 #gjd ,s5tries1 h9ts =1 #cja ,s]vants & companions1 conduct to1 #gjb ,slaves1 h9ts on1 #gjd ,s]v+ rations1 h9ts on1 #eei ,settl]s' pl\gh1 #cia ,sett+ traps1 #ffe ,sextant & artificial horizon1 use (1 #gdc ,%$s1 re$1 #bic ,%ea? knives or bayonets1 #bjb ,%e>s to con/ruct bridge1 #ccf ,%eep kill+1 #efj ,%eet-copp] boat1 #ej1 #ea ,iron1 weight (1 #hjh ,metal1 to jo91 #baa ,metal1 snips = cutt+1 #bac ,%ells = rifles1 extempore1 #bbf ,( cocoa-nut1 use (1 #ebf ,%elves1 make%ift1 #bic ,%ip-bo>d1 fa/5+ camels on1 #dhi ,%ips1 rafts f1 #ib ,pump+1 #agf ,wat]-bags1 #dih ,%irts1 #d ,mak+1 #fif ,%oe canoe1 #afa ,%oe+ horses1 h9ts on1 #gih ,%oemak]'s wax1 #dae ,%oes & boots1 #f1 #dab ,sn[1 #djh ,%oot+ bu/>ds1 #fgj ,tortoises ) arr[s1 #fbd ,%ot belts1 #ai ,cannon1 #bbj ,cannon1 make%ift1 #bdf ,mak+1 #bbc ,m\lds1 #bbb ,signal clock1 #che ,fire z a1 #eci ,signall+ by means ( kites1 #ahd ,signs ( ! wea!r1 #ahe ,sight vane = levell+ /aff1 extemporis$1 #gcg ,sight+ guns1 #bjj ,sights1 gun1 #bja ,rifle1 #af1 #bja ,silkworm gut1 #eii ,s9k+ wells1 #eac ,skates & _! sub/itutes1 #daa ,sket*+ & pa9t+1 "u difficulties ( travel1 #gaf ,skidor1 ,norwegian1 #daj ,skiff ( copp] or iron1 #aah ,sk9s z food1 #eeg ,boat1 #ajj ,cattle boat1 #ii ,dress+1 #ggi ,float = "o man1 #aed ,floats1 #ii ,prep>ation (1 = boots1 #dad ,sleep+ bags1 #ghf ,treatm5t1 #ggd ,use (1 #ghd ,wat]1 #dif ,wat]1 & bladd]s1 repair+1 #ghc ,wat]1 repair+ leakage 91 #dii ,wat] sacks1 #ghj ,slab plank & raft] bridges1 #cdb ,slaught]+ %eep1 #efj ,slaves & s]vants1 h9ts on1 #gjd ,sl$ges1 atta*m5t ( /raps =1 #cii ,dim5sions1 #cid ,dog1 #cif1 #djd ,draw+1 #cie ,equipm5t (1 #cii ,esquimaux1 #cih ,field artill]y1 #djf ,h>ness = dog1 #cif ,h9ts on1 #dja ,horse1 #dje ,ice bo>d1 #djc ,log =1 #cii ,re9de]1 #djf ,runn]s (1 to smoo?1 #cih ,spe$ (1 to *eck1 #djj ,/opp+1 #djj ,summ]1 #djh ,tobogun1 #djc ,travail1 #djd ,:ip1 #cig ,sleep+ bags1 #ghf ,sl+s = guns1 #ci ,sl[ mat* & t9d]1 #ecg ,slugs1 mak+1 #bbc ,smelt+ iron ore1 #beh ,lead ore1 #bbh ,smi?'s tools = travell+1 #bjh ,smok+ out wild bees1 #ecg ,smoo?+ r\gh5$ runn]s ( sl$ges1 #cih ,snakes z food1 #efj ,bites1 c41 #hb ,sn>es1 #fgc ,snat* block1 #che ,snips = cutt+ %eet metal1 #bac ,sn[-bl9dness1 & its rem$y1 #gi ,hut1 #cab ,%oe-boots1 #daj ,%oes1 #djh ,soap mak+1 #ghe ,socks & sabots1 #dbh ,& /ock+s1 #e ,s(t5+ brass1 #baj ,solids1 ,weight (1 #hji ,sore backs1 #gii ,feet1 #dcj ,spani% pack saddle1 #dfc ,spawn1 fi%1 pres]v+1 #ehc ,sp>s1 c>ry+1 roll+1 or p>buckl+1 #ceb ,sc>f+ or fi%+ ( brok51 #aha ,spe>+ fi%1 #fjg1 #fjh ,spe>s1 ,au/ralian1 #faf ,fi%1 weirs & dams1 #eif ,?r[+1 ,au/ralian1 #faf ,turtle1 #fag ,specim5s1 botanical1 collect+1 #gfd ,botanical1 pack+ & pres]v+1 #gga ,geological & m9]alogical1 collect+1 #gga ,natural hi/ory1 collect+1 #gfc ,natural hi/ory1 pres]v+ & pack+1 #gff ,spe$ ( a sl$ge1 to *eck1 #djj ,sp9n+ hay & /raw ropes1 #gib ,_s f milk1 #ecd ,splic+1 #gig ,spl9ts1 surgical1 #fia ,splitt+ logs1 #edc ,rails1 #bgb ,timb]1 #bga ,spoons1 ladles1 & _! sub/itutes1 #bbg ,spoor+1 #fbh ,sport+ rifles1 #bca ,spr+ guns1 #fef ,spurs1 #cd ,squ>e1 to make a1 #cbj ,squirrel trap1 #ffc ,/ables1 tempor>y1 #bid ,/ages at ,i*aboe1 guano1 #ccg ,/&s = in/rum5ts1 #gch ,/eam+ log1 #ceg ,/eel boat1 portable1 #aff ,mak+1 #bei ,traps1 #ffe ,/e]+ :eel1 to make1 #cgb ,/]n-po/s1 tempor>y1 #aha ,/icks1 =k$1 uses (1 #chh ,/ill1 make%ift1 #did ,/irrups1 #cd1 #chj ,/it*+ boots1 #dba ,/ock+s & socks1 #e ,/ock-:ip h&les & lead p5cils1 #bbe ,/one hut1 #bhj ,qu>ry1 #bfc ,treatm5t (1 #bfd ,weapons1 manufacture (1 #fbe ,weight1 !1 #haj ,/opp+ leaky boats1 #ia ,/ores1 c4 requir$ by #ba m5 = an #ah mon?s' exp$ition1 #df ,f>ri]s' & horse m$ic9es1 #hd ,/oves1 ,norwegian1 #eeh ,/ra9s1 rem$y =1 #gi ,/raps = sl$ges1 atta*m5t (1 #cii ,/raw & hay ropes1 sp9n+1 #gib ,/r5g? ( ropes1 to e/imate1 #gic ,v>i\s bodies1 #hab ,/ret*]s1 palanqu9s1 c41 #fhb ,/rike-a-light or ,*uckmuck1 #ecg ,/ripp+ b>k = canoes1 mode (1 #aef ,f trees1 #ghi ,sug> cane or oil mill1 #edf ,mak+1 #edf ,maple1 #ebh ,palm1 #ebe ,pots1 mak+1 #edh ,summ] sl$ges1 #djh ,t5ts1 ,esquimaux1 #cae ,supple jack1 #cib ,surgical b&ages1 #fhi ,spl9ts1 #fia ,swamp roads1 to make1 #cag ,swimm+ to a lee %ore1 kite z an assi/ance 91 #ahc ,sw+ & ladd]1 m9]s'1 #cdg ,sw++ d]rick1 #cdi ,swivels1 wood5 & o!r1 #cfa ,symptoms ( fev]1 #gg ,tsetse fly bite1 #fec ,t4 ,table necess>ies1 #gj ,plane1 & its use1 #gce ,tables1 altitudes1 #gdb ,heat conduct+ bodies1 #hji1 #haj ,mapp+1 #gee ,quality ( gold1 #haj ,radiat+ heat p[] ( bodies1 #haj ,/r5g? ( v>i\s bodies1 #hab ,tro*eamet]1 #gbi ,velocity1 #hjh ,weight ( rod iron1 #hji ,weight ( %eet iron1 #hjh ,weight ( solids1 #hji ,tack+ by means ( kites1 #ahd ,tackle1 fi%+1 mak+1 & h9ts on1 #ehc ,tailor's "w1 #fif ,tak+ bees' ne/s1 #ehj ,tana trap1 #ffd ,tann+ sk9s1 #ggi ,taps & dies = bolts & nuts1 #aih ,t>t> bridges1 #cbh ,hut1 #bid ,tea1 uses (1 #egj ,tee? ( draught animals & _! irregul>ities1 #hje ,temp]+ tools1 #bjd ,tempor>y repairs ( vessels1 #afh ,rudd]s1 #agh ,/ables1 #bid ,/]n-po/s1 #aha ,wigwam1 #bgg ,t5dons1 use (1 #ghd ,t5te d'abri1 #eg ,t5ts1 ,au/ralian1 #ei ,belt1 to increase size (1 #fa ,blanket1 #ei ,cape-waggon1 #ei ,d'abri1 #eg ,esquimaux1 #cae ,extempor>y1 #fj ,fitt+ up (1 #fa ,gipsy1 #eg ,lanc]s'1 #eh ,l9+ to old huts1 #fa ,or tilt = ,cape waggons1 #acj ,patrol1 #ee ,pegs1 #fd ,pit*+1 #ee ,pit*+1 selection ( gr\nd =1 #ff ,ropes1 modes ( secur+1 #fe ,umbrella1 #fg ,us$ 9 ,crimea1 #fb ,te/+ fire>ms1 #ac ,te/s = m9]als & metals1 #bfj ,= wr\ght or malleable iron1 #ddg ,?at*es = h\ses & huts1 #bhe1 #bhh ,!odolite1 #gde ,!rmomet]s1 #bf ,?+s to be ?\ght ( :5 design+ a boat1 #aje ,?orn wrea?1 cat*+ de] )1 #fbd ,?read = boot mak+1 #dbj ,?r[+ a horse1 #hjj ,oil on tr\bl$ wat]s1 #agf ,tight5+ h>ness1 #dfe ,/r+ ( b[1 #fbb ,tilt or t5t = ,cape waggons1 #acj ,timb]1 extraction ( sap1 #cee ,fell+1 #bfh ,h>d5+1 #ceg ,logg+-up1 #bfi ,season+1 #cee ,splitt+1 #bga ,/eam+1 #ceg ,vice = hold+1 #aff ,:5 to cut1 #bgj ,"t1 e/imation (1 #gdj ,guns1 #bch ,t9 cases1 utilisation (1 #bab ,t9d] & sl[ mat*1 #ecg ,t9n+ copp] & iron1 #baj ,tip-up1 #fjb ,tires ( :eels1 to repair1 #aie ,tobogun sl$ge1 #djc ,toddy1 palm1 #ebd ,tools1 *e/1 portable1 #dd ,c>p5t]'s1 #da ,= m9+1 #beb ,hold-all1 conv5i5t =m (1 #dc ,smi?'s1 = travell+1 #bjh ,temp]+1 #bjd ,to take abroad1 #dd ,tor*es1 #hi ,hold]1 #eee ,torres ,/raits boats1 #afb ,tortillas1 #edd ,tortoises1 %oot+1 ) arr[s1 #fbd ,t\rniquets1 #fie ,track+1 #fbh ,transportation ( fle%1 h9ts on1 #egf ,traps1 arr[1 #feg ,aquatic bird1 #fge ,baits =1 #ffg ,be>1 #ffc ,bird1 #fgc ,blackcock1 #fgb ,de]1 #fei ,elk1 #feh ,fall1 #ffb ,figure ( f\r1 #ffc ,fi%1 basket1 #eie1 #eig ,fox1 #ffd ,hook1 #ffd ,iron1 #ffe ,m>t91 #ffb ,oneida1 #ffe ,p51 #fga ,plank fall1 #ffd ,porcup9e1 #feg ,sett+ (1 #ffe ,squirrel1 #ffc ,tana1 #ffd ,turkey1 #fga ,trapp+ amphibi\s animals1 #fff ,h9ts on1 #fff ,travail sl$ge1 #djd ,travel1 h9ts on1 #gaa ,pa9t+ & sket*+ dur+1 #gaf ,travell]1 mak+ & work+ a1 #eid ,travell]s1 geology =1 #bej ,libr>y =1 #bi1 #ca ,treat+ fat1 #ghd ,treatm5t ( app>5tly dr[n$ p]sons1 #ahh ,fly infe/$ animals1 #hjd ,h>d rove rope1 #gic ,sk9s1 #ggd ,/one1 #bfd ,tree footways1 #ccj ,trees1 l>*1 #ceh ,/ripp+ b>k f1 #ghi ,^: bases are accessible1 to f9d ! height ( )\t in/rum5ts1 #cba ,yield+ manna1 #ebi ,tre5ails1 mak+1 #cbf ,tr5nel$ rafts1 #adf ,tre/le bridge1 ,*9ese1 #cdc ,trimm]s & ligg]s1 #eia ,trimm+ & fil+ up aft] =g+1 #aid ,tripp+ a grapnel or creep]1 #fjc ,tro*eamet]1 #gbg ,tables1 #gbi ,tr\ghs1 cattle1 = dr9k+1 #dic ,tr\s]s1 #d ,mak+1 #fif ,trunks1 bullock1 #h ,tsetse-fly1 #fej ,prev5tive ( bite1 #fed ,region ( !1 #feb ,symptoms ( bite1 #fec ,tubes ( inflat$ canvas1 boat fitt$ )1 #agj ,turkeys1 cat*+1 #fgj ,traps1 #fga ,turn+ :eel naves1 #cgj ,turtle spe>s1 #fag ,twi/+ fi%+ l9es1 #eih ,ropes1 #gij ,two-:eel$ drays1 ,au/ralian1 #ded ,u4 ,umbrella t5t1 #fg ,union l9ks1 #dfb ,unspik+ cannon1 #bdc ,use ( bladd]s1 #ghc ,horns1 bones1 t5dons1 fi% sk9s1 c41 #ghd ,plane table1 #gce ,sextant & artificial horizon1 #gdc ,waggon :eels 9 t5ts1 #fc ,useful roots = food1 #ecc ,uses ( bamboos1 #ceh ,b>k1 #ghi ,b5t wood1 #chj ,cocoa-nut palms1 #cfj ,=k$ /icks1 #chh ,hippopotami1 #faf ,porpoises1 #fac ,scrap & hook iron1 #ajd ,tea1 #egj ,utilisation ( t9 cases1 #bab ,v4 ,vaal ,riv] hut1 #bha ,vane1 sight1 extemporis$ = levell+ /aff1 #gcg ,v>iation ( ! compass1 to asc]ta91 #gcb ,v>i\s foods1 #eff ,vegetables & fruit1 #efg ,food1 #efc1 #efg ,pres]v$1 #ehb ,vehicles1 :eel$1 measur+ di/ances travell$ by1 #gbf ,velocity table1 #hjh ,vessels dur+ calms1 ,admiral ,bel*]'s exp$i5t = mov+1 #age ,rigs (1 #agb ,tempor>y repairs (1 #afh ,vices & anvils1 extempore1 #aig ,= hold+ timb]1 #aff ,village & f>m1 to =tify1 #bih ,v9eg>1 ,palm1 #ebe ,w4 ,wads & c>tridges = cannon1 #bdc ,walls1 to build1 #bia ,waggons & o!r :eel$ vehicles1 #dcb ,arobas1 #dda ,au/ralian two-:eel$1 #ded ,buik1 #dcg ,buy1 #big ,cape1 #dcc ,cape w9e1 #ddj ,equipm5t1 #ddf ,float+1 #add ,f quicks&s1 c4 to extricate1 #ade ,load = ,cape1 #dec ,indian gh>rie1 #dda ,h9ts on matt]s connect$ )1 #ddf ,horse & mule1 #ddb ,make%ift1 #dch ,wilson 7,am]ican71 #ddc ,wai/coats1 #d ,wat*1 #bi ,key1 to make a1 #bjd ,wattle on hurdle "w1 #chb ,wattl$ boat1 #abe ,wat] & ! sap ( plants1 #dia ,bags1 %ips'1 #dih ,baskets = hold+1 #ejj ,bladd]s & panni]s = hold+1 #dii ,boil+ )\t pots1 #eec ,calaba%es1 horns1 & egg %ells = hold+1 #dih ,c>ry+1 #die1 #ejj ,casks1 to emb>k1 #cgi ,clock1 #gda ,collect+ f ra9falls1 #ejd ,dew collect+1 #eah1 #ebc ,di/ill+1 #did ,filt]s1 #eja1 #ejc1 #ejf ,f9d+1 #dic ,flasks1 copp]1 #die ,f damp places1 procur+1 #dib ,f wells1 procur+1 #dib ,glass1 ! deep1 #ahg ,9 camel's /oma*1 #dhg ,inte/9es = hold+1 #ejj ,level1 sub/itute =1 #gch ,locality =1 #dia ,pails & sk9s1 #dif ,plants hold+1 #ejd1 #ebb ,sub/itute1 plants & roots yield+ sap z a1 #eaf1 #eah1 #eba ,p[] :eels1 #eaa ,purify+1 #ejg ,rais+ f wells1 #ejh ,remov+ impurities1 #eje ,sacks1 sk9s1 #ghj ,sk9s & bladd]s1 repair+1 #ghc ,sk9s & pails1 #dij ,sk9s1 repair+ leakage 91 #dii ,transport1 canoe1 #dif ,wat]fl[ ( riv]1 measurem5t (1 #geg ,wat]+ cattle1 #dic ,wat]pro(+1 #ahf ,wat]sp\t baskets1 #ejj ,wax1 %oemak]s'1 #dae ,weapons1 /one1 manufacture (1 #fbe ,wea!r signs1 #ahe ,weevils1 pres]v+ fl\r f1 #eef ,weight ( rod iron1 #hji ,( rope1 to e/imate1 #gic ,( %eet iron1 #hjh ,weirs1 dams1 & fi% spe>s1 #eif ,weld+ iron1 #aib ,wells1 mak+ extempore1 #dib ,procur+ wat] f1 #dib ,rais+ wat] f1 #ejh ,s9k+1 #eac ,:ale boat1 #faj ,:al+1 #faj ,:eel$ c>riages1 measur+ di/ances travell$ by1 #gbf ,:eels1 drags =1 #ddc ,horizontal1 application ( w9d p[] to1 #eab ,9 t5ts1 use (1 #fc ,mak+ or build+1 #cff1 #cga ,ov] riv]s1 f]ry+1 #add ,repair+1 #aie ,sub/itute = a1 #dde ,tires1 to repair1 #aie ,wat] p[]1 #eaa ,:eel$ vehicles1 #dcb ,:ip h&les & lead p5cils1 #bbe ,sl$ge1 #cig ,:iskey1 ,potato1 #ecd ,:ite ants1 locu/s & o!r insects1 & _! l>v z food1 #efb ,wicks = lamps1 #he ,wid? ( riv]s or rav9es1 to f9d )\t in/rum5ts1 #cah ,wigwam1 bo>d1 #bgd ,tempor>y1 #bgg ,wild animals1 obs]vation ( habits (1 #ggc ,bees1 to smoke out1 #ecg ,fruits ( ,am]ica1 #ecj ,w9d p[] to horizontal :eel1 application (1 #eab ,w9dlasses1 #cgc ,wom]a1 #fag ,wood1 b5t1 #chj ,extraction ( sap1 #cee ,floats1 #ii1 #afc ,h>d1 #ceh ,h>d5+1 #ceg ,season+1 #cee ,/eam+1 #ceg ,wood5 b[ls1 #cic ,d+ey1 build+ a1 #abc ,plat=m boat1 mat]ials =1 #aaa ,swivels1 #cfa ,work+ a nave aug]1 #cgf ,ott]1 #eic ,travell]s1 #eid ,trimm]s & ligg]s1 #eia ,w\nds1 dress+ =1 #gc ,f poison$ arr[s1 cure (1 #fbj ,o9tm5t =1 #hjb ,on camels' backs1 #hjj ,wrapp]s z blankets1 #df ,wrea?s1 ?orn1 cat*+ de] )1 #fbd ,wreck$ %ips1 rafts f1 #ib ,wrecks1 ,fl\r f1 #eeg ,wr\ght or malleable iron1 te/ =1 #ddg ,y4 ,yoke1 pail1 #cia ,yok+ & h>ness+ draught ox51 #deb1 #ded1 #dee ,z4 ,zemb\rcks or drom$>y artill]y1 #bde ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,horace ,,cox4 #cdf1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 #cdf1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 ,,! ,,art ( ,,skat+1 conta9+ _m figures nev] previ\sly describ$2 ) ,illu/rations1 ,diagrams1 & pla9 ,directions = ! acquirem5t ( ! mo/ difficult & elegant movem5ts4 ,by ,,george ,,&]son 7,cyclos71 = _m ye>s ,presid5t ( ! ,glasg[ ,skat+ ,club4 ,9 l>ge #hvo4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 limp clo? gilt4 ,po/ free #bs4 #h;d4 ,,reports on ,,salmon ,,ladd]s1 ) orig9al ,draw+s1 ,plans1 & ,sections4 ,by ,,francis ,,francis4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,angl]',s ,,di>y & ,,fi%]man',s ,,guide to ! ,riv]s & ,lakes ( ! ,_w2 to :i* is add$ ,=ms = ,regi/]+ ! ,description1 ,weight1 c41 ( ! ,fi% caught dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 cr[n #dto4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 clo?1 or po/ free = tw5ty /amps4 ,,facts & ,,useful ,,h9ts relat+ to ,,fi%+ & ,,%oot+ 7pr(usely ,illu/rat$ & ) a copi\s ,index72 be+ a ,collection ( ,in=mation & ,recipes ( all descriptions1 ( ! greate/ utility to ! g5]al ,sportsman1 to :i* is add$ a s]ies ( ,recipes on ! ,managem5t ( ,dogs 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,vol4 ,i4 ( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$ & revis$4 ,9 l>ge po/ #hvo4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,h\se3 ,a ,collection ( ,useful ,in=mation & ,recipes1 adapt$ to ! c\ntry g5tleman & 8 h\sehold1 & ( ! greate/ utility to ! h\sekeep] g5]ally4 ,illu/rat$1 & ) copi\s ,index4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$ & revis$4 ,9 l>ge po/ #hvo4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,,! ,,f>m3 be+ ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,,second ,,edition ( ! ,,f>m1 ,,g>d51 ,,/able1 & ,,avi>y4 ,its cont5ts w be f\nd especially valuable to ,c\ntry ,g5tlem51 ,f>m]s1 c4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,,! ,,g>d53 be+ ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,,second ,,edition ( ! ,,f>m1 ,,g>d51 ,,/able1 & ,,avi>y4 ,! cont5ts are adapt$ z a book ( ref]5ce = all amateur g>d5]s4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,a ,,ye> ,,( ,,lib]ty2 or1 ,salmon ,angl+ 9 ,irel&1 f ,feb4 #a to ,nov4 #a4 ,be+ a ,description ( & ,guide to ! be/ ,salmon ,angl+ ,/ations 9 ,irel&4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 giv+ full p>ticul>s = ,six ,angl+ ,t\rs4 ,by ,,william ,,pe>d1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,9 l>ge po/ #hvo4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,,practical ,,falconry3 to :i* is add$1 ,h[ ,i became a ,falcon]4 ,by ,,gage ,e4 ,,freeman1 ,m4,a4 7,p]egr9e ( ,,! ,,field74 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,l>ge po/ #hvo4 ,price #es4 clo?4 ,,! ,,arts ( ,,r[+ & ,,tra9+2 conta9+ complete ,in/ructions on ,le>n+ to ,r[--,on ! ,physical prep>ation ( ,o>sm5 & ,scull]s--& on ! ,managem5t ( ,regattas4 ,an ,app5dix gives ! ,laws ( ,boat-rac+1 ,qualifications1 c4 ,by ,,argonaut4 ,9 small #hvo4 ,price #ds4 clo? gilt4 ,po/ free #ds4 #b;d4 ,,! ,,rail & ! ,,rod2 or1 ! ,t\ri/-,angl]'s ,guide to ,wat]s & ,qu>t]s #cj miles r\nd ,london4 ,by ,,greville ,,f5nell4 ,nos4 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 ready1 price #as4 ea*2 9 clo?1 #as4 #f;d42 po/ free #b;d4 extra4 ,no4 #a4 ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,railway4 ,no4 #b4 ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway4--,n4,b4 ,?is numb] conta9s p>ticul>s ( ! fi%+1 c41 = a fur!r di/ance ( #cc miles1 mak+ a total ( #fc miles f ,london4 ,no4 #c4 ,,s\?-,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,or ! ?ree b\nd 9 "o1 price #ds4 clo?4 ,no4 #d4 ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,railway4 ,price #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,riv]',s ,,side2 or1 ,,tr\t & ,,grayl+1 & ,h[ to cat* ,!m4 ,by ,sir ,,r&al ,,rob]ts1 ,b>t4 7,illu/rat$47 ,9 small #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 clo? gilt4 ,po/ free #cs4 #h;d4 ,,! ,,dogs ( ! ,,briti% ,,isl&s2 _! ,hi/ory & ,*>act]i/ics1 ) ! ,op9ions ( v>i\s ,bre$]s ( ,note4 ,edit$ by ,,/oneh5ge4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,9 cr[n #dto1 on ton$ pap]4 ,price #afs41 h&somely b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 gilt edges4 ,,! ,,silkworm ,,book2 or1 ,,silkworms ,,anci5t & ,,mod]n1 ,,_! ,,food & ,,mode ( ,,managem5t4 ,?is "w treats ( all ! kn[n k9ds ( silk-produc+ worms1 ! food t %\ld be giv5 !m1 & ! way !y %\ld be manag$4 ,x is well illu/rat$ ) engrav+s ( ! cat]pill>1 mo?1 & cocoon ( ! ,oak-leaf ,silkworm 7! ,yama ,mai71 ! ,ailan?us1 c41 & illu/rations descriptive ( ! app>atus1 c41 us$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! worms1 & ! prep>ation & w9d+ (f ( ! silk f ! cocoons4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,"l1 ,r4,a4 ,9 demy #hvo4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 clo? gilt4 ,po/ free #bs4 #h;d4 ,,ask ,,any ,,travell] ,,^: ,,wat]pro(s ,,are ,,! ,,be/4 ,,cord+',s4 ,!y h be5 prov$ = sev]al ye>s1 & are ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o h us$ !m to be ! be/ & only ones to be reli$ on ,,9 ,,all ,,climates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,id/one ,,boot 7,,regi/]$71 z sugge/$ & recomm5d$ by ,,id/one ,,( ,,! ,,field1 well adapt$ = all purposes ( ,,camp ,,life1 ,,fi%+1 ,,%oot+1 ,,hunt+1 c41 ,,manufactur$ ,,only ,,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,cord+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cord+',s ,,ya*t+ ,,boots1 ,,coats1 ,,& ,,tr[s]s ,,are ,,highly ,,approv$4 ,,fi%+ ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,boots ,,& ,,/ock+s4 ,see ,sport+ ,life1 ,jan4 #bg? & ,sept4 #a/1 ,l& & ,wat]1 ,m>* #bnd1 ,/&>d1 ,july #ab?1 & ,p>is ,times1 ,sept4 #a/4 ,,life ,,belts1 ,,air ,,b$s4 ,,compressible ,,spong+ ,,ba?s ,,= ,,travell]s4 ,,box-,,gig ,,& ,,dog-,,c>t ,,aprons4 ,,ori5tal ,,dreadn\ght ,,coat4 ,,ladies' ,,wat]pro(s4 ,,portable ,,boats4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,caution4--,all ,g5u9e ,goods are /amp$ ) ! ,"n1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,cord+1 #bca1 ,,/r&1 ,,temple ,,b>1 ,,london4 ,,e/abli%$ ,,ov] ,,fifty ,,ye>s4 ,,edw>d ,,london1 ,,gun ,,& ,,rifle ,,mak]4 ,,c5tral ,,fire ,,bree*-,,load]s4 ,,d\ble-,,grip ,,snap-,,action ,,bree*-,,load]s4 ,,self ,,half-,,cock+ ,,bree*-,,load]s4 ,,s+le-,,b>rel ,,bree*-,,load]s4 ,,rifles1 ,,milit>y ,,sport+4 ,,muzzle-,,load]s ,,conv]t$4 ,,swords ,,( ,,all ,,patt]ns4 ,,repairs ,,( ,,e ,,description1 ,,& ,,all ,,articles ,,necess>y ,,= ,,sportsm5 ,,& ,,riflem54 #ea1 ,,london-,,wall1 ,,london4 ,,arms ,,& ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,wild ,,c\ntries4 ,,! ,,explor]',s ,,room1 #ff & #fg1 ,,cornhill1 has be5 by ,messrs4 ,,silv] & ,,co4 e/abli%$ 9 ord] t (fic]s dep>t+ on =eign s]vice1 explor]s1 mission>ies1 & emigrants1 may1 )\t ! ne$less exp5diture ( valuable "t1 select f c>efully-*os5 /ores e article ( equipm5t requir$ to meet ! exig5cies ( ,camp ,life1 ,travel1 or ,exploration4 ,among/ o!r requisites w be f\nd ,fire>ms ( ! mo/ approv$ =ms ( con/ruction4 ,,! ,,settl]',s ,,d\ble ,,gun1 design$ by an old hunt]1 & con/ruct$ expressly = r\gh & ready "w 9 wild c\ntries4 ,x is a muzzle-load] ( #aa-;bore1 weight #ilb41 is #b;ft4 #f;94 9 ! b>rels1 & %oots ei!r ball or %ot4 ,9 its production elaborate f9i% & ornam5tation h be5 disp5s$ )1 9 ord] t ! b>rels & locks may be ( good & reliable quality4 ,price #gl4 ,^! guns are only to be obta9$ at ! ,explor]'s ,room4 ,no gun s nam$ is g5u9e unless m>k$ on ! heel plate ) ! trade m>k ( ! firm4 ,,! ,,settl]',s ,,d\ble ,,rifle1 a companion gun to ! above4 ,illu/ration3 tradem>k ,! ,naturali/'s ,collect+ ,gun1 ,revolv]s1 ,hunt+ ,knives1 ,axes1 c4 ,! ,explor]'s ,tool ,*e/ & ,portable ,tool ,box4 ,! ,explor]'s ,te/ ,case1 ) its accompany+ ,key to ,=tune 9 ,new ,l&s1 by ! aid ( :i* ! preci\s metals1 m9]als1 & gems may be id5tifi$4 ,fi%+ ,tackle1 ,beads1 & o!r articles ( b>t] ) wild tribes 9 great v>iety4 ,t5ts ( ! be/ patt]ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t5ts1 ,saddl]y1 ,tools1 ,cook+ ,ut5sils 7includ+ ! ,pat5t ,norwegian ,cook+ ,app>atus or ,travell]'s ,kit*571 ,in/rum5ts1 ,fi%+-ge>1 & articles = b>t] ) ,wild ,tribes1 always on view 9 ! ,explor]'s ,room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,w4 ,s4 ,co4's ,circul>1 publi%$ mon?ly1 conta9s late/ colonial news1 prices ( provisions1 rates ( wages1 /ati/ics1 %ipp+ in=mation1 c4 ,,circul> ,,notes 7,s4 ,w4 ,,silv] ,,co4',s71 9 triplicate1 payable 9 all ! colonies4 ,colonial ,pap]s fil$4 ,directories & ,almanacs = ref]5ce4 ,g5]al in=mation suppli$4 ,li/ ( necess>ies = voyage4 ,goods %ipp$ & w>eh\s$4 ,passages secur$4 ,insurances effect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,w4 ,,silv] ,,co41 #ff #fg1 ,cornhill1 & #b1 #c1 #d1 ,bi%opsgate ,)91 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,& at #d1 ,norfolk-/reet1 ,,man*e/]4 ,,/eam ,,mills1 ,,limeh\se1 ,e4 ,9 po/ #hvo41 clo?1 price #es4 ,,! ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,a ,,game ,,pres]v]4 ,by ,,deadfall ( ,,! ,,field4 ,,vol4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 po/ #hvo41 clo?1 price #es4 ,,popul> ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,=ms ,,( ,,life4 ,,compris+3 ,i4 ,,! ,,protophyton4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,protozoon4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,coel5t]ata4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,vol ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,field ,,libr>y4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,bree1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,au?or ( ! ,birds ( ,europe1 c41 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 demy #hvo41 clo? gilt1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,croquet ,,tactics1 ,,) ,,illu/rative ,,col\r$ ,,figures1 ,,& ,,diagrams ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,croquet ,,/rokes4 ,by ,,walt] ,,jones ,,:itmore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,horace ,,cox1 #cdf1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,crane1 #c1 ,,royal ,,ex*ange1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,c5tral-,,fire ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,guns1 ,,rifles1 ,,& ,,revolv]s1 ,,on ,,! ,,mo/ ,,approv$ ,,pr9ciples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,crane',s ,,unit$ ,,s]vice ,,revolv] 7,,on ,,! ,,c5tral-,,fire ,,pr9ciple74 ,illu/ration3 ,,crane's ,,unit$ ,,s]vice ,,revolv]4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,c>tridge ,,section ,,( ,,c>tridge ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,c>tridge ,9 our rem>ks on ! new ,bree*-load+ ,revolv] manufactur$ by ,mr4 ----1 we notic$ z important defects1 fir/1 ! fact t occasionally a missfire occurs2 & secondly1 t ! drag on ! base ( ! dis*>g$ copp] cases is sometimes a s]i\s ob/acle to ! revolution ( ! *amb]s4 ,s9ce t "t we h _h submitt$ to u = trial by ,mr4 ,,crane1 ( #c1 ,royal ,ex*ange1 ,london1 a ,revolv] tak+ a c5tral-fire c>tridge1 :i* completely does away ) ^! objections4 ,!re is no great novelty 9 ! plan adopt$1 x be+ made up ( ! be/ p>ts ( v>i\s well-kn[n pi/ols2 b1 z a :ole1 x1 9 our op9ion1 approa*es v closely to absolute p]fection4 ,! bore is ! same z ---- l>ge/ size1 #ddb1 :ile ! weight is a qu>t] ( a p\nd less--,,crane',s new ,revolv] weigh+ #blb4 #doz4 aga9/ #blb4 #hoz4 z 9 ----4 ,! ignition is exactly on ! same pr9ciple z ! c5tral-fire %ot cases n[ 9 g5]al use1 ! missfires f :i* are c]ta9ly n m ?an "o 9 a ?\s&1 & probably n s high4 ,9 addition to ?is advantage1 9 consequ5ce ( ! bl[ ( ! hamm] be+ giv5 on ! c5tre ( ! base1 aft] ! explosion takes place ! empty case is driv5 =w>d f ! face ( ! false bree*1 & n ! slighte/ gr9d or drag occurs 9 ! revolution4 ,we h %ot #ej r\nds )\t a missfire2 b ( c\rse1 ?is te/ w\ld n be suffici5t ( itself4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! caps1 anvil1 c41 are exactly simil> to ^? :i* h be5 successfully te/$ 9 ! field dur+ ! la/ two seasons1 we ne$ n discuss t "q4 ,mr4 ,,crane has succe$$ 9 regulat+ ! action s nicely t1 ev5 :5 us+ ! self-cock+ process1 we h be5 able to make v fair practice ) 8 pi/ol4 ,we give an engrav+ ) a section ( ! ball1 :i* we und]/& is likely to be adopt$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,x is manufactur$ by ! ,messrs4 ,eley1 & we believe w be sold at ab\t ! same price z ! rim-fire c>tridge1 viz41 #gs4 or #hs4 p] #ajj4 ,altoge!r we c /rongly recomm5d ?is ,revolv]1 especially z x is to be sold1 z soon z x c be suppli$ 9 suffici5t numb]s1 at #d #ajs41 9 oak case complete4 ,revolv]1 d\ble-action2 l5g? ( b>rel1 #f;942 total l5g? ( b>rel & cyl9d]1 #g-a_/b;942 weight1 #b-a_/dlb42 bore #dej4 ,,price ,,9 ,,case1 ,,) ,,turnscrew ,,& ,,clean+ ,,rod1 #d #ajs42 ,,c>tridges1 #gs4 ,,p] ,,hundr$4 ,,crane',s ,bree*-load+ ,p9 & ,c5tral-fire ,%ot ,guns & ,rifles are well kn[n = _! simplicity1 /r5g?1 & effici5cy4 ,by ! use ( ,crane's metal ,bree* !y may be conv]t$ into ,muzzle-load]s 9 a mom5t4 ,prices ( ,%ot ,guns1 ,c5tral-fire1 #bj1 #be1 & #ce gu9eas4 ,p91 #ab to #cj gu9eas4 ,rifles1 #be to #de gu9eas4 ,bree*-load+ ,sport+ ,c>b9es1 on ! ,snid] pr9ciple1 to take ! regulation ,c>tridge1 f #e gu9eas4 ,bree*-load+ ,rifles = small game1 bores #cbj & #ddj1 range #bcjyds41 #h gu9eas4 ,if fitt$ ) extra set ( f9e globe & disc sights1 range #ejjyds41 #a gu9ea extra4 ,! #ddj is conv]tible to a ,muzzle-load] by ins]t+ a metal ,bree*4 ,smi? & ,wesson's1 ,trant]'s1 ,adams's1 & all o!r ,revolv]s4 ,=eign ord]s to be accompani$ by a remittance or ,london ref]5ce4 ,,contracts ,,= ,,milit>y ,,arms ,,& ,,/ores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,crane1 #c1 ,,royal ,,ex*ange1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,li/s ,,on ,,application4 ,,c5tral-,,fire ,,guns ,,& ,,rifles4 ,illu/ration ,e4 ,m4 ,,reilly ,,co4 ,beg to acqua9t g5tlem5 t !y h always on h&1 = ,home & ,=eign use1 a l>ge assortm5t ( _! approv$ ,,direct ,,action ,,c5tral-,,fire ,,guns1 rang+ f #ae to #ce ,gu9eas4 ,,rifles on same pr9ciple = ,l>ge ,game 9 ,india1 ,africa1 c42 adapt$ = r\nd & %ell bullets1 ) heavy *>ges = l[ trajectory2 accuracy gu>ante$2 prices rang+ f #ce to #ej gu9eas4 ,,p9-,,c>tridge ,,guns ,,& ,,rifles ,,9 ,,great ,,v>iety4 ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,capsule ,,revolv]s1 f #ees4 to #acjs4 ,,air ,,canes1 c4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,price ,,li/s ,,on ,,application4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,reilly ,,& ,,co41 ,,gun-,,manufactur]s1 #ejb1 ,new ,ox=d-/reet1 ,london4 ,,bran* ,,e/abli%m5t3 #b1 ,,rue ,,scribe1 ,,p>is4 ,,adams',s ,new ,pat5t ,d\ble ,action ,illu/ration ,c5tral-,fire ,bree*-,load+ ,,revolv]1 ,z adopt$ by ,h4,m4 ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ( ! f9e/ ,london ,manufacture1 & w>rant$4 ,,sole ,,manufactur]s ,,by ,,/eam ,,ma*9]y4 ,,adams',s ,,pat5t ,,small ,,arms ,,company1 #cia1 ,,/r&1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4--,,john ,,adams1 ,manag+ ,director4 ,contractors to ,h4,m4 ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,c>tridges specially design$ = ! above by ,col4 ,box]1 ,r4,a41 ,*ief ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,laboratories1 ,woolwi*4 ,bree*-load+ ,rifles1 ,guns1 & ,appurt5ances ( all ,k9ds4 ,,?is ,,company ,,is ,,n[ ,,conv]t+ ,,! ,,s]vice #ed-;,,gauge ,,revolv]s ,,to ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,= ,h4,m4 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1 c4 ,prospectuses & ,li/s ( ,prices to be obta9$ on application4 ,see ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,july #bb & ,nov4 #bc1 #ahfh2 ,eng9e]1 ,jan4 #a1 ,may #g1 & ,july #ah1 #ahfh4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s errors & omissions ( punctuation h be5 correct$1 z not$ 9 ! table bel[4 ,mo/ obvi\s spell+ errors1 :]e ! pr9t] 0 ! likely s\rce1 h be5 correct$ z well4 ,! _m fractions 9 ! text are repres5t$1 = consi/5cy1 z1 = in/ance1 #b-b_/c = two & two ?irds4 ,! ,dut* or ,afrikaans 'rems*o55' 7brake%oes7 appe>s on pp4 #ade-adf z 'reim-s*o5s' & 're9-s*oems'4 ,?\gh ! =m] is m ne>ly correct1 bo? are reta9$4 ,! ^w 'mattress' is spell$ m frequ5tly 'mattrass'4 ,bo? are reta9$4 ,on pp4 #ahg-ahh1 ! quot$ passage beg9n+ ,i h _h a little exp]i5ce444 has no clos+ quote4 ,x is presum$ t x ends ) ! p>agraph1 & ! quotation m>k has be5 add$4 ,on p4 #bae1 ! f9al clos+ p>5!sis ( phrase end+ ?\gh _m o!r v>ieties may be us$7 is unmat*$4 ,ei!r ! entire phrase 0 meant to be p>5!tical1 or ! punctuation itself is un9t5tional4 ,x has be5 remov$1 9 any case1 z unnecess>y4 ,9 ! table = #i-p\nd] brass field guns on p4 #bda1 ! l5g? ( fuse = an elevation ( #e is pr9t$ z #j4 ,x is mo/ likely t ?is is a mispr9t ( #aj4 ,on p4 #deg1 ! phrase :e!r ! traces are ( rope *a9 or lea!r may be miss+ a comma4 ,x is n obvi\s :at a rope *a9 might be4 ,on p4 #egc1 ! passage 444:5 x is n adopt$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! fle% ( ! buffalo1 or bison1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica t ( ! dome/ic1 or r half-wild1 ox1 is us$444 seems mispunctuat$4 ,x is likely t ! passage %\ld read3 444:5 x is n adopt$4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! fle% ( ! buffalo4444 ,! six column table ,table ( ,altitudes on p4 #gdb has be5 reconfigur$ to f\r columns to limit its wid?4 ,z 9 ! orig9al1 ! f9al values ( ea* pair ( columns is repeat$ 9 ! fir/ r[ ( ! second pair1 etc4 ,?is 0 done to facilitate its use accord+ to ! in/ructions t foll[ x4 ,! v wide table ( gold quality ar\nd ! _w on p4 #haa et seq4 has be5 re=mat$ to fit ! size con/ra9ts ( ?is v]sion4 ,9 ! ,index1 ! major topic 0 repeat$ on ea* column or page break4 ,^! h be5 remov$1 & ! punctuation & capitalization regul>iz$4 ,"o lapse 9 ! alphabetic sort ord] 0 correct$4 ,a semi-colon sep>ator is us$ twice1 ) ! two items on ! same l9e4 ,^! are reta9$4 ,! hyph5 9 comp\nd words :i* appe>$ on a l9e break has be5 remov$ if t =m is mo/ common else:]e 9 ! text4 ,! foll[+ li/ describes any obvi\s pr9t]'s errors t 7 detect$1 & ! resolution ( ea*4 p4 #bh 9 cases where ! l& int]v5es ,add$4 p4 #fc arrangem5t ,add$4 p4 #aed ! spong+ ba? w\ld c>ry #aijlb4 ,add$4 p4 #bae ?\gh _m o!r v>ieties may be us$7 ,remov$4 p4 #bef ,fig4 #bb4 ,b]yl ,add$4 p4 #deg ! traces are ( rope *a9 or lea!r sic p4 #dhf ,egpy_/ypt ,transpos$4 p4 #ebg ,mauril_/tia flexuosa ,correct$4 p4 #fdb m>sk_/ksman ,transpos$4 p4 #fec te/acles sic p4 #ffj indulgo_/e ,correct$4 p4 #gje or w y be %ot8 ,add$4 take ! flogg+ (fh&4 ,add$4 ! s++ ( x4 ,add$4 p4 #gaf transportation ,add$4 p4 #gbe ,v5etian ,add$4 p4 #gdd ,dr4 ,liv+stone's ,add$4 p4 #ghd ,:5 fat is to be /or$ up ,add$4