,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by & h n be5 exp&$4 ,subscripts 9 *emical =mulae are d5ot$ by eg ,,co#b4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,briti% ,,botany ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration3 7,publi%] colophon7 ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,london3 ,,william ,,wesley ,,son1 #bh1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,john ,hutton ,balf\r 7#ahgh7 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,briti% ,,botany ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,biographies ,,by ,,liv+ ,,botani/s ,edit$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,,oliv] ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiac ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,preface ,! orig9 & scope ( ! pres5t book w be f\nd fully indicat$ 9 ! ,introduction1 s t x is n ne$ful to ref] to !m "h4 ,"o *ange 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( ! "w has be5 made dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! press1 viz4 ! inclusion ( an additional *apt] f ! p5 ( ,pr(4 ,f4 ,o4 ,b[] deal+ ) ! life ( ! late ,sir ,joseph ,hook]4 ,our vet]an botani/ pass$ away on ,dec4 #aj1 #aiaa1 9 8 #ie? ye>1 & 9 him botany loses its out/&+ p]sonality z well z its pr9cipal l9k ) ! pa/4 ,! hi/ory ( botany 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! ,victorian p]iod1 :5 x comes to be writt51 mu/ ( necessity be wov5 ar\nd ! life ( ?is great man4 ,= ! excell5t index to ! book ! read] is indebt$ to ,dr ,e4 de ,fra9e1 ^: c>e & good judgm5t 9 ?is matt] w be fully appreciat$4 ,f4 ,w4 ,o4 ,octob]1 #aiab ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction #a ,rob]t ,morison #afbj-afhc & ,john ,ray #afbg-agje4 ,by ,sydney ,h[>d ,v9es #h ,nehemiah ,grew #afda-agab4 ,by ,agnes ,arb] #dd ,/eph5 ,hales #afgg-agfa4 ,by ,francis ,d>w9 #fe ,john ,hill #agaf-agge4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,hill #hd ,rob]t ,br[n #aggc-aheh4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,f>m] #ajh ,sir ,william ,hook] #aghe-ahfe4 ,by ,f4 ,o4 ,b[] #abf ,john ,/ev5s ,h5sl[ #agif-ahfa4 ,by ,george ,h5sl[ #aea ,john ,l9dley #agii-ahfe4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,keeble #afd ,william ,griffi? #ahaj-ahde4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,lang #agh ,ar?ur ,h5frey #ahai-ahei4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv] #aib ,william ,h5ry ,h>vey #ahaa-ahff4 ,by ,r4 ,lloyd ,praeg] #bjd ,miles ,joseph ,b]keley #ahjc-ahhi4 ,by ,george ,massee #bbe ,sir ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t #ahag-aija4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,bottomley #bcc ,william ,craw=d ,williamson #ahaf-ahie4 ,by ,duk9field ,h4 ,scott #bdc ,h>ry ,m>%all ,w>d #ahed-aijf4 ,by ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy] #bfa ,a sket* ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,botany 9 ,ed9burgh f #afgj until #ahhg4 ,by ,isaac ,bayley ,balf\r #bhj ,sir ,joseph ,dalton ,hook] #ahag-aiaa4 ,by ,f4 ,o4 ,b[] #cjb ,,index #cbd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,to face p4 ,frontispiece4 ,john ,hutton ,balf\r 7#ahgh74 ,i4 ,rob]t ,morison #h ,,ii4 ,great ,gate ( ! ,physic ,g>d51 ,ox=d #ah ,,iii4 ,john ,ray #bh ,,iv4 ,nehemiah ,grew 7#agja7 #dd ,v4 ,plate f ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun1 #afgb #dh ,,vi4 ,facsimile ( a page f ,! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,trunks1 ,nehemiah ,grew1 #afge #eb ,,vii4 ,f ,grew's ,anatomy4 ,%ewe? ! ,p>ts ( a ,goosb]ry4 ,"p ( a ,v9e ,bran* cut transv]sly1 & splitt half way d[ne ye midle #ef ,,viii4 ,/eph5 ,hales 7#agei7 #fe ,,ix4 ,plate #ah f ,hales's ,vegetable ,/aticks #hb ,x4 ,john ,hill #hd ,,xi4 ,rob]t ,br[n 7circa #ahef7 #ajh ,,xii4 ,sir ,william ,jackson ,hook] 7#ahcd7 #abf ,,xiii4 ,john ,/ev5s ,h5sl[ 7#ahea7 #aea ,,xiv4 ,john ,l9dley 7#ahdh7 #afd ,,xv4 ,william ,griffi? 7#ahdc7 #agh ,,xvi4 ,f ,griffi?'s ,notulae4 ,m$ian section ( ! ovule ( ,cycas4 ,nucell> apex ( ,cycas ) poll5 *amb] & poll5 gra9s #ahh ,,xvii4 ,william ,h5ry ,h>vey #bjd ,,xviii4 ,miles ,joseph ,b]keley #bbe ,,xix4 ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t #bcc ,,xx4 ,h5ry ,)am ( ,l>t+ton4 #bdc ,,xxi4 ,william ,craw=d ,williamson 7#ahgf7 #bdf ,,xxii4 ,vascul> sy/em ( /em ( ,lepidod5dron selag9oides 9 transv]se section #bej ,,xxiii4 ,root ( ,calamites 7,a/romyelon ,williamsonis7 9 transv]se section #bed ,,xxiv4 ,cone ( ,calamo/a*ys ,b9neyana2 sporangia & sporangiophores #bef ,,xxv4 ,h>ry ,m>%all ,w>d 7#ahie7 #bfa ,,xxvi4 ,sir ,joseph ,dalton ,hook] 7#ahfh7 #cjb ,text-fig4 p4 #gg4 ,figure f ,vegetable ,/aticks %[+ a v9e ) m]cury gauges 9 place to demon/rate root pressure4 ,,introduction ,! pres5t volume repres5ts 9 some:at exp&$ =m a c\rse ( lectures arrang$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,/udies 9 ,botany ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london & deliv]$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( #aiaa 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,^! lectures1 :i* 7 t5 9 numb]1 7 widely att5d$ by advanc$ & po/-graduate /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,! t5 lectures compris$ 9 ! c\rse 7 deliv]$ by v>i\s botani/s1 ! lectur] 9 ea* case be+ ei!r a work] 9 ! same field z1 or 9 "s o!r way hav+ a special qualification to deal )1 8 allott$ subject4 ,9 view ( ! int]e/ ar\s$ by _! deliv]y ! hope f\nd wide expression t ! lectures might be issu$ 9 book =m4 ,at ! "t :5 ! arrangem5ts 7 be+ made = publication ! ,univ]sity ( ,london ,press _h n yet rea*$ ! publi%+ /age1 s hospitality _h to be s\ght else:]e4 ,t ! book is issu$ f ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press is l>gely due to ! good (fices ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d4 ,9 cons5t+ to publi% ,! ,mak]s ( ,briti% ,botany ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press sugge/$ t "s additional *apt]s %\ld be prep>$ s t ! "w might be m fully repres5tative4 ,?is has be5 done s f> z 0 possible 9 ! "t available4 ,! sixte5 *apt]s =m+ ! book include 7#a7 ! t5 lectures1 :i* are pr9t$ ess5tially z !y 7 deliv]$1 7#b7 six additional *apt]s specially writt5 "u ! circum/ances j m5tion$4 ,z a rule ea* *apt] w be f\nd to deal ) a s+le ,botani/2 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s4 ,9 ! =m] ,pr(4 ,v9es has l9k$ toge!r ,morison & ,ray1 ! f\nd]s ( ,sy/ematic ,botany 9 ?is c\ntry1 :il/ 9 ! la/ ,pr(4 ,bayley ,balf\r has exp&$ :at 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a sket* ( 8 fa!r1 ! late ,pr(4 ,j4 ,hutton ,balf\r1 into a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! ,ed9burgh *air f ! ye> #afgj almo/ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! subjects treat$1 ! au?ors & ! ord] ( arrangem5t are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,subject ,born ,di$ ,au?or ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99,rob]t ,morison #afbj #afhc ,pr(4 ,s4 ,h4 ,v9es1 ,f4,r4,s4 99,john ,ray #afbg #agje 99,nehemiah ,grew #afda #agab ,mrs ,arb] 99,/eph5 ,hales #afgg #agfa ,francis ,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s4 ,john ,hill #agaf #agge ,t4 ,g4 ,hill 99,rob]t ,br[n #aggc #aheh ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,f>m]1 ,f4,r4,s4 99,sir ,william ,hook] #aghe #ahfe ,pr(4 ,f4 ,o4 ,b[]1 ,f4,r4,s4 99,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ #agif #ahfa ,! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,h5sl[ ,john ,l9dley #agii #ahfe ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,keeble 99,william ,griffi? #ahaj #ahde ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,lang1 ,f4,r4,s4 99,ar?ur ,h5frey #ahai #ahei ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv]1 ,f4,r4,s4 99,william ,h5ry ,h>vey #ahaa #ahff ,w4 ,lloyd ,praeg] ,! ,rev4 ,miles ,b]keley #ahjc #ahhi ,george ,massee ,sir ,joseph ,gilb]t #ahag #aija ,pr(4 ,w4 ,b4 ,bottomley 99,william ,craw=d ,williamson#ahaf #ahie ,dr ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,h>ry ,m>%all ,w>d #ahed #aije ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,pr(essors #afgj #ahhg ,pr(4 ,i4 ,bayley ,balf\r1 ,f4,r4,s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99 ,0 ! subject ( a lecture 9 ! ,univ]sity ,c\rse4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s deal ) ! f\nd]s ( ,briti% ,botany1 ,,morison & ,,ray 9 ! sy/ematic field1 ,,grew1 ! plant anatomi/1 & ,,hales ! physiologi/4 ,^! are pione]s & ! names ( ,ray1 ,grew1 & ,hales mu/ always rema9 illu/ri\s 9 ! annals ( ,botanical ,sci5ce4 ,,john ,,hill1 ) all 8 v]satility1 belongs to ano!r plane1 b 8 inclusion "h is ju/ifi$ on hi/orical gr\nds1 by ! prom95t "p he play$ 9 mak+ kn[n ! me?od ( ! great ,sw$i% sy/emati/ ,l9naeus1 a me?od :i* took deep root & gave an imm5se /imulus to sy/ematic /udies 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,,rob]t ,,br[n we h ! greate/ botani/ ( 8 day1 = ?irty ye>s keep] ( ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is d\btful if any great] intellect ?an ,br[n's has ev] be5 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,botanical ,sci5ce4 ,,sir ,,william ,,hook] 0 ! fir/ ,director ( ,kew1 & "u 8 g5ial adm9i/ration ! f\ndations ( t great in/itution 7 mo/ truly laid4 ,born "u ! /> ( ,l9naeus1 8 own rese>*es lay 9 ! sy/ematic field--m especially among ! ,f]ns & ,bryophytes4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,h5sl[ 0 = _m ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,cambridge1 b x is 8 life z ,rector ( ,hit*am 9 ,suffolk t f9ds special prom95ce 9 ! int]e/+ ,memoir :i* =m$ ! subject-matt] ( 8 son's lecture4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( 8 educational me?ods w be read ) int]e/ 9 ^! days :5 ,nature ,/udy has be5 sprung on ! _w z a new ?+4 ,,john ,,l9dley 0 a man ( ! mo/ amaz+ en]gy & 8 sci5tific output 0 prodigi\s4 ,?\gh he atta9$ high di/9ction 9 _m fields ( ,botany1 be+ an accompli%$ ,sy/emati/ & ,palaeobotani/1 probably 8 greate/ s]vice 0 on ! sci5tific side ( ,horticulture4 ,consid]+ ! scale ( production1 ! "w ( ,l9dley ma9ta9s a rem>kably high level4 ,x is record$ ( him t he nev] took a holiday till he rea*$ ! age ( #eb4 ,8 0 ! dom9ant p]sonality 9 ,botany ( ! e>ly & mid-,victorian era4 ,,william ,,griffi? _h ! en]gy & p[] ( endurance ( ,l9dley1 "u ^: influ5ce he came4 ,tra9$ to ! practice ( m$ic9e he took s]vice "u ! ,ea/ ,india ,company :]e he 0 able to devote ! priceless int]vals betwe5 8 (ficial duties to botanical travel1 collect+1 & ! morphological inve/igation ( ,indian plants4 ,! results ( 8 brief b rem>kable c>e] are embodi$ ma9ly 9 8 volum9\s illu/rat$ notes :i* 7 publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #aheb4 ,! "n ( ,griffi? has be5 happily l9k$ ) t ( ,treub1 8 brilliant successor 9 our own times4 ,,ar?ur ,,h5frey belong$ to a v diff]5t type4 ,compell$ by ill-heal? to ! life ( a recluse1 8 %ort life 0 ma9ly devot$ to mak+ kn[n 9 ,engl& ! great discov]ies ( ! ,h(mei/]ian epo*4 ,to ,h5frey belongs ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ ( our c\ntrym5 to recognise ! full significance ( ! new morphology1 ! g5]al recognition ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he did n live to see4 ,h5frey 0 an extremely compet5t all-r\nd ,botani/ ^: s+le-m9d$ devotion to 8 subject %\ld n be all[$ to fall into oblivion4 ,,william ,,h5ry ,,h>vey is a repres5tative ( a num]\s class among ! foll[]s ( ,botany 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a man ( great p]sonal *>m & high culture1 he 0 attract$ into ! subject f ! love ( collect+4 ,8 special field 0 t ( ! ,m>9e ,algae1 9 :i* he /ood unrivall$4 ,h>vey 0 an exquisite del9eator ( ! seawe$s ( :i* he 0 s en?usia/ic a /ud5t4 ,! memoir1 bas$ on 8 j\rnals & lett]s1 :i* 0 publi%$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 is a book well wor? read+ = its intimate sket*es ( ! naturali/s ( 8 day & ! vivid notes on 8 ext5d$ travels 9 ! colonies & else:]e4 ,,miles ,,joseph ,,b]keley1 l 8 contempor>y ,h>vey1 0 a cryptogamic botani/4 ,he 0 a volum9\s contributor to ! sy/ematic lit]ature ( ! ,fungi ov] a p]iod ( fifty ye>s1 z well z be+ a pione] 9 ! field ( plant pa?ology4 ,! sy/ematic collections accumulat$ dur+ 8 long life =m "o ( ! glories ( ! ,kew ,h]b>ium4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,h5ry ,,gilb]t',s outlook on plants 0 entirely diff]5t f t ( any ( ! =ego+4 ,he reg>d$ ! plant ess5tially z ! *emical (fspr+ ( ! environm5t to :i* x 0 expos$4 ,8 life 0 devot$ to ! /udy ( soils & crops 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,john ,lawes4 ,to ^! classic inve/igations c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$1 ,gilb]t br\ght ! tra9$ skill ( ! *emi/4 ,,william ,,craw=d ,,williamson 0 a great all-r\nd naturali/ ( ! ,victorian p]iod ^: "w z a ,zoologi/ ga9$ him high di/9ction long be=e 8 att5tion became s]i\sly conc5trat$ ^u 8 fam\s /udies into ! /ructure ( ! fossil plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,?\gh ^! rese>*es 7 pursu$ )\t any m>k$ contempor>y enc\ragem5t1 at any rate until ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life1 ! field 9 :i* ,williamson 0 s en?usia/ic a pione] has s9ce 8 "t be5 g5]ally recognis$ z ( ! fir/ importance--m especially 9 its be>+ ^u ! p$igree ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,to-day1 no bran* ( ,botany has m recruits or is m vigor\sly pursu$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an t ( ,palaeobotany1 & s long z ! sci5ce rema9s w ! memory ( ,williamson be gre54 ,,h>ry ,,m>%all ,,w>d belongs to a g5]ation y\ng] ?an any ( ! =ego+4 ,8 /ud5t days co9cid$ ) ! r5aissance ( ,botany 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury1 & com+ "u ! influ5ce ( ,huxley1 ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,v9es & o!rs1 ,w>d e>ly reveal$ himself z an ard5t inve/igator4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s he devot$ 8 rem>kable en]gies to a s]ies ( connect$ rese>*es be>+ broadly on ! nutrition ( ! ,fungi & alli$ organisms ) especial ref]5ce to ! relation%ips betwe5 ho/ & p>asite4 ,! notice ( 8 c>e] :i* appe>s 9 ?is volume is f ! p5 ( ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]4 ,rec5tly pr9t$ 9 ! ,obitu>y ,notices ( ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 we are indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ! au?or & ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society = p]mission to include x "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a book l ! pres5t1 ! "w ( a l>ge numb] ( di/9ct contributors1 x is evid5t t no cont9u\s or homog5e\s treatm5t ( ! hi/ory & progress ( ,botany 9 ?is c\ntry is possible4 ,judg$ ev5 z a s]ies ( essays or /udies ( repres5tative m51 ,! ,mak]s ( ,briti% ,botany w n escape criticism1 s long z special ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,prie/ley1 ,cav5di% & ,snbi] f9ds no place 9 its pages1 n to m5tion su* obvi\s omissions z ,knight1 ,daub5y & ,b5?am4 ,^! omissions h n be5 delib]ate & x w no d\bt be possible to repair !m %\ld a second edition ( ! "w be call$ =4 ,! case ( ,*>les ,d>w9 is diff]5t4 ,ap>t f ! "w = :i* he is mo/ fam\s1 ,d>w9 0 a great inve/igator ( ! movem5ts ( plants & ( ! biology ( fl[]s4 ,z ?is aspect ( ,d>w9's "w has receiv$ adequate treatm5t 9 ! rec5t c5t5>y volume publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press#a1 x has n seem$ necess>y on ! pres5t occasion to trav]se ! gr\nd aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read] ( ,! ,mak]s ( ,briti% ,botany w judge1 & we ?9k rightly1 t ,botany has _h its ups & d[ns 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,engl& 0 contribut+ h] full %>e to ! f\ndation & advancem5t ( ! subject4 ,9 ! field ( ,sy/ematic ,botany ,ray1 at any rate1 left 8 p]man5t influ5ce z a taxonomi/1 :il/ 9 ,plant ,anatomy1 ! (fspr+ ( ! newly inv5t$ microscope1 ,grew divid$ ! hon\rs ) 8 brilliant contempor>y ,malpighi4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,/eph5 ,hales 0 c>ry+ out ! fam\s exp]im5ts :i* are embodi$ 9 8 ,vegetable ,/aticks1 entitl+ him to be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! ,fa!r ( plant physiology4 ,not)/&+ s admirable a beg9n+1 ! next c5tury 0 almo/ a blank4 ,! essay on ,john ,hill s]ves to illu/rate ! /]ility ( ?is p]iod4 ,! dom9ant influ5ce 9 ,botany 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 t ( ,l9naeus1 ^: g5ius z a taxonomi/ gave ! mo/ wond]ful impulse to ! /udy ( ,botany t x has ev] receiv$4 ,%orn ( its accumulat$ dead-weight ( nom5clature1 ! simplifi$ ,botany ( ,l9naeus took deep root 9 ?is c\ntry & "h = a c5tury x reign$ supreme z a s\rce ( inspiration4 ,f$ on unlimit$ collections ( plants f all p>ts ( a gr[+ ,empire1 x is h>dly surpris+ t a great ,briti% s*ool ( ,sy/ematic ,botany l$ by ,rob]t ,br[n1 ! ,hook]s1 ,l9dley & ,b5?am %\ld h aris54 ,:at is rem>kable is ! almo/ exclusive p]si/5ce ( ?is bran* ( ,botany = m ?an a g5]ation aft] ! e/abli%m5t & recognition ( o!r dep>tm5ts on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,:il/ we made a %r9e = ! ,l9naean collections1 s f> z we 7 conc]n$ ,grew & ,hales might nev] h liv$2 ev5 ! rational & sci5tific morphology creat$ by ,h(mei/] 9 ! =ties ( la/ c5tury fail$ to deflect u f our c\rse6 ,x 0 only 9 ! lat] sev5ties t ! ,new ,botany came to ,engl&1 :i!r x 0 import$ f ,g]many4 ,= a :ile1 z 0 to be expect$1 our ,univ]sities 7 kept busy 9 tra9+ /ud5ts 9 ! mod]n "w & 9 ! conduct ( inve/igations 9 ! fields ?us op5$4 ,) acclimatisation c]ta9 di/9ctive bran*es :i* may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic h come to ! front4 ,^! include m especially ! /udy ( anatomy 9 its phylog5etic aspects ) :i* is closely l9k$ t ( ! palaeozoic fossils1 s ri*ly repres5t$ 9 "s ( our coal-fields z to con/itute a virtual monopoly4 ,! pres5t wide-spread revival ( int]e/ 9 palaeobotany is 9 no small measure attributable to ,williamson1 :o1 9 spite ( disc\ragem5t1 kept ! subject alive till ! mod]n movem5t 0 firmly en\gh e/abli%$ to take up 8 "w4 ,ano!r productive field has be5 t ( ! nucle> cytology ( bo? high] & l[] plants1 :il/ physiology1 especially on ! *emical side1 has atta9$ pre-em95ce4 ,on pres5t indications x is to be expect$ t 9 ! ne> future physiology w receive mu* m att5tion ?an hi!rto1 p>tly z an inevitable reaction f ! field ( pure /ructure1 & p>tly because ( its fundam5tal importance 9 relation to agriculture4 ,nor is ?is ! only bran* t %\ld be greatly /imulat$ by ! =w>d movem5t 9 ,agriculture t is n[ j beg9n+ to be felt4 ,! sci5ce ( plant bre$+1 too long neglect$ by ! c\ntrym5 ( ,d>w91 has be5 pursu$ ) mu* success = a decade1 & has already rea*$ ! produc+ /age 9 respect ( new & improv$ races ( agricultural plants4 ,! y\nge/ bran* ( ,botany is ,ecology or ! /udy ( vegetation 9 relation to habitat--p>ticul>ly soil 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,?is dep>tm5t deals ) ! recognition & di/ribution ( ! diff]5t types ( plant community 9 relation to topography & ! factors--*emical1 physical & biologic--:i* det]m9e ?is di/ribution4 ,ecology has ! great m]it ( tak+ its foll[]s into ! field1 :]e !y are confront$ ) a wide range ( problems n hi!rto reg>d$ z /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( ! botani/4 ,at ! same "t x exacts ! mo/ critical acqua9tance ) ! m9utiae ( ! taxonomi/1 s t a new sph]e ( usefulness is op5$ to ! sy/emati/4 ,ecology %\ld h a great "p to play 9 help+ to break d[n ! fronti]s :i* h too long t5d$ to sep>ate ,botany f ! o!r sci5ces1 & ! ma9t5ance ( :i* is n 9 ! true int]e/s ( ! subject4 ,,footnote3 #a ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,,rob]t ,,morison ,,& ,,john ,,ray #afbj-afhc #afbg-agje ,,by ,,sydney ,,h[>d ,,v9es ,e>ly sy/ems ( classification--,!ophra/us--! ,h]bali/s--,cesalp9o's ,de ,plantis--,casp> ,bauh9's ,p9ax ,!atri ,botanici--,,morison--n>rative--,botany at ,ox=d--! g>d5 e/abli%$--,jacob ,bob>t ! eld]--,morison's ,hi/oria ,plant>um--completion by ! y\ng] ,bob>t--p]sonal *>act]i/ics--,morison's works--! ,praeludia--! ,halluc9ationes--! ,dialogus--pr9ciples ( me?od 9 8 ,plant>um ,umbellif]>um ,di/ributio ,nova--po/hum\s publication ( ,sy/em--indebt$ness to ,cesalp9o--,l9naeus' e/imate ( ,morison--,,ray--n>rative--fir/ attempt at a ,sy/em--qu>rel ) ,morison--! ,me?odus ,nova--,dicotyl$ones & ,monocotyl$ones--,l9naeus' criticisms--lat] ,sy/ems--! ,fr5* s*ool--,morison & ,ray comp>$4 ,! lit]ature ( ,botany c be trac$ back to a q respectable antiquity1 to ! p]iod ( ,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd-cbb7 :o seems to h be5 ! fir/ to write ( plants f ! truly botanical po9t ( view4 ,un=tunately1 8 special treatise on plants-- ,greek3 !ria p]i phytn--is lo/2 & al?\gh !re are _m botanical passages scatt]$ ?r\gh\t 8 o!r writ+s 7:i* h be5 collect$ by ,wimm]1 ,phytologiae ,ari/otelicae ,fragm5ta1 #ahcf71 yet none ( !m gives any indication ( :at 8 ideas ( classification may h be54 ,an e*o ( !m is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! works ( 8 fav\rite pupil1 ,!ophra/us ,eresius 7,b4,c4 #cga-bhf71 :o among all 8 fell[s 0 ! mo/ successful 9 pursu+ ! botanical /udies t !y _h begun "u ! guidance ( ! ma/]4 ,!ophra/us left beh9d him two important1 ?\gh incomplete1 treatises on plants1 ! olde/ t h surviv$3 ! m famili> ,lat9 titles ( :i* are ,de ,hi/oria ,plant>um & ,de ,causis ,plant>um4 ,! latt] is ess5tially physiological1 t\*+ ^u agriculture to a c]ta9 ext5t3 ! =m] is ma9ly morphological1 /ructural1 descriptive1 & x is "h t ! fir/ attempt at a classification ( plants is to be f\nd4 ,9 writ+ ! ,hi/oria1 ,!ophra/us 0 endeav\r+1 z a ,greek philosoph] r ?an z a botani/1 to give acc\nt ( plants2 & 9 ord] to d s he f\nd x necess>y to arrange !m 9 "s k9d ( ord]4 ,seiz+ ^u obvi\s ext]nal features1 he di/+ui%$ 7,lib4 ,i4 cap4 #e7 & def9$ ,tree1 ,%rub1 ,und]%rub & ,h]b1 giv+ examples2 add+1 h[ev]1 t ! def9itions are to be accept$ & und]/ood z typical & g5]al1 = "s may seem p]haps to deviate f !m4 ,simple z 0 ?is mode ( arrangem5t1 ,!ophra/us fur!r simplifi$ x 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 by treat+ trees & %rubs z "o gr\p1 & und]%rubs & h]bs z ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i ,rob]t ,morison 7,rob]tus ,morison7 ,qu ,morisone viro potuit cont+]e major ,gloria1 ,ponium quam sup]asse g5us8 ,ipse tibi palmam ,phbus conc$it ,apollo1 ,laureaque e/ capiti qulibit h]ba tuo4 ,ar*ibaldi ,pitcairne ,m4,d4 ,x may seem1 at fir/ sight1 s+ul> t a lecture purport+ to discuss ! /ate ( sy/ematic botany 9 ,engl& dur+ ! #ag? c5tury %\ld beg9 ) a ref]5ce to ! botany ( ! ,greeks4 ,! explanation is t ! elem5t>y classification introduc$ by ,!ophra/us p]si/$ ?r\gh\t ! #ag? c5tury2 ! use ( ! gr\ps ,trees1 ,%rubs1 & ,h]bs came to an end only 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 ) ! adv5t ( ,l9naeus4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible1 b x is a fact1 t ! lapse ( ! ne>ly #bjjj ye>s t sep>at$ ,!ophra/us f ,morison m>k$ no mat]ial advance 9 ! sci5ce ( classification4 ,botanical works1 :5 !y 7 some?+ m ?an comm5t>ies on ,!ophra/us or ,dioscorides1 took cognizance ( little else ?an ! prop]ties1 m$ic9al or o!rwise1 ( plants1 & _! economic uses4 ,a gr[+ p]ception ( ! ess5tial resemblances obs]vable among plants c be trac$1 h[ev]1 9 ! lat] ,h]bals1 z !y became less m$ical & economic & m def9itely botanical4 ,?us1 9 ! well-kn[n "w ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s 7,fu*sius71 ,de ,hi/oria ,/irpium ,comm5t>ii1 #aedb1 ! plants are describ$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 )\t any ref]5ce to _! mutual relation4 ,b 9 ,kyb]'s edition ( ,j]ome ,bock's 7,tragus7 ,de ,/irpium ,nom5clatura1 etc41 ,comm5t>iorum ,libri ,tres1 publi%$ 9 #aeeb 7) a preface by ,conrad ,gesn]71 !re is an attempt at a gr\p+ ( plants1 ?\gh no pr9ciples are enunciat$ & no names are giv5 to ! gr\ps1 :i* result$ 9 ! br++ toge!r ( labiate1 legum9\s1 gram9e\s & umbellif]\s h]bs4 ,! ,cruydtboeck ( ,remb]t ,dodo5s 7,dodonaeus71 #aeed1 m>ks mu* ! same /age ( progress1 :]eas ! ,nova ,/irpium ,adv]s>ia ( ,pi]re ,p5a & ,mat?ias de l',obel 7,lobelius71 issu$ 9 #aegj1 is a di/9ct /ep 9 advance4 ,"h "s idea is incid5tally giv5 ( ! pr9ciples t h be5 foll[$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! plants1 b /ill no "n is atta*$1 z a rule1 to ! result+ gr\ps4 ,! "w beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! h]bace\s plants :i*1 9 mod]n t]m9ology1 are monocotyl$on\s3 & at ! end ( ! section 7p4 #fe7 de l',obel ?us expla9s :at he has done3--,hact5us comp>5do quot potuimus plant>um g5]a1 qu>um effigies et naturae ord9is consequutione ita sibi mutuo ha]]5t1 ut et facillime nosc]5tur et memoriae m&>5tur1 a ,gram9eis1 ,segetibus1 ,h>und9ibus1 ad ,acoros1 ,irides1 ,cyp]os1 h9cque ,asphodelos bulborum tuniceorum ,caepaceorumve naturam praet]vecti sumus4 ,crucif]\s1 c>yophyllace\s1 labiate & umbellif]\s h]bs are also segregat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w3 & ! legum9\s h]bs are br\ght toge!r into a def9ite gr\p1 ,alt]um ,frugum g5us nempe gram9is ,trifolii et ,legum9um1 :i* is really ! orig9 ( ! mod]n ,n4 ,o4 ,legum9osae3 ?\gh a few altoge!r =eign species1 su* z species ( ,oxalis1 ,anemone ,hepatica1 ,jasm9um fruticans ,l41 & species ( ,?alictrum1 are includ$ among ! trifoliate =ms1 & ,dictamnus ,frax9ella among ! ,legum9osa4 ,! ,/irpium ,hi/oriae ,pemptades ,sex sive ,libri ,,xxx ( ,dodo5s1 publi%$ 9 #aehc1 %[s consid]able progress 9 classification z comp>$ ) 8 ,cruydtboeck ( #aeed1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! recognition1 app>5tly = ! fir/ "t1 ( umbellif]\s plants z a di/9ct gr\p 9 a *apt] head$ ,de ,umbellif]is ,h]bis4 ,possibly ^! attempts to introduce "s sort ( sy/em into ,botany may h be5 inspir$ by ! tea*+s ( ,conrad ,gesn]1 t univ]sal g5ius1 :o liv$ ab\t ?is "t 7#aeaf-aefe74 ,?\gh b fragm5ts ( 8 botanical writ+s h surviv$1 x is cle> f ! mu*-quot$ passage 9 a lett] ( 8 dat$ ,nov4 #bf1 #aefe 7,epi/olae ,m$icae1 #aegg1 p4 #aac7 t he too 0 seek+ = ! basis ( a natural sy/em ( classification & t he ?\ght he _h f\nd x 9 ! fl[] & ! fruit3--,ex 8 enim notis 7a fructu1 sem9e & flore7 potius quam foliis1 /irpium naturae et cognationes app>5t4 ,evid5tly at ?is p]iod classification 0 9 ! air1 & at l5g? x began to precipitate & to cry/allise 9 ! "w ( ,&rea ,cesalp9o 7,caesalp9us3 #aeai-afjc71 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 ^: ,de ,plantis ,libri ,,xvi1 publi%$ 9 #aehc1 is "o ( ! mo/ important l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( sy/ematic ,botany4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t a sy/em is prop\nd$ :i* is bas$ def9itely ^u morphological obs]vation4 ,cesalp9o turns to ! fructification1 t is ! fl[] & ! fruit1 = 8 di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,enitamur igitur1 he says 7,lib4 ,i4 cap4 xiv471 ex propriis quae fructificationis gratia data sunt1 plant>um g5]a inve/ig>e2 & he goes on to po9t out t ! obs]vable diff]5ces "h dep5d on numb]1 position & =m ( ! p>ts3--ad organorum con/itutionem tria maxime faciant1 scilicet1 p>tium num]us1 situs et figura4 ,^! pr9ciples he illu/rates z foll[s3--! fl[] be+ ! out]mo/ cov]+ ( ! fruit1 a s+le fl[] may cov] a s+le se$1 z 9 ! ,almond3 or a s+le se$-receptacle z 9 ! ,rose3 or two se$s1 z 9 ! ,umbellif]ae3 or two se$-receptacles1 z 9 ! ,cress3 or ?ree se$s1 z 9 ! g5us ,ti?ymalus 7,euphorbia72 or ?ree receptacles1 z 9 ! ,bulbace\s plants 7petaloid ,monocotyl$ons73 or f\r se$s1 z 9 ,m>rubium3 or f\r receptacles1 z 9 ,euonymus3 or _m se$s1 z 9 ! ,ci*oriaceae3 or _m receptacles1 z 9 ! ,conif]ae4 ,! feature ( ! relative position ( ! p>ts :i* he especially emphasizes is :e!r ! fl[] is ins]t$ ^u ! top ( ! fruit 7i4e4 is epigyn\s73 or is ins]t$ l[] ar\nd ! fruit 7hypogyn\s or p]igyn\s74 ,moreov]1 ! =m ( ! se$1 ( ! se$-receptacle1 & ( ! fl[]1 is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! practical application ( ^! pr9ciples l$ to a classification ( plants :i*1 ?\gh ( c\rse imp]fect1 0 at lea/ a good beg9n+4 ,foll[+ ,!ophra/us1 ,cesalp9o divid$ plants into two ma9 gr\ps1 7#a7 ,trees & ,%rubs1 7#b7 ,und]%rubs & ,h]bs3 ea* ( ^! gr\ps 0 !n subdivid$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! fruit & ( ! fl[]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,cesalp9o1 z 0 cu/om>y at t "t1 designat$ z se$s all indehisc5t "o-se$$ fruits1 su* z nuts & ! v>ieties ( a*5e4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract w suffice to give an adequate idea ( ! results obta9$4 ,! au?or's own words are giv5 z ne>ly z possible4 ,,arboreae3 ,sem9ibus saepius solit>iis3 ,gl&if]ae3 e4g4 ,qu]cus4 ,vasculif]ae3 ,fagus1 ,ca/anea4 ,nucif]ae3 ,juglans1 ,c>p9us1 ,corylus1 ,ulmus1 ,tilia1 ,ac]1 c4 ,p]ic>pio tectae2 flore 9 s$e fructus3 ,prunus1 c4 flore 9 apice fructus3 ,viburnum1 ,aesculus1 c4 ,sem9ibus pluribus3 ,flore c>5tes3 ,ficus4 ,flos 9 summo fructus3 ,morus1 ,sambucus1 ,h$]a1 ,rosa1 c4 ,flos 9 s$e fructus3 ,vitis1 ,arbutus1 ,cornus1 c4 ,s$es sem9is multiplex tecta communi corpore3 ,pyrus1 ,citrus4 9 siliquam producta3 legum9\s plants4 bip>tita3 ,n]ium1 ,syr+a1 ,populus1 ,betula1 ,salix1 c4 trip>tita3 ,buxus1 ,myrtus4 quadrip>tita3 ,vitex1 ,euonymus4 tecta proprio corpore3 conif]\s plants4 ,,h]baceae3 ,solit>iis ,sem9ibus3 ,sem9a nuda1 papposa3 ,val]iana4 ,sem9a p]ic>pio obducta3 ,daphne1 ,jasm9um4 ,flos 9 summo fructus3 ,osyris1 ,val]ianella4 ,flos 9 s$e fructus1 sem5 calyce exceptum3 ,urtica1 ,*5opodiaceae1 ,polygonaceae1 ,gram9eae1 ,cyp]aceae1 ,typhaceae4 ,solit>iis ,p]ic>piis3 ,flos ext]ius situs 7,pomum73 ,cucurbitaceae4 ,flos inf]ius situs 7,bacca73 ,solanaceae1 ,ruscus1 ,arum1 ,actaea1 c4 ,solit>iis ,vasculis3 ,legum9a3 legum9\s h]bs4 ,capsulae3 ,c>yophyllaceae1 ,primulaceae1 ,g5tianaceae1 c4 ,b9is ,sem9ibus3 7,g5us ,f]ulaceum7 ,umbellif]ae4 ,b9is ,conceptaculis3 ,sem9a solit>ia 9 s+ulis alveolis3 ,rubiaceae4 plura1 flore cont9uo3 ,scrophul>iaceae1 c4 flore 9 foliola quat]na diviso3 ,crucif]ae4 ,triplici ,pr9cipio1 non-,bulbosae3 ,sem9a nuda3 ,?alictrum4 solit>ia 9 tribus alveolis3 ,euphorbiaceae4 plura 9 tribus alveolis3 ,convolvulaceae1 ,campanulaceae1 c4 ,triplici ,pr9cipio1 ,bulbosae3 ,flos inf]ius s$et3 bulb\s ,liliaceae4 ,flos 9 summo fructus3 ,am>yllidaceae4 ,bulbaceis ascribi desid]ant3 o!r ,liliaceae1 ,iridaceae1 ,or*idaceae4 ,quat]nis ,sem9ibus3 ,borag9aceae1 ,labiatae4 ,pluribus ,sem9ibus 9 communi s$e3 mo/ ,compositae4 ,lactesc5tes3 ,ci*orieae4 ,acanaceae3 ,cyn>eae1 ,dipsacus1 ,eryngium1 c4 ,pluribus ,sem9ibus ,flore communi3 ,sem9a pl5e nuda3 a*5if]\s ,ranunculaceae & ,rosaceae1 c4 ,aut conjunctis receptaculis3 e4g4 ,ari/olo*ia1 ,nymphaea1 ,papav]1 ,ci/us4 ,aut disjunctis receptaculis3 e4g4 ,s$um1 ,v]atrum1 ,helleborus1 ,delph9ium1 ,dictamnus4 ,flore fructuque c>5tes3 ,cryptogams4 ,9 spite ( its inh]5t imp]fections & ( errors ( obs]vation1 ! me?od succe$$ 9 br++ toge!r a consid]able numb] ( ! plants dealt )1 into gr\ps :i* are /ill reg>d$ z natural4 ,= in/ance1 among ! trees & %rubs1 ! legum9\s g5]a1 & ! conif]\s g5]a1 respectively1 are s br\ght toge!r3 & among h]bs1 ! legum9\s1 umbellif]\s1 crucif]\s & composite g5]a4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh _m ( ,cesalp9o's sections consi/ ( :at seems to be a het]og5e\s assemblage ( plants1 yet !y include gr\ps ( closely alli$ g5]a1 repres5t+ sev]al ( ! natural ord]s ( m mod]n times1 :i* 8 me?od 0 incapable ( di/+ui%+4 ,) all its %ortcom+s1 ! me?od produc$ a classification ( plants :i* has prov$ to h be5 natural 9 no slight degree4 ,! v num]\s botanical works :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! c5tury aft] ! appe>ance ( ,cesalp9o's ,de ,plantis af=d evid5ce t 8 sy/em ( classification did n meet ) an en?usia/ic reception4 ,?\gh 8 plant-names 7 g5]ally quot$1 8 arrangem5t 0 entirely ignor$3 9 fact ! v idea ( classification seems to h gradually fad$ out ( ! m9ds ( botani/s1 ^: att5tion 0 m & m engross$ ) ! description ( ! new species t ! rapid ext5sion ( geographical discov]y 0 br++ to light4 ,?is condition ( ! sci5ce is well illu/rat$ by ! mo/ au?oritative sy/ematic "w t ! #ag? c5tury produc$1 ! great ,p9ax ,!atri ,botanici 7#afbc7 ( ,casp> ,bauh9 7#aefj-afbd71 a "w :i* conta9s ab\t six ?\s& plant-names1 & 0 ! product ( =ty ye>s' lab\r4 ,x might be expect$ t 9 su* a "w1 special att5tion w\ld h be5 paid to classification1 t at lea/ ! be/ available sy/em w\ld h be5 us$3 z a matt] ( fact1 ! arrangem5t adopt$ is f> inf]ior to t ( ,cesalp9o & may be describ$ z simply haphaz>d = ! mo/ "p4 ,! g5]al l9es ( x are indicat$ by ! foll[+ enum]ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! twelve ,books ( :i* ! "w consi/s2 ! mod]n equival5ts ( 8 plant-names be+ giv54 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,adopt$ ,,9 ,,bauh9',s ,p9ax4 ,lib] ,i4 ,gram9eae1 ,juncaceae1 ,cyp]aceae1 ,typhaceae1 ,eph$ra1 ,equisetum1 ,hippuris1 ,asphodelus1 "s ,iridaceae1 & ,z+ib]aceae4 ,lib] ,,ii4 ,de ,bulbosis2 bulb\s ,monocotyl$ons1 includ+ ,or*ids ) ,oroban*e1 ,monotropa1 & ,la?raea4 ,lib] ,,iii4 ,ol]a et ,ol]acea2 mo/ ,crucif]ae1 ,polygonaceae1 & ,*5opodiaceae1 ) "s ( ! ,compositae4 ,lib] ,,iv4 ,o!r ,compositae2 ,delph9ium1 ,fum>ia2 ! ,umbellif]ae 7s nam$72 ,val]iana4 ,lib] ,v4 ,"s ,solanaceae1 ,papav]aceae1 & ,ranunculaceae2 ,g5tiana1 ,plantago1 ,pyrola1 ,/atice1 ,s>rac5ia1 ,nymphaea1 ,trapa1 ,sagitt>ia1 ,arum1 ,as>um1 & "s ,compositae4 ,lib] ,,vi4 ,viola2 ,*eiran?us1 ,mat?iola1 ,alyssum1 ,hesp]is2 "s ,c>yophyllaceae2 ,polygala1 ,specul>ia1 ,glaux1 ,l9um1 ,cuscuta1 mo/ ,labiatae & ,scrophul>iaceae2 ,primula1 c4 ,lib] ,,vii4 ,lysima*ia1 ,epilobium1 ,o5o!ra1 ,ly?rum1 "s m ,labiatae1 ,scrophul>iaceae1 & ,c>yophyllaceae2 ,borag9aceae2 "s ,compositae2 ,alisma2 ,scabiosa2 ,hyp]icum2 ,crassulaceae2 ,aloe2 ,euphorbia4 ,lib] ,,viii4 ,v>i\s climb+ plants2 ,convolvulus1 ,smilax1 ,humulus1 ,vitis2 ,clematis1 ,lonic]a1 ,h$]a2 & ,cucurbitaceae3 also ,apocynaceae1 ,asclepiadaceae1 "s ,liliaceae1 ,malvaceae1 ,rosaceae1 ,legum9osae1 ) o!r g5]a scatt]$ among !m1 z ,ari/olo*ia1 ,d5t>ia1 ,paeonia1 ,g]anium4 ,lib] ,,ix4 ,rubiaceae2 ,ruta1 ,?alictrum2 ! rema9d] ( ! ,legum9osae4 ,lib] ,x4 ,cryptogams 9 g5]al3 ) a few scatt]$ ,phan]ogams su* z ,dros]a1 ,oxalis s5sitiva1 ,l4 7,h]ba viva foliis polypodii72 ,mimosa pudica 7,h]ba ,mimosa foliis ,fo5ugraeci sylve/ris72 ,lemna2 & ! rema9+ ,compositae1 ! ,?i/les1 ) ,eryngium1 ,dipsacus1 & ,acan?us4 ,lib] ,,xi4 ,trees & ,%rubs3 ,legum9\s & ,rosace\s2 also ,rhus1 ,laurus1 ,frax9us1 ,juglans1 ,ca/anea1 ,fagus1 ,qu]cus1 ,corylus1 ,tilia1 ,ulmus1 ,betula1 ,alnus1 ,populus1 ,ac]1 ,platanus1 ,ric9us4 ,lib] ,,xii4 ,mespilus1 ,crataegus1 ,b]b]is1 ,ribes1 ,sambucus1 ,ficus1 ,opuntia1 ,morus1 ,arbutus1 ,laurus1 ,daphne1 ,ci/us1 ,myrtus1 ,vacc9ium1 ,buxus1 ,olea1 ,salix1 ,ligu/rum1 ,phillyrea1 ,rhamnus1 ,rubus ,rosa1 ,tam>ix1 ,erica1 ,conif]\s plants1 ,palma4 ,!re 0 b "o au?or1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 :o made any mat]ial contribution to ! sci5ce ( classification1 & t 0 ,joa*im ,jung ( ,hamburg 7#aehg-afeg74 ,jung is be/ kn[n by 8 ,isagoge ,phytoscopica 7#afgh1 ed4 ,vaget71 ! mo/ philosophic & sci5tific treatise on plants t _h appe>$ s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 :i* is ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure ( plant-morphology & descriptive botany has s9ce be5 erect$4 ,b x 0 9 8 ,de ,plantis ,doxoscopiae ,physicae ,m9ores 7#affb1 ed4 ,fogel7 t he express$ 8 views on sy/ematic ,botany4 ,he did n prop\nd a sy/em ( 8 own1 b he s\ght to arrive at ! pr9ciples ^u :i* a classification %\ld be bas$1 ) ! logical result t he reject$ ! "t-hon\r$ ,!ophra/ian division ( plants into ,trees & ,h]bs4 ,?\gh ,jung fail$ to produce any imm$iate impression ^u ! ,botany ( 8 "t1 he p[]fully influ5c$ ! great developm5ts :i* took place 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x s happ5$ t ,ray1 z he m5tions 9 8 ,index ,plant>um ,agri ,cantabrigi5sis 7#affj71 _h obta9$ ?r\gh ,samuel ,h>tlib a ,,ms4 ( ! :ole or "p ( ,jung's ,isagoge1 :i* seems to h impress$ him s mu* t he includ$ _m ( ,jung's morphological def9itions 9 ! gloss>y app5d$ to ! ,index2 & he subsequ5tly embodi$ ! ,isagoge 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/oria ,plant>um 7#afhf74 ,x 0 f ,ray's ,hi/oria t ,l9naeus le>n$ ! morphological pr9ciples & t]m9ology ( ,jung :i* 7 ! basis ( 8 own "w 9 descriptive ,botany1 & r5d]$ possible ! elaboration ( 8 sy/em ( classification4 ,b1 9 spite ( ,jung1 ! v5]able division ( plants into ,trees & ,h]bs cont9u$ to hold its own = a "t4 ,z w be se51 x 0 /ill adh]$ to by ,morison & by ,ray1 ev5 aft] x _h be5 %[n to be q unt5able by ,riv9us 7,introductio ,g5]alis 9 ,rem ,h]b>iam7 9 #afij1 & did n f9ally disappe> until ! "t ( ,l9naeus4 ,x 0 j :5 sy/ematic ,botany _h fall5 back to its l[e/ level t ,morison appe>$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,he _h be5 born at ,ab]de5 9 #afbj1 & _h !re graduat$ ,ma/] ( ,arts ) di/9ction by ! "t he 0 eighte5 ye>s old4 ,8 fur!r /udies 9 ! natural sci5ces 7 int]rupt$ by ! ,civil ,w>1 9 :i* he took "p on ! ,royali/ side1 be+ sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! battle ( ! ,brig ( ,dee 7#afdd74 ,he fl$ to ,france1 & !re resum$ 8 prep>ation = a sci5tific c>e] ) su* success t he obta9$1 9 #afdh1 ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ang]s4 ,f t "t onw>ds he devot$ himself entirely to ! /udy ( ,botany1 :i* he pursu$ 9 ,p>is "u ! guidance ( ,vespasian ,rob91 ,botani/ to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,9 #afej ,morison 0 appo9t$ by ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 on ,rob9's recomm5dation1 to take *>ge ( ! royal g>d5 at ,blois1 a po/ :i* he held = t5 ye>s4 ,! ,duke ( ,orleans1 %ortly be=e 8 dea? e>ly 9 #affj1 _h occasion to pres5t ,morison to 8 nephew ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii :o 0 ab\t to return to 8 k+dom4 ,soon aft] ! ,re/oration1 ! ,k+ summon$ ,morison to ,london2 & 9 spite ( tempt+ (f]s made to induce him to rema9 9 ,france1 ,morison obey$ ! summons & 0 rew>d$ ) ! title ( ,k+'s ,physician & ,pr(essor ( ,botany ) a /ip5d ( two hundr$ p\nds a ye>4 ,dur+ 8 t5ure ( ^! (fices ,morison f\nd "t to complete 8 fir/ botanical "w1 ! ,praeludia ,botanica1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #affi2 ! same ye> 9 :i* he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,a few words may be devot$1 at ?is po9t1 to ! rise & progress ( ,botany 9 t ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! ye> #afba1 ,"l ,danv]s 7aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,danby71 ?9k+ t 8 money c\ld n be bett] laid out ?an to beg9 & f9i% a place :]eby le>n+1 especially ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e1 might be improv$1 decid$ to end[ ! ,univ]sity ) a ,physic ,g>d51 su* z 0 already possess$ by v>i\s ,univ]sities on ! ,cont95t4 ,) ?is object1 he gave a sum ( #bej to enable ! ,univ]sity to pur*ase ! lease ( a plot ( gr\nd1 ab\t five acres 9 ext5t1 situat$ )\t ! ,ea/ ,gate ( ,ox=d1 ne> ! riv] ,*]well4 ,a great deal ( lab\r _h to be exp5d$ ^u ! l& aft] x _h be5 secur$3 x 0 s l[-ly+ t1 z ,an?ony ,wood says1 mu* soil 0 convey$ ?i!r = ! rais+ ( ! gr\nd to prev5t ! ov]fl[+ ( ! wat]s at ! exp5se ( ,"l ,danv]s1 :o also caus$ to be built :at ,bask]ville describes z a mo/ /ately wall ( hew5 /one #ad foot high ) #c v consid]able ,gates !reto1 "o :]e( 0 to ! co/ ( at lea/ five hundr$ p\nds4 ,! "w proce$$ b sl[ly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! tr\bl\s times ?r\gh :i* ! c\ntry 0 pass+1 s t x 0 n complet$ until #afcb4 ,ev5 !n ! actual in/allation ( ! g>d5 0 delay$4 ,ab\t #afcg ! ,e>l ( ,danby seems to h arrang$ ) ! well-kn[n ,john ,tradescant to act z g>d5]1 b !re is no evid5ce t ,tradescant ev] dis*>g$ ! duties ( ! po/3 moreov]1 he di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,v %ortly aft] ?is1 ?\gh ! exact date is n kn[n1 ! ,e>l appo9t$ ,jacob ,bob>t to take *>ge ( ! ,g>d54 ,jacob ,bob>t 0 a ,g]man1 born at ,brunswick ab\t ! ye> #aeii4 ,he 0 an excell5t g>d5]3 "u 8 c>e ! g>d5 fl\ri%$ s well t ! catalogue :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afdh anonym\sly1 ?\gh d\btless drawn up by ,bob>t1 enum]at$ no less ?an #afjj species ( plants 9 cultivation4 ,x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ,"l ,danby to provide ! ,univ]sity n only ) a ,physic ,g>d5 & a ,g>d5]1 b also ) a ,pr(essor ( ,botany4 ,= ?is purpose he bequea!d c]ta9 rev5ues3 b s x 0 t ! times be+ unsettl$1 & ! rev5ues fall+ %ort1 no?+ 0 done 9 ord] to ! settl+ ( a ,pr(essor till #affi4 ,:5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,pr(essor%ip _h become possible1 ! ,univ]sity proce$$ to elect ,morison ! fir/ ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 be+ influ5c$ by ! reputation :i* 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,praeludia ,botanica _h secur$ = him4 ,?us1 aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 0 ,"l ,danby's design completely realis$4 ,morison's *ief occupation at ,ox=d 0 ! prep>ation ( 8 long promis$ magnum opus1 ! ,hi/oria ,plant>um ,univ]salis ,oxoni5sis4 ,x 0 plann$ on a mo/ ext5sive scale1 & prov$ to be a labori\s & co/ly und]tak+4 ,morison impov]i%$ himself 9 ! prep>ation ev5 ( ! "o volume ( x t appe>$ 9 8 lifetime1 ?\gh 8 _m fri5ds provid$ ! co/ ( ! #abf plates ( figures ) :i* x is illu/rat$1 & ! ,univ]sity advanc$ consid]able sums ( money4 ,! "w 0 to h be5 issu$ 9 ?ree p>ts3 ! fir/ "p 0 to be devot$ to ,trees & ,%rubs1 & ! o!r two p>ts to ! ,h]bs4 ,! volume publi%$ by ,morison 9 #afhj1 & describ$ z ,p>s ,secunda1 deals ) only five out ( ! fifte5 sections into :i* he classifi$ h]bace\s plants1 al?\gh x ext5ds to m ?an #fjj folio pages4 ,9 ! preface he gives z 8 reason = beg9n+ ) ! ,h]bs r ?an ) ! ,trees & ,%rubs1 t he wi%$ to accompli% fir/ ! mo/ difficult "p ( 8 task le/1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 dea? be=e ! completion ( ! ,hi/oria1 x %\ld fall into ! h&s ( incompet5t p]sons4 ,he did n live to f9i% 8 great und]tak+4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #afhc1 he 0 9 ,london on bus9ess connect$ ) x3 z he 0 cross+ ! ,/r& ne> ,*>+ ,cross1 he 0 knock$ d[n by a coa*1 & 0 s sev]ely injur$ t he di$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t9-9-!-,fields4 ,8 unf9i%$ "w did n1 z he fe>$1 fall into incompet5t h&s4 ,x 0 entru/$ by ! ,univ]sity to ,jacob ,bob>t ! y\ng]1 :o on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #afgi1 _h succe$$ him z ,keep] ( ! ,physic ,g>d51 & :o also succe$$ ,morison z ,horti ,praefectus1 b n z ,pr(essor ,botanices2 ! ,pr(essor%ip rema9$ 9 abeyance = ne>ly =ty ye>s4 ,aft] mu* difficulty & delay1 a second & f9al in/alm5t ( ! ,hi/oria1 ! ,p>s ,t]tia1 deal+ ) ! rema9+ t5 sections ( h]bace\s plants1 0 publi%$ 9 #afii1 z a folio ( #feg pages ) #afh plates4 ,! mat]ial at ,bob>t's disposal 0 fairly abundant1 consi/+ ( ,morison's ,,ms4 ( f\r m ( 8 sections ( ,h]bs1 ) notes ^u ! rema9+ six sections4 ,b ev5 s1 ! task ( completion 0 a labori\s "o1 = x involv$ ! incorporation ( ref]5ces to ! v _m descriptions ( new plants t _h be5 publi%$ s9ce ,morison's dea?3 x has be5 g5]ally admitt$ t ,bob>t dis*>g$ x ) comm5dable skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,great ,gate ( ! ,physic ,g>d5 ,ox=d3 ! eld] ,bob>t 9 ! =egr\nd ,! ,p>s ,prima1 t 0 to h be5 devot$ to ,trees & ,%rubs1 0 nev] writt54 ,all t exi/s to repres5t x1 is a /\t ,,ms4 volume 9 ! ,libr>y at ! ,botanic ,g>d51 ,ox=d1 app>5tly 9 ,bob>t's h&-writ+1 conta9+ a classification & an enum]ation ( ! species ( trees & %rubs1 :i* may possibly h be5 writt5 ) a view to publication4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ,bob>t's ,p>s ,t]tia is ! ,vita ,rob]ti ,morisoni ,m4,d4 ) :i* ! book op5s1 writt5 by "o ( ,morison's intimate fri5ds1 ,dr ,ar*ibald ,pitcairn4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all ! available in=mation reg>d+ ,morison up to ! "t ( 8 com+ to ,ox=d2 aft] t "t mu* may be ga!r$ conc]n+ him f ! records ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,x is also a loyal def5ce ( ,morison & 8 sy/em ( classification aga9/ ! criticisms to :i*1 ev5 !n1 he _h be5 subject$4 ,x concludes ) a p]sonal acc\nt ( ,morison1 9 :i* he is describ$ z be+ vigor\s 9 body1 hav+ a m9d tra9$ to e k9d ( /udy1 ( +5u\s mann]s1 call+ a spade a spade1 eag] = true k1 a despis] ( fil?y lucre1 consid]+ ! public advantage r ?an 8 private ga94 ,a portrait ( him1 "h reproduc$1 =ms ! frontispiece to ! volume4 ,su* 0 ! life ( ! man ^: botanical works are n[ to be consid]$3 works t are n ne>ly s num]\s z !y are consid]able1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ enum]ation & brief description ( !m4 ,praeludia ,botanica1 #affi3 a small #hvo volume ( ab\t #ejj pages1 :i* consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 7pp4 #a-cdg73 ,hortus ,regius ,bles5sis ,auctus4 7pp4 #cea-dei73 ,halluc9ationes ,casp>i ,bauh9i 9 ,p9ace1 item ,animadv]siones 9 tres ,tomos ,univ]salis ,hi/oriae ,johannis ,bauh9i4 7pp4 #dfc-dii73 ,dialogus int] ,socium ,collegii ,regii ,gre%am dicti et ,botanographum ,regium4 ,plant>um ,umbellif]>um ,di/ributio ,nova1 p] ,tabulas ,cognationis et ,aff9itatis1 ex ,libro ,naturae obs]vata et detecta1 #afgb4 ,plant>um ,hi/oriae ,univ]salis ,oxoni5sis ,p>s ,secunda1 seu ,h]b>um ,di/ributio ,nova p] ,tabulas ,cognationis et ,aff9itatis ex ,libro ,naturae obs]vata et detecta1 #afhj4 ,! ?ree di/9ct treatises ( :i* ! ,praeludia ,botanica consi/s 7 writt5 probably at diff]5t times1 ?\gh publi%$ simultane\sly 9 #affi4 ,! fir/ ( !m is an alphabetical catalogue1 compris+ ab\t #bfjj species1 ( ! plants 9 ! ,royal g>d5 at ,blois :5 "u ,morison's c>e3 #bfj ( ! species are m>k$ z new1 & are fully describ$ 9 an app5dix4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,hortus ,regius ,bles5sis ,auctus lies 9 ! d$ication to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 ,morison "h n>rates h[1 :il/ at ,blois1 he _h fram$ a sy/em ( classification2 h[ ! ,k+'s ,uncle1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 _h promis$ to und]take ! publication ( a book to illu/rate ! sy/em on an adequate scale1 & h[ ! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,duke 9 #affj _h de/roy$ all su* hopes2 & he ends by appeal+ to ! ,k+ to give him ! patronage t he s mu* ne$$4 ,quod si annu]e hoc mihi dign]is1 he wrote1 polliceor ,britanniam ve/ram cum me?odo exactissima 7quae e/ naturae ipsius7 impo/]um1 9 re ,botanica glori>i posse1 quemadmodum ,italia1 ,gallia1 ,g]mania1 sup]iori saeculo1 s9e me?odo1 9 ,sci5tia ,botanica gloriatae sunt4 ,b ! ,k+ does n appe> to h be5 mov$ by ?is dazzl+ promise4 ,morison evid5tly did n suff] f any lack ( confid5ce 9 himself or 9 8 me?od1 ( :i* he speaks on a previ\s page ( ! d$ication1 z me?odus nova a natura data1 a me solummodo 7citra jactantiam7 obs]vata3 a nullo nisi meipso 9 hunc usque diem detecta1 quamvis mundi incunabilis sit coeva1 language :i* c h>dly be describ$ z mode/4 ,& yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,morison gives n ! slighte/ indication ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is altoge!r new & orig9al me?od ( classification4 ,! second treatise1 ! ,halluc9ationes1 is a se>*+ & acute criticism ( ! publi%$ works ( ! bro!rs ,bauh93 ( ! ,p9ax ( ,casp>1 & ( ! ,hi/oria ( ,john4 ,?\gh he ackn[l$ges 9 ! preface ! great value ( _! botanical lab\rs1 ,morison did n fail to set out 9 detail ! mi/akes t !y _h made 9 bo? classification & nom5clature1 & to make corrections :i* 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ju/ifi$4 ,probably x 0 ! critical /udy ( ! works ( ! ,bauh9s t l$ ,morison to frame a sy/em ( classification ( 8 own4 ,! ?ird & la/ treatise is ! ,dialogus3 a dialogue betwe5 himself1 z ,botanographus ,regius1 ,k+'s ,botani/1 & a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 on ! !me ( classification4 ,"h aga9 ,morison ass]ts ! sup]iority ( 8 own me?od3 ,me?odum me obs]vasse fateor3 e/que omnium quae unquam adhuc fu]unt exhibitae1 prae/antissima et c]tissima quippe a natura data4 ,b he /ill fails to give any def9ite acc\nt ( x3 all t he says am\nts m]ely to ?is1 t ! nota g5]ica is n to be s\ght 9 ! prop]ties ( a plant1 nor 9 ! %ape ( its leaves1 z _h be5 sugge/$ by e>li] writ]s1 b 9 ! fructification1 t is1 9 ! fl[] & fruit 7ess5tiam plant>um desum5dam 444 a florum =ma at sem9um con=matione74 ,! m5tion ( a sy/em ( classification bas$ on ! =m ( ! leaf evok$ f ,botanographus a po9t$ allusion to a book rec5tly publi%$ by a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 :i* su* a classification _h be5 us$1 ) ! foll[+ sev]e comm5t3 ,ego tantum confusum ,*aos3 illic1 de plantis legi1 nec quicquam didici1 ut mon/rabo tibi et lapsus et confusionem1 alias4 ,! book s criticis$ 0 ! encyclopa$ic "w edit$ by ,dr ,john ,wilk9s1 ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 & publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society 9 #affh1 entitl$1 ,an ,essay t[>ds a ,real ,"* & a ,philosophical ,language1 to :i* ,john ,ray _h contribut$ ! botanical article ',tables ( ,plants4' ,?is criticism 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! unfri5dly relations betwe5 ,morison & ,ray1 ( :i* "s fur!r acc\nt w be giv5 subsequ5tly4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! ,dialogus is ! def9ite ass]tion 7p4 #dhh7 t ,f]ns are 'p]fect' plants1 hav+ fl[] & se$ 7quia hab5t flores1 qui fugiunt quasi obtutum1 et sem9a quasi pulvisculum 9 dorso al>um71 an ass]tion :i* 0 repeat$ ) ev5 great] emphasis 9 ,morison's preface to 8 edition ( ,boccone's ,icones at ,descriptiones ,r>iorum ,plant>um etc4 7,oxon4 #afgd71 9 opposition to ! views ( e>li] writ]s1 ,cesalp9o 9 p>ticul>4 ,cesalp9o _h1 x is true1 said ( ! gr\p 9 :i* he _h plac$ ! ,f]ns & o!r ,cryptogams1 quod nullum sem5 molitur 7,de ,plantis1 p4 #eia73 b he _h add$1 9 ! same p>agraph1--f]unt enim 9 folio quid1 quod vicem sem9is g]it1 ut ,filix et quae illi aff9ia sunt4 ,x is a "q if ,morison 0 mu* ne>] ! tru? ?an ,cesalp9o4 ,x is 9 ! preface ( 8 ,plant>um ,umbellif]>um ,di/ributio ,nova 7#afgb7 t ,morison fir/ gave a def9ite /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 me?od1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,cumque me?odus sit omnis doctr9ae anima3 idcirco nos tam 9 hac umbellif]>um dispositione1 quam 9 univ]sali omnium /irpium dige/ione1 quam pollicemur1 notas g5]icas et ess5tiales a sem9ibus eorumque similitud9e petitas1 p] tabulas cognationis et aff9itatis dispon5tes /irpes exhibebimus4 ,diff]5tias autem specificas a p>tibus ignobilioribus1 scilicet radice1 foliis et caulibus1 odore1 sapore1 colore desumptas adscribemus1 s+ulis g5]ibus s+ulas acc]s5do species3 ita species div]sa facie cognoscibiles1 sub g5]ibus int]m$iis3 g5]a int]m$ia sub supremis1 notis suis ess5tialibus et semp] eodem modo sese hab5tibus di/9cta militabunt4 ,hic e/ ordo a natura ipsa /irpibus ab initio datus1 a me primo jam obs]vatus4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss 9 detail ! m]its ( ,morison's "w on ! ,umbellif]ae4 ,x w suffice to say t x 0 publi%$ z a specim5 ( ! great ,hi/oria t he _h 9 prep>ation--trigesimam op]is quod int5dimus p>tem--s t ! le>n$ _w might h "s idea ( :at !y 7 to expect f ! complet$ "w quemadmodum aiunt ex ungue leonem2 & fur!r1 t x 0 ! fir/ monograph ( a def9ite gr\p ( plants1 & is rem>kable = ! s5se ( relation%ip betwe5 ! g5]a t inspires x4 ,! ,umbellif]ae con/itut$ ,sectio ,,ix among ! fifte5 sections 9 :i* ,morison di/ribut$ h]bace\s plants4 ,at l5g?1 9 #afhj1 appe>$ ! ,p>s ,secunda ( ! ,plant>um ,hi/oria ,univ]salis ,oxoni5sis 9 :i* "w ,morison's long-expect$ me?od ( classification 0 to be exhibit$ & ju/ifi$4 ,h[ev] 9 ?is respect x prov$ to be disappo9t+3 p>tly because x 0 s limit$ 9 its scope1 deal+ ) b five ( 8 fifte5 ,sectiones ( h]bace\s plants3 & p>tly because x did n conta9 any complete outl9e ( 8 sy/em4 ,x is mo/ s+ul> t1 al?\gh he wrote s mu*1 ,morison %\ld h di$ )\t hav+ publi%$ any m def9ite in=mation conc]n+ 8 sy/em ( classification ?an :at has be5 "h cit$4 ,morison's influ5ce did n1 h[ev]1 cease ) 8 dea?2 8 tradition 0 ma9ta9$ by ! publication 9 #afii ( ! ,p>s ,t]tia ( ! ,hi/oria1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,bob>t4 ,?is volume ?rew "s welcome light ^u ,morison's sy/em1 inasmu* z x complet$ ! description ( ! h]bace\s plants1 & gave a cle> /atem5t1 9 ! =m ( a ,botanologiae ,summ>ium1 ( ! classification result+ f ! application ( ,morison's pr9ciples to ^! plants4 ,b1 ev5 s1 ! revelation ( ! sy/em /ill rema9$ incomplete1 9 ! abs5ce ( any acc\nt ( ! trees & %rubs4 ,x 0 n till ne>ly =ty ye>s aft] ,morison's dea?1 n until ,bob>t too 0 dead1 t a full /atem5t ( ,morison's me?od 0 publi%$4 ,9 #agbj !re appe>$ at ,ox=d a small tract ( b twelve pages1 ! ,hi/oriae ,naturalis ,sciagraphia1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( a complete sy/em ( classification1 :i* agrees 9 all ess5tials1 s f> z h]bace\s plants are conc]n$ ) t adopt$ by ,morison & by ,bob>t 9 _! respective volumes ( ! ,hi/oria3 &1 z reg>ds trees & %rubs1 ) t 9 ! ,,ms4 volume by ,bob>t :i* has be5 already m5tion$4 ,! tract is anonym\s1 b ! matt] t x conta9s is ,bob>t's "w1 :e!r x 0 writt5 by himself or by "s "o :o _h access to 8 pap]s4 ,?is classification may be accept$ z be+ ess5tially t ( ,morison1 ?\gh some:at modifi$ by ,bob>t1 :o _h und\bt$ly be5 influ5c$ by ,ray's sy/ematic writ+s :i* _h appe>$ mean:ile4 ,x is ( su* int]e/ t x may be reproduc$ "h1 some:at compress$1 ) an indication ( ! mod]n equival5ts ( ! gr\ps4 ,i4 ,,arbores4 ,conif]ae semp] vir5tes3 mo/ conif]\s g5]a4 foliis deciduis3 ,l>ix1 ,alnus1 ,betula4 ,gl&if]ae3 ,qu]cus4 ,nucif]ae3 ,juglans1 ,fagus1 ,corylus1 ,laurus1 c4 ,prunif]ae3 ,prunus1 ,olea1 c4 ,pomif]ae3 ,pyrus1 ,citrus1 ,punica1 ,ficus1 c4 ,baccif]ae3 ,taxus1 ,junip]us1 ,morus1 ,arbutus1 ,sorbus1 c4 ,siliquosae3 ,c]cis1 & o!r legum9\s trees4 ,fructu membranaceo3 ,ac]1 ,c>p9us1 ,tilia1 ,frax9us1 ,ulmus4 ,lanig]ae non ,julif]ae3 ,platanus1 ,gossypium4 ,julif]ae et ,lanig]ae3 ,populus1 ,salix4 ,sui g5]is ,arbor3 ,palma4 ,,ii4 ,,frutices4 ,nucif]i3 ,/aphylea4 ,prunif]i3 ,cornus4 ,baccif]i1 foliis deciduis3 ,viburnum1 ,rhus1 ,rosa1 ,ribes1 c4 semp] vir5tes3 ,ruscus1 ,phillyrea1 ,myrtus1 ,buxus1 c4 ,legum9osi3 ,g5i/a1 ,cytisus1 ,colutea4 ,b9is ,loculam5tis3 ,ju/icia1 ,syr+a4 ,capsulis tetragonis3 ,philadelphus1 ,tetragonia4 p5tagonis3 ,ci/us4 ,multicapsul>es3 ,spiraea1 ,erica4 ,lanig]i3 ,salix1 ,tam>ix1 ,n]ium4 ,,iii4 ,,suffrutices4 ,sc&5tes capreolis3 ,vitis1 ,bignonia1 ,smilax4 viticulis3 ,lonic]a1 ,jasm9um1 ,solanum1 c4 radiculis3 ,h$]a4 ,,iv4 ,,h]bae4 ,sectio i4 ,sc&5tes3 ,baccif]ae3 ,bryonia1 ,tamus1 c4 ,pomif]ae3 mo/ ,cucurbitaceae4 ,campanulatae3 ,convolvulaceae4 ,sectio ii4 ,legum9osae1 ,papilionaceae siliquis bivalvibus3 ,legum9\s h]bs4 ,sectio iii4 ,siliquosae ,tetrapetalae ,bicapsul>es3 ,crucif]ae 7) ,v]onica & ,polygala74 hisce adjiciuntur qua$am3 ,*elidonium1 ,fum>ia1 ,epilobium1 c4 ,sectio iv4 ,hexapetalae ,tricapsul>es3 ,radicibus fusi=mibus2 ,asphodelus1 ,an!ricum4 tub]osis2 ,crocus1 ,gladiolus1 ,iris4 bulbosis2 ,n>cissus1 ,hyac9?us1 ,allium4 squamatis2 ,lilium4 ,sectio v4 ,a ,num]o ,capsul>um et ,petalorum ,dictae3 tricapsul>es campanulatae2 ,campanulaceae4 p5tapetalae2 ,hyp]icum1 ,viola4 bicapsul>es monopetalae2 ,scrophul>iaceae4 quadricapsul>es tetrapetalae2 ,rutaceae4 qu9quecapsul>es p5tapetalae2 ,g]aniaceae4 p5tapetalae emolli5tes2 ,malvaceae4 unicapsul>es2 ,c>yophyllaceae1 ,primulaceae4 sem9ibus triangul>ibus2 ,polygonaceae4 nigris spl5d5tibus2 ,*5opodiaceae4 ,sectio vi4 ,corymbif]ae3 7,compositae 9 "p7 floribus aureis2 ,artemisia1 ,tanacetum4 rubris2 ,adonis annua ,l4 albis2 ,bellis1 ,an!mis1 ,a*illea1 c4 ian?9is2 ,x]an!mum1 ,scabiosa1 ,globul>ia4 ,sectio vii4 ,flosculis ,/ellatis3 7! re/ ( ! ,compositae7 lactesc5tes non papposae2 ,ci*orium4 papposae2 ,lactuca1 ,son*us1 ,hi]acium4 papposae non lactesc5tes2 ,s5ecio1 ,a/]1 ,doronicum1 c4 capitatae2 ,cyn>eae4 ,sectio viii4 ,culmif]ae seu ,calamif]ae3 ,gram9eae1 ,cyp]aceae1 ,typhaceae4 ,sectio ix4 ,umbellif]ae4 ,hisce adnectuntur ,plantae ,/ellatae2 ,rubiaceae4 ,sectio x4 ,tricoccae ,purgatrices3 ,euphorbiaceae4 ,sectio xi4 ,monopetalae ,tetrac>pae ,galeatae et ,v]ticillatae3 ,labiatae4 ,hisce adjiciuntur ,galeatae non v]ticillatae2 ,v]b5a1 ,euphrasia4 ,et ,v]ticillatae non ,galeatae2 ,urtica4 ,sequuntur ,monopetalae tetrac>pae asp]ifoliae2 ,borag9aceae4 ,sectio xii4 ,multisiliquae ,polysp]mae et ,multicapsul>es3 multisilquae2 folliculate ,ranunculaceae1 ,s$um1 c4 multicapsul>es2 ,papav]1 ,nymphaea1 ,or*idaceae1 ,ari/olo*ia1 ,oroban*e1 ,pyrola1 c4 ,sectio xiii4 ,baccif]ae3 "s ,solanaceae1 ,sambucus1 ,cornus1 ,ruscus1 ,arum1 c4 ,sectio xiv4 ,capill>es ,epiphyllosp]mae3 ,filices & ,ophioglossaceae4 ,sectio xv4 ,het]oclitae seu ,anomalae3 consi/s ( 7a7 ,c]ta9 ,phan]ogams3 e4g4 ,pip]1 ,acan?us1 ,apocynum1 ,cuscuta1 ,res$a1 ,sagitt>ia1 ,alisma1 ,lemna1 ,dros]a4 7b7 ,pt]idophyta o!r ?an ,f]ns3 ,equisetum1 ,pilul>ia1 ,lycopodium4 7c7 ,bryophyta1 ,algae1 ,fungi4 ,?is !n is ! ,morisonian me?od1--or at lea/ ! ne>e/ available approximation to x--9 its entirety4 ,! effect ( its application to ! ,vegetable ,k+dom c h>dly be accept$ z a suffici5t ju/ification ( ! sup]latives ) :i* its au?or _h introduc$ x4 ,( c\rse x is n reasonable to judge ?is me?od1 or any o!r me?od ( ! pa/1 by ! /&>d ( botanical k z at pres5t exi/+3 x c only be fairly judg$ f ! /&po9t ( its au?or4 ,:at has to be consid]$ is 7#a7 ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciples adopt$1 & 7#b7 ! consi/5cy 9 ! application ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f su* a consid]ation ( ! =ego+ table is t ,morison 0 m =tunate 9 8 !ory ?an 9 8 practice4 ,9 spite ( 8 /atem5t t ! nota g5]ica %\ld be tak5 f ! fructification1 _m ( ! ,sectiones are bas$ ^u q o!r *>act]s3 su* are 7among ! ,h]bs7 ! ,sc&5tes1 ! ,corymbif]ae1 ! ,culmif]ae4 ,_h ,morison adh]$ m closely to 8 own pr9ciples1 ! results w\ld h be5 m 9 accordance ) 8 sangu9e anticipations3 su* a het]og5e\s gr\p z ,sectio ,v1 = in/ance1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,x 01 p]haps1 on acc\nt ( its inconsi/5cy t ,morison's me?od nev] came into g5]al use1 al?\gh x 0 adopt$ en?usia/ically by ,paul ,amman1 ,pr(essor at ,leipzig1 9 8 ,"* ,plant>um ,naturalis 7ed4 #afhe72 &1 ) "s modifications1 by ,*ri/oph] ,knaut1 ,pr(essor at ,halle1 9 8 ,enum]atio ,plant>um circa ,halam ,saxonum sponte prov5i5tium1 #afhg1 z well z by ,paul ,h]mann1 ,pr(essor at ,leyd51 9 8 ,florae ,lugduno-,batavi ,flores 7ed4 ,zumba*71 #afij4 ,morison's writ+s evok$ sev]e contempor>y criticism1 m on acc\nt ( _! mann] ?an ( _! matt]4 ,8 con/ant ref]5ce to ! ,halluc9ationes ( ,casp> ,bauh9 especially1 0 consid]$ to be (f5sive ev5 if w>rant$1 = e botani/ admitt$ a debt ( gratitude to ! au?or ( ! ,p9ax4 ,equally res5t$ 0 ,morison's (t-repeat$ /atem5t t he _h drawn ! pr9ciples ( 8 classification1 n f ! works ( o!r writ]s1 b f ! book ( ,nature alone4 ,x 0 urg$ aga9/ him t he _h fail$ to d ju/ice to 8 pr$ecessors1 p>ticul>ly to ,cesalp9o3 & x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is un=tunately "s tru? 9 ?is allegation4 ,morison's indebt$ness to ,cesalp9o is sugge/$ by ! fact t ! nature ( ! fruit1 & 9 a second>y degree t ( ! fl[]1 0 ! basis ( bo? _! me?ods4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! two sy/ems1 z set out 9 ?is lecture1 _! fundam5tal resemblance c be trac$ ?r\gh ! _m diff]5ces ( detail4 ,s9ce ,morison does n quote ,cesalp9o 9 8 books1 x might be inf]r$ t possibly he _h n read him4 ,b !re is conv9c+ evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,!re is ! fact t ,morison's preface to ! ,hi/oria conta9s a s5t5ce tak5 v]batim1 )\t ackn[l$gm5t1 f ! d$ication ( ,cesalp9o's ,de ,plantis4 ,fur!r1 !re is 9 ! ,libr>y at ! ,ox=d ,botanic ,g>d5 a copy ( ! ,de ,plantisconta9+ _m m>g9al notes :i* c\ld n h be5 writt5 by any "o b ,morison4 ,! explanation ( ! position is probably ?is1 t ,morison reg>d$ 8 classification z s great an advance ^u t ( ,cesalp9o1 t he did n ?9k x necess>y to ackn[l$ge :at /ill rema9$ ( ! e>li] writ]'s "w3 b 9 any case 8 omission to m5tion ,cesalp9o 0 a grave error ( judgm5t4 ,at ?is po9t x may well be ask$1 :at are ,morison's actual m]its if1 z x appe>s1 he borr[$ ! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 classification f 8 pr$ecessors8 ,! mo/ satisfactory answ] to ?is "q is t :i* is provid$ by ^? :o liv$ & wrote at times b little remov$ f 8 own4 ,?us ,t\rne=t1 9 8 ,elem5s de ,botanique 7#afid3 p4 #ai7 speak+ ( ! "w ( ,cesalp9o & ( ,colonna1 said--,peut-tre que la *ose s]oit encore faire si ,morison 444 ne s'toit avis de r5\vell] cette metode4 ,on ne sauroit assez l\] cet auteur2 mais il semble qu'il se l\e lui-mme un peu trop3 c> bi5 lo9 de se cont5t] de la gloire d'avoir execut une p>tie du plus beau projet que l'on jamais fait en ,botanique1 il ose comp>] ses dc\v]tes celles de ,cri/(fe ,colomb1 et sans p>l] de ,gesn]1 de ,cesalp91 ni de ,columna1 il assure en plusieurs endroits de ses ouvrages1 qu'il n'a ri5 apris que de la nature mme4 ,lat]1 9 8 ,in/itutiones ,rei ,h]b>iae 7#agjj1 p4 #ec7 ,t\rne=t express$ ! same op9ion 9 some:at diff]5t words3--,legitima igitur con/itu5dorum g5]um ratio ,gesn]o et ,columnae tribui debet1 eaque =t 9 t5ebris adhuc jac]et1 nisi ,rob]tus ,morisonus 444 eam quasi ab ,h]b>iis abali5atam r5ovasset1 in/aurasset1 et primus ad usus quotidianos adjunxisset1 qua 9 re summis laudibus excipi5dus1 longe v]o majoribus si a suis ab/9uisset4 ,! e/imate =m$ ( him by ,l9naeus is cle>ly /at$ 9 a lett] address$ to ,hall] probably ab\t ! ye> #agcg3 ,morison 0 va91 yet he _c be suffici5tly prais$ = hav+ reviv$ sy/em :i* 0 half expir+4 ,if y look ?r\gh ,t\rne=t's g5]a y w readily admit h[ mu* he owes to ,morison1 full z mu* z ! latt] 0 indebt$ to ,cesalp9o1 ?\gh ,t\rne=t himself 0 a consci5ti\s inve/igator4 ,all t is good 9 ,morison is tak5 f ,cesalp9o1 f ^: guidance he w&]s 9 pursuit ( natural aff9ities r ?an ( *>act]s 7see ,smi?'s ,correspond5ce ( ,l9naeus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bha74 ,if only ,morison _h frankly assum$ ! role ( ! re/or] ( a me?od t _h be5 =gott51 in/ead ( pos+ z its orig9ator1 8 und\bt$ m]its w\ld h met ) _! j recognition1 & 8 memory w\ld h be5 free f any possible reproa*4 ,be=e ,morison's me?od ( classification c\ld h come into g5]al use1 !re 0 a rival sy/em 9 ! field1 :i* 0 de/9$ to a*ieve success1 & 9 its c\rse to absorb all t 0 good 9 ,morison's3 ?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,john ,ray4 ,ray 0 born at ,black ,notley1 ne> ,bra9tree1 ,essex1 on ,nov4 #bi1 #afbh2 s t he 0 n mu* junior to ,morison4 ,he /udi$ & graduat$ ) su* di/9ction at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 t he 0 9 due c\rse elect$ a ,fell[ (1 & appo9t$ a ,lectur] 91 8 ,college 7,tr9ity74 ,"h he rema9$ until #affb1 :5 he resign$ 8 ,fell[%ip on 8 refusal to sign ! decl>ation aga9/ '! solemn league & cov5ant' prescrib$ by ! ,act ( ,uni=mity ( #affa4 ,aft] leav+ ,cambridge he sp5t "s ye>s travell+ bo? 9 ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t2 & ev5tually settl$ at 8 bir?-place1 ,black ,notley1 :]e he di$ on ,jan4 #ag1 #agjd-e4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,cambridge1 ,ray devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to ! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 a /udy :i* aft]w>ds became 8 *ief occupation4 ,! fir/ fruit ( 8 lab\rs 9 ?is direction 0 ! ,catalogus ,plant>um circa ,cantabrigiam nasc5tium1 publi%$ 9 #affj1 foll[$ 9 due c\rse by _m works1 = he 0 a prolific au?or1 botanical & zoological z well z !ological & lit]>y1 ( :i* only ^? c be consid]$ at pres5t :i* contribut$ mat]ially to ! developm5t ( sy/ematic botany4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii ,john ,ray 7,joannes ,rajus7 ,! fir/ su* "w ( ,ray's 0 8 contribution ( ! ,tables ( ,plants to ,dr ,john ,wilk9s's ,real ,"* & a ,philosophical ,language1 publi%$ 9 #affi1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is lecture 7p4 #ba74 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ,ray's fir/ attempt at a sy/em ( classification4 ,he beg9s by di/+ui%+ ,h]bs1 ,%rubs1 & ,trees4 ,proce$+ to ! detail$ classification ( ,h]bs1 he divides !m into ,imp]fect :i* ei!r d want or seem to want "s ( ! m ess5tial p>ts ( ,plants1 viz4 ei!r ,root1 ,/alk1 or ,se$1 ! ,cryptogamia ( ,l9naeus2 & ,p]fect hav+ all ! ess5tial p>ts belong+ to a ,plant4 ,! ,p]fect ,h]bs are arrang$ 9 ?ree ma9 gr\ps accord+ to 7#a7 _! leaves1 7#b7 _! fl[]s1 7#c7 _! se$-vessel1 ea* gr\p be+ subdivid$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,,h]bs ,,consid]$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,leaves3 ,) long ,leaves3 ,frum5tace\s1 su* ^: se$ is us$ by m5 = food1 ei!r ,bread1 ,pudd+1 ,bro?1 or ,dr9k 7,c]eals73 or ,non-,frum5tace\s 7o!r ,grasses1 ,s$ges1 ,re$s74 ,gram9e\s ,h]bs ( ,bulb\s ,roots 7,bulb\s ,monocotyl$ons74 ,h]bs ( ,aff9ity to ,bulb\s ,roots 7o!r ,monocotyl$ons74 ,h]bs ( ,r\nd ,leaves 7e4g4 ,petasites1 ,viola1 ,p+uicula1 ,dros]a74 ,h]bs ( ,n]v\s ,leaves 7e4g4 ,v]atrum1 ,plantago1 ,g5tiana1 ,polygonum74 ,succul5t ,h]bs 7,s$um1 ,saxifraga74 ,h]bs consid]$ accord+ to ! ,sup]ficies ( _! ,leaves1 or _! ,mann] ( ,gr[+3 m r\gh 7e4g4 ,borago1 ,an*usa1 ,e*ium73 less r\gh 7e4g4 ,pulmon>ia1 ,symphytum1 ,heliotropium73 /ellate leaves 7e4g4 ,asp>agus1 ,galium74 ,,h]bs ,,consid]$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,fl[]s3 hav+ no se$-vessel besides ! ,cup :i* cov]s ! fl[]3 ,h]bs ( ,/am9e\s ,fl[]s1 ^: fl[] do? consi/ ( ?r$dy ,filam5ts or ,/am9a1 hav+ no leaves besides ! ,p]ian?ium3 or ^? h]bace\s leaves encompass+ ^! /am9a1 :i* d n )] or fall away be=e ! se$ is ripe2 & n ( grassy leaves1 may be di/ribut$ into su* ^: se$s are ,triangul> 7,polygonaceae72 ,r\nd3 di/+ui%able by sex1 ( male & female2 because f ! same se$ "s plants are produc$ :i* be> fl[]s & no se$s1 & o!rs :i* be> se$s & no fl[]s 7e4g4 ,cannabis1 ,humulus1 ,m]curialis73 n di/+ui%able by sex 7e4g4 ,*5opodiaceae1 ,urticace1 ,res$aceae74 ,h]bs hav+ a ,comp\nd ,fl[] n ,papp\s 7,compositae74 ,papp\s ,h]bs ,umbellif]\s ,h]bs 7,umbellif]ae1 ) ,val]iana74 ,v]ticillate ,fruticose ,h]bs 7,labiatae74 ,v]ticillate ,n ,fruticose ,h]bs ,spicate ,h]bs 7a curi\s m$ley1 includ+ ,dipsacus1 ,eryngium1 ,e*9ops1 ,agrimonia1 ,circaea1 ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba1 ,polygonum ,p]sic>ia1 ,trifolium /ellatum1 ,t4 arv5se1 & ,potamogeton angu/ifolium74 ,h]bs be>+ ,_m ,se$s toge!r 9 a ,clu/] or ,button 7e4g4 ,geum1 ,pot5tilla1 ,anemone1 ,ranunculus1 ,adonis1 ,malva74 ,,h]bs ,,consid]$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,se$-,,vessel3 ,( a divid$ ,se$-vessel1 :i* may be call$ ,corniculate 7,paeonia1 ,dictamnus1 ,delph9ium1 ,aquilegia1 ,aconitum1 ,g]anium1 ,sc&ix74 ,( an entire ,se$-vessel3 ,siliqu\s3 ,papilionace\s ,climb+ ,h]bs 7,papilionaceae74 ,papilionace\s ,h]bs n ,climb+ ,n papilionace\s 7mo/ly ,crucif]ae74 ,capsulate3 be>+ ,fl[]s ( ,five ,leaves 7,c>yophyllaceae1 ,hyp]icaceae1 ,euphorbia1 ,l9um1 ,lysima*ia1 ,ruta1 ,nigella74 ^: fl[]s consi/ ( ?ree or f\r ,leaves 7"s ,crucif]ae1 ,epim$ium1 ,papav]1 ,v]b5a1 ,/atice1 ,v]onica74 ,campanulate ,h]bs3 climb+ 7mo/ ,cucurbitaceae & ,convolvulaceae73 erect 7,campanulaceae1 "s ,solanaceae1 ,digitalis74 ,n campanulate 7,primulaceae1 ,scrophul>iaceae1 ,acan?aceae1 ,ari/olo*ia1 ,v9ca74 ,baccif]\s h]bs3 may be di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! ,qualities3 ,escul5t fruit3 m pleasant 7,/rawb]ry71 less pleasant 7,tomato74 ,escul5t root 7,potato73 ,malignant3 ( simple leaves 7,night%ade1 ,m&rake71 ( comp\nd leaves 7,h]b ,*ri/oph]1 ,p>is74 ,or ,mann] ( ,gr[?3 be+ climb]s 7,bryonia1 ,tamus1 ,smilax73 n climb]s 7,physalis ,alkek5gi1 ,cucubalus1 ,sambucus ,ebulus74 ,,( ,,%rubs4 ,i4 ,baccif]\s ,sp9\s ,%rubs ( ,decidu\s ,leaves 7! g5]a ,rubus & ,rosa1 ,gooseb]ry1 ,sloe1 ,b>b]ry1 ,rhamnus1 ,lycium74 ,,ii4 ,baccif]\s ,%rubs ( ,decidu\s ,leaves1 n ,sp9\s 7,v9e1 ,currant1 ,bilb]ry1 ,viburnum1 ,:ite ,beam1 ,cornus1 ,prunus ,padus1 ,p4 ,mahaleb1 ,diospyros1 ,honeysuckle1 ,pepp]1 ,daphne1 ,euonymus1 ,privet1 ,salicornia74 ,,iii4 ,baccif]\s ,semp]vir5t ,%rubs 7,rhamnus ,alat]nus1 ,phillyraea1 ,arbutus1 ,daphne ,laureola1 ,ruscus1 ,*ama]ops humilis1 ,lauru/9us1 ,junip]1 ,myrtle1 ,ivy1 ,mi/letoe74 ,,iv4 ,siliqu\s ,%rubs 7,lilac1 ,cytisus1 ,colutea1 ,ulex1 ,g5i/a1 ,mimosa74 ,v4 ,granif]\s ,decidu\s ,%rubs 7,vitex1 ,spiraea1 ,tam>ix1 ,jasm9um1 ,al?aea1 ,elaeagnus1 ,clematis1 ,ampelopis74 ,,vi4 ,granif]\s ,ev]gre5 ,%rubs 7,ci/us1 ,ole&]1 ,rosem>y1 ,phlomis fruticosa1 ,erica1 c474 ,,( ,,trees4 ,i4 ,pomif]\s ,trees 7,apple1 ,pe>1 c41 ,sorbus1 ,fig1 ,pomegranate1 ,orange1 ,lemon1 ,banana74 ,,ii4 ,prunif]\s ,trees 7,pea*1 ,plum1 ,*]ry1 c41 ,olive1 ,date1 ,jujube74 ,,iii4 ,baccif]\s ,trees 7,mulb]ry1 ,eld]1 ,suma*1 ,celtis1 ,bay1 ,yew1 ,holly1 ,box1 c474 ,,iv4 ,nucif]\s ,trees 7,walnut1 ,almond1 ,hazel1 ,ca/anea1 ,bee*1 ,coco-,palm1 ,c(fee1 ,cocoa1 ,cotton74 ,v4 ,gl&if]\s & ,conif]\s ,trees 7,oak1 ,ald]1 ,l>*1 ,c$>1 ,p9e1 ,spruce1 ,cypress74 ,,vi4 ,trees be>+ _! ,se$s 9 ,s+le ,tegum5ts or ,cov]+s 7,c>ob1 ,tam>9d1 ,elm1 ,hornbeam1 ,maple1 ,popl>1 ,will[1 ,lime1 ,plane74 ,,vii4 ,trees consid]$ accord+ to _! ,woods or ,b>ks 7,lignum ,vitae1 ,snakewood1 ,s&al-wood1 ,log-wood1 ,c9namon1 ,c9*ona1 c474 ,,viii4 ,trees consid]$ accord+ to _! ,gumms or ,ros9s 7,myrrh1 ,gum ,arabic1 ,copal1 ,b5zo91 ,liquidamb>1 ,camphor74 ,su* is ! classification ( :i* ,morison spoke s slight+ly 9 ! ,dialogus3 ?\gh ! "* ( ! leaf is n made s mu* ( z 8 criticism impli$4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell ^u ! /ra9$ relations t arose betwe5 ,ray & ,morison2 x may suffice to say t ,morison laid himself op5 to ! *>ge ( jeal\sy1 & t ,ray nev] =gave ! criticisms1 bo? writt5 & oral1 t ,morison _h made on him4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! un=tunate qu>rel w f9d an acc\nt ( x1 ) a mo/ loyal apology = ,morison1 9 ,blair's ,botanical ,essays 7#agbj74 ,ray may c]ta9ly be acquitt$ ( plagi>ism :i* is sugge/$ by ,blair1 = he _h no opportunity ( /udy+ ,morison's sy/em 9 its entirety3 s9ce1 z already expla9$1 x 0 n publi%$ 9 a complete =m until ! appe>ance ( ! ,sciagraphia 9 #agbj1 long aft] ,ray's dea?4 ,:5 ,ray wrote ! ,tables ( ,plants = ,dr ,wilk9s1 n ev5 ! ,preludia ,botanica _h be5 publi%$3 ! only "w t he produc$ aft] ! publication ( bo? p>ts ( ,morison's ,hi/oria 0 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,me?odus ,plant>um 7#agjc7 :i* displays pr9ciples ( classification ( :i* ,morison _h no conception4 ,! ,tables ( ,plants does n illu/rate any v def9ite pr9ciples4 ,x 0 a t5tative production1 writt5 to ord]3 9 fact1 x appe>s 7z expla9$ 9 ! preface to 8 ,me?odus em5data1 #agjc7 t ,ray1 9 writ+ x1 0 n free to foll[ :at he really believ$ to be ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 z be+ ! fir/ sy/ematic "w publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! classification is bas$1 to "s ext5t1 ^u ! "* ( ! fruit1 a pr9ciple borr[$1 probably n f ,morison b directly f ,cesalp9o4 ,be=e long x 0 sup]s$$ by a mu* m compreh5sive & ambiti\s attempt1 ! ,me?odus ,plant>um ,nova1 issu$ 9 #afhb1 two ye>s aft] ,morison's ,hi/oria 7,p>s ,secunda74 ,ray's ,me?odus ,plant>um ,nova1 #afhb4 ,,de ,,h]bis4 ,g5us i4 ,imp]fectae1 flore et sem9e c>5tes3 ,algae1 ,fungi4 ii4 ,sem9e m9utissimo3 ,bryophyta1 mo/ ,pt]idophyta4 iii4 ,acaules ,epiphyllosp]mae1 vulgo ,capill>es3 ,filices4 iv4 ,flore imp]fecto1 sexu di/9ctae3 e4g4 ,humulus1 ,cannabis1 ,sp9a*ia1 ,urtica4 v4 imp]fecto1 sexu c>5tes3 e4g4 ,*5opodium1 ,al*emilla1 ,artemisia4 vi4 imp]fecto1 ,monosp]mae1 sem9e triquetro3 ,polygonaceae4 vii4 composito1 ,lactesc5tes3 ,compositae1 ,ci*orieae4 viii4 discoide1 ,papposae3 ,compositae1 mo/ ,a/]oideae & ,s5ecionideae4 ix4 discoide nudo1 ,papposae3 ,compositae1 ,eupatorium1 ,s5ecio1 ,gnaphalium4 x4 composito discoide1 ,corymbif]ae3 ,compositae1 "s ,an!mideae4 xi4 discoide nudo1 ,corymbif]ae3 ,compositae1 ! re/ ( ! ,an!mideae4 xii4 ex flosculis fi/ul>ibus1 ,capitatae3 ,compositae1 ,cyn>eae4 xiii4 composito1 ,anomalae3 ,dipsacus1 ,scabiosa1 ,e*9ops1 ,arm]ia4 xiv4 p]fecto1 sem9ibus nudis s+ulis3 ,val]iana1 ,?alictrum1 ,/atice1 ,agrimonia1 c4 xv1 xvi4 ,umbellif]ae4 xvii4 ,/ellatae dictae3 ,rubiaceae4 xviii4 ,asp]ifoliae3 ,borag9aceae4 xix1 xx4 ,v]ticillatae3 ,labiatae4 xxi1 xxii4 ,sem9e nudo1 ,polysp]mae3 a*5if]\s ,ranunculaceae & ,rosaceae1 ,malvaceae4 xxiii4 ,pomif]ae3 ,cucurbitaceae4 xxiv4 ,baccif]ae3 e4g4 ,smilax1 ,bryonia1 ,tamus1 "s ,solanaceae1 c4 xxv4 ,multisiliquae seu ,corniculatae3 folliculate ,ranunculaceae1 ,s$um1 ,dictamnus1 c4 xxvi4 ,flore monopetalo uni=mi3 e4g4 ,hyoscyamus1 ,g5tiana1 ,convolvulus1 ,campanula4 xxvii4 xviii4 ,flore monopetalo dif=mi3 e4g4 ,impati5s1 ,ari/olo*ia1 mo/ ,scrophul>iaceae4 xxix1 xxx1 xxxi4 ,flore tetrapetalo uni=mi siliquosae3 ,crucif]ae4 xxxii4 ,flore tetrapetalo uni=mi1 ,anomalae3 e4g4 ,papav]1 ,ruta1 ,plantago1 ,v]onica4 xxxiii-vi4 ,flore papilionaceo3 ,legum9osae4 xxxvii4 ,flore p5tapetalo aut polypetalo1 foliis conjugatim dispositis3 ,c>yophyllaceae1 ,ci/aceae1 ,hyp]icaceae4 xxxviii4 ,flore p5tapetalo aut polypetalo1 foliis nullo aut alt]no ord9e dispositis3 e4g4 ,portulaca1 ,viola1 ,res$a1 ,g]anium1 ,l9um4 xxxix4 ,flore p5tapetaloide1 ,anomalae3 e4g4 ,primula1 ,asclepias1 ,ery?raea1 ,v]bascum4 xl1 xli4 ,culmif]ae3 ,gram9eae4 xlii4 ,gram9ifoliae non culmif]ae3 ,cyp]aceae1 ,juncaceae4 xliii-v4 ,radice bulbosa3 bulb\s ,monocotyl$ons4 xlvi4 ,bulbosis ,aff9es3 e4g4 ,iris1 ,aloe1 ,or*idaceae1 ,araceae1 ,cyclam54 xlvii4 ,anomalae et sui g5]is3 e4g4 ,potamogeton1 ,nymphaea1 ,callitri*e1 ,trapa1 ,/ratiotes1 ,sagitt>ia1 ,cuscuta1 ,adoxa1 ,polygala4 ,,de ,,arboribus4 ,g5us i4 ,pomif]ae3 ,pyrus1 ,mespilus1 ,citrus4 ii4 ,prunif]ae3 ,prunus1 ,cornus1 ,olea1 ,palma4 iii4 ,baccif]ae3 e4g4 ,myrtus1 ,laurus1 ,buxus1 ,arbutus1 ,ilex1 ,junip]us1 ,taxus4 iv4 ,nucif]ae3 e4g4 ,juglans1 ,corylus1 ,qu]cus1 ,ca/anea1 ,fagus4 v4 ,conif]ae3 ,p9us1 ,c$rus1 ,abies1 ,cupressus1 ,l>ix1 ,betula1 ,alnus4 vi4 ,lanig]ae3 ,platanus1 ,tam>ix1 ,salix1 ,populus4 vii4 ,siliquosae3 legum9\s trees1 ,syr+a4 viii4 ,vasculis sem9um membranaceis et ,anomalae3 ,ulmus1 ,frax9us1 ,c>p9us1 ,tilia1 ,ac]4 ,,de ,,fruticibus4 ,g5us i4 ,baccif]i semp]vir5tes3 e4g4 ,vacc9ium1 ,ruscus1 ,h$]a1 ,viscum1 ,junip]us4 ii4 foliis deciduis1 non sp9osi3 e4g4 ,vitis1 ,lonic]a1 ,cornus1 ,sambucus4 iii4 foliis deciduis1 sp9osi3 ,crataegus sp41 ,ribes sp41 ,rosa1 ,b]b]is1 c4 iv4 ,sem9ibus nudis1 aut vasculis siccis inclusis3 e4g4 ,vitex1 ,rhus1 ,spiraea1 ,erica4 v4 ,floribus papilionaceis3 e4g4 ,acacia1 ,g5i/a1 ,cytisus1 ,colutea4 vi4 ,suffrutisc5tes3 a miscellane\s collection ( species4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! classification ( ! ,me?odus ,nova & t ( ! ,tables ( ,plants %[s t :il/ he left ! ,trees & ! ,%rubs almo/ unalt]$1 ,ray remodell$ 8 arrangem5t ( ! ,h]bs4 ,:]eas1 9 ! ,tables1 he _h proce$$ along ?ree di/9ct l9es ( classification indicat$ by ! *>act]s ( leaf1 fl[]1 & se$-vessel respectively1 all reg>d$ z equally important2 9 ! ,me?odus1 ! leaf-"* is subord9at$ to ^? ( fl[] & fruit1 & ^! are n kept di/9ct b are comb9$2 a fundam5tal *ange ( pr9ciple :i* is no d\bt to be attribut$ to ,morison's criticisms on ! ,tables4 ,z ,ray put x 9 8 ,preface3 ,me?odus haec diff]5tias sumit a similitud9e et conv5i5tia p>tium praecipu>um1 radicis puta1 floris et ejus calicis1 sem9is ejusque conceptaculi4 ,! result is t _m ( ! sub-divisions consi/ ( gr\ps ( plants :i* are really natural1 ! precursors ( sev]al ( ! recogniz$ ,natural ,ord]s ( ,phan]ogams2 su* z ,polygonaceae1 ,*5opodiaceae1 ,compositae1 ,umbellif]ae1 ,rubiaceae1 ,borag9aceae1 ,labiatae1 ,cucurbitaceae1 ,scrophul>iaceae1 ,crucif]ae1 ,legum9osae1 ,gram9eae4 ,! pr9ciples adopt$ 7 capable ( yield+ ev5 bett] results1 _h !y be5 m rigor\sly appli$ & _h ! inve/igation ( ! plants be5 m m9ute4 ,= in/ance1 9 g5]a xxi & xxii1 ) a little m att5tion to floral *>act]s1 ! ,ranunculace\s might h be5 sep>at$ f ! ,rosace\s g5]a1 & all ( !m f ! ,malvaceae3 simil>ly 9 g5]a xxvi-xxviii1 ! ,scrophul>iace\s1 & possibly also ! ,campanulace\s g5]a1 might h be5 segregat$4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal a*ievem5ts is ! recognition ( ! gr\p ,/ellatae 7,rubiaceae7 z indep5d5t (1 b relat$ to1 ! ,umbellif]ae4 ,= ?is1 z well z o!r features1 ,ray 0 indebt$ to ,cesalp9o 7conf4 p4 #aa71 z he ackn[l$ges 9 8 ,preface4 ,nor does ,ray fail to ackn[l$ge 8 obligations to ,joa*im ,jung1 & to ,morison ^: ,preludia & ,hi/oria he cites4 ,b if ,ray's ,me?odus ,nova ow$ some?+ to ,morison's ,hi/oria 7,p>s secunda71 at a lat] /age ! ,hi/oria 7,p>s ,t]tia7 0 ev5 m indebt$ to ! ,me?odus ,nova4 ,x is /rik+ to obs]ve h[ _m ( ! gr\ps con/itut$ 9 ! ,p>s ,t]tia & 9 ! ,sciagraphia 7see p4 #bc7 agree ) ^? ( ,ray4 ,x is ?is close association1 am\nt+ almo/ to mutual dep5d5ce1 ( ! sy/ems ( ^! two botani/s1 t makes comp>ative criticism ( !m an impossibility4 ,_! relative position may1 9 fact1 be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t bo? ( !m adopt$ ! pr9ciples ( ,cesalp9o1 & t ,ray ev5tually prov$ to be m successful ?an ,morison 9 _! application4 ,! ,me?odus ,nova is some?+ m ?an a sy/em ( classification4 ,! sy/ematic "p ( ! "w is prec$$ by five ,sectiones :i* are morphological essays be>+ ! foll[+ titles3 ,i4 ,de ,plant>um sem9ibus obs]vationes qua$am g5]ales3 ,,ii4 ,de ,foliis ,plant>um sem9alibus dictis3 ,,iii4 ,de ,plantula sem9ali reliquisque sem9e cont5tis3 ,,iv4 ,de ,floribus ,plant>um1 eorumque p>tibus et diff]5tiis3 ,v4 ,de ,divisione ,plant>um g5]ali 9 ,arbores1 ,frutices1 ,suffrutices at ,h]bas4 ,beg9n+ ) ! la/1 x is a discussion ( ! propriety ( reta9+ ! old ,!ophra/ian sub-divisions3 ,ray agre$ ) ,jung 7see p4 #ae7 t !y are popul> r ?an accurate & philosophical1 b he reta9$ !m on ! gr\nd ( exp$i5cy4 ,! f\r? ,sectio is an outl9e ( ! morphology ( ! fl[] bas$ ^u ,jung's ,isagoge :i* ,ray _h receiv$ 9 ,,ms4 f ,dr ,john ,wor?+ton :o _h obta9$ x f ,samuel ,h>tlib1 z is expla9$ 9 ! ,preface4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,sectiones are ( peculi> int]e/3 !y give an acc\nt ( ,ray's obs]vations ^u se$s & se$l+s1 ) quotations f ,malpighi's rec5t "w on ! same subject 7,anatomes ,plant>um1 ,p>s ,prima1 #afge2 ,p>s alt]a1 #afgi71 recogniz+ ! fact t ! se$l+s ( "s plants h two se$-leaves or cotyl$ons 7z ,malpighi fir/ call$ !m71 ^? ( o!rs only "o1 a fact :i* came to be ( great sy/ematic importance4 ,! classification ( ! ,me?odus ,nova 0 ma9ta9$ by ,ray 9 8 ,hi/oria ,plant>um 7t4 i1 #afhf71 z well z 9 bo? ! fir/ 7#afij7 & second 7#afif7 editions ( 8 ,synopsis ,me?odica ,/irpium ,britannic>um1 some:at improv$ & m compact 9 =m4 ,8 ultimate views 7 express$ 9 ! ,me?odus ,plant>um em5data et aucta1 publi%$ 9 #agjc n long be=e 8 dea?4 ,9 _m respects ?is f9al =m ( 8 sy/em is a great improvem5t ^u t ( #afhb2 m especially 9 ! adoption ( ! numb] ( ! se$-leaves z a sy/ematic "*4 ,ray1 x is true1 limit$ ! application ( ?is "* to h]bace\s plants1 z he _h n br\ght himself to give up ! old categories ( ,h]bs1 ,%rubs & ,trees3 nev]!less1 he f\nd$ 9 ?is "w ! gr\ps ( ,dicotyl$ones & ,monocotyl$ones :i* p]si/1 ?\gh mat]ially alt]$ z to _! cont5t1 to ! pres5t day4 ,ray's ,me?odus ,em5data et ,aucta1 #agjc4 ,,de ,,h]bis4 ,flore ,de/itutae4 ,g5us i4 ,subm>9ae3 ,algae1 c4 ii4 ,fungi4 iii4 ,musci3 ,bryophyta ) ,lycopodium4 iv4 ,capill>es3 ,filices4 ,h]bae sui g5]is3 ,ophioglossum1 ,pilul>ia1 ,salv9ia1 ,salicornia1 c4 ,florif]ae4 ,dicotyl$ones4 v4 ,flore /am9eo3 e4g4 ,urticaceae1 ,polygonaceae1 ,*5opodiaceae1 c4 vi-ix4 ,flore ,composito seu aggregato3 ,compositae1 ) ,dipsaceae1 ,eryngium1 ,globul>ia4 x4 ,flore simplici1 sem9e nudo solit>io3 e4g4 ,val]iana1 ,mirabilis1 ,agrimonia4 xi4 ,umbellif]ae4 xii4 ,/ellatae3 ,rubiaceae4 xiii4 ,asp]ifoliae3 ,borag9aceae4 xiv4 ,v]ticillatae3 ,labiatae4 xv4 ,sem9e nudo1 ,polysp]mae3 e4g4 ,alisma1 ,ranunculus1 ,pot5tilla4 xvi4 ,pomif]ae3 ,cucurbitaceae4 xvii4 ,baccif]ae3 ,bryonia1 ,tamus1 ,arum1 ,polygonatum1 ,solanum1 c4 xviii4 ,multisiliquae3 folliculate plants1 e4g4 ,delph9ium1 ,asclepias1 ,s$um4 xix4 ,vasculif]ae ,flore monopetalo3 7capsulate ,gamopetalae74 ,regul>i2 ,campanulaceae1 ,primulaceae1 ,malvaceae1 ,g5tianaceae1 c4 ,irregul>i2 ,scrophul>iaceae1 ,ari/olo*ia1 ,acan?us1 c4 xx4 ,tetrapetalae ,siliquosae et ,siliculosae3 ,crucif]ae4 ,anomalae2 ,papav]1 ,euphorbia1 ,epilobium1 c4 xxi4 ,flore ,papilionaceo1 sive ,legum9osae4 xxii4 ,p5tapetalae ,enangiosp]mae sive ,vasculif]ae3 7capsulate ,polypetalae71 e4g4 ,c>yophyllaceae1 ,ci/aceae1 ,hyp]icaceae1 ,g]aniaceae1 ,violaceae4 ,monocotyl$ones4 ,g5us xxiii4 ,gram9ifoliae ,tricapsul>es1 radice bulbosa1 tub]osa1 fibrosa3 ,flore fructus basi coha]5te2 ,liliaceae4 ,flore summo fructui insid5te2 ,iridaceae1 ,am>yllidaceae4 ,bulbosis ,aff9es3 ,cyclam51 ,or*idaceae1 ,z+ib]aceae4 xxiv4 ,gram9ifoliae ,flore /am9eo2 ,gram9eae1 ,cyp]aceae1 ,typhaceae4 xxv4 ,anomalae aut ,inc]tae ,s$is3 e4g4 ,nymphaea1 ,trapa1 ,epim$ium1 ,s>rac5ia1 ,pip]1 c4 ,,de ,,arboribus ,,et ,,fruticibus3 ,a4 ,flore a ,fructu remoto3 7dicl9\s or dioeci\s plants74 ,g5us i4 ,conif]ae3 ,abies1 ,p9us1 ,c$rus1 ,cupressus1 ,l>ix1 ,betula1 ,alnus4 ii4 ,non-,conif]ae3 ,floribus racematim dispositis /am9eis3 ,buxus1 ,pi/acia4 9 fasciculos conge/is3 ,empetrum4 ,julif]ae3 nucif]ae3 ,juglans1 ,corylus1 ,c>p9us1 ,qu]cus1 ,fagus4 pilulif]ae3 ,platanus4 lanig]ae3 ,populus1 ,salix4 ,baccif]ae3 ,junip]us1 ,taxus1 ,morus4 ,b4 ,flore ,fructui contiguo3 ,g5us i4 ,umbilicatae2 flore summo fructui insid5te3 ,pomif]a3 ,pyrus1 ,sorbus1 ,rosa1 ,punica1 c4 ,baccif]ae1 ,polypyr5ae3 ,ribes1 ,sambucus1 ,h$]a1 c4 ,monopyr5ae3 ,viburnum1 ,cornus1 c4 ii4 ,non-,umbilicatae2 flore basi fructus coha]5te3 ,prunif]ae3 ,prunus1 ,olea4 ,pomif]ae3 ,citrus4 ,baccif]ae1 ,monopyr5ae3 ,viscum1 ,daphne1 ,rhamnus sp4 ,polypyr5ae3 e4g4 ,vitis1 ,rubus1 ,ligu/rum1 ,b]b]is1 c4 iii4 ,fructu sicco1 non ,siliquosae3 e4g4 ,ac]1 ,frax9us1 ,tilia1 ,ulmus1 ,rhus1 ,syr+a4 iv4 ,siliquosae ,flore non papilionaceo3 ,cassia1 ,mimosa1 ,c]atonia1 ,n]ium1 c4 v4 ,siliquosae ,flore papilionaceo3 papilionace\s plants4 vi4 ,anomalae3 ,ficus4 ,foliis ,arund9aceis3 ,monocotyl$ons2 ,palmaceae1 ,draca5a1 ,bambusa4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,ray 0 m =tunate ?an ,morison 9 ! impression t he produc$ ^u contempor>y botani/s & ^u ^? :o imm$iately succe$$ !m4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is :at ,t\rne=t said ( him 7,elem5s de ,botanique1 #afid1 p4 #ai73 ,monsieur ,ray sans faire tant de bruit a beauc\p mieux russi que ,morison4 ,sa mode/ie e/ l\able1 et l',hi/oire des ,plantes qu'il n\s a donne e/ une ,biblio!que ,botanique1 dans laquelle on tr\ve non seulem5t t\t ce que les auteurs ont dit de meilleur sur *aque plante2 mais encore les c>act]es des g5res y sont designez d'une mani]e assez commode4444 ,9 ! ,classes ,plant>um 7#agch7 ,l9naeus gave a some:at =mal approval ( ,ray's "w3 ,magna sunt op]a ,j4 ,raji 9 ,sci5tia ,botanica1 qui con/antia summa1 omnia1 quae b5eficio seculi innotu]ant de plantis1 manu plus quam f]rea descripsit4 ,b p]haps a m g5u9e op9ion is t express$ by ,l9naeus 9 ! lett] to ,hall] f :i* 8 e/imate ( ,morison has already be5 quot$ 7see p4 #bg73 ,y are "h ju/ly aw>e1 t :5 ! ,sy/em ( ,ray 0 spok5 ( z p]fectly natural1 all botani/s mu/ h be5 bl9d1 unless1 l ,dill5ius1 !y hop$ = a pr(essor%ip1 or 7 compell$1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,engli%1 to give to ,ray supreme hon\rs4 ,:at 0 he8 ,und\bt$ly an indefatigable man 9 collect+1 describ+1 etc42 b 9 ! k ( g5]ic pr9ciples1 less ?an no?+1 & altoge!r defici5t 9 ! exam9ation ( fl[]s4 ,i beg ( y to comp>e ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,me?odus ) ! second & ?ird1 :]e he has le>n$ to take ev]y?+ f ,t\rne=t4 ,i "k n :y ! discov]ies ( ,caesalp9us h escap$ all obs]vation1 :il/ ev]y?+ has /upidly be5 ascrib$ to ,ray 7,smi?'s ,correspond5ce ( ,l9naeus1 ii4 p4 #bhj-a74 ,?is r sev]e criticism does n1 h[ev]1 seem to h prejudic$ ,hall] aga9/ ,ray1 = 9 ! =m]'s well-kn[n ,biblio!ca ,botanica 7vol4 i4 p4 #ejj1 #agga71 9 speak+ ( ! rapid progress ( ,botany 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 he adds--,multa p>s horum increm5torum debetur ,johanni ,ray4 ,vir pius et mode/us1 ,v4 ,d4 ,m4 maximus ab hom9um memoria botanicus1 ea felicitate usus e/1 ut totos qu9quag9ta annos dilecto /udio ei licu]it imp5d]e4 ,ray's sy/em also became m popul> ?an t ( ,morison1 & 0 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl& until ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 gradually sup]s$$ by ! ,l9nean me?od :i* 0 fir/ appli$ to ,engli% botany 9 ,dr ,j4 ,hill's ,flora ,britannica 7#agfj74 ,ray 0 nev] engag$ 9 tea*+ any bran* ( natural hi/ory4 ,_h !re be51 9 8 day1 a ,*air ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 he w\ld1 no d\bt1 h occupi$ x3 h[ev]1 ! pr(essor%ip 0 n e/abli%$ until #agbd1 tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,he might v well h be5 *os5 to succe$ ,morison at ,ox=d3 b1 = "s un/at$ reason1 ! pr(essor%ip !re 0 kept 9 abeyance = ne>ly =ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,morison4 ,z has be5 expla9$1 ,morison & ,ray reviv$ ! =gott5 lab\rs ( ,cesalp9o4 ,! imm$iate result ( ! publication ( _! sy/ems 0 to /imulate _! colleagues on ! cont95t ( ,europe to a noble emulation3 !re 0 sc>cely a botani/ ( note :o did n elaborate a sy/em ( 8 own4 ,aft] suff]+ f too little "w 9 ! direction ( classification1 botany n[ began to suff] f too mu*3 "o aft] ! o!r1 sy/em foll[$ sy/em 9 rapid succession4 ,^?1 = in/ance1 ( ,*ri/oph] ,knaut 7#afhg71 ,paul ,h]mann 7#afij71 ,bo]haave 7#agaj71 ,riv9us 7#afij-agaa71 ,ruppius 7#agah71 ,*ri/ian ,knaut 7#agaf73 &1 9 ,france1 ( ,t\rne=t 7#afid1 #agjj71 & ( ,magnol 7#agbj74 ,!n came ! ,me?odus ,sexualis ( ,l9naeus 7,sy/ema ,naturae1 #agce74 ,! effect ( ! g5]al adoption ( ,l9naeus' mo/ useful b artificial me?od 0 ! tempor>y arre/ almo/ ev]y:]e1 except 9 ,france1 ( ! que/ ( ! natural sy/em4 ,?\gh ?is 0 ! effect ( ! introduction ( 8 me?od1 x 0 n at all ! int5tion ( ,l9naeus3 = 9 8 ,classes ,plant>um 7#agch1 p4 #dhe7 he said1 ,primum et ultimum 9 p>te ,sy/ematica ,botanices quaesitum e/ ,me?odus ,naturalis4 ,on ! same page ( t "w he laid d[n1 9 a s]ies ( aphorisms1 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* alone ! con/ruction ( su* a me?od c be successfully attempt$2 & he gave special emphasis to ?is "o1 t ! classificatory *>act]s %\ld n be tak5 f a s+le /ructure b f all3 nec una vel alt]a p>s fructificationis1 s$ solum simplex symmetria omnium p>tium4 ,x 0 j because !y _h fail$ to =mulate ?is pr9ciple t ! e>li] sy/emati/s1--:e!r ,fructi/s1 z ,cesalp9o1 ,morison1 ,ray1 ,knaut & ,h]mann2 or ,corolli/s1 z ,riv9us & ,t\rne=t2 or ,calyci/s1 z ,magnol--7 n m successful1 & t _! sy/ems1 ev5 ! ,me?odus em5data ( ,ray1 7 m or less artificial4 ,x 0 9 ,france t ! c>v+ out1 z x 71 ( ! ,natural ,ord]s f ! solid block ( g5]a 0 c>ri$ on ) ! greate/ success4 ,?is process _h become mu* less difficult s9ce ,t\rne=t _h begun to con/itute g5]a 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,be=e 8 "t ! ^w g5us _h be5 appli$ indiscrim9ately to e k9d ( plant-gr\p 7see ! sy/ems ( ,cesalp9o & ,ray1 pp4 #ab1 #cb73 ! l>ge/ gr\ps 7 ! summa g5]a2 ! small]1 ! g5]a subalt]na or infima4 ,t\rne=t limit$ ! application ( ! t]m to ! smalle/ gr\ps ( species1 designat+ by ! t]m ,classe ! l>ge/ gr\ps :i* he subdivid$ into ,sections 7,elem5s de ,botanique1 #afid74 ,x 0 ,l9naeus 7,classes ,plant>um1 p4 #dhe7 :o introduc$ ! t]m ,ordo to designate ! subord9ate gr\ps ( ! classes4 ,t\rne=t himself succe$$1 by means ( 8 corolli/ me?od1 9 di/+ui%+ = ! fir/ "t ! foll[+ ,sections1 describ+ _! fl[]s by t]ms :i* are n[ famili> z ! names ( natural ord]s2 ,flore ,labiato1 ,cruci=mi1 ,rosaceo1 ,c>yophyllaceo1 ,liliaceo1 ,papilionaceo1 ,am5taceo2 ?\gh ^! sections d n all exactly agree ) ! mod]n ,natural ,ord]s ( simil> designation4 ,a rem>kable1 if n altoge!r successful1 attempt 9 ! same direction 0 ,adanson's ,familles des ,plantes 7#agfc71 bas$ ^u ! s\nd ,l9nean pr9ciple1 qu'il ne peut i avoir de ,me?ode naturele en ,botanicke1 que celle qui consid]e l'ensemble de t\tes les p>ties des ,plantes4 ,! numb] ( species & v>ieties kn[n 9 8 day am\nt$ to some?+ ov] eighte5 ?\s&3 ^!1 r$uc$ into #afae g5]a1 he gr\p$ into fifty-eight families4 ,sev]al ( ^? _h be5 already m or less well def9$2 b mo/ ( !m 7 entirely orig9al1 & n a few ( !m p]si/ to ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ,adanson is n cr$it$ ) all t are 8 due4 ,8 lack ( me?od 9 nam+ 8 families1 to say no?+ ( ! fanta/ic nom5clature ( 8 g5]a1 made x necess>y = o!r names to be pref]r$ to 84 ,/ill "s famili> names ( natural ord]s are attributable to him1 su* z ,hepaticae1 ,onagrae1 ,compositae1 ,caprifolia1 ,borrag9es1 ,portulacae1 ,am>an?i1 ,papav]a1 ,ci/i1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m h s9ce und]gone "s *ange 9 _! t]m9ation4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are sev]al :i* w\ld h be5 cr$it$ to ,adanson1 _h x n s happ5$ t !y _h also be5 sugge/$ by ,b]n>d de ,jussieu3 su* are1 ,palmae1 ,ari/olo*iae1 ,myrti1 ,campanulae1 ,apocyna1 ,v]b5ae1 ,?ymeleae1 ,g]ania1 ,malvae1 ,ranunculi4 ,adanson 0 ! fir/ to publi% ^! names 7#agfc73 b ,b]n>d de ,jussieu _h made use ( !m z e>ly z #agei 9 lay+ out ! ,trianon ,g>d5 at ,v]sailles1 ?\gh !y 7 n actually publi%$ until #aghi1 :5 all ! #fe ord]s devis$ by him 7 includ$ 9 ! ,g5]a ,plant>um secundum ,ord9es ,naturales disposita ( 8 fam\s nephew ,anto9e ,laur5t de ,jussieu4 ,"h at la/ 0 a fairly complete natural sy/em1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ natural ord]s arrang$ 9 fifte5 classes1 )9 ! ?ree great subdivisions1 ,acotyl$ones1 ,monocotyl$ones1 ,dicotyl$ones1 con/itut+ ! framework ( t :i* is accept$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x has und]gone _m modifications1 ( :i* ! fir/ & mo/ important 7 ^? effect$ by ,a4 ,p4 de ,c&olle 7,?orie lm5taire1 #ahac71 :o1 :ile he improv$ ^u ,jussieu 9 v>i\s ways1 made ! un=tunate1 b happily unsuccessful1 attempt to sub/itute ,endog5ae = ,monocotyl$ones & ,exog5ae = ,dicotyl$ones4 ,! sy/em has prov$ itself capable ( expansion to accommodate all ! new g5]a & natural ord]s t h s9ce be5 e/abli%$3 x has ju/ifi$ itself z a natural classification 9 its susceptibility to developm5t 9 precision z well z 9 ext5t1 & 9 t x has surviv$ ! _m exp]im5ts made ^u x dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( its exi/5ce4 ,! glory ( ?is cr[n+ a*ievem5t belongs to ,jussieu3 he 0 ! capable man :o appe>$ precisely at ! psy*ological mom5t1 & x is ! m5 t s appe> :o h made1 & w cont9ue to make1 all ! great g5]alisations ( sci5ce4 ,jussieu's a*ievem5t1 l o!r great sci5tific a*ievem5ts1 w\ld h be5 impossible )\t ! lab\rs & failures ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ( :i* "s acc\nt has be5 giv5 9 ?is lecture4 ,he himself attribut$ mu* ( 8 success to ! "w ( ,t\rne=t1 b x is cle> t he ow$ at lea/ z mu* to ,ray3 if he le>n$ f ! =m] ! sy/ematic importance ( ! gamopetal\s & ( ! polypetal\s corolla1 he glean$ f ! latt] ! value ( ! cotyl$on>y *>act]s ^u :i* are bas$ 8 ?ree prim>y subdivisions ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,x has be5 necess>y to g beyond ! /rict limits ( ! hi/ory ( ,briti% ,botany 9 ord] to make x cle> to :at ext5t & at :at p]iod our two di/+ui%$ fell[-c\ntrym5 contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! natural sy/em ( classification4 ,en\gh has be5 said to e/abli% ! importance & ! opportun5ess ( _! contributions3 if ,pisa 0 glorifi$ by ! bir? ( ,sy/ematic ,botany1 & ,p>is by its adolesc5ce1 ,ox=d & ,cambridge 7 hon\r$ by its r5asc5ce4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! respective m]its ( ,morison & ,ray f9ds p]haps its mo/ satisfactory answ] 9 ! words ( ,l9naeus 7,classes ,plant>um1 #agdg1 p4 #fe73--,quamprimum ,morisonus artis fundam5tum re/aurasset1 eidem mox suam sup]/ruxit me?odum ,rajus1 quam de9 toties rep>avit1 usque dum 9 ultima s5ectute em5datam et auctam emitt]et3 ,morison relaid ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,ray built4 ,z ,l9naeus po9ts out1 ,ray enjoy$ ! advantage ( a v long p]iod ( productive activity3 9 ! ?irty-f\r ye>s t sep>at$ 8 ,tables ( ,plants f 8 ,me?odus ,em5data et ,aucta1 he _h "t to revise & remodel 8 sy/em4 ,morison1 on ! contr>y1 0 prev5t$ by unfav\rable circum/ances f beg9n+ ! publication ( 8 ,me?od until late 9 life1 & he 0 n p]mitt$ to see m ?an a fragm5t ( x issue f ! press4 ,x is probable t ,ray 0 m truly a naturali/ ?an 0 ,morison3 = 9 addition to 8 works on ,me?od1 he publi%$ n only 8 ,catalogus ,plant>um circa ,cantabrigiam nasc5tium 7#affj71 b also a ,catalogus ( ,briti% plants 7#afgj1 #bnd ed4 #afgg71 almo/ ! e>lie/ "w ( ! k9d1 only prec$$ by ,william ,h['s ,phytologia ,britannica 7#afej71 :i* develop$ into ! fir/ ,briti% ,flora arrang$ sy/ematically1 ! ,synopsis ,me?odica ,/irpium ,britannic>um 7#afij1 #bnd ed4 #afif74 ,morison publi%$ no?+ on field-botany2 8 volume ( ! ,hi/oria conta9s1 x is true1 occasional m5tion ( plants f\nd 9 or ne> ,ox=d1 b ! f9d] ( !m seems always to h be5 ! y\ng] ,bob>t4 ,ray includ$ 9 ! ,synopsis a li/ ( plants t _h be5 communicat$ to him by ,bob>t1 ) :om he seems to h be5 intimate1 & express$ 8 indebt$ness to ,bob>t's botanical skill4 ,b :e!r ! palm be be/[$ ^u ! "o or ! o!r1 ! fact rema9s t bo? 7 m5 ( exceptional capacity1 & t bo? did good "w = ,briti% ,botany1 rais+ x to a level :i* comm&$ ! respect & admiration ( ! botanical _w2 f :i*1 z ! succe$+ lectures ( ?is c\rse w %[1 x 0 n all[$ to s9k4 ,:at ,l9naeus said ( ,morison may be appli$ equally to ,ray1--,roma c]te non uno die1 nec ab uno condebatur viro4 ,ille tam5 faces ext9ctas inc5dit1 a quibus ignem mutuati sunt subsequ5tes1 quibus datum ad lucidum magis focum objecta rim>e 7,classes ,plant>um1 p4 #cc74 ,,nehemiah ,,grew #afda-agab ,,by ,,agnes ,,arb] ,ance/ry & ,life n>rative--8 v]satility--/ate ( ,botany--,grew & ,malpighi--,grew's bona fides v9dicat$--,! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun--se$ /ructure--8 treatise on ! ,root--its d$ication--,! ,anatomy ( ,trunks--,! ,anatomy ( ,plants--illu/rations--,grew's conception ( cells & tissues--! plant z a textile fabric--analogy ) ! animal body--m$ull>y rays--second>y ?ick5+--8 und]/&+ ( ext]nal morphology--physiological notions--sugge/ions = exp]im5ts--importance ( ! habitat--! sexes ( fl[]s--floral & se$ /ructure--e/imate ( 8 contributions to ,botany4 ,nehemiah ,grew1 :o1 ) ! ,italian botani/ ,m>cello ,malpighi1 may be consid]$ z co-f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( ,plant ,anatomy1 liv$ 9 /irr+ & tr\bl$ times4 ,8 life#b ext5d$ f #afda to #agab2 t is to say1 he 0 born ! ye> be=e ,k+ ,*>les ,i proclaim$ w> ^u ! p>liam5t>y =ces1 & he liv$ ?r\gh ! ,protectorate1 ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ii1 ,james ,,ii1 ,william & ,m>y1 & ! great] "p ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,he came ( a /ock rem>kable = c\rage & indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ,francis ,grew1 is describ$ z hav+ be5 a layman1 orig9ally ( good e/ate1 b cru%'d by prosecutions = non-con=mity 9 ! ,high ,commission ,c\rt & ,/> ,*amb]4 ,francis ,grew _h a son ,obadiah1 :o 0 a /ud5t ( ,balliol1 & ent]$ ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w> broke out1 he sid$ ) ! p>liam5t>y p>ty1 b 0 by no means a bl9d adh]5t ( ,cromwell1 ) :om he is said to h plead$ e>ne/ly = ! life ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,9 #affb ,obadiah ,grew resign$ 8 liv+1 be+ unable to comply ) ! ,act ( ,uni=mity4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 z a man ( sev5ty-five1 he 0 convict$ ( a brea* ( ! ,five ,mile ,act1 & imprison$ = six mon?s 9 ,cov5try ,gaol4 ,b ?\gh by ?is "t 8 sight _h fail$1 8 _s 0 indomitable4 ,:il/ 9 prison1 he dictat$ a s]mon e week to an amanu5sis1 :o read x to sev]al %or?& writ]s1 ea* ( :om und]took a numb] ( copies2 x 0 !n di/ribut$ to v>i\s secret religi\s meet+s1 at :i* x 0 read4 ,nehemiah ,grew 0 ,obadiah's only son1 & x is a curi\s fact t ! ye> #afhb1 :i* witness$ ! fa!r's imprisonm5t1 0 ! ye> 9 :i* ! son publi%$ 8 magnum opus1 ,! ,anatomy ( ,plants1 prefac$ by an ,epi/le ,d$icatory to ,8 mo/ sacr$ ,maje/y ,*>les ,,ii4 ,s f> z "o c ga!r1 ,nehemiah ,grew's c>e] seems to h be5 s+ul>ly unaffect$ by ! political crises t took place ar\nd him4 ,! delib]ate /yle ( 8 writ+ c]ta9ly sugge/s a /udi\s & unruffl$ life4 ,he 0 an und]graduate at ,pembroke ,hall1 ,cambridge1 & aft]w>ds took 8 doctor's degree 9 m$ic9e at ,leyd51 at ! age ( ?irty4 ,he seems to h be5 successful 9 8 pr(ession1 & we le>n f ! s]mon#c prea*$ at 8 fun]al t he di$ sudd5ly1 :il/ /ill actively engag$ 9 8 practice4 ,9 ! words ( ! s]mon1 ,x 0 8 ,hon\r & ,happ9ess1 to be ,s]viceable to ! la/ ,mom5ts ( ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv ,,nehemiah ,,grew 7#agja7 ,portrait ( ,nehemiah ,grew aft] ! portrait by ,r4 ,:ite :i* is reproduc$ 9 ! ,cosmologia ,sacra1 #agja ,be=e turn+ to ,grew's botanical "w1 x may be wor? :ile to ref] v briefly to 8 writ+s on o!r subjects1 %[+ z !y d ! rem>kable v]satility ( 8 m9d4 ,he produc$ a s]ies ( *emical pap]s1 & also pamphlets on ! me?od ( mak+ sea-wat] fre%1 & on ! nature ( ! salts pres5t 9 ! ,epsom wells4 ,9 #afha appe>$ 8 ,musum ,regalis ,societatis1 a catalogue raisonn ( ! objects 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) :i* 7 b\nd up "s contributions to animal anatomy4 ,! ,catalogue is a bulky volume1 & x is h>d to =be> a smile on read+ t ,grew d$icat$ x to "o ,colwall1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,museum1 9 ord] t ! ,royal ,society might always we> ?is ,catalogue1 z ! ,m9iature ( 8 abundant ,respects1 ne> _! ,he>ts4 ,z we %\ld expect1 ?is ,catalogue is f> m discursive ?an su* a "w w\ld be if x 7 drawn up at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ,grew takes cr$it to himself = n m$l+ ) ,my/ick1 ,my?ologick1 or ,hi]oglyphick matt]s4 ,he manages1 h[ev]1 to introduce "s g5]al rem>ks :i* are ( int]e/4 ,he realises1 = in/ance1 t x is possible to gr\p liv+ creatures 9 a way :i* has "s significance1 & t x is ! bus9ess ( ! biologi/ to discov] ?is gr\p+4 ,he blames ,aldrov&us = beg9n+ 8 hi/ory ( quadrup$s ) ! horse1 because x is ! mo/ useful animal to man1 & po9ts out t ,gesn]'s arrangem5t1 :i* is purely alphabetical1 is ev5 less satisfactory4 ,! v ,scale ( ! ,creatures1 he concludes1 is a matt] ( high speculation4 ,x is tempt+ to quote l>gely f ! ,catalogue1 b ,i w conf9e myself to "o o!r rem>k ( ,grew's :i* is p]haps p>ticul>ly applicable to-day1 :5 ! quotation ( au?orities is apt to become almo/ an obsession3 ,i h made ! ,quotations1 he says1 n to prove ?+s well kn[n1 to be true2 444 z if ,ari/otle mu/ be br\ght to prove a ,man ha? t5 ,toes4 ,grew's la/ "w 0 ! ,cosmologia ,sacra#d1 a folio volume occupi$ ) a def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & an explanation ( ! au?or's views on ! nature ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!re is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! e>li] "p ( :i* is cr[d$ ) m>g9al & fly-leaf notes1 9 "s cases initiall$ or ev5 sign$ 9 full by ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge4 ,"o _c help recall+ ,*>les ,lamb's humor\s compla9t t books l5t to ,col]idge 7 apt to be return$ ) usury2 enri*$ ) annotations tripl+ _! value 444 9 matt] (t5times1 & almo/ 9 quantity n unfrequ5tly1 vy+ ) ! orig9als4 ,col]idge seems to h accept$ ,grew q s]i\sly z a ?9k]4 ,9 "o ( 8 manuscript notes we read1 ,x is f admiration ( ,dr ,n4 ,grew1 & my high e/imate ( 8 ,p[]s1 t ,i am almo/ tempt$ to say1 t ! ,reason+s 9 ,*apt4 ,,iii ought to h l$ him to ! p]ception ( ! ess5tial phnom5ality ( ,matt]4 ,t ^! reason+s did n s lead him1 mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be attribut$ to ! fact t ,grew 0 above all ?+s a naturali/1 & ,col]idge a philosoph]1 & t betwe5 ! two an intellectual gulf is (t5 fix$4 ,aft] ?is some:at l5g?y introduction1 x is m ?an "t to turn to our ma9 subject1--! /udy ( ,nehemiah ,grew's "w z a botani/4 ,botanical sci5ce 0 9 a decid$ly decad5t condition :5 ,grew ent]$ ! field4 ,! era ( ! h]bal 0 clos+4 ,! la/ ,engli% book ( any importance :i* c /rictly be includ$ "u ?is head1 ,p>k9son's ,!atrum ,botanicum1 0 publi%$ ! ye> be=e ,grew 0 born1 & a lull 9 ?is k9d ( "w foll[$4 ,x is true t ,culpep]'s ,h]bal appe>$ lat]1 b ?is bomba/ic "w 0 ( no botanical value4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,morison & ,ray to op5 a new era 9 ,briti% ,sy/ematic ,botany4 ,at ! same "t1 fre% inspiration 0 be+ brea!d into ! sci5ce f q a diff]5t qu>t]4 ,! h]bali/s /udi$ plants prim>ily ) a view to und]/&+ _! m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,nehemiah ,grew also approa*$ ,botany 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! m$ical /&po9t1 b x 0 8 k ( anatomy :i* op5$ 8 m9d to ! possibility ( simil> "w1 ) ! bodies ( plants1 in/ead ( ^? ( animals1 z ! subject4 ,he tells u t he 0 impress$ by ! fact t ! /udy ( animal anatomy _h be5 c>ri$ on actively f e>ly ages1 :]eas t ( vegetable anatomy _h be5 sc>cely s mu* z contemplat$4 ,b consid]+1 he cont9ues1 t bo? came at fir/ out ( ! same ,h&1 & are !re=e ! ,contrivances ( ! same ,wisdom2 ,i !nce fully assur$ my self1 t x c\ld n be a va9 ,design1 ?\gh possibly unsuccessful1 to seek x 9 bo?4 ,grew 0 drawn to ! /udy ( plant /ructure at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 & sev5 ye>s lat] he produc$ 8 e>lie/ "w on ! subject1 ,! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society 9 #afgb4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,royal ,society 0 !n q 9 its y\?1 its fir/ beg9n+s only dat+ back to ab\t #afdee4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1--recall+ ! classic case ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace at ! ,l9nean ,society1--on ! v day t ,grew pres5t$ 8 treatise 9 pr9t1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society receiv$ ,m>cello ,malpighi's manuscript deal+ ) ! same subject4 ,priority c h[ev] be fairly claim$ = ! ,engli%man1 s9ce he _h submitt$ 8 treatise to ! ,society 9 manuscript e>li] 9 ! ye>4 ,?is "q ( priority1 & also ! "q :e!r ,grew 0 guilty ( plagi>ism f ,malpighi's writ+s1 has be5 mu* discuss$ at diff]5t times4 ,s*leid5#f 9 p>ticul> br\ght =w>d *>ges ( ! mo/ s]i\s nature aga9/ ,nehemiah ,grew's good fai?4 ,^! accusations 71 h[ev]1 dealt ) 9 detail 9 a pamphlet by ,poll5d]#g 9 #ahfh1 & %[n to be gr\ndless1--,s*leid5's in=mation ab\t ! circum/ances be+ :olly inaccurate4 ,!re is n[ practically no d\bt t ,grew 0 an indep5d5t work]1 & 0 only def9itely indebt$ to ,malpighi1 9 s f> z he himself ackn[l$ges x4 ,9 ! preface to ! second treatise1 = in/ance1 he m5tions ! ,italian botani/1 & rem>ks 9 speak+ ( ! ,air-vessels--! mann] ( _! ,spiral ,con=mation 7n obs]vable b by a ,microscope7 ,i fir/ le>n$ f ,him1 :o ha? giv5 a v elegant ,description ( !m4 ,if ,grew _h be5 a :olesale plund]] f ,malpighi's writ+s1 he w\ld sc>cely h be5 likely to h ackn[l$g$ indebt$ness on a special po9t4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t judg+ by pres5t-day /&>ds ( sci5tific etiquette1 ,grew %\ld h ref]r$ m fully to ! works#h ( ! ,italian au?or1 9 8 f9al book1 ,! ,anatomy ( ,plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v ,plate f ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun1 #afgb ,! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun conta9s m t is ( int]e/ f a morphological ?an f a /rictly anatomical /&po9t1 accord+ to ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]ms4 ,9 botanical language1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w anatomy has become re/rict$ s9ce ,grew's "t1 until x is n[ (t5 us$ to d5ote microscopic detail alone4 ,grew devotes a good deal ( space to ! /udy ( se$ /ructure1 deal+ *iefly ) su* features z c be obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye 7,pl4 #e74 ,he inv5t$ ! t]m radicle = ! embryonic root1 & us$ ! ^w plume = ! organ :i* we n[ speak ( 9 ! dim9utive z ! plumule4 ,! cotyl$ons he call$ lobes1 b he recognis$ t !y might 9 "s cases appe> above gr\nd & turn gre51 becom+ 9 8 t]m9ology dissimil> leaves4 ,he took ! ,bean se$ z 8 pr9cipal type1 & describ$ x ) ! lucid picturesqu5ess :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( 8 writ+4 ,x is1 he says#i1 cloa!d ) a d\ble ,ve/ or ,coat3 ,^! ,coats1 :ile ! ,bean is yet gre5 are sep>able & easily di/+ui%$4 ,:5 'tis dry1 !y cleave s closely toge!r1 t ! ,eye1 n be=e in/ruct$1 w judge !m b "o2 ! inn] ,coat likewise 7:i* is ( ! mo/ r>e contexture7 s f> %r9k+ up1 z to seem only ! r\ghness ( ! out]1 some:at resembl+ ,waf]s "u ,maqu>oons4 ,at ! ?ick] end ( ! ,bean1 9 ! out] ,coat1 a v small ,=am5 pres5ts x self3 444 ,t ?is ,=am5 is truly p]meable ev5 9 old sett+ ,beans1 appe>s ^u _! be+ soak'd = "s "t 9 ,wat]3 ,= !n tak+ !m out1 & cru%+ !m a little1 _m small ,bubbles w alt]nately rise & break ^u x4444 ,! ,plume is n1 l ! ,radicle1 an entire ,body1 b divid$ at its loose end into div]s pieces1 all v close set toge!r1 z ,fea!rs 9 a ,bun*2 = :i* reason x may be call$ ! ,plume4 ,!y are s close1 t only two or ?ree ( ! outmo/ are at fir/ se53 b ^u a nice & curi\s sep>ation ( ^!1 ! m int]i\r /ill may be discov]$4444 ,9 a ,fr5* ,bean ! two outmo/ are v fair & elegant4 ,9 ! great ,g>d5-,bean1 two extraord9>y small ,plumes1 (t51 if n always1 /& "o on ei!r side ! great "o n[ describ'd4 ,^! two extraord9>y small plumes are1 9 o!r words1 ! /ructures :i* we %\ld n[ describe z buds 9 ! axils ( ! cotyl$ons4 ,grew also notices t two simplifi$ leaves are borne next above ! cotyl$ons1 or1 z he expresses x1 ! ,plume is coop$ up betwixt a pair ( ,surfoyls4 ,grew deals also ) ! v]nation ( leaves1 & me?ods ( bud protection4 ,he %ews t _! position & fold+ gives two g5]al advantages to ! ,leaves1 ,elegance & ,security1 sc4 9 tak+ up1 s f> z _! ,=ms w be>1 ! lea/ room2 & 9 be+ s conv5i5tly c\*'d1 z to be capable ( receiv+ protection f o!r p>ts1 or ( giv+ x to "o ano!r2 z = in/ance1 ,fir/1 ,!re is ! ,pla9-,lap1 :]e ! ,leaves are all laid some:at convexly "o ov] ano!r1 b n plait$2 be+ to ! l5g?1 bread? & numb] ( ,leaves mo/ agreeable2 z 9 ! ,buds ( ,pe>-tree1 ,plum-tree1 etc4 ,b :]e ! ,leaves are n ?ick set1 z to /& 9 ! ,pla9-lap1 !re we h ! ,plicature2 z 9 ,rose-tree1 ,/rawb]ry1 ,c9quefoyl1 ,burnet etc4 ,grew ref]s also to roll$ v]nation1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ,=e-,r[l & ! ,back-,r[l4 ,he ?us rem>ks on ! hairy cov]+ *>act]i/ic ( "y leaves3--! ,hairs be+ !n 9 =m ( a ,d[n1 alwayes v ?ick set1 ?us give t protection to ! ,leaves1 :i* _! exce$+ t5d]ness !n requires2 s t !y seem to be ve/$ ) a ,coat ( ,frieze1 or to be kept w>m l "y & da9ty ,*ick5s1 9 ,wooll4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ,! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun1 ,nehemiah ,grew produc$ a second treatise1 "u ! title1 ,an ,idea ( a ,phytological ,hi/ory ,prop\nd$4 ,toge!r ) a ,cont9uation ( ! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables2 ,p>ticul>ly prosecut$ ^u ,roots4 ,& an ,acc\nt ( ! ,vegetation ( ,roots ,gr\nd$ *iefly !reupon4 ,9 ! d$ications ( 8 books ,grew (t5 reveals mu* ( 8 own p]sonality1 & ( 8 attitude t[>ds sci5ce1 al?\gh su* revelations are apt to be m+l$ ) ! curi\s conceits1 & extravagant flatt]y1 *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,= in/ance he d$icat$ ?is p>ticul> "w to ! ,presid5t & ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & aft] address+ to !m "s apologetic rem>ks ab\t 8 own p]=mance1 he takes he>t ( grace f ! ?\ght t h[ unpromis+ soev] ! ,/ock may be1 yet ! ,fruit _c b be some:at matur$ ^u :i* ,y are pleas'd to %9e4 ,x %ews h[ /rong ! influ5ce ( fa%ion c be1 :5 we f9d su* bomba/ com+ f ! p5 ( a man :o1 only a few l9es e>li]1 has writt51 ) ! p]fection ( simplicity1 ,)al1 ,i look$ ^u ,nature z a ,treasure s inf9itely full1 t z all m5 toge!r _c exhau/ x2 s no man1 b may f9d out some:at !re91 if he be resolv$ to try4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ?is treatise is ! acc\nt ( ! comp>ative /ructure ( roots1 to :i* we w return lat]1 :5 discuss+ ,grew's anatomical conceptions4 ,) reg>d to ! position ( ! plant 9 ! soil1 he held some:at my/ical views4 ,he believ$ t ! air-vessels or tra*eal elem5ts1 t5d$ to draw ! plant upw>ds1 & ! roots to pull x d[nw>ds4 ,he says1 = example1 t ! upp] "p ( ! roots ( mo/ se$l+s asc5d1 because ! fir/ leaves be+ l>ge & /&+ 9 ! op5 air1 ! ,air-vessels 9 !m h a dom9ion ov] ! "y ,root1 & s yield+ !mselves to ! sollicitation ( ! ,air upw>ds1 draw ! ,root 9 "p aft] !m4 ,9 #afge appe>$ ,grew's ?ird botanical "w1 ,! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,trunks1 :i* dealt ) /em /ructure1 z ! previ\s "w dealt ) root /ructure4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ copy ( ?is book1 :i* is elaborately annotat$ 9 manuscript4 ,f int]nal evid5ce x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ?is is ! au?or's copy1 correct$ 9 8 own h&writ+#aj4 ,"s1 ?\gh n by any means all1 ( ! corrections are id5tical ) ! alt]ations f\nd 9 ! #afhb edition4 ,above ! fir/ plate is writt5 vide ye ,book ,int]leavd1 & we may p]haps haz>d ! guess t 9 ?is copy we h ,grew's fir/ sugge/ions1 :il/ ^? :i* he f9ally adopt$ 9 ! second edition 7 ins]t$ 9 ! int]leav$ copy ^: :]eab\ts1 if x /ill exi/s1 is unkn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,pl4 #f %ews a typical page f ! annotat$ copy4 ,at ! foot we f9d ! note ,air-,vessels out ( ,p>5*yma1 trans=m$1 z ,cat]pill>s to ,flys1 %ew+ t ,grew _h arriv$ at "s idea ( ! =mation ( vessels4 ,! :ole section ( ! book to :i* ?is page belongs is v mu* remodell$ 9 ! #afhb edition1 b ! analogy j quot$ is introduc$ & ,grew proce$s accurately to describe ! orig9 ( vessels4 ,& z ! ,pi? x self1 by ! ,rupture & ,%r9k+ up ( sev]al ,r[s ( ,bladd]s1 do? (t5times become ,tubul>y3 ,s is x also probable1 t 9 ! o!r ,p>5*ym\s ,p>ts1 "o s+le ,r[ or ,file ( ,bladd]s ev5ly & p]p5dicul>ly pil$2 may sometimes1 by ! %r9k+ up ( _! ,horizontal ,fibres1 all regul>ly breakone sic into ano!r & s make "o cont9u$ ,cavity4 ,i h pass$ ov] ^! ?ree treatises 9 a some:at cursory fa%ion1 because ,nehemiah ,grew's botanical "w is p]haps bett] /udi$ 9 8 f9al pron\ncem5t on ! subject1--a folio volume publi%$ 9 #afhb "u ! title ( ,! ,anatomy ( ,plants4 ,) an ,idea ( a ,philosophical ,hi/ory ( ,plants4 ,& sev]al o!r ,lectures1 ,read be=e ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is "w consi/s ( second editions ( 8 ?ree e>li] treatises1 l>gely rewritt51 ) a great deal ( additional matt]1 includ+ a section on ! anatomy ( fl[]s1 & _m new figures4 ,"s ( ! plates are excell5t1 & especially rem>kable = ! way 9 :i* ,grew %ews ! anatomy 9 draw+s :i* repres5t ! organ 9 ?ree dim5sions 7,pl4 #g74 ,he himself laid great /ress on ?is4 ,9 8 own words1 ,9 ! ,plates1 = ! cle>] conception ( ! ,"p describ$1 ,i h repres5t$ x1 g5]ally1 z entire1 z its be+ magnifi$ to "s good degree1 w\ld be>4444 ,s1 = in/ance1 n ! ,b>que1 ,wood1 or ,pi? ( a ,root or ,tree1 by x self2 b at lea/1 "s portion ( all ?ree toge!r3 ,:]eby1 bo? _! ,texture1 & also _! ,relation "o to ano!r1 & ! ,fabrick ( ! :ole1 may be obs]v$ at "o ,view4 ,"o _c help wi%+ t botani/s ( ! pres5t day w\ld m (t5 take ! tr\ble to illu/rate _! pap]s on ?is pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi ,a page f ,! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,trunks1 ,nehemiah ,grew1 #afge4 ,! annotations are believ$ to be 9 ! au?or's own h&writ+4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,pr9t$ ,books ,dept4 7#igb4;a4#aj7 ,x is z a plant anatomi/ t ,grew is *iefly fam\s1 & x is important to try to realise exactly h[ f> 8 conception ( ! anatomical /ructure ( plants has be5 confirm$ by m rec5t rese>*4 ,9 apprais+ 8 "w x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 ess5tially ! pione] ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is true t "s obs]vations on plant anatomy occur 9 ,rob]t ,hooke's ,micrographia1 :i* 0 publi%$ six ye>s be=e ,grew s5t 9 8 fir/ manuscript to ! ,royal ,society2 b ,hooke nev] really attempt$ to make a sy/ematic /udy ( ! subject4 ,he _h succe$$ 9 greatly improv+ ! microscope1 & 8 *ief int]e/ 0 9 apply+ 8 in/rum5t to all k9ds ( bodies1 vegetable & o!rwise4 ,cork1 *>coal1 pi?1 etc41 came "u 8 obs]vation1 & to "s ext5t he und]/ood _! /ructure4 ,grew ackn[l$ges indebt$ness to ! ,le>n$ & mo/ ,+5i\s ,naturali/ ,mr ,hook1 & tells u t "s ( ! results :i* ,hooke obta9$1 inspir$ him to /udy c]ta9 ( 8 plants aga9 ) a bett] microscope4 ,= in/ance ,hooke 0 able to see small] pores 9 wood ?an ,grew _h be5 able to detect1 b1 ) bett] glasses1 he confirm$ ! accuracy ( ,hooke's obs]vation4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ,hooke mu/ c]ta9ly be cr$it$ ) priority 9 ! discov]y ( ! fact t plant tissues are *>act]is$ by a cellul> /ructure1 8 botanical "w1 consid]$ 9 its entirety1 is ( v slight significance comp>$ ) t ( ,grew4 ,grew's cle>e/ acc\nt ( plant cells is p]haps to be f\nd 9 8 description ( root p>5*yma1 :i* he comp>es to ! ,fro? ( ,be] or ,eggs or to a f9e piece ( ,man*et#aa1 or aga91 to a mo/ curi\s & exquisitely f9e-wr\ght ,sponge4 ,he quotes ) approval ,hooke's description ( ,eld]-,pi? z an heap ( ,bubbles4 ,x w\ld be unsafe h[ev] to conclude t he _h really arriv$ at :at is kn[n z ! ,cell ,!ory4 ,8 conception ( ! nature ( plant tissues 0 n by any means t ( ! mod]n botani/4 ,he believ$ ! cell-walls to consi/ ( int]-wov5 fibres1 :i* 7 cont9u\s f cell to cell4 ,he did n consid] t ^! fibres 7 inv>iably wr\ght toge!r 9 su* a fa%ion z to enclose bladd]-l spaces1 or cells2 9 "s cases he held t ! tissue 0 non-cellul>1 consi/+ simply ( int]wov5 fibres4 ,x 0 ^! hypo!tical fibres1 r ?an ! cells1 :i* he reg>d$ z ( fundam5tal importance4 ,8 idea1 :i* is some:at confus+1 is p]haps be/ und]/ood f 8 comp>ison ( plant /ructure ) pill[ lace4 ,! mo/ unfeign$ & prop] resemblance we c1 he writes1 at pres5t make ( ! :ole ,body ( a ,plant1 is1 ,to a piece ( f9e ,bone-,lace1 :5 ! ,wom5 are work+ x ^u ! ,cu%ion1 ,= ! ,pi?1 ,ins]tions#ab1 & ,p>5*yma ( ! ,b>que1 are all extream ,f9e & ,p]fect ,lace-,"w3 ! ,fibres ( ! ,pi? runn+ ,horizontally1 z d ! ,?r$s 9 a ,piece ( ,lace2 & b\nd+ ! sev]al ,bladd]s ( ! ,pi? & ,b>que1 z ! ,?r$s d ! sev]al ,holes ( ! ,lace2 & mak+ up ! ,ins]tions )\t ,bladd]s1 or ) v small ones1 z ! same ,?r$s likewise d ! close ,p>ts ( ! ,lace1 :i* !y call ! ,clo?-,"w4 ,& la/ly1 bo? ! ,lign\s & ,a]-,vessels1 /& all ,p]p5dicul>1 & s cross to ! ,horizontal ,fibres ( all ! said ,p>5*ym\s ,p>ts2 ev5 z 9 a ,piece ( ,lace ^u ! ,cu%ion1 ! ,p9s d to ! ,?r$s4 ,! ,p9s be+ also conceiv$ to be ,tubul>1 & prolong$ to any l5g?2 & ! same ,lace-,"w to be wr\ght _m ,?\s&s ( times ov] & ov] aga91 to any ?ickness or hight1 accord+ to ! hight ( any ,plant4 ,& ?is is ! true ,texture ( a ,plant4 ,grew ?us visualis$ ! inn] /ructure ( ! plant z a textile fabric1 & ! analogy betwe5 vegetable sub/ance & wov5 ?reads seems to h be5 con/antly pres5t 9 8 m9d4 ,! same idea also occurs1 = in/ance1 9 ! d$ication ( 8 magnum opus1 :]e he says1 "o :o walks ab\t ) ! meane/ ,/ick1 holds a ,piece ( ,nature's ,h&icraft1 :i* f> surpasses ! mo/ elaborate ,wo( or ,ne$le-,"w 9 ! ,_w4 ,! notions at :i* ,nehemiah ,grew arriv$ on ! subject ( ! vascul> anatomy ( plants 7 m advanc$ ?an 8 ideas on ! ultimate nature ( ! tissues4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! comp>ison ) animal anatomy1 :i* 0 con/antly 9 8 m9d1 0 on ! :ole helpful1 ?\gh x l$ to "s errors4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,cosmologia ,sacra1 seems to be an in/ance 9 :i* ! analogy ) ! animal k+dom1 help$ him to take a broad view4 ,9 ! ,woody ,p>ts ( ,plants1 :i* are _! ,bones2 ! ,pr9ciples are s comp\nd$1 z to make !m ,flexible )\t ,joynts1 & also ,ela/ick4 ,t s _! ,roots may yield to ,/ones1 & _! ,trunks to ! ,w9d1 or o!r =ce1 ) a p[] ( ,re/itution4 ,:]eas ! ,bones ( ,animals1 be+ joynt$1 are made ,inflexible4 ,9 plants1 z 9 animals1 ,grew look$ = vessels1 & discov]$ by means ( a simple exp]im5t t cont9u\s tubes1 wor?y ( be+ call$ by ?is "n1 exi/$ 9 ! out] p>ts ( ! root1 :]eas ! pi? consi/$ ( clos$ *amb]s4 ,he cut a fre% root transv]sely1 & !n g5tly press$ ! side ( x ) 8 f+] nail4 ,he 0 able to detect ! vessels ) ! nak$ eye1 & he obs]v$ t :]e !y occurr$1 sap ooz$ out "u pressure1 b 0 suck$ 9 aga9 :5 ! pressure 0 remov$4 ,! pressure also express$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( sap f ! pi?1 :]e vessels 7 abs5t1 b "h ! sap 0 n suck$ 9 aga9 :5 ! root 0 no long] squeez$1 %ew+ t ! liquid _h only be5 =c$ out by ! w\nd+ ( ! cells4 ,_h !y be5 op5 tubes l ! vessels1 ! release ( ! pressure w\ld h caus$ ! sap to disappe>4 ,grew recognis$ t ! vascul> tissue ( ! root is c5trally plac$1 :]eas 9 ! /em x is circumf]5tial1 & he po9ts out t ?is diff]5ce is connect$ ) ! div]se me*anical ne$s ( ! two organs4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t he discov]$ t conc5tration ( ! vascul> sy/em is *>act]i/ic ( climb+ plants1 ! wood1 9 8 own words1 /&+ m close & r\nd toge!r 9 or ne> ! ,c5t]1 !reby mak+ a r\nd1 & sl5d] ,trunk4 ,to ! end1 x may be m tractable1 to ! p[] ( ! ext]nal ,motor1 :at ev] t may be3 & also m secure f break+ by its w9d+ ,motion4 ,he obs]v$ ! radial arrangem5t ( ! xylem 9 ! root1 & (f]$ an explanation ( x1 :i* is h[ev] sc>cely free f obscurity4 ,"s ( ! m !real & ,subtile p>ts ( ! ,a]1 z !y /ream ?r\gh ! ,root1 x %\ld seem1 by a c]ta9 ,magnetisme1 d gradually dispose ! ,a]-,vessels1 :]e !re are any /ore ( !m1 into ,rays4 ,among/ o!r details ( root anatomy1 ,grew discov]$ t all ! tissues outside ! c5tral cyl9d] sometimes peel (f :5 ! root becomes old1 or z he says1 ! :ole body ( ! ,p]p5dicul> ,roots1 except ! woody ,fibre 9 ! ,c5tre1 becomes ! second sk94 ,turn+ to /em /ructure1 we f9d t he und]/ood ! diff]5ce 9 orig9 betwe5 /em buds & adv5titi\s roots4 ,! /em bud1 he writes1 c>ries along ) x1 "s portion ( e ,"p 9 ! ,trunk or ,/alk2 :]e( x is a ,comp5dium4 ,! adv5titi\s root1 on ! o!r h&1 always %oots =?1 by mak+ a ,rupture 9 ! ,b>que1 :i* x leaves beh9d1 & proce$s only f ! inn] "p ( ! ,/alk4 ,he describes ! vascul> bundles ( ! /em z fibres p]=at$ by num]\s pores4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t he _h no und]/&+ ( _! /ructure1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! xylem1 = he goes on to say t ea* ,fibre1 ?\gh x seem to ! b>e eye to be b "o1 yet is1 inde$1 a great numb] ( ,fibres toge!r2 & e ,pore1 be+ n me]ly a space betwixt ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,wood1 b ! ,concave ( a ,fib]4 ,he notic$ ! m$ull>y rays1 = :i* he uses ! expressive t]m ,ins]tions4 ,^! ,ins]tions1 he says1 are likewise v conspicu\s 9 ,saw+ ( ,trees l5g?-ways into ,bo>ds1 & ^? pla9'd1 & wr\ght into ,leaves = ,tables1 ,wa9scot1 ,tr5*]s1 & ! l4 ,9 all :i*1 444 !re are _m p>ts :i* h a great] smoo?ness ?an ! re/2 & are s _m ins]t$ ,pieces ( ! ,cortical ,body2 :i* be+ by ^? ( ! ,lign\s1 frequ5tly int]cept$1 seem to be discont9u\s1 al?\gh 9 ! ,trunk !y are really ext5d$1 9 cont9u$ ,plates1 ?r\gh\t its ,bread?4 ,nehemiah ,grew 0 int]e/$ 9 ! process ( second>y ?ick5+1 b he only arriv$ at a dim notion ( h[ x took place4 ,he grasp$1 h[ev]1 ! important po9t t 9 a tree trunk ! m]i/ematic zone lies ne> ! surface1 ! "y ,vessels & ,p>5*ym\s ,p>ts be+ =m$ annually betwixt ! ,wood & ,b>que4 ,he describes h[1 e ye>1 ! ,b>que ( a ,tree is divid$ into ,two ,p>ts1 & di/ribut$ two contr>y ways4 ,! out] ,"p falle? (f t[>ds ! ,sk92 & at l5g? becomes ! ,sk9 x self4444 ,! inmo/ portion ( ! ,b>que1 is annually di/ribut$ & add$ to ! ,wood2 ! ,p>5*ym\s ,"p !re( mak+ a new addition to ! ,ins]tions )9 ! ,wood2 & ! ,lymphducts a new addition to ! ,lign\s pieces betwixt :i* ! ,ins]tions /&4 ,s t a ,r+ ( ,lymphducts 9 ! ,b>que ?is ye>1 w be a ,r+ ( ,wood ! next2 & s ano!r ,r+ ( ,lymphducts1 & ( ,wood1 successively1 f ye> to ye>4 ,exactly :at ,grew meant by ! t]m ,lymphduct is n always cle>4 ,9 "s cases he seems to ref] to ! phloem & cambium by ?is "n1 & 9 o!r cases to ! p]im$ull>y zone4 ,! annual r+s 9 ,oak1 ,elm1 ,a%1 etc4 came "u 8 obs]vation1 & he rem>ks t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,spr+ & ,autumn wood1 z we %\ld n[ call x1 arises f ! fact t ! ,a]-,vessels t /& 9 ! inn] m>g9 ( ea* annual ,r+1 are all va/ly bigg]1 ?an any ( ^? t /& 9 ! out] "p ( ! ,r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii ,f ,grew's ,anatomy ,%ewe? ! ,p>ts ( a ,goosb]ry ,"p ( a ,v9e ,bran* cut transv]sly1 & splitt half way d[ne ye midle ,grew did n ent] into ! m9ut] details ( hi/ology1 except 9 8 description ( ! spiral tra*eids1 to :i*1 z we h se51 8 att5tion 0 fir/ call$ by ,malpighi's obs]vations4 ,he speaks ( ! spiral z =m$ ( ,two or ,m r\nd & true ,fibres1 al?\gh /&+ collat]ally toge!r1 yet p]fectly di/9ct4 ,nei!r are ^! ,s+le ,fibres !mselves flat1 l a ,zone2 b ( a r\nd =me1 l a mo/ f9e ,?r$4 ,he makes ! curi\s /atem5t t ! direction ( ! spiral is con/ant1 be+ 9 ! ,root1 by ,s\?1 f ,we/ to ,ea/3 b 9 ! ,trunk1 contr>ily1 by ,s\?1 f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,al?\gh x is z an anatomi/ t ,nehemiah ,grew is be/ kn[n1 8 grasp ( ext]nal morphology is p]haps ev5 m rem>kable4 ,8 "w on se$ /ructure has already be5 quot$4 ,he seems to h q readily detect$ ! true nature ( modifi$ /ems4 ,he exam9$ = in/ance ! ?orns ( ! ,haw?orn1 & saw t _! /ructure 0 axial4 ,9 8 own words1 !y are con/itut$ ( all ! same sub/antial ,p>ts :]e( ! ,g]m5 or ,bud x self is1 & 9 a l proportion3 :i* also 9 _! ,infancy are set ) ! resemblances ( div]s m9ute ,leaves4 ,x %\ld be recall$ t ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ! great s*ola/ic philosoph]1 writ+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?orns & prickles1 & notic$ transitions betwe5 ! =m] & leafy bran*es#ac4 ,!re is no reason to suppose1 h[ev]1 t our au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,alb]tus4 ,grew realis$ ! nature ( ,bulbs1 & po9ts out t ! ,/r+s only1 are absolute ,roots2 ! ,bulb1 actually conta9+ ^? ,p>ts1 :i* spr++ up1 make ! ,leaves or ,body2 & is1 z x 71 a ,great ,bud "u gr\nd4 ,nehemiah ,grew 0 int]e/$ 9 plant physiology1 al?\gh ! /ate ( *emical & physical k at ! "t did n all[ ( 8 advanc+ s f> 9 ?is1 z 9 ! morphological side ( ! subject4 ,8 turn ( m9d1 too1 appe>s to h naturally l$ him to ! /udy ( =m r ?an t ( function4 ,z reg>ds ! absorption ( wat]1 8 idea 0 simply t ! roots suck$ up wat] l a sponge1 because ! p>5*yma 0 ( a spongy nature4 ,he suppos$ t ! liquid 0 r5d]$ pur] by be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh ! sk91 :i*1 accord+ to :e!r x 0 ( a texture resembl+ br[n pap]1 cotton1 or lea!r1 w\ld produce a diff]5t effect ^u any solution pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,8 explanation ( ! asc5t ( ! sap _h really mu* 9 common ) ! ,klett]bewegung !ory prop\nd$ by ,we/]mai]#ad almo/ exactly two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,grew argu$ t consid]+ to :at height & pl5ty1 ! ,sap sometimes asc5ds2 x is n intelligible1 h[ x %\ld ?us asc5d1 by virtue ( any "o ,"p ( a ,plant1 alone2 t is nei!r by virtue ( ! ,p>5*yma1 nor by virtue ( ! ,vessels1 alone4 ,he po9t$ out t ! p>5*yma might suck up a liquid = a %ort di/ance1 & also ! vessels1 l small ,glass-,pipes imm]s$ 9 ,wat]1 w give x an asc5t = "s ,in*es2 yet !re is a c]ta9 p]iod1 accord+ to ! bore ( ! ,pipe1 beyond :i* x w n rise4 ,to acc\nt = ! rise he supposes t ! vessels & p>5*yma "w toge!r1 ! turgidity ( ! surr\nd+ p>5*yma cells bo? compress+ ! vessels1 & ?us caus+ ! liquid 9 !m to asc5d1 & also actually =c+ "s ( _! own cont5ts into !m4 ,grew p]=m$ a few exp]im5ts1 especially 9 ! direction ( plant *emi/ry4 ,?is 0 a natural l9e ( "w = a doctor1 s9ce ! extraction ( v>i\s vegetable sub/ances _h long be5 practis$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,he notic$1 among/ o!r po9ts1 t ! gre5 infusion obta9$ by treat+ a plant ) olive oil w\ld1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( c]ta9 aromatic plants1 appe> ( a gre5 col\r 9 a small drop1 b ( a r$1 or deep yell[1 :5 a quantity ( x 0 held up aga9/ a c&le4 ,9 o!r words1 ,grew seems to h obs]v$ ! *>act]i/ic fluoresc5ce ( *lorophyll4 ,he 0 int]e/$ also 9 ! subject ( geotropism1 & succe$$ 9 prov+ t !re is an innate t5d5cy = ! root to gr[ d[n & ! /em to gr[ up2 & t x is n m]ely a case ( ! root seek+ ! soil1 & ! /em ! air4 ,8 directions = p]=m+ ! exp]im5t are z foll[s3--,take a ,box ( ,m\lds1 ) a hole bor$ 9 ! bottom1 wide en\gh to admit ! ,/alk ( a ,plant1 & set x ^u /ilts half a y>d or m above gr\nd4 ,!n lodg 9 ! ,m\ld "s ,plant1 = ,example a ,bean1 9 su* sort1 t ! ,root ( ! ,bean /&+ 9 ! ,m\lds may poynt upw>ds1 ! ,/alk t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,z ! ,plant gr[s1 x w foll[1 t at l5g? ! ,/alk w rise upw>d1 & ! ,root on ! contr>y1 ar* x self d[nw>d4 ,:i* evid5tly %ews1 ,t x is n suffici5t1 t ! ,root ha? ,e>? to %oot into1 or t its ,motion is only an ,appetite ( be+ !re9 lodg$1 :i* way soev] t be3 b t its nature is1 ?\gh )9 ! ,e>? already1 yet to *ange its ,position1 & to move ,d[nw>ds4 ,& s likewise ( ! ,trunk1 t x rises1 :5 a ,se$ spr\ts1 out ( ! ,gr\nd1 n me]ly because x ha? an ,appetite ( be+ 9 ! op5 ,a]2 = 9 ?is ,exp]im5t x is s already2 yet n[ makes a new ,motion upw>ds4 ,al?\gh ,grew _c be call$ a great exp]im5t]1 he frequ5tly took ! easi] c\rse ( ?r[+ out sugge/ions = su* "w4 ,! g5]ation ( ,exp]im5ts he describes z be+ l t ( ,disc\rse1 :]e "o ?+ introduce? an hundr$ m :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (4 ,among/ o!r proposals he recomm5ds t trial %\ld be made ( gr[+ plants 9 common wat]1 sn[ wat]1 milk1 oil1 w9e1 ink1 etc41 or 9 any ( ^! ) solid bodies1 su* z nitre & salt1 dissolv$ 9 !m4 ,he po9ts out t ! effect bo? on ! plant & on ! liquid %\ld be not$4 ,! solid body %\ld be weigh$ be=e solution1 & !n1 aft] ! exp]im5t is ov]1 ! liquid %\ld be evaporat$ & ! solid aga9 weigh$4 ,ano!r in/ance 9 :i* he sugge/$ an exp]im5t1 app>5tly )\t c>ry+ x out1 0 9 relation to ! movem5ts ( ! /ems ( non-climb+ plants4 ,he seems to h anticipat$ ! n9ete5? c5tury discov]y ( nutation among/ plants o!r ?an climb]s1 ?\gh he /opp$ %ort ( actually prov+ x4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,motions ( ,trunks he rem>ks1 ,! ,convolution ( ,plants1 ha? be5 obs]v$ only 9 ^? t ,climb4 ,b x seems probable1 t _m o!rs d also w9d2 444 ,:e!r x be s1 or n ! ,exp]im5t may easily be made by ty+ a ,?r$ ^u any ( ! ,bran*es2 sett+ d[n ! respect x !n ha? to any ,qu>t] 9 ! ,heav5s3 =1 if x %all appe> 9 two or ?ree ,mon?s1 to h *ang$ its ,situation t[>ds "s o!r ,qu>t]2 x is c]ta9 pro( h]e(4 ,he notic$ t "s plants tw9e by ,s\? f ,ea/ to ,we/ & o!rs f ,we/ to ,ea/1 & attribut$ ?is to _! be+ respectively "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun & ! moon4 ,:5ev] ,grew's notions ( plant physiology dep5d$ ^u *emi/ry1 !y became1 accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 extremely difficult to foll[4 ,he held1 among _m o!r curi\s beliefs1 t salts obta9$ f any plant h a t5d5cy to cry/allise out 9 a =m resembl+ t plant1 & adds1 z an illu/ration f ! animal _w1 ?\gh ,i h n se5 x my self1 yet ,i h be5 told by "o t do? n use to phancy ?+s1 t ! ,volatile ,salt ( ,vip]s1 w figure x self into ! semblance ( little ,vip]s4 ,! my/ical belief t *>act]i/ic pr9ciples p]meate all ?+s1 f9ds expression 9 8 idea t ! fro/ fl[]s1 sometimes to be se5 on a w9d[ pane1 are evid5ce t ! air is impregnat$ ) ,vegetable ,pr9ciples4 ,ano!r fact1 :i* he br+s =w>d 9 support ( ! same view1 is t ! gr\nd or wat]1 :5 expos$ = "s "t to air1 turns gre54 ,8 explanation1 9 ?is latt] case1 0 n f> f ! tru?1 =1 z we n[ "k1 ! gre5ness is due to ! vegetation ( m9ute alg1 :i*1 9 _! dormant /ate1 may be c>ri$ f place to place by ! w9d4 ,x is usual to reg>d ,ecology z a v rec5t developm5t ( botanical sci5ce1 b ,nehemiah ,grew seems to h be5 alive to ! importance ( ! ecological /&po9t1--?\gh he did n describe x by ?is "n4 ,he writes ,! prop] ,places also ( ,plants1 or su* :]e9 !y h 444 a ,spontane\s gr[?1 %\ld be consid]$4 ,& t z to ! ,climate2 :e!r 9 "o ,cold]1 ,temp]ate1 or m ,hot4 ,! ,region2 ,cont95t1 or ,isl&4 ,! ,seat2 z ,sea1 or ,l&1 ,watry1 ,boggy1 or ,dry2 ,hills1 ,pla9s1 or ,vallies2 ,op51 9 ,woods1 or "u ,h$ges2 aga9/ ,walls1 root$ 9 !m1 or on _! ,tops2 & ! l4 ,grew's mo/ int]e/+ contribution to sci5ce 01 p]haps1 8 publication ( ! fact t ! fl[]+ plants1 l animals1 %ew ! ph5om5a ( sex4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 actually prov$ ?is cont5tion 9 an exp]im5tal way4 ,at ! "t t 8 e>lie/ "w#ae 0 publi%$1 he 0 frankly puzzl$ by ! /am5s1 or1 z he calls !m1 ! ,attire4 ,he recognis$ _! use to insects1 to :om fl[]s s]ve1 9 8 own words1 z _! ,lodg+ & _! ,d9+-,room4 ,he also fully realis$ _! value to man z increas+ ! beauty ( ! blossom1 b he 0 broad-m9d$ en\gh to feel t ^! mu/ be second>y uses1 & t ! prim>y & private use ( ! attire rema9$ to be discov]$4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 ! second edition ( 8 "w1 he tells u t x 0 sugge/$ to him 9 conv]sation by ,sir ,?omas ,mill+ton t ! /am5s 7 ! male organs4 ,x seems probable t1 al?\gh ,grew gives ,mill+ton ! cr$it = ?is discov]y1 he _h really arriv$ at x indep5d5tly1 = he tells u t :5 ,mill+ton made ! sugge/ion1 he imm$iately reply'd t he 0 ( ! same ,op9ion2 & gave him "s reasons = x1 & answ]$ "s ,objections1 :i* might oppose !m4 ,besides 8 belief 9 ! male nature ( ! /am51 ,nehemiah ,grew came to "s r my/]i\s conclusions z to _! s]v+ to draw (f ! r$undant "p ( ! sap1 n ne$$ to produce ! se$4 ,he also us$ ! ^w attire = ! florets ( ! ,composit1 b qualifi$ x by call+ ! /am5s ! sem9al attire1 & ! florets ( comp\nd fl[]s ! florid attire4 ,he says t e ,fl[] ) ! ,florid attire 7or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 e composite fl[]7 ,embosomes1 or is1 a ,posy ( p]fect ,fl[]s4 ,he recognis$ ! globulets 7poll5 gra9s7 z be+ ( ! same nature z ^? 9 ! an!rs ( simple fl[]s4 ,he describes ! disk florets ) rem>kable accuracy1 b falls into ! error ( suppos+ t ! poll5 gra9s are 9 "s cases orig9ally produc$ by ! /yle & /igmas1 :i* he calls ! ,blade1 & :i* he did n recognise z "p ( ! female organ4 ,8 figures make x cle> t he mi/ook ! /yl> hairs = little /alks organically connect+ ! poll5 gra9s & ! /yle4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 he obs]v$ t ! poll5 gra9s occurr$ on ! inn] side ( :at we n[ "k z ! /am9al tube4 ,grew ent]s into consid]able detail z reg>ds ! /ructure ( fl[]s1 & x is only possible to m5tion "h a few ( ! po9ts to :i* he draws att5tion4 ,he obs]v$ ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( capitate gl&ul> hairs1 :i* he describes z l s _m little ,mu%rooms spr\t+ out ( ! ,fl[]1 _! heads sometimes exud+ a ,gummy or ,balsamick ,juyce4 ,he describes ! v>ieties ( ae/ivation ( ! floral leaves1 & notes t1 9 ! ,poppy1 ! l>ge size & fewness ( ! petals prev5ts _! be+ fold$ into a compact body by any ( ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,= :i* reason1 !y are cramb'd up )9 ! ,empalem5t#af by hundr$s ( little ,wr9ckles or ,puck]s2 z if ,?ree or ,f\r ,f9e ,cambrick ,h&*]*ifs 7 ?ru/ into ones ,pocket4 ,we h said some?+ ab\t ,grew's "w on se$s1 9 deal+ ) 8 fir/ treatise4 ,he 0 always mu* int]e/$ 9 ?is subject1 & return$ to x aga9 9 8 lat] "w4 ,he m5tions ! mucilag9\s te/a possess$ by _m se$s1 b :i* only becomes noticeable :5 !y h be5 moi/5$4 ,t ( ,na/urtium ,hort5se he describes z v l>ge1 ev5 emul\s ( ! inn] ,pulp surr\nd+ a ,gooseb]ry-,se$4 ,he sugge/s t ! value ( putt+ a ,cl>y se$ into ! eye to br+ out a =eign body1 :i* may h lodg$ !re1 is due to ! pres5ce ( ! mucilag9\s coat4 ,! same se$ is /ill1 ,i believe1 us$ = ?is purpose1 "u ! "n ( eye se$4 ,grew und]/ood ! diff]5ce betwe5 se$s )1 & )\t endosp]m1 & gives p]fectly cle> repres5tations ( su* album9\s se$s z ,ric9us4 ,he describes ! cotyl$ons ( ! ,dock z be+ imm]s$ 9 ! endosp]m1 z 9 a ,tub ( ,meal or a little pot ( pure ref9'd ,m\ld1 necess>y = ! fir/ ,vegetation ( ! ,radicle4 ,grew naturally reckon$ ! spores ( ,f]ns among se$s4 ,! se$-case ( ! ,h>ts-tongue is1 he says1 ( a ,silv] ,col\r 444 ( a sph]ick ,figure1 & gird$ ab\t ) a /urdy ,t5don or ,spr+1 ( ! ,col\r ( ,gold3 444 ,s soon z 444 ?is ,spr+ is become />k en\gh1 x sudd5ly breaks ! ,case into two halfs1 l two little cups1 & s fl+s ! ,se$1 ( :i* t5 ,?\s& are n s big z a :ite ,pepp] ,corn4 ,to give any k9d ( %ort summ>y ( ,grew's botanical "w is well-nigh impossible4 ,"s m5 are rememb]$ = individual discov]ies1 & 9 su* cases x is n difficult to give a prcis ( _! contributions4 ,b ,nehemiah ,grew is rememb]$ because1 contemporane\sly ) ,malpighi1 he actually creat$ ! sci5ce ( plant anatomy1--a subject :i*1 be=e 8 day1 0 practically non-exi/5t4 ,mod]n botani/s1 consci\s h[ small an addition to ! fabric is n[ reg>d$ z a satisfactory life-"w1 mu/ /& amaz$ & some:at humbl$ be=e ! broad & s\nd f\ndations laid by ?is sev5te5? c5tury physician4 ,x is no less ?an two hundr$ & =ty ye>s s9ce ,grew s5t 9 8 fir/ treatise to ! ,royal ,society1 s x is sc>cely wond]ful t a numb] ( 8 results h be5 reject$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,x is f> m rem>kable t s _m ( 8 conclusions--& ^? ! m ess5tial ones--h be5 m]ely confirm$ & ext5d$ by lat] "w4 ,great h[ev] z 7 8 actual contributions to botanical k1 !y 7 p]haps less important ?an ! f>-rea*+ s]vice :i* he r5d]$ 9 help+ to free biological ?\ght f ! cramp+ belief t ! "o & only object ( ! exi/5ce ( ! organic _w 0 = ! use & pleasure ( man4 ,grew believ$ t ! ,outw>d ,elegancies ( ,plants might be = ! purpose ( giv+ delight to ! human race1 b he 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t z ! ,inw>d ,ones1 :i*1 g5]ally1 are z ,precise & ,v>i\s z ! ,outw>d1 are s seldom se51 _! purpose c h>dly be = ?is1 b mu/ be = ! b5efit ( ! plants !mselves1 ,t ! ,corn might gr[1 s2 & ! ,fl[]1 s1 :e!r or no ,m5 _h a m9d1 leisure1 or ability1 to und]/& h[4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog41 edit$ by ,leslie ,/eph5 & ,sidney ,lee1 vol4 ,,xxiii4 #ahij4 #c ,eno*'s ,translation4 ,a ,fun]al ,s]mon ,^u ! ,sudd5 ,dea? ( ,dr ,nehemiah ,grew1 ,fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,:o di$ ,m>* #be?1 #agab4 ,prea*'d at ,old-,jewry4 ,by ,john ,%[]4 ,london4 #agab4 #d #agja4 #e ,life ( ,rob]t ,boyle by ,?omas ,bir*1 p4 #hc1 #agdd4 #f ,m4 ,j4 ,s*leid51 ,grundzge d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,botanik1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aih1 #ahdb4 ,! incorrect /atem5t t ,grew 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society at ! "t t ,malpighi's manuscript 0 receiv$ by t body1 is also repeat$ 9 ! ,engli% translation ( ,s*leid5's "w ,s*leid5's ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,botany1 translat$ by ,edw9 ,lanke/]1 ,london1 #ahdi1 p4 #ch4 #g ,aloys ,poll5d]1 ,wem gebhrt die ,prioritt 9 d] ,anatomie d] ,pflanz5 dem ,grew od] dem ,malpighi8 ,bonn1 #ahfh4 #h ,m>cellus ,malpighi1 ,anatome ,plant>um1 #b pts1 ,london1 #ahge & #ahgi 7see also ,m>cellus ,malpighi1 ,die ,anatomie d] ,pflanz51 ,be>beitet von ,m4 ,mbius1 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,9 ?is little book ! m important p>ts ( ,malpighi's "w are translat$ into ,g]man1 & a numb] ( ! figures reproduc$74 #i ,! ord] ( ! p>agraphs cit$ is slightly alt]$ f t ( ! orig9al4 #aj ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,i h be5 able to comp>e ^! annotations ) c]ta9 manuscript lett]s ( ,nehemiah ,grew's pres]v$ 9 ! ,society's ,libr>y4 ,?is comp>ison confirms ! view t ! annotations are 9 ,grew's own h&writ+4 #aa ,man*et a loaf ( f9e :eat5 bread4 7,an ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat4 ,new ed4 #aiaj47 #ab ,m$ull>y rays4 #ac ,ern/ ,h4 ,f4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #fj1 #aheg4 #ad ,m4 ,we/]mai]1 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] osmotis*5 ,lei/ung5 des leb5d5 ,p>5*ym's4 ,b]4 d4 deuts*4 bot4 ,gesells*4 ,bd ,i4 p4 #cga1 #ahhc4 #ae ,! ,anatomy ( ,vegetables ,begun1 #afgb4 #af ,calyx4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii ,,/eph5 ,,hales 7#agei7 ,,/eph5 ,,hales #afgg-agfa ,,by ,,francis ,,d>w9 ,an error correct$--,hales' sci5tific contempor>ies--,physiology or ,physics--,hales ! ,f\nd] ( ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 ,physiology--,8 /yle--,cambridge days--,t$d+ton--,vegetable ,/aticks--,exp]im5ts describ$--,transpiration--,root ,pressure--,assimilation--,practical application to gre5h\ses--,di/ribution ( gr[? fir/ measur$--,hales' o!r activities--,sa*s' tribute4 ,9 attempt+ to give a picture ( any man's life & "w x is well to foll[ ! rule ( ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 & beg9 ) ! dates ( 8 bir? & dea?4 ,/eph5 ,hales 0 born 9 #afgg & di$ 9 #agfa1 hav+ _h exp]i5ces ( ! reigns ( sev5 sov]eigns4 ,! au?orities = ! life ( ,hales are giv5 9 my article on him 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,botani/s 9 g5]al probably take _! k ( ! ma9 facts ( 8 life f ,sa*s' ,hi/ory ( ,botany4 ,x is !re=e wor? :ile to po9t out t bo? ! orig9al & ! ,engli% translation 7#ahij7 conta9 ! incorrect /atem5t t ,hales 0 educat$ at ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & t he held ! liv+ ( ,ridd+ton1 :]eas he is "o ( ! glories ( ,corpus1 & 0 p]petual curate ( ,t$d+ton4 ,^! inaccuracies h[ev] are trifles 9 relation to ! great & /rik+ m]its ( ,sa*s' ,hi/ory1 a "w :i* to my ?9k+ exhibits ! /r5g? & brilliance ( ! au?or's m9d z cle>ly z any ( 8 m te*nical writ+s4 ,sa*s 0 no niggl+ biograph]1 & 8 broad vigor\s outl9es mu/ =m ! basis ( :at anyone1 :o foll[s him1 has to say ab\t ! ,botani/s ( a pa/ day4 ,to return to ,hales' bir?3 x is ( int]e/ to note h[ he fits into ! *ang+ procession ( lives1 to see :at great m5 ov]lap 8 y\?1 :o 7 8 contempor>ies 9 8 maturity1 & :o 7 appe>+ on ! sci5tific /age z he 0 leav+ x4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 ! dom9ant figure 9 ,engli% sci5ce :ile ,hales 0 develop+4 ,he di$ 9 #agbg1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,hales publi%$ 8 ,vegetable ,/aticks1 a book1 :i* l ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 appe>$ :5 its au?or 0 #ej ye>s ( age2 ,newton 0 at ! z5i? ( 8 fame :5 ,hales 0 a little boy ( #aj--;8 ,pr9cipia hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 #afhg4 ,& :5 ,hales w5t up to ,cambridge 9 #afif he mu/ h se5 ! great man com+ f 8 rooms#ag 9 ! ,n4,e4 corn] ( ! ,great ,c\rt ( ,tr9ity--t corn] :]e ,newton's & o!r m mod]n gho/s surely walk--,macaulay :o us$ to read1 pac+ to & fro by ! *apel#ah1 & ,?ack]ay :o1 l 8 own ,esmond1 liv$ ne> to ! fam\s ,mr ,newton's lodg+s4 ,9 any case !re c be no d\bt t ! g5ius ( ,newton ca/ its light on ,hales1 z ,sa*s has cle>ly po9t$ out 7,hi/4 ,bot41 ,eng4 ,tr41 p4 #dgg74 ,ano!r great man :o influ5c$ ,hales 0 ,rob]t ,boyle1 :o 0 born #afbg & di$ #afia4 ,john ,may[ aga91 t brilliant son ( ,ox=d1 ^: premature dea? at #ci 9 #afgi 0 s heavy a bl[ to sci5ce1 belongs to ! same s*ool z ,hales--! s*ool :i* 0 )9 an ace ( f\nd+ a rational *emi/ry1 b :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! m obvi\s f\nd]s ( t sci5ce by ! phlogi/on-!ory ( ,bec*]s & ,/ahl4 ,i d n f9d any evid5ce t ,hales 0 influ5c$ by ! phlogi/ic writ]s & ?is is compreh5sible en\gh1 if1 z ,i ?9k1 he belongs to ! s*ool ( ,may[ & ,boyle4 ,! lat] discov]]s 9 *emi/ry are ( ! foll[+ dates1 ,black #agbh-agii1 ,cav5di% #agca-ahaj1 ,prie/ley #agcc-ahjd1 ,s*eele #agdb-aghf1 ,lavoisi] #agdc1 guillot9$ #agid4 ,^! 7 all born ab\t ! "t ( ,hales' z5i?1 nor did he live#ai to see ! great results !y accompli%$4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t ,hales' *emical "w made m easy ! triumphant road !y trod4 ,i h spok5 ( ,hales 9 relation to *emi/s & physici/s because1 ?\gh ess5tially a physiologi/1 he seems to me to h be5 a *emi/ & physici/ :o turn$ 8 k to ! /udy ( life1 r ?an a physiologi/ :o _h "s *emical k4 ,:ewell po9ts out 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces#bj t ! ,physiologi/ asks que/ions ( ,nature 9 a s5se diff]+ f t ( ! ,physici/4 ,! ,:y8 ( ! ,physici/ meant ,?r\gh :at causes8 t ( ! ,physiologi/--,to :at end8 ,?is di/9ction no long] holds good1 & if x is to be appli$ to ,hales x is a te/ :i* %[s him to be a physici/4 ,=1 z ,sa*s %[s1 ?\gh ,hales 0 necess>ily a teleologi/ 9 ! !ological s5se1 he always ask$ = purely me*anical explanations4 ,he 0 ! mo/ unvitali/ic ( physiologi/s1 & ,i ?9k 8 explanations suff]$ f ?is cause4 ,= in/ance1 he seems to h held t to comp>e ! effect ( heat on a gr[+ root to ! action ( ! same cause on a !rmomet]#ba 0 a q satisfactory proce$+4 ,& !re are _m o!r passages 9 ,vegetable ,/aticks :]e "o feels t 8 speculations are too heavy = 8 k4 ,some?+ mu/ be said ( ,hales' relation to 8 pr$ecessors & successors 9 ,botanical "w4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors 7 ,malpighi #afbh-afid1 ,grew #afbh-agaa1 ,ray #afbg-agje1 & ,m>iotte 7bir? unkn[n1 di$ #afhd72 & ( ^! ! ?ree fir/ 7 born "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,vegetable ,/aticks4 ,malpighi & ,grew 7 ess5tially plant-anatomi/s1 ?\gh bo? dealt 9 physiological speculations4 ,_! works 7 kn[n to ,hales1 b !y d n seem to h influ5c$ him4 ,we h se5 t z a *emi/ ,hales is some:at ( a solit>y figure1 /&+ betwe5 :at may be call$ ! p]iods ( ,boyle & ( ,cav5di%4 ,?is is ev5 m /rik+ 9 8 ,botanical position1 = "h he /&s 9 ! solitude ( all great orig9al inquir]s4 ,we mu/ g back to ,van ,helmont1 #aegg-afdd1 to f9d anyone comp>able to him z an exp]im5tali/4 ,8 successors h discov]$ mu* t 0 hidd5 f him1 b consci\sly or unconsci\sly !y h all le>n$ f him ! true me?od & _s ( physiological "w4 ,x may be urg$ t 9 exalt+ ,hales ,i am unfair to ,malpighi4 ,x may be fair] to foll[ ,sa*s 9 l9k+ ^! great m5 toge!r & to insi/ on ! wond]ful fact t be=e ,malpighi's book 9 #afga1 vegetable physiology 0 /ill :]e ,ari/otle left x1 :]eas #ef ye>s lat] 9 #agbg we f9d 9 ,hales' book an exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t /ud5ts ( animal physiology agree ) botani/s z to ,hales' greatness4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica speaks ( him z ! true f\nd] ( ! mod]n exp]im5tal me?od 9 physiology4 ,accord+ to ,sa*s1 ,ray made "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! transmission ( wat]1 b on ! :ole :at he says on ?is subject is n important4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he influ5c$ ,hales4 ,m>iotte ! physici/ came to "o physiological conclusion ( great weight#bb2 namely1 t ! diff]5t qualities ( plants1 e4g4 ta/e1 od\r1 etc41 d n dep5d on ! absorption f ! soil ( diff]5tly sc5t$ or flav\r$ pr9ciples1 z ! ,ari/otelians imag9$1 b on specific diff]5ces 9 ! way 9 :i* diff]5t plants deal ) id5tical food mat]ial--an idea :i* is at ! root ( a sane physiological outlook4 ,^! views 7 publi%$ 9 #afgibc1 & may h be5 kn[n to ,hales4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 int]e/$ 9 su* ideas1 z is indicat$ by 8 attempts to give flav\r to fruit by supply+ !m ) m$icat$ fluids4 ,he probably did n expect success = he rem>ks1 p4 #cfj3 ,! specifick diff]5ces ( vegetables1 :i* are all su/a9$ & gr[ f ! same n\ri%m5t1 is sic d\btless ow+ to ! v diff]5t =mation ( _! m9ute vessels1 :]eby an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( comb9ations ( ! common pr9ciples ( vegetables is made4 ,he cont9ues 9 ! foll[+ delightful passage3 ,& c\ld our eyes atta9 to a sight ( ! admirable texture ( ! p>ts on :i* ! specific diff]5ces 9 plants dep5ds sic :at an amaz+ & beautiful sc5e ( inimitable embroid]y %\ld we behold8 :at a v>iety ( ma/]ly /rokes ( ma*9]y8 :at evid5t m>ks ( consummate wisdom %\ld we be ent]ta9$ )8 ,to conclude :at has be5 said on ,hales' *ronological position--,+5h\sz1 ! *ief f\nd] ( ! mod]n po9t ( view on plant nutrition1 0 born #agcj & publi%$ 8 book ,on ,vegetables1 etc4 9 #aggi4 ,s t :at 0 said ( ,hales' *emical position is aga9 true ( him consid]$ 9 relation to nutrition2 he did n live to see ! great discov]ies made at ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,!re is 9 8 writ+ a limpid tru?fulness & simplicity1 unconsci\sly decorat$ ) pretty #ah? c5tury words & half-ru/icities :i* give x a p]5nial *>m4 ,& inasmu* z ,i desire to repres5t ,hales n m]ely z a man to be respect$ b also to be lov$1 x w be z well to give :at is kn[n ( ! p]sonal side ( 8 "* be=e go+ on to a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 "w4 ,he 01 z we h se51 ent]$ at ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 ,june1 #afif4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agjb-c1 he 0 admitt$ a fell[ ( ! ,college4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 life z a fell[ t he began to "w at *emi/ry 9 :at he calls ! elaboratory 9 ,tr9ity ,college4 ,! room is n[ occupi$ by ! ,s5ior ,burs> & =ms "p ( ! beautiful range ( build+s 9 ! b[l+ gre51 :i*1 fre$ f /ucco & o!r desecration1 are made visible 9 _! anci5t guise by ! piety ( a son ( ,tr9ity & ! wisdom ( ! ,college au?orities4 ,x 0 "h1 accord+ to ,dr ,b5tley1 t ! ?iev+ ,burs>s ( ! old set embezzl$ ! ,college timb]#bd1 & x 0 ?is room t 0 fitt$ up z an elegant laboratory 9 #agjf = ,john ,francis ,vigani1 an ,italian *emi/1 :o _h taught un(ficially 9 ! ,univ]sity = "s ye>s & became ! fir/ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,cambridge 9 #agjc4 ,judg+ f 8 book1 ,m$ulla ,*ymiae1 #afhb1 ,vigani 0 an em95tly practical p]son :o c>$ greatly ab\t ! prop] make ( a furnace & ! =m ( a retort1 b 0 n cumb]$ ) !ories4 ,hales vacat$ 8 fell[%ip & became m9i/] or p]petual curate ( ,t$d+ton#be 9 #agjh-i & !re he liv$ until 8 dea?1 fifty-two ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,he 0 m>ri$ 78 #agai7 & 8 wife di$ )\t issue 9 #agba4 ,he attract$ ! att5tion ( ,royalty1 & receiv$ plants f ! ,k+'s g>d5 at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,fr$]ick ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! fa!r ( ,george ,,iii1 is said to h be5 fond ( surpris+ him 9 8 laboratory at ,t$d+ton4 ,?is mu/ surely be a unique habit 9 a pr9ce1 b we may rememb] t1 9 ! words ( ! ,pr9ce's mock epitaph1 s9ce x is only ,fr$ !re's no m to be said4 ,he became ,cl]k ( ! ,closet to ! ,d[ag] ,pr9cess & ?is "m ( ! be/ ( ,k+s z %e calls h]self put up 8 monum5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,hales _h ! hon\r ( receiv+ ! ,copley ,m$al f ! ,royal ,society 9 #agci1 & ,ox=d made him a ,d4,d4 9 #agcc4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i made a pilgrimage to ,t$d+ton & f\nd1 9 ! p>i% regi/]s1 _m int]e/+ entries by 8 h&2 ! la/ 9 a tremul\s writ+ is on ,novemb] #d?1 #agfj1 two mon?s be=e he di$4 ,he 0 cle>ly an active p>i% prie/4 ,he made 8 female p>i%ion]s d public p5ance :5 he ?\ght !y des]v$ x3 he did mu* = ! fabric ( ! *ur*4 ,9 #agedbf he help$ ! p>i% to a dec5t wat] supply & *>act]i/ically records1 9 ! p>i% regi/]1 t ! outfl[ 0 su* z to fill a two-qu>t vessel 9 '?ree sw+s ( a p5dulum beat+ seconds1 :i* p5dulum 0 #ci #b_/aj in*es long f ! susp5d+ nail to ! middle ( ! plumbet or bob'4 ,"u ! t[] he help$ to build 7:i* n[ s]ves z a por*7 ,/eph5 ,hales is buri$1 & ! /one :i* cov]s 8 body is be+ worn away by ! feet ( ! fai?ful4 ,by ! piety ( a few botani/s a mural tablet1 on :i* ! epitaph is re/or$1 has be5 plac$ ne> ! grave4 ,horace ,walpole call$ ,hales a poor1 good1 primitive creature & ,pope#bg 7:o 0 8 neighb\r7 said ,i %all be v glad to see ,dr ,hales1 & always love to see him1 he is s wor?y & good a man4 ,pet] ,coll9son writes ( 8 con/ant s]5ity & *e]fulness ( m9d2 x is also record$ t he c\ld look ev5 ^u wick$ m51 & ^? :o did him unk9d (fices1 )\t any emotion ( p>ticul> indignation2 n f want ( disc]nm5t or s5sibility2 b he us$ to consid] !m only l ^? exp]im5ts :i*1 ^u trial1 he f\nd c\ld nev] be appli$ to any useful purpose1 & :i* he !re=e calmly & dispassionately laid aside4 ,hales' "w may be divid$ into ?ree heads3 ,i4 ,physiological1 animal & vegetable2 ,,ii4 ,*emical2 ,,iii4 ,inv5tions & miscellane\s essays4 ,"u ,no4 ,i4 ,i %all deal only ) 8 "w on plants4 ,! la/ head+ 7,no4 ,,iii47 ,i %all only ref] to slightly1 b ! v>iety & +5uity ( 8 miscellane\s publications is p]haps wor? m5tion "h z an indication ( ! quality ( 8 m9d4 ,x seems to me to h _h some?+ 9 common ) ! v]satile +5uity ( ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ( 8 gr&son ,francis ,galton4 ,! miscellane\s "w also exhibits ,hales z a philan?ropi/1 :o c>$ passionately = bett]+ ! heal? & com=t ( 8 fell[ creatures by improv+ _! conditions ( life4 ,8 *ief book f ! physiological & *emical po9t ( view is 8 ,vegetable ,/aticks4 ,x w be conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! physiological "p ( ?is book1 & ref] to ! *emi/ry lat]4 ,vegetable ,/aticks is a small #hvo ( #cgf pages1 dat$ on ! title-page #agbg4 ,! ,imprimatur ,isaac ,newton ,pr4 ,reg4 ,soc4 is dat$ ,febru>y #af1 #agbf_/g1 & ?is date is ( "s slight int]e/1 = ,newton di$ on ,m>* #bj1 & ,vegetable ,/aticks mu/ h be5 "o ( ! la/ books he sign$4 ,! d$ication is to ,george ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds ,george ,,iii4 ,! au?or _c q avoid ! /yle ( 8 day1 = in/ance3 ,& z ,solomon ! greate/ & wise/ ( m51 deign$#bh to inquire into ! nature ( ,plants1 f ! ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 to ! ,hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall4 ,s x w n1 ,i presume1 be an unacceptable ent]ta9m5t to y\r ,royal ,highness1 etc4 ,b ! real int]e/ ( ! d$ication is its cle> /atem5t ( 8 views on ! nutrition ( plants4 ,he ass]ts t plants obta9 n\ri%m5t1 n only f ! e>?1 b also m sublim$ & exalt$ food f ! air1 t wond]ful fluid1 :i* is ( su* importance to ! life ( ,vegetables & ,animals1 etc4 ,we %all see t 8 lat] /atem5t is n s def9ite1 & x is well to rescue ?is d[nright ass]tion f oblivion4 ,8 book beg9s ) ! rese>* = :i* he is be/ kn[n1 namely t on transpiration4 ,he took a sunfl[] gr[+ 9 a fl[]-pot1 cov]+ ! surface ( ! e>? ) a plate ( ?9 mill$ lead1 & cem5t$ x s t no vap\r c\ld pass1 leav+ a cork$ hole to all[ ( ! plant be+ wat]$4 ,he did n take /eps to prev5t loss ?r\gh ! pot1 b at ! end ( ! exp]im5t cut (f ! plant1 cem5t$ ! /ump & f\nd t ! unglaz$ por\s pot p]spir$ #b ozs4 9 #ab h\rs1 & = ?is he made due all[ance4 ,! plant s prep>$ he proce$$ to weigh at /at$ int]vals4 ,he obta9$ ! area ( ! leaves by divid+ !m into p>cels accord+ to _! sev]al sizes & measur+ "o leaf#bi ( ea* p>cel4 ,! loss ( wat] 9 #ab h\rs conv]t$ to ! metric sy/em is #ac c4c4 p] #ajj sq4 cm4 ( leaf-surface2 & ?is is ( ! same ord] ( magnitude z ,sa*s' result#cj1 namely #bb c4c4 p] #ajj sq4 cm4 ,he goes on to measure ! surface ( ! roots#ca & to e/imate ! rate ( absorption p] area4 ,! calculation is ( no value1 s9ce he did n "k h[ small a "p ( ! roots is absorb5t1 nor h[ enorm\sly ! surface ( t "p is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( root-hairs4 ,he goes on to e/imate ! rate ( ! fl[ ( wat] up ! /em2 ?is w\ld be #cd cubic in*es 9 #ab h\rs if ! /em 7:i* 0 "o squ>e in* 9 section7 7 a holl[ tube4 ,he !n all[$ a sunfl[] /em to )] & to become completely dry1 & f\nd t x _h lo/ ( its weight1 & assum+ t ! ( ! solid p>ts left 0 useless = ! transmission ( wat] he increases 8 #cd by & gives #de cubic in*es 9 #ab h\rs z ! rate4 ,b ! solid matt] :i* he neglect$ conta9$ ! vessels & he w\ld h be5 ne>] to ! tru? _h he correct$ 8 figures on ?is basis4 ,! simple/ plan is to comp>e 8 results ) ^? obta9$ by ,sa*s#cb 9 all[+ plants to absorb solutions ( li?ium-salts4 ,if ! fl[ takes place ?r\gh conduits equival5t to a qu>t] ( a squ>e in* 9 area1 ! fluid w rise 9 #ab h\rs to a height ( #d #cd or #acf in*es or 9 "o h\r to #bhc cm4#cc ,?is is a result comp>able to1 ?\gh v mu* small] ?an1 ,sa*s' result ) ! sunfl[]1 viz4 #fc cm4 p] h\r4 ,! data are h[ev] h>dly wor? treat+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,b x is ( hi/oric int]e/ to note t :5 ,sa*s 0 at "w on 8 ,pflanz5physiologie1 publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 he 0 compell$ to g back ne>ly #adj ye>s to f9d any results ) :i* he c\ld comp>e 8 own4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ,hales into 8 comp>ison betwe5 ! p]spiration ( ! sunfl[] & t ( a man1 nor into 8 o!r transpiration exp]im5ts on ! cabbage1 v9e1 apple1 etc4 ,b "o or two po9ts mu/ be not$4 ,he f\nd#cd ! middle rate ( p]spiration ( a sunfl[] 9 #ab h\rs ( daylight to be #bj ounces1 & t ( a dry w>m night ab\t #c ounces2 ?us ! day transpiration 0 r\ghly sev5 times ! nocturnal rate4 ,?is diff]5ce may be acc\nt$ = by ! closure ( ! /omata at night4 ,hales ( c\rse knew no?+ ( /omata1 b x is surpris+ to f9d ,sa*s 9 #ahfe discuss+ ! problem ( transpiration ) h>dly a ref]5ce to ! effect ( /omatal closure4 ,hales#ce notes ano!r po9t :i* a k ( /omatal behavi\r might h expla9$1 viz4 t ) scanty wat]+ ! p]spiration mu* abat$1 he does n attempt an explanation b m]ely ref]s to x z a heal?y latitude ( p]spiration 9 ?is ,sunfl[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w on sunfl[]s he notices t ! fl[] foll[s ! sun1 he says h[ev] t x is n by turn+ r\nd ) ! sun1 i4e4 t x is n a twi/+ ( ! /alk1 & goes on to call x nutation :i* mu/ be ! locus classicus = ! t]m us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,an exp]im5t#cf t ,i d n rememb] to h se5 quot$ else:]e is wor? describ+4 ,x is "o ( ! _m exp]im5ts t %[ ! g5]\s scale on :i* 8 "w 0 plann$4 ,an apple b\gh five feet long 0 fix$ to a v]tical glass tube n9e feet long4 ,! tube be+ above & ! bran* hang+ bel[ ! pressure ( ! column ( wat] w\ld act 9 conc]t ) ! suck ( ! transpir+ leaves in/ead ( 9 opposition to ?is =ce4 ,he !n cut ! b>e /em ( 8 bran* 9 two1 plac+ ! apical half ( ! specim5 7be>+ side bran*es & leaves7 ) its cut end 9 a glass vessel ( wat]1 ! basal & leafless half ( ! bran* rema9$ atta*$ to ! v]tical tube ( wat]4 ,9 ! next #cj h\rs only #f ounces dripp$ ?r\gh ! leafless bran*1 :]eas ! leafy bran* absorb$ #ah ounces4 ,?is1 z he says1 %[s ! great p[] ( p]spiration4 ,& ?\gh he does n pursue ! exp]im5t1 x is wor?y ( note z an attempt l ^? ( ,janse#cg & o!rs to correlate ! fl[ ( wat] "u pressure ) ! fl[ due to transpiration4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ,hales us$ ! ?ree me?ods ( e/imat+ transpiration :i* h be5 employ$ 9 mod]n times1 namely1 7i7 weigh+1 7ii7 a r\gh sort ( potomet]1 7iii7 enclos+ a bran* 9 a glass balloon & collect+ ! precipitat$ moi/ure1 ! well-kn[n plan foll[$ by v>i\s ,fr5* obs]v]s4 ,he 7,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #ea7 conclud$ 8 balance ( loss & ga9 9 transpir+ plants by e/imat+ ! am\nt ( available wat] 9 ! soil to a dep? ( ?ree feet1 & calculat+ h[ long 8 sunfl[] w\ld exi/ )\t wat]+4 ,he fur!r concludes 7p4 #eg7 t an annual ra9fall 7( #bb in*es7 is suffici5t = all ! purposes ( nature1 9 su* flat c\ntries z ?is ab\t ,t$d+ton4 ,he con/antly notes small po9ts ( int]e/1 e4g4 7p4 #hb7 t ) cut bran*es ! wat] absorb$ dim9i%es ea* day & t ! =m] vig\r ( absorption may be p>tly r5ew$ by cutt+ a fre% surface#ch4 ,he also %[$ 7p4 #hi7 t ! transpiration curr5t c fl[ p]fectly well f apex to base :5 ! apical end is imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,^! are famili> facts to u1 b we %\ld realise t x is to ! indu/ry & +5uity ( ,hales t we owe !m4 ,9 a repetition 7p4 #ij7 ( ! la/ exp]im5t1 we h ! fir/ m5tion ( a fact fundam5tally important4 ,he took two bran*es 7:i* ) a cl]ical t\* he calls ,m & ,n7 & hav+ remov$ ! b>k f a "p ( ! bran* dipp$ ! ends 9 wat]1 ,n ) ! great end d[nw>ds1 b ,m upside d[n4 ,9 ?is way he %[$ t ! b>k 0 n necess>y = ! absorption or transmission ( wat]#ci4 ,i suspect t "o bran* 0 inv]t$ out ( respect = ! hypo!sis ( sap-circulation4 ,he p]haps ?\ght t wat] c\ld travel apically by ! wood1 b only by ! b>k 9 ! opposite direction4 ,lat] 9 8 book 7pp4 #abh & #aca7 he gives def9ite argum5ts aga9/ ! hypo!sis 9 "q4 ,next 9 ord] 7p4 #ie7 comes 8 well-kn[n exp]im5t on ! pressure ex]t$ by peas increas+ 9 size z !y imbibe wat]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 pitfalls 9 ?is result ( :i* ,hales 0 unaw>e1 & p]haps ! *ief int]e/ to u n[ is t he consid]$ ! imbibition ( ! peas#dj to be ! same ord] ( ph5om5on z ! absorption ( wat] by a cut bran*--not)/&+ ! fact t he knew#da ! absorption to dep5d l>gely on ! leaves4 ,x may be notic$ t ,sa*s ) 8 imbibitional view ( wat]-transport may be c\nt$ a foll[] ( ,hales4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any lat]al communication ( ! sap & sap vessels1 z !re is ( blood 9 animals1 ,hales 7p4 #aba7 made ! exp]im5t :i* has be5 repeat$ 9 mod]n laboratories#db1 i4e4 cutt+ a gap to ! pi? & ano!r opposite to x & a few in*es above4 ,?is he did on an oak bran* six feet long ^: basal end 0 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,! bran* cont9u$ to p]spire = two days1 b gave (f only ab\t half ! am\nt ( wat] transpir$ by a normal bran*#dc4 ,he does n tr\ble himself ab\t ?is diff]5ce1 be+ satisfi$ ( great quantities ( liquor hav+ pass$ lat]ally by ! gap4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! fact ( lat]al transmission 9 connexion ) ! exp]im5t ( ! susp5d$ tree 7,fig4 #bd1 p4 #abf71 :i* is dep5d5t on ! neighb\rs to :i* x is graft$ = its wat] supply4 ,?is seems to be "o ( ! results t conv9c$ him t !re is a di/ribution ( food mat]ial :i* _c be describ$ z circulation ( sap 9 ! s5se t 0 !n 9 vogue4 ,hales 7p4 #adc7 0 "o ( ! fir/#dd to make ! well-kn[n exp]im5t--! removal ( a r+ ( b>k1 ) ! result t ! edge ( b>k ne>e/ ! base ( ! bran* swells & ?ick5s 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,he po9ts out t if a numb] ( r+s are made "o above ! o!r1 ! swell+ is se5 at ! l[] edge ( ea* isolat$ piece ( b>k1 & !re=e 7p4 #adc7 ! swell+ mu/ be attribut$ to "s o!r cause ?an ! /oppage ( ! sap 9 its return d[nw>ds1 because ! fir/ gap 9 ! b>k %\ld be suffici5t to *eck ! :ole ( ! fl[+ sap#de4 ,he mu/ 9 fact h se5 t !re is a r$i/ribution ( pla/ic mat]ial 9 ea* section ( b>k4 ,we n[ = ! mom5t leave ! subject ( transpiration & pass on to t ( root-pressure on :i* ,hales is equally illum9at+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure f ,vegetable ,/aticks %[+ a v9e ) m]cury gauges 9 place to demon/rate root-pressure4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5t1 ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #ajj1 0 ) a v9e to :i* he atta*$ a v]tical pipe made ( ?ree l5g?s ( glass-tub+ jo9t$ toge!r4 ,8 me?od is wor? notice4 ,he atta*$ ! /ump to ! manomet] ) a /iff cem5t made ( melt$ ,beeswax & ,turp5t9e1 & b\nd x ov] ) sev]al folds ( wet bladd] & pack-?read4 ,we _c wond] t ! mak+ ( wat]-tight connexions 0 a great difficulty1 & we c sympa?ise ) 8 belief t he c\ld h got a column m ?an #ba feet high b = ! leak+ ( ! jo9ts on sev]al occasions4 ,he notes ! famili> fact t ! v9e-/ump absorb$ wat] be=e x began to extrude x4 ,he aft]w>ds 7pp4 #ajf-g7 us$ a m]cury gauge & regi/]$ a root-pressure ( #cb in*es or #cf feet #e in*es ( wat] :i* he proce$s to comp>e ) 8 own det]m9ation ( ! blood-pressure ( ! horse 7#h feet7 & ( o!r animals4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( 8 root-pressure exp]im5ts 0 t 7p4 #aaj7 9 :i* sev]al manomet]s 7 atta*$ to ! bran*es ( a ble$+ v9e & %[$ a result :i* conv9c$ him t ! =ce is n f ! root only1 b mu/ proce$ f "s p[] 9 ! /em & bran*es1 a conclusion :i* "s mod]n work]s h also arriv$ at4 ,! figure on page #gg is a simplifi$ reproduction ( ! plate 7,fig4 #ai7 9 ,vegetable ,/aticks4 ,assimilation4 ,hales' belief t plants draw "p ( _! food f ! air1 & aga9 t air is ! brea? ( life1 ( vegetables z well z ( animals 7p4 #adh71 are bas$ ^u a s]ies ( *emical exp]im5ts p]=m$ by himself4 ,n be+ satisfi$ ) :at he knew ( ! relation betwe5 air 7by :i* he meant gas7 & ! solid bodies 9 :i* he suppos$ gases to be fix$1 he delay$ ! publication ( ,vegetable ,/aticks = "s two ye>s1 & c>ri$ out ! s]ies ( obs]vations :i* are m5tion$ 9 8 title-page z ,an attempt to analyse ! air1 by a great v>iety ( *ymio-/atical exp]im5ts occupy+ #afb pages ( 8 book#df4 ,! !me ( 8 inquiry he takes 7,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #afe7 f ! illu/ri\s ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o believ$ t ,d5se bodies by f]m5tation r>ify into sev]al sorts ( ,air2 & ?is ,air by f]m5tation1 & sometimes )\t x1 returns into d5se bodies4 ,hales' me?od consi/$ 9 heat+ a v>iety ( sub/ances1 e4g4 :eat-gra9s1 pease1 wood1 hog's blood1 fall[-de]'s horn1 oy/]-%ells1 r$-lead1 gold1 etc41 & measur+ ! air giv5 (f f !m4 ,he also tri$ ! effect ( acid on iron fil+s1 oy/]-%ells1 etc4 ,9 ! true _s ( exp]im5t he began by /rongly heat+ 8 retorts 7"o ( :i* 0 a musket b>rel7 to make sure t no air arose f !m4 ,x is n evid5t to me :y he cont9u$ at ?is subject s long4 ,he _h no means ( di/+ui%+ "o gas f ano!r1 & almo/ ! only quality not$ is a want ( p]man5ce1 e4g4 :5 ! ,,co#b produc$ 0 dissolv$ by ! wat] ov] :i* he collect$ x4 ,sir ,e4 ,?orpe#dg po9ts out t ,hales mu/ h prep>$ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 sulphur dioxide1 m>% gas1 etc4 ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be said t ,hales des]v$ ! title usually giv5 to ,prie/ley1 viz4 ! fa!r ( pneumatic#dh *emi/ry4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t made by ,hales is ! heat+ ( m9ium 7r$-lead7 ) ! production ( oxyg54 ,x proves t he knew1 z ,boyle1 ,hooke & ,may[ did be=e him1 t a body ga9s weight 9 oxidation4 ,?us ,hales rem>ks3 ,t ! sulphur\s & a]eal p>ticles ( ! fire are lodg$ 9 _m ( ^? bodies :i* x acts ^u1 & !reby consid]ably augm5ts _! weight1 is v evid5t 9 ,m9ium or ,r$ ,lead :i* is obs]v$ to increase 9 weight 9 und]go+ ! action ( ! fire4 ,! acquir$ r$ness ( ! ,m9ium indicat+ ! addition ( pl5ty ( sulphur 9 ! op]ation4 ,he also speaks ( ! gas di/ill$ f m9ium1 & rem>ks ,x 0 d\btless ?is quantity ( air 9 ! m9ium :i* bur/ ! h]metically seal$ glasses ( ! excell5t ,mr ,boyle1 :5 he heat$ ! ,m9ium conta9$ 9 !m by a burn+ glass 7p4 #bhg74 ,?is 0 ! me?od also us$ by ,prie/ley 9 8 celebrat$ exp]im5t ( heat+ r$-lead 9 hydrog52 :]eby ! metallic lead reappe>s & ! hydrog5 disappe>s by comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 set free4 ,?is 0 express$ 9 ! language ( ! day z ! recon/ruction ( metallic lead by ! addition ( phlogi/on 7! hydrog57 to ! calx ( lead 7m9ium74 ,?orpe po9ts out ! magnitude ( ! discov]y t ,prie/ley miss$1 & x may be said t ,hales too 0 on ! track & _h he kn[n z mu* z ,prie/ley x w\ld n h be5 phlogi/on t kept him f becom+ a ,cav5di% or ,lavoisi]4 ,:at *iefly conc]ns u h[ev] is ! be>+ ( ,hales' *emical "w on 8 !ories ( nutrition4 ,he concludes t air makes a v consid]able "p ( ! sub/ance ( ,vegetables1 & goes on to say 7p4 #baa7 t _m ( ^! p>ticles ( air are 9 a fixt /ate /rongly adh]+ to & wr\ght into ! sub/ance ( plants#di4 ,he has "s idea ( ! in/ability ( complex sub/ances & ( ! importance ( ! fact1 = he says#ej t if all ! p>ts ( matt] 7 only endu$ ) a /rongly attract+ p[]1 ! :ole ( nature w\ld !n become "o unactive coh]+ lump4 ,?is may rem9d u ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s words3 ,?us ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( liv+ organic matt]1 is t x unites ?is l>ge quantity ( conta9$ motion ) a degree ( cohesion t p]mits tempor>y fixity ( arrangem5t1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #ajc4 ,) reg>d to ! way 9 :i* plants absorb & fix ! air :i* he f9ds 9 _! tissues1 ,hales is n cle>2 he does n 9 any way di/+ui% betwe5 respiration & assimilation4 ,b z ,i h already said he def9itely ass]ts t plants draw sublim$ & exalt$ food f ! air4 ,z reg>ds ! action ( light on plants1 he sugge/s 7p4 #cbg7 t by freely ent]+ ! exp&$ surfaces ( leaves & fl[]s light may contribute mu* to ! ennobl+ pr9ciples ( vegetation4 ,he goes on to quote ,newton 7,opticks1 qu]y #cj73 ,! *ange ( bodies into light1 & ( light into bodies is v con=mable to ! c\rse ( nature1 :i* seems delight$ ) trans=mations4 ,x is a problem = ! antiqu>y to det]m9e :e!r or no ,swift took f ,newton ! idea ( bottl+ & recaptur+ sun%9e z practis$ by ! philosoph] ( ,lagado4 ,he c\ld h>dly h got x f ,hales s9ce ,gulliv]'s ,travels 0 publi%$ 9 #agbf1 a ye> be=e ,vegetable ,/aticks4 ,timiriazeff1 9 8 ,croonian ,lecture#ea1 0 ! fir/ to see ! connexion betwe5 photosyn!sis & ! ,lagado rese>*4 ,nev]!less ,hales is n q consi/5t ab\t ! action ( light2 ?us 7p4 #cea7 he speaks ( ! dull light 9 a closely plant$ wood z *eck+ ! p]spiration ( ! l[] bran*es s t draw+ little n\ri%m5t1 !y p]i%4 ,?is is d\btless "o effect ( bad illum9ation "u ! above-nam$ conditions1 b ! *eck to photosyn!sis is a m s]i\s result4 ,9 8 f9al rem>ks on vegetation 7p4 #cge7 ,hales says 9 relation to gre5h\ses1 x is c]ta9ly ( z great importance to ! life ( ! plants to dis*>ge t infect$ rancid air by ! admission ( fre%1 z x is to def5d !m f ! extream cold ( ! outw>d air4 ,?is idea ( v5tilat+ gre5h\ses he c>ri$ out 9 a plant h\se design$ by him = ! ,d[ag] ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 9 :i* w>m fre% air 0 admitt$4 ,! h\se 9 "q 0 built 9 #agfa 9 ! ,pr9cess's g>d5 at ,kew1 :i* aft]w>ds became :at we n[ "k z ,kew ,g>d5s4 ,! site ( ,hales' gre5h\se1 :i* 0 only pull$ d[n 9 #ahfa1 is m>k$ by a big ,wi/>ia :i* =m]ly grew on ! gre5h\se wall4 ,x %\ld be record$ t ,sir ,w4 ,?iselton-,dy]#eb plann$ a simil> arrangem5t indep5d5tly ( ,hales1 & f\nd x produc$ a m>k$ improvem5t ( ! well-be+ ( ! plants4 ,x is an illum9at+ fact t ?\gh ,hales mu/ h kn[n ,malpighi's !ory ( ! function ( leaves 7:i* 0 broadly speak+ ! same z 8 own71 he does n z f> z ,i "k ref] to x4 ,9 8 preface1 p4 ii1 he regrets t ,malpighi & ,grew1 ^: anatomical k he appreciat$1 _h n =tun$ to h fall5 into ?is /atical#ec way ( inquiry4 ,i believe he means an inquiry ( an exp]im5tal nature1 & ,i ?9k x 0 because ,malpighi's !ory 0 dep5d5t on analogy r ?an on asc]ta9$ facts1 t x influ5c$ ,hales s little4 ,!re is ano!r "p ( physiology on :i* ,hales ?rew light4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,i believe to inve/igate ! di/ribution ( gr[? 9 develop+ %oots & gr[+ leaves by m>k+ !m & measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks aft] an int]val ( "t4 ,he describes 7p4 #ccj7 & figures 7p4 #cdd7 ) 8 usual ?or\ghness ! app>atus employ$3 ?is 0 a comb-l object1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix1 made by fix+ five p9s into a h&le1 in* ap>t f "o ano!r3 ! po9ts be+ dipp$ 9 r$-lead & oil1 a "y v9e-%oot 0 m>k$ ) t5 dots in* ap>t4 ,9 ! autumn he exam9$ 8 specim5 & f9ds t ! y\nge/ int]node or joynt _h gr[n mo/1 & ! basal "p hav+ be5 almo/ h>d5$ :5 he m>k$1 _h ext5d$ v little4 ,9 ?is--a t5tative exp]im5t--he made ! mi/ake ( n re-measur+ 8 plants at %ort int]vals ( "t1 b x 0 an admirable beg9n+ & ! direct ance/or ( ,sa*s'#ed great rese>* on ! subject4 ,9 8 discussion on gr[? x is int]e/+ to f9d ! idea ( turgesc5ce supply+ ! motive =ce = ext5sion4 ,?is conception he takes f ,borelli#ee4 ,hales sees 9 ! nodes ( plants pl9?s or abutm5ts = ! dilat+ pi? to ex]t its =ce on 7p4 #cce72 b he acutely =esees a mod]n objection#ef to ! explanation ( gr[? z regulat$ solely by ! hydro/atic pressure 9 ! cell4 ,hales says 7p4 #cce73 b a dilat+ spongy sub/ance1 by equally exp&+ itself e way1 w\ld n produce an oblong %oot1 b r a globose "o4 ,x is n my place to speak ( ,hales' "w 9 animal physiology1 nor ( ^? rese>*es be>+ on ! welf>e ( ! human race :i* occupi$ 8 lat] ye>s4 ,?us he wrote aga9/ ! habit ( dr9k+ spirits1 & made exp]im5ts on v5tilation by :i* he b5efit$ bo? ,engli% & ,fr5* prisons1 & ev5 ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 !n too he 0 occupi$ 9 attempts to improve ! me?od ( di/ill+ potable wat] at sea1 & ( pres]v+ meat & biscuit on long voyages#eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix ,plate #ah f ,hales's ,vegetable ,/aticks ,fig4 #dj4 ,in/rum5t devis$ by ,hales to make prick-m>ks on a "y %oot ( ,v9e 7,fig4 #da72 ! di/ribution ( /ret*+ aft] gr[? is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! use ( a simil> in/rum5t = m>k+ surfaces is %[n 9 ,figs4 #dc & #dd ,we are conc]n$ ) him simply z a vegetable physiologi/ & 9 t "* 8 fame is imp]i%able4 ,( ! book :i* ,i h be5 us+ z my text1 namely1 ,vegetable ,/aticks1 ,sa*s says3 ,x 0 ! fir/ compreh5sive "w ! _w _h se5 :i* 0 devot$ to ! nutrition ( plants & ! movem5t ( _! sap4444 ,hales _h ! art ( mak+ plants reveal !mselves4 ,by exp]im5ts c>efully plann$ & cunn+ly c>ri$ out he =c$ !m to betray ! en]gies hidd5 9 _! app>5tly inactive bodies#eh4 ,^! words1 spok5 by a great physiologi/ ( our day1 =m a fitt+ tribute to "o :o is ju/ly describ$ z ! fa!r ( physiology4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,9 #afii ,newton 0 made ma/] ( ! ,m9t & appo9t$ ,:i/on 8 ,deputy 9 ! ,lucasian ,pr(essor%ip1 an (fice he f9ally resign$ 9 #agjc 7,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton1 #ahca1 p4 #bdi74 #ah ,!re1 if any:]e1 8 de> %ade mu/ l+]1 ,trevelyan1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,"l ,macaulay1 #a volume edit4 #ahha1 p4 #ee4 #ai ,black's discov]y ( ,,co#b1 h[ev]1 0 publi%$ 9 #aged1 sev5 ye>s be=e ,hales di$1 b ,prie/ley's1 ,cav5di%'s & ,lavoisi]'s "w on ,o & ,h 0 lat]4 #bj #ahcg1 ,,iii4 p4 #chi4 #ba ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #cdf4 #bb ,sa*s1 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #ejb4 ,malpighi held simil> views4 #bc ,ibid41 p4 #dii4 #bd ,quot$ by ,c>e1 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,cambridge ,ar*aeological ,society on ,k+'s ,ho/el etc41 & ,pr9t$ = ! ,ma/] & ,fell[s ( ,tr9ity ,coll4 9 #aiji4 #be ,he also held ! liv+ ( ,f>r+don 9 ,hamp%ire :]e he occasionally resid$4 #bf ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 #bg ,) a c]ta9 idl5ess ,pope r$uces him to pla9 ,p>son ,hale1 = ! sake ( a rhyme 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,m>?a ,bl\nt1 #a4 #aih4 #bh ,! orig9al reads deign$ n1 an obvi\s slip4 #bi ,?is he does by means ( a network ( ?reads in* ap>t4 ,pfeff]1 ,pflanz5physiologie1 ed4 #a1 #a4 p4 #adb1 recomm5ds ! me?od & gives ,hales z 8 au?ority4 #cj ,pflanz5physiologie1 #ahfe 7,fr4 ,trans4 #ahfh71 p4 #bed4 #ca ,he gives x z #aeh squ>e in*es1 ! only in/ance ,i h come across ( 8 use ( decimals4 #cb ,arbeit51 ,,ii4 p4 #ahb4 #cc ,see ,sa*s' ,pflanz5phys4 #ahfe 7,fr4 ,trans4 #ahfh71 p4 #beg1 :]e ! above correction is appli$ to ,hales' "w4 #cd ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #e4 #ce ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #ad4 #cf ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #da4 #cg ,janse 9 ,pr+%e9is ,jahrb4 ,,xviii4 p4 #ch4 ,! lat] lit]ature is giv5 by ,dixon 9 ,progressus ,rei ,bot4 ,,iii41 #aiji1 p4 #eh4 #ch ,comp>e ,f4 von ,hhnel1 ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahgi1 p4 #cah4 #ci ,?is is also %[n by exp]im5t ,,xc1 ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #abc4 #dj ,! me?od by :i* ,hales propos$ to record ! dep? ( ! sea is a v>iant ( ?is app>atus4 #da ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #ib4 #db ,accord+ to ,sa*s 7,ges*i*te1 p4 #eji7 ,ray employ$ ?is me?od4 #dc ,o!r facts %[ t ! gapp$ bran*es did n behave q normally4 #dd ,he ref]s 7p4 #ada7 to :at is 9 pr9ciple ! same exp]im5t 7see ,fig4 #bg7 z due to ,mr ,bro!rton1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,abridgm5t ( ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ,,ii4 p4 #gjh4 #de ,he notices t ! swell+ ( ! b>k is connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( buds4 ,! only r+ ( b>k :i* _h no bud %[$ no swell+4 #df ,x appe>s t ,may[ made simil> exp]im5ts4 ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 s4v4 ,may[4 #dg ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 #aiji1 ,i4 p4 #fi4 #dh ,hales made use ( a r\gh pneumatic tr\gh1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is usually ascrib$ to ,prie/ley 7,?orpe's ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 ,i4 p4 #gi74 #di ,he speaks "h m]ely ( ! apples us$ 9 a c]ta9 exp]im5t1 b x is cle> t he applies ! conclusion to o!r plants4 #ej ,vegetable ,/aticks1 p4 #cac4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,hales speaks ( organic z well z inorganic sub/ances4 #ea ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,,lxxii41 p4 #cj1 #aijc4 #eb ,! above acc\nt ( ,hales' connexion ) ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew is f ! ,kew ,bullet91 #ahia1 p4 #bhi4 #ec ,i am indebt$ to ,sir ,e4 ,?orpe = a def9ition ( /atical4 ,/atical 7,m$47 not+ ! physical ph5om5a pres5t$ by organis$ bodies 9 contradiction to ! organic or vital4 7,worce/]'s ,diction>y1 #ahhi47 #ed ,arbeit51 ,i4 #ee ,borelli1 ,de ,motu ,animalium1 ,pt ,,ii4 ,*4 xiii4 ,accord+ to ,sa*s1 ,ges4 d4 ,botanik1 p4 #ehb1 ,m>iotte 7#afgi7 _h sugge/$ ! same idea4 #ef ,ngeli1 ,/rkekorn]1 p4 #bgi #eg ,see 8 ,philosophical ,exp]im5ts1 #agci4 #eh ,ges*i*te d4 ,botanik1 p4 #eae 7free translation74 ,,john ,,hill #agaf-agge ,,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,hill ,n>rative--*equ]$ c>e]--j\rnalism--attack on ! ,royal ,society--lit]>y activities--,botanical works--/ructure ( ,timb]--! sleep ( ,plants--,mimosa & ,abrus--views on ,poll5--,hill's ,h]bal--8 admiration ( ,l9naeus--) qualifications--,hill's ,vegetable ,sy/em--an ambiti\s "w--f9ancial losses--e/imate ( ,hill's "*4 ,x has rec5tly be5 rem>k$ t ! numb] ( ! biographies ( em95t m5 is inv]sely proportional to ! kn[n facts conc]n+ !m4 ,al?\gh ?is g5]alisation is probably incorrect1 x is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 true ( ,john ,hill2 =1 al?\gh he f9ds a place 9 biographical diction>ies1 app>5tly no ext5d$ acc\nt ( 8 life has appe>$4 ,?is is a little surpris+ s9ce1 ap>t f 8 sci5tific "w1 he occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x ,,john ,,hill ,john ,hill 0 ! second son ( ! ,rev4 ,!ophil\s ,hill1 & 0 born ei!r at ,spald+ or at ,pet]bor\gh 9 ! ye> #agaf or #agag4 ,no?+ appe>s to be kn[n reg>d+ 8 e>ly education2 accord+ to ,hawk9s#ei he did n receive an academical education1 b !re is no d\bt t1 z 0 usual = ^? :o desir$ to practise m$ic9e at t & at mu* lat] times1 he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to an apo!c>y1 x is said1 at ,we/m9/]2 also he att5d$ ! lectures on ,botany giv5 "u ! auspices ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,company at ! ,*elsea ,physic ,g>d54 ,he fir/ practis$ 9 ,/ ,m>t9's ,lane 9 a %op :i*1 accord+ to ,woodw>d#fj1 0 little m ?an a %$2 f !re he mov$ to ,we/m9/]1 & x appe>s t at ! age ( tw5ty-"o he _h a practice 9 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,he e>ly exp]i5c$ f9ancial difficulties2 inde$1 x is /at$ t1 at times1 he 0 unable to provide himself ) ! b>e necessities ( life4 ,8 m>riage ) a d[]less maid51 ,miss ,trav]s1 did n improve 8 prospects1 & he s\ght to add to 8 income by ! utilization ( 8 botanical k4 ,he travell$ ov] ! c\ntry collect+ plants1 :i* he dri$1 put up into sets ) descriptions & sold by subscription2 also he arrang$ ! collections & g>d5s ( ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond & ,"l ,petrie4 ,hill soon f\nd t ,botany1 f ! monet>y po9t ( view1 0 unpr(itable2 he !re=e decid$ to try 8 =tune on ! /age1 & appe>$ at ! ,haym>ket & ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,woodw>d#fa gives a v amus+ acc\nt ( him 9 8 new pr(ession4 ,aft] giv+ examples to %ew ,hill's limitations1 he rem>ks3 ,!re 0 a "t at ! celebrat$ ,!atre ( ,may ,fair he ,m>r repres5t$ ,altamont1 & ! ,great ,inspector ,hill attempt$ ,lo?>io2 & ! polite ,audi5ce ( t ,place all *oruss'd & agre$ ) y1 :5 y dy+1 said1 ',o ,altamont6 ?y ,g5ius is ! /rong]4'444 ,c ,i =get1 great ,sir1 y\r act+ ,con/ant1 9 ! ,provok'd ,wife1 & y\r innoc5t ,rape ( ,mrs ,w(f+ton2 :51 9 a c]ta9 ,passage1 :]e1 at lea/1 a seem+ ,manl9ess 0 necess>y1 y h&l$ h] s awkw>dly1 t %e jo9$ ! ,audi5ce 9 laugh+ at y4 ,woodw>d's acc\nt may be accept$ z be+ sub/antially correct1 = 9 _m ways ,hill %ew$ t he lack$ ! qualities requisite = a successful c>e] on ! /age 9 ^? days4 ,hav+ ?us fail$ z an actor1 ,hill return$ to ! practice ( m$ic9e & seem+ly ) m success1 = 9 #agdf he 0 s]v+ z a regim5tal surgeon1 a position d\btless n v remun]ative b help+ to keep ! wolf f ! door4 ,?is same ye> saw ! publication ( ,!ophra/us's treatise on gems4 ,9 its new guise ! value ( ! "w 0 mu* enhanc$ s9ce ,hill int]calat$ mu* in=mation t 0 lack+ 9 ! orig9al2 fur!r1 ! "w 0 s well execut$ t x ga9$ him ! att5tion & good-w ( em95t ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! publication ( ?is "w 0 probably ! turn+ po9t 9 ,hill's c>e]1 & its success mu/ h influ5c$ him n a little 9 ! det]m9ation ( foll[+ a lit]>y c>e]4 ,9 #ahdf he edit$ ! ,briti% ,magaz9e1 a p]iodical :i* liv$ b f\r ye>s4 ,8 activities 9 ?is direction 7 ph5om5al1 & x is h>d to realize h[ he manag$ to f9d "t = s mu* "w1 = 9 addition to 8 botanical publications1 :i* w be consid]$ h]eaft]1 he wrote on su* div]se subjects z ! art ( act+1 ! conduct ( m>ri$ life1 !ology1 naval hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 entomology1 human anatomy & o!r m$ical subjects4 ,also he wrote an op]a1 two f>ces1 & c]ta9 novels4 ,mu* ( ?is output repres5ts m]e hack "w1 b x %ews t ,hill _h an enorm\s capacity = "w1 inde$ on "o occasion :5 he 0 sick1 he confess$ to a fri5d t he _h ov]tax$ 8 /r5g? 9 writ+ sev5 works at ! same "t4 ,! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography gives #gf titles ( 8 publications1 exclusive ( eight :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to him4 ,hill's output 0 probably ev5 m ext5sive1 = t[>ds ! latt] "p ( 8 c>e] he sometimes us$ to publi% "u a pseudonym4 ,x is ! m rem>kable s9ce he f\nd "t to enjoy ! good ?+s ( ! _w1 )\t :i* indulg5ce1 accord+ to 8 biograph]#fb1 he c\ld n h und]gone ! fatigue & /udy insep>able f ! execution ( 8 va/ designs4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,fitzg]ald#fc1 he 0 inv>iably 9 ! front r[ at ! !atres1 excit+ att5tion by 8 spl5did dress & s+ul> behavi\r4 ,:5 !re 0 l\d applause = ! ,k+1 ! doctor 0 se5 to rise1 & b[ gravely to 8 ,maje/y4 ,! next few ye>s 7 ev5tful ones = ,hill4 ,9 #agea he contribut$ a daily lett]1 call$ ! ,inspector1 to ! ,london ,adv]tis] & ,lit]>y ,gazette2 al?\gh !y came to an end 9 #agec1 ! ,inspectors 7 highly remun]ative1 ?us x is /at$ t 9 "o ye> ,hill pr(it$ to ! ext5t ( #aejj by _! sale1 a v l>ge sum = j\rnali/ic "w 9 ^? days4 ,!y ?us br\ght him v prom95tly be=e ! public1 & incid5tally prov$ a s\rce ( "s tr\ble to him4 ,9 connexion ) ! ,inspector ju/ice has n be5 altoge!r done to ,hill3 no d\bt1 z ,isaac ,disraeli#fd /ates1 t 9 !m he retail$ all ! great matt]s relat+ to himself & all ! little matt]s relat+ to o!rs1 b !y 7 n all conc]n$ 9 retail+ ! tales ( sc&al he>d 9 ! ,c(fee ,h\ses & o!r places ( public resort2 nor 7 !y always r5d]$ palatable by ^! means z is /at$ 9 ,rose's ,biographical ,diction>y#fe4 ,!y1 9 addition to comm5ts & criticisms on curr5t affairs1 treat$ ( _m subjects4 ,= in/ance1 "o consid]s ! proposal = unit+ ! k+doms ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ano!r is a v sympa!tic & laudatory review ( ,gray's ,elegy1 :il/ a ?ird treats ( ! art ( embalm+4 ,_m are conc]n$ ) ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ^! are important z !y %ew ,hill 9 ano!r & v important "*1 namely t ( a popul> writ] on ,natural ,hi/ory1 especially ,botany4 ,9 "o numb] he describ$ ! /ructure ( a common fl[]1 includ+ an acc\nt ( ! movem5ts ( a bee 9 collect+ poll52 & 9 ano!r he describ$ ! appe>ance ( microscopic organisms pay+ m>k$ att5tion to _! activities4 ,^! p>ticul> ,inspectors are v pleas+ & are well & cle>ly writt52 "o especially is ( out/&+ importance1 z x %ews t ,hill 0 9 "s respects f> 9 advance ( 8 times4 ,he put =w>d a sugge/ion t ,botany w\ld be mu* improv$ by ! deliv]y ( public lectures 9 ! museum ) ! liv+ plants be=e ! lectur] & ! memb]s ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is s*eme has yet to be c>ri$ out2 z !y are1 museums are a means ( education = ! few1 b a s\rce ( confusion to ! _m4 ,= ! latt] _! educative value w\ld be enorm\sly increas$ by ! deliv]y ( lectures illu/rat$ by ! exhibits1 = ! spok5 ^w is m abid+ ?an ! pr9t$ label4 ,! me?ods ( criticism pursu$ by ,hill 9 ! ,inspector soon involv$ him 9 controv]sy ) v>i\s p4 ,x is a difficult matt] to appraise him 9 ^! respects2 possibly 8 success _h turn$ 8 head =1 accord+ to ,bak]#ff1 he %ew$ an unb\nd$ /ore ( vanity & self-suffici5cy1 :i* _h = ye>s la9 dormant beh9d ! mask ( _! direct opposite qualities ( humility & diffid5ce2 a pride :i* 0 p]petually lay+ claim to homage by no means 8 due1 & a v9dictiv5ess :i* nev] c\ld =give ! refusal ( x to him4 ,bak] !n goes on to rem>k t z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 e affront h[ev] slight 0 rev5g$ by ,hill by a public attack on ! morals etc4 ( ! mak]4 ,on ! o!r h& 8 criticisms may h be5 hone/1 at any rate 9 "p2 & ! fact t !y l&$ him into difficulties does n necess>ily indicate t he 0 a di%one/ fell[2 mo/ p are impati5t ( adv]se criticism1 & 9 ^? days su* impati5ce f\nd a v5t 9 a pamphlet w> or 9 p]sonal viol5ce4 ,n[adays ! aggriev$ manag]1 = in/ance1 c %ut 8 !atre doors aga9/ ! di/a/eful critic2 or1 9 o!r cases1 an action = libel appe>s to be n altoge!r unfa%ionable4 ,8 attack on ! ,royal ,society4 ,! real orig9 ( ,hill's attack on ?is le>n$ society is some:at obscure4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? ,*amb]s 0 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a supplem5t to 8 ,cyclopa$ia4 ,! publi%]s !n commission$ ,john ,lewis ,scott to prep>e ! "w1 b z ,scott 0 soon aft]w>ds appo9t$ tutor to ! royal pr9ces x 0 entru/$ to ,hill4 ,x is /at$ t ! botanical articles 7 q good1 b t ! m g5]al p>ts 7 done ) ,hill's *>act]i/ic c>elessness & self-suffici5cy4 ,:5 ! "w 0 approa*+ completion ! publi%]s consid]$ t ! title-page w\ld look bett] if ,hill _h ! "r ( add+ ,f4,r4,s4 aft] 8 "n4 ,he1 9 consequ5ce1 &1 x is /at$1 contr>y to ! advice ( ,folkes1 endeav\r$ to obta9 ! necess>y qualification = c&idature2 b he 0 dislik$ to su* an ext5t t he c\ld n obta9 ! requisite numb] ( signatures1 ?ree1 = 8 c]tificate1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! numb] ( ,fell[s 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$4 ,?is p]haps 0 h>dly surpris+ s9ce he _h criticiz$ 8 contempor>y sci5ti/s v adv]sely1 designat+ !m by su* t]ms z butt]fly hunt]s1 cockle %ell m]*ants & m$al scrap]s4 ,?is rev]se mu/ h be5 a sev]e bl[ to 8 vanity1 = !re c be no d\bt t 8 claims to ! ,fell[%ip1 on sci5tific gr\nds1 7 z /rong z any & /rong] ?an ^? ( mo/ ( ! ,fell[s4 ,& ?is ,hill1 :o 0 by no means lack+ 9 self-confid5ce1 knew4 ,8 criticism ( ! ,society culm9at$ 9 8 ,review ( ! ,works ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#agea7fg1 :i* 0 9 appe>ance l t ( ! ,transactions1 & consi/$ ( reviews ( sev]al pap]s ) comm5ts by ,hill4 ,! "w 0 d$icat$ to ,m>t9 ,folkes1 ! ,presid5t1 on :om he plac$ ! responsibility = publication1 =1 wrote he 9 8 d$ication1 ,! ,purport ( ! m consid]able ( !m has be5 long s9ce deliv]$ to y 9 conv]sation2 & if y _h ?\ght ! ,society des]v$ to escape ! ,c5sure t mu/ att5d ?is ,me?od ( lay+ !m be=e ! ,_w1 y might h prev5t$ x1 by mak+ ! necess>y ,use ( !m 9 private4 ,nor is ?is1 ,sir1 ! only ,s5se 9 :i* y h be5 ! great ,in/rum5t ( _! ,production2 s9ce x _c b be ackn[l$g$1 t if any body1 except y\r great ,self1 _h be5 9 ! high ,(fice y s wor?ily fill at pres5t1 ! ,occasions ( _m ( ! m rem>kable ( !m c\ld n h be5 receiv$ by ! ,body1 "u ^: ,c\nt5ance alone !y claim _! ,places 9 ?is ,"w4 ,he !n *>ges ,folkes ) unwor?y conduct t[>ds him1 &1 9 brief1 he consid]$ t ,folkes & ,bak] 7 8 enemies4 ,! reason = ?is1 accord+ to ,hill1 0 z foll[s4 ,an em95t ,fr5* correspond5t _h tax$ him1 suppos+ him to be a ,fell[1 ) "o ( ! errors ( ! ,society2 ,hill 9 reply wrote1 ,i h already set "r ! error y compla9 (2 b y are to "k1 t ,i h ! ,hon\r n to be a ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,be=e he _h seal$ ?is lett] he 0 call$ out ( ! room1 & be=e he _h return$ a visitor1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,society1 0 %[n into ,hill's /udy & read ! lett] conta9+ ! above-quot$ passage4 ,h5ce ! friction4 ,hill d5ies t he ev] became a c&idate = election1 & /ates t al?\gh he att5d$ ! meet+s he w\ld n become a memb] on acc\nt ( ! ,society's me?od ( p]=m+ t :i* !y 7 f\nd$ to d4 ,^! /atem5ts are n lack+ 9 def9ition2 ) reg>d to ! incid5t ( ! lett] x is impossible to judge ( ! tru?2 b ) reg>d to ! ma9 features ( ! controv]sy ! pres5t writ] ?9ks x extremely probable t ! acc\nt fir/ giv5 is sub/antially correct1 not)/&+ ! /atem5t t ,hill's explanation 0 nev] contradict$#fh4 ,z reg>ds ! ,review1 ,hill wrote t he pret5ds to no?+ b ! kn[+ m ?an ! ,royal ,society ( ,london appe>s by its publications to "k6 & surely a ,man may d t & yet be v ignorant6 ,! int5tion ( ! ,review 0 to po9t out to ! ,society its %ortcom+s1 d\btless 9 ord] t x might re=m itself4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t a c&id critic 0 necess>y1 = "s ( ! pap]s 7 absolute rubbi%1 s mu* s inde$ t a sci5tific tra9+ does n appe> necess>y to detect _! futility4 ,to take a brief example2 9 "o pap] ! au?or describes a me?od to make trees gr[ v l>ge2 ! se$s are to be s[n at ! absolute mom5t ( ! entry ( ! sun into ! v]nal equ9ox1 & !n to transplant !m at ! mom5t :5 ! moon is full4 ,hill himself sometimes falls into error 9 8 criticisms2 ?us he adv]sely comm5ts on ! tru? ( ! p[] ( cobwebs to cat* ?ru%es#fi4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,"p ,,vii ( 8 ,review1 :i* treats ( plants1 he ?ru/s v deep4 ,he says1 ,?is is a ,bran* ( ,natural ,k1 :i*1 x w appe>1 t ! ,royal ,society ( ,london h look$ s v deeply into1 t _! reject+ ! ,l9nean ,sy/em ( ,botany1 :5 (f]$ by its ,au?or w no long] be wond]$ at4 ,9 ?is ,"p he is p>ticul>ly sev]e ^u ,bak]1 &1 9 read+ x1 "o is =c$ to ! conclusion t al?\gh adv]se criticism 0 w>rant$1 !re 0 a good deal ( p]sonal feel+ beh9d x4 ,?is attack on ! ,royal ,society appe>s to h be5 mu* res5t$1 & ,hill's cr$it consequ5tly 0 mu* damag$1 = x 0 consid]$ t ,folkes & ,bak] _h befri5d$ him 9 8 e>li] days4 ,) reg>d to ,folkes x has be5 se5 t ,hill consid]$ t he 0 do+ a public duty2 & ) reg>d to ,bak]1 ,hill suff]$ "u a real or imag9>y grievance :i*1 assum+ ,bak] _h help$ him 9 ! pa/1 cancell$ all obligations due f him to ,bak]4 ,if ?is be n s !n ,hill1 9 addition to 8 o!r faults1 0 lack+ 9 gratitude4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t 8 anonym\s biograph]#gj wrote t we h n[h]e le>nt t +ratitude _h ! smalle/ %>e 9 ! composition ( ! "* ( ,sir ,john ,hill4 ,! attack1 h[ev]1 0 n altoge!r fruitless1 z ,disraeli#ga rem>ks1 ,yet ,sir ,john ,hill1 ?is despis$ man1 aft] all ! f]tile absurdities ( 8 lit]>y life1 p]=m$ m = ! improvem5t ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & 0 ! cause ( diffus+ a m g5]al ta/e = ! sci5ce ( botany1 ?an any o!r contempor>y4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ,hill 0 nev] elect$ to ! ,royal ,society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us by 8 me?ods ( criticism ,hill br\ght to an end a p]iod ( highly remun]ative lit]>y "w2 x 0 !re=e necess>y = him to seek o!r pa/ures4 ,he return$1 9 "p1 to ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ! %ape ( h]bali/1 prep>+ rem$ies f v>i\s plants su* z val]ian1 wat]-dock & c5taury2 also he wrote on ! virtues ( ^! & o!r plants4 ,! s\rce f :i* he obta9$ 8 plants 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! ,*elsea ,physic ,g>d51 b x is /at$ t he 0 ev5tually =bidd5 its use ow+ to 8 depr$ations2 lat] he grew ! requisite plants 9 8 own g>d5 :i* 0 situat$ :]e n[ is ,lanca/] ,gate4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( common s5se 9 8 rem$ies2 ?us 9 8 ,virtues ( ,briti% ,h]bs he rem>ks t ,he :o seeks ! h]b = its cure1 w f9d x half effect$ by ! walk4 ,by ! sale ( 8 m$ic9es & ( 8 pamphlets relat+ to m$ic9al plants1 "s ( :i* ran ?r\gh _m editions1 he made l>ge sums ( money4 ,be=e pass+ on to a consid]ation ( ,hill's botanical "w brief comm5t may be made on 8 lit]>y activities o!r ?an ^? already allud$ to4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t mu* ( 8 output repres5t$ m]e hack "w1 s t x is n surpris+ to le>n1 9 view ( ! l>ge am\nt ( "w he did1 t a c]ta9 proportion ( x 0 c>eless & slov5ly1 & %ew$ m>k$ signs ( undue ha/e 9 production1 ) ! result t 8 reputation suff]$4 ,"o "w1 entitl$ ,lett]s f ! ,inspector to a ,lady ) ! g5u9e ,answ]s 7#ageb71 is an amor\s correspond5ce n rem>kable = its retic5ce ( /atem5t2 x rem9ds "o ( a simil>1 b m prop]1 correspond5ce1 :i* _h a vogue a few ye>s ago4 ,hill did n always write = ga91 ?us ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,god & ,nature 7#agee7 %ews him 9 a diff]5t light4 ,?is 0 writt5 f consci5ti\s & religi\s motives 9 answ] to a book writt5 by ,h5ry ,/ ,john ,visc\nt ,bol+broke1 & 0 publi%$ at a loss1 = ! numb] pr9t$1 ev5 if all 7 sold1 w\ld n h paid ! exp5ses ( production4 ,8 dramatic pieces 7 ( a m$iocre nature1 & ) reg>d to 8 novels & o!r works ,bak]#gb /ates t ,9 "s p>ts ( 8 novels incid5ts are n disagreeably relat$1 b mo/ ( !m are no?+ m ?an n>ratives ( private intrigues1 conta9+1 ?r\gh\t1 ! grosse/ calumnies1 & aim+ at ! black5+ & und]m9+ ! private *>act]s ( _m respectable & amiable p]sonages4 ,9 8 essays1 :i* are by mu* ! be/ ( 8 writ+s1 !re is1 9 g5]al1 a livel9ess ( imag9ation1 & a prett9ess 9 ! mann] ( ext5d+ p]haps "s v trivial ?\ght2 :i*1 at ! fir/ c\p-d'il1 is pleas+ en\gh1 & may1 ) _m1 be mi/ak5 = x2 b1 on a ne>] exam9ation1 ! imag9$ /]l+ w be f\nd to dw9dle d[n into m]e ,fr5* plate4 ,9 addition to 8 lit]>y "w ,hill f\nd "t to und]take (ficial duties4 ,9 #agfj he 0 g>d5] at ,k5s+ton ,palace1 a po/ :i* br\ght him 9 an income ( #bjjj p] annum#gc2 also he 0 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace = ,we/m9/]4 ,accord+ to ,mrs ,hill#gd he 0 nom9at$ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 & z su* he is describ$ on 8 portrait2 8 nom9ation1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h be5 confirm$1 = ,?iselton-,dy]#ge /ates t !re is no evid5ce ( 8 ev] hav+ occupi$ su* a position4 ,hill also advis$1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,e>l ( ,bute1 ! gov]nors ( v>i\s isl&s reg>d+ _! cultivation1 = :i* "w he receiv$ no remun]ation#gf4 ,anatomy4 ,anatomical inve/igations dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 7 v b>r5 ( results1 no real advance ^u ! discov]ies ( ,grew1 ,malpighi & o!rs be+ made4 ,! "w ( ,hill 9 ?is field =ms no exception to ?is /atem5t2 &1 al?\gh he accompli%$ a fair am\nt ( anatomical "w1 8 inve/igations app>5tly 7 )\t result 9 ! advancem5t ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( k4 ,9 #aggj ,hill publi%$ a small octavo volume on ,! ,con/ruction ( ,timb]4 ,9 ord] t o!r inve/igators might b5efit f 8 exp]i5ce he fully describ$ & figur$ ! in/rum5ts us$2 ( p>ticul> int]e/ is a small h& microtome ) :i* he cut 8 sections4 ,?is +5i\s tool 0 ! inv5tion ( ,cumm+s1 & does n diff] 9 ess5tials m>k$ly f "s ! writ] has se5 9 use2 ,hill claims t :5 ! cutt] 0 p>ticul>ly %>p sections no ?ick] ?an a #bjjj? "p ( an in* c\ld be obta9$4 ,! microscope 0 made by ,adams "u ! direction ( ,hill & 8 patron1 unnam$ 9 ! book1 b 9 all probability ,"l ,bute1 & embodi$ "s improvem5ts on e>li] in/rum5ts4 ,?is microscope is figur$ 9 ,c>p5t]'s "w on ,! ,microscope & its ,revelations#gg4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ,timb] is well arrang$3 ! "w beg9s ) a g5]al description ( ! tissues & _! disposition 9 a ?ick5$ /em2 !n foll[s a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! sep>ate tissues2 & f9ally mu* space is devot$ to a comp>ison ( diff]5t tissues 9 v>i\s plants4 ,hill's acc\nt is fully illu/rat$ ) copp] plates2 8 figures ( sections are n highly magnifi$1 "s n m ?an twelve times1 & _! quality is n equal to ! be/ 9 ,grew's ,anatomy4 ,hill pr9cipally /udi$ transv]se sections1 & consequ5tly fell into errors :i* he might h avoid$ by ! c>eful obs]vation ( longitud9al ones2 also he us$ mac]at$ mat]ial1 b z 8 me?od pres]v$ only ! /rong] wall$ elem5ts he did n ga9 to any great ext5t f _! use4 ,! p>ts devot$ to comp>ative anatomy are n at all bad1 & !y give a concrete idea ( ! diff]5ces obta9+ 9 ! diff]5t plants4 ,he app>5tly und]/ood ! nature ( ! annual r+s1 & ( !m he wrote z foll[s3 ,^! are ! sev]al coats ( ,wood1 add$ f season to season4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ea* circle is ! gr[? ( a ye>2 b a c>eful att5tion to ! encrease ( wood has %ewn me1 beyond a d\bt1 t two su* are =m$ ea* ye>2 ! "o 9 ! ,spr+1 ! o!r soon aft] ,midsumm]4 ,8 illu/ration1 h[ev]1 is n s cle> z 8 /atem5t4 ,also he realiz$ t ! wood vessels 7 9 "s way connect$ ) wat]3 ,^! vessels arise 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ,wood1 pr9cipally t[>ds ! out] edge ( ea* circle4 ,!y are v l>ge 9 ! out]mo/ coat2 & small] 9 ! o!rs3 & !re are also irregul> ranges ( !m1 runn+ ?ro' ! ?icknesses ( ! circles2 besides ^! pr9cipal ones ( ! out] c\rse4 ,!y h solid1 & firm1 coats2 & !y conta9 9 ,spr+1 & at ,midsumm]1 a limpid liquor1 l wat]1 b ) a slight acidity3 at all o!r seasons ( ! ye> !y appe> empty1 _! sides only be+ moi/5$ ) ! same acid liquor4 ,^? :o exam9$ !m at su* seasons1 ?\ght !m air vessels2 & 9 t op9ion1 =m$ a con/ruction = !m1 :i* ,nature does n av[4 ,al?\gh ,hill recogniz$ ! entity ( ! cell he _h1 9 common ) 8 contempor>ies1 no cle> conception ( its real nature4 ,9 describ+ ! pi? ( ! rose he does n g a/ray1 & he fully appreciat$ t ! seem+ly d\ble cont\r ( ! cell walls1 :5 se5 9 "s sections1 is due to ! ?ickness ( ! section ) consequ5t ov]lapp+ ( ! cells2 on ! o!r h& he w5t v wrong 9 ! case ( ! pi? ( ! walnut1 ! cavities ( :i* he suppos$ to be cells l ^? ( ! rose1 only v mu* l>g] & unis]iate z ! foll[+ quotation %ews3 ,! ,pi? ( ! ,walnut consi/s only ( "o range ( ^! bladd]s ',blebs' or cells1 small] at ! edges1 l>ge/ 9 ! middle1 & laid v exactly "o ^u ! o!r4 ,:5 he consid]s ! /ructure ( m or less squ>e or oblong cells 8 ideas are v wrong4 ,9 su* cases he ?\ght t ! transv]se walls 7 spaces1 & ! longitud9al walls vessels2 curi\sly en\gh ,h$wig made a simil> mi/ake "s ye>s lat]1 possibly he 0 l$ a/ray by ,hill's misconception4 ,hill adv]sely criticiz$ ! !ory t ! pi? is an organ ( propagation1 & sub/itut$ ! view t ! corona--i4e4 ! p]i-m$ull>y zone--is all important 9 ?is connexion1 ,f x arises ! bran*es1 & encrease ( ! tree4 ,hill _h consid]able te*nical ability &1 ,i ?9k1 0 capable ( greatly advanc+ anatomical botany2 un=tunately1 h[ev]1 he gave too little "t & ?\ght to 8 inve/igations4 ,physiology4 ,! eighte5? c5tury saw ! bir? ( vegetable physiology1 ,hales & ,knight be+ ! two great pione]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! =m] fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 :il/ ,knight1 al?\gh born 9 #ageh1 publi%$ 8 great "w 9 #ahjf4 ,! *ief physiological "w ( ,hill is embodi$ 9 a pamphlet ( #ei pages1 entitl$ ,! ,sleep ( ,plants & ,causes ( ,motion 9 ! ,s5sitive ,plant expla9'd1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ageg1 a ye> previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ,du ,hamel's ,physique des ,arbres4 ,! pap] is 9 ! =m ( a lett] to ,l9naeus1 & 9 x ! au?or expla9s 8 position ) reg>d to 8 e>li] criticisms ( ! ,l9naean sy/em ( classification4 ,! "w is divid$ into sections1 ! fir/ ( :i* consi/s ( a brief hi/orical resum1 ! op9ions ( ,aco/a1 ,alp9us1 ,ray & ,l9naeus on ?is subject be+ allud$ to4 ,no m5tion1 h[ev]1 is made ( ! obs]vations ( ,bonnet & ( ,mairan to ! effect t ! p]iodic movem5ts ( ,mimosa pudica cont9u$ :5 ! plant 0 kept 9 prolong$ d>kness4 ,9 ,section #b1 aft] describ+ ! /ructure ( a leaf1 ,hill rem>ks t ,leaves are always surr\nd$ by ! air2 & !y are occasionally & v>i\sly influ5c$ by heat1 light1 & moi/ure4 ,!y are naturally complicat$1 & !y act on mo/ occasions toge!r4 ,we are !re=e to obs]ve1 fir/1 :at effects result f _! mutual comb9ations 9 a /ate ( nature3 & hav+ assign$ 9 ^! cases ! effect to ! prop] & p>ticul> cause1 f ?is p[] ( t ag5t1 :i*soev] x is1 t acts ?us 9 conc]t ) ! re/1 we may d$uce its op]ations s+ly4 ,?is passage1 al?\gh n p>ticul>ly cle>1 indicates t ,hill fully appreciat$ ! fact t ! reaction exhibit$ by a plant organ is a response to ! resultant ( a numb] ( =ces1 & t ea* factor mu/ be exam9$ sep>ately4 ,he !n goes on to describe 8 obs]vations on ,abrus2 ! /ructure ( ! leaf1 m especially ! c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles1 is fir/ dealt )1 & !n an explanation ( ! action ( light is giv54 ,ne$less to say1 9 view ( ! /ate ( physical sci5ce at ?is p]iod1 8 explanation1 al?\gh +5i\s1 is wide ( ! m>k4 ,he wrote t ,light is subtile1 active1 & p5etrat+3 by ! smallness ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 x is capable ( ent]+ bodies2 & by ! viol5ce ( its motion1 ( produc+ great effects & *anges 9 !m4 ,^! are n p]man5t1 because ^? rays :i* occasion !m1 are1 9 t v action1 ext+ui%$ & lo/4 ,bodies may act on light )\t contact2 = ! rays may become reflect$ :5 !y come extreamly ne>3 b light c act on bodies only by contact2 & 9 t contact ! rays are lo/4 ,! *ange produc$ 9 ! position ( ! leaves ( plants by light1 is ! result ( a motion occasion$ by its rays among _! fibres3 to excite ?is motion1 ! light mu/ t\* ^? fibres2 & :]e light t\*es1 x adh]es1 & becomes imm$iately ext+ui%$4444 ,! rais+ ( ! lobes 9 ^! leaves w be ow+ to ! p[] ( ^? rays :i* at any "o in/ance fall ^u !m3 ^! become ext+ui%$2 b o!rs imm$iately succe$ to !m1 s long z ! air 9 :i* ! plants /&s1 is enlight5$4 ,al?\gh x 0 n until #ahbb1 :5 ,dutro*et po9t$ out ! true significance ( ! pulv9i1 ,hill recogniz$ t ^! /ructures 7 conc]n$ ) ! movem5ts ( ! leaflets1 n only 9 ! case ( ,abrus1 b also 9 ,mimosa4 ,he rem>k$ t ,x is on ! op]ation ( light ^u ^! int]wov5 clu/]s ( fibres :i* are plac$ at ! bases ( ! ma9 rib1 & ( ! sev]al foot-/alks ( ! lobes1 t ! motion ( ! leaves 9 ga9+ _! diff]5t positions dep5ds2 & consequ5tly1 ! motion itself is v>i\s accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ^! fibres4 ,9 ! ,abrus !y are l>ge1 & ( a lax composition2 consequ5tly ! lobes are capable ( a droop+1 an horizontal1 & an oblique upw>d position3 9 ! ,tam>9d1 & ! broad-leav$ ,rob9ia1 !y are m compact1 & h5ce all ! motion ( :i* ^? leaves are capable1 is an exp&+ op5 & a clos+ sideways2 :i* ! direction & c\rse ( ! fibres also fav\rs3 9 ! ,p>k9sonia !y are small]1 & yet m compact2 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t its lobes h no f>!r possible motion1 ?an ! exp&+ upw>ds4 ,aga91 ,! clu/]s ( fibres are z a k9d ( jo9ts on :i* _! lobes are capable1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 ( a c]ta9 limit$ motion4 ,fur!r1 ) reg>d to ,mimosa1 he rem>ks t ,to propagate ! motion :5 ! leaves are 9 a /ate to %ew x1 !re requires a p]fect & confirm$ /ate ( ^? clu/]s ( fibres lodg$ at _! base4 ,hill !n describes ! exp]im5ts ^u :i* he bas$ 8 conclusions2 ^! %ew t he 0 fully awake to ! importance ( keep+ ! conditions ( an exp]im5t1 o!r ?an ^? ( light1 z ne> con/ant z possible1 & t ! position assum$ by ! leaves dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,8 f9al exp]im5t 0 to place ! ,abrus 9 a bookcase 9 su* a position t ! sun %one full ^u x2 :5 ! leaves 7 fully exp&$ he clos$ ! doors & f\nd t 9 an h\r ,! lobes 7 all drop't1 & x 0 9 ! same /ate t x w\ld h %ewn at midnight4 ,on reop5+ ! doors ! elevat$ position ( ! leaves 0 assum$ 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,hill (f]s ! same explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ,mimosa z ( ^? exhibit$ by ,abrus1 ! reason = _! great] conspicu\sness 9 ! =m] plant be+ due to ! fact t 9 ,mimosa ,z !re are no less ?an ?ree sets ( ^! clu/]s ( fibres :i* are plac$ at ! bases ( ! foot-/alks1 ! effects ( ! same pr9ciple are naturally mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,abrus :]e !re is only "o4 ,hill c>efully obs]v$ ! sequ5ce ( motion 9 ! ,mimosa1 & po9ts out t ! effect ( absolute d>kness on ! plant is great] ?an ! rude/ t\*4 ,he also f\nd t ! contact /imulus mu/ be ( a suffici5t int5sity1 & t ! degree ( ! subsequ5t motion dep5d$ ^u ! pot5cy ( ! /imulus4 ,he fur!r obs]v$ t %ak+ ! plant _h ! same effect z contact /imulation2 also he rem>ks ^u ! fact t ! movem5ts ( ! ,mimosa & ( ! ,tam>9d are less well-m>k$ at a temp]ature l[] ?an t 9 :i* ! plants h be5 re>$4 ,hill consid]$ t ,?is is probably due to ! juices /agnat+ 9 ! clu/]s ( fibres1 & to ! contraction ( ! b>k by cold4 ,8 explanation ( ! response to ! contact /imulus is ( c\rse q wrong2 x may1 h[ev]1 be quot$ z an illu/ration ( ! view1 curr5t at t "t1 t su* motion 0 due to ! fibres :i* act$ l ^? ( muscle4 ,! vibration ( ! p>ts is t :i* keeps ! leaves ( ! s5sitive plant 9 _! exp&$ & elevat$ /ate3 ?is is ow+ to a delicate motion cont9u$ ?r\gh e fibre ( !m4 ,:5 we t\* ! leaf1 we give x ano!r motion m viol5t ?an ! fir/3 ?is ov]comes ! fir/3 ! vibration is /opp$ by ! rude %ock3 & ! leaves close1 & _! foot /alks fall1 because t vibrat+ motion is de/roy$1 :i* kept !m elevat$ & exp&$4444 ,t ! p[] ( motion 9 ! s5sitive plant dep5ds ^u ! effect ( light on ! exp&$ surface ( ! leaves1 is c]ta92 = till !y are exp&$1 !y h no su* p[]4 ,! "y leaves1 ev5 :5 gr[n to half an in* 9 l5g? h no motion on ! t\*1 ?o' r\gh & sudd54 ,hill fully appreciat$ ! importance ( comp>ative obs]vations2 he comp>$ ! movem5ts1 9 response to light1 ( ,abrus & ,mimosa1 :i* plants he plac$ side by side s t ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t might be ! same = ea*4 ,he f\nd t ,9 ^! & 9 all o!rs1 ! degree ( elevation or expansion 9 ! lobes1 is exactly proportional to ! quality ( ! light3 & is solely dep5d5t ^u x4 ,ref]5ce also may be made to ,hill's views on reproduction#gh2 he consid]$ t ! poll5 gra9 conta9$ ! embryo :i* 0 set free by ! bur/+ ( ! gra9 aft] x _h be5 deposit$ ^u ! /igma4 ,! /igmatic hairs or papillae 7 suppos$ to be ! ends ( tubes into :i* ! embryos ent]$1 made _! way into ! plac5ta1 & ?us arriv$ into ! %ells ( ! se$s 7! ovules74 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out ! absurdities ( ^! ideas1 b x may be m5tion$ t ,hill's int]pretations ( 8 obs]vations 7 at fault r ?an ! obs]vations !mselves4 ,?us1 judg+ f 8 figures1 he saw ! cont5ts ( ! poll5 gra91 ! appe>ance ( :i*1 "u ! conditions ( obs]vation1 might easily sugge/ ! idea ( an embryo4 ,also he notic$ t ! poll5 gra9s bur/ 9 a little :ile :5 plac$ 9 wat]1 a ph5om5on :i* 0 r$iscov]$ #ach ye>s lat]#gi1 & he !re=e ?\ght t a simil> bur/+1 ) a consequ5t sett+ free ( ! embryo1 w\ld take place on ! wet /igma ( ! lily1 = example4 ,taxonomy4 ,"o ( ,hill's m int]e/+ works 9 ?is bran* ( ,botany is 8 ,briti% ,h]bal#hj4 ,9 x are describ$ a l>ge numb] ( plants :i* are illu/rat$ by #ge copp] plates engrav$ by v>i\s arti/s4 ,none ( ^! plates are ( out/&+ excell5ce1 inde$ _m ( !m are v poor1 & _! quality is unev54 ,^? 9 ! folio consult$ by ! pres5t writ] 7 ru9$ by be+ col\r$4 ,! plants describ$ are arrang$ on a sy/em :i* is n altoge!r )\t int]e/ z x1 9 a small degree1 =e%ad[s lat] sy/ems4 ,x may be indicat$ by giv+ ! *>act]s ( ! fir/ f\r classes4 ,class #a4 ,plants ^: fl[] consi/s ( sev]al petals1 ) num]\s ?reads 9 ! c5t]1 & is foll[$ by a clu/] ( nak$ se$s4 ,class #b4 ,plants ^: fl[] consi/s ( sev]al petals1 ) num]\s ?reads 9 ! c5t]1 & ^: se$s are conta9$ 9 sev]al pods4 ,class #c4 ,plants ^: fl[] consi/s ( a s+le petal1 & is succe$$ by sev]al capsules4 ,class #d4 ,plants ) ! fl[] =m$ ( a s+le petal1 pla91 & ( a regul> =m & succe$$ by a s+le capsule4 ,x w be se5 t ,hill reli$ mu* on ! *>act]s ( ! corolla & ! gynaeceum4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ 9 ?is "w is1 p]haps1 ,hill's criticisms ( ,l9naeus4 ,"o example w suffice2 ,l9naeus is criticis$ = plac+ ,myosurus among ! p5t&ria polygynia & ?us sep>at+ x f ,ranunculus1 ,adonis1 etc4 ,hill rem>k$ t ?us to sep>ate ^! plants m]ely because ! numb] ( /am5s 9 ,myosurus is less ?an 9 ,ranunculus is unreasonable s9ce !y agree 9 all o!r ess5tials4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 made a simil> error1 = x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! sy/em foll[$ 9 ! ,h]bal1 ,ranunculus falls into ! fir/ class & ,helleborus into ! second4 ,^! criticisms ( ,l9naeus1 h[ev]1 are n all ( an adv]se nature2 9 _m places ,hill does n /9t 8 praise2 & he does n fail1 aft] describ+ ea* ,g5us1 to m5tion its position 9 ! ,l9naean ,sy/em4 ,pult5ey#ha f\nd x difficult to reconcile ! praises ?is au?or be/[s on ,l9naeus1 9 _m ( 8 writ+s1 ) ! c5sures conta9$ 9 8 ,briti% ,h]bal4 ,! difficulty is n v app>5t2 ,hill suffici5tly indicat$ 8 position 9 ! foll[+ passage tak5 f ! ,sleep ( ,plants4 ,if our op9ions h diff]$1 'tis ^u a s+le ,po9t2 y\r arrangem5t ( plants4 ,9 reg>d to t mu* great] article1 ! e/abli%+ _! di/9ctions1 & asc]ta9+ _! *>act]s1 ,i h always admir$ & rev]5c$ y3 to dispute y\r det]m9ations !re1 7 to d5y ! *>act]s ( nature4 ,free 9 ! tribute ( applause on ?is head1 ,i h on ! o!r be5 z op5 9 my c5sures2 equally un9flu5c$ by envy1 & by fe>4 ,x is ?us sci5ce may be advanc$2 & y w p]mit me to say1 ?us m5 ( c&\r %\ld treat "o ano!r4 ,l9naeus is also criticis$ 9 ! ,vegetable ,sy/em1 m p>ticul>ly = 8 unnecess>y introduction ( new names = plants2 b "h aga9 ,hill is full ( praises = ,l9naeus's descriptions ( species4 ,al?\gh oppos$ to ! ,l9naean sy/em ,hill recognis$ its value z a means ( evolv+ ord] out ( *aos1 & to him falls ! cr$it ( introduc+ x into ,engl&4 ,its fir/ introduction 0 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,plants 7#agea71 b x 0 unsatisfactory s9ce ! ,species ,plant>um 0 n publi%$ until #agec4 ,hill next expla9$ x 9 #agehhb1 b x 0 n until two ye>s lat] t ! fir/ ,briti% ,flora1 arrang$ on ?is sy/em1 appe>$#hc4 ,accord+ to ,pult5ey#hd1 ,hill p]=m$ ?is task 9 a mann] s unwor?y ( 8 abilities1 t 8 "w c h no claim to ! m]it ( hav+ answ]$ ! occasion3 & ?us ! cr$it ( ! at*ievem5t fell to ! lot ( ,mr ,william ,hudson ,f4,r4,s4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ,hill's ,vegetable ,sy/em#he3 a "w :i* consi/s ( #bf folio volumes & 0 und]tak5 at ! sugge/ion ( ,"l ,bute4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 #agei1 & ! date ( ! la/ volume is #agge1 ! ye> ( ,hill's dea?4 ,no exp5se 0 sp>$ 9 its production1 ! pap] is ( ! be/1 & !re are #afjj plates3 ) reg>d to ^! ! title-page ( ! "w /ates t !y 7 design$ & engrav$ by ! au?or1 b x appe>s f o!r s\rces t !y co/ f\r gu9eas ea* to engrave1 & s9ce x is /at$ on ! auctione]'s ann\ncem5t ( ! sale ( ! copyright 7#aghb71 toge!r ) "s ( ! orig9al draw+s & ! rema9+ sets1 t ! engrav+s 7 made by ! be/ ma/]s "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! au?or1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ,hill 0 n ! actual engrav] al?\gh he may h made ! orig9al draw+s4 ,att5tion is drawn to ?is po9t1 s9ce x ca/s "s d\bts z to :e!r ,hill engrav$ ^? plates1 sign$ by him1 illu/rat+ "s ( 8 o!r works1 = in/ance1 ,! ,briti% ,h]bal1 & ,a ,me?od ( ,produc+ ,d\ble ,fl[]s f ,s+le#hf1 ( :i* "s are v good inde$1 &1 if ,hill 7 ! engrav]1 %ew t he _h consid]able arti/ic & te*nical ability4 ,naturally ! plates 9 ! ,vegetable ,sy/em are ( unev5 quality1 "s are v good & n only are pleas+ f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 b also give a concrete idea ( ! plants repres5t$4 ,x is impossible "h to criticize ?is "w 9 detail2 b "s idea ( its scope may be giv54 ,! fir/ volume & "p ( ! second is conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,botany2 ! orig9 ( ,sy/ematic ,botany2 ! ,sy/ems ( ,caesalp9us1 ,morison1 ,ray1 ,t\rne=t1 ,bo]haave1 ,l9naeus1 & o!rs2 morphology1 anatomy1 physiology2 & ! effect ( heat1 light1 air1 soil & wat] on vegetation4 ,! re/ ( ! "w is occupi$ by descriptions ( plants1 bo? ,briti% & =eign1 :5 ! latt]1 ! native c\ntry is m5tion$2 9 all cases ! m$ic9al prop]ties are giv54 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t not)/&+ ! price ( ! "w1 #ch gu9eas pla9 & #afj gu9eas col\r$1 ,hill lo/ consid]ably ov] its publication4 ,f ,mrs ,hill's acc\nt#hg1 x appe>s t ,bute und]took t ,hill's circum/ances %\ld n be injur$ by ! v5ture1 an und]tak+ :i* 0 n kept2 & fur!r1 aft] ! dea? ( ,hill1 ,bute refus$ to comp5sate ,mrs ,hill = ! unf9i%$ la/ volume or to take ! mat]ials :i* _h accumulat$ = x out ( h] h&s4 ,all[+ "s disc\nt = ! natural exagg]ation ( a b]eav$ lady suff]+ f a grievance1 !re appe>s b little d\bt t ! ,e>l ( ,bute prov$ lack+ 9 good fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid]$ z a sy/emati/ !re c be no d\bt t ,hill knew 8 plants2 & al?\gh ! sy/emati/s ( ! p]iod 7 ov]%ad[$ by ,l9naeus1 ,hill pres]v$ 8 indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 & did n hesitate to express 8 op9ions :5 !y diff]$ f ^? ( 8 great contempor>y4 ,al?\gh he highly appreciat$ ! "w ( ,l9naeus he dislik$ 8 sy/em ( classification on acc\nt ( its artificiality1 & he int5d$ to br+ =w>d a natural sy/em ( 8 own4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 too mu* to say t "t has ju/ifi$ 8 criticism2 & _m ( 8 m9or diff]5ces h be5 w>rant$4 ,= in/ance1 ,l9naeus m]g$ ! g5]a ,val]ianella & ,l9>ia into ^? ( ,val]iana & ,antirrh9um respectively2 ,hill h[ev] recogniz$ ! g5]ic rank ( ! two =m]#hh4 ,incid5tally1 x may be rem>k$ t ! acceptance ( ! ye> #agec z ! />t+-po9t = ! citation ( names by ! ,vi5na ,botanical ,congress has be5 ! cause ( m g5]al recognition ( ,hill's activity 9 ?is direction2 ?us 9 rec5t editions ( ,briti% ,flora 8 "n is app5d$ to _m g5]a & species#hi4 ,! ,vegetable ,sy/em ga9$ ,hill ! ,ord] ( ,vasa1 f ! ,k+ ( ,sw$51 9 #aggd1 s t he /yl$ himself ,sir ,john2 he 0 also a ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy1 & a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,bordeaux4 ,hill di$ ( g\t on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb]1 #agge1 at ab\t ! age ( #ei1 9 ,gold5 ,squ>e1 & 0 buri$ at ,d5ham4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge sums ( money he _h made1 he di$ heavily 9 debt ow+ to ! great exp5se entail$ by ! publication ( ! ,vegetable ,sy/em & 8 own p]sonal extravagance4 ,8 libr>y 0 sold 9 #aggf-g1 & x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! copyright ( ! ,vegetable ,sy/em 0 dispos$ ( by auction4 ,x is always a matt] ( difficulty to appraise a man's "*1 & m p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( ,hill ^: "*1 z ,:i/on#ij has truly rem>k$1 0 s mix$ t none b himself c be 8 p>allel4 ,9 ! ,sleep ( ,plants ! foll[+ passage occurs3 ,!re is a fre$om ( /yle1 & assum$ mann] peculi> to ?is k9d ( correspond5ce1 :i* w\ld be too assum+ 9 works address$ imm$iately to ! public2 & might n unnaturally draw ^u ! au?or a c5sure ( self-suffici5cy & vanity4 ,?is explanation1 ,i hope1 w def5d me f s unfair a *>ge3 = inde$ no "o kn[s m ! n>r[ limits ( human k2 or ent]ta9s an humbl] op9ion ( ! returns ( ye>s ( application4 ,no?+ c\ld be m prop] ?an ?is1 b aga9/ x mu/ be set ! op9ion ( m5 ( 8 own "t1 z express$ 9 ! quotation on p4 #hh1 tak5 f ,bak]'s ,biographica ,dramatica4 ,_m e/imates ( ! "* ( ,hill h be5 put =w>d1 ! fir/ ( any au?ority be+ t ( ,johnson#ia3--,! ,k+ !n ask$ him :at he ?\ght ( ,dr ,hill4 ,johnson answ]$1 t he 0 an +5i\s man1 b _h no v]acity2 & imm$iately m5tion$1 z an in/ance ( x1 an ass]tion ( t writ]1 t he _h se5 objects magnifi$ to a mu* great] degree by us+ ?ree or f\r microscopes at a "t ?an by us+ "o4 ',n[1' add$ ,johnson1 'ev]yone acqua9t$ ) microscopes kn[s1 t ! m ( !m he looks ?r\gh1 ! less ! object w appe>4'444 ',i n[1' said ,johnson to 8 fri5ds1 :5 relat+ :at _h pass$1 'began to consid] t ,i 0 depreciat+ ! man 9 ! e/imation ( 8 sov]eign1 & ?\ght x 0 "t = me to say some?+ t might be m fav\rable4' ,he add$1 !re=e1 t ,dr ,hill 01 not)/&+1 a v curi\s obs]v]2 & if he w\ld h be5 cont5t$ to tell ! _w no m ?an he knew1 he might h be5 a v consid]able man1 & ne$$ n to h rec\rse to su* mean exp$i5ts to raise 8 reputation4 ,if ,hill's reputation = ly+ re/s on no sur] f\ndation ?an ?is1 he mu/ be held acquitt$ ( mu* t is *>g$ him4 ,9 ! above quotation ! t]m microscopes mu/ be read l5ses2 ?us ,johnson's reason = 8 op9ion is un=tunate & cle>ly %ews1 z ,bi%op ,elr+ton has rem>k$1 t ,johnson 0 talk+ ( ?+s he knew no?+ ab\t4 ,?is is ! m to be regrett$ s9ce ! op9ion ( a man ( ,johnson's rank1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,hill1 might h biass$ ! judgm5t ( small] & lat] m54 ,accord+ to ,fitzg]ald#ib1 ,hill 0 a quack & blu/]+ adv5tur]1 ! ,holl[ay ( 8 day1 end[$ ) c[>dice t seem$ a disease4 ,?is au?or is1 ,i ?9k1 prejudic$1 & 8 e/imate appe>s to be bas$ ^u ! lea/ cr$itable ( ,hill's p]=mances )\t giv+ a prop] value to ! bett] side ( 8 nature & "w4 ,on ! o!r h& ! au?or--a grateful pati5t--( ! %ort acc\nt ( ! life ( ,hill#ic w5t to ! o!r extreme4 ,?is acc\nt is entirely laudatory1 & describes ,hill z be+ little %ort ( a g5ius surr\nd$ & cont9ually attack$ by envi\s & malevol5t p]sons :o did n fail to make use ( e eng9e malevol5ce c\ld inv5t1 to depreciate ! "* & ! works ( a man1 :om !y saw1 ) regret1 e way s f> _! sup]ior4 ,disraeli#id speaks ( ,hill z ! ,ca9 ( ,lit]ature1 &1 :il/ be+ fully alive to 8 egregi\s egotism & o!r defects ( "*1 he appreciates 8 wor? & recognizes t ,hill 0 born fifty ye>s too soon4 ,also he gives him cr$it = 8 moral c\rage 9 endur+ ) undim9i%$ _s ! mo/ bit+ satires1 ! mo/ w\nd+ epigrams1 & m palpable ca/igations4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion1 mu* ( :i* does n appe> to h be5 indep5d5tly arriv$ at1 is t ,hill's nature conta9$ little t 0 comm5dable4 ,at ! same "t 8 rem>kable indu/ry & v]satility 7 recognis$4 ,8 indep5d5t & qu>relsome nature1 c\pl$ ) 8 mode ( attack & fe>lessness 9 express+ 8 op9ions1 made him cordially hat$1 & caus$ mu* t he did to be view$ ) a prejudic$ eye2 = in/ance1 x is g5]ally /at$ t he obta9$ 8 degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e 7,/ ,&rews1 #agej7 by di%on\rable means4 ,mr ,&]son1 ,libr>ian & ,keep] ( ! ,records ( ,/ ,&rews ,univ]sity1 has k9dly look$ ! matt] up & in=ms me t !re is no?+ :atev] to w>rant su* a /atem5t2 ! degree 0 grant$ accord+ to ! practice ( ! "t4 ,x is important to rememb] t ,hill 9 8 e>li] days suff]$ mu* f p5ury1 :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 may h embitt]$ 8 nature4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he le>nt subsequ5tly ! advantages conf]r$ by a good income1 & 0 n desir\s ( becom+ reacqua9t$ ) 8 e>li] exp]i5ces4 ,?is may expla9 mu* ( 8 peculi> behavi\r4 ,disraeli#ie sugge/s t1 9 (f]+ himself z ,keep] ( ! ,sloane ,collection1 at ! "t ( its pur*ase = ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,hill 0 m]ely indulg+ 9 an adv]tisem5t4 ,hill probably 0 suffici5tly %rewd to realize t a ready sale = 8 w>es w\ld obta9 s long z he kept )9 ! public eye1 & mu* ( 8 extraord9>y behavi\r 9 public may h be5 m]ely self-adv]tisem5t4 ,! portrait ( ,hill prefac+ ?is sket* is aft] ,neudram9i's engrav+ ( ,coates's portrait 7#ageg72 ! plant repres5t$ is a spray ( a species ( ,hillia1 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,hill by ,jacqu94 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,sir ,john ,hawk9s1 ,life ( ,samuel ,johnson1 ,london4 #aghg4 #fj ,a ,lett] f ,h5ry ,woodw>d1 444 to ,dr ,hill 444 ,london1 #ageb4 #fa ,loc4 cit4 #fb ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,writ+s & ,"* ( ! late ,sir ,john ,hill1 ,m4,d41,ed9burgh1 #aggi4 #fc ,fitzg]ald1 ,life ( ,g>rick1 ,london1 #ahfh4 #fd ,isaac ,disraeli1 ,! ,calamities & ,qu>rels ( ,au?ors1 ,london1 #ahfe4 #fe ,london1 #ahdh4 #ff ,biographica ,dramatica1 #ahab4 #fg ,see also ,luc9e s9e concubitu4 ,a ,lett] address$ to ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 #agej4 ,a ,diss]tation on ,royal ,societies1 ,london1 #agej4 #fh ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,writ+s & ,"* ( ! late ,sir ,john ,hill1 ,m4,d41 ,ed9burgh #aggi4 #fi ,see ,bates1 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons4 ,edit$ by ,ed4 ,clodd2 ,london1 #ahib1 p4 #hj4 #gj ,%ort ,life1 loc4 cit4 #ga ,loc4 cit4 #gb ,biographica ,dramatica4 #gc ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 #gd ,8 second wife1 ! ,hon4 ,h5rietta ,jones1 si/] ( ,*>les ,visc\nt ,ranelagh4 ,%e publi%$ ,an ,address to ! ,public sett+ =? ! ,consequ5cies ( ! late ,sir ,john ,hill's acqua9tance ) ! ,e>l ( ,bute1 #aghh4 #ge ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,kew to #ahda1 ,kew ,bullet91 #ahia4 #gf ,fur!r in=mation relat+ to ,hill's public ,life w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ works4 ,ar?ur ,murphy1 ,! ,life ( ,david ,g>rick1 ,london1 #ahja2 ,a n>rative ( ! affair betwe5 ,mr ,br[n & ! ,inspector1 ,london1 #ageb2 ,! ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,j\rnal1 #ageb2 ,fr$]ick ,lawr5ce1 ,life ( ,field+1 ,london1 #ahee4 #gg ,ed4 by ,dall+]1 ,london1 #ahia4 #gh ,outl9es ( a ,sy/em ( ,vegetable ,g5]ation1 ,london1 #ageh4 #gi ,by ,l9d=ss 9 #ahif4 #hj ,! ,briti% ,h]bal2 an ,hi/ory ( ,plants1 & ,trees1 natives ( ,brita91 cultivat$ = use1 or rais$ = ,beauty1 ,london1 #agef4 #ha ,hi/orical & ,biographical ,sket*es ( ! ,progress ( ,botany 9 ,engl&1 ,london1 #agij4 #hb ,! ,g>d5]s ,new ,kal5d> 444 ,! ,sy/em ( ,l9naeus also expla9$1 ,london1 #ageh4 #hc ,flora ,britanica sive ,synopsis me?odica /irpium ,britanic>um po/ t]tiam editionem synopseos ,raianae 444 nunc primum ad ,c4 ,l9naei me?odum disposita1 ,london1 #agfj 7"s copies are dat$ #agei74 #hd ,loc4 cit4 #he ,! ,vegetable ,sy/em ,or1 ! ,int]nal ,/ructure & ,! ,life ( ,plants2 ,_! ,p>ts & ,n\ri%m5t ,expla9$2 ,_! ,classes1 ,ord]s1 ,g5]a1 & ,species1 ,asc]ta9$ & ,describ$4444 ,london1 #agei-agge4 #hf ,london1 #ageh4 #hg ,an ,address to ! ,public 444 loc4 cit4 #hh ,see ,hellebor9e ,hill v4 ,epipactis ,adans4 ,g4 ,cl>idge ,druce1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 ,,xlvi4 #aijh4 #hi ,bab+ton's ,manual ( ,briti% ,botany1 ed4 by ,groves1 ,london4 ,hayw>d's ,botani/'s ,pocket ,book1 ed4 by ,druce1 ,london1 #aiji4 #ij ,john ,ni*ols1 ,lit]>y ,anecdotes1 #ahab4 #ia ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson1 ed4 by ,fitzg]ald1 ,london1 #ahig4 #ib ,ibid42 ,life ( ,g>rick1 loc4 cit4 #ic ,ed9burgh1 #aggi1 loc4 cit4 #id ,loc4 cit4 #ie ,loc4 cit4 ,,rob]t ,,br[n #aggc-aheh ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,f>m] ,position ( ,botany be=e ,br[n--n>rative--di>y--naturali/ to ! ,fl9d]s exp$ition--travels 9 ,au/ralia--8 me?od 9 ! field--,essay & ,prodromus on ! vegetation ( ,new ,holl&--! ,proteaceae & ,asclepiadaceae--,br[n's digressions--8 t5acity & caution--impregnation--views on ! morphology ( ! ,gymnosp]ms 9 ! memoir on ,k+ia--f\ndation ( ovul> morphology--cell nucleus discuss$--! simple microscope--,br[nian movem5t inve/igat$--summ>y ( o!r "w--,bryophytes--int]e/ 9 fossil plants--p]sonal *>act]i/ics--,asa ,gray's /ory--! ,banksian collections--! ,briti% ,museum & ,l9nean ,society--contempor>y appreciation--8 out/&+ m]its4 ,someone has affirm$ t no man is great] ?an ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,a cryptic utt]ance1 sav\r+ p]haps ( a c]ta9 da% ( impressionism1 & n altoge!r false z x is assur$ly n :olly true4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we endeav\r dispassionately to appraise ! p]=mance ( ! _w's great 7?\gh p]haps we %\ld exclude ! few greate/7 m5 we %all probably discov] t ! impli$ limitation is ju/ifi$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,! fact is t h>dly anyone c really p5etrate f> into nature's secret places )\t los+ 8 way4 ,! virg9 l&s ( k t lie beyond ! area ( contempor>y possession are fir/ invad$ by ^? :o c brea* ! b>ri]s t oppose advance1 = g5ius1 by its wid] outlook enables ^? :o are end[$ ) x to recognise ! weak] spots 9 ^! b>ri]s1 & ?us to lead ! attack4 ,b ! new t]ritory1 ev5 aft] x is won1 is ev] surr\nd$ by unkn[n regions1 /ill wait+ to be ov]run :51 b n until1 ! conditions = fur!r expansion %all h be5 fulfill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi ,,rob]t ,,br[n 7circa #ahef7 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "t 0 ripe = su* an addition ( new t]ritory to ! regions ( ,botany already occupi$ at t p]iod4 ,9 ,engl&1 at any rate1 ! "w inaugurat$ by ,ray & o!rs _h become ov]%ad[$ by ! au?ority ( ,l9naeus1 & ev5 on ! ,cont95t ! effective advance ( ! sci5ce 0 = v>i\s reasons almo/ /ay$4 ,x is true t 9 ,france ! ,jussieus _h />t$ advance on fruitful l9es1 & o!rs l ,de ,c&olle 7 endeav\r+ to feel _! way ?r\gh ! maze ( dimly compreh5d$ relation%ips1 b _! ef=ts 7 obscur$ by ! gr[+ & fatal facilities = pil+ up m]e catalogues ( plants )\t ! clues necess>y to direct _! en]gies into m pr(itable *annels4 ,z reg>ds ! fl[]+ plants1 !re 01 x is true1 a grop+ aft] a p>tially p]ceiv$ natural sy/em1 b ! l[] ranks ( ! vegetable k+dom =m$1 s f> z sci5tific purposes 7 conc]n$1 a t]ra incognita1 & ! attempts to elucidate ! morphology ( ^! gr\ps 9 ! light ( ! angiosp]ms 71 z we n[ c see cle>ly en\gh1 pla9ly =$oom$ to failure4 ,facts 7 di/ort$ & obs]vations mis9t]pret$ 9 ways t n[ seem to u almo/ to smack ( %e] p]v]sity1 b we mu/ n =get t ! me?ods :i* 9 lat] ye>s h prov$ s effective _h n !n be5 recognis$2 ,h(mei/]1 ) 8 m>vell\s g5ius1 _h n z yet aris5 to %ew ! way ?r\gh ! maze ( ! l[] =ms4 ,b :at does /rike "o z a/oni%+1 or might d s if ! circum/ance 7 n /ill s common1 is ! evid5ce ( ! difficulty m5 exp]i5c$ 9 really see+ ?+s z !y 71 & ( di/+ui%+ ! fundam5tally important f ! trivial or ev5 irrelevant4 ,z always1 :at 0 ne$$ 0 ! man :o c\ld fix 8 gaze on facts1 :o w\ld sp>e no pa9s to f9d out :at 0 true1 & ?us succe$ 9 discov]+ a sure base to s]ve z a vantage gr\nd = fur!r advance4 ,von ,mohl 0 "o ( ^!1 & e>li] 9 ! c5tury !re 0 ! man1 ! subject ( ?is lecture1 :o by 8 s+le-he>t$ se>* aft] tru?1 & ! extraord9>y ard\r & ability ) :i* he prosecut$ 8 inve/igations w always occupy a high position 9 ! hi/ory ( ,botany4 ,rob]t ,br[n came ( a /ock :i* refus$ to b[ ! knee to au?ority1 ?\gh 8 =be>s did n1 any m ?an himself1 hesitate to impress ! weight ( x on o!rs4 ,8 fa!r 0 a non-jur+ cl]gyman ( ,montrose1 & 0 9 consequ5ce oblig$ to leave ! (ficial ecclesia/ical fold4 ,b he c>ri$ a congregation ) him1 & n desir+ to set up novel =ms ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 manag$ to get himself consecrat$ bi%op ( ! new flock4 ,z bi%op1 prie/ & deacon1 tres 9 uno juncti1 he m9i/]$ to 8 ,ed9burgh *ur*1 & 8 episcopal /aff may /ill be se5 9 ! rooms ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,8 son ,rob]t1 :o 0 born 9 #aggc1 inh]it$ bo? 8 fa!r's indep5d5ce & also 8 dom9ant "*4 ,&1 inde$1 ! great influ5ce he wield$ 9 ! botanical _w 0 due 9 no small degree to 8 /rong p]sonality1 re9=c$ z x 0 by 8 high sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,he began at an e>ly age to ev9ce a love ( botany & to give pro( ( ! /rong critical faculty :i* enabl$ him s successfully to solve ! problems he attack$1 & s mat]ially to advance our sci5ce4 ,he add$ to 8 m5tal atta9m5ts a wond]fully me?odical habit1 & ! di>y ( 8 e>li] ye>s reveals him to u n only z a h>d-work+ /ud5t b z "o meticul\sly accurate 9 detail4 ,9 #agie he 0 appo9t$ ,surgeon mate to ! ,fife%ire ,regim5t ( ,f5cibles1 & 8 lett] ( appo9tm5t sign$ by ! ,colonel1 ,james ,durham1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,8 regim5t 0 qu>t]$ 9 ,irel&1 & he made good use ( 8 "t1 collect+ all ! plants he c\ld get hold (1 includ+ mosses & liv]worts1 ( :i* he amass$ a consid]able collection4 ,inde$1 x is said t he ow$ 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks to 8 discov]y 9 ,irel& ( ! r>e moss ,glyphomitrium ,daviesii4 ,?is recognition by ,sir ,joseph prov$ ! turn+-po9t ( 8 life4 ,! six ye>s or s t he sp5t 9 ! ,f5cibles 7 turn$ to good acc\nt1 & 9 look+ to 8 own record ( 8 life dur+ ^? ye>s "o realises h[ ?or\ghly he e>n$ ! success t cr[n$ 8 "w 9 aft] life4 ,!re is mu* hum\r--p]haps ( an unconsci\s k9d1 ?\gh ,i am n v sure t x 0 s v unconsci\s--9 8 c>efully kept di>y4 ,"h is an extract1 dat$ ,feb4 #g1 #ahjj4 ,be=e breakfa/ began ! ,g]man auxili>y v]bs4 ,committ$ to memory a g5us 9 ,cull5's ,synopsis4 ,describ$ ,polytri*um aloides--to be comp>$ ) ,mr ,m5zies' ,p4 rubellum4 ,began ! description ( ,osmunda pellucida4 ,hospital usual "t4 ,took exactly ! same walk z on ! #d?4 ,blasia pusilla ,l941 ,weissia recurviro/ra ,h$w48 ,dicranum v>ium ,h$w41 ,polytri*um nanum1 ,polytri*um urnig]um1 ,phascum subulatum1 ,dicranum glaucum1 absque fruct4 ,at d9n] ab\t #c p9ts ( port41 rema9$ 9 ! mess room till ab\t #i or #aj o'clock--slept 9 my *air till ne>ly #c 9 ! morn+4 ,feb4 #h1 be=e breakfa/ f9i%$ ! auxili>y v]b ,seyn1 to be1 9 ,w5deborn's ,g]man ,gramm>4444 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 sp5d all 8 ev5+s 9 ?is fa%ion1 b :e!r x 0 a glass ( wat]1 a p9t ( port]1 or :at n1 x is all gravely set d[n1 toge!r ) ! "w he succe$$ 9 accompli%+4 ,in/ances ( 8 ?or\ghness are n want+4 ,he says 9 "o place he _h read ,ni*olson's ,*emi/ry1 *4 vi41 on ! balance1 to be aga9 p]us$1 my defective k ( ! me*anical p[]s r5d]+ "p ( x un9telligible4 ,he 0 fond ( read+ 9 b$1 b 8 light lit]ature on ^! occasions includ$ su* works z ,adam ,smi?1 ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 & a ,g]man ,gramm>4 ,8 botanical acquirem5ts 7 already attract+ notice1 & 9 #agih1 be+ deta*$ = recruit+ s]vice1 he took ! opportunity ( a visit to ,london to utilise ! spl5did collections 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & he 0 also 9 ! same ye> elect$ an ,associate ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,irel& he receiv$ a lett] f ,sir ,joseph (f]+ him ! nom9ation z ,naturali/ to ! ,inve/igator1 :i* 0 to be comm&$ by ,capta9 ,fl9d]s4 ,he at once decid$ to g1 writ+1 z he tells u1 by return ( po/4 ,few m5 :o h1 at s e>ly an age1 enjoy$ ! opportunity ( a voyage ( discov]y 7 s well equipp$ = ! "w z 0 ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,bless$ ) a good con/itution1 :i* 0 also seawor?y1 he possess$ _m physical advantages1 b 9 addition to !m he _h tra9$ himself z an accurate & accompli%$ botani/4 ,he sp5t :at "t he c\ld sp>e 9 ,london 9 acqua9t+ himself ) all t he c\ld f9d ( ! ,new ,holl& ,flora1 & 9 ?is connection he _h full access to ! invaluable ,banksian collections4 ,he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ ) him on ! exp$ition z draughtsman ,f]d9& ,bau]1 ^: beautiful draw+s are ! admiration ( all :o "k !m4 ,! ,inve/igator sail$ f ,portsm\? 9 #ahja1 & on l&+ at ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd ! fir/ collections1 am\nt+ to ab\t #ejj plants1 7 made )9 ?ree weeks4 ,?ree days at ,lucky ,bay yield$ #ajj species n met ) 9 ! previ\s locality4 ,at ,port ,jackson ! ,inve/igator 0 condemn$ z unseawor?y1 & ,capta9 ,fl9d]s det]m9$ to return to ,engl& to obta9 ano!r %ip 9 :i* to prosecute ! exp$ition4 ,! %ip1 h[ev]1 0 wreck$ 9 ,torres ,/raits1 ,br[n's duplicate specim5s1 z well z ! live plants on bo>d1 be+ lo/1 :il/ ,capta9 ,fl9d]s 0 held prison] by ! ,fr5* at ,port ,l\is4 ,meantime ,br[n & ,bau] cont9u$ _! travels 9 ,au/ralia1 visit+ ,van ,dieman's l& z well4 ,br[n subsequ5tly return$ to ,engl&1 oddly en\gh 9 ! old ,inve/igator1 9 #ahje ) a magnific5t collection ( plants "s #djjj 9 numb]4 ,he did n m]ely collect1 b he /udi$ 8 collections on ! spot--a me?od t may be /rongly comm5d$ to "y m5 :o g out z botani/s at ! pres5t "t4 ,8 plan 0 to keep a work+ h]b>ium ( all ! plants ga!r$ by him1 z he w5t along1 & he wrote up ! descriptions 9 great "p dur+ 8 actual exp$itions4 ,9 ?is way _m problems =mulat$ !mselves :i* he 0 able ei!r to inve/igate on ! spot1 or else to lay up additional mat]ial = fur!r inve/igation at leisure4 ,?us ! me?odical ways ( deal+ ) ! plants collect$ 9 e>li] ye>s at home /ood him 9 good /ead at a "t :5 ! opportunities ( a lifetime 7 cr[d+ ^u him4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& he 0 appo9t$ libr>ian to ! ,l9nean ,society 7#ahje71 an (fice :i* he held till #ahbb1 & he at once set ab\t to utilise ! va/ res\rces :i* 7 n[ at 8 comm&4 ,he contribut$ to ! n>rative ( ,! ,fl9d]s ,exp$ition an acc\nt ( ! vegetation ( ,new ,holl&4 ,! essay is a rem>kable "o1 n only = ! ma/]ly descriptions ( ! pr9cipal g5]a & ord]s :i* x conta9s1 & ! critical rem>ks :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pages1 b also = ! geographical & /ati/ical me?ods ( treatm5t :i* he introduc$4 ,_m ( ! ord]s are new1 & ,br[n %ews 8 /rik+ p]ception ( aff9ity n only 9 8 g5]al discussion ( ! subject z a :ole1 b also 9 ! def9itions ( ! new ord]s & g5]a :i* he f\nd$4 ,?is s\ndness ( judgm5t is %ewn on a /ill l>g] scale 9 8 m def9itely sy/ematic works su* z ! ,prodromus1 b "o may reg>d x g5]ally z an a/oni%+ tribute to 8 sagacity t v few ( ! gr\ps f\nd$ by him h ne$$ s]i\s revision1 ev5 :5 fur!r discov]ies made x possible = lat] botani/s to fill up ! lacunae inevitable dur+ ^? e>li] days4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaj !re appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 great "w1 ! ,prodromus ,florae ,novae ,holl&iae4 ,x is a mis=tune t only "o volume 0 ev] publi%$1 al?\gh ! "w 0 advanc$ 9 ,,ms4 ,x has be5 said t a criticism ( ! au?or's ,lat9ity at ! h&s ( a review] 0 ! cause ( ! /oppage ( ! publication1 b !re seems to be no real f\ndation = ! /ory4 ,possibly ! exp5se1 c\pl$ ) ! small return1 may at any rate p>tly acc\nt = x4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,br[n recall$ f 8 booksell] all ! unsold copies1 & 9 ! copy pres]v$ at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum !re is a li/ ( ! volumes actually sold writt5 by ,br[n himself1 & f a f9ancial po9t ( view ! ent]prise cle>ly prov$ itself to be an exp5sive exp]im5t4 ,! volume z publi%$ is a rem>kable "w1 conta9+ "s #dej pages1 includ+ #dfd g5]a1 ne>ly "o-?ird ( :i* are "h describ$ = ! fir/ "t & ! numb] ( species am\nts to ab\t #bjjj1 "s ?ree-qu>t]s ( :i* 7 new to sci5ce4 ,add to ?is ! fact t ! flora z a :ole is v unlike t ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 also t ! "w 0 accompli%$ ) su* amaz+ rapidity 7l>gely ow+ to 8 p>ticul> me?ods already allud$ to71 & "o _c )hold admiration at ! en]gy & ! le>n+ ( its au?or4 ,x is a wond]ful tribute to 8 wisdom t 8 descriptions & arrangem5ts %\ld h s /ood ! te/ ( #ajj ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t va/ /rides 9 our k ( ! ,au/ralian & o!r floras h be5 made4 ,b ! lapse ( "t has result$ 9 sc>cely any b trifl+ modifications ( ! g5]al results z he left !m4 ,! ,prodromus is well wor? /udy1 = 9 its pages "o con/antly meets ) h9ts ( obs]vations :i* h borne fruit 9 lat] ye>s4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 e4g4 8 obs]vations on ,cycads1 7 exp&$ by himself into l>g] treatises 9 :i* mu* light has be5 ?r[n on morphological & taxonomic relation%ips previ\sly b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,! ye> be=e ! publication ( ! ,prodromus1 ,br[n communicat$ to ! ,l9nean ,society an excell5t & le>n$ memoir on ! ,proteaceae4 ,9 ?is pap] we enc\nt] an in/ance ( t :imsical introduction ( obs]vations exce$+ly valuable 9 !mselves1 b ma9ly irrelevant to ! matt] 9 h&1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic feature ( _m ( 8 works4 ,p]haps x 0 due to ! int5se ke5ness ) :i* he always foll[$ up problems t int]e/$ him1 s t1 l ,mr ,dick's weakness = ,k+ ,*>les' head1 !y _h to f9d a place 9 :atev] else he 0 writ+ ab\t4 ,?us 8 treatise on ! ,proteaceae />ts (f ) advice to /udy ! fl[] 9 ! "y1 in/ead ( only 9 its adult condition1 & ?is is driv5 home by an excell5t disquisition on ! /ructure ( ! &roecium & gynaeceum ( ,asclepiads1 a subject :i* occupi$ 8 m9d = "s ye>s & =m$ ! basis = sep>ate pap]s at subsequ5t p]iods4 ,only :5 he has discuss$ ! morphology ( ! ,asclepiad fl[] does he plunge1 abruptly1 into ! que/ions relat+ directly to ! ,proteaceae4 ,lat] on 9 ! same ye> 7#ahji7 he read a ma/]ly pap] on ! ,asclepiadaceae :i* 0 subsequ5tly pr9t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,society4 ,?is ,natural ,ord] 0 "h sep>at$ by him f ! ,apocynaceae1 f :i* x _h n previ\sly be5 di/+ui%$1 & a correct acc\nt ( ! relations ( ! rem>kable &roecium1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,asclepiad fl[]1 0 giv54 ,tw5ty-two ye>s lat] 79 #ahca7 he aga9 return$ to ! ,asclepiads & describ$ & discuss$ ! mode ( poll9ation & f]tilisation 9 ?is ,ord] & also 9 t ( ! ,or*ids4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,br[n t he clung ) great t5acity to any problem t _h once excit$ 8 int]e/4 ,he made himself fully acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors1 & at ! same "t he con/antly attack$ x by reit]at$ fir/-h& inve/igations1 te/+ hypo!ses & !ories by ! light ( direct obs]vation4 ,he 0 v cauti\s1 & ?us1 al?\gh he trac$ ! poll5 tubes f ! poll5 gra9 into ! ov>y & into ! micropyle 7=am57 ( ! ovule1 he /ill leaves x an op5 "q :e!r1 9 all cases1 any?+ ( a mat]ial nature passes f ! poll5 to ! int]ior ( ! ovule1 :i* may ?us be held responsible = ! =mation ( an embryo4 ,he cites ! obs]vations ( ,amici & ( ,du ,petit ,?\>s1 & !n /ates he does n feel he is z f> advanc$ z ^! obs]v]s4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ pages he traces ! tube1 ( :i* he says1 ! production is a vital action excit$ 9 ! gra9 by ! application ( an ext]nal /imulus4 ,we see "h a cle> p]ception ( ! facts ( g]m9ation & ( ! op]ation ( :at we n[ call *emiotaxis1 = he goes on to add ,! appropriate & mo/ p[]ful /imulus to ?is action is no d\bt contact1 at ! prop] p]iod1 ) ! secretion or surface ( ! /igma ( ! same species4 ,_m facts1 h[ev]1 & among o!rs ! exi/5ce ( hybrid plants1 prove t ?is is n ! only /imulus capable ( produc+ ! effect2 & 9 ,or*ideae ,i h f\nd t ! action 9 ! poll5 ( "o species may be excit$ by ! /igma ( ano!r belong+ to a v diff]5t tribe4 ,x is h>d to believe t ^! l9es 7 writt5 s long z #hj ye>s ago4 ,br[n goes on to describe ! *ange t foll[s impregnation1 & ! gradual appe>ance ( ! embryo4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t all ^! obs]vations 7 made by "o :o reli$ almo/ exclusively on ! simple microscope & ! simple/--,i _h almo/ said b>b>ic--te*nique4 ,he expresses himself 9 v res]v$ t]ms z to ! nature ( ! imm$iate ag5t d]iv$ f ! male organ1 or ! mann] ( its application to ! ovulum 9 ! production ( t s]ies ( *anges con/itut+ fecundation4 ,b he puts =w>d ! op9ion t a m att5tive exam9ation ( ! process 9 ,or*ids & ,asclepiads is m likely to be fruitful ( results ?an mo/ o!r families4 ,he returns aga9 to ?is matt] ( fecundation 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 /udy+ sev]al or*ids1 b especially ,bonatea1 = ! purpose4 ,he is some:at %ak5 z to ! validity ( 8 =m] inf]5ces1 & concludes t ! muc\s cords 7i4e4 /r+s ( poll5 tubes7 are p]haps d]iv$ f poll5 n1 h[ev]1 by m]e elongation ( ! orig9al poll5 tubes1 b by an increase 9 _! numb]1 9 a mann] :i* ,i d n attempt to expla94 ,9 ?is lat] pap] he also haz>ds ! sugge/ion t 9 ,ophrys1 z impregnation is frequ5tly accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( insects1 444 x may be conjectur$ t ! rem>kable =ms ( ! fl[]s 9 ?is g5us are int5d$ to det]1 n to attract1 insects4 ,also he sugge/s t ! insect =ms 9 or*idace\s fl[]s resemble ^? ( ! insects belong+ to ! native c\ntry ( ! plants4 ,?is is a cle> =e%ad[+ ( :at is n[ call$ protective mimicry--& ! =m] sugge/ion is n at any rate :olly )\t mod]n support]s1 ?\gh ,br[n's %>e 9 its orig9 seems n to be g5]ally recognis$4 ,! ke5 desire to get to ! bottom ( a problem1 :i* 0 s out/&+ a feature ( ,br[n's :ole m5tal attitude1 unque/ionably expla9s :y he 0 l$ to make s _m important discov]ies 9 su* widely diff]5t directions4 ,8 fir/ h& k ( ! /ructure ( a va/ numb] ( plants gave a s\ndness & dep? to 8 morphological inve/igations t mu/ ar\se ! admiration ( ev]yone :o is acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,he 0 nev] satisfi$ ) p]functory attempts to solve a problem1 b1 z we h already se51 9 ! example ( 8 /udies on ,asclepiads & ,or*ids1 he w\ld return aga9 & aga9 to ! matt] till he _h satisfi$ himself ( ! accuracy ( 8 "w4 ,x is a pity t all ( ! pres5t day botani/s d n foll[ m closely 9 8 /eps 9 ?is respect4 ,publication ( a pap] seems to "s to be a matt] ( great] importance ?an ! advance ( k by ! sci5tific & s*ol>ly solution ( a problem4 ,su* 0 n ,br[n's view1 & he practis$ wise delay 9 publication--nonumque prematur 9 annum1 a maxim s /rongly advocat$ by ! ,lat9 poet1 0 really put into practice by him z x also 0 by "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,dry&]1 ,sol&] & o!rs h left1 z ,br[n has done1 ri* /ores ( ,,ms4 beh9d !m1 :i* h nev] pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,! habit ( long & cont9u\s reflection on fundam5tal problems1 :i* 0 s m>k$ a feature ( ,br[n's "*1 0 p]haps responsible = ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* "s ( 8 mo/ valuable & sugge/ive contributions to sci5ce1 & especially to morphology1 7 giv5 to ! _w1 a habit to :i* ,i h already adv]t$4 ,we "k he _h be5 = _m ye>s int]e/$ 9 ! ovule1 & he made a numb] ( important discov]ies respect+ x4 ,closely b\nd up ) ?is topic 7 8 /udies on ! ,cycads & ,conif]s4 ,he obs]v$ ! plurality ( embryos 9 ! se$s ( ^! plants1 &1 inde$1 makes a ref]5ce to ! ph5om5on ( polyembryony 9 ! ,prodromus1 9 :i*1 z 9 mo/ ( 8 sy/ematic works1 morphological obs]vations ( ! highe/ value are scatt]$1 ?\gh embodi$ 9 v compress$ phrases1 among/ ! descriptions ( species4 ,b e n[ & !n :5 writ+ on "o subject he seems to be c>ri$ away ) ! ru% ( 8 ideas on g5]al que/ions4 ,?us 9 a memoir on ! g5us ,k+ia he entitles ! pap]1 possibly to save 8 face aft] he _h writt5 x1 ,"* & ,description ( ,k+ia2 a new g5us ( plants f\nd on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,new ,holl&4 ,) obs]vations on ! ,/ructure ( its unimpregnat$ ,ovulum1 & on ! female fl[] ( ,cycadeae & ,conif]ae4 ,?is pap] is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( 8 works1 = x 0 !re t1 hav+ briefly dismiss$ ! g5us ,k+ia1 he let himself g on ! ovule1 & !n 9 a ma/]ly diss]tation1 puts =w>d 8 view on ! gymnosp]mic nature ( ! ,cycads & ,conif]s4 ,he summ>ises :at 0 kn[n at t "t z to ! /ructure ( ! ovule1 acutely criticis+ ! views ( ! v>i\s au?ors he cites4 ,he emphasises ! ne$ ( /udy+ ! developm5t 9 ord] successfully to int]pret ! mature /ructure4 ,he insi/s on ! orig9 ( ! se$ coats f ! integum5ts1 on ! ori5tation ( ! embryo )9 ! amnios 7embryo sac71 & on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! true album5 :i* is conta9$ 9 ?is amnios & ! album5 =m$ by a deposition ( granul> matt] 9 ! cells ( ! nucleus 7nucellus71 i4e4 ! p]isp]m1 & he goes on to sugge/ t 9 "s ( ^! cases ! ,membrane ( ! amnios seems to be p]si/5t1 =m+ ev5 9 ! ripe se$ a prop] coat = ! embryo4444 ,?is is ! probable explanation ( ! /ructure ( true ,nympheaceae 444 "h he seems to h ov]look$ ! rudim5t>y endosp]m :i* is really pres5t4 ,f9ally he sums up an admirable acc\nt ( ! :ole matt] z foll[s3--,! album51 prop]ly s-call$1 may be =m$ ei!r by a disposition or secretion ( granul> matt] 9 ! utriculi ( ! amnios1 or 9 ^? ( ! nucleus itself1 or la/ly t two sub/ances hav+ ^! di/9ct orig9s & v diff]5t textures may coexi/ 9 ! ripe se$ z is probably ! case 9 ,scitam9eae4 ,he !n goes on at once to argue t ! apex ( ! nucleus is ! po9t ( ! ovulum :]e impregnation takes place1 & adds t all d\bt w\ld be remov$ if cases c\ld be produc$ :]e ! ov>ium 0 ei!r altoge!r want+ or s imp]fectly =m$ t ! ovulum itself became directly expos$ to ! action ( ! poll5 or its fovilla4 ,?is leads him at once to enunciate 8 view ( ! gymnosp]my ( ,cycads1 ,conif]s & ,gnetaceae4 ,he reviews v fully ! op9ions t _h be5 express$ by o!rs z to ! real /ructure ( ! female organ1 especially ( ,p9us1 & he m5tions ! fact t he himself 9 ! botany ( ! ,fl9d]s' voyage _h previ\sly held ! view t a m9ute p]ian? 0 pres5t 9 ! ,p9e1 a view :i*1 z he says1 ,on reconsid]+ ! subject 9 connection ) :at ,i _h asc]ta9$ respect+ ! vegetable ovulum he _h n[ ab&on$4 ,! morphology ( ! male sporophyll ( ,cycas1 h[ev]1 pres5ts a great difficulty1 & ,br[n1 less =tunate "h1 discusses a numb] ( :at seem$ to him possible explanations4 ,! recognition ( ,sporangia 0 remote1 & ! ef=t to homologise ! num]\s poll5 sacs ei!r to gra9s ( poll5 :i*1 bur/+1 lib]at$ fovilla1 or to male fl[]s1 or to expla9 !m 9 o!r ways1 0 n v successful4 ,! fact is ?is 0 a piece ( morphology = :i* ! age 0 n ready4 ,we mu/ recollect t ! comp>ative morphology ( ! ovule 79 ! wide s5se7 0 n attempt$4 ,br[n's ma9 contribution to ! und]/&+ ( ?is /ructure consi/$ 9 ! empirical accuracy ) :i* he elucidat$ ! actual /ructure--he made no attempt to frame a comp>ative morphology1 = ! simple reason t 9 ! condition ( k at ! "t no su* comp>ative morphology 0 possible or ev5 dream$ (4 ,two o!r rem>kable discov]ies n[ dem& our att5tion1 & bo? are in/ructive z %ew+ ! ke5ness ) :i* 8 highly tra9$ p[]s ( obs]vation foll[$ up ! clues :i* 8 brilliant intellect _h enabl$ him to descry4 ,x 0 :ile engag$ on a /udy ( ! ,or*ids & ,asclepiads t he 0 l$ to recognise ! exi/5ce ( ! cell nucleus4 ,he work$ almo/ exclusively ) :at we %\ld call a dissect+ microscope4 ,"o ( 8 in/rum5ts is pres]v$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 & x is well to exam9e x & reflect on h[ mu* may be disc]n$ ev5 ) a v primitive in/rum5t if only a good bra9 lies beh9d ! ret9a4 ,! microscope conta9s a numb] ( simple l5ses ( v>i\s p[]s1 ! highe/ ab\t #a_/cb ,f4,l4 ,x is easy ) su* an in/rum5t to see ! nucleus 9 ! epid]mal cells :5 "o kn[s x is !re1 b to h discov]$ x1 & at a "t :5 ! te*nique ( /a9+1 c41 0 simply non-exi/5t1 0 a triumph ( g5ius4 ,br[n1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n fully appreciate ! great importance ( 8 discov]y1 b he q realis$ t he 0 deal+ ) no isolat$ or trivial fact1 &1 ) *>act]i/ic indu/ry & ent]prise1 he se>*$ _m o!r plants to f9d out :e!r 8 newly recognis$ nucleus 0 g5]al or n2 he f\nd x to be s1 & we all "k h[ ! discov]y began at once to be> fruit4 ,a second obs]vation to :i* ,i w\ld ref] 0 also ( wide int]e/1 & x 0 n made m]ely by *ance4 ,br[n 0 anxi\s to p5etrate if possible into ! secrets ( f]tilisation4 ,he seems to h be5 pretty sure t some?+ m ?an ! m]e aura ( old] writ]s 0 conc]n$ 9 ! matt]1 & :ile look+ into ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce or transmission ( mat]ial sub/ance1 he obs]v$ t 9 ! fovilla ( ! poll5 !re 7 va/ cr[ds ( m9ute p>ticles :i* 7 9 a cont9ual /ate ( danc+ motion4 ,he hop$ t x might be possible to id5tify ^! bodies along _! track into ! ovule1 & s to settle ! m urg5t que/ions z to ! mode ( f]tilisation4 ,he /ates t he made 8 obs]vations ) a simple microscope1 ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s ( :i* 0 #a_/cb4 ,lat] on he us$ a mu* m p[]ful pocket microscope made by ,dollond ) p[] up to #a_/gj ,f4,l4 ,he got ,dollond to *eck ! results ) a comp\nd a*romatic microscope1 & e/imat$ ! size ( ! p>ticles to be #a_/bj1jjj to #a_/cj1jjj4 ,br[n 0 fully aw>e t he 0 n ! fir/ obs]v] :o _h se5 ^! mov+ p>ticles4 ,!y _h be5 already notic$ by ,ne$ham & by ,glei*51 b ^! writ]s _h paid no special att5tion to !m4 ,br[n's great m]it 9 ?is matt] lies 9 ! admirable way 9 :i* he conduct$ ! inve/igation4 ,at fir/ he ?\ght he _h light$ ^u some?+ :i* 0 ess5tially a peculi>ity ( ! male elem5ts2 !n1 ext5d+ 8 obs]vations1 he _h to exp& 8 fir/ idea & admit ! active molecules to repres5t a /ate or condition ( liv+ matt] g5]ally4 ,z he /ill fur!r wid5$ ! sph]e ( 8 inve/igations1 he prov$ t ! same movem5ts occurr$ 9 dead tissues1 & fur!r t inorganic bodies also exhibit$ ! ph5om5on4 ,lat] on he f\nd t ! movem5ts dep5d$ on ! m9ut5ess ( ! p>ticles4 ,he exclud$ ! effect ( evaporation1 curr5ts & o!r di/urb+ influ5ces1 &1 inde$1 ! :ole inve/igation %ews him to u 9 ! "* ( an accompli%$ exp]im5t] z well z a brilliant obs]v]4 ,! complete explanation ( ^! active molecules1 :i* are 9 ! /ate g5]ally describ$ z ,br[nian movem5t1 /ill con/itutes an unsolv$ problem1 & "o f9ds t x ev5 n[ cont9ues to occupy ! att5tion ( ! physici/4 ,any attempt adequately to review ! :ole ( ,br[n's life "w is impossible )9 ! limits necess>ily impos$ by ! conditions ( a lecture1 & ,i make no pret5ce to complet5ess1 b w endeav\r r to indicate :at appe> to be ! m important ( 8 _m o!r contributions to sci5ce4 ,8 catalogues ( ! plants collect$ by ^? associat$ ) v>i\s exp$itions1 8 ,kew li/s 7:i* 7 publi%$ "u ,aiton's "n7 are well kn[n to /ud5ts ( sy/ematic ,botany1 b 8 f9e monograph on ,rafflesia1 conta9+1 z x does1 _m obs]vations ( g5]al int]e/ w well repay p]usal ev5 aft] ^! _m ye>s4 ,8 /udies on ,cephalotus1 on ,caulophyllum 7) its rem>kable se$ =mation71 z well z 8 consid]able memoir on ! ,proteaceae1 %ew him z a naturali/ imbu$ ) ke5 insight & possess$ ( extraord9>ily s\nd judgm5t4 ,b ,br[n did n conf9e 8 att5tion to phan]ogams1 b1 z might h be5 anticipat$ f ! /udies ( 8 e>li] ye>s1 pursu$ 8 inve/igations into ! little explor$ field ( ! cryptogams4 ,we h se5 t z a "y man he _h be5 greatly attract$ to ! /udy ( mosses4 ,lat] on he contribut$ two important pap]s on ^! plants to ! ,l9nean ,society1 "o 9 #ahji1 9 :i* he describ$ two new g5]a1 "o ( !m ,dawsonia1 ! o!r ,lepto/omum1 bo? f ,au/ralasia4 ,! introductory rem>ks 9 :i* he discusses ! "* ( ! moss capsule1 are int]e/+ z %ew+ h[ hopelessly impossible x 0 at t "t to arrive at a sci5tific und]/&+ ( its /ructure1 s long z ev]y?+ 0 te/$ by ! t\*/one ( ! fl[]+ plants4 ,t5 ye>s aft]w>ds he rev]t$ to ! same subject1 describ+ ! new g5us ,lyellia f ,nepaul1 & comp>+ x1 z 0 8 wont1 ) alli$ g5]a1 e4g4 ,polytri*um1 ,buxbaumia & _m o!rs1 ) ! view ( elucidat+ ! significance ( its /ructure4 ,! spores1 h[ev]1 are /ill spok5 ( z se$s4 ,! male plant is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! b>r5 plant4 ,x is n easy to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( male fl[]s ) ! view ( ,beauvois :i* ,br[n seem$ /ill to consid] z n disprov$1 viz4 t ! se$s & poll5 7 bo? conta9$ 9 ! capsule4 ,mosses 7 n ! only cryptograms to :i* he turn$ 8 att5tion4 ,he describ$ a new species ( ,azolla 7,a4 p9nata7 f ,port ,jackson1 & ! plant 0 illu/rat$ by ! excell5t draw+s ( ,bau]4 ,b "h1 too1 ! "t 0 n yet ripe = a morphological und]/&+ ( ! /ructure4 ,! megasporangium 0 ?\ght to be ! male fl[]1 ! microsporangia be+ int]pret$ z capsules conta9+ sev]al se$s 7! glo*idia74 ,! explanation ( ! suppos$ male fl[] pres5t$ difficulties1 b he /ates t ! l[] cell 7i4e4 ! megaspore7 0 once f\nd fill$ ) a p[d] replac+ ! turbid fluid ord9>ily occurr+ !re1 & ! p[d] 0 suppos$ 9 "s way to be eject$ & !nce to be convey$ to ! female organ4 ,f]ns also claim$ 8 att5tion1 & among 8 o!r contributions he f\nd$ ! g5us ,woodsia1 call+ att5tion to ! "* ( ! involucrum 7indusium71 :i* sep>at$ x f ! o!r polypodia ) :i* ! species _h previ\sly be5 associat$4 ,br[n _h always tak5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 fossil plants1 al?\gh1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 he only wrote "o pap] on ! subject4 ,?is "o1 h[ev]1 0 ( consid]able importance1 = its subject 0 ! ,br[nian cone ( ,lepidod5dron1 call$ by him ,triplosporite1 ?\gh its true aff9ities 7 correctly gaug$4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 ,br[n 0 less successful :5 grappl+ ) cryptogams1 he is always wor? read+ on any subject1 & 9 8 own special prov9ce1 t ( ! fl[]+ plants1 ,i "k ( no "o among/ ! old] writ]s f :om "o may le>n s mu*4 ,?is is due n only to ! g5ius & erudition :i* he br\ght to be> on e problem he attack$1 b also to ! example he af=ds ( sci5tific me?od 9 h&l+ 8 subject4 ,9 8 respect = accuracy1 9 8 cauti\s attitude1 z well z 9 ! s+le-m9d$ hone/y ( purpose he ev]y:]e exhibits1 he has set an example n only = 8 own b = all future "t4 ,8 p]sonal "* made a deep impression on 8 contempor>ies4 ,to 8 fri5ds he 0 v fai?ful1 & ! unanim\s tribute ( affectionate 7?\gh respectful7 admiration af=ds full pro( ( ?is4 ,l _m o!r /rong *>act]s1 h[ev]1 he seems also to h be5 able at times to %ew a r\gh] side ( 8 nature4 ,he 0 n g5]\s ) 8 specim5s1 nor 0 he always ready to "p ) in=mation4 ,asa ,gray tells a /ory ( h[ he enc\nt]$ ?is trait ( ,br[n's "*4 ,gray 0 visit+ ?is c\ntry &1 ( c\rse1 made ! great botani/'s acqua9tance4 ,"o day ,br[n told him t he knew ( a "* by :i* ,rhexia 7a g5us 9 :i* ,gray 0 at t "t int]e/$7 c\ld be di/+ui%$ f "s ne>ly alli$ ones1 & t ?is "* _h escap$ ! notice ( ,de ,c&olle & o!rs4 ,b ,gray c\ld n get x out ( him1 & x 0 n till ! foll[+ week t ,br[n 0 induc$ to "p ) 8 secret6 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! impression ! eld] botani/ made on ,gray1 & to note ! gr[+ admiration ) :i* ! y\ng] man speaks ( him 9 ! v readable di>y he kept ( 8 ,london visit4 ,x 0 ! same1 h[ev]1 ) all4 ,! m intimate ! acqua9tance ! m pr(\nd ! respect1 & sometimes ! love1 t ,br[n's p]sonality inspir$4 ,br[n 0 a ke5 bus9ess man1 & well liv$ up to ! traditions ( ! l& ( 8 bir?4 ,he gave a rem>kable pro( ( 8 cann9ess 9 ! successful outcome ( 8 b>ga9+ ) ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks by 8 w _h left him n only 8 h\se1 b also a life us] ( ! ,banksian collections1 aft] :i* !y 7 to g to ! ,museum4 ,9 #ahbg ,br[n ent]$ into a h>d agreem5t ) ! tru/ees to transf] ! collections at once to ! ,museum1 he be+ appo9t$ "u-libr>ian at an adequate sal>y1 ) a well safegu>d$ position4 ,he us$ commonly to take #aa weeks' holiday--a l5g? ( vacation :i* s]v$ to diff]5tiate him r cle>ly 7& to 8 own advantage7 f 8 colleagues4 ,he successfully c\nt]$ all (ficial moves design$ to encroa* on ! t]ms ( 8 agreem5t :]eby 8 fre$om might be curtail$1 & 8 conditions ( s]vice be br\ght m into l9e ) ^? t obta9$ else:]e 9 ! ,museum4 ,he ma9ta9$ ?r\gh 8 life intimate relations ) ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,he act$ dur+ 8 e>li] life z ,libr>ian to ! ,society1 an (fice :i* he resign$ 9 #ahbb4 ,two ye>s previ\sly he _h succe$$ to ! h\se 9 ,soho ,squ>e :i* _h be5 left to him by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & z x 0 l>g] ?an 8 own requirem5ts dem&$1 an arrangem5t 0 made by :i* ! ,l9nean ,society mov$ into ! vacant rooms1 :]e x rema9$ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,br[n subsequ5tly became ,presid5t ( ! ,society 79 #ahdi74 ,rob]t ,br[n 0 des]v$ly acclaim$ by 8 contempor>ies z ! fir/ botani/ ( 8 age1 & hon\rs fell to 8 %>e ev5 9 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,he 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahaa1 & tw5ty-eight ye>s aft]w>ds 0 aw>d$ ! ,copley ,m$al4 ,he 0 approa*$ 9 #ahai 9 connection ) ! ,*air ( ,botany 9 ,ed9burgh1 b decid$ n to sev] 8 intimate connection ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,abroad he 0 probably m widely kn[n ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 = :5 on a visit to ,prussia ! ,k+ s5t a special c>riage to meet him1 & decorat$ him ) ! ,ord] ,p\r la ,mrite4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by 8 sci5tific confrres1 he %>$ ! obscurity t 0 ! common lot ( _m ( ! savants ( t age4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 aw>d$ a civil p5sion1 al?\gh n )\t "q on ! "p ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he liv$ to a ripe age1 pass+ away 9 ! ye> #aheh1 ! #he? ( 8 age4 ,to ! la/ he reta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 8 life "w1 & on ,june #c1 a week be=e he di$1 he sign$ a c]tificate 9 fav\r ( an ,associate ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 z we h se51 p5etrat$ m deeply ?an mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies into ! secrets ( nature1 & he enri*$ ! sci5ce to :i* he devot$ 8 long life by discov]ies ( fundam5tal importance4 ,b he1 no m ?an o!rs1 0 able to anticipate1 ) all 8 insight1 ! recognition ( ! broad] bonds ( coh]5ce :i* l9k up ! plant k+dom z a :ole4 ,t 0 only made possible :5 ! rese>*es ( ,h(mei/]1 ! great ,tb+5 ,pr(essor1 _h be5 made kn[n to ! _w4 ,b x is no reproa* to 8 memory or to 8 reputation t he %\ld h fall5 into error :5 attempt+ to elucidate ! critical /ages 9 ! life hi/ory ( cryptogams4 ,! hi/orical int]e/ atta*+ to 8 mi/akes lies 9 _! inevitabl5ess at ! "t :5 he 0 actively work+4 ,x w\ld be z ungraci\s z x w\ld be futile to attempt to rob ! great botani/ ( ! me$ ( praise :i* by all t is "r belongs to him1 because he c\ld n escape f ! influ5ce ( limit+ factors4 ,8 supreme m]it re/s 9 8 wond]ful elucidation ( ! morphology & int]-relation%ips ( ! high] plants1 & if we judge him by 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ?is field we %all h>dly disagree ) v4 ,humboldt 9 accord+ to him ! title ( ,facile ,botanicorum pr9ceps1 ,britanniae gloria et ornam5tum4 ,,sir ,,william ,,hook] #aghe-ahfe ,,by ,f4 ,o4 ,,b[] ,e>ly pursuits--appo9t$ to ,glasg[--,g>d5 adm9i/ration--tea*+ me?ods--appo9t$ ,director ( ,kew--/ate ( ,botany--vigor\s developm5t ( ,kew--s]ial publications--flori/ic "w--descriptive "w on ,f]ns--8 record4 ,poeta nascitur non fit4 ,a poet is born1 n made4 ,if ?is be true ( poets1 mu* m is x true ( botani/s4 ,! man :o takes up botany m]ely z a means ( mak+ a livelihood1 r>ely possesses t true _s ( ! naturali/ :i* is ess5tial = ! highe/ success 9 ! ,sci5ce4 ,x is ! boys :o are t\*$ ) ! love ( organic ,nature f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 :o grub ab\t h$g][s & woods1 & by a sort ( second sight appe> to "k in/9ctively1 z p]sonal fri5ds1 ! ?+s ( ! op5 c\ntry1 :o provide ! mat]ial f :i* our little b& ( work]s may be/ be recruit$4 ,su* a boy 0 ,sir ,william ,hook]1 ! subject ( ?is lecture4 ,he 0 born 9 #aghe1 at ,norwi*4 ,!re is no detail$ hi/ory ( 8 boyhood1 b x is kn[n t 9 8 s*ool days he int]e/$ himself 9 entomology1 9 draw+1 & 9 read+ books ( natural hi/ory1 a r unusual ?+ at ! "t ( ! ,napoleonic w>s6 ,9 #ahje1 :5 he 0 at ! age ( #bj1 he discov]$ a species new to ,brita91 9 ,buxbaumia aphylla1 & 8 correspond5ce ab\t x ) ,dawson ,turn] %[s t he 0 already well v]s$ n only 9 ! fl[]+ plants1 b also 9 ! ,mosses1 ,hepaticae1 ,li*5s1 & fre%-wat] ,algae ( ,norfolk1 8 native c\nty4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,sir ,james ,smi? d$icat$ to him ! new g5us ,hook]ia1 /yl+ him z a mo/ assidu\s & intellig5t botani/1 already well kn[n by 8 int]e/+ discov]y ( ,buxbaumia aphylla1 z well z by 8 sci5tific draw+s ( ,fuci = ,mr ,turn]'s "w3 & likely to be f> m di/+ui%$ by 8 illu/rations ( ! difficult g5us ,jung]mannia1 to :i* he has giv5 p>ticul> att5tion 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,,ix4 #bge74 ,cle>ly "y ,hook] 0 a conv9c$ naturali/ 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 & t by inn] impulse r ?an by ! m]e =ce ( circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii ,,william ,,jackson ,,hook] 7#ahcd7 ,n t ! circum/ances ( 8 e>ly ye>s 7 9 any way aga9/ 8 sci5tific ta/es4 ,he inh]it$ a compet5ce at ! e>ly age ( f\r1 & s 0 sav$ ! m]e /ruggle ( bread-w9n+4 ,8 fa!r 0 p]sonally int]e/$ 9 g>d5+1 :ile f 8 "m's side he inh]it$ a ta/e = draw+4 ,moreov]1 he 0 e>ly ?r[n into relations ) "s ( ! lead+ naturali/s ( 8 "t1 *iefly x appe>s by 8 own initiative1 & d\btless he ow$ mu* 9 ^? op5+ ye>s to ! advice & /imulus ( su* m5 z ,dawson ,turn]1 & ,sir ,james ,smi?4 ,elect$ to ! ,l9nean ,society 9 #ahjf1 he became acqua9t$ 9 ! same ye> ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,rob]t ,br[n1 & o!r lead+ naturali/s4 ,?us :5 o!r "y m5 w\ld be feel+ = _! fir/ foot+1 he at ! age ( #ba _h already p5etrat$ into ! inn]mo/ circle ( ! ,sci5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,= a p]iod ( sixty ye>s he held !re a place unique 9 its activity4 ,he %>$ ) ,augu/9 ,pyrame ,de ,c&olle & ) ,rob]t ,br[n ! position ( greate/ prom95ce among sy/emati/s1 dur+ ! "t :i* ,sa*s has describ$ z t ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,natural ,sy/em "u ! ,dogma ( ,con/ancy ( ,species4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! dea? ( ,l9naeus & ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species c %[ no great] triumvirate ( botani/s ?an ^!1 work+ ea* 9 8 own way1 b simultane\sly4 ,! active life ( ,sir ,william ,hook] divides itself naturally into two ma9 p]iods1 dur+ :i* he held two ( ! mo/ responsible (ficial po/s 9 ! c\ntry1 viz4 ! ,regius ,*air ( ,botany 9 ,glasg[ & ! ,director%ip ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew4 ,we may pass ov] ) b brief notice ! ye>s f #ahjf to #ahbj1 :i* prec$$ 8 atta9m5t ( pr(essorial rank4 ,not)/&+ t notable "w 0 done by him 9 ^? ye>s1 ! p]iod 0 ess5tially prep>atory & provisional1 & c h>dly be reckon$ z an integral "p ( 8 (ficial life4 ,he 0 9 po9t ( fact an en?usia/ic amateur1 "o ( t class :i* has always be5 a brilliant ornam5t ( ! ,botany ( ?is c\ntry1 & has contribut$ to its be/ "w4 ,he travell$1 mak+ successive t\rs 9 ,scotl& & ! ,isles1 no slight und]tak+ 9 ^? days 7#ahjg1 #ahjh74 ,9 #ahji he made 8 celebrat$ voyage to ,icel&1 describ$ 9 8 ,j\rnal1 publi%$ 9 #ahaa4 ,b 8 collections f ,icel& 7 entirely lo/ by fire on ! return voyage4 ,8 son rem>ks t ! loss to sci5ce 0 probably greate/ 9 respect ( ! ,cryptogamic collections2 ?is naturally foll[$ f ! fact t already he _h tak5 a prom95t place z a /ud5t ( ! l[] =ms1 & ! field = _! /udy 0 m op5 ?an among ! fl[]+ plants ( ! isl&4 ,x 0 among ! ,cryptogams t ,sir ,william f\nd ! !me ( 8 fir/ great "w1 ! ,briti% ,jung]manniae1 publi%$ 9 #ahaf4 ,ne>ly a c5tury aft] its appe>ance x /ill /&s notable n only = ! beauty ( ! analytical plates1 b z a f\ndation = ref]5ce4 ,x mu/ /ill be consult$ by all :o "w critically ^u ! gr\p1 subdivid$ today1 b compreh5d$ !n 9 ! s+le g5us ,jung]mannia4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he also produc$ ! ,musci ,exotici1 ) figures ( #agf new species f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,?us up to #ahbj 8 *ief successes lay 9 ! sph]e ( ,cryptogamic ,botany4 ,naturally s ard5t a botani/ desir$ to wid5 8 exp]i5ce by travel4 ,b circum/ances *eck$ ! projects :i* he successively =m$ to visit ,ceylon & ,java1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,brazil4 ,9 #ahad he w5t to ,france1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ botani/s ( ,p>is4 ,he proce$$ to ,switz]l& & ,lomb>dy1 return+ 9 #ahae1 9 :i* ye> he m>ri$ ! elde/ daught] ( 8 fri5d ,mr ,dawson ,turn]4 ,mean:ile1 at 8 fa!r-9-law's sugge/ion he _h emb>k$ 9 a bus9ess = :i* he 0 n specially fitt$ by exp]i5ce or by incl9ation4 ,x did n prove a success1 & z ! ye>s drew on1 hav+ a "y family dep5d5t ^u him1 he began to look out = "s botanical appo9tm5t :i* %\ld at once satisfy 8 p]sonal ta/es1 & be remun]ative4 ,! *air 9 ,glasg[ becom+ vacant 9 #ahbj by ! transf] ( ,dr ,graham to ,ed9burgh1 he receiv$ ! appo9tm5t f ! ,cr[n1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,he ent]$ ^u its duties nev] hav+ lectur$ be=e to a class ( /ud5ts1 nor ev5 he>d su* lectures1 b o!rwise equipp$ = _! p]=mance 9 a way t w\ld be> comp>ison ) any ( ! pr(essors ( 8 "t4 ,glasg[ 0 9 #ahbj at an int]e/+ juncture 9 its botanical hi/ory4 ,?\gh ! sci5ce ( botany _h be5 taught = a :ole c5tury 9 ! ,univ]sity1 a sep>ate *air _h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,cr[n only two ye>s be=e4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh !re _h be5 = a long p]iod a ,physic ,g>d5 9 ! gr\nds ( ! old ,college1 ?is _h prov$ insuffici5t1 & its position )9 ! gr[+ t[n unsuitable4 ,accord+ly1 9 "p by grant f ! ,cr[n1 p>tly f ! funds ( ! ,univ]sity1 b l>gely by ! subscriptions ( en?usia/ic citiz5s a ,botanic ,g>d5 _h be5 f\nd$ "u ,royal ,*>t] 9 #ahag1 & op5$ to ! public 9 #ahai4 ,! fir/ blu% ( novelty _h n worn (f ?is new ent]prise :5 a man1 already 9 a lead+ position1 ^: successful a*ievem5ts _h %[n 8 quality1 acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! lead+ botani/s ( ,europe1 & ) y\? & unb\nd$ en]gy at 8 disposal ent]$ ^u ! sc5e1 & began t c\rse ( organisation ( ,public ,botanic ,g>d5s :i* he cont9u$ to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,!re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ,glasg[ e/abli%m5t f rapidly tak+ a lead+ position4 ,l>gely z ! result ( ,hook]'s influ5ce & initiative1 & assi/$ greatly no d\bt by ! zeal ) :i* ! movem5t 0 support$ by individual citiz5s1 & aid$ by ! position ( ,glasg[ z a great comm]cial c5tre1 contributions to ! g>d5 began to come 9 f e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,tak+ ! numb] ( species repres5t$ z a measure1 ! gr[? ( ! liv+ collections 0 rapid beyond prec$5t4 ,9 #ahba ! numb] ( species liv+ 9 ! g>d5 0 ab\t #ijjj3 9 #ahbe x is quot$ at #ab1jjj1 :ile ! increase 9 numb] f t p]iod onw>ds 0 ab\t #cjj to #ejj p] annum4 ,( ^! a l>ge numb] 7 new species1 n previ\sly describ$ or figur$4 ,?is "w ,hook] c>ri$ out1 & ! publication ( 8 results wid5$ /ill fur!r ! desire ( ! (ficials ( o!r g>d5s to effect ex*anges4 ,9 #ahbh1 aft] x _h be5 9 exi/5ce b t5 ye>s1 ! ,glasg[ g>d5 0 correspond+ z an equal ) #ab ,briti% & ,iri%1 #ba ,european1 & #e ,tropical g>d5s1 :ile x _h e/abli%$ relations ) upw>ds ( #cjj private g>d5s4 ,9 #ahbe ,sir ,william ,hook] publi%$ a li/ ( ! liv+ plants 9 pamphlet =m1 ) a plan ( ! g>d51 copies ( :i* are /ill extant4 ,b ! foll[+ ye>s1 f #ahbe to #ahdj 7 ! mo/ notable 9 its hi/ory z a sci5tific in/itution4 ,x is record$ 9 ! m9ute books t sci5tific visitors almo/ inv>iably express$ ! op9ion t ! g>d5 w\ld n suff] by comp>ison ) any o!r simil> e/abli%m5t 9 ,europe4 ,x c h>dly h come z a surprise to ^? :o _h witness$ 8 "w 9 ,glasg[ t :5 a ,director _h to be appo9t$ to ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew1 ! po/ 0 (f]$ to ,hook]4 ,he accept$ ! appo9tm5t & left ,glasg[ 9 #ahda4 ,8 conduct ( ! ,glasg[ pr(essor%ip f #ahbj to #ahda 0 a success f ! fir/1 not)/&+ 8 entire want ( prior exp]i5ce ( su* duties4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 9 8 spee* at ! op5+ ( ! ,new ,botanical ,build+s 9 ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 9 #aija po9t$ out h[ he _h res\rces t enabl$ him to ov]come all ob/acles3 famili>ity ) 8 subject1 devotion to its /udy1 en]gy1 eloqu5ce1 a comm&+ pres5ce1 ) urbanity ( mann]s1 & above all ! art ( mak+ ! /ud5t love ! sci5ce he taught4 ,n only /ud5ts 9 m$ic9e1 = :om ! c\rse 0 prim>ily design$1 att5d$ ! lectures1 b private citiz5s1 & ev5 (fic]s f ! b>racks4 ,sir ,joseph describes 8 fa!r's c\rse z op5+ ) a few introductory lectures on ! hi/ory ( botany1 & ! g5]al "* ( plant-life4 ,z a rule ! fir/ half ( ea* h\r 0 occupi$ ) lectur+ on organography1 morphology1 & classification1 & ! second half ) ! analysis 9 ! class-room ( specim5s suppli$ to ! pupils1 ! mo/ /udi\s ( :om took ^! home = fur!r exam9ation4 ,an int]e/+ ev5t 9 ^! half-h\rs 0 ! pr(essor call+ ^u su* /ud5ts z volunte]$ = be+ exam9$1 to demon/rate ! /ructure ( a plant or fruit plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! :ole class = ?is purpose4 ,! lectures 7 illu/rat$ by blackbo>d draw+s1 probably ^! 7 a special feature 9 ! h&s ( s exp]i5c$ an arti/ z he1 & also by l>ge col\r$ draw+s1 *iefly ( m$ic9al plants1 :i* 7 hung on ! walls4 ,ano!r feature1 :i* happily /ill survives1 0 ! collection ( li?ograph$ illu/rations ( ! organs ( plants1 a copy ( :i* 0 plac$ be=e e two /ud5ts4 ,! fir/ edition ( ^! draw+s appe>s to h be5 by 8 own h&4 ,b 9 #ahcg a ?9 qu>to volume ( ,botanical ,illu/rations 0 produc$1 be+ a s]ies ( above a ?\s& figures1 select$ f ! be/ s\rces1 design$ to expla9 ! t]ms employ$ 9 a c\rse ( ,lectures on ,botany4 ,! plates 7 execut$ by ,walt] ,fit*1 :o 0 orig9ally a patt]n-draw] 9 a calico-pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,sir ,william 9 #ahcd4 ,?is great botanical arti/ cont9u$ to assi/ ,sir ,william till ! dea? ( ! latt]1 & himself di$ at ,kew 9 #ahib4 ,a numb] ( copies ( ?is e>ly "w ( ,fit* rema9 to ! pres5t day 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t 9 ,glasg[4 ,o!r bran*es1 h[ev]1 besides ,descriptive ,organography 7 tak5 up4 ,naturally ! plants ( m$ic9al value figur$ l>gely 9 ! c\rse1 :i* 0 prim>ily = m$ical /ud5ts4 ,illu/rative specim5s1 ( :i* ,sir ,william ga!r$ a l>ge collection1 7 h&$ r\nd = inspection4 ,^!1 toge!r ) o!r objects ( economic int]e/ f9ally made _! way to ,kew1 & 7 embodi$ 9 ! great collections ( ! ,kew ,museums4 ,! bran* ( anatomy ( ! plant-tissues 0 n neglect$4 ,( ?is he wrote at ! "t ( tak+ up ! duties ( ! *air1 x is a subject to :i* ,i h nev] att5d$1 & au?ors are s mu* at v>iance z to _! op9ions1 & on ! facts too1 t ,i really d n "k :om to foll[4 ,he cont9ues ) a rem>k :i* is s+ul>ly l :at "o might h he>d 9 ! e>ly sev5ties1 j be=e ! revival ( ! laboratory /udy ( plants 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he rem>k$ t ,mirbel has se5 :at nobody else c3 s nobody contradicts him1 ?\gh _m won't believe him4 ,i c h>dly d\bt t physiology ( plants w also h figur$ 9 ! c\rse1 fir/ because ,sir ,william 0 himself a successful g>d5]1 b secondly because we h 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t 9 ,glasg[ ! syllabus ( ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,hamilton :o taught botany 9 ! ,univ]sity 9 ! latt] end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,9 ?is c\rse physiology took a surpris+ly l>ge place1 & we c h>dly believe t x w\ld h dropp$ out ( ,sir ,william's c\rse altoge!r4 ,b ( ?is !re is no def9ite record4 ,ano!r feature ( ! tea*+ ( ,sir ,william 0 ! practical illu/ration ( botany 9 ! field1 by means ( excursions4 ,( ^! ,sir ,joseph tells u !re 7 habitually ?ree 9 ea* summ] session1 two ( !m on ,saturdays1 to fav\rable po9ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[2 b ! ?ird1 :i* took place ab\t ! end ( ,june1 0 a l>g] und]tak+4 ,) a p>ty ( "s ?irty /ud5ts1 & occasional sci5tific visitors f else:]e1 he />t$ = ! ,we/]n ,highl&s1 usually ! ,breadalbane range4 ,9 ^? days1 be=e railways1 & (t5 ) indiff]5t roads1 ?is 0 no light affair1 & 9 "s cases x involv$ camp+4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ^? class excursions :i* h be5 s m>k$ a feature 9 ! botanical "w ( ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 b x is to be rememb]$ t 8 imm$iate successor 9 ! ,glasg[ *air 0 ,dr ,hutton ,balf\r1 :o 9 lat] ye>s confirm$ & ext5d$ ! practice1 & x has be5 kept up cont9u\sly 9 ! ,scotti% univ]sities ev] s9ce4 ,x 0 to meet ! requirem5ts ( su* "w 9 ! field t ,sir ,william prep>$ & publi%$ ! ,flora ,scotica4 ,! fir/ edition appe>$ be=e 8 second ye>'s class _h assembl$ 9 #ahba4 ,! fir/ ,"p relat$ to ! ,phan]ogams only1 arrang$ accord+ to ! ,l9naean sy/em4 ,! second1 :i* seems to h be5 almo/ z mu* a new book z a second edition1 conta9$ ! ,phan]ogams arrang$ accord+ to ! natural sy/em1 j !n com+ into g5]al use4 ,x also embodi$ ! ,cryptogams1 9 ! work+ up ( :i* he _h ! assi/ance ( ,l9dley & ( ,greville4 ,! total numb] ( species describ$ 0 #aghd1 ( :i* #ijb 7 ,cryptogams4 ,& ?us 0 initiat$ t pr(use & rapid c\rse ( publication :i* *>act]is$ ! p]iod ( (fice ( ,sir ,william ,hook] 9 ,glasg[4 ,! duties ( ! *air 7 comp>atively light1 & only 9 8 lat] ye>s did he ext5d !m volunt>ily into ! w9t] mon?s4 ,he work$ ye> 9 ye> out1 e>ly & late1 at 8 writ+1 & r>ely left home4 ,! #ba ye>s ( 8 pr(essor%ip 7 p]haps ! mo/ prolific p]iod ( 8 lit]>y production4 ,x 0 br\ght to a close 9 #ahda1 by 8 appo9tm5t to ! director%ip ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew1 :i* _h 9 ,m>* #ahdj be5 transf]r$ f ! ,cr[n1 "u ! ,"l ,/ew>d's ,dep>tm5t1 to ! ,commission]s ( ,woods & ,=e/s4 ,sir ,william _h be5 = "s "t desir\s ( *ang+ ! sc5e ( 8 activities f ! relatively remote city ( ,glasg[ to "s m c5tral po9t1 & ! op5+ at ,kew n only satisfi$ ?is wi%1 b also put him 9 comm& ( ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i* he saw1 ev5 9 its !n undevelop$ /ate1 ! possibility ( expansion into a botanical c5tre wor?y ( ! nation4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahda ,sir ,william remov$ to ,kew1 tak+ ) him 8 libr>y1 8 private museum & h]b>ium4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ^? incid5ts ( d5udation ( ! botanical dep>tm5t 9 ,glasg[1 ! direct result ( ! sy/em t held its place 9 ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities till ! ,act ( #ahhi4 ,till t date ! *air 0 f>m$ by ! pr(essor4 ,almo/ all ! illu/rative collections & books ( ref]5ce 7 8 private prop]ty4 ,:5ev]1 z has repeat$ly be5 ! case 9 ,glasg[1 ! occupant ( ! *air 0 promot$ else:]e1 he naturally took 8 prop]ty ) him1 & ! ,univ]sity 0 d5ud$1 almo/ to blank walls4 ,=tunately t is s no long]4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case ! collections 7 remov$1 & f9ally =m$ ! basis ( ! great museums1 & ( ! h]b>ium ( ,kew4 ,at ! "t ( ,sir ,william's appo9tm5t ,kew itself 0 9 a v unsatisfactory /ate4 ,! acreage ( ! g>d5 0 small comp>$ ) :at x n[ is4 ,! h\ses 7 old1 & ( patt]ns :i* h long become obsolete4 ,only two ( !m are n[ /&+1 viz4 ! ,aroid h\se ne> ! great gates1 & ! old ,orang]y1 n[ us$ z a museum = timb]s4 ,!re 0 no libr>y1 & no h]b>ium4 ,9 fact ,kew 9 #ahda 0 simply an appanage to a palace1 :]e a m ?an usually ext5sive collection ( liv+ plants 7 gr[n4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! negotiations :i* l$ up to ! transf] to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,woods & ,=e/s x _h ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ! collections !mselves %\ld be p>t$ )4 ,x 0 to su* an e/abli%m5t1 ) ev]y?+ to make1 & little inde$ to make x f1 t ,sir ,william ,hook] came at ! age ( #ee4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 unb\nd$ en?usiasm1 & confid5ce 9 ! public _s1 & 9 himself3 & :at 0 /ill m to ! po9t1 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! small] field ( ,glasg[1 9 build+ up ! g>d5 !re1 comb9$ ) a k ( plants :i* 0 almo/ unrivall$1 & acqua9tance ) ! lead+ botani/s & horticulturali/s ( ,europe4 ,x 0 !n no matt] = surprise t he %\ld accept ! position1 ev5 ?\gh ! initial sal>y 0 small1 & no (ficial h\se 0 provid$4 ,z ! date ( ,sir ,william's appo9tm5t may be said to be ! bir?-day ( ! new developm5t ( ,kew1 x w be well to pause a mom5t & consid] ! position ( botanical affairs 9 ,europe at t "t4 ,! glam\r ( ! ,l9naean p]iod _h fad$1 & ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,classification ( ,plants initiat$ by ,de ,jussieu _h fully e/abli%$ its position1 & _h be5 work$ into detail1 tak+ its mo/ elaborate =m 9 ! ,prodromus ,sy/ematis ,naturalis ( ,augu/9 ,pyrame ,de ,c&olle4 ,t great lum9>y ( ,g5eva di$ 9 ?is v ye> ( #ahda1 leav+ 8 "w1 initiat$ b f> inde$ f completion1 9 ! h&s ( 8 son ,alphonse4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,rob]t ,br[n 0 9 ! full pl5itude ( 8 p[]s1 & 9 possession ( ! ,banksian h]b>ium 0 evolv+ out ( its ri* mat]ials new pr9ciples ( classification1 & fre% morphological comp>isons4 ,9 fact morphology 0 at ?is "t be+ diff]5tiat$ f m]e sy/ematic z a sep>ate discipl9e4 ,no?+ contribut$ m effectively to ?is ?an ! publication ( ,die ,botanik als inductive ,wiss5s*aft1 by ,s*leid51 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdb3 = 9 x developm5t & embryology 7 = ! fir/ "t indicat$ z ! f\ndation ( all insight into morphology4 ,b not)/&+ ! great advances ( ?is p]iod 9 trac+ natural aff9ities1 & 9 ! pursuit ( morphological comp>ison1 bran*es :i* w\ld seem to provide ! true basis = "s !ory ( ,desc5t1 ! ,dogma ( ,con/ancy ( ,species /ill reign$4 ,x 0 to cont9ue yet = #bj ye>s1 & ! mo/ active "p ( ! life ( ! fir/ ,director ( ,kew 0 sp5t "u its influ5ce4 ,mean:ile great advances _h be5 made also 9 ! k ( ! mature framework ( cell-membrane 9 plants4 ,anatomy initiat$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! publications ( ,hooke1 ,grew1 & ,malpighi1 _h develop$ 9 ! h&s ( _m phytotomi/s1 ! s]ies culm9at+ 9 ! "w ( ,von ,mohl4 ,b x 0 *iefly ! m]e skeleton :i* 0 ! subject ( _! int]e/4 ,eight ye>s previ\sly1 x is true 7#ahcc71 ,rob]t ,br[n _h describ$ & figur$ ! nucleus ( ! cell1 & approa*$ ev5 ! focal po9t ( its int]e/1 viz4 9 its relation to reproduction4 ,b ! demon/ration ( ! cytoplasm 9 :i* x 0 emb$d$ 0 yet to come4 ,9 fact1 ! k ( /ructure omitt$ z yet any details ( t body :i* we n[ hold to be ! physical basis ( life4 ,! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ #ahda1 01 h[ev]1 a "t pregnant ) new developm5ts4 ,! /udy ( protoplasm soon engag$ ! att5tion ( ,von ,mohl4 ,apical gr[? 0 inve/igat$ by ,naegeli & ,leitgeb4 ,! discov]y ( ! sexuality ( f]ns1 & ! completion ( ! life-/ory by ,bis*(f1 ,naegeli1 & ,sum9ski l$ up to ! great g5]alisation ( ,h(mei/]4 ,& ?us ! ye>s foll[+ #ahda witness$ ! initiation ( morphology 9 its mod]n developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology _h appe>$ & obta9$ wide acceptance4 ,d>w9 himself 0 fre%ly back f ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 :ile ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 !n a "y m$ical man1 0 at t v "t away ) ,ross on 8 ,ant>ctic voyage1 & %ortly aft]w>ds />t$ on 8 great j\rney to ! ,himalaya4 ,^! ?ree great figures1 ! =e-runn] ( ,evolution1 ! au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ,d>w9's fir/ adh]5t among biologi/s1 7 ?us 9 _! v>i\s ways work+ t[>ds t g5]alisation :i* 0 s soon to revolutionise ! sci5ce ( :i* ,kew 0 to become ! (ficial ,briti% c5tre4 ,well may we !n reg>d ?is date1 & ! ev5t :i* x c>ri$ ) x1 z a nodal po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( botany n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b also 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,! urg5t necessity = su* an (ficial c5tre z ,kew n[ is 0 pat5t 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! ne$ ( x _h already be5 cle>ly be=e ! m9ds ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,commission1 appo9t$ a few ye>s be=e1 ) ,dr ,l9dley z *airman1 to report ^u ! "q ( ! reta9+ ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,kew4 ,! report conta9$ ! foll[+ passage :i*1 :ile x =mulates an ideal !n to be aim$ at1 summ>ises 9 great measure ! activities ( ! pres5t e/abli%m5t at ,kew4 ,! weal?ie/ & mo/ civilis$ c\ntry 9 ,europe (f]s ! only ,european example ( ! want ( "o ( ! fir/ pro(s ( weal? & civilisation4 ,!re are _m g>d5s 9 ! ,briti% colonies & dep5d5cies1 z ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,sah>unpore1 ! ,mauritius1 ,sydney1 & ,tr9idad1 co/+ _m ?\s&s a ye>3 _! utility is mu* dim9i%$ by ! want ( "s sy/em "u :i* !y c be regulat$ & controll$4 ,!re is no unity ( purpose among !m2 _! objects are unsettl$1 & _! p[]s wa/$ f n receiv+ a prop] direction3 !y af=d no aid to ea* o!r1 & x is to be fe>$1 b little to ! c\ntries :]e !y are e/abli%$3 & yet !y are capable ( conf]r+ v important b5efits on comm]ce1 & ( conduc+ ess5tially to colonial prosp]ity4 ,a ,national ,botanic ,g>d5 w\ld be ! c5tre ar\nd :i* all ^! less] e/abli%m5ts %\ld be arrang$3 !y %\ld all be plac$ "u ! control ( ! *ief ( t g>d51 act+ ) him1 & ?r\gh him ) ea* o!r1 record+ con/antly _! proce$+s1 expla9+ _! wants1 receiv+ supplies1 & aid+ ! "m c\ntry 9 ev]y?+ useful 9 ! vegetable k+dom3 m$ic9e1 comm]ce1 agriculture1 horticulture1 & _m bran*es ( manufacture w\ld d]ive consid]able advantage f ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a sy/em4444 ,f a g>d5 ( ?is k9d ,gov]nm5t c\ld always obta9 au!ntic & (ficial in=mation ^u po9ts connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( new ,colonies3 x w\ld af=d ! plants requir$ on ^! occasions1 )\t its be+ necess>y1 z n[1 to apply to ! (fic]s ( private e/abli%m5ts = advice & help4444 ,su* a g>d5 w\ld be ! great s\rce ( new & valuable plants to be introduc$ & disp]s$ ?r\gh ?is c\ntry1 & a p[]ful means ( increas+ ! pleasures ( ^? :o already possess g>d5s3 :ile1 :at is f> m important1 x w\ld und\bt$ly become an effici5t in/rum5t 9 ref9+ ! ta/e1 increas+ ! k1 & augm5t+ ! rational pleasures ( t important class ( society1 to provide = ^: in/ruction is s great & wise an object ( ! pres5t adm9i/ration4 ,su* 7 ! surr\nd+ conditions1 & su* ! aims ( ,sir ,william ,hook] :5 he took up ! duties ( ,director ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 giv5 no specific in/ructions on ent]+ (fice4 ,he !re=e det]m9$ to foll[ ! sugge/ions ( ,dr ,l9dley's ,report1 & 9 ! c>ry+ ( !m out he _h p[]ful support1 bo? (ficial & o!r4 ,! orig9al area ( ! ,g>d51 ap>t f ! ,pleasure ,gr\nds & ! ,de] ,p>k1 0 small2 :5 fir/ tak5 ov] f ! ,"l ,/ew>d's ,dep>tm5t by ! ,commission]s ( ,woods & ,=e/s1 x ext5d$ only to ab\t #ah acres1 & ! ,*ief ,commission]1 ,"l ,duncannon1 0 /rongly oppos$ to _! enl>gem5t1 or to fur!r exp5diture ^u !m4 ,x requir$ me?ods ( diplomacy1 z well z det]m9ation & en]gy1 n always to be f\nd among sci5tific m51 to c>ry into effect ! s*eme laid d[n 9 ! ,report1 & success came only sl[ly4 ,9 #ahdb additional gr\nd 0 tak5 9 f ! ,pleasure ,gr\nds1 s z to af=d an entrance f ,kew ,gre51 n[ ! pr9cipal gate ( ! ,g>d54 ,9 #ahdc !re 7 add$ #dh acres ( ,arboretum1 includ+ ! site ( ! ,great ,palm ,h\se4 ,?is 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahdd & 0 foll[$ 9 #ahdf by ! ,or*id ,h\se4 ,9 #ahdh ! old /oreh\se = fruit 7close to ! fruit g>d5 ( ! old ,palace1 n[ ! site ( ! ,h]bace\s ,gr\nd71 0 conv]t$ into a ,museum ( ,economic ,botany1 ! fir/ ( its k9d to be e/abli%$4 ,x 0 9 "p furni%$ by ! collections :i* ,sir ,william _h br\ght ) him f ,glasg[4 ,x n[ /&s z ,museum ,no4 ,,ii4 ,9 #ahej ! ,wat]-,lily ,h\se 0 built1 & 9 #ahee ! long h\se = ,succul5ts4 ,mean:ile1 9 #ahec1 an (ficial h\se _h be5 f\nd = ! ,director1 :ile ano!r ,cr[n h\se adjo9+ ,kew ,gre5 0 h&$ ov] = ! gr[+ h]b>ium & libr>y4 ,^!1 :i* 7 9 ! ma9 if n inde$ altoge!r ! private prop]ty ( ! ,director1 _h up to ?is "t be5 h\s$ 9 8 private resid5ce4 ,n[ !y f\nd m conv5i5t accommodation1 :]e !y w\ld be m accessible = ref]5ce1 9 a build+ belong+ to ! e/abli%m5t4 ,9 #aheg ! ,museum ,no4 ,i4 0 op5$4 ,= long ! collections _h exce$$ ! space 9 ! old] ,economic ,museum 7,no4 ,,ii474 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 reta9$ = ! specim5s belong+ to ! ,monocotyl$ons & ,cryptogams1 :ile ^? ( ! ,dicotyl$ons 7 arrang$ 9 ! new & spaci\s build+ ( ,no4 ,i4 ,9 #ahfa a read+-room & lecture-room = g>d5]s 0 op5$1 & 9 #ahfb ! c5tral portion ( ! great range ( ! ,temp]ate ,h\se 0 complet$ f plans approv$ 9 #ahei4 ,! w+s :i* n[ complete ! orig9al design 7 add$ _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #ahfc ! old ,orang]y 0 disus$ z a plant-h\se1 & div]t$ to ! purpose ( a ,museum = ,timb]s1 *iefly ( colonial orig94 ,x is n[ kn[n z ,museum ,no4 ,,iii4 ,! above may s]ve z a summ>y ( ! m important mat]ial additions to ! ,kew e/abli%m5t1 made dur+ ! life ( ,sir ,william ,hook]4 ,x w be cle> t 8 activity mu/ h be5 unceas+1 9 work+ t[>ds ! ideal sket*$ 9 ! report ( ,dr ,l9dley4 ,8 ef=ts nev] abat$ till 8 dea? 9 #ahfe1 9 ! #ha/ ye> ( 8 age4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,kew has develop$ fur!r z ye>s w5t on4 ,b z he left x1 ! ess5tials 7 already pres5t :i* %\ld con/itute a great ,imp]ial ,g>d54 ,truly ,sir ,william ,hook] may be said to h be5 ! mak] ( ,kew1 if reg>d be tak5 m]ely ( ! mat]ial e/abli%m5t4 ,9 no less degree may he be held to h be5 ! mak] ( ,kew 9 respect ( its sci5tific collections1 its me?ods1 & its a*ievem5ts4 ,to ^! 8 own untir+ activity contribut$ ! driv+ =ce1 :ile 8 wide k1 & ready appreh5sion ( fact gave ! broad f\ndation necess>y = successful action4 ,b z ! p]iod ( developm5t ( ,kew 9 ^! respects 0 b ! culm9ation ( ! "w already initiat$ 9 ,glasg[1 x w be well to review ,sir ,william ,hook]'s sci5tific a*ievem5ts ov] ! :ole ( 8 pr(essional c>e]1 includ+ ! ,glasg[ p]iod toge!r ) 8 lat] ye>s at ,kew4 ,tak+ fir/ ! liv+ collections1 he _h already %[n at ,glasg[1 :]e ! opportunities 7 m limit$ ?an at ,kew1 a s+ul> success 9 secur+ additions to ! plants "u cultivation4 ,?is is n[ reflect$ m cle>ly 9 ! li/s :i* 7 publi%$ f "t to "t ?an 9 any actual specim5s /ill liv+ aft] ! vicissitudes ( cultivation ( #gj ye>s2 ?\gh x is n improbable t "s ( our old] specim5s date f 8 p]iod ( (fice4 ,! curr5t flori/ic s]ials1 _m ( !m produc$ & ev5 p]sonally illu/rat$ by himself1 also =m a record ( ! novelties f "t to "t secur$4 ,?is rapid gr[? ( ! ,glasg[ g>d5 has already be5 not$1 & ! l>ge numb] ( ! plants introduc$ "u 8 influ5ce4 ,x only requir$ ! same me?ods to be put 9 practice 9 ! l>g] sph]e ( action ( ! metropolis to ensure a simil>1 ?\gh a f> great] result at ,kew4 ,moreov]1 ! (ficial position :i* he !re held z ,director1 gave an increas+ obligation to meet 8 wi%es on ! "p ( =eign & colonial g>d5s1 & o!r s\rces ( supply4 ,notable among ! _m o!r liv+ collections t result$ 0 ! s]ies ( ,f]ns1 already a subject ( 8 detail$ /udy :ile at ,glasg[4 ,9 its ma9t5ance & increase he 0 ably assi/$ by ! ,curator1 ,mr ,john ,smi?1 himself no small a contributor to ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! ,f]ns4 ,hook]'s aim 01 h[ev]1 n to =w>d ! int]e/s ( any special gr\p ( plants1 b to make ! collections z repres5tative z possible4 ,?is is cle>ly reflect$ 9 ! v>i\s "* ( ! plant-h\ses successively built at 8 in/igation1 & rema9+ /ill to te/ify to ! ca?olicity ( 8 views4 ,9 ! days at ,glasg[1 ,sir ,william _h already made 8 private museum ancill>y to ! liv+ collections1 9 8 endeav\r to demon/rate ! *>act]s ( ! vegetable _w4 ,?is l9e ( demon/ration he fur!r develop$ aft] 8 removal to ,kew1 & ! results1 toge!r ) lat] additions1 b ) me?ods little *ang$1 are to be se5 9 ! spl5did museums ( ! ,g>d5s at ! pres5t "t4 ,! specim5s 7 f ! fir/ ma9ly illu/rative ( ,economic ,botany1 su* z are ( s]vice to ! m]*ant1 ! manufactur]1 ! dy]1 ! *emi/ & druggi/1 & ! physician3 or to artific]s 9 wood & 9 textiles4 ,b ! int]e/s ( ! sci5tific botani/ 7 n =gott51 :ile a special feature f ! fir/ 0 ! portrait gall]y ( ! lead]s 9 ! subject4 ,?us ! museums :i* he initiat$1 & 7 inde$ ! fir/ ,museums ( ,economic ,botany ev] =m$1 are n[ n ! lea/ int]e/+ & c]ta9ly among ! mo/ in/ructive features ( ,kew4 ,b ! c5tre ( ! ,g>d5 = ref]5ce & = detail$ /udy is n[ ! h]b>ium & libr>y1 h\s$ 9 ! l>ge build+ ne> to ! entrance f ,kew ,gre54 ,to ^? famili> ) t magnific5t m9e ( accumulat$ le>n+ z x n[ /&s1 x may be a surprise to he> t x has gr[n 9 ! c\rse ( less ?an #fj ye>s out ( ! private collections ( ,sir ,william ,hook]1 & ( 8 fri5d ,b5?am4 ,! /ory ( x may be ga!r$ f ! sket* ( ! ,life & ,lab\rs ( ! ,fir/ ,director1 publi%$ by ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 9 ! ,annals ( ,botany 9 #aijc1 a "w to :i* ,i h be5 l>gely indebt$ = ! mat]ials = ?is lecture4 ,! ,hook]ian h]b>ium & libr>y 7 already ext5sive be=e x 0 remov$ f ,glasg[4 ,:5 ! new ,director ( ,kew took up 8 appo9tm5t1 nei!r books nor a h]b>ium 7 provid$ = him3 b he 0 well equipp$ ) ^? ( 8 own4 ,!y 7 at fir/ lodg$ 9 8 private h\se1 till 9 #ahec he mov$ into ! (ficial resid5ce4 ,b ! latt] did n af=d ! accommodation = !m :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h gu>ante$4 ,!y 7 !re=e plac$ 9 a build+ adjac5t to ! ,botanic ,g>d54 ,x 0 fur!r agre$1 on condition t ! h]b>ium & libr>y %\ld be accessible to botani/s1 t he %\ld be provid$ ) a sci5tific h]b>ium ,curator4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>ds ! ,royal ,g>d5s came into possession1 by gift1 ( ! v ext5sive libr>y & h]b>ium ( ,g4 ,b5?am1 ,esq41 :i* 0 second only to ,hook]'s own 9 ext5t1 me?odical arrangem5t1 & nom5clature2 & x 0 plac$ 9 ! same build+4 ,! two collections 9 consid]able degree ov]lapp$1 be+ d]iv$ f ! same s\rces4 ,b "o great diff]5ce betwe5 !m 0 t ,b5?am conf9$ 8 h]b>ium to fl[]+ plants1 :ile ,hook]'s rapidly grew to be ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w 9 bo? fl[]+ & fl[]less plants4 ,f9ally aft] 8 dea? x 0 acquir$ by pur*ase = ! ,/ate 9 #ahff1 toge!r ) ab\t #ajjj volumes f 8 libr>y1 & a unique collection ( botanical draw+s1 maps1 ,,mss41 portraits ( botani/s1 & lett]s f botanical correspond5ts1 :i* am\nt$ to ab\t #bg1jjj4 ,^! 7 ! prime f\ndations ( ! great h]b>ium & libr>y n[ at ,kew4 ,great additions h s9ce be5 made by pur*ase & by gift1 & ! build+ has be5 repeat$ly ext5d$ to receive ! gr[+ mass ( mat]ial4 ,b = all "t ! "* & individuality ( ! collections w rema9 /amp$ by ! p]sonality ( ^? two great b5efactors1 ,b5?am & ! fir/ ,hook]4 ,suffici5t has n[ be5 said to indicate t ,hook]'s "w 0 t ( a pione]1 9 provid+ ! mat]ial f\ndation necess>y = ! fur!r /udy ( ! sci5ce1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b also 9 ! fur!/ l&s ( ! ,empire4 ,he suppli$ a coord9at+ c5tre = botanical organisation 9 ,brita91 & = t s]vice he has e>n$ ! la/+ gratitude ( botani/s4 ,x rema9s to review 8 own publi%$ works1 & base ^u !m "s e/imate ( 8 m direct influ5ce ^u ! progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,we %all see t 9 ?is also 8 "w 0 l>gely ( t nature :i* af=ds a basis = future developm5t4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out almo/ entirely "u pre-,d>w9ian conditions4 ,he 0 pre-em95tly a descriptive botani/1 :o work$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t belief 9 ! con/ancy ( species4 ,b 8 enorm\s output ( accurate description & ( del9eation ( ! mo/ v>i$ =ms1 has provid$ a sure basis ^u :i* ! m mod]n seek] aft] phyletic l9es may proce$4 ,!re h be5 few if any writ]s on botanical subjects s prolific z ,sir ,william ,hook]1 & probably none h ev] equall$ him 9 ! numb] & accuracy ( ! plates :i* illu/rat$ 8 writ+s4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] e/imates ! numb] ( ! latt] at ne>ly #hjjj1 ( :i* ab\t #ahjj 7 f draw+s execut$ by himself4 ,! rema9d] 7 *iefly f ! h& ( ,walt] ,fit*1 :o act$ z botanical limn] to ,sir ,william = ?irty ye>s1 %[+ 9 ! "w fidelity1 arti/ic skill & extraord9>y rapidity ( execution4 ,! numb]s quot$ give "s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! results4 ,= ! purpose ( a rapid review ( ! *ief writ+s ( ,sir ,william's lat] ye>s1 !y may be classifi$ "u ?ree heads1 viz4 7#a7 ,j\rnals1 7#b7 ,flori/ic works1 & 7#c7 ,writ+s on ! ,filicales4 ,tak+ fir/ ! ,j\rnals1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ab\t !m is ! app>5t v>iety & numb] ( ! ent]prises on :i* ,sir ,william engag$3 ?is is1 h[ev]1 expla9$ :5 !y are piec$ toge!r z !y w be f\nd bel[4 ,8 connection dur+ #de ye>s ) l>ge & gr[+ g>d5s1 into :i* ! mo/ v>i$ liv+ specim5s 7 be+ draft$ 9 a con/ant /ream1 put him 9 possession ( a va/ mass ( facts1 deta*$1 b ne$+ to be record$4 ,! mat]ials 7 ?us pres5t = t type ( publication /yl$ a ,botanical ,miscellany4 ,! majority ( ! s]ials :i* he edit$ took ?is =m1 & ?\gh publi%$ "u v>i\s titles1 dictat$ 9 "s measure by ! s\rce ( _! publication1 m ?an "o ( !m 0 a m]e cont9uation ( a pr$ecessor "u a diff]5t title4 ,! fir/ ( !m appe>$ "u ! "n ( ! ,exotic ,flora1 9 ?ree volumes 7#ahbc-g71 ) #bcb col\r$ plates illu/rat+ subjects f ! ,g>d5s ( ,glasg[1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,liv]pool4 ,b ow+ to 8 tak+ up 9 #ahbg ! editor%ip ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 !n 9 a critical position1 ! ,exotic ,flora ceas$1 & its mat]ials swell$ ! pages ( ! m anci5t s]ial1 ) :i* he 0 connect$ till 8 dea?4 ,to ^? n intimately acqua9t$ ) ! o!r s]ials edit$ by ,sir ,william1 _! relations are difficult to trace4 ,b ,sir ,joseph ,hook] has giv5 _! titles 9 s]ies1 ) _! dates1 z foll[s3 ,botanical ,miscellany4 #c vols4 #ahcj-cc4 ,j\rnal ( ,botany4 #a vol4 #ahcd4 ,companion ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e4 #b vols4 #ahce-cf4 ,j>d9e's ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #d vols4 #ahch-dj4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,botany 7cont9u$74 ,vols4 ,,ii4-,,iv4 #ahdj-db4 ,! ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany4 #g vols4 #ahdb-dh4 ,! ,companion ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e4 7,new ,s]ies4 #ahde-dh47 ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany & ,kew ,g>d5s ,miscellany4 #i vols4 #ahdi-eg4 ,f ?is li/ x appe>s t ?r\gh\t a long t]m ( ye>s1 ?\gh "u v>y+ titles1 ! /ream ( in=mation ga!r$ *iefly ?r\gh g>d5 managem5t 0 edit$ & publi%$1 tak+ ! =m ( #bh volumes1 ) #eef plates4 ,! ,flori/ic works ( ,sir ,william ,hook] began ) ! second edition ( ,curtis's ,flora ,lond95sis1 9 five folio volumes1 ^u :i* he work$ f #ahag to #ahbh4 ,he contribut$ a l>ge proportion ( ! plates f 8 own draw+s1 :ile ! descriptions ?r\gh\t 7except+ ^? ( ! plates on ,algae & ,fungi by ,r4 ,k4 ,greville7 7 enl>g$1 & rewritt5 by him4 ,he 0 9 fact ! real au?or ( ! "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 s badly edit$--ev5 ! lett]-press 0 n pag$--t citation ( x 0 impossible1 & x nev] took its prop] place z a sci5tific "w4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] po9ts out t ! second edition 0 n prop]ly /yl$ ,flora ,lond95sis1 s9ce x includ$ _m species :i* are n indig5\s any:]e ne> ,london4 ,b ^! 7 ! lapses ( ! editor1 n ( ! au?or & arti/4 ,m9or works 7 ! acc\nts ( ! plants collect$ on ,p>ry's & ,sab9e's ,arctic voyages 7#ahbc-bh71 b ! ,flora ,boreali ,am]icana 0 a m important und]tak+4 ,x appe>$ z two qu>to volumes 7#ahbi-dj71 9 :i* #bejj species 7 describ$ ) num]\s illu/rations4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! collections ( v>i\s travell]s1 & includ$ f]ns & _! allies4 ,9 #ahcj came ! fir/ edition ( ! ,briti% ,flora1 a "w :i* 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh eight editions1 ! la/ be+ 9 #ahfj1 & x conta9$ #afcf species4 ,! botanical results ( ,bee*ey's voyage 9 ! ,blossom to ! ,behr+ ,sea1 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & ,*9a 7 produc$ jo9tly ) ,dr ,walk]-,arnott 9 #ahcj-da1 z a qu>to volume1 ) descriptions ( ab\t #bgjj species1 & notable = ! div]sity ( ! floras includ$4 ,9 #ahdi ! ,nig] ,flora appe>$1 deal+ ) ! collections ( ,vogel on ! ,nig] exp$ition ( #ahda4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ^! flori/ic works 0 ! great s]ies ( ! ,icones ,plant>um4 ,x 0 initiat$ 9 #ahcg = ! illu/ration ( ,new & r>e plants select$ f ! ,au?or's ,h]b>ium1 & 0 cont9u$ by him till 8 dea? 9 #ahfe4 ,ow+ to ! munific5ce ( ,b5?am's beque/ to ! ,kew ,h]b>ium = its cont9uance & illu/ration1 x rema9s /ill z ! pr9cipal *annel = ! description & del9eation ( new & r>e plants f ! ,kew ,h]b>ium4 ,! fact t ! numb] ( ! plates is n[ ab\t #cjjj gives "s idea ( ! magnitude ( ?is "w1 :i* 0 />t$ by ,sir ,william ,hook] 9 ! lat] days ( 8 ,glasg[ pr(essor%ip4 ,x might well be ?\ght t ! production ( ! works already nam$ w\ld h suffic$ to occupy a life-"t1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ t !y 7 produc$ 9 ! int]vals ( leisure aft] ! p]=mance ( ! (ficial duties ( a pr(essor1 & lat] ( ! ,director ( ! gr[+ e/abli%m5t at ,kew4 ,b !re /ill rema9 to be m5tion$ t noble s]ies ( publications on ! ,filicales1 :i* gave ,sir ,william ,hook] ! position ( ! lead+ ,pt]idologi/ ( 8 "t4 ,! s]ies on f]ns began ) ! ,icones ,filicum 7#ahbh-ca7 9 two folio volumes1 ) #bdj col\r$ plates by ,r4 ,k4 ,greville1 ! text be+ writt5 by ,hook]4 ,! same au?ors aga9 coop]at$ 9 ! ,enum]atio ,filicum 7#ahcb71 a "w project$ to give ! synonymy1 citation ( au?ors1 habitat1 & description ( new & imp]fectly kn[n species4 ,b x only ext5d$ to ! fir/ #ac g5]a1 includ+ ! ,lycopod9eae1 ,ophioglosseae1 ,m>attiaceae1 & ,osmundaceae1 & 0 !n dropp$4 ,"h may be conv5i5tly introduc$ a numb] ( volumes1 :i* 7 = ! illu/ration ( f]ns1 b n sy/ematically arrang$4 ,!y 7 issu$ f "t to "t1 & collectively give a l>ge b n a coord9at$ body ( fact4 ,!y 71 ! ,fir/ ,c5tury ( ,f]ns1 issu$ 9 #ahed2 ! ,filices ,exoticae 9 #ahei2 a ,second ,c5tury ( ,f]ns 9 #ahfa2 ,briti% ,f]ns also 9 #ahfa1 & ,g>d5 ,f]ns 9 #ahfb4 ,!re /ill rema9 to be m5tion$ ?ree great sy/ematic works on f]ns1 ea* ( :i* is complete 9 itself1 viz4 ! ,g5]a ,filicum1 ! ,species ,filicum1 & ! ,synopsis ,filicum4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,g5]a ,filicum 7#ahch-dj71 a volume issu$ 9 p>ts1 royal octavo1 ) #abf col\r$ plates illu/rat+ #ace g5]a4 ,x goes "u ! jo9t names ( ,francis ,bau] & ,sir ,william ,hook]1 ! latt] be+ describ$ on ! title-page z ,director ( ,kew4 ,b ! preface is dat$ ,may #a1 #ahch1 f ,glasg[1 & x 0 pr9t$ at ! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,! title-page fur!r /ates t ! plates 7 f ! draw+s ( ,f4 ,bau]1 b ,sir ,joseph ,hook] po9ts out 7l4c4 p4 cviii71 t ( ! :ole #ace g5]a depict$ ,i ?9k t #gh are by ,fit*4 ,sir ,william 9 ! preface /ates t ,! plates h all be5 execut$ 9 my own resid5ce1 & "u my own eye1 9 z9cography1 by a "y arti/1 ,walt] ,fit*1 ) a delicacy & accuracy :i* ,i tru/ w n discr$it ! figures f :i* !y 7 copi$4 ,! result is "o ( ! mo/ sumptu\s volumes 9 illu/ration ( a s+le family ev] publi%$4 ,aft] #gj ye>s x is /ill ! natural companion ( all ,pt]idologi/s4 ,at its close is a synopsis ( ! g5]a ( f]ns1 accord+ to ,presl's arrangem5t1 :i* ,sir ,william describes z ! mo/ full & complete t has yet be5 publi%$4 ,b 9 ! preface he rem>ks t ,presl has laid too mu* /ress on ! numb] & o!r circum/ances connect$ ) ! bundles ( vessels 9 ! /ipes1 :i* 9 ! ,h]b>ium are difficult ( inve/igation4 ,?is is a specially illum9at+ passage = u at a "t :5 anatomical *>act]s are becom+ ev] m important z phyletic indices4 ,x %[s t read9ess ( diagnosis 0 = him a m important factor ?an details ( /ructural simil>ity4 ,9 ! preface to ! ,g5]a ,filicum ,sir ,william says1 he w\ld n h x to be und]/ood t ! ,g5]a "h introduc$ are :at ,i def9itely recomm5d z1 9 e in/ance1 wor?y ( be+ reta9$4444 ,a m accurate exam9ation ( ! sev]al species ( ea* ,g5us1 :i* are n[ "u review 9 ! prep>ation ( a ,species ,filicum1 w enable me h]eaft] to =m a m correct judgem5t on ?is head ?an x is n[ 9 my p[] to d4 ,! five volumes ( ! ,species ,filicum ?us promis$1 appe>$ at int]vals f #ahdf to #ahfd4 ,! "w is briefly *>act]is$ by ,sir ,joseph z consi/+ ( descriptions ( ! kn[n ,f]ns1 p>ticul>ly ( su* z exi/ 9 ! ,au?or's ,h]b>ium1 or are ) suffici5t accuracy describ$ 9 ! works to :i* he has _h access1 accompani$ by num]\s ,figures4 ,?is :i* w probably prove to be ! mo/ endur+ monum5t to my fa!r's lab\r z a sy/emati/ & descriptive pt]idologi/1 is compris$ 9 five #hvo volumes1 embrac+ ne>ly #bejj species1 ) #cjd plates by ,fit*1 illu/rat+ #ebj ( ^!4 ,x occupi$ mu* ( ! latt] eighte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 ! la/ "p appe>+ 9 #ahfd4 ,! "w is a mo/ extraord9>y m9e ( detail$ in=mation4 ,x is a cond5s$ extract f 8 own unrivall$ ,h]b>ium ( ,f]ns1 ) exact data ( di/ribution1 & collectors' numb]s4 ,probably no family s ext5sive z ?is has ev] be5 monograph$ by a s+le h& ) su* m9ut5ess & exhau/ive c>e4 ,x is ! classic book ( ref]5ce 9 ! sy/ematic /udy ( f]ns4 ,b z indicat$ 9 ! preface to ! ,g5]a1 ! judgem5t z to :i* g5]a are wor?y ( be+ reta9$ _h be5 ex]cis$4 ,! result 0 ! m]g+ ( a numb] ( ! g5]a ( ,presl1 & o!rs1 into neighb\r+ g5]a4 ,?\gh ?is 0 some:at dra/ically done 9 ! ,species ,filicum1 x comes out m prom95tly 9 ! "w ^u :i* he ent]$ 9 ! v la/ mon?s ( 8 life1 viz4 ! ,synopsis ,filicum4 ,?is "w 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfh z an octavo volume1 ) #i col\r$ plates1 conta9+ analyses ( #ge g5]a4 ,sir ,joseph tells u 7l4c4 p4 #aag7 t ,^u ?is "w my fa!r 0 engag$ up to a few days be=e 8 decease1 & #dh pages ( x 9 pr9t 7 left on 8 desk1 toge!r ) ! preface & mu* matt] 9 manuscript4 ,aft] full consid]ation x appe>$ to me t1 ) ! mat]ial 9 h&1 ! aid ( ! ,species ,filicum complet$ only ?ree ye>s e>li]1 & ( ! ,f]n ,h]b>ium 9 p]fect ord]1 & nam$ accord+ to 8 views1 a compet5t botani/ %\ld f9d no great difficulty 9 c>ry+ on ?is "w to its completion4 ,su* a botani/ ,i knew my fri5d ,mr ,bak] to be1 & also t he _h made a /udy ( ,f]ns1 & accept$ my fa!r's limitations ( _! g5]a & species4 ,i !re=e reque/$ t g5tleman to und]take ! "w1 :i* to my great satisfaction he has done4 ,! ,synopsis ,filicum conta9s #ge g5]a1 & ab\t #bbeb species1 inclusive ( ,osmundaceae1 ,s*izaeaceae1 ,m>attiaceae1 & ,ophioglossaceae1 :i* are n includ$ 9 ! ,species ,filicum4 ,?is "w summ>is$ ! ,pt]idological results ( ,sir ,william ,hook]'s life4 ,! total numb] ( plates ( f]ns publi%$ by him is ab\t #abaj1 embrac+ #abfg species1 ( :i* ab\t #bej appe>$ "u ! jo9t au?or%ip ( ,dr ,greville & himself4 ,^! figures are 9 !mselves suffici5t evid5ce ( ! ext5t ( 8 ,pt]idographic "w4 ,x has be5 not$ t ! numb] ( g5]a 9 ! ,g5]a ,filicum 0 #ace1 ma9ta9$ approximately accord+ to ! limitations ( ,presl 9 8 ,t5tam5 ,pt]idographiae3 all[ance has1 h[ev]1 to be made = #bc g5]a ( ,p>k]iaceae1 ,s*izaeaceae1 ,osmundaceae1 ,m>attiaceae1 ,ophioglossaceae1 & ,lycopodiaceae1 :i* 7 omitt$ 9 ! ,t5tam54 ,b 9 ! ,synopsis ,filicum !re 7 only #ge4 ,x is true t ! ?ree g5]a ( ,lycopodiaceae 7 exclud$ also f ! ,synopsis1 b /ill !re is ! wide discrepancy betwe5 #acb ( ,presl's g5]a z aga9/ #ge 9 ,hook]'s ,synopsis4 ,?is at once indicates a sali5t feature ( 8 me?od4 ,he m]g$ a l>ge numb] ( g5]a1 rank+ _m ( ! small] ones z sub-g5]a "u ! m compreh5sive head+s4 ,d\btless ! reasons = ?is 7 v>i\s4 ,"o 0 8 mi/ru/ ( anatomical data1 :i* x mu/ be confess$ ,presl put too mu* 9 ! =e-front4 ,! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,t5tam5 runs ?us ,vasa plant>um pr9cipale signum esse ex eo patet1 quod ex9de prim>ia divisio omnium plant>um ex/itit4 ,b occasionally ,sir ,william expla9$ 8 reason 9 a specific case4 ,?us 9 ! "q ( ,kunze's sub-g5us ,plagiogyria ( ! g5us ,lom>ia1 :i* ,mett5ius _h rais$ to ! dignity ( a di/9ct g5us1 he expla9$ 8 reasons = m]g+ x into ! g5us ,lom>ia4 ,mett5ius _h laid /ress ^u v>i\s *>act]s1 b especially on ! oblique annulus z di/9ctive4 ,on ?is ,hook] rem>ks ev5 %\ld ! capsules 9 all ! species ref]r$ to ,plagiogyria prove to be helicogyrate1 yet ! habit & sori are s entirely 9 accordance ) true ,lom>ia t1 unless ! /ud5t has ! opportunity ( exam9+ v p]fect specim5s1 or unless he exam9es ! /ructure ( ! annulus ( ! v m9ute capsules "u ! high p[] ( ! microscope1 ! g5us _c be id5tifi$4 ,kunze only propos$ to =m a gr\p or section "u ! "n ( ,plagiogyria1 b ev5 t w\ld be f\nd inconv5i5t to reta9 9 a "w ^: ma9 object is to assi/ ! tyro 9 ! v]ification ( g5]a & species3 & natural habit is (t5 a saf] guide ?an m9ute microscopic *>act]s4 ,?us we see t 9 8 me?od conv5i5ce ( diagnosis is put be=e ! use ( important /ructural *>act]s4 ,i h rec5tly f\nd reason to uphold ! op9ion ( ,mett5ius on ?is po9t1 & to confirm ,plagiogyria z a sub/antive g5us4 ,simil>ly1 ! g5]a ,lophosoria & ,metaxya w h to be deta*$ f ,alsophila3 ,prantl remov$ ,microlepia f ,davallia into 8 new family ( ! ,d5n/a$ti9ae1 :]e !y are relat$ ) ,patania 7,d5n/a$tia71 :i* ,hook] _h m]g$ into ,dicksonia4 ,goebel also has deta*$ ,heci/opt]is :i* ,hook] _h plac$ 9 ,gymnogramme1 & has plac$ x ) ! ,vitt>ieae4 ,^! are all examples ( ! way 9 :i* fur!r /udy is t5d+ to rev]se ! excessive m]g+ ( g5]a1 :i* ,hook] c>ri$ out 9 ! int]e/ ( diagno/ic conv5i5ce4 ,! g5]al conclusion :i* we draw f contemplat+ ,sir ,william ,hook]'s "w on ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( f]ns is t x 0 c>ri$ out consi/5tly to ! end "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t belief 9 ! ,con/ancy ( ,species4 ,! me?ods 7 n phylog5etic1 z !y h s9ce become "u ! influ5ce ( evolution>y belief4 ,! problem seems to h be5 to depict & describe ) ! utmo/ accuracy ! multitud9\s repres5tatives ( ! ,filicales1 & to arrange !m s t ) ! lea/ possible difficulty & loss ( "t any giv5 specim5 c\ld be locat$ & nam$4 ,b ! result is n to dispose !m 9 any g5etic ord]4 ,ev5 ! arrangem5t ( ! l>g] g5]a accord+ to ! complexity ( bran*+ ( ! leaves appe>s z a me?od ( conv5i5ce r ?an ( g5esis1 & subsequ5t inquiry is t5d+ to %[ t s f> z su* s]ies really exi/1 !y w require to be read 9 conv]se4 ,goebel1 9 8 pap] on ,heci/opt]is1 rem>ks t ! sy/ematic gr\p+ ( ! ,leptosporangiate ,f]ns1 z x is at pres5t1 e4g4 9 ! ,synopsis ,filicum1 is artificial ?r\gh\t2 x is adequate = ! diagnosis ( ,f]ns1 b x does n give any satisfactory conclusion z to ! aff9ity ( ! sev]al =ms4 ,he proce$s to say t a ?or\gh inve/igation1 tak+ into acc\nt ! g5]al *>act]s ( =m ( bo? ! g5]ations1 w be necess>y be=e ! naturally relat$ gr\ps1 & _! relations to "o ano!r1 are recognis$ 9 ! plexus ( =ms ( ! ,polypodiaceae4 ,su* obs]vations z ^! mu/ n be und]/ood 9 any s5se ( disp>agem5t ( ! "w ( ?is great man4 ,!y are m]ely int5d$ to indicate 8 hi/orical position4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 01 x is true1 publi%$ "s few ye>s be=e ! ,synopsis ,filicum4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ,sir ,william ,hook] 0 already an old man4 ,few m5 ov] #gj ye>s ( age alt] _! op9ions1 & ! lab\r] :o _h gr[n old "u ! belief 9 ! ,con/ancy ( ,species c\ld n 9 a few brief ye>s be expect$ to *ange ! me?ods ( ?\ght ( a long & active life4 ,we mu/ take ,sir ,william ,hook] z p]haps ! greate/ & ! la/ ( ! sy/emati/s :o work$ "u ! belief 9 ! ,con/ancy ( ,species4 ,because we h adopt$ a new] po9t ( view1 & take into consid]ation facts & argum5ts :i* 7 nev] 81 & come to diff]5t conclusions n[1 is no reason = valu+ "o :it ! less ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is great botani/4 ,8 publi%$ "w 0 j z mu* fundam5tal z 0 8 (ficial "w4 ,we h se5 h[ he provid$ 9 ,kew ! means ( indef9ite developm5t lat]1 by con/ruct+ ! coord9at+ ma*9e ) its collections & its libr>ies4 ,9 some:at simil> s5se 8 publications 7 also fundam5tal4 ,he did n himself con/ruct4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 no great modification ( sy/em or ( view :i* is to be associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,b 9 ! weal? ( tru/wor?y detail1 record$ bo? pictorially & 9 v]bal diagnoses1 he has suppli$ ! f\ndation = future work]s to build ^u1 laid surely & firmly by accurate obs]vation1 & !re=e durable = all "t4 ,"o rem>k ,i may make z to ! effect ( 8 "w on ! tr5d ( botanical activity 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h not$ t anatomy 0 n ,sir ,william ,hook]'s /rong po9t4 ,he & _m ( 8 contempor>ies did n pursue microscopic detail1 & inde$ seem to h avoid$ x4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a dom9at+ botanical influ5ce ( ! middle ,victorian p]iod4 ,may we n see 9 ^! facts1 comb9$ ) ! extraord9>y success ( ! sy/ematic "w c>ri$ on by himself1 or "u 8 guidance1 a probable cause ( t p>alysis ( laboratory inve/igation :i* rul$ 9 ,brita9 till ! e>ly sev5ties8 ,briti% botany 0 at t "t almo/ purely descriptive4 ,! revival came )9 #aj ye>s ( ! dea? ( ,sir ,william1 & x is well to rememb] t ! imm$iate /imulus to t revival 0 giv5 by a botani/1 :o became lat] ! ,director ( ,kew1 & 0 alli$ by m>riage ) ,sir ,william ,hook] himself4 ,i mean1 ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]4 ,! /imulus _h its result 9 ! active developm5t ( anatomical & physiological /udy ( plants1 z we see x 9 ?is c\ntry to-day4 ,= a "t ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum 9 ?is direction 0 too extreme & exclusive4 ,i rememb] v well an occasion :5 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] said to me1 ,y "y m5 d n "k y\r plants4 ,& x 0 true1 ?\gh x may be add$ t few inde$1 at any "t1 knew !m 9 ! full ,hook]ian s5se4 ,a san] position is gradually be+ atta9$4 ,b ev5 n[ ! sy/ematic /udy ( ,angiosp]ms receives f> too little att5tion among u1 & is an almo/ op5 field = ! "y inve/igator4 ,i w\ld conclude ) "o ^w ( advice1 :i* naturally spr+s f contemplation ( a life-"w su* z ,sir ,william ,hook]'s4 ,we sometimes see wide-rea*+ phyletic conclusions advanc$ by writ]s :o we "k h n specific k ( ! gr\ps 9 "q4 ,let u le>n f ,sir ,william ! importance ( specific k4 ,x is only on su* a f\ndation t s\nd phyletic argum5t c proce$4 ,let u always rememb] t x is bett] to c>ry out s\nd "w on species1 z he did1 )\t !oris+ on _! phyletic relations1 ?an to promulgate phyletic !ories )\t a suffici5t specific k ( ! families !mselves4 ,! =m] w probably be la/+ "w1 ! latt] runs e *ance ( e>ly refutation4 ,"u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances analytical "w is z a rule m durable ?an syn!tic4 ,sir ,william ,hook]'s contributions fall *iefly "u ! =m] head1 & w be f\nd to h a correspond+ elem5t ( durability4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii ,,john ,,/ev5s ,,h5sl[ 7#ahea7 ,,john ,,/ev5s ,,h5sl[ #agif-ahfa ,,by ,,george ,,h5sl[ ,an all-r\nd man--appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy at ,cambridge 9 #ahbf1 b succe$s ,m>tyn 9 ! ,*air ( ,botany a ye> lat]--ess5tially an ecologi/--8 fam\s tea*+ me?ods--practical "w--8 wide int]e/s--c\ntry life--! educational museum--village am5ities4 ,! sci5tific c>e] & p>o*ial life ( ! late ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[1 are describ$ by my late uncle1 ! ,rev4 ,leon>d ,j5yns1 9 8 ,memoir#if4 ,i propose add+ & illu/rat+ "s ( 8 m p]sonal traits1 habits & pursuits z a sci5tific man1 & to deal especially ) 8 educational me?ods4 ,8 /udies 9 sci5ce 7 by no means conf9$ to "o bran*1 ?us ,geology 0 fir/ ard5tly pursu$ 9 conjunction ) ,s$gwick4 ,x 0 9 a t\r toge!r 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight 9 #ahai1 t !y propos$ e/abli%+ a ,correspond+ ,society1 = ! purpose ( introduc+ subjects ( natural hi/ory to ! ,cambridge /ud5ts4 ,! outcome ( ?is idea1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly ab&on$1 0 ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 ( :i* ,h5sl[1 ,b4,a4 0 elect$ secret>y 9 #ahbaig4 ,con*ology & ,entomology claim$ 8 att5tion2 "o ( 8 fir/ discov]ies 0 ! r>e insect ,macroplea equiseti1 8 id5tical f9d be+ figur$ 9 ,curtis' ,briti% ,entomology1 :ile he f\nd ! bivalve ,cyclas ,h5sl[iana1 s nam$ by ,dr ,lea*1 at ,baitsbite on ! ,cam4 ,8 fir/ & be/ collection ( insects 0 pres5t$ to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 ,o!r discov]ies 7 made 9 aft] ye>s1 & are ref]r$ to by ,j5yns4 ,on ! dea? ( ,dr ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 he (f]$ himself = ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,m9]alogy4 ,*emi/ry1 z well z ! /udy ( ,m9]als1 n[ occupi$ 8 att5tion4 ,he 0 only #bf ye>s ( age1 & /ill ,b4,a41 :5 elect$ to t *air4 ,at ! age ( #bg he publi%$ 8 ,syllabus ( ,m9]alogy 9 #ahbc1 ,a useful manual ( ref]5ce to all p]sons /udy+ ,m9]alogy1 indep5d5tly ( ! imm$iate circum/ances :i* l$ to its publication#ih4 ,9 #ahbg ,pr(4 ,m>tyn di$ & ,pr(4 ,h5sl[ 0 elect$ to ! *air ( ,botany1 be+ succe$$ by ,:ewell on resign+ ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,m9]alogy4 ,he n[ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ,botany2 b he nev] paid mu* he$ to sy/ematic botany1 = 8 ta/e lay 9 ! direction ( :at is n[ call$ ,ecology4 ,he !n wrote ,botani/s w\ld r receive "o ( our mo/ common we$s f a newly-discov]$ or newly-explor$ c\ntry1 ?an a new species ( an already kn[n g5us4 ,!re are high] dep>tm5ts ( ,botany ?an m]e collectors ( specim5s are aw>e (2 = to asc]ta9 ! geographical di/ribution ( a well-kn[n species is a po9t ( va/ly sup]ior int]e/ to ! m]e acquisition ( a r>e specim54 propos ( ?is he made elaborate epitomes ( ! ,botanical ,geographies ( ,de ,c&olle1 & ( ! writ+s ( ,humboldt1 ,poiret & o!rs4 ,8 ,,ms4 is n unlike a =e-runn] ( ,s*imp]'s ,botanical ,geography ( to-day4 ,he ?us express$ himself 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,descriptive & ,physiological ,botany 7#ahcf73--;9 ! second section head$ ,botany 444 ,?is enquiry %\ld ext5d z well to ! inve/igation ( ! outw>d =ms ( plant organs & ! conditions 9 :i* plants1 :e!r rec5t or fossil1 are met )1 z to ! exam9ation ( ! v>i\s functions :i* !y p]=m :il/ 9 ! liv+ /ate & to ! laws by :i* _! di/ribution on ! e>?'s surface is regulat$4 ,aga91 9 ! ,preface to ! ,flora ( ,suffolk by himself & ,e4 ,s4 ,skepp]1 he wrote3--,we _h ?\ght ( say+ some?+ 9 reg>d to ! ,geographic di/ribution ( ! species1 b f\nd our mat]ial insuffici5t = treat+ ?is "q to advantage4 ,z an alt]native he sugge/s int]leav+ ! ',catalogue1' z ! book 0 also call$1 9 :i* obs]v]s c\ld add obs]vations on ! ,geological =mations & sup]ficial soils ^u :i* ea* species gr[s1 e4g4 ,*alk1 ! ,crags1 ,gravels ( po/-t]ti>y p]iod1 c4 z well z m>itime1 m>%y1 boggy1 heal?y & cultivat$ soils#ii4 ,?\gh he wrote aga9/ m]e collect+1 he 0 an insatiable collector himself2 b x 0 always ) "s def9ite1 useful & g5]ally educational purpose1 & ! be/ ( 8 collections inv>iably w5t to museums1 especially ^? ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,cambridge1 ( ,kew & ( ,ipswi*4 ,! fir/ /ill has ! fi%es he collect$ at ,weym\? 9 #ahcb1 solely = 8 bro!r-9-law ,l4 ,j5yns1 ! au?or ( ,! ,briti% ,v]tebrate ,animals4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to :i* 8 att5tion 0 direct$ 0 ! ,cambridge ,botanic ,g>d54 ,x 0 f> too small & 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 :]e ! sci5tific build+s are n[ erect$4 ,he urg$ ! necessity ( a new "o1 b x 0 n till #ahca t ! pres5t site 0 secur$2 ! fir/ tree1 h[ev]1 0 n plant$ until #ahdf4 ,8 educational me?od ( tea*+ 0 totally diff]5t f ! m]e in/ructional me?od ( all previ\s lectur]s4 ,to cram up facts 0 ! /ud5ts' duty 9 ! ,m$ical s*ools1 :]e botany 0 suppos$ to be taught4 ,to le>n by _! own discov]y 0 8 new me?od1 & s ea* /ud5t educat$ himself by exam9+ & record+ plant /ructures fir/ se5 by 8 own dissections4 ,hav+ long be5 9 ! habit ( obs]v+ himself1 he 0 e>ly conv9c$ ( ! importance ( practical "w & he always _h demon/rations1 z he call$ !m1 f liv+ specim5s4 ,ea* memb] ( ! class _h a r\nd wood5 plate = dissect+ ^u4 ,he _h only sixte5 lectures to give1 b he succe$$ 9 ar\s+ an en?usiasm 9 "s1 & int]e/ 9 all :o att5d$1 & ?us _m came besides und]graduates1 z ,dr ,a9slie1 ! ,ma/] ( ,pembroke4 ,! value ( practical "w put a /op to cram1 & he 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! exam9ation ( fl[]s1 n only at ,cambridge b = ! degrees 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,he insi/$1 wrote ,dr ,hook]1 t a k ( physiological botany1 te*nical t]ms1 m9ute anatomy1 c4 7 n subjects by :i* a c&idate's real k c\ld be te/$1 = ! longe/ memory mu/ w9 ! day1 ! less did x te/ ! obs]v+ or reason+ faculties ( ! m54 ,he1 !re=e1 insi/$ 9 all 8 exam9ations t ! m5 %\ld dissect specim5s1 describe _! organs sy/ematically & be prep>$ to expla9 _! relations1 uses & significations 9 a physiological & classificatory po9t ( view2 & ?us prove t !y _h us$ _! eyes1 h&s & heads1 z well z _! books#ajj4 ,8 natural b5t & int]e/ 7 9 ! inve/igations ( ! ph5om5a ( plant-life1 e4g4 ! col\rs ( fl[]s1 ! laws ( phyllotaxis & :at w\ld n[ be call$ biometrical /udies1 e4g4 ( ! v>iations 9 ! leaves ( ,p>is & ! cotyl$ons ( ! sycamore1 hybridization1 t]atology & ! orig9 ( v>ieties1 etc4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( plants & ! effects ( ext]nal ag5cies ^u !m 7 also specially /udi$1 z is record$ 9 ! note-book m5tion$4 ,he 0 ?us a g5u9e ,ecologi/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,he publi%$ ab\t #ej pap]s on botanical subjects dur+ 8 pr(essor%ip f #ahbe to #ahfa1 9 :i* he 0 m ?an once ! pione] ( special bran*es ( /udy s9ce tak5 up1 z 9 ! above m5tion$ hybridization & v>ietal diff]5ces "u cultivation1 etc42 = exp]im5ts 7 made on ! specific id5tity betwe5 ! ,primrose1 ,oxlip1 ,c[slip & ,polyan?us4 ,he rais$ _m v>ieties1 :i* 7 (t5 p]man5t or ,mutations2 ?\gh sometimes rev]sions appe>$1 conclud+ t :5 "o =m ?us *ang$ to ano!r t 0 suffici5t pro( ( id5tity4 ,?\gh 8 occupations 7 necess>ily mu* *ang$ at ,hit*am1 ( :i* he became ! ,rector 9 #ahch1 f ^? at ,cambridge1 he by no means neglect$ sci5ce2 b he utiliz$ x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,?us hav+ a good k ( *emi/ry1 he endeav\r$ to make ! f>m]s int]e/$ 9 m sci5tific me?ods ( f>m+ ?an !y _h be5 accu/om$ to4 ,he gave lectures on ! f]m5tation ( manures & he wrote fifte5 ,lett]s to ,f>m]s1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,bury ,po/ & !n sep>ately4 ,he ev5 propos$ t !y %\ld make exp]im5ts !mselves4 ,= ?is purpose he issu$ s*$ules to ab\t #gj f>m]s :o ask$ = !m4 ,! exp]im5t 0 to te/ ,liebig's sugge/ion t gypsum %\ld be add$ to manure heaps to fix ! ammonia4 ,un=tunately !re is no record ( ! results#aja4 ,! mo/ important discov]y f an indu/rial po9t ( view1 due to 8 k ( ,geology1 0 und\bt$ly t ( ! phosphate nodules kn[n 9 ! trade z ,coprolite1 at ,felix/[e 9 #ahdc1 :5 he & 8 family 7 /ay+ !re4 ,! cliffs are =m$ ( ,london clay1 topp$ by ! ,r$ ,crag1 betwe5 :i* is a b$ ( roll$1 br[n pebbles1 once1 ) ! crag1 =m+ an anci5t bea*4 ,:]e ! :ite ,corall9e#ajb ,crag occurs1 ! pebble b$ lies bel[ x4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t x conta9s rema9s ( ,mioc5e animals1 su* z tee? ( ! ,hipp>ion1 or ance/or ( ! horse4 ,z ! sea is always encroa*+1 ! cliff has mu* talus 9 places1 ^u :i* 0 /rew$ ! debris f ! crag1 includ+ va/ quantities ( pebbles4 ,obs]v+ t !y (t5 conta9$ a %>k's too? or o!r organic rema9s1 he suspect$ t !y might be compos$ p>tly ( phosphate ( lime4 ,?is prov$ to be ! case1 = ! fir/ analysis made by ,mr ,pott] ( ,lambe? %[$ #ed 7#ahdd74 ,he communicat$ ! fact to ,mr1 subsequ5tly ,sir1 ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 :o desir$ a ton ( nodules to be =w>d$ to him = exp]im5t4 ,?is l$ to _! becom+ a recognis$ article ( trade4 ,l>ge =tunes h be5 realis$ 9 ,suffolk by own]s ( l& conta9+ ! nodule b$1 ?\gh frequ5tly occurr+ at a consid]able dep?4 ,9 #ahdh he advocat$ ! use ( phosphate nodules 9 ! ,gre5s& b$s ( ,cambridge%ire4 ,^! also soon became a comm]cial commodity4 ,9 #ahdi1 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ deliv]$ ! inaugural address on ! f\ndation ( ! ,ipswi* ,museum1 ! object be+1 = ,giv+ ,in/ruction to ! work+ ,classes 9 ,ipswi* 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ,sci5ce & m especially ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,x af=ds ! be/ example ( 8 views g5]ally ^u ! uses ( ,sci5ce1 n only z be+ ( indisputable value 9 all useful arts1 b z a means ( education by dispell+ ! !n prevail+ ignorance & h>mful prejudices rife 9 ^? days1 ev5 among m5 le>n$ 9 o!r subjects at our ,univ]sities4 ,he illu/rates 8 rem>ks f ! *ief sci5ces1 z 9 ,a/ronomy1 by its importance 9 und]/&+ ! laws ( /orms & tides1 :i* ,:ewell 0 !n /udy+4 ,agriculture 0 t\*$ ^u1 9 %[+ ! importance ( a k ( ,vegetable ,physiology1 & illu/rat$ by ! p>asites1 yell[ ,rattle & ,:eat-ru/4 ,he insi/$ ^u ! educational value ( accuracy1 dem&$ ( ! sci5ti/1 & ! avoid+ a priori assumptions & ha/ily drawn d$uctions f insuffici5t data4 ,b ev5 ! philosoph] himself does n always escape f ! imputation2 = ! f>m]s at ,hit*am 7 firmly conv9c$ t ! ,pip]age or ,b>b]ry itself blight$ ! :eat4 ,! ,pr(essor c\ld n conv9ce !m t ! r$ col\r ( ! spots on ! leaves ( ! bu% 0 n due to ! same fungus z t on ! :eat4 ,inde$1 he obs]ves 79 a ,,ms473 ,x is n likely 7z "s suppose7 t x is due to ! influ5ce ( cidium b]b]idis4 ,we n[ "k t ! f>m]s 7 ne>] ! tru? & ! botani/s 7 wrong4 ,b "o po9t ! ,pr(essor e/abli%$--& ,i possess 8 dri$ specim5s to ?is day--& t 01 t ! mildew1 a black fungus1 subsequ5tly arises f ! same sub/ratum or mycelium z ! ru/4 ,! mildew1 !n1 ?r[s (f orange-col\r$ du/-l spores1 :i* attack ! ,b>b]ry1 & s ! cycle is complet$#ajc4 ,i /ill possess 8 dri$ specim5s ( o!r species ( cidium attack+ v>i\s k9ds ( plants1 :i* he collect$ = comp>ison ) t ( ! ,b>b]ry4 ,z abortive attempts to f9d coal _h be5 made 9 "s c\nties1 he po9t$ out ! value ( ,geology 9 at lea/ intimat+ :]e coal 0 possible & also :]e x 0 impossible4 ,x 0 n1 he said1 t a little k is a dang]\s ?+1 z no "o w\ld become le>n$ if he did n beg9 ) a little1 b x 0 ! ha/y d$uctions t 7 valueless & (t5 dang]\s4 ,z a practical illu/ration ( ?is "u ! false assumption t ! roots made ! bulb ( mangold-wurzel1 he notic$ ! common practice ( /ripp+ (f ! leaves ( plants1 & expla9$ to !m t unless !y 7 requir$ = fodd]1 x 0 a wa/eful practice1 z ! leaves 7& n ! roots1 z !y suppos$7 7 ! mak]s ( ! bulbs4 ,inde$1 9 #ahfj1 ,pr(4 ,jas4 ,buckman prov$ t x less5s ! weight ( mangold-wurzel by ne>ly "o half4 ,sci5ce 0 n ev5 %ut out at ! ,hit*am ,horticultural ,society's ,exhibitions1 = he always _h 8 own m>quee erect$ & a l>ge bo>d ov] ! entrance ) ,! ,m>quee ,museum ^u x1 ! lett]s be+ compos$ ( ,hit*am fre%-wat] mussel %ells4 ,dur+ ! day ( ! %[1 he w\ld deliv] lecturets f "t to "t on ! v>i\s specim5s exhibit$4 ,! foll[+ are samples ( ! latt]4 ,cases ( l& & fre%-wat] %ells ( ,hit*am4 ,photographs ( microscopic objects enl>g$1 includ+ ! fir/ ev] made1 by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,tutor ( ,sidney ,college1 ,camb4 9 #ahee4 ,a case conta9+ liv+ specim5s ( ! smalle/ ,briti% ,mammal1 ! h>ve/ m\se4 ,pe>ls f ,briti% molluscs4 ,! sl[-worm & vip] 9 spirits1 to %[ _! diff]5ces4 ,hornets' & wasps' ne/s1 naturally m\nt$1 tak5 by himself1 etc4 ,! ,monday aft]noon lessons 9 botany 9 ! village s*ool-room1 held aft] s*ool-h\rs1 7 always rem>kable = ! en?usiasm exhibit$ by ! *ildr54 ,!y 7 p]fectly volunt>y1 b none 0 admitt$ to ! ,?ird ,class until ! *ild _h le>nt to spell correctly ?irte5 t]ms ( classification ( ! classes1 divisions & sections4 ,on ent]+ ! class !y at once began to fill up ! ,floral ,s*$ule#ajd4 ,! botanical lesson includ$3-- #a/--,inspection ( specim5s1 any?+ special notic$ & expla9$4 #bnd--,h>d ^w ex]cises4 ,two or ?ree words 7botanical t]ms7 giv5 to be correctly spelt on ! next ,monday4 #crd--,specim5s exam9$ & dissect$ & floral s*$ules1 trac$ on slates1 to be fill$ up4 ,m>ks all[$ = accuracy1 etc4 #d?--,que/ions on ! plant organs4 ,botanical excursions 7 made = ^? only :o _h receiv$ a suffici5t numb] ( m>ks4 ,! ,fir/ ,class came at c]ta9 times to ! rectory on ,sunday aft]noons aft] ,div9e ,s]vice2 :5 objects ( natural hi/ory 7 %[n & su* acc\nts giv5 ( !m z may t5d to improve our means ( bett] appreciat+ ! wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness ( ! ,creator#aje4 ,a pr9t$ li/ ( all ! wild fl[]s 9 ,hit*am 0 always susp5d$ 9 ! s*ool-room1 & a rack = nam$ phials1 :i* ! *ildr5 _h to keep suppli$ ) fl[]s z !y came into blossom4 ,( c\rse1 little rew>ds 7 giv5 to ^? :o fir/ f\nd a fl[] & ^? :o suppli$ ! great] numb]1 etc4 ,"o ( ! exhibits ( ! ,horticultural ,%[s 0 ! collections ( wild fl[]s made by ! *ildr54 ,9 addition1 a public exam9ation 9 botany 0 held1 & a /rang] w\ld (t5 f9d x a difficult matt] to puzzle "o ( ! be/ pupils1 n m]ely z to ! "n--a trivial matt]--b z to ! /ructure ( ! fl[] itself4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,inspector 9 #aheh1 wrote z foll[s 9 8 ,report3--,extra subjects1 pretty fair1 & among !m ,botany1 excell5t2 ?is la/ be+ mo/ ?or\ghly yet simply taught1 & by su* a sy/em t !re c be no cram4 ,z f> z a *ild goes1 x mu/ "k :at x does4 ,! good moral effect ( ?is /udy on ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 is v app>5t4 ,9 ^? days1 ,i am speak+ ( ! fifties1 ,d>w9 _h n enlight5$ u z to ! wond]ful adaptations ( fl[]s = f]tilization by insects4 ,?is adds enorm\sly to ! int]e/ ( ! /udy--z ! pres5t writ] soon f\nd ) village *ildr5 ( ! p>i%es 9 :i* he has liv$1 & taught !m botany--b ev5 )\t t attraction ! ,hit*am *ildr5 7 int5sely en?usia/ic4 ,! ,pr(essor also taught !m h[ to dry plants4 ,! village ,h]b>ium1 conta9+ all ! plants gr[+ wild 9 ,hit*am1 0 entirely made by !m4 ,x may be ask$ by cynics1 ,:at c be ! use ( tea*+ sci5ce to su* *ildr58 ,x is n ! m]e fact t a *ild kn[s ! /ructure ( a rose1 b x is ! tra9+ 9 accuracy ( obs]vation1 m9d & habit1 :i* ! m9ute & close obs]vation dem&s1 i4e4 if x be prop]ly taught1 & to secure t1 is all important 9 *ildr51 :o are naturally inatt5tive & inaccurate 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 tea*+ !m botany z describ$ above1 ! *ild is tra9$ to avoid ?is bad habit 9 an int]e/+ way1 because inatt5tion is solely due to want ( int]e/4 ,! ,ipswi* ,museum 0 a great s\rce ( pleasure to him4 ,z ,presid5t he c>ri$ out 8 plan ( mak+ x a typical museum1 nev] lett+ x deg5]ate into a m]e %[1 z s _m c\ntry museums are1 or at lea/ us$ to be4 ,! ,ipswi* ,museum has be5 a model = all o!rs 9 t typical s]ies ( fossils1 etc41 are exhibit$ 9 ! visible cases1 all o!rs be+ relegat$ to draw]s1 = /ud5ts to exam9e4 ,9 allusion to ! uses ( ,museums 9 8 inaugural address ref]r$ to above1 he rem>k$3--,our collections %\ld be view$ z ! means ( assi/+ u 9 ! acquisition ( real k1 & n m]ely to be gaz$ at z r>ee %[s1 or z only valuable 9 proportion to ! numb] or sc>city ( ! objects !y conta94 ,( c\rse1 p]iodical lectures 7 deliv]$ by ! ,pr(essor at ,ipswi*1 & he 0 a mo/ lucid & admirable expon5t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ma9ta9 t 9 museums ( animals1 !y %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 z1 e4g4 ) birds1 be repres5t$ 9 _! natural conditions4 ,) ?is object he collect$ ne/s ) ! b\ghs1 or :atev] x 0 9 :i* !y re/$4 ,s9ce !n ?is plan has be5 admirably c>ri$ out at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,he also suppli$ sev]al museums ) wasps' & hornets' ne/s ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,! plan he discov]$ mo/ conv5i5t = tak+ !m1 0 to saturate t[ ) spirits ( turp5t9e & place x at night 9 ! hole1 cov]$ ov] ) an inv]t$ & cork$ fl[]-pot4 ,! ne/ c\ld !n be dug up ) impunity1 z all ! wasps 7 dead or torpid by ! foll[+ morn+4 ,he always pres]v$ ! pavem5t or bottom-soil cov]$ ) /ones :i* accumulat$ z ! holl[ = ! ne/ increas$ 9 size4 ,! ne/ 0 !n susp5d$ ov] x on rods to %[ ! exact position4 ,x 0 also half-dissect$1 to exhibit ! int]ior1 all ! grubs hav+ be5 c>efully extract$4 ,! village c>p5t]1 ! late ,mr ,w4 ,bak]1 0 a mo/ en?usia/ic assi/ant 9 tak+ & m\nt+ ! specim5s4 ,:5 ! potato fam9e occurr$ 9 ,irel& 9 #ahde-df1 ! disease 0 v preval5t 9 ,hit*am4 ,?is induc$ ! ,pr(essor to expla9 to 8 p>i%ion]s & o!rs--= he publi%$ 8 recomm5dations--h[ !y c\ld utilise _! rott5 potatoes by extract+ ! valuable />*1 :i* /ill rema9$ s\nd )9 ! tub]s1 ev5 :5 ^! 7 refus$ by pigs4 ,! process is s simple t x may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! potatoes mu/ be grat$ 7a piece ( t9 ) holes pun*$ ?r\gh x w d72 ! pulp is !n /irr$ ) a /ream ( cold wat] ?r\gh a hair-sieve4 ,! br[n wat] mu/ be all[$ a few m9utes = ! />*1 c>ri$ ?r\gh1 to settle4 ,! wat] is p\r$ (f1 & ! lay] ( />* mu/ be /irr$ up & wa%$ ) fre% cold wat]4 ,?is may be done two or ?ree times1 till x becomes p]fectly :ite4 ,x mu/ !n be c>efully dri$ 9 ! sun or 9 a w>m room 7our me?od 0 to hang x up 9 small musl9 bags 9 ! kit*572 ! bags mu/ be repeat$ly knead$ to prev5t its clott+4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 x w keep = any l5g? ( "t4 ,( c\rse1 x is precisely ! same ?+ z sago1 tapioca1 cornfl\r1 arr[root1 etc4 & c be us$ l !m4 ,all our potatoes 9 ! ,rectory g>d5 7 rott51 b we recov]$ at lea/ two sacks ( />*4 ,i rememb] tak+ a l>ge sponge-cake to s*ool1 m or less made ) ?is potato-fl\r1 & mak+ my rev]5d ma/] some:at incr$ul\s by tell+ him x 0 made out ( rott5 potatoes6 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ pr9t$ & circulat$ ! receipt = ! extraction ( />*1 9 ! village2 s t sev]al1 :o ?\ght x wor? :ile1 obta9$ consid]able quantities ( />*4 ,9 "o ( 8 lectures1 deal+ ) ?is subject1 he po9t$ out h[ a good bas9 ( arr[root c be made 9 t5 m9utes f two or ?ree fair-siz$ potatoes2 = z soon z ! />* has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 x is ready = ! boil+ milk4 ,x is ess5tial ! milk or wat] %\ld be actually boil+1 or ! granules ( />* d n bur/ & s make ! requir$ jelly4 ,! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,hit*am 7 by no means left out 9 ! cold z to ! k ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!y 7 e>ly in/ruct$ z to ! h>mless nature ( toads & sl[-worms1 :i* 7 v abundant1 on ! "o h&2 & ( ! dang] ( h&l+ a vip]1 on ! o!r4 ,?is la/ is ! only poison\s reptile 9 ,engl&1 & easily recognisable by ! loz5ge-%ap$ m>ks d[n ! back4 ,hav+ specim5s 9 _s1 !y _h no excuse = conf\nd+ !m2 b1 z always happ5s ) *ildr51 if !re is an alt]native ( any sort betwe5 :i* !y are well taught ! diff]5ce1 "s "o is sure to get !m transpos$ 9 8 memory4 ,consequ5tly1 a boy came up to ! ,rectory ) 8 arm greatly swoll52 he _h be5 bitt5 by a vip] :i* he _h tak5 up1 ?9k+ x 0 a sl[-worm1 because1 z he said1 x _h ! m>ks along its back6 ,besides ! t9y h>ve/ mice1 he at "o "t possess$ = "s two or ?ree ye>s two pet ,j]sey toads1 or ! great crapaud4 ,!y 7 kept 9 a wire-gauze cage1 & x 0 our delight z *ildr5 to fe$ ^! mon/]s e morn+4 ,a butt]fly net swept ov] ! lawn 0 sure to secure all sorts ( fly+ & jump+ creatures4 ,! lid ( ! cage be+ lift$ up1 ! net 0 turn$ inside out ov] ! toads1 & quickly clos$4 ,!n began ! matut9al breakfa/4 ,!y w\ld nev] notice any?+ t did n move4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 say a gras%opp]1 /ir1 ! toad w\ld /alk x l a cat aft] a bird2 & :5 )9 tongue-%ot1 out came its long tongue l a fla% ( lightn+1 & ! gras%opp] vani%$ 9 ! fla%4 ,worms 7 a great delight4 ,snapp+ up "o 9 ! middle1 ! two ends 7 c>efully clean$ f e>? by pass+ !m betwe5 ! toes two or ?ree times2 !n foll[$ a mighty gulp1 & all 0 ov]4 ,%ell-traps 7 always laid ab\t ! grass1 consi/+ ( slates1 "u :i* !re w\ld g5]ally be f\nd a v>i\s crop ( sorts4 ,i h n[ two glass cases conta9+ all ! %ells1 l& & fre%-wat]1 ( ,hit*am1 m\nt$ by ! ,pr(essor himself4 ,a rew>d 0 (f]$ = e specim5 ( a ,helix ) ! %ell rev]s$4 ,!y are v r>e1 b "o 0 br\ght by a little boy :o discov]$ x1 = he f\nd he 0 unable to get 8 ?umb into ! op5+ ! "r way :5 play+ at conqu]ors4 ,s he got ! only sixp5ce e>n$ 9 tw5ty-?ree ye>s t ! ,pr(essor 0 incumb5t ( ,hit*am4 ,! collection ( butt]flies 0 always be+ add$ to2 n[ & !n a r>e "o w\ld appe> at ,hit*am1 z1 e4g4 ! ,camb]well ,beauty4 ,! ,pr(essor 0 walk+ 9 ! ,rectory g>d5 ) ! late ,judge ,eagle1 ( ,bury ,/ ,edmunds1 :5 "o settl$ on a wall4 ,mr ,eagle /ood s5try :ile ! ,pr(essor ran indoors = 8 net4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t ! specim5 /ill re/s 9 ! collection1 :i* pass$ into ! possession ( 8 son-9-law1 ! late ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,i _c d bett] ?an conclude ) my uncle's words at ! end ( 8 ,memoir3--,:5 a good man dies ! _w does n cease to b5efit f ^? lab\rs ( love :i* he und]took = 8 fell[ m54 ,?\gh p]sonally remov$ f !m 8 example rema9s2 8 voice too1 is /ill he>d 9 ! lessons left to be h&$ d[n to ^? :o come aft] him4 ,! influ5ces ( ,pr(essor ,h5sl['s tea*+ h be5 felt 9 o!r places ?an ^? 9 :i* he himself taught1 !y h borne fruit f> beyond ! obscure neighb\rhood 9 :i* he fir/ s[$ ! good se$1 & :o %all say to :at fur!r results !y may n gr[ 9 ye>s to come1 br++ hon\r to 8 memory1 & :at is f> m1 glory to ,god8 '',a ^w spok5 9 due season1 h[ good is x6' ,,footnotes3 #if ,memoir ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,/ev5s ,h5sl[1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,c4,p4,s4 7,j4 ,van ,voor/1 #ahfb74 #ig ,memoir1 pp4 #ag ff4 #ih ,memoir1 p4 #bi4 #ii ,su* are ! ,conditions ( ,life1 ^u ! ,direct ,action1 ( :i* ,d>w9 lays s mu* /ress1 z result+ 9 ,def9ite ,v>iations 444 )\t ! aid ( selection4 7,v>4 ( ,an4 & ,pl4 "u ,dom4 ,,ii4 p4 #bga ff42 ,orig9 etc4 #f? ed4 p4 #ajf1 etc47 #ajj ,quot$ 9 ,memoir1 p4 #afa4 #aja ,on enquir+ at ,ro?am/ead1 ,mr ,hall has k9dly in=m$ me t a good deal ( att5tion 0 giv5 9 ,g]many to ?is & o!r possible mat]ials = ! cons]vation ( ! nitrog52 b ! g5]al result 0 adv]se to _! employm5t4 #ajb ,a misnom]1 z ! coralloid organisms are ,bryozoa4 #ajc ,9 8 pr9t$ ,report on ! ,diseases ( ,:eat1 writt5 = private circulation only1 he has add$ 9 ,,ms4--,9 specim5s ( true mildew1 ! ?ree =ms--,ur$o rubigo1 ,u4 l9c>is & ,pucc9ia gram9is1 coexi/ simultane\sly 9 ! same sori1 z well z num]\s int]m$iate =ms1 :i* e/abli% ! specific id5tity ( ^! fungi4 ,u4 rubigo-v]a is n[ reg>d$ z a =m ( ,pucc9ia rubigo-v]a & cidium asp]ifolii4 #ajd ,f ! ,pr(essor's display ( ! me?ods he adopt$ ( tea*+ ,botany 9 s*ools1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & ,pr(4 ,d4 ,oliv]'s ,lessons1 etc4 bas$ on ,,ms4 left unf9i%$ at my fa!r's dea?1 ! floral s*$ule has be5 adopt$ 9 s*ools1 n only all ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,isles1 b ! ,colonies z well4 #aje ,a m complete acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ,j5yns' ,memoir4 ,,john ,,l9dley #agii-ahfe ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,keeble ,rise ( ,sy/ematic ,botany--,l9dley's place--e>ly hi/ory--s]vices to ,horticulture--,pr(essor at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle--,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture--,! ,vegetable ,k+dom--,or*ids--8 int]e/ 9 ,fossil ,botany--p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,introduction4 ,! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury is a brilliant epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( botanical discov]y4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! f\ndations ( plant-anatomy 7 laid afre% ) ! cell z ! build]s' mat]ial4 ,! discov]y ( s>code or protoplasm electrifi$ ! sci5tific _w & excit$ ! att5tion ( ! philosophical noveli/--z read]s ( ,middlem>* may rememb]4 ,! nucleus1 ! only & true deus ex ma*9a ( _m a mod]n botani/1 0 recognis$ z an organ ( ! cell4 ,bio*emi/ry came into be+ &1 ) ,liebig z fo/]-p>5t1 grew into mod]n ,physiology4 ,! natural sy/em ( classification proclaim$ by ,jussieu put to r\t ! old e/abli%$ ,l9nean sy/em & ! enunciation ( ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection br\ght ! epo* to a dramatic close4 ,9 ! con/ructive "w ( ?is p]iod ,briti% botani/s play$ a di/+ui%$ "p1 & x 0 due preem95tly to !m t ! transition f ! old artificial sy/em to ! new natural sy/em took place s spe$ily & completely4 ,! gr\p ( m5 to ^: lab\rs ?is great *ange 0 due include ,hook]1 ,br[n1 ,b5?am & ! subject ( ?is sket*1 ,john ,l9dley4 ,nor f ?is brief li/ may ! "n ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ! greate/ ,engli%man ( 8 "t1 be omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv ,,john ,,l9dley 7#ahdh7 ,! comm&+ position to :i* ^! m5 atta9$ 9 ! _w ( sci5ce 0 ( c\rse due1 prim>ily1 to _! ability &--equally ( c\rse--to circum/ance4 ,! great w>s 7 ov] & 9 ! peaceful ye>s m5 7 free to turn _! en]gy to con/ructive purposes4 ,horticulture--ev] a ,briti% art--became unres]v$ly popul>4 ,explor]s & collectors1 enc\rag$ & assi/$ by ,banks & o!rs1 s5t home ri* supplies ( new or r>e plants & ?us provid$ ,briti% sy/emati/s ) a va/ array ( mat]ial = _! "w ( recon/ruct+ ! flora ( ! _w4 ,su* brilliant use 0 made ( opportunity t our c\ntry took ! lead 9 sy/ematic botany4 ,! activity ( ! collector1 ! g5]osity ( ! patron & ! lab\r ( ! sy/emati/ l$ n only to a g5]al advance 9 me?ods ( classification b also to a v special advance 9 ! k ( :at is1 9 _m ways1 ! mo/ int]e/+ gr\p ( plants on ! face ( ! e>?--! ,or*idaceae4 ,among ! plant-treasure f ,india1 ,au/ralia & ,malaya 7 l>ge numb]s ( epiphytic or*ids4 ,! problem ( cultivat+ su* /range & fasc9at+ plants *all5g$ ! skill ( ! g>d5]4 ,! fancy+ in/9ct1 lat5t 9 e ,engli%man & curi\sly *>act]i/ic ( ! race1 0 evok$ by ! biz>re =m ( ^! plants4 ,or*id-gr[+ became ! hobby ( ! well-to-d4 ,g>d5]s ) no k ( sci5ce & reg>dless ( text-book dicta on /]ility1 proce$$ to raise ! mo/ m>vell\s s]ies ( hybrids--bi-g5]ic1 tri-g5]ic1 multi-g5]ic--:i* any sane & s*ola/ic botani/ w\ld h decl>$ to be impossible4 ,br[n1 ,blume & above all ,l9dley ?rew !mselves ) en?usiasm into ! task ( discov]+ ! clues to ! classification ( ^! plants1 ! =m ( ^: fl[]s transgress s gl>+ly ! rules ( morphology--dimly surmis+ p]haps t if ! key to evolution is ev] to be f\nd x w be discov]$ by ! /udy ( ! gr\p ( plants :i* appe> to repres5t evolution's late/ prank4 ,9 build+ up ! new sy/em ( classification ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 g5]al & ( or*ids 9 p>ticul>1 ,l9dley bore a conspicu\s "p2 & 7 ^! 8 only contributions to ! advancem5t ( botanical sci5ce1 8 biograph] might f9d ! task ( writ+ 8 life "o ( no v great difficulty4 ,:5 h[ev] he discov]s ! _m o!r v>i$ aspects ( ,l9dley's activities1 ! biograph] may well despair ( pres5t+ a fair picture ( ! sci5tific life ( ?is rem>kable man4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 ,prfectus ,horti to ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies1 (ficially atta*$ to ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society & responsible = ! managem5t ( its g>d5s1 & 9 no small measure = its v exi/5ce1 ,l9dley yet f\nd "t to become easily ! greate/ sci5tific j\rnali/ ( 8 age4 ,= ne>ly #be ye>s he edit$ ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle & did m ?an any o!r man to keep ! sci5ce & practice ( horticulture on good t]ms ) "o ano!r4 ,to ^? ( u :o "k h[ g5]ally ! c>es ( organisation give excuse = slackness 9 rese>*1 ,l9dley's indomitable activity1 bo? 9 adm9i/ration & 9 inve/igation1 becomes inde$ impressive & inspir+4 ,lectur+1 draw+ & describ+ new g5]a & species1 revis+ ! vegetable k+dom1 writ+ memoirs1 text-books1 articles1 direct+ ! g>d5s at ,*iswick1 fight+ (ficialdom & ob/ruction1 build+ up a great h]b>ium & dis*>g+ a doz5 o!r duties w\ld seem to h made up ! daily life ( ?is man ( amaz+ vig\r4 ,till he 0 #ej ye>s ( age ,l9dley nev] knew :at x 0 to feel fatigue2 at #eb he took 8 fir/ holiday2 b ! cont9u\s /ra9 ( half a c5tury _h exhau/$ him beyond recup]ation4 ,he ralli$1 set to "w aga91 aga9 broke d[n & di$ at ! age ( #fg4 ,to sket* 9 rapid outl9e & to admire to ! full1 ,john ,l9dley's life is n difficult ev5 to ! mod]n botani/ ^: life is pass$ 9 ! cloi/]$ calm ( ! laboratory2 b to give a discrim9at+ acc\nt ( ! *ief ( ,l9dley's s]vices to sci5ce is well-nigh impossible = any "o man3 c]ta9ly ,i c\ld n h und]tak5 x unaid$4 ,good =tune & fri5ds h[ev] r5d]$ ! attempt unnecess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,"l ,l9dley1 :5 he knew ( ?is project1 put at my disposal 9 ! k9de/ mann] possible an outl9e ( ,john ,l9dley's c>e] :i* he _h writt5 "u ! title ( ,sket* ( my ,fa!r's ,life3 writt5 = my sons1 daught]s & gr&*ildr54 ,9 :at foll[s ,i h made free use ( ,"l ,l9dley's manuscript4 ,9 ! second place1 ,mr ,w4 ,bott+ ,hemsley has _h ! great k9dness n only to supply me ) mu* valuable in=mation ( :i* he 0 possess$ conc]n+ ,l9dley's sci5tific "w b to exam9e manuscripts1 lett]s1 etc4 at ,kew be>+ !reon & to all[ me to make use ( ! results ( 8 int]e/+ inve/igations4 ,h5ce my task has become m]ely t ( an editor ^: *ief duty is to fit ! mat]ial provid$ by two di/+ui%$ contributors into ! prescrib$ space4 ,:atev] cr$it is due to ?is fir/ attempt to sket* ! c>e] ( ,l9dley1 belongs to ^! two g5tlem5 ^: rem>kable k9dness ,i h great pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+4 ,outl9e ( ,c>e]4 ,john ,l9dley 0 born on ,febru>y #e1 #agii1 9 ,catton ne> ,norwi*4 ,8 fa!r1 ,george ,l9dley1 :o came ( an old ,york%ire family1 conduct$ a l>ge nurs]y & fruit bus9ess 9 ,catton4 ,to ! facts t ,john ,l9dley became 9 e>ly ye>s an accompli%$ field botani/ & also le>n$ mu* ( practical horticulture may be ascrib$ ! close t\* :i* he ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t 8 botanical c>e] ) ! practical side ( botany4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ,john ,l9dley 0 ! unique repres5tative ( a class ( man :i* he himself decl>$ _h nev] exi/$1 namely "o :i* comb9$ ! qualities ( a good physiologi/ ) ^? ( a practical g>d5] ( ! greate/ exp]i5ce4 ,john ,l9dley's y\?ful ambition 0 h[ev] to be n a savant b a soldi]1 & ?\gh1 ow+ to ! inability ( 8 fa!r to buy him a commission1 t ambition 0 n fulfill$1 ! in/9ct :i* prompt$ x f\nd frequ5t expression ?r\gh\t ,l9dley's life4 ,z 8 c>e] demon/rates1 he 0 a fir/ class fight+ man4 ,! curi\s may f9d 9 ! pages ( ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle records ( ! combats :i* he wag$ on behalf ( horticulture & we %all h occasion pres5tly to ref] to ! mo/ important ( all 8 campaigns 9 ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,:5 ,john ,l9dley 0 ab\t #ai or #bj ye>s ( age 8 fa!r's affairs became involv$1 & ! son ) an impulsiv5ess z j z x 0 fooli% insi/$1 aga9/ ! advice ( fri5ds1 on becom+ surety = ! fa!r4 ,! mill-/one ( f9ancial anxiety ?us e>ly hung ab\t 8 neck caus$ him tr\ble ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,possess$ ( no?+ b y\?1 a s\nd education1 great natural ability & "o good fri5d1 ,john ,l9dley at ! age ( #bj left ,norfolk = ,london4 ,?anks to a lett] ( introduction f ! fri5d 7,sir ,william ,hook]7 he obta9$ a po/ z assi/ant-libr>ian to ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,he ?us ga9$ access to a good libr>y & became acqua9t$ ) a l>ge numb] ( m51 bo? ,engli% & =eign1 int]e/$ 9 sci5tific subjects4 ,t he made ! mo/ ( 8 opportunities is evid5t1 = we f9d him at #ba a ,fell[ ( ! ,l9nean ,society & a memb] ( ! ,bonn ,academy ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 #ahbb began ,l9dley's long connection ) ! ,horticultural ,society1 :i* he s]v$ fir/ z ,g>d5 ,assi/ant-,secret>y1 !n 7#ahbf-ahfj7 z ,assi/ant-,secret>y & f9ally z ,secret>y4 ,! portrait :i* accompanies ?is sket* is a reproduction ( t pa9t$ by ,mr ,eddis1 ,r4,a41 at ! in/ance ( fri5ds ( ,l9dley ab\t ! "t ( 8 resignation ( ! ,secret>y%ip ( ! ,horticultural ,society4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s direct s]vices r5d]$ by ,l9dley to ! ,society 7 ! lay+ out ( ! ,society's g>d5 at ,*iswick & ! organisation1 ) ,b5?am1 ( ! celebrat$ fl[]-%[s :i* h s]v$ z models = ! exhibits ( horticultural societies all ov] ! _w4 ,^? :o "k h[ extraord9>ily valuable1 n only to horticulturi/s b also to botani/s1 are ! p]iodical %[s held by ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 w be grateful to ,l9dley = ! p]spicuity :i* l$ him to replace ! old & gaudy ftes by ^! admirable exhibitions4 ,l9dley's ,pr(essor%ip ( ,botany 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 dates f #ahbh & 0 held = ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,among ^? :o att5d$ 8 lectures 7 ,c>p5t]1 ,edw9 ,lanke/]1 ,griffi?1 ,daub5y & ,williamson4 ,8 lecture%ip to ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies began 9 #ahce1 & 9 #ahda 9 :i* ye> ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle 0 f\nd$1 he became editor ( t p]iodical4 ,?is po/ he held till 8 dea? 9 #ahfe4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! multif>i\sness & on]\sness ( ,l9dley's (ficial & r\t9e duties left little "t = o!r "w4 ,yet ,l9dley made "t n only = sci5tific inve/igation & = ! writ+ ( num]\s monographs & text-books2 b also = a l>ge & v>i$ am\nt ( public "w4 ,9 ! ,l9dley correspond5ce pres]v$ at ,kew are to be f\nd lett]s & pap]s 7(ficial correspond5ce #ahcb-ahed7 criticis+ tr5*antly ! mismanagem5t ( ! ,royal =e/s & recomm5dations on ! selection & cultivation ( trees = ! *>coal employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,l9dley1 toge!r ) ,hook]1 act$ z advis] to ! ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty ) respect to ! plant+ ( ! ,isl& ( ,asc5sion4 ,! potato fam9e 0 ! occasion ( an (ficial visit to ,irel& & l$ to a report by ,l9dley1 ,sir ,rob]t ,kave & ,sir ,lyon ,playfair :i* 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws4 ,z ,sir ,rob]t ,peel told ,l9dley 9 ! face ( ! ,report1 ! repeal c\ld no long] be avoid$4 ,?us ! potato takes rank ) ! *ance ^w1 ! common soldi]1 ! girl at ! door ( an inn t h *ang$ or almo/ *ang$ ! fate ( nations4 ,l9dley & ,kew4 ,b ( all ,l9dley's public works t :i* he und]took = ! sav+ ( ,kew f de/ruction is ( ! mo/ imm$iate int]e/ to botani/s4 ,9 #ahch a small committee consi/+ ( ,l9dley1 ,paxton & ,j4 ,wilson 7g>d5] to ! ,e>l ( ,surrey7 7 commission$ to report on ! /ate ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s4 ,aft] expos+ ! incompet5ce & extravagance ( ! !n adm9i/ration ,l9dley recomm5d$ t ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 %\ld be made ov] to ! nation & %\ld become ! headqu>t]s ( botanical sci5ce = ,engl&1 its ,colonies & ,dep5d5cies4 ,is x due to our lack ( gratitude or to our mi/ru/ ( sculptors1 t no /atue ( ,l9dley /&s 9 ! gr\nds ( ,kew8 ,9 #ahdj ,john ,l9dley 0 able to write to ,sir ,william ,hook]3 ,x is rum\r$ t y are appo9t$ to ,kew4 ,if s ,i %all h /ill m reason to rejoice at ! det]m9ation ,i took to oppose ! b>b>\s ,treasury s*eme ( de/roy+ ! place2 = ,i ( c\rse 0 aw>e t ! /& ,i made & ! opposition ,i creat$ w\ld de/roy all possibility ( my receiv+ any appo9tm5t4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! "p :i* ,l9dley play$ 9 pres]v+ ,kew f ! deva/at+ clut*es ( ! politicians x is b fit t t ,in/itution %\ld conta9 ! mo/ valuable ( ,l9dley's sci5tific possessions1 8 or*id h]b>ium1--t 8 g5]al h]b>ium is at ,cambridge may be news to su* ,cambridge botani/s z 9 ! days ( a decade or two ago le>n$ ,botany )\t su* adv5titi\s aids4 ,9 #ahfd ,l9dley wrote to ! late ,sir ,joseph ,hook] to say t he _h made up 8 m9d to sell 8 h]b>ium & w\ld pref] t ! ,or*ids w5t to ,kew4 ,!re x is pres]v$1 a monum5t ( ,l9dley's skill & indu/ry & ( ine/imable value to ! sy/emati/4 ,besides ! actual specim5s x conta9s col\r$ draw+s ( ! fl[]s ( all ! species t came "u 8 obs]vation 9 ! liv+ /ate4 ,9 addition to ! h]b>ium1 ,kew possesses a l>ge am\nt ( ,l9dley's sci5tific correspond5ce2 lett]s to ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]1 #ahbh-ahei 7#bcj71 #ahb lett]s to ,b5?am & #ce to ,h5sl[1 & o!rs to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made already3 altoge!r an invaluable mass ( correspond5ce1 selections f :i* x is to be hop$ may "s day see ! light ( publication4 ,l9dley's skill ) bru% & p5cil may be admir$ 9 ! _m plates :i* he execut$ 9 illu/ration ( 8 v>i\s monographs4 ,8 skill ) ! p5 des]ves at lea/ rem>k4 ,inasmu* h[ev] z ne>ly all ! m di/+ui%$ ( ! old s*ool ( botani/s1 ,hales1 ,hook]1 ,gray1 to m5tion b a few1 h 9 ?is respect a m>k$ sup]iority ov] _! successors1 x is n necess>y to lab\r ! "q ( lit]>y grace = ei!r ! mod]ns are indiff]5t on ! subject or !y may f9d on e h& models ready = _! use4 ,two citations f ! introductory pages ( ,l9dley's classic1 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture1 mu/ suffice to exemplify 8 incisive /yle--,le /yle c'e/ l'homme1 & ,l9dley ! man hat$ circumlocution & _h no "t to wa/e--!re are1 d\btless1 _m m5 ( cultivat$ or idle m9ds :o ?9k wait+ ^u ,provid5ce mu* bett] ?an any attempt to improve _! condition by ! ex]tion ( _! reason+ faculties4 ,= su* p]sons books are n writt52 & aga91 ) ref]5ce to ! divorce 9 curr5t lit]ature betwe5 !ory & practice1 ,horticulture is by ^! means r5d]$ a v complicat$ subject1 s t none b practical g>d5]s c hope to pursue x successfully2 & l all empirical ?+s1 x is degrad$ into a code ( p]emptory precepts4 ,publications4 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture4 ,?\gh _m aspects ( ,l9dley's "w mu/ p]=ce be treat$ ( 9 briefe/ =m no sket* c\ld h ! sl5d]e/ value :i* did n take into acc\nt 8 *ief works1 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture1 ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 & ! ,botanical ,regi/]2 nor f a survey no matt] h[ brief may ref]5ce to 8 contributions to our k ( or*ids be omitt$4 ,! value ( ,l9dley's great "w on ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture may be be/ gaug$ by ! fact t z a /atem5t ( horticultural pr9ciples x is ! be/ book extant4 ,?\gh ! botani/ ( ! pres5t day f9ds on p]us+ ?is "w t physiological k 9 #ahdj 0 9 a s+ul>ly crude /ate1 & may rejoice at ! rapid progress ( discov]y s9ce ! "t :5 ,l9dley's book 0 writt51 yet ! fact rema9s t few1 if any1 m5 at ! pres5t day c\ld make a bett] /atem5t ( ! physiological pr9ciples und]ly+ practical horticulture ?an t pres5t$ by ,john ,l9dley4 ,inde$ x is a /range fact1 & "o wor?y ( ! att5tion ( our physiologi/s1 t ! g>d5]s are /ill endeav\r+ to puzzle out = !mselves ! reasons = _! practices unaid$ by ! physiologi/s4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is ass]tion may be f\nd 9 rec5t issues ( ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle conta9+ correspond5ce f _m ( ! lead+ gr[]s on ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! cultivation ( ! v9e4 ,no physiological ,philip has come z yet to _! assi/ance6 ,l9dley's book _h at once a great vogue on ! ,cont95t & 0 translat$ into mo/ ,european languages--,russian includ$2 b x 0 n till its title 0 *ang$ f ,! ,!ory 444 to ,! ,!ory & ,practice 444 ( ,horticulture t 8 incorrigible fell[-c\ntrym51 z %y ( !ory z a fox-glove is ( *alk1 cons5t$ to buy x to any consid]able ext5t4 ,x 0 d\btless due n only to ,l9dley's g5]al s]vices to horticulture b also to ! special s]vice :i* he r5d]$ to t sci5ce by ! publication ( ?is "w t l$ ,"l ,wrottesley1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 to say1 :5 pres5t+ ,l9dley ) ! ,royal ,m$al1 t he _h rais$ horticulture f ! condition ( an empirical art to t ( a develop$ sci5ce4 ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom & ,! ,botanical ,regi/]4 ,t ,john ,l9dley 0 a man ( f9e judgm5t is indicat$ by 8 own v]dict t1 except = ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,horticulture 0 8 be/ book4 ,t v]dict is su/a9$ by po/]ity1 z ,mr ,bott+ ,hemsley decl>es ( ! =m] "w1--,?is gr& book mu/ be class$ z ,l9dley's ma/]piece4 ,no simil> ,engli% "w 0 9 exi/5ce 9 #ahdf :5 ! fir/ edition appe>$1 nor 0 !re 9 any language s encyclopa$ic a "w4 ,ev5 n[ x is a valuable book 9 a small botanical libr>y z x is a m9e ( in=mation on po9ts t are un*angeable4 ,! "w1 z set =? 9 ! preface1 orig9at$ 9 a desire on ! "p ( ! au?or to make 8 c\ntrym5 acqua9t$ ) ! progress ( ,sy/ematical ,botany abroad dur+ ! previ\s qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,bo? 9 8 books & 9 8 lectures he adopt$ ! natural sy/em ( classification & did mu* to popul>ise x ?\gh1 z previ\sly /at$1 8 contempor>ies ,rob]t ,br[n1 ! ,hook]s1 & ,g4 ,b5?am 7 equally p[]ful adh]5ts ( ! new sy/em4 ,to quote ! picturesque if some:at immod]ate language ( ,rei*5ba* = a long "t ! y\?ful int]lop] f\nd no fav\r on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ introduc$ 9 conjunction ,scot ,br[n1 ,gray & ! /ill y\?ful ,hook] ! natural sy/em ( ! hat$ ,fr5*man2 :]e ! m num]\s disciples ( ,l9nu _h ?\ght to pass _! lives 9 ! glory ( pond]+ & admir+ ! great ,sw$e4 ,t ,l9dley 0 an e>ly conv]t to ?is innovation is also prov$ by ! fact t 8 inaugural lecture at ,univ]sity ,college />tl$ _m by its frank & ?or\gh expression ( ! sup]ficial "* ( ! artificial sy/em ( classify+ plants4 ,! ?ird & la/ edition ( ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom consi/s ( ab\t #ajjj pages 9 small type ) upw>ds ( #ejj illu/rations4 ,x conta9s an hi/orical review ( ! v>i\s ,natural ,sy/ems :i* _h be5 prep>$1 beg9n+ ) ,john ,ray's 7#agjc7 & end+ ) 8 own1 :i* is us$ 9 ! "w4 ,9 ?is sy/em ,l9dley divid$ plants into sev5 classes3--,?allog5s1 ,acrog5s1 ,rhizog5s1 ,endog5s1 ,dictyog5s1 ,gymnog5s & ,exog5s1 & ea* class 0 subdivid$ into alliances or gr\ps ( ,natural ,ord]s to :i* he gave names ( uni=m t]m9ation1 z ,algales1 ,filicales1 ,glumales1 ,malvales1 etc4 ,?is classification1 ?\gh +5i\s1 is defective1 z ! au?or himself recognis$4 ,?\gh nev] adopt$ by o!r writ]s ?is fact did n prev5t ,b5?am & ,hook] f cit+ ,l9dley's "w frequ5tly 9 _! ,g5]a ,plant>um4 ,z ,mr ,bott+ ,hemsley obs]ves1 ,l9dley1 :o 9 all que/ions ( classification 0 bo? cauti\s & mode/1 seems to h be5 an evolutioni/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,?us 9 ! c\rse ( discussion on ! p]man5cy ( species he obs]ves t all ! gr\ps into :i* plants are ?r[n are 9 "o s5se artificial1 9 z mu* z nature recognises no su* gr\ps4 ,z ! ,classes1 ,natural ,ord]s & ,g5]a ( botani/s h no real exi/5ce 9 ,nature1 x foll[s t !y h no fix$ limits & consequ5tly x is impossible to def9e !m4444 ,an arrangem5t !n :i* %all be s absolutely correct an expression ( ! plan ( nature z to ju/ify its be+ call$ ! ,natural ,sy/em is a *im]a4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ,hook] wrote ! admirable & fav\rable review ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ,l9dley himself 0 n v well dispos$ t[>d ! new !ories2 b ,"l ,l9dley /ates t 8 fa!r 0 mu* impress$ by ! ,orig91 said x w\ld revolutionise botanical /udies b t !re 7 difficulties :i* w\ld require elucidation be=e ,d>w9's !ory c\ld be reg>d$ z completely satisfactory--surely a p]spicaci\s judgm5t4 ,to turn to ! woodcuts ( ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom af=ds bo? pleasure & relief--pleasure on acc\nt ( _! excell5ce1 relief to escape f ! monoton\s prett9ess ( mod]n process "w4 ,?\gh space w n all[ ref]5ce to o!r text-books & to innum]able m9or publications--_m ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,l9dley ,libr>y 9 ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society's headqu>t]s at ,v9c5t ,squ>e--a brief m5tion mu/ be made ( ! ,botanical ,regi/]4 ,?is p]iodical 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahae1 & s e>ly z #ahbc ,l9dley became a contributor to x2 b x 0 n till #ahbi t 8 "n appe>$ on ! title-page4 ,f t "t he 0 sole editor till #ahdg1 :5 ! ,botanical ,regi/] ceas$ to appe>2 unable d\btless to /& aga9/ ! ,botanical ,magaz9e :i* "u ! editor%ip ( ,hook] _h pass$ f a moribund /ate into "o ( rem>kable vig\r :i* n[1 #abe ye>s aft] its f\ndation1 x /ill enjoys4 ,or*ids4 ,! magnitude ( ,l9dley's "w among 8 fav\rite gr\p ( plants1 ! ,or*idaceae1 des]ves recognition by ! g5]al botani/4 ,botanical k ) respect to ! gr\p 0 9 a v rudim5t>y /age :5 ,l9dley took up its /udy4 ,rob]t ,br[n & ,blume 7 already engag$ ^u ! inve/igation ( or*ids1 b !y reli$ ma9ly on h]b>ium mat]ial4 ,l9dley1 on ! o!r h&1 began ) liv+ plants & end$ ) liv+ plants1 ?\gh1 z 8 h]b>ium te/ifies1 he did n neglect dri$ specim5s4 ,a circum/ance t fav\r$ ,l9dley 9 ^! /udies 0 ! fact t ,william ,cattley1 an e>ly patron ( ,l9dley1 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! e>ly cultivators ( epiphytic or*ids4 ,! *ief ( ,l9dley's publi%$ contributions to ! k ( or*ids1 ap>t f scatt]$ figures & descriptions 9 ! ,botanical ,regi/]1 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,l9dley & ,paxton's ,fl[] ,g>d51 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 & 9 o!r s]ials & p]iodicals1 are to be f\nd 9 ,! ,g5]a & ,species ( ,or*idace\s ,plants1 #ahcj-ahdj1 9 :i* are describ$ all ! species 7#aihj7 kn[n ( #bii g5]a2 ,s]tum ,or*idaceum 7#ahch72 ,folia ,or*idacea1 #aheb-ahee2 & ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,x is un=tunate t no attempt has z yet be5 made to catalogue ! species describ$ by ,l9dley2 b ) reg>d to g5]a an approximate li/ ( ^? propos$ by him may be attempt$1 & is int]e/+ z giv+ "s idea ( ! ext5t & value ( ,l9dley's inve/igations 9 ! gr\p4 ,9 ! ?ird edition ( ,! ,vegetable ,k+dom he e/imates ! numb] ( or*id g5]a at #dfi4 ,b5?am & ,hook] 7,g5]a ,plant>um1 #ahhc7 admit #ccd1 & new g5]a propos$ s9ce t date am\nt to #abe4 ,pfitz] 7,engl] & ,prantl1 ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5-famili51 #ahhi7 describes #daj4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ,l9dley's g5]a1 admitt$ by ,b5?am & ,hook]1 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! ,g5]a ,plant>um3 ,physosiphon ,bra*ionidium ,ob]onia ,oreor*is ,sunipia ,cirrhopetalum ,megacl9ium ,trias ,drymoda ,monom]ia ,panisea ,acro*a5e ,coelia ,eria ,phreatia ,*ysis ,an?ogonium ,e>9a ,tri*osma ,coelogyne ,oto*ilus ,pholidota ,lanium ,dio?onea ,hormidium ,hexisia ,pleuran?ium ,diacrium ,pon]a ,p9elia ,h>twegia ,cattleya ,laeliopsis ,tetramicra ,laelia ,s*omburgkia ,sophronitis ,gale&ra ,ansellia ,crema/ra ,bromheadia ,gov5ia ,grobya ,*eirad5ia ,aganisia ,acacallis ,eriopsis ,w>rea ,batemannia ,bifr5>ia ,xylobium ,laca5a ,lyca/e ,*ondrorhyn*a ,ac9cta ,mormodes ,cycno*es ,/5ia ,cl[esia ,scutic>ia ,cam>idium ,di*aea ,tri*opilia ,aspasia ,co*lioda ,digna! ,miltonia ,sol5idium ,eryc9a ,abola ,trizeuxis ,ada ,sutr9a ,trigonidium ,quekettia ,zygo/ates ,phymatidium ,c5tropetalum ,doritis ,aran!s ,uncif]a ,acampe ,s>can?us ,diploc5trum ,cryptopus ,oeonia ,my/acidium ,cirrhaea ,notylia ,s]tif]a ,tropidia ,pt]i*is ,prescottia ,pseudoc5trum ,gomphicis ,bask]villa ,pelexia ,h]pysma ,zeux9e ,haem>ia ,hylophila ,drakaea ,burnettia ,*loraea ,/5oglottis ,bicornella ,hemipilia ,glossula ,pa*ites ,h]s*elia ,monad5ia ,s*izodium ,=fic>ia ,bra*ycory?is ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ,b5?am1 :o elaborat$ ! or*ids = ! ,g5]a ,plant>um1 held broad] views ( g5]ic limits ?an ! majority ( botani/s1 ! fact t #aad or m ?an a ?ird ( ! g5]a reta9$ are ,l9dleyan is a /rik+ te/imony to ! accuracy & range ( ,l9dley's "w 9 ! gr\p4 ,pfitz] 9 ! "w already cit$ reta9s #abg ( ,l9dley's g5]a4 ,9 no o!r great family probably has "o man left s l>ge a m>k z ,l9dley has left 9 ! ,or*idaceae4 ,9 ?is connection x may be add$ t #dj ( ,rob]t ,br[n's ,or*id ,g5]a & #ej ( ,blume's are reta9$ by ,b5?am & ,hook]4 ,! numb] ( species ( or*ids kn[n 9 8 "t ,l9dley d\bt+ly e/imat$ at #cjjj4 ,collectors s9ce t "t h increas$ t numb] probably to #fjjj4 ,! fact t ab\t #aajj species ( or*ids are kn[n f ,briti% ,india1 outnumb]+ ^? ( any o!r family by ab\t #cjj1 w d\btless surprise ! majority ( botani/s4 ,be=e clos+ ?is notice ( a rem>kable & v]satile man "s ref]5ce mu/ be made to 8 pione] "w 9 ! field ( palaeobotany--a subject t has m>k$ly advanc$ 9 rec5t times at ! h&s ( ,l9dley's fell[-c\ntrym54 ,9 co-op]ation ) ,hutton !re 7 publi%$ 7#ahca-ahcg7 ! ?ree volumes ( ,l9dley & ,hutton's ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita91 an au?oritative "w1 pr(usely illu/rat$ ) figures ( ! kn[n fossils1 & by no means entirely sup]s$$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! introductory *apt]s to ! volumes be> ! m>k ( ,l9dley's h&iwork1 & t to volume ,,iii4 conta9s ! results ( an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,l9dley to det]m9e ! capacity ( v>i\s plants to resi/ ! ag5cies ( dis9tegration4 ,^! results h become classic & are (t5 ref]r$ to by subsequ5t writ]s on palaeo-botany4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,fossil ,flora ,l9dley amass$ a consid]able collection ( specim5s1 "s ( :i* h rec5tly come to light 9 ! cell>s ( ,univ]sity ,college4 ,he 0 oblig$ h[ev] to ab&on ?is bran* ( /udy z x ?reat5$ to di/ract 8 att5tion f o!r dep>tm5ts ( botany4 ,p]sonal ,*>act]i/ics4 ,9 z mu* z x is our cu/om to erect none b ! slighte/ & mo/ casual memorials to our di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce or ( lett]s1 !re is reason to rejoice t ! "n ( ,l9dley is n inadequately commemorat$4 ,! ,l9dley ,libr>y pur*as$ 9 8 hon\r & n[ p]man5tly atta*$ to ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society bids fair "u ! enlight5$ policy ( t fl\ri%+ in/itution to gr[ into a great collection ( horticultural works4 ,! g5us ,l9dleya is rem9isc5t to sy/emati/s ( _! great colleague & ! "n ( ,l9dley is kn[n & hon\r$ by all our horticulturi/s4 ,( ! man himself j s mu* may be said z to give =m to ! m9d's image ( him4 ,he 0 ( middle height1 active1 upright1 ) %\ld]s some:at slop+ & ( heavy tread4 ,! sightlessness ( "o eye gave to 8 resolute face a some:at /range look4 ,simple 9 habits1 /r5u\s 9 "w & p]spicaci\s 9 judgm5t1 ,john ,l9dley 0 a w>m he>t$ & g5]\s fri5d1 p>ticul>ly to "y botani/s4 ,he 0 a p[]ful foe3 altoge!r a ma/]ful & rem>kable man4 ,n suff]+ fools gladly yet ) a humor\s turn ( m9d3 ,i am a d&y 9 my h]b>ium1 he once exclaim$ to ,rei*5ba*4 ,kn[+ no fe> he c\ld n hope = mu* fav\r1 & yet c>ry+ 8 heavy load ( f9ancial responsibility1 he nev]!less won ?r\gh to a wide measure ( contempor>y recognition & an assur$ place 9 ! hi/ory ( botanical sci5ce4 ,to conclude ) ,rei*5ba*'s f9e tribute we _c tell h[ long ,botany1 h[ long sci5ce1 w be pursu$2 b we may affirm t s long z a k ( plants is consid]$ necess>y1 s long w ,l9dley's "n be rememb]$ ) gratitude4 ,,william ,,griffi? #ahaj-ahde ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,lang ,e>ly tra9+--m$ical appo9tm5t "u ! ,ea/ ,india ,company--8 travels--! magnitude ( 8 collections--8 me?od ( "w--results ( rese>*es ma9ly publi%$ po/hum\sly--! ovule & f]tilisation--,santalum--,loran?aceae--, balanophora--,avic5nia--8 gymnosp]m "w illu/rat$ by ,cycas--discov]y ( ! poll5-*amb]--,rhizoc>ps & ,liv]worts--pre-,h(mei/]ian "w--,griffi?'s relation to 8 times4 ,x might h be5 assum$ t all ! names ( ,briti% botani/s ^: "w has be5 or is to be consid]$ 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures w\ld h be5 famili> to _! successors ( to-day1 ev5 if _! works 7 too (t5 neglect$ = ! la/ words ( sci5tific progress 9 a summ>y ( lit]ature4 ,! "q has h[ev] be5 put to me by m ?an "o botani/ 9 ! la/ mon? or two1 ,b :o 0 ,griffi?8 ,t ?is %\ld be possible seems 9 itself ample ju/ification = includ+ 8 "n 9 ?is li/ ( ,briti% botani/s4 ,= ,griffi? has claims to be reg>d$ z a great botani/4 ,x is true t he fail$ to break ?r\gh ! limitations ( 8 "t & p]iod--t he left no new & m correct g5]al views to modify ! sci5ce4 ,b ?is is true ( all 8 contempor>ies1 inde$ x is true ( mo/ botani/s4 ,to recreate ! dep>tm5t ( a sci5ce 9 :i* a man lab\rs requires a comb9ation ( ability & =tunate *ance t is giv5 to few4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv ,,william ,,griffi? 7#ahdc7 ,griffi? _h ! ability1 ! p[] ( indep5d5t obs]vation1 ! read9ess to speculate1 ! c>eless prodigality ( lab\r4 ,he did n h[ev]1 9 ! fraction ( an ord9>y work+ life t fate all[$ him1 atta9 t insight into m correct comp>ison ( ! plants ^: morphology he /udi$ :i* w\ld h act$ quickly on ! mass ( fir/ h& obs]vation he possess$4 ,x is well to be cle> at ! outset t x is ! p]sonality ( ,william ,griffi?1 8 important detail$ contributions to botany1 & 8 a*ievem5t z a great work+ morphologi/ ( 8 "t t w int]e/ u to-day--r ?an 8 g5]al views or any influ5ce ( ^! on ! progress ( botany4 ,griffi? _h ! advantage or disadvantage ( botany be+ 8 private /udy & n 8 pr(ession4 ,! motive =ce ( 8 c>e] 0 h[ev] 8 love ( sci5tific "w = its own sake4 ,william ,griffi? 0 a ,london botani/4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,london m]*ant1 born on ,m>* #d1 #ahaj1 at ,ham ,common4 ,hav+ f9i%$ s*ool he began to prep>e = ! m$ical pr(ession & 0 appr5tic$ to a surgeon 9 ! ,we/ end ( ,london4 ,ab\t #ahbi he comm5c$ att5dance at ! classes 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,univ]sity ,college4 ,he _h e>li] 9 life %[n an int]e/ 9 natural hi/ory b 0 n[ specially devot$ to botany4 ,he att5d$ ,l9dley's lectures1 & also /udi$ m$ical botany "u ,mr ,&]son at ! ,apo!c>ies' ,g>d5 9 ,*elsea4 ,!re he obta9$ ! ,l9nean ,gold ,m$al giv5 by ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies4 ,at ?is "t also he 0 a frequ5t visitor to ,kew ,g>d5s :]e he 0 on good t]ms ) ! head g>d5] & also came "u ! influ5ce ( ,mr ,bau] ! great botanical draughtsman ( 8 day4 ,griffi? 0 nev] tir$ ( express+ 8 admiration = ,bau] z an accurate obs]v]4 ,dur+ 8 vacations ,griffi? made botanical excursions 9 ,engl&1 c>ry+ 8 light baggage & 8 equipm5t = collect+ plants4 ,t ! tra9+ t ,griffi? receiv$ 9 botany 9 ! ,london ,univ]sity ( t date 0 a s\nd "o is %[n by 8 p[] ( fac+ ! mo/ v>i\s problems :5 ca/ on 8 own res\rces imm$iately at ! close ( 8 ,univ]sity tra9+4 ,! s\ndness ( 8 tra9+ is fur!r %[n by ! small pieces ( orig9al "w he _h publi%$ be=e leav+ ,engl& at ! age ( #bb4 ,n only _h he made "s ( ! illu/rations = ,l9dley's ,introduction to ,botany & _h describ$ ! fl[] & ! /ructure ( ! wood ( ,phytocr5e gigantea 9 ,walli*'s ,plantae ,asiaticae ,r>iores1 b 7a notewor?y indication ( 8 int]e/ 9 ,cryptogams at ?is "t7 he _h suppli$ an acc\nt ( ! /ructure & developm5t ( ,t>gionia hypophylla to be app5d$ to ,mirbel's classic monograph on ! anatomy & physiology ( ,m>*antia polymorpha--publi%$ 9 #ahcb4 ,8 m$ical /udies f9i%$1 ,griffi? sail$ f ,engl& 9 ,may #ahcb1 he arriv$ at ,madras 9 ,septemb] & 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant-,surgeon on ! ,madras e/abli%m5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,8 sci5tific "w 0 done 9 ! int]vals ( a busy life4 ,only a man ( great en]gy & en?usiasm & possess$ ( great p[]s ( physical endurance c\ld h done ! "w t ,griffi? cr[d$ into ! #ab ye>s1 betwe5 8 l&+ 9 ,india & 8 dea? at ,malacca be=e ! age ( #ce on ,febru>y #i1 #ahde4 ,?is "t 0 all sp5t 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies--he nev] return$ to ,engl&4 ,def]r+ = ! mom5t consid]ation ( 8 sci5tific "w we may take a g5]al survey ( ,griffi?'s movem5ts dur+ 8 work+ life & ( 8 lab\rs z an explor] & collector4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s mon?s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,madras1 he 0 situat$ = m ?an two ye>s at ,m]gui & collect$ ext5sively 9 ,t5ass]im4 ,he 0 recall$ to ,calcutta 9 #ahce & atta*$ to ! ,b5gal ,presid5cy 9 ord] to be s5t ) ,dr ,walli* & ,mr ,m',clell& to visit & inspect ! localities 9 :i* tea grew wild 9 ,assam4 ,griffi?'s full report on ?is enquiry l$ to ! important economic conclusion 7bas$ l>gely on a critical comp>ison ( ! ,assam flora ) ! flora ( tea-gr[+ regions ( ,*9a7 t tea might be successfully gr[n "u ! conditions 9 ,assam & simil> di/ricts ( ,india4 ,:5 ! o!r memb]s ( ! exp$ition return$ ,griffi? 0 deta9$ 9 ,assam1 :]e he rema9$ dur+ ! :ole ( #ahcf1 mak+ a successful exp$ition into ! ,mi%mee m\nta9s only once be=e visit$ by a ,european4 ,e>ly 9 #ahcg ,griffi?1 accompani$ by only "o s]vant1 set (f on an explor+ exp$ition ?r\gh ! v di/urb$ c\ntry ( ,burmah t[>ds ,rangoon4 ,all news ( him ceas$1 or r 8 assass9ation 0 cr$it$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & report$ 9 ! newspap]s1 :5 9 ,june he re-appe>$1 ragg$ & travel /a9$1 9 ,calcutta4 ,he _h explor$ d[n ! ,hookhoom 7,hokong7 ,valley & on to ,ava1 & _h !n proce$$ m rapidly by riv] to ,rangoon1 convey+ 8 collections ) dang] & difficulty4 ,appo9t$ ,surgeon to ! embassy ab\t to />t = ,bhutan1 he fill$ up ! int]v5+ two mon?s by aga9 go+ to ! ,khasi hills to collect4 ,he !n accompani$ ! exp$ition to ,bhutan1 trav]s+ ov] f\r hundr$ miles ( ! c\ntry & return+ to ,calcutta 9 ,june #ahch4 ,"h he sp5t ! next few mon?s arrang+ 8 collections & also /udy+ ! plants ( ! suburbs4 ,9 ,novemb] he jo9$ ! army ( ! ,indus & accompani$ x 9 its :ole m>*4 ,he rema9$ ano!r ye> 9 ,afghani/an mak+ v>i\s exp$itions 9 ! c\ntry & into ! ,h9doo ,koo%4 ,he return$1 aft] visit+ ,simla & ! ,n]budda1 to ,calcutta 9 ! middle ( #ahda4 ,griffi? !n proce$$ to ,malacca :]e he _h be5 appo9t$ ,civil ,assi/ant-,surgeon4 ,he rema9$ only a ye>1 b long en\gh to appreciate ! great int]e/ ( ! di/rict = 8 botanical "w & to complete "s important obs]vations4 ,he collect$ ! plants ( ! prov9ce & also visit$ ,m\nt ,ophir4 ,recall$ to ,calcutta1 he took *>ge ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s & also lectur$ to ! m$ical /ud5ts dur+ ,walli*'s abs5ce f ,augu/ #ahdb to ,augu/ #ahdd1 press+ =w>d re=ms 9 ! g>d5s & us+ 8 opportunity = sci5tific obs]vation4 ,on ,walli*'s return ,griffi? rema9$ = "s mon?s long] 9 ,calcutta cont9u+ 8 "w1 m>ri$ 9 ,septemb]1 & return$ to ,malacca 9 ,decemb] full ( hopeful plans = sci5tific "w !re4 ,he _h b>ely arriv$ at ,malacca & begun "w ?an he 0 seiz$ ) a fatal illness & di$ on ,febru>y #i1 #ahde4 ,x has be5 necess>y to consid] 9 "s detail ! rapid movem5ts ( ,griffi?'s life 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ord] to fully appreciate ! difficulties "u :i* 8 l>ge am\nt ( sci5tific "w 0 accompli%$4 ,! twelve ye>s ( 8 (ficial life 7 fill$ ) pr(essional duties1 difficult & dang]\s exploration1 managem5t ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 & ! lab\rs entail$ 9 mak+ & c>+ = ext5sive collections4 ,x w\ld n h be5 surpris+ _h ,griffi?1 9 spite ( 8 atta9m5ts1 contribut$ no?+ to sci5tific botany beyond r5d]+ ^! collections available = o!r work]s4 ,he e/imat$ 8 collection ( plants at m ?an twelve ?\s& species2 & on 8 travels he did n neglect o!r collections ( int]e/4 ,insects obta9$ by him are describ$1 he collect$ ! birds & fi% 9 e di/rict he visit$2 inde$ he 0 a ke5 fi%]man & mu/ h ?r[n a fly 9 _m a /ream t _h n be5 fi%$ be=e1 comb9+ sport & sci5ce4 ,griffi?'s collections 7 made ) ! def9ite purpose ( enabl+ him1 :5 he _h leisure1 to produce a g5]al acc\nt ( ! ,indian flora on a geographical basis4 ,8 me?ods ( collect+ 7 mo/ enlight5$ & subs]v$ 8 "w z a morphologi/ & a /ud5t ( ! conditions ( occurr5ce ( ! plants1 n m]ely ( =mal sy/ematic botany4 ,! j\rnals he kept on all exp$itions are full ( ref]5ces to ! occurr5ce ( ! plants met )4 ,he (t5 adopt$ a plan ( r\ghly mapp+ ea* day's r\te & indicat+ ! plants & associations ( plants1 along ! l9e ( m>*4 ,i wond] if mod]n ecologi/s "k ( ^! records made long be=e ecology 0 inv5t$8 ,:5ev] possible he seems to h exam9$ ! morphology ( ! liv+ plants1 & he fully realis$ ! value ( pres]v+ portions ( ! plants 9 _s = future exam9ation in/ead ( rely+ on h]b>ium mat]ial4 ,?is quotation f a lett] to ,wight 7!n ,sup]9t5d+ ,surgeon ( ! ,madras ,s]vice71 ) :om ,griffi? kept up a mo/ int]e/+ & fri5dly correspond5ce1 f :i* ,i %\ld l to quote l>gely1 may give an idea ( 8 po9t ( view & also %[ h[ he look$ =w>d to return+ to ,malacca3-- ,if ev] y g to ! place ( ,podo/emon endeav\r to get "s g]m9at+ or at lea/ v "y plants4 ,i c fancy h[ an ,acotyl$on\s plant gets a /em b h[ a ,dicotyl$on\s plant loses x1 & becomes z "s ( !m d1 m]e discs spread ov] rocks is ano!r ?+4 ,!n aga9 :]e are _! roots8 ,h[ oppos$ to late ideas ( ! absolute di/9ction ( ! ?ree great divisions4 ,also please to take a bottle ( spirits1 & deposit specim5s 9 x4 ,i %all n be v sorry to get back to ,malacca1 ?is is a delightful place truly1 b "o is int]rupt$1 & ! lectures at ! ,m$ical ,college consume mu* "t4 ,= botany no place c exce$ ,malacca4 ,& aga91 ,:at a bus9ess x w be to settle ! types ( ! families f :i* ! names mu/ ev5tually be tak52 ?is w nev] be done by dri$-plant botani/s2 b by exam9ation ( developm5t1 :i* ,i am conv9c$ w alone give ! key4 ,z to ,griffi?'s me?ods ( "w1 we le>n f a memorial notice ( him by ,mr ,m',clell& t :5ev] possible aft] ! bus9ess ( ! morn+ 0 f9i%$ ! re/ ( ! day 0 devot$ to ! exam9ation & dissection ( plants "u ! microscope1 draw+ & describ+ all peculi>ities pres5t$4 ,ev5 on 8 dea?-b$ 8 microscope /ood beside him ) ! unf9i%$ draw+s & pap]s & dissections ( plants on :i* he 0 engag$ ! day on :i* ! fatal symptoms ( 8 disord] came on4 ,all 8 "w %[s ! same *>act]s ( direct individual obs]vation & int]pretation ( ! facts be=e him1 repeat$ exam9ation ( ! same po9t1 & almo/ a prodigality ( lab\r 9 record+ 8 obs]vations 9 draw+s4 ,at fir/ "u ! influ5ce ( ,rob]t ,br[n1 he us$ ! simple microscope ) triplet l5ses1 b lat] he employ$ ! comp\nd microscope & 9 ! ye> be=e 8 dea? writes hopefully ( ord]+ a fir/-rate microscope :5 he obta9s ! arre>s due to him f ! ,directors4 ,griffi?'s high atta9m5ts 7 appreciat$ by ! di/+ui%$ circle ( ,engli% botani/s ( 8 "t ) :om he correspond$4 ,mr ,solby1 to :om he always s5t home 8 pap]s = submission to ! ,l9nean ,society2 ,rob]t ,br[n1 to ^: "w he con/antly recurs ) admiration1 & ^: judgm5t he tru/$ absolutely2 ,l9dley2 ,sir ,william ,hook]1 :o look$ =w>d to 8 be+ settl$ p]man5tly 9 *>ge ( ! ,calcutta g>d5s1 & ,dr ,wight may be nam$4 ,i may quote f a lett] address$ to ,griffi? by von ,m>tius ( ,muni*1 s9ce x c\ples 8 own op9ion & t ( ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,he 7,br[n7 agrees ) me 9 appreciat+ y\r spirit$ & enlight5$ inve/igations1 & ,i n[ m ?an ev] look =w>d to y z 8 successor--z ! /&>d ,engli% botani/4 ,only an outl9e ( ! nature ( ,griffi?'s sci5tific "w ) "s details on select$ subjects c be attempt$ "h4 ,8 publi%$ works 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society & else:]e1 important z !y are1 repres5t only a small fraction ( 8 obs]vations4 ,b ! wisdom & lib]ality ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company has put u 9 possession ( 8 unpubli%$ notes & draw+s 7bequea!d ) 8 collections to ! ,company7 9 ! po/hum\sly publi%$ volumes ( ,notulae ad plantas ,asiaticas ) ! accompany+ sets ( plates4 ,?\gh 8 pap]s 7 n ready or int5d$ = publication 9 ?is =m & suff] f hav+ _h to be arrang$ by ano!r h&1 !y af=d1 toge!r ) 8 publi%$ "w1 a p>ticul>ly good picture ( h[ ! problems ( morphology & classification pres5t$ !mselves to a ke5 inve/igator at ?is "t4 ,( 8 purely sy/ematic "w ,i %all n speak at l5g?4 ,9 addition to small] pap]s ! mo/ important contribution 0 8 illu/rat$ monograph on ! ,palms ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,india4 ,9 ! ,notulae num]\s species are describ$ & figur$ ne>ly always ) ref]5ce to ! morphology & physiology ( ! p>ts conc]n$4 ,x is 8 inve/igations made ) direct ref]5ce to morphology & reproduction t claim our att5tion mo/4 ,9 deal+ ) !m x is conv5i5t to treat ( ! ma9 que/ions to :i* he direct$ 8 att5tion r ?an ( ! sep>ate pap]s4 ,i %all call att5tion fir/ to 8 "w on ! fl[] & on f]tilisation 9 a numb] ( plants1 !n to 8 obs]vations on ,cycas1 & la/ly to 8 "w on ! ,cryptogams4 ,int]e/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! ovule & ! nature ( f]tilisation 0 widespread at ! "t ,griffi? work$4 ,a few ye>s previ\sly ,rob]t ,br[n _h laid ! f\ndations ( ! sci5tific /udy ( ! ovule & ! behavi\r ( ! poll5 tube1 & dur+ ,griffi?'s "t ! pap]s ( ,s*leid51 :i* ext5d$ ! comp>ative /udy ( ! ovule & advanc$ ! important ?\gh errone\s view t ! embryo orig9at$ inside ! embryo-sac f ! tip ( ! ent]+ poll5 tube1 7 appe>+4 ,s*leid5's text-book did n appe> until too late to be kn[n to ,griffi?4 ,8 int]e/ 0 ke5 on cont9u+ ! "w1 t ,br[n _h begun1 on plants t only a resid5t 9 ! tropics _h ! opportunity ( /udy+ prop]ly1 & ! fir/ volume ( ! ,notulae1 ) ! accompany+ ,icones1 & ! m sy/ematic volume on ! ,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons conta9 8 unpubli%$ obs]vations on ! ovule & fl[]s ( _m plants4 ,8 fir/ pap] 9 ! ,l9nean ,transactions 0 on ! ovule ( ,santalum4 ,griffi? obs]v$ & rightly int]pret$ ! free prolongation ( ! embryo-sac f ! nucellus1 & describ$ ! application ( ! poll5 tube to ! summit ( ! embryo-sac1 ! developm5t ( ! endosp]m1 & ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,he also recognis$ & figur$ ! great prolongation backw>ds ( ! embryo-sac z an empty1 absorb5t caecum4 ,at fir/ he left ! orig9 ( ! embryo d\btful1 :ile recognis+ ! advantages ( ! expos$ embryo-sac = settl+ ! "q1 b lat] he decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,s*leid5's errone\s view t ! embryo develop$ f ! tip ( ! poll5 tube4 ,griffi? also exam9$ ! ovules ( ,osyris recognis+ ! correspond+ facts4 ,comp>ison ) ! figures ( ,santalace\s ovules 9 ,guign>d's lat] "w w s]ve to %[ bo? ! magnific5t accuracy 9 obs]vation ( ,griffi? & ! limitation1 runn+ ?r\gh all ! "w ( ! "t1 ( n recognis+ ! cont5ts ( ! embryo-sac be=e f]tilisation4 ,! ,loran?aceae 0 ano!r family on :i* ! developm5t ( ! embryo-sac & ! processes ( f]tilisation & developm5t ( ! fruit int]e/$ ,griffi? specially4 ,n only did he s5d 8 results home to ! ,l9nean ,society 9 two pap]s1 b 8 descriptions & figures ( all ! species describ$ 9 ! ,notulae take acc\nt ( ^! morphological & developm5tal facts4 ,he trac$ ! developm5t ( ! cavity ( ! ov>y & reg>d$ ! ovules z r$uc$ to _! simple/ expression--to an amnios or embryo-sac4 ,& he obs]v$ ! ext5sion ( ! embryo-sacs up ! /yle & ! union ( ! poll5 tube ) ! tip ( ! embryo-sac4 ,8 fur!r description ( ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 endosp]m & fruit is wond]fully exact if we all[ = 8 reg>d+ ! long susp5sor be>+ ! embryo z d]iv$ f ! poll5 tube gr[+ d[n ?r\gh ! long embryo-sac4 ,griffi? ?us recognis$ all ! ma9 peculi>ities ( ,viscum & ( ,loran?us subsequ5tly describ$ m 9 detail 9 ,european species by ,h(mei/] 7^: analysis ( ,griffi?'s "w 9 #ahei is a great te/imony to its accuracy7 & lat] by ,treub 9 ! tropical species :i* _h be5 /udi$ by ,griffi?4 ,! ,balanophoraceae 0 ano!r gr\p1 on :i* ,griffi? made pione] inve/igations4 ,he collect$ & exam9$ all ! species he met )1 p>tly f ! sy/ematic int]e/ 9 support+ ,rob]t ,br[n's objection to ,l9dley's class ( ,rhizan!ae1 b /ill m f 8 int]e/ 9 ! details ( _! reproduction4 ,an exam9ation ( ! plates f 8 memoirs1 only publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! ,l9nean ,transactions w %[ h[ fully he 0 aw>e ( ! /ructure ( ! ar*egonium-l female fl[] ( ,balanophora2 ( ! relation ( ! poll5-gra9s & poll5 tubes to x2 & ( ! appe>ance ( ! endosp]m :i* he mi/ook = ! embryo4 ,?r\gh\t he comp>es ! /ructure ) ! pi/illum 7ar*egonium7 ( ,bryophyta4 ,?us 9 ! ,balanophoraceae also ,griffi? laid ! f\ndations on :i* ! "w ( ,h(mei/]1 & m rec5tly t ( ,treub & ,lotsy foll[4 ,:5 at ,malacca ,griffi? int]e/$ himself among _m o!r problems 9 ! ovule & ! developm5t ( ! se$ ( ,avic5nia4 ,he _h previ\sly paid att5tion to ! vivip>\s embryos ( o!r ,mangroves4 ,?is piece ( "w1 :5 comp>$ ) ,treub's re-exam9ation ( ,avic5nia1 br+s out s cle>ly ,griffi?'s accuracy1 s f> z 8 means ( obs]vation all[$ him to g1 t we may look = a mom5t at h[ ^! two inve/igations1 sep>at$ by =ty ye>s1 comp>e4 ,griffi? recognis$ ! developm5t ( ! embryo-sac 9 ! nucellus ( ! ovule :i* he took to be nak$1 miss+ ! v slightly indicat$ integum5t4 ,he foll[$ ! poll5 tube to ! tip ( ! embryo-sac & ! developm5t ( ! endosp]m 9 its upp] portion1 :]e ! embryo appe>$4 ,he saw ! gr[? ( ! endosp]m lead+ to its complete protrusion f ! ovule & inv]t+ ! embryo s t its cotyl$ons po9t to ! surface4 ,fur!r he saw ! long1 empty1 absorb5t caecum gr[ out f ! h9d] end ( ! embryo-sac into ! massive base ( ! "y se$4 ,?is acc\nt is sub/antially correct 9 all its facts1 & ,treub's "w adds to x ! cellul> details ( ! orig9 ( ! embryo-sac1 ! sett+ ap>t ( ! endosp]m cell to gr[ into ! hau/orium1 & ! details ( segm5tation ( ! embryo4 ,su* vivid1 accurate1 description ( /range facts1 :5 previ\s k gave no clue1 is 9 itself no mean sci5tific a*ievem5t4 ,to sum up ,griffi?'s "w on ! morphology ( ! reproductive organs ( ! ,angiosp]ms we see t he add$ _m important facts & gave correct descriptions ( :at /ill rema9 among ! mo/ anomal\s ovules & embryos4 ,8 me?ods did n enable him to di/+ui% cle>ly ! cont5ts ( ! embryo-sac1 & he accept$ & confirm$ ,s*leid5's errone\s view ( ! orig9 ( ! embryo4 ,b ?is h>dly detracts f ! directness & consequ5t value ( all 8 obs]vations4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,gymnosp]ms1 we f9d aga9 t ,griffi? devot$ mu* att5tion to ^? =ms t f 8 resid5ce 9 ! tropics he 0 9 a position to /udy ) mo/ advantage4 ,he describes 9 ! ,notulae 8 obs]vations on ! ovules & poll9ation ( v>i\s ,conif]ae & ,gnetaceae4 ,b we may conc5trate our int]e/ on 8 "w on ,cycas4 ,! r\gh /ructure ( ! "y se$ _h already be5 describ$ by ,rob]t ,br[n :o _h recognis$ ! gymnosp]my ( ! gr\p4 ,b ,griffi?'s descriptions & figures are mu* m accurate--are inde$ f> 9 advance ( ^? ( mu* lat] obs]v]s--& add greatly to our k ( ?is plant4 ,^! two figures 7pl4 ,,xvi7 w speak = !mselves & %[ h[ cle>ly ,griffi? _h grasp$ ! morphology ( ! ,cycadean ovule1 h[ fai?fully he del9eat$ ! details1 & h[ he s\ght 9 progressive developm5t to ?r[ light on ! /ructure4 ,he add$ to ! previ\sly imp]fect description ( ! ovule an accurate acc\nt ( ! poll5 *amb]1 & ! pro( t poll5 gra9s ent]$ & fill$ x4 ,fur!r he foll[$ ! g]m9ation ( ! poll5 gra9s1 n m]ely record+ ! fact t ! tubes p5etrat$ ! nucellus all ar\nd ! poll5 *amb]1 b asc]ta9+ 9 h[ _m days ! tubes 7 put =?4 ,8 fulle/ description is un=tunately displac$ 9 ! ,notulae "u ! head+ ( ,?uja1 b x is cle> t x ref]s to ! ,cycas figur$ on ! same plate z t plant4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! nature ( ,griffi?'s "w on ! ovules1 bo? ( ,angiosp]ms & ,gymnosp]ms1 ! complete omission ( 8 "n 9 rec5t works on ! two gr\ps t are 9 con/ant use is at lea/ notewor?y4 ,griffi? 0 specially int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ,cryptogamic plants4 ,9 a lett] to ,wight he says ,i w\ld l to be out ) a "w on ,indian ,cryptogamia ( high] =ms2 s mu* s t if ,i see no *ance ( my succe$+ to ! ,g>d5s1 ,i int5d s5d+ away all my o!r collections1 & devot+ myself to ?is object & g5]al developm5t1 :i* is obvi\sly ! key/one ( ! ar*4 ,he left ,algae & ,fungi 7) ! exception ( ! ,*>aceae7 alone1 & x is 8 "w on ! ,bryophyta & ,pt]idophyta t conc]ns u4 ,= in=mation on 8 views on ^! plants we are dep5d5t on 8 pap] on ,salv9ia & ,azolla & on ! ,notulae1 put toge!r z ,i h said f 8 notes aft] 8 dea?1 & n int5d$ = publication 9 ?is =m4 ,b !re is no difficulty 9 gett+ a cle> grasp ( 8 po9t ( view4 ,?is 0 a mi/ak5 "o--an attempt to br+ into l9e ! reproduction ( ! gametophyte ( ,bryophytes1 ! sporophyte ( ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 & ! fl[]+ plant ) its fl[] & fruit4 ,x is easy to be wise aft] ! ev5t4 ,9 ^! comp>isons ,griffi? belong$ to 8 "t ) a mu* wid] field ( p]sonal obs]vation ?an mo/ possess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi ,f ,griffi?'s ,notulae ,m$ian section ( ! ovule ( ,cycas ,nucell> apex ( ,cycas ) poll5 *amb] & poll5 gra9s ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t at ! "t :5 ,griffi? work$ no idea ( ! sexual & asexual alt]nat+ g5]ations 9 ,pt]idophytes _h be5 ga9$1 al?\gh ! pro?allia _h be5 obs]v$ prec$+ ! gr[? ( ! plant 9 ,equisetum & ,f]ns4 ,x 0 n till "s ye>s aft] ,griffi?'s dea? t full] facts z to ! sexual organs 7 obta9$ & l$ to ! "r comp>isons4 ,griffi?'s "w on ! ,bryophyta %[s ! same p[] ( obs]vation z t on ! ovule1 b ! difficulties due to imp]fect in/rum5ts are m evid5t4 ,8 views on reproduction 7 "h1 h[ev]1 cle>1 s9ce ! developm5t ( ! capsule 0 def9itely relat$ to ! f]tilisation ( ! pi/illa 7ar*egonia7 by ! sub/ance =m$ 9 ! an!rs4 ,8 figures indicate h[ mu* he saw1 & h[ "h also he s\ght 9 developm5t ! int]pretation ( mature /ructure4 ,8 e>ly int]e/ 9 ! ,liv]worts1 especially ! ,m>*antiaceae1 cont9u$1 & all ! =ms he collect$ 7 c>efully exam9$ & figur$ ) 8 usual accuracy4 ,"o ( ! ,liv]worts ,griffi? describ$ may be tak5 z an illu/ration to ?is "p ( our subject on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ ( its re-discov]y & re-description 9 #aiaj by ,goebel4 ,?is is a plant collect$ 9 ,assam & nam$ ,monosol5ium t5]um4 ,?is ,m>*antiace\s plant is describ$ z hav+ no air-*amb] lay]1 z be>+ sessile1 dorsal1 an!ridial receptacles1 & t]m9al1 %ortly /alk$ ar*egoniophores ) "o v5tral groove 9 ! /alk4 ,a s+le ar*egonium--lat] capsule--is f\nd 9 ea* ( ! half-doz5 involucres4 ,spores & irregul> bodies 7 f\nd 9 ! capsule4 ,rec5tly ,goebel _h two tea-plants s5t home f ,canton4 ,!y di$1 b he kept ! soil moi/ on ! *ance ( g]m9at+ se$s4 ,among a numb] ( o!r plants !re turn$ up a new ,liv]wort4 ,on exam9ation ?is prov$ to be ,griffi?'s ,monosol5ium--all types ( :i* _h be5 lo/--a mo/ int]e/+ =m relat$ to ! ,cors9iaceae4 ,9 ! ,mosses & ! ,liv]worts g5]ally ,griffi? 0 cle> on ! developm5t ( ! capsule or fruit foll[+ on ! impregnation ( an ar*egonium4 ,b 9 ,an?oc]os1 :ile he recognis$ ! an!ridia he 0 n cle> z to ! sunk5 ar*egonia1 & reg>d$ ! capsules z aris+ by impregnation ( unrecognisable spots on ! "y frond or ?allus4 ,he obs]v$ h[ev] ! indication ( ! canal ( ! ar*egonial neck above ! "y capsule4 ,analogy ) ,an?oc]os confirm$ him 9 8 views on ! reproduction ( f]ns4 ,"h he sp5t mu* lab\r 9 consid]+ ! view1 orig9ally due to ,h$wig1 t ! ram5ta 7 male organs by ! effect ( :i* ! sporangia develop$4 ,griffi? saw t if ?is 0 s1 s9ce ! sporangia are initiat$ v e>ly1 ! only "t to se>* = ! male organs 0 9 ! v "y /age ( ! leaf4 ,on exam9+ su* "y leaves he f\nd ! t]m9al cells ( ! "y ram5ta v prom95t & =m$ ! work+ hypo!sis t !y 7 ! male organs4 ,b he /at$ ?is cauti\sly & 0 well aw>e h[ imp]fect 8 means ( obs]vation 74 ,! :ole l9e ( "w br+s vividly be=e u h[ cryptogamic ! ,cryptogams 7 at ?is p]iod4 ,)\t attempt+ to survey ,griffi?'s views on ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 a ^w mu/ be said ( ^? on ,salv9ia & ,azolla1 on :i* he publi%$ a long pap] 9 addition to ! o!r descriptions & figures 9 ! ,notulae4 ,8 obs]vations be> on ! developm5t ( ! sorus & sporangium1 b he dismiss$ ! microsporangia z abortive or imp]fectly develop$ /ructures4 7,i may note 9 pass+ t ! /udy ( _! developm5t l$ him to reg>d ! microsporangia ( ,isoetes 9 ! same way47 ,he dwelt on ! simil>ity ( ! sporangium & indusium ( ,azolla to a gymnosp]mus ovule1 & reg>d$ ! filam5ts ( ,anab5a se5 p5etrat+ )9 ! indusium z probably ! f]tilis+ bodies 9 ?is nak$-se$$ cryptogam4 ,?us ) a l>ge am\nt ( fre% & orig9al obs]vation ,griffi? 0 on wrong l9es 9 8 g5]al views & comp>ison--he class$ ! high] ,cryptogams 9 8 ,notulae z ,pi/illig]\s4 ,musci4 ,hepaticae4 ,gymnosp]m\s4 ,azolla4 ,salv9ia4 ,*>a4 ,cryptogam\s4 ,f]ns4 ,lycopods4 ,isoetes4 ,m>silidae4 ,an?oc]otidae4 ,equisetidae4 ,griffi?'s g5]al views ( ! reproduction ( all ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams 0 necess>ily wrong1 s9ce ! prime clue ( ! recognition ( ! pro?allus & plant z di/9ct _h n be5 f\nd4 ,9 ?is connection 8 figur+ "y plants ( ,equisetum atta*$ to pro?alli is int]e/+4 ,9 "s speculations conc]n+ ! embryology ( ,loran?us he came1 by a wrong l9e ( approa*1 )9 t\* ( ! "r comp>ison1 :5 he comp>es ! endosp]m to ! conf]void gre5 gr[? 7i4e4 ! pro?allus7 at ! base ( ! "y plant ( ,equisetum4 ,x is idle to speculate on :at might h happ5$ _h su* a wide obs]v] z ,griffi? *anc$ on ! clue4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 ( 8 "t z mo/ are4 ,! man :o put ! indu/ri\s b bl9d grop+s ( ?is p]iod 9 morphological botany /raight1 bo? z reg>ds ! developm5t ( ! embryo & ! comp>ative ontog5y ( ar*egoniate plants 0 ,h(mei/]1 & l all exceptional m5 he belong$ to ! new p]iod creat$ by him4 ,! great advantage ( ?is c\rse ( lectures seems to me to be t x approa*es ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( botany 9 ! "r way2 = progress 9 our sci5ce has be5 ! result ( individuals r ?an ( s*ools4 ,! consid]ation ( ! "w ( ,griffi? f #ahcb to #ahde is a vivid illu/ration ( ! condition ( morphological botany 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! p]iod1 survey$ 9 "o ( ! *apt]s 9 ,sa*'s ,hi/ory "u ! title ( ,morphology & ,sy/ematic ,botany "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t & ! k ( ! ,cryptogams4 ,^! two subjects 7 always be=e ,griffi?4 ,! int]e/ ( ! p]sonality ( ,william ,griffi? & ( ! "w he accompli%$ 9 8 tragically %ort life is obvi\s4 ,n less s is ! way 9 :i* t "w 0 done inside ! limitations ( 8 p]iod4 ,we1 :o are /ill glean]s 9 ! field t ,griffi? & 8 contempor>ies cle>$ & ,h(mei/] m>k$ out & till$1 are probably j z incapable ( conceiv+ ! future developm5ts ( morphology4 ,,ar?ur ,,h5frey #ahai-ahei ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,oliv] ,n>rative--/ate ( ,botany--dawn ( ! ,gold5 ,age--sexuality ( ,angiosp]ms--,s*leid5's elucidation ( f]n life-hi/ory--,ngeli1 ,sum9ski & ,h(mei/]--recognition by ,h5frey--orig9al "w--publications--! ,micrographic ,diction>y--,! ,botanical ,gazette--its features--,h5frey's lab\rs n imm$iately productive4 ,! claim ( ,h5frey to rank among ! f\nd]s ( botany 9 ?is c\ntry dep5ds less on 8 own orig9al contributions ?an on a :ole-he>t$ devotion to ! propagation & diffusion ( ! new] me?ods & results :i* m>k$ an epo* dur+ ! =ties & fifties ( la/ c5tury4 ,! outset ( ,h5frey's c>e] co9cid$ ) a great turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( botany1 & to ,h5frey w always belong ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ ,engli%man to recognise ! full significance ( ! movem5t4 ,f t mom5t he unceas+ly made kn[n & diffus$ 9 ?is c\ntry ! results ( ! ,g]man r5aissance4 ,t ,h5frey %\ld h fail$ to e/abli% ! new] botany 9 ,engl& 0 ! result ( a v>iety ( circum/ances1 "o ( :i* 0 8 e>ly dea?4 ,! available biographical mat]ial ( ,h5frey be+ extremely meagre1 x has be5 necess>y 9 prep>+ ! pres5t acc\nt to rely almo/ entirely on 8 publi%$ writ+s4 ,9 "s ways ?is lack ( p]sonal details is no disadvantage z our pres5t int]e/ 9 ,h5frey dep5ds ess5tially on ! movem5t 9 botany ) :i* he 0 id5tifi$4 ,ar?ur ,h5frey 0 born at ,ab]de51 9 #ahai1 ( ,engli% p>5ts4 ,he und]w5t ! usual c\rse ( tra9+ = ! m$ical pr(ession at ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital--becom+ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 #ahdc4 ,9 consequ5ce ( bron*ial tr\ble1 to :i* he ev5tually succumb$ at ! e>ly age ( #ci1 ,h5frey nev] practis$ 8 pr(ession4 ,compell$ to a life ( seclusion he at once turn$ to a sci5tific c>e] & m p>ticul>ly to ! pursuit ( botany4 ,9 #ahdg he und]took ! duties ( ,lectur] 9 ,botany at ,/ ,george's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool1 :]e among 8 colleagues 0 ,edw9 ,lanke/]1 himself a r$\btable naturali/ & ! fa!r ( ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]1 ! em95t zoologi/ ( our own day4 ,h5frey succe$$ ,edw>d ,=bes z ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 9 #aheb--;a po/ :i* he held till 8 dea?4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ! same ye>4 ,he di$ q sudd5ly 9 #ahei1 at ! h\se on ,turnham ,gre51 :]e he _h resid$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! "p play$ by ,h5frey1 x is necess>y briefly to review ! /ate ( botany 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,l9naeus ( c\rse1 botanically1 ! out/&+ fact ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 no exception to ! dictum t ! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m4 ,x 0 suppos$ t botany _h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ,l9naeus & t improvem5t c\ld only be made 9 details--elaborat+ & ext5d+ 8 sy/em4 ,z ,sa*s tells u 9 8 ,hi/ory1 ! result 0 t ,botany ceas$ to be a sci5ce2 ev5 ! describ+ ( plants :i* ,l9naeus _h rais$ to an art became once m loose & neglig5t 9 ! h&s ( 8 successors4 ,botany gradually deg5]at$ "u ! influ5ce ( 8 au?ority into an insipid dilettantism--a dull occupation = plant collectors :o call$ !mselves sy/emati/s1 9 entire contrav5tion ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?is 0 writt5 ) especial ref]5ce to ,g]many1 b x appli$ ) no less =ce to our own c\ntry :]e ! ,l9naean idea _h tak5 deep root & ! ,l9naean collections _h f\nd a sanctu>y4 ,h[ev]1 by #ahdj1 a *ange 0 com+ ov] ! face ( botany4 ,little z x c h be5 dreamt1 ! ,gold5 ,age 0 already beg9n+--de/9$ 9 a relatively %ort "t to trans=m ! subject4 ,?is ,gold5 ,age 0 contemporane\s )1 & imm$iately dep5d5t on1 ! rise ( a gr\p ( "y botani/s 9 ! ,fa!rl&1 a gr\p :i* includ$ von ,mohl1 ,s*leid51 ,h(mei/]1 ,ngeli1 ,cohn & ,de ,b>y4 ,lat] x 0 re9=c$ by ,sa*s1 :o 9 addition to be+ a brilliant physiologi/ 0 a gift$ writ] :o did mu* to e/abli% sci5tific botany on a s\nd foot+4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! debt due to ,sa*s1 p>ticul>ly = 8 great ,textbook ( ,botany1 :i* at ! "r psy*ological mom5t br\ght ! :ole ( ! mod]n "w betwe5 ! cov]s ( a s+le volume4 ,x 0 ) ! dawn ( ?is p]iod t ,h5frey id5tifi$ himself4 ,9 ! #ae ye>s ( 8 active c>e] 7#ahdd-ahei7 he devot$ himself v l>gely to mak+ 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 acqua9t$ ) ! new] aspects ( botany4 ,m p>ticul>ly x 0 ! rec5t discov]ies z to ! reproduction & life hi/ory ( ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams t specially engag$ 8 int]e/--! rese>*es :i* broadly speak+ we associate ) ,h(mei/] to-day4 ,be=e we g on to speak ( ! sexuality ( ! ,cryptogams h[ev]1 a few words may be devot$ to t ( ! fl[]+ plants4 ,sexuality ( ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ,h5frey ent]$ on 8 c>e] z a botani/ no reasonable d\bt rema9$ z to ! exi/5ce ( sexes among ! fl[]+ plants4 ,! !ory ( ! sexual significance ( ! organs ( ! fl[]1 brilliantly f\nd$ by ,koelreut] 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 _h be5 p]fect$ ) a great volume ( exp]im5tal pro( by ,k4 ,f4 ,ga]tn] ! son ( ,joseph ,ga]tn] ( ,c>pologia fame4 ,by #ahcj ! me*anism ( f]tilisation came to light 9 ,amici's discov]y ( ! poll5 tube :i* he trac$ f ! /igma to ! micropyle4 ,! microscopic aspect ( ! problem 0 tak5 up ) great en]gy by ,s*leid5 & br\ght to ! =efront z ! burn+ "q ( ! e>ly =ties4 ,! !ory ( ,s*leid51 :i* appli$ 9 p>ticul> to ! fl[]+ plants1 made its influ5ce felt to su* an ext5t 9 ! se>* = evid5ce ( sexuality among ! ,cryptogams1 t we may conv5i5tly /ate 9 a few words 9 :at x consi/$4 ,s*leid5 trac$ ! poll5 tube into ! micropyle1 & !nce to ! nucellus :]e x depress$ or invag9at$ ! apex ( ! embryo-sac1 & 9 ! recess or ind5tation s produc$ ! tip ( ! poll5 tube 0 conv]t$ into ! embryo--its actual apex be+ repres5t$ by ! plumule4 ,?is !ory 0 ! l9eal desc5dant 9 mod]nis$ trapp+s ( ! old view express$ by ,morl& & o!rs at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! embryo 0 conta9$ 9 ! poll5 gra91 & t ! ovule 0 no m ?an ! brood *amb] :i!r x mu/ be br\ght to und]go fur!r developm5t4 ,?is errone\s int]pretation ( ! true facts 0 always repudiat$ by ,amici1 & 0 f9ally ov]?r[n by ,h(mei/] & ,radlk(] 9 ! e>ly fifties4 ,9 ?is connection we may note 9 pass+ ,h5frey's c>eful pap] on ! impregnation ( ,or*is ,morio1 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 :i* fully corroborat$ ,amici4 ,9 ?is pap] ! relations ( poll5 tube1 embryo-sac1 egg-cell1 susp5sor & embryo 7 correctly int]pret$1 & ! new po9t e/abli%$1 contr>y to ! ass]tions ( previ\s obs]v]s1 t ! ovum or g]m9al-vesicle1 prior to f]tilisation1 0 a nak$1 unwall$ cell4 ,sexuality 9 ,cryptogams4 ,by f> ! mo/ important "q t came to a head 9 ,h5frey's "t 0 t ( ! morphological relation%ips ( ! ,cryptogams & fl[]+ plants4 ,hi!rto ^! _h rema9$ altoge!r obscure 9 ! abs5ce ( reliable data bas$ on ! prop] application ( ! microscope to ! elucidation ( ! life hi/ories ( ! l[] plants4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,l9naean s*ool1 :i* _h tak5 deep root 9 ?is c\ntry1 z else:]e1 ! sy/ematic /udy ( fl[]+ plants _h be5 widely pursu$1 & 9 s f> z ! f]ns 7 conc]n$ _! homologies 7 commonly int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( ! fl[]+ plants4 ,)\t any real guidance 9 fact1 a great div]sity ( views ( ^! homologies f\nd expression4 ,! foll[+1 tak5 f ,l9dley1 may s]ve to illu/rate _! g5]al nature4 ,! sorus 0 reg>d$ z a sort ( comp\nd fruit1 ! sporangium z a c>pel1 ! annulus z its midrib1 & ! spores z ! se$s4 ,speculations su* z ^! are ( ! same ord] z ! crude conjectures :i* ) less excuse relieve ! answ] books ( exam9ation c&idates at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! se>* = ! male organs ( ! f]n att5tion 0 naturally direct$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! sorus1 & ! /omata1 indusia & gl&ul> app5dages 7 9 turn mi/ak5 by v>i\s obs]v]s = ! an!rs4 ,! limit 0 rea*$ by ,griffi? :o1 z is /at$ at page #aij1 conjectur$ t ! ,anab5a filam5ts :i* accompany ! megasporangia ( ,azolla 7 no o!r ?an ! male organs ( t plant4 ,s*leid5 spoke ( ^! rese>*es ) ! utmo/ scorn4 ,= my "p ,i am surpris$ t no "o has yet insi/$ ^u ! pres5ce ( ! organs ( s5se1 z eyes & e>s 9 plants1 s9ce !y are possess$ by animals4 ,su* an assumption w\ld n be a bit m absurd ?an ! mania ( insi/+ ^u hav+ an!rs 9 ! ,cryptogams1 simply because !y are f\nd 9 ! ,phan]ogams4 ,all ^! ill-gr\nd$ hypo!ses 7 swept away 9 #ahdd :5 ,ngeli discov]$ an!ridia conta9+ sp]matozoids on ! cotyl$on or pro-embryo ( ! f]n--! pro?allus we call x n[4 ,ngeli at once recognis$ _! ess5tial agreem5t ) ! an!ridia already kn[n 9 ! ,bryophytes & comp>$ ! sp]matozoids ) ! correspond+ /ructures 9 animals4 ,b z he ov]look$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ar*egonia1 or r by "s lapse mi/ook !m = /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! an!ridia1 x is n surpris+ t he 0 at a loss to und]/& ! significance ( 8 discov]y1 & t he %\ld h comm5t$ on 8 dilemma 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,see+ t ! female organs 7spores7 arise on ! frond at a mu* lat] /age ( developm5t1 & long aft] ! pro-embryo has di$ away1 ! function ( ! sp]matozoids is f> f evid5t4 ,x 0 only ?ree ye>s lat] t light 0 ?r[n on ! situation1 & f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,c\nt ,sum9ski1 an amateur microscopi/1 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( additional reproductive organs on ! f]n pro-embryo1 :i* he cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! spiral filam5t organs or an!ridia4 ,8 full pap]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdh1 m>ks an epo* 9 morphology1 & 0 a v rem>kable p]=mance4 ,9 x he r$escribes ! an!ridia & sp]matozoids--detect+ _! tuft$ cilia :i* ,ngeli _h ov]look$4 ,! ar*egonia he describes z ovules )\t envelopes consi/+ ( a papilla 7! neck7 :i* becomes p]=at$1 giv+ ! sp]matozoid access to ! embryo-sac )94 ,8 figures ( ! process ( f]tilisation are extremely int]e/+ z !y %[ h[ completely he 0 dom9at$ by ! !ory ( ,s*leid5 to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,! head ( ! sp]m is repres5t$ z ent]+ ! embryo-sac1 & !re becom+ ency/$ to =m ! embryo j z ! tip ( ! poll5 tube 0 suppos$ to d 9 fl[]+ plants4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! embryo & its v>i\s organs are trac$ & figur$1 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ admirable way4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 pap] ,sum9ski /ates t 9 view ( ! pres5ce ( male organs & ovules1 & ! occurr5ce ( f]tilisation1 ! cryptogamy ( f]ns does n exi/ 9 a physiological s5se1 & ceases to h any validity z a peculi> "*4 ,a rem>k :i* he foll[s up by ! /atem5t t f]ns mu/ on ! exi/+ classification be ref]r$ to ! ,monocotyl$ons4 ,9 c]ta9 respects no d\bt ,sum9ski's pap] is fanta/ic--m especially ! circum/antial details giv5 ( ! process ( f]tilisation4 ,b1 h[ev] we may criticise 8 "w ! cr$it belongs to ,sum9ski ( %[+ 7#a7 t sexual organs are borne on ! pro?allus1 7#b7 t ! embryo f]n plant is produc$ z ! result ( f]tilisation4 ,unlike ,ngeli1 to ,sum9ski came ! happy inspiration ( look+ = ! female organs 9 ! position :]e common s5se indicat$ !y ought to be f\nd4 ,sum9ski's pap] in/antly ar\s$ univ]sal int]e/1 & ! :ole ( 8 ass]tions 7 at fir/ categorically d5i$ by ! ,g]man botani/ ,wig&4 ,we may n[ trace ,h5frey's attitude to ,sum9ski's "w4 ,8 fir/ notice occurs 9 ! body ( a review ( ,l9dley's ,introduction 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,botanical ,gazette1 & %[s him to h be5 pr(\ndly sceptical1 if n contemptu\s1 ( ! occurr5ce ( f]tilisation 9 ! pro?allus ( ! f]n4 ,8 words are ?is 7i4e4 ,sum9ski's discov]y7 appe>s to h little b orig9ality to r5d] x wor?y ( notice4 ,t appe>$ 9 ,febru>y #ahdi4 ,writ+ at great] l5g? ( ,sum9ski's "w 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>1 he speaks mu* m gu>d$ly4 ,^! rese>*es are 9 ! highe/ degree curi\s1 & if ! facts relat$ prove to be correct1 mo/ importantly affect ! receiv$ views ( analogies 9 ! g5]ative processes ( plants4 ,at ! same "t ,h5frey says he hopes to speak m def9itely on ?is matt] :5 8 own inve/igations are complete4 ,two ye>s lat] 8 own v c>eful "w 9 ! same field 0 laid be=e ! ,l9nean ,society1 9 :i* he corroborat$ ! ma9 facts t _h come to light4 ,turn+ once aga9 to ! pap] ( ,sum9ski1 aft] mak+ c]ta9 criticisms ( detail1 ,h5frey h&somely rem>ks--,no?+ h[ev] c take f him ! cr$it ( hav+ discov]$ ! ar*egonia & _! import1 "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 physiological ,botany ( mod]n times s9ce x has l$ to results revolutionis+ ! :ole !ory ( ! reproduction ( plants & op5$ out a totally new sph]e ( inquiry into ! laws & relations ( vegetable life4 ,= "s little "t aft] ^! discov]ies ! ar*egonia ( ! f]n 71 on ! initiative ( ,m]ckl91 commonly ref]r$ to z ! organs ( ,sum9ski1 a cu/om :i* happily fell into desuetude4 ,m]ckl91 9 8 pap]1 :i* ess5tially repeats ! "w ( ,sum9ski1 /ates t he devot$ 8 entire att5tion = ?ree mon?s to ! f]n pro?alli be=e he succe$$ 9 obs]v+ ! entrance ( a sp]matozoid4 ,9 review+ ! e>ly pap]s ( ! ,h(mei/]ian epo*--pap]s :i* =m ! b$-rock ( ! exi/+ morphology--"o is /ruck ) ! m>vell\s rapidity ) :i* _! significance 0 appreh5d$4 ,we f9d ! phrase alt]nation ( g5]ations employ$ )9 two ye>s ( ! discov]ies ( ,sum9ski1 :il/ by ! e>ly fifties ! g5]al g5etic relations ( ! vascul> s]ies 7 realiz$ 9 q a new light4 ,z ,sa*s puts x3--,:5 ,d>w9's !ory 0 giv5 to ! _w eight ye>s aft] ,h(mei/]'s inve/igations1 ! relations ( aff9ity betwe5 ! great divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom 7 s well e/abli%$ & s pat5t t ! !ory ( desc5t _h only to accept :at g5etic morphology _h actually br\ght to view4 ,among ,h5frey's orig9al contributions o!r ?an ^? deal+ ) ! burn+ que/ions already m5tion$1 0 a s]ies deal+ ) ! ,anatomy ( ,monocotyl$ons4 ,?is w\ld appe> to h l$ him on to /udy ! ,nymphaeaceae1 & especially ! anatomy ( ,victoria regia--a pap] :i* may be comp>$ p]haps ) ,pr(4 ,gwynne-,vaughan's m rec5t /udy4 ,h5frey 0 q alive to ! monocotyl$on\s aff9ity1 & ! enlight5$ &1 = t date1 unconv5tional views to :i* he gave expression1 drew an int]e/+ notice by ,hook] & ,?omson 9 ! fir/ volume ( _! ,indian ,flora4 ,ano!r ( 8 pap]s dealt r fully ) ! developm5t ( ! spores & elat]s ( ,m>*antia1 :]e he fill$ 9 a consid]able lacuna 9 ! k ( t gr\p4 ,x is curi\s to f9d z late z #ahee s intellig5t & well in=m$ a botani/ z ,h5frey lay+ x d[n t ! cells ( ,m>*antia1 9 p>ticul>1 & ,liv]worts 9 g5]al1 7 de/itute ( nuclei4 ,x is sup]flu\s to say t ?is appreh5sion 0 q baseless4 ,inde$1 =ty ye>s lat]1 ! gr\p ( ! ,liv]worts 0 delib]ately *os5 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,f>m]1 = ! inve/igation ( nucle> ph5om5a on acc\nt ( ! fav\rable conditions "u :i* !y c\ld be /udi$6 ,microte*nique at t "t 0 ( c\rse a mu* simpl] affair ?an x has s9ce become4 ,contempor>y pap]s z a rule say little ab\t me?ods2 h[ev] "o ( ,h5frey's occasional notes 9 a magaz9e tells u t cau/ic pota%1 iod9e1 sulphuric1 hydro*loric & acetic acids1 toge!r ) e!r 7 9 common use4 ,s*ultze's reag5t--*loride ( z9c iodide--0 inv5t$ 9 #ahej1 b does n appe> to h be5 g5]ally employ$ till _m ye>s lat]4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be a s]i\s error to und]e/imate ! value ( ! e>li] "w 9 plant hi/ology4 ,! pres5t writ] once sp5t an int]e/+ morn+ 9 ,pfeff]'s laboratory at ,tb+5 rummag+ ?r\gh hundr$s ( ! great von ,mohl's anatomical prep>ations4 ,among ^! 7 sections ( palm endosp]ms 9 :i* !1 at t "t rec5tly discov]$1 cont9uity ( ! protoplasm ?r\gh ! cell walls 0 pla9ly visible4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! filam5ts _h be5 detect$ by von ,mohl "s ye>s be=e1 b he _h refra9$ f publi%+ 8 obs]vations f ov]-cauti\sness4 ,z a translator & editor ,h5frey 0 responsible = ! ,engli% edition ( von ,mohl's ,pr9ciples ( ! ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,vegetable ,cell1 publi%$ 9 #aheb1 = two volumes ( ,reports on ,botany 9 ! ,ray ,society's publications1 :il/ he _h a consid]able %>e 9 ,lanke/]'s translation ( ,s*leid5's fam\s ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,botany1 #ahdg4 ,9 addition to ^! !re 7 con/ant ab/racts & critical reviews f 8 p5 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory--a j\rnal ( :i* he became botanical editor be=e ! close ( 8 life4 ,z a writ] ( text-books ,h5frey 0 v prolific4 ,fir/ came 8 ,outl9es ( ,botany1 #ahdg1 foll[$ by ! ,rudim5ts ( ,botany4 ,mu* m ambiti\s 0 8 ,elem5t>y ,c\rse ( ,botany :i* became a /&>d text-book runn+ ?r\gh num]\s editions aft] 8 dea?1 "u ! editor%ip ( ! late ,dr ,m4 ,t4 ,ma/]s4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$1 9 conjunction ) ,griffi?#ajf1 ! ,micrographic ,diction>y1 a sub/antial volume deal+ 9 innum]able special & g5]al articles ) ! microscopic /udy ( plants & animals4 ,?is "w 0 no m]e compilation1 b embodi$ 9 its pages is a v l>ge am\nt ( indep5d5t obs]vation4 ,! illu/rations cov]+ ne>ly fifty plates 7 by ,tuff5 ,we/1 & rea*$ a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,a well kn[n botani/1 a contributor to ! pres5t volume1 has m ?an once assur$ me t x 0 to ! ,micrographic ,diction>y t he ow$ 8 salvation6 ,%\ld anyone desire to get a vivid & accurate picture ( ! precise /ate ( ,botany 9 ?is c\ntry at ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 he _c d bett] ?an turn ov] ! pages ( ,! ,botanical ,gazette1 a mon?ly j\rnal ( ! progress ( ,briti% botany1 f\nd$ & conduct$ by ,h5frey4 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( our own ,new ,phytologi/1 ) :i* x _h n a little 9 common4 ,9 "o respect x diff]$2 unlike ! ,new ,phytologi/ ! ,gazette 0 f9ancially a failure & aft] c>ry+ x on at 8 own exp5se = ?ree ye>s 7#ahdi-ahea7 ,h5frey _h to rel9qui% ! und]tak+4 ,a p]usal ( its cont5ts cle>ly %[s t its editor reg>d$ 8 j\rnal z "o ( ! in/rum5ts ( diffus+ ! ,new ,botany4 ,hav+ to rely l>gely = 8 subscrib]s ^u ! amateur collector he po9ts out 9 ! prefatory note t a feature w be made n only ( home botany b also ( contributions or ab/racts f abroad deal+ ) floras :i* h mu* 9 common ) our own4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? ^: collections _h rea*$ consid]able dim5sions1 & = :om ! lack ( new plants might connote a wan+ /imulus1 he held out ! fur!r inducem5t ( pap]s on ! g5]al anatomy ( famili> plants1 ( :i* an excell5t example by ,?ilo ,irmis* on ! /olons ( ,epilobium 0 includ$ 9 ! fir/ numb]4 ,= ! ?ree ye>s ( its exi/5ce ,h5frey kept fai? ) ! ,briti% botani/s & a numb] ( ,! ,botanical ,gazette r>ely appe>$ )\t an article contriv$ = _! edification4 ,! task 0 evid5tly a cong5ial "o1 = ,h5frey _h a s\nd k ( ,briti% plants ) especial ref]5ce to geographical di/ribution & critical =ms4 ,unlike sev]al lat] expon5ts ( ! ,new ,botany1 ,h5frey 0 q able to hold 8 own ) ! sy/emati/s4 ,he m ?an once expresses ! op9ion t !re 0 too great a t5d5cy to lump species 9 ! h&books to ! ,flora1 & he urg$ on ! occasion ( ! prep>ation ( ! ?ird edition ( ! ,london ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,plants t _m m =ms %\ld f9d recognition4 ,! editors ( ! catalogue h[ev] successfully oppos$ ! sugge/ion on ! +5i\s gr\nds t x w\ld raise ! weight = po/age beyond ! limits ( a blue 7twop5ny7 /amp6 ,h5frey ?\ght mu* might be done by cultivation "u v>y+ conditions to settle vex$ que/ions z to critical species1 & sugge/$ t a limit$ numb] ( botani/s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry %\ld co-op]ate 9 a s*eme "u :i* se$ %\ld annually be di/ribut$1 h>ve/$ & re-di/ribut$ among ^? tak+ "p4 ,h5frey himself (f]$ to und]take ! some:at on]\s duty ( receiv+ & di/ribut+ ! se$ & ( g5]ally correlat+ ! "w4 ,z h[ev] 8 proposal 0 m]ely tagg$ on to a note on ,sag9a apetala & ciliata x is h>dly rem>kable t no?+ came ( x4 ,an int]e/+ m9or feature ( ! ,gazette 0 ! report+ ( ! proce$+s ( ! v>i\s ,botanical ,societies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^! %[ t a *ronic /ate ( intellectual fam9e frequ5tly obta9$ ev5 at ! lead+ societies--a /ate ( :i* ve/iges are /ill occasionally disc]nible4 ,x 0 no unusual occurr5ce at ! ,l9nean ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ,rob]t ,br[n's presid5cy = ! meet+ to be regal$ ) long extracts f ! comm5t>ies on ! ,hortus ,malab>icus4 ,9 ?is respect h[ev] ! record 0 easily held by ! n[ defunct ,botanical ,society ( ,london1 :i* ek$ out its programme = a :ole ye> ) a communication by a ,mr ,d4 ,/ock ,on ! ,botany ( ,bungay1 ,suffolk4 ,begun on ! #aa? ,octob]1 #ahej1 x only drew to a conclusion on ! #crd ,octob]1 #ahea4 ,!re 7 o!r attractive features 9 ,! ,botanical ,gazette on :i* space does n all[ me to dwell4 ,! g5]al impression ga9$1 h[ev]1 f a p]usal ( ! pap]s ( t "t is t !y 7 refre%+ly %ort1 z comp>$ ) our own day1 & (t5 v mu* to ! po9t4 ,! record+ ( obs]vations 0 r>ely made ! occasion = a survey ( ! :ole field ( botany1 & little trace 0 disc]nible ( ! pres5t habit ( ov]-elaboration4 ,! =ego+ outl9e ( ,h5frey's activities %[s t !y 7 devot$ :olly to ! spread ( ! ,new] ,botany 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! means employ$ includ$ ! publication ( reviews & ab/racts1 ! edit+ ( translations ( ! m notable books1 ! f\nd+ ( j\rnals1 & ! writ+ ( text-books4 ,moreov] by 8 own inve/igations he kept close t\* ) ! mod]n "w & 0 inde$ ! means ( corroborat+ & (t5 mat]ially advanc+ _m ( ! l>g] problems be=e putt+ !m into g5]al circulation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ?is complete devotion ( 8 life to ! cause1 ! ,new ,botany f\nd no p]man5t place 9 ?is c\ntry till tw5ty ye>s aft] ,h5frey's dea?4 ,botanically speak+1 ! organisation & rise ( taxonomy 0 ! rul+ pre-occupation ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 a direct outcome ( colonial expansion & consolidation4 ,f$ on unlimit$ supplies ( new mat]ial f ! ends ( ! e>? ! taxonomic habit became supreme4 ,:at c\ld an isolat$ /ud5t & recluse l ,h5frey d to /em ?is flood8 ,circum/ances 7 too /rong = him1 & f\nd+ no imm$iate s*ool x rema9$ = a lat] g5]ation to take up ! task4 ,?\gh ! hi/ory ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,new ,botany 9 ,engl& lies outside ! prov9ce ( ?is lecture1 x is in/ructive1 z a contra/ 9 me?ods1 to note ! mann] ( its accompli%m5t4 ,h5frey1 :o reli$ on 8 p51 _h prov$ ineffective to br+ ab\t a revolution4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] x fell to ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]1 !n a "y man1 to succe$ :]e ,h5frey _h fail$4 ,by 8 enlight5$ tea*+ & p]sonal magnetism1 ,?iselton-,dy] ar\s$ a widespread int]e/ 9 laboratory botany4 ,b ! matt] 0 n all[$ to re/ !re4 ,hold+ z he did an important po/ at ,kew1 ! /rategic c5tre1 he 0 able to obta9 appo9tm5ts 9 ! *ief ,colleges & ,univ]sities ( ! c\ntry = ! recruits :om he _h attract$4 ,9 ?is way1 by ! ex]cise ( an acute intellig5ce am\nt+ to /atesman%ip1 & 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t1 ! ,new ,botany became ev]y:]e firmly e/abli%$4 ,,footnote3 #ajf ,n ! ,william ,griffi? ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,,william ,,h5ry ,,h>vey #ahaa-ahff ,,by ,r4 ,,lloyd ,,praeg] ,e>ly influ5ces--,natural ,hi/ory--8 pret5sions to sci5ce--*oice ( a pr(ession--visit to ,london--e>ly publication--,s\? ,africa--inve/igation ( its flora--appo9t$ ,keep] ( ,univ]sity ,h]b>ium1 ,dubl9--,algology ) ,mrs ,griffi?s--,phycologia ,britannica--appo9t$ to ,pr(essor%ip--visit to ,am]ica--lectures & travels--,n]eis ,boreali-,am]icana--travels 9 ! ,ea/--,au/ralia--,new ,zeal&--,fiji--return home--election to *air at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl9--,phycologia ,au/ralica--m>riage & dea?--,h>vey's limitations--8 reception ( ,d>w9ism--p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! _m illu/ri\s names t figure on ! syllabus ( ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures1 t ( ,h>vey is probably "o ( ! less g5]ally kn[n4 ,?is is due = ! mo/ "p to ! fact t ! subject to :i* ! great] portion ( 8 en]gies 0 devot$--! sy/ematic /udy ( seawe$s--occupies a some:at remote ni*e 9 ! edifice ( botany4 ,also _m ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 collect+ 9 di/ant regions2 & 8 retir+ disposition1 & comp>atively e>ly dea?1 contribut$ to ! same result4 ,9 ! sci5tific _w ( 8 day he avoid$ publicity1 b lab\r$ ) indomitable zeal at 8 *os5 subject1 leav+ beh9d him a s]ies ( spl5didly illu/rat$ descriptive works4 ,= a glimpse ( ! man himself--8 life1 8 aims1 8 ?\ghts--we h to rely almo/ entirely on a volume#ajg consi/+ ma9ly ( lett]s writt5 to relations & to family fri5ds1 :i* 0 edit$ by 8 c\s91 ,mrs ,lydia ,fi%]1 & publi%$ a few ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,my indebt$ness to ?is volume 9 :at foll[s w be app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii ,,william ,,h5ry ,,h>vey ,william ,h5ry ,h>vey came ( ! old ,quak] /ock t has giv5 to ,irel& sev]al ( h] mo/ en?usia/ic naturali/s4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ,?omas ,wright ( ,cork1 ,joseph ,wright ( ,belfa/1 ,gre5wood ,pim ( ,dubl92 all ( :om1 imm]s$ 9 affairs ( bus9ess1 devot$ _! leisure h\rs to sci5ce1 & progress$ f> 9 ! bran*es ( zoology or botany to :i* !y address$ !mselves4 ,h>vey's family belong$ to ,y\ghal1 on ! coa/ ( ,co4 ,cork4 ,8 fa!r 0 a well-kn[n m]*ant ( ,lim]ick1 9 :i* t[n he himself 0 born1 ! y\nge/ ( elev5 *ildr51 j a hundr$ ye>s ago--9 ,febru>y #ahaa4 ,ev5 z a *ild1 8 love ( natural hi/ory made itself app>5t1 & =tunately 8 s*ool+ t5d$ to fo/] ?is ta/e4 ,aft] a few ye>s at ,newt[n ne> ,wat]=d1 he w5t to ! hi/oric s*ool ( ,ballitore1 9 ! c\nty ( ,kild>e4 ,^! ,iri% ,quak] s*ools h long fav\r$ ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 & ,ballitore at t "t 0 no exception4 ,! head ma/] 0 ,james ,:ite1 a ke5 naturali/1 & himself a writ] on ,iri% botany#ajh2 & probably ! enc\ragem5t t "y ,h>vey receiv$ at ,ballitore _h mu* to d ) ! %ap+ ( 8 life4 ,at ! age ( fifte51 we f9d him writ+ ( 8 collection ( butt]flies & %ells1 & already ref]r+ to ! gr\p 9 :i* he subsequ5tly a*iev$ 8 greate/ fame3-- ,i also int5d to /udy my fav\rite & useless class1 ,cryptogamia4 ,i ?9k ,i he> !e say1 ,tut-tut6 ,b no matt]4 ,to be useless1 v>i\s1 & ab/ruse1 is a suffici5t recomm5dation ( a sci5ce to make x pleas+ to me4 ,i don't "k h[ ,i %all ev] f9d out ! diff]5t g5]a ( mosses4 ,li*5s ,i ?9k w be easy 7he little knew !m67 b fungi ,i %all n attempt2 n at all f _! difficulty1 b only because !y are n easily pres]v$4 ,b d n say t ! /udy ( ,cryptogamia is useless4 ,rememb] t x 0 f ! g5us ,fucus t iod9e 0 discov]$4 ,ano!r lett] ( ?is p]iod1 writt5 :5 he 0 sixte51 conta9s s qua9t a description ( himself t ,i am tempt$ to quote f x3-- ,9 p]son ,i am tall1 & 9 a good degree awkw>d4 ,i am sil5t1 & :5 ,i d speak say little1 p>ticul>ly to p ( :om ,i am afraid1 or ) :om ,i am n intimate4 ,i c>e n = city sports1 or = ! div]sions ( ! c\ntry4 ,i am equally unkn[n to any heal?ful amusem5t ( boys4 ,i _c swim nor skate4 ,i "k no?+ ( ! delight ( ^!1 & yet ,i c amuse myself & be q happy1 seem+ly )\t any "o to %>e my happ9ess4 ,my botanical k ext5ds to ab\t ?irty ( ! commone/ plants4 ,i am v fond ( botany1 b ,i h n mu* opportunity ( le>n+ any?+1 because ,i h only to %[ ! plant to ,james ,:ite1 :o tells me all ab\t x1 :i* ,i =get ! next m9ute4 ,my m9]alogy embraces ab\t twelve m9]als1 ( :i* ,i "k only ! names4 ,i am totally unacqua9t$ ) =eign %ells1 & "k only ab\t two hundr$ & fifty native ones4 ,z to orni?ology1 ,i h /uff$ ab\t ?irte5 birds4 ,9 *emi/ry ,i read a few books1 & tri$ "s exp]im5ts4 ,9 li?ography ,i broke a /one & a pr9t+ press4 ,^! are my pret5sions to sci5ce4 ,! ref]5ce to li?ography is int]e/+1 9 view ( ! fact t he became lat] on "o ( ! mo/ exquisite del9eators ( plants1 & ) 8 own h& drew on /one ! great] "p ( ! spl5did plates :i* enri* 8 works on ,phan]ogams & ,algae4 ,9 8 confession ( ignorance ( sports & pa/imes1 we already see ! result ( ! want ( robu/ heal? :i* foll[$ him ?r\gh life1 & br\ght ab\t 8 premature dea?2 & 9 spite ( :i* he p]=m$ su* monum5tal "w4 ,already ,h>vey's m9d 0 q made up z to :at l9e 9 life he w\ld pref]4 ,he _c hope1 he says1 to a*ieve success 9 comm]ce1 by buy+ *eap & sell+ de>4 ,z reg>ds pr(essions1 he is nei!r fit to be a doctor nor a lawy]1 lack+ c\rage = ! "o1 & face = ! o!r1 & application = bo?4444 ,all ,i h a ta/e = is natural hi/ory1 & t might possibly lead 9 days to come to a g5us call$ ,h>veya1 & ! lett]s ,f4,l4,s4 aft] my "n1 & ) t ,i %all be cont5t4444 ,! utmo/ ext5t ( my ambition w\ld be to get a pr(essor%ip ( natural hi/ory4 ,8 p>5ts _h ?\ght ( plac+ ! boy ) an em95t *emi/ 9 ,london1 b 8 obvi\s antipa?y to ! prospect ( city life l$ to 8 ent]+ 8 fa!r's (fice 9 ,lim]ick in/ead4 ,! quiet home life :i* ensu$ 0 well suit$ to 8 ta/e4 ,all holidays 7 devot$ to collect+4 ,! family _h a summ] resid5ce at ,milt[n ,malbay1 on ! ,atlantic coa/1 an excell5t spot = ,algae2 & x 0 no d\bt ! "t sp5t !re t br\ght ^! plants prom95tly "u 8 notice1 & l$ to ! notewor?y rese>*es ( lat] days4 ,= ! "t1 ,mollusca /ill ma9ly occupi$ 8 m9d1 & 9 #ahbi1 at eighte5 ye>s ( age1 we f9d him busily engag$ 9 draw+ ! plates = a ,te/acea ,hib]nica--a book t nev] saw ! light1 ?\gh two ye>s lat] he writes ( be+ at "w on 8 ,bivalvia ,hib]nica1 :i* 0 !n half f9i%$4 ,9 ! same ye>1 he made 8 fir/ excursion into =eign p>ts z he calls !m1 visit+ ,dubl91 ,liv]pool1 ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[4 ,an acc\nt ( a meet+ ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 to :i* he 0 tak5 by 8 fri5d ,bi*5o1 !n secret>y1 & at :i* if n edifi$ ,i 0 amus$1 %[s t ! rev]5ce he felt = sci5ce did n necess>ily ext5d to con/itut$ sci5tific au?ority4 ,! ,presid5t wore a ?ree-cock$ hat ( ample dim5sions1 & sat 9 a crimson arm-*air 9 great /ate4 ,i saw a numb] ( new ,fell[s admitt$4 ,!y 7 m>*$ "o by "o to ! presid5t1 :o rose1 & tak+ !m by ! h&1 admitt$ !m4 ,! process co/s #be4 ,9 #ahca1 8 f9d+ at ,kill>ney ( ! beautiful moss ,hook]ia laetevir5s1 hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,irel&1 l$ to ! =mation ( "o ( ! w>me/ & mo/ valuable fri5d%ips ( 8 life4 ,he =w>d$ specim5s1 ) a *>act]i/ic lett]1 to ,w4 ,j4 ,hook] at ,glasg[1 & ! k9d & enc\rag+ reply :i* he receiv$ l$ to fur!r lett]s & ev5tually to an intimacy :i* seems to h be5 priz$ equally on bo? sides4 ,hook] recogniz$ at once ! extraord9>y tal5t ( ! %y "y man ( tw5ty1 l5t him books1 ask$ him to visit him1 & congratulat$ him on 8 critical faculty1 pr$ict+ = him a rapid advance to ! top ( algologi/s4 ,ano!r life-long fri5d%ip made ab\t ?is "t 0 ) ,mrs ,griffi?s ( ,torquay2 & he numb]$ ,greville & ,ag>dh among 8 e>lie/ correspond5ts4 ,already he 0 deep 9 8 life-task ( comp>+ & describ+ plants1 work+ ) ! re/less en]gy :i* *>act]is$ him4 ,i rise at five e morn+1 he writes1 & "w till breakfa/1 exam9+ or describ+ ! ,algae = ! ',briti% ,flora#aji4' ,if ,i d five species a day ,i ?9k x good "w4 ,?is may seem sl[1 b !re is mu* to be comp>$ & correct$6 = ,i diff] f ,dr ,hook] on _m species4 ,oh1 impud5ce6 oh1 presumption6 ,9 #ahcb he und]took to d ! ,algae = ,j4 ,t4 ,mackay's ,flora ,hib]nica1 :i* 0 publi%$ ?ree ye>s lat]2 ?is 0 8 mo/ important contribution to ! botany ( 8 native l&4 ,! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahcd broke up ,h>vey's home life1 & 8 /rong desire to /udy ! vegetation ( di/ant c\ntries l$ to enquiries z to ! obta9+ ( an appo9tm5t 9 ! ,colonies4 ,new ,s\? ,wales 0 fir/ ?\ght (1 b x 0 = ! ,cape t he />t$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,asa ,gray1 a fri5d ( _m ye>s' /&+1 tells1 9 a notice ( ,h>vey 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts#aaj1 a curi\s /ory z to ! circum/ances att5d+ ?is mom5t\s *ange 9 ,h>vey's life4 ,! /ory is repeat$ 9 ! notice ( ,h>vey 9 ,seemann's ,j\rnal ( ,botany#aaa1 ?\gh n m5tion$ 9 ! ,memoir edit$ by 8 c\s94 ,x seems t1 z ! result ( ,h>vey's repres5tations1 he obta9$ ?r\gh ,mr ,spr+ ,rice1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,monteagle1 ! po/ ( ,treasur] at ! ,cape2 b1 by an accid5t1 ! appo9tm5t 0 made out 9 ! "n ( an eld] bro!r 7,joseph ,h>vey72 & an inopportune *ange ( m9i/ry occurr+ j at ! "t1 fru/rat$ all attempts at rectification4 ,be t z x may1 ,joseph ,h>vey sail$ = ,s\? ,africa 9 ,july #ahce1 tak+ 8 y\ng] bro!r ) him z assi/ant4 ,x 0 ) high hopes t ! naturali/ />t$ = ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,at t "t ! flora ( ,s\? ,africa 0 b slightly kn[n4 ,ab\t ,cape ,t[n itself & ne> o!r old] c5tres ( colonization1 inde$1 _m plants _h be5 collect$1 bo? by ,dut* & ,engli%2 b va/ tracts ( m\nta9 & veldt1 = a ?\s& miles to nor? & ea/1 7 /ill unexplor$4 ,he describes 8 excitem5t on l&+1 & h[1 aft] a sleepless night1 he />t$ (f = ! hills e>ly next morn+1 to revel among /range ,ericas1 ,polygalas1 ,lobelias1 ,diosmas1 ,proteas1 & ,ixias4 ,he at once settl$ d[n to collect+ ) 8 usual me?od & en]gy4 ,f f\r or five until n9e e morn+ he 0 at "w on ! m\nta9s or on ! %ore2 aft] :i* sev]al h\rs 7 devot$ to pres]v+ ! mat]ial4 ,)9 a few weeks he 0 engag$ on ! description ( new g5]a & species1 & 9 ?ree mon?s 8 h]b>ium conta9$ #hjj species4 ,already s*emes = organiz$ "w lead+ up to publication 7 9 8 m9d2 & x seem$ z if 8 task lay op5 be=e him2 b fate will$ o!rwise4 ,8 bro!r fell ill )9 a few mon?s ( 8 arrival1 & a little lat] a return to ,europe 0 ord]$--to no purpose1 z ,joseph ,h>vey di$ on #bf ,april1 a =tnight aft] sail+1 & x 0 a sad home-com+ :i* ! naturali/1 :o _h accompani$ ! invalid1 exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,june foll[+4 ,he />t$ aga9 = ,s\? ,africa a few weeks lat]1 to take up 8 bro!r's duties z ,colonial ,treasur]2 & rema9$ !re = ?ree ye>s1 :5 sev]e illness1 br\ght on by ov]work1 compell$ a return home4 ,b he came back1 & resum$ 8 /r5u\s life1 sp5d+ 8 days 9 (ficial duties & 8 nights at botany1 until1 9 #ahdb1 a complete break-d[n =c$ him to resign 8 po/1 & leave ! c\ntry4 ,sev5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 ?us devot$ to ,s\? ,africa1 &1 9 spite ( ! s]i\s inroads on 8 "t & en]gy caus$ by two t$i\s voyages home1 z well z by illness :5 at ! ,cape1 a great am\nt ( botanical "w 0 accompli%$4 ,he arrang$ ) collectors = ! supply ( plants f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 he got ! ,gov]nm5t int]e/$ 9 ! native flora1 s t (ficial pap]s 7 issu$ giv+ in/ructions = collect+ & solicit+ specim5s2 & ,h>vey himself devot$ s mu* "t to 8 hobby t he sugge/s t 8 title %\ld be ,h] ,maje/y's ,pleasur]-,g5]al1 in/ead ( ,treasur]-,g5]al4 ,e mon? br\ght its quota ( undescrib$ plants4 ,almo/ e small package ( specim5s receiv$ f ! ,natal1 or ! ,transvaal di/rict1 he writes#aab1 conta9s n only new species1 b new g5]a2 & "s ( ! latt] are ( s m>k$ & isolat$ a "*1 z to lead u to inf] 9 ! same region ! exi/5ce ( unkn[n types t may bett] connect !m ) ,g5]a or ,ord]s already kn[n4 ,to produce sy/em 9 ?is *aos he compil$ & publi%$ 8 ,g5]a ( ,s\? ,african ,plants 7#ahch71 ! =]unn] ( ! l>g] works :i* con/itute 8 pr9cipal memorial 9 ! doma9 ( ,phan]ogamic ,botany4 ,b ! uncong5ial climate & ! int5se application 7 too great a /ra9 on 8 heal? & he rea*$ ,europe 9 #ahdb1 pro/rat$ 9 bo? body & m9d4 ,nev]!less1 ! f9al ye> ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,africa saw ! production ( ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( works on seawe$s by :i* 8 "n w ev] be be/ kn[n4 ,8 ,manual ( ,briti% ,algae 0 issu$ by ! ,ray ,society 9 #ahda1 its ,introduction dat$ at ,cape ,t[n1 ,octob] #ahdj--;a mode/ octavo volume1 *>act]iz$ by ! ?or\ghness :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 "w4 ,a p]iod ( convalesc5ce & apa?y foll[$ 8 return1 9 :i* he w&]$ ab\t ,irel&1 do+ "s desultory botaniz+2 aft] :i* he settl$ 9 8 old home at ,lim]ick1 & aga9 took up ! uncong5ial duties connect$ ) ! family bus9ess4 ,b soon a new prospect op5$ out4 ,! retirem5t ( ,william ,allman left vacant ! ,*air ( ,botany 9 ,dubl9 ,univ]sity4 ,h>vey _h little hesitation 9 apply+ = ! po/1 to :i*1 he po9ts out to a fri5d1 a mod]ate sal>y & com=table ,college-rooms are atta*$4 ,x is an old ba*elor place1 he writes1 & w\ld 9 _m ways suit me v well4 ,! only ?+ on ! face ( x disagreeable is ! lectur+1 b ,i don't ?9k ,i %\ld m9d t mu*1 z x is lawful to h ! subjects = ! class writt5 d[n4 ,h>vey's c&idature 0 view$ fav\rably by ! ,univ]sity au?orities1 b a difficulty arose1 inasmu* z ! ,s*ool ( ,physic ,act prescrib$ t ! ,pr(essor ( ,botany %\ld hold a m$ical degree1 or ! lic5ce ( ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,to r5d] him eligible1 ! degree ( ,m4,d4 0 at once conf]r$ on ,h>vey honoris causa1 b aft] a good deal ( discussion ?is solution ( ! "q 0 held to be inadmissible1 & ,george ,james ,allman 0 appo9t$ to ! vacant *air4 ,h>vey1 h[ev]1 obta9$ ! small] appo9tm5t ( ,keep] ( ! ,univ]sity ,h]b>ium1 :i* _h fall5 vacant at ab\t ! same "t ow+ to ! dea? ( ,dr ,?omas ,c\lt]1 ! botanical explor] ( ,c5tral ,mexico & ,cali=nia4 ,h>vey n[ at la/ f\nd himself 9 a cong5ial po/1 ) a fair am\nt ( leisure1 & facilities = sci5tific "w4 ,he pres5t$ 8 h]b>ium ( ov] #aj1jjj species to ! ,univ]sity1 :i* already possess$ ,c\lt]'s ext5sive ,am]ican collections4 ,i am z busy z a bee ^! times1 he writes4 ,i rise at #e a4m4 or be=e x1 & "w till breakfa/-"t 7half-pa/ eight7 at ! ',ant>ctic ,algae#aac4' ,directly aft] breakfa/ ,i />t = ! ,college1 & d n leave x till five o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,aga9 at plants till dusk4 ,i am writ+ on ! ',ant>ctic ,algae1' & arrang+ ! ,h]b>ium1 & h be5 work+ at ,c\lt]'s ,mexican & ,cali=nian plants4 ,college vacations 7 n[ usually sp5t at ,kew1 /ay+ ) 8 be/ fri5d ,sir ,william ,hook]1 & work+ h>d 9 ! ,h]b>ium4 ,on ! way home f ! fir/ ( ^! vacations1 he w5t to ,torquay1 to sp5d "s "t ) 8 old correspond5t1 ,mrs ,griffi?s4 ,!y w5t out boat+1 he & ! good lady ( sev5ty-six ye>s2 & toge!r !y visit$ ! only ,briti% habitat ( ,gig>t9a ,te$ii1 six miles away1 & ga!r$ t covet$ sea-we$ 9 ! spot :]e ,mrs ,griffi?s _h discov]$ x 9 #ahaa1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,h>vey 0 born4 ,ano!r v r>e alga :i* he receiv$ ab\t ?is "t1 to 8 great delight1 0 ,?uretia qu]cifolia f ,au/ralia1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( sea-we$s1 be>+ oakleaf-%ap$ r$ fronds1 =m$ ( a beautiful lace-l d\ble network ) regul> hexagonal op5+s1 :i* he 0 himself de/9$ to collect 9 quantity "s ye>s lat] at ,port ,phillip1 & to figure 9 8 ,phycologia ,au/ralica#aad4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ?is plant 0 f\nd mu/ h made ,h>vey's m\? wat]4 ,my specim51 he writes1 0 pick$ up by a lady :o accid5tally l&$ = a few h\rs 9 a little h>b\r1 into :i* ! %ip put dur+ a gale1 & %e describes ! %ore z cov]$ ) ! mo/ wond]ful pr(usion ( plants & animals4 ,%e got all ! pocket h&k]*iefs ( ! p>ty & fill$ !m ) :at came fir/ to h&1 & 9 ?is ha/y way pick$ up sixty diff]5t k9ds ( sponges1 =ty ( :i* are new species1 & sev]al ,algae1 among :i* 0 ! above describ$ beauty4 ,h] husb& 7a capta97 is go+ out aga91 & promises to ga!r all he c meet )4 ,don't ,i hope he may h a run 9 aga9 9 a squall6 ,h>vey n[ comm5c$ ! publication ( ! fir/ ( 8 l>g] works on seawe$s--! classical ,phycologia ,britannica1 a s]ies ( #cfj col\r$ qu>to plates1 drawn on /one by 8 own h&1 repres5t+ all ! species !n kn[n to inhabit ! ,briti% ,isles1 & accompani$ by suitable lett]press3 ! :ole tak+ five ye>s to complete4 ,?is "w repres5t$ an imm5se advance 9 ! k ( ,briti% sea-we$s1 &1 by ! beauty & excell5ce ( its plates1 did mu* to popul>ize ! /udy ( ^! int]e/+ plants4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he began 8 ,n]eis ,au/ralis1 or ,algae ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ fruits ( a compreh5sive s*eme ( publication1 :i* 9 its entirety 0 to =m a comp5di\s picture ( ! vegetation ( ! ocean1 ! ,n]eis ,au/ralis be+ foll[$ by a simil> ,n]eis ,tropica & ,n]eis ,borealis2 b only a section ( ! s*eme 0 c>ri$ out1 & publication /opp$ ) ! issue ( #abj pages ( lett]press & fifty col\r$ plates1 drawn z usual by ,h>vey himself4 ,9 #ahdi he issu$ ,! ,sea-side ,book1 a popul> acc\nt ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! sea-%ore1 :i* ran ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,ab\t ?is "t he secur$ an additional appo9tm5t :i*1 :ile x add$ to 8 pr(essional duties1 also increas$ 8 opportunities = rese>*4 ,! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #agca = ! improvem5t ( husb&ry1 manufactures1 & o!r useful arts & sci5ces1 & aid$ by consid]able gov]nm5t funds1 _h long s9ce emb>k$ on compreh5sive s*emes = ! developm5t ( bo? sci5ce & art4 ,to its activity is due ! f\ndation & build+ up ( _m ( ! lead+ educational in/itutions 9 ,dubl9--! ,national ,museum1 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,glasnev91 ! ,metropolitan ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,! ,society _h e/abli%$ also pr(essor%ips ( zoology1 botany1 natural philosophy1 *emi/ry1 & s on4 ,9 #ahdh ! pr(essor%ip ( botany became vacant by ! dea? ( ,dr ,samuel ,litton1 & ,h>vey appli$ = ! po/4 ,^! appo9tm5ts 7 made by ! vote ( ! memb]s at l>ge1 & /rongly aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 he _h to ent] on a p]sonal canvass1 ( "s exp]i5ces ( :i* he gives a half hum\r\s1 half pa!tic acc\nt 9 a lett] to ,n4 ,b4 ,w>d1 ( ,w>dian case fame1 :o ?r\gh\t life 0 "o ( 8 mo/ regul> correspond5ts4 ,! issue 0 satisfactory1 ,h>vey be+ elect$ by a ?ree-f\r?s majority4 ,?is appo9tm5t plac$ him 9 control ( ! ,glasnev9 ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ( :i* ,dr ,david ,moore1 s well kn[n by 8 "w on ! ,iri% flora1 0 curator4 ,x made him responsible besides = ! deliv]y annually ( c\rses ( botanical lectures 9 ,dubl91 & also1 at int]vals1 9 select$ t[ns 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahdi ,h>vey accept$ an invitation f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ,h>v>d ,univ]sity to deliv] twelve lectures on botany at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute at ,bo/on1 & o!rs at ,wa%+ton4 ,! subject he *ose = ! ,bo/on c\rse 0 a compreh5sive survey ( ! plant-_w1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! progressive organization ( ! vegetable entity4 ,! cryptogams _h a place ( hon\r1 f\r lectures be+ devot$ to ,algae3 x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,fungi1 :i* he designates ! mo/ ari/ocratic ( ,crypts--fruges consum]e nati1 he plac$ imm$iately bel[ ! ,fl[]+ ,plants1 = reasons :i*1 no d\bt1 he gave 9 8 disc\rses4 ,he sail$ f ,liv]pool 9 ,july4 ,ocean traffic _h be5 revolutioniz$ s9ce 8 la/ voyage f ! ,cape2 in/ead ( a dawdl+ sail+-%ip1 a /eam] transport$ him 9 t5 days to ,nova ,scotia2 & ) "s ( ! old excitem5t ) :i* he _h />t$ on 8 fir/ climb up ,table ,m\nta91 he rambl$ away into ! d>k spruce woods1 ?r\gh ! ri* und]gr[? ( ,kalmias1 ,l$ums & ,&rom$as1 ) ,s>rac5ias & ,or*ids ris+ f among ! ,sphagnums 9 ! damp] spots4 ,he dr$g$ & %ore-collect$ also1 b ! seawe$ flora 0 n ri*4 ,!nce he pass$ to ,new ,york1 :i* he describes z l tw5ty ,birk5heads & a doz5 ,liv]pools1 ) slices f ,london & ,p>is1 all huddl$ toge!r1 & pa9t$ bright r$1 ) gre5 w9d[s4 ,he visit$ ,niag>a & ,quebec1 & !n travell$ to ,bo/on1 :]e he 0 welcom$ by ,asa ,gray1 :o 0 8 ho/ dur+ 8 /ay4 ,! lectures 7 well att5d$1 & ,h>vey seems to h be5 satisfi$ ) !m & ) ! reception :i* !y receiv$2 a popul> lecture on seawe$s at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute at ,provid5ce 0 l>gely att5d$4 ,^! disc\rses1 & ! introductions & conv]sations t ensu$1 _h m ?an a pass+ int]e/1 z recruits 7 enroll$ = alga-collect+1 :o subsequ5tly suppli$ valuable mat]ial = 8 "w on ,nor? ,am]ican seawe$s4 ,he saw all t 0 be/ ( sci5tific society 9 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 & met _m ( ! great m5 ( t g5]ation--,agassiz1 ,bailey1 ,dana1 ,longfell[1 ,leidy1 ,pick]+1 ,prescott1 ,silliman1 ,daniel ,web/]1 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 ,hav+ fulfill$ 8 engagem5ts & revisit$ ! family ( 8 late bro!r ,jacob 9 ,new ,york1 he turn$ 8 face s\?w>d 9 ,janu>y = a collect+ t\r along ! ,atlantic sea-bo>d4 ,aft] brief /ays at ,wilm+ton & ,*>le/on1 :]e he did a little botaniz+1 & s5t to ,kew a box-full ( ,dionaea1 he arriv$ by boat at ,key ,we/ "o ,sunday midnight 9 p\r+ ra91 to sp5d ! rema9+ h\rs ( d>kness 9 w&]+ ab\t seek+ a lodg+4 ,b by morn+ 8 =tunes _h m5d$1 & he sp5t a busy & pleasant mon? !re1 collect+ by day1 dodg+ mosquitos by night1 & liv+ ma9ly ^u turtle & roa/ turkey1 m ord9>y foods be+ sc>ce4 ,he made l>ge collections ( ,algae1 almo/ e day br++ to him new & beautiful =ms4 ,he _h hop$ to h ! company ( ,pr(4 ,bailey on ?is trip1 b illness prev5t$ ?is1 & he _h to c>ry out 8 "w alone4 ,m>* saw him back 9 ,*>le/on1 :]e he att5d$ ! annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,!n to ,wa%+ton1 :]e he deliv]$ f\r lectures at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,at ,*>le/on he aga9 met ,agassiz1 & once m records ! pr(\nd impression :i* ! ,am]ican zoologi/ produc$ ^u him4 ,8 f9e ?\ght1 he writes1 ( re=m+ ! classifications ( animals by a m intimate /udy ( _! "y 9 ! v>i\s /ages f embryonic life to full developm5t1 gr[s apace2 & if he lives to br+ out 8 conception ( a sy/em bas$ ^u ?is1 x w n only cr[n 8 memory = ev]1 b be ! greate/ /ep ( ! pres5t age 9 zoological sci5ce4444 ,he is c]ta9ly a man ( extraord9>y g5ius1 great en]gy1 & ) ! mo/ rapid inductive p[]s ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,i c\ld n help say+ to myself1 z ,i sat & li/5$1 ,well1 x is pleasant to be he>+ all ?is1 z x is utt]$1 & = ! fir/ "t4 ,if "o lives to be an old man1 "o w h to say1 ',i rememb] to h he>d ,agassiz say s & s1' & !n e "o w li/51 j z we %\ld d to a p]son :o _h conv]s$ ) ,l9naeus or ,cuvi]4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is appreciation ( ,agassiz's ideas 0 writt5 n9e ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 & at a "t :5 ,am]ican m5 ( sci5ce 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 a controv]sy z to :e!r mank9d are all desc5d$ f ,adam & ,eve1 or f sev]al sep>ate creations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"o ( 8 la/ lett]s writt5 on ,am]ican soil conta9s a note on ano!r subject1 significant 9 ! light ( subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,i h be5 twice at sitt+s ( ! ,s5ate1 & h he>d a good s5sible spee* on ! ,union "q1 :i* is n[ agitat+ folk "h4444 ,! bone ( cont5tion is ,slav]y4 ,! spr+ ( #ahej saw him once aga9 settl$ 9 ,dubl91 ) a great accumulation ( "w on h&4 ,"p ( ! summ] 0 sp5t 9 collect+ ,algae on ! coa/ ( ,antrim2 & he met aga9 8 fri5ds ,asa ,gray & 8 wife1 :o 7 visit+ ,europe4 ,ano!r acqua9tance made at ?is "t1 :i* rip5$ into a w>m fri5d%ip1 0 ! result ( ! f9d+ by ,mrs ,alfr$ ,gatty1 well-kn[n z a writ] ( fiction1 ( ! ,*rysym5ia orcad5sis ( ,h>vey at ,filey1 9 fruit = ! fir/ "t--! exam9ation ( :i* conv9c$ ,h>vey t ! ,orkney plant 0 only a v>iety ( ,*rysym5ia rosea 7,lom5t>ia rosea ,?uret74 ,mrs ,gatty became a useful ally 9 ! collect+ ( seawe$s1 & a valu$ fri5d2 ,h>vey's influ5ce is se5 9 h] ,briti% ,seawe$s1 publi%$ 9 #ahfc4 ,! ye> #ahea saw ! completion ( ! ,phycologia ,britannica1 & he at once set to "w on 8 ,n]eis ,boreali-,am]icana1 publi%$ 9 ?ree p>ts 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k--a "w ( #eej qu>to pages conta9+ an acc\nt ( all ! kn[n species ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,algae1 & #ej col\r$ plates1 li?ograph$ z usual ) 8 own h&--a f9e piece ( "w1 & "o :i* has n yet be5 sup]s$$4 ,?is 0 a "t ( /r5u\s lab\r1 = already he 0 plann+ a /ill m ext5d$ =eign t\r2 b he f\nd "t 9 ! autumn ( #aheb = a trip to ,switz]l& ) ,sir ,william ,hook] & o!r fri5ds4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahec1 ,h>vey set out on ! mo/ ext5d$ sci5tific exp$ition ( 8 life4 ,s f> 8 collect+ _h be5 done 9 ,europe1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,n[ he 0 to visit ! ,indian ,ocean & ,au/ralasia1 & to inve/igate _! seawe$ flora1 z yet b little kn[n4 ,a %ort /ay 0 made 9 ,egypt1 & a sea-%ore ramble at ,ad5 yield$ ,pad9a pavonia & a few o!r seawe$s1 b o!rwise he made no /op till ,ceylon 0 rea*$4 ,!re he travell$ a good deal1 b seawe$ collect+ 0 n s successful z he _h hop$4 ,"s ( ! places explor$ prov$ unproductive1 & ! preval5ce ( ! monsoon r5d]$ collect+ difficult or impossible4 ,b ! la/ ?ree weeks1 sp5t at ,belligam ,bay & ,po9t de ,galle1 yield$ excell5t results1 & he proce$$ to ,s+apore en r\te = ,albany1 ) a collection ( ab\t #ejjj specim5s ( ,algae4 ,! fir/ "w 9 ,au/ralia 0 done 9 ! extreme s\?-we/4 ,"h he ga!r$ seawe$s assidu\sly 9 ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd1 b ! gr\nd prov$ r poor1 ?\gh "o welcome /orm br\ght him a ri* h>ve/1 ( :i* he pres]v$ #gjj specim5s 9 "o day4 ,he mov$ on to ,cape ,ri*e1 to ! ea/w>d1 travell+ ?r\gh ! bu% on foot1 & ?us mak+ intimate acqua9tance ) ! int]e/+ vegetation z well z ! fauna ( ! di/rict trav]s$4 ,cape ,ri*e prov$ poor also1 & he w5t nor?w>d to ,p]?1 :]e he met ,james ,drummond1 ! pione] ( ,we/ ,au/ralian botany1 =m]ly ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,cork1 & ! discov]] ( ,spiran!s ,romanz(fiana 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,at ,p]? he /ruck good gr\nd4 ,?is place is an excell5t locality = ,algae1 he writes1 ,i am daily f9d+ fre% ones1 & h ! prospect ( a good h>ve/ ( novelty & int]e/4444 ,! days are too %ort = my "w4 ,my be/ collections are made at ,g>d5 ,isl&1 n9e miles di/ant4 ,i h be5 twice l&$ = a two h\rs' walk1 & on bo? occasions collect$ s mu* t x took ?ree days to lay !m on pap]4 ,rottne/ ,isl& also prov$ highly productive1 & he gives a v attractive picture ( ! great rock-pools on ! lime/one reefs1 fill$ ) brilliant seawe$s1 _m ( !m undescrib$4 ,"h he liv$ 9 ! des]t$ convict e/abli%m5t1 & amass$ a l>ge & valuable collection4 ,!nce he w5t to ,melb\rne1 :]e he collect$ at sev]al po9ts ab\t ,port ,phillip1 notably on ,phillip ,isl&2 aft] :i* he sail$ = ,tasmania1 :]e at ,georget[n he _h a mon?'s successful "w ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f]$ay1 himself an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( botany1 seawe$s includ$4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,hob>t1 he obta9$ p]mission to visit ,port ,ar?ur1 at t "t a great convict /ation1 = :i* he sail$ on ,m>* #a1 #ahee1 pass+ ! gr& basaltic headl&s ( ,cape ,ra\l & ,cape ,pill>4 ,at ,port ,ar?ur amid exquisite natural surr\nd+s m>r$ by ! pres5ce ( *a9$ prison]s1 arm$ w>d]s1 & s5try-l9es ( fi]ce dogs1 he work$ successfully1 do+ mu* %ore-collect+1 & dr$g+ ) ! aid ( a crew ( convicts & arm$ gu>ds4 ,aft] a little r unsuccessful collect+ at ,sydney & ,newca/le he sail$ = ,new ,zeal&1 :]e he sp5t a few weeks at ,auckl&4 ,:ile ! t]re/rial flora prov$ highly int]e/+ to him1 he f\nd ! %ore poor 9 ,algae2 b he enli/$ a useful recruit = collect+1 9 ,mr ,knight1 ,auditor-,g5]al1 :o und]took to collect & s5d him fur!r mat]ial4 ,! #bf? ,july1 #ahea1 f\nd him at ,tonga ,taboo1 9 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 revell+ 9 8 fir/ glimpse ( nature 9 mid-,pacific4 ,! fr++ reef prov$ some:at disappo9t+1 = amid ! multitud9\s & _m-col\r$ animal =ms only a few gre5 ,algae 7 to be f\nd4 ,h>vey sp5t six mon?s 9 ! ,pacific1 visit+ isl& aft] isl& accord+ z ! mission boats suppli$ a means ( transport1 collect+ seawe$s & a good _m m>9e animals4 ,at t "t social conditions 9 ! ,s\? ,seas 7 v diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,! adjo9+ ,fiji ,isl& gr\p1 = in/ance1 0 /ill 9 a savage /ate3 ! capta9 ( ! mission vessel told ,h>vey h[1 only f\r ye>s be=e1 he _h se5 "o hundr$ human bodies laid out = a great fea/1 & cannibalism 0 /ill a habitual practice !re2 b ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 ?\gh b rec5tly 9 a simil> condition1 seem already to h des]v$ _! "n1 & ,h>vey's exp]i5ces ( ! natives1 ) :om he 0 mu* 9 contact1 appe> to h be5 ( ! pleasante/ description2 9 ,fiji also1 :]e sev]al weeks 7 sp5t1 ! f\nd+ ( a ,*ri/ian mission 7p]mitt$ only two ye>s be=e aft] eighte5 ye>s' refusal7 _h already greatly alt]$ local practices2 devil-wor%ip & cannibalism 7 rapidly dy+ out4 ,h>vey1 apply+ at ! mission /ation = a responsible guide1 0 furni%$ ) a man entitl$ ,koroe1 :i*1 x appe>$1 0 an hon\rable title some?+ equival5t to a ,c4,b4 9 ,engl&1 & be/[$ only on a p]son :o _h committ$ at lea/ five murd]s4 ,h>vey return$ to ,sydney1 & !nce to ,europe by ,valp>aiso & ,panama1 hav+ a sev]e b\t ( fev] on ! way4 ,he rea*$ home 9 ,octob]1 #ahef1 aft] an abs5ce ( ov] ?ree ye>s4 ,"h an important *ange ( life await$ him4 ,g4 ,j4 ,allman succe$$ to ! ,natural ,hi/ory *air 9 ,ed9burgh1 r5d]$ vacant by ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,=bes1 & ,h>vey 0 elect$ to ! *air 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 ! difficulties :i* l$ to 8 rejection twelve ye>s e>li] be+ n rais$ on ?is occasion1 ?\gh ! law rema9$ ! same4 ,at ! same "t1 ! incorporation ( ! sev]al ,dubl9 ,society pr(essor%ips 9 ! newly f\nd$ ,museum ( ,iri% ,indu/ry 7n[ ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce = ,irel&71 gave him additional "w1 z 8 po/ 0 conv]t$ into a ,natural ,hi/ory & ,economic *air4 ,h[ev]1 ! consid]able increase ( lectur+ & tea*+ ?us br\ght ^u him did n prev5t 8 pu%+ on vigor\sly ) ! n[ l>ge arre>s ( phycological "w4 ,8 fir/ action 0 to f9i% & publi% ! ?ird & la/ section ( ! ,n]eis ,boreali-,am]icana & !n br+ to a conclusion 8 enum]ation ( ! seawe$ flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ 9 #aheh1 & 9 ! same ye> he began ! publication ( ! results ( 8 "w 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,phycologia ,au/ralica1 :i* 0 issu$ 9 p>ts dur+ ! ensu+ five ye>s1 ran to five volumes1 ea* conta9+ sixty col\r$ plates1 & descriptions ( all ! species kn[n f ,au/ralasian wat]s4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ! laun*+ ( ?is "w1 he comm5c$ ! publication ( two important treatises on ! phan]ogamic flora ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! well-kn[n ,flora ,cap5sis1 he _h ! co-op]ation ( ,dr ,o4 ,w4 ,sond] ( ,hamburg4 ,?is ext5sive "w he did n live to complete2 ! ?ird volume1 :i* ran z f> z ! end ( ! ,campanulaceae1 be+ publi%$ ! ye> be=e 8 dea?4 ,! o!r "w 0 8 ,!saurus ,cap5sis1 a s]ies ( plates ( r>e or int]e/+ ,s\? ,african plants1 design$ to supplem5t & illu/rate ! unillu/rat$ ,flora2 ( ?is he liv$ to issue only two volumes1 ea* conta9+ "o hundr$ plates4 ,h>vey's home life1 :i* = sev]al ye>s _h be5 v lonely1 0 trans=m$ 9 #ahfa1 :51 at ! age ( fifty1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,phelps ( ,lim]ick1 :om he _h long kn[n4 ,b almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds ! %ad[ ( dea? appe>$1 haemorrhage f ! lungs w>n+ him t 8 newly f\nd happ9ess might n endure4 ,aft] a summ] sp5t at 8 fav\rite ,milt[n ,malbay1 on ! wild coa/ ( ,cl>e1 he 0 able to resume 8 college duties & 8 "w on ,flora ,cap5sis4 ,al?\gh he nev] fully recov]$ 8 heal?1 he lab\r$ dilig5tly at ! works he _h 9 h&4 ,he _h a noble example ( cont9u$ devotion to sci5ce 9 8 old fri5d ,sir ,william ,hook]1 :om he aga9 visit$1 on return+ f a t\r on ! ,cont95t1 9 ! autumn ( #ahfc1 to f9d him1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>1 f9i%+ (f ! la/ volume ( 8 ,species ,filicum1 & already beg9n+ to nibble at ano!r book4 ,?is 0 a fur!r "w on f]ns1 ! ,synopsis ,filicum1 on :i* ,hook] 0 busily engag$ until )9 a few days ( 8 dea? 9 ! summ] ( #ahfe2 x 0 complet$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,bak] & publi%$ ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahfe1 ,h>vey himself became s]i\sly ill1 &1 an imm$iate *ange to a mild climate be+ recomm5d$1 he & 8 wife w5t to /ay at ,torquay ) ,lady ,hook]1 & !re he di$ on #ae? ,may1 #ahff4 ,h>vey 0 only fifty-five ye>s ( age :5 he di$1 b he _h won = himself a =emo/ place among sy/ematic botani/s4 ,life1 z ,lubbock has said1 is measur$ by ?\ght & action1 n by "t2 & accord+ to ?is /&>d1 ,h>vey's life-cup 0 already full & runn+ ov]4 ,he _h us$ to ! utmo/ ! gifts :i* he possess$4 ,! capital ) :i* he ent]$ on 8 c>e] compris$ a critical eye1 a deft h&1 & t sci5tific en?usiasm )\t :i* no botani/ ev] travels f>4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! acc\nt1 he _h two s]i\s det]r5ts1 a r delicate body1 & a complete abs5ce ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,apropos ( dissection1 he writes to ,hook] 9 8 y\ng] days1 ,i am a mis]able manipulator1 & %\ld be v grateful = a few lessons4 ,f ! beg9n+ he _h a %rewd p]ception ( :at lay )9 8 rea*1 & :at 0 beyond x4 ,! ext5t to :i* ,i mean to g 9 botany1 he wrote at tw5ty-"o ye>s1 is to "k ,briti% plants ( all k9ds z well z possible2 to "k ,algae ( all c\ntries specially well2 to collect all =eign ,cryptogamia t may fall 9 my way1 & to "k !m mod]ately well4444 ,my reason = *oos+ ! ,algae is pure compassion2 !y be+ sadly neglect$ by ! pres5t g5]ation1 ?\gh at a =m] "t !y 7 9 high fav\r4 ,9 ! lett]s writt5 ev5 9 boyhood we see =e%ad[$ ! direction & ext5t ( 8 future rese>*es4 ,exactly :at he det]m9$ 9 y\? to accompli%1 says ,dr ,john ,todhunt] 9 8 ,preface to ,h>vey's ,memoir1 he accompli%$2 ! "w :i* he took ^u himself to d he did1 hone/ly & ?or\ghly2 ! fame :i* he desir$ to a*ieve1 he a*iev$4 ,he saw t 8 /r5g? lay 9 discrim9ation1 description1 & illu/ration1 & to ^!--! necess>y c5sus task :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork on :i* great !ories may be built up--he conf9$ himself4 ,! latt] ye>s ( 8 life fell )9 t /imulat+ p]iod :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,b 9 ! battle ( giants :i* ensu$ he took no "p4 ,8 attitude1 inde$1 0 r t ( an amus$ spectator2 & 9 ! lett]s :i* are available1 8 ref]5ces to ! great controv]sy ( ! day1 & alli$ topics1 are mo/ly 9 a playful ve94 ,i d n "k h[ cats purr1 he writes to 8 fri5d ,mrs ,gatty1 & am glad y ask$4444 ,h y nev] felt a some?+ /op y\r own w9dpipe :5 pleas$ or griev$1 :5 sudd5ly affect$ ei!r way8 ',tis ! fir/ gurgle ( a purr2 y 7 a cat once1 away 9 ! ages1 & ?is is a "p ( ! rema9s4 ,almo/ 8 only contribution to ! lit]ature ( natural selection 0 a s]io-comic squib1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,dubl9 ,univ]sity ,zoological & ,botanical ,association on #ag ,febru>y1 #ahfj & subsequ5tly pr9t$ = private circulation1 entitl$ ,a ,guess z to ! ,probable ,orig9 ( ! ,human ,animal consid]$ by ! light ( ,mr ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 & 9 opposition to ,lam>ck's notion ( a ,monkey ,p>5tage4 ,d>w9 ?\ght ?is production a little unwor?y ( ! au?or4 ,i am n sorry = a natural opportunity ( writ+ to ,h>vey1 he says1 j to %[ t ,i 0 n piqu$ at 8 turn+ me & my book into ridicule1 n t ,i ?9k x 0 a proce$+ t ,i des]v$1 or wor?y ( him#aae4 ,simil>ly1 ,h>vey rejoices ov] ,*>les ,k+sley's ,wat] ,babies1 & especially ov] ! sly fun :i* is pok$ at ,d>w9ism1 & also at c]ta9 types ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,only once did he ent] ! li/s ) a s]i\s criticism1 :51 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle#aaf1 he cites ! case ( a mon/r\s ,begonia 9 objection to ,d>w9's views4 ,h>vey1 inde$1 did n l ! new !ory4 ,i am fully dispos$ to admit natural selection z a v]a causa ( mu* *ange1 he writes1 b n z ! v]a causa ( species4 ,fur!r ?an ?is he c\ld n g1 ?\gh mu* impress$ ) ! argum5ts drawn f geographical di/ribution4 ,i he>tily wi% we 7 ne>] 9 accord1 writes ,d>w9 at ! end ( a long lett] to ,h>vey1 b we mu/ rema9 cont5t to be z wide asund] z ! poles1 b )\t1 ?ank ,god1 any malice or o!r ill-feel+#aag4 ,?us x w be se5 t ,h>vey took b little "p 9 influ5c+ ! ?\ght ( 8 "t2 ! mat]ials = 8 "w 7 ga!r$ n f 8 own creative bra91 nor f ! ?\ghts ( o!r m51 b direct f ,nature's /oreh\ses2 8 /udy 0 ! f>-/ret*+ %ore1 8 companions ,! toil+ surges1 ,lad5 ) sea-we$ f ! rocks1 8 duty ! describ+ ) p5 & p5cil ! h>ve/ ( ! sea4 ,9 8 works1 he rises above m]e te*nical description ( ! species ) :i* he is deal+4 ,8 m9d is fill$ ) ! beauty & wond] ( plants2 & he /rives to impress ! read] ) ! deep int]e/ ( ! /udy ( botany4 ,he endeav\rs always to popul>ize 8 fav\rite pursuit by means ( pleasant g5]al introductions1 & to promote a bett] k ( seawe$s or ( fl[]+ plants by appeal+ to 8 read]s to collect1 & by giv+ in/ructions = ! ga!r+ & pres]v+ ( specim5s4 ,he d]iv$ a peculi> satisfaction f ! ?\ght t1 at 8 po/ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 he 0 build+ up a great p]man5t collection t w\ld be useful to future g5]ations ( botani/s4 ,"h1 he writes1 ,i sit l a turnspit roa/+ ! meat1 & :5 ,i am gone ,i suppose ano!r dog w be put 9 my place4 ,! ,h]b>ium w n be brok5 up4 ,i am cont5t1 = ,i seem to be work+ = "s little purpose4 ,i %\ld j l to leave x 9 bett] ord]--to get ?r\gh ! arre>s--& to return borr[$ specim5s4 ,x 0 ! same ?\ght t prompt$ him to ! publication ( ! great descriptive works :i* 8 rapidity & skill ) p5 & p5cil enabl$ him to complete despite frequ5t int]vals ( illness4 ,he devot$ himself to 8 task ) int5se application4 ,tw5ty m9utes1 he writes f ,s\? ,africa 9 ! middle ( ! /ifl+ summ]1 is my fair all[ance = a draw+1 ) all its microscopical analysis4 ,f 8 lett]s1 & f ! rem9isc5ces ( p]sons :o rememb] him1 "o ga!rs t ,h>vey 0 a v lovable sort ( man4 ,%y & retir+1 & diffid5t z to 8 own p[]s1 ) a deeply affectionate nature1 he 0 equally prone to s++ ! praises ( 8 fri5ds1 & to disp>ag+ himself4 ,if ,i lean to glorify any "o1 he writes to ,william ,?ompson ( ,belfa/1 x is ,mrs ,griffi?s1 to :om ,i owe mu* ( ! little acqua9tance ,i h ) ! v>iations to :i* ^! plants ! seawe$s are subject1 & :o is always ready to supply me ) fruits ( plants :i* e "o else f9ds b>r54 ,%e is wor? t5 ?\s& o!r collectors4 ,writ+ ( ,h>veya1 a g5us ( ,s\? ,african ,scrophul>9eae :i* ,hook] _h j nam$ 9 8 hon\r1 he comm5ts1 ',tis apropos to give me a g5us ( ,p>asites1 z ,i am "o ( ^? weak *>act]s t draw _! pleasures f o!rs1 & _! support & su/5ance too1 see+ ,i quickly p9e1 if ,i h n "s "o to torm5t4 ,he 9 8 turn lov$ to commemorate 8 fri5ds1 or o!rs 9 :om he felt an int]e/1 by nam+ aft] !m new g5]a ( plants--,apjohnia1 ,ares*\gia1 ,ballia1 ,backh\sia1 ,bellotia1 ,b[]bankia1 ,drummondita1 ,curdiea1 ,greyia1 ,mackaya1 & _m o!rs4 ,! names ( "s ( 8 fav\rite au?ors are simil>ly en%r9$1 z ,crabbea1 ,evelyna4 ,inde$1 :5 at ,niag>a he saw an inscription to a "y lady :o fell ov] ! cliff :5 ga!r+ fl[]s-- ,miss ,ruggs at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree ,0 laun*$ into et]nity1 he comm5ts ,poor ?+6 ,i mu/ call a plant aft] h]--,ruggia w\ld s\nd well4 ,he _h inde$ a love ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,writ+ to ,mrs ,gray on ! dea? ( h] fav\rite dog1 he tells h[ he felt s a%am$ ( be+ s deeply mov$ :5 9 ,s\? ,africa by ! dea? ( 8 pet o/ri*1 t he =eswore any simil> entanglem5t1 & kept 8 v[ ev] s9ce4 ,( s]i\s griefs he _h _m2 ! dea? ( sev]al belov$ bro!rs & si/]s :o pr$eceas$ him1 w\ld h be5 well nigh intol]able to him b = ! pr(\nd religi\s feel+ :i* su/a9$ & help$ him ?r\gh\t life1 & :i* robb$ dea? ( all its t]rors4 ,i _c d bett] ?an conclude ) "s words 9 :i* ,asa ,gray summ$ up ,h>vey's "w & "* %ortly aft] 8 decease#aah3 ,he 0 a ke5 obs]v] & a capital describ]4 ,he inve/igat$ accurately1 work$ easily & readily ) microscope1 p5cil1 & p51 wrote p]spicu\sly1 & :]e ! subject p]mitt$1 ) captivat+ grace2 af=d+1 9 8 light] productions1 m]e glimpses ( ! w>m & poetical imag9ation1 delicate hum\r1 ref9$ feel+1 & s9c]e goodness :i* 7 *>m+ly reveal$ 9 intimate int]c\rse & correspond5ce1 & :i* won ! admiration & ! love ( all :o knew him well4 ,h&some 9 p]son1 g5tle & fasc9at+ 9 mann]s1 g5ial & w>m-he>t$ b ( v retir+ disposition1 simple 9 8 ta/es & unaffect$ly dev\t1 x is n surpris+ t he attract$ fri5ds :]ev] he w5t1 s t 8 dea? w be s5sibly felt on e cont95t & 9 ! isl&s ( ! sea4 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,memoir ( ,w4 ,h4 ,h>vey1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ) selections f 8 j\rnal & correspond5ce4 ,london1 #ahfi4 #ajh ,an essay on ! indig5\s grasses ( ,irel&4 #hvo4 ,dubl91 #ahjh4 #aji ,publi%$ z ,vol4 ,v41 ,"p #a1 ( ,smi?'s ,engli% ,flora4 #aaj ,vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #bgd1 #ahff4 #aaa ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #bcf1 #ahff4 #aab ,flora ,cap5sis1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #h4 #aac ,! algae ( ,bee*ey's ,voyage4 #aad ,vol4 ,i41 plate ,,xl4 #aae ,d>w9's ,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cad4 #aaf ,= #ahfj1 pp4 #ade-adf4 #aag ,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aff4 #aah ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 p4 #bgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii ,,miles ,,joseph ,,b]keley ,,miles ,,joseph ,,b]keley #ahjc-ahhi ,,by ,,george ,,massee ,n>rative--e>ly int]e/ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory--,zoological publications--,algae--,fungi--"* & magnitude ( ,b]keley's "w 9 sy/ematic ,mycology--exotic fungi--co-op]ation ) ,broome--morphology ( ,basidiomycetes--,introduction to ,cryptogamic ,botany--pione] "w 9 plant pa?ology--! potato disease--p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,miles ,joseph ,b]keley 0 born at ,bigg9 ,hall1 ne> ,oundle1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 on ! #a/ ,april1 #ahjc4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,*>les ,b]keley1 ^: wife 0 a si/] ( ,p4 ,g4 ,munn1 ! well-kn[n wat]-col\r arti/4 ,8 family belong$ to ! ,spet*ley bran* ( ! ,b]keleys1 & _h be5 resid5t = sev]al g5]ations 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,b]keley receiv$ 8 prelim9>y education at ! ,oundle ,gramm> ,s*ool & aft]w>ds at ,rugby1 ent]$ ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #ahba1 & graduat$ z #e? ,s5ior ,optime 9 #ahbe4 ,he 0 orda9$ 9 #ahbf1 & 8 fir/ cl]ical duty 0 ! curacy ( ,/ ,john's1 ,m>gate4 ,9 #ahcc he became ,p]petual ,curate ( ,ape?orpe & ,wood ,newton1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & resid$ at ! neighb\r+ village ( ,k+'s ,cliffe1 a "n famili> to e mycologi/ z be+ ! habitat ( num]\s species ( fungi1 fir/ record$ z memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,flora4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 appo9t$ ,vic> ( ,sibb]t(t1 ne> ,m>ket ,h>bor\gh1 :]e he di$ on ! #cj? ,july1 #ahhi1 at ! age ( #hf ye>s4 ,z a boy ,b]keley 0 mu* devot$ to ! /udy ( nature1 pay+ special att5tion to ! /ructure & habits ( animals2 he also at an e>ly age made a some:at ext5sive con*ological collection4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 to "s ext5t fo/]$ at ,rugby1 b ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ dur+ ,b]keley's "t at ,cambridge1 & ! opportunities ( /udy+ ! progress ( rese>* made 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 7 ! *ief factors t det]m9$ ,b]keley to ent] s]i\sly on ! /udy ( :at at ! "t 0 /yl$ ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,8 fir/ publi%$ pap] 0 ,on new species ( ,modiola & ,s]pula 7,zoological ,j\rnal1 #ahbh74 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,on ! int]nal /ructure ( ,helicolimax ,lam>ckii2 ,on ,d5talium subulatum2 ,on ! animals ( ,voluta & ,assim9ia 7idem #ahcb-cd72 & ,on ,briti% ,s]pulae & ,dreiss5ia polymorpha 7,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahcd-cf74 ,a s]ies ( beautifully execut$ col\r$ draw+s & dissections1 illu/rat+ ,b]keley's zoological /udies1 may be se5 at ! ,h]b>ium1 ,kew4 ,al?\gh all ,b]keley's publications up to ?is "t dealt ) zoological subjects1 yet ! /udy ( ,botany _h be5 by no means neglect$1 & ab\t ?is "t hav+ made ! acqua9tance ( ,dr ,h>vey ( ,dubl91 ,dr ,greville ( ,ed9burgh1 ! au?or ( ,scotti% ,cryptogamic ,flora1 & ( ,capta9 ,c>mi*ael ( ,app91 ,n4,b41 a trio ( ! mo/ celebrat$ cryptogami/s ( ! age1 ,b]keley =sook ! s]i\s /udy ( zoological subjects1 & devot$ ! :ole ( 8 leisure "t to ! l[] =ms ( plant life4 ,liv+ at ,m>gate1 ! m>9e algae naturally attract$ ,b]keley's att5tion1 & 9 #ahcc he publi%$ 8 ,glean+s ( ,briti% ,algae1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( detail$ inve/igations on ! /ructure ( ! m9ute & obscure =ms ( m>9e & fre%-wat] species4 ,?is "w1 illu/rat$ by tw5ty col\r$ plates1 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be includ$ 9 ! supplem5t to ,dr ,greville's ,scotti% ,cryptogamic ,flora1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! discont9uance ( t mo/ excell5t "w1 0 issu$ z an indep5d5t booklet4 ,f ! fir/ ,b]keley 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! fungi1 & practically all 8 subsequ5t "w 0 devot$ to ?is gr\p ( plants1 & al?\gh well v]s$ 9 g5]al ,cryptogamic ,botany1 x 0 9 ! field ( ,mycology t 8 laurels 7 won4 ,a review ( ! "w done c be mo/ conv5i5tly discuss$ "u ?ree sep>ate head+s--,sy/ematic ,mycology1 ,morphology & ,lit]ature1 & ,plant ,pa?ology1 respectively4 ,sy/ematic ,mycology4 ,"u ! title ,briti% ,fungi1 f\r fascicles ( dri$ & well-prep>$ specim5s1 numb]+ 9 all #cej species1 7 issu$ betwe5 #ahcf & #ahdc4 ,9 ^? days exsiccat 7 n issu$ f a comm]cial /&po9t1 z is too frequ5tly ! case at ! pres5t day1 b repres5t$ ! outcome ( c>eful inve/igation on ! "p ( ! au?or1 h5ce ,b]keley's exsiccat are at a premium at ! pres5t day4 ,9 #ahbh ,b]keley fir/ correspond$ ) ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook] on matt]s deal+ ) cryptogams1 & 9 "o ( 8 e>ly lett]s /at$ t he _h devot$ mu* "t to ! /udy ( fungi1 m especially to ! ext5sive g5us ,ag>icus1 :i* at t p]iod includ$ all ! gill-be>+ fungi4 ,at ?is "t1 ,sir ,william 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ ! volumes deal+ ) cryptogams1 z supplem5t>y to ,! ,engli% ,flora ( ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi?1 & approa*$ ,b]keley on ! subject ( und]tak+ ! section deal+ ) ,ag>ics1 9 ! volume devot$ to ! fungi4 ,b]keley agre$ to ?is arrangem5t1 & 0 f9ally induc$ to describe ! :ole ( ! fungi4 ,a footnote at ! comm5cem5t ( ! volume by ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook] is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! pr9t+ ( ! species ( ?is1 ! #bnd ,"p ( ! ,class ,cryptogamia1 0 comm5c$1 ,i ?\ght myself highly =tunate to h obta9$ ! assi/ance ( my valu$ fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 9 prep>+ ! fir/ ,tribe1 ,pileati4 ,i h n[ to express my cordial ackn[l$gem5ts 79 :i* ,i am satisfi$ ,i %all be jo9$ by e ,botani/ 9 ! c\ntry7 to t g5tleman = hav+ k9dly und]tak5 to prep>e ! :ole ( ?is va/ family = ! press3 & x is c]ta9 t ! task c\ld n h fall5 into bett] h&s4 ,! volume conta9s detail$ descriptions ( all ,briti% fungi kn[n at ! "t1 am\nt+ to #acfj species1 includ$ 9 #aee g5]a1 ! great majority ( :i* _h be5 /udi$ by ! au?or 9 a liv+ condition1 & also comp>$ ) specim5s conta9$ 9 v>i\s exsiccat & ) ! v ext5sive collection own$ by ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is book at once plac$ ,b]keley 9 ! front rank ( ,mycologi/s1 & x 0 univ]sally admitt$ z ! mo/ complete ,mycologic ,flora ( any c\ntry extant2 & fur!rmore1 s f> z accurate in=mation1 & a true s5se ( ! conception ( species are conc]n$1 ! same /atem5t holds good at ! pres5t day4 ,at ?is date our k ( extra-,european fungi 0 almo/ nil1 ) ! exception ( a few woody cosmopolitan species collect$ by v>i\s travell]s1 m z matt]s ( curiosity ?an = ! advancem5t ( our k ( ! fungus-flora ( ! _w4 ,opportunity alone 0 requir$ by ,b]keley1 & su* opportunity 0 readily af=d$ by ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]1 :o plac$ unres]v$ly 9 ,b]keley's h&s ! v>i\s collections ( exotic fungi receiv$ at ,kew f "t to "t4 ,?is practice 0 cont9u$ by ! two succe$+ ,directors at ,kew1 ,sir ,joseph ,dalton ,hook] & ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]4 ,su* unrivall$ opportunities 7 utilis$ to ! fulle/ ext5t by ,b]keley1 :o soon manife/$ by 8 treatm5t ( ! mat]ial plac$ 9 8 h&s a ?or\gh grasp ( ! subject1 & = ne>ly half a c5tury practically all collections ( exotic fungi pass$ ?r\gh ,b]keley's h&s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod #fjjj new species 7 describ$1 & 9 num]\s in/ances illu/rat$1 includ+ _m new g5]a f all p>ts ( ! _w1 arctic1 ant>ctic1 tropical & temp]ate4 ,botani/s 7 n[ enabl$1 = ! fir/ "t1 to grasp ! true significance ( ! fungus-flora ( ! _w1 :i* num]ically ranks next to ,phan]ogams1 & :i* 0 %[n to ex]cise an influ5ce on life on ! globe 9 g5]al1 n realis$ be=e ,b]keley's "t4 ,! bett] kn[n ,european g5]a ( fungi1 _m ( :i* appe>$ to be %>ply def9$1 & by "s mycologi/s consid]$ to be ( ord9al importance1 c\ld n[ be e/imat$ at _! true value & relegat$ to _! true position 9 ! s*eme ( classification r5d]$ possible by a good k ( ! range ( /ructure pres5t$ by ! fungi ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,z reg>ds geographical di/ribution1 ,b]keley repeat$ly emphasiz$ ! fact t ! fungi are m cosmopolitan ?an any o!r kn[n gr\p ( plants1 & t _! abundance at any place dur+ a giv5 p]iod 0 almo/ entirely dep5d5t on conditions fav\r+ ! developm5t ( ! high] =ms ( plant life1 fungi only foll[+ 9 ! wake ( su*1 & nev] pos+ z pione]s1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( _! food4 ,among/ ! num]\s novel types ( extra-,european fungi describ$ by ,b]keley1 x is some:at difficult to indicate briefly ev5 a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ =ms4 ,p]haps 8 g5us ,broomeia /&s out pre-em95t4 ,x belongs to ! puffball gr\p ( fungi1 & is unique 9 t family--! ,ga/]omycetaceae--9 hav+ num]\s individuals spr++ f1 & imb$d$ 9 a common /]ile base or /roma4 ,x is a native ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! foll[+ is ,b]keley's d$ication ( ?is g5us to 8 fri5d & co-work]1 ,c4 ,e4 ,broome1 ,m4,a41 ( ,ba?4 ,nom5 d$i 9 honorem amicissimi1 ,c4 ,e4 ,broome1 armig]i1 ,tub]ace>um ,anglic>um accuratissimi indagatoris1 cujus p5e solius laboribus extant hodie vig9ti species indig5ae fungorum hypogaeorum4 ,broomeia congregata ,b]k41 is describ$ & figur$ 9 ,hook]'s ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahdd4 ,c]ta9 club-%ap$ fungi p>asitic on cat]pill>s1 belong+ to ! g5us ,cordyceps1 occurr+ on buri$ cat]pill>s 9 ,new ,zeal&1 are ! giants ( _! tribe1 measur+ up to eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,f9ally1 ,b]keley fir/ introduc$ to our notice _m ( ^? qua9t fungi belong+ to ! gr\p includ+ our well kn[n /9khorn--,phallus impudicus ,l4--& cle>$ up _m po9ts 9 _! /ructure previ\sly unkn[n4 ,fries1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ mycologi/ ( 8 "t1 writes z foll[s 9 8 ,preface to ,hym5omycetes ,europaei2 ,desid]atissima v]o ,synopsis ,hym5omycetum extra-europe>um1 qualem solus prae/]e valebit ,rev4 ,b]keley4 ,not)/&+ ,b]keley's rese>*es on exotic fungi1 a task 9 itself too compreh5sive = mo/ m5 to grapple )1 he cont9u$ to /udy ! ,briti% fungi1 &1 mo/ly 9 collaboration ) 8 fri5d1 ,mr ,c4 ,e4 ,broome1 publi%$ a long s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 f #ahcg d[n to ! ye> #ahhc4 ,9 ^! articles #bjbg species ( fungi are enum]at$1 mo/ly new1 or species new to ,brita91 & consi/ ma9ly ( critical notes on ! morphology & aff9ities ( ! fungi "u consid]ation1 & w compel ! att5tion ( mycologi/s = all "t4 ,f ! above brief acc\nt x may p]haps be conclud$ t ,b]keley 0 ess5tially a sy/emati/ & f\nd] ( new species4 ,ow+ to ! va/ am\nt ( mat]ial t pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s1 he 0 s p]=ce1 b 8 lean+ 0 always r t[>ds ! biological & morphological side ( ! subject4 ,morphology & ,lit]ature4 ,! fir/ important pap] deal+ ) ! morphology ( ! hym5ial /ructure 9 ,fungi1 is entitl$1 ,on ! ,fructification ( ! ,pileate & ,clavate ,tribes ( ! ,hym5omycet\s ,fungi1 ,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahch4 ,"h is cle>ly demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t1 ! univ]sal occurr5ce ( basidia be>+ spores at _! summit1 ?r\gh\t ! entire gr\p ( fungi kn[n to-day z ! ,hym5omycetes1 includ+ ,ag>icaceae1 ,!lephoraceae1 ,clav>iaceae1 etc4 ,?is important discov]y r5d]$ possible ! basis ( a classification on morphological gr\nds1 :i* holds good at ! pres5t day4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! text & illu/rations demon/rates ! fact t ,b]keley 0 p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) all ! ess5tial details ( ! hym5ium1 _m ( :i* h be5 repeat$ly r$iscov]$ & describ$ "u new names1 9 ignorance ( ! fact t su* /ructures _h previ\sly be5 equally well describ$4 ,b]keley cont9u$ 8 inve/igations on ! /ructure ( ! hym5ium1 & 8 next pap]1 entitl$ ,sur la fructification des g5res ,lycop]don1 ,phallus et de quelques autres g5res vois9s1 9 ,annal4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,xii4 7#ahci71 demon/rat$ ! univ]sal pres5ce ( basidia be>+ spores at _! summit 9 ! family n[ kn[n z ! ,ga/]omycetes4 ,?is rese>* on ! "p ( ,b]keley l$ to ! univ]sal adoption ( ! two prim>y divisions ( ! ,fungi2 ,basidiomycetes1 hav+ ! spores borne at ! apex ( a basidium2 & ,ascomycetes1 hav+ ! spores produc$ )9 specialis$ sacs1 or asci4 ,9 #aheg ! ,introduction to ,cryptogamic ,botany appe>$1 :i* rema9$ = _m ye>s ! /&>d "w on ! subject4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #ahfj by ,outl9es ( ,briti% ,mycology1 a book pr(usely illu/rat$ ) col\r$ plates1 & int5d$ m especially = ! beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( ,mycology4 ,j ov] #djj sep>ate pap]s deal+ ) fungi are li/$ "u ,b]keley's "n alone1 9 addition to num]\s o!rs1 :]e he work$ 9 collaboration ) ,c4 ,e4 ,broome1 ,dr ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis1 & o!rs4 ,plant ,pa?ology4 ,at ! pres5t day ,b]keley is be/ kn[n z a sy/emati/1 :i* ( itself alone is suffici5t to reta9 8 "n = all "t 9 ! front rank ( mycologi/s1 b :5 ! hi/ory ( ,plant ,pa?ology is elaborat$1 ,b]keley's "n w und\bt$ly /& out m prom95tly ?an t ( any o!r individual4 ,9 fact1 x is n say+ too mu* to pron\nce ,b]keley z ! orig9ator & f\nd] ( ,plant ,pa?ology4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ to inve/igate plant diseases caus$ by fungi1 b he 0 und\bt$ly ! fir/ to recognise ! significance ( ! subject1 & its great importance f an economic /&po9t4 ,8 inve/igation ( ! potato murra91 writt5 9 #ahdf1 cle>$ ! air ( all k9ds ( wild !ories z to its orig91 & %[$ x to be und\bt$ly caus$ by ! fungus n[ kn[n z ,phytoph?ora infe/ans1 ^: life-hi/ory he c>efully work$ out4 ,!n foll[$ a simil> inve/igation ( ! v9e-mildew1 & a s]ies ( rese>*es on diseases ( plants publi%$ 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle dat+ f #ahed to #ahhj4 ,x 0 9 ^! num]\s communications t ! sci5ce ( ,plant ,pa?ology 0 firmly e/abli%$ & prop\nd$4 ,! article ,on ! ,diseases ( ,plants 0 contribut$ to ! ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture by ,b]keley4 ,9 #ahgi he unconditionally pres5t$ 8 mycological h]b>ium to ,kew4 ,?is collection conta9$ #aj1jjj species1 ( :i* #ejjj 7 types ( ,b]keley's own species1 9 addition to num]\s co-types f ,montagne1 ,s*we9itz1 ,fries1 ,cooke & o!r contemporane\s mycologi/s4 ,h5ce ,kew is1 & mu/ = ev] rema91 ! ,mecca ( mycologi/s f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b]keley 0 a man ( great ref9em5t1 & an excell5t classical s*ol>4 ,8 tall comm&+ figure & gr& head ) fl[+ :ite hair1 z ,i knew him late 9 life1 c\ld n fail to arre/ att5tion4 ,unobtrusive & by no means ambiti\s1 & too en?usia/ic to be self-seek+1 ,b]keley 0 t>dily promot$ to ! ,honor>y ,fell[%ip ( 8 ,college1 & elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society at ! age ( #gf4 ,9 #ahgf a ,civil ,li/ ,p5sion ( #ajj p] annum 0 aw>d$1 = 8 s]vices to botany ) especial ref]5ce to 8 inve/igations on ! diseases ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix ,,joseph ,,h5ry ,,gilb]t ,,sir ,,joseph ,,h5ry ,,gilb]t #ahag-aija ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,bottomley ,e>ly tra9+ 9 ,*emi/ry--8 meet+ ) ,lawes--(ficial di/9ctions--! ,lawes-,gilb]t comb9ation--! ,ro?am/$ ,reports--,liebig's 'm9]al !ory'--! relation to nitrog5--,legum9\s plants--,hellriegel & o!rs--confirmation ( _! results--nitrification--fe$+ ( /ock4 ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t 0 born at ,hull on ,augu/ #a1 #ahag4 ,he 0 a son ( ! manse be+ ! second son ( ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,gilb]t1 a ,congregational ,m9i/]4 ,8 "m 0 "o ( ! gift$ daught]s ( ! ,rev4 ,isaac ,taylor ( ,ong>1 & a well-kn[n writ] ( hymns & songs = *ildr54 ,:il/ at s*ool "y ,gilb]t _h ! mis=tune to meet ) a gun%ot accid5t :i* depriv$ him ( ! use ( "o eye1 a mi%ap :i* = a "t ?reat5$ to m> 8 future c>e]1 b 8 own inh]5t det]m9ation & ! home-tra9+ ( ! manse enabl$ him to ov]come ! disadvantage ( defective eye-sight1 & triumph ov] physical disability4 ,f s*ool he w5t to ,glasg[ ,univ]sity & /udi$ *emi/ry "u ,pr(essor ,?omas ,?omson1 !n to ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 :]e he att5d$ ! classes ( ,pr(essor ,graham & o!rs1 & work$ 9 ! laboratory ( ,pr(essor ,todd ,?omson4 ,"h x 01 9 ,dr ,?omson's laboratory1 t he fir/ met ,mr ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ) :om he 0 aft]w>ds s intimately associat$4 ,he !n proce$$ to ,giess5 = a %ort "t1 /udy+ "u ,liebig & tak+ 8 degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy 9 #ahdj4 ,return+ to ,london1 he work$ at ,univ]sity ,college1 act+ z laboratory assi/ant to ,pr(essor ,?omson1 & became a ,fell[ ( ! ,*emical ,society on ,may #ah1 #ahda1 :5 ! ,society 0 b>ely ?ree mon?s old4 ,he !n left ,london to take up calico pr9t+ & dye+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,man*e/]1 b return$ s\? 9 #ahdc1 at ! invitation ( ,mr ,lawes1 to assi/ 9 ! agricultural inve/igations at ,ro?am/$1 ,h]ts4 ,mr ,john ,lawes _h begun exp]im5ts 9 #ahcg on gr[+ plants 9 pots ) v>i\s manures4 ,he discov]$ ! fact t m9]al phosphates :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid yield$ a mo/ effective manure4 ,tak+ out 8 pat5t = ! production ( sup]phosphates 9 #ahdb1 ,lawes soon f\nd himself busy ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a successful bus9ess4 ,n wi%+ to give up ! agricultural inve/igations :i* he _h comm5c$ 9 ! fields ( ,ro?am/$ he decid$ to obta9 sci5tific assi/ance1 & rememb]+ ! "y *emi/ he _h met 9 ,dr ,?omson's laboratory1 ,gilb]t 0 invit$ 9 ,june #ahdc to sup]9t5d ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts4 ,?us began t p>tn]%ip 9 inve/igation :i* has yield$ su* a ri* h>ve/ ( results1 & an association ) ,ro?am/$ :i* la/$ = fifty-eight ye>s4 ,gilb]t 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahfj1 & receiv$ a ,royal ,m$al 9 #ahfg4 ,he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhj1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,society1 #ahhb-c4 ,9 #ahhd he 0 appo9t$ ,sib?orpian ,pr(essor ( ,rural ,economy at ,ox=d1 & held ! *air until #ahij4 ,he 0 a memb] ( v>i\s =eign academies & societies1 & 0 ! recipi5t ( honor>y degrees f sev]al home univ]sities1 becom+ ,,ll4,d4 ( ,glasg[ 7#ahhc71 ,m4,a4 ( ,ox=d 7#ahhd71 ,,ll4,d4 ( ,ed9burgh 7#ahij71 & ,sc4,d4 ( ,cambridge 7#ahid74 ,9 #ahic on ! occasion ( ! jubilee ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,! "* & scope ( ,gilb]t's life-"w 0 well describ$ by ,pr(4 ,dew> at a special meet+ ( ! ,*emical ,society 9 #ahih1 :5 he said1 ,! "w ( ,gilb]t1 z we "k1 0 e>ly diff]5tiat$ into t mo/ complex & my/]i\s /udy1 ! /udy ( organic life4 ,= ! la/ fifty ye>s he has devot$ 8 att5tion to ! physiology ( plant life 9 e phase ( its developm5t4 ,) a skill t has be5 unprec$5t$1 he has record$ f ye> to ye> ! v>iations 9 ! gr[? ( e k9d ( nutriti\s plant4 ,he has exam9$ into ! meteorological conditions1 ! v>iations ( climate1 ( soil1 & ( m9]al ag5ts1 ( dra9age1 & ( e conceivable ?+ affect+ ! production & developm5t ( plant gr[?4 ,^! memoirs are admitt$ ?r\gh\t ! _w to be unique 9 _! importance4 ,:]ev] ! *emi/ or ! physiologi/1 ! /ati/ician or ! economi/ has to deal ) ^! problems1 he mu/ turn to ! results ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts 9 ord] to und]/& ! position ( ! sci5ce ( our "t4 ,^! results w be = ev] memorable2 !y are unique & *>act]i/ic ( ! indomitable p]sev]ance & en]gy ( our v5]at$ ,presid5t1 ,sir ,h5ry ,gilb]t4 ,! close association ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts makes x almo/ impossible to sep>ate ! "w ( ! two m54 ,! majority ( ! #acb pap]s issu$ f ,ro?am/$ betwe5 #ahdc & #aija appe>$ "u ! jo9t names ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 & x w\ld be z difficult z x is undesirable to attempt an analysis ( ?is p>tn]%ip4 ,x 0 ess5tially a p>tn]%ip devoid ( any jeal\sy1 & actuat$ by a feel+ ( mutual reg>d & e/eem4 ,!re nev] 0 a "q z to ! pr$om9ant p>tn]4 ,! two work]s =m$ an unique comb9ation1 ea* supply+ "s defici5cy 9 ! o!r4 ,lawes possess$ ! orig9at+ m9d & _h a ?or\gh k ( ! facts & ne$s ( practical agriculture2 ,gilb]t 0 ! exact sci5ti/1 ! man ( detail & me?od4 ,dr ,j4 ,a4 ,voelck]1 :o speaks ( ,gilb]t z 8 life-long fri5d & tea*]1 says1 ,! p>tn]%ip & collaboration ( ',lawes & ,gilb]t' repres5t$ an excell5t embodim5t ( ! motto ',practice ) ,sci5ce4' ,lawes 0 ess5tially ! practical agriculturi/--quick to see & grasp :at ! f>m] want$1 & to become ! int]pret] to him4 ,he 0 ! man to :om ! practical f>m] turn$1 ! "o to write a brisk article on "s subject ( agricultural practice or economy1 to answ] a practical "q1 or to solve "s knotty problem4 ,lawes 0 ! m v]satile ( ! two1 ! m incl9$ to introduce *anges 9 & modifications ( ! orig9al plan2 & he has be5 kn[n to say1 jok+ly1 t if he _h be5 left to h 8 own way1 he w\ld h pl\gh$ up _m ( 8 exp]im5tal plots be=e !y _h yield$ ! full results1 :i* cont9uance on ! old l9es alone br\ght out4 ,gilb]t1 on ! o!r h&1 0 possess$ ( indomitable p]sev]ance1 comb9$ ) extreme pati5ce & c>eful wat*+ ( results4 ,8 0 ! p[] ( =eca/+1 z x 71 :at might1 9 ! end1 lead to useful results4 ,) ! det]m9ation to c>ry out an exp]im5t to ! v close he unit$ scrupul\s accuracy & att5tion to detail4 ,gilb]t1 x may be said1 0 n s mu* ! man = ! f>m]1 b = ! sci5ti/1 & he x 0 :o gave sci5tific expression to ! "w at ,ro?am/$1 & :o e/abli%$ field exp]im5ts on a sci5tific basis 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to describe 9 detail ,gilb]t's "w x w\ld be necess>y to write an acc\nt ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 a task beyond our pres5t limits see+ t ! collect$ reports occupy n9e volumes4 ,! la/ publi%$ ,ro?am/$ ,memor&a gives a li/ ( #acb pap]s4 ,!y are divid$ into two s]ies1 "o relat+ to plants1 ! o!r to animals4 ,s]ies ,i4 deals ) ,reports ( ,field ,exp]im5ts1 ,exp]im5ts on ,vegetation1 c41 publi%$ #ahdg-aijj inclusive1 & conta9s #aja pap]s4 ,^! reports on plants are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! results obta9$ by gr[+ "s ( ! mo/ important crops ( rotation sep>ately1 ye> aft] ye>1 = _m ye>s 9 succession1 on ! same l& )\t manure1 ) f>m-y>d manure1 & ) v>i\s *emical manures1 ! same description ( manure be+1 z a rule1 appli$ ye> aft] ye> on ! same plot4 ,among/ ! num]\s field exp]im5ts conduct$ on ^! l9es "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! field kn[n z ,broadbalk field1 9 :i* :eat has be5 gr[n cont9u\sly = ov] #fj ye>s4 ,! results %[ t :eat c be gr[n = _m ye>s 9 succession on ord9>y arable l& if suitable manure be provid$ & ! l& be kept clean4 ,ev5 )\t manure ( any k9d ! av]age produce = #df ye>s--#aheb to #ahig--0 ne>ly #ac bu%els p] acre1 ab\t ! av]age yield p] acre ( ! :eat l&s ( ! _w4 ,on ?is field x 0 f\nd t m9]al manures alone gave v little increase1 :il/ nitrog5\s manures alone gave a mu* great] increase ?an m9]al manures alone1 b ! mixture ( ! two gave mu* m ?an ei!r alone4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! r$uction 9 yield1 due to exhau/ion1 ( ! unmanur$ plot ov] #dj ye>s--#aheb to #ahia--01 provid$ x _h be5 uni=m ?r\gh\t1 equival5t to a decl9e ( "o-six? ( a bu%el p] acre4 ,x is relat$ t a visitor f ,am]ica1 :5 be+ %[n ov] ! ,broadbalk field1 said to ,sir ,john ,lawes1 ,am]icans h le>nt m f ?is field ?an f any o!r agricultural exp]im5t 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r set ( field exp]im5ts ( exceptional int]e/ is t relat+ to ! ,mix$ ,h]bage ( ,p]man5t ,grass ,l&4 ,! l& 0 divid$ into tw5ty plots4 ,two plots h receiv$ no manure f ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 two h receiv$ a dress+ ( f>m-y>d manure ea* ye>1 :il/ ! rema9d] h ea* receiv$ a diff]5t k9d ( artificial or *emical manure1 ! same k9d be+ appli$ ye> aft] ye> on ! same plot1 except 9 a few special cases4 ,repeat$ analyses h %[n h[ greatly bo? ! botanical con/itution & ! *emical composition ( ! mix$ h]bage v>i$ accord+ to ! k9d ( manure appli$4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 giv5 "u ?ree head+s--agricultural1 botanical & *emical1 & %[ 9 an exceptional mann] ! c>e ( detail to :i* e inve/igation 0 subject$ by ,gilb]t4 ,"s p h ?\ght t ?is m9ute att5tion to detail 0 c>ri$ to excess by ,gilb]t1 & result$ 9 a bewild]+ multiplication ( num]ical /atem5ts & figures4 ,"o c1 h[ev]1 b admire 8 love ( accuracy & absolute consci5ti\sness1 & if 8 caution appe>$ at times to be c>ri$ to an extreme1 ! result has be5 to make ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts a /&>d = ref]5ce1 & an example :]ev] agricultural rese>* is attempt$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! ,ro?am/$ inve/igations has be5 ! replac+ ( ! m9]al !ory ( ,liebig by ! nitrog5 !ory ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,liebig held ! view t ea* crop requires c]ta9 m9]al elem5ts f ! soil1 & t crops w n fl\ri% :]e ! appropriate elem5ts are lack+4 ,e soil conta9s "s elem5t 9 ! m9imum4 ,:atev] elem5t ?is m9imum may be x det]m9es ! abundance & cont9uity ( ! crop4 ,! only f]tilis] :i* acts fav\rably is t :i* supplies a defici5cy ( "o or m ( ! food elem5ts 9 ! soil4 ,! atmosph]e1 accord+ to ,liebig1 supplies 9 suffici5t quantity bo? ! c>bon & nitrog5 requir$ by crops1 & ! function ( manure is to supply ! a% con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,! exhau/ion ( soils is to be ascrib$ to _! decreas$ cont5t ( m9]al +r$i5ts r ?an to decrease 9 nitrog54 ,:5 c>eful /udy ( ! composition ( ! atmosph]e prov$ t ! am\nt ( ammonia br\ght d[n to ! e>? by ra9 sc>cely exce$s a few p\nds p] acre annually1 ,liebig ma9ta9$ t plants are capable ( directly absorb+ ammonia by means ( _! leaves4 ,he po9t$ out t ! b5eficial effects ( nitrog5\s manures are mo/ app>5t 9 ! case ( c]eal crops ) a comp>atively %ort vegetation p]iod1 & lea/ app>5t 9 ! case ( leafy crops ) a long vegetation p]iod4 ,! long vegetation p]iod ( crops l clov] all[$ "t = ! utilisation ( ! ammonia ( ! air & no artificial supply 0 necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 crops ) a %ort vegetation p]iod _h a limit$ "t = accumulat+ ammonia f ! air1 & respond$ readily to applications ( nitrog5\s manures4 ,gilb]t1 e>ly 9 8 "w at ,ro?am/$1 notic$ t ! results ( 8 field exp]im5ts 7 at v>iance ) ?is m9]al !ory1 z x 0 call$1 ( ,liebig1 & soon f\nd himself involv$ 9 a controv]sy ) ! great ,g]man *emi/ :i* 0 n always free f bitt]ness4 ,he f\nd t ! nitrog5 comp\nds ( ! atmosph]e 7 suffici5t only = a v meagre vegetation4 ,c]eals treat$ ) ammonium salts & o!r nitrog5\s manures %[$ a f> great] increase ( produce ?an :5 phosphates1 pota% or o!r a% con/itu5ts only 7 suppli$4 ,z m nitrog5 0 assimilat$ a great] am\nt ( ! fix$ bases 7 f\nd 9 ! a%1 & he consid]$ t ! function ( ! fix$ bases 0 to act z c>ri]s ( nitric acid4 ,^! bases--pota%1 soda1 lime & magnesia1 7 n mutually replaceable1 b ! pr$om9ance ( "o or ! o!r affect$ ! produce4 ,luxuriance ( gr[? 0 associat$ ) ! am\nt ( nitrog5 available & assimilat$1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is suffici5cy ( nitrog5 ! =mation ( c>bohydrates dep5d$ on ! am\nt ( pota% available4 ,! possibility t ! free nitrog5 ( ! air might supply ! nitrog5\s ne$s ( plants 0 disprov$ by gr[+ plants 9 calc9$ soil & remov+ all traces ( ammonia f ! air be=e x 0 admitt$ into ! glass case 9 :i* ! plants 7 gr[+4 ,det]m9ations 7 made ( ! nitrog5 9 ! se$ & soil at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5ts1 & 9 ! plants & soil at _! conclusion4 ,! "w on ! assimilation ( nitrog5 by plants ext5d$ ov] ?ree ye>s & 0 made ! subject ( a communication to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahfa4 ,! pap]1 entitl$1 ,! ,s\rces ( ! ,nitrog5 ( ,vegetation2 ) special ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ,plants assimilate free or comb9$ ,nitrog51 occupies #add pages ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & is a brilliant example ( ! scrupul\s accuracy & att5tion to detail :i* *>act]is$ all ,gilb]t's "w4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts--,i4 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory & ,/atem5t ( ! "q4--,,ii4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,results obta9$ at ,ro?am/$ dur+ ! ye>s #aheg1 #aheh & #ahei4 ,! au?ors /ate 9 ! summ>y ( conclusions t 9 our exp]im5ts ) gram9ace\s plants1 gr[n bo? ) & )\t a supply ( comb9$ nitrog5 beyond t conta9$ 9 ! se$ s[n1 9 :i* !re 0 great v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( comb9$ nitrog5 involv$ & a wide range 9 ! conditions1 "* & am\nt ( gr[?1 we h 9 no case f\nd any evid5ce ( an assimilation ( free or uncomb9$ nitrog54 ,9 our exp]im5ts ) legum9\s plants ! gr[? 0 less satisfactory1 & ! range ( conditions possibly fav\rable = ! assimilation ( free nitrog5 01 !re=e1 m limit$4 ,b ! results record$ ) ^! plants1 s f> z !y g1 d n indicate any assimilation ( free nitrog54 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 practice legum9\s crops assimilate f "s s\rce s v mu* m nitrog5 ?an gram9ace\s ones "u o/5sibly equal circum/ances ( supply ( comb9$ nitrog51 x is desirable t ! evid5ce ( fur!r exp]im5ts ) ^! plants "u conditions ( m heal?y gr[? %\ld be obta9$4 ,z long z ,gilb]t's inve/igations 7 conf9$ to non-legum9\s plants & to legum9\s plants gr[n 9 calc9$ soil ! nitrog5 !ory 0 triumphant4 ,:51 h[ev]1 legum9\s plants 7 gr[n 9 uncalc9$ soil or 9 ! op5 ! results 7 unc]ta91 & 9 _m cases ! manures supply+ a% con/itu5ts alone prov$ ! mo/ effective4 ,! elucidation ( ^! unc]ta9 results has be5 a t$i\s problem1 & has tak5 _m ye>s ( pati5t inve/igation1 b gradually ! evid5ce accumulat$ :i* l$ to its solution4 ,field & pot exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! late sev5ties & e>ly eighties furni%$ abundant pro( t "u c]ta9 conditions legum9\s plants d obta9 nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e1 & gradually1 f ! "w ( ,raut5b]g1 ,frank & o!rs1 ! idea 0 evolv+ t fungi or micro-organisms play "s important "p 9 ! process4 ,gilb]t1 h[ev]1 w\ld n li/5 to any su* h]esy1 z he consid]$ t ! "q ( ! assimilation ( ! free nitrog5 ( ! air by plants _h be5 f9ally settl$ by ! exp]im5ts ( #aheg-fj4 ,x 0 !re=e a mo/ happy *ance t ,gilb]t 0 pres5t at ! sci5tific congress 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahhf :5 ,hellriegel describ$ 8 exp]im5ts on legum9\s plants1 %[+ t ! =mation ( nodules on ^! plants 0 associat$ ) ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,9 comm5t+ subsequ5tly on ^! exp]im5ts1 ,gilb]t said1 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,hellriegel's results1 tak5 toge!r ) ^? ( ,b]!lot & o!rs1 d sugge/ ! possibility t1 al?\gh ! high] plants may n possess ! p[] ( directly fix+ ! free nitrog5 ( ! air1 l[] organisms1 :i* ab\nd )9 ! soil1 may h t p[]1 & may ?us br+ free nitrog5 into a /ate ( comb9ation )9 ! soil 9 :i* x is available to ! high] plants--at any rate to memb]s ( ! ,papilionace\s family4 ,at ! same "t1 x w be grant$ t fur!r confirmation is ess5tial be=e su* a conclusion c be accept$ z fully e/abli%$4 ,?is comm5t reveals ! ess5tial cons]vatism ( ,gilb]t's m9d1 b ! true greatness ( ! man is se5 :5 we f9d him1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,hellriegel & ,wilf>?1 & himself supply+ ! confirmation ( _! results :i* he consid]$ ess5tial4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 contribut$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahhg1 #ahhi1 & #ahij1 fully confirm$ ! !ory t legum9\s plants are able to assimilate ! free nitrog5 ( ! air by means ( ! micro-organisms conta9$ 9 _! root nodules1 & also expla9$ ! failure 9 ! #aheg-fj exp]im5ts to demon/rate nitrog5 fixation by legum9\s plants ow+ to ! use ( calc9$ soil by :i* ! inoculat+ organisms pres5t 9 ! soil 7 de/roy$4 ,gilb]t's inve/igations f #ahga-ge %[+ t ! dra9age wat]s f ! exp]im5tal fields ( ,ro?am/$ conta9$ m nitrates z ! am\nt ( ammonium salts appli$ to ! soil increas$1 h be5 quot$ by "s writ]s z be+ ! basis ( ! mod]n !ory ( nitrification4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,gilb]t 0 at fir/ actively ho/ile to ! bact]ial !ory ( nitrification1 & ! cr$it & hon\r ( ! "w done at ,ro?am/$ on ! nitrify+ organisms belongs entirely to ,w>+ton4 ,a few words mu/ suffice = an acc\nt ( ! s]ies ( ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on animals4 ,s]ies ,,ii deals ) ,reports ( exp]im5ts on ! fe$+ ( animals1 sewage utilisation1 c4 ,publi%$ #ahda-ahie inclusive1 & conta9s #ca pap]s4 ,among ! po9ts inve/igat$ may be m5tion$--! composition ( foods 9 relation to respiration & ! fe$+ ( animals2 exp]im5ts on ! fe$+ ( %eep & ! fatt5+ ( ox52 "s po9ts 9 connection ) animal nutrition2 ! fe$+ ( animals = ! production ( meat1 milk & manure4 ,! "w on ! "p play$ by c>bohydrates 9 ! =mation ( animal fat l$ to a ke5 controv]sy ) =eign inve/igators4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t _h satisfi$ !mselves by _! exp]im5ts on pigs t fat 0 und\bt$ly produc$ f c>bohydrates4 ,! ,g]man physiologi/s d\bt$ ?is1 & = "s "t !re 0 a wordy w>f>e betwe5 ! rival camps4 ,gradually ! exp]im5tal evid5ce = ! =mation ( fats f c>bohydrates became ov]:elm+1 & once aga9 ! ,ro?am/$ position 0 v9dicat$4 ,gilb]t ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t 8 life a close connection ) =eign work]s1 & 8 holidays 7 frequ5tly employ$ 9 visit+ in/itutions & att5d+ sci5tific meet+s on ! ,cont95t4 ,he made ?ree visits to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada & deliv]$ sev]al lectures !re4 ,z he pass$ into old age 8 p[]s seem$ to suff] little dim9ution1 & 8 appe>ance at ! age ( eighty %[$ little indication ( physical weakness4 ,! dea? ( ,sir ,john ,lawes 9 ,augu/ #aijj 0 a sev]e bl[ to him1 & soon aft]w>ds 8 en]gies began to fail4 ,he _h a sev]e illness :il/ away 9 ,scotl& 9 ! autumn ( #aija1 b he recov]$ suffici5tly to be able to return to 8 "w = a %ort "t4 ,) ! indomitable t5acity :i* _h *>act]is$ him ?r\gh\t life he cont9u$ actively at "w = a few m weeks1 ev5tually succumb+ on ,decemb] #bcrd1 #aija1 9 8 eighty-fif? ye>4 ,?anks are due to ,dr ,j4 ,a4 ,voelck] = k9d assi/ance2 & to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college ,/ud5ts' ,club1 ,cir5ce/]1 = p]mission to reproduce ! accompany+ photograph4 ,,william ,,craw=d ,,williamson #ahaf-ahie ,,by ,,duk9field ,h4 ,,scott ,e>ly expon5ts ( ,fossil ,botany--,)am ( ,l>t+ton--,edw>d ,william ,b9ney--,william ,craw=d ,williamson--e>ly influ5ces--fir/ contribution to sci5ce--/udies m$ic9e--"w on ,=am9if]a--appo9t$ ,pr(essor at ,man*e/]--successful popul> lectur]--8 influ5ce 9 ,natural ,hi/ory--inve/igation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,flora--controv]sy ) ,fr5* palaeo-botani/s--! magnitude ( 8 output--defects 9 8 "w--lat] "w at ,kew--p]sonal traits4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ! /udy ( fossil plants has come to be a specially vigor\s & *>act]i/ic bran* ( ,briti% botany4 ,! prop] subject ( my lecture is ,williamson1 ! man to :om above all o!rs ! pres5t /rong position ( ! subject is due4 ,b !re 7 brave m5 be=e ,agamemnon1 & !re are two ( ! old] ma/]s1 ,)am & ,b9ney1 :om ,i _c :olly pass ov]4 ,i ought really to include o!rs1 & notably ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 to :om we owe our fir/ cle> und]/&+ ( ,/igm>ia & ( ,lepido/robus1 b ?is c\rse does n ext5d to ^? :o1 l ,sir ,joseph1 are /ill liv+ among u & /ill 9 active "w#aai4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,philip ,)am1 a memb] ( ! family1 = "s in=mation ab\t ,h5ry ,)am1 ( ,l>t+ton1 ! fir/ ,engli%man to inve/igate ! int]nal /ructure ( fossil plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx ,,h5ry ,,)am ,,( ,,l>t+ton ,h5ry ,)am 01 by bir?1 n a ,)am1 b a ,silv]top1 hav+ be5 ! second son ( ,john ,silv]top ( ,m9/] ,acres1 ,nor?umb]l&4 ,z ,h5ry ,silv]top he came 9 = ! ,l>t+ton prop]ty4 ,he 0 born 9 #aggi & m>ri$ ,miss ,eliza ,)am1 niece & co-heiress ( ,william ,)am ( ,cliffe1 ,york%ire1 :5 he took ! "n & arms ( ,)am4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ ?9 sections ( rocks & fossils _h j be5 inv5t$ by ,nicol1 & ?is gave ,)am ! opportunity = 8 inve/igations4 ,8 pap]s are illu/rat$ by ! botani/ ,mc,gillivray1 to :om he may h ow$ "s fur!r assi/ance4 ,inde$ he made little pret5sion to botanical k1 b ! op9ions :i* he expresses /rike "o z rem>kably s5sible1 & he mu/ h be5 a man ( s\nd judgm5t1 at lea/ 9 sci5tific affairs4 ,)am 0 ! fir/ inve/igator ( t mo/ fam\s ( fossils1 ,lepidod5dron ,h>c\rtii2 ( ! ,craiglei? tree 7n[ ,pitys ,)ami71 ( ! ,l5nel ,braes trees 7,pitys antiqua & ,p4 primaeva71 ( ! ,wideop5 tree 7,p9ites1 n[ ,cordaites ,br&l+i7 & ( ,anaba?ra pul*]rima4 ,x is curi\s to notice t ! ,craiglei? tree1 a manife/ ,gymnosp]m1 0 at fir/ 7#ahbi7 reg>d$ ev5 by ! great ,brongni>t z a ,monocotyl$on1 :ile o!rs imag9$ x to be a ,lycopod4 ,)am1 h[ev]1 soon set ?is "r4 ,he always speaks ) great respect ( ,brongni>t1 !n j becom+ ! recognis$ lead] ( fossil botany4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,)am's memoir on ! vegetable fossils f\nd at ,l5nel ,braes1 ne> ,cold/ream1 is ( int]e/4 ,n[1 accord+ to t g5tleman's ,brongni>t's op9ion1 out ( six classes 444 only two exi/$ at t p]iod ,c>bonif]\s1 namely ! ,vascul> ,cryptogamic plants1 compreh5d+ ! ,filices1 ,equisetaceae & ,lycopodeae1 & ! ,monocotyl$ons1 conta9+ a small numb] ( plants :i* appe> to resemble ! ,palms & arboresc5t ,liliaceae4 ,! exi/5ce1 !re=e1 ( s ext5sive a deposit ( ,dicotyl$on\s plants1 at ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! e>?'s vegetation1 appe>s to dem& ! att5tion ( ! naturali/4 ,brongni>t's ,monocotyl$ons 7 no d\bt ,cordaiteae4 ,)am1 we see1 set ! great man "r z reg>ds ! antiquity ( ,dicotyl$ons1 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,gymnosp]ms 7 !n includ$4 ,)am's e>li] pap]s 7 embodi$ 9 8 book3 ,! ,int]nal ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,oolitic deposits ( ,great ,brita91 describ$ & illu/rat$1 #ahcc4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,william ,hutton1 au?or1 ) ,l9dley1 ( ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,great ,brita94 ,a passage f ! d$ication %[s t ,)am took 8 "w s]i\sly--,to l5d my aid 9 br++ f _! obscure repositories ! anci5t records ( a =m] /ate ( ?+s1 ) ! view ( disclos+ ! e>ly & my/]i\s op]ations ( ! ,great ,au?or ( all creat$ ?+s1 w ev] be to me a s\rce ( unalloy$ pleasure4 ,)am ?us fully realis$ ! important significance ( ! "w on :i* he 0 engag$4 ,he mu/ h be5 an int]e/+ p]son ( a some:at complex "*1 & ,i wi% we c\ld "k m ab\t him4 ,he di$ on ,nov4 #bh?1 #ahdd4 ,l all 8 family1 he 0 a ,roman ,ca?olic#abj4 ,)am's localities on ! ,twe$ rema9$ practically unvisit$ until ,mr ,kid/on re-explor$ !m eight or n9e ye>s ago1 ) brilliant success--! results1 h[ev]1 are /ill unpubli%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,edw>d ,william ,b9ney1 ! fir/ inve/igator ( ! ,lanca%ire coal-balls1 0 born at ,morton 9 ,nott+ham%ire 9 #ahab1 & 0 ?us only f\r ye>s s5ior to ,williamson4 ,he settl$ 9 ,man*e/] 9 #ahcf1 & practis$ z a solicitor4 ,he e>ly %[$ sci5tific ta/es2 ! ,man*e/] ,geological ,society 0 />t$1 *iefly by 8 influ5ce1 9 ,octob] #ahch4 ,he 0 conc]n$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! fam\s ,/ ,hel5's trees1 :i* fir/ prov$ ! connection betwe5 ,sigill>ia & ,/igm>ia4 ,b9ney complet$ ! pro( t all coal-seams re/ on old soils :i* are con/itut$ entirely ( vegetable matt]2 ?is 0 ! seat-/one ( a seam ( coal 7,rob]t ,hunt74 ,he gave up ! practice ( ,law1 &1 devot+ himself to sci5ce1 became a lead+ au?ority on nor!rn geology1 & r5d]$ important aid to ! ,geological ,survey by 8 long exp]i5ce ( ! coal-fields ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire4 ,he assi/$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! ,torbane ,hill m9]al or ,boghead ,cannel1 a deposit once notori\s z a subject ( litigation1 & m rec5tly z a bone ( sci5tific cont5tion4 ,b9ney di$ on ,decemb] #ai1 #ahha4 ,e!ridge said ( him3 ,he 0 a man ( ! highe/ hon\r & rem>kably outspok52 8 /urd9ess & /r5g? ( "* be+ r>ely equall$4 ,b9ney 0 ! discov]] ( "s n[ fam\s fossils1 notably ,dadoxylon 7n[ ,lyg9od5dron7 oldhamium1 & ,/auropt]is oldhamia4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is ! monograph1 ,obs]vations on ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,plants1 9 f\r p>ts1 publi%$ = ! ,palaeontographical ,society1 f #ahfh to #ahge4 ,?us 8 "w on coal-plants ov]lapp$ t ( ,williamson4 ,! fir/ "p is on ,calamites & ,calamod5dron--! names are us$ 9 ! old s5se1 = ,b9ney kept up ,brongni>t's di/9ction1 ?\gh app>5tly n conv9c$ ( its validity4 ,9 ?is memoir he describ$ ! cone ( ,calamod5dron commune1 n[ kn[n z ,calamo/a*ys ,b9neyana4 ,"p ,,ii1 on ,lepido/robus & "s alli$ cones1 is rem>kable = ! demon/ration ( het]ospory 9 sev]al species4 ,"p ,,iii1 on ,lepidod5dron1 deals p>tly ) /ems ref]r$ to ,l4 ,h>c\rtii1 b n[ sep>at$ z ,l4 fulig9osum4 ,he also describes ! /ructure ( a ,halonia & is l$ to ! conclusion t x is ! root ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,?is view has n f\nd fav\r1 b our old ideas ab\t ,ulod5dron & ,halonia h be5 s upset ( late1 t ev]y?+ seems possible6 ,"p ,,iv is on ,sigill>ia & ,/igm>ia1 ! ,sigill>ia describ$ be+ ,s4 vascul>is1 s9ce id5tifi$ ) ,lepidod5dron selag9oides1 or ,l4 vascul>e1 if we ma9ta9 ,b9ney's specific "n4 ,b9ney 0 n a great !oris]4 ,8 object 0 r to provide mat]ial = ! botani/s1 he be+ ess5tially a geologi/4 ,?is he did admirably1 = 8 monograph is illu/rat$ by magnific5t draw+s f ! h& ( ,fit*1 ! fam\s botanical arti/4 ,b9ney /ood m "u ! influ5ce ( ,brongni>t ?an did 8 successor ,williamson4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi ,,william ,,craw=d ,,williamson 7#ahgf7 ,i n[ g on to my pr9cipal subject4 ,williamson's fa!r1 ,john ,williamson1 orig9ally a g>d5]1 0 well kn[n = 8 rese>*es on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,york%ire coa/1 & 0 = #bg ye>s curator ( ! ,sc>bor\gh ,museum4 ,previ\sly to t1 ,john ,williamson kept a private museum ( 8 own1 & x 0 9 ! room next to ?is t ,william ,craw=d ,williamson 0 born on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahaf4 ,john ,williamson's c\s91 ,william ,bean1 0 also an active local naturali/1 kn[n especially = 8 "w on ! ,york%ire ,fossil ,flora2 ! g5us ,beania is nam$ aft] him4 ,our ,williamson's "m1 born ,elizabe? ,craw=d1 0 ! elde/ ( #ac *ildr5 ( a ,sc>bor\gh jewell] & lapid>y4 ,"y ,williamson us$ to sp5d mu* "t 9 ! ,craw=d's work%op1 wat*+ !m cutt+ & work+ ) ! diamond ! agates f ! gravels ( ! coa/4 ,a y\?ful tra9+1 he says1 :i* became ( ! utmo/ value to me m ?an a ?ird ( a c5tury lat]1 :5 sci5tific rese>* requir$ me to devote mu* ( my own "t to simil> "w#aba4 ,9 #ahbf ! fam\s ,william ,smi? & 8 wife e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! ,williamson's h\se1 & /ay$ !re = two ye>s4 ,williamson's e>ly recollections ( ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology mu/ h be5 inspir+4 ,8 fa!r 0 also a fri5d & correspond5t ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison4 ,! appe>ance ( ,phillips' classic volume1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,geology ( ,york%ire1 9 #ahbi1 gave "y ,williamson 8 fir/ introduction to true sci5tific "w4 ,8 fa!r at once set to "w to "n f ?is book ! fossils he collect$1 & 8 son 0 call$ 9 to help4 ,my ev5+s ?r\gh\t a long w9t] 7 devot$ to ! dete/$ lab\r ( nam+ ^! mis]able /ones4--,pursu+ ?is uncong5ial task gave me 9 my #ac? ye> a ?or\gh practical famili>ity ) ! palaeontological treasures ( ,ea/]n ,york%ire4 ,?is e>ly acquisition happily m\ld$ ! entire c\rse ( my future life#abb4 ,^? 7 n ! days ( ! half-educat$4 ,"y ,williamson1 9 addition to 8 special sci5tific tra9+1 _h ! advantage ( a classical education1 at s*ools bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! ,fr5* "p ( 8 education 0 n altoge!r a success1 = mo/ ( ! boys at ! s*ool 7 ,engli%4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,london on 8 return he _h breakfa/ ) ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :o took him to ! ,geological ,society4 ,?is 0 9 ,m>* #ahcb1 :5 he 0 little m ?an #ae4 ,c]ta9ly 8 entrance into ! sci5tific _w 0 made easy = him4 ,w\ld x be made equally easy n[ = a boy 9 a simil> position8 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahcb1 ,williamson 0 articl$ to ,mr ,?omas ,w$dell1 a m$ical practition] at ,sc>bor\gh4 ,:ile ) him1 he cont9u$ to pursue ,natural ,hi/ory z a recreation--bird-collect+ = example1 & also botany4 ,he writes1 ,i 0 !n =m+ a collection ( ! plants ( ,ea/]n ,york%ire1 z well z try+ to ma/] ! natural classification1 :i* 0 already beg9n+ to supplant ! ,l9nean me?od1 s long ! "o univ]sally adopt$#abc4 ,a memoir on ! r>e birds ( ,york%ire 0 communicat$ to ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london--an e>ly "w ?\gh n q ! e>lie/4 ,:ile ) ,mr ,w$dell1 ,williamson contribut$ a numb] ( descriptions & draw+s ( oolitic plants to ,l9dley & ,hutton's ,fossil ,flora4 ,he tells u h[ ! draw+s _h to be made 9 ! ev5+s on ,mr ,w$dell's kit*5 table4 ,! plants he illu/rat$ _h = ! mo/ "p be5 collect$ by 8 fa!r & ,john ,bean 9 a small e/u>9e deposit at ,gri/horpe ,bay4 ,m ?an #cj species 7 ?us record$ by him4 ,he also made diagrams to illu/rate "s lectures on ,vegetable ,physiology giv5 by ,mr ,w$dell at ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution4 ,x is r surpris+ to f9d t su* a c\rse 0 giv5 9 a c\ntry t[n dur+ ! e>ly '?irties4 ,probably ! le>n+ display$ 0 n v deep1 = ,mrs ,m>cet's ,conv]sations seem to h be5 ! *ief au?ority4 ,9 #ahcd-cf ,williamson publi%$ important pap]s1 det]m9+ geological zones1 f ! ,lias to ! ,cornbra%1 by means ( _! fossils2 subsequ5tly he ext5d$ 8 zon+ "w up to ! ,ox=d ,clay4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,gri/horpe tumulus 9 ,july #ahcd1 :5 a skeleton1 ( ! ,bronze ,age1 0 f\nd 9 a c(f9 fa%ion$ out ( ! trunk ( an oak-tree1 gave occasion to ,williamson's "o contribution to ar*aeology4 ,8 memoir 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ,lit]>y ,gazette = ,octob] #ah1 #ahcd 7/ill be=e he 0 #ah74 ,?is 0 ?r\gh ,dr ,buckl&'s influ5ce2 9 a lett] to ,williamson he said1 ,i am happy to h be5 in/rum5tal 9 br++ be=e ! public a "n to :i* ,i look =w>d z likely to figure 9 ! annals ( ,briti% ,sci5ce4 ,a second & ?ird edition ( ?is pap] 7 call$ =4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahce ,williamson 0 appo9t$ curator ( ! ,museum ( ! ,man*e/] ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 & s began 8 long connection ) ! great nor!rn t[n1 la/+ d[n to #ahib4 ,9 ^? days ! int]e/ 9 ! vigor\s "y sci5ce ( geology 0 extraord9>ily ke51 & !re 0 great activity1 especially among ! naturali/s ( ! ,nor?1 _m ( :om 7 work+ m54 ,williamson1 ab\t #ahch1 gave a c\rse ( lectures on geology at v>i\s nor!rn t[ns1 & ?us rais$ funds = 8 removal to ,london1 to cont9ue 8 m$ical /udies4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ,williamson1 :ile at ,man*e/]1 help$ to nurse ,john ,dalton 9 8 la/ illness4 ,:ile curator at ,man*e/]1 ,williamson saw ! rise ( ,b9ney z a geologi/4 ,8 rem>ks on ! local /udy ( botany at t "t are int]e/+4 ,! botanical int]e/s ( ! di/rict 7 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ative community4 ,! hills betwe5 ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire sw>m$ ) botanical & floricultural societies1 :o met on ,sundays1 ! only day :5 x 0 possible to d s#abd4 ,"s ( ^! m5 mu/ h _h an excell5t education1 z %[n by ! good ,engli% !y wrote1 z = example ,ri*>d ,buxton1 a poor work+ man1 au?or ( a /&>d ,botanical ,guide4 ,! society to :i* ,buxton belong$ _h1 9 #ahdi1 exi/$ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r an equal en?usiasm = sci5ce /ill prevails 9 t or 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahdj ,williamson w5t to ,london to complete 8 m$ical tra9+1 & ent]$ ,univ]sity ,college1 mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ,pr(4 ,l9dley1 :o _h = s long kn[n him only z a correspond5t & collaborator4 ,soon aft]w>ds he 0 (f]$ ! po/ ( naturali/ to ! ,nig] exp$ition1 :i* he refus$1 &1 z x turn$ out =tunately1 = ! j\rney prov$ disa/r\s4 ,/ang]1 ( ,/ang]ia fame1 took 8 place4 ,9 #ahdb1 hav+ !n return$ to ,man*e/] & />t$ 9 practice1 ,williamson made 8 fir/ attempt at microscopic "w1 hav+ become int]e/$ 9 ! ,=am9if]a ( ! ,*alk4 ,he also began to exam9e ,conf]vae1 ,diatoms & ,desmids1 f9d+ p]haps1 z o!rs h done1 t ! ,fre%-wat] ,algae give ! be/ introduction to microscopic biology4 ,! "w on ,=am9if]a became "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,williamson's c>e]4 ,9 #ahde he wrote 8 valuable pap] on microscopic organisms 9 ! mud ( ! ,levant4 ,8 "w 9 ?is field culm9at$ 9 8 monograph ( ,=am9if]a1 issu$ by ! ,ray ,society 9 #aheg4 ,9 #ahea ,williamson 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* includ$ ,zoology1 ,botany & ,geology1 at ! new ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4 ,he tells u1 ,! botanical portion ( my "w 0 t = :i* ,i 0 lea/ prep>$--( ! ,g]man language ,i 0 utt]ly ignorant#abe4 ,! almo/ insup]able difficulties ( a triple ,pr(essor%ip 7 at fir/ met by spread+ ! complete c\rse ov] two ye>s1 a s5sible plan :i* 0 r5d]$ impracticable by ! m rigid requirem5ts ( exam9ations4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till #ahgb t a division ( ! duties ( ! *air took place2 ,williamson 0 !n reliev$ ( ! geological tea*+ by ! appo9tm5t ( ,pr(4 ,boyd ,dawk9s2 9 #ahhj ! zoology 0 tak5 ov] by ! late ,pr(4 ,milnes ,m>%all1 ,williamson ?us reta9+ ! v subject1 botany1 ) :i* he _h orig9ally be5 ! lea/ famili>4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii ,vascul> sy/em ( /em ( ,lepidod5dron selag9oides 9 transv]se section4 ,drawn by ,williamson ,9 addition to 8 peculi>ly ardu\s duties z ,pr(essor1 ,williamson 0 a great popul>is] ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ two memb]s ( ! ,ow5s' /aff to />t1 9 #ahed1 ev5+ classes = work+ m54 ,he gave num]\s sci5tific lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london & else:]e1 8 greate/ "w 9 ?is field be+ 8 lectures = ! ,gil*ri/ ,tru/ees4 ,he m5tions t f #ahgd to #ahhj he deliv]$ #aeh ( ^! lectures 9 #fa t[ns1 & he cont9u$ ?is "w ) equal activity = ano!r #aj ye>s4 ,he 0 a vigor\s & effective lectur]1 :o always int]e/$ 8 audi5ce2 he illu/rat$ 8 lectures by bold diagrams1 drawn by 8 own h&4 ,9 ord] to =m any idea ( ,williamson's _m-sid$ activity x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 all ! "t engag$ 9 active m$ical practice1 bo? g5]al & special1 = he 0 well kn[n z an auri/4 ,yet he always f\nd "t = fruitful orig9al rese>*1 (t5 ( ! mo/ labori\s "*4 ,pr(4 ,judd says1 9 a lett] writt5 to me 9 ,febru>y #aiaa3 ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck by ! fact t ,williamson1 appo9t$ to an impossible ,pr(essor%ip ( ,zoology1 ,botany & ,geology1 manag$ to initiate great movem5ts 9 connection ) ea* ( ^! sci5ces4 ,9 ,geology he 0 cle>ly ! pione] 9 ! subdivision ( =mations into zones ea* *>act]is$ by an assemblage ( fossils--,ammonites play+ ! mo/ important "p4444 ,b ,williamson did ano!r great s]vice to ,geology4444 ,sorby visit$ ,williamson at ,man*e/] & le>n$ ! art ( mak+ sections :i* he appli$ ) su* success to ! /udy ( igne\s & o!r rocks1 becom+ ! ',fa!r ( ,micropetrography4' ,9 ,zoology1 ,williamson initiat$ ! "w done 9 ! /udy ( deep-sea deposits1 by 8 rem>kable memoir on ! mud ( ! ,levant1 9 #ahde1 :5 he 0 #bi ye>s old4 ,?is l$ to 8 /udy ( ! ,=am9if]a 7especially by ! aid ( ?9 sections7 & to 8 monograph 9 ! ,ray ,society on t gr\p4444 ,( 8 contributions to ,botany ?r\gh 8 sections ( ',coal balls' ,i ne$ say no?+4 ,pr(4 ,judd makes no ref]5ce "h to ! pap]s :i* obta9$ = ,williamson 8 ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahed4 ,^! embodi$ 8 rese>*es on ! developm5t ( bone & tee?1 9 :i* he demon/rat$ t ! tee? are d]mal app5dages homolog\s ) ! scales ( fi%es4 ,?is important "w dat$ back to #ahdb & 0 inspir$ by 8 en?usiasm = ! !n novel cell-!ory ( ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann4 ,! int]e/ ar\s$ by ?is inve/igation is %[n by ! fact t ! great ,g]man anatomi/ ,kllik] travell$ to ,man*e/]1 ab\t ! ye> #ahea1 to see ,williamson's prep>ations4 ,z reg>ds ,williamson's "w z a botani/1 9 :i* we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 ?is c\rse1 8 be/ contribution to rec5t botany 0 no d\bt 8 inve/igation ( ,volvox1 publi%$ 9 #ahea & #aheb1 9 :i* he trac$ ! developm5t ( ! "y sph]es & ! mode ( connection ( _! cells1 anticipat+ ! results ( mu* lat] rese>*es4 ,he 0 a great lov] ( liv+ plants2 8 g>d5 & gre5h\ses at ,fall[field1 8 ,man*e/] home1 7 ( rem>kable int]e/1 & he 0 a ke5 g>d5]4 ,at ! ,briti% ,association ,meet+ ( #ahhg "o ( 8 gue/s said t mo/ ( ! di/+ui%$ botani/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7 9 ! g>d51 & n "o b :o _h se5 some?+ gr[+ he nev] saw be=e#abf4 ,insectivor\s plants & ! r>] vascul> cryptogams 7 specially well repres5t$4 ,x 0 f 8 private g>d5 t 8 classes 7 suppli$ ) specim5s4 ,z we h se51 fossil plants engag$ ,williamson's att5tion 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 :5 z a m]e boy he contribut$ to ,l9dley & ,hutton's ,fossil ,flora4 ,8 fir/ important indep5d5t "w 9 ?is field 0 8 pap] ,on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ! ,plants hi!rto kn[n z ,/]nb]giae 7#ahea71 9 :i* he prov$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t ^! curi\s fossils1 resembl+ a r\leau ( co9s1 7 ca/s ( ! discoid pi? ( ,dadoxylon1 or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 ( ,cordaiteae--! fir/ /ep 9 ! recon/ruction ( ?is e>ly gymnosp]m\s family4 ,?is inve/igation1 to :i* he appe>s to h be5 l$ almo/ accid5tally1 ?r\gh "s good specim5s com+ into 8 h&s1 br\ght him back1 z he says1 to 8 old subject ( fossil botany4 ,x 0 long1 h[ev]1 be=e he got fairly />t$ on 8 great c\rse ( inve/igations on ,c>bonif]\s plants4 ,9 ! meantime he _h return$ to ! ,york%ire ,oolitic plants &1 ab\t #ahdg1 publi%$ a pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,york%ire ,philosophical ,society1 ,on ! ,scaly ,vegetable ,heads or coll>s f ,runswick ,bay1 suppos$ to belong to ! ,zamia gigas4 ,8 full pap]1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ ! ,cycadean aff9ities ( ! fl[]-l fossils1 0 writt5 soon aft]w>ds1 b met ) a s]ies ( mis=tunes1 & 0 n f9ally publi%$ till #ahgj1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 be=e :i* body x _h be5 read 9 #ahfh4 ,williamson 0 admitt$ly "r 9 connect+ ! floral organs ) ! s-call$ ,zamia foliage1 & 8 int]pretation ( ! complicat$ /ructure 0 z good z 0 possible 9 ! !n /ate ( k4 ,! true nature ( ^! fossils1 n[ kn[n by ! "n ,williamsonia1 giv5 !m by ,mr ,c>ru!rs1 c\ld only be und]/ood at a mu* lat] date 9 ! light ( ,dr ,wiel&'s fam\s rese>*es on ! ,am]ican ,b5nettiteae1 & has q rec5tly be5 made cle> 9 a memoir by ,pr(4 ,na?or/4 ,p]haps1 ev5 n[1 "s po9ts rema9 d\btful4 ,e>ly 9 ! fifties ,williamson made "s r\gh sections ( a ,calamite :i* came into 8 h&s1 & ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic l9e ( "w4 ,a rem>kable int]nal ca/ ( a ,calamite1 figur$ by ,lyell 9 8 ,manual ( ,geology 9 #ahee1 l$ to a correspond5ce ) ,m4 ,gr&',eury1 n[ s fam\s z ! vet]an ,fr5* palaeobotani/4 ,williamson at t "t _h no int5tion ( ent]+ on ! s]i\s /udy ( ,c>bonif]\s plants1 = ,b9ney 0 already 9 ! field4 ,gr&',eury's lett]1 h[ev]1 caus$ him to look up 8 old sections1 :i* he f\nd diff]$ f ! ,calamitean /ems figur$ by ,b9ney4 ,matt]s = a "t mov$ sl[ly1 & ,williamson's specim5 0 only describ$ 9 #ahfh 9 ! ,man*e/] ,memoirs4 ,?is fossil1 :i* he nam$ ,calamopitus1 is n[ kn[n z ,ar?rod5dron1 & is a di/9ct type ( ,calam>ian /em1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! common ,calamites or ,ar?ropitys1 & ! m elaborate ,calamod5dron ( ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures4 ,williamson 0 n[ fairly />t$ on 8 ,c>bonif]\s "w4 ,8 fir/ memoir on ! ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #aa1 #ahgj4 ,x is amus+ to f9d t ! secret>ies object$ to ! memoir be+ call$ ,"p ,i1 s9ce x b\nd ! society to publi% a ,"p ,,ii6 ,n9ete5 ,p>ts 7 publi%$1 ! la/ 9 #ahic4 ,! fir/ memoir 0 on ! ,calamites1 & controv]sy at once broke out4 ,williamson 0 f ! fir/ impress$ by ! manife/ occurr5ce ( exog5\s1 or1 z we %\ld n[ call x1 second>y gr[?1 bo? 9 ! ,calamites & ! ,lepidod5dreae1 gr\ps :i* he 0 conv9c$ 7 cryptogamic4 ,! controv]sy ) ! great ,fr5* s*ool1 head$ by ! illu/ri\s ,brongni>t1 is well kn[n4 ,z ,williamson put x3 ,! fight 0 always ! same2 0 ,brongni>t "r or wrong :5 he utt]$ 8 dogma1 t if ! /em ( a fossil plant conta9$ a second>y gr[? ( wood1 ! product ( a cambium lay]1 x c\ld n possibly belong to ! cryptogamic division ( ! vegetable k+dom8#abg ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! dispute 0 on diff]5t l9es4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #ahga1 says ,williamson1 ! ,briti% ,association met at ,ed9burgh4 ,at t meet+ ,i br\ght =w>d ! subject ( cambiums & second>y woods 9 ,cryptogams1 ) ! result t my views 7 reject$ by e botani/ 9 ! room4 ,!re foll[$ a controv]sy 9 ! pages ( ,nature1 :i* is ( "s int]e/1 z %[+ ! /ate ( op9ion 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,williamson tells u 9 8 autobiography ! pr9ciple by :i* he 0 guid$ 9 8 "w3 ,i det]m9$ n to look at ! writ+s ( any o!r obs]v] until ,i _h /udi$ e specim5 9 my cab9et1 & arriv$ at my own conclusions z to :at !y taught4 ,9 spite ( ?is excell5t rule x is probable t he 0 at fir/ unconsci\sly influ5c$ by ! views ( ,brongni>t1 :i* may h l$ him to atta* too mu* sy/ematic importance to ! occurr5ce ( second>y gr[?4 ,at any rate he propos$ at ! ,ed9burgh meet+ to sep>ate ! vascul> ,cryptogams into two gr\ps1 ! "o compreh5d+ ,equisetaceae1 ,lycopodiaceae & ,isotaceae1 to be t]m$ ! ,cryptogamiae ,exog5ae1 l9k+ ! ,cryptogams ) ! true exog5s ?r\gh ! ,cycads2 ! o!r call$ ! ,cryptogamiae ,endog5ae1 to compreh5d ! ,f]ns1 :i* w unite ! ,cryptogams ) ! ,endog5s ?r\gh ! ,palmaceae#abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii ,root ( ,calamites 7,a/romyelon ,williamsonis7 9 transv]se section4 ,drawn by ,williamson ,x is curi\s to note 9 pass+ t 8 ma9 divisions1 s f> z vascul> ,cryptogams are conc]n$1 correspond to ! ,lycopsida & ,pt]opsida ( ,pr(4 ,jeffrey1 ?\gh ! sugge/$ relation to ! high] plants w\ld n be accept$ by any mod]n botani/4 ,9 spite ( ,williamson's tactical error 9 weight+ himself ) a d\btful s*eme ( classification1 & 9 spite also ( a faulty t]m9ology1 x is easy to see n[ t he _h ! be/ ( ! controv]sy1 = he knew ! facts ab\t ! /ructure ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,cryptogams1 :i* 8 oppon5ts1 at t "t1 did n4 ,!y /uck to g5]alities1 & ^? :o take ! tr\ble to rake ! a%es ( ?is dead controv]sy w at lea/ le>n t dogmatism is n conf9$ to !ology6 ,an int]e/+ po9t is t ,williamson at t "t spoke ( ,brongni>t almo/ z an ally#abi4 ,! conviction t ! old ,lepidod5drons & ,calamites 7 exog5\s !n seem$ to him ( great] importance ev5 ?an 8 belief t !y 7 ,cryptogams4 ,! ,engli% opposition1 h[ev]1 0 nev] really =midable1 & s a *ange ( front became necess>y1 to meet ! attacks ( ! p[]ful ,fr5* s*ool4 ,williamson 0 an en]getic disputant2 n cont5t ) 8 num]\s ,engli% publications1 he publi%$1 9 #ahhb1 an article 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 entitl$ ,les ,sigillaires et les ,lepidod5dres4 ,?is 0 translat$ into ,fr5* = him by 8 colleague ,m>cus ,h>tog1 ^: assi/ance he greatly valu$4 ,he describes ?is vigor\s polemical treatise z flung l a bomb%ell among my oppon5ts4 ,9 "t !y came ov]1 "o by "o1 to 8 views1 & ev5 ! mo/ r$\btable ( ! ,fr5* *ampions ,b]n>d1 ,r5ault1 be=e ! close ( 8 life1 _h made v consid]able concessions to ,williamson's side ( ! "q4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell on ! controv]sy2 e /ud5t n[ kn[s t ! ,club-mosses1 ! ,horse-tails & ! ,sph5ophylls ( ,palaeozoic times =m$ abundant second>y tissues homolog\s ) ^? ( a ,gymnosp]m or a ,dicotyl$on2 ! case ( ! ,sph5ophylls %[s t ! "* 0 n limit$ to arboresc5t plants !n any m ?an x is among ,dicotyl$ons at ! pres5t day4 ,at ! same "t1 z ,williamson ma9ta9$1 ^! gr\ps ( plants 71 broadly speak+1 cryptogamic4 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 said by a di/+ui%$ botani/ t 9 ! ,f]n-s]ies second>y gr[? came 9 toge!r ) ! se$4 ,?is is n /rictly correct1 b x is true t ! plants su* z ,lyg9od5dron1 :i* ,williamson 9 8 lat] publications cit$ z ,f]ns ) second>y gr[?1 h turn$ out to be se$-be>+4 ,ev5 among ! ,lycopods a c]ta9 proportion ( ! ,lepidod5dreae bore organs closely analog\s to se$s4 ,^! p>tial concessions1 :i* may n[ gracefully be made to ! old ,brongni>tian cre$1 d n h[ev] really affect ! importance ( ,williamson's results1 :i* ,c\nt ,solms-,lauba* has well summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,x 0 ?us made evid5t by ,williamson t cambial gr[? 9 ?ickness is a "* :i* has appe>$ repeat$ly 9 ! mo/ v>i\s families ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & 0 by no means acquir$ = ! fir/ "t by ! ,phan]ogamic /ock4 ,?is is a g5]al botanical result ( ! greate/ importance & ! wide/ be>+4 ,9 ?is conclusion ,palaeontology has1 = ! fir/ "t1 spok5 ! decisive ^w 9 a purely botanical "q#acj4 ,to attempt a review ( ,williamson's "w 9 fossil botany w\ld be to write a treatise on ! ,c>bonif]\s ,flora4 ,9 e gr\p--,calamites1 ,sph5ophylls1 ,lycopods1 ,f]ns1 ,pt]idosp]ms1 ,gymnosp]ms--8 rese>*es are among ! mo/ important docum5ts ( ! palaeobotani/1 & to a great ext5t con/itute ! basis ( our pres5t k4 ,at ! "t he wrote1 ! weal? ( 8 mat]ial 0 absolutely unrivall$1 & its abundance 0 only equall$ by ! a/oni%+ en]gy & skill ) :i* he work$ x out4 ,z reg>ds ! ,calamites1 he demon/rat$1 to use 8 own words1 ! unity ( type exi/+ among ! ,briti% ,calamites1 aboli%+ ! false di/9ction betwe5 ,calamiteae & ,calamod5dreae4 ,among ! ,sph5ophyllums 7al?\gh !re 0 at fir/ "s confusion 9 8 nom5clature7 he gave ! fir/ correct acc\nt ( ! anatomy1 & ( ! organization ( ! cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv ,cone ( ,calamo/a*ys ,b9neyana2 sporangia & sporangiophores4 ,drawn by ,williamson ,conc]n+ ! ,lycopods1 ! great] "p ( our k is due to him4 ,he describ$ ! /ructure 9 t5 species ref]r$ to ,lepidod5dron1 besides o!r alli$ =ms1 & plac$ our k ( ! comp>ative anatomy1 once = all1 on a broad & secure basis4 ,8 great monograph ( ,/igm>ia1 by "s consid]$ 8 be/ "w1 is /ill our *ief au?ority = ! subt]ranean organs4 ,9 ! ,f]ns he made important contributions to our k ( ! gr\p n[ famili> to botani/s z ! ,prim(ilices ( ,arb]4 ,9 p>ticul> 8 acc\nt ( ! plant n[ kn[n z ,ankyropt]is corrugata is /ill among ! be/ we possess ( any memb] ( ! family4 ,9 ,pt]idosp]ms1 to use ! mod]n "n1 ,williamson may fairly be call$ ! discov]] ( ! important family ,lyg9od5dreae4 ,he appreciat$ _! int]m$iate position1 speak+ ( !m1 9 #ahhg1 z possibly ! g5]alis$ ance/ors ( bo? ,f]ns & ,cycads4 ,z reg>ds bo? ,pt]idosp]ms & ,gymnosp]ms prop]1 att5tion may be specially call$ to 8 "w on isolat$ se$s1 9 :i* he 0 surpass$ by ,brongni>t alone4 ,?is field ( inve/igation1 long neglect$1 has lately be5 reviv$ ) /rik+ results4 ,i hope t all /ud5ts ( fossil botany w h at lea/ turn$ ov] ! pages & ! plates ( ,williamson's works1 = only by inspection ( ! orig9al memoirs c any idea be ga9$ ( 8 va/ s]vices to our sci5ce4 ,8 rem>kable skill z a draughtsman 7= all 8 memoirs are illu/rat$ by 8 own h&7 is n always done ju/ice to 9 ! publi%$ reproductions z ! f9e examples ( 8 orig9al draw+s1 s k9dly l5t = ! lecture by ,mrs ,williamson1 w %[#aca4 ,at ! "t :5 ,williamson's ma9 "w 0 9 progress--f #ahgj to #ahib--;geologi/s 7 probably m appreciative ( its value ?an botani/s4 ,happily1 9 spite ( occasional tr\ble ) ,ref]ees1 none ( 8 "w 0 lo/1 ! ,royal ,society go+ /eadily ?r\gh ) all ! n9ete5 memoirs :i* 7 entru/$ to !m4 ,! "o botani/1 :o1 up to ! ye> #ahij1 e/imat$ ,williamson's "w at its full value 0 ,c\nt ,solms-,lauba*1 :o makes ! hon\rable boa/ t he knew ,williamson's collection z no "o else did4 ,williamson's writ+s are n easy read+1 especially = ! mod]n botanical /ud5t1 = ! t]m9ology is (t5 unfamili>1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! matt] unsy/ematic4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to ent] on a criticism ( details1 b x is necess>y to call att5tion to ! "o s]i\s mi/ake :i* ran ?r\gh mu* ( ,williamson's "w1 ?\gh at ! la/ he to a great ext5t correct$ x himself4 ,he 0 always too ready to int]pret specim5s ( ! same fossil plant :i* diff]$ 9 size & anatomical complexity1 z developm5tal /ages ( "o & ! same organ4 ,su* diff]5ces among fossils are m (t5 due to ! ord] ( ! bran* on ! plant1 or to ! level at :i* a section is cut4 ,?is error l$ to "s mi/ak51 & inde$ impossible views ( ! process ( developm5t4 ,i m5tion ?is p>tly because ,i h notic$ ! same fundam5tal mi/ake 9 ! "w ( mu* m mod]n writ]s4 ,we are none ( u infallible--n ev5 ! y\nge/ ( u1 & among ! late/ fossil-botany pap]s ,i h read1 ,i h detect$ ! v same confusion betwe5 diff]5ces ( size & diff]5ces ( age1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ s]i\s blemi% 9 ,williamson's writ+s4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,williamson 9 8 late/ indep5d5t "w correct$1 z reg>ds ! ,lepidod5drons1 on ! basis ( a labori\s re-inve/igation1 ! *ief mi/ake he _h made z to _! process ( gr[?#acb2 he ?us display$ an op5ness ( m9d wor?y ( a great naturali/4 ,i fir/ saw ,williamson on ,febru>y #af1 #ahhc1 :5 ,i att5d$ 8 ,friday ev5+ lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,on "s anomal\s ,oolitic & ,palaeozoic ,=ms ( ,vegetation4 ,i did n1 h[ev]1 make 8 acqua9tance till six ye>s lat]1 :5 we met at ! ,briti% ,association ,meet+ at ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 9 #ahhi4 ,?is l$ to a visit to 8 h\se 9 company ) ,pr(4 ,b[]2 x 0 on ,m>* #h1 #ahij1 t ,i fir/ _h a sight ( 8 collection4 ,i f9d ! entry 9 my di>y3 ,sp5t #g h\rs ov] fossils1 especially ,lyg9od5dron & ,lepidod5dron1 prep>ations magnific5t4 ,i at once became an ard5t conv]t to ! cult ( fossil plants to :i* ,i _h hi!rto be5 indiff]5t1 ?\gh ,i mu/ 9 fairness admit t ,c\nt ,solms-,lauba*'s ,e9leitung _h done some?+ to prep>e ! way4 ,i well rememb] ! /ate ( en?usiasm 9 :i* ,i return$ home f ,man*e/]4 ,a subsequ5t visit confirm$ me 9 ! fai?1 b x 0 "s little "t be=e ,i put my convictions into practice4 ,9 #ahib ,williamson1 !n 9 8 #gf? ye>1 resign$ ! ,man*e/] ,pr(essor%ip & came to live ne> ,london4 ,9 ! same ye> ,i migrat$ to ,kew1 & x 0 agre$ t we %\ld "w 9 conc]t1 an arrangem5t :i* receiv$ e enc\ragem5t f ! !n ,director1 ,?iselton-,dy]4 ,williamson fir/ came to ! ,jodrell ,laboratory on ,friday1 ,decemb] #b1 #ahib4 ,!n1 & on _m lat] visits1 he c>ri$ a sat*el ov] 8 %\ld]1 cramm$ ) ! treasures ( 8 collection4 ,= "s mon?s he came pretty regul>ly once a week1 aft]w>ds less (t54 ,on ^! visits we discuss$ ! "w ,i _h done on ! sections dur+ ! int]val1 & sometimes our discussions 7 decid$ly lively4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 we always manag$ to come to a satisfactory agreem5t4 ,our fir/ jo9t pap] 7,calamites1 ,calamo/a*ys & ,sph5ophyllum7 0 s5t (f to ! ,royal ,society1 r m ?an a ye> f ! />t1 on ,decemb] #bi1 #ahic4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( #ahid ,williamson came occasionally to ,kew1 & our discussions 7 r5ew$1 ?is "t *iefly on ,lyg9od5dron4 ,our second pap] 7,roots ( ,calamites7 0 despat*$ on ,octob] #cj1 #ahid4 ,aft] a consid]able int]val ,williamson aga9 visit$ ,kew1 on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahid1 :5 we />t$ on 8 ,lepidod5dron sections1 a subject on :i* we nev] publi%$ 9 conjunction4 ,8 la/ visit 0 on ,janu>y #g1 #ahie4 ,a few days lat] 8 heal? broke d[n1 & ?\gh !re 7 _m fluctuations he 0 nev] able to come to ! laboratory aga94 ,i saw him la/1 at 8 own h\se1 on ,june #d?4 ,on ! #ac? ,i read our jo9t pap] on ,lyg9od5dron & ,het]angium at ! ,royal ,society2 on ! #bcrd he pass$ peacefully away4 ,if ,williamson c\ld h liv$ x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h giv5 him great pleasure to see ! success1 9 8 own c\ntry1 ( ! "w :i* he inaugurat$ & ! progress ( ! subject to :i* he devot$ ! la/ #be ye>s ( 8 life4 ,i am happy to believe t he felt 9 ! ev5+ ( 8 days1 t ! p]iod ( comp>ative neglect ?r\gh :i* 8 "w _h pass$1 0 at an end4 ,= myself1 ,i may say t my "w1 s9ce ,i knew ,williamson1 owes its inspiration to him4 ,b q ap>t f our sci5tific relations x is a great privilege to h kn[n him4 ,?\gh 8 _m-sid$ activity1 z physician1 pr(essor1 popul> lectur]1 geologi/1 zoologi/1 botani/ & arti/ involv$ an am\nt ( "w :i* to u ( a less /r5u\s g5]ation is almo/ inconceivable1 ,williamson 0 z f> z possible f be+ ! m]e /ud5t4 ,8 p]sonality 0 int5sely human4 ,he 0 a man ( mo/ decid$ likes & dislikes2 8 conv]sation 0 (t5 brilliant1 & sometimes vigor\s to an almo/ />tl+ degree4 ,! gr& old race ( all-r\nd naturali/s f\nd 9 ,williamson its wor?y culm9ation1 & we c only regret t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 he c h no equal successor#acc4 ,,footnotes3 #aai ,s9ce ^! words 7 spok5 ! vet]an lead] ( ,engli% ,botany has pass$ away4 ,a notice ( ,sir ,joseph's c>e] w be f\nd 9 ?is volume1 & ! pres5t writ] has giv5 "s acc\nt ( 8 "w on fossil plants 9 an ,anniv]s>y ,address to ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,may #bd?1 #aiab4 #abj ,! portrait ( ,h5ry ,)am is f ! orig9al picture 9 ! possession ( ! ,salv9 family1 at ,croxdale2 a photograph ( ! picture 0 k9dly obta9$ = me by ,mr ,philip ,)am4 #aba ,rem9isc5ces ( a ,york%ire ,naturali/1 p4 #f4 #abb ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #ab4 #abc ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #cc4 #abd ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #gh4 #abe ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #acf4 #abf ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #aij4 #abg ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #bjc4 #abh ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 #ahga1 p4 #ceg4 #abi ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dji4 #acj ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,lii4 #ahie1 p4 #dda4 #aca ,?ree *>act]i/ic figures f ^! orig9als h be5 reproduc$ = ?is volume 7,plates #bb-bd74 #acb ,williamson1 ,on ! light ?r[n ^u ! "q ( ! ,gr[? & ,developm5t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,arboresc5t ,lepidod5dra by a /udy ( ! details ( _! ,organisation4 ,mem4 & ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc41 ,s]4 ,,iv4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 #ahie4 #acc ,! portrait ( ,williamson is f a photograph k9dly l5t by ,mrs ,williamson1 & tak51 z %e in=ms me1 at ,torquay 9 or ab\t #ahgf1 :5 he 0 ab\t #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv ,,h>ry ,,m>%all ,,w>d 7#ahie7 ,,h>ry ,,m>%all ,,w>d #ahed-aijf ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,?iselton-,,dy] ,tra9+ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton--,cambridge--,g]many--inve/igat es c(fee disease 9 ,ceylon--8 e>ly inve/igations--appo9tm5t to ,man*e/] & association ) ,williamson--,w>d's brilliance z an inve/igator--,coop]'s ,hill--inve/igation ( lily disease--legum9\s root tub]cles--symbiosis & ! g+]-be] plant--! ,croonian ,lecture--! bact]iology ( wat]--bact]icidal action ( light--,w>d's law ( d\bl+--appo9tm5t to ,cambridge--mycopiasm controv]sy--infection & immunity--physiological v>ieties ( ,ru/s--bridge+ species--illness & dea?--8 record z an inve/igator--p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,h>ry ,m>%all ,w>d1 elde/ son ( ,francis ,m>%all ,w>d1 0 born 9 ,h]e=d1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahed1 b he came ( a ,l9coln%ire /ock1 settl$ = "s "t 9 ,nott+ham4 ,f unavoidable causes he left s*ool at #ad1 b aft]w>ds cont9u$ 8 education by att5d+ ev5+ classes organis$ "u ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,to t ,dep>tm5t1 he ow$ indirectly ! opportunity ( a useful & brilliant c>e]4 ,8 means 7 small1 & 8 e>lie/ aim 0 to qualify z a sci5ce tea*]4 ,he 0 admitt$ to a c\rse ( in/ruction = tea*]s 9 tra9+ giv5 by ,pr(4 ,huxley 9 #ahgd-e4 ,al?\gh he mu/ h d]iv$ f x a s\nd insight into ! pr9ciples ( zoology1 ! subject does n seem to h _h any p]man5t attraction = him4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aheg ,w>d came "u my h&s 9 a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 botany :i* ,i conduct$ ) ,pr(4 ,v9es 9 ! ,sci5ce ,s*ools at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & f ?is "t onw>ds we 7 9 intimate relations to ! close ( 8 life4 ,i c be/ tell ! /ory z x came "u my eyes4 ,x conta9s mu* t c\ld n easily be dealt ) 9 any o!r way4 ,x 0 soon app>5t t we _h got hold ( a man ( exceptional ability4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! atmosph]e 0 /imulat+1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! tea*+ 0 c>ri$ on necessitat$ its be+ giv5 at high pressure4 ,i rememb] t on "o occasion ,w>d fa9t$ at 8 "w1 f no o!r cause1 ,i ?9k1 ?an ov]-excitem5t4 ,9 ! autumn ( ! same ye> he w5t = "o session to ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]1 ) ! object ( cont9u+ 8 g5]al education4 ,i le>n t he c>ri$ (f ! prizes 9 e subject t he took up4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye> ,i 0 glad to avail myself ( ! assi/ance ( ,w>d z demon/rator 9 a subsequ5t c\rse at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* ,i und]took ) ,pr(4 ,v9es4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> he became a c&idate = & secur$ an op5 s*ol>%ip at ,*ri/'s ,college1 :]e ,v9es himself 0 !n a ,fell[1 & w5t into resid5ce 9 ,octob]1 #ahgf4 ,w>d took full advantage ( 8 opportunities at ,cambridge1 & att5d$ ! tea*+ ( ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] 9 physiology & ( ,pr(4 ,f4 ,m4 ,balf\r 9 comp>ative anatomy4 ,! s\nd & fundam5tal conceptions :i* he acquir$ f ! =m] manife/ly influ5c$ 8 "w ?r\gh\t life4 ,he took a fir/ class 9 botany 9 ! ,natural ,sci5ce ,tripos 9 #ahgi4 ,8 fir/ publi%$ pap] 0 ! result ( "w 9 ! same ye> 9 ! ,jodrell ,laboratory at ,kew4 ,9 ?is1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 he s]i\sly criticis$ & correct$ t ( ,vesque on ! embryo-sac ( ,phan]ogams4 ,z 0 cu/om>y ) our "y botani/s1 ,w>d w5t to ,g]many = a %ort "t1 = purposes ( /udy & to /r5g!n 8 k ( ! language4 ,he work$ at ,wrzburg ) ,sa*s1 ^: lectures on ! physiology ( plants he aft]w>ds translat$ 9 #ahhg4 ,!re he cont9u$ 8 /udy ( ! embryo-sac 9 ,or*ideae1 z ,sa*s subsequ5tly te/ifi$1 zu me9] voll/5 ,zufri$5heit4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> ,w>d 0 appo9t$ on ! recomm5dation ( ,kew to proce$ to ,ceylon = two ye>s z ,gov]nm5t ,cryptogami/ to inve/igate ! leaf-disease 9 c(fee4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is malady is almo/ unique 9 vegetable pa?ology4 ,a native fungus :i* _h elud$ sci5tific obs]vation1 & mu/ !re=e h ma9ta9$ an inconspicu\s & limit$ exi/5ce on "s native ho/-plant1 f\nd a wid] opportunity on ! ,arabian c(fee plant & fell ^u x z a deva/at+ sc\rge4 ,x 0 fir/ detect$ 9 #ahfi on a s+le e/ate2 9 #ahgc !re 0 probably none 9 ! isl& entirely free f x4 ,mr 7s9ce ,sir ,daniel7 ,morris _h %[n t ! plants c\ld be cleans$ by du/+ !m ) a mixture ( sulphur & lime4 ,b ! rem$y prov$ ( no avail z ! plants spe$ily became re-infect$4 ,morris _h be5 transf]r$ to ano!r appo9tm5t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,w>d's duty 0 to take up ! inve/igation4 ,?is he accompli%$ exhau/ively4 ,he %[$ t ! fungus 7,hemileia va/atrix7 0 "o ( ! ,ur$9eae & t infection 0 produc$ by ! w9d-borne ur$ospores4 ,_h ! plant]s1 z 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 left =e/ belts betwe5 _! plantations1 ! spores might h be5 filt]$ out & ! disease controll$4 ,z x 0 x spread l an un*eck$ conflagration4 ,w>d also discov]$ ! teleutospores2 no?+ has be5 add$ to our k ( its life-hi/ory beyond :at he obta9$4 ,! result ( 8 inve/igations 0 giv5 9 ?ree (ficial reports & 9 pap]s contribut$ 9 #ahhb to ! ,l9nean ,society & ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce4 ,x 0 no blame to him t 8 "w l$ to no practical result4 ,! mis*ief admitt$ ( no rem$y4 ,! c(fee-plant+ indu/ry ( ,ceylon 0 de/roy$ & ! ,ori5tal ,bank succumb$ 9 ! g5]al ru94 ,leaf disease has n[ ext5d$ to e c(fee-gr[+ c\ntry 9 ! ,old ,_w f ,natal to ,fiji4 ,9 a tropical c\ntry leaves supply a sub/ratum to a little flora ( _! own1 consi/+ ( organisms p>tly algal1 p>tly fungal1 9 _! aff9ity4 ,w>d1 :o _h already develop$ 8 *>act]i/ic habit ( nev] neglect+ any po9t incid5tal to a rese>*1 c>efully /udi$ !m1 9 ord] bo? to asc]ta9 h[ f> _! pres5ce affect$ ! heal? ( ! leaf itself & to "w out _! life-hi/ory4 ,! outcome 0 ?ree important pap]s4 ,"o on ,meliola1 an obscure g5us ( tropical epiphyll\s fungi1 belong+ to ! ,pyr5omycetes1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions 9 #ahhc4 ,bornet's classical memoir publi%$ 9 #ahea _h be5 ! au?ority on ! subject4 ,w>d 0 able to fill up l>ge gaps 9 ! k ( important details4 ,ano!r pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce 9 #ahhb on an ,a/]9a illum9ates an alli$ organism4 ,b ! cr[n ( all ,w>d's ,ceylon "w 0 ! spl5did memoir on a ,tropical ,epiphyll\s ,li*5 :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,l9nean ,society 9 #ahhc4 ,9 ?is he1 ,i ?9k1 cle>$ up mu* t 0 obscure 9 ! ,mycoidea p>asitica describ$ by ,d4 ,d4 ,cunn+ham4 ,hav+ myself communicat$ ! pap]1 ,i %all always rememb] ! pleasure ) :i* ,i und]took 9 ,w>d's abs5ce to give an acc\nt ( x4 ,he solv$ ! problem ) conv9c+ complet5ess2 he ext5d$ ,s*w5d5]'s li*5 !ory to a gr\p ( obscure epiphyll\s organisms ( :i* he af=d$1 = ! fir/ "t1 a rational explanation4 ,! success ) :i* ?is 0 accompli%$ plac$ him at once 9 ! fir/ rank ( mycological inve/igators4 ,de ,b>y 0 ! lead+ au?ority on ,ur$9eae2 & 9 #ahhb ,w>d paid a %ort visit to him at ,/rasburg to conf] ) him on 8 c(fee disease "w1 ! accuracy ( :i* de ,b>y entirely confirm$4 ,!re he made ! acqua9tance ( ,elfv+ & complet$ 8 ,meliola pap]4 ,! outlook = ,w>d 0 n[ prec>i\s4 ,=tunately1 ,i f\nd myself sitt+ next to ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe at a ,royal ,society d9n]1 & ,i sugge/$ t ,w>d1 z an old /ud5t ( ,ow5s ,college1 w\ld be a fitt+ recipi5t ( a ,bi%op ,b]keley ,fell[%ip = orig9al rese>*4 ,pr9cipal ,gre5wood record$ ! fact t ! v important results already a*iev$ by ,mr ,w>d 9 ,ceylon1 9 ! doma9 ( ! high] botany1 l$ ! ,s5ate & ! ,c\ncil to make ?is appo9tm5t4 ,9 #ahhc1 he 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant ,lectur] & ,demon/rator 9 ,botany1 &1 on ! same te/imony1 abundantly ju/ifi$ 8 election4 ,x 0 a peculi> pleasure to him to relieve ! vet]an ,pr(essor ,williamson by tak+ entire *>ge ( ,vegetable ,physiology & ,hi/ology4 ,8 position 01 9 ! same ye>1 made secure by 8 election to a ,fell[%ip at ,*ri/'s ,college1 & he m>ri$ ! elde/ daught] ( ! late ,francis ,k+don1 ( ,exet]1 :o 0 a connection ( ,clif=d ! ma!matician4 ,! passion = rese>* n[ completely possess$ ,w>d & nev] left him = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he publi%$ pap]s :i* add$ mu* to our k ( ! ,saprolegnieae a gr\p ( fungi ( aquatic habit1 p>tly saprophytic & p>tly p>asitic4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t he 0 p>ticul>ly attract$ by ! mode 9 :i* ! hyphae attack ! tissues on :i* !y prey4 ,?is 0 a matt] on :i* he subsequ5tly ?rew an entirely new light4 ,he made ! int]e/+ discov]y ( an aquatic ,myxomycete1 su* a mode ( exi/5ce be+ hi!rto unkn[n 9 ! gr\p1 & work$ out its life-hi/ory4 ,b 8 m9d _h n[ become def9itely fix$ on ! problems pres5t$ by plant diseases1 & !y rema9$ ! pr9cipal occupation ( 8 life4 ,9 _! wide/ s5se ^! resolve !mselves into a consid]ation ( ! mode 9 :i* "o organism obta9s its nutrim5t at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,?is ranges f a complete de/ruction ( ! ho/ by ! p>asite to a h>mless & ev5 advantage\s symbiosis4 ,he 0 ?us naturally l$ to an exhau/ive /udy ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,s*izomycetes1 & contribut$ an article on ! gr\p 9 #ahhf to ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 :i*1 = ! "t at any rate1 gives ! be/ acc\nt ( x1 c]ta9ly 9 ,engli%1 & probably 9 any o!r language4 ,:5 he supplem5t$ ?is 9 #aijb by ! article on ,bact]iology1 x 0 l>gely to give an acc\nt ( 8 own important discov]ies4 ,9 ! e>li] "o1 he _h po9t$ out ! difficulties ( a natural classification ( ,s*izomycetes due to _! pleomorphism1 :i* ,lanke/] _h demon/rat$ 9 #ahgc4 ,he return$ to ! subject 9 an article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce 9 #ahib4 ,x may be not$ t1 9 8 ,briti% ,association address at ,toronto1 he took occasion to put 9 _! prop] relation ! "w ( ,cohn & ( 8 pupil ,ko*4 ,9 #ahhe1 ! ,regius ,pr(essor%ip ( ,botany at ,glasg[ 0 vacant by ! transf]5ce ( ,pr(4 ,balf\r to ,ox=d4 ,w>d 0 a c&idate ) ! w>m support ( 8 fell[-botani/s4 ,x 0 ?\ght t 8 ,colonial s]vices w\ld weigh ) ! ,gov]nm5t2 b o!r influ5ces 7 at "w 9 fav\r ( ano!r c&idate1 :om1 h[ev]1 ! ,univ]sity refus$ to accept4 ,a deadlock ensu$1 :i* 0 only solv$ by ! ,gov]nm5t f9ally refus+ to appo9t ei!r c&idate4 ,?is 0 a great disappo9tm5t to ,w>d1 :i* 0 9 "s degree mitigat$ by 8 appo9tm5t to ! new ,*air ( ,botany 9 ! ,=e/ry ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,coop]'s ,hill4 ,! utilit>ian atmosph]e 9 :i* he f\nd himself 0 n v cong5ial to him4 ,b he _h at any rate at la/ "s sort ( adequate position & a laboratory to "w 91 & "h he rema9$--n1 ,i ?9k1 unhappily--= t5 ye>s4 ,he 01 z he _h be5 at ,man*e/]1 a successful tea*]1 & _h ! gift ( int]e/+ 8 pupils1 :om he us$ to br+ weekly to ,kew dur+ ! summ] mon?s to visit ! ,arboretum4 ,9 po9t ( rese>*1 ?is 0 ! p]iod ( mu* ( 8 mo/ brilliant "w4 ,! /udy ( ,ur$9eae occupi$ ,w>d at int]vals dur+ 8 life4 ,! reproductive organs are pleomorphic1 & x is no easy task to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ^? t belong to ! same life-hi/ory4 ,9 a pap] on ,entyloma ,ranunculi1 publi%$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 9 #ahhg1 ,w>d = ! fir/ "t trac$ ! g]m9ation ( ! conidia ( an ,entyloma1 & confirm$ ,w9t]'s sugge/ion t !y 7 n an indep5d5t organism1 b actually belong$ to x4 ,incid5tally he discuss$ ! conditions :i* are fav\rable to ! invasion ( a ho/ by a p>asitic fungus4 ,?is rais$ ! "q ( immunity1 to :i* at int]vals he repeat$ly return$4 ,ab\t ! same "t he publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce ! results ( an inve/igation und]tak5 = ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t on ! mode ( infection ( ! potato plant by ,phytoph?ora infe/ans1 :i* produces ! potato disease4 ,x 0 n easy to add any?+ to ! classical "w ( de ,b>y1 b x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! developm5t ( ! zoospores is delay$ or ev5 arre/$ by direct daylight1 & ,w>d's att5tion 0 attract$ to ! problem1 :i* he aft]w>ds solv$1 ( h[ ! hyphae erode ! cell-wall4 ,! solution 0 giv5 9 #ahhh 9 a pap] 9 ! ,annals ( ,botany1 ,on a ,lily ,disease1 :i* has n[ become classical4 ,he discusses ! fungus :i* produces x1 & %[s t ! tips ( ! hyphae secrete a cellulose-dissolv+ f]m5t :i* enables !m to pi]ce ! cell-walls ( ! ho/4 ,?is f]m5t has s9ce be5 describ$ z cytase4 ,he %[s t its production w\ld det]m9e ! passage f a m]ely saprophytic to a p>asitic habit1 & makes ! sugge/ion t an organism might be educat$ to pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,an admirable rese>* 7#ahhg7 0 on ! =mation ( ! yell[ dye obta9$ f ,p]sian b]ries 7,rhamnus infectorius74 ,a dy] _h f\nd t un9jur$ b]ries af=d$ a poor] col\r+ liquor ?an cru%$4 ,gellatly _h f\nd1 9 #ahea1 t !y conta9$ a glucoside1 xan?orhamn91 :i* sulphuric acid broke up into rhamnet9 & grape-sug>4 ,! problem 0 to localise ! f]m5t :i* did ! "w4 ,w>d obta9$ ! unexpect$ result t x 0 conf9$ to ! raphe ( ! se$4 ,z e>ly z #ahhc ,w>d _h attack$ a problem :i* he pursu$ at int]vals = "s ye>s1 & :i* 0 fraught ) consequ5ces :olly un=ese5 at ! "t4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t legum9\s plants almo/ inv>iably c>ri$ tub]cul> swell+s on _! roots4 ,! op9ion _h gradually ga9$ gr\nd t !y 7 due to ! action ( a p>asite4 ,bact]ia-l corpuscles _h be5 f\nd 9 ! cells ( ! tub]cle1 & x 0 assum$ t !y _h play$ "s "p 9 excit+ ! gr[? ( ! latt]4 ,no "o _h z yet succe$$ 9 infect+ ! roots & 9 produc+ ! tub]cles artificially4 ,w>d describ$1 9 a pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 9 #ahhg1 h[ he _h accompli%$ ?is4 ,he %[$1 9 fact1 t a def9ite organism invades ! roots f ! soil1 & f9ds its access by ! root-hairs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t _h long ago prov$ t ! high] plants are incapable ( assimilat+ free nitrog54 ,hellriegel & ,wilf>? _h1 h[ev]1 %[n 9 #ahhf t legum9\s plants c>ry away m nitrog5 f ! soil ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ =4 ,?is ,w>d confirm$ by 8 own pot-exp]im5ts1 & satisfi$ himself t ! excess c\ld only be d]iv$ f ! free nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,hellriegel fur!r conclud$ t ! tub]cles play$ an ess5tial "p 9 ! process4 ,w>d _h no d\bt t ! bact]oids 7 ! *annel ( supply4 ,b he fail$ to get any pro( t !y c\ld assimilate free nitrog5 outside ! plant4 ,he sugge/$ t _! symbiosis might be an ess5tial condition1 & 0 oblig$ f9ally to leave x an op5 "q :e!r ! cells ( ! tub]cles or ! bact]oids 7 ! active ag5ts 9 nitrog5 assimilation4 ,he _h already /at$ 9 #ahhg t x is v probable t ! bact]oids may be ( extreme importance 9 agriculture4 ,b he 0 nev] satisfi$ ) any?+ %ort ( ! /ricte/ pro(4 ,9 #ahij ,w>d 0 invit$ to deliv] ! ,croonian ,lecture4 ,he *ose = 8 subject ! relation betwe5 ho/ & p>asite 9 plant disease4 ,he def9$ disease 9 its mo/ g5]alis$ =m z ! outcome ( a want ( balance 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ! p>ticul> problem to :i* he address$ himself 0 ! way 9 :i* ! balance is turn$ :5 "o organism is invad$ by ano!r4 ,?is is ! mo/ common type ( disease 9 plants & a n infrequ5t "o 9 animals4 ,! fir/ result rea*$ 0 id5tical ) t ( ,pa/eur = ! latt]2 ! normal organism is intr9sically resi/ant to disease4 ,x is an imm$iate inf]5ce t natural selection w\ld make x s4 ,w>d !n discusses v cle>ly ! physiological conditions ( susceptibility1 :i* he %[s to be a deviation f ! normal4 ,he _h already indicat$ ?is 9 ! case ( ,entyloma4 ,! epidemic phase is rea*$ :5 ! environm5t is unfav\rable to ! ho/ b n s or ev5 fav\rable to ! p>asite4 ,he !n attacks ! m obscure case :]e !re is no obvi\s susceptibility4 ,?is1 he f9ds1 resolves itself into a m]e case ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce3 a /ruggle betwe5 ! hypha ( ! fungus & ! cells ( ! ho/4 ,x is m subtle 9 its op]ation b ( ! same ord] ( ru?lessness z ! ravages ( a c>nivore4 ,w>d's acc\nt ( ! /ruggle is almo/ dramatic4 ,! cellulose outworks are fir/ brok5 d[n1 z he _h previ\sly %[n1 by a secret$ f]m5t4 ,! real tug ( w> comes :5 ! hypha is face to face ) ! ectoplasm4 ,its resi/ance is at once ov]come by flood+ x ) a poison1 probably oxalic acid4 ,w> ) attack & def5ce is a product ( evolution4 ,h[ did x come ab\t 9 ?is p>ticul> case8 ,w>d conv9c+ly traces out ! :ole process4 ,! normal plant obta9s its food f inorganic mat]ial4 ,b :5 opportunity (f]s x easily lapses into a condition 9 :i* x takes ! mat]ial = metabolism ready made f ! decay ( o!rs & becomes saprophytic4 ,w>d %[s t x is only a /ep to ! attack on ! liv+1 & = ! saprophyte to become a p>asite1 & he fur!r %[s t x c be readily educat$ to be s4 ,he does n hesitate to sugge/ t ! function ( conidia 9 ! complicat$ cycle ( fungal reproduction is to =m ! cellulose-dissolv+ f]m5t4 ,b n[ & aga9 ! ho/ does n succumb to its invad]4 ,a truce is sometimes call$ 9 ! /ruggle1 & ho/ & p>asite are cont5t to live toge!r 9 a mutually advantage\s symbiosis or comm5salism4 ,?ree ye>s e>li]1 9 #ahhg1 ,w>d's att5tion _h be5 drawn by a happy accid5t to ! physiological aspect ( symbiosis1 & x nev] ceas$ to occupy 8 m9d4 ,x 0 well kn[n t g+]-be] 0 made 9 villages 9 /one bottles4 ,! f]m5tation 0 effect$ by ! s-call$ g+]-be] plant :i* 0 pass$ on f family to family1 b no?+ 0 kn[n z to h[ or :]e x orig9at$4 ,x seem$ to h "s analogy ) ! ,kephir ( ! ,caucasus4 ,a specim5 0 s5t to me f ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 & x /ood = "s "t 9 ! sun 9 my /udy4 ,i notic$ ! vigor\s gr[? accompani$ by a copi\s evolution ( gas4 ,w>d com+ to see me "o day1 ,i h&$ x ov] to him z a problem wor? 8 att5tion4 ,at ! same "t ,pr(4 ,bayley ,balf\r _h exam9$ x & conclud$ t x 0 a mixture ( a yea/ & a bact]ium4 ,its /udy involv$ ,w>d 9 a v labori\s rese>* :i* occupi$ him = "s ye>s1 & ( :i* ! results 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 9 #ahib4 ,x prov$ to be a mixture ( v v>i\s organisms1 e "o ( :i* ,w>d exhau/ively /udi$4 ,?is requir$ n less ?an #bjjj sep>ate cultures4 ,! ess5tial compon5ts prov$ to be1 z ,balf\r _h sugge/$1 a yea/ d]iv$ f ! sug> & a bact]ium f ! g+]4 ,bo? 7 anarobic2 ! yea/ f]m5t$ cane-sug> ) ! copi\s production ( c>bon dioxide b little alcohol2 ! bact]ium also produc$ c>bon dioxide1 ev5 9 a vacuum tube4 ,! action ( ! two compon5ts /udi$ sep>ately prov$ to be n ! same z :5 !y work$ 9 conc]t4 ,?is 0 conspicu\sly ! case ) ! evolution ( c>bon dioxide1 :i* proce$$ ) su* viol5ce z to make ! rese>* att5d$ ) consid]able dang]4 ,x is kn[n t ! action ( f]m5ts may be *eck$ by ! inhibition ( ! products =m$4 ,w>d po9t$ out t :ile ! use ( ^! might be advantage\s to ! bact]ium1 _! consequ5t removal might be equally s to ! yea/4 ,?is e/abli%$ ! important pr9ciple ( symbiotic f]m5tation & gave x a rational explanation4 ,on ! morphological side ,w>d %[$ t ! g+]-be] plant is comp>able to a gelat9\s li*51 &1 hav+ resolv$ x into its con/itu5ts1 successfully recon/itut$ x4 ,! new conception ?rew a flood ( light on _m obscure po9ts 9 f]m5tation g5]ally1 & x is n surpris+ t ,w>d's "w at once attract$ ! att5tion ( ! brew+ indu/ry4 ,x l$ him to an ev5 m f]tile sugge/ion1 t ( metabiosis4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! f9e/ w9e is sometimes produc$ f m\ldy grapes4 ,he reg>d$ ?is z a case ( "o organism prep>+ ! way = ano!r4 ,he return$ to ! subject 9 a lecture giv5 at ! ,briti% ,association at ,dov] 9 #ahii & po9t$ out t 9 ! ,japanese manufacture ( ,sak1 an ,asp]gillus prep>es ! way = ! yea/4 ,he also %[$ t metabiosis play$ an important "p 9 nitrification4 ,fungi _c draw _! nutrim5t f solid mat]ials )\t fir/ pr(\ndly modify+ !m4 ,!y accompli% a l>ge "p ( _! dige/ion1 s to speak1 ext]nally to !mselves4 ,?is con/antly occupi$ ,w>d's m9d4 ,he insi/$ on ! "p play$ 9 ! process by f]m5ts4 ,! hyphae ( ,/]eum 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahih7 delignify ! walls ( ! wood elem5ts ( ,aesculus lay] by lay]1 & !n consume ! swoll5 cellulose4 ,he fail$1 h[ev]1 to isolate ! f]m5t :i* does ! "w4 ,nor 0 he m =tunate ) ! little kn[n fungus ,onyg5a1 :i* gr[s on horn1 ho(s & hair1 sett+ free ammonia z a f9al product 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahii74 ,t !re mu/ be "s hydrolysis ( k]at9 c h>dly be d\bt$1 = ,w>d e/abli%$ ! rem>kable fact t ! walls ( ! hyphae conta9 no cellulose1 b are compos$ ( *it94 ,onyg5a has1 9 fact1 ab&on$ a plant = an animal nutrition4 ,?is w\ld place ! g]m9ation ( ! species at a great disadvantage4 ,b he f\nd t ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ! spores :i* _h be5 lick$ f ! sk9 g]m9at+ 9 ! ga/ric juice ( ! animal's /oma*1 &1 :5 void$ 9 ! excreta1 infect+ a new ho/ by accid5tal contact4 ,9 ! case ( bo? ,/]eum & ,onyg5a he accompli%$ = ! fir/ "t ! difficult task ( trac+ _! life-hi/ory f spore to fructification4 ,w>d _h prep>$ himself = ! /udy ( bact]ia1 & 9 ! n9eties he und]took1 ) ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,frankl&1 a prolong$ rese>* on behalf ( ! ,royal ,society z to ! conditions ( _! occurr5ce 9 potable wat]4 ,! reports ( ! results fill a ?ick volume1 & ! am\nt ( "w involv$ is almo/ incr$ible4 ,! bact]iology 0 entirely due to ,w>d4 ,t bact]ia are n an inevitable elem5t 9 potable wat] is prov$ by _! abs5ce f t ( deep spr+s4 ,!y are arre/$ by filtration ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 any riv] sy/em !y are comp>atively few] t[>ds ! wat]%$1 & m frequ5t t[>ds ! m\?4 ,! obvi\s conclusion is t !y are d]iv$ f ! dra9age ( ! l&4 ,z x is kn[n t ! bact]ia ( *ol]a & typhoid are wat]-borne1 x becomes a problem ( vital importance to asc]ta9 if riv] wat] is a possible means ( di/ribut+ ^! diseases4 ,w>d set to "w to asc]ta93 7i7 ,:at 0 ! actual bact]ial flora ( ,?ames wat]2 7ii7 if ?is includ$ any pa?og5ic organisms2 7iii7 if n1 :at became ( !m8 ,! lab\r requir$ by ! fir/ two bran*es ( ! enquiry 0 enorm\s2 he id5tifi$ & cultivat$ "s eighty species2 ! result+ answ] to ! second 0 happily 9 ! negative4 ,z to ! ?ird1 two facts 7 kn[n4 ,fir/1 t riv] wat]1 if /or$1 l>gely cle>$ itself ( bact]ia by m]e subsid5ce2 secondly1 t ,d[nes & ,blunt1 9 a classical pap] communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahgg1 _h %[n t exposure to direct sunlight is fatal to bact]ia 9 a fluid m$ium4 ,w>d %[$ t subsid5ce c\ld n be entirely reli$ on1 z ! s$im5t might easily become ! s\rce ( re-infection4 ,! effect ( sunlight requir$ m critical exam9ation4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! spores ( an?rax 7 liable to be wa%$ into riv]s4 ,w>d det]m9$ to /udy ?is z ! mo/ extreme type ( pa?og5ic infection4 ,z x is und\bt$ly ! mo/ deadly micro-organism kn[n1 & ,w>d propos$ to deal ) x on a l>ge scale1 x impli$ no small degree ( c\rage4 ,he f\nd t ! spores ( an?rax 7 effectually kill$ by a few h\rs' exposure to ev5 ! reflect$ light ( a l[ w9t] sun4 ,x 0 cle> t ?is 0 due to ! direct action ( ! light & n to any heat+ effect1 ap>t f ! fact t !y w tol]ate boil+ = a few m9utes4 ,x 0 fur!r %[n t !re 0 no f\ndation = ! !ory ( ,r\x & ,duclaux t _! dea? 0 due to poison+ by products ( oxidation ( ! food-m$ium4 ,pro( ( ?is1 inde$1 0 h>dly requir$1 = ,pa/eur _h %[n t ! bact]ia float+ 9 ! atmosph]e are mo/ly dead4 ,7 x n s1 no surgical op]ation w\ld be possible4 ,to ! bact]icidal effect ( sunlight is equally to be attribut$ ! abs5ce ( bact]ia f ! ,high ,alps4 ,! next po9t 0 to asc]ta9 to :at rays ! effect 0 due4 ,! spores ( an?rax are s m9ute t1 :5 mix$ 9 l>ge numb]s ) gelat9e1 !y d n affect its transp>5cy1 ,a plate ( glass coat$ ) ! mixture is at fir/ cle>1 b ceases to be s if kept 9 ! d>k1 ow+ to ! g]m9ation ( ! spores4 ,w>d f\nd1 9 fact1 t a photograph c\ld be pr9t$ ) x1 ! d>k5+ be+ ! rev]se ( t ( a silv] plate4 ,aft] exp]im5ts ) col\r$ scre5s he completely solv$ ! problem 9 #ahic1 ) ! aid ( app>atus suppli$ by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge & "s advice f ,sir ,gabriel ,/okes1 by photograph+ ! spectrum on su* a plate4 ,x 0 at once se5 t ! de/ructive effect 0 due to rays ( high refrangibility1 &1 :at 0 extremely important1 ext5d$ to1 & f\nd its maximum 91 ! ultra-violet4 ,! same results 7 obta9$ ) ! typhoid bacillus4 ,he made ! sugge/ion t ! arc light might be us$ = ! dis9fection ( hospitals & railway c>riages4 ,comp>atively little 0 kn[n ( ! life hi/ory ( any ,s*izomycete4 ,w>d !re=e made a detail$ & exhau/ive /udy ( t ( ,bacillus ramosus1 ! ,wurzel bacillus ( ,g]man au?ors1 :i* is common 9 ,?ames wat]1 & be>s a sup]ficial resemblance to ! an?rax bacillus1 b is innocu\s4 ,x prov$ conv5i5t = /udy1 z x ran ?r\gh its entire life hi/ory 9 f ?irty to sixty h\rs at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,x =ms long filam5ts1 ! gr[? ( :i* ,w>d 0 able to measure "u ! microscope ) great precision4 ,on plott+ out 8 measurem5ts he obta9$ a regul> curve1 f :i* he f\nd t1 "u con/ant conditions1 ! filam5t d\bl$ itself 9 equal times4 ,?is he call$ ! law ( d\bl+4 ,x is ! same z ! s-call$ law ( comp\nd int]e/1 & leads to ! expression ( ! gr[+ quantity z an expon5tial function ( ! "t1 s t ! "t is proportional to ! log>i?m ( t quantity4 ,?is relation has1 ( c\rse1 long be5 famili> 9 *emical reactions1 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 ,w>d 0 ! fir/ to detect x 9 any vital process 9 a plant4 ,?is1 :i* 0 9 #ahie1 has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 ov]look$4 ,/efan[ska has s9ce1 9 #aijd1 obta9$ a log>i?mic curve = ! e>ly p]iod ( ! gr[? ( maize1 :i* d\bles its weight e t5 days1 & ! subject has s9ce be5 pursu$ by ,*odat & o!rs4 ,9 speculat+ on ! cause ( ! de/ructive action ( light on bact]ia1 ,w>d adopt$ ! view ( 8 fri5d ,elfv+1 t x inhibit$ metabolic processes necess>y to nutrition4 ,he sugge/s t ! con/ruct$ metabolites at ! mom5t ( assimilation are 9 a highly un/able condition1 & liable to de/ruction by oxidation promot$ by light4 ,he po9ts to ! fact t plant /ructures are frequ5tly provid$ ) col\r scre5s1 :i* w\ld cut (f ! blue-violet rays & *eck _! action 9 promot+ ! rapid oxidation ( res]ve mat]ials1 & he quotes ! sugge/ion ( ,elfv+ t *lorophyll itself may s]ve z su* a scre5 aga9/ de/ructive metabolic action 9 syn!sis4 ,w>d seems to h attribut$ little importance to ! fact t sub/antially ! same view _h long be=e be5 put =w>d by ,pr+%eim1 ?\gh receiv$ ) little fav\r4 ,8 own view t :5 r$ & orange pr$om9ate 9 ! scre5s _! effect is protective1 has s9ce af=d$ a probable explanation ( ! col\ration ( "y foliage1 especially 9 ! tropics4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! up%ot ( ,w>d's labori\s inve/igations has _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 decid+ ! policy ( ! future wat] supply ( ,london4 ,if we he> no?+ n[ ( obta9+ x f ,wales1 x is because we "k t ev5 pollut$ flood-wat] if expos$ 9 l>ge res]voirs w rid itself ( its bact]ial contam9ation1 p>tly1 z 0 kn[n already1 by subsid5ce1 b mo/ effectually1 z %[n by ,w>d1 by ! de/ruction ( its mo/ delet]i\s con/itu5ts by ! direct action ( sunlight4 ,9 #ahie1 ,w>d 0 call$ to ! ,*air ( ,botany at ,cambridge4 ,he 0 support$ by a di/+ui%$ body ( fell[-work]s1 & develop$ a fl\ri%+ s*ool1 9 :i* e bran* ( ! sci5ce f\nd its scope4 ,! ,univ]sity erect$ = x an in/itute :i* is probably ! be/ equipp$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 ,m>*1 #aijd1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ ,w>d receive ! ,k+ & ,que5 at its inauguration4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,w>d's life he return$ to ! /udy ( ! ,ur$9eae4 ,! sc\rge ( :eat p]haps f ! dawn ( agriculture has be5 ,ru/1 ,ut mala culmos esset rubigo 444 int]eunt segetes2 & ! loss inflict$ by x ?r\gh\t ! _w is probably n calculable4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! ,ceylon c(fee disease is only too pat5t an in/ance ( ! injury a ur$9e c effect4 ,eriksson1 ! mo/ rec5t au?ority on ! subject1 _h f\nd himself q unable to acc\nt = sudd5 outbur/s ( ru/ :i* x did n seem possible to attribute to ! result ( infection4 ,9 #ahig he laun*$ 8 celebrat$ !ory ( ! ,mycoplasm4 ,he suppos$ t a c]eal subject to ru/ 0 p]man5tly diseas$ & always _h be52 t ! protoplasm ( ! ,ur$o-p>asite & ( ! c]eal1 ?\gh discrete1 7 int]m+l$ & 7 cont9u\sly propagat$ toge!r2 b t :ile t ( ! latt] 0 cont9u\sly active1 t ( ! =m] might be lat5t till call$ into activity by conditions :i* fav\r$ x4 ,w>d discuss$ ! !ory 9 8 ,briti% ,association address at ,toronto1 & 0 evid5tly a good deal impress$ ) x1 b no?+ %ort ( actual demon/ration ev] conv9c$ him2 & :5 he proce$$ to inve/igate ! actual hi/ological facts on :i* ! !ory re/$ he promptly explod$ x4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,w>d1 z ,i "k f correspond5ce at ! "t1 _h himself be5 emb>rass$ 9 inve/igat+ ! ,ceylon c(fee disease by ! same k9d ( appe>ance :i* _h misl$ ,eriksson4 ,x is due to an optical fallacy4 ,:5 ! hypha ( a ur$9e attacks a cell x is unable to p]=ate x ) its :ole diamet]4 ,x infects x1 h[ev]1 ) a r$uc$ & sl5d] filam5t2 ?is exp&s aga9 aft] p]=ation into a r\nd$ body1 ! hau/orium4 ,9 a tang5tial section ! p]=at+ filam5t _c be di/+ui%$1 & ! hau/orium looks l an indep5d5t body imm]s$ 9 ! cell-protoplasm & ) no ext]nal connection4 ,x requires a =tunate normal section to reveal :at has really tak5 place4 ,w>d 0 accord+ly able1 9 a pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 9 #aijc1 to dispose conclusively ( ! mycoplasm4 ,?is cle>$ ! gr\nd ( an unt5able hypo!sis4 ,! complicat$ nature ( ! problem :i* /ill pres5t$ itself = inve/igation c only be briefly indicat$4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ^: sci5tific in/9ct 0 s\nd b curi\sly in>ticulate1 _h po9t$ out t ! spores ent]$ ! /omata1 & w>n$ f>m]s aga9/ us+ ru/$ litt]4 ,h5sl[1 "o ( ,w>d's pr$ecessors 9 ! ,cambridge *air1 _h be5 confirm$ by ,tulasne 9 %[+ t ! ur$o-& pucc9ia-spores 7( ! b>b]ry7 belong$ to ! same fungus4 ,de ,b>y trac$ ! g]m9ation ( ! spores & ! mode 9 :i* ! hyphae invad$ ! ho/2 ! fundam5tal fact1 :i* he obs]v$ b did n expla91 0 t ! g]m9al filam5t1 aft] gr[+ = a "t sup]ficially1 b5t d[n to ent] ! tissues ( its ho/4 ,pfeff] 9 #ahhc discov]$ *emotaxis1 ! directive action ( *emical sub/ances on ! movem5t ( mobile organisms4 ,de ,b>y _h previ\sly h9t$ t ! hypha might be attract$ by "s *emical +r$i5t ( ! ho/ plant4 ,myo%i1 a pupil ( ,pfeff]'s1 %[$ f9ally 9 #ahid t if a plant 7 inject$ by a *emotropic sub/ance a fungus-hypha n ord9>ily p>asitic might be made to behave z su* & attack x4 ,9 su* circum/ances x might seem t ! ho/ 0 n m]ely incapable ( resi/+ invasion by ! p>asite b actually invit$ its attack4 ,nature is1 h[ev]1 n easily baffl$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,attack provokes new me?ods ( def5ce4 ,w>d soon f\nd himself face to face ) problems ( great complexity1 & ^! occupi$ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,x _h be5 asc]ta9$ 9 fact t ! ru/ fungus is n1 z 0 at fir/ suppos$1 a s+le organism1 b comprises1 accord+ to ,eriksson1 ?irte5 di/9ct species1 ea* ) physiological v>ieties1 & t ^? :i* are de/ructive to "s grasses & c]eals1 are incapable ( attack+ o!rs4 ,?is necessitat$ a scrut9y ( ! nature ( grass-immunity4 ,9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 9 #aijb1 ,w>d ann\nc$ a conclusion :i* 0 z important z x 0 unexpect$4 ,he _h m & m made use ( ! graphical me?od = pres5t+ to ! eye at a glance ! result ( a mass ( sep>ate obs]vations4 ,9 ?is case he uses x ) /rik+ effect4 ,he %[s conclusively1 z f> z ru/ 9 brome-grasses is conc]n$1 t3 ,! capacity = infection1 or = resi/ance to infection1 is indep5d5t ( ! anatomical /ructure ( ! leaf1 & mu/ dep5d on "s o!r int]nal factor or factors 9 ! plant4 ,f9ally1 he is l$ to ! conclusion t x is 9 ! doma9 ( ! invisible biological prop]ties ( ! liv+ cell t we mu/ expect ! ph5om5a to reside4 ,he po9t$ out ! probability t light w\ld be ?r[n on ?is f ! action ( *emotaxis1 on ! "o h&1 & f t ( tox9s & antitox9s 9 animal organisms on ! o!r4 ,?is is a mo/ f]tile conception1 :i* w\ld1 h[ev]1 h requir$ a good deal ( v]ification1 & ?is1 unhappily1 he did n live to attempt4 ,b ) *>act]i/ic +5uity he po9t$ out ! analogy betwe5 ! infective capacity ( ur$ospores & ! prepot5cy ( poll51 :i* _h previ\sly engag$ ! att5tion ( ,d>w94 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> 9 ! ,b]l9 ,annales ,mycologici1 he ann\nc$ a no less significant result4 ,) 8 usual ?or\ghness 9 rese>* he _h cultivat$ side by side at ,cambridge m ?an two hundr$ species & v>ieties ( ,bromus1 & _h wat*$ ! degree to :i* !y 7 infect$ by ru/ "u id5tical conditions4 ,he f\nd t ?\gh 9 ! brome-grasses ! ru/ peculi> to !m is specifically id5tical its =ms are highly specialis$4 ,! =m :i* attacks ! species ( "o gr\p w n attack ^? ( ano!r4 ,ho/ & p>asite are mutually attun$4 ,he t]m$ ?is adaptive p>asitism4 ,?is rais$ ! problem1 :i* _h fir/ occurr$ to him 9 ,ceylon1 ( h[ a p>asite adapt$ to species ( "o circle ( alliance c pass to ^? ( ano!r4 ,occasionally x happ5s t a ur$o-=m w infect a species :]e x ord9>ily fails4 ,9 su* a case its ur$ospore prog5y w !nce=? readily infect t species4 ,w>d reg>d$ ?is z a case ( education4 ,work+ on ?is pr9ciple1 he succe$$ by gr[+ ! p>asite successively on a s]ies ( alli$ species :i* 7 imp]fectly resi/ant1 to ultimately educate x to attack a species hi!rto immune4 ,he call$ ^! bridge+ species4 ,he e/abli%$1 9 fact1 a complete p>allelism betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ru/-fungi & t ( pa?og5ic organisms 9 animals4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is f>-rea*+ rese>* 8 heal? began to fail4 ,9 #aijd he _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil to repres5t ! ,royal ,society at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,botany held at ,vi5na 9 ,june ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is he att5d$1 ?\gh m s]i\sly ill ?an he 0 aw>e (4 ,on 8 way back he sp5t ?ree weeks = treatm5t at ,c>lsbad1 b receiv+ no b5efit1 he w5t1 on ! advice ( ,dr ,krause1 to ,dr von ,noord5's ,kl9ik at ,sa*s5haus5 7,frank=t74 ,no?+ c\ld be done = him1 & he 0 advis$ to return home by easy /ages4 ,aft] a p]iod ( progressive & extreme weakness1 borne ) unfl9*+ c\rage1 ! end came some:at sudd5ly at ,torquay on ,augu/ #bf1 #aijf4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,cambridge 9 ,/ ,giles's ,cemet]y on ,septemb] #c4 ,f #ahhj1 ! ye> foll[+ 8 degree1 ,w>d nev] ceas$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury to p\r out a cont9u\s /ream ( orig9al "w4 ,?is alone w\ld be a rem>kable p]=mance1 _h he done no?+ else4 ,b he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 tea*+ "w1 & he act$ z exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,london & ,ed9burgh4 ,) no less consci5ti\sness he compli$ ) ! dem&s :i* ! sci5tific _w makes on its memb]s2 he s]v$ on ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,royal 7#ahie7 & ,l9nean 7#ahhg7 ,societies2 he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,botanical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,toronto 9 #ahig1 & ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 9 #aijd4 ,beyond all ?is he f\nd "t to give addresses ) unfail+ fre%ness ( insight2 a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,april #bg1 #ahid1 on ! ,action ( ,light on ,bact]ia & ,fungi 0 a notable p]=mance2 he wrote num]\s articles ( a m popul> k9d1 & he produc$ a numb] ( excell5t manuals = /ud5ts on subjects connect$ ) =e/1 agricultural & pa?ological botany4 ,activity s /r5u\s almo/ exce$s ! limits ( human possibility4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,sa*s1 ,w>d might h become a di/+ui%$ morphologi/4 ,b 8 "w 9 ,ceylon l$ him into a field ( rese>* f :i* he nev] deviat$4 ,a survey ( 8 p]=mance z a :ole1 su* z ,i h attempt$1 has a sci5tific int]e/ ( its own4 ,8 rese>* 0 n haphaz>d4 ,a cont9u\s & develop+ ?read ( ?\ght runs ?r\gh x all4 ,! fundam5tal problem 0 ! transf]5ce ( ! nutrition ( "o organism to ! s]vice ( ano!r4 ,( ?is1 9 ,ceylon1 ,w>d f\nd himself confront$ ) two extreme types1 & ( bo? he made an exhau/ive /udy4 ,9 ,hemileia x 0 ru?less p>asitism2 9 ,/rigula advantage\s comm5salism4 ,bornet put ,s*w5d5]'s !ory on a firm f\ndation :5 he effect$ ! syn!sis ( a li*52 ,w>d1 9 ano!r gr\p1 did ! same ?+ = ! g+]-be] plant4 ,9 su* cases ! p>tn]%ip is b5eficial4 ,! problem is to trace ! process by :i* "o p>tn] gets ! upp] h& & becomes m]ely pr$atory4 ,w>d inh]it$ a /rong ta/e = music1 ?\gh ,i believe he nev] cultivat$ x4 ,a musical simile may n inappropriately be appli$ to 8 "w4 ,9 its :ole x pres5ts itself to me z a symphony 9 :i* ! education ( protoplasm is a recurr+ leit-motiv4 ,a few words mu/ be said z to 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,he _h all ! qualifications = ! k9d ( rese>* to :i* he devot$ himself4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly dext]\s & skilful 9 manipulation4 ,he 0 a ref9$ & accompli%$ draughtsman1 & 0 !re=e able to d himself ju/ice by illu/ration4 ,he 0 rigor\s 9 dem&+ exhau/ive pro(4 ,?is almo/ det]iorat$ into a defect4 ,he w\ld pursue e side issue :i* pres5t$ itself 9 a rese>*1 & 0 q cont5t if x l$ to no?+4 ,he w\ld say 9 su* a case3 ,i w n leave a /one unturn$4 ,he 0 apt1 too1 ,i ?9k1 to attack a problem 9 too g5]alis$ a =m4 ,9 8 nitrog5 "w x always seem$ to me t he wa/$ en]gy on remote possibilities1 :5 a clean-cut l9e ( attack w\ld h s]v$ him bett]#acd4 ,b 8 m9d work$ 9 t way1 & he c\ld n help himself4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile 9 sugge/ion t ,i ev] came across4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 9 conv]sation especially1 ?\ght seem$ to come quick] ?an words to express x4 ,9 ?is respect he rem9d$ "o ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,9 su* a pr$icam5t he w\ld simply rema9 sil5t1 & sl[ly move 8 head4 ,?is habit1 ,i ?9k1 expla9s ! reputation ( be+ my/]i\s :i* he seems to h acquir$ latt]ly at ,cambridge4 ,he 0 n )\t ! hon\r at home :i* he des]v$1 ap>t f ! affection ( 8 fri5ds1 & _h he liv$ w\ld d\btless h receiv$ x f abroad4 ,he 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahhh1 & receiv$ ! ,royal ,m$al 9 #ahic4 ,he 0 elect$ an ,honor>y ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college 9 #ahig1 & receiv$ an ,honor>y ,d4,sc4 f ! ,victoria ,univ]sity 9 #aijb4 ,botanical sci5ce c\ld ill sp>e 8 loss at ! e>ly age ( #eb4 ,b x may be grateful = #be ye>s ( illum9at+ a*ievem5t4 ,x might h be5 hop$ t ano!r qu>t] ( a c5tury w\ld be allott$ to "o s gift$4 ,b if ! inexorabile fatum decre$ o!rwise1 he is at lea/ to be numb]$ among/ ^? ( :om x may be said ,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas4 ,,footnote3 #acd ,,nov4 #aiaa4 ,i mu/ gu>d myself aga9/ ! implication t ,m>%all ,w>d's me?od 0 wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,= z po9t$ out by ,pr(4 ,turn] 9 8 ,address to ! ,ma!matical & ,physical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,portsm\? ! maxim ( leav+ no /one unturn$ is id5tical ) ,pr(4 ,*amb]l9's ,me?od ( ,multiple ,work+ ,hypo!ses4 ,& :at is at fir/ sight an unlikely hypo!sis may turn out to be ! true "o4 ,yet ! rigor\s application ( ! me?od is "t-consum+ & life is %ort4 ,"s lib]ty ( selection 9 te/+ ! hypo!sis t seems mo/ probable mu/ be all[$ ! inve/igator1 & ! in/9ct ( g5ius may sometimes hit on ! "r "o4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,pr(essors ,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,ed9burgh ,,f #afgj ,,until #ahhg ,,by ,,isaac ,,bayley ,,balf\r ,m$ic9e & ,botany--,james ,su!rl&--en=c$ retirem5t--! ,pre/ons--,*>les ,al/on--8 c>e]--,john ,hope--,physiological lean+s--,daniel ,ru!r=d--,rob]t ,graham--,john ,hutton ,balf\r--*>act]i/ics--,botanic ,society ( ,ed9burgh f\nd$--appo9t$ to ,glasg[--transf] to ,ed9burgh--8 num]\s activities--laboratory tea*+ e/abli%$--field excursions--,ecology--attitude to ,d>w9ism--,alex&] ,dickson--"w 9 ,organography--8 v]satility4 ,my task 9 ! w>r+ aga9/ oblivion typifi$ 9 ^! addresses is to speak ab\t ,john ,hutton ,balf\r ( ,ed9burgh1 "o ( ! botanical tea*]s ( ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 ^: pupils 7 numb]$ by ?\s&s1 & ^: active life bridg$ ! p]iod ( ! pass+ ( ! old & ! bir? ( ! new outlook ^u sci5ce ?r\gh ,d>w9's "w2 & 9 relation to :at ,i h to say ( him ,i propose to sket* briefly ! /ages & developm5t ( botanical tea*+ 9 ,ed9burgh f ! date :5 sy/ematis$ att5tion 0 fir/ giv5 to x4 ,( ! well-recognis$ fact t ! /udy ( ,botany z a sci5ce has be51 to beg9 )1 dep5d5t on ,m$ic9e my /ory furni%es an excell5t illu/ration4 ,only t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h ! advance 9 practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh rea*$ a /age :i* gave urg5cy to a movem5t = ! improvem5t 9 ! tra9+ ( ! m$ical man1 & ! protection ( ! public f ! att5tions ( ineffici5t vot>ies ( ! heal+ art4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians 9 #afha gave expression to ! co-op]ative pr9ciple 9 ! control ( ^? :o w\ld pr(ess ,m$ic9e2 ! creation ( a ,botanic ,g>d5 = ! purpose ( ! cultivation ( m$ic9al plants 0 ! response 9 ! direction ( safegu>d+ ! practition] aga9/ ! h]bali/1 & ( giv+ him ! advantage ( a correct k ( ! plants :i* 7 ! s\rce ( ! drugs he himself 0 to comp\nd4 ,be=e ?is "t1 :il/ _m practition]s c\ld gr[ drug-plants = !mselves1 & did s1 ! majority 7 at ! m]cy ( ! h]bali/4 ,two ,ed9burgh physicians--7,sir7 ,rob]t ,sibbald & 7,sir7 ,&rew ,balf\r--conspicu\s among _! fell[s = _! activity 9 promot+ ! cause ( m$ical education & 9 ! plann+ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 7 ! pione]s ( ! /udy ( ,botany z a sci5ce4 ,det]m9$ t ! appr5tices 9 ,m$ic9e %\ld h adequate opportunity ( le>n+ ! s\rces ( _m ( ! drugs 9 use1 !y acquir$ a lease ( a small area ( l& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,holyrood ,palace 9 :i* !y arrang$ to cultivate m$ic9al plants1 /ock+ x f _! own g>d5s & f ^? ( fri5ds4 ,!y secur$ ! s]vices ( ,james ,su!rl&--describ$ z kn[+ 9 ^! matt]s--& plac$ _! small g>d5 "u 8 c>e1 ) ! obligation t he %\ld in/ruct ! appr5tices & lieges 9 ,botany4 ,su!rl& cultivat$ 8 plants s well1 & ! in/ruction :i* he gave 0 s satisfactory1 t ere long--no d\bt ?r\gh ,sibbald's influ5ce at ,c\rt--a portion ( ! ,royal ,fl[] ,g>d5 at ,holyrood ,palace 0 assign$ = ! cultivation ( m$ic9al plants1 & ?i!r 0 transf]r$ ! collection already made 9 ! hir$ area4 ,?us 0 f\nd$1 ) ! title ( ,physick ,g>d51 a ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5 9 ,scotl&1 & ! fir/ ,pr(ession ( ,botany 0 set up !re9 by ,james ,su!rl&4 ,( ! e>li] ye>s ( ,su!rl& we h no record4 ,8 success z a tea*] induc$ ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,ed9burgh--! body 9 :i* 0 ve/$ at ! "t all ! patronage ( ! ,univ]sity--to in/itute a ,*air ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity1 & to provide = practical tea*+ 9 ano!r ,botanic ,g>d5 belong+ to ! t[n4 ,su!rl& 0 appo9t$ to ! ,pr(essor%ip & also to take *>ge ( ?is new ,t[n ,g>d51 :i*1 x may int]e/ ^? :o at ! pres5t day pass ?r\gh ! ,wav]ley ,railway ,/ation to "k1 occupi$ a portion ( ! site ( t /ation4 ,bo? ^! g>d5s 7 at "s di/ance f ! ,univ]sity1 & app>5tly to save ! "t ( ! ,univ]sity /ud5ts1 p]haps also to create a tea*+ g>d5 entirely )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,college au?orities1 ano!r portion ( gr\nd occupy+ a "p ( ! ,kirk o' ,field1 notori\s z ! place ( ,d>nley's murd]1 0 trans=m$ into a h]b-g>d54 ,?us )9 a few ye>s f ! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t = ! provid+ ( adequate facilities to /ud5ts = le>n+ ab\t plants1 ?ree ,botanic ,g>d5s 7 made available4 ,dur+ ,su!rl&'s t5ure ( ! ,pr(essor%ip tea*+ 0 giv5 by him 9 ^! diff]5t g>d5s4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ,su!rl& 0 at he>t a numismati/1 & :il/ dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 incumb5cy ( (fice he _h correspond$ ) _m botanical in/itutions abroad1 _h introduc$ to ! g>d5s new species ( plants--_m ( !m n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! flora--& _h publi%$ 9 #afhc a ,catalogue ( ! plants 9 ! ,physical ,g>d51 9 lat] ye>s 8 int]e/ 0 c5tr$ 9 co9s & m$als4 ,s great 0 ! obsession t ! patrons ( ! ,univ]sity1 dissatisfi$ ) 8 botany1 compell$ him to resign 8 ,*air 9 #agjf1 to :i* !y appo9t$ ,*>les ,pre/on1 b ,su!rl& reta9$1 until he retir$ 9 #agae1 *>ge ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,holyrood1 ( :i* by ,royal ,w>rant he _h be5 made ,keep] ) ! additional p]sonal recognition ( ,botani/ to ! ,k+ 9 ,scotl&4 ,?us ! increase 9 numb] ( g>d5s ext5d$ to ! ,pr(essors1 & f #agjf onw>ds to #agci !re 7 two rival ,botanical ,s*ools 9 ,ed9burgh--t ( ! ,royal ,g>d51 & t ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,su!rl&'s place 9 relation to ! developm5t ( sci5tific ,botany 9 ,scotl& is t ( pione] 9 ! tea*+ ( sy/ematic ,botany f ! liv+ plants 9 relation to ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 & ( fir/ cu/odian & cultivator ( plants = in/ruction 9 a public g>d54 ,8 ,catalogue is n[ a book ( "s r>ity--( great r>ity 9 complete /ate ow+ to ! numb] ( cancel pages--& its reproduction at ! pres5t "t w\ld h int]e/ alike sci5tific & hi/oric4 ,x is ! fir/ publi%$ record ( a collection ( cultivat$ plants 9 ,scotl&4 ,x tells u ! plants :i* 7 recognis$ z indig5\s at its date1 & f its record we c by correlation ) in=mation o!rwise obta9able discov] ! "t ( introduction to ,scotl& ( ali5 plants1 & ?us obta9 a basis = gaug+ _! influ5ce on ! native ,flora z we "k x n[4 ,*>les ,pre/on :o /epp$ into ! ,univ]sity ,*air ( ,botany vacat$ 9 #agjf by ,su!rl&1 0 a m$ical man1 an active correspond5t ( ,sloan1 ,pettiv]1 & o!r sci5tific m5 9 ! s\?4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #agab1 aft] a %ort t5ure ( (fice1 ,george ,pre/on 8 bro!r succe$$ him & fill$ ! *air until #agci4 ,bo? ( ! ,pre/ons seem to h be5 *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica side ( ,botany & _! tea*+ 0 on ! l9es ( x4 ,!y are ref]r$ to by _! contempor>ies z m5 ( botanical k & ( critical judgm5t1 & _! correspond5ce indicates t !y 7 9 t\* ) ! botanical life ( _! "t4 ,_! "w 9 tea*+ 0 always 9 rivalry ) t at ! ,royal ,physick ,g>d54 ,at fir/ no d\bt x 0 effective & useful ow+ to ,su!rl&'s neglect ( 8 g>d51 b :5 a capable active sci5tific ,pr(essor 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ?is ,g>d5 ! case = su* rivalry & duplication ( ef=t ceas$1 & x is no surprise !re=e to f9d t :5 a vacancy occurr$ 9 #agci ! ,univ]sity ,*air 0 fill$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,k+'s ,botani/ 9 ,*>ge ( ! ,royal ,physick ,g>d51 :o 0 !n ,dr ,*>les ,al/on4 ,& ?is comb9ation cont9ues to our own "t by mutual cons5t ( ! ,cr[n & ! ,univ]sity4 ,su!rl&'s retirem5t 9 #agae f ! ,royal ,physick ,g>d5 f\r ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #agai :5 he 0 ov] #hj ye>s ( age1 may h be5 det]m9$ by 8 incapacity = ! duties1 b x is probable o!r influ5ces 7 effective especially z ! (fice ( ,k+'s ,botani/ 0 a ,h\sehold ,appo9tm5t & only dur+ pleasure4 ,7 ,i m]ely to tell ( incid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,botany 9 ,ed9burgh ,i w\ld "h introduce ! /ory ( ,dr ,william ,ar?ur1 ,su!rl&'s successor at ! ,royal ,g>d54 ,ar?ur has no botanical claims1 b _h influ5tial political fri5ds ^: zeal on 8 behalf he ill requit$ by becom+ "o ( ! lead]s 9 ! ,jacobite plot to capture ! ,ca/le ( ,ed9burgh 9 #agae4 ,hav+ fail$ 9 ! attempt he escap$ to ,italy1 :]e 9 #agaf he di$ f a surfeit ( figs6 ,ignoble fate = a ,k+'s ,botani/6 ,a man ( real di/9ction n[ comes into our botanical hi/ory 9 ,*>les ,al/on--a cle> obs]v] & exp]im5t]4 ,*>les ,al/on1 born #bd? ,octob]1 #afhe1 0 ! ?ird son ( ,?omas ,al/on1 ,m4,a4 ( ,ed9burgh & ,m4,d4 ( ,ca51 "o ( an old ,lan>k%ire family settl$ at ,?r9acre ,milne & connect$ ) ! h\se ( ,hamilton4 ,aft] boyhood at ,hamilton1 ,al/on w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 b be=e ! p]iod = graduation 8 fa!r di$ leav+ a wid[ & l>ge family poorly provid$ = & "y ,al/on's ,univ]sity c>e] 0 /opp$4 ,?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! ,du*ess ( ,hamilton ,al/on 0 !n appr5tic$ 9 #agjc to a lawy] ) a view to 8 ent]+ ! ,e/ates ,(fice ( ! ,hamilton family4 ,b anatomy & ! %ops 7 m agreeable to him ?an ,/yle ,books or ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se & 8 g5ius incl9$ m to ,m$ic9e1 & 9 #agji :5 ! ,du*ess took him into h] s]vice z h] ,pr9cipal ,s]vant1 9 :i* position he _h ab\ndance ( sp>e "t1 he ply'd close ! ,ma!matics & :atev] else he ?\ght ( use to a /ud5t ( ,m$ic9e1 p>ticul>ly ,botany4 ,) ?is tra9+ ,al/on1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,hamilton family1 0 made ,k+'s ,botani/1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 & ,keep] ( ! ,royal ,physick ,g>d5 9 #agaf aft] ! disappe>ance ( ,dr ,ar?ur4 ,he adopt$ a wise c\rse on succession4 ,hav+ put ! ,g>d5 9 su* ord] z he c\ld he hi$ himself to ,leyd5 9 #agah to /udy "u ,bo]haave1 & return+ !nce 9 ,augu/ #agai he graduat$ 9 ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 became ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 & 9 ,june #agbj 0 able to beg9 8 botanical lectures 9 ! ,g>d51 foll[$ 9 ,novemb] by a c\rse on ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,^! c\rses he c>ri$ on until #agci :5 he 0 giv5 ! ,univ]sity ,*air ( ,botany & ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 & ! two ,botany ,s*ools 7 ?us m]g$ 9 "o4 ,al/on 0 n[ colleague ( ,munro1 ,ru!r=d1 ,s9clair1 & o!r fam\s m5 :o at ?is "t 7 increas+ ! reputation ( ! ,univ]sity z a ,m$ical ,s*ool1 & he cont9u$ to tea* ,botany & ,mat]ia ,m$ica until 8 dea? 9 #agfj4 ,al/on's tea*+ 0 ma9ly direct$ to ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,8 full c\rse ( lectures on ! subject prep>$ = publication by himself appe>$ only z a po/hum\s "w edit$ by 8 successor ,dr ,hope1 & !y reflect ! be/ k ( ! "t1 %[+ rational scepticism ( ! efficacy ( _m simples :i* exp]im5t _h n te/$4 ,essays ,on ,opium1 & ,on t9 z an!lm9tic1 & an ,index ( ,simples publi%$ by him tell ( 8 ph>macological inve/igations1 to :i* 8 correspond5ce ) ,fo!rgill & o!rs is also witness4 ,! subject 9 ?is l9e to :i* he gave mo/ att5tion & on :i* he wrote ?ree diss]tations bas$ on exp]im5ts is t ( ,quicklime & ,wat]--its efficacy 9 ,calculus & also z an ag5t = keep+ wat] sweet4 ,f ,al/on1 ,/eph5 ,hales1 !n 9 t\* ) ! ,admiralty ^u que/ions ( v5tilation & o!r matt]s ( sanitation1 obta9$ e>ly sugge/ions1 & a long correspond5ce foll[$4 ,al/on1 :o _h to e>n 8 livelihood by m$ical practice1 gave mu* "t to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s "u 8 *>ge1 & ! elaborate li/s :i* he prep>$ %[+ ! disposition ( plants 9 ! ,g>d5s1 witness to 8 int]e/ 9 _! cultivation4 ,8 pr$ilection 9 sy/ematic arrangem5t 0 ,t\rne=tian1 & on ! promulgation by ,l9naeus ( 8 sexual sy/em 9 #agcf1 no writ] 0 m tr5*ant ?an ,al/on 9 opposition to x1 & by ?is he became widely kn[n4 ,8 criticism 0 direct$ aga9/ x1 n z a me?od ( arrang+ plants by readily recognis$ *>act]s1 b f ! /&po9t ( d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( sex4 ,by v>i\s exp]im5ts z well z by argum5t1 ,al/on endeav\r$ to disprove ! necessity ( ! /am5s = ! developm5t ( f]tile se$1 cit+ cases ( se$-production :]e no application ( ! du/ f ! /am5s 0 possible--?us e>ly recognis+ conditions :i* puzzl$ botani/s = _m g5]ations aft]w>ds & until ! explanation ( apogamy 0 suppli$4 ,"o is tempt$ to wond] :e!r if ! ,l9naean sy/em _h n receiv$ ! appellation sexual x w\ld h r\s$ ! same condemnation f him z x did4 ,f 8 publi%$ "w1 notably ! ,diss]tation on ,botany 7#aged7 a translation ( a portion ( 8 e>li] ,tiroc9ium ,botanicum ,ed9burg5se 7#agdj71 z also f "s ,,ms4 ( 8 lectures :i* /ill exi/1 we recognise ! cle>ness & vig\r ( m9d ( ,al/on1 & ! precision ( ! man is made abundantly evid5t 9 ! beautiful copp]-plate writ+ 9 old script ( 8 ,,ms4 ,page aft] page is fill$ )\t blot or correction1 & ! :ole sy/ematis$ & arrang$ )\t flaw4 ,anatomical que/ions 7 dealt ) by him 9 consonance ) ! k ( ! "t1 ma9ly re/+ on ,malpighi2 b !re is no rational treatm5t ( physiological subjects1 & ?is is ! m surpris+ inasmu* z he 0 9 intimate correspond5ce ) ,hales1 & ought to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tal exp]im5tal "w ( t physiologi/4 ,x may be t ! fragm5ts ( record f :i* we h to judge are insuffici5t = correct appraisem5t1 b on all ! evid5ce we possess we mu/ conclude t ! two volumes ( 8 ,mat]ia ,m$ica give u a picture ( ! direction ( 8 tea*+1 & t ,botany 9 ! h&s ( its lead+ expositor 9 ,ed9burgh 0 at ?is p]iod only a h&-maid to ,m$ic9e4 ,! adv5t ( ,al/on's successor1 ,john ,hope1 0 ! dawn ( new ?+s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! "w ( ,hales _h rea*$ ,ed9burgh4 ,comp>atively few botani/s ( to-day h he>d ! "n ( ,john ,hope o!rwise ?an z t ( a correspond5t ( ,l9naeus & protagoni/ 9 ?is c\ntry ( 8 sy/em ( classification1 = ^! are ! claims to di/9ction assign$ to him by ! hi/orians ( ,briti% ,botany2 & if "o reckons ! value ( a man's life-"w 9 sci5ce by 8 publi%$ writ+s alone1 t ( ,john ,hope w\ld be a m9imum2 = only su* pap]s z ^? ,on ,rheum palmatum1 ,on ,f]ula ,assafoetida1 ,on ,eriocaulon septangul>e 9 ,scotl&1 are extant f 8 p54 ,yet ,john ,hope 0 a botani/ inspir$ by ! _s ( rese>* :o obta9$ by sci5tific exp]im5tal "w & expla9$ to 8 pupils facts ( plant physiology "s ( :i* ! botanical _w le>n$ f o!r work]s only a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ,hope's retic5ce4 ,x may be t he int5d$ to give 8 "w to ! _w 9 ! book ^u ,botany :i* _h engag$ 8 att5tion = _m ye>s & ( :i* ! ,,ms4 0 9 great "p ready at ! "t ( 8 unexpect$ dea? 9 #aghf--;if s1 ! botanical _w has be5 ! poor] ?r\gh ! want ( ,hope's book4 ,b if ,hope did n give cause by publi%$ contributions to natural k = 8 recognition 9 promot+ ! advance ( ,botany1 he has always be5 rememb]$ ) gratitude = s]vices ( adm9i/ration :i* he 0 peculi>ly fitt$ to r5d] & :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! /udy ( ,botany 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,john ,hope 0 born #aj? ,may1 #agbe4 ,! son ( ,rob]t ,hope1 a surgeon 9 ,ed9burgh1 ^: fa!r _h become "o ( ! ,s5ators ( ! ,college ( ,ju/ice ) ! title ( ,"l ,rankeill\r4 ,educat$ at a fam\s s*ool 9 ,dalkei?1 ,john ,hope1 :o e>ly %[$ a lik+ = ,botany1 ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh z a m$ical /ud5t & became a pupil ( ,al/on4 ,8 botanical incl9ations tempt$ him to break ! c\rse ( 8 m$ical /udies 9 ,ed9burgh to /udy ,botany "u ,b]n>d de ,jussieu 9 ,p>is4 ,return+ to ,scotl& he graduat$ 9 ,m$ic9e f ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ 9 #agej1 jo9$ ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,ed9burgh & began m$ical practice1 giv+ to ,botany su* "t z c\ld be sp>$ f ! _m ties ( a successful practice4 ,9 #agfj ,al/on di$1 & ,john ,hope became 8 successor1 fir/ ( all 9 #agfa z ,k+'s ,botani/ at ,holyrood & subsequ5tly z ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,mat]ia ,m$ica 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,soon aft] appo9tm5t ,hope recognis$ t to cont9ue to hold colleges 9 ,mat]ia ,m$ica meant spoliation ( 8 botanical "w4 ,! "t _h come = a sep>ation ( ! two subjects ( ,botany & ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,problems ( ! =m] n[ press+ 7 n ^? specially relat+ to m$ic9al plants4 ,he !re=e manag$ to c>ry ?r\gh an arrangem5t by :i* he reta9$ a *air z ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ,botany1 & a new ,pr(essor%ip ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica 0 creat$4 ,! importance ( ?is /ep = botanical progress 0 great--x 0 n m]ely a "q ( "t occupi$ b ( sci5tific outlook4 ,ano!r movem5t 9 ! direction ( conc5tration ( ef=t 9 ! cause ( ,botany 0 initiat$ by ,hope e>ly 9 8 (ficial c>e]--t = ! creation ( a new ,botanic ,g>d5 9 a locality outside ! imm$iate influ5ce ( t[n atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! collections di/ribut$ ov] ! ,holyrood & ,t[n ,g>d5s c\ld be comb9$4 ,he accompli%$ 8 design1 & n only ?is1 b obta9$ f ! ,cr[n a p]man5t end[m5t = ! new ,g>d54 ,?is 0 no small a*ievem5t--b ! om5s 7 fav\rable1 = ^? patrons ( sci5ce ! ,e>l ( ,bute &1 lat]1 ! ,duke ( ,portl&1 7 9 p[] :5 ! ,pr(essor made use ( ! great influ5ce :i* 8 family possess$ to secure 8 ends4 ,a spread+ city 9 "t made ! location ( ,hope's new ,g>d5 unsuitable1 & x 0 transf]r$ to ! pres5t site2 b x 0 ! ef=t by ,hope :i* gave ! ,botanic ,g>d51 & ?r\gh x ,botany1 a /atus among in/itutions requir+ subsidy & ma9t5ance by ,gov]nm5t 9 ,scotl&1 & ! obligation s impos$ has be5 upheld not)/&+ an attempt 9 lat] ye>s on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t to get rid ( x--an attempt :i* ! %ort-sight$ policy ( ! ,univ]sity ne>ly all[$ to succe$4 ,hope's duties 9 8 ,univ]sity ,*air requir$ ( him1 9 addition to 8 botanical "w1 cl9ical tea*+ 9 ! ,hospital1 & he also engag$ 9 practice--?is = a livelihood--& took active %>e 9 ! affairs ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ( :i* he 0 ,presid5t at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aghf4 ,botany c\ld !re=e claim b a portion ( 8 "t4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ! new ,g>d51 he lab\r$ ) assiduity to lay x out effectively1 & !n to enri* x ) plants4 ,8 own ard\r & en?usiasm impress$ o!rs1 & 8 pupils 9 all p>ts ( ! _w contribut$ to mak+ ! ,g>d5 a r5[n$ collection ( ! r>e/ plants4 ,"h ,hope met 8 /ud5ts1 & "h he c>ri$ out 8 _m physiological exp]im5ts :i* gave !m in/ruction4 ,8 tea*+ 0 compreh5sive4 ,al?\gh no long] ti$ by ! calls ( 8 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,hope did n ignore ! subject entirely1 b plants 9 ?is relation 7 n ! gr\ndwork ( 8 in/ruction4 ,sy/ematic & descriptive ,botany1 recognition ( h]bs1 /ill f\nd a place 9 x4 ,9 ,al/on ! mo/ /r5u\s oppon5t ( ! ,l9naean me?od _h gone2 x f\nd 9 ,hope a no less /r5u\s advocate1 to ^: influ5ce its rapid adoption 9 ?is c\ntry ow$ mu*4 ,to :at ext5t ,hope made excursions ) 8 pupils1 !re is no evid5ce4 ,8 ,hortus ,siccus & li/s ( plants ) localities %[ t he 0 a field-botani/1 & 9 correspond5ce )1 if n m intimately acqua9t$ )1 ! botani/s :o 7 work+ out ! ,scotti% ,flora at ! p]iod--su* m51 = in/ance1 z ,lightfoot1 ,/u>t1 ,rob]tson4 ,?is we d "k1 t he enc\rag$ 8 pupils to inve/igate ! ,flora ( ,scotl&1 giv+ ye>ly a gold m$al = ! be/ ,h]b>ium1 & ,hope's p]ipatetic pupils is a designation met ) 9 lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,?is aspect ( ,hope's tea*+1 consonant ) ! features ( ! botanical lit]ature ( ! p]iod1 is t :i* has be5 commonly kn[n4 ,x is n h[ev] a complete picture4 ,9 ,hope ,scotl& _h a physiologi/ ( orig9ality & skill--:o 0 n only in=m$ ^u ! "w ( ,hales1 ,duhamel1 ,m>iotte & o!rs1 b :o made 8 own exp]im5ts1 cle>ly devis$ & effective1 & ^: ca?olicity is atte/$ by 8 deal+ ) su* problems z gr[? 9 l5g? & ?ickness1 effect ( light & gravity1 movem5t ( wat]1 heal+ ( w\nds1 & ! l4 ,?is physiology 0 an ess5tial elem5t ( 8 tea*+1 & ! effect ^u /ud5ts ( contact ) su* direct wre/+ ( tru? f ,nature mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,our k ( all ?is1 only rec5tly acquir$1 ?r[s a new light ^u ,hope's "*1 & ^u ! influ5ce :i* he appe>s to h ex]cis$ on ! education ( ! "t4 ,! pity is t he left no publi%$ records1 & t ?is bright p]iod ( brilliant rese>* %\ld h become obscur$ by ! s*ola/icism inh]5t 9 ! me?od ( classification :i* he himself did s mu* to popul>ise4 ,9 accordance ) tradition1 ! ,*air vacat$ by ,hope 0 fill$ by ! election ( ano!r m$ical practition] 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,daniel ,ru!r=d 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh #crd ,novemb]1 #agdi1 ! son ( ,dr ,john ,ru!r=d1 :o z ,pr(essor 0 associat$ ) ,al/on & o!rs 9 ! re=mation ( ! ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ bo? z a classical s*ol> & z a ma!matician1 & aft] graduat+ ,m4,a4 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 he ent]$ on ! m$ical curriculum1 obta9+ 8 diploma ( ,m4,d4 9 #aggb4 ,8 !sis1 :5 apply+ = ! degree1 0 ,de a]o fixo dicto aut ,mephitico1 & by ?is he became fam\s ?r\gh ! di/9ction he e/abli%$ 9 x betwe5 c>bonic acid gas & nitrog51 ?\gh he did n give nitrog5 its "n4 ,! exposition he gave ( 8 precise exp]im5tal "w has be5 all[$ to entitle him to be reg>d$ z ! discov]] ( nitrog51 al?\gh %ortly be=e ! appe>ance ( 8 !sis ,prie/ley _h practically1 if less me?odically1 cov]$ ! gr\nd4 ,aft] graduation1 ,ru!r=d travell$ 9 ,france & ,italy1 return+ to ,ed9burgh 9 #agge to beg9 ! practice ( ,m$ic9e1 becom+ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ( :i* he 0 aft]w>ds ,presid5t4 ,ru!r=d 0 a *emi/1 & ,i h n discov]$ 9 any ref]5ces to him expressions t w\ld %[ he 0 at ?is p]iod ( 8 life int]e/$ 9 plants o!rwise ?an z objects = 8 exp]im5ts 9 relation to ! *emi/ry ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 seek+ = a reason to expla9 8 selection z ,hope's successor 9 ! ,*air ( ,m$ic9e & ,botany1 "o may sugge/ ei!r ! g5]al "o ( recognition ( 8 sci5tific ability1 or ! m special "o t 9 exp]im5t+ ) plants he _h be5 foll[+ on ! l9es ( "w s conspicu\sly develop$ by ,hope4 ,& ( c\rse at t "t "s g5]al k ( ,botany _h to be ! possession ( e successful physician4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 ,ru!r=d _h to und]take cl9ical tea*+ 9 ! ,hospital2 he ma9ta9$ also 8 private practice1 & 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! active lit]>y _w ( 8 day 9 :i* 8 nephew 7,sir7 ,walt] ,scott 0 a brilliant />4 ,! ,botanic ,g>d5 cont9u$ to hold its place z a sci5tific in/itution1 & f ! adv5t ( ,william ,mc,nab z ,pr9cipal ,g>d5] 9 #ahaj1 develop$ into "o ( ! be/ kn[n 9 ! _w4 ,! record+ ( ! plants ( ,scotl& also proce$$ apace2 two ( ! ,pr9cipal ,g>d5]s ( ! ,ed9burgh ,g>d5 dur+ ,ru!r=d's ,keep]%ip--,john ,mackay f #ahjj-ahjb1 & ,george ,don f #ahjb-ahjf--;be+ =emo/ 9 mak+ kn[n its flori/ic features1 & _! "w ,ru!r=d mu/ h enc\rag$4 ,f ,,ms4 notes ( 8 lectures1 ,i ga!r t ! biological did n attract ,ru!r=d1 nor does x appe> 9 ! scanty records available t any special developm5t ( tea*+ equipm5t or ( me?od took place dur+ 8 t5ure ( (fice4 ,= "s ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahai ,ru!r=d _h be5 infirm2 & speculation z to 8 successor _h be5 rife4 ,rob]t ,br[n & ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi? 7 bo? spok5 (4 ,:5 ! vacancy came ,rob]t ,br[n refus$ x & ,rob]t ,graham1 !n ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 0 appo9t$4 ,rob]t ,graham 0 born at ,/irl+ #crd ,decemb]1 #aghf1 ! ?ird son ( ,dr ,rob]t ,graham ( ,/irl+ 7aft]w>ds ,moir ( ,leckie74 ,aft] e>ly education at ,/irl+1 ,graham 0 appr5tic$ 9 #ahjd to ,mr ,&rew ,wood1 ,surgeon 9 ,ed9burgh1 & ent]$ on ! /udy ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity1 graduat+ ,m4,d4 9 #ahjh4 ,!reaft] he /udi$ at ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital 9 ,london = a ye> be=e settl+ 9 ,glasg[1 :]e he 0 also ,lectur] 9 ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he publi%$ a diss]tation ,on cont9u$ ,fev]4 ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ at ?is "t _h n rea*$ ! dignity ( hav+ a ,pr(essor%ip4 ,x 0 atta*$ to ! ,*air ( ,anatomy1 b a sep>ate lectur] und]took its tea*+4 ,to ?is lecture%ip ,graham 0 appo9t$ 9 succession to ,dr ,br[n4 ,?is appo9tm5t 0 ! prelude to 8 election z ,pr(essor 9 #ahah :5 ! ,*air ( ,botany 0 f\nd$--a f\ndation :i* ow$ mu* to him ?r\gh 8 influ5ce ) ! ,duke ( ,montrose1 !n ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity1 ( ^: h\se he 0 a cadet4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,graham 9 8 new position 0 direct$ to ! completion ( a s*eme t 0 mak+ = ! =mation ( a ,botanic ,g>d54 ,9 ?is he succe$$1 & botanical tea*+ 9 ,glasg[ 0 ?us equipp$ 9 #ahai4 ,f ?is sph]e 9 :i* he _h initiat$ s mu*1 ,graham came to ,ed9burgh 9 #ahbj z ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ,botany & 0 =c$ aga9 to take up m$ical practice & cl9ical tea*+ 9 ! ,hospital1 & 9 consequ5ce to int]e/ himself 9 ! affairs ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ( :i* he became ,presid5t--all ?is1 z 9 ! case ( 8 pr$ecessors1 9 addition to 8 botanical "w4 ,8 fir/ lab\r 9 relation to ,botany 0 to transf] ! ,botanic ,g>d5 :i* ,hope _h made to a new site--t :i* x n[ occupies4 ,ne>ly two ye>s 7 requir$ to c>ry out ! removal1 to ! success ( :i* ! skill ( ,william ,mc,nab1 ! ,pr9cipal ,g>d5]1 contribut$ greatly4 ,dur+ ! :ole t5ure ( 8 (fices ,graham devot$ himself to ! affairs ( ?is ,g>d51 & (t5 9 ! v practical way ( supply+ funds f 8 own res\rces to supplem5t ! inadequate grants obta9$ f ,gov]nm5t4 ,x gave him ! mat]ial = ! description ( _m new species :i* 7 figur$ 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e & o!r l p]iodicals4 ,?is sy/ematic botanical "w 0 t :i* ,graham c>$ = mo/1 x 0 ! backbone ( 8 tea*+1 & all ( 8 scatt]$ pap]s deal ) ?is aspect ( ! subject4 ,9 connection ) 8 tea*+ ,graham develop$ specially ! botanical excursion = ! /udy ( ,field ,botany1 mak+ x an integral "p ( 8 c\rses1 & 9 fur!rance ( its aims travell+ f> ?r\gh ,scotl&--a bus9ess ( a mu* m ardu\s nature 9 days :5 railways & motors _h n annihilat$ di/ance & provid$ all ! com=ts ( civilisation )9 easy rea* ( e di/rict4 ,graham _h int5d$ to publi% a ,flora ( ,scotl& z ! result ( 8 practical /udy ( its plants1 b x 0 uncomplet$ at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahde aft] an illness ( "s duration dur+ :i* 7,sir7 ,joseph ,dalton ,hook] act$ z locum t55s4 ,ano!r new me?od 9 8 tea*+ 0 t ( enc\rag+ /ud5ts to write essays ^u subjects ei!r practical or !oretical4 ,9 ?is he /imulat$ inve/igation4 ,/ud5ts 9 ^! days _h m "t ?an !y h n[ to devote to su* ?+s1 & ( _! ef=ts "s 7 s\nd pieces ( rese>*--! ,botanical ,geography ( ,hewitt ,c4 ,watson fir/ took =m 9 "o ( ^! essays4 ,john ,hutton ,balf\r#ace1 :o succe$$ ,graham1 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh #ae? ,septemb]1 #ahjh4 ,! elde/ son ( ,&rew ,balf\r1 surgeon 9 ! ,army1 :o aft]w>ds settl$ 9 ,ed9burgh z pr9t] & publi%]1 9 :i* bus9ess 8 ent]prise 0 adequate to ! v5ture ( ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopa$ia "u ! editor%ip ( 7,sir7 ,david ,brew/]4 ,&rew ,balf\r 0 a grim old presbyt]ian ( ! /uff cov5ant]s 7 made1 & 9 ! /rict home environm5t :i* he creat$ "y ,balf\r e>ly came into t\* ) !ological dogma4 ,! e*o ( ^! e>ly impressions rema9$ ) him ?r\gh\t life4 ,educat$ at ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,ed9burgh :]e he laid ! f\ndation ( s\nd classical s*ol>%ip--always 8 unobtrusive di/9ction--,balf\r ent]$ ! curriculum = ! ,arts degree at ! ,univ]sity4 ,be=e complet+ ?is he migrat$ to ,/ ,&rews 9 ord] to be "u ! influ5ce ( ,pr(essor ,?omas ,*alm]s--! fam\s ,div9e1 aft]w>ds lead] 9 ! disruption t f\nd$ ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&--9 con=mity ) ! desire ( 8 fa!r t he %\ld become a m9i/] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,b ,div9ity did n claim him & he return$ to ,ed9burgh to beg9 ! /udy ( ,m$ic9e--a decision 9 face ( family pressure :i* is tribute to ! /r5g? ( purpose :i* *>act]is$ him & f\nd expression frequ5tly 9 aft] life4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is r5ew$ ,ed9burgh curriculum ,balf\r att5d$ ! ,botany c\rse ( ,pr(essor ,graham 9 #ahbe1 & obta9$ 8 fir/ sci5tific in/ruction 9 ,botany--a subject = :i* he _h always %[n fondness4 ,rob]t ,dickson1 aft]w>ds ,lectur] on ,botany at ,/ ,george's ,hospital1 ,london1 0 a fell[-/ud5t1 & toge!r !y1 9 ?is & foll[+ ye>s1 made _m botanical excursions ab\t ,ed9burgh4 ,) 8 fell[s ,balf\r seems to h be5 bon cam>ade1 acquir$ all ! ephem]al di/9ction atta*+ to a facile writ] ( rhym$ c\plets = occasions1 & z an invet]ate mak] ( puns 0 9 dem& = ! (fice ( pun/] at ! convivial clubs ( ! p]iod4 ,a m>k ( m s]i\s atta9m5t--he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,m$ical ,society 9 two ye>s4 ,aft] graduation z ,m4,d41 :5 he also became a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,ed9burgh--8 !sis = ! =m] be+ ,de ,/ry*nia1 = ! latt] ,on ,purul5t ,w\nds--,balf\r w5t 9 #ahcb to ,p>is to cont9ue 8 m$ical education1 /udy+ !re "u ,dupuytr51 ,lisfranc1 & ,manec4 ,return+1 he settl$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahcd & ent]$ on practice1 becom+ assi/ant )9 & )\t ! ,univ]sity to ,sir ,george ,ball+all1 ,pr(essor ( ,milit>y ,surg]y4 ,among/ 8 pati5ts he numb]$ ,de ,qu9cey & 8 family4 ,de ,qu9cey's elde/ son di$ f a c]ebral compla9t1 & ! autopsy reveal$ an int]e/+ pa?ological condition :i* =m$ ! subject ( ,balf\r's inve/igation1 & an acc\nt ( x 8 fir/ publi%$ sci5tific pap]4 ,f ! claims ( ,m$ic9e ,balf\r c\ld wre/ little "t = botanical pursuits1 b 8 holiday always meant ! botanical exploration ( "s area1 pref]ably alp9e1 & 8 home became a c5tre = m5 ( k9dr$ ta/es4 ,!re 9 co-op]ation ) 8 old tea*] ,graham1 & ) ,greville1 ,=bes1 ,falcon]1 ,p>nell1 ,munby & o!rs1 0 in/itut$ 9 #ahcf ! ,botanical ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ) wide aims = ! promotion ( ,botany--among/ !m ! creation ( a botanical libr>y & a h]b>ium4 ,?is has prov$ a signal s]vice to sci5ce4 ,x 0 ! pegg+ out ( a claim :i* has be5 made effective4 ,! ,society aft] a life--z ) all su* societies--( fluctuat+ p]iods ( great] & less] activity1 fl\ri%es /ill1 & its libr>y & h]b>ium1 transf]r$ to ! ,cr[n :5 ! space dem& ( _! bulk became urg5t1 h be5 ! f\ndation = ! l>ge botanical libr>y & h]b>ium n[ ma9ta9$ & subsidis$ by ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d54 ,plants gradually drew ,balf\r away f pati5ts & 9 #ahdj he c>ri$ ! divorce s f> z to e/abli% himself z a tea*] ( ,botany 9 ! ,extra-mural ,m$ical ,s*ool 9 ,ed9burgh--t exempl> ( free-trade 9 tea*+--f :i* s _m ( ! fam\s occupants ( ,*airs 9 ! ,univ]sity h ent]$ its portals4 ,b only 9 #ahdb1 :5 ,sir ,william ,hook] mov$ to ,kew & a vacancy 0 !n caus$ 9 ! ,glasg[ ,*air ( ,botany to :i* ,balf\r 0 elect$1 0 he able to give up m$ical practice entirely4 ,9 ,glasg[ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,balf\r's botanical c>e] 7 sp5t1 b !y 7 few4 ,on ! dea? ( ,graham he return$ to ,ed9burgh z ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ,botany & ,keep] ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5--! electors pass+ ov] ,joseph ,dalton ,hook] also a c&idate4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ^! (fices ! re/ ( 8 active life 0 pass$ until 8 retirem5t 9 #ahgi4 ,he came to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh at a "t :5 ! reputation ( its m$ical s*ool 0 upheld by a rem>kable b& ( tea*]s 9 ! ,m$ical ,faculty--,all5 ,?omson1 ,alison1 ,*ri/ison1 ,goodsir1 ,gregory1 ,jameson1 ,simpson1 ,syme--& :5 ! /ruggle ( ! ,univ]sity aft] a revis$ con/itution 0 approa*+ ! climax rea*$ 9 #aheh1 :5 ) o!r ,scotti% ,univ]sities ,ed9burgh obta9$ autonomy1 & sci5ce 0 enfran*is$4 ,( ?is ,faculty he became ,dean1 & held (fice until close ^u ! "t :5 he became ,em]itus4 ,9 all ! discussions & controv]sies1 de/ructive & con/ructive1 t atta*$ to s weighty a crisis1 ,balf\r's influ5ce & outlook = sci5ce 7 us$ ) effect1 & no less influ5tial 7 8 action & advice 9 subsequ5t ye>s :5 ! specific "q ( m$ical re=m 0 rais$1 z x s (t5 04 ,absorb+ adm9i/rative "w ( ?is k9d1 to :i* 7 soon add$ ! duties ( a ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh--7& he rema9$ 9 ! ,secret>iat to ! end ( 8 active life7--z well z ^? ( an editor ( ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal--7aft]w>ds m]g$ 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory7--( ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,cal$onian ,horticultural ,society & ( o!r (fices1 made inroad alike ^u "t & en]gy ( a man :o _h also ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5 9 8 h&s1 z well z ! calls ( 8 ,pr(essor%ip ( ,botany to att5d to4 ,b ,balf\r 0 untir+ 9 indu/ry1 prompt & precise 9 me?od1 & adm9i/rative "w appeal$ to him4 ,?\gh liable l 8 pr$ecessors to und]take cl9ical m$ical tea*+1 ,balf\r1 save = occasionally act+ z locum t55s1 took no %>e 9 x1 & 8 en]gies 9 tea*+ 7 devot$ to ,botany4 ,on ! l9es he foll[$ he 0 pione]4 ,we h se5 t ,field ,botany _h be5 = sev]al decades a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ed9burgh ,botanic ,s*ool4 ,:il/ ma9ta9+ ?is feature1 ,balf\r add$ laboratory "w4 ,! ^w laboratory 0 n !n 9 vogue1 & microscopical room 0 ! designation ( ! new doma9 9 :i* ! guillot9e1 n ! microtome1 0 us$4 ,9 ! sph]e ( practical tea*+ ?is 0 a notable advance1 & ! m s :5 ! te*nical difficulties t _h to be ov]come are rememb]$--! days ( *eap microscopes 7 b beg9n+1 anil9e dyes 7 n yet4 ,nev]!less ! /ud5t ( ! "t _h opportunity 7 he s m9d$ ( exam9+ plant-=m & plant-/ructure = himself "u direction1 & if ! equipm5t = "w 7 n s p]fect me*anically z mod]n me?ods n[ p]mit (1 ! tra9+ 9 m9ute obs]vation 0 no less excell5t ?an t ( to-day1 & ! educational effect ( ! tea*+ no less valuable4 ,! s*eme ( "w 0 t ( ! text-books--pass+ progressively f tissues to organs vegetative & reproductive bo? phan]ogamic & cryptogamic4 ,! specialisation ( ! type sy/em _h n come4 ,be=e he 0 able to e/abli%1 z he did 9 ! e>ly fifties1 practical laboratory classes1 ,balf\r _h introduc$ a sy/em ( demon/rations ( microscopic objects & ( physiological exp]im5ts 9 illu/ration daily ( ! subject ( 8 lecture1 & x is te/imony to 8 p[] ( infus+ zeal 9 pupils t !re 0 always a cont+5t ( !m ready to come to ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ to give volunt>y aid 9 ! arrang+ ( ^! demon/rations = ! lecture at eight o'clock4 ,_m ( ^? :o came h record$ t !y f\nd t p]iod & its "w "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ 9 _! /ud5t hi/ory4 ,?is new dep>ture 9 tea*+ did n int]f]e ) ! cont9uation & ext5sion ( field-"w1 :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 ! =m ( practical /udy cultivat$ 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,on ! contr>y ! ,botanical ,excursion gave ,balf\r an outlet = en]gy & fav\rable opportunity = ! ex]cise ( ^? gifts ( p]sonal magnetism & intellectual /imulus ?r\gh :i* he influ5c$ & guid$ _m g5]ations ( /ud5ts4 ,e ,saturday dur+ ! summ] session an excursion 0 made1 & "o ( "s days' duration usually br\ght ! session to a close4 ,?r\gh ^! excursions ! great] "p ( ,scotl& 0 trav]s$--on "o occasion ! t]m9al excursion ( ! session 0 to ,switz]l&--& ! features ( flora & vegetation 7 br\ght to ! att5tion ( _m hundr$s ( /ud5ts4 ,! aim & result ( ! excursion 7 n solely ! acquisition ( plants & _! id5tification4 ,! /imulat+ effect on _m ( ?is side ( ,botany is evid5c$ ev5 9 our day by ! zeal ) :i* se>* aft] r>e plants is pursu$1 & 9 ! eag]ness display$ 9 ! race aft] micro-=ms4 ,b ! enticem5t ( acquisition & discov]y ( novelty :il/ !re 7 n ! gov]n+ influ5ces 9 ,balf\r's excursion4 ,9 t\* z he 0 ) ! problems ( organography 9 its fulle/ s5se1 a man ( wide read+ famili> ) ! botanical "w ( 8 "t1 & associat$ z he _h be5 9 ! field ) m5 l ,edw>d ,=bes & ,hewett ,cottrell ,watson1 ,balf\r c\ld & did look at plants f ! /&po9t ( _! place 9 vegetation1 & 9 relation to ! conditions ( gr[?1 & z hav+ a hi/ory 9 _! habitat4 ,8 tea*+ reflect$ ?is4 ,x 0 nev] classification1 diagnosis1 & nom5clature z ! end-all ( ,botany4 ,! details emphasis$ *ang$ z ! progress ( botanical discov]y gave new clues to explanation ( =m & relation1 & x 0 ! solv+s & attempts at solv+s ( obs]v$ ph5om5a t gave t fasc9ation to 8 excursions1 ! remembrance ( :i* seems to h clung to ^? :o _h ! =tune to jo9 !m4 ,! succession ( plants & plant-=m f base to summit ( a highl& hill2 contra/s ( vegetation ( /ream-c\rse1 m\nta9 pa/ure1 alp9e rock2 high m\nta9 =ms ( %ore plants2 intrusion & extirpation2 factors ( di/ribution & _! influ5ce2--^? & o!r problems ( :at we n[ t]m ,ecological ,botany 7 !mes on :i* ! ,pr(essor disc\rs$ 9 8 rambles1 fill+ ! pupil ) in=mation & =c+ him to ?9k out to su* conclusion z he might on ! evid5ce be=e him4 ,& !n ! :ole occasion 0 s enliv5$ by ! outgo ( good hum\r & mir? 9 joke & pun & /ory1 t fatigue & we>9ess1 :i* ! physical ex]cise might evoke 9 ^? less attun$ ?an ! wiry ,pr(essor1 7 dr[n$ 9 ! sunny curr5t ( humanity4 ,i m5tion ?is practical tea*+ fir/1 = x 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature1 b ! idea ( practical illu/ration p]vad$ all ,balf\r's ef=t4 ,8 lecture table became a synopsis ( ! lecture--liv+ plants1 h]b>ium mat]ial1 museum specim5s1 all 7 press$ into s]vice to elucidate ! po9ts ( ! disc\rse1 :il/ ! walls 7 tape/ri$ by diagrams4 ,nev] did tea*] m s$ul\sly absorb ! new = pres5tation to 8 pupils4 ,he 0 a lucid expositor1 &1 ap>t f 8 ,univ]sity lectures1 dur+ _m ye>s 0 s\ght aft] = m popul> disc\rses to non-academic audi5ces4 ,! p]iod ( ,balf\r's tea*+ includ$ ! mom5t\s ye> #ahfj4 ,! impulse ( ! new _s introduc$ by ,d>w9 did n /imulate ,balf\r z x might h done a y\ng] man4 ,8 religi\s beliefs--always 9 evid5ce--7 %[+ !n ! influ5ce ( 8 e>ly environm5t1 & :il/ ,d>w9's "w 0 incorporat$ 9 8 tea*+1 ! acceptance ( ,d>w9's !ory appe>$ too ne> ! negation ( fai?4 ,on ,balf\r inde$1 z on o!rs ) l views1 ! imm$iate effect ( ! ,orig9 0 ! opposite ( vivify+4 ,x gave a %ock4 ,& ?is1 ,i conceive1 n s mu* a consequ5ce ( ,d>w9's own /atem5t ( 8 !ory z ( ! =ceful uncompromis+ attitude ( ! *ief protagoni/ ( 8 cause4 ,arrogance !re 0 on ! religi\s side1 b no less also on ! sci5tific side 9 ! discussion4 ,p]haps x 0 well t ! conte/ 0 %>p & bitt]4 ,x end$ soon]1 b its c\rse 0 /rewn ) misconceptions & ) confusion ( cause & effect4 ,9 our days ( complete reconciliation1 :5 e tyro lisps 9 phyletic numb]s z ! outcome ( ,d>w9's "w1 x is n amiss to recall ! /ruggle at its inception--le/ we =get4 ,! sy/em ( ,essays :i* =m$ s important a "p ( ,graham's tea*+ rema9$ z prom95t & 0 ev5 develop$ fur!r 9 ,balf\r's c\rse 9 a way :i* _h ! ine/imable m]it ( mak+ ! /ud5t feel t 8 /udy ( plants _h a liv+ relation%ip ) ! ev]yday conc]ns ( life4 ,?us :5 ,simpson 0 engag$ 9 8 epo*-mak+ inve/igations on anae/hetics1 ! subject = an essay 0 ! effect ( anae/hetics on s5sitive plants1 & by way ( emphasis1 ! prize aw>d$ 0 a gift by ,simpson himself4 ,simil>ly ,balf\r enli/$ ! sympa?y ( ,messrs ,lawson1 ! prom95t agricultural nurs]ym5 ( ! day1 & _! prizes = dissection ( grasses1 = k9ds ( c]eals1 & l subjects1 7 con/ant rem9d]s ( ! relations ( botanical /udy to agriculture4 ,! subjects ( essays cov]$ a wide field4 ,! titles--influ5ce ( n>cotic & irritant gases1 *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! ,flora ( ,brita9 dur+ ! hi/orical era1 cytog5esis & cell developm5t1 phan]ogam\s embryology1 cryptogam\s reproduction1 t]atology--may s]ve to indicate ?is1 & an ess5tial 0 always ! practical illu/ration1 microscopic or o!r4 ,= ! use ( ! /ud5ts ,balf\r compil$ text-books :i*1 l 8 lectures1 are compreh5sive 9 ! field !y cov]1 & encyclopa$ic 9 ! in=mation !y convey4 ,8 facile p5 f\nd expression too 9 numb]less articles 9 encyclopa$ias & magaz9es1 & 8 activity z an expositor ( botanical topics ( ! "t 0 unb\nd$4 ,9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 ,balf\r obta9$ ! mat]ial = ! def9ite contributions he made to natural k :i* are 9 ! doma9 ( ,sy/ematic ,botany4 ,no "w 9 :i* ,balf\r engag$ gave him m g5u9e pleasure ?an ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,botanic ,g>d54 ,ent]+ on ! responsibility ( its c>e :5 its repute 0 high1 he left x on lay+ d[n (fice 9 ev5 high] reputation1 = 9 ! ,mc,nabs--,william & ,james--fa!r & son--he _h lieut5ants ( ! fir/ rank 9 g>d5+4 ,dur+ 8 regime ! equipm5t = laboratory tea*+ to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 0 in/all$1 a museum to :i* old pupils all ov] ! _w contribut$ 0 in/itut$1 & ! ,g>d5 itself trebl$ 9 size1 ! late/ addition1 made j be=e 8 retirem5t1 be+ an area to be cultivat$ z an arboretum = /ud5ts ( ,=e/ry--a subject !n beg9n+ to claim att5tion4 ,) ,balf\r's retirem5t 9 #ahgi ! l9k ( ,botany ) ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity 0 /ill fur!r weak5$4 ,m$ic9e 0 left out ( ! title ( ! ,*air to :i* ,alex&] ,dickson succe$$4 ,alex&] ,dickson ( ,h>tree & ,kilbu*o 0 born at ,ed9burgh1 #ba/ ,july1 #ahcf4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,david ,dickson ( ,h>tree 9 ,peebles%ire1 & ! repres5tative ( a family = long lairds ( ! e/ates ( :i*1 by ! e>ly dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r1 he became proprietor4 ,educat$ privately1 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh z a /ud5t ( ,m$ic9e1 graduat+ 9 #ahfj4 ,be=e graduation he _h /udi$ 9 ,wrzburg & 9 ,b]l91 p>ticul>ly "u ,kllik] & ,vir*[1 & aft] x he emb>k$ on ! /ream ( m$ical practice 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,b t 0 conv5tion--a demon/ration ( brass plate4 ,8 means plac$ him beyond ! necessity ( su* pr(essional "w4 ,8 in/9ct lay 9 ! direction ( discov]y ( me?od m ?an 9 its application4 ,dur+ 8 /ud5t days he _h %[n a ke5 int]e/ 9 ,botany4 ,be=e graduation he _h writt5 on botanical subjects1 & 8 !sis on graduation ,! developm5t ( ! fl[] 9 ,c>yophyllaceae witnesses to 8 obsession4 ,:il/ wait+ = pati5ts1 he _h cont9u$ "w on embryog5y 9 plants1 & :5 9 #ahfb ! ill heal? ( ,pr(essor ,dickie at ,ab]de5 requir$ ! appo9tm5t ( a sub/itute1 ! selection ( ,dickson set seal to 8 claims z a pr(ess$ ,botani/4 ,9 #ahff he succe$$ ,h>vey z ,pr(essor 9 ,dubl94 ,!nce 9 #ahfh he 0 translat$ to ,glasg[ z successor to ,walk]-,arnott1 & 9 #ahgi became ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,que5's ,botani/ 9 ,ed9burgh on ! retirem5t ( ,balf\r1 &1 hold+ ^! positions1 he di$ 9 #ahhg4 ,dickson's passion 0 n tea*+1 & 8 success is te/imony to ! quality ( ! man4 ,he 0 ador$ by 8 /ud5ts1 z c\ld n well be o!rwise ) a man ( 8 g5iality & k9dl9ess2 he took imm5se pa9s ov] 8 lectures1 sp5d+ h\rs daily ov] ! mak+ ( fre% draw+s on ! blackbo>d = 8 classes1 hold+ t a /ud5t w\ld copy a tempor>y sket* al?\gh he w\ld n copy a p]man5t wall-diagram2 ! lecture itself 0 a model ( sci5tific pres5tm5t2 at excursions he 0 untir+ 9 demon/ration & 9 fruitful sugge/ion1 & he 0 always ready to give ( 8 be/ to 8 pupils2 b 8 real love 0 = rese>* & he c>ri$ out _m organographical inve/igations :i* h add$ to ! sum ( natural k4 ,8 record 9 publi%$ pap]s f> exce$s t ( any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ! quality ( 8 "w recalls t ( ,irmis*4 ,fl[]-morphology1 embryog5y1 t]atology1 7 ! subjects to :i* he gave mo/ att5tion 9 rese>*1 & 9 !m he obta9$ results ( solid & p]man5t value4 ,= a "t ! subject ( phyllotaxy occupi$ him1 b x is n a fruitful !me al?\gh x gave him opportunity = %[+ 8 p[] ( cle> analysis2 mu* m int]e/+ 0 8 subsequ5t "w on pit*] plants ( k9ds4 ,dickson possess$ great skill 9 manipulation1 & 0 /rik+ly effective 9 ! use ( 8 p5cil 9 arti/ic del9eation ( ! objects ( 8 inve/igation4 ,c>eful 9 8 "w he took endless pa9s to secure t accuracy :i* x always %[s4 ,fur!r1 8 subject is always illum9$ by ! comp>ative me?od ( treatm5t :i* 8 wide k & s\nd critical faculty enabl$ him to br+ to be> ^u x4 ,! duties ( 8 laird%ip 7 no light ones to ,dickson :o _h set himself to build up aga9 :at _h come to him 9 an impov]i%$ condition1 & affairs ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 a v real int]e/ to him4 ,amid/ all ^! ties1 to :i* has to be add$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,botanic ,g>d51 9 :i* dur+ 8 t5ure a new & enl>g$ ,lecture ,hall 0 built1 he f\nd "t to cultivate ! musical faculty = :i* he 0 di/+ui%$2 n only 0 he a piani/ ( m>k1 b he f\nd absorb+ ze/ 9 ! collect+ ( national airs sung by ! peasants ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ! l9e ( ,pr(essors ( ,botany 9 ,ed9burgh no "o rank$ high] 9 di/9ction ?an ,alex&] ,dickson1 ) ^: "n ,i conclude ?is sket*4 ,,footnote3 #ace ,8 portrait =ms ! frontispiece ( ?is book4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,dalton ,,hook] #ahag-aiaa ,,by ,f4 ,o4 ,,b[]4 ,8 long life--*ildhood & education--travels--,geological "w--,morphological ,memoirs--adm9i/rative duties--sy/ematic works--relations ) ,d>w9--acceptance ( ,mutability ( ,species--8 philosophical ,essays--_! influ5ce 9 advanc+ ,evolution>y ,belief4 ,x is a difficult task to cond5se )9 suitable limits an appreciation ( s long & /r5u\s a life z t ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook]4 ,naturally ) age ! bodily /r5g? wan$1 b ! vivid m9d rema9$ unimpair$ to ! end4 ,he ev5 cont9u$ 8 detail$ obs]vations till v %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaa4 ,! li/ ( 8 publi%$ works ext5ds f #ahcg to #aiaa1 a record h>dly to be equall$ 9 any walk ( intellectual life4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi ,,sir ,,joseph ,,dalton ,,hook] 7,f ! photograph by ,mrs ,cam]on1 #ahfh7 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 0 born at ,haleswor?1 9 ,suffolk1 9 #ahag4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,william ,hook]1 br\ght him to ,glasg[ z a *ild ( f\r ye>s ( age1 :5 he ent]$ on 8 duties z ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 #ahba4 ,! ,pr(essor e/abli%$ himself 9 ,woodside ,cresc5t1 conv5i5tly ne> to ! ,botanic ,g>d51 !n b rec5tly e/abli%$1 b develop+ "u 8 h&s ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,d\btless 8 little son 0 famili> ) x & its cont5ts f *ildhood4 ,he grew up 9 an atmosph]e sur*>g$ ) ! v sci5ce he 0 to d s mu* to advance4 ,8 fa!r's home 0 ! sc5e ( manifold activities4 ,x h\s$ a rapidly gr[+ h]b>ium & museum4 ,x 0 !re t ! draw+s 7 made to illu/rate t amaz+ /ream ( descriptive works :i* ,sir ,william 0 !n produc+4 ,new species mu/ h be5 almo/ daily "u exam9ation1 (t5 z liv+ specim5s4 ,betwe5 ! g>d5 & ! h\se ! boy mu/ h witness$ con/antly1 dur+ ! mo/ receptive ye>s ( *ildhood1 ! work+ ( an e/abli%m5t t 0 at ! "t )\t its equal 9 ?is c\ntry1 or probably 9 any o!r4 ,! eye & ! memory mu/ h be5 tra9$ almo/ unconsci\sly4 ,a k ( plants w\ld be acquir$ z a natural consequ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s1 & )\t ! ef=t entail$ by /udy 9 lat] ye>s4 ,few ev] h kn[n1 or ev] w "k1 plants z he did4 ,su* k comes only f gr[+ up ) !m f e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,side by side ) ?is almo/ unconsci\s education 9 ,botany ! ord9>y curriculum ( s*ool & ( college 0 pursu$4 ,!re is no record ( academic successes ei!r at ! ,high ,s*ool1 or at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 beyond a prize = ! be/ ,essay on ! ,bra9 & ,n]ves1 9 #ahcf4 ,b ! foll[+ ye> saw 8 fir/ publication3 = he describ$1 :ile /ill a /ud5t1 ?ree new species ( ,mosses4 ,x may be rem>k$ t1 l 8 fa!r1 8 fir/ writ+s relat$ to ! l[] ,plants4 ,he nev] lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 !m1 ?\gh 9 lat] ye>s duty div]t$ him to ! /udy ( ! ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,an incid5t ( 8 /ud5t p]iod1 :i* he himself relates1 is1 h[ev]1 a m cle> indication ( ! life t 0 to foll[ ?an any e>ly publication ( new species4 ,he tells h[ an opportunity 0 giv5 him ( read+ ! pro(s ( ,d>w9's ,voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ,i 0 hurry+ on my /udies 7t is = ! f9al exam9ation 9 ,m$ic9e7 444 & s press$ = "t 0 ,i t ,i us$ to sleep ) ! %eets ( ',! ,j\rnal' "u my pill[1 t ,i might read !m betwe5 wak+ & ris+4 ,!y impress$ me pr(\ndly1 :il/ !y /imulat$ me to en?usiasm 9 ! desire to travel & obs]ve4 ,! opportunity came to him almo/ at once 9 ! f\r ye>s' voyage to ! ,ant>ctic4 ,at ! age ( #bb1 hav+ pass$ 8 exam9ations1 & graduat$ z ,m4,d41 he 0 equipp$ at e necess>y po9t = 8 duties z ,assi/ant ,surgeon & ,botani/ 9 ! ,erebus1 !n ab\t to />t1 along ) ! ,t]ror1 on ! fam\s voyage "u ! comm& ( ,sir ,james ,cl>k ,ross4 ,no attempt w "h be made to give any consecutive biographical sket* ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook]4 ,sev]al su* h already appe>$4 ,! int]e/ ( ! read] w be m readily engag$ by indicat+ ! v>i\s l9es ( activity 9 :i* he excell$4 ,he 0 nev] a pr(essional tea*]1 except = a %ort p]iod ( s]vice z deputy = ,graham 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,!re 0 a mom5t :5 he might h be5 ,pr(essor 9 ,ed9burgh1 b x pass$4 ,he left no pupils1 except 9 ! s5se t all botani/s h le>n$ f him ?r\gh 8 books4 ,we %all contemplate him r z a ,travell] & ,geograph]1 z a ,geologi/1 z a ,morphologi/1 z an ,adm9i/rator1 z a ,sci5tific ,sy/emati/1 & above all z a ,philosophical ,biologi/4 ,he play$ ea* ( ^! sev]al p>ts 9 ! ,drama ( ,sci5ce4 ,! endeav\r w be made1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to t\* ^u !m all4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ,hook] z a travell] began imm$iately aft] tak+ 8 degree1 ) 8 commission 9 #ahci z ,assi/ant ,surgeon & ,botani/ 9 ! ,erebus4 ,sci5tific ,exploration 0 /ill 9 its h]oic age4 ,d>w9 0 only ?ree ye>s back f ! voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ,we may well hold ! ye>s f #ahca1 :5 ! ,beagle sail$1 to #ahea1 :5 ,hook] return$ f 8 ,indian j\rney1 or #aheb1 :5 ,wallace return$ f ! ,amazon1 to h be5 its gold5 p]iod4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 if we measure by results4 ,unmat*$ opportunity = travel 9 remote & unkn[n l&s 0 !n comb9$ ) unmat*$ capacity ( ^? :o engag$ 9 x4 ,nor 0 ?is a m]e matt] ( *ance4 ,= ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & ,hook] all seiz$1 if !y did n 9 "s measure make1 _! opportunity4 ,! intrepid ,ross1 ) 8 two sail+ %ips1 ! ,erebus & ! ,t]ror1 prob$ at suitable seasons dur+ f\r ye>s ! extreme s\?4 ,! v names ( ! ,great ,ice ,b>ri]1 ,m',murdo ,s\nd1 ,m\nt ,erebus & ,m\nt ,t]ror1 made famili> to u by adv5tures sev5ty ye>s lat] "u /eam1 rema9 to m>k "s ( 8 additions to ! map ( ! _w4 ,"y ,hook] took 8 full %>e ( risks1 up to ! po9t ( be+ p]emptorily ord]$ back on "o occasion by 8 comm&+ (fic]4 ,to 8 activity & will+ness1 comb9$ ) an opportunity t c nev] recur 9 ! same =m1 is due t great collection ( specim5s1 & t wide body ( fact :i* he acquir$4 ,on ! outw>d & return voyages1 or 9 ! int]vals :5 ! season 0 n fav\rable = ent]+ ! extreme s\!rn seas1 ! exp$ition visit$ ,asc5sion1 ,/ ,hel5a1 ! ,cape1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 ,k]guel5 ,isl&1 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,! prime object ( ! voyage 0 a magnetic survey1 & ?is det]m9$ its c\rse4 ,b x br\ght ?is second>y consequ5ce2 t ,hook] _h ! *ance ( obs]v+ & collect+ ^u all ! great circumpol> areas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! results he lat] weld$ toge!r into 8 fir/ great "w1 ,! ,ant>ctic ,flora4 ,v soon aft] 8 return f ! ,ant>ctic ! crav+ = travel broke out afre% 9 him4 ,he long$ to see a tropical ,flora 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 & to comp>e x at diff]5t levels ) t ( temp]ate & arctic zones4 ,two alt]natives arose be=e him3 ! ,&es & ! ,himalaya4 ,he *ose ! latt]1 be+ influ5c$ by promises ( assi/ance f ,dr ,falcon]1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,calcutta ,g>d54 ,b be=e he left ,engl& 8 j\rney came "u ! recognition ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,he n only receiv$ grants on ! condition t ! collections made %\ld be locat$ 9 ! ,h]b>ium at ,kew1 b he 0 accr$it$ by ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t to ! ,rul]s1 & ! ,briti% ,resid5ts1 9 ! c\ntries ^: hi!rto untrodd5 ways he 0 to explore4 ,aft] pass+ ! cold season ( #ahdh 9 mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! vegetation ( ! pla9s & hills ( ,we/]n ,b5gal1 he /ruck nor? to ! ,sikkim ,himalaya4 ,hi!r he _h be5 direct$ by ,"l ,auckl& & by ,dr ,falcon]1 z to gr\nd unbrok5 by travell] or naturali/4 ,! /ory ( ?is rem>kable j\rney1 its results & its vicissitudes1 includ+ ! =cible det5tion ( himself & 8 companion ,dr ,campbell by a faction ( ! ,c\rt ( ,sikkim1 is to be f\nd 9 8 ,himalayan ,j\rnals4 ,^! mo/ fasc9at+ volumes ( travel 7 publi%$ 9 #ahed4 ,!y tell h[ he sp5t two ye>s 9 ! botanical exploration & topographical survey ( ! /ate ( ,sikkim1 & ( a numb] ( ! passes lead+ into ,?ibet2 & h[ t[>ds ! close ( #ahdh he ev5 cross$ ! we/]n fronti] ( ,sikkim1 & explor$ a portion ( ,nepal t has nev] s9ce be5 op5 to travell]s4 ,9 #ahdi he return$ to ,d>jeel+1 & busi$ himself ) arrang+ 8 va/ collections4 ,"h he 0 jo9$ by an old fell[-/ud5t ( ,glasg[1 ,dr ,?omas ,?omson1 son ( ! pr(essor ( t "n4 ,! two fri5ds sp5t ! ye> #ahej 9 ! botanical inve/igation ( ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 ,*ittagong1 ,silhet1 & ! ,khasia hills4 ,9 #ahea !y return$ toge!r to ,engl&4 ,! botanical results ( ^! ,indian j\rneys 7 imm5se1 & !y provid$ ! mat]ial = mu* ( ,hook]'s lat] sci5tific writ+4 ,ne>ly #gjjj species ( ,indian plants 7 collect$ by ^! two ,glasg[ graduates4 ,b ,hook] 0 n a m]e speciali/4 ,8 ,j\rnals are full ( o!r obs]vations1 e?nographical1 orni?ological1 & entomological4 ,8 topographical results especially 7 ( ! highe/ importance4 ,!y =m$ ! basis ( a map publi%$ by ! ,indian ,topographical ,survey4 ,by ! aid ( x ! op]ations ( v>i\s campaigns & political missions h s9ce be5 c>ri$ to a successful issue4 ,if he 7 n kn[n z a ,botani/1 he w\ld /ill h 8 assur$ place z a ,geograph]4 ,aft] 8 return f ,india1 n9e ye>s ensu$ ( quiet "w at home4 ,b 9 #ahfj ,hook] took "p 9 a sci5tific visit to ,syria & ,pale/9e1 asc5d+ ,m\nt ,lebanon1 :]e he specially paid att5tion to ! decad5t condition ( ! ,c$>s1 8 obs]vations lead+ lat] to a g5]al discussion ( ! g5us4 ,aga9 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s int]v5$1 8 next objective be+ ,morocco4 ,9 #ahga1 ) ,mr ,ball & ,mr ,maw1 he p5etrat$ ! ,atlas ,range1 nev] be=e exam9$ botanically4 ,8 la/ great j\rney 0 9 #ahgg1 :5 he 0 sixty ye>s ( age4 ,) 8 old fri5d1 ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray ( ,h>v>d1 he visit$ ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ,utah1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia4 ,pr(4 ,c\lt] ( ,*icago1 :o 0 "o ( ! p>ty 9 ! ,rockies1 has told me h[ difficult x 0 to r\nd up ! two eld]ly en?usia/s to camp at night4 ,?is is an extraord9>y record ( travel1 especially s :5 we rememb] t all ! j\rneys 7 fitt$ into ! int]vals ( an o!rwise busy life ( sci5tific "w & adm9i/ration4 ,at "o "t or ano!r he _h t\*$ ^u e great cont95tal area ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,_m isolat$ isl&s _h also be5 exam9$ by him1 especially on ! ,ant>ctic voyage4 ,n only 7 fre% regions ?us op5$ up = survey & collection1 b ea* objective ( ! lat] j\rneys 0 def9itely *os5 = sci5tific reasons4 ,ea* exp$ition help$ to sugge/ or to solve major problems4 ,su* problems relat$ n only to ! di/ribution1 b also to ! v orig9 ( species4 ,d>w9 saw ?is ) un]r+ judgm5t z e>ly z #ahde4 ,hook] 0 !n b tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 & ! records ( ! ,ant>ctic voyage 7 only 9 prep>ation4 ,nev]!less ,d>w9 wrote ) full assurance 9 a lett] to ,hook] himself3 ,i "k ,i %all live to see y ! fir/ au?ority 9 ,europe on t gr& subject1 t almo/ key/one ( ! laws ( ,creation1 ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,nev] 0 a =eca/ m fully ju/ifi$4 ,b t position1 :i* ,hook] und\bt$ly _h1 c\ld only h be5 atta9$ ?r\gh 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce z a travell]4 ,obs]vation at fir/ h& 0 ! f\ndation ^u :i* he *iefly work$4 ,hook] ! travell] prep>$ ! way = ,hook] ! philosoph]4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] w\ld probably h decl9$ to consid] himself z a ,geologi/4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 = "s eighte5 mon?s (ficial ,botani/ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita94 ,he 0 appo9t$ 9 ,april #ahdf1 b rel9qui%$ ! po/ 9 ,novemb] #ahdg 9 ord] to />t on 8 ,himalayan j\rney4 ,dur+ t %ort p]iod ?ree ,memoirs 7 publi%$ by him on ,plants ( ! ,coal ,p]iod4 ,!y embodi$ results d]iv$ f ! microscopic exam9ation ( plant-tissues pres]v$ 9 ,coal ,balls1 a /udy !n newly introduc$ by ,)am1 & advanc$ by ,mr ,b9ney4 ,x has s9ce be5 greatly develop$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,su* /udies 7 cont9u$ by him at int]vals up to #ahee4 ,:ile he 0 ?us among ! fir/ to engage 9 ?is bran* ( enquiry1 he may be said to h orig9at$ ano!r l9e ( /udy1 s9ce l>gely pursu$ by geologi/s4 ,= he exam9$ samples ( diatomace\s ooze f ! ocean-floor ( ! ,ant>ctic1 & s initiat$ ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! organic deposits ( ! deep sea4 ,yet ano!r bran* ( geological enquiry 0 advanc$ by him 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,= !re he made obs]vations on ! glaci]s ( t great m\nta9 *a91 8 notes supply+ valuable mat]ial to bo? ,lyell & ,d>w94 ,he also accumulat$ valuable data conc]n+ ! /up5d\s effects ( sub-a]ial d5udation at great elevations4 ,8 late/ contribution ( a geological "* 0 9 #ahhi1 :5 he return$ to an old problem ( 8 y\?1 ! ,silurian fossil ,pa*y!ca4 ,b he _h to leave ! "q ( its nature /ill unsolv$4 ,?is geological record is n an ext5sive "o4 ,b ! quality & rapidity ( ! "w %[$ t x 0 ! "t & opportunity & n ! faculties t 7 want+4 ,moreov]1 x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! problems he h&l$ 7 all nasc5t at ! "t he work$ ^u !m4 ,! li/ ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook]'s memoirs :i* deal morphologically ) m limit$ subjects ?an is possible 9 flori/ic works1 is a re/rict$ "o4 ,9 #ahef he produc$ a monograph on ! ,balanophoraceae1 bas$ ^u collections ( mat]ial f ! mo/ v>i$ s\rces4 ,x is /ill an au?ority v widely quot$ on ^! /range p>asites4 ,9 #ahei he describ$ ! developm5t & /ructure ( ! ,pit*]s ( ,nep5!s1 :ile ! physiological significance ( ^!1 & o!r organs ( c>nivor\s plants1 =m$ ! subject ( an ,address be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,belfa/1 9 #ahgd4 ,& 9 #ahfc 8 great monograph appe>$ ^u t mo/ rem>kable ( all ,gymnosp]mic plants1 ,welwits*ia4 ,^! works bore ! "* ( a lat] p]iod ?an ! "t :5 !y 7 produc$4 ,9 ,brita91 betwe5 #ahdj & #ahge1 inve/igation 9 ! laboratory1 by microscopic analysis ( tissues1 0 almo/ ?rottl$ by ! ov]:elm+ success ( sy/ematic & descriptive "w4 ,! revival ( inve/igation 9 ! laboratory r ?an t 9 ! h]b>ium dates f ab\t #ahge4 ,b we see t ,hook] 0 "o ( ! few :o1 prior to t revival1 pursu$ c>eful microscopic analysis side by side ) sy/ematic & flori/ic "w4 ,! noble e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,mecca ( ,botani/s4 ,x is also ! ,p>adise ( ! populace ( ,london4 ,x 0 ! ,hook]s1 fa!r & son1 :o made ,kew :at x is4 ,:5 we contemplate ,sir ,joseph z an adm9i/rator1 we imm$iately ?9k ( ! great e/abli%m5t :i* he & 8 fa!r rul$ dur+ ! fir/ half c5tury ( its hi/ory z a public in/itution4 ,kew _h exi/$ = long z a ,royal ,appanage be=e x 0 h&$ ov] to ! ,nation4 ,! ,botanic ,g>d5 _h1 inde$1 rank$ = upw>ds ( half a c5tury z ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 x _h retrograd$ sci5tifically4 ,on ! accession ( ,que5 ,victoria a revision ( ! ,royal ,h\sehold _h become necess>y4 ,x 0 !n decid$ to transf] ! g>d5 to ! ,commission]s ( ,woods & ,=e/s4 ,?is took place 9 #ahdj1 & 9 #ahda ,sir ,william ,hook]1 :o 0 !n ,pr(essor 9 ,glasg[1 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,director4 ,! move to ,kew1 :i!r he took 8 private ,libr>y1 ,h]b>ium1 & ,museum1 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 son1 :o 0 /ill 9 ! ,ant>ctic4 ,x 0 n till ! ,himalayan j\rney 0 ov] 9 #ahea t ,sir ,joseph settl$ at ,kew1 8 great collections hav+ already be5 consign$ !re by agreem5t ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahee he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant to 8 fa!r 9 ! ,director%ip4 ,f9ally1 he became himself ,director on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #ahfe1 & he held ! position = tw5ty ye>s4 ,s long associat$ toge!r1 x is difficult to dis5tangle ! p>ts t fa!r & son actually play$ 9 ! creation ( ,kew z x n[ is4 ,nor is !re ne$ to attempt x4 ,! orig9al area ( ! ,g>d5 at ,kew 0 less ?an #bj acres4 ,b 9 #ahee1 :5 ,sir ,joseph jo9$ 8 fa!r 9 ! directorate1 x _h gr[n by successive additions to #gj acres4 ,f9ally1 ! l>ge area ( #fej acres came "u ! ,director's control4 ,num]\s l>ge glass h\ses 7 built4 ,?ree ,museums 7 e/abli%$1 & ! va/ ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y f\nd$ & develop$4 ,! ,g>d5 ,/aff rose to m ?an #ajj m54 ,! day-by-day adm9i/ration ( su* an e/abli%m5t w\ld necess>ily make great dem&s ^u ! "t1 en]gy1 tact1 & skill ( its (ficial head4 ,b 9 addition !re 0 ! gr[+ correspond5ce to be att5d$ to1 on ! "o h& ) botani/s all ov] ! _w1 on ! o!r ) ! ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts1 & especially ) ! ,indian & ,colonial ,(fices4 ,z ! activity ( ! ,g>d5 ext5d$1 !re grew up a l>ge /aff ( sci5tific exp]ts & arti/s1 ^: duties c5tr$ r\nd ! ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y4 ,^! all look$ to ! ,director = _! guidance & control4 ,! descriptive "w prep>$ by !m = publication took =midable dim5sions4 ,! production ( ! ,floras ( ,india1 & ( ! ,colonies1 ! publication ( :i* 0 conduct$ "u ,gov]nm5t subv5tion1 _h to be organis$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,^! matt]s are m5tion$ "h s z to give "s idea ( ! ext5t & complexity ( ! "w :i* 0 be+ c>ri$ on at ,kew4 ,= t5 ye>s z ,assi/ant ,director1 & = tw5ty ye>s z ,director1 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] guid$ ?is complex ma*9e4 ,! effici5cy ( 8 rule 0 %[n by ! increas+ e/imation 9 :i* ! ,g>d5 0 held by all :o 7 able to judge4 ,x 0 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y at ,kew :i*1 m ?an any?+ else1 /r5g!n$ ! sci5tific e/abli%m5t4 ,z tak5 ov] f ! ,cr[n ! ,g>d5 possess$ nei!r4 ,b ,sir ,william br\ght ) him f ,glasg[ 8 own collections1 already ! mo/ ext5sive 9 private h&s4 ,= long ye>s aft] com+ to ,kew he ma9ta9$ & add$ to 8 /ore at 8 own exp5se4 ,b f9ally 8 collections 7 acquir$ aft] 8 dea? by ,gov]nm5t4 ,8 ,h]b>ium 0 m]g$ ) ! f9e ,h]b>ium ( ,b5?am1 already pres5t$ to ! nation 9 #aheg4 ,?us1 ! op5+ ye>s ( ,sir ,joseph's directorate saw ! organisation ^u a public basis ( t magnific5t ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y1 :i* n[ conta9s n only 8 fa!r's collections1 b also 8 own4 ,among ! enorm\s additions s9ce made to ! ,h]b>ium ( ,kew1 its greate/ int]e/ w always be c5tr$ 9 ! ,hook]ian collections :i* x conta9s4 ,x might be ?\ght t su* drafts z ^! ^u ! "t & en]gies ( a sci5tific man w\ld leave no opportunity = o!r duties4 ,b x 0 :ile burd5$ ) ! director%ip t ,sir ,joseph 0 call$ to ! highe/ adm9i/rative (fice 9 sci5ce 9 ,great ,brita94 ,he s]v$ z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society f #ahgc to #ahgh4 ,! obligations ( t position are f> f be+ limit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,society itself4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day has always be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ its presid5t & (ficials into consultation 9 sci5tific matt]s ( public importance4 ,9 ^! ye>s ! adm9i/rative dem&s ^u ,sir ,joseph 7 ! greate/ ( 8 life4 ,!y are m>k$ by a tempor>y pause 9 ! /ream ( publication4 ,none ( 8 own l>g] works belong to ?is p]iod4 ,x happ5s only too (t5 9 ?is c\ntry t our able/ m5 are ?us p>alys$ 9 _! sci5tific c>e]s by ! pot5t vortex ( adm9i/ration4 ,n a few succumb1 & cease altoge!r to produce4 ,!y are caught z 9 ! eddy ( ! ,lorelei1 & are s hopelessly entangl$ t !y nev] em]ge aga94 ,!y fail to realise1 or realise too late1 t ! adm9i/ration ( matt]s relat+ to a sci5ce is n an end 9 itself1 b only a means to an end4 ,"s1 ! /eadfa/ & inv9cible seek]s aft] tru?1 ?\gh held by ! eddy = a "t1 pass aga9 into ! ma9 /ream4 ,hook] 0 "o ( ^!4 ,! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society end$ at ! usual t]m ( five ye>s4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] he demitt$ (fice z ,director ( ,kew4 ,he 0 ?us free 9 #ahhe1 /ill a "y man 9 vig\r ?\gh n 9 ye>s4 ,= ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] retirem5t he devot$ ! en]gy ( 8 old age to peculi>ly fruitful sci5tific "w4 ,?us ! adm9i/rative tie ^u him 0 only tempor>y4 ,s long z x la/$ he fai?fully obey$ ! call ( duty1 not)/&+ ! re/rictions x impos$4 ,no exhau/ive catalogue ne$ be giv5 ( ! works ^u :i* ! reputation ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook] z a sci5tific sy/emati/ 0 f\nd$4 ,x mu/ suffice briefly to consid] 8 f\r greate/ sy/ematic works1 ,! ,ant>ctic ,flora1 ,! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ,! ,g5]a ,plant>um1 & ! ,index ,kew5sis4 ,we h se5 h[ on ! ,ant>ctic voyage ,hook] _h ! opportunity ( collect+ on all ! great circumpol> areas ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,8 ,ant>ctic ,flora 0 bas$ on ! collections & obs]vations !n made4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 six l>ge qu>to volumes4 ,! fir/ relat$ to ! ,"l ,auckl& & ,campbell ,isl&s 7#ahdc-ahde72 ! second to ,fuegia & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s 7#ahde-ahdg72 ! ?ird & f\r? to ,new ,zeal& 7#ahea-ahec72 & ! fif? & six? to ,tasmania 7#ahec-ahfj74 ,!y describe ab\t #cjjj species1 :ile on #ecj plates #ajie species are depict$1 usually ) detail$ analytical draw+s4 ,b ^! volumes did n m]ely conta9 reports ( explorations1 or descriptions ( ! _m new species collect$4 ,!re is mu* m ?an ?is 9 !m4 ,all ! kn[n facts t c\ld be ga!r$ 7 incorporat$1 s t !y became sy/ematically elaborat$ & complete ,floras ( ! sev]al c\ntries4 ,moreov]1 9 ! la/ ( !m1 ! ,flora ,tasmaniae1 !re is an ,introductory ,essay1 :i* 9 itself w\ld h made ,hook] fam\s4 ,we %all return to ?is lat]4 ,mean:ile we recognise t ! publication ( ! ,botanical ,results ( ,ross's ,voyage e/abli%$ ,hook]'s reputation z a ,travell] & ,botani/ ( ! fir/ rank4 ,:at he did = ! ,ant>ctic 9 8 y\? he cont9u$ 9 mature life = ,briti% ,india4 ,:ile ! publication ( ! ,ant>ctic ,flora 0 /ill 9 progress1 he made 8 ,indian j\rneys4 ,! va/ collections amass$ by himself & ,dr ,?omson 7 consign$ by agreem5t ) ,gov]nm5t to ,kew4 ,?i!r _h also be5 br\ght 9 #aheh sev5 waggon-loads ( collections f ! cell>s ( ! ,india ,h\se 9 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 :]e !y _h be5 accumulat+ = _m ye>s4 ,!y includ$ ! h]b>ia ( ,falcon] & ,griffi?4 ,su* mat]ials1 ) o!r l>ge additions made f "t to "t1 fl[$ into ! already ri* ,h]b>ium at ,kew4 ,?is 0 ! mat]ial ^u :i* ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 0 to base 8 ,magnum ,opus1 ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india4 ,already 9 #ahee ,sir ,joseph1 ) 8 ,glasg[ college fri5d1 ,?omas ,?omson1 _h essay$ to prep>e a ,flora ,indica4 ,x nev] advanc$ beyond its fir/ volume4 ,b if x _h be5 complet$ on ! scale set by t volume1 x w\ld h rea*$ ne>ly #ab1jjj pages6 ,aft] a pause ( ov] fifte5 ye>s ,hook] made a fre% />t1 aid$ n[ by a /aff ( collaborators1 & ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india 0 ! result4 ,x 0 conceiv$1 he says ) regret1 ^u a re/rict$ plan4 ,nev]!less x ran to sev5 volumes1 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgb & #ahig4 ,!re are ne>ly #fjjj pages ( lett]press1 relat+ to #af1jjj species4 ,x is1 he says 9 ! ,preface1 a pione] "w1 & necess>ily incomplete4 ,b he hopes x may help ! phytograph] to discuss problems ( di/ribution ( plants f ! po9t ( view ( :at is p]haps ! ri*e/1 & is c]ta9ly ! mo/ v>i$ botanical area on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,sc>cely 0 ?is great "w end$ :5 ,dr ,trim5 di$4 ,he left ! ,ceylon ,flora1 on :i* he _h be5 engag$1 incomplete4 ,?ree volumes 7 already publi%$1 b ! f\r? 0 f> f f9i%$1 & ! fif? h>dly t\*$4 ,! ,ceylon ,gov]nm5t appli$ to ,hook]1 & ?\gh he 0 n[ eighty ye>s ( age1 he respond$ to ! call4 ,! complet+ volumes 7 issu$ 9 #ahih & #aijj4 ,?is 0 no m]e rak+ ov] afre% ! mat]ials work$ already into ! ,indian ,flora4 ,= ,ceylon includes a /rong ,malayan elem5t 9 its vegetation4 ,x has1 moreov]1 a v l>ge numb] ( endemic species1 & ev5 g5]a4 ,?is la/ flori/ic "w ( ,sir ,joseph may be held fitly to r\nd (f 8 treatm5t ( ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,8 la/ contribution to its botany 0 9 ! =m ( a ,sket* ( ! ,vegetation ( ! ,indian ,empire1 includ+ ,ceylon1 ,burma1 & ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,x 0 writt5 = ! ,imp]ial ,gazette]1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,no "o c\ld h be5 s well qualifi$ = ?is z ! vet]an :o _h sp5t m ?an half a c5tury 9 prep>ation = x4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #aijd1 & =ms ! natural close to ! mo/ rem>kable /udy ( a va/ & v>i$ ,flora t has ev] be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh by "o rul+ m9d4 ,! ?ird ( ! sy/ematic works select$ = our consid]ation is ! ,g5]a ,plant>um4 ,x 0 produc$ 9 collaboration ) ,mr ,b5?am4 ,( its ?ree massive volumes ! fir/ 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 & ! "w 0 complet$ 9 #ahhc4 ,x consi/s ( a codification ( ! ,lat9 diagnoses ( all ! g5]a ( ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,x is ess5tially a "w = ! te*nical botani/1 b = him x is indisp5sable4 ,( ! kn[n species ( plants _m %[ su* close simil>ity ( _! *>act]s t _! k9%ip is recognis$ by gr\p+ !m into g5]a4 ,9 ord] t ^! g5]a may be accurately def9$ x is necess>y to h a prcis ( ! *>act]s :i* _! species h 9 common4 ,?is mu/ be s drawn t x %all also s]ve = purposes ( diagnosis f alli$ g5]a4 ,su* draft+ requires n only a ke5 appreciation ( fact1 b also ! v]bal cle>ness & accuracy ( ! conveyanc+ b>ri/]4 ,! facts c\ld only be obta9$ by access to a reliable & ri* ,h]b>ium4 ,b5?am & ,hook]1 work+ toge!r at ,kew1 satisfi$ ^! dra/ic requirem5ts m fully ?an any botani/s ( _! "t4 ,! only real pr$ecessors ( ?is monum5tal "w 7 ! ,g5]a ,plant>um ( ,l9naeus 7#agcg-agfd7 & ( ,jussieu 7#aghi71 to :i* may be add$ t ( ,endli*] 7#ahcf-ahdj74 ,b all ( ^! 7 writt5 :ile ! numb] ( kn[n g5]a & species 0 small]4 ,! difficulty ( ! task ( ,b5?am & ,hook] 0 greatly enhanc$ by _! wid] k4 ,b _! ,g5]a ,plant>um is on t acc\nt a ne>] approa* to f9ality4 ,hi!rto its supremacy has n be5 *all5g$4 ,! f\r? ( ! great sy/ematic works ( ,hook] m5tion$ above 0 ! ,index ,kew5sis4 ,x 0 produc$ ^u ! plan & "u ! sup]vision ( ,sir ,joseph by ,dr ,daydon ,jackson & a /aff ( cl]ks4 ,! publication began 9 #ahic1 & successive supplem5ts to its f\r qu>to volumes are /ill appe>+ at int]vals4 ,! exp5se 0 borne by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,! s*eme orig9at$ 9 ! difficulty he _h f\nd 9 ! accurate nam+ ( plants4 ,= synonyms h frequ5tly be5 giv5 by diff]5t writ]s to ! same species1 & ?is _h l$ to endless confusion4 ,! object ( ! ,index 0 to provide an au?oritative li/ ( all ! names t h be5 us$1 ) ref]5ce to ! au?or ( ea* & to its place ( publication4 ,! habitat ( ! plant 0 also to be giv54 ,! correct "n 9 use accord+ to c]ta9 well-recognis$ rules ( nom5clature 0 to be indicat$ by type diff]5t f t ( ! synonyms sup]s$$ by x4 ,! only pr$ecessor ( su* an ,index 0 ,/eudel's ,nom5clator ,botanicus1 a book greatly priz$ by ,d>w91 ?\gh long out ( date4 ,he wi%$ at fir/ to produce a mod]n edition ( ,/eudel's ,nom5clator4 ,?is idea 01 h[ev]1 am5d$1 & x 0 resolv$ to con/ruct a new li/ ( g5]a & species1 f\nd$ ^u ,b5?am & ,hook]'s ,g5]a ,plant>um4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 0 ask$ by ,mr ,d>w9 to take into consid]ation ! ext5t & scope ( ! propos$ "w1 & to sugge/ ! be/ means ( hav+ x execut$4 ,he und]took ! task1 & x 0 he :o laid out ! l9es to be foll[$4 ,aft] ye>s ( lab\r by ,dr ,daydon ,jackson & 8 /aff1 ! "w 0 produc$4 ,b ,sir ,joseph read & n>r[ly criticis$ all ! pro(s4 ,imag9e f\r l>ge qu>to volumes1 conta9+ 9 ! aggregate #bejj pages1 ea* page be>+ ?ree columns ( close pr9t1 & ea* column ab\t fifty names4 ,! total figures out to ab\t #cge1jjj specific names1 all ( :i* 7 critically consid]$ by ! octog5>ian editor6 ,surely no great] te*nical b5efit 0 ev] conf]r$ ^u a future g5]ation by ! vet]ans ( sci5ce ?an ?is ,index4 ,x smoo?s ! way = e sy/emati/ :o comes aft]4 ,x /&s z a monum5t to an intimate fri5d%ip4 ,x be>s witness to ! munific5ce ( ,d>w91 & ! ungrudg+ p]sonal c>e ( ,hook]4 ,b ! au?or ( great works su* z ^! 0 /ill will+ to help ^? ( less ambiti\s flights4 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion two books :i*1 be+ m mode/ 9 _! scope1 h rea*$ ! h&s ( _m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahgj ,hook] produc$ 8 ,/ud5ts' ,flora ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ( :i* lat] editions appe>$ 9 #ahgh & #ahhd4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ord] to supply /ud5ts & field botani/s ) a full] acc\nt ( ! plants ( ! ,briti% ,isles ?an ! manuals hi!rto 9 use aim at giv+4 ,9 #ahhg he edit$1 aft] ! dea? ( its au?or1 ! fif? edition ( ,b5?am's ,h&book ( ! ,briti% ,flora4 ,bo? ( ^! /ill hold ! field1 ?\gh !y require to be br\ght up to date 9 po9t ( classification & nom5clature4 ,! object ( ^! brief sket*es ( f\r ( ! great sy/ematic works ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook] has be5 to %[ h[ fully he 0 imbu$ ) ! old sy/ematic me?ods3 h[ he advanc$1 improv$ & ext5d$ !m1 & 0 9 8 "t _! *ief expon5t4 ,8 fa!r _h held a simil> position 9 ! g5]ation be=e him4 ,b ! eld] ,hook]1 true to 8 g5]ation1 treat$ 8 species z fix$ & immutable4 ,he did n g5]alise f !m4 ,8 end 0 atta9$ by _! accurate recognition1 del9eation1 description1 & classification4 ,! y\ng] ,hook]1 :ile 9 ?is "w he 0 n a :it beh9d ! be/ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 saw fur!r ?an !y4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! m]e record ( species z !y 74 ,he s\ght to p5etrate ! my/]y ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,9 fact1 he 0 n m]ely a ,sci5tific ,sy/emati/ 9 ! old] s5se4 ,he 0 a ,philosophical ,biologi/ 9 ! new & nasc5t s5se ( ! middle p]iod ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he 0 an almo/ life-long fri5d ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,he 0 ! fir/ confidant ( 8 species !ory1 &1 except+ ,wallace1 its fir/ :ole-he>t$ adh]5t4 ,b he 0 also ,d>w9's con/ant & welcome advis] & critic4 ,well inde$ 0 x = ! successful laun* ( evolution>y !ory t old-fa%ion$ sy/emati/s took x 9 h&4 ,bo? ,d>w9 & ,hook] _h wide & detail$ k ( species z ! />t+-po9t ( _! induction4 ,be=e we trace ! "p :i* ,hook] himself play$ 9 ! drama ( evolution>y !ory1 x w be well to glance at 8 p]sonal relations ) ,d>w9 himself4 ,x has be5 se5 h[ he read ! pro(-%eets ( ! ,voyage ( ! ',beagle' :ile /ill 9 8 la/ ye> ( m$ical /udy4 ,b be=e he />t$ = ! ,ant>ctic he 0 introduc$ to its au?or4 ,x 0 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 & ! int]view 0 brief b cordial4 ,on return+ f ! ,ant>ctic1 correspond5ce 0 op5$ 9 #ahdc4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahdd ,hook] receiv$ ! memorable lett] confid+ to him ! g]m ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,d>w9 wrote ?us3 ,at la/ gleams ( light h come1 & ,i am almo/ conv9c$ t species are n 7x is l confess+ a murd]7 immutable3--,i ?9k ,i h f\nd 7"h's presumption67 ! simple way by :i* species become exquisitely adapt$ to v>i\s ends4 ,?is 0 probably ! fir/ communication by ,d>w9 ( 8 species-!ory to any sci5tific colleague4 ,! correspond5ce ?us happily initiat$ betwe5 ,d>w9 & ,hook] is pres]v$ 9 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 & 9 ! two volumes ( ,lett]s subsequ5tly publi%$4 ,!y %[ on ! "o h& ! rapid gr[? ( a deep fri5d%ip betwe5 ^! two pot5t m9ds1 :i* end$ only beside ! grave ( ,d>w9 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,b :at is m important is t ^! lett]s reveal1 9 a way t none ( ! publi%$ "w ( ei!r c\ld h done1 ! /eps 9 ! gr[? ( ! great g5]alisation4 ,we read ( ! d\bts ( "o or ! o!r2 ! gradual accumulation ( mat]ial facts2 ! criticisms & am5dm5ts 9 face ( new evid5ce2 & ! sl[ progress f t5tative hypo!sis to assur$ belief4 ,we ourselves h gr[n up s9ce ! cla% ( op9ion = & aga9/ ! mutability ( species di$ d[n4 ,x is h>d = u to und]/& ! /r5g? ( ! feel+s ar\s$3 ! bitt]ness ( ! attack by ! oppon5ts ( ! !ory1 & ! =titude dem&$ f its adh]5ts4 ,x is be/ to obta9 evid5ce on su* matt]s at fir/ h&2 & ?is is :at is suppli$ by ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,d>w9 & ,hook]4 ,h[ complete ! und]/&+ betwe5 ! fri5ds soon became is %[n by ! provisions made by ,d>w9 = ! publication ( 8 manuscripts 9 case ( sudd5 dea?4 ,he wrote 9 ,augu/ #ahed ! def9ite direction ,hook] by f> ! be/ man to edit my species volume3 & ?is not)/&+ t he writes to him z a /]n & awful judge & sceptic4 ,b aga91 9 a lett] a few mon?s lat]1 he says to him3 ,i =got at ! mom5t t y are ! "o liv+ s\l f :om ,i h con/antly receiv$ sympa?y4 ,i h already said t ,hook] 0 n only ,d>w9's fir/ confidant b also ! fir/ to accept 8 !ory ( mutability ( species4 ,b ev5 he did n fully ass5t to x till aft] its fir/ publication4 ,! latt] po9t comes out cle>ly f ! lett]s4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahei1 six mon?s aft] ! read+ ( _! jo9t communications to ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,d>w9 writes to ,wallace3 ,y ask ab\t ,lyell's frame ( m9d4 ,i ?9k he is some:at /agg]$1 b does n give 9 444 ,i ?9k he w end by be+ p]v]t$4 ,dr ,hook] has become almo/ z het]odox z y or ,i1 & ,i look at ,hook] z by f> ! mo/ capable judge 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahei ,d>w9 writes to ,w4 ,d4 ,fox3 ,lyell has read ab\t half ( ! volume 9 clean %eets 444 ,he is wav]+ s mu* ab\t ! immutability ( species t ,i expect he w come r\nd4 ,hook] has come r\nd1 & w publi% 8 belief soon4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon?1 writ+ to ,hook]1 ,d>w9 says3 ,i h spok5 ( y "h z a conv]t made by me3 b ,i "k well h[ mu* l>g] ! %>e has be5 ( y\r own self-?\ght4 ,a lett] to ,wallace ( ,novemb] #ahei be>s ?is po/script3 ,i ?9k t ,i told y be=e t ,hook] is a complete conv]t4 ,if ,i c conv]t ,huxley ,i %all be cont5t4 ,& la/ly1 9 a lett] to ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ! same mon?1 ,d>w9 says3 ,z yet ,i "k only "o believ]1 b ,i look at him z ( ! greate/ au?ority1 viz4 ,hook]4 ,^! quotations cle>ly %[ t1 :ile ,lyell wav]$1 & ,huxley _h n yet come 91 ,hook] 0 a complete adh]5t 9 #ahei to ! doctr9e ( ! mutability ( species4 ,except+ ,wallace1 he 0 ! fir/1 9 fact1 ( ! great gr\p t /ood r\nd ,d>w91 z he 0 ! la/ ( !m to survive4 ,! /ory ( ! jo9t communication ( ,d>w9 & ( ,wallace to ! ,l9nean ,society ,on ! t5d5cy ( ,species to =m ,v>ieties1 & on ! ,p]petuation ( ,v>ieties & ,species by ,natural ,means ( ,selection w be fre% 9 ! m9ds ( read]s1 = ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! ev5t 0 lately celebrat$ 9 ,london4 ,x 0 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,sir ,joseph ,hook] :o jo9tly communicat$ ! two pap]s to ! society1 toge!r ) ! evid5ce ( ! priority ( ,d>w9 9 ! enquiry4 ,no?+ c\ld !n h be5 m apposite ?an ! p]sonal hi/ory :i* ,sir ,joseph gave at ! ,d>w9-,wallace celebration1 held by ! ,l9nean ,society 9 #aijh4 ,he !n told1 at fir/ h&1 ! exact circum/ances "u :i* ! jo9t pap]s 7 produc$4 ,nor c\ld ! expressions us$ by ! ,presid5t 7,dr ,scott7 :5 ?ank+ ,sir ,joseph1 & pres5t+ to him ! ,d>w9-,wallace ,m$al1 h be5 improv$4 ,he said3 ,! incalculable b5efit t y\r con/ant fri5d%ip1 advice1 & alliance 7 to ,mr ,d>w9 himself1 is summ$ up 9 8 own words1 us$ 9 #ahfd3 ',y h repres5t$ = _m ye>s ! :ole great public to me4' ,! ,presid5t !n add$3 ,( all m5 liv+ x is to y m ?an to any o!r t ! great g5]alisation ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace owes its triumph4 ,! v la/ appe>ance ( ,hook] at any l>ge public ga!r+ ( biologi/s 0 at ! c5t5>y ( ,d>w9's bir?1 celebrat$ at ,cambridge1 9 #aiji4 ,none :o 7 !re w =get ! tall figure ( ! vet]an1 ag$1 b /ill vigor\s1 ) vivacity 9 e feature4 ,h[ gladly he accept$ ! congratulations ( 8 _m fri5ds1 & h[ he>tily he rejoic$ ov] ! full acceptance ( ! !ory he _h himself done s mu* to promote4 ,! end came only two ye>s lat]1 9 ,decemb] la/4 ,_m w h wi%$ t ! great gr\p ( ! protagoni/s ( ,evolution1 ,d>w91 ,lyell1 & ,hook]1 %\ld h f\nd _! f9al re/+-place toge!r 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,b ?is 0 n to be4 ,p]sonal & family ties held him clos] to ,kew4 ,& he lies !re 9 classic gr\nd beside 8 fa!r4 ,hav+ ?us sket*$ ! intimate relations :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ,hook] & ,d>w91 x rema9s to appraise 8 own positive contributions to ,philosophical ,biology4 ,he himself1 9 8 ,address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,norwi* 9 #ahfh1 gives an insight into 8 e>ly attitude 9 ! enquiry into biological que/ions4 ,hav+ myself1 he says1 be5 a /ud5t ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 a ,nor!rn ,univ]sity1 ,i ent]$ on my sci5tific c>e] full ( hopes t ,metaphysics w\ld prove a useful m5tor1 if n a guide 9 sci5ce4 ,i soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x avail$ me no?+1 & ,i long ago arriv$ at ! conclusion s well put by ,agassiz1 :5 he says1 ',we tru/ t ! "t is n di/ant :5 x w be univ]sally und]/ood t ! battle ( ! evid5ces w h to be f\ght on ! field ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 & n on t ( ! ,metaphysical4' ,?is 0 ! difficult lesson ( ! p]iod :5 ,evolution 0 born4 ,hook] le>n$ ! lesson e>ly4 ,he cle>$ 8 m5tal outlook f all preconceptions1 & work$ d[n to ! b$-rock ( objective fact4 ,?us he 0 free to use 8 va/ & detail$ k 9 advanc+1 along ! l9es ( induction alone1 t[>ds s\nd g5]alisations4 ,^! _h _! v close relation to que/ions ( ! mutability ( species4 ,! subject 0 approa*$ by him ?r\gh ! /udy ( geographical di/ribution1 9 :i*1 z we h se51 he _h at an e>ly age become ! lead+ au?ority4 ,! fame ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook] z a ,philosophical ,biologi/ re/s ^u a ma/]ly s]ies ( ,essays & ,addresses4 ,! *ief ( ^! 7 ,! ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ,tasmaniae1 deal+ ) ! ,ant>ctic ,flora z a :ole2 ,! ,essay on ! ,di/ribution ( ,arctic ,plants1 publi%$ 9 #ahfb2 ,! ,disc\rse on ,insul> ,floras 9 #ahff2 ,! ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,norwi* 9 #ahfh2 8 ,address at ,york1 9 #ahha1 on ,geographical ,di/ribution2 & f9ally1 ,! ,essay on ! ,vegetation ( ,india1 publi%$ 9 #aijd4 ,none ( ^! 7 m]e inspirations ( ! mom5t4 ,!y 7 ! outcome ( ardu\s j\rneys to obs]ve & to collect1 & subsequ5tly ( c>eful analysis ( ! specim5s & ( ! facts4 ,! dates ( publication be> ?is out4 ,! ,essay on ! ,ant>ctic ,flora appe>$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ! completion ( ! voyage4 ,! ,essay on ! ,vegetation ( ,india 0 n publi%$ till m ?an half a c5tury aft] ,hook] fir/ set foot 9 ,india4 ,x is ^u su* f\ndations t ,hook]'s reputation z a great con/ructive ?9k] is securely bas$4 ,! fir/-nam$ ( ^! essays w probably be e/imat$ z ! mo/ notable ( !m all 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 ,novemb] #ahei1 b>ely a ye> aft] ! jo9t communications ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace to ! ,l9nean ,society1 & be=e ! ,orig9 ( ,species _h appe>$4 ,x 0 to ?is ,essay t ,d>w9 ref]r$ :5 he wrote t ,hook] has come r\nd1 & w publi% 8 belief soon4 ,b ?is publication ( 8 belief 0 n m]ely an e*o ( ass5t to ,d>w9's own op9ions4 ,x 0 a reason$ /atem5t1 advanc$ ^u ! basis ( 8 own self-?\ght1 & 8 own wide sy/ematic & geographical exp]i5ce4 ,f ^! s\rces he drew = himself support = ! hypo!sis t species are d]ivative1 & mutable4 ,he po9ts out h[ ! natural hi/ory ( ,au/ralia seem$ specially suit$ to te/ su* a !ory1 on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative uni=mity ( ! physical features be+ accompani$ by a great v>iety 9 its ,flora1 & ! peculi>ity ( bo? its ,fauna & ,flora1 z comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries4 ,aft] ! te/ _h be5 made1 on ! basis ( /udy ( "s #hjjj species1 _! *>act]s1 _! spread1 & _! relations to ^? ( o!r l&s1 he concludes decisively 9 fav\r ( mutability & a doctr9e ( progression4 ,h[ highly ?is ,essay 0 e/eem$ by 8 contempor>ies is %[n by ! expressions ( ,lyell & ( ,d>w94 ,! =m] writes3 ,i h j f9i%$ ! read+ ( y\r spl5did ,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 z illu/rat$ by y\r wide botanical exp]i5ce1 & ?9k x goes f> to raise ! v>iety-mak+ hypo!sis to ! rank ( a !ory1 z acc\nt+ = ! mann] 9 :i* new species ent] ! _w4 ,d>w9 wrote3 ,i h f9i%$ y\r ,essay4 ,to my judgm5t x is by f> ! gr&e/ & mo/ int]e/+ essay on subjects ( ! nature discuss$ ,i h ev] read4 ,b besides its hi/orical int]e/ 9 relation to ! ,species ,"q1 ! ,essay conta9$ :at 0 up to its "t ! mo/ sci5tific treatm5t ( a l>ge area f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,plant-,geograph]4 ,he f\nd t ! ,ant>ctic1 l ! ,arctic ,flora1 is v uni=m r\nd ! ,globe4 ,! same species 9 _m cases occur on e isl&1 ?\gh ?\s&s ( miles ( ocean may int]v5e4 ,_m ( ^! species reappe> on ! m\nta9s ( ,s\!rn ,*ili1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,s\!rn ,temp]ate ,floras1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& diff] m among !mselves ?an d ! ,floras ( ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to expla9 ^! facts he sugge/$ ! probable =m] exi/5ce1 dur+ a w>m] p]iod ?an ! pres5t1 ( a c5tre ( creation ( new species 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 9 ! =m ( ei!r a cont95t or an ar*ipelago1 f :i* ! ,ant>ctic ,flora radiat$4 ,?is hypo!sis has s9ce be5 held op5 to d\bt4 ,b ! fact t x 0 sugge/$ %[s ! broad view :i* he 0 prep>$ to take ( ! problem be=e him4 ,8 me?od 0 ess5tially t :i* is n[ /yl$ ,ecological4 ,_m hold ?is to be a new phase ( botanical enquiry1 introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,w>m+ 9 #ahie4 ,no "o w d5y ! value ( ! increas$ precision :i* he !n br\ght into su* /udies4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact x 0 ,ecology on ! gr& scale t ,sir ,joseph ,hook] practis$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic 9 #ahdj4 ,moreov] x 0 pursu$1 n 9 regions ( old civilisation1 b 9 l&s :]e ,nature held h] sway unt\*$ by ! h& ( man4 ,?is ,essay on ! ,flora ( ! ,ant>ctic 0 ! prototype ( ! great s]ies4 ,sir ,joseph exam9$ ! ,arctic ,flora f simil> po9ts ( view4 ,he expla9$ ! circumpol> uni=mity :i* x %[s1 & ! preval5ce ( ,sc&9avian types1 toge!r ) ! peculi>ly limit$ nature ( ! ,flora ( ! s\?w>d p59sula ( ,gre5l&4 ,he ext5d$ 8 enquiries to oceanic isl&s4 ,he po9t$ out t ! conditions :i* dictat$ circumpol> di/ribution are abs5t f !m2 b t o!r conditions exi/ 9 !m :i* acc\nt = ! /range features :i* _! vegetation %[s4 ,he ext5d$ ! application ( su* me?ods to ! ,himalaya & to ,c5tral ,asia4 ,he jo9$ ) ,asa ,gray 9 l enquiries 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! latt] _h already giv5 a sci5tific explanation ( ! surpris+ fact t ! plants ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates resemble m ne>ly ^? ( ,*9a ?an d ^? ( ! ,pacific ,slope4 ,9 resolv+ ^! & o!r problems x 0 n only ! vegetation itself t 0 /udi$4 ,! *anges ( climate 9 geological "t1 & ( ! e>?'s cru/ z demon/rat$ by geologi/s1 =m$ "p ( ! basis on :i* he work$4 ,= x is facts su* z ^! :i* h det]m9$ ! migration ( ,floras4 ,& migration1 z well z mutability ( species1 ent]$ into mo/ ( 8 speculations4 ,! ,essays ( ?is magnific5t s]ies are l pictures pa9t$ ) a full bru%4 ,! boldness & ma/]y :i* !y %[ sprang f long discipl9e & wide exp]i5ce4 ,f9ally1 ! *ief results ( ! ,phyto-,geographical "w ( himself & ( o!rs 7 summ$ up 9 ! great ,address on ,geographical ,di/ribution at ,york4 ,! ,jubilee ( ! ,briti% ,association 0 held !re 9 #ahha4 ,x _h be5 decid$ t ea* section %\ld be presid$ ov] by a pa/ ,presid5t ( ! ,association1 & he _h occupi$ t position at ,norwi* 9 #ahfh4 ,accord+ly at ,york ,hook] 0 appo9t$ ,presid5t ( ! ,geographical ,section1 & he *ose z ! subject ( 8 ,address ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,organic ,be+s4 ,to him x illu/rat$ ! int]dep5d5ce ( ^? ,sci5ces :i* ! ,geograph] %\ld /udy4 ,x is n en\gh m]ely to obs]ve ! topography ( organisms1 b _! hypsometrical di/ribution mu/ also be not$4 ,fur!r1 ! *anges ( area & ( altitude 9 expos$ l&-surfaces ( :i* geology gives evid5ce1 are ess5tial features 9 ! problem1 toge!r ) ! *anges ( climate1 su* z h det]m9$ ! advance & retrocession ( glacial conditions4 ,hav+ not$ ^! factors1 he cont9u$ ?us3 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ord]ly evolution ( species "u kn[n laws ,i close ?is li/ ( ^? recognis$ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( geographical di/ribution1 :i* mu/ guide all :o ent] ^u its pursuit4 ,z ,humboldt 0 its f\nd]1 & ,=bes its re=m]1 s we mu/ reg>d ,d>w9 z its late/ & greate/ law-giv]4 ,n[1 aft] ?irty ye>s1 may we n add to ^! words ( 81 t ,hook] 0 himself its greate/ expon5t8 ,& s we h foll[$1 h[ev] inadequately1 ?is great man into ! v>i\s l9es ( sci5tific activity :i* he pursu$4 ,we h se5 him to excel 9 !m all4 ,! cumulative result is t he is univ]sally held to h be51 dur+ sev]al decades1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ botani/ ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 be=e all ?+s a philosoph]4 ,9 him we see ! =emo/ /ud5t ( ! broad] aspects ( ,plant-,life at ! "t :5 evolution>y belief 0 nasc5t4 ,8 influ5ce at t /irr+ p]iod1 ?\gh quiet1 0 f>-rea*+ & deep4 ,8 "w 0 bo? critical & con/ructive4 ,8 wide k1 8 ke5 insight1 8 fe>less judgm5t 7 invaluable 9 advanc+ t intellectual revolution :i* f\nd its pivot 9 ! mutability ( species4 ,! %>e he took 9 promot+ x 0 second only to t ( 8 life-long fri5d ,*>les ,d>w94 ,,index ,absorption1 ,ari/otelian views on1 #fh ---- ,grew &1 #eh ---- ,hales &1 #gc-gf ---- ,m>iotte &1 #fh ,adanson1 ,plant families &1 #da ,agassiz1 appreciation (1 #bae1 #cai ,agriculture1 inve/igations 91 #bcd1 #bcf-bcg ---- physiology &1 #g ---- ,!ophra/us &1 #i ,algae1 ,b]keley on ,briti%1 #bbf ---- collection (1 #bad1 #baf ---- ,h>vey on1 #bjh1 #baj-bab1 #baf ---- sy/ematic "w on1 #bjb ---- ,williamson &1 #beb ,algal floras1 #bai ,al/on1 ,*>les1 ,k+'s ,botani/1 #bhc-bhd ---- ,hales &1 #bhe-bhf ---- inve/igations (1 #bhe ---- publications (1 #bhf ,alt]nation ( g5]ations1 #ahh-ahi1 #aih ,amman1 ,morison's me?od &1 #bf ,anab5a filam5ts1 ,griffi? on1 #aij1 #aif ,anatomical me?od1 ,w4 ,hook] &1 #adg-adh ,anatomy1 ,balf\r & comp>ative1 #bfb ---- ,f\nd]s (1 #b1 #f1 #dd1 #fc1 #fg ---- ,grew & plant1 #dg-eg ---- ,h5frey & ,monocotyl$on1 #aii ---- ,hill & plant1 #ic1 #id1 #ie ,annals ( ,botany1 ,w>d &1 #bff ,annual r+s1 ,j4 ,hill &1 #id ,ant>ctic flora1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #cje1 #caa-cab ,an?rax1 ,w>d on1 #bgb ,apical gr[?1 ,ngeli & ,leitgeb on1 #ace ,apogamy1 ,al/on &1 #bhf ,aquatic fungi1 ,w>d on1 #bfe ,aquatic ,myxomycete1 ,w>d &1 #bfe ,arb]1 ,agnes1 on ,grew1 #dd-fd ,arb]1 ,newell1 on ,prim(ilices1 #beg ,arboretum1 f\nd+ ( ,ed9burgh1 #cjj ,ar*aeology1 ,williamson &1 #bdi ,ar*egonia1 discov]y 9 ,f]ns (1 #aif-aih ,ari/otle1 botanical writ+s (1 #h ,ari/otle1 value ( "w (1 #ae ---- physiology &1 #fh ,asc5t ( sap1 ,grew's explanation (1 #eh ,asclepiadaceae1 ,r4 ,br[n on !1 #aad-aaf ,assimilation1 ,hales on1 #hj ,bact]ia1 action ( light on1 #bgc ,bact]iology1 ,w>d on1 #bfe1 #bga-bgc ,bak]1 ,j4 ,hill's qu>rels )1 #hi-ia ---- ,synopsis ,filicum &1 #adf ,balanophoraceae1 ,griffi? on !1 #ahf ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] & !1 #cjh ,balf\r1 ,&rew1 pione] "w (1 #bha ,balf\r1 ,j4 ,bayley1 on ! ,ed9burgh ,pr(essors1 #bhj-cja ---- ---- on ! ,g+]-be] plant1 #bfi ,balf\r1 ,john ,hutton1 life (1 #bic-cjj ---- ---- ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor%ip &1 #bic-bie ---- ---- at ,glasg[1 #bie ---- ---- adm9i/rative "w (1 #bie ---- ---- tea*+ me?ods (1 #bii ,banks1 ,sir ,joseph1 ,w4 ,hook] &1 #abi ---- ---- ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aaj-aaa ---- ---- on ru/ disease1 #bge ,banksian collections1 ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aab-abc1 #acd de ,b>y1 on potato disease1 #bff ---- on ru/ disease1 #bg ---- ,w>d's visit to1 #bfd ,basidia1 ,b]keley's rese>*es on1 #bcj ,bau]1 ,w4 ,hook] &1 #add-ade ,bauh91 ,casp>1 ,p9ax (1 #ad-ae ---- & ,john1 ,morison on1 #bj ,bean1 collections (1 #bdh ---- on ,york%ire ,fossil ,flora1 #bdg ,b5?am1 collaboration ) ,hook]1 #cac ---- beque/ (1 #add ---- collections (1 #adj ---- ,h]b>ium (1 #caj ,b]keley1 ,miles ,joseph1 life (1 #bbe-bcb ---- ---- fungal morphology &1 #bcj-bca ---- ,w4 ,hook] on1 #bbg ---- z naturali/1 #bbe-bbf ---- z plant pa?ologi/1 #bca-bcb ---- z sy/ematic mycologi/1 #bbg-bcj ---- z zoologi/1 #bbf ,b9ney1 on ,c>bonif]\s plants1 #bec ---- on coal balls1 #bde ---- fossil plant tissues &1 #cjg ---- ,geological ,survey &1 #bde-bdf ---- publications (1 #bdf ,blair1 on ,morison & ,ray1 #ca ,bob>t1 ,jacob1 ,keep] ( ,ox=d ,physic ,g>d51 #ag ---- ---- ! y\ng]1 #ah ---- ---- ---- & ,morison's "w1 #ah1 #bc ---- ---- ---- influ5ce on ,ray1 #dc ,botanic g>d5s1 ( ,briti% colonies1 #acf ---- ---- ( ,calcutta1 #aha-ahb1 #cje ---- ---- ( ,cambridge1 #aec ---- ---- ,*elsea ,physic1 #hd1 #ib1 #agi ---- ---- ( ,glasg[1 #abi1 #acj1 #bib ---- ---- ,glasnev91 #bac ---- ---- ,gov]nm5t subsidy (1 #bhh ---- ---- ,kew1 #acf-acg ---- ---- ,ox=d1 #ag1 #ah ---- ---- purpose (1 #bha ---- ---- rivalry betwe5 ,ed9burgh1 #bhb1 #bhc ,botanical ,gazette1 ,h5frey &1 #bja1 #bjb ---- ,magaz9e1 editor%ip ( ,w4 ,hook]1 #adb ,botanical ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 f\nd+ (1 #bid ,botanical illu/ration1 ,bau] &1 #agi ---- ---- ,b]keley &1 #bbf ---- ---- ,dickson &1 #cja ---- ---- ,w4 ,fit* &1 #ada-adb1 #bdf ---- ---- ,grew &1 #eb ---- ---- ,h>vey &1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bab ---- ---- ,hill &1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #ada ---- ---- ,l9dley &1 #agj1 #agd ---- ---- ,mc,gillivray1 #bdd ---- ---- ,tuff5 ,we/ &1 #bjj ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #beg ,botany1 local /udy (1 #bdi ,botany tea*+1 ,h5sl['s me?ods1 #aeh1 #aei ---- ---- pione]s (1 #bha1 #bif ,bottomley1 on ,gilb]t1 #bcc-bdb ,b[]1 ,f4 ,o41 #beh ---- on ,w4 ,hook]1 #abf-aej ---- on ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 #cjb-cbc ,boyle1 influ5ce on ,hales1 #ff ,bridg+ species1 ,w>d on1 #bgg ,briti% ,algae1 ,b]keley on1 #bbf ,briti% ,flora1 ,b5?am & ,hook] on1 #cae ---- ---- ,b]keley on1 #bbg-bbh ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] on1 #adc ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cae ,brome grass1 ,w>d on1 #bgf-bgg ,brongni>t1 ,williamson &1 #bed-bef ---- antiquity ( ,dicotyl$ons &1 #bdd ---- on fossil se$s1 #beg ---- influ5ce (1 #bdf ,broome1 collaboration ) ,b]keley1 #bbi ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 life (1 #ajh-abe ---- ---- ,j4 ,banks &1 #aaj1 #aaa ---- ---- collections (1 #aab ---- ---- ,cycad ovule &1 #ahg ---- ---- di>y (1 #aaa ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahf ---- ---- ,l9nean ,society &1 #aab1 #abc-abd ---- ---- on ! ovule1 #ahd-ahe ---- ---- p]iod (1 #acd ---- ---- on vegetation ( ,new ,holl&1 #aac ,br[nian movem5t1 #abj ,bryophyta1 ,griffi? &1 #ahh-ahi1 #aij ,bud protection1 ,grew on1 #ej ,calamites1 ,williamson on1 #bec1 #bed1 #bef ---- second>y gr[? 91 #bed ,calcutta ,g>d5s1 ,falcon] &1 #cje ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #aha-ahb ,cambridge1 ,w>d at1 #bfb ---- ,botanic ,g>d5s1 #aec ---- ,h]b>ium1 ,l9dley's pres5tation to1 #agj ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 f\nd+ (1 #aea ---- ---- ---- pres5tations to1 #aeb-aec ---- ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bgf ---- ,pr(essor%ip1 #aeb1 #bgd ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ,b9ney on1 #bdf1 #bec1 #cjg ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cjg ---- ---- ,williamson on1 #d1 #bec1 #bef ,cell /ructure1 discov]y (1 #ec ---- ---- ,grew on1 #ec-ed ---- !ory1 ,williamson &1 #bea ,cesalp9o1 ,&rea1 ab/ract ( results (1 #ab1 #ac ---- ---- classification &1 #aa ---- ---- on ,cryptogams1 #ba ---- ---- ,morison &1 #bf ---- ---- ,!ophra/us &1 #aa ,ceylon ,flora1 ,hook] &1 #cab1 #cac ,*elsea ,physic ,g>d51 ,botany lectures at1 #hd ---- ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #agi ---- ---- ---- ,hill's use (1 #ib ,*emiotaxis1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aae ---- ,myo%i on1 #bge ---- ,pfeff] &1 #bge ,*lorophyll1 ,grew's obs]vations on1 #ei ,circumpol> uni=mity1 ,hook] &1 #cba ,classification1 ,adanson on1 #da ---- ,bauh9 &1 #ad ---- ,cesalp9o &1 #aa ---- ,de ,c&olle &1 #da ---- fir/ attempt at1 #i ---- fl[] & fruit 91 #aa ---- ,gesn] on1 #aj ---- ,hill on1 #ajj ---- hi/orical review (1 #agc ---- ,jung &1 #ae ---- de ,jussieu on1 #da ---- leaf 91 #ba ---- ,l9dley &1 #agb1 #agc ---- ,malpighi on1 #ce ---- ,morison &1 #ah1 #bb ---- natural sy/em (1 #ac1 #da1 #agb1 #agc ---- progress 91 #i ---- ,ray on1 #bi ,climb+ plants1 anatomy (1 #ee ,coal-balls1 fir/ inve/igation (1 #bde ---- ,williamson &1 #bea ,c(fee disease1 inve/igations (1 #bfc ,col]idge1 on ,grew1 #df1 #dg ,con/ancy ( species1 ,w4 ,hook] on1 #adh ,contact /imulus1 ,hill on1 #ih1 #ii ,controv]sies1 ,gilb]t & ,liebig1 #bch ---- ,hill's1 #hi-ia ---- ,morison & ,ray1 #ba1 #ca ---- ,ro?am/$ & ,g]man physiologi/s1 #bdb ---- ,williamson & ,brongni>t1 #bed ,copley m$al1 ,hales &1 #gj ,coprolite1 discov]y (1 #aee-aef ,corn laws1 ,l9dley & repeal (1 #afi ,cotyl$ons1 ,malpighi on1 #ce1 #cf ---- sy/ematic value (1 #cf ,croonian lecture1 ,timiriazeff's1 #hj ,cryptogamic botany1 ,b]keley &1 #d1 #bbf ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #abh ,cryptogami/1 ,w>d z ,gov]nm5t1 #bfb ,cryptogams1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aba1 #abb ---- ,cesalp9o &1 #ba ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahh-aia ---- ,h>vey &1 #d1 #bje ---- ,williamson & fossil1 #bed1 #bee ,cycads1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aad1 #aag1 #ahg ---- relation%ips (1 #bed ---- ,zamia &1 #bec ,cycas1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aah1 #aai ---- ,griffi? on ovule (1 #ahg1 #ahh ,cytase1 importance (1 #bfg ,d>w91 ,*>les1 omission (1 #e ---- ---- ,h>vey &1 #bba ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #cjc1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cbc ---- ---- ,index ,kew5sis &1 #cad ,d>w91 ,francis1 on ,hales1 #fe-hc ,d>w9ism1 ,balf\r &1 #bih ,de ,c&olle1 ,a4 ,p41 ,prodromus (1 #acd ---- ---- classification (1 #da1 #db ,de ,c&olle1 ,a4 ,p41 "w (1 #aji ,deep sea deposits1 ,hook] &1 #cjg ---- ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #bea ,developm5t1 on /udy (1 #aah ,dew>1 on ,gilb]t1 #bcd1 #bce ,dickson1 ,alex&]1 ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor%ip (1 #cjj-cja ,dubl9 ,h]b>ium1 ,h>vey &1 #baa1 #bbb ---- ,pr(essor%ips at1 #baj-baa1 #bah ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ,griffi? &1 #c1 #ahj1 #ahd ,ecology1 ,j4 ,h4 ,balf\r &1 #big1 #bih ---- ,grew on1 #fa ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahb ---- ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ &1 #aeb1 #aed ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #cba ---- scope (1 #g ,economic botany1 ,b]keley &1 #bca ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahj ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #aci ---- ---- ,museum (1 #acg-ach ,ed9burgh ,botanical ,g>d5s1 ,mackay & ,don &1 #bia ---- ---- ---- ! ,mc,nabs &1 #bii ---- ---- ---- ,ru!r=d &1 #bia ---- ---- ,s*ools1 rivalry (1 #bhb ---- ,m$ical ,s*ool1 #bij1 #bie ,ed9burgh ,pr(essors1 ,j4 ,b4 ,balf\r on1 #bhj-cja ---- ---- ,*>les ,al/on1 #bhc-bhf ---- ---- ,william ,ar?ur1 #bhd ---- ---- ,j4 ,h4 ,balf\r1 #bic-cjj ---- ---- ,dickson1 #cjj-cja ---- ---- ,graham1 #bia-bic ---- ---- ,john ,hope1 #bhf-bij ---- ---- ,*>les ,pre/on1 #bhb-bhc ---- ---- ,ru!r=d1 #bij-bia ---- ---- ,su!rl&1 #bha-bhc ,elfv+1 ,w>d &1 #bfd ---- on bact]ia1 #bgc ,embryog5y1 ,dickson on plant1 #cjj ,embryo-sac1 ,w>d on !1 #bfb ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 on ,hales1 #fh ---- ---- ,w>d & !1 #bfe ,endosp]m1 ,grew on1 #fc ,eriksson1 on ru/ disease1 #bgf ,evolution1 ,h>vey &1 #bba ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #caf ,falcon]1 ,h]b>ium (1 #cab ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b41 on ,r4 ,br[n1 #ajh-abe ,f>m+1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ &1 #aee ,f]m5ts1 ,w>d on1 #bgj1 #bga ,f]ns1 ,grew on spores (1 #fc ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #add-adh ---- ,morison on1 #ba ---- sexuality 91 #ace ---- ,williamson on1 #bed1 #beg ,field botany1 ,balf\r &1 #big ---- ---- ,ed9burgh ,s*ool &1 #bif ---- ---- ,graham &1 #bib ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #acb ---- ,hope &1 #bhi ,fit*1 ,w41 z illu/rator1 #aca1 #ada1 #ade1 #adf ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 #cab ---- ( ,brita91 #dc ---- ( ,s\? ,africa1 #bai ---- ( ,ant>ctic1 #cje1 #caa1 #cab ---- ( ,ceylon1 #cab1 #cac ---- ( ,scotl&1 #acb ---- ,fossil1 #bde1 #beb ---- ---- ( ,williamson1 #bdh ---- ---- ( ,york%ire1 #bdg ,floras1 migration (1 #cbb ,fl[]s1 ,ray on morphology (1 #ce ---- ,grew on anatomy (1 #eb1 #fb ,food solutions1 ,grew on1 #fj ,=am9if]a1 ,williamson on1 #bej1 #bea ,fossil botany1 ,b9ney &1 #bdc1 #cjg ---- ---- ,brongni>t &1 #bdd ---- ---- ,r4 ,br[n &1 #abb ---- ---- 9 ,engl&1 #bdc ---- ---- 9 ,france1 #bed1 #bee ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #bdc1 #cjg ---- ---- ,l9dley on1 #agf ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #g1 #bef1 #bei ---- ---- ,)am &1 #bdc ---- plants1 developm5t 91 #beh ,fossils1 ,williamson's collections (1 #beh ,frankl&1 ,p]cy1 ,w>d &1 #bga ,fungi1 ,j4 ,banks on1 #bge ---- basidia 91 #bcj ---- ,b]keley on1 #bbi ---- ---- ,b]keley & ,broome on1 #bbi-bcj ---- classification (1 #bbg-bcj ---- on epiphyll\s1 #bfc-bfd ---- ,eriksson on1 #bgf ---- on exotic1 #bbh ---- ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ on1 #aef1 #aeg ---- ,kew collections (1 #bbh ---- life-hi/ory (1 #bga ---- morphology (1 #bcj-bca ---- nutrition (1 #bfe ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 editor%ip ( ,l9dley1 #aff1 #afi ,g>d5+1 ,williamson &1 #beb ,gatty1 ,mrs1 on seawe$s1 #baf1 #bba ,g5]a ,filicum1 #add1 #ade1 #adg ---- ,plant>um1 ( ,b5?am & ,hook]1 #cac ---- ---- ( ,endli*]1 #cad ---- ---- ( de ,jussieu1 #cad ---- ---- ( ,l9naeus1 #cad ,g5]a1 ,t\rne=t &1 #dj ,geographical di/ribution1 ( ,fungi1 #bbh1 #bbi ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cai-cbb ,geological zones1 ,williamson &1 #bdh ,geology1 ,b9ney &1 #bde1 #bdf ---- ,fa!r ( ,engli%1 #bdg ---- ( ,york%ire1 #bdg ---- ,williamson &1 #bea ,geotropism1 ,grew on1 #ei ,gesn]1 classification &1 #aj1 #aa ,gilb]t1 ,sir ,joseph ,h5ry1 life (1 #bcc-bdb ---- ---- c>e] (1 #bcd ---- ---- *emical tra9+ (1 #bcc-bcd ---- ---- ,hellriegel &1 #bdj ---- ---- ,lawes &1 #bcc ---- ---- ,ro?am/$ &1 #bcd ,g+]-be] plant1 ,w>d on1 #bfi1 #bgj ,glasg[1 ,botanic ,g>d5s at1 #abi1 #acj1 #bib ---- ,w4 ,hook] & ,pr(essor%ip (1 #acj-acc ,glasnev91 ,h>vey & ,botanic ,g>d5s (1 #bac ,goebel1 on ,w4 ,hook]1 #adh1 #adi ---- on ,bryophyta1 #ahi ,gold5 age1 ( ,botany1 #aic-aid ,graham1 ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor%ip &1 #bia-bic ---- ,glasg[ ,g>d5s &1 #bib ---- tea*+ &1 #bib1 #bic1 #bii ,gr&',eury1 ,williamson &1 #bec ,graphical me?od1 ,w>d &1 #bgf ,gray1 ,asa1 #bbd1 #cba ,greeks1 ,botany (1 #i ,gre5h\ses1 v5tilation (1 #ha ,greville1 ,w4 ,hook] &1 #add1 #adg ,grew1 ,nehemiah1 life (1 #dd-fd ---- ---- anatomy &1 #dg-eg1 #ace ---- ---- ,hales &1 #ha ---- ---- ,malpighi &1 #dh ---- ---- ,s*leid5 &1 #dh ---- ---- v]satility (1 #de ,griffi?1 ,william1 life (1 #agh-aia ---- ---- botanical "w (1 #ahj ---- ---- collections (1 #ahb ---- ---- contempor>ies (1 #ahc ---- ---- ,h]b>ium (1 #cab ---- ---- me?ods (1 #ahc ---- ---- morphology &1 #ahb-ahc ---- ---- travels (1 #ahj-ahb ---- ---- ,univ]sity ,college &1 #agi ,griffi?s1 ,mrs1 on algae1 #baa1 #bbc ,gr[?1 ,hales on1 #hb ---- log>i?mic curve (1 #bgc ,gwynne-,vaughan1 on ,nymphaeaceae1 #aii ,gymnosp]ms1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aag1 #aah ---- se$s (1 #beg ,hales1 ,/eph51 life (1 #fe-hc ---- ---- ,al/on &1 #bhe-bhf ---- ---- ,*emi/ry &1 #fg1 #gh-hj ---- ---- ,physics &1 #fg ---- ---- ,physiology &1 #fg1 #ga-gh1 #hj-hc ,h>tog1 ,m>cus1 ,williamson &1 #bee ,h>vey1 ,william ,h5ry1 life (1 #bjb-bbd ---- ---- collections (1 #bjh-baj1 #baf-bah ---- ---- ,d>w9 &1 #bba ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #bjg-bjh1 #baa1 #bai ---- ---- influ5ce (1 #bba ---- ---- lectures (1 #bac-bae ---- ---- publications (1 #bai ,hellriegel1 on ,legum9osae1 #bdj-bda1 #bfg ,h5frey1 ,ar?ur1 life (1 #aib-bjc ---- ---- on critical species1 #bja ---- ---- on f]tilisation1 #aie ---- ---- on sex 9 plants1 #aic-aih ---- ---- ,sum9ski &1 #aig-aih ---- ---- text-books (1 #bjj ---- ---- z translator & editor1 #bjj ---- ---- "w (1 #aib ,h5sl[1 ,george1 on ,h5sl[1 #aea-afc ,h5sl[1 ,john ,/ev5s1 life (1 #aea-afc ---- ---- ,b]keley &1 #bbf ---- ---- botanical "w (1 #aed ---- ---- collections (1 #aeb-aec ---- ---- ,ecology &1 #aeb-aec ---- ---- ,education &1 #aec-aed1 #aeh-aei ---- ---- lectures (1 #aeg ---- ---- on ru/ disease1 #bge ---- ---- sci5tific /udies (1 #aea-aeb ---- ---- views (1 #aef ,h]bali/1 ,hill z1 #ib1 #ajj ,h]bali/s1 "w (1 #dg ,h]bals1 ( ,culpep]1 #dg ---- ( ,dodonaeus1 #aj ---- ( ,fu*s1 #i ---- ( ,lobelius1 #aj ---- ( ,p>k9son1 #dg ---- ( ,pi]re ,p5a1 #aj ---- ( ,tragus 7,bock71 #i ,h]b>ium1 ( ,falcon] & ,griffi?1 #cab ---- ,kew1 #adj ,h]bs1 classification &1 #bi1 #cj1 #cd ,h]mann1 "w (1 #bf1 #ci ,hill1 ,john1 life (1 #hd-ajg ---- ---- z actor1 #he ---- ---- on anatomy1 #ic-if ---- ---- "* (1 #ajd-ajg ---- ---- z g>d5]1 #ic ---- ---- z h]bali/1 #ib ---- ---- on ,l9nean me?od1 #ci ---- ---- on lit]ature1 #hf-hg1 #ib-ic ---- ---- m$ical c>e] (1 #he ---- ---- me?ods (1 #hh ---- ---- on ,natural ,hi/ory1 #hg ---- ---- on physiology1 #if-ajj ---- ---- z sy/emati/1 #ajc ---- ---- on taxonomy1 #ajj-ajc ,hill1 ,t4 ,g41 on ,j4 ,hill1 #hd ,himalayan ,j\rnals1 ,hook]'s1 #cje ,h(mei/]1 influ5ce (1 #f ---- morphology &1 #d ---- pr$ecessors (1 #ace ---- "w (1 #ahf1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie ,h(mei/]ian epo*1 pap]s (1 #aih ,hooke1 on anatomy1 #ace ---- on cellul> /ructure1 #ec ---- microscope &1 #ec ,hook]1 ,sir ,joseph ,dalton1 life (1 #cjb-cbc ---- ---- z ,adm9i/rator1 #cjh-caa ---- ---- ,b5?am &1 #cac ---- ---- ,d>w9 &1 #cjc1 #caf-cai ---- ---- e>ly life (1 #cjb-cjc ---- ---- ,ed9burgh &1 #bic ---- ---- ,essays (1 #cai-cbb ---- ---- z ,geologi/1 #cjg-cjh ---- ---- z ,sy/emati/1 #caa-cae ---- ---- z ,travell]1 #cjd-cjg ,hook]1 ,sir ,william1 life (1 #abf-aej ---- ---- ,b]keley &1 #bbg ---- ---- collections (1 #aci1 #adj ---- ---- on cryptogams1 #bbg ---- ---- diagnosis &1 #adg-adh ---- ---- ,flori/ic works (1 #adc-ade ---- ---- ,glasg[ &1 #abg1 #abi ---- ---- ,icones ,plant>um1 #adc ---- ---- ,j\rnals &1 #adb-adc ---- ---- ,kew &1 #abg1 #acj1 #acc-acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #adi ---- ---- ,l9nean ,society &1 #abg ---- ---- z ,naturali/1 #abf-abg ---- ---- z ,pt]idologi/1 #add-adh ---- ---- z ,sy/emati/1 #adh-adi ---- ---- tea*+ &1 #acj-acb ,hook]ian collections1 ,kew &1 #caj ,hope1 life (1 #bhf-bij ---- ,al/on &1 #bhg ---- ,botanic ,g>d5s &1 #bhh ---- de ,jussieu &1 #bhg ---- physiology &1 #bhf-bhi ,horticulture1 ,l9dley &1 #c1 #aga1 #agb ,h[1 ,briti% ,flora &1 #dc ,hutton1 ,fossil botany &1 #agf-agg ,huxley1 lectures (1 #bfa ---- on mutability ( species1 #cag ,icones ,plant>um1 ,w4 ,hook] &1 #adc ,imbibition ( wat]1 ,hales on1 #ge-gf ---- ---- ,sa*s on1 #gf ,immunity1 ,grass &1 #bgf ---- ,w>d on1 #bff ,index ,kew5sis1 orig9 (1 #cad ,india1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]'s flora (1 #cab ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]'s travels 91 #cjf ,+5h\sz1 on plant nutrition1 #fi ,insectivor\s plants1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cjh ,ipswi* ,museum1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ &1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj ,jackson1 ,daydon1 ,index ,kew5sis &1 #cad ,jodrell ,laboratory1 ,w>d at1 #bfb ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #bei ,judd1 on ,williamson1 #bea ,jung1 ,l9naeus &1 #ae ---- ,ray &1 #ce ---- ,sy/ematic botany &1 #ae de ,jussieu1 de ,c&olle &1 #da1 #db ---- classification &1 #aji1 #acd1 #bhg ---- ,t\rne=t & ,ray &1 #db ,keeble1 ,f41 on ,l9dley1 #afd-agg ,kew ,g>d5s1 ,adm9i/ration (1 #cji-caj ---- ---- ,b5?am's gifts to1 #adj ---- ---- ,hales &1 #ha ---- ---- ,h]b>ium at1 #cje ---- ---- ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y at1 #ada1 #caj ---- ---- ,hill &1 #ic ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] ,director (1 #abg1 #acj1 #acc-d1 #acf-g1 #adj1 #adi ---- ---- ! two ,hook]s at1 #cjh-cji ---- ---- ,l9dley &1 #acf-ach1 #afi-agj ---- ---- ,mycological ,h]b>ium at1 #bca ---- ---- ,or*id ,h]b>ium at1 #agj ---- ---- ,?iselton-,dy] &1 #ha1 #aej1 #bjc1 #bei ,kid/on1 ,)am's collection &1 #bde ,k+ia1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aag ,k+'s ,botani/1 ,al/on z1 #bhc ---- ---- ,ar?ur z1 #bhd ,knaut1 "w (1 #bf1 #ci ,lang1 on ,griffi?1 #agh-aia ,lanke/]1 ,e41 #aic ,lanke/]1 ,ray1 on ,s*izomycetes1 #bfe ,lawes1 agriculture &1 #bce ---- ,gilb]t &1 #bce-bcf ---- on nitrog5 assimilation1 #bfg ,leaves1 classification on =m (1 #ba ---- movem5ts (1 #if-ii ---- /ructure & functions (1 #if-ig ---- v]nation (1 #ej ,legum9\s nodules1 ,gilb]t on1 #bci ---- ---- ,hellriegel &1 #bdj ---- ---- ,w>d on1 #bfg ,lepidod5dron1 ,williamson &1 #beh ,li*5s1 ,w>d on1 #bfd1 #bgj ,liebig1 m9]al !ory (1 #bcg-bdj ---- controv]sy ) ,gilb]t1 #bch ,light on plants1 ,hales &1 #hj1 #ha ---- ---- ,hill on1 #ig ,lily disease1 ,w>d on1 #bff1 #bfg ,l9dley1 ,john1 life (1 #afd-agg ---- ---- activities (1 #aff ---- ---- ,j4 ,banks &1 #afh ---- ---- ,botanical ,regi/] &1 #agd ---- ---- *>act]i/ics (1 #agg ---- ---- on cryptogams1 #aie ---- ---- on ,d>w91 #agd ---- ---- ,horticulture &1 #aga ---- ---- ,hutton &1 #bde1 #bdh ---- ---- ,libr>y &1 #agd1 #agg ---- ---- lit]>y "w (1 #afi-agd ---- ---- ,pr(essor%ip (1 #afh1 #afi ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #bej ,l9naeus1 ,briti% botany &1 #f ---- ,hope &1 #bhf ---- ,jung &1 #ae ---- on ,morison & ,cesalp9o1 #bg-bh1 #db1 #dc ---- on ,ray1 #ch1 #db1 #dc ---- ,taxonomy &1 #f ---- me?od1 #b1 #c1 #ci ---- ---- ,adanson &1 #da ---- ---- ,hill &1 #aja-ajc ---- ---- ,engl& &1 #ci1 #dj ---- p]iod1 #aji1 #acd ---- sy/em1 ,al/on on1 #bhe ---- ---- ,hope on1 #bhi ---- ---- influ5ce (1 #aic ,l9nean s*ool1 influ5ce (1 #aie ,l9nean ,society1 ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #aba-abd ---- ---- ,b]keley &1 #bcb ---- ---- ,d>w9-,wallace ,celebration1 #cag1 #cah ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahc-ahe ---- ---- ,h>vey &1 #bjg ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bfc1 #bfd ---- ---- publications (1 #ahd-ahf1 #bec ,london ,univ]sity1 ,botany tea*+ at1 #agi ---- ---- ,h5sl[ &1 #aed ,loran?aceae1 ,griffi? on1 #ahe-ahf ,lotsy1 morphology &1 #ahf ,lycopods1 ,williamson &1 #bef ,lyell1 ,calamites &1 #bec ---- ,j4 ,h4 ,hook] &1 #cjh1 #cbj ---- mutability ( species &1 #cag ,lyg9od5dron1 ,williamson &1 #bef1 #beg ,malpighi1 anatomy &1 #dd1 #ace1 #bhf ---- ,grew &1 #f1 #dh1 #fc ---- ,hales &1 #fg1 #fh1 #ha ---- on se$s & se$l+s1 #ce1 #cf ,man*e/]1 ,geological ,society (1 #bde ---- ,natural ,hi/ory ,society (1 #bdi ---- ,pr(essor%ip at1 #bej ---- ,w>d &1 #bfd ,mangroves1 ,griffi? &1 #ahf-ahg ,manures1 exp]im5ts )1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bcg ---- effect (1 #bcg ---- nitrog5\s1 #bch ,m>*antia1 ,h5frey on1 #aii ,massee1 ,george1 on ,b]keley1 #bbe-bcb ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,al/on &1 #bhe ---- ---- ,hope &1 #bhg-bhi ---- ---- ! ,pre/ons &1 #bhc ---- ---- ,su!rl& &1 #bhb ,may[1 ,hales &1 #ff1 #gi ,mc,nab1 ,ed9burgh ,botanic ,g>d5s &1 #bia1 #bib1 #bii ,m$ull>y rays1 ,grew on1 #ef ,metabiosis1 ,w>d on1 #bgj ,microscope1 ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aai1 #abj ---- ,hill &1 #id ,microte*nique1 ,h5frey &1 #aii ,microtome1 ,hill's use (1 #id von ,mohl1 protoplasmic cont9uity &1 #aii1 #bjj ,morison1 ,rob]t1 life (1 #af-dc ---- ---- ! ,bauh9s &1 #bj ---- ---- ,cesalp9o &1 #bf ---- ---- classification (1 #ai1 #ba ---- ---- me?od (1 #bb-be ---- ---- ,ray &1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci ---- ---- on ,umbellif]ae1 #bb ---- ---- works (1 #ai-bj ,morphology1 ,b]keley on ,fungal1 #bcj-bca ---- ,floral1 #ce ---- ,f\ndation ( ,plant1 #ae ---- ,griffi? on1 #agi ---- ,h(mei/]ian epo*1 #aih ---- mod]n1 #ace ---- ,ray's essays on1 #ce ---- ( reproductive organs1 #ahg ,museums1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ &1 #afj ---- ,hill &1 #hg ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #acg-adj ,mutability ( species1 #cag1 #cbj ,mycology1 ,sy/ematic1 #bbg ,mycoplasm !ory1 #bgd1 #bge ,myo%i1 *emiotaxis &1 #bge ,ngeli1 f]tilisation 9 ,f]ns1 #aif ,na?or/1 on ,b5nettiteae1 #bec ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,h5sl[ &1 #c ---- ---- ,hill on1 #hg ---- ---- ,ray on1 #dc ,nature ,/udy1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h5sl[ &1 #afa1 #afb ,newton1 ,hales &1 #ff1 #gb1 #gh1 #hj ,nitrog5 assimilation1 ,gilb]t & ,lawes &1 #bch-bda ---- ---- ,hellriegel &1 #bdj-bda ---- ---- legum9\s plants &1 #bdj ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bfg1 #bfh ---- !ory1 #bcg-bda ,nucleus1 ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aai1 #ace ,nutation1 ,grew on1 #fj ---- ,hales on1 #gd ,nutrition1 ,hales on1 #gb1 #hj1 #hc ---- ,+5h\sz on1 #fi ---- transf]5ce (1 #bgh ,nymphaeaceae1 ,h5frey on1 #aii ,oceanic isl&s1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cba ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w41 on ,h5frey1 #aib-bjc ,oolitic plants ( ,york%ire1 #bec ,or*idaceae1 ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aae1 #aaf ---- ,l9dley &1 #afe1 #agd-agf ,organography1 ,dickson &1 #cja ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]'s essay1 #cbj ,ovule1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aag-aai1 #ahd-ahe ---- ,griffi? on1 #ahe-ahh ---- ,s*leid5 &1 #ahe ,ox=d1 ,pr(essor%ip at1 #af1 #ag ---- ,g>d5s (1 #af1 #ag1 #bg ,p>asites1 education (1 #bgg ---- ho/ (1 #bfh ,p>asitic habit1 adoption (1 #bfi ,p>asitism1 adaptive1 #bgg ,p]man5ce ( species1 ,l9dley &1 #agc ,philosophical ,biology1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #cae-cbc ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,w>d &1 #bfd1 #bff-bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bge ,phlogi/on !ory1 #ff1 #gi ,photosyn!sis1 #hj ,plant diseases1 ,w>d on1 #bfh ,plant hi/ology1 e>ly "w 91 #aii ,plant nutrition1 #fi1 #gb ,plant pa?ology1 #d1 #bca-bcb ,plant physiology1 ,agriculture &1 #g ---- ---- ,*emi/ry &1 #g ---- ---- exp]im5tal1 #fh1 #hc ---- ---- f\nd]s (1 #b1 #f1 #fh ---- ---- ,gilb]t &1 #bcd-bce ---- ---- ,grew on1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa ---- ---- ,hales &1 #ga-gh1 #hj-hc ---- ---- ,hope &1 #bhg1 #bhi ---- tissues1 ,grew on1 #ed ,plants1 m$ic9al prop]ties (1 #dg ,pleomorphism1 ,bact]ia &1 #bfe ---- ,ur$9eae &1 #bff ,poll51 ,amici's discov]y1 #aid1 #aie ---- ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aae-aaf ---- *amb]1 9 ,cycas1 #ahg-ahh ,polyembryony1 #aag ,popul>isation ( ,sci5ce1 #bej ,potato disease1 #bca1 #bff ,praeg]1 ,r4 ,l41 on ,h>vey1 #bjb-bbd ,presl1 on ,f]ns1 #ade-adg ,pre/on1 ,c4 & ,g41 ,mat]ia ,m$ica &1 #bhc ,prim(ilices ( ,arb]1 #beg ,proteaceae1 ,r4 ,br[n on1 #aad ,protective mimicry 9 ,or*idaceae1 #aaf ,protoplasm1 von ,mohl &1 #ace ,pt]idophyta1 ,griffi? on1 #ahh ---- alt]nation ( g5]ations1 #ahh-ahi ,pt]idosp]ms1 second>y gr[? 91 #bef ---- se$s (1 #beg ,q4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s41 ,w>d &1 #bfc-bff ,quak] ,s*ools1 ,sci5ce 9 ,iri%1 #bje ,ray1 ,john1 life (1 #bh-dc ---- ---- on ,classification1 #bh-bi1 #cd1 #cf-ch ---- ---- on floral morphology1 #ce ---- ---- influ5ce (1 #bc1 #aji ---- ---- ,jung &1 #ae ---- ---- ,me?odus ,plant>um1 #cb-cd ---- ---- on se$s & se$l+s1 #ce ---- ---- on transmission ( wat]1 #fh ---- ,society1 ,h>vey on1 #baj ,r5aissance ( ,botany1 #e1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjc ,r5ault1 ,williamson &1 #bee ,reproduction1 ,hill's views on1 #ii-ajj ,rhamnus infectorius1 ,w>d on1 #bfg ,r++ exp]im5ts1 ,hales &1 #gf-gg ,root pressure1 ,hales on1 #gg1 #gh ,roots1 ,grew on1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef ,ross1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]'s travels )1 #cjc-cje1 #cab ,ro?am/$1 exp]im5ts on plants1 #bcd-bda ---- exp]im5ts on animals1 #bda ---- publications1 #bce-bcf1 #bda ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,l9dley &1 #aff1 #afh ,royal ,society1 ,gilb]t &1 #bcd ---- ---- ,grew &1 #fc ---- ---- ,hales &1 #gj ---- ---- ,h5frey &1 #aic ---- ---- ,hill &1 #hh-ia ---- ---- ,hook]1 ,j4 ,d41 &1 #caj-caa ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bgi ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #bea1 #bec1 #beg1 #bei ---- ---- m$al1 #agb1 #bcd1 #bgi ,ru/ fungus1 physiological species (1 #bgf ,ru!r=d1 ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,s*ool &1 #bij ---- ,*emical "w (1 #bij ,sa*s1 on gr[?1 #hb ---- on ,hales1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh ---- ,hi/ory ( ,botany1 #fe1 #aia1 #aic ---- on ,h(mei/]1 #aih ---- on physiology1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge ---- on ,ray1 #fh ---- ,textbook1 #aid ---- on transpiration1 #gb-gd ---- on wat] transport1 #gf ---- on ,w>d1 #bfb ,s*izomycetes1 ,w>d on1 #bfe ,s*leid51 f]tilisation1 #aid-aif ---- ,grew &1 #dh ---- morphology &1 #acd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aig ,s*w5d5]'s ,!ory1 ,bornet &1 #bgh ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bfd1 #bgh ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ,w>d &1 #bfa ,sci5tific exploration1 ,gold5 age (1 #cjd ,scott1 ,d4 ,h41 on ,williamson1 #bdc-bfj ,scotti% ,flora1 ,hope &1 #bhi ,seawe$s1 ,flora (1 #bai ---- ,h>vey &1 #bjh1 #baj-bab1 #bad1 #baf ---- sy/ematic /udy (1 #bjb ,second>y gr[?1 9 ,cryptogams1 #bed-bef ---- ---- sy/ematic importance (1 #bed1 #bef ,se$s & se$l+s1 ,grew on1 #di1 #fb ---- ---- ---- ,malpighi on1 #ce ---- ---- ---- ,ray on1 #ce ,sex 9 plants1 ,al/on on1 #bhf ---- ---- ---- 9 ,cryptogams1 #aie1 #aif ---- ---- ---- d5ial (1 #bhe ---- ---- ---- 9 ,f]ns1 #ace1 #aif-aig ---- ---- ---- 9 fl[]+ plants1 #aid ---- ---- ---- ,grew on1 #fa1 #fb ,%rubs1 ,ray's classification (1 #cj1 #cd ,sibbald1 #bha ,solms-,lauba*1 on ,williamson1 #bef1 #beg ---- ---- on ,scott1 #beh ,sorby1 ,williamson &1 #bea ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,sci5ce ,s*ools at1 #bfa1 #bfb ,species1 critical1 #bja ---- lump+ (1 #bja ,species ,filicum1 #ade1 #adf ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #hj ,sph5ophyllum1 ,williamson &1 #bee-bef ,/>*1 extraction (1 #afj1 #afa ,/ems1 annual r+s 91 #eg ---- comp>ative anatomy (1 #ea1 #ef ---- modifi$1 #eg1 #eh ---- second>y ?ick5+ 91 #ef ,/]nb]giae1 ,williamson on1 #beb ,/igm>ia1 ,williamson on1 #beg ,sum9ski1 sex 9 ,f]ns1 #aif-aig ---- & ,s*leid5's !ory1 #aig ,susceptibility1 ,w>d on1 #bfh ,su!rl&1 ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor1 #bha-bhb ,symbiosis1 physiological aspect (1 #bfi ---- f]m5tation &1 #bgj ,synopsis ,filicum1 publication (1 #adf1 #adg ,sy/ematic botany1 ,balf\r &1 #bii ---- ---- ,bauh9 &1 #ad ---- ---- ,b]keley on1 #bbg-bcj1 #bca ---- ---- ,briti% ,s*ool (1 #f ---- ---- ,r4 ,br[n &1 #aba ---- ---- ,cesalp9o &1 #aa ---- ---- ,f]ns &1 #add-adh ---- ---- fir/ publication on1 #cb ---- ---- ,f\nd]s (1 #b ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #ahd ---- ---- ,h>vey &1 #bbj ---- ---- ,w4 ,hook] &1 #c1 #abg1 #acb ---- ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 #caa-cae ---- ---- ,l9dley &1 #c ---- ---- ,mat]ia ,m$ica &1 #bhb ---- ---- ,morison & ,ray &1 #f1 #dg ---- ---- ,sev5te5? ,c5tury &1 #ad ,taxonomy1 ,hill &1 #ajj ---- ,l9naeus &1 #f ---- ,ray on1 #f ---- rise (1 #bjb-bjc ,!ophra/us1 ,botany &1 #h1 #i ---- ,cesalp9o &1 #aa ---- ,hill &1 #he1 #hf ---- influ5ce (1 #aa ---- ,jung on1 #ae1 #ce ---- ,ray on1 #ce ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #caf ,?iselton-,dy]1 #b1 #ha1 #bei ---- ---- anatomy &1 #aej ---- ---- ,new ,botany1 #bjc ---- ---- on ,w>d1 #bfa-bgi ,?omson1 ,gilb]t "u1 #bcc-bcd ---- ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] &1 #cjf1 #cab ,timiriazeff1 #hj ,t\rne=t1 ,al/on on1 #bhe ---- on ,cesalp9o1 #bg ---- on ,ray1 #ch ---- on ,morison1 #bg ---- on de ,jussieu1 #db ---- "w (1 #dj ,tra*eae1 ,grew on1 #ea1 #eg ,transmission ( wat]1 ,hales on1 #fh ,transpiration1 ,hales on1 #gb-gg ---- & ,light1 #ha ,trees1 classification (1 #ca1 #cd ,treub1 #ahf1 #ahg ,trim51 ,ceylon ,flora &1 #cab ,tulasne1 on ru/ disease1 #bge ,turgesc5ce1 ,hales &1 #hb ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 ,gilb]t &1 #bcb1 #bcc-d ---- ---- ---- ,griffi? &1 #agi ---- ---- ---- ,l9dley &1 #aff1 #afh1 #agg ---- ---- ---- ,williamson &1 #bdi ,ur$9eae1 ,banks &1 #bge ---- ,eriksson &1 #bgf ---- ,w>d &1 #bfc1 #bff1 #bgd1 #bge ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 classification (1 #bed-bee ---- ---- ,h5frey &1 #aid ---- sy/em1 ( climb+ plants1 #ee ,vegetable physiology1 ,w$dell &1 #bdh ,v]nation ( leaves1 ,grew on1 #ej ,vessels1 ,hill & function (1 #ie ---- ,grew & =mation (1 #eb ---- ,grew & nature (1 #ee ---- ,grew & spiral1 #eg ,vi5na ,congress & ,hill1 #ajd ,v9es on ,morison & ,ray1 #h ---- on ,w>d1 #bfa1 #bfb ,wallace & ,d>w91 #cae1 #cag ,w>d1 ,h>ry ,m>%all1 life (1 #bfa-bgi ---- ---- at ,cambridge1 #bgd ---- ---- 9 ,ceylon1 #bfb-bfd ---- ---- at ,coop]'s ,hill1 #bff ---- ---- at ,man*e/]1 #bfd ---- ---- me?ods (1 #bgh-bgi ---- ---- on c(fee disease1 #bfb-bfd ---- ---- on bact]iology1 #bfe-bfh1 #bga-bgd ---- ---- on symbiosis1 #bfh-bga ---- ---- on ,ur$9eae1 #bff1 #bge-bgg ,w>m+1 on ,ecology1 #cba ,wat] supply1 ,w>d on1 #bgd ,welwits*ia1 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] on1 #cjh ,:eat1 exp]im5ts on1 #bcf-bcg ,wiel&1 on fossil plants1 #bec ,wilf>?1 #bfg ,williamson1 ,william ,craw=d1 life (1 #bdc-bfj ---- ---- collections (1 #beh ---- ---- e>ly life (1 #bdg ---- ---- z ,fossil ,botani/1 #g1 #bec ---- ---- z ,geologi/1 #bdi ---- ---- z ,lectur]1 #bej1 #bea ---- ---- at ,man*e/]1 #bej ---- ---- mi/akes (1 #beg1 #beh ---- ---- z ,naturali/1 #bdh ---- ---- results (1 #bef ---- ---- ,w>d &1 #bfd ---- ---- z ,zoologi/1 #d ,williamsonia1 #bec ,)am1 #bdc-bde1 #cjg ,york%ire1 palaeontology (1 #bdg ,zamia1 ,williamson on1 #bec ,zoologi/1 ,williamson z1 #d ---- ,b]keley z1 #bbf ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by & h n be5 exp&$4 ,subscripts 9 *emical =mulae are d5ot$ by eg ,,co#b4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,all botanical t]ms 9 ! text h be5 reta9$4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 misspell+ by ! au?ors1 inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 has be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 cell-walls1 cell walls2 sea-we$1 seawe$2 ,l9nu ,l9naeus2 p #fi 'limp$' *ang$ to 'limpid'4 p #ajf 'conc5sus' *ang$ to 'cons5sus'4 ,footnote #aje 'complet]' *ang$ to 'm complete'4 ,footnote #aab 'p4 #h994' *ang$ to 'p4 #h4'4 p #agc ',endog5s' 7repeat$ 9 li/7 *ang$ to ',exog5s'4 p #bbj 'det]rants' *ang$ to 'det]r5ts'4 p #bdh 'e/u>ian' *ang$ to 'e/u>9e'4 p #cjj ',walk] ,arnott' *ang$ to ',walk]-,arnott'4 ,index3 ',anaba5a' *ang$ to ',anab5a'4 ,index3 7,de ,c&olle37 ',prodomus' *ang$ to ',prodromus'4 ,index3 ',elf+' *ang$ to ',elfv+'4 ,index3 7,w>d37 '#bfa-bgi' made bold '#bfa-bgi'4