,transcriber's ,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,,property ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,new ,,jersey ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,taken ,,permanently ,,from ,,the ,,schoolroom ,,state ,,of ,,new ,,jersey ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,instruction ,,trenton ,special ,days and their ,observance ,september #aiai ,illustration ,,approved ,,by ,,state ,,board ,,of ,,education ,,june #aiai ,illustration3 ,liberty ,bell ,the symbol of liberty1 freedom1 justice and order in the government of the ,united ,states of ,america ,,state ,,of ,,new ,,jersey ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,instruction ,,trenton ,special ,days and their ,observance ,september #aiai ,illustration ,,approved ,,by ,,state ,,board ,,of ,,education ,,june #aiai ,,contents ,,page ,foreword #g ,acknowledgments #i ,opening ,exercises #aa ,morning ,exercises1 ,jennie ,haver #ac ,morning ,exercises1 ,florence ,l4 ,farber #bd ,opening ,exercises1 ,louis ,h4 ,burch #bg ,columbus ,day1 ,j4 ,cayce ,morrison #cc ,thanksgiving ,day1 ,roy ,l4 ,shaffer #ei ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,charles ,a4 ,philhower #fi ,washington's ,birthday1 ,henry ,w4 ,foster #hi ,arbor ,day #aji ,trees and ,forests1 ,alfred ,gaskill #aab ,arbor ,day observed by planting ,hamilton ,grove1 ,charles ,a4 ,philhower #aai ,suggestions to ,teachers1 ,k4 ,c4 ,davis #aba ,value of our ,forests1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education #abc ,memorial ,day1 ,george ,c4 ,baker #abe ,flag ,day1 ,hannah ,h4 ,chew #ada ,bibliography1 ,katharine ,b4 ,rogers #aei ,,illustrations ,,page ,liberty ,bell ,frontispiece ,columbus1 ,admiral at the ,helm #ea ,saint ,gaudens' ,lincoln #gc ,gutzon ,borglum's ,lincoln #he ,stuart's ,washington #ic ,statue of ,washington at ,west ,point #ajc ,,foreword ,in the statutes of the state will be found the following3 ,the day in each year known as ,arbor ,day shall be suitably observed in the public schools4 ,the ,commissioner of ,education shall from time to time prepare and issue to schools such circulars of information1 advice and instruction with reference to the day as he may deem necessary4 ,for the purpose of encouraging the planting of shade and forest trees1 the second ,friday of ,april in each year is hereby designated as a day for the general observance of such purpose1 and to be known as ,arbor ,day4 ,on said day appropriate exercises shall be introduced in all the schools of the ,state1 and it shall be the duty of the several county and city superintendents to prepare a program of exercises for that day in all the schools under their respective jurisdiction4 ,in all public schools there shall be held on the last school day preceding the following holidays1 namely1 ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,washington's ,birthday1 ,decoration or ,memorial ,day and ,thanksgiving ,day1 and on such other patriotic holidays as shall be established by law1 appropriate exercises for the development of a higher spirit of patriotism4 ,it shall be the duty of the principals and teachers in the public schools of this ,state to make suitable arrangements for the celebration1 by appropriate exercises among the pupils in said schools1 on the fourteenth day of ,june1 in each year1 as the day of the adoption of the ,american flag by the ,continental ,congress4 ,the provisions of these statutes have been carried out in the schools of the state4 ,they are believed in and supported heartily by the public opinion of the state4 ,in order that greater assistance may be rendered to teachers and school officers in preparing for these special days1 this pamphlet on ,special ,days and their ,observance has been prepared by the ,department1 chiefly through the efforts of ,mr4 ,z4 ,e4 ,scott1 ,assistant ,commissioner in charge of ,elementary ,education4 ,the pamphlet also contains suggestions concerning the opening exercises of schools4 ,mr4 ,scott has been assisted in this work by the following persons1 the school officers having in turn been aided by their teachers4 ,to all these grateful acknowledgment is hereby made4 ,george ,c4 ,baker1 ,supervising ,principal1 ,moorestown ,louis ,h4 ,burch1 ,principal ,bangs ,avenue ,school1 ,asbury ,park ,hannah ,chew1 ,principal ,culver ,school1 ,cumberland ,county ,k4 ,c4 ,davis1 formerly of ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,new ,brunswick ,florence ,farber1 ,helping ,teacher1 ,sussex ,county ,henry ,w4 ,foster1 ,supervising ,principal1 ,south ,orange ,alfred ,gaskill1 ,state ,forester ,jennie ,haver1 ,helping ,teacher1 ,hunterdon ,county ,j4 ,cayce ,morrison1 ,supervising ,principal1 ,leonia ,charles ,a4 ,philhower1 ,supervising ,principal1 ,westfield ,katharine ,b4 ,rogers1 ,reference ,librarian1 ,state ,library ,roy ,l4 ,shaffer1 ,supervisor of ,practice1 ,newark ,state ,normal ,school ,it has been the aim of ,mr4 ,scott and his associates to suggest exercises which would be appropriate for the observance of these several days1 which would be of interest to pupils1 and which at the same time would be of a character worthy of the dignity of the public schools of the state4 ,calvin ,n4 ,kendall ,commissioner of ,education ,,acknowledgments ,grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the following publishers and authors for permission to use copyrighted selections3 ,american ,book ,company1 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people4 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 ,new ,york1 for ,bryant's ,america and extract from ,edward ,s4 ,holden's ,our ,country's ,flag4 ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett for ,the ,flag ,goes ,by4 ,bobbs-,merrill ,company1 ,indianapolis1 for ,the ,name of ,old ,glory1 by ,james ,whitcomb ,riley4 ,boosey ,company1 ,new ,york1 for ,we'll keep ,old ,glory ,flying1 by ,carleton ,s4 ,montanye4 ,dr4 ,frank ,crane for ,after the ,great ,companions4 ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,company1 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,the ,book of ,holidays1 by ,j4 ,walker ,mc,spadden4 ,reprinted by permission of the publishers4 ,copyright #aiag by ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,company4 ,joseph ,fulford ,folsom for ,the ,unfinished ,work4 ,harper ,brothers1 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,the ,americanism of ,washington1 by ,henry van ,dyke4 ,caroline ,hazard for ,the ,western ,land4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 for ,bret ,harte's ,the ,reveille and extract from ,our ,national ,ideals1 by ,william ,backus ,gitteau4 ,kindergarten ,magazine ,publishing ,company1 ,manistee1 ,michigan1 for nine selections1 including two by ,laura ,rountree ,smith and one by ,mary ,r4 ,campbell4 ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,the ,making of an ,american1 by ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 and ,on a ,portrait of ,columbus1 by ,george ,edward ,woodberry1 used by permission of and special arrangement with the publishers4 ,moffat1 ,yard ,co41 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,memorial ,day1 by ,robert ,haven ,schauffler4 ,new ,england ,publishing ,company1 ,boston1 for ,columbus ,day and ,walt ,whitman's ,address to ,america4 ,from ,journal of ,education4 ,new ,york ,evening ,post for ,america's ,answer1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,lillard4 ,new ,york ,herald for ,mrs4 ,josephine ,fabricant's ,the ,service ,flag4 ,new ,york ,state ,department of ,education1 ,albany1 for ,the ,boy ,columbus and an extract from speech of ,chauncey ,m4 ,depew4 ,theodore ,presser ,company1 ,philadelphia1 for ,our ,country's ,flag1 by ,mrs4 ,florence ,l4 ,dresser4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 for ,in ,flanders ,fields1 by ,john ,mc,crae4 ,saturday ,evening ,post1 ,philadelphia1 for ,i ,have a ,son1 by ,emory ,pottle4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 for extract from ,with ,americans of ,past and ,present ,days1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,jusserand1 copyright #aiaf2 used by permission of the publishers4 ,c4 ,w4 ,thompson ,company1 ,boston1 for ,the ,unfurling of the ,flag1 by ,clara ,endicott ,sears4 ,copyright2 used by permission4 ,horace ,traubel1 ,camden1 for ,o ,captain6 ,my ,captain6 by ,walt ,whitman4 ,p4 ,f4 ,volland ,company1 ,chicago1 for ,your ,flag and ,my ,flag1 by ,wilbur ,d4 ,nesbit4 ,copyrighted #aiaf by publishers4 ,harr ,wagner ,publishing ,company1 ,san ,francisco1 for ,columbus1 by ,joaquin ,miller4 ,,opening ,,exercises ,this above all3 to thine own self be true1 ,and it must follow1 as the night the day1 ,thou canst not then be false to any man4 ,shakespeare ,,opening ,,exercises ,,morning ,,exercises ,,jennie ,,haver1 ,,helping ,,teacher1 ,,hunterdon ,,county ,the morning exercise is a common meeting ground2 it is the family altar of the school to which each brings his offerings--the fruits of his observations and studies1 or the music1 literature1 and art that delight him2 a place where all cooperate for the pleasure and well-being of the whole2 where all contribute to and share the intellectual and spiritual life of the whole2 where all bring their best and choicest experiences in the most effective form at their command4 ,this quotation from the ,second ,year ,book of the ,frances ,w4 ,parker ,school may well be an inspiration1 a guide1 and finally1 a goal for us to use in preparation for the morning exercises4 ,the period given to the opening exercises may be made the most important period of the day4 ,the pupils1 whether they be in a one room rural school or a larger town school1 need a more receptive attitude toward the work before them4 ,a short time given to interesting1 uplifting exercises will do much to control and lead the restless children1 encourage the downhearted ones1 inspire the indifferent1 and give to teachers and pupils alike higher ideals for effective work and right living4 ,a part of the time given to opening exercises should be of a devotional nature--consisting of the reading of short selections from the ,bible1 without comment--and of prayer and singing4 ,very careful plans must be made for the devotional exercises if they are to function as they should4 ,too often the selection of song and ,bible reading is made after the pupils are in their seats4 ,a message that is truly inspiring is usually the result of considerable time spent in preparation4 ,the thoughtful teacher will plan her opening exercises as carefully as any other part of her regular school work4 ,the morning exercise affords an opportunity to train pupils for leadership4 ,recently an interesting morning program of musical appreciation was carried out in a two room country school4 ,when the bell rang the twelve year old pupil leader went to the front of the room and placed a march record on the phonograph4 ,after the pupils were seated she conducted the following program with a great deal of poise and self confidence3 ,america1 by the ,school ,psalm ,,xxiii ,bacarolle from ,tales of ,hoffman 7phonograph7 ,traumerei--,schumann 7phonograph7 ,spring ,song--,mendelssohn 7phonograph7 ,flag salute1 by the ,school ,following each record on the phonograph she asked for the name of the selection and the composer's name4 ,it was surprising to see how familiar even the little ones were with the classical selections4 ,some one has said that the only influence greater than that of a good book is personal contact with a great man or woman4 ,once in a while an interesting talk may be given by a visitor1 but the morning exercise period should not be regarded as a lecture period4 ,occasionally it is well to have leaders of different occupations in the neighborhood give short1 pertinent talks on their work4 ,all too often children are blind to the beauty1 deaf to the music1 and almost insensible to the wonder and mystery of the great world of nature4 ,one day a little country girl found a large1 silky1 brown cocoon and carried it to school4 ,she didn't know what it was3 neither did her teacher4 ,the cocoon was taken home and kept as an object of curiosity to be shown to the neighbors when they called4 ,one warm spring morning a beautiful ,cecropia moth1 measuring six inches from tip to tip of wing1 emerged from the cocoon4 ,that girl will never forget her wonder and awe as she watched ,nature stage one of her most beautiful miracles4 ,any teacher would find it an inspiration and a delight to bring such a charming bit of nature into her morning exercises4 ,every day ,nature is unfolding just as wonderful stories4 ,our eyes must be open to see them4 ,the opening exercises1 conducted as they should be1 may be a source of inspiration and a means of training for moral and social behavior1 for patriotism1 for health1 for vocational usefulness1 for the right use of leisure--in other words1 for useful1 patriotic citizenship4 ,there is an abundance of material on every hand that can be used in morning exercises4 ,following are a few suggestions that may be of help4 ,,singing ,profiting by the experience of ,french and ,english troops1 instructors taught our sailors and soldiers to sing in unison4 ,it has been found that singing does much to improve the morale of the company4 ,singing in the morning exercises does much to socialize the group and develop school spirit4 ,there is such a wealth of suitable songs for morning exercises that it seems hardly necessary to suggest many4 ,the hymns selected should be inspiring and uplifting2 the patriotic songs should be thoroughly learned and sung in an enthusiastic manner4 ,patriotic ,songs ,america ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic ,columbia1 the ,gem of the ,ocean ,dixie ,flag of the ,free ,god ,speed the ,right ,marching through ,georgia ,marseillaise ,hymn ,jerseyland ,national ,hymn ,old ,glory ,the ,american ,hymn ,the ,battle ,cry of ,freedom ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner ,folk ,songs ,annie ,laurie ,auld ,lang ,syne ,flow ,gently1 ,sweet ,afton ,home1 ,sweet ,home ,juanita ,my ,old ,kentucky ,home ,oft in the ,stilly ,night ,old ,black ,joe ,old ,folks at ,home ,robin ,adair ,santa ,lucia ,the ,blue ,bells of ,scotland ,the ,miller of ,dee ,lullabies ,cradle ,song ,lullaby and ,good-night ,oh1 ,hush ,thee1 my ,baby ,sweet and ,low ,silent ,night ,sacred ,how ,gentle ,god's ,command ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy ,in ,heavenly ,love ,abiding ,italian ,hymn ,love ,divine1 ,all ,love ,excelling ,nearer1 ,my ,god1 to ,thee ,oh1 ,worship the ,king ,the ,king of ,love ,there's a ,wideness in ,god's ,mercy ,vesper ,hymn ,,musical ,,appreciation ,the introduction of the phonograph into the public school and the multitude of records which reproduce the great masterpieces now make it possible for every child to have an opportunity to hear and to be taught to appreciate good music4 ,frequently part of the morning exercise period should be devoted to an appreciation of good vocal and instrumental musical selections4 ,in one rural school the pupils readily associate the name of the composition and composer with each of the following records1 which they helped to purchase3 ,anvil ,chorus from ,il ,trovatore--,verdi ,barcarolle from ,tales of ,hoffman--,offenbach ,hearts and ,flowers--,tobain ,humoresque--,dvorak ,intermezzo from ,cavalleria ,rusticana--,mascagni ,lo1 ,hear the ,gentle ,lark--,bishop ,melody in ,f--,rubinstein ,miserere from ,il ,trovatore--,verdi ,pilgrim's ,chorus from ,tannhauser--,wagner ,sextette from ,lucia di ,lammermoor--,donizetti ,spring ,song--,mendelssohn ,traumerei--,schumann ,literature on musical appreciation will be mailed free to all teachers who request it from the educational departments of the phonograph manufacturers4 ,teachers who are really interested in giving their pupils the best music will find that a number of their patrons are willing to lend records to the school for special exercises4 ,following are suggestive musical programs3 ,a ,morning with ,beethoven ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,minuet in ,g1 ,no4 #b 7phonograph7 ,the ,moonlight ,sonata1 ,reading by pupil ,the ,moonlight ,sonata 7phonograph7 ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,pupils ,a ,morning with ,mendelssohn ,hark6 the ,herald ,angels ,sing1 ,song by ,school ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,spring ,song 7phonograph7 ,oh1 ,for the ,wings of a ,dove 7phonograph7 ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,indian ,songs ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,the ,story of the ,indians1 ,pupil ,navajo ,indian ,song 7phonograph7 ,medicine ,song 7phonograph7 ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,negro ,songs ,old ,black ,joe1 ,school ,bible ,reading and ,prayer ,good ,news 7phonograph7 ,live a-,humble 7phonograph7 ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,school 7,the records given are by the ,tuskegee ,institute ,singers7 ,irish ,songs ,wearin' of the ,green1 ,school ,bible ,reading and ,prayer ,come ,back to ,erin 7phonograph7 ,macushla 7phonograph7 ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,scotch ,songs ,my ,laddie 7phonograph7 ,bible ,reading and ,prayer ,annie ,laurie1 ,school ,my ,ain ,countrie 7phonograph7 ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,,literary ,,exercises ,to instil in the hearts of boys and girls a love for good literature is to give them a never ending source of happiness throughout life4 ,children can be interested in books by hearing stories read1 by retelling them1 and by reading them4 ,the story of the author's life may add interest to the author's work4 ,much can be done in morning exercises to start children on the road to good reading4 ,the more work children do themselves the more interested they will be4 ,following are suggestive literary programs3 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson ,bible ,reading by pupils--,philippians ,,iv1 #d-h ,stevenson's ,prayer for a ,day's ,work1 ,recitation by pupil ,short story of ,stevenson's life1 ,pupil ,my ,shadow1 ,pupil ,the ,land of ,story ,books1 ,pupil ,god ,speed the ,right1 ,sung by ,school ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,hans ,christian ,andersen ,psalm #ajj1 ,pupil ,lord's ,prayer1 ,school ,a ,poor ,boy ,who ,became ,famous1 ,retold by pupil ,the ,steadfast ,tin ,soldier1 ,retold by pupil ,the ,little ,tin ,soldier1 ,song by ,school ,the ,flag ,salute1 ,school ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,the ,arrow and the ,song1 ,song by ,school ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,scenes from ,hiawatha1 ,dramatization by pupils ,the ,village ,blacksmith1 ,recitation by pupil ,,dramatic ,,exercises ,when children are truly interested in reading1 the natural outlet for the emotions aroused is dramatic action4 ,let different classes be responsible for dramatizing stories from their history or reading lessons and present the results in the morning exercises4 ,the educative and socializing value to the class presenting the exercise is almost invaluable4 ,dramatizing the story makes an interesting incentive for a number of language lessons2 rehearsing the play provides for much practice in oral expression2 and producing the play before an audience gives valuable training in leadership1 self confidence and poise4 ,,art ,,appreciation ,we do not expect many of the school children to become artists1 but all can learn to appreciate and tastefully select the beautiful in pictures1 personal dress1 home furnishing and decoration1 and architecture4 ,it has been truly said1 ,though we travel the world over to find the beautiful1 we must carry it with us or we find it not4 ,frequently a few minutes of the morning exercises may be very profitably1 spent in the study of the beautiful4 ,artistic material to use as illustrations for the talks is on every hand4 ,inexpensive reproductions of the world's great pictures2 illustrations in magazines2 beautifully colored papers for color combinations in neckties1 dress designing and hat trimming2 magazine and catalog pictures of well designed furniture and home utensils can be easily obtained4 ,a suggestive list of morning talks is given below3 ,famous ,pictures ,the ,first ,step--,millet ,landscape with ,windmill--,ruysdael ,the ,horse ,fair--,bonheur ,sistine ,madonna--,raphael ,morning--,corot ,how ,can ,we ,get ,good ,pictures for ,our ,schoolroom ,color ,harmony in ,dress ,good ,taste in ,furniture ,home ,decoration ,beautifying the ,school ,ground ,washington1 the ,city ,beautiful ,references ,how to ,enjoy ,pictures--,emery ,a ,child's ,guide to ,pictures--,coffin ,the ,mentor ,the ,school ,arts ,magazine ,ladies' ,home ,journal ,the ,perry ,pictures ,national ,geographic ,magazine ,,health ,,talks ,,for ,,morning ,,exercises ,truly1 ,a people's health's a nation's wealth1 and every encouragement should be given in school to further the doctrine of healthful living4 ,the medical examiner1 the school nurse1 the pupils and the teachers1 all may do their part to make the health talks practical and of much value to the school4 ,suggestive ,health ,talks ,why we should exercise ,care of the ,teeth ,care of the ,eyes ,prevention of ,colds ,how to prevent ,tuberculosis ,swat the ,fly ,how to destroy mosquitoes ,cleanliness ,safety ,first ,cigarette ,smoking ,self ,control and ,good ,manners ,emergencies ,school ,sanitation ,references ,teaching of ,hygiene and ,safety ,pamphlets of ,health1 from the ,national ,department of ,health1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,state ,department of ,health1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 ,new ,york ,city ,health-,education ,league1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,farmer's ,bulletins from ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,modern ,hygiene textbooks ,newspaper and ,magazine ,articles ,,nature ,,talks ,the study of the wonderful things of the world1 their beautiful fitness for their existence and function1 the remarkable progressive tendency of all organic life1 and the unity that prevails in it create admiration in the beholder and tend to his spiritual uplifting4 ,suggestive topics for morning exercises ,how can we attract the birds8 ,how ,i ,built ,a ,bird ,house ,does it ,pay the ,farmer to ,protect the ,birds8 ,the ,travel of ,birds ,the ,life ,history of a ,frog ,the ,life ,history of a ,butterfly ,how ,i made my ,home ,garden ,how ,i raised an ,acre of ,corn ,the ,trees on our ,school ,ground ,,the ,,local ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,community ,a series of morning exercises may be devoted to the local history of a community4 ,the material may be planned by the pupils with the assistance of some of the older people in the neighborhood4 ,this idea was carried out very successfully in a small town and did much to interest the parents in the school4 ,many were willing to send family heirlooms to the classroom to use as illustrations for the talks4 ,one charming old lady sent a written account of the history of her old home4 ,following are some topics that might be developed3 ,former ,location of ,indian ,tribes in the ,community ,evidences of ,indian ,occupation 7old trails1 implements1 mounds1 etc47 ,the ,first ,white ,settlers ,revolutionary ,landmarks ,colonial ,relics ,historic ,homes in the ,community ,famous ,people of the ,community ,a program for one morning might be conducted by the pupils as follows3 ,proverbs #bg3a-b1 ,pupil ,italian ,hymn1 ,school ,famous ,people of the ,community ,the ,grandfather who fought in the ,civil ,war1 pupil ,the ,man who was ,governor of the ,state1 pupil ,the ,woman who was a ,nurse in the ,world ,war1 pupil ,the ,man who wrote a ,book1 pupil ,the ,soldier boy in ,france1 pupil ,america ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,pupil ,,organization ,,in ,,the ,,morning ,,exercises ,much interesting and instructive material can be secured for opening exercises by making use of members of recognized organizations for boys and girls4 ,there are members of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america in almost every community4 ,the ,camp ,fire ,girls are getting to be almost as well known4 ,let each group prepare occasional programs for morning exercises4 ,boy ,scouts ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,the ,origin and ,growth of ,scouting ,the ,three ,classes of ,scouts ,the ,scout ,motto ,the ,scout ,law ,america and ,flag ,salute ,camp ,fire ,girls ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,the ,seven ,laws of the ,order ,the ,wood ,gatherer ,the ,fire ,maker ,the ,torch ,bearer ,song by ,school ,the ,flag ,salute ,,patriotic ,,exercises ,the patriotic note should be found in every morning exercise and some periods should be devoted entirely to patriotic selections4 ,the national hymns should be learned from the first stanza to the last4 ,it is hard to get the patriotic note in our singing when we do not know the words4 ,suggestive ,programs ,america1 ,school ,bible ,reading and ,lord's ,prayer ,patrick ,henry's ,speech 7phonograph7 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address 7phonograph7 ,flag ,salute ,bible ,reading and ,prayer ,army ,bugle ,call ,no4 #a 7phonograph7 ,the ,junior ,red ,cross ,sewing for the ,red ,cross1 ,a girl ,earning ,money for the ,red ,cross1 ,a boy ,how the ,work of the ,junior ,red ,cross develops ,patriotism in a school1 ,pupil ,come1 ,thou ,almighty ,king1 ,school ,patriotism consists not in waving a flag but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong4--,james ,bryce ,one cannot always be a hero1 but one can always be a man4--,goethe ,go back to the simple life1 be contented with simple food1 simple pleasures1 simple clothes4 ,work hard1 play hard1 pray hard4 ,work1 eat1 recreate and sleep4 ,do it all courageously4 ,we have a victory to win4--,hoover ,,memory ,,gems ,for life is the mirror of king and slave2 ',tis just what we are and do4 ,then give to the world the best you have ,and the best will come back to you4 ,madeline ,s4 ,bridges ,somebody did a golden deed2 ,somebody proved a friend in need2 ,somebody sang a beautiful song2 ,somebody served the whole day long4 ,was that somebody you8 ,courtesy is to do and say ,the kindest thing in the kindest way4 ,truth is honest1 truth is sure2 ,truth is strong and must endure4 ,bailey ,hang on6 ,cling on6 ,no matter what they say4 ,push on6 ,sing on6 ,things will come your way4 ,sitting down and whining never helps a bit2 ,best way to get there is by keeping up your grit4 ,louis ,e4 ,thayer ,the day returns and brings us the petty round of irritating concerns and duties4 ,help us to play the man1 help us to perform them with laughter and kind faces1 let cheerfulness abound with industry4 ,give us to go blithely on our business all this day1 bring us to our resting beds weary and content and undishonored1 and grant us in the end the gift of sleep4 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson ,be strong6 ,we are not here to play1 to dream1 to drift4 ,we have hard work to do and loads to lift4 ,shun not the struggle2 face it2 'tis ,god's gift4 ,be strong6 ,it matters not how deep intrenched the wrong1 ,how hard the battle goes1 the day how long2 ,faint not--fight on6 ,tomorrow comes the song4 ,maltbie ,d4 ,babcock ,smile a smile2 ,while you smile1 ,another smiles1 ,and soon there's miles and miles ,of smiles4 ,and life's worth while ,if you but smile4 ,jane ,thompson ,you cannot dream yourself into a character2 you must hammer and forge yourself one4--,james ,anthony ,froude ,small service is true service while it lasts2 ,of friends1 however humble1 scorn not one2 ,the daisy1 by the shadow that it casts1 ,protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun4 ,wordsworth ,there's so much bad in the best of us ,and so much good in the worst of us1 ,that it hardly behooves any of us ,to talk about the rest of us4 ,a wise old owl lived in an oak4 ,the more he saw the less he spoke2 ,the less he spoke the more he heard4 ,why can't we be like that old bird8 ,kindness is catching1 and if you go around with a thoroughly developed case your neighbor will be sure to get it4 ,the thing to do is hope1 not mope3 ,the thing to do is work1 not shirk4 ,if you have faith1 preach it2 if you have doubts1 bury them2 if you have joy1 share it2 if you have sorrow1 bear it4 ,find the bright side of things and help others to get sight of it also4 ,this is the only and surest way to be cheerful and happy4 ,,morning ,,exercises ,,florence ,l4 ,,farber1 ,,helping ,,teacher1 ,,sussex ,,county ,the short period known as the opening exercise period belongs to all the children of the school4 ,this period should furnish especially favorable opportunities for the development of initiative on the part of pupils1 group cooperation1 development of the play spirit1 interest in community life1 interest in and love for our great men and women1 and devotion to our ,republic4 ,the first problem of the teacher1 then1 is to understand fully that she is to a great degree responsible for furnishing aims and purposes in this beginning period of the day1 or rather in providing the situations through which these aims and purposes may develop4 ,when she feels the importance of this period in the general scheme of the day's work she will plan for it as definitely and as carefully as she will any other part of her program4 ,the working out of a detailed program is of secondary importance4 ,the thing of first importance is that she become fully cognizant of the general aims and ideals which she hopes to achieve4 ,with these firmly fixed in her mind she is ready then to cooperate with the pupils of her room in planning detailed programs4 ,the following projects are in keeping with the principles presented and have been found stimulating in one and two room schools3 ,project #a4 ,the teacher divides her children into groups on the basis of age and ability4 ,for example1 in a one room school a teacher might have two groups4 ,each group is to work out with the teacher a program which it is to give and for which it is responsible4 ,this program may consist of a short story to be dramatized1 the story to contain not more than two or three important scenes4 ,the costuming1 if any is needed1 is to be done by pupils and teacher4 ,rehearsing is to be directed by the teacher4 ,when the program is presented it should be as a new production to all the school except those who are engaged in presenting it4 ,it is to be given1 therefore1 as a real play to a real audience4 ,each pupil should invite a member of the family or a friend4 ,the value of such work will soon be noticed in a better social spirit among the children4 ,the dramatizations given may furnish the material for both oral and written language lessons4 ,dramatization itself will provide excellent practice in oral expression and also training in initiative1 leadership and cooperation4 ,the story presented may furnish many funny settings which the pupils may enjoy with abandon4 ,and what children do not need real merriment in school6 ,opportunity ought to be afforded all children of our public schools to enjoy a real laugh at least once each day4 ,teachers need have no fear that the different groups will be over-critical or discourteous to one another4 ,they will understand that they are being entertained and they will cooperate to make the play given worth while4 ,the following stories lend themselves very readily to dramatization4 ,first and ,second ,grades ,the ,three ,billy ,goats ,gruff ,spry ,mouse and ,mr4 ,frog ,the ,three ,bears ,the ,camel and ,the ,jackal ,the ,tale of ,peter ,rabbit ,our ,first ,flag ,third and ,fourth ,grades ,the ,sleeping ,beauty ,snow ,white and ,rose ,red ,brother ,fox's ,tar ,baby ,how the ,cave ,man ,made ,fire ,scenes from ,hiawatha ,early ,settlers in ,new ,jersey ,fifth and ,sixth ,grades ,the ,pied ,piper of ,hamelin ,joseph and ,his ,brethren ,abou ,ben ,adhem ,paul ,revere's ,ride ,scenes from ,life of ,daniel ,boone ,franklin's ,arrival in ,philadelphia ,scenes from ,alfred the ,great ,the ,battle of ,hastings ,how ,cedric ,became a ,knight ,seventh and ,eighth ,grades ,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal ,rip ,van ,winkle ,the ,king of the ,golden ,river ,scenes from ,evangeline ,landing of the ,pilgrims ,conquest of the ,northwest ,territory ,the ,man ,without a ,country ,project #b4 ,a special problem in history or geography1 for example1 may be taken up1 such as the life of the people in ,japan1 or the life of the people on a cattle ranch4 ,in either case the class that presents the work as an opening exercise should be given opportunity to work out certain scenes which it wants to give4 ,these scenes should be presented either by sand-table1 by charts1 by posters1 by pictures from magazines1 or by dramatization on the part of the children4 ,preparation of such work is decidedly worth while1 and ought to be a regular part of the day's program4 ,the important scenes should be rehearsed before the final presentation4 ,project #c4 ,poster exhibit4 ,this project could be arranged for all the children of a given school1 in which case the best work would be selected and the children presenting it would discuss each poster in one or two minute talks4 ,a still better way to handle the project would be to have the best posters from different schools4 ,in this case at least one pupil from each school should be invited to present the posters from his school4 ,project #d4 ,war programs4 ,a war opening exercise program could be worked out by the children of a given school4 ,this could be done by having children collect war posters and war pictures made during the recent world war and arrange them in such a way that they tell a connected story4 ,a group should be held responsible for presenting each story or part of a story4 ,a sand-table should be provided if necessary4 ,an excellent war program could be provided by having the emphasis placed upon the various men who have led or are leading in our own national life4 ,pictures of these men should be secured and children called upon to tell what important work each man has done or is doing4 ,this same device could be carried a step further and a special program arranged1 centering around the pictures of the different men who led the allied forces4 ,the older pupils of any school ought to be able to do this work4 ,an additional way by which our schools may help in the work of patriotism is to have an opening exercise by the children whose immediate relatives were at the front4 ,such a program ought to have for its purpose the idea of service to one's country4 ,another helpful device would be to have at an appropriate time former soldiers come to the school and talk to the children concerning the meaning of the war4 ,the teacher who plans her opening exercise periods in keeping with the foregoing presentation will make these periods inspiring and helpful to herself and her children4 ,she will be putting across the gospel of good cheer1 and cooperation in the new kind of school which offers opportunities for participation in life's present day activities1 not preparation for future activities4 ,,opening ,,exercises ,,louis ,h4 ,,burch1 ,,principal ,,bangs ,,avenue ,,school1 ,,asbury ,,park ,play is one of the first manifestations of the child in self expression4 ,as the child grows older this play is made up in part of the imitation of the doings and sayings of the older persons and playmates with whom he is associated4 ,the child reflects the life of his parents wherever it comes under his comprehension4 ,the stick horse gives as much pleasure to the boy as the well trained saddle horse gives to the father4 ,when the child enters school much of the play element of his life is left behind1 and teachers have often failed to use to advantage the experience and knowledge the child has in living over the actions and sayings of others4 ,the ordinary child has observed the animals and birds around him and can imitate them4 ,he can personify the tree1 the flower1 or the brook1 and gain a clearer knowledge of the purpose and function of the thing personified by so doing4 ,under the proper direction of the teacher nearly all the common occurrences of life may be dramatized by the children in the ordinary schoolroom and with few so-called stage properties4 ,older children are interested in the simple dramatizations of the little folks and should have opportunity to see them often1 not alone to be entertained1 but to be reminded of the simple and easy ways of playing you are someone else4 ,a grammar grade class may learn many things from watching a primary class dramatize ,three ,bears1 ,little ,red ,hen1 or ,little ,red ,ridinghood4 ,the simple dramatization in the schoolroom furnish excellent material for general assemblies or morning exercises4 ,simple costumes and stage settings satisfy the children1 and the setting of the stage or platform for the scene should1 in most cases1 be done before the children4 ,children who see the table set1 the chairs placed1 and the beds prepared for the ,three ,bears know how to get ready for their play when they are called upon to contribute their part for the assembly4 ,children will bring material for their costumes and stage furnishings from home and should be encouraged to do so4 ,parents will come to see children take part in a program when nothing else would attract them to the school1 and if the home is to be called upon to help the school there must be a closer relationship between parents and teacher4 ,in preparing dramatizations for elementary school pupils but few scenes should be chosen1 and in those selected the language and action should be simple and within the capabilities of the children4 ,the following dramatizations were worked out by teachers and pupils of our building as class projects4 ,they were presented in the opening exercises as worth-while classroom projects which would be entertaining and helpful to all pupils of the school1 to teachers and to parents4 ,in presenting these scenes the pupils secured excellent practice in oral ,english work1 in dramatic action1 and in community and group cooperation4 ,the pupils and teachers who made up the audience enjoyed opening exercises in which there was purpose4 ,all entered into the spirit of the play2 all enjoyed the exercises without having to think why4 ,the results have been better team work between teacher and pupils1 better school spirit1 more pupil participation in leadership activities4 ,the ,history of ,cotton ,prepared by ,bessie ,o',hagen1 ,teacher of ,fourth ,grade1 ,bangs ,avenue ,school1 ,asbury ,park ,characters3 ,spirit of ,cotton1 ,little ,girl1 ,maiden from ,india1 ,maiden from ,egypt1 ,maiden from ,america1 ,spirit of ,eli ,whitney4 ,little ,girl 7coming into the room in bad humor74 ,i hate this old cotton dress4 ,i wish ,i had a silk one4 ,i don't see why we have to use cotton anyway4 ,we have to have cotton dresses1 cotton sheets1 cotton stockings1 cotton everything4 ,i just hate cotton6 ,i'm not going out to play or anything4 7,finally sits down47 ,i am so tired4 ,i wish ,i had a silk dress4 ,i hate this cotton dress4 7,falls asleep47 ,spirit of ,cotton 7skipping into the room74 ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,here am ,i1 the ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,i heard what you said1 little girl4 ,did you ever see cotton grow8 ,little ,girl 7frightened74 ,why1 no4 ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,how do you know whether it is interesting or not8 ,i will tell you the story of my life4 ,in the early spring the planter gets the ground ready for me4 ,as soon as the frost is out of the ground1 he plants me4 ,little ,girl4 ,what happens then8 ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,the good earth gives me food4 ,the sun and rain make me grow1 and soon-- ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,there am ,i1 ,a tall plant of cotton4 ,little ,girl4 ,how do you look8 ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,my leaves are green like the maple4 ,i have lovely blossoms4 ,they are white the first day and pink the next4 ,little ,girl4 ,i thought you said that you were a cotton plant4 ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,so ,i did4 ,my blossoms fall off1 and then-- ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,there am ,i1 ,a nice bunch of cotton4 ,little ,girl4 ,is that all8 ,spirit of ,cotton4 ,no1 ,i have some friends who will tell you more about my life4 7,goes out and returns leading a little girl by the hand47 ,this is my friend from ,india4 7,goes out again47 ,little ,girl4 ,how did you get here8 ,maiden from ,india4 ,i heard the ,spirit of ,cotton calling and ,i obeyed4 ,little ,girl 7pointing to a map of ,asia which is pinned on ,maiden from ,india74 ,is this your country8 ,maiden from ,india4 ,yes1 ,i have come to tell you something about cotton in my country4 ,cotton was first raised in my country4 ,that was long1 long1 long ago4 ,little ,girl4 ,a hundred years ago8 ,maiden from ,india4 ,we knew how to weave cotton thousands of years ago4 ,little ,girl4 ,did you know how to weave well8 ,maiden from ,india4 ,we made such fine dresses that you could draw a whole one through your ring4 ,little ,girl4 ,i don't believe ,i could draw my dress through my ring4 ,maiden from ,india4 ,i know you couldn't4 ,spirit of ,cotton 7outside74 ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,maiden from ,india4 ,i must return4 ,the ,spirit of ,cotton is calling4 7,goes out47 ,spirit of ,cotton 7comes in1 leading a little girl by the hand74 ,this is my friend from ,egypt4 ,she has something to tell you too4 7,goes out47 ,little ,girl4 ,do you know about cotton8 ,maiden from ,egypt4 ,yes1 we knew how to use cotton long before your country was even heard of4 ,little ,girl4 ,is this your country 7pointing to a map78 ,maiden from ,egypt4 ,yes4 ,little ,girl4 ,did your people like cotton dresses8 ,maiden from ,egypt4 ,yes2 just think how warm those woolen ones were4 ,little ,girl4 ,i guess every one who ever lived must have liked cotton4 ,maiden from ,egypt4 ,all good children do now4 ,spirit of ,cotton 7outside74 ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,maiden from ,egypt4 ,i must go4 ,i hear the ,spirit of ,cotton calling4 ,spirit of ,cotton 7bringing a little girl into the room74 ,this is my friend from ,america4 7,goes out again47 ,little ,girl4 ,i know you4 ,we studied that map in school4 ,you are from the ,united ,states4 ,what did ,america have to do with cotton8 ,maiden from ,america4 ,when ,columbus first landed on the ,bahama ,islands the natives came out to his ships in canoes1 bringing cotton thread and yarn to trade4 ,little ,girl4 ,that was in #adib1 wasn't it8 ,maiden from ,america4 ,yes1 it was #dbg years ago4 ,little ,girl4 ,why did you put all this cotton here 7points to cotton pasted on different states78 ,maiden from ,america4 ,they are the cotton states4 ,little ,girl4 ,i know which ones they are--,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 ,louisiana1 ,arkansas and ,texas4 ,did ,america do anything wonderful with cotton8 ,maiden from ,america4 ,yes2 we raise more cotton than any other place in the world4 ,it is the best cotton too4 ,little ,girl4 ,i am so glad of that4 ,we won't let ,india and ,egypt get ahead of us1 will we8 ,maiden from ,america4 ,of course not4 ,all good little girls must help too4 ,little ,girl4 ,i shall always like cotton after this4 ,spirit of ,cotton 7outside74 ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,maiden from ,america4 ,i hear the ,spirit of ,cotton calling2 ,i must go4 7,goes out47 ,spirit of ,cotton 7leading a boy into the room74 ,this is my friend ,eli ,whitney4 7,goes out47 ,eli ,whitney4 ,i am the ,spirit of ,eli ,whitney4 ,i was born in ,massachusetts in #agfe4 ,one day when my father went to church1 ,i took his watch to pieces and put it together again4 ,then ,i thought ,i would go to ,yale ,college4 ,when ,i finished ,yale ,college ,i went to ,georgia4 ,i heard everyone there talking about cotton4 ,they were trying to find out how to get the seeds out of it more easily4 ,i invented the cotton gin4 ,little ,girl4 ,what happened then8 ,eli ,whitney4 ,one man could now clean fifty times as much cotton as he could before4 ,spirit of ,cotton 7outside74 ,heigh ho6 ,ho heigh6 ,eli ,whitney4 ,i hear the ,spirit of ,cotton calling2 ,i must go4 7,goes out47 ,little ,girl 7waking up74 ,where is the spirit of ,cotton8 ,where is the ,maiden from ,india8 ,where is the ,spirit of ,eli ,whitney8 ,it must have been a dream6 ,i guess ,i got up on the wrong side of the bed this morning4 ,i will always like cotton after this4 ,i am going out to play now4 ,the ,cat and ,his ,servant ,prepared by ,alice ,lewis1 ,teacher of ,second ,grade1 ,bangs ,school1 ,asbury ,park ,dramatized from story of same name ,characters3 ,farmer1 ,cat1 ,fox1 ,wolf1 ,bear1 ,rabbit1 ,cow1 ,sheep4 ,materials used3 ,small branches of tree1 box for house1 cards with printed names of animals4 ,scene3 ,the ,forest4 ,enter the ,farmer and the ,cat ,farmer4--,i have a cat4 ,he is very wild so ,i will take him to the forest4 7,puts cat in bag and takes him to tree47 ,i will leave him here4 7,takes off bag and leaves the cat47 ,cat4 ,i will build a house for myself and be the owner of this forest4 7,brings in box and nails boards47 ,now my house is done4 ,enter the ,fox ,fox4 ,good morning4 ,what fine fur you have6 ,what long whiskers you have6 ,who are you8 ,cat4 ,i am ,ivan1 the owner of this forest4 ,fox4 ,may ,i be your servant8 ,cat4 ,yes2 you may4 ,come into my house4 7,both go in house47 ,i am hungry4 ,go out and get me something to eat4 ,fox4 ,i will go4 7,goes into forest and meets ,wolf47 ,wolf4 ,good morning4 ,fox4 ,good morning4 ,wolf4 ,i have not seen you for a long time4 ,where are you living now8 ,fox4 ,i am living with ,ivan4 ,i am his servant4 ,wolf4 ,who is ,ivan8 ,fox4 ,he is the owner of this forest4 ,wolf4 ,may ,i come with you and see ,ivan8 ,fox4 ,yes2 if you will promise to bring a sheep with you4 ,if you do not ,ivan will eat you4 ,wolf4 ,i will go and get one4 7,leaves the fox and hunts for a sheep47 ,enter the ,bear ,bear4 ,good morning1 ,mr4 ,fox4 ,fox4 ,good morning1 ,mr4 ,bear4 ,bear4 ,i have not seen you for a long time4 ,where are you living8 ,fox4 ,i am living with ,ivan4 ,i am his servant4 ,bear4 ,who is ,ivan8 ,fox4 ,he is the owner of this forest4 ,bear4 ,may ,i go with you and see him8 ,fox4 ,yes1 but you must promise to bring a cow with you or ,ivan will eat you4 ,bear4 ,i will go and get one4 7,leaves the fox and hunts for a cow47 ,the ,fox returns to the house and enters ,cat4 ,did you bring me something to eat8 ,fox4 ,no2 but ,i have sent for something and it will be here soon4 ,cat4 ,all right2 we will wait4 ,enter ,wolf with a sheep and ,bear with a cow ,bear4 ,good morning1 ,mr4 ,wolf4 ,where are you going8 ,wolf4 ,good morning4 ,i am going to see ,ivan1 the owner of this forest4 ,bear4 ,so am ,i4 ,let us go together4 ,bear and ,wolf walk to ,cat's house and place sheep and cow near door ,wolf4 ,you knock on the door4 ,bear4 ,no2 you knock on the door4 ,i am afraid4 ,wolf4 ,so am ,i4 ,shall we ask ,mr4 ,rabbit to do it8 ,bear4 ,yes2 you ask him4 ,wolf 7calling to a rabbit who is passing74 ,hello1 ,mr4 ,rabbit2 will you knock at the ,cat's door for us8 ,rabbit4 ,yes1 ,i will4 7,knocks47 ,bear and ,wolf hide behind the trees and bushes ,cat 7coming out of his house with the ,fox and noticing the cow and sheep lying by the door74 ,look6 here is what you got for my dinner4 ,there is only enough for two bites4 ,bear 7to himself74 ,how hungry he is4 ,a cow would be enough to eat for four bears and he says it is only enough for two bites4 ,what a terrible animal he is4 ,cat 7seeing ,wolf behind the bushes74 ,look6 there is a mouse4 ,i must catch him and eat him4 7,chases ,wolf away47 ,i think ,i hear another mouse4 7,sees ,bear and tries to catch him but fails47 ,i am so tired that ,i cannot run at all4 ,let us sit by the door and eat our dinner4 7,cat and ,fox sit down and eat the sheep and cow47 ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,columbus ,,day ,october #ab ,columbus1 seeking the back door of ,asia1 found himself knocking at the front door of ,america4 ,james ,russell ,lowell ,,columbus ,,day ,j4 ,,cayce ,,morrison1 ,,supervising ,,principal1 ,,leonia ,october #ab1 #adib6 ,what a date in the world's history--the linking of the new world with the old--the dreams of a dreamer come true--the opening of the gates to a newer and better home for man--the promise of--,america6 ,the story of ,columbus is a story of romance1 of patient perseverance1 of high endeavor1 of noble resolve--a story that grips and thrills4 ,every boy and every girl who feels the story wants to discover a new world2 and out of that desire may well come the discovery of ,america--its aims1 ideals1 opportunities4 ,the ,columbus ,day program is an opportunity to discover the new world into which we are emerging4 ,even childhood in the school may come to glimpse that which lies beyond and feel the exultation of the sailor who cried1 ,land6 ,land6 ,the materials of this program are largely suggestive4 ,it is hoped that they may be of service in program making from kindergarten to high school4 ,the school program of most value is that which results from the creative genius of the children themselves4 ,let children live the life of ,columbus in imagination and they will create their own program and express it in costume1 tableaux1 music1 composition1 acting1 and dialog4 ,the merit of the ,columbus ,day program will lie in its leading children1 through their own expression1 to a better understanding of their country1 to a broader conception of patriotism4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,composition ,,or ,,oral ,,reports ,marco ,polo ,a flat world ,the new idea--sailing west to reach the east ,the dangers of the western sea ,the attempted mutiny 7,see ,irving's ,life of ,columbus7 ,the signs of land ,columbus in chains ,san ,salvador ,october #ab1 #adib ,the ,columbian ,exposition1 #ahib ,the discovery of ,america1 #aiai ,what ,columbus would do today ,a ,little ,program for ,columbus ,day ,recitation 7,by three boys bearing the ,american flag1 the ,spanish flag1 and a drum7 #ast--,we are jolly little sailors2 ,join us as we come2 ,we'll bear the flag of proud old ,spain1 ,and we will beat a drum6 #b;d--,we are jolly little sailors1 ,and we pause to say1 ,we raise the bonny flag of ,spain ,upon ,columbus ,day4 #c;d--,we are jolly little sailors2 ,raise the red1 the white1 the blue2 ,though we honor brave ,columbus1 ,to our own flag we are true4 ,all--7,beat drum and wave flag7 ,salute the banners1 one and all1 ,o raise them once again2 ,salute the red1 the white1 the blue1 ,salute the flag of ,spain6 ,for countries old and countries new1 ,we will wave the red1 the white1 the blue6 ,recitation 7,by eight girls carrying banners that bear letters spelling ,columbus7 ,c ,columbus sailed o'er waters blue1 ,o ,on and on to countries new4 ,l ,long the ships sailed day and night1 ,u ,until at last land came in sight4 ,m ,many hearts were filled with fear1 ,b ,but the land was drawing near4 ,u ,upon the ground they knelt at last ,s ,so their dangers all were past4 ,all ,wave the banners bright and gay1 ,we meet to keep ,columbus ,day4 ,crowning ,columbus 7,recitation by four children4 ,picture of ,columbus on easel4 ,children place on it evergreen and flower wreaths and flags7 #ast--,crown him with a wreath of evergreen1 ,the very fairest ever seen-- ,our brave ,columbus4 #b;d--,crown him with flowers fresh and fair2 ,we'll place them by his picture there-- ,our brave ,columbus4 #c;d--,crown him with the flag of ,spain2 ,columbus day has come again-- ,our brave ,columbus4 #dth--,crown him with red1 and white1 and blue2 ,bring out the drum and banners too-- ,our brave ,columbus4 ,all--,as we stand by his picture here1 ,columbus' name we all revere-- ,our brave ,columbus4 ,what ,we ,can ,do 7,recitation by two small boys1 carrying flag7 #a4 ,i wish ,i could do some great deed-- ,just find a world or two1 ,so that the flag might wave for me ,as for ,columbus true4 ,it makes a small child very sad ,to think all great deeds done4 ,what is then left for us to do8 ,what's to be tried and won8 #b4 ,my father says--and he knows too1 ,for he's a grown up man-- ,that heroes leave some things for us ,to carry out their plan4 ,he says that if we do our best1 ,just where we are1 you see1 ,we too shall serve our country's flag2 ,true patriots we shall be4 ,both4 ,we'll love our flag1 we'll keep its pledge2 ,we'll honor and obey2 ,we'll love our fellow brothers all2 ,and serve our land this way4 ,recitation 7,by a very small child1 carrying a flag7 ,my beautiful flag1 ,you are waving today1 ,to honor a hero true2 ,columbus who gave us ,our dear native land1 ,our land of the ,red1 ,white and ,blue4 ,recitation 7,by a very small child1 carrying a flag7 ,i'll wave my flag for ,discovery ,day1 ,and before ,i get frightened ,i'll scamper away4 ,columbus ,game ,the children stand in a circle4 ,they choose one to represent ,columbus4 ,the children all sing the song 7given below74 ,as they sing the fifth line ,columbus points to three children1 who become the ,nina 7baby71 the ,pinta1 and the ,santa ,maria4 ,these three children come inside the circle1 and wave arms up and down as though sailing4 ,the children now all repeat the song1 marching round in the circle1 waving arms up and down1 and the children inside the circle skip round also4 ,the song is then repeated1 children standing in a circle1 and the three chosen as ,nina1 ,pinta and ,santa ,maria choose three children to take their places by pointing at any three children in the circle4 ,game may continue as long as desired or until all have had a chance to go inside the circle4,a ,a ,the story of ,columbus may be dramatized in connection with this game4 ,song ,columbus was a sailor boy1 ,many years ago4 ,a great ship was the sailor's joy1 ,many years ago4 ,the ,nina1 the ,pinta1 the ,santa ,maria1 ,little vessels three1 ,the ,nina1 the ,pinta1 the ,santa ,maria1 ,sailed out across the sea4 ,laura ,rountree ,smith ,my ,little ,ship ,once ,i made a little ship1 ,down beside the sea2 ,and ,i said1 ,come now1 dear winds1 ,and blow it back to me6 ,o little ship that sails the sea4 ,o wind that blows it back to me6 ,song ,tune1 ,lightly ,row ,wave the flags1 wave the flags2 ,we are sailor boys at play2 ,wave the flags1 wave the flags1 ,on ,columbus ,day4 ,o'er the waters we will go1 ,singing1 singing1 as we row2 ,wave the flags to and fro1 ,on ,columbus ,day4 7,children wave flags7 ,cross the flags1 cross the flags1 ,with their pretty colors gay2 ,cross the flags1 cross the flags1 ,on ,columbus ,day4 ,we would like to sail1 'tis true1 ,o'er the waters bright and blue1 ,so we cross the flags for you ,on ,columbus ,day4 7,children cross flags7 ,laura ,rountree ,smith ,recitation for ,very ,little ,boys #ast--,columbus was a sailor bold1 ,at least that's what ,i have been told4 #b;d--,i would also like to sail the sea1 ,if not too far from mother's knee4 #c;d--,he had three ships to sail the sea1 ,one ship would be enough for me4 #dth--,in the ,nina ,i would go2 ,but what if stormy winds should blow8 #eth--,in the ,pinta ,i'll set sail2 ,that ship has weathered many a gale4 #fth--,the ,santa ,maria waits for me2 ,o how ,i love to sail the sea4 #gth--,at night we'll glide across the foam1 ,but wish ourselves quite safe at home4 #hth--,kind friends1 ,i hope you understand1 ,we are really happier far on land4 7,all join hands and run to seats7 ,then come1 dear sailors1 hand in hand1 ,we'll run to seek the nearest land6 ,play 7,ferdinand and ,isabella on their thrones1 chairs with a red drapery concealing them47 ,enter ,columbus and followers1 bowing low ,columbus ,o most gracious majesties6 ,ferdinand ,my wise men say your scheme is vain1 ,so your plan ,i must disdain2 ,if as you say this earth is round ,no one could stay upon the ground4 7,bows his head and looks very wise4 ,columbus looks sadly around and sighs4 ,queen ,isabella stretches forth her hand47 ,queen ,i have talked to the ,abbot kind1 ,and he has made me change my mind4 ,take these and these 7dropping her bracelets and necklaces into ,columbus' hat7 and may you be1 ,successful in your quest at sea4 ,columbus and followers ,long live1 long live ,isabella the queen6 ,such generous faith has seldom been seen4 ,long live1 long live ,isabella the queen6 ,all 7except ,columbus1 who bows as he listens7 ,here's to ,columbus1 so brave and so true1 ,who will soon sail west on the ocean blue ,to--find--the--land--of--,india4 ,headed by king and queen all march around and off ,one returns ,columbus safely made his voyage ,and now1 though he never knew it1 ,he discovered this land1 the fair land of our birth1 ,the greatest nation on all the earth4 7,displays flag7 ,all except ,columbus return and sing ,america ,mary ,r4 ,campbell ,recitation 7,by three boys7 #ast--,columbus dared to cross the sea ,where none had gone before2 ,and sailing west from ,palos1 ,spain1 ,he came to our front door4 #b;d--,his men were only prisoners ,queen ,isabel set free2 ,for other men1 they did not dare ,to cross the unknown sea4 #c;d--,he had no friend to share his hope2 ,no one could understand2 ,now all men honor his great name1 ,who first saw our dear land4 ,all--,if we can only be as true ,to our best selves as he1 ,speak truth1 keep faith1 be brave and pure1 ,true heroes we shall be4 ,discovery ,day ,i wonder what ,columbus ,would think of us today1 ,just stepping out from '#ib1 ,four centuries on1 we'll say4 ,with aeroplanes and warships1 ,and submarine affairs1 ,he'd surely think the mighty sea ,was putting on some airs4 ,discovery ,day1 we greet you2 ,you're only just begun2 ,industry1 art1 and science now1 ,begin their race to run4 ,but brighter than these wonders1 ,more beautiful to see1 ,democracy's fair smile begins ,to dawn o'er land and sea4 ,discovery ,day6 ,when ,freedom ,shall reign in every land1 ,when nations know their brotherhood1 ,and naught but good is grand4 ,america1 thy mission ,be this3 discover now ,a world safe for ,democracy4 ',tis ours to teach it how4 ,the ,flag of ,spain ,tune--,long1 ,long ,ago ,there was a flag that waved all over ,spain ,long1 long ago2 long1 long ago4 ,and many sailors had gone forth in vain1 ,long1 long ago1 long ago4 ,then came the ships and ,columbus set sail2 ,proudly the vessels withstood every gale4 ,then came the cry1 ,blessed land1 land we hail1 ,long1 long ago1 long ago4 ,columbus ,a dreamer they called him1 ,and mocked him to scorn1 ,but ,o1 through this dreamer ,a new world was born4 ,a new land whose watchword ,is ringing afar-- ,democracy6 ,freedom6 ,that none shall dare mar4 ,a nation whose vision ,is making it be ,humanity's champion ,on land and on sea4 ,america1 my land1 ,a dream gave thee birth2 ,through vision thou'st conquered ,in all realms of worth4 ,thy spirit shall beckon ,till all nations heed1 ,and follow in wisdom ,the path thou dost lead4 ,,class ,,exercise ,,for ,,columbus ,,day ,the foundation for these exercises should be laid in previous class recitations and specially prepared class compositions which relate developing incidents in the life of ,columbus4 ,several periods used in the preparation of these oral and written exercises will be time well spent4 ,select the composition which portrays the life pictures most clearly and effectively2 and as the writer reads his story1 let other members of the class give tableaux or act scenes apropos4 ,the children should be encouraged to initiate their own ideas and execute their own mental pictures in costume1 arrangement1 facial expression1 etc4 ,the following are mentioned suggestively3 ,acts portraying the life of ,columbus #a4 ,columbus1 the boy ,boy of nine to eleven years1 seated1 intently studying a geography1 or ,boy whittling a wooden toy ship4 #b4 ,columbus1 the man ,larger boy1 posing as a dreamer1 gazing at and studying the stars1 or ,larger boy drawing maps1 appearing wise and thoughtful4 7,let others stand aside1 smiling and mockingly pointing47 #c4 ,columbus' appearance before ,king ,ferdinand and ,queen ,isabella ,king and ,queen1 dressed in royal style1 on improvised throne2 ,columbus kneeling before them2 the queen offering him her jewels4 #d4 ,on shipboard ,boys representing mutinous sailors1 their faces depicting fear1 anger1 dejection--dressed sailor fashion4 ,columbus displaying confidence1 courage and patience--dressed in short full trousers1 cape over his shoulders thrown back on one side4 ,let facial expressions and actions change to show land has been sighted4 #e4 ,the landing ,columbus planting the flag of ,spain in the ,new ,world4 ,sailors 7all with uncovered heads7 kneeling4 ,indians 7let the boys wear ,indian suits7 watching from the outskirts1 one falling down in worship4 #f4 ,the return reception ,king ,ferdinand and ,queen ,isabella on throne1 dressed as before1 with guards on either side4 ,ladies-in-waiting1 noblemen1 etc41 dressed in #aeth century style1 grouped about4 ,columbus enters 7to music74 ,all bow low except king and queen1 who rise to meet him4 ,columbus kneels before them1 kisses the queen's hand and rises4 ,indians enter 7with bow and arrow7 and gaze in wonder about4 ,one ,indian plucks ,columbus by sleeve and gruntingly interrogates him concerning some wonder in the room--a picture of the king and queen1 decorated with ,spanish flags4 ,the king takes the hand of the ,indian1 places it in ,columbus' hand and1 covering them with his own left hand1 raises the right to signify his blessing upon the newly found land4 ,music gives the signal for the recessional4 ,all fall into line and march out--guards1 king1 queen1 ,columbus1 ladies1 and courtiers4 ,the ,indians follow irregularly4 ,,the ,,boy ,,columbus ',tis a wonderful story1 ,i hear you say1 ,how he struggled and worked and plead and prayed1 ,and faced every danger undismayed1 ,with a will that would neither break nor bend1 ,and discovered a new world in the end-- ,but what does it teach to a boy of today8 ,all the worlds are discovered1 you know1 of course1 ,all the rivers are traced to their utmost source2 ,there is nothing left for a boy to find1 ,if he had ever so much a mind ,to become a discoverer famous2 ,and if we'd much rather read a book ,about some one else1 and the risks he took1 ,why nobody1 surely1 can blame us4 ,so you think all the worlds are discovered now2 ,all the lands have been charted and sailed about1 ,their mountains climbed1 their secrets found out2 ,all the seas have been sailed and their currents known-- ,to the uttermost isles the winds have blown ,they have carried a venturing prow8 ,yet there lie all about us new worlds1 everywhere1 ,that await their discoverer's footfall2 spread fair ,are electrical worlds that no eye has yet seen1 ,and mechanical worlds that lie hidden serene ,and await their ,columbus securely4 ,there are new worlds in ,science and new worlds in ,art1 ,and the boy who will work with his head and his heart ,will discover his new world surely4 ,,columbus ,,and ,,the ,,egg ,one day ,columbus was at a dinner which a ,spanish gentleman had given in his honor1 and several persons were present who were jealous of the great ,admiral's success4 ,they were proud1 conceited fellows1 and they very soon began to try to make ,columbus uncomfortable4 ,you have discovered strange lands beyond the seas1 they said1 but what of that8 ,we do not see why there should be so much said about it4 ,anybody can sail across the ocean2 and anybody can coast along the islands on the other side1 just as you have done4 ,it is the simplest thing in the world4 ,columbus made no answer2 but after a while he took an egg from a dish and said to the company3 ,who among you1 gentlemen1 can make this egg stand on end8 ,one by one those at the table tried the experiment4 ,when the egg had gone entirely around and none had succeeded1 all said that it could not be done4 ,then ,columbus took the egg and struck its small end gently upon the table so as to break the shell a little4 ,after that there was no trouble in making it stand upright4 ,gentlemen1 said he1 what is easier than to do this which you said was impossible8 ,it is the simplest thing in the world4 ,anybody can do it--after he has been shown how6 ,,columbus ,,day 7,fitchburg1 ,massachusetts1 ,normal ,school7 ,this entertainment is simply an attempt to give a few of the most dramatic incidents in the life of ,columbus as connected with his discovery of the ,new ,world4 ,other scenes could be readily added1 although it would require some care to avoid an anti-climax4 ,a4 ,in ,spain at the ,council of ,salamanca ,before this scene is presented give a brief explanation and description of the early life of ,columbus and his attempts to obtain aid4 ,characters3 ,churchmen and counselors at the court of ,spain 7seven to ten7 and ,columbus4 ,costumes3 ,the churchmen are dressed in long black garments1 except two1 who have black capes with white underneath4 ,columbus wears a long1 black garment or coat1 which plainly shows the poverty of its owner4 ,tableau ,i--,columbus before the ,council at ,salamanca ,the characters are arranged somewhat as in a picture of this scene found in the ,perry pictures4 ,a picture of this scene is also found in ,lossing's ,history of the ,united ,states1 volume ,i4 ,only the chief characters are shown in this tableau4 ,three churchmen or counselors are in center near ,columbus2 two at left1 one pointing mockingly1 or making fun of ,columbus2 two stand haughtily in the back1 and there may also be two or three at right4 ,columbus has a partly open roll of parchment in one hand and is pointing with the other4 ,one of the churchmen in the center has an open ,bible in his hand1 and another has a book which he is holding out to ,columbus4 ,b4 ,on ,shipboard ,characters3 ,columbus1 the mate1 other sailors4 ,costumes3 ,columbus1 red cape2 sailors1 sweaters and sailor caps4 ,tableau ,,ii--,nearing ,land2 ,columbus and the ,mate ,the conversation in ,joaquin ,miller's ,columbus takes place between ,columbus and mate4 ,the sailors are in the background1 one holding a lantern4 ,between the different parts of his conversation with ,columbus1 the mate goes to consult with the sailors4 ,the last stanza of the poem is given by some one from the wings4 ,when the reader reaches the line1 ,a light6 ,a light6 ,columbus and the mate change their position4 ,columbus points and the mate raises his arm1 peering forward4 7,picture in ,leading ,facts of ,american ,history1 by ,montgomery1 revised edition4 ,also in ,stepping ,stones of ,american ,history47 ,c4 ,in the new world ,characters3 ,columbus1 three noblemen1 eight sailors1 six ,indians4 ,costumes3 ,columbus and the noblemen wear the ,spanish costume of the fifteenth century 7described later74 ,sailors wear sweaters and sailor caps made from blue1 red or grey cambric4 ,indians wear ,indian suits 7nearly all boys have or may obtain them from any clothing store74 ,they carry bows and arrows or tomahawks4 ,the spears and swords for this and the following scene are made from wood1 bronzed to look like silver4 ,the tall cross is made of wood and stained with shellac4 ,the banner of the expedition is white1 with a green cross4 ,over the initials ,f and ,y 7,ferdinand and ,ysabella7 are two gilt crowns4 ,tableau ,,iii--,the landing of ,columbus ,the characters are posed from ,vanderlyn's painting of the scene in the ,capitol at ,washington4 ,reproductions are found in many histories and among the ,perry pictures4 ,columbus holds the banner of the expedition in one hand1 and a drawn sword in the other4 ,one of the men has a tall staff with the top in form of a cross2 two others hold tall spears4 ,the ,indians are peering out at the white men from the sides of the stage2 one of them is down on the stage with his head bowed on his hands1 worshipping the strangers2 the others seem to be full of fear and curiosity4 ,d4 ,at ,barcelona in ,spain ,before this scene is presented a description of the reception of ,columbus by the king and queen upon his return to ,spain is given4 ,this scene is more elaborate than any of the others4 ,characters and costumes3 ,queen1 red robe1 purple figured front2 collar and trimmings of ermine4 ,she wears a crown4 ,ermine is made of cotton with little pieces of black cloth sewed on it1 crown of cardboard covered with gilt paper4 ,dress cheesecloth with a front of silkoline4 ,king wears purple full1 short trousers 7trunks71 purple doublet1 purple cape and gilt crown4 ,the trousers and cape are trimmed with ermine4 ,the two guards have black trousers 7trunks7 and red capes1 collars1 and knee pieces made from silver paper2 they wear storm hats covered with silver paper1 and carry spears4 ,the two ladies-in-waiting wear dresses fixed to resemble the dress of the period4 ,they have high headpieces shaped like cornucopias1 made from cardboard covered with gilt paper1 and with long veils draped over them2 this was one style of headpiece worn in the fifteenth century4 ,the eight churchmen1 eight sailors and six ,indians are dressed as in previous scenes4 ,the little page of ,columbus is dressed in his own white suit4 ,columbus wears grey and red clothing4 ,the ten noblemen wear combinations of bright colors4 ,the general plan in regard to the dress of the ,spanish nobility in the time of ,columbus is to have the full1 short trousers 7trunks7 made of one color and slashed with another2 the upper garment or doublet made of figured silkoline2 the cape of one color lined with another1 worn turned back over one shoulder2 pointed collars and cuffs of white glazed or silver paper2 and soft felt hats with plumes4 ,each nobleman carries a sword4 ,the gold brought by the sailors may be made by gilding stones4 ,tableau ,,iv--,reception of ,columbus by ,king and ,queen ,in center of stage is raised platform or throne with two or three steps leading up to it3 this throne is covered with figured raw silk 7yellow and brown74 ,chairs are placed on throne for king and queen4 ,the scene is an attempt to represent the reception of ,columbus on his return to ,spain after his first voyage4 7,see painting by ,ricardo ,balaca1 the ,spanish artist1 of ,columbus before ,ferdinand and ,isabella at ,barcelona47 ,a march may be played on the piano while the different characters in the tableau come on the stage and take their proper positions4 ,first the two royal guards march to the throne1 taking positions one on each side1 so that the king and queen may pass between them in mounting the platform4 ,they are followed by the king and queen1 and then the ladies-in-waiting4 ,the king and queen mount the platform and take seats2 the ladies wait in front of the platform until the king and queen are seated1 then they take positions on each side of the throne4 ,the guards1 after the king and queen are seated1 take positions on the platform in the rear4 ,all these come as one group in the procession1 with only a little space between them4 ,next come the churchmen4 ,one of them carries the tall cross4 ,they take their places at the right of the queen4 ,the ,indians come1 shuffling across the stage to the extreme left of the king and queen4 ,of course they know nothing of keeping time to the music or paying homage to royalty4 ,the sailors march upon the stage1 each bringing something from the ,new ,world--gold1 a stuffed bird1 or some product4 ,each in turn approaches the king and queen1 kneels1 and then places whatever he carries at the side of the platform1 and takes his place on the left4 ,the noblemen1 one by one1 come in with great dignity1 go to the front of the throne1 kneel and salute with their swords4 ,then they go to the right of the stage4 ,finally the music sounds a more triumphal note1 announcing the approach of the hero of the occasion4 ,columbus is preceded by his page1 carrying the banner of the expedition4 ,the page kneels to the king and queen1 then goes to the left1 where he is to stand just back of the place reserved for ,columbus4 ,as ,columbus approaches the throne1 the king and queen rise and come forward to do him honor4 ,columbus kneels1 kisses the queen's hand1 then rises and points out to the king and queen the treasures which his sailors have brought4 ,he also brings forward one of the ,indians4 ,the king and queen regard everything with interest4 ,after this1 at a signal given on the piano1 all kneel to give thanks for the discovery of the ,new ,world4 ,the ,te ,deum ,laudamus is chanted or the ,doxology is sung4 ,this is the end of the reception4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this scene may be simplified1 if desired1 and given in the form of two tableaux4 ,columbus kneeling before the queen and king and ,columbus telling his story may be given separately4 ,there need not be as many characters in the scene4 ,see the picture1 ,reception of ,columbus 7adapted from the picture by ,ricardo ,balaca7 in ,america's ,story for ,american ,children1 by ,mara ,l4 ,pratt4 ,it would be easy to give the substance of this entertainment in any schoolroom and without costumes4 ,even with these limitations the story of ,columbus would become more real to the children in this way than it could be made by any description4 ,a good description of the reception of ,columbus in ,spain after his first voyage is given in the ,life of ,columbus1 by ,washington ,irving4 ,a description and picture of the banner of the expedition may be found in ,lossing's ,history of the ,united ,states1 volume ,i4 ,music that may be used3 ,columbus ,song1 taken from #adib2 the ,new ,hail ,columbia4 ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,america ,it was on the morning of ,friday1 #abth of ,october1 #adib1 that ,columbus first beheld the ,new ,world4444 ,no sooner did he land than he threw himself upon his knees1 kissed the earth1 and returned thanks to ,god with tears of joy4 ,his example was followed by the rest1 whose hearts indeed overflowed with the same feelings of gratitude4 ,columbus then rising drew his sword1 displayed the royal standard1 and 444 took solemn possession in the name of the ,castilian sovereigns1 giving the island the name of ,san ,salvador4 ,having complied with the requisite forms and ceremonies1 he now called upon all present to take the oath of obedience to him1 as admiral and viceroy1 representing the persons of the sovereigns4 ,the feelings of the crew now burst forth in the most extravagant transports4444 ,they thronged around the ,admiral in their overflowing zeal4 ,some embraced him1 others kissed his hands4 ,those who had been most mutinous and turbulent during the voyage1 were now most devoted and enthusiastic4 ,some begged favors of him1 as of a man who had already wealth and honors in his gift4 ,many abject spirits1 who had outraged him by their insolence1 now crouched as it were at his feet1 begging pardon for all the trouble they had caused him1 and offering for the future the blindest obedience to his commands4 ,washington ,irving ,,immortal ,,morn ,immortal morn1 all hail6 ,that saw ,columbus sail ,by ,faith alone6 ,the skies before him bowed1 ,back rolled the ocean proud1 ,and every lifting cloud ,with glory shone4 ,fair science then was born1 ,on that celestial morn1 ,faith dared the sea2 ,triumphant over foes ,then ,truth immortal rose1 ,new heavens to disclose1 ,and earth to free4 ,strong ,freedom then came forth1 ,to liberate the earth ,and crown the right2 ,so walked the pilot bold ,upon the sea of gold1 ,and darkness backward rolled1 ,and there was light4 ,hezekiah ,butterworth ,all hail1 ,columbus1 discoverer1 dreamer1 hero1 and apostle6 ,we here1 of every race and country1 recognize the horizon which bounded his vision1 and the infinite scope of his genius4 ,the voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which have been showered upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no language1 but is uttered in every tongue4 ,neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue4 ,continents are his monument1 and unnumbered millions1 past1 present1 and to come1 who enjoy in their liberties and their happiness the fruits of his faith1 will reverently guard and preserve1 from century to century1 his name and fame4 ,chauncey ,mitchell ,depew ,little wonder that the whole world takes from the life of ,columbus one of its best-beloved illustrations of the absolute power of faith4 ,to a faithless world he made a proposal1 and the world did not hear it4 ,to that faithless world he made it again and again1 and at last roused the world to ridicule it and to contradict it4 ,to the same faithless world he still made it year after year2 and at last the world said that1 when it was ready1 it would try if he were right2 to which his only reply is that he is ready now1 that the world must send him now on the expedition which shall show whether he is right or wrong4 ,the world1 tired of his importunity1 consents1 unwillingly enough1 that he shall try the experiment4 ,he tries it2 he succeeds2 and the world turns round and welcomes him with a welcome which it cannot give to a conqueror4 ,in a moment the grandeur of his plans is admitted1 their success is acknowledged1 and his place is fixed as one of the great men of history4 ,give me white paper6 ,the sheet you use is black and rough with smears ,of sweat and grime and fraud and blood and tears1 ,crossed with the story of men's sins and fears1 ,of battle and of famine all those years ,when all ,god's children have forgot their birth ,and drudged and fought and died like beasts of earth4 ,give me white paper6 ,one storm-trained seaman listened to the word2 ,what no man saw he saw1 and heard what no man heard4 ,for answer he compelled the sea ,to eager man to tell ,the secret she had kept so well2 ,left blood and woe and tyranny behind1 ,sailing still ,west that land newborn to find1 ,for all mankind the unstained page unfurled1 ,where ,god might write anew the story of the world4 ,edward ,everett ,hale ,illustration3 ,columbus ,admiral at the ,helm ,the fame of ,columbus is not local or limited4 ,it does not belong to any single country or people4 ,it is the proud possession of the whole civilized world4 ,in all the transactions of history there is no act which for vastness and performance can be compared with the discovery of the continent of ,america1 the like of which was never done by any man in ancient or in later times4 ,james ,grant ,wilson ,with boldness unmatched1 with faith in the teachings of science and of revelation immovable1 with patience and perseverance that knew no weariness1 with superior skill as a navigator unquestioned1 and with a lofty courage unrivaled in the history of the race1 ,columbus sailed from ,palos on the #c;d of ,august1 with three vessels1 the largest 7his flagship7 of only ninety feet keel1 and provided with four masts1 eight anchors1 and sixty-six seamen4 ,passing the ,canaries and the blazing peak of ,teneriffe1 he pushed westward into the sea of darkness1 in defiance of the fierce dragons with which superstition had peopled it1 and the prayers and threats of his mutinous seamen1 and on the #abth of ,october landed on one of the ,bahama ,islands4 ,benson ,j4 ,lossing ,,columbus,b ,b ,from complete works of ,joaquin ,miller1 published by the ,harr ,wagner ,publishing ,company of ,san ,francisco4 ,behind him lay the gray ,azores1 ,behind the ,gates of ,hercules2 ,before him not the ghost of shores1 ,before him only shoreless seas4 ,the good mate said3 ,now must we pray1 ,for lo6 the very stars are gone4 ,brave ,admiral1 speak2 what shall ,i say8 ,why1 say ',sail on6 sail on6 and on6' ,my men grow mutinous day by day2 ,my men grow ghastly wan and weak4 ,the stout mate thought of home2 a spray ,of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek4 ,what shall ,i say1 brave ,admiral1 say1 ,if we sight naught but seas at dawn8 ,why1 you shall say at break of day1 ',sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 and on6' ,they sailed and sailed1 as winds might blow1 ,until at last the blanched mate said3 ,why1 now not even ,god would know ,should ,i and all my men fall dead4 ,these very winds forget their way1 ,for ,god from these dread seas is gone4 ,now speak1 brave ,admiral1 speak and say-- ,he said3 ,sail on6 sail on6 and on6 ,they sailed4 ,they sailed4 ,then spake the mate3 ,this mad sea shows his teeth tonight4 ,he curls his lip1 he lies in wait1 ,he lifts his teeth1 as if to bite6 ,brave ,admiral1 say but one good word2 ,what shall we do when hope is gone8 ,the words leapt like a leaping sword3 ,sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 and on6 ,then pale and worn1 he paced his deck1 ,and peered through darkness4 ,ah1 that night1 ,of all dark nights6 ,and then a speck-- ,a light6 ,a light6 ,at last a light6 ,it grew1 a starlit flag unfurled6 ,it grew to be ,time's burst of dawn4 ,he gained a world2 he gave that world ,its grandest lesson3 ,oh6 sail on6 ,joaquin ,miller ,he failed4 ,he reached to grasp ,hesperides1 ,to track the foot-course of the sun1 that flies ,toward some far western couch1 and watch its rise-- ,but fell on unknown sand-reefs1 chains1 disease4 ,he won4 ,with splendid daring1 from the sea's ,hard1 niggard fist he plucked the glittering prize1 ,and gave a virgin world to ,europe's eyes1 ,where gold dust choked the streams1 and spice the breeze4 ,he failed fulfillment of the task he planned1 ,and drooped a weary head on empty hand1 ,unconscious of the vaster deed he'd done2 ,but royal legacy to ,ferdinand ,he left--a key to doorways gilt with sun-- ,and proudest title of ,world-father won6 ,george ,w4 ,w4 ,houghton ,with all the visionary fervor of his imagination1 its fondest dreams fell short of the reality4 ,he died in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discovery4 ,until his last breath1 he entertained the idea that he had merely opened a new way to the old resorts of opulent commerce1 and had discovered some of the wild regions of the ,east4444 ,what visions of glory would have broke upon his mind1 could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new continent1 equal to the whole of the old world in magnitude1 and separated by two vast oceans from all of the earth hitherto known by civilized man2 and how would his magnanimous spirit have been consoled1 amidst the chills of age and cares of penury1 the neglect of a fickle public1 and the injustice of an ungrateful king1 could he have anticipated the splendid empires which were to spread over the beautiful world he had discovered1 and the nations1 and tongues1 and languages1 which were to fill its lands with his renown1 and to revere and bless his name to the latest posterity6 ,washington ,irving ,,on ,a ,,portrait ,,of ,,columbus ,was this his face1 and these the finding eyes ,that plucked a new world from the rolling seas8 ,who1 serving ,christ1 whom most he sought to please1 ,willed the great vision till he saw arise ,man's other home and earthly paradise-- ,his early thought since first with stalwart knees ,he pushed the boat from his young olive trees1 ,and sailed to wrest the secret of the skies4 ,he on the waters dared to set his feet1 ,and through believing planted earth's last race4 ,what faith in man must in our new world beat1 ,thinking how once he saw before his face ,the west and all the host of stars retreat ,into the silent infinite of space6 ,george ,edward ,woodberry ,of no use are the men who study to do exactly as was done before1 who can never understand that today is a new day4 ,there never was such a combination as this of ours1 and the rules to meet it are not set down in any history4 ,we want men of original perception and original action1 who can open their eyes wider than to a nationality--namely1 to considerations of benefit to the human race--can act in the interest of civilization2 men of elastic1 men of moral mind1 who can live in the moment and take a step forward4 ,columbus was no backward-creeping crab1 nor was ,martin ,luther1 nor ,john ,adams1 nor ,patrick ,henry1 nor ,thomas ,jefferson2 and the ,genius or ,destiny of ,america is no log or sluggard1 but a man incessantly advancing1 as the shadow on the dial's face1 or the heavenly body by whose light it is marked4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson ,,address ,,to ,,america 7,from a ,commencement ,poem1 ,dartmouth ,college4 #ahgb7 ,as a strong bird on pinions free1 ,joyous1 the amplest spaces heavenward cleaving1 ,one song1 ,america1 before ,i go1 ,i'd sing1 o'er all the rest1 with trumpet sound1 ,for thee1 the ,future4 ,sail--sail thy best1 ,ship of ,democracy6 ,of value is thy freight--'tis not the ,present only1 ,the ,past is also stored in thee6 ,thou holdest not the venture of thyself alone-- ,not of thy western continent alone2 ,earth's rsum entire floats on thy keel1 ,o ,ship-- ,is steadied by thy spars4 ,with thee ,time voyages in trust1 ,the antecedent nations sink or swim with thee2 ,with all their ancient struggles1 martyrs1 heroes1 epics1 wars1 ,thou bears't the other continents2 ,theirs1 theirs as much as thine1 the destination-port triumphant1 ,steer1 steer with good strong hand and wary eye-- ,o helmsman--thou carryest great companions1 ,venerable1 priestly ,asia sails this day with thee1 ,and royal1 feudal ,europe sails with thee4 ,walt ,whitman ,,america ,o mother of a mighty race1 ,yet lovely in thy youthful grace6 ,the elder dames1 thy haughty peers1 ,admire and hate thy blooming years2 ,with words of shame ,and taunts of scorn they join thy name4444 ,they know not1 in their hate and pride1 ,what virtues with thy children bide2 ,how true1 how good1 thy graceful maids ,make bright1 like flowers1 the valley shades2 ,what generous men ,spring1 like thine oaks1 by hill and glen4 ,what cordial welcomes greet the guest ,by thy lone rivers of the ,west2 ,how faith is kept1 and truth revered1 ,and man is loved and ,god is feared1 ,in woodland homes1 ,and where the ocean border foams4 ,there's freedom at thy gates1 and rest ,for earth's down-trodden and opprest2 ,a shelter for the hunted head2 ,for the starved laborer toil and bread4 ,power1 at thy bounds1 ,stops1 and calls back his baffled hounds4 ,o fair young mother6 on thy brow ,shall sit a nobler grace than now4 ,deep in the brightness of thy skies ,the thronging years in glory rise1 ,and1 as they fleet1 ,drop strength and riches at thy feet4 ,thine eye1 with every coming hour1 ,shall brighten1 and thy form shall tower2 ,and when thy sisters1 elder born1 ,would brand thy name with words of scorn1 ,before thy eye ,upon their lips the taunt shall die4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant ,,the ,,western ,,land ,great ,western land1 whose mighty breast ,between two oceans finds its rest1 ,begirt by storms on either side1 ,and washed by strong ,pacific tide4 ,the knowledge of thy wondrous birth ,gave balance to the rounded earth2 ,in sea of darkness thou didst stand1 ,now first in light1 great ,western land4 ,in thee the olive and the vine ,unite with hemlock and with pine2 ,in purest white the southern rose ,repeats the spotless northern snows4 ,around thy zone a belt of maize ,rejoices in the sun's hot rays2 ,and all that ,nature could command ,she heaped on thee1 great ,western land4 ,great ,western land1 whose touch makes free1 ,advance to perfect liberty1 ,till right shall make thy sov'reign might1 ,and every wrong be crushed from sight4 ,behold thy day1 thy time is here2 ,thy people great1 with naught to fear4 ,god hold thee in ,his strong right hand1 ,my well beloved ,western land4 ,caroline ,hazard ,,our ,,national ,,ideals,c ,c ,used by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 the authorized publishers4 ,foremost among the ideals which have characterized our national life is the spirit of self-reliance4 ,the very first chapter of our national history records the story of a man1 who arose from among the toilers of his time1 and whom eighteen years of disappointed hopes could not dismay4 ,it tells how this man1 holding out the promise of a new dominion1 at last overcame the opposition of royal courtiers1 and secured the tardy support of reluctant rulers4 ,and when1 at ,palos1 ,columbus flung to the breeze the sails of his frail craft1 and ventured upon that unknown ocean from which1 according to the belief of his age1 there was no hope of return1 he displayed the chief characteristic of the ,american people--the spirit of self-reliance4 ,what is this spirit8 ,emerson has expressed it in a sentence3 ,we will walk on our own feet2 we will work with our own hands2 we will speak our own minds4 ,this was the spirit which animated that little group of colonists who preferred the unknown hardships of the new world to the certain tyranny of the old2 who chose to break old ties1 to brave the sea1 to face the loneliness and perils of life in a strange land--a land of difficulties and dangers1 but a land of liberty and opportunity4444 ,in order that our country may continue this proud record of self-reliance1 each one of us has a special obligation4 ,every citizen in his individual life should live up to the same ideal of self-reliance4 ,the young citizen who relies on himself1 who does honest work in school1 never cheating or shirking1 who is always1 ready to do a little more than is actually required of him1 who thinks for himself1 acts rightly because he loves right actions--such a citizen is doing his part in helping to achieve our national ideal of self-reliance4 ,william ,backus ,guitteau ,i believe in my country4 ,i believe in it because it is made up of my fellow-men--and myself4 ,i can't go back on either of us and be true to my creed4 ,if it isn't the best country in the world it is partly because ,i am not the kind of a man that ,i should be4 ,charles ,stelzle ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,thanksgiving ,,day ,last ,thursday in ,november ,for flowers that bloom about our feet2 ,for tender grass1 so fresh1 so sweet2 ,for song of bird1 and hum of bee2 ,for all things fair we hear or see1 ,father in heaven1 we thank ,thee6 ,for blue of stream and blue of sky2 ,for pleasant shade of branches high2 ,for fragrant air and cooling breeze2 ,for beauty of the blooming trees1 ,father in heaven1 we thank ,thee6 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson ,,thanksgiving ,,day ,,roy ,l4 ,,shaffer1 ,,state ,,normal ,,school1 ,,newark ,among our national holidays ,thanksgiving should be a red letter day4 ,we need these days so that the modern tendency of reducing all days to the same mediocre level may be overcome4 ,such days1 when contrasted with common school days1 show a wonderful stimulation4 ,hence it is urged that the celebration of ,thanksgiving take on the aspect of the play-festival4 ,the play-festival will have a potent effect on the audience and the actors4 ,the audience will be composed for the most part of the school body and on this body the festival program will have a unifying effect4 ,for this reason it is further urged that an entire grade1 or perhaps a group of grades1 be employed to render the program4 ,such a rendition will be treated as a contribution from a part to the whole4 ,the festival to be effective must bind the entire school into one social group4 ,the response of the audience will be complementary and the spirit and the pride of the school will give forth inspiration to the actor and the audience4 ,the performer must make others feel what he knows1 and thus his learning becomes intensified4 ,the result is that the play-festival has two high values1 the social and the educational4 ,the essential problem which arises1 and which must be answered by every teacher1 is1 ,what shall be done to provide a good program1 and how shall it be done8 ,the answer will come from a careful survey of the needs1 capacities1 and make-up of each individual or group of pupils4 ,the answer includes the utilization of the dramatic instinct1 i4 e41 the play instinct1 which finds expression through singing1 speaking and dancing4 ,the successful festival must be well organized1 and this organization must be effected according to a suitable program4 7#a7 ,the history of the day must be clearly brought to the attention of the pupils4 7#b7 ,there should be a committee appointed to have supervision of the arranging of the festival4 7#c7 ,a program full of content should-be arranged4 7#d7 ,what constitutes the proper program for a ,thanksgiving festival should have the careful thought of those in charge4 ,the children should be actual factors in planning the program1 as well as in presenting it4 ,in order that ,thanksgiving ,day may be celebrated in an appropriate manner it is necessary that its history be fully comprehended by the entire school4 ,teachers of all grades should use the historic material that will meet the needs and capacities of their pupils4 ,this material should be correlated with as much of the regular school work as may seem advisable4 ,it is essential that the entire school fully appreciate the historic foundations of the day1 so that they may comprehend the setting which has so much to do with this holiday4 ,furthermore1 a full comprehension of the history as a background for this festival will stimulate the school audience1 so that they will receive from the program those things which we believe they ought to receive from the celebration4 ,,history ,the following extracts relative to the history of ,thanksgiving have been selected because they are exceptionally interesting2 they show that traditionally the celebration of this holiday is truly ,american2 they also give hints as to the wealth of material that may be woven into a program for the play-festival4 ,the first year of the ,pilgrim settlement1 in spite of that awful winter when nearly half of their number perished1 had been comparatively successful4 ,the ,pilgrims had planted themselves well1 and it is easy to understand why this fact should have appealed to the mind of their governor1 ,william ,bradford1 as an especial reason for proclaiming a season of thanksgiving4 ,the exact date is not certain1 but from the records we learn that it was an open air feast4 ,it is evident that it must have occurred in that lovely period of balmy1 calm1 cool air and soft sunshine which is called ,indian ,summer1 and which may be considered to range between the latter week of ,october and the latter week of ,november4 ,it came at the end of the year's harvest4 ,in confirmation1 let us quote from the writing of ,edward ,winslow1 thrice governor of the ,pilgrims3 ,our corn did prove well2 and1 ,god be praised1 we had a good increase of ,indian corn1 and our barley indifferent good4 ,our harvest being gotten in1 our governor sent four men on fowling that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors4 ,we learn that as a result of this hunting expedition they had many wild turkeys1 which the women probably stuffed with beechnuts1 and they brought home wood pigeons and partridges in abundance4 ,but1 it seems1 they must have lacked deer1 since the ,indians1 with their king1 ,massasoit1 volunteered to go out and bring in the venison4 ,one noteworthy fact is the relations that existed between the ,pilgrims and the ,indians4 ,at this first ,thanksgiving feast ,king ,massasoit and ninety of his warriors were present4 ,they entered heartily into the preparations of thanksgiving4 ,what a cheerful spectacle it must have been to see the ,indian guests appearing1 carrying a many branched buck or a pretty doe1 possibly hung across the stalwart shoulders of some giant red man8 ,shall one doubt that the ,pilgrim gravity was for a moment dispelled1 when the ,indians approached with their delicious contribution to the feast8 ,can't we hear the welcoming cheer that arose from the throats of those ,englishmen1 or the clapping of the hands of the younger women as those ,indian athletes entered the camp8 ,it is also recorded that from their ,indian guests the ,pilgrims received clams1 oysters1 fish and vegetables4 ,what a feast this must have been6 ,the warriors remained with the ,pilgrims for several days1 and contended with them in various games or feats of strength and agility4 ,perhaps ,massasoit unbent from his kingly dignity to show how straight he could send an arrow at some improvised target4 ,maybe some ,puritan maiden laughingly tried her hand on an ,indian bow4 ,possibly1 too1 in the military drill which ,miles ,standish with his famous regiment of twenty gave1 there was intention on the part of the stout little warrior to show the ,indian what a formidable foe the white man might be if provoked4 ,at any rate1 the friendship1 hallowed by thanksgiving hospitality1 continued unbroken for nearly half a century4 ,what a noble1 inspiring picture is the history of this first ,thanksgiving ,day--a picture of piety1 of human brotherhood1 and of poetry1 for which the universal heart of man1 when realizing its profound significance1 must gladly and proudly give thanks4 ,for many years this autumnal feast of ingathering was merely an occasional festival1 as unexpected prosperity or hoped for aid in adversity moved our ,pilgrim fathers to a special act of praise4 ,it was not until after the ,revolutionary ,war that this day took on a national significance4 ,george ,washington issued the first proclamation in #agie4 ,this will be read by many with deep interest1 especially in view of the fact that some persons believe that a national ,thanksgiving proclamation is a recent invention in our country4 ,after this date it was only occasionally observed until #ahfc4 ,it was our ,civil ,war which awakened our national conscience1 and since that time every ,president of the ,united ,states has issued a ,thanksgiving ,proclamation1 which has in turn been issued to the different states by their respective governors4 ,thanksgiving is a universal holiday2 it is for all the people4 ,as heretofore1 each year brings new households1 enlarged families1 increased affections1 comfortable homes1 plentiful tables1 abundant harvests1 a beneficent government1 free schools1 and religious liberty4 ,there is much to be grateful for in our national history4 ,whatever may have been our sense of past duty1 it is the privilege of all to thank ,god that ,he has given us the unexpected and unsought for opportunity to relieve much oppression and to extend the blessings of good government and fair freedom to many millions of people4 ,it is a wonderful opportunity1 and no people on the face of the globe have a stricter sense of duty than our great country4 ,we may be far from perfect if tried by the highest standards1 but where shall we find a nation which less desires to rule1 and desires to rule more justly1 giving liberty to all8 ,we as a generation have lived to see what may be the greatest epoch in the world's history4 ,truly the seeds of this harvest were sown years ago by our ,pilgrim fathers4 ,for such mercies what soul will not raise its thanksgiving to ,god8 ,let us as teachers of the state of ,new ,jersey teach our children these great truths1 and enter with an open mind and a willing heart into each ,thanksgiving festival1 and let us all try to inculcate in the hearts of our pupils this significant brotherhood4 ,,the ,,festival ,,committee ,let the history of this great ,thanksgiving ,feast be the background and setting for your play-festival4 ,let it be the duty of teachers to see that the program for this celebration is inspired by patriotism1 by a reverence for ,god1 who has been most gracious to us as a people4 ,for social reasons1 it will be well to let some particular grade prepare the program for the festival4 ,the other grades of the school will be in the audience1 and thus the whole school will be united into one large social group4 ,before it is decided which grade shall be selected to prepare the program the principal and teachers should meet and1 after talking over the preliminary plans1 appoint the festival committee4 ,it is important that the proper kind of machinery for this festival work be constructed4 ,it will be the duty of this special committee to keep in mind such objects of the play-festival as the promotion of a keener appreciation and a more reverent remembrance of great events and great men and women of our history2 the promotion of a deep national patriotism2 the promotion of a sense of deep gratitude that we live in such a bountiful and beautiful earth4 ,the play-festival should be looked upon as a means of moral1 social1 cultural and esthetic education4 ,keeping these things in mind1 the play-festival should be invented almost entirely by the children1 who will present the program4 ,of course this will require the watchful guidance of teachers and committee4 ,a play or program that has been already planned for the occasion may be taken1 but even in such a program the scenes should be planned by the class4 ,if this plan is followed almost any of the ready-made plays may be adapted for any grade from the kindergarten to the high school4 ,the wealth of historic material which readily conforms to the ,thanksgiving program is abundant4 ,there is no school that cannot act some scene1 pantomime1 tableau or the like1 with but little thought and drill4 ,the results obtained by bringing any class in touch with some of our masterpieces of history1 literature1 art1 music1 or sculpture1 cannot be easily estimated4 ,,preparing ,,the ,,program ,a good method of preparing the program is to bring before the class who has been decided upon to render the festival the fact that this grade has been appointed to do this bit of patriotic service4 ,tell them about the festival1 its simple aims2 about the historic material on which the day is founded4 ,have the pupils write their ideas about developing the program4 ,these may be discussed1 and the best suggestions can be used about which to form an outline4 ,this is admirable training for the pupils4 ,not infrequently surprises occur2 unsuspected talents are discovered2 and often the children who have appeared as dullards in them regular school subjects will take an interest which will lead to salutary results4 ,many times children will enjoy working on such plans and develop a new interest in their studies4 ,the children should also be asked for suggestions as to developing the stage scenery1 costumes1 etc4 ,frequently their suggestions1 with slight modifications1 have an effectiveness beyond the reach of the teacher4 ,of course we as teachers must be satisfied with rather crude suggestions1 and work up to a satisfactory result4 ,the stage setting should always be simple1 but suggestive4 ,often a play-festival may be rendered with little or no scenery4 ,in fact1 most of our present school programs are given without even a semblance of scenery or decorations4 ,some simple stage setting1 scenery1 or decorations will add wonderfully to the effect of your program1 and this will be found easy to accomplish4 ,this is particularly true of the ,thanksgiving ,day program4 ,in the rural districts1 especially1 can be found the proper materials for this day4 ,such things as cornstalks1 pumpkins1 apples1 fruits1 cereals1 and vegetables of many kinds will meet your needs4 ,whatever is good for a harvest home celebration may be used to celebrate ,thanksgiving4 ,it is desirable1 also1 to have simple costumes4 ,the teacher should not be burdened with the making of the costumes4 ,arouse the interest of your class1 and they will take home this interest4 ,the result will be that the teacher will get more than he had hoped or suggested4 ,the work of preparing the music should be done during the period of the day when singing is usually done4 ,the music is very valuable4 ,the whole school appreciates music and singing4 ,it is the one unifying influence within the reach of the school4 ,if all the various classes are used to promote the play-festival a practical correlation of the work of the school may be profitably accomplished4 ,,the ,,program ,below is submitted a type program for the ,thanksgiving ,day ,festival4 ,this is suitable for fifth and sixth grade pupils4 ,this type of program may be easily changed so that it may be rendered by pupils of the first grade or by students of the high school4 ,care should always be exercised that the plan of the program is easily understood by the class who renders it4 ,scenes should be molded to meet the needs and capacities of the grade that is to perform4 ,the dialog or monolog should also be adapted to the ages of the pupils who are to do the acting4 ,below will be found a list of scenes which by thoughtful manipulation may be made to fall within the command of pupils from the kindergarten to the high school4 ,the bibliography given will furnish much information4 ,,thanksgiving ,,exercises ,in ,charge of ,grade ,,vi ,theme3 ,the ,harvest ,song--,america1 by the school ,prayer ,reading--,george ,washington's ,thanksgiving ,proclamation of #agie ,song--,harvest ,home1 by the school ,act ,i4 ,getting ready for seed time ,scene ,i4 ,indians showing the ,pilgrims how to plant corn ,scene ,,ii4 ,resting 7a camp scene7 ,song--,thanksgiving ,day1 by the school ,recitation--,thanksgiving1 by a pupil ,act ,,ii4 ,a corn husking bee 7place1 a ,new ,england barn7 ,scene ,i4 ,husking corn ,scene ,,ii4 ,the frolic ,scene ,,iii4 ,going home ,song--,star ,spangled ,banner1 by the school ,the following scenes may be made appropriate for the different grades by changing the quality and quantity of the scenery4 ,pantomimes are especially to be recommended for use in our school programs4 ,many of these scenes will lend themselves to this purpose4 ,hints for the preparation of these scenes may be gained from the great paintings or their reproductions4 ,autumn ,memories ,the ,pilgrims ,an ,indian ,camp ,an ,indian ,village ,miles ,standish and his ,warriors ,the ,pilgrim's ,town ,meeting ,the ,pilgrims going to ,church ,the ,pilgrims ,hunting ,the ,pilgrims ,fishing ,the ,husking ,bee ,the ,dying ,year ,thanksgiving at ,home ,the ,harvest ,home 7,old ,english7 ,the ,country ,dance ,the ,love ,scene of ,priscilla and ,john ,alden ,miles ,standish's ,home ,many ,indian ,scenes from ,hiawatha ,many ,harvest ,home ,scenes ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,lincoln',s ,,birthday ,february #ab ,again thy birthday dawns1 ,o man beloved1 ,dawns on the land thy blood was shed to save1 ,and hearts of millions1 by one impulse moved1 ,bow and fresh laurels lay upon thy grave4 ,ida ,vose ,woodbury ,,lincoln',s ,,birthday ,,charles ,a4 ,,philhower1 ,,supervising ,,principal1 ,,westfield ,the observance of ,lincoln's birthday as a national holiday has grown steadily until twenty-four states have designated it by statute as a holiday4 ,the great emancipator is today our foremost national hero4 ,his most unusual career from the log cabin to the ,white ,house sets ambition and hope of attainment before the most lowly and the most favorably environed alike4 ,there are many salient reasons why the boys and girls of our schools should study the life of this great hero4 ,he established once and for all time the now inalienable right of life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness to all mankind4 ,early in life he was dubbed by his friends and neighbors with the enviable title of ,honest ,abe4 ,on the frontier we find him inuring himself to toil4 ,he was thoroughly acquainted with that slogan always necessary to success1 hard work4 ,his life was pure1 untainted with the vices which spring from luxury1 the lust for gain1 the greed for fame4 ,simple in living1 steadfast in purpose1 kindly in spirit1 he towered among his fellows1 exemplary of that manhood toward which all boys who would be of worth to mankind should aspire4 ,at the present time it is especially opportune that ,lincoln's birthday be celebrated most impressively4 ,the freedom for which we have just been fighting is a greater freedom than that of '#fa4 ,that was for the freedom of the slave1 this for a greater freedom of men already free2 that was freedom for a part of mankind1 this a freedom for all1 for the democracy of the world4 ,the principles for which he stood are the principles for which we must ever stand1 but the application of those principles is limitless in its scope4 ,it is for us to see that those who have sacrificed their lives in this great cause shall not have died in vain4 ,it is for the boys and girls in our schools today to carry to a successful issue this great project of making the world safe for democracy and democracy safe for the world1 and no small part of this work lies on our shoulders as teachers of boys and girls who will be citizens tomorrow4 ,the law requires that on the last school day preceding ,lincoln's birthday appropriate exercises be held for the development of a high spirit of patriotism4 ,the whole day should center around the life of ,lincoln4 ,for the afternoon a special program should be prepared and the parents of the school children invited by special letters written by the pupils of the school4 ,the pupils of each school should assist in working out the program4 ,in some schools1 in the upper grades the pupils should be held responsible for much of the work in program making4 ,each teacher and principal should arrange the work of the day and the special program to one end1 that of utilizing the great spirit and profound wisdom of a wonderful man to the establishment of a greater patriotism and the working out of the national problems before us4 ,the following general suggestions indicate the important factors to be considered in making a ,lincoln program4 ,point out the significance of the flag salute ,analyze the pledge ,sing patriotic songs ,the songs of today ,the songs of the past ,study ,lincoln's boyhood4 ,his career from the log cabin to the ,white ,house is phenomenal ,lincoln the lawyer and politician ,emphasize the work and honesty in the life of ,abraham ,lincoln ,president of the ,united ,states and statesman4 ,his great speeches ,read1 study and memorize the ,gettysburg speech4 ,each child should have a copy ,learn quotations1 and know their meaning and application ,collect a number of pictures of ,lincoln ,call special attention to the best statuary ,gutzon ,borglum's ,lincoln before the ,court ,house in ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 and the statue by ,saint ,gaudens in ,lincoln ,park1 ,chicago1 are the most worthy and should be particularly noted ,o ,captain1 ,my ,captain1 by ,whitman1 and ,the ,perfect ,tribute1 by ,mary ,shipman ,andrews1 should be read by the teacher ,do not neglect the great humor in his life2 children enjoy a joke ,pupils will enjoy writing acrostics on the name of ,lincoln ,the ,lincoln ,highway and the ,national ,lincoln ,memorial are recent monuments to the honor of this great man ,let the decorations of the room be in keeping with the celebration ,lincoln posters may be made in the drawing class ,the younger pupils will be interested in collecting the stamps with ,lincoln's picture ,civil ,war veterans1 ,civil ,war pictures1 ,civil ,war newspapers1 ,civil ,war correspondence1 will make vital contributions in vivifying the life of ,lincoln1 incidents of the ,war1 and this special observance4 ,invite veterans to come in and make brief speeches4 ,request pupils to bring old newspapers1 old correspondence1 war relics and the like with the assurance that they will be cared for and safely returned ,illustration3 ,saint ,gaudens' ,lincoln ,lincoln ,park1 ,chicago ,copyright by ,underwood ,underwood1 ,n4,y4 ,read letters from boys who were at the front4 ,collect war pictures from the ,sunday newspapers4 ,remember the boys from your community who went to war4 ,contrast the present war situation and practices with those of the ,civil ,war4 ,classroom activity of this kind may continue for the whole week4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,material ,,which ,,follows ,preparatory to the observance of ,lincoln's birthday teach carefully and thoroughly the ,gettysburg ,speech4 ,each pupil from the fifth grade through the high school ought to know this great masterpiece4 ,teach the occasion on which it was given1 which brought forth this great production1 the significance of the speech then and now1 and finally have each child give it from memory4 ,a contest in the delivery of ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,speech would interest the school and the public4 ,the winner should appear on the holiday program4 ,the placing in schools of ,lincoln ,memorial ,bronze ,tablets containing the ,gettysburg ,speech will give special significance to the observance4 ,this practice should be promoted4 ,every new school should have its ,lincoln ,memorial ,tablet4 ,the most interesting persons in the eyes of children are children4 ,they are most concerned with what kind of a boy ,lincoln was4 ,books such as ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln for ,boys and ,girls1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,moores1 and ,the ,boy's ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,nicolay1 should be made available4 ,pupils should be encouraged to tell to the class what they have found of interest in the accounts of his boyhood4 ,incidents of his honesty1 his desire for learning1 and habit of hard work1 will be brought forth and no effort should be spared to emphasize these most important characteristics4 ,strive for enthusiastic admiration1 and the imitation of these most desirable qualities will follow4 ,stories from his life1 incidents in his experience1 and periods in his career1 such as the twenty-two years on the farm1 the twenty-seven years in intellectual pursuits1 and the seven years in national service1 will give profitable material for work in ,english4 ,oral and written reproductions should be taught for some time before the holiday observance and the best of these used on this occasion4 ,mr4 ,judd ,stewart's suggestions 7given on another page7 respecting the study of ,lincoln's ,english are very valuable4 ,give an exercise or two in acrostic writing with the aim of setting forth in a succinct way his admirable character and laudable accomplishments4 ,a problem of this type appeals to children and has value in it4 ,the humorous stories of ,lincoln should not be neglected4 ,there is great need for high standards of humor1 jokes and jests with boys and girls4 ,every one should be able to tell a good story well4 ,the humor in ,lincoln's life presents good material for such teaching4 ,a study and memorizing of quotations may be begun early in the fall2 in fact1 such study should be pursued throughout the whole school course4 ,if this is done many pupils will be able to give on ,february twelfth their choice from among ,lincoln's sayings with reasons for their selections and with statements respecting the source of their admiration4 ,every pupil should have a stock of ,lincoln sayings at his command4 ,these selected thoughts should be a part of the thinking of boys and girls4 ,readings for the week preceding the holiday observance can be made from the following brief publications3 ,lincoln ,centenary ,ode1 ,percy ,mac,kaye ,commemorative ,ode1 ,james ,russell ,lowell ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,carl ,schurz ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,george ,bancroft ,the ,perfect ,tribute1 ,mary ,shipman ,andrews ,the selections should be read in their entirety1 in most cases by the teacher to the class4 ,if there is a pupil who is a very good reader1 such a pupil may do it effectively4 ,each school library ought to have a good selection of ,lincolnia from which the pupils could draw books for outside reading4 ,books such as these should be read by the class supplemental to the study of the ,civil ,war period4 ,a good teacher is able to read well ,o ,captain1 ,my ,captain1 and she reads it often to her pupils4 ,ultimately the children will get the spirit of the poem and some will be able to read it well or give it from memory4 ,the various poems herein mentioned are worthy of similar treatment4 ,as the ,gettysburg ,speech is studied1 so should the ,civil ,war songs be studied4 ,the ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic should be sung with all the feeling which its meaning is capable of conveying4 ,as much should be done with ,tenting on the ,old ,camp ,ground4 ,the allusion here is very impressive4 ,the sentiment is the song1 the tune is a mode of expression4 ,each school in the state should have a picture of ,lincoln4 ,it should be hung by the pupils where it can be seen by the youngest as well as the oldest4 ,a child does well in having a definite acquaintance with the rugged1 kindly face of ,lincoln4 ,a look at this picture should give renewed emphasis to his standards of living and the great principles which he established4 ,not long since a teacher said to me1 ,when ,i have a case of discipline where the pupil has difficulty in getting the right point of view ,i often say to the boy1 especially if he be of the upper grades1 ',go out into the hall and look for a few minutes at the fatherly face of the great ,lincoln and then come back to me and tell me what you think he would say in this case4' ,such procedure is extremely effective1 particularly when the pupil is acquainted with ,lincoln's sayings and the great principles for which he stood4 ,marshall's ,lincoln is a fine portrait for schools4 ,the decoration of the classroom will present demands for drawing and handwork activities such as picture frames1 draperies1 red1 white and blue chains1 and flag decorations4 ,much can be done in the making of posters with water colors and crayons1 in the artistic ornamentation of ,lincoln picture mounts on drawing paper1 and in the lettering and decoration of ,lincoln acrostics4 ,the use of ,lincoln picture cutouts2 the drawing or painting of flags1 the state seal and shields1 the ,american eagle2 perspective drawings of the log cabin1 the ,white ,house and the ,capitol are suggested activities4 ,postage stamps containing ,lincoln's picture may be used in connection with handwork and drawing activities4 ,booklets for acrostics1 anecdotes1 quotations1 brief biography or history incidents1 with appropriate cover design1 initial letters and simple illustrations will afford attractive and profitable projects4 ,many other ways and means of presenting the life of ,lincoln will suggest themselves to the active1 thinking teacher4 ,the whole object is to help boys and girls to know ,lincoln as he lived1 to make his life function in making their lives better and more worth while through his great thoughts1 high ideals and indefatigable spirit of work4 ,the following programs1 selections1 suggestions and bibliography are intended to make available some selected material which in many cases may not be accessible4 ,,assembly ,,program ,organization of ,school for exercises #a4 ,school orchestra #b4 ,two color bearers at each entrance to auditorium #c4 ,one color bearer with honorary guard of two at each side of platform #d4 ,color bearer for flag salute--center of platform ,program ,salute flag draped over ,lincoln portrait ,song1 ,america ,story of ,lincoln's life told by pupil,d ,reading ,gettysburg ,address by teacher ,solo ,when ,the ,boys ,come ,home ,reading ,civil ,war letter ,solo1 ,star ,spangled ,banner1 school joining in chorus ,talk by ,civil ,war veteran ,chorus sung by school1 ,keep the ,home ,fires ,burning ,salute ,formal dismissal in keeping with assembly ,d ,it would be well to have several pupils take part in this1 each presenting a period in ,lincoln's life4 ,,general ,,program ,,for ,,classroom ,place in front of the room the picture of ,lincoln veiled with the ,american ,flag ,unveil picture ,pupils stand in saluting posture ten seconds ,quote in concert1 verse from ,ida ,vose ,woodbury's ,lincoln's ,birthday ,song1 ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic ,brief story of life of ,lincoln 7compare autobiography74 7,told by an older pupil--not longer than five minutes7 ,at least three incidents from ,lincoln's life given by intermediate pupils ,damage to borrowed book ,returning of right change ,lincoln and the pig ,long walk to school ,wood chopping for log house ,lincoln and his sums ,illustrate on sand table ,lincoln's log house and the clearing of forest land ,recitation1 ,gettysburg ,speech ,o ,captain1 ,my ,captain read by teacher ,song1 ,my ,country ',tis of ,thee ,salute flag and give pledge3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag1 and to the republic for which it stands2 one nation1 indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all ,,intermediate ,,grade ,,program ,reading of acrostics1 using letters of ,lincoln's name ,make ,lincoln booklets ,conversational lesson in which each child contributes what he knows or was able to find about ,lincoln1 the teacher adding interesting items ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,speech recited by one child ,civil ,war newspaper articles read ,patriotic songs chosen by children sung ,pledge--,i pledge allegiance to my flag1 and to the republic for which it stands2 one nation1 indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all ,,primary ,,program ,picture of ,lincoln in front of room ,salute and pledge ,song1 ,america ,stories about ,lincoln selected and read by children from books brought from home or library ,recitation1 ,a ,prayer for our ,soldiers and ,sailors1 by ,oriola ,johnson ,marching and military exercises with flags ,lincoln's early boyhood told by pupil4 ,a few readings of sketches written by pupils4 ,request that each child take his composition home and read it to his parents ,song ,,kindergarten ,,observance #a4 ,morning ,circle ,singing ,tone plays about flag1 etc4 ,hail to the flag 7,gaynor7 #b4 ,morning talk about ,lincoln ,get from the children what they know about ,lincoln4 ,add to this until they know something of his life1 laying emphasis on his kindness1 obedience1 thoughtfulness1 bravery4 ,hint as to how these much admired qualities may be used by little children #c4 ,table ,work ,gift period ,make soldier hats from squares of newspaper4 ,build ,lincoln log house #d4 ,games 7a7 ,soldier ,boy1 where are you going8 7b7 ,parade for ,lincoln's ,birthday ,choice by children of best kindergarten soldiers to carry the flags in parade2 use drum #e4 ,table ,work ,occupation period ,make crayoneine frame around picture of ,lincoln ,take picture home #f4 ,sing ,america1 at least one verse ,,gettysburg ,,speech ,four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battle-field of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here1 have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note nor long remember what we say here1 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion2 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom2 and that the government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address ,lincoln's ideas respecting the injustice of the principles of slavery and the honesty of purpose in waging the ,civil ,war are set forth in the ,second ,inaugural ,speech4 ,this passage is probably the most beautiful1 the most chaste1 the most profound1 the grandest1 ever uttered by an ,american4 ,fellow-countrymen3 ,at this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office1 there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first4 ,then a statement somewhat in detail1 of a course to be pursued1 seemed fitting and proper4 ,now1 at the expiration of four years1 during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation1 little that is new could be presented4 ,the progress of our arms1 upon which all else chiefly depends1 is as well known to the public as to myself2 and it is1 ,i trust1 reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all4 ,with high hope for the future1 no prediction in regard to it is ventured4 ,on the occasion corresponding to this1 four years ago1 all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war4 ,all dreaded it2 all sought to avert it4 ,while the inaugural address was being delivered from this place1 devoted altogether to saving the ,union without war1 insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the ,union1 and divide effects1 by negotiation4 ,both parties deprecated war2 but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive1 and the other would accept war rather than let it perish4 ,and the war came4 ,the prayer of both could not be answered--those of neither have been answered fully4 ,the ,almighty has ,his own purposes4 ,woe unto the world because of offenses6 for it must needs be that offenses come2 but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh4 ,if we shall suppose that ,american slavery is one of those offenses which1 in the providence of ,god1 must needs come1 but which1 having continued through ,his appointed time1 ,he now wills to remove1 and that ,he gives to ,north and ,south this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came1 shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living ,god always ascribe to ,him8 ,fondly do we hope1 fervently do we pray1 that this mighty scourge of war may soon pass away4 ,yet1 if ,god wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk1 and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword1 as was said three thousand years ago1 so still it must be said1 ,the judgments of the ,lord are true and righteous altogether4 ,with malice toward none1 with charity for all1 with firmness in the right1 as ,god gives us to see the right1 let us strive on to finish the work we are in2 to bind up the nation's wounds2 to care for him who shall have borne the battle1 and for his widow and for his orphan2 to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves1 and with all nations4 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,abraham ,,lincoln',s ,,autobiography ,the following autobiography was written by ,mr4 ,lincoln's own hand at the request ,j4 ,w4 ,fell1 of ,springfield1 ,illinois1 ,december #bj1 #ahei4 ,in the note which accompanied it the writer says3 ,herewith is a little sketch1 as you requested4 ,there is not much of it1 for the reason1 ,i suppose1 that there is not much of me4 ,i was born ,february #ab1 #ahji1 in ,hardin ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,my parents were both born in ,virginia1 of undistinguished families--second families1 perhaps ,i should say4 ,my mother1 who died in my tenth year1 was of a family of the name of ,hanks1 some of whom now reside in ,adams ,county1 and others in ,mason ,county1 ,illinois4 ,my paternal grand-father1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 emigrated from ,rockingham ,county1 ,virginia1 to ,kentucky1 about #agha or #aghb1 where1 a year or two later1 he was killed by ,indians1 not in battle1 but by stealth1 when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest4 ,his ancestors1 who were ,quakers1 went to ,virginia from ,berks ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,an effort to identify them with the ,new ,england family of the same name ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of ,christian names in both families1 such as ,enoch1 ,levi1 ,mordecai1 ,solomon1 ,abraham1 and the like4 ,my father1 at the death of his father1 was but six years of age1 and grew up literally without any education4 ,he removed from ,kentucky to what is now ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana1 in my eighth year4 ,we reached our new home about the time the state came into the ,union4 ,it was a wild region1 with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods4 ,there ,i grew up4 ,there were some schools1 so called1 but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin'1 writin' and cipherin' to the rule of three4 ,if a straggler1 supposed to understand ,latin1 happened to sojourn in the neighborhood1 he was looked upon as a wizard4 ,there was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education4 ,of course1 when ,i came of age ,i did not know much4 ,still1 somehow1 ,i could read1 write1 and cipher to the rule of three1 but that was all4 ,i have not been to school since4 ,the little advance ,i now have upon this store of education ,i have picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity4 ,i was raised to farm work1 at which ,i continued till ,i was twenty-two4 ,at twenty-one ,i came to ,illinois1 and passed the first year in ,macon ,county4 ,then ,i got to ,new ,salem1 at that time in ,sangamon1 now ,menard ,county1 where ,i remained a year as a sort of clerk in a store4 ,then came the ,black ,hawk ,war1 and ,i was elected a captain of volunteers--a success which gave me more pleasure than any ,i have had since4 ,i went into the campaign1 was elected1 ran for the ,legislature the same year 7#ahcb71 and was beaten--the only time ,i have ever been beaten by the people4 ,the next and three succeeding biennial elections ,i was elected to the ,legislature4 ,i was not a candidate afterward4 ,during the legislative period ,i had studied law1 and removed to ,springfield1 to practice it4 ,in #ahdf ,i was elected to the ,lower ,house of ,congress4 ,was not a candidate for reelection4 ,from #ahdi to #ahed1 both inclusive1 practiced law more assiduously than ever before4 ,always a ,whig in politics1 and generally on the ,whig electoral ticket1 making active canvasses4 ,i was losing interest in politics when the repeal of the ,missouri ,compromise aroused me again4 ,what ,i have done since then is pretty well known4 ,if any personal description of me is thought desirable1 it may be said ,i am in height six feet four inches1 nearly2 lean in flesh1 weighing1 on an average1 one hundred and eighty pounds2 dark complexion1 with coarse black hair and gray eyes--no other marks or brands recollected4 ,,the ,,bixby ,,letter ,executive ,mansion1 ,washington1 ,november #ba1 #ahfd ,dear ,madam3 ,i have been shown in the files of the ,war ,department a statement of the ,adjutant-,general of ,massachusetts1 that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle4 ,i feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming4 ,but ,i cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the ,republic they have died to save4 ,i pray that our ,heavenly ,father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement1 and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost1 and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom4 ,yours1 very sincerely and respectfully ,abraham ,lincoln ,to ,mrs4 ,bixby ,boston1 ,massachusetts ,,sayings ,,from ,,lincoln',s ,,speeches ,let us have faith that right makes might2 and in that faith let us1 to the end1 dare to do our duty as we understand it4 ,i intend no modification of my oft-expressed wish that all men everywhere should be free4 ,a house divided against itself cannot stand4 ,i believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free4 ,i take the official oath today with no mental reservation and with no purpose to construe the constitution by any hypercritical rules4 ,you can have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government2 while ,i shall have the most solemn one to preserve1 protect and defend it4 ,the mystic chords of memory stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land1 will yet swell the chorus of ,union1 when again touched1 as surely they will be1 by the better angels of our nature4 ,in giving freedom to the slaves we assure freedom to the free--honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve4 ,do not swap horses in the middle of the stream4 ,you can fool part of the people all of the time1 and all of the people part of the time2 but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time4 ,i do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday4 ,the leading rule for the man of every calling is diligence2 never put off until tomorrow what you can do today4 ,i never let an idea escape1 but write it on a piece of paper and put it in a drawer4 ,in this way ,i sometimes save my best thoughts on a subject4 ,wealth is a superfluity of what we do not need4 ,come what will1 ,i will keep faith with friend and foe4 ,faith in ,god is indispensable to successful statesmanship4 ,god bless my mother2 all ,i am or hope to be ,i owe to her4 ,i will study and get ready and maybe my chance will come4 ,be sure you put your feet in the right place and then stand firm4 ,and having thus chosen our course1 without guile and with pure purpose1 let us renew our trust in ,god1 and go forward without fear and with manly hearts4 ,nothing valuable can be lost by taking time4 ,it is all in that one word--thorough4 ,let us strive on to finish the work we are in4 ,when you can't remove an obstacle plow around it4 ,the way for a young man to rise is to improve every way he can1 never suspecting that anybody wishes to hinder him4 ,to add brightness to the sun or glory to the name of ,washington is alike impossible4 ,let none attempt it4 ,in solemn awe pronounce the name and in its naked deathless splendor leave it shining on4 ,o ,,captain6 ,,my ,,captain6 ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 our fearful trip is done2 ,the ship has weather'd every rack1 the prize we sought is won2 ,the port is near1 the bells ,i hear1 the people all exulting1 ,while follow eyes the steady keel1 the vessel grim and daring4 ,but ,o heart6 heart6 heart6 ,o the bleeding drops of red1 ,where on the deck my ,captain lies1 ,fallen cold and dead4 ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 rise up and hear the bells2 ,rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills2 ,for you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding2 ,for you they call1 the swaying mass1 their eager faces turning4 ,here1 ,captain6 dear father6 ,this arm beneath your head6 ,it is some dream that on the deck1 ,you've fallen cold and dead4 ,my ,captain does not answer2 his lips are pale and still2 ,my father does not feel my arm2 he has no pulse nor will4 ,the ship is anchor'd safe and sound1 its voyage closed and done2 ,from fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won4 ,exult1 ,o shores1 and ring1 ,o bells6 ,but ,i with mournful tread1 ,walk the deck my ,captain lies1 ,fallen cold and dead4 ,walt ,whitman ,,the ,,unfinished ,,work ,the crowd was gone1 and to the side ,of ,borglum's ,lincoln1 deep in awe1 ,i crept4 ,it seemed a mighty tide ,within those aching eyes ,i saw4 ,great heart1 ,i said1 why grieve alway8 ,the battle's ended1 and the shout ,shall ring forever and a day-- ,why sorrow yet1 or darkly doubt8 ,freedom1 ,i plead1 so nobly won ,for all mankind1 and equal right1 ,shall with the ages travel on ,till time shall cease1 and day be night4 ,no answer--then2 but up the slope ,with broken gait1 and hands in clench1 ,a toiler came1 bereft of hope1 ,and sank beside him on the bench4 ,joseph ,fulford ,folsom ,,acrostic 7,written by a fifth grade child7 ,l is for ,lincoln1 brave and true ,i is for the ,iron nerve which helped him through ,n is for ,nation whose tongue sings his praise ,c is for ,colors on his birthday we raise ,o is for ,oration or speech he gave ,l is for ,liberty given the slave ,n is his ,name which ever we'll save ,illustration3 ,statue of ,lincoln by ,gutzon ,borglum ,in front of ,court ,house1 ,newark ,,the ,,boy ,,that ,,hungered ,,for ,,knowledge ,in his eagerness to acquire knowledge1 young ,lincoln had borrowed of ,mr4 ,crawford1 a neighboring farmer1 a copy of ,weems' ,life of ,washington--the only one known to be in existence in that section of the country4 ,before he had finished reading the book1 it had been left1 by a not unnatural oversight1 in a window4 ,meantime1 a rain storm came on1 and the book was so thoroughly wet as to make it nearly worthless4 ,this mishap caused him much pain2 but he went1 in all honesty1 to ,mr4 ,crawford with the ruined book1 explained the calamity that had happened through his neglect1 and offered1 not having sufficient money1 to work out the value of the book4 ,well1 ,abe1 said ,mr4 ,crawford1 after due deliberation1 as it's you1 ,i won't be hard on you4 ,just come over and pull fodder for me for two days1 and we will call our accounts even4 ,the offer was readily accepted1 and the engagement literally fulfilled4 ,as a boy1 no less than since1 ,abraham ,lincoln had an honorable conscientiousness1 integrity1 industry1 and an ardent love of knowledge4 ,,abe ,,lincoln',s ,,honesty ,lincoln could not rest for an instant under the consciousness that he had1 even unwittingly1 defrauded anybody4 ,on one occasion1 while clerking in ,offutt's store1 at ,new ,salem1 ,illinois1 he sold a woman a little bill of goods1 amounting in value by the reckoning1 to two dollars six and a quarter cents4 ,he received the money1 and the woman went away4 ,on adding the items of the bill again1 to make sure of its correctness1 he found that1 he had taken six and a quarter cents too much4 ,it was night and closing and locking the store1 he started out on foot1 a distance of two or three miles1 for the house of his defrauded customer1 and1 delivering over to her the sum whose possession had so much troubled him1 went home satisfied4 ,on another occasion1 just as he was closing the store for the night1 a woman entered1 and asked for a half pound of tea4 ,the tea was weighed out and paid for1 and the store was left for the night4 ,the next morning1 ,lincoln entered to begin the duties of the day1 when he discovered a four-ounce weight on the scales4 ,he saw at once that he had made a mistake1 and1 shutting the store1 he took a long walk before breakfast to deliver the remainder of the tea4 ,these are very humble incidents1 but they illustrate the man's perfect conscientiousness--his sensitive honesty--better perhaps than they would if they were of greater moment4 ,,young ,,lincoln',s ,,kindness ,,of ,,heart ,an instance of young ,lincoln's practical humanity at an early period of his life is recorded1 as follows3 ,one evening1 while returning from a raising in his wide neighborhood1 with a number of companions1 he discovered a straying horse1 with saddle and bridle upon him4 ,the horse was recognized as belonging to a man who was accustomed to excess in drink1 and it was suspected at once that the owner was not far off4 ,a short search only was necessary to confirm the suspicions of the young men4 ,the poor drunkard was found in a perfectly helpless condition1 upon the chilly ground4 ,abraham's companions urged the cowardly policy of leaving him to his fate1 but young ,lincoln would not hear to the proposition4 ,at his request1 the miserable sot was lifted to his shoulders1 and he actually carried him eighty rods to the nearest house4 ,sending word to his father that he should not be back that night1 with the reason for his absence1 he attended and nursed the man until the morning1 and had the pleasure of believing that he had saved his life4 ,a ,,bit ,,of ,,humor ,,from ,,the ,,busy ,,life ,,of ,,lincoln ,two persons who had been arguing with each other how long a man's legs should be in proportion to his body1 stepped into ,lincoln's office and asked him to settle the dispute4 ,to them he replied3 ,after much thought and consideration1 not to mention mental worry and anxiety1 it is my opinion1 all side issues being swept aside1 that a man's lower limbs1 in order to preserve harmony of proportion1 should be at least long enough to reach from his body to the ground4 ,,how ,,lincoln ,,and ,,judge ,b4 444 ,,swapped ,,horses ,when ,abraham ,lincoln was a lawyer in ,illinois1 he and a certain judge once got to bantering each other about trading horses1 and it was agreed that the next morning at nine o'clock they should make a trade1 the horses to be unseen up to that hour1 and no backing out1 under a forfeiture of #be4 ,at the hour appointed the ,judge came up1 leading the sorriest-looking specimen of a horse ever seen in those parts4 ,in a few minutes ,mr4 ,lincoln was seen approaching with a wooden sawhorse upon his shoulders4 ,great were the shouts and the laughter of the crowd1 and both were greatly increased when ,mr4 ,lincoln1 on surveying the ,judge's animal1 set down his sawhorse1 and exclaimed3 ,well1 ,judge1 this is the first time ,i ever got the worst of it in a horse trade4 ,the following paragraphs are quoted from a small pamphlet of ,mr4 ,judd ,stewart of ,plainfield1 ,new ,jersey1 entitled ,suggestions for a ,text ,book for ,students of ,english4 ,mr4 ,stewart is a profound student of ,lincoln1 and without doubt has the largest private collection of ,lincolnia in the ,united ,states4 ,it was recently suggested to me by a lieutenant in the navy1 a graduate of ,annapolis1 that in teaching ,english the writings and speeches of ,lincoln would be a very proper text-book4 ,this appeals to me most forcefully because all school children know who ,lincoln was1 know something of his ,gettysburg ,address1 know him as the ,emancipator of the ,slaves and probably a majority of them admire him4 ,therefore1 it seems to me that a text-book based upon1 or rather made up from ,lincoln's speeches and letters would be of great interest to the majority of children1 and by having such a text-book they would learn history and good expressive ,english at the same time and in a most interesting way4 ,the suggested text-book would consist of3 ,the ,house ,divided ,against ,itself ,speech1 in #aheh2 ,the ,first ,debate with ,douglas ,speech in #aheh2 ,the ,cooper ,institute ,speech1 #ahfj2 ,the ,first ,inaugural1 #ahfa2 ,the ,first ,message to ,congress1 #ahfa2 ,the ,emancipation ,proclamation1 #ahfc2 ,the ,gettysburg ,address1 #ahfc2 ,the ,letter to ,mrs4 ,bixby1 #ahfd2 ,the ,second ,inaugural1 #ahfe4 ,lincoln spent #di years of his life in preparation1 six years in the accomplishment of his work4 ,the study of his life is commended and commends itself to all thinking people4 ,why should we not teach his thoughts1 his modes of speech1 his simplicity of expression to those who with their children and descendants for ages will remember ,abraham ,lincoln1 the ,emancipator1 the ,martyr1 the ,greatest ,american8 ,attention should be given to the great statue of ,lincoln before the ,court ,house in ,newark1 ,new ,jersey4 ,it presents our most admired statesman seated on a bench absorbed in thought4 ,the statue is a wonderful work of art4 ,from every angle it is unique1 beautiful1 and a masterpiece4 ,at all times of day passersby may see the children of the city sitting in his arm1 lovingly admiring the fatherly face4 ,on his knees and on the bench they gather1 children of all races1 rejoicing in the freedom which he gave to mankind4 ,the statue was conceived and made by the ,sculptor ,gutzon ,borglum1 for ,amos ,h4 ,van,horn1 the donor4 ,it was presented to the ,lincoln ,post on ,may #cj1 #aiaa1 by ,chancellor ,mahlon ,pitney4 ,colonel ,theodore ,roosevelt received it in behalf of the ,post1 and ,mayor ,husaling made the speech of acceptance4 ,pass on1 thou that hast overcome4 ,your sorrows1 ,o people1 are his peace4 ,your bells and bands and muffled drums sound triumph in his ear4 ,wail and weep here2 ,god made it echo joy and triumph there4 ,pass on4 ,four years ago1 ,o ,illinois1 we took from your midst an untried man1 and from amongst the people4 ,we return him to you a mighty conqueror4 ,not thine any more1 but the ,nation's2 not ours1 but the world's4 ,give him place1 ,o ye prairies4 ,in the midst of this great continent his dust shall rest1 a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism4 ,ye winds that move over the mighty places of the ,west1 chant his requiem4 ,ye people1 behold a martyr whose blood as so many articulate words1 pleads for fidelity1 for law1 for liberty4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,washington',s ,,birthday ,february #bb ,it was almost unconsciously that men learned to cling to ,washington with a trust and faith such as few other men have won1 and to regard him with a reverence which still hushes us in presence of his memory4 ,green ,,washington',s ,,birthday ,,henry ,w4 ,,foster1 ,,supervising ,,principal1 ,,south ,,orange ,february is the greatest month for the teaching of patriotism4 ,the national heroes1 ,washington and ,lincoln1 whose birthdays we celebrate1 give distinction to two of its days4 ,the time falls happily in midyear1 when pupils and teachers alike need inspiration for a new period of sustained effort requiring determination and vigor4 ,it has been shown very clearly that through its schools a nation can be trained in ideals which will govern national life and conduct4 ,neither ,washington nor ,lincoln1 however1 owed his heroic quality to schools2 but they did owe it to the very same ideals for which our schools stand4 ,indeed1 their greatest service to mankind is the fact that they incarnated those ideals4 ,it is not so easy to venerate abstract principles and to submit one's life to them as it is to imitate great personalities whose deeds have embodied those principles4 ,because we love our national heroes and venerate them personally1 they still live and work through us4 ,the principles of democracy are established eternally in their deeds and in ours4 ,the child who writes an appreciation of ,washington1 or recites from his addresses1 or renders a poem commemorating him1 or dramatizes something from his life1 enters into his spirit1 and in the child ,washington lives again4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence asserts the lofty principle of equality in liberty4 ,all men are created free1 and equal in the right to life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness4 ,it is a declaration of rights1 not of duties4 ,each person has a right to his life1 his liberty1 the pursuit of his happiness4 ,the deeds of ,washington embodied not only these principles1 but emphasized the duty of service4 ,in our time our country has fully justified a new statement of political faith1 which ,washington lived4 ,all men are born equal in the right to opportunity--each to make the best of himself--so that he may render the best service4 ,think not of the reward6 ,on the whole1 service is requited according to its worth4 ,too many want to do what they can't do1 and won't do what they can do6 ,it may be pride1 or it may be looking for an undeserved reward4 ,the school should train for service1 and teach self-respect in doing the best that one can in the thing for which he is best fitted4 ,washington sought no reward2 but he commands the undying veneration1 not only of his countrymen1 but of all mankind4 ,speaking of the retirement of ,washington1 at a time when party spirit against the policy of the great founder and preserver of the ,republic was calculated to arouse bitterness in a less noble man1 ,knight1 in his ,history of ,england1 says3 ,had his nature been different1 had his ambition been less under the control of his virtue1 he might have taken up his sword and1 sweeping away his enemy1 have raised himself to supreme power upon the ruins of his country's liberty4 ,he retired to his estate at ,mount ,vernon to pass the rest of his days as a private citizen4444 ,washington's scheme of glory was realized4 ,he had been a ruler of free men1 ruling by the power of law4 ,he laid down his authority when he had done the work to which he was called1 most happy in this1 that ambitions of a selfish order could never be justified by his example4 ,washington's point of view as a ruler of men was unique at that period in the world's history4 ,we need to teach from the life of ,washington that same respect for ,english ideals of government which he maintained and defended1 even by revolting against the ,english king4 ,too many of our people have grown up in hatred of ,england1 through the story of the ,revolution and the ,war of #ahab1 and the unfortunate attitude of aristocratic ,england in our ,civil ,war4 ,how does ,england1 the heart and brain of ,england1 regard us8 ,if we know that she sympathizes with our ideals and her heart has been with us all the time1 shall we not feel safe with her1 and find in ,englishmen brothers with whom we may work for the good of the world8 ,english historians have an appreciation of ,washington which we cannot surpass4 ,writing ,english history for the instruction of ,english boys and girls1 and men and women1 they justify our ,revolution and laud our national hero as a world hero4 ,no ,american orator has ever magnified ,washington in more laudatory terms than are to be found in ,green's ,history of ,england4 ,green says3 ,washington more than any of his fellow colonists represented the clinging of the ,virginia land owner to the ,mother ,country1 and his acceptance of the command proved that even the most moderate of them had no hope now save in arms4 ,illustration3 ,stuart's ,washington ,copyright by ,underwood ,underwood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for the future we shall need a better understanding of our ,english brothers4 ,this cannot better be attained than by knowing well that our ideals are held in the same regard by them as by ourselves4 ,there was one man who was the chief instrument in the hands of ,providence for conducting the war1 by his energy1 prudence1 and constancy1 to that triumphant assertion of ,independence which has built up the great ,north ,american republic4 ,to ,washington the historian naturally turns1 as to the grandest object of contemplation1 when he laid aside his victorious sword--that sword which1 with those he had worn in his earlier career1 he bequeathed to his nephews with words characteristic of his nobleness3 ,these swords are accompanied with an injunction not to unsheathe them for the purpose of shedding blood1 except it be for self-defence1 or in defence of their ,country and its rights1 and in the latter case to keep them unsheathed1 and prefer falling with them in their hands to the relinquishment thereof4 ,the ,united ,colonies in ,america had such a man as ,washington to control the destinies of our country in the making4 ,the new nation had such a man for a leader during the early years of trial and promise4 ,the nation today has the records1 accomplishments and deeds of the national hero1 ,washington1 to ever honor1 venerate and imitate4 ,the school children of the great state of ,new ,jersey should be happy to learn from the life of this great man lessons of service1 respect for law and order1 truthfulness and patriotism4 ,,quotations ,according to ,captain ,mercer1 the following describes ,washington when he took his seat in the ,house of ,burgesses in #agei3 ,he is as straight as an ,indian1 measuring six feet two inches in his stockings1 and weighing one hundred and seventy-five pounds4 ,his head is well shaped1 though not large1 and is gracefully poised on a superb neck1 with a large1 and straight rather than prominent nose2 blue-gray penetrating eyes1 which are widely separated and overhung by heavy brows4 ,a pleasing1 benevolent1 though commanding countenance1 dark-brown hair1 features regular and placid1 with all the muscles under control1 with a large mouth1 generally firmly closed4 ,houdon's bust accords with this description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to the man of all men for whom his manly heart felt most tenderness1 to ,lafayette1 it is that he wrote the beautiful letter of ,february #a1 #aghd1 unaware that his rest was only temporary1 and that he was to become the first ,president of the country he had given life to3 ,at length1 my dear marquis1 ,i am become a private citizen on the banks of the ,potomac1 and under the shadow of my own vine and my own fig-tree1 free from the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life1 ,i am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments of which the soldier who is ever in pursuit of fame1 the statesman whose watchful days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the welfare of his own1 perhaps the ruin of other countries1 as if the globe was insufficient for us all 444 can have very little conception4 ,i have not only retired from all public employments1 but ,i am retiring within myself1 and shall be able to view the solitary walk of private life with heart-felt satisfaction4 ,envious of none1 ,i am determined to be pleased with all2 and this1 my dear friend1 being the order for my march1 ,i will move gently down the stream of life until ,i sleep with my fathers4 ,j4 ,j4 ,jusserand ,among these men whose union in purpose and action made the strength and stability of the republic1 ,washington was first1 not only in the largeness of his nature1 the loftiness of his desires1 and the vigor of his will1 but also in that representative quality which makes a man able to stand as the true hero of a great people4 ,he had an instinctive power to divine1 amid the confusions of rival interests and the cries of factional strife1 the new aims and hopes1 the vital needs and aspirations1 which were the common inspiration of the people's cause and the creative forces of the ,american nation4 ,the power to understand this1 the faith to believe in it1 and the unselfish courage to live for it1 was the central factor of ,washington's life1 the heart and fountain of his splendid ,americanism4 ,henry van ,dyke ,how did ,george ,washington look8 asked ,nell2 ,what was he like8 ,won't you please to tell8 ,thus ,i answered3 ,a courtly man1 ,wearing his honors as heroes can4 ,erect and tall1 with his six feet two2 ,knee-breeches1 buckles1 frills and queue2 ,powdered brown hair2 blue eyes1 far apart2 ,strong-limbed and fearless1 with gentle heart2 ,gracious in manner toward every one-- ,such1 my ,nellie1 was ,washington4 ,washington one day came across a small band of soldiers working very hard at raising some military works1 under command of a pompous little officer1 who was issuing his orders in a peremptory style indeed4 ,washington1 seeing the very arduous task of the men1 dismounted from his horse1 lent a helping hand1 perspiring freely1 till the weight at which they were working was raised4 ,then1 turning to the officer1 he inquired why he1 too1 had not helped1 and received the indignant reply3 ,don't you know ,i'm the corporal8 ,ah1 well1 said ,washington1 next time your men are raising so heavy a weight1 send for your commander-in-chief4 ,and he strode off1 leaving the corporal dumbfounded4 ,an ,american sailor landing in ,england shortly after the close of the ,war of the ,revolution took a first-class seat in a stage coach1 but was told to get out1 as such seats were reserved for gentlemen4 ,i am a gentleman1 said the sailor4 ,who made gentlemen out of fellows like you8 asked the coach guard4 ,george ,washington1 said the sailor2 and he kept his seat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no nobler figure ever stood in the forefront of a nation's life4 ,washington was grave and courteous in address2 his manners were simple and unpretending1 his silence and the serene calmness of his temper spoke of a perfect self-mastery2 but there was little in his outer bearing to reveal the grandeur of soul which lifts his figure1 with all the simple majesty of an ancient statue1 out of the smaller passions1 the meaner impulses of the world around him4 ,what recommended him for command was simply his weight among his fellow landowners of ,virginia1 and the experience of war which he had gained by service in border contests with the ,french and the ,indians1 as well as in ,braddock's luckless expedition against ,fort ,duquesne4 ,it was only as the weary fight went on that the colonists learned little by little the greatness of their leader1 his clear judgment1 his heroic endurance1 his silence under difficulties1 his calmness in the hour of danger or defeat1 the patience with which he waited1 the quickness and hardness with which he struck1 the lofty and serene sense of duty that never swerved from its task through resentment or jealousy1 that never through war or peace felt the touch of a meaner ambition1 that knew no aim save that of guarding the freedom of his fellow countrymen1 and no personal longing save that of returning to his own fireside when their freedom was secured4 ,it was almost unconsciously that men learned to cling to ,washington with a trust and faith such as few other men have won1 and to regard him with a reverence which still hushes us in presence of his memory4 ,even ,america hardly recognized his real greatness till death set its seal on the man first in war1 first in peace1 and first in the hearts of his fellow countrymen4 ,j4 ,r4 ,green ,washington is the mightiest name on earth1 long since mightiest in the cause of civil liberty1 still mightiest in moral reformation4 ,on that name a eulogy is expected4 ,it cannot be4 ,to add brightness to the sun or glory to the name of ,washington is alike impossible4 ,let none attempt it4 ,in solemn awe pronounce the name1 and in its naked1 deathless splendor leave it shining on4 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,life ,,of ,,washington,e ,e ,reprinted by permission from ,the ,book of ,holidays1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,spadden4 ,copyright #aiag by ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,company4 ,the story of ,george ,washington's life has been often told1 but it is worth repeating4 ,it was an active1 busy life from his earliest days1 beginning as it did away back in ,colonial times when the country was wild and unsettled4 ,washington was born in ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia1 in #agcb4 ,there is no reliable record of his early education1 but it has been supposed that the first school he ever attended was a little old field school kept by one of his father's tenants1 named ,hobby1 who was both sexton and schoolmaster4 ,even at this early age ,george was fond of playing at war4 ,he used to divide his playmates into parties and armies4 ,one of them was called the ,french and the other ,american4 ,a big boy named ,william ,bustle commanded the ,french1 and ,george commanded the ,americans4 ,every day1 with cornstalks for muskets and gourds for drums1 the two armies would turn out and march and fight4 ,george was not remarkable as a scholar1 but he had a liking for mathematics4 ,he was of a more serious turn of mind than most boys of his age4 ,his last two years at school were devoted to engineering1 geometry1 trigonometry1 and surveying1 and at sixteen years of age he was appointed a public surveyor4 ,his new employment brought him a handsome salary1 and well it might2 for it took him into the perils and hardships of the wilderness1 often meeting savage chieftains1 or fording swollen streams1 climbing rugged mountains1 breasting furious storms1 wading through snowdrifts1 sleeping in the open air1 and living upon the coarse food of hunters and of ,indians4 ,but everywhere he gained the admiration of the backwoodsmen and the ,indians by his manly bearing and his wonderful endurance4 ,in the year #agea the frontiers of the colony of ,virginia were constantly being attacked by the ,french and the ,indians1 so it was decided to divide the colony into military districts under a major2 and when he was but nineteen1 ,george ,washington received one of these appointments4 ,two years later he was sent to the ,french1 who were becoming threatening1 to find out their intentions and to warn them against invading ,virginian territory4 ,this important mission made it necessary for him to journey six hundred miles through the wilderness2 but he carried out his instructions successfully1 and traveled the whole distance without an escort4444 ,in #agee ,george ,washington served under the ,british officer1 ,general ,braddock1 showing great bravery under fire at the battle of ,monongahela1 against the ,french and ,indians1 which would probably not have been lost if the general had taken ,washington's advice4 ,in #agei ,washington married a widow named ,martha ,custis1 with two children1 ,john and ,martha ,parke ,custis4 ,he was a great favorite with the two youngsters1 and used to order toys1 dolls1 and gingerbreads for them from ,london4 ,mrs4 ,custis had a large estate and so had ,washington1 and the management cf them took up all of his time4 ,when the disputes between ,england and the ,american colonies were at their height1 in #aggd1 he became a member of the ,first ,continental ,congress1 and the following year was chosen by that body ,commander-in-,chief of the ,continental army4 ,for this position his training and his surveying experiences had thoroughly fitted him4 ,he took command of the troops at ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 on ,july #c1 #agge2 but it was a poor army that he found under him4 ,it was in want of arms1 ammunition1 and general equipment4 ,washington1 however1 kept it together with patience and skill during the trying years of the ,revolution4 ,the war lasted six years and ended with the surrender of the ,british commander1 ,cornwallis1 at ,yorktown1 ,virginia1 in #agha4 ,during all this time ,washington had had to contend with the greatest difficulties4 ,the troops were poorly paid or equipped2 often there were disputes among the officers1 and ,congress did not know the army's needs2 but the ,general always kept the confidence of his men until victory was assured4444 ,in #aghc ,washington bade farewell to his army1 and for the next six years lived the simple life of a country gentleman on his estate at ,mount ,vernon1 attending to the affairs of his homestead and property4 ,in #aghi he was again called from private life1 to become first president of the ,united ,states4 ,congress was sitting at ,new ,york1 for which city he started1 in ,april4 ,he disliked fuss and ceremony1 but the people could not be restrained from showing their love and admiration4 ,his progress through ,new ,jersey was amid constant cheering1 ringing of bells1 and the booming of cannon4 ,at ,elizabethtown he embarked on a splendid barge1 followed by other barges and boats1 making a long water procession up the ,bay of ,new ,york1 the ships in the harbor being decorated with colors1 and firing salutes as it passed4 ,the inauguration took place on ,april #cj1 #aghi1 at the old ,city ,hall1 in ,wall ,street1 ,broad ,street being crowded with thousands of people as far as the eye could reach4 ,in #agic1 he was re-elected for a second term of four years1 after which he bade farewell to the people and retired into private life4 ,on the #abth of ,december1 #agii1 he caught a severe cold in making the round of his plantations and died two days later1 in his sixty-eighth year4 ,in number of years he had not lived a long life1 but how much was crowded into it6 ,most of the portraits of ,washington show him as a serious-looking gentleman in a wig1 and the earliest biographies of him would lead us to believe that he was always on his dignity4 ,but our first president was1 in fact1 a very genial man1 with a hearty laugh1 who enjoyed going to the theater1 was fond of fox-hunting and was a thorough sportsman1 and1 as he himself admitted1 had a hot temper4 ,towards young people and children he was always very gracious and kind4444 ,like ,lincoln1 ,washington was very athletic4 ,both of our two great presidents were tall men3 ,washington was six feet two inches2 ,lincoln was six feet four4 ,when he first visited the ,natural ,bridge1 in ,virginia1 ,washington threw a stone to the top1 a distance of about two hundred feet1 and1 climbing the rocks1 carved his name far above all others4444 ,in all the positions which he was called upon to fill1 in his remarkable life1 whether as host at his home1 as surveyor1 as general1 or as president1 ,washington showed the same desire to give the best that was in him for his people1 his country1 and for humanity at large4 ,he endeared himself to the lowly and he gained the admiration of the great4 ,he was never influenced by mean motives1 and those who were under him loved him4 ,thus it was that among ,americans he came to be regarded as ,first in war1 first in peace1 first in the hearts of his countrymen2 and when his death became known on the other side of the ,atlantic ,ocean1 the armies of ,napoleon in ,france1 and the fleet of ,great ,britain1 his former enemy1 did homage to his memory4 ,washington's birthday was celebrated even during his lifetime1 and he had the satisfaction of receiving the congratulations of his fellow-citizens many times upon the return of this day1 frequently being a guest at banquets given in honor of the occasion4 ,in fact1 after the ,revolution1 ,washington's birthday practically took the place of the birthday of the various crowned heads of ,great ,britain1 which had always been celebrated with enthusiasm during colonial times4 ,when independence was established1 all these royal birthdays were cast aside1 and the birthday of ,washington naturally became one of the most widely celebrated of ,american holidays4444 ,let us not forget what we owe to ,washington1 or make him merely a name--an excuse for a holiday4 ,let us remember him as a real1 flesh and blood man--one of the greatest known to history4 ,he gave us a nation to make it immortal2 ,he laid down for ,freedom the sword that he drew2 ,and his faith leads us on through the uplifting portal ,of the glories of peace and our destinies new4 ,j4 ,walker ,mc,spadden ,,selections ,,from ,,the ,,rules ,,of ,,civility 7,copied by ,washington at the age of fourteen from an old translation of a ,french book of #aeie47 ,show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another1 though he were your enemy4 ,when you see a crime punished you may be inwardly pleased2 but always show pity to the suffering offender4 ,superfluous compliments and all affectation of ceremony are to be avoided2 yet1 where due1 they are not to be neglected4 ,when a man does all he can1 though it succeed not well1 blame not him that did it4 ,be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any4 ,in your apparel be modest1 and endeavor to accommodate ,nature1 rather than to procure admiration2 keep to the fashion of your equals4 ,associate yourself with men of good quality1 if you esteem your own reputation2 for 'tis better to be alone than in bad company4 ,speak not injurious words neither in jest nor in earnest2 scoff at none1 although they give occasion4 ,gaze not at the marks or blemishes of others1 and ask not how they came4 ,what you may speak in secret to your friend1 deliver not before others4 ,nothing but harmony1 honest industry1 and frugality are necessary to make us a great people4 ,first impressions are generally the most lasting4 ,it is therefore absolutely necessary1 if you mean to make any figure upon the stage1 that you should take the first steps right4 ,there is a destiny which has the control of our actions not to be resisted by the strongest efforts of ,human ,nature4 ,let your heart feel for the afflictions and distresses of everyone1 and let your hand give in proportion to your purse2 remembering always the widow's mite1 but that it is not everyone who asketh that deserveth charity2 all1 however1 are worthy the inquiry1 or the deserving may suffer4 ,i consider storms and victory under the direction of a wise ,providence1 who no doubt directs them for the best purposes1 and to bring round the greatest degree of happiness to the greatest number4 ,happiness depends more upon the internal frame of a person's mind1 than on the externals in the world4 ,to constitute a dispute there must be two parties4 ,to understand it well1 both parties and all the circumstances must be fully heard2 and to accommodate differences1 temper and mutual forbearance are requisite4 ,idleness is disreputable under any circumstances2 productive of no good1 even when unaccompanied by vicious habits4 ,it is not uncommon in prosperous gales to forget that adverse winds blow4 ,economy in all things is as commendable in the manager1 as it is beneficial and desirable to the employer4 ,it is unfortunate when men cannot or will not see danger at a distance2 or seeing it1 are undetermined in the means which are necessary to avert or keep it afar off4 ,every man who is in the vigor of life ought to serve his country in whatever line it requires1 and he is fit for4 ,rise early1 that by habit it may become familiar1 agreeable1 healthy1 and profitable4 ,it may1 for a while1 be irksome to do this1 but that will wear off2 and the practice will produce a rich harvest forever thereafter1 whether in public or in private walks of life4 ,,said ,,by ,,washington ,to be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace4 ,there is a rank due to the ,united ,states among nations which will be withheld1 if not absolutely lost1 by the reputation of weakness4 ,the propitious smiles of ,heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which ,heaven itself has ordained4 ,the very idea of the power and right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government4 ,if there was the same propensity in mankind for investigating the motives1 as there is for censuring the conduct1 of public characters1 it would be found that the censure so freely bestowed is oftentimes unmerited and uncharitable4 ,where is the man to be found who wishes to remain indebted for the defense of his own person and property to the exertions1 the bravery1 and the blood of others1 without making one generous effort to repay the debt of honor and gratitude8 ,there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness1 between duty and advantage1 between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity4 ,against the insidious wiles of foreign influence the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake4 ,the name ,american must always exalt the just pride of ,patriotism4 ,to the efficacy and permanency of your union a government for the whole is indispensable4 ,every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest should be indignantly frowned upon4 ,let us impart all the blessings we possess1 or ask for ourselves1 to the whole family of mankind4 ,let us erect a standard to which the wise and honest may repair4 ',tis substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government4 ,it is incumbent upon every person of every description to contribute to his country's welfare4 ,it would be repugnant to the vital principles of our government virtually to exclude from public trusts1 talents and virtue1 unless accompanied by wealth4 ,give such encouragements to our own navigation as will render our commerce less dependent on foreign bottoms4 ,i have never made an appointment from a desire to serve a friend or relative4 ,labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire1 conscience4 ,,washington',s ,,farewell ,,to ,,the ,,army 7,dated at ,rocky ,hill1 near ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey1 ,november #b1 #aghc7 ,it is universally acknowledged that the enlarged prospects of happiness1 opened by the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty1 almost exceed the power of description4 ,and shall not the brave men who have contributed so essentially to these inestimable acquisitions1 retiring victorious from the field of war to the field of agriculture1 participate in all the blessings which have been obtained8 ,in such a republic1 who will exclude them from the rights of citizens and the fruits of their labor8 ,to those hardy soldiers who are actuated by the spirit of adventure1 the fisheries will afford ample and profitable employment2 and the extensive and fertile regions of the ,west will yield a most happy asylum to those who1 fond of domestic enjoyment1 are seeking personal independence4 ,little is now wanting to enable the soldier to change the military character into that of a citizen but that steady and decent behavior which has distinguished not only the army under this immediate command1 but the different detachments and separate armies through the course of the war4 ,to the various branches of the army the ,general takes this last and solemn opportunity of professing his inviolable attachment and friendship4 ,he can only again offer in their behalf his recommendations to their grateful country and his prayers to the ,god of armies4 ,may ample justice be done them here1 and may favors1 both here and hereafter1 attend those who1 under the divine auspices1 have secured innumerable blessings for others6 ,with these wishes and this benediction the commander-in-chief is about to retire from service4 ,the curtain of separation will soon be drawn1 and the military scene to him will be closed forever6 ,,washington',s ,,farewell ,,address 7,to the ,people of the ,united ,states--,september #ag1 #agif7 ,friends and ,fellow-,citizens3 ,the period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive ,government of the ,united ,states being not far distant1 and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust it appears to me proper1 especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice1 that ,i should now apprise you of the resolution ,i have formed1 to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made4444 ,illustration3 ,statue of ,washington at ,west ,point ,presented to the ,united ,states ,military ,academy by a ,veteran of the ,civil ,war ,copyright by ,underwood ,underwood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,in looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the career of my public life my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which ,i owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me2 still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me1 and for the opportunities ,i have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment1 by services faithful and persevering1 though in usefulness unequal to my zeal4 ,if benefits have resulted to our country from these services1 let it always be remembered to your praise1 and as an instructive example in our annals1 that under circumstances in which the passions1 agitated in every direction1 were liable to mislead1 amidst appearances sometimes dubious1 vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging1 in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism1 the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts1 and a guarantee of the plans by which they were effected4 ,profoundly penetrated with this idea1 ,i shall carry it with me to my grave1 as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that ,heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence2 that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual2 that the free ,constitution1 which is the work of your hands1 may be sacredly maintained2 that its administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue2 that1 in fine1 the happiness of the people of these ,states1 under the auspices of liberty1 may be made complete1 by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing1 as will acquire for them the glory of recommending it to the applause1 the affection and adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it4 ,here1 perhaps1 ,i ought to stop4 ,but a solicitude for your welfare1 which cannot end but with my life1 and the apprehension of danger1 natural to that solicitude1 urge me1 on an occasion like the present1 to offer to your solemn contemplation1 and to recommend to your frequent review1 some sentiments1 which are the result of much reflection1 of no inconsiderable observation1 and which appear to me all important to the permanency of your felicity as a ,people4 ,interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts1 no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment4 ,the unity of government1 which constitutes you one people1 is also now dear to you4 ,it is justly so2 for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence1 the support of your tranquility at home1 your peace abroad2 of your safety2 of your prosperity2 of that very liberty which you so highly prize4 ,but as it is easy to foresee that from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken1 many artifices employed1 to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth2 as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively 7though often covertly and insidiously7 directed1 it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national ,union to your collective and individual happiness2 that you should cherish a cordial1 habitual1 and immovable attachment to it1 accustoming yourself to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity2 watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety2 discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can1 in any event1 be abandoned2 and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest1 or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts4 ,for this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest4 ,citizens1 by birth or choice1 of a common country1 that country has a right to concentrate your affections4 ,the name ',american1' which belongs to you in your national capacity1 must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations4 ,with slight shades of difference1 you have the same religion1 manners1 habits1 and political principles4 ,you have in a common cause fought and triumphed together2 the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels1 and joint efforts1 of common dangers1 sufferings1 and successes4 ,but these considerations1 however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility1 are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest4 ,here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole4444 ,to the efficacy and permanency of your union a government for the whole is indispensable4 ,no alliances1 however strict1 between the parts can be an adequate substitute2 they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced4 ,sensible of this momentous truth1 you have improved upon your first essay by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated than your former for an intimate union and for the efficacious management of your common concerns4 ,this government1 the offspring of our own choice1 uninfluenced and unawed1 adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation1 completely free in its principles1 in the distribution of its powers uniting security with energy and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment1 has a just claim to your confidence and your support4 ,respect for its authority1 compliance with its laws1 acquiescence in its measures1 are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty4 ,the basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government4 ,but the constitution which at any time exists1 till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people1 is sacredly obligatory upon all4 ,the very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government4 ,all obstructions to the execution of the laws1 all combinations and associations1 under whatever plausible character1 with the real design to direct1 control1 counteract1 or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities1 are destructive of this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency4 ,they serve to organize faction1 to give an artificial and extraordinary force3 to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation1 the will of a party1 often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community2 and1 according to the alternate triumphs of different parties1 to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction1 rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels1 and modified by mutual interests4444 ,towards the preservation of your government1 and the permanency of your present happy state1 it is requisite1 not only that you steadily discountenance irregular opposition to its acknowledged authority1 but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles1 however specious the pretext4 ,one method of assault may be to effect1 in the forms of the constitution1 alterations which will impair the energy of the system1 and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown4 ,in all the changes to which you may be invited1 remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of government as of other human institutions2 that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country2 that facility in changes1 upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion1 exposes to perpetual change1 from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion2 and remember1 especially1 that1 for the efficient management of your common interests1 in a country so extensive as ours1 a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable4 ,liberty itself will find in such a government1 with powers properly distributed and adjusted1 its surest guardian4 ,it is1 indeed1 little else than a name1 where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprise of faction1 to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws1 and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property4444 ,of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity1 religion and morality are indispensable supports4 ,in vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness1 these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens4 ,the mere politician1 equally with the pious man1 ought to respect and to cherish them4 ,a volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity4 ,let it simply be asked1 where is the security for property1 for reputation1 for life1 if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice8 ,and let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion4 ,whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure1 reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle4444 ,promote1 then1 as an object of primary importance1 institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge4 ,in proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened4 ,as a very important source of strength and security1 cherish public credit4 ,one method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible1 avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace1 but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it2 avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt1 not only by shunning occasions of expense1 but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned1 not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear4 ,the execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives1 but it is necessary that the public opinion should cooperate4444 ,observe good faith and justice towards all nations2 cultivate peace and harmony with all4 ,religion and morality enjoin this conduct2 and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it8 ,it will be worthy of a free1 enlightened1 and1 at no distant period1 a great nation1 to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence4 ,,tributes ,the life of our ,washington cannot suffer by a comparison with those of other countries who have been most celebrated and exalted by fame4 ,the attributes and decorations of royalty could have only served to eclipse the majesty of those virtues which made him1 from being a modest citizen1 a more resplendent luminary4 ,malice could never blast his honor1 and envy made him a single exception to her universal rule4 ,for himself he had lived enough to life and to glory4 ,for his fellow-citizens1 if their prayers could have been answered1 he would have been immortal4 ,his example is complete1 and it will teach wisdom and virtue to magistrates1 citizens1 and men1 not only in the present age1 but in future generations1 as long as our history shall be read4 ,john ,adams ,washington stands alone and unapproachable like a snow peak rising above its fellows into the clear air of morning1 with a dignity1 constancy1 and purity which have made him the ideal type of civic virtue to succeeding generations4 ,james ,bryce ,first in war1 first in peace1 first in the hearts of his countrymen1 he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life1 pious1 just1 humane1 temperate1 and sincere1 uniform1 dignified1 and commanding1 his example was as edifying to all around him1 as were the effects of that example lasting4 ,henry ,lee ,others of our great men have been appreciated--many admired by all4 ,but him we love4 ,him we all love4 ,about and around him we call up no dissentient and discordant and dissatisfied elements1 no sectional prejudice nor bias1 no party1 no creed1 no dogma of politics4 ,none of these shall assail him4 ,when the storm of battle blows darkest and rages highest1 the memory of ,washington shall nerve every ,american arm and cheer every ,american heart4 ,it shall relume that ,promethean fire1 that sublime flame of patriotism1 that devoted love of country1 which his words have commended1 which his example has consecrated4 ,rufus ,choate ,let a man fasten himself to some great idea1 some large truth1 some noble cause1 even in the affairs of this world1 and it will send him forward with energy1 with steadfastness1 with confidence4 ,this is what ,emerson meant when he said3 ,hitch your wagon to a star4 ,these are the potent1 the commanding1 the enduring men--in our own history1 men like ,washington and ,lincoln4 ,they may fail1 they may be defeated1 they may perish2 but onward moves the cause1 and their souls go marching on with it1 for they are part of it1 they have believed in it4 ,henry van ,dyke ,brave without temerity1 laborious without ambition1 generous without prodigality1 noble without pride1 virtuous without severity--,washington seems always to have confined himself within those limits where the virtues1 by clothing themselves in more lively but more changeable and doubtful colors1 may be mistaken for faults4 ,inspiring respect1 he inspires confidence1 and his smile is always the smile of benevolence4 ,marquis ,chastelleux ,great without pomp1 without ambition brave1 ,proud1 not to conquer fellow-men1 but save2 ,friend to the weak1 a foe to none but those ,who plan their greatness on their brethren's woes2 ,aw'd by no titles--undefil'd by lust-- ,free without faction--obstinately just2 ,warm'd by religion's sacred1 genuine ray1 ,that points to future bliss the unerring way2 ,yet ne'er control'd by superstition's laws1 ,that worst of tyrants in the noblest cause4 ,from a ,london ,newspaper ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,arbor ,,day ,second ,friday in ,april ,,trees ,i think that ,i shall never see ,a poem lovely as a tree2 ,a tree whose hungry mouth is prest ,against the earth's sweet flowing breast2 ,a tree that looks at ,god all day ,and lifts her leafy arms to pray2 ,a tree that may in summer wear ,a nest of robins in her hair2 ,upon whose bosom snow has lain1 ,who intimately lives with rain4 ,poems are made by fools like me1 ,but only ,god can make a tree4 ,joyce ,kilmer ,,arbor ,,day ,,foreword ,,in ,,pamphlet ,,on ,,arbor ,,day ,,issued ,,in #aiac ,the following are the provisions of the statutes of the ,state concerning the observance of ,arbor ,day3 ,the day in each year known as ,arbor ,day shall be suitably observed in the public schools4 ,the ,commissioner of ,education shall from time to time prepare and issue to schools such circulars of information1 advice and instruction with reference to the day as he may deem necessary4 ,for the purpose of encouraging the planting of shade and forest trees1 the second ,friday of ,april in each year is hereby designated as a day for the general observance of such purpose1 and to be known as ,arbor ,day4 ,on said day appropriate exercises shall be introduced in all the schools of the ,state1 and it shall be the duty of the several county and city superintendents to prepare a program of exercises for that day in all the schools under their respective jurisdiction4 ,you will notice that ,arbor ,day now occurs on the second ,friday of ,april1 the ,legislature of #aiab having changed the date4 ,it is believed that ,arbor ,day may not only be devoted to the consideration of the value of trees and forests1 including1 of course1 the planting of trees and shrubs1 but that it may also be used to direct attention to birds and their protection1 to the importance of the school garden1 and to other related matters4 ,the conservation of some of our natural resources might well be considered as the broad theme of the day1 the main emphasis1 however1 being placed on trees4 ,much of the contents of this pamphlet will afford suggestive material for the use of teachers at any appropriate time4 ,the general information given may be of help to many teachers throughout the spring months4 ,the discussions of the various subjects presented may afford valuable reading material in the grammar schools4 ,the main purpose of the pamphlet is to give an impetus to the movement for a greater interest in our natural resources1 and the movement for a greater appreciation of the opportunities offered by rural or semi-rural life4 ,it is hoped that the suggestions made are such as may appeal to the interests of children4 ,it is hoped that ,arbor ,day may be a profitable one to the pupils in the schools4 ,it is further hoped that the influence of the contents of the pamphlet may not be confined to any one day1 but may be extended to many days of the school year4 ,calvin ,n4 ,kendall ,commissioner of ,education ,,letter ,,issued ,,to ,,school ,,officials ,,in #aiai ,arbor ,day will occur this year on ,friday1 ,april #aa4 ,an announcement concerning it may be found in the ,march number of the ,education ,bulletin4 ,it has been happily suggested by ,secretary ,houston of the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington that the day be observed in part this year by planting trees upon our roadways1 in our yards1 and in our pleasure places1 each tree being named for a soldier who has fallen in the late ,war4 ,such trees would be appropriate memorials to these soldiers4 ,i suggest that this particular year there be wide-spread planting of trees dedicated to those whose lives have been sacrificed in the ,war4 ,the planting of the trees should be marked with some appropriate exercises and these exercises should take on more than a school significance4 ,the whole community should be invited by the school to take part4 ,i trust there may be a generous response on the part of the schools of ,new ,jersey to this idea4 ,calvin ,n4 ,kendall ,commissioner of ,education ,,trees ,,and ,,forests ,,alfred ,,gaskill1 ,,state ,,forester ,save ,what ,we ,have1 ,let ,planting ,come ,after ,when the farmers of ,nebraska1 led by ,j4 ,sterling ,morton1 established ,arbor ,day in #ahgb1 they sought the threefold blessing that trees always give--shade from the summer sun1 shelter from winter winds1 and wood4 ,these men found the broad prairies of the ,middle ,west practically treeless and they soon discovered that unless nature's fault was remedied the homes they hoped to make could be neither pleasant1 nor secure1 nor successful4 ,in ,new ,jersey1 as in all parts of the ,east1 conditions were and are different4 ,the whole state was originally unbroken forest1 and the task of the pioneers was to make room for fields and settlements4 ,nearly half our area 7#df per cent7 is still forest1 though the greater part has been reduced to a woefully poor condition4 ,thus if our festival is to serve our needs1 we will celebrate ,arbor ,day in such1 a way that we shall learn to improve the forests we have rather than seek to make more2 to protect and care for the trees we have as well as to plant more2 to get rid of false impressions and broaden our understanding of the relations between tree life and human society4 ,new ,jersey cannot spare more land for forests4 ,she now has upwards of two million acres1 and if we apply the rule that a state with #cj per cent of her area in forests is well off1 we shall reduce the total to about a million and a half acres4 ,but this will adjust itself2 our present concern is to stop the waste of our forest resources and bring them to serve one of the most highly organized communities in the nation4 ,with respect to trees1 as distinguished from forests1 this intensive life and concentrated population make it imperative that cities and towns be provided with parks and as much street shade as possible4 ,thus there are two ample fields for study and work1 the one dealing with trees and their social bearings1 the other with forests and their economic relations4 ,the art of caring for trees is called arboriculture1 and one who devotes himself to it an arborist4 ,the art of producing and developing tree communities1 or forests1 is silviculture or forestry4 ,,how ,,trees ,,live ,,and ,,grow ,the intimate study of trees is full of interest4 ,the sap1 consisting of raw food material gathered by the root hairs from the soil1 courses upward1 through the newer wood cells of trunk and branch1 to the leaves2 there1 under the action of sunlight1 it is assimilated with carbon dioxide1 and1 so prepared as tree food1 passes downward through the newer bark4 ,thus1 the process never entirely suspended1 even in winter1 but varying in vigor with the seasons1 the tree grows in stature by producing new shoots each year4 ,no part of a tree that has concluded a season's growth is ever elongated1 but remains fixed1 and length is added to its terminal by the development of new buds4 ,this is why a branch always remains at the height at which it started4 ,on account of this fact the age of a tree or branch may be determined by counting back from the terminal one year for each section of development4 ,on most deciduous trees this is hard to follow for more than a few years1 but on the evergreens1 which produce their branches in whorls1 it is easy4 ,on the other hand1 diameter growth may continue indefinitely and is exhibited on any cross-section in a series of annual rings4 ,a count of these rings will give the age of the tree at that point4 ,other interesting things to know are the means by which trees support themselves upright1 even in severe storms2 how they support the weight of heavy branches2 and how the various species differ in the form1 color1 texture of their bark4 ,then the flowers and fruits4 ,few people know that the early spring awakening of the silver maple is marked by the appearance of its flowers weeks before the leaves come out1 or that pines and oaks have flowers at all4 ,and so with the fruits3 willows produce catkins2 chestnuts1 burs2 elms1 samaras2 spruce1 cones4 ,,knowing ,,the ,,trees ,and then one who is fond of trees will not be satisfied until he can recognize and name at least the commoner kinds4 ,this is field work for many seasons1 for the variations as well as the fixed characters must be observed1 and there are at least a hundred species to be found in ,new ,jersey4 ,the student will soon want a handbook like ,collins and ,preston's ,key to ,trees1 but without that he will distinguish the two great groups--evergreen and deciduous4 ,the evergreens are also called conifers because the fruit of most of them is a cone4 ,almost all are ornamental but none is suitable for the street4 ,their wood is commonly called soft1 though that of many species is quite hard1 and forms the great bulk of coarse lumber used for building1 etc4 ,deciduous trees are so called because their leaves fall at the beginning of winter4 ,there are many more kinds or species of these than of evergreens and their forms and characters are more varied4 ,a few have recognized values as shade trees2 many more are interesting or attractive in the park or on the lawn2 others are never found outside the forest4 ,by way of contrast with that of the conifers1 the wood of deciduous trees is called hard1 though many kinds are quite soft1 and the trees themselves hardwoods4 ,hardwood lumber is often very beautiful1 and is used for many purposes besides furniture1 but the world could better get along without it than without soft woods4 ,,shade ,,trees ,one is attracted to a noble oak1 a graceful hemlock1 a beautifully colored maple1 and wants to live with it and its kind4 ,this desire deserves to be satisfied1 and can be satisfied by encouraging the planting of trees where they will reduce the glare and heat of city streets2 on lawns and in parks they are more at home and can be treated so that the beauty of individuals and the values of groups or masses can be brought out4 ,especially should they find place upon every school ground so that the attention of the children may be constantly drawn to these hungry1 thirsty1 breakable1 burnable1 beautiful friends of man4 ,the kinds of trees that may be planted upon a city street are few1 for the life is so hard that only the hardiest can stand it4 ,if we name ,norway ,maple1 ,ginkgo1 ,sycamore1 ,white ,elm1 ,red ,oak1 the list of the best is exhausted4 ,others may often be planted where conditions are favorable1 and for lawns and parks the list of availables is almost endless1 but in any case the wisest course is to avoid novelties and get some one who is experienced to do the planting4 ,but more important than to plant a tree is to protect and develop one already in the right place4 ,this applies especially to trees beside country roads4 ,a newly planted tree has a precarious hold on life for several years1 whereas an old one has survived many dangers4 ,let1 therefore1 the care of the trees that are found in place be the first concern4 ,guard them from all that may increase their infirmities1 keep in check the insects that seek to destroy them1 have their wounds attended to and their branches pruned where necessary4 ,this is work for one who knows how1 not for the butcher who tops a tree to make it grow2 or for the tree doctor who uses cement without knowing whether it will do good or do harm4 ,reputable men can be found to do any work of this kind4 ,under wise direction there should be no hesitation about cutting down a tree that is in the way4 ,in many places houses and streets are too much shaded4 ,the fundamental idea to be grasped is that every tree is an organism2 in one view an individual1 in another a community4 ,we must satisfy at least its strongest requirements or it cannot live4 ,to the extent that all are satisfied is the tree healthy and vigorous4 ,,forests ,as with trees so with the tree communities called forests4 ,our duty in ,new ,jersey is to improve the forests we have rather than to concern ourselves about getting more4 ,of course1 waste land may be redeemed by planting with trees1 but where there is a remnant of the old forest1 nature can be trusted to bring another if she is given a fair chance4 ,the forest secured in this way may not yield so much lumber as one that was planted1 and it will not satisfy a forester1 but it will answer our most immediate needs1 and can be secured more quickly than any other4 ,and again1 as with trees1 let no one fear to have a forest cut off when its time comes4 ,forest trees were made for use and if they are not used as they mature1 nature will get rid of them by decay4 ,that this must be so will appear when one observes that in any piece of native woods room is made for young trees by the fall of old ones that have lived their term4 ,,why ,,forests ,,are ,,good ,nature clothed most of the habitable earth with forests of one kind or another and evidently meant that they should serve mankind4 ,this they do by furnishing wood for shelter and for warmth 7seven-eighths of the people of the world still use wood for fuel71 by providing grateful shade in summer and protection from cold winds in winter1 by preventing the soil on steep hillsides from being lost by erosion1 by regulating the flow of streams4 ,the contention that forests cause rainfall1 or materially influence the climate of a country1 is not established4 ,the weight of evidence indicates that forests thrive in proportion to the rainfall rather than that the rain falls in proportion to the extent of forests4 ,and in respect to stream flow we must distinguish between a mountainous or hilly country and a country that is flat2 and whether the rain commonly falls in brief1 heavy storms or in frequent gentle showers4 ,for instance1 we can say with assurance that in ,north ,jersey a forested watershed will discharge a purer1 more regular stream than one that is unforested1 while in ,south ,jersey the influence of the forest upon the streams is negligible4 ,,the ,,forests ,,of ,,new ,,jersey ,as the climate of ,new ,jersey is much the same in all parts1 the character of our forests is determined chiefly by soil conditions4 ,fortunately we have a great diversity1 and between the northern and southern sections1 strong contrasts4 ,the line separating these sections is nowhere sharply defined but is commonly assumed to run more or less irregularly from ,long ,branch to ,salem4 ,the forests of ,north ,jersey1 supported by soils of considerable fertility1 are almost universally of the mixed hardwood type common to the greater part of the central ,united ,states east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,that is1 they are composed of a variety of deciduous trees in which are many oaks1 chestnut1 beech1 several maples1 ashes1 hickories1 elms1 birches1 etc4 ,as exceptions or variants to the type are swampy areas in which black spruce and hemlock are dominant1 and sterile mountain crests bearing the pitch pine and scrub oak of the poorest ,south ,jersey sands4 ,this kind of forest1 in which each species occupies the position to which it is best adapted1 and from which therefore all competitors are excluded1 is considered by ecologists the most highly developed vegetable society4 ,and about and among these forests is the most fully developed human society--villages1 towns and cities4 ,practically all these forests have been several times cut over and many times burned4 ,individual trees about settlements are often noble and imposing1 and occasional groves of fine trees are found1 but the forest is only a reminder of what it was--and a promise of what it may be4 ,in ,south ,jersey the contrast with ,north ,jersey is emphasized in every way4 ,instead of hills and valleys the land is level or gently rolling4 ,near the ,delaware and at numerous points in the interior are fertile soils and thriving communities1 but much of the territory is characterized by sand and forests of pine1 with an undergrowth of scrub oak1 often covering hundreds of thousands of acres4 ,this condition justifies the common name of the region ,the ,pines1 though variations in soil frequently give rise to considerable areas of tree oaks1 and swamps of white cedar border many of the streams4 ,on the sandy land profitable agriculture is full of uncertainties2 but forestry is not1 for there the pitch pine1 though burned almost to extinction by the fires that for years swept annually across the level reaches1 persists and wherever given a few years' immunity from fire1 sends up its arms of living green4 ,here is the great forest area of the state2 one of those tracts fitted by nature to maintain trees of a single kind1 or single class4 ,these pure forests1 so called in contrast to the mixed forests of richer regions1 are found in the southern states1 in the far ,north and in the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,they are easily developed1 easily logged1 and always will be1 as they now are1 the chief source of the world's lumber supply4 ,,fire ,the key to the forest problem in ,new ,jersey1 as in every state1 is the control of fire4 ,a few years ago it was an undenied fact that more forest was destroyed by fire every year than by the ax4 ,burning the forest to make plow-land was justifiable when trees were an encumbrance1 but the practice got us into bad habits4 ,from being a servant1 fire became a master4 ,without fires1 we in ,new ,jersey can and will have all the forest we need2 with fires1 that which is bad becomes worse4 ,the lesson for ,arbor ,day1 and for every day1 therefore1 is to urge and require that no forest shall be burned4 ,it is good fun to sit about a camp-fire1 yet the danger that the fire will escape and do harm is great4 ,even a surface-fire that apparently burns only dry leaves1 and is often set for that purpose1 will kill the young trees that are just starting on the struggle for life4 ,fortunately ,new ,jersey is getting her fires under control4 ,firewardens are located wherever there are forests2 their duty is to prevent fires by every means possible1 and if a fire is started they must summon men to put it out4 ,the forests are already responding to this protection and proving their ability to take care of themselves when relieved of the frightful handicap that has been upon them for generations4 ,,practical ,,forestry ,though fire control will make a forest where conditions are favorable as here1 the skill of a forester is needed to make it a good and a productive forest4 ,here is applied a knowledge that is more intimate than that which serves to recognize a tree or to provide for its physical well-being4 ,the successful forester must be a practical scientist in many departments2 must have executive ability and be a capable business man4 ,all who cannot meet these requirements should be discouraged from seeking to make forestry their profession4 ,,parks ,every urban community needs parks where those who live in close quarters can find fresh air4 ,and a state with many cities must make it possible for the people to get into the open--not for an hour only1 but for days and weeks4 ,new ,jersey can do this in the woodlands that are so near to most of the large cities4 ,it is not always necessary that the state take title to the land2 few owners object to reasonable use and almost all would gladly remove every restriction if they were assured that the privilege would not be abused4 ,the timber forests of continental ,europe are universally used as great public parks4 ,good roads make all parts accessible and the tourists are so accustomed to behave themselves that no serious harm is done4 ,we can have ample parks of this kind at no more cost than assuring the owners' material interests4 ,,state ,,aid ,the state of ,new ,jersey is prepared to help its citizens in any interest connected with the soil4 ,the ,state ,forester1 ,trenton1 will advise individuals or communities regarding the care of shade trees and the planting or management of forests4 ,the ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new ,brunswick1 and the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,trenton1 will afford similar assistance upon any subject connected with farms1 orchards or gardens4 ,anyone who wants to know about any of these subjects has the right to ask questions and to seek advice4 ,,arbor ,,day ,,may ,,be ,,observed ,,by ,,planting ,a ,,hamilton ,,grove ,,charles ,a4 ,,philhower1 ,,supervising ,,principal1 ,,westfield ,the following fitting observance of ,arbor ,day1 commemorating an historic incident in the life of ,alexander ,hamilton1 was conducted in ,mindowaskin ,park1 ,westfield1 ,april #ab1 #aiah4 ,the program took its origin from the following narrative3 ,alexander ,hamilton1 in the year #ahja1 planted a grove of thirteen trees at his home1 ,hamilton ,grange1 #adc;d ,street1 west of ,convent ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the trees were the liquidambar styraciflua1 sweet or red gum1 and were sent from the ,south4 ,each one of the thirteen trees was named for one of the thirteen original colonies4 ,the group of trees was later known as the ,hamilton ,grove4 ,martha ,washington became greatly interested both in its upkeep and in its preservation4 ,the program was as follows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the schools marched to the park with flags and assembled en masse4 ,as the flag was raised1 the ,star ,spangled ,banner was sung1 a cornetist leading4 ,address by ,honorable ,arthur ,n4 ,pierson4 ,song1 ,over ,there4 ,planting of trees3 ,each of the thirteen grades1 from the kindergarten through the twelfth grade1 planted a tree4 ,as the trees for the states were planted the following passages were read4 ,when the ,new ,jersey tree was planted the whole audience joined in the response4 ,massachusetts ,this tree we plant as a memorial to the great state of ,massachusetts1 noted for its patriots and its learning4 ,as thy emblem1 the pine tree1 points to heaven1 may thy ideals lead us on4 ,new ,hampshire ,land of the ,great ,stone ,face1 look over these ,united ,states of ours with a watchfulness that will keep us true and steadfast in the cause of democracy4 ,rhode ,island ,grow1 thou tree of life1 as the spirit of religious liberty has grown in this broad land of ours4 ,connecticut ,as the famous ,charter ,oak kept thy government free and unmolested1 so may the branches of this tree perpetuate to the world the constitution under which we as a nation live4 ,new ,york ,the towering buildings of thy metropolis cry as they mount heavenward ,excelsior4 ,may thy slogan be the slogan of our nation4 ,new ,jersey ,proud are we of this the ,garden ,state of the ,union4 ,we love thee and the great ,union of which thou art a part4 ,for thee and our country we live and serve4 ,pennsylvania ,live to the memory of thy founder1 ,william ,penn1 father of peace and justice4 ,this boon we would give to the world4 ,maryland ,song--,maryland1 ,my ,maryland4 ,delaware ,long live the memory of this first state of the ,union4 ,may we show to the world1 ,in ,union there is ,strength4 ,virginia ,home of the father of ,our ,country1 to thee we dedicate this tree4 ,washington1 give us that courage that held thee to the great cause of freedom4 ,north ,carolina ,the cypress tall and majestic is the tree of this state4 ,majestic may this country of ours stand among the nations of the world4 ,south ,carolina ,like the palmetto which bends its branches over all who come to its shade1 spread to all the benediction of life and liberty4 ,georgia ,refuge of the oppressed4 ,may the charity of thy founders characterize us as a nation4 ,song1 ,america4 ,a record of the plantings was filed in the school4 ,on each succeeding ,arbor ,day each class which planted a tree will see whether its tree is growing4 ,should the tree perchance have died1 another will be planted in its place4 ,other trees than the sweet gum may be used in some localities with greater certainty of thriving4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,k4 ,c4 ,,davis1 ,,formerly ,,of ,,state ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,new ,,brunswick ,as the season of planting is upon us and all nature is preparing to show her most gorgeous dress1 we should interest the pupil in ways of beautifying the school4 ,there is not a school in the land that cannot be made better1 and many of them may be improved very much4 ,the pupils will take a great interest in the matter if they receive a little encouragement and leadership on the part of their teachers4 ,beautify the school grounds4 ,a woven wire trellis supporting a thrifty vine would be a splendid screen for unsightly outbuildings4 ,shrubs about the foundations of the school building1 in the angles of walks1 and in natural clumps in the corners of the grounds would add beauty to the school surroundings4 ,a few plots not used for play nor for garden may be grassed4 ,never scatter the trees or shrubs openly about the lawn area4 ,better mass the shrubs in natural clumps in angles or foundations1 walks and borders4 ,use the trees along boundary and division lines4 ,native trees and shrubs are always preferable to imported or exotic kinds4 ,,planning ,,for ,,arbor ,,day ,arbor ,day plans should be begun early and should include a number of lines of preparatory work4 ,send for the bulletins first4 ,draw plans of the grounds1 measuring the lines and distances to make it somewhat accurate4 ,if a class is assigned to this task the best map may be framed for the future use of the school4 ,a passepartout binding1 at least1 may be used4 ,this map may show the plan of planting for several years if there is more to be planted than can be done this year4 ,the walks1 buildings1 clumps of shrubs1 trees1 school garden1 playgrounds1 etc41 should all be shown4 ,this work may be done by arithmetic or geography classes4 ,the arithmetic class may also find suitable dimensions for the corn-contest plots4 ,have the reading classes read about birds1 gardening1 trees1 lawns1 weeds1 etc4 ,use the newer words in spelling exercises4 ,let boys and girls both make bird-houses at home4 ,these may be ready to put up on ,arbor ,day4 ,the corn testing and seed study should begin at once4 ,trees1 shrubs and seeds that are to be planted on ,arbor ,day1 or soon after1 should be ready in advance4 ,the roots of trees and shrubs must be temporarily covered with soil to prevent drying out4 ,some exercises in root grafting of apples may be carried out as described in two of the bulletins1 #aac and #djh4 ,tools to be used in the planting of school grounds may be brought by pupils from their homes2 the list available for the purpose should be made in advance4 ,divide the students into suitable groups for the work1 so that each will know his part4 ,invite parents and home folks to the work of ,arbor ,day1 and make it a community exercise4 ,the men may come in the morning to work1 and the women may come with lunch baskets at noon1 both staying until the exercises are over4 ,plan to have some one take pictures of the children and patrons while the improvement work is going on4 ,do not forget to have some manure and good soil hauled in advance4 ,,suggestive ,,programs ,i #a4 ,remarks by the teacher or a member of the school board on the value of teaching the useful and beautiful as well as the classical and historical4 #b4 ,have five pupils stand together4 ,the first pupil will read from this pamphlet or tell in his own way why we should all know more about trees2 the second about insects2 the third about weeds2 the fourth about birds2 and the fifth about corn4 #c4 ,have five girls stand and each tell a few things about some useful bird4 #d4 ,have a boy who has made a bird box tell how bird boxes are a protection to young birds1 and how he made his4 #e4 ,have a boy tell of some ways of destroying ,english sparrows1 learned from ,u4 ,s4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #chc4 #f4 ,another boy should tell how to distinguish ,english sparrows from other sparrows and common birds4 #g4 ,have some of the best tree planters tell how to plant a tree--preparation of soil1 roots1 pruning and actual planting4 ,note4 ,in any or all of these exercises pupils may get the subject matter from this pamphlet and from bulletins referred to in it4 ,they may make note on paper of what they wish to say and speak from these notes4 ,if the time for preparation be very short the points may be copied and read directly4 ,let each exercise be very short4 ,,ii #a4 ,announcement of outlines of contests in school or home gardening1 corn growing1 or other work the school may be planning1 and the premiums offered for the contests and exhibits next fall4 #b4 ,some pupils may tell of several benefits of trees and forests1 or five pupils may stand together and each tell of one important benefit4 #c4 ,have a pupil describe how to test seed corn by the individual ear method4 #d4 ,have two pupils tell of the two types of insect moths1 each telling how to control such insects4 #e4 ,have a boy tell of three or four things necessary to improve the home lawn4 7,see ,u4 ,s4 ,bulletin #bdh7 #f4 ,have three pupils stand and each take one part 7a7 ,use of vines to beautify the grounds at school or home1 naming some vines to use in certain places 7b7 ,use of trees in same way 7c7 ,use of shrubs in same way ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,our ,,forests ,few people ever think of a forest as a place to store water4 ,who would think that the woods hold water as well as a mill pond or a reservoir6 ,but they do1 although we cannot see the water they hold1 except1 perhaps1 as a pool here and there2 and yet this is one of the most important functions that a forest can perform4 ,all of us have noticed in walking through the woods how soft and springy the ground is4 ,a thick carpet of leaves1 twigs1 and decayed wood covers the earth1 sometimes to a depth of several feet4 ,it is very porous1 and it absorbs water like a sponge4 ,when storms come and rain falls in torrents1 it does not beat directly upon the ground under the trees because the raindrops first strike the leaves and branches above4 ,the water then trickles gently down and soaks into the leafy carpet4 ,if the forest is extensive a very large quantity of water is absorbed--enough to prevent floods except in extraordinarily long periods of rain4 ,gradually through the weeks and months that follow the absorbed water oozes out of low places as springs1 and it dashes merrily away in little brooks that continue to form creeks and rivers which flow peacefully and steadily out to sea4 ,if there are no trees1 no leaves to break the beating rain1 no spongy mold to hold the water when it falls1 no matted roots to prevent washing1 the big raindrops spatter upon the earth and quickly form rushing streams that wash the ground into gulleys4 ,the bare earth absorbs some water1 to be sure1 but far less than the humus of the forest4 ,if the rains are continued the rivers are soon filled beyond the capacity of their banks and they spread over the neighboring valleys1 carrying devastation with them4 ,after the heavy rains cease1 the flood waters subside as suddenly as they had arisen and the streams dwindle to insignificance1 sometimes completely drying up in a long1 hot summer4 ,thus it is that forests act as great reservoirs and aid in preventing disastrous floods and in maintaining the flow of streams at a rate that is nearly uniform all the year round4 ,now let us see what use is made of the trees4 ,the greatest of all is for firewood2 but this is largely the decaying or faulty trees from the farmer's woodlot1 the waste product of a lumber region1 or from land that is cleared for cultivation4 ,it is said that about #ajj1jjj1jjj cords are used annually4 ,the greater part of the salable timber1 however1 is sawed into lumber1 which is used in a variety of ways4 ,the first and greatest use of lumber is for building houses1 barns1 sheds1 outbuildings and fences4 ,next comes furniture of all kinds--chairs1 tables1 beds1 and all other house1 office1 and school furniture2 musical instruments2 vehicles of all kinds--wagons1 carriages1 buggies1 and parts of automobiles2 agricultural implements--plows1 harrows1 harvesters1 thrashing machines1 and other farm implements4 ,car building is another great use for lumber--freight cars1 passenger cars1 and trolley cars4 ,other important uses for timber are as cross-ties1 poles for telegraph and telephone lines1 and shoring or supports in mines4 ,even more trees are used in the manufacture of paper than for these purposes4 ,then there are various small articles used in the home1 such as spools1 butter dishes1 fruit crates1 baskets1 boxes1 all kinds of tools1 toys1 picture frames1 matches1 pencils1 clothes pins1 toothpicks1 etc4 ,these are little things1 but so many of them are used that they consume a great deal of wood4 ,next we derive tannic acid for tanning leather1 turpentine and rosin1 maple sugar1 and many extracts used in making medicines4 ,so valuable are the forests that the whole nation is interested in preserving them4 ,no one is benefited more by them than the farmer1 and no one should be more interested in them4--,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education ,bulletin1 ,agriculture and ,rural ,life ,day ,,birds ,the ,study of ,birds and ,bird ,life in the ,schools of ,new ,jersey1 by ,dr4 ,robert ,g4 ,leavitt1 of the ,trenton ,state ,normal ,school1 published by this ,department1 should be consulted4 ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,memorial ,,day ,may #cj ,,the ,,sleep ,,of ,,the ,,brave ,how sleep the brave1 who sink to rest ,by all their country's wishes blessed6 ,when ,spring1 with dewy fingers cold1 ,returns to deck their hallowed mold1 ,she there shall dress a sweeter sod ,than ,fancy's feet have ever trod4 ,by fairy hands their knell is rung2 ,by forms unseen their dirge is sung2 ,there ,honor comes1 a pilgrim gray1 ,to bless the turf that wraps their clay2 ,and ,freedom shall awhile repair1 ,to dwell a weeping hermit there6 ,william ,collins ,,memorial ,,day ,,george ,c4 ,,baker1 ,,supervising ,,principal1 ,,moorestown ,,suggestive ,,program ,flag ,salute ,song--,battle ,hymn of the ,republic ,story of ,memorial ,day ,stories from the battle-fields of #ahfa and #aiah1 told by larger pupils1 adult members of the community1 or soldiers ,the ,blue and the ,gray ,song--,keep the ,home ,fires ,burning ,the ,gettysburg ,address ,in ,flanders ,fields ,song--,america or ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner ,preparatory to the making and carrying out of a ,memorial ,day program1 the teacher1 a group of pupils or some wide-awake member of the community should talk about the sacrifices made by the soldiers of our country during the different wars in which we have been engaged2 what great principles they have fought for1 and why we should honor their memory in the public schools of our land4 ,throughout the preparation and the execution of the program there should be a consciousness of the debt we owe to those who have fought and died for freedom's cause4 ,the simplest program prepared in this spirit will be of lasting value to the children of the school and to the members of the community in which the exercises are held4 ,pupils and teachers should talk over fully the kind of program to be given4 ,much responsibility should be placed upon the pupils for the making of the program4 ,they should make all projects necessary for the carrying out of the program1 and should invite all patrons and friends in the community4 ,the exercises should be a service truly commemorating the honored dead of our land4 ,,origin ,,of ,,memorial ,,day ,the observance of ,may #cj as ,memorial ,day had its official origin in an order issued in #ahfh by ,general ,john ,a4 ,logan1 then commander-in-chief of the ,grand ,army of the ,republic4 ,general ,logan often said afterward that the issuing of that order was the proudest act of his life4 ,the strewing of flowers upon graves is old in some countries4 ,it is said that the first decoration of graves of soldiers of the ,civil ,war was done on ,april #ac1 #ahfb1 by two little girls1 daughters of a ,michigan chaplain4 ,they had been out gathering wild flowers1 and1 returning1 came across a rough1 unmarked mound which covered some northern boy4 ,one of the girls said3 ,oh1 let's put our flowers on this grave6 ,he was a soldier boy4 ,they knelt down and made garlands of flowers on that grave4 ,this grave was in ,virginia1 not far from ,mount ,vernon4 ,the next day they interested their family and friends in a plan to decorate all the graves1 and the plan was carried out4 ,each year afterward1 in ,may1 they did the same wherever they happened to be4 ,others saw them and followed their example4 ,the later date of ,may #cj was chosen by ,general ,logan so that flowers could be had in all the northern states4 ,from decorating the graves of soldiers the custom has extended to the graves of all who have relatives or friends to remember them4 ,in time the soldiers will be forgotten1 but the custom of decorating graves with flowers will doubtless continue for many generations to come4 ,the spirit which prompts it is a noble one1 which should ever be cherished4 ,two years after the close of the ,civil ,war the ,new ,york ,tribune printed a paragraph simply stating that the women of ,columbus1 ,mississippi1 have shown themselves impartial in their offerings made to the memory of the dead4 ,they strewed flowers alike on the graves of the ,confederate and of the ,national soldiers4 ,whereupon the ,north thrilled with tenderness and ,francis ,miles ,finch was inspired to write his moving lyric ,the ,blue and the ,gray1 which has become the credo of the ,festival4 ,in a famous address1 ,chauncey ,m4 ,depew related the occurrence with felicity3 ,when the war was over in the ,south1 where under warmer skies and with more poetic temperaments symbols and emblems are better understood than in the practical ,north1 the widows1 mothers1 and the children of the ,confederate dead went out and strewed their graves with flowers2 at many places the women scattered them impartially also over the unknown and unmarked resting-places of the ,union soldiers4 ,as the news of this touching tribute flashed over the ,north it roused1 as nothing else could have done1 national amity and love and allayed sectional animosity and passion4 ,thus out of sorrows common alike to ,north and ,south comes this beautiful custom4 ,the incident1 however1 produced no practical results until in ,may1 #ahfh1 ,adjutant-,general ,n4 ,p4 ,chipman suggested to ,national ,commander ,john ,a4 ,logan1 of the ,grand ,army of the ,republic1 that their organization inaugurate the custom of spreading flowers on the graves of the ,union soldiers at some uniform time4 ,general ,logan immediately issued an order naming the #cjth day of ,may1 #ahfh1 for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion1 and whose bodies now lie in almost every city1 village1 or hamlet churchyard in the land4444 ,it is the purpose of the commander-in-chief to inaugurate this observance with the hope that it will be kept up from year to year while a survivor of the war remains to honor the memory of the departed4 ,the idea spread rapidly4 ,legislature after legislature enacted it into law until the holiday has become a legal one in all states4 ,in some of the southern states an earlier date is usually chosen4 ,,the ,,reveille,f ,f ,used by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 the authorized publishers4 ,hark6 ,i hear the tramp of thousands ,and of armed men the hum2 ,lo6 a nation's hosts have gathered ,round the quick alarming drum-- ,saying ,come1 ,freeman1 come6 ,ere your heritage be wasted1 said the quick alarming drum4 ,let me of my heart take counsel3 ,war is not of life the sum2 ,who shall stay and reap the harvest ,when the autumn days shall come8 ,but the drum ,echoed ,come6 ,death shall reap the braver harvest1 said the solemn-sounding drum4 ,but when won the coming battle1 ,what of profit springs therefrom8 ,what if conquest1 subjugation1 ,even greater ills become8 ,but the drum ,answered1 ,come6 ,you must do the sum to prove it1 said the ,yankee answering drum4 ,what if1 'mid the cannon's thunder1 ,whistling shot and bursting bomb1 ,when my brothers fall around me1 ,should my heart grow cold and numb8 ,but the drum ,answered ,come6 ,better there in death united than in life a recreant--,come6 ,thus they answered--hoping1 fearing1 ,some in faith and doubting some1 ,till a trumpet-voice1 proclaiming1 ,said1 ,my chosen people1 come6 ,then the drum1 ,lo6 was dumb1 ,for the great heart of the nation1 throbbing1 answered1 ,lord1 we come6 ,bret ,harte ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,the ,,gray ,by the flow of the inland river1 ,whence the fleets of iron have fled1 ,where the blades of the grave-grass quiver1 ,asleep are the ranks of the dead3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,under the one1 the ,blue1 ,under the other1 the ,gray4 ,these in the robings of glory1 ,those in the gloom of defeat1 ,all with the battle-blood gory1 ,in the dusk of eternity meet3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,under the laurel1 the ,blue1 ,under the willow1 the ,gray4 ,from the silence of sorrowful hours ,the desolate mourners go1 ,lovingly laden with flowers ,alike for the friend and the foe3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,under the roses1 the ,blue1 ,under the lilies1 the ,gray4 ,so with an equal splendor1 ,the morning sun-rays fall1 ,with a touch impartially tender1 ,on the blossoms blooming for all3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,broidered with gold1 the ,blue1 ,mellowed with gold1 the ,gray4 ,so1 when the summer calleth1 ,on forest and field of grain1 ,with an equal murmur falleth ,the cooling drip of the rain3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,wet with the rain1 the ,blue1 ,wet with the rain1 the ,gray4 ,sadly1 but not with upbraiding1 ,the generous deed was done2 ,in the storm of the years that are fading ,no braver battle was won3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,under the blossoms1 the ,blue1 ,under the garlands1 the ,gray4 ,no more shall the war cry sever1 ,or the winding rivers be red2 ,they banish our anger forever ,when they laurel the graves of our dead6 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment-day2 ,love and tears for the ,blue1 ,tears and love for the ,gray4 ,francis ,miles ,finch ,,recessional ,god of our fathers1 known of old-- ,lord of our far-flung battle line-- ,beneath whose awful hand we hold ,dominion over palm and pine-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,the tumult and the shouting dies1 ,the captains and the kings depart2 ,still stands thine ancient sacrifice-- ,an humble and a contrite heart4 ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,far-called1 our navies melt away2 ,on dune and headland sinks the fire4 ,lo6 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre6 ,judge of the nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,if1 drunk with sight of power1 we loose ,wild tongues that have not ,thee in awe1 ,such boasting as the ,gentiles use ,or lesser breeds without the law-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,for heathen heart that puts her trust ,in reeking tube and iron shard1 ,all valiant dust that builds on dust1 ,and guarding calls not ,thee to guard1 ,for frantic boasts and foolish word1 ,thy mercy on ,thy people1 ,lord6 ,amen4 ,rudyard ,kipling ,,battle ,,hymn ,,of ,,the ,,republic ,mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the ,lord2 ,he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored2 ,he hath loosed the fateful lightning of ,his terrible swift sword2 ,his truth is marching on4 ,glory6 glory6 ,hallelujah6 ,glory6 glory6 ,hallelujah6 ,glory6 glory6 ,hallelujah6 ,his truth is marching on4 ,i have seen ,him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps2 ,they have builded ,him an altar in the evening dews and damps2 ,i can read ,his righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps4 ,his day is marching on4 ,he has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat2 ,he is sifting out the hearts of men before ,his judgment seat2 ,oh1 be swift1 my soul1 to answer ,him6 be jubilant1 my feet6 ,our ,god is marching on4 ,in the beauty of the lilies ,christ was born across the sea1 ,with a glory in ,his bosom that transfigures you and me2 ,as ,he died to make men holy1 let us die to make men free1 ,while ,god is marching on4 ,julia ,ward ,howe ,we have scattered our floral tributes today over the graves of the patriotic dead4 ,these frail mementos of affection will soon wither1 but let not the memory of these martyrs fail to inspire in us a purer1 holier life6 ,the roll-call brings to mind their faces and their deeds4 ,they were faithful to the end4 ,the weary march1 the bivouac1 the battle are still remembered by the survivors4 ,but your line1 comrades1 is growing slenderer every year4 ,one by one you will drop out of the ranks1 and other hands may ere long strew your grave with flowers as you have done today in yonder cemetery4 ,when mustered in the last grand review1 with all the veterans and heroes of earth1 may each receive with jubilant heart the ,great ,commander's admiring tribute ,well done6 and become with ,him partaker of a felicity that is enduring and triumphant6 ,e4 ,p4 ,thwing ,of all the martial virtues1 the one which is perhaps most characteristic of the truly brave is the virtue of magnanimity4 ,that sentiment1 immortalized by ,scott in his musical and martial verse1 will associate for all time the name of ,scotland's king with those of the great spirits of the past4 ,how grand the exhibitions of the same generous impulses that characterize this memorable battle-field6 ,my fellow-countrymen of the ,north1 if ,i may be permitted to speak for those whom ,i represent1 let me assure you that in the profoundest depths of their nature1 they reciprocate that generosity with all the manliness and sincerity of which they are capable4 ,in token of that sincerity they join in consecrating1 for annual patriotic pilgrimage1 these historic heights1 which drank such copious draughts of ,american blood1 poured so freely in discharge of duty1 as each conceived it--a ,mecca for the ,north1 which so grandly defended1 a ,mecca for the ,south1 which so bravely and persistently stormed it4 ,we join you in setting apart this land as an enduring monument of peace1 brotherhood1 and perpetual union4 ,i repeat the thought with emphasis1 with singleness of heart and of purpose1 in the name of a common country1 and of universal liberty2 and by the blood of our fallen brothers1 we unite in the solemn consecration of these hallowed hills1 as a holy1 eternal pledge of fidelity to the life1 freedom1 and unity of this cherished ,republic4 ,john ,b4 ,gordon ,from ,gettysburg3 ,a ,mecca for the ,blue and the ,gray ,our fathers ordained that in this ,republic there should be no distinctions2 but human nature is stronger than laws and nothing can prevent this people from showing honor to all who have deserved well of the country4 ,every man who has borne arms with credit has earned and is sure to receive a special measure of regard4 ,and it is our peculiar privilege to remember that our armies and navies1 regular and volunteer1 have always been worthy of esteem 444 the ,grand ,army of the ,republic--soldiers and citizens whom the ,republic delights to honor4 ,john ,hay ,let no vandalism of avarice or neglect1 no ravages of time1 testify to the present or to the coming generations1 that we have forgotten1 as a people1 the cost of a free and undivided ,republic4 ,john ,a4 ,logan ,we honor our heroic and patriotic dead by being true men1 as true men by faithfully fighting the battles of our day as they fought the battles of their day4 ,david ,gregg ,,after ,,the ,,great ,,companions6 ,the race has not run out4 ,we are still men1 and worthy of our fathers4 ,that is what ,memorial ,day #aiai says to us4 ,not in pride nor vain boasting but in fearful and solemn humility we speak1 for it is our dead that prompt us4 ,they1 our kin and blood1 were not afraid to die4 ,when the ,destroyer came1 the obscene ,dragon1 with breath of poison gas1 eyes of hell fire1 and teeth of steel1 they did not shrink1 our brothers1 but played the man1 and struck1 and dying struck again1 and flung their shredded bodies into the breach1 and filled the gap up with our ,english dead4 ,we are of such4 ,we put our arms around our dead1 and hold them proudly up to ,god1 and glory before all men that this is our breed4 ,the lies of the ,accuser are disproved4 ,his slanders fall from us4 ,we are not slaves of greed1 money grubbers1 soft and lily-livered4 ,we know how to suffer and to die4 ,we1 too1 can follow the gleam4 ,o ,greeks of ,marathon1 room for us6 ,through ,chateau ,thierry and the wood of ,argonne we have come up to stand by your side1 and dare to call you ,brothers4 ,you ,five ,hundred of ,balaklava1 meet these boys from ,kansas and ,new ,york1 who also rode blithely into the valley of death4 ,they are your kind4 ,you men of ,bunker ,hill1 of ,gettysburg and of ,san ,juan1 place6 place for these1 our neighbors' sons1 our friends and playmates6 ,for them also the laurel1 and the royal requiem6 ,for them the ,cross of ,honor1 and the ,divine ,halo6 ,they are ours6 ,ours6 ,dear ,god1 we will be worthy of them4 ,thus cries the poet of ,america3 ,allons6 ,after the great ,companions1 and to belong to them6 ,allons6 through struggles and wars6 ,have the past struggles succeeded8 ,what has succeeded8 yourself8 your nation8 ,nature8 ,now understand me well--it is provided in the essence of things that from any fruition of success1 no matter what1 shall come forth something to make a greater struggle necessary4 ,allons6 the road is before us6 ,dr4 ,frank ,crane ,,the ,,service ,,flag ,the service flag is not an official flag of the ,united ,states ,government4 ,the idea was1 so far as we are advised1 an entirely novel one1 the credit for the conception of which appears to be due to ,r4 ,l4 ,queisser1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 who designed and patented the present flag4 ,it has1 however1 taken such firm root in popular sentiment and has been of such beneficial influence that it is officially recognized1 and everyone who is entitled to fly it is encouraged and urged to do so4 ,mr4 ,queisser was formerly captain of the machine gun company1 #eth ,ohio ,infantry 7now #adeth ,united ,states ,infantry71 from which he was retired because of an accident4 ,he thus states the origin of the flag3 ,shortly after ,april #f1 #aiag1 when war with ,germany was declared1 the thought came to me that both of my sons1 who were still officers in the guard1 would again be called out1 and ,i wondered if ,i could not evolve some sign or symbol by which it might be known that they were away in their country's service1 and one which would be to their mother a visible sign of the sacrifice her sons were making4 ,the inspiration of the service flag came to me in that manner4 ,official ,u4 ,s4 ,bulletin ,,the ,,service ,,flag ,a field of gleaming white1 ,a border ruby red1 ,and a blazing star ,that is seen afar ,as it flutters overhead4 ,from the window of a cot1 ,from the mansion on the hill1 ,sends that banner fair1 ,beyond compare1 ,its loyal message still4 ,a man beloved and dear1 ,o land1 ,i've given to you4 ,he has gone to fight ,on the side of right2 ,to ,old ,glory he'll be true6 ,it floats from learning's halls1 ,and within the busy mart1 ,where its crowded stars ,form growing bars ,to rejoice the drooping heart4 ,each star stands for a life1 ,to the nation gladly given1 ,for an answered prayer ,to those over there1 ,though a mother's heart be riven4 ,we pass with kindling eye ,beneath your colors true2 ,a nation's love1 ,a nation's hope ,are bound in the heart of you6 ,josephine ,m4 ,fabricant ,i ,,have ,a ,,son,g ,g ,reprinted from the ,saturday ,evening ,post1 ,philadelphia4 ,copyrighted #aiag by the ,curtis ,publishing ,company1 ,philadelphia4 ,i have a son who goes to ,france ,tomorrow4 ,i have clasped his hand-- ,most men will understand-- ,and wished him1 smiling1 lucky chance in ,france4 ,my son6 ,at last the house is still-- ,just the dog and ,i in the garden--dark-- ,stars and my pipe's red spark-- ,the house his young heart used to fill ,is still4 ,he said one day1 ,i've got to go ,to ,france--,dad1 you know how ,i feel6 ,i knew4 ,like sun and steel ,and morning4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i know ,you'll go4 ,i'd waited just to hear him speak ,like that4 ,god1 what if ,i had had ,another sort of lad1 ,something too soft and meek and weak ,to speak6 ,and yet6 ,he could not guess the blow ,he'd struck4 ,why1 he's my only son6 ,and we had just begun ,to be dear friends4 ,but ,i dared not show ,the blow4 ,but now--tonight-- ,no1 no2 it's right2 ,i never had a righter thing ,to bear4 ,and men must fling ,themselves away in the grieving sight ,of right4 ,a handsome boy--but ,i1 who knew ,his spirit--well1 they cannot mar ,the cleanness of a star ,that'll shine to me1 always and true1 ,who knew4 ,i've given him4 ,yes2 and had ,i more1 ,i'd give them too--for there's a love ,that asking1 asks above ,the human measure of our store-- ,and more4 ,yes2 it hurts6 ,here in the dark1 alone-- ,no one to see my wet old eyes-- ,i'll watch the morning rise-- ,and only ,god shall hear my groan ,alone4 ,i have a son who goes to ,france ,tomorrow4 ,i have clasped his hand-- ,most men will understand-- ,and wished him1 smiling1 lucky chance ,in ,france4 ,emory ,pottle ,,in ,,flanders ,,fields,h ,h ,from ,in ,flanders ,fields1 by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,john ,mc,crae1 courtesy of ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 publishers4 ,in ,flanders fields the poppies blow ,between the crosses1 row on row1 ,that mark our place2 and in the sky ,the larks1 still bravely singing1 fly1 ,scarce heard amidst the guns below4 ,we are the dead4 ,short days ago ,we lived1 felt dawn1 saw sunset glow1 ,loved and were loved2 and now we lie ,in ,flanders fields4 ,take up our quarrel with the foe6 ,to you from failing hands we throw ,the torch4 ,be yours to hold it high6 ,if ye break faith with us who die ,we shall not sleep1 though poppies grow ,in ,flanders fields4 ,john ,mc,crae ,,america',s ,,answer ,rest ye in peace1 ye ,flanders dead4 ,the fight that ye so bravely led ,we've taken up4 ,and we will keep ,true faith with you who lie asleep1 ,with each a cross to mark his bed1 ,and poppies blowing overhead1 ,where once his own life blood ran red4 ,so let your rest be sweet and deep ,in ,flanders fields4 ,fear not that ye have died for naught4 ,the torch ye threw to us we caught4 ,ten million hands will hold it high1 ,and freedom's light shall never die6 ,we've learned the lesson that ye taught ,in ,flanders fields4 ,r4 ,w4 ,lillard ,,american ,,sentiments ,it is a fearful thing to lead this great1 peaceful people into war1 into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars1 civilization itself seeming to be in the balance4 ,but the right is more precious than peace1 and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts--for democracy1 for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments1 for the rights and liberties of small nations1 for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free4 ,to such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes1 everything that we are and everything that we have1 with the pride of those who know that the day has come when ,america is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured4 ,god helping her1 she can do no other4 ,woodrow ,wilson ,we came into this war for ourselves4 ,it is a war to save ,america1 to preserve self-respect1 to justify our right to live as we have lived1 not as some one else wishes us to live4 ,it is more precious that this ,america shall live than that we ,americans should live4 ,franklin ,k4 ,lane ,no nation has a right to its freedom if it is unwilling to fight for the freedom of others1 and for its own4 ,the cost of war is not to be measured in money4 ,it is in the slow paid price of the human heart--in the blood drops1 one by one4 ,charles ,c4 ,gordon ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,flag ,,day ,june #ad ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,stripes ,it is not a painted rag4 ,it is a whole national history4 ,it is the ,constitution4 ,it is the ,government4 ,it is the free people that stand in the ,government1 on the ,constitution4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,,flag ,,day ,,hannah ,h4 ,,chew1 ,,principal ,,culver ,,school1 ,,millville ,the great war has brought more forcibly to us a realization of the necessity for training the youth of our land to a greater respect for1 and a fuller knowledge of our national emblem4 ,wherever the flag floats1 children must be taught to love it and to respect its significance4 ,new ,jersey long ago required that the flag be displayed on school buildings1 and the flag salute be given daily1 but no statute can make certain that the spirit of the law is emphasized4 ,the teachers of the children of the state bear the responsibility of training for patriotism1 and the future of democracy depends upon the patriotic ideals nurtured in the public schools4 ,we shall have more patriotic observances than formerly and one of those which we shall celebrate with more interest will be ,flag ,day4 ,the date authorized to be observed as ,flag ,day comes so near the close of the school year that it may well be used as a special occasion on which pupil and parent join in paying tribute to our national emblem4 ,flag ,day can be made the occasion of raising a new flag1 or of taking a collection to provide silk flags or a patriotic picture for the classrooms1 thus giving parents an opportunity to contribute to the patriotism of the school4 ,if a new flag is to be presented to the school1 ,flag ,day will be a most appropriate time to receive it1 and exercises can be conducted partly or altogether out-of-doors4 ,on the playground all pupils can take part in marches and drills suitable to their grades4 ,in order to have the best effects1 some uniformity of costume is best4 ,any movements uniformly done in mass are pleasing1 and teachers can adapt marching figures to their own playground with good effect4 ,the purpose of the teacher of the primary grades should be to awaken love and reverence for the flag and to instill loyalty into the minds and hearts of the children4 ,in the higher grades children should not only be trained to show love and respect for the flag1 but should understand their duty toward their country4 ,they should study the flag1 its history1 its significance1 its various forms and uses1 the correct ways of displaying it1 and the proper manner of raising and lowering it4 ,the flag of our state should also be taught1 together with its history4 ,it is a part of our school law that the flag salute shall be a part of the daily program4 ,it is the duty of the teacher to interpret the meaning and the spirit of the salute to the pupils1 not neglecting the correct pronunciation of the words4 ,the salute should never be carelessly repeated1 but should be given in a serious manner1 and only after children have been called to standing position4 ,in the making of a program1 attention should be given to current events4 ,the best of the popular songs may be sung4 7,be sure they are the best47 ,current literature will furnish some prose and poetry suitable for the occasion4 ,a real1 present-day note should always be sounded4 ,the same program should not be used year after year1 but the material should be selected anew each time1 though some repetition in the use of standard recitations and national songs is to be expected4 ,a scrap-book kept for suitable material will be a valuable aid to the teacher4 ,such a scrap-book can be made by using large envelops1 fastening them at the bottom within a cardboard cover1 and labelling each envelop according to its contents4 ,as additions are made to the songs1 poems1 programs1 etc41 a catalog of the contents can be kept on the outside of the envelop4 ,it will be best to mount recitations on heavy paper in order to preserve them longer4 ,,suggestive ,,programs ,,primary ,,grades ,opening remarks by teacher in charge ,singing by school1 ,america ,recitation1 ,our ,flag 7by ,may ,howlister71 ,first grade pupil ,recitation1 ,your ,flag and my ,flag 7by ,wilbur ,d4 ,nesbit71 ,fourth grade pupil ,song1 ,our ,country's ,flag 7by ,florence ,l4 ,dresser7 ,flag ,drill1 ,all pupils ,presentation of new flag1 ,member of ,parent-,teacher ,association ,flag ,salute1 ,entire audience3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag1 and to the ,republic for which it stands2 one ,nation1 indivisible1 with ,liberty and ,justice for all ,song1 ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner ,,grammar ,,grades ,remarks by teacher or pupil in charge ,song1 ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner1 ,school1 led by school orchestra ,oration1 ,flag ,day ,address 7by ,president ,wilson71 ,eighth grade boy ,recitation1 ,the ,name of ,old ,glory 7by ,james ,whitcomb ,riley7 ,song1 ,the ,unfurling of the ,flag 7by ,clara ,endicott ,sears7 ,why we should love the ,flag 7,best original speech by grade pupil7 ,recitation1 ,old ,flag 7by ,hubbard ,parker7 ,song1 ,we'll ,keep ,old ,glory ,flying 7by ,carleton ,s4 ,montanye7 ,flag drill and grand march1 ,all pupils of grades #e1 #f1 #g1 #h ,presentation of new flag by father of pupil ,flag ,raising ,flag ,salute3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag and to the ,republic for which it stands2 one ,nation1 indivisible1 with ,liberty and ,justice for all ,song1 ,america ,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,flag ,on the #b;d of ,july1 #aggf1 the ,american ,congress resolved that these united colonies are1 and of right ought to be1 free and independent states2 and that all political connection between us and the states of ,great ,britain is1 and ought to be1 totally dissolved4 ,on the #dth of ,july a ,declaration of ,independence was adopted by the ,congress1 and sent out under its authority1 to announce to all other nations that the ,united ,states of ,america claimed a place among them4 ,on this #dth of ,july the nation was born4 ,its flag1 the visible symbol of its power1 was not adopted till #aggg4 ,on the #adth of ,june1 #aggg1 ,congress resolved that the flag of the thirteen ,united ,states be thirteen stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union be thirteen stars1 white in a blue field1 representing a new constellation4 ,the national flag--our national flag--grew in the most direct way out of the banners that had waved over the colonists4 ,the flag of the ,united ,colonies had thirteen stripes1 one for each colony1 and the stripes were alternate red and white4 ,this part of the old flag remained unchanged in the new one4 ,each colony retained its stripe4 ,the flag of the colonies1 in its union1 had displayed the king's colors4 ,there was now no longer a king in ,america1 but a new ,union had arisen--a ,union of ,thirteen ,states--no longer a ,union of kingdoms4 ,the union of the old flag had been the crosses of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew conjoined on a blue field4 ,the new union was a circle of silver stars in a blue sky--a new constellation4 ,the flag of the ,united ,states was derived from the flag of the ,united ,colonies in the simplest and most natural manner4 ,the old flag had expressed the hopes and aspirations of thirteen colonies which had united in order to secure justice from their king and fellow-countrymen in ,england4 ,the new flag expressed the determined resolve of the same thirteen colonies--now become sovereign states--to form a permanent ,union1 and to take their place among the nations of the world4 ,they were no longer ,englishmen2 they were ,americans4 ,many suggestions have been made to account for the appearance of stars or of stripes in the new flag4 ,it seems unnecessary to seek for any explanation other than the one that has just been given4 ,the old flag of the ,united ,colonies expressed the feelings and aspirations of the revolted ,english colonists4 ,they were willing to remain as subjects of the ,english king1 but they had united to secure justice4 ,the new flag expressed their firm resolve to throw off the yoke of ,england and to become a new nation4 ,the symbols of each flag exactly expressed the feeling of the men who bore it4 ,there is a resemblance between the colors and symbols of the new flag and the symbols borne on the coat of arms of ,general ,washington that is worthy of remark4 ,general ,washington was a descendant of an ,english family1 and his ancestors bore a coat of arms that he himself used as a seal1 and for a book-plate4 ,it has been supposed that the stars of the ,american flag were suggested by the three stars of this coat of arms1 and this is not impossible4 ,general ,washington was in ,philadelphia in ,june1 #aggg1 and he is said to have engaged ,mrs4 ,john ,ross1 at that time1 to make the first flag1 though this is not absolutely certain4 ,however this may be1 it is known that the ,american flag of thirteen stars and of thirteen stripes was displayed at the siege of ,fort ,stanwix in ,august1 #aggg2 at the battle of ,brandywine on ,september #aa2 at ,germantown on the #dth of ,october2 at the surrender of the ,british under ,general ,burgoyne on ,october #ag4 ,the flag had been adopted in ,june of the same year4 ,the vessels of the ,american navy flew this flag on the high seas1 and their victories made it respected everywhere4444 ,the treaty of peace between ,england and the ,united ,states was signed 7at ,paris1 ,france7 on ,september #c1 #aghc4 ,this was the acknowledgment of ,great ,britain of the independence of her former colonies2 and the other nations of ,europe stood by consenting4 ,our flag was admitted1 at that time1 on equal terms with the standards of ancient kingdoms and states1 to the company of the banners of the world4444 ,in ,april1 #ahah1 the ,congress passed ,an ,act to ,establish the ,flag of the ,united ,states3 ,section ,i4 ,be it enacted1 etc41 ,that from and after the fourth day of ,july next1 the flag of the ,united ,states be thirteen horizontal stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the ,union have twenty stars1 white in a blue field4 ,section ,,ii4 ,and be it further enacted1 ,that on the admission of every new state into the union1 one star be added to the union of the flag2 and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth of ,july next succeeding such admission4 ,approved1 ,april #d1 #ahah4 ,no changes 7other than the addition of new stars7 have been made in the national flag since #ahah4 ,the stars have been added1 one by one1 until in #ahih there are forty-five in all4 ,every state has its star2 each of the original thirteen states has its stripe4 ,so long as the ,united ,states exists the flag will remain in its present form1 except that new stars will be displayed as the new states come in4 ,it will forever exhibit the origin of the nation from the thirteen colonies1 and its growth into a ,union of sovereign states4 ,edward ,s4 ,holden ,,makers ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,this morning1 as ,i passed into the ,land ,office1 ,the ,flag dropped me a most cordial salutation1 and from its rippling folds ,i heard it say3 ,good-morning1 ,mr4 ,flag-,maker4 ,i beg your pardon1 ,old ,glory1 ,i said1 aren't you mistaken8 ,i am not the ,president of the ,united ,states1 nor a member of ,congress1 nor even a general in the army4 ,i am only a ,government clerk4 ,i greet you again1 ,mr4 ,flag-,maker1 replied the gay voice4 ,i know you well4 ,you are the man who worked in the swelter of yesterday straightening out the tangle of that farmer's homestead in ,idaho1 or perhaps you found the mistake in that ,indian contract in ,oklahoma1 or helped to clear that patent for the hopeful inventor in ,new ,york1 or pushed the opening of that new ditch in ,colorado1 or made that mine in ,illinois more safe1 or brought relief to the old soldier in ,wyoming4 ,no matter2 whichever one of these beneficent individuals you may happen to be1 ,i give you greeting1 ,mr4 ,flag-,maker4 ,i was about to pass on1 when the ,flag stopped me with these words3 ,yesterday the ,president spoke a word that made happier the future of ten million peons in ,mexico2 but that act looms no larger on the flag than the struggle which the boy in ,georgia is making to win the ,corn ,club prize this summer4 ,yesterday the ,congress spoke a word which will open the door of ,alaska2 but a mother in ,michigan worked from sunrise until far into the night1 to give her boy an education4 ,she1 too1 is making the flag4 ,yesterday we made a new law to prevent financial panics1 and yesterday1 maybe1 a school teacher in ,ohio taught his first letters to a boy who will one day write a song that will give cheer to the millions of our race4 ,we are all making the flag4 ,but1 ,i said impatiently1 these people were only working6 ,then came a great shout from ,the ,flag3 ,the work that we do is the making of the flag4 ,i am not the flag2 not at all4 ,i am but its shadow4 ,i am whatever you make me1 nothing more4 ,i am your belief in yourself1 your dream of what a people may become4 ,i live a changing life1 a life of moods and passions1 of heartbreaks and tired muscles4 ,sometimes ,i am strong with pride1 when men do an honest work1 fitting the rails together truly4 ,sometimes ,i droop1 for then purpose has gone from me1 and cynically ,i play the coward4 ,sometimes ,i am loud1 garish1 and full of that ego that blasts judgment4 ,but always ,i am all that you hope to be1 and have the courage to try for4 ,i am song and fear1 struggle and panic1 and ennobling hope4 ,i am the day's work of the weakest man1 and the largest dream of the most daring4 ,i am the ,constitution and the courts1 statutes and the statute makers1 soldier and dreadnaught1 drayman and street sweep1 cook1 counselor1 and clerk4 ,i am the battle of yesterday1 and the mistake of tomorrow4 ,i am the mystery of the men who do without knowing why4 ,i am the clutch of an idea1 and the reasoned purpose of resolution4 ,i am no more than what you believe me to be and ,i am all that you believe ,i can be4 ,i am what you make me1 nothing more4 ,i swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color1 a symbol of yourself1 the pictured suggestion of that big thing which makes this nation4 ,my stars and my stripes are your dream and your labors4 ,they are bright with cheer1 brilliant with courage1 firm with faith1 because you have made them so out of your hearts4 ,for you are the makers of the flag and it is well that you glory in the making4 ,franklin ,k4 ,lane ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,old ,,glory,i ,i ,from the ,biographical ,edition of the ,complete ,works of ,james ,whitcomb ,riley1 copyright #aiac4 ,used by special permission of the publishers1 ,the ,bobbs-,merrill ,company4 ,old ,glory6 say1 who1 ,by the ships and the crew1 ,and the long1 blended ranks of the gray and the blue-- ,who gave you1 ,old ,glory1 the name that you bear ,with such pride everywhere ,as you cast yourself free to the rapturous air ,and leap out full-length1 as we're wanting you to8-- ,who gave you that name1 with the ring of the same1 ,and the honor and fame so becoming to you8-- ,your stripes stroked in ripples of white and of red1 ,with your stars at their glittering best overhead-- ,by day or by night ,their delightfulest light ,laughing down from their little square heaven of blue6-- ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8--say1 who-- ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8 ,the old banner lifted1 and faltering then ,in vague lisps and whispers fell silent again4 ,old ,glory--speak out6--we are asking about ,how you happened to favor a name1 so to say1 ,that sounds so familiar and careless and gay ,as we cheer it and shout in our wild breezy way-- ,we--the crowd1 every man of us1 calling you that-- ,we--,tom1 ,dick and ,harry--each swinging his hat ,and hurrahing ,old ,glory6 like you were our kin1 ,when--,lord6--we all know we're as common as sin6 ,and yet it just seems like you humor us all ,and waft us your thanks1 as we hail you and fall ,into line1 with you over us1 waving us on ,where our glorified1 sanctified betters have gone-- ,and this is the reason we're wanting to know-- 7,and we're wanting it so-- ,where our own fathers went we are willing to go7-- ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory--,o-ho6-- ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8 ,the old flag unfurled with a billowy thrill ,for an instant1 then wistfully sighed and was still4 ,old ,glory3 the story we're wanting to hear ,is what the plain facts of your christening were-- ,for your name--just to hear it1 ,repeat it1 and cheer it1 's tang to the spirit ,as salt as a tear2-- ,and seeing you fly1 and the boys marching by1 ,there's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye ,and an aching to live for you always--or die1 ,if dying1 we still keep you waving on high4 ,and so1 by our love ,for you1 floating above1 ,and the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof1 ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory1 and why ,are we thrilled at the name of ,old ,glory8 ,then the old banner leaped1 like a sail in the blast1 ,and fluttered an audible answer at last4 ,and it spake1 with a shake of the voice1 and it said3 ,by the driven snow-white and the living blood-red ,of my bars1 and their heaven of stars overhead-- ,by the symbol conjoined of them all1 skyward cast1 ,as ,i float from the steeple1 or flap at the mast1 ,or droop o'er the sod where the long grasses nod-- ,my name is as old as the glory of ,god4 444 ,so ,i came by the name of ,old ,glory4 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley ,,we',,ll ,,keep ,,old ,,glory ,,flying ,song ,we'll keep ,old ,glory flying fair1 ,no matter where we are2 ,we'll let the breeze caress each stripe ,and proudly kiss each star4 ',twill never know the despot's heel1 ,this ,banner of the ,free4 ,we'll keep ,old ,glory flying high1 ,for ,home and ,liberty6 ,no matter where we go1 or when1 ,no matter where we go1 ,our starry flag in grandeur proud1 ,to us the way will show4 ,on foreign shores1 afar from home1 ,we'll carry it on high1 ,and let the foeman know its might-- ,to honor it or die4 ,carleton ,s4 ,montanye ,,our ,,country',s ,,flag ,song ,beneath our country's flag today1 ,we stand a children's band1 ,and to it now in loyalty ,we pledge each heart and hand4 ,we love its colors as they wave ,beneath these summer skies1 ,the flag our fathers fought to save ,is sacred in our eyes4 ,our country's flag1 the dear old flag1 ,to it1 ev'ry heart beats true6 ,we will follow far each gleaming star1 ,our own red1 white and blue4 ',neath each clust'ring fold1 as in days of old1 ,it will gather those oppressed1 ,and secure from harm and from all alarm1 ,it will bid them safely rest4 ,to its slightest call1 we will rally all2 ,ev'ry pledge it makes to keep2 ,and it leads us forth over lands afar1 ,o'er the ocean's blue so deep4 ,florence ,l4 ,dresser ,,old ,,flag ,what shall ,i say to you1 ,old ,flag8 ,you are so grand in every fold1 ,so linked with mighty deeds of old1 ,so steeped in blood where heroes fell1 ,so torn and pierced by shot and shell1 ,so calm1 so still1 so firm1 so true1 ,my throat swells at the sight of you1 ,old ,flag4 ,what of the men who lifted you1 ,old ,flag1 ,upon the top of ,bunker ,hill8 ',mid shock and roar and crash and scream1 ,who crossed the ,delaware's frozen stream1 ,who starved1 who fought1 who bled1 who died1 ,that you might float in glorious pride1 ,old ,flag8 ,what of the women brave and true1 ,old ,flag1 ,who1 while the cannon thundered wild1 ,sent forth a husband1 lover1 child1 ,who labored in the field by day1 ,who1 all the night long1 knelt to pray1 ,and thought that ,god great mercy gave1 ,if only freely you might wave1 ,old ,flag8 ,what is your mission now1 ,old ,flag8 ,what but to set all people free1 ,to rid the world of misery1 ,to guard the right1 avenge the wrong1 ,and gather in one joyful throng ,beneath your folds in close embrace ,all burdened ones of every race1 ,old ,flag4 ,right nobly do you lead the way1 ,old ,flag4 ,your stars shine out for liberty1 ,your white stripes stand for purity1 ,your crimson claims that courage high ,for ,honor's sake to fight and die4 ,lead on against the alien shore6 ,we'll follow you e'en to ,death's door1 ,old ,flag6 ,hubbard ,parker ,,the ,,unfurling ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,song ,there's a streak across the skyline ,that is gleaming in the sun1 ,watchers from the lighthouse towers ,signalled it to foreign ,powers ,just as daylight had begun1 ,message thrilling1 ,hopes fulfilling ,to those fighting o'er the seas4 ,it's the flag we've named ,old ,glory ,that's unfurling to the breeze4 ,can you see the flashing emblem ,of our ,country's high ideal8 ,keep your lifted eyes upon it ,and draw joy and courage from it1 ,for it stands for what is real1 ,freedom's calling ,to the falling ,from oppression's hard decrees4 ,it's the flag we've named ,old ,glory ,you see floating in the breeze4 ,glorious flag we raise so proudly1 ,stars and stripes1 red1 white and blue1 ,you have been the inspiration ,of an ever growing nation ,such as this world never knew4 ,peace and ,justice1 ,freedom1 ,progress1 ,are the blessings we can seize ,when the flag we call ,old ,glory ,is unfurling to the breeze4 ,when the cry of battling nations ,reaches us across the space ,of the wild tumultuous ocean1 ,hearts are stirred with deep emotion ,for the saving of the race6 ,peace foregoing1 ,aid bestowing1 ,first we drop on bended knees1 ,then with shouts our grand ,old ,glory ,we set flaunting to the breeze6 ,clara ,endicott ,sears ,,your ,,flag ,,and ,,my ,,flag ,your flag and my flag1 ,and how it flies today ,in your land and my land ,and half a world away6 ,rose-red and blood-red ,the stripes forever gleam2 ,snow-white and soul-white-- ,the good forefathers' dream2 ,sky-blue and true blue1 with stars to gleam aright-- ,the gloried guidon of the day2 a shelter through the night4 ,your flag and my flag6 ,and1 oh1 how much it holds-- ,your land and my land-- ,secure within its folds6 ,your heart and my heart ,beat quicker at the sight2 ,sun-kissed and wind-tossed-- ,red and blue and white4 ,the one flag--the great flag--the flag for me and you-- ,glorified all else beside--the red and white and blue6 ,your flag and my flag6 ,to every star and stripe ,the drums beat as hearts beat ,and fifers shrilly pipe6 ,your flag and my flag-- ,a blessing in the sky2 ,your hope and my hope-- ,it never hid a lie6 ,home land and far land and half the world around1 ,old ,glory hears our glad salute and ripples to the sound6 ,wilbur ,d4 ,nesbit ,,our ,,flag ,there are many flags in many lands1 ,there are flags of every hue1 ,but there is no flag in any land ,like our own ,red1 ,white1 and ,blue4 ,then ,hurrah for the flag6 our country's flag1 ,its stripes and white stars1 too2 ,there is no flag in any land ,like our own ,red1 ,white1 and ,blue4 ,mary ,howlister ,this flag1 which we honor and under which we serve1 is the emblem of our unity1 our power1 our thought and purpose as a nation4 ,it has no other character than that which we give it from generation to generation4 ,the choices are ours4 ,it floats in majestic silence above the hosts that execute those choices1 whether in peace or in war4 ,and yet1 though silent1 it speaks to us--speaks to us of the past1 of the men and women who went before us1 and of the records they wrote upon it4 ,we celebrate the day of its birth2 and from its birth until now it has witnessed a great history1 has floated on high the symbol of great events1 of a great plan of life worked out by a great people4 ,we are about to carry it into battle1 to lift it where it will draw the fire of our enemies4 ,we are about to bid thousands1 hundreds of thousands1 it may be millions1 of our men--the young1 the strong1 the capable men of the nation--to go forth and die beneath it on fields of blood far away4444 ,woe be to the man1 or group of men1 that seeks to stand in our way in this day of high resolution1 when every principle we hold dearest is to be vindicated and made secure for the salvation of the nations4 ,we are ready to plead at the bar of history1 and our flag shall wear a new luster4 ,once more we shall make good with our lives and fortunes the great faith to which we were born1 and a new glory shall shine in the face of our people4 ,woodrow ,wilson ,from ,flag ,day ,address1 ,june #ad1 #aiag ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,star ,,spangled ,,banner ,in the ,war of #ahab1 when an attack was being made upon ,fort ,mc,henry1 ,mr4 ,key and his friend were on board an ,american vessel just in sight of the enemy's fleet and the flag of ,fort ,mc,henry4 ,they remained on board all through the night1 holding their breath at every shell that went careering over among their countrymen in the fort1 and every moment expecting an explosion4 ,suddenly the firing ceased1 and as they had no connection with the enemy's ships they could not find out whether the fort had been abandoned1 or the siege given up4 ,for the remainder of the night they paced to and fro upon the deck in terrible anxiety1 longing for the return of the day1 and looking every few moments at their watches to see how long they must wait for it4 ,light came at last1 and they could see that our flag was still there4 ,at length they were told that the attack had failed and that the ,british were re-embarking4 ,the words of the ,star ,spangled ,banner were written by ,mr4 ,key1 as he walked the deck in the darkness and suspense4 ,in less than an hour after it went into the printer's hands it was all over town1 was hailed with joy1 and at once took its place among our national pieces4 ,ferdinand ,durag1 an actor1 saw it1 and catching up a volume of flute music1 he whistled tune after tune2 at length1 he chanced upon one called ,anacreon in ,heaven1 and as note after note fell from his lips1 he cried1 ,boys1 ,i've hit it6 ,then1 taking up the words1 there rang out for the first time the ,song of the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,how the men shouted and clapped6 ,the actor sang it in public4 ,it was caught up in camps1 sung around bivouac fires1 and whistled in the streets4 ,when peace was declared and the people scattered to their homes1 it was sung around thousands of firesides4 ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner ,oh1 say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming1 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars1 through the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming8 ,and the rockets' red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof through the night that our flag was still there4 ,oh1 say1 does that star-spangled banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave8 ,on the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes1 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep1 ,as it fitfully blows1 half conceals1 half discloses8 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected1 now shines on the stream2 ',tis the star-spangled banner2 oh1 long may it wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,oh1 thus be it ever1 when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and the war's desolation1 ,blest with victory and peace1 may the ,heav'n-rescued land ,praise the ,power that hath made and preserved us a nation4 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto3 ,in ,god is our trust6 ,and the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,francis ,scott ,key 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man came from ,europe to this country1 and went to ,cuba in #ahfg4 ,he was arrested as a spy1 court-martialed and condemned to be shot4 ,he sent for the ,american and ,english consuls1 and proved to them that he was not a spy4 ,they went to one of the ,spanish officers and said1 ,this man you have condemned to be shot is an innocent man4 ,the ,spanish officer said1 ,the man has been legally tried by our laws and condemned1 and the law must take its course and the man must die4 ,the next morning the man was led out2 the grave was already dug for him1 the black cap was put on him1 the soldiers were there ready to receive the order ,fire1 and in a few moments the man would be shot and put in that grave4 ,then the ,american consul took the ,american flag and wrapped it around the prisoner1 and the ,english consul took the ,english flag and wrapped it around him1 and they said to those soldiers1 ,fire on those flags if you dare6 ,not a man dared4 ,why8 ,there were two great governments behind those flags4 ,let us love our flag1 because behind it is the greatest of the best and the best of the great of all governments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have told the story of the making of an ,american4 ,there remains to tell how ,i found out that he was made and finished at last4 ,it was when ,i went back to see my mother once more and1 wandering about the country of my childhood's memories1 had come to the city of ,elsinore ,there ,i fell ill of a fever and lay many weeks in the house of a friend upon the shore of the beautiful ,oeresund4 ,one day when the fever had left me they rolled my bed into a room overlooking the sea4 ,the sunlight danced upon the waves1 and the distant mountains of ,sweden were blue against the horizon4 ,ships passed under full sail up and down the great waterway of the nations4 ,but the sunshine and the peaceful day bore no message to me4 ,i lay moodily picking at the coverlet1 sick and discouraged and sore--,i hardly knew why myself4 ,until all at once there sailed past1 close in shore1 a ship flying at the top the flag of freedom1 blown out on the breeze till every star in it shone bright and clear4 ,that moment ,i knew4 ,gone were illness1 discouragement and gloom6 ,forgotten weakness and suffering1 the cautions of doctor and nurse4 ,i sat up in bed and shouted1 laughed and cried by turns1 waving my handkerchief to the flag out there4 ,they thought ,i had lost my head1 but ,i told them no1 thank ,god6 ,i had found it1 and my heart1 too1 at last4 ,i knew then it was my flag2 that my children's home was mine1 indeed2 that ,i also had become an ,american in truth4 ,and ,i thanked ,god1 and1 like unto the man sick of the palsy1 arose from my bed and went home1 healed4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis ,from ,the ,making of an ,american ,,the ,,flag ,,goes ,,by ,hats off6 ,along the street there comes ,a blare of bugles1 a ruffle of drums1 ,a flash of color beneath the sky3 ,hats off6 ,the flag is passing by6 ,blue and crimson and white it shines1 ,over the steel-tipped1 ordered lines4 ,hats off6 ,the colors before us fly2 ,but more than the flag is passing by4 ,sea-fights and land-fights1 grim and great1 ,fought to make and to save the ,state3 ,weary marches and sinking ships2 ,cheers of victory on dying lips2 ,days of plenty and years of peace2 ,march of a strong land's swift increase2 ,equal justice1 right and law1 ,stately honor and reverend awe2 ,sign of a nation1 great and strong ,to ward her people from foreign wrong2 ,pride and glory and honor--all ,live in the colors to stand or fall4 ,hats off6 ,along the street there comes ,a blare of bugles1 a ruffle of drums2 ,and loyal hearts are beating high3 ,hats off6 ,the flag is passing by6 ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett ,,rules ,,for ,,flag ,,etiquette ,in no case should the flag be permitted to touch the ground1 nor should it be marred by advertisements1 nor desecrated on the stage4 ,for indoor decorations the flag should only be used as a drapery2 it should not be used to cover a bench or table1 or where anything can be placed upon the flag4 ,no words1 figures1 pictures or marks of any kind should be placed upon the flag4 ,when our national flag and state or other flags fly together1 or are used in decoration1 our national flag should be on the right4 ,whenever possible the flag should always be allowed to fly in the breeze from a staff or mast1 but if it should be necessary to fasten it to the side of a building or platform1 it should hang with the blue field at the upper left hand corner4 ,if hung where it can be seen from both sides1 the blue field should be toward the east or north4 ,the correct salute to the flag as required by the regulations of the ,united ,states army is3 ,standing at attention1 raise the right hand to the forehead over the right eye1 palm downward1 fingers extended and close together1 arm at an angle of forty-five degrees4 ,move hand outward about a foot1 with a quick motion1 then drop it to the side4 ,the oath of allegiance to the flag1 adopted by the ,n4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 and by our military schools1 the ,boy ,scouts and other organizations1 and which should be taught in all our public schools is3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag1 and to the ,republic for which it stands3 one ,nation indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all4 ,when the colors are passing on parade or in review1 the spectator should1 if a man or boy1 stand at attention and uncover4 ,when the ,star ,spangled ,banner is played1 all present should rise and stand at attention until the ending4 ,when the flag is displayed at half mast1 for mourning1 it is lowered to that position from the top of the staff4 ,it is afterward hoisted to the top before it is finally lowered4 ,when the flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning it should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral4 ,when used on a bier or casket at a funeral1 the stars should be placed at the head4 ,our most important holidays 7when the flag should be displayed at full staff7 are3 ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,february #ab2 ,washington's ,birthday1 ,february #bb2 ,arbor ,day2 ,memorial ,day1 ,may #cj2 ,flag ,day1 ,june #ad2 ,independence ,day1 ,july #d2 ,columbus ,day1 ,october #ab2 ,thanksgiving ,day1 and ,state ,day4 ,the flag should not be hoisted before sunrise or allowed to remain up after sunset4 ,at retreat1 sunset1 civilian spectators should stand at attention and the men should remove their hats during the playing of the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,military spectators are required by regulation to stand at attention and give the military salute4 ,when the national colors are passing on parade1 or in review1 spectators should1 if walking1 halt1 and if sitting1 rise and stand at attention1 the men removing their hats4 ,,bibliography ,see ,bibliography at end of monograph4 ,,bibliography ,,bibliography ,,katharine ,b4 ,,rogers1 ,,reference ,,librarian1 ,,state ,,library ,,holidays ,,and ,,festivals ,,in ,,general ,armstrong1 ,w4 ,c4 ,patriotic poems of ,new ,jersey4 ,new ,jersey ,society ,sons of the ,american ,revolution ,bacon1 ,corinne1 comp4 ,one thousand good books for children4 ,wilson,j ,j ,this bibliography contains references to books and parts of books for the different holidays4 ,bates1 ,e4 ,w4 ,orr1 ,w4 ,pageants and pageantry4 ,ginn ,bemis1 ,k4 ,i41 ,holtz1 ,m4 ,s4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,l4 ,patriotic reader4 ,houghton ,broadhurst1 ,jean ,rhodes1 ,clara ,l4 ,verse for patriots4 ,lippincott ,chambers1 ,r4 ,book of days4 ,lippincott ,chubb1 ,percival4 ,festivals and plays4 ,harper ,craig1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,a4 ,the dramatic festival4 ,putnam ,davis1 ,h4 ,c4 ed4 ,three minute declamations for college men4 ,hinds ,davis1 ,h4 ,c4 ed4 ,three minute readings for college girls4 ,hinds ,deems1 ,e4 ,m4 ,holy-days and holidays4 ,funk ,dynes1 ,s4 ,a4 ,socializing the child4 ,silver ,burdette 7,chapters ,,vii and ,,viii for teachers' reading7 ,horsford1 ,i4 ,m4 ,stories of our holidays4 ,silver ,burdette ,mackay1 ,c4 ,d4 ,how to produce children's plays4 ,holt ,mackay1 ,c4 ,d4 ,patriotic plays and pageants4 ,holt ,mackay1 ,c4 ,d4 ,plays of the pioneers4 ,harper ,mc,spadden1 ,j4 ,w4 ,book of holidays4 ,crowell ,needham1 ,m4 ,m4 ,folk festivals4 ,huebsch ,olcott1 ,f4 ,j4 ed4 ,good stories for great holidays4 ,moffat ,one hundred and one famous poems4 ,cable ,patten1 ,h4 ,p4 ,the year's festivals4 ,estes ,paulsson1 ,emilie4 ,holidays songs and everyday songs and games4 ,milton ,bradley ,co4 ,rice1 ,s4 ,s4 ,holiday selections4 ,penn ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,our ,american holiday series4 ,moffat ,separate volumes on ,arbor ,day1 ,flag ,day1 ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,memorial ,day1 ,thanksgiving1 ,washington's ,birthday ,stevenson1 ,b4 ,e4 ,days and deeds4 ,baker ,taylor ,stevenson1 ,b4 ,e4 ,home book of verse4 ,holt ,thorp1 ,j4 ,kimball1 ,r4 ,patriotic pageants of today4 ,holt ,watkins1 ,d4 ,e4 ,williams1 ,r4 ,e4 ,the forum of democracy4 ,allyn ,,opening ,,exercises ,mc,naught1 ,m4 ,s4 ,training in courtesy4 7,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education bulletin no4 #ei1 #aiag7 ,,columbus ,,day ,brooks1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the true story of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,lothrop ,colombo1 ,fernando4 ,the discovery of ,america2 from the ,life of ,columbus by his son4 7,old ,south ,leaflets1 vol4 #b1 no4 #bi7 ,fiske1 ,john4 ,the discovery of ,america4 #b vols4 ,houghton ,irving1 ,washington4 ,columbus2 his life and voyages4 7,heroes of the ,nation ,series7 ,mackie1 ,c4 ,p4 ,with the ,admiral of the ocean sea2 a narrative of the first voyage to the western world1 drawn mainly from the diary of ,columbus4 ,mc,clurg ,moores1 ,c4 ,w4 ,life of ,christopher ,columbus for boys and girls4 ,houghton ,seelye1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,the story of ,columbus4 ,appleton ,trenton ,state ,normal ,school--,junior ,class4 ,columbus ,day2 a dramatic festival4 7,manuscript at ,trenton ,state ,normal ,school ,library7 ,winsor1 ,justin4 ,christopher ,columbus1 and how he received and imparted the spirit of discovery4 ,houghton ,,thanksgiving ,,day ,kellogg1 ,a4 ,m4 ,how to celebrate ,thanksgiving and ,christmas4 ,penn ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,thanksgiving4 ,moffat ,schell1 ,s4 ,thanksgiving celebrations4 ,werner4 ,sindelar1 ,j4 ,c4 ,thanksgiving entertainments4 ,flanagan4 ,trenton ,state ,normal ,school4 ,thanksgiving ,day4 ,crowell ,publishing ,co4 7,woman's ,home ,companion7 ,,lincoln',s ,,birthday ,andrews1 ,mary ,r4 ,s4 ,the perfect tribute4 ,scribner ,arnold1 ,i4 ,n4 ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,mc,clurg ,baldwin1 ,james4 ,four great ,americans1 ,washington1 ,franklin1 ,webster1 ,lincoln4 ,american ,book ,co4 ,brooks1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the true story of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,lothrop ,brooks1 ,noah4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 and the downfall of ,american slavery4 ,putnam ,coffin1 ,c4 ,c4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,harper ,gordy1 ,w4 ,f4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,scribner ,hill1 ,f4 ,t4 ,lincoln1 the lawyer4 ,houghton ,mac,kaye1 ,percy4 ,lincoln centenary ode4 ,macmillan ,moores1 ,c4 ,w4 ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln for boys and girls4 ,houghton ,morgan1 ,james4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 the boy and the man4 ,macmillan ,morse1 ,j4 ,t4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 #b vols4 ,houghton ,nicolay1 ,j4 ,g4 ,boy's life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,century ,nicolay1 ,j4 ,g4 ,short life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,century ,nicolay1 ,j4 ,g4 ,hay1 ,john4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 #aj vols4 ,century ,nicolay1 ,j4 ,g4 ,hay1 ,john4 ,complete works of ,abraham ,lincoln4 #b vols4 ,century ,putnam1 ,m4 ,l4 ,children's life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,mc,clurg ,robinson1 ,l4 ,e4 ,abraham ,lincoln as a man of letters4 ,reilly ,rothschild1 ,alonzo4 ,lincoln1 master of men4 ,lane ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,lincoln's ,birthday4 ,moffat ,schurz1 ,carl4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,houghton ,selby1 ,paul4 ,anecdotal ,lincoln4 ,thompson ,tarbell1 ,i4 ,m4 ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln4 #b vols4 ,doubleday ,whipple1 ,wayne4 ,the story-life of ,lincoln4 ,winston ,,washington',s ,,birthday ,brooks1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the true story of ,george ,washington4 ,lothrop ,carrington1 ,h4 ,b4 ,washington1 the soldier4 ,scribner ,ford1 ,p4 ,l4 ,the true ,george ,washington4 ,lippincott ,ford1 ,w4 ,c4 ,george ,washington4 ,small ,hapgood1 ,norman4 ,george ,washington4 ,macmillan ,haworth1 ,p4 ,l4 ,george ,washington3 farmer4 ,bobbs-,merrill ,headley1 ,j4 ,t4 ,washington and his generals4 ,scribner ,hill1 ,f4 ,t4 ,on the trail of ,washington4 ,appleton ,irving1 ,washington4 ,life of ,george ,washington4 #h vols4 ,putnam ,irving1 ,washington4 ,washington and his country4 7,life abridged for schools7 ,ginn ,kellogg1 ,a4 ,m4 ,how to celebrate ,washington's ,birthday4 ,penn ,lodge1 ,h4 ,c4 ,george ,washington4 #b vols4 ,houghton ,mac,kaye1 ,percy4 ,washington1 the man who made us4 ,knopf ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,washington's birthday4 ,moffat ,scudder1 ,h4 ,e4 ,george ,washington4 ,houghton ,seawell1 ,m4 ,e4 ,virginia cavalier4 ,harper ,seelye1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,story of ,washington4 ,appleton ,sindelar1 ,j4 ,c4 ,washington day entertainments4 ,flanagan4 ,trent1 ,w4 ,p4 ,southern statesmen of the old rgime4 ,crowell van ,dyke1 ,henry4 ,americanism of ,washington4 ,harper ,whipple1 ,wayne4 ,story-life of ,washington4 #b vols4 ,winston ,,arbor ,,day ,revell1 ,e4 ,i4 ,arbor ,day exercises for the schoolroom4 ,educational ,publishing ,co4 ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,arbor ,day4 ,moffat ,skinner1 ,c4 ,r4 ,arbor ,day manual4 ,bardeen ,,memorial ,,day ,andrews1 ,m4 ,p4 ,the ,american's creed and its meaning4 ,doubleday ,hale1 ,e4 ,e4 ,the man without a country ,revell1 ,e4 ,i4 ,memorial ,day exercises for the schoolroom4 ,educational ,publishing ,co4 ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,memorial ,day4 ,moffat ,united ,states ,committee on ,public ,information4 ,battle line of democracy ,,flag ,,day ,canby1 ,george ,balderston1 ,lloyd4 ,evolution of the ,american flag4 ,ferris ,leach ,harrison1 ,p4 ,d4 ,the stars and stripes and other ,american flags4 ,little1 ,brown ,co4 ,holden1 ,e4 ,s4 ,our country's flag and the flags of foreign countries4 ,appleton ,ide1 ,e4 ,k4 ,history and significance of the ,american flag4 7,published by the author7 ,national ,geographic ,magazine4 ,flag number1 ,october #aiag ,preble1 ,g4 ,h4 ,history of the flag of the ,united ,states of ,america1 and other national flags4 ,williams ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ed4 ,flag ,day4 ,moffat ,schell1 ,stanley4 ,flag ,day program4 ,werner ,stewart1 ,c4 ,w4 ,the stars and stripes4 ,boylston ,publishing ,co4 ,tappan1 ,e4 ,m4 ,little book of the flag4 ,houghton ,u4 ,s4 ,navy ,department4 ,flags of the maritime nations ,,index ,adams1 ,john1 #ajg ,address to ,america1 ,walt ,whitman1 #ed ,after the great companions1 ,frank ,crane1 #acd ,america1 ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 #ee ,america's answer1 ,r4 ,w4 ,lillard1 #ach ,arbor ,day1 #aji-bd ,babcock1 ,maltbie ,d41 #bc ,bailey1 #bb ,baker1 ,george ,c41 #abe ,battle hymn of the republic1 ,julia ,ward ,howe1 #acb ,beecher1 ,henry ,ward1 #hh1 #adb ,bennett1 ,henry ,holcomb1 #aef ,bibliography1 ,katharine ,b4 ,rogers1 #aei-fd ,bixby letter1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 #hb ,blue and the ,gray1 ,the1 ,francis ,miles ,finch1 #acj ,boy ,columbus1 ,the1 #dd ,boy that hungered for knowledge1 ,the1 #hf ,bridges1 ,madeline ,s41 #bb ,bryant1 ,william ,cullen1 #ee ,bryce1 ,james1 #ajg ,butterworth1 ,hezekiah1 #di ,campbell1 ,mary ,r41 #dj ,cat and his servant1 ,the1 ,alice ,lewis1 #ca ,chastelleux1 ,marquis1 #ajh ,chew1 ,hannah ,h41 #ada-eh ,choate1 ,rufus1 #ajg ,civility1 selections from rules of1 #ii ,collins1 ,william1 #abf ,columbus1 ,christopher1 ,a dreamer they called him1 #db ,columbus and the egg1 #de ,columbus dared to cross the sea1 #da ,columbus sailed over waters blue1 #cf ,columbus was a sailor bold1 #ci ,crowning ,columbus1 #cg ,discovery ,day1 #da ,i'll wave my flag for ,discovery ,day1 #ch ,my beautiful flag1 #ch ,my little ship1 #ch ,we are jolly little sailors1 #cf ,what we can do1 #cg ,columbus1 ,joaquin ,miller1 #eb ,columbus ,day1 ,fitchburg 7,massachusetts7 ,normal ,school1 #de2 ,j4 ,cayce ,morrison1 #cc-eg ,columbus game1 #ch ,columbus play1 ,mary ,r4 ,campbell1 #dj ,cotton1 history of1 ,bessie ,o',hagen1 #bh ,courtesy is to do and say1 #bb ,crane1 ,frank1 #acd ,davis1 ,k4 ,c41 #aba ,depew1 ,chauncey ,mitchell1 #ej ,discovery ,day1 #da ,discovery of ,america1 ,washington ,irving1 #di ,dresser1 ,florence ,l41 #aej ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 #ed1 #fj ,fabricant1 ,josephine ,m41 #ace ,farber1 ,florence ,l41 #bd ,finch1 ,francis ,miles1 #acj ,fitchburg 7,massachusetts7 ,normal ,school1 #de ,flag1 ,american1 brief history of1 ,edward ,s4 ,holden1 #ade ,flag1 story about1 #aee ,flag ,day1 ,hannah ,h4 ,chew1 #ada-eh ,flag etiquette1 rules for1 #aeg ,flag goes by1 ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett1 #aef ,flag of ,spain1 #db ,folsom1 ,joseph ,fulford1 #hd ,forests1 value of1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 #abc ,foster1 ,henry ,w41 #hi ,froude1 ,james ,anthony1 #bc ,gaskill1 ,alfred1 #aab ,gettysburg ,speech1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 #gi ,gordon1 ,charles ,c41 #aci ,gordon1 ,john ,b41 #acc ,green1 ,j4 ,r41 #ij1 #if ,gregg1 ,david1 #acd ,guitteau1 ,william ,backus1 #ef ,hale1 ,edward ,everett1 #ej ,hamilton grove1 planting of1 ,charles ,a4 ,philhower1 #aai ,harte1 ,bret1 #abi ,haver1 ,jennie1 #ac ,hay1 ,john1 #acd ,hazard1 ,caroline1 #ef ,holden1 ,edward ,s41 #ade ,houghton1 ,george ,w4 ,w41 #ec ,howe1 ,julia ,ward1 #acb ,howlister1 ,mary1 #aec ,i have a son1 ,emory ,pottle1 #acf ,if you have faith1 #bc ,immortal morn1 ,hezekiah ,butterworth1 #di ,in ,flanders ,fields1 ,john ,mc,crae1 #ach ,irving1 ,washington1 #di1 #ec ,jusserand1 ,j4 ,j41 #id ,kendall1 ,c4 ,n41 #g1 #i1 #aaa1 #aab ,key1 ,francis ,scott1 #aee ,kilmer1 ,joyce1 #aaj ,kindness is catching1 #bc ,kipling1 ,rudyard1 #aca ,lane1 ,franklin ,k41 #aci1 #adg ,lee1 ,henry1 #ajg ,lewis1 ,alice1 #ca ,lillard1 ,r4 ,w41 #ach ,lincoln1 ,abraham1 #gi1 #hb1 #if ,lincoln1 ,acrostic1 #hd ,lincoln and ,judge ,b4 444 swap horses1 #hg ,lincoln's autobiography1 #ha ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,charles ,a4 ,philhower1 #fi-hh ,lincoln's honesty1 #hf ,lincoln's humor1 #hg ,lincoln's kindness of heart1 #hf ,lincoln's speeches1 sayings from1 #hb ,logan1 ,john ,a41 #acd ,london ,newspaper1 #ajh ,lossing1 ,benson ,j41 #eb ,lowell1 ,james ,russell1 #cd ,mc,crae1 ,john1 #ach ,mc,spadden1 ,j4 ,walker1 #ig ,makers of the flag1 ,franklin ,k4 ,lane1 #adg ,memorial ,day1 ,george ,c4 ,baker1 #abe-ci ,miller1 ,joaquin1 #eb ,montanye1 ,carleton ,s41 #aej ,morning exercises1 ,florence ,l4 ,farber1 #bd2 ,jennie ,haver1 #ac ,morrison1 ,j4 ,cayce1 #cc ,name of ,old ,glory1 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley1 #adh ,nesbit1 ,wilbur ,d41 #aec ,o ,captain1 my ,captain1 ,walt ,whitman1 #hc ,o',hagen1 ,bessie1 #bh ,old ,flag1 ,hubbard ,parker1 #aea ,on a portrait of ,columbus1 ,george ,edward ,woodberry1 #ed ,opening exercises1 #aa-cb2 ---- ,louis ,h4 ,burch1 #ac ,our country's flag1 ,florence ,l4 ,dresser1 #aej ,our flag1 ,mary ,howlister1 #aec ,our national ideals1 ,william ,backus ,gitteau1 #ef ,parker1 ,hubbard1 #aea ,philhower1 ,charles ,a41 #fi1 #aai ,pottle1 ,emory1 #acf ,recessional1 ,rudyard ,kipling1 #aca ,reveille1 ,the1 ,bret ,harte1 #abi ,riis1 ,jacob ,a41 #aef ,riley1 ,james ,whitcomb1 #adh ,rogers1 ,katharine ,b41 #aei 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