,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,more detail can be found at the end of the book4 ,revolutionary ,reader ,,reminiscences ,,and ,,indian ,,legends ,,compiled ,,by ,,sophie ,,lee ,,foster ,,state ,,regent ,,daughters ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,revolution ,,of ,,georgia ,,atlanta1 ,,ga43 ,,byrd ,,printing ,,company #aiac ,,copyrighted #aiac ,,by ,,sophie ,,lee ,,foster ,,dedication ,as my work has been a labor of love1 ,i therefore affectionately dedicate this book to the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution of ,georgia4 ,september #d1 #aiac4 ,,mrs4 ,,sheppard ,w4 ,,foster1 ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,my ,dear ,mrs4 ,foster3--,to say that ,i am delighted with your ,revolutionary ,reader is to state the sheer truth in very mild terms4 ,it is a marvel to me how you could gather together so many charmingly written articles1 each of them illustrative of some dramatic phase of the great struggle for independence4 ,there is much in this book of local interest to each section4 ,there is literally nothing which does not carry with it an appeal of the most profound interest to the general reader1 whether in ,georgia or ,new ,england4 ,you have ignored no part of the map4 ,i congratulate you upon your wonderful success in the preparation of your ,revolutionary ,reader4 ,it is marvelously rich in contents and broadly ,american in spirit4 ,sincerely your friend1 7,signed7 ,,lucian ,,lamar ,,knight4 ,september #h1 #aiac4 ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,foster1 #gaa ,peachtree ,street4 ,i like very much your plan of a ,revolutionary reader4 ,i hope it will be adopted by the school boards of the various states as a supplementary reader so that it may have a wide circulation4 ,yours sincerely1 ,,joseph ,t4 ,,derry4 ,,contents ,,page ,america #aa ,washington's ,name #ab ,washington's ,inauguration #ac ,important ,characters of the ,revolutionary ,period in ,american ,history #ad ,battle of ,alamance #bj ,battle of ,lexington #bb ,signers of ,declaration #ce ,life at ,valley ,forge #cg ,old ,williamsburg #df ,song of the ,revolution #eb ,a ,true ,story of the ,revolution #ec ,georgia ,poem #ee ,forts of ,georgia #ef ,james ,edward ,oglethorpe #ei ,the ,condition of ,georgia ,during the ,revolution #fa ,fort ,rutledge of the ,revolution #fe ,the ,efforts of ,la,fayette for the ,cause of ,american ,independence #gb ,james ,jackson #gg ,experiences of ,joab ,horne #gi ,historical ,sketch of ,margaret ,katherine ,barry #ha ,art and ,artists of the ,revolution #hd ,uncle ,sam ,explained ,again #hg ,an ,episode of the ,war of the ,revolution #hh ,state ,flowers #ic ,georgia ,state ,history1 ,naming of the ,counties #ie ,an ,historic ,tree #ajj ,independence ,day #aja ,kitty #ajb ,battle of ,kettle ,creek #ajh ,a ,daring ,exploit of ,grace and ,rachael ,martin #aaa ,a ,revolutionary ,puzzle #aab ,south ,carolina in the ,revolution #aab ,lyman ,hall #aah ,a ,romance of ,revolutionary ,times #abj ,fort ,motte1 ,south ,carolina #aba ,peter ,strozier #abc ,independence ,day #abe ,sarah ,gilliam ,williamson #abg ,a ,colonial ,hiding ,place #abi ,a ,hero of the ,revolution #aca ,john ,paul ,jones #acb ,the ,real ,georgia ,cracker #ace ,the ,dying ,soldier #acf ,when ,benjamin ,franklin ,scored #aci ,a ,revolutionary ,baptising #aci ,george ,walton #adj ,thomas ,jefferson #adc ,orators of the ,american ,revolution #aej ,the ,flag of ,our ,country 7,poem7 #aed ,the ,old ,virginia ,gentleman #aee ,when ,washington ,was ,wed 7,poem7 #afj ,rhode ,island in the ,american ,revolution #afb ,georgia and ,her ,heroes in the ,revolution #afh ,united ,states ,treasury ,seal #agc ,willie ,was ,saved #agd ,virginia ,revolutionary ,forts #age ,uncrowned ,queens and ,kings as ,shown ,through ,humorous ,incidents of the ,revolution #ahe ,a ,colonial ,story #aib ,molly ,pitcher for ,hall of ,fame #aie ,revolutionary ,relics #aif ,tragedy of the ,revolution ,overlooked by ,historians #aig ,john ,martin #bjd ,john ,stark1 ,revolutionary ,soldier #bjf ,benjamin ,franklin #bji ,captain ,mugford #baa ,governor ,john ,clarke #bad ,party ,relations in ,england and ,their ,effect on the ,american ,revolution #bba ,early ,means of ,transportation by ,land and ,water #bbh ,colonel ,benjamin ,hawkins #bcf ,governor ,jared ,irwin #bdj ,education of ,men and ,women of the ,american ,revolution #bdc ,nancy ,hart #beb ,battle of ,kings ,mountain 7,poem7 #bee ,william ,cleghorn #beg ,the ,blue ,laws of ,old ,virginia #bei ,elijah ,clarke #bfd ,francis ,marion #bff ,light ,horse ,harry #bgd ,our ,legacy 7,poem7 #bgf ,the ,ride of ,mary ,slocumb #bgg ,the ,hobson ,sisters #bhd ,washington's ,march ,through ,somerset ,county1 ,n4 ,j4 #bhi ,hannah ,arnett #bic ,button ,gwinnett #bih ,forced by ,pirates to ,walk ,the ,plank #cjj ,georgia ,women of ,early ,days #cja ,robert ,sallette #cjh ,general ,la,fayette's ,visit to ,macon #cab ,yes6 ,tomorrow's ,flag ,day 7,poem7 #cag ,flag ,day #cai ,end of the ,revolution #cbh ,indian ,legends ,counties of ,georgia ,bearing ,indian ,names #ccj ,story of ,early ,indian ,days #cca ,chief ,vann ,house #ccb ,indian ,tale #ccd ,william ,white and ,daniel ,boone #ccf ,the ,legend of ,lovers' ,leap #ccg ,indian ,mound #cdd ,storiette of ,states ,derived from ,indian ,names #cdf ,cherokee ,alphabet #cdh ,the ,boy and ,his ,arrow #cea ,indian ,spring1 ,georgia #cec ,tracing ,the ,mc,intosh ,trail #cfg ,georgia ,school ,song #cfi ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,facing ,page ,fraunces ,tavern #aa ,ruins of ,old ,fort at ,frederica #eh ,monument to ,gen4 ,oglethorpe #fj ,indian ,treaty ,tree #ih ,the ,old ,liberty ,bell #acj ,carpenter's ,hall #agj ,monument ,site of ,old ,cornwallis #bff ,birthplace of ,old ,glory #cah ,chief ,vann ,house #ccj ,map of ,mc,intosh ,trail #cff ,map of ,georgia1 ,showing ,colonial1 ,revolutionary and ,indian ,war ,period ,forts1 ,battle ,fields and ,treaty ,spots #cgj ,,preface4 ,since it is customary to write a preface1 should any one attempt the somewhat hazardous task of compiling a book1 it is my wish1 as the editor1 in sending this book forth 7to live or die according to its merits7 to take advantage of this custom to offer a short explanation as to its mission4 ,it is not to be expected that a volume1 containing so many facts gathered from numerous sources1 will be entirely free from criticism4 ,the securing of material for compiling this book was first planned through my endeavors to stimulate greater enthusiasm in revolutionary history1 biography of revolutionary period1 ,indian legends1 etc41 by having storiettes read at the various meetings of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 and in this way not only creating interest in ,chapter work1 but accumulating much valuable heretofore unpublished data pertaining to this important period in ,american history2 with a view of having same printed in book form1 suitable for our public schools1 to be known as a ,revolutionary ,reader4 ,at first it was my intention only to accept for this reader unpublished storiettes relating to ,georgia history1 but realizing this work could not be completed under this plan1 during my term of office as ,state ,regent1 ,i decided to use material selected from other reliable sources1 and endeavored to make it as broad and general in scope as possible that it might better fulfill its purpose4 ,to the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution of ,georgia this book is dedicated4 ,its production has been a labor of love1 and should its pages be the medium through which ,american patriotism may be encouraged and perpetuated ,i shall feel many times repaid for the effort4 ,to the ,chapters of the ,daughters of ,american ,revolution of ,georgia for storiettes furnished1 to the newspapers for clippings1 to the ,american ,monthly ,magazine for articles1 to ,miss ,annie ,m4 ,lane1 ,miss ,helen ,prescott1 ,mr4 ,lucian ,knight and ,professor ,derry1 ,i wish to express my deep appreciation for material help given4 ,,sophie ,,lee ,,foster4 ,illustration3 ,,fraunces ,,tavern1 ,,of ,,colonial ,,and ,,revolutionary ,,fame1 ,,on ,,pearl ,,street1 ,,corner ,,of ,,broad1 ,,new ,,york4 ,it was here that ,washington bade farewell to his officers1 ,december #d1 #aghc4 ,purchased in #aijd by the ,new ,york ,society of the ,sons of the ,american ,revolution1 and now occupied by them as headquarters4 ,,america4 #a4 ,my ,country1 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing2 ,land where our fathers died1 ,land of the pilgrims' pride1 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring4 #b4 ,my native ,country1 thee1 ,land of the noble free1 ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills1 ,my heart with rapture thrills1 ,like that above4 #c4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees1 ,sweet ,freedom's song2 ,let mortal tongues awake1 ,let all that breathe partake1 ,let rocks their silence break1 ,the sound prolong4 #d4 ,our ,father's ,god1 to ,thee1 ,author of liberty1 ,to ,thee we sing2 ,long may our land be bright1 ,with ,freedom's holy light1 ,protect us with ,thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king6 ,,washington',s ,,name4 ,at the celebration of ,washington's ,birthday1 ,maury ,public ,school1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,miss ,helen ,t4 ,doocy recited the following beautiful poem written specially for her by ,mr4 ,michael ,scanlon3 ,let nations grown old in the annals of glory ,retrace their red marches of conquest and tears1 ,and glean with deft hands1 from the pages of story ,the names which emblazon their centuried years-- ,bring them forth1 ev'ry deed which their prowess bequeathed ,unto them caught up from the echoes of fame2 ,yet thus1 round their brows all their victories wreathed1 ,they'll pale in the light of our ,washington's ,name6 ,oh1 ye who snatched fame from the nation's disasters ,and fired your ambitions at glory's red springs1 ,to bask1 for an hour1 in the smiles of your masters1 ,and flash down life's current1 the bubbles of kings1 ,stand forth with your blood-purchased trappings upon you1 ,the need of your treason1 the price of your shame1 ,and mark how the baubles which tyranny won you ,will pale in the light of our ,washington's ,name6 ,parade your proud trophies and pile up your arches1 ,and flaunt your blood banner1 oh1 trumpet-tongued ,war6 ,but ruin and woe mark the lines of your marches1 ,while ,liberty1 captive1 is chained to your car2 ,but1 lo6 in the west there flasht out to defend her ,a sword which was sheened in humanity's flame1 ,and ,virtue1 secure1 glass'd her form in its splendor-- ,the splendor which haloes our ,washington's ,name6 ,the kings whose dread names have led captive the ages ,now sink in the sands of their passion and lust2 ,their blood-roll of carnage in history's pages ,is closed1 and their names will go down to the dust4 ,but long as a banner to ,freedom is flying ,no shadow can rest on his sunshine of fame1 ,for glory has crowned him with beauty undying1 ,and time will but brighten our ,washington's ,name6 --,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,washington',s ,,inauguration4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,thomas ,b4 ,,gregory4 ,on ,april #cj1 #aghi1 at ,federal ,hall1 ,george ,washington was duly inaugurated first ,president of the ,united ,states1 and the great experiment of self-government on these ,western shores was fairly begun4 ,the beginning was most auspicious4 ,than ,washington no finer man ever stood at the forefront of a nation's life4 ,of ,washington ,america is eminently proud1 and of ,washington ,america has the right to be proud1 for the ,father of ,his ,country was1 in every sense of the word1 a whole man4 ,time has somewhat disturbed the halo that for a long while held the place about the great man's head4 ,it has been proven that ,washington was human1 and all the more thanks for that4 ,but after the closest scrutiny1 from every part of the world1 for a century and a quarter1 it is still to be proven that anything mean1 or mercenary1 or dishonorable or unpatriotic ever came near the head or heart of our first ,president4 ,washington loved his country with a whole heart4 ,he was a patriot to the core4 ,his first1 last and only ambition was to do what he could to promote the high ends to which the ,republic was dedicated4 ,politics1 as defined by ,aristotle1 is the science of government4 ,washington was not a learned man1 and probably knew very little of ,aristotle1 but his head was clear and his heart was pure1 and he1 too1 felt that politics was the science of government1 and that the result of the government should be the greatest good to the greatest number of his fellow citizens4 ,from that high and sacred conviction ,washington never once swerved1 and when he quit his exalted office he did so with clean hands and unsmirched fame1 leaving behind him a name which is probably the most illustrious in the annals of the race4 ,rapid and phenomenal has been the progress of ,washington's country6 ,it seems like a dream rather than the soundest of historical facts4 ,the ,romans1 after fighting tooth and nail for #cjj years1 found themselves with a territory no larger than that comprised within the limits of ,greater ,new ,york4 ,in #abd years the ,americans are the owners of a territory in comparison with which the ,roman ,empire1 when at the height of its glory1 was but a small affair--a territory wherein are operant the greatest industrial1 economic1 moral and political forces that this old planet ever witnessed4 ,,important ,,characters ,,of ,,the ,,revolutionary ,,period ,,in ,,american ,,history4 ,to make a subject interesting and beneficial to us we must have a personal interest in it4 ,this is brought about in three ways3 ,it touches our pride1 if it be our country2 it excites our curiosity as to what it really is1 if it be history2 and we desire to know what part our ancestors took in it1 if it be war4 ,so1 we see the period of the ,revolutionary war possesses all three of these elements2 and was in reality the beginning of true ,american life--,america for ,americans4 ,prior to this time 7during the ,colonial period7 ,america was under the dominion of the lords proprietors--covering the years of #affc to #agbi--;and royal governors--from #agbi to #agge--the appointees of the ,english sovereign1 and whose rule was for self-aggrandizement4 ,the very word ,revolutionary proclaims oppression1 for where there is justice shown by the ruler to the subjects there is no revolt1 nor will there ever be4 ,we usually think of the battle of ,lexington 7,april #ai1 #agge17 as being the bugle note that culminated in the ,declaration of ,independence and reached its final grand chord at ,yorktown1 ,october #ai1 #agha2 but on the #afth of ,may1 #agga1 some citizens of ,north ,carolina1 finding the extortions and exactions of the royal governor1 ,tryon1 more than they could or would bear1 took up arms in self-defense and fought on the ,alamance ,river what was in reality the first battle of the ,revolution4 ,the citizens' loss was thirty-six men1 while the governor lost almost sixty of his royal troops4 ,this battle of the ,alamance was the seed sown that budded in the ,declaration of ,mecklenburg in #agge1 and came to full flower in the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,there were stages in this flower of ,american liberty to which we will give a cursory glance4 ,the determination of the colonies not to purchase ,british goods had a marked effect on ,england4 ,commercial depression followed1 and public opinion soon demanded some concession to the ,americans4 ,all taxes were remitted or repealed except that upon tea2 when there followed the most exciting1 if not the most enjoyable party in the world's history--the ,boston ,tea ,party1 which occurred on the evening of ,december #af1 #aggc4 ,this was followed in ,march1 #aggd1 by the ,boston ,port ,bill1 the first in the series of retaliation by ,england for the ,tea ,party4 ,at the instigation of ,virginia a new convention of the colonies was called to meet ,september1 #aggd1 to consider the grievances of the people4 ,this was the second ,colonial and the first ,continental congress to meet in ,america1 and occurred ,september #e1 #aggd1 at ,philadelphia4 ,all the colonies were represented1 except ,georgia1 whose governor would not allow it4 ,they then adjourned to meet ,may #aj1 #agge1 after having passed a declaration of rights1 framed an address to the king and people of ,england1 and recommended the suspension of all commercial relations with the mother country4 ,the ,british minister1 ,william ,pitt1 wrote of that congress3 ,for solidity of reasoning1 force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion1 no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general congress of ,philadelphia4 ,henceforth the ,colonists were known as ,continentals1 in contradistinction to the ,royalists or ,tories1 who were the adherents of the crown4 ,no period of our history holds more for the student1 young or old1 than this of the ,revolutionary war1 or possesses greater charm when once taken up4 ,no man or woman can be as good a citizen without some knowledge of this most interesting subject1 nor enjoy so fully their grand country6 ,some one has pertinently said history is innumerable biographies2 and what child or grown person is there who does not enjoy being told of some great person8 ,every man1 private1 military or civil officer1 who took part in the ,revolutionary war was great6 ,it is not generally known that the executive power of the state rested in those troublesome times in the county committees2 but it was they who executed all the orders of the ,continental ,congress4 ,the provincial council was for the whole state2 the district committee for the safety of each district1 and the county and town committees for each county and town4 ,it was through the thought1 loyalty and enduring bravery of the men who constituted these committees1 that we of today have a constitution that gives us life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness--in whatever manner pleases us1 so long as it does not trespass on another's well being4 ,we do not give half the honor we should to our ancestry1 who have done so much for us6 ,we zealously seek and preserve the pedigrees of our horses1 cows and chickens1 and really do not know whether we come from a mushroom or a monkey6 ,when we think of it1 it is a much more honorable and greater thing to be a ,son or ,daughter of the ,american ,revolution1 than to be a prince or princess1 for one comes through noble deeds done by thinking1 justice-loving men1 and the other through an accident of birth4 ,let us examine a little into a few of these biographies and see wherein their greatness lies1 that they like righteous ,abel1 though dead yet speak4 ,the number seven stands for completeness and perfection--let us see if seven imaginary questions can be answered by their lives4 ,james ,edward ,oglethorpe was born in #afif1 and died in #aghe--two years after the ,revolutionary war4 ,he planted the ,colony of ,georgia1 in which the oppressed found refuge4 ,he had served in the army of ,prince ,eugene of ,savoy in the war with the ,turks4 ,he founded the city of ,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,he exported to ,england the first silk made in the colonies1 of which the queen had a dress made4 ,king ,george ,,ii gave him a seal representing a family of silk worms1 with their motto3 ,not for ourselves but for others4 ,he forbade the importation of rum into the colony4 ,he refused the command of the ,british forces sent in #agge to reduce1 or subdue the ,american ,colonies4 ,in this life told in seven questions1 or rather answered1 we find much--a religious man1 a soldier1 an architect 7of a city71 one versed in commerce1 a wise legislator and a man who had the respect of the king--the head of ,england4 ,the next in chronological order is ,benjamin ,franklin 7for whom our little city is named71 born in #agjf1 died in #agij4 ,he discovered the identity of lightning and electricity1 and invented the lightning rods4 ,he was an early printer who edited and published ,poor ,richard's ,almanac4 ,of him it was said1 ,he snatched the lightning from heaven and the sceptre from tyrants4 ,he founded the first circulating library in ,america4 ,his portrait is seen to-day on every one-cent postage stamp4 ,he was ,america's ambassador to ,france during the ,revolutionary war4 ,he said after signing the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,we must all hang together or we shall all hang separately4 ,in him1 we find an inventor and discoverer1 an editor and author1 a benefactor1 a politician and statesman1 and one whose face we daily see on account of his greatness4 ,george ,washington was born #agcb1 and died #agii4 ,he was the first president of the ,united ,states--,the ,father of ,his ,country1 the commander-in-chief of the ,american forces in the ,revolutionary war4 ,he was the hero of ,valley ,forge1 and the one to receive the surrender of ,cornwallis at ,yorktown4 ,he was the president of the convention that framed the ,united ,states constitution4 ,the one of whom it was said1 ,he was the first in war1 the first in peace1 and the first in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,it is his--and his only--birthday ,america celebrates as a national holiday4 ,of him ,lord ,byron said1 ,the first1 the last1 and the best1 the ,cincinnatus of the ,west4 ,how much do seven short paragraphs tell6 ,patrick ,henry was born in #agcf1 died #agii1 the same year that ,washington passed away2 and like his1 this life can speak for itself4 ,he was the most famous orator of the ,revolution4 ,he said1 give me liberty or give me death6 ,he also said1 ,we must fight4 ,an appeal to arms and to the god of battles is all that is left us4 ,i repeat it1 sir1 we must fight4 ,another saying of his was1 ,caesar had his ,brutus1 ,charles ,i his ,cromwell1 and ,george ,,iii--may profit by their example4 ,again1 ,the people1 and only the people1 have a right to tax the people4 ,he won in the famous ,parson's case1 the epithet of ,the ,orator of ,nature4 ,he was the first governor of the ,colony of ,virginia after it became a state4 ,john ,hancock was born in #agcg1 and died #agic4 ,he first signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,he was a rich ,boston merchant as well as a ,revolutionary leader4 ,he was chosen president of the ,continental congress in #agge4 ,he and ,samuel ,adams were the two especially excepted from pardon offered the rebels by the ,english4 ,as president of congress he signed the commission of ,george ,washington as commander-in-chief of the army4 ,when he signed the ,declaration of ,independence he said1 ,the ,british ministry can read that name without spectacles2 let them double their reward4 ,he was elected the first governor of the state of ,massachusetts in #aghj4 ,anthony ,wayne was born in #agde1 and died in #agif4 ,he was often called ,mad ,anthony on account of his intrepidity4 ,he was the hero of ,stony ,point4 ,he built a fort on the spot of ,st4 ,clair's defeat and named it ,fort ,recovery4 ,he was made commander-in-chief of the ,army of the ,northwest in #agib4 ,he gained a great victory over the ,miami ,indians in ,ohio in #agid4 ,he1 as a ,revolutionary general1 banished whiskey from his camp calling it ardent poison--from whence came the expression ardent spirits when applied to stimulants4 ,major ,andre composed a poem about him called the ,cow ,chase1 showing how he captured supplies for the ,americans4 ,alexander ,hamilton was born in #ageg1 and died in #ahjd4 ,he was aide-de-camp to ,washington in #aggg--the most trying year of the entire ,revolutionary war4 ,he succeeded ,washington as commander-in-chief of the ,united ,states army4 ,he was the first secretary of the treasury of the ,united ,states4 ,he founded the financial system of the ,united ,states4 ,he was the ,revolutionary statesman who said1 ,reformers make opinions1 and opinions make parties--a true aphorism to-day4 ,he is known as the prince of politicians1 or ,america's greatest political genius4 ,his brilliant career was cut short at the age of #dc by ,aaron ,burr--whose life is summed up in two sad1 bitter lines3 ,his country's curse1 his children's shame2 ,outcast of virtue1 peace and fame4 ,although ,john ,paul ,jones was not a ,revolutionary soldier on the land1 yet he was the ,washington of the ,seas4 ,he was born in #agdg and died #agib4 ,he was the first to hoist an ,american naval flag on board an ,american frigate4 ,he fought the first naval engagement under the ,united ,states' national ensign or flag4 ,he commanded the ,bon ,homme ,richard in the great sea fight with the ,serapis in the ,english ,channel4 ,he said1 after the commander of the ,serapis had been knighted1 if ,i should have the good fortune to meet him again1 ,i will make a lord of him4 ,he was presented with a sword by ,louis ,,xvi for his services against the ,english4 ,he was appointed rear-admiral of the ,russian fleet by ,catherine ,,ii4 ,these are but a few of the many men who did so valiantly their part during the ,revolutionary period4 ,,susie ,,gentry1 ,state ,vice-,regent1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 7,a talk made to the public school teachers of ,williamson ,county--at the request of the superintendent of instruction--in ,franklin1 ,tennessee1 ,january #ac1 #aijf47--;,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,alamance4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,thomas ,b4 ,,gregory4 ,at the battle of ,alamance1 ,n4 ,c41 fought ,may #af1 #agga1 was shed the first blood of the great struggle which was to result in the establishment of ,american independence4 ,all honor to ,lexington1 where the embattled farmers fired shots that were heard around the world1 but let it not be forgotten that other farmers1 almost four years before the day of ,lexington1 opened the fight of which ,lexington was only the continuation4 ,the principles for which the ,north ,carolina farmers fought at ,alamance were identified with those for which ,massachusetts farmers fought at ,lexington4 ,of the ,massachusetts patriots nineteen were killed and wounded1 while of the ,carolina patriots over #bjj lay killed or crippled upon the field and six1 later on1 died upon the scaffold1 yet1 while all the world has heard of ,lexington1 not one person in a thousand knows anything to speak of about ,alamance4 ,william ,tryon1 the royal ,governor of ,north ,carolina1 was so mean that they called him the ,wolf4 ,in the name of his royal master and for the furtherance of his own greedy instincts ,tryon oppressed the people of his province to the point where they were obliged to do one or two things--resist him or become slaves4 ,they resolved to resist and formed themselves into an organization known as ,regulators1 a body of as pure patriots as ever shouldered a gun4 ,having protested time and again against the unlawful taxation under which they groaned1 they finally quit groaning1 raised the cry of freedom and rose in arms against ,tryon and ,king ,george4 ,to the number of #b1jjj or #c1jjj the ,regulators1 only partly armed and without organization1 met the forces of the royal ,governor at ,alamance4 ,lay down your guns or ,i will fire6 shouted the ,british commander4 ,fire and be damned6 shouted back the leader of the ,regulators4 ,at once the battle opened1 and1 of course1 the ,regulators were defeated and dispersed4 ,but old ,tryon received the lesson he had so long needed--that1 while ,americans could be shot down on the battlefield1 they could not be made tamely to submit to the high-handed oppression of ,king ,george and his creatures4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,lexington ,,april #ai1 #agge4 ,on the afternoon of the day on which the ,provincial ,congress of ,massachusetts adjourned1 ,general ,gage took the light infantry and grenadiers off duty and secretly prepared an expedition to destroy the colony's stores at ,concord4 ,the attempt had for several weeks been expected1 and signals were concerted to announce the first movement of troops for the country4 ,samuel ,adams and ,hancock1 who had not yet left ,lexington for ,philadelphia1 received a timely message from ,warren1 and in consequence the ,committee of ,safety moved a part of the public stores and secreted the cannon4 ,on ,tuesday1 the eighteenth of ,april1 ten or more ,british sergeants in disguise dispersed themselves through ,cambridge and farther west to intercept all communication4 ,in the following night the grenadiers and light infantry1 not less than eight hundred in number1 the flower of the army at ,boston1 commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,smith1 crossed in the boats of the transport ships from the foot of the ,common at ,east ,cambridge4 ,gage directed that no one else should leave the town1 but ,warren had1 at ten o'clock1 dispatched ,william ,dawes through ,roxbury and ,paul ,revere by way of ,charlestown to ,lexington4 ,revere stopped only to engage a friend to raise the concerted signals1 and two friends rowed him across the ,charles ,river five minutes before the sentinels received the order to prevent it4 ,all was still1 as suited the hour4 ,the ,somerset1 man-of-war1 was winding with the young flood2 the waning moon just peered above a clear horizon1 while from a couple of lanterns in the tower of the ,north ,church the beacon streamed to the neighboring towns as fast as light could travel4 ,a little beyond ,charlestown ,neck ,revere was intercepted by two ,british officers on horseback1 but being well mounted he turned suddenly and escaped by the road to ,medford4 ,in that town he waked the captain and ,minute ,men1 and continued to rouse almost every house on the way to ,lexington1 making the memorable ride of ,paul ,revere4 ,the troops had not advanced far when the firing of guns and ringing of bells announced that their expedition had been heralded1 and ,smith sent back for a reinforcement4 ,early on the nineteenth of ,april the message from ,warren reached ,adams and ,hancock1 who at once divined the object of the expedition4 ,revere1 therefore1 and ,dawes1 joined by ,samuel ,prescott1 a high ,son of ,liberty from ,concord1 rode forward1 calling up the inhabitants as they passed along1 till in ,lincoln they fell upon a party of ,british officers4 ,revere and ,dawes were seized and taken back to ,lexington1 where they were released1 but ,prescott leaped over a low stone wall and galloped on for ,concord4 ,there1 at about two hours after midnight1 a peal from the bell of the meeting house brought together the inhabitants of the place1 young and old1 with their firelocks1 ready to make good the resolute words of their town debates4 ,among the most alert was ,william ,emerson1 the minister1 with gun in hand1 his powder horn and pouch of balls slung over his shoulder4 ,by his sermons and his prayers his flock learned to hold the defense of their liberties a part of their covenant with ,god4 ,his presence with arms strengthened their sense of duty4 ,from daybreak to sunrise1 the summons ran from house to house through ,acton4 ,express messengers and the call of ,minute ,men spread widely the alarm4 ,how children trembled as they were scared out of sleep by the cries6 ,how women1 with heaving breasts1 bravely seconded their husbands6 ,how the countrymen1 forced suddenly to arm1 without guides or counsellors1 took instant counsel of their courage6 ,the mighty chorus of voices rose from the scattered farmhouses1 and1 as it were1 from the ashes of the dead4 ,come forth1 champions of liberty2 now free your country2 protect your sons and daughters1 your wives and homesteads2 rescue the houses of the ,god of your fathers1 the franchises handed down from your ancestors4 ,now all is at stake2 the battle is for all4 ,lexington1 in #agge1 may have had seven hundred inhabitants4 ,their minister was the learned and fervent ,jonas ,clark1 the bold inditer of patriotic state papers1 that may yet be read on their town records4 ,in ,december1 #aggb1 they had instructed their representative to demand a radical and lasting redress of their grievances1 for not through their neglect should the people be enslaved4 ,a year later they spurned the use of tea4 ,in #aggd1 at various town meetings1 they voted to increase their stock of ammunition1 to encourage military discipline1 and to put themselves in a posture of defense against their enemies4 ,in ,december they distributed to the train band and alarm list arms and ammunition and resolved to supply the training soldiers with bayonets4 ,at two in the morning1 under the eye of the minister1 and of ,hancock and ,adams1 ,lexington ,common was alive with the ,minute ,men4 ,the roll was called and1 of militia and alarm men1 about one hundred and thirty answered to their names4 ,the captain1 ,john ,parker1 ordered everyone to load with powder and ball1 but to take care not to be the first to fire4 ,messengers sent to look for the ,british regulars reported that there were no signs of their approach4 ,a watch was therefore set1 and the company dismissed with orders to come together at beat of drum4 ,the last stars were vanishing from night when the foremost party1 led by ,pitcairn1 a major of marines1 was discovered advancing quickly and in silence4 ,alarm guns were fired and the drums beat1 not a call to village husbandmen only1 but the reveille of humanity4 ,less than seventy1 perhaps less than sixty1 obeyed the summons1 and1 in sight of half as many boys and unarmed men1 were paraded in two ranks a few rods north of the meeting house4 ,the ,british van1 hearing the drum and the alarm guns1 halted to load2 the remaining companies came up1 and1 at half an hour before sunrise1 the advance party hurried forward at double quick time1 almost upon a run1 closely followed by the grenadiers4 ,pitcairn rode in front and when within five or six rods of the ,minute ,men1 cried out3 ,disperse1 ye villains6 ,ye rebels1 disperse6 ,lay down your arms6 ,why don't you lay down your arms and disperse8 ,the main part of the countrymen stood motionless in the ranks1 witnesses against aggression1 too few to resist1 too brave to fly4 ,at this ,pitcairn discharged a pistol1 and with a loud voice cried ,fire6 ,the order was followed first by a few guns1 which did no execution1 and then by a close and deadly discharge of musketry4 ,jonas ,parker1 the strongest and best wrestler in ,lexington1 had promised never to run from ,british troops1 and he kept his vow4 ,a wound brought him on his knees4 ,having discharged his gun he was preparing to load it again when he was stabbed by a bayonet and lay on the post which he took at the morning's drum beat4 ,so fell ,isaac ,muzzey1 and so died the aged ,robert ,munroe1 who in #ageh had been an ensign at ,louisburg4 ,jonathan ,harrington1 ,jr41 was struck in front of his own house on the north of the common4 ,his wife was at the window as he fell4 ,with blood gushing from his breast1 he rose in her sight1 tottered1 fell again1 then crawled on hands and knees toward his dwelling2 she ran to meet him1 but only reached him as he expired on their threshold4 ,caleb ,harrington1 who had gone into the meeting house for powder1 was shot as he came out4 ,samuel ,hadley and ,john ,brown were pursued and killed after they had left the green4 ,asabel ,porter1 of ,woburn1 who had been taken prisoner by the ,british on the march1 endeavoring to escape1 was shot within a few rods of the common4 ,seven men of ,lexington were killed1 nine wounded1 a quarter part of all who stood in arms on the green4 ,there on the green lay in death the gray-haired and the young2 the grassy field was red with the innocent blood of their brethren slain1 crying unto ,god for vengeance from the ground4 ,these are the village heroes who were more than of noble blood1 proving by their spirit that they were of a race divine4 ,they gave their lives in testimony to the rights of mankind1 bequeathing to their country an assurance of success in the mighty struggle which they began4 ,the expanding millions of their countrymen renew and multiply their praise from generation to generation4 ,they fulfilled their duty not from an accidental impulse of the moment2 their action was the ripened fruit of ,providence and of time4 ,heedless of his own danger1 ,samuel ,adams1 with the voice of a prophet1 exclaimed3 ,oh1 what a glorious morning is this6 for he saw his country's independence hastening on1 and1 like ,columbus in the tempest1 knew that the storm bore him more swiftly toward the undiscovered land4 ,the ,british troops drew up on the village green1 fired a volley1 huzzaed thrice by way of triumph1 and after a halt of less than thirty minutes1 marched on for ,concord4 ,there1 in the morning hours1 children and women fled for shelter to the hills and the woods and men were hiding what was left of cannon and military stores4 ,the ,minute ,men and militia formed on the usual parade1 over which the congregation of the town for near a century and a half had passed to public worship1 the freemen to every town meeting1 and lately the patriot members of the ,provincial ,congress twice a day to their little senate house4 ,near that spot ,winthrop1 the father of ,massachusetts1 had given counsel2 and ,eliot1 the apostle of the ,indians1 had spoken words of benignity and wisdom4 ,the people of ,concord1 of whom about two hundred appeared in arms on that day1 derived their energy from their sense of the divine power4 ,the alarm company of the place rallied near the ,liberty ,pole on the hill1 to the right of the ,lexington road1 in the front of the meeting house4 ,they went to the perilous duties of the day with seriousness and acknowledgment of ,god1 as though they were to engage in acts of worship4 ,the minute company of ,lincoln1 and a few men from ,acton1 pressed in at an early hour2 but the ,british1 as they approached1 were seen to be four times as numerous as the ,americans4 ,the latter1 therefore1 retreated1 first to an eminence eighty rods farther north1 then across ,concord ,river1 by the ,north ,bridge1 till just beyond it1 by a back road1 they gained high ground about a mile from the center of the town4 ,there they waited for aid4 ,about seven o'clock1 under brilliant sunshine1 the ,british marched with rapid step into ,concord1 the light infantry along the hills and the grenadiers in the lower road4 ,at daybreak the ,minute ,men of ,acton crowded at the drum-beat to the house of ,isaac ,davis1 their captain1 who made haste to be ready4 ,just thirty years old1 the father of four little ones1 stately in person1 a man of few words1 earnest even to solemnity1 he parted from his wife1 saying3 ,take good care of the children1 and while she gazed after him with resignation he led off his company4 ,between nine and ten the number of ,americans on the rising ground above ,concord ,bridge had increased to more than four hundred4 ,of these1 there were twenty-five men from ,bedford1 with ,jonathan ,wilson for their captain2 others were from ,westford1 among them ,thaxter1 a preacher2 others from ,littleton1 from ,carlisle1 and from ,chelmsford4 ,the ,acton company came last and formed on the right2 the whole was a gathering not so much of officers and soldiers as of brothers and equals1 of whom every one was a man well known in his village1 observed in the meeting houses on ,sundays1 familiar at town meetings and respected as a freeholder or a freeholder's son4 ,near the base of the hill ,concord ,river flows languidly in a winding channel and was approached by a causeway over the wet ground of its left bank4 ,the by-road from the hill on which the ,americans had rallied ran southerly till it met the causeway at right angles4 ,the ,americans saw before them1 within gunshot1 ,british troops holding possession of their bridge1 and in the distance a still larger number occupying their town1 which1 from the rising smoke1 seemed to have been set on fire4 ,the ,americans had as yet received only uncertain rumors of the morning's events at ,lexington4 ,at the sight of fire in the village the impulse seized them to march into the town for its defense4 ,but were they not subjects of the ,british king8 ,had not the troops come out in obedience to acknowledged authorities8 ,was resistance practicable8 ,was it justifiable8 ,by whom could it be authorized8 ,no union had been formed1 no independence proclaimed1 no war declared4 ,the husbandmen and mechanics who then stood on the hillock by ,concord ,river were called on to act and their action would be war or peace1 submission or independence4 ,had they doubted1 they must have despaired4 ,prudent statesmanship would have asked for time to ponder4 ,wise philosophy would have lost from hesitation the glory of opening a new era for mankind4 ,the small bands at ,concord acted and ,god was with them4 ,i never heard from any person the least expression of a wish for a separation1 ,franklin1 not long before1 had said to ,chatham4 ,in ,october1 #aggd1 ,washington wrote3 ,no such thing as independence is desired by any thinking man in ,america4 ,before the nineteenth of ,april1 #agge1 relates ,jefferson1 ,i never heard a whisper of a disposition to separate from ,great ,britain4 ,just thirty-seven days had passed since ,john ,adams published in ,boston1 ,that there are any who pant after independence is the greatest slander on the province4 ,the ,american ,revolution grew out of the souls of the people and was an inevitable result of a living affection for freedom1 which set in motion harmonious effort as certainly as the beating of the heart sends warmth and color through the system4 ,the officers1 meeting in front of their men1 spoke a few words with one another and went back to their places4 ,barrett1 the colonel1 on horseback in the rear1 then gave the order to advance1 but not to fire unless attacked4 ,the calm features of ,isaac ,davis1 of ,acton1 became changed2 the town schoolmaster of ,concord1 who was present1 could never afterwards find words strong enough to express how deeply his face reddened at the word of command4 ,i have not a man that is afraid to go1 said ,davis1 looking at the men of ,acton1 and1 drawing his sword1 he cried3 ,march6 ,his company1 being on the right1 led the way toward the bridge1 he himself at their head1 and by his side ,major ,john ,buttrick1 of ,concord1 with ,john ,robinson1 of ,westford1 lieutenant-colonel in ,prescott's regiment1 but on this day a volunteer without command4 ,these three men walked together in front1 followed by ,minute ,men and militia in double file1 training arms4 ,they went down the hillock1 entered the by-road1 came to its angle with the main road and there turned into the causeway that led straight to the bridge4 ,the ,british began to take up the planks2 to prevent it the ,americans quickened their step4 ,at this the ,british fired one or two shots up the river2 then another1 by which ,luther ,blanchard and ,jonas ,brown were wounded4 ,a volley followed1 and ,isaac ,davis and ,abner ,hosmer fell dead4 ,three hours before1 ,davis had bid his wife farewell4 ,that afternoon he was carried home and laid in her bedroom4 ,his countenance was pleasant in death4 ,the bodies of two others of his company1 who were slain that day1 were brought to her house1 and the three were followed to the village graveyard by a concourse of neighbors from miles around4 ,heaven gave her length of days in the land which his self-devotion assisted to redeem4 ,she lived to see her country reach the ,gulf of ,mexico and the ,pacific2 when it was grown great in numbers1 wealth and power1 the ,united ,states in ,congress bethought themselves to pay honors to her husband's martyrdom and comfort her under the double burden of sorrow and of more than ninety years4 ,as the ,british fired1 ,emerson1 who was looking on from an upper window in his house near the bridge1 was for one moment uneasy lest the fire should not be returned4 ,it was only for a moment2 ,buttrick1 leaping in the air and at the same time partially turning around1 cried aloud3 ,fire1 fellow soldiers6 for ,god's sake1 fire6 and the cry fire6 fire6 fire6 ran from lip to lip4 ,two of the ,british fell1 several were wounded1 and in two minutes all was hushed4 ,the ,british retreated in disorder toward their main body2 the countrymen were left in possession of the bridge4 ,this is the world renowned ,battle of ,concord1 more eventful than ,agincourt or ,blenheim4 ,the ,americans stood astonished at what they had done4 ,they made no pursuit and did no further harm1 except that one wounded soldier1 attempting to arise if to escape1 was struck on the head by a young man with a hatchet4 ,the party at ,barrett's might have been cut off1 but was not molested4 ,as the ,sudbury company1 commanded by the brave ,nixon1 passed near the ,south ,bridge1 ,josiah ,haynes1 then eighty years of age1 deacon of the ,sudbury ,church1 urged an attack on the ,british party stationed there2 his advice was rejected by his fellow soldiers as premature1 but the company in which he served proved among the most alert during the rest of the day4 ,in the town of ,concord1 ,smith1 for half an hour1 showed by marches and counter-marches his uncertainty of purpose4 ,at last1 about noon1 he left the town1 to retreat the way he came1 along the hilly road that wound through forests and thickets4 ,the ,minute ,men and militia who had taken part in the fight ran over the hills opposite the battle field into the east quarter of the town1 crossed the pasture known as the ,great ,fields1 and placed themselves in ambush a little to the eastward of the village1 near the junction of the ,bedford road4 ,there they were reinforced by men from all around and at that point the chase of the ,english began4 ,among the foremost were the ,minute ,men of ,reading1 led by ,john ,brooks and accompanied by ,foster1 the minister of ,littleton1 as a volunteer4 ,the company of ,billerica1 whose inhabitants1 in their just indignation at ,nesbit and his soldiers1 had openly resolved to use a different style from that of petition and complaint came down from the north1 while the ,east ,sudbury company appeared on the south4 ,a little below the ,bedford road at ,merriam's corner the ,british faced about1 but after a sharp encounter1 in which several of them were killed1 they resumed their retreat4 ,at the high land in ,lincoln the old road bent toward the north1 just where great trees on the west and thickets on the east offered cover to the pursuers4 ,the men from ,woburn came up in great numbers and well armed4 ,along these defiles fell eight of the ,british4 ,here ,pitcairn for safety was forced to quit his horse1 which was taken with his pistols in their holsters4 ,a little farther on ,jonathan ,wilson1 captain of the ,bedford ,minute ,men1 too zealous to keep on his guard1 was killed by a flanking party4 ,at another defile in ,lincoln1 the ,minute ,men at ,lexington1 commanded by ,john ,parker1 renewed the fight4 ,every piece of wood1 every rock by the wayside1 served as a lurking place4 ,scarce ten of the ,americans were at any time seen together1 yet the hills seemed to the ,british to swarm with rebels1 as if they had dropped from the clouds1 and the road was lined by an unintermitted fire from behind stone walls and trees4 ,at first the invaders moved in order2 as they drew near ,lexington1 their flanking parties became ineffective from weariness2 the wounded were scarce able to get forward4 ,in the west of ,lexington1 as the ,british were rising ,fiske's hill1 a sharp contest ensued4 ,it was at the eastern foot of the same hill that ,james ,hayward1 of ,acton1 encountered a regular1 and both at the same moment fired2 the regular dropped dead2 ,hayward was mortally wounded4 ,a little farther on fell the octogenarian1 ,josiah ,haynes1 who had kept pace with the swiftest in the pursuit4 ,the ,british troops1 greatly exhausted and fatigued and having expended almost all of their ammunition1 began to run rather than retreat in order4 ,the officers vainly attempted to stop their flight4 ,they were driven before the ,americans like sheep4 ,at last1 about two in the afternoon1 after they had hurried through the middle of the town1 about a mile below the field of the morning's bloodshed1 the officers made their way to the front and by menaces of death began to form them under a very heavy fire4 ,at that moment ,lord ,percy came in sight with the first brigade1 consisting of ,welsh ,fusiliers1 the ,fourth1 the ,forty-seventh and the ,thirty-eighth ,regiments1 in all about twelve hundred men1 with two field pieces4 ,insolent1 as usual1 they marched out of ,boston to the tune of ,yankee ,doodle1 but they grew alarmed at finding every house on the road deserted4 ,while the cannon kept the ,americans at bay1 ,percy formed his detachment into a square1 enclosing the fugitives1 who lay down for rest on the ground1 their tongues hanging out of their mouths like those of dogs after a chase4 ,after the juncture of the fugitives with ,percy1 the troops under his command amounted to fully two-thirds of the ,british ,army in ,boston1 and yet they must fly before the ,americans speedily and fleetly1 or be overwhelmed4 ,two wagons1 sent out to them with supplies1 were waylaid and captured by ,payson1 the minister of ,chelsea4 ,from far and wide ,minute ,men were gathering4 ,the men of ,dedham1 even the old men1 received their minister's blessing and went forth1 in such numbers that scarce one male between sixteen and seventy was left at home4 ,that morning ,william ,prescott mustered his regiment1 and though ,pepperell was so remote that he could not be in season for the pursuit1 he hastened down with five companies of guards4 ,before noon a messenger rode at full speed into ,worcester1 crying3 ,to arms6 ,a fresh horse was brought and the tidings went on1 while the ,minute ,men of that town1 after joining hurriedly on the common in a fervent prayer from their minister1 kept on the march till they reached ,cambridge4 ,aware of his perilous position1 ,percy1 resting but half an hour1 renewed his retreat4 ,beyond ,lexington the troops were attacked by men chiefly from ,essex and the lower towns4 ,the fire from the rebels slackened till they approached ,west ,cambridge1 where ,joseph ,warren and ,william ,heath1 both of the committee of safety1 the latter a provincial general officer1 gave for a moment some appearance of organization to the pursuit1 and the fight grew sharper and more determined4 ,here the company from ,danvers1 which made a breastwork of a pile of shingles1 lost eight men1 caught between the enemy's flank guard and main body4 ,here1 too1 a musket ball grazed the hair of ,joseph ,warren1 whose heart beat to arms1 so that he was ever in the place of greatest danger4 ,the ,british became more and more exasperated and indulged themselves in savage cruelty4 ,in one house they found two aged1 helpless1 unarmed men and butchered them both without mercy1 stabbing them1 breaking their skulls and dashing out their brains4 ,hannah ,adams1 wife of ,deacon ,joseph ,adams1 of ,cambridge1 lay in child-bed with a babe of a week old1 but was forced to crawl with her infant in her arms and almost naked to a corn shed1 while the soldiers set her house on fire4 ,of the ,americans there were never more than four hundred together at any time2 but1 as some grew tired or used up their ammunition1 others took their places1 and though there was not much concert or discipline and no attack with masses1 the pursuit never flagged4 ,below ,west ,cambridge the militia from ,dorchester1 ,roxbury and ,brookline came up4 ,of these1 ,isaac ,gardner1 of the latter place1 one on whom the colony rested many hopes1 fell about a mile west of ,harvard ,college4 ,the field pieces began to lose their terror1 so that the ,americans pressed upon the rear of the fugitives1 whose retreat was as rapid as it possibly could be4 ,a little after sunset the survivors escaped across ,charlestown ,neck4 ,the troops of ,percy had marched thirty miles in ten hours2 the party of ,smith in six hours had retreated twenty miles2 the guns of the ship-of-war and the menace to burn the town of ,charlestown saved them from annoyance during the rest on ,bunker ,hill and while they were ferried across ,charles ,river4 ,on that day forty-nine ,americans were killed1 thirty-four wounded and five missing4 ,the loss of the ,british in killed1 wounded and missing was two hundred and seventy-three4 ,among the wounded were many officers2 ,smith was hurt severely4 ,many more were disabled by fatigue4 ,the night preceding the outrages at ,lexington there were not fifty people in the whole colony that ever expected any blood would be shed in the contest2 the night after1 the king's governor and the king's army found themselves closely beleaguered in ,boston4 ,the next news from ,england must be conciliatory1 or the connection between us ends1 said ,warren4 ,this month1 so wrote ,william ,emerson1 of ,concord1 late chaplain to the ,provincial ,congress1 chronicled in a blank leaf of his almanac1 is remarkable for the greatest events of the present age4 ,from the nineteenth of ,april1 #agge1 said ,clark1 of ,lexington1 on its first anniversary1 will be dated the liberty of the ,american world4 ,,note4--,the principal part of this account of the ,battle of ,lexington is taken from ,banecroft's history4--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,signers ,,of ,,declaration4 7,poem that embraces the names of the famous ,americans47 ,it will not be denied that the men who1 on ,july #d1 #aggf1 pledged their lives1 their fortunes and their sacred honor in behalf of our national liberty deserve the most profound reverence from every ,american citizen4 ,by arranging in rhyme the names of the signers according to the colonies from which they were delegated it will assist the youthful learner in remembering the names of those fathers of ,american ,independence4 ,i4 ,the ,massachusetts delegation ,that signed our glorious ,declaration ,where ,hancock1 ,gerry1 ,robert ,paine1 ,the great ,john ,adams1 and again ,another ,adams1 ,samuel by name4 ,,ii4 ,new ,hampshire1 called the ,granite ,state1 ,sent ,whipple1 ,bartlett1 ,thornton great1 ,alike in counsel and debate4 ,,iii4 ,rhode ,island's delegates1 we see1 ,were ,stephen ,hopkins and ,ellery4 ,,iv4 ,connecticut1 excelled by none1 ,with ,wolcott1 ,williams and ,huntington4 ,v4 ,new ,york as delegates employed ,lewis ,morris and ,william ,floyd1 ,with ,francis ,lewis and ,livingston1 ,who died before the war was done4 ,,vi4 ,new ,jersey to the congress sent ,her honored college president1 ,john ,witherspoon1 with ,stockton1 ,clark1 ,hart1 ,hopkinson--all men of mark4 ,,vii4 ,though ,pennsylvania need not blush ,for ,morris1 ,morton1 ,wilson1 ,rush1 ,and though most men might seem as dross ,to ,cylmer1 ,taylor1 ,smith and ,ross1 ,to ,franklin each his tribute brings ,who neither lightning feared1 nor kings4 ,,viii4 ,the men from ,delaware--indeed ,as true as steel in utmost need-- ,were ,rodney1 with ,mc,kean and ,read4 ,,ix4 ,my ,maryland is proud to own ,her ,carroll1 ,paca1 ,chase and ,stone4 ,x4 ,on old ,virginia's roll we see ,the gifted ,richard ,henry ,lee1 ,and1 just as earnest to be free4 ,his brother1 ,francis ,lightfoot ,lee1 ,and ,wythe and ,nelson1 patriots true1 ,with ,harrison and ,braxton1 too2 ,but of them all1 there was not one ,as great as ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,,xi4 ,north ,carolina's chosen men ,we know were ,hooper1 ,hewes and ,penn4 ,,xii4 ,and ,south ,carolina's vote was one-- ,by ,heyward1 ,lynch and ,middleton4 ,,xiii4 ,from ,georgia came ,gwinnett and ,hall ,and ,walton1 too1 the last of all ,who signed our precious ,declaration ,the pride and glory of the nation4 ,,life ,,at ,,valley ,,forge4 ,,mrs4 ,,harriet ,d4 ,,eisenberg4 ,i have chosen to look up particulars concerning the daily life of the soldier at ,valley ,forge in the awful winter of #aggg-h4 ,and as no historian can picture the life of any period so vividly as it may be described by those who were participants in that life1 or eye witnesses of it1 ,i have gathered the materials for this paper from diaries of those who were there1 from accounts by men whose friends were in the camp1 from letters sent to and from the camp1 and from the orderly book of a general who kept a strict report of the daily orders issued by the ,commander-in-chief1 from the fall campaign of #aggg1 to the late spring of #aggh4 ,it is unnecessary to reiterate what all of us know1--that the winter of '#gg-h was the blackest time of the war of ,independence1 and it was made so1 not only by the machinations of the enemies of ,washington who were striving to displace him as ,commander-in-,chief1 but by the unparalleled severity of the winter and the dearth of the commonest necessaries of life4 ,the sombreness of the picture is emphasized by contrast with the brightness and gaiety that characterized the life in ,philadelphia during that same winter when the ,british troops occupied the city4 ,there a succession of brilliant festivities was going on1 the gaieties culminating in the meschianza that most gorgeous spectacle ever given by an army to its retiring officer1 when ,peggy ,shippen and ,sallie ,chew danced the night away with the scarlet-coated officers of the ,british army1 while fathers and brothers were suffering on the hills above the ,schuylkill4 ,why did ,washington elect to put his army in winter-quarters8 ,he himself answers the question1 which was asked by congress who objected to the army's going into winter quarters at all4 ,the campaign1 which had seen the battles of the ,brandywine and of ,germantown1 was over2 the ,british were in possession of ,philadelphia2 the army was fatigued and there was little chance of recuperation from sources already heavily drained4 ,hence a winter's rest was necessary4 ,and ,washington's own words1 as he issued the orders for the day on ,december #bc;d1 tell us why ,valley ,forge was chosen4 ,the ,general wishes it was in his power to conduct the troops into the best winter quarters2 but where are those to be found8 ,should we retire into the interior portions of the country1 we should find them crowded with virtuous citizens who1 sacrificing their all1 have left ,philadelphia1 and fled hither for protection4 ,to their distress1 humanity forbids us to add4 ,this is not all4 ,we should leave a vast extent of fertile country to be despoiled and ravaged by the enemy4 ,these and other considerations make it necessary to take such a position 7as this71 and influenced by these considerations he persuades himself that officers and soldiers1 with one heart and one mind1 will resolve to surmount every difficulty with the fortitude and patience becoming their profession and the ,sacred ,cause in which they are engaged4 ,he himself1 will share in the hardships1 and partake of every inconvenience4 ,and with this resolve on his part1 kept faithfully through the long weeks1 the bitter winter was begun4 ,it was on ,december #abth that a bridge of wagons was made across the ,schuylkill and the army1 already sick and broken down1 moved over4 ,on that day1 ,dr4 ,waldo1 a surgeon from ,connecticut made this entry in his diary3 ,sunset4 ,we are ordered to march over the river4 ,i'm sick--eat nothing--no whiskey--no baggage4 ,lord-,lord-,lord4 ,a few days later he makes this entry3 ,the army1 who have been surprisingly healthy hitherto1 now begin to grow sickly4 ,they still show alacrity and contentment not to be expected from so young troops4 ,i am sick1 discontented1 out of humor4 ,poor food1 hard lodging--cold weather--fatigue--nasty clothes--nasty cooking--smoked out of my senses1 vomit half my time--the ,devil's in it4 ,i can't endure it4 ,here comes a bowl of soup--full of burnt leaves and dirt4--,away with it1 boys4 ,i'll live like the chameleon upon air4 ',pooh-pooh1' says ,patience4 ,you talk like a fool4--,see the poor soldier--with what cheerfulness he meets his foes and encounters hardships4 ,if bare of foot he labors through mud and cold1 with a song extolling war and ,washington4 ,if his food is bad he eats it with contentment and whistles it into digestion4--,there comes a soldier--his bare feet are seen through his worn out shoes4 ,his legs are nearly naked from his tattered remains of an old pair of stockings--his shirt hanging in strings1--his hair dishevelled--his face meagre--his whole appearance pictures a person forsaken and discouraged4 ,he comes and cries with despair--,i am sick4 ,my feet are lame--my legs are sore--my body covered with tormenting itch--my clothes worn out--my constitution broken4 ,i fail fast4 ,i shall soon be no more4 ,and all the reward ,i shall get will be--',poor ,will is dead4' ,on the #bast of ,december this entry appears3 ,a general cry through the camp this evening3 'no meat--no meat4' ,the distant vales echo back--'no meat4' ',what have you for dinner1 ,boys8' ',nothing but fire-cake and water1 sir6 ,at night4 ',gentlemen1 supper is ready4' ',what is your supper1 lads8' ',fire-cake and water ,sir4' ,again on ,december #bb;d3 ,lay excessive cold and uncomfortable last night4 ,my eyes started out of their orbits like a rabbit's eyes1 occasioned by a great cold and smoke4 ,huts go slowly4 ,cold and smoke make us fret4--,i don't know anything that vexes a man's soul more than hot smoke continually blowing into one's eyes1 and when he attempts to avoid it1 he is met by a cold and freezing wind4 ,on ,december #beth1 ,xmas1 this entry3 ,still in tents4 ,the sick suffer much in tents4 ,we give them mutton and grog and capital medicine it is once in a while4 ,january #ast3 ,i am alive4 ,i am well4 ,huts go on briskly4 ,i have quoted thus lengthily from this diary1 which gives1 perhaps1 the most vivid picture we possess of that dark period1 simply because it touches upon almost all that concerns the life of the soldiers that winter1--upon their dwellings1 their food1 their health1 their courage4 ,the ,doctor repeatedly speaks of the huts which were to shelter the men4 ,in the order issued by ,washington to his generals early in ,december1 directions were given concerning the construction of these dwellings4 ,according to these directions1 the major-generals1 accompanied by the engineers1 were to fix on the proper spot for hutting4 ,the sunside of the hills was chosen1 and here they constructed long rows of log huts1 and made numerous stockades and bristling pikes for defence along the line of the trench4 ,for these purposes and for their fuel they cut off an entire forest of timber4 ,can't you hear the steady crash of the ax held by hands benumbed with the cold1 as blow1 by blow1 they felled the trees on the hillside1 eager to erect the crude huts which were to give better shelter than the tents in which they were yet shivering and choking8 ,in cutting their fire wood1 the soldiers were directed to save such parts of each tree as would do for building1 reserving #af or #ah feet of trunk for logs to rear their huts4 ,the quartermaster-general1 7so says the order of ,december #bjth7 is to delay no time1 but procure large quantities of straw1 either for covering the huts or for beds4 ,this last item would suggest the meagreness of the furnishing4 ,throughout the entire winter the soldier could look for few of the barest necessities of life4 ,an order from headquarters directed that each hut should be provided with a pail4 ,dishes were a rarity4 ,each soldier carried his knife in his pocket1 while one horn spoon1 a pewter dish1 and a horn tumbler into which whiskey rarely entered1 did duty for a whole mess4 ,the eagerness to possess a single dish is illustrated by an anecdote which has come down in my own family1 if ,i may presume to narrate it4 ,my ,revolutionary ancestor was a manufacturer of pottery4 ,in the leisure hours of this bitter time at ,valley ,forge1 he built a kiln and burnt some pottery4 ,just as it was time to open the ovens1 a band of soldiers rushed upon them1 tearing them down1 and triumphantly marched off with their prize1 leaving ,captain ,piercy as destitute of dishes as before4 ,as for the food that was meant to sustain the defenders of our liberty1 the diary ,i have quoted1 together with ,washington's daily orders1 gives us sufficient information to enable us to judge of its meagreness4 ,often their food was salted herring so decayed that it had to be dug 'en masse' from the barrels4 ,du ,poncean1 a young officer1 aid to ,baron ,steuben1 related to a friend1 a few years after the war1 some facts of stirring interest4 ,they bore1 he says1 with fortitude and patience4 ,sometimes1 you might see the soldiers pop their heads out from their huts and call in an undertone--'no bread1 no soldier2' but a single word from their officer would still their complaint4 ,baron ,steuben's cook left him at ,valley ,forge1 saying that when there was nothing to cook1 any one might turn the spit4 ,the commander-in-chief1 partaking of the hardships of his brave men1 was accustomed to sit down with his invited officers to a scanty piece of meat1 with some hard bread and a few potatoes4 ,at his house1 called ,moore ,hall1 they drank the prosperity of the nation in humble toddy1 and the luxurious dessert consisted of a dish of hazel nuts4 ,even in those scenes1 ,mrs4 ,washington1 as was her practice in the winter campaign1 had joined her husband1 and always at the head of the table maintained a mild and dignified1 yet cheerful manner4 ,she busied herself all day long1 with errands of grace1 and when she passed along the lines1 she would hear the fervent cry1--,god bless ,lady ,washington4 ,i need not go into details concerning the lack of clothing--the diary ,i have quoted is sufficiently suggestive4 ,an officer said1 some years after the war1 that many were without shoes1 and while acting as sentinels1 had doffed their hats to stand in1 to save their feet from freezing4 ,deserters to the ,british army--for even among the loyal ,american troops there were some to be found who could not stand up against cold and hunger and disease and the inducement held out by the enemy to deserters--would enter ,philadelphia shoeless and almost naked--around their body an old1 dirty blanket1 fastened by a leather belt around the waist4 ,one does not wonder that disease was rampant1 that orders had to be issued from headquarters for the proper treatment of the itch2 for inoculation against smallpox1 for the care of those suffering from dysentery which was widespread in the camp4 ,on ,january #h1 an order was issued from the commander-in-chief to the effect that men rendered unfit for duty by the itch be looked after by the surgeon and properly disposed in huts where they could be annointed for the disease4 ,hospital provisions were made for the sick4 ,huts1 #ae by #be and #i feet high1 with windows in each end1 were built1 two for each brigade4 ,they were placed at or near the center1 and not more than #ajj yards from the bridge4 ,but such were the ravages of the disease that long trenches in the vale below the hill were dug1 and filled in with the dead4 ,to turn to the activities of the camp1--its duties1 privileges1 and amusements1 and even its crimes4 ,until somewhat late in the spring1 when ,baron ,steuben arrived at ,valley ,forge1 there was little system observed in the drilling of the several brigades4 ,yet each day's military duty was religiously attended to1 that there might1 at least1 be some preparation for defence in case of an attack from the superior force at ,philadelphia4 ,the duties of both rank and file were strictly laid down by ,washington1 and any dereliction was punished with military strictness4 ,in the commands issued on ,february #h1 the order of the day is plainly indicated4 ,i give the words from ,orderly book3 ,reveille sounded at daybreak--troop at #h--retreat at sunset--tattoo at #i4 ,drummers call to beat at the right of first line and answer through that line4 ,then through the second and corp of artillery1 beginning at the left4 ,reserve shall follow the second line immediately upon this4 ,three rolls1 to begin1 and run through in like manner as the call4 ,then all the drums of the army at the heads of their respective corps shall go through the regular beats1 ceasing upon the right which will be a sign for the whole to cease4 ,don't you imagine that you hear the rise and fall of the notes as they echoed and re-echoed over the frozen hills and thrilled the hearts that beat beneath the rags in the cold winter morning8 ,the daily drill on parade1 the picket duty1 the domestic duties incumbent upon the men in the absence of the women1 the leisure hours1 then taps1 and the day's tale was told4 ,i should like to tell you of the markets established1 for two days each1 at three separate points on the outskirts of the camp1 where for prices fixed by a schedule to prevent extortion1 the soldiers1 fortunate enough to possess some money might add to their meagre supplies some comforts in food or clothing4 ,i should like to tell of the sutlers that followed each brigade1 and the strict rules that governed their dealings with the army1--of the funerals1 the simple ceremonies of which were fixed by orders from headquarters2 of the gaming among the soldiers1 which vice ,washington so thoroughly abhorred that he forbade1 under strictest penalties1 indulgence in even harmless games of cards and dice4 ,i should like to tell of the thanksgiving days appointed by congress for some signal victory of the northern army1 or for the blessing of the ,french alliance1 on which days the camp was exempt from ordinary duty and after divine service the day was given over to the men4 ,or ,i should like to tell of ,friday the ,flag day when a flag of truce was carried into ,philadelphia and letters were sent to loved ones1 and answers brought back containing disheartening news of the gaieties then going on1 or encouraging accounts of the sacrifices of mothers and daughters in the cause of liberty4 ,and finally ,i should like to tell you of the court martials1 through the reports of which we get such a vivid picture of the intimate life of the time3 of the trial by court martial of ,anthony ,wayne1 who was acquitted of the charge of conduct unbecoming an officer2 of the trial of a common soldier for stealing a blanket from a fellow soldier1 and the punishment by #ajj lashes on his bare back2 of the trial of a ,mary ,johnson who plotted to desert the camp and who1 between the lined up ranks of the brigade1 was drummed out of camp2 of the trial of ,john ,riley for desertion1 and his execution on parade ground1 with the full brigade in attendance2 of the dramatic punishment of an officer found guilty of robbery and absenting himself1 with a private1 without leave1 and who was sentenced to have his sword broken over his head on grand parade at guard mount4 ,i should like to tell1 too1 of the foraging parties sent out to scour the country for food and straw2 and the frequent skirmishes with detachments of the enemy2 of the depredations made by the soldiers on the surrounding farmers1 which depredations were so deplored by ,washington and which tried so his great soul ,i wanted to speak of the greatness of the ,commander-in-,chief in the face of all he had to contend with--the continued depredations of his men2 the repeated abuse of privilege2 the frequent disobedience of orders2 the unavoidably filthy condition of the camp2 the suffering of the soldiers2 the peril from a powerful enemy1--all sufficient to make a soul of less generous mould succumb to fate1 yet serving only in ,washington's case to make him put firmer trust in an ,almighty ,power and in the justice of his cause4 ,at the opening of the spring a greater activity prevailed in the camp4 ,with the coming of ,baron ,steuben1 the army was uniformly drilled in the tactics of ,european warfare4 ,with the new appropriation of congress1 new uniforms were possible and gave a more military appearance to the army4 ,it was no longer necessary1 therefore1 for ,washington to issue orders that the men must appear on parade with beards shaven and faces clean1 though their garments were of great variety and ragged4 ,and with the coming of the spring1 and of greater comforts in consequence1 ,washington1 in recognition of the suffering1 fidelity and patriotism of his troops took occasion to commend them in these words3 ,the ,commander-in-,chief takes this occasion to return his thanks to the officers and soldiers of this army for that persevering fidelity and zeal which they have uniformly manifested in all their conduct4 ,their fortitude not only under the common hardships incident to a military life1 but also1 under the additional suffering to which the peculiar situation of these states has exposed them1 clearly proves them to be men worthy the enviable privilege of contending for the rights of human nature--the freedom and independence of the country4 ,the recent instance of uncomplaining patience during the late scarcity of provisions in camp is a fresh proof that they possess in eminent degree the spirits of soldiers and the magnanimity of patriots4 ,the few who disgraced themselves by murmuring1 it is hoped1 have repented such unmanly behaviour and have resolved to emulate the noble example of their associates--,soldiers1 ,american ,soldiers1 will despise the meanness of repining at such trifling strokes of adversity1 trifling indeed when compared with the transcendent prize which will undoubtedly crown their patience and perseverance4 ,glory and freedom1 peace and plenty1 the admiration of the world1 the love of their country and the gratitude of posterity4--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,old ,,williamsburg4 ,,by ,,emily ,,hendree ,,park4 ,the screeching of the steam whistle at the ,williamsburg station seemed a curious anachronism1 a noisy1 pushing impertinence1 a strident voice of latter-day vulgar haste4 ,but when the big engine had rolled away1 puffing and blowing and screaming as if in mischievous and irreverent effort to disturb the archaic dreams of the fast-asleep town1 the exceeding peace which always dwells in ,williamsburg1 fell upon our hilarious spirits4 ,we wandered about the streets with hushed voices and reverent eyes4 ,the throbbing pulse of the gay1 stirring1 rebellious heart of the old capital of ,virginia had been still for a century4 ,on entering ,bruton church1 the eye is first attracted on the right of the chancel to the novel sight of the governor's seat1 high canopied and richly upholstered in crimson and gilt4 ,the high-backed chair is railed off from the common folk1 and the name ,alexander ,spotswood in gold lettering runs around the top of the canopy4 ,at once you realize that this was indeed the court church of the vice-regal court at ,williamsburg1 and that you are in old ,colonial ,virginia4 ,the lines ,he rode with ,spotswood and ,spotswood men1 the knights of the ,golden ,horse ,shoe1 run through the brain1 and the knightly figure of ,raleigh1 the chivalric founder of the colony1 and brave ,john ,smith and a score of others1 heroes of that elder day1 come from out the shadowy past1 and hover about one4 ,you look at the quaint old pulpit1 on the left of the church1 with its high-sounding board1 and then glance down at the pew on your right1 which bears the name of ,george ,washington1 and opposite the plate on the pew reads ,thomas ,jefferson1 and next are ,james ,madison and the seven signers of the ,declaration of ,independance1 and ,peyton ,randolph and ,patrick ,henry and the doughty members of the house of burgesses who worshiped here1 and whose liberty-loving spirits fired the world with their brave protests against tyranny4 ,when you read these names1 suddenly the church seems full of the men who bore them1 and you are surrounded by that goodly company of heroes who made ,virginia and ,america1 the cradle of liberty4 ,the magic spell is upon you4 ,you turn cold and burning hot with high enthusiasm and the glory of the vision4 ,you are roused from your trance by the pleasant voice of the young minister1 ,mr4 ,john ,wing1 who is saying3 ,now we will go down into the crypt4 ,there are treasures in the crypt indeed4 ,we follow in a dazed fashion1 and are shown the ,jamestown communion service2 the communion silver bearing the coat-of-arms of ,king ,george ,,iii2 the ancient communion silver of the ,college of ,william and ,mary2 the ,colonial prayer book1 with the prayer for the president pasted over the prayer for ,king ,george ,,iii2 a parish register of #affb1 the pre-,revolutionary ,bible2 coins found while excavating in the church1 and brass head-tack letters and figures by which some of the graves in the aisles and chancel were identified4 ,we are told that the date of parish was #afcb1 first brick church1 #afgd-hc2 present church #agaj-ae4 ,precious and deeply interesting1 but ,i imagined that ,i could hear the tread of that knightly company upstairs1 who let neither silver nor gold nor the glitter of the vice-regal court at ,williamsburg seduce them from their love of liberty1 nor dull their hatred of tyranny in its slightest exercise4 ,ah6 there were giants in those days among those ,virginia pioneers1 in whose veins ran the hot blood of the cavalier1 who loved truth and hated a lie1 who loved life and despised danger1 and feared not death nor king nor kaiser1 descendants of the valiant ,jamestown colonists to whom ,nathaniel ,bacon cried one hundred years before3 ,come on1 my hearts of gold6 ,the tombstones in the aisle and chancel of the church include the tombs of two ,colonial governors--,francis ,fauquier and ,edmund ,jennings--and the graves of the great-grandfather1 the grandfather and grandmother of ,mrs4 ,martha ,washington4 ,after reading the quaint inscription on the marble mural tablet in memory of ,colonel ,daniel ,parke and the inscriptions on the bronze mural tablets memorial to ,virginia churchmen and patriots1 we climb to ,lord ,dunmore's gallery1 where1 tradition says1 the boys of ,william and ,mary ,college used to be locked in for their soul's edification until service was over1 and where we sat in ,thomas ,jefferson's accustomed place1 from whence he looked down upon the heads of the members of the house of burgesses and the ,colonial vestrymen of distinguished memory4 ,is it any wonder that in such environment the boy's dreamy aspirations crystallized into the high resolve of becoming a patriot and statesman8 ,for in those stormy days preceding the ,revolution this little ,bruton parish church was a very ,pantheon of living heroes4 ,fiske1 the ,new ,england historian1 says that the five men who more than any others have shaped the future of ,american history were ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,madison1 ,marshall and ,hamilton4 ,all but ,hamilton were ,virginians and worshipers at ,bruton church1 and two of them were students of the ,college of ,william and ,mary4 ,distinction unrivaled for the state1 the church1 the college4 ,and now we walk into the church yard1 under venerable trees1 among crumbling grave stones and see the ,pocahontas baptismal font and the tombs of the ,custis children and ,colonial ,governor ,knott4 ,we are shown the home of ,george ,wythe1 the signer of the ,declaration1 the teacher of ,jefferson1 ,monroe and ,marshall4 ,great teacher of greater pupils6 ,inspirer of high thoughts and immortal deeds6 ,one of the students at ,william and ,mary1 ,jefferson1 wrote the declaration1 three were presidents1 and another1 ,john ,marshall1 was ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states4 ,the headquarters of ,washington1 the site of the first theater in ,america1 #agcb1 the ,ancient ,palace green on the right hand of which is the fictional home of ,audrey1 and several ancient colonial homes are pointed out to us4 ,if any vestige remains of the old ,raleigh tavern1 whose ,apollo room was famous as the gathering place of the burgesses1 who1 after their dismissal in #agfi asked an agreement not to use or import any article upon which a tax is laid--it was not shown to us4 ,the old powder horn or powder magazine1 a curious hexagonal building1 has been admirably restored and stands as a reminder of that dramatic scene in ,virginia history in #agge when1 after ,lord ,dunmore had removed the powder from the magazine into one of the vessels in the ,james1 fearing an uprising of the colonists1 ,patrick ,henry1 with an armed force from ,hanover1 stalked into the governor's presence and demanded the return of the powder or its equivalent in money4 ,lord ,dunmore1 looking into those dauntless eyes1 beholds the dauntless soul of the ,firebrand of the ,revolution behind them1 and yields at once and pays down #ccj sterling4 ,patrick ,henry1 with splendid audacity1 seizes a pen and signs the receipt1 ,patrick ,henry1 ,jr4 making himself alone responsible for this act of high treason1 and then1 that there may be no doubt as to his signature1 he has it attested by two distinguished gentlemen4 ,what heroic daring6 ,what impassioned love of liberty6 ,while ,peyton1 ,randolph and ,richard ,henry ,lee counsel caution1 ,patrick ,henry acts and becomes the inspired genius of the revolution1 fusing the disunited and hesitating colonies into a nation by the white heat of his burning passion for freedom4 ,first in importance of all the historic places in ,williamsburg is the venerable college of ,william and ,mary4 ,founded in #afic1 next to ,harvard the oldest college in the ,united ,states1 it soon became the intellectual center of the colony of ,chesapeake ,bay1 the alma mater of the patriots who fought for the life of the young republic and of the statesmen who formed its constitution and guided its course in its infant years4 ,it has furnished to our country fifteen senators and seventy representatives in congress2 thirty-seven judges1 and ,chief ,justice ,marshall2 seventeen governors of states and three presidents of the ,united ,states--,jefferson1 ,monroe and ,tyler4 ,james ,blair1 a ,scotchman1 was its first president and remained so for fifty years4 ,the ivy-clad buildings of the old college nestle among ancient trees on a wide campus1 and so venerable is the look of the place that the new hall seems a modern intruder1 though of quiet and well-mannered architecture4 ,the quiet air of scholarly seclusion reminds one of ,oxford4 ,it was commencement day1 and we found the buildings decorated with white and yellow1 the college colors4 ,the chapel1 with its oil paintings of presidents1 donors and patriots1 and the library with its rare volumes and priceless old documents and portraits and engravings1 are full of interest4 ,a marble statue of one of the old governors--,botetourt1 ,i believe--stands in the silence of the centuries in front of the old college4 ,yas'm ris de place1 de house er buggesses1 dey call it1 'cause de big bugs of ole ,virginny sot dere er making laws4 ',fo de ,lawd1 marm1 dey wuz big bugs2 quality folks1 quality folks4 ,and ,john ,randolph1 our colored coachman1 waved his hand with a proud air of ownership1 as if he were displaying lofty halls with mahogany stairs and marble pillars1 instead of the mortar and brick foundation1 in its bare outline1 of the old capitol1 or ,house of ,burgesses4 ,walk right in1 suh4 ,bring de ladies dis way1 boss1 ,john ,randolph urged1 in a tone of lordly hospitality4 ,right hyah is the charmber 7room7 whar ,marse ,patrick ,henry made dat great speech agin de king--old ,marse ,king ,george--or bossin' uv de colonies4 ,he wuz er standing on dis very spot1 and he lif' up his voice like a lion and he sez1 sez he-- ,what did he say8 as the old man paused4 ,striking a dramatic attitude1 the gray-haired old ,virginia darky rolled out in sonorous voice1 with impassioned gesture3 ,tarquin and ,caesar had each his ,brutus1 ,charles the ,first his ,cromwell and ,george the ,third-- ,treason6 treason6 said the speaker of the house4 ,may profit by their example4 ,if that be treason1 make the most of it4 ,in spite of ,john ,randolph's oratory1 ,rothermel's painting came before me1 and ,i could see the ,virginia cavaliers gazing at the speaker with startled1 breathless look1 while the colonial dames with their powdered hair and stiff brocade leaned eagerly forward in the gallery to catch each note of the immortal voice2 and in the doorway stood ,thomas ,jefferson1 the slim young student of ,william and ,mary ,college1 electrified by the fiery eloquence1 such as ,i had never heard from any other man1 he said3 he appeared to me to speak as ,homer wrote4 ,but why didn't you say ',give me liberty or give me death1' ,uncle ,john8 asked the young interrogation point of the party4 ',cause ,marse ,patrick never said dem words here1 chile4 ,he spoke 'em in old ,st4 ,john's ,church up in ,richmond ten year arterwards4 ,i gin you his ,williamsburg speech1 his fust great speech4 ,and the darky orator and historian smiled with that superior wisdom which we had seen illumminate the dark ,italian features of ,antonio ,griffenreid1 the famous sexton of old ,st4 ,john's as he enlightened the ignorance of a party of sightseers4--,atlanta ,constitution4 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,we love the men and women1 too1 ,who fought and worked and brought us through ,our glorious revolution2 ,hard was the struggle1 brave the fight1 ,that won for them the sovereign right ,to frame a ,constitution4 ,,chorus4 ,this ,constitution made us free ,in this proud land of liberty-- ,the best in all creation-- ,and we'll stand by it while we live2 ,whatever we may have we'll give ,for its perpetuation4 ,our ,country is the fairest one ,kissed by the ever rolling sun-- ,we glory in our nation2 ,and we will see that it shall be ,the happy land of liberty1 ,through time's continuation4 --,francis ,h4 ,orme4 ,this song has been adopted as a ,state song by the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution of ,georgia1 and as a national song by the ,continental ,congress #aijf4 ,a ,,true ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,m4 ,s4 ,d',,vaughn4 ,archibald ,bullock ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,montezuma1 ,ga4 ,this is a story of how a woman's wit and tact saved her husband's life from the hands of the ,tories1 in the dark days of the ,revolution4 ,it was in ,south ,carolina1 the ,british ,general1 ,cornwallis1 had ordered any ,american sympathizer caught1 to be hung or shot at sight4 ,numberless outrages had been done and the feeling was intensely bitter against the ,tories1 or ,royalists1 as they called themselves4 ,especially so was it in the section of the country where lived ,elizabeth ,robert4 ,her husband was fighting with ,marion1 the ,swamp ,fox1 in another part of the state and the only protector for herself and two young children was a faithful slave called ,daddy ,cyrus4 ,here on her plantation ,elizabeth spent her days living quietly enough4 ,however1 she was no idler1 but rather a most thrifty housewife and her muscadine wine excelled any other and was known far and wide for its delicious flavor4 ,now1 ,john ,robert grew restless1 as the days passed and no word came from his wife1 so obtaining leave of absence from ,general ,marion1 he quietly slipped through the lines1 and by a devious route1 appeared one dark night at the door of his home4 ,but some foreign eye had noted the unusual happiness and excitement in the big house as it was called1 and in a short while it was surrounded1 and ,capt4 ,john was a prisoner in the hands of the ,tories4 ,mary1 with tears1 pleaded for her husband's life1 but to no purpose1 and dawn was to see his dead body hanging from the limb of a huge oak near by4 ,tears availing nothing1 ,elizabeth's quick brain began to teem with plans for ,john's escape4 ,slipping down to ,daddy ,cyrus' cabin1 she told him of her plan of rescue1 then back to her house she ran1 her absence not having been noted4 ,then bringing all her womanly beauty1 graciousness and charm to bear upon the ,tories1 she inticed them into the dining room1 leaving her husband tightly bound to the tree where he was to meet his death1--and then from her mahogany sideboard1 she served to them her famous muscadine wine4 ,drink after drink1 she offered them1 while her smiles and gay repartee allured them4 ,more--more--and yet more1 until their befuddled wits were completely gone4 ,then faithful old ,daddy ,cyrus waiting1 watching1 guarding1 with his sharp knife1 cut the bonds of his ,young ,marster1 and into the darkness ,capt4 ,john was gone back to his comrades with a hurried kiss from the lips of his wife who had saved him4 ,the ,tories were persuaded that the wine was the cause of their hazy belief of the capture of ,capt4 ,john ,robert1 and no harm was done to ,elizabeth4 ,,georgia4 ,poem composed by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,m4 ,o',hara and read before ,david ,meriwether ,chapter1 ,greenville1 ,ga41 ,georgia day1 #aiaa4 ,georgia1 the baby of the original thirteen1 ,not1 however1 youngest in importance1 ,i ween1 ,was born to the colonies in seventeen thirty-two1 ,to help those in prison their lives to renew4 ,what ,oglethorpe planned for this child of his heart ,was that rum and slaves of it should not be a part1 ,but this wayward child would have her own way1 ,in spite of her mistakes she has made up to date1 ,georgia is called of the ,south the ,empire ,state4 ,she was the fifth of her sisters in secession to say1 ,the ,union she'd leave when there was not fair play4 ,this child of famous men has sent her portion ,from the marshes of ,glynn to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,near ,savannah1 where ,oglethorpe first planted his foot1 ,ebenezer1 the first orphanage1 has taken firm root4 ,another distinction1 too1 fair ,georgia can claim ,is the first college for women1 ,wesleyan by name4 ,towering intellects she reared in her ,toombs and her ,hills2 ,she can boast of her factories and her mills2 ,she has kept pace with her sisters in every movement ,that tends to her children's uplift and improvement4 ,now in heathen lands1 across the deep waters1 ,performing deeds of mercy are ,georgia's sons and daughters4 ,,forts ,,of ,,georgia4 ,,miss ,,francis ,,clarke4 ,prize ,essay of ,girls' ,high ,school1 ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 for the loving cup offered by ,joseph ,habersham ,chapter1 ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution4 ,the forts of ,georgia1 though for the most part hurriedly and roughly built for protection against ,indian1 ,spaniards1 ,englishman1 or ,federal1 have nevertheless been the scenes of the bravest defenses1 of the most courageous deeds4 ,in them probably more than anywhere else1 the men of ,georgia have shown their hardy spirits and distressing trials4 ,never has a ,georgia fort been surrendered except from absolute necessity1 though its protectors were weak from starvation4 ,the first of the long list of five hundred forts that have been erected in ,georgia is ,fort ,charles1 on the northeastern coast of ,georgia4 ,it was built about #aefb by the direction of ,john ,ribault1 who with a party of ,huguenots had come from ,france with the approval of ,admiral ,coligny1 the ,protestant leader at that time4 ,two years later the fort was abandoned1 and there is now no sign to point out the spot where it once stood4 ,,fort ,,argyle4 ,fort ,argyle was the next fort on ,georgia soil4 ,it was built by ,oglethorpe in #agcc for the protection of his ,savannah colony4 ,then followed a wonderful series of forts1 when you consider the few people in ,georgia at that time and the dangers of traveling on account of the ,indians4 ,but ,oglethorpe1 braving all perils in the next four or five years had established ,forts ,thunderbolt1 near ,savannah2 ,st4 ,simon1 on ,st4 ,simon's ,island2 ,frederick1 at ,frederica1 on the same island2 ,fort ,william and ,fort ,andrews1 on ,cumberland ,island1 besides several other unimportant ones such as the fort on ,jekyl ,island and those along the ,altamaha4 ,these forts1 especially ,fort ,william and ,fort ,andrews1 served as a great protection from the ,indians and the ,spaniards2 but as time went on1 the ,spaniards ceased invading the country1 the ,indians were forced westward1 and the forts fell into disuse4 ,indeed by the opening of the ,revolution1 scarcely a vestige remained of these once important forts4 ,for some years preceding the ,revolution the white settlers on the frontier had much trouble with the ,indians1 and they began to build forts inland to the westward4 ,in #aggd1 at ,sherrill's ,fort1 about three hundred men1 women and children were massacred4 ,these dreadful massacres continued all during the ,revolution at the instigation of the ,british1 and added to the many other troubles of the ,georgians the expense of keeping up these frontier forts4 ,at the opening of the ,revolution1 though the forts were in sad repair1 nevertheless there was a great rush of the ,royalists and of the ,rebels to get possession of them4 ,the ,royalists were at first the more successful4 ,augusta with ,forts ,grierson and ,cornwallis1 ,savannah with ,forts ,argyle and ,halifax1 ,fort ,barrington on the ,altamaha1 and the recently erected ,fort ,morris south of ,sunbury1 were all soon in the hands of the ,british4 ,these positions were all strong and well fortified4 ,the ,rebels were not nearly so fortunate4 ,the forts they held were mostly ruins4 ,fort ,mc,intosh on the ,satilla ,river was the first of their possessions to be beseiged by the ,british4 ,captain ,richard ,winn held the fort with all his powers of endurance against ,colonel ,fuser1 but1 with his reinforcements cut off1 he was soon obliged to surrender4 ,,proceed ,,against ,,augusta4 ,soon1 however1 the opportunity of the patriots came4 #agha was the beginning of the change in affairs4 ,having seized ,fort ,carr and ,fort ,howe as the center of operations1 the ,americans proceeded against ,augusta4 ,colonel ,grierson1 who was in charge of the fort that bore his name1 soon surrendered here1 but ,colonel ,brown was obstinate and strong in his position at ,fort ,cornwallis4 ,in the end1 after an eighteen days' siege1 he1 too1 acknowledged himself beaten4 ,after varying vicissitudes1 the ,british were finally forced to give up all their strongholds1 and thus the ,revolutionary forts played their part in history4 ,during the years that followed there would have been no necessity for any forts in ,georgia had it not been for the ,indians1 especially during the war of #ahab1 in which the ,indians were incited by the ,british to give trouble4 ,until #ahcf the forts in most general use against the ,indians were ,forts ,hawkins1 ,mims1 ,scott and ,mitchell4 ,with the passing of the ,indian troubles the ,georgia forts were left to absolute ruin1 and1 when in #ahfa the ,civil ,war burst upon the country1 there was great need to fortify the land against the enemy4 ,accordingly1 ,fort ,pulaski1 on ,cockspur ,island1 not far from ,savannah1 was strongly fortified at the cost of #hj1jjj1 and ,colonel ,olmstead with #cej men was placed in command4 ,receiving word from the enemy to surrender the fort1 he answered1 ,i am here to defend the fort1 not to surrender it2 but in #ahfb the brave commander was obliged to surrender his treasure4 ,,dupont ,,expedition4 ,fort ,mc,allister1 though not so strong as ,fort ,pulaski1 being only an earthwork with sand parapets1 was notwithstanding an equally important position4 ,admiral ,du,pont in #ahfc was sent to seize it1 but the expedition failed2 in #ahfd1 ,general ,hazen's division of ,general ,sherman's army took this fort from ,major ,george ,w4 ,anderson4 ,in his letter north1 ,general ,sherman praised ,georgia's sons for their brave resistance4 ,the surrender of ,fort ,mc,allister led in a few days to the surrender of ,savannah and the quick ending of the war4 ,after the ,civil ,war1 forts were again neglected and even the new forts began to decay4 ,throughout ,georgia today are to be seen her picturesque1 ivy-grown forts1 and these are a source of never-failing interest to visitors4 ,illustration3 ,,ruins ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,fort ,,at ,,frederica ,,on ,,st4 ,,simon',s ,,island1 ,,ga4 ,the only regular military post now in ,georgia is the beautiful ,fort ,mc,pherson4 ,this fort covering about two hundred and thirty-six acres1 is four miles from ,atlanta4 ,it was established by the ,united ,states government in #ahfg with the name of ,mc,pherson's ,barracks2 it has a postoffice and telegraph station4 ,it has never yet been called into service4 ,let us hope that it will be many days before ,fort ,mc,pherson adds its historic story to those of ,georgia's other forts4 ,,james ,,edward ,,oglethorpe4 ,james ,oglethorpe came of a very old family in ,england4 ,his father1 ,sir ,theophilus1 was a soldier under ,james ,,ii1 and went into banishment with him4 ,just before the abdication of ,james ,,ii1 ,james ,oglethorpe1 the seventh child and fourth son1 was born4 ,at sixteen he entered the ,university at ,oxford1 when he was twenty-two1 entered the ,british ,army as ,ensign1 and was soon made ,lieutenant of the ,queen's ,life ,guards4 ,his soldier life was spent largely on the continent4 ,he became heir to the estate in ,surrey and was shortly after elected to the ,british ,parliament1 of which body he remained a member for thirty-two years4 ,he was an active member of the ,house of ,commons1 a ,deputy ,governor of the ,royal ,african ,society and a gentleman of high position and independent means1 and withal a man of genuine piety4 ,he conceived the plan of establishing a colony in ,america1 which should be a refuge for poor people4 ,the following description of ,oglethorpe is by ,rev4 ,thomas ,b4 ,gregory3 ,february #ab1 #agcc1 ,oglethorpe and his ,colonists scaled the ,yamacraw bluffs on the ,savannah ,river and began laying the foundations of the ,state of ,georgia4 ,the ,empire ,state of the ,south had its origin in the noblest impulses that swell the human heart4 ,its founder1 the accomplished and philanthropic ,oglethorpe1 witnessing about him in the old world the inhumanity of man to man1 seeing the prisons full of impecunious debtors1 and the highways thronged with the victims of religious fanaticism and spite1 resolved that he would find in the new world an asylum for the unfortunate ones where they should be no more oppressed by the rich or dragooned by the bigoted4 ,the colony started out beautifully4 ,the men who had been pining in ,english jails because they could not pay the exactions of their hard-hearted creditors1 and the ,salzburgers and others1 who1 in ,austria and ,germany1 had been made to feel the terrors of religious fanaticism1 were glad to be free1 and they were only too willing to accept the founder's will that there would be no slavery in ,georgia4 ,the institution got a foothold much later on1 but it was not the fault of the original colonists4 ,beautiful1 too1 were the initial relationships between the colonists and the red men4 ,old ,to-mo-chi-chi1 the ,chief of the surrounding ,indians1 presenting ,oglethorpe with a ,buffalo skin ornamented with the picture of an eagle1 said to him3 ',i give you this which ,i want you to accept4 ,the eagle means speed and the buffalo strength4 ,the ,english are swift as the bird and strong as the beast1 since like the one1 they flew over the seas to the uttermost parts of the earth1 and1 like the other1 they are strong and nothing can resist them4 ,the feathers of the eagle are soft and means love2 the buffalo skin is warm and means protection4 ,then ,i hope the ,english will love and protect our little families4' ,alas6 the time was to come when the white man would forget ,to-mo-chi-chi's present and the spirit with which it was made4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,monument ,,to ,,general ,,oglethorpe1 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,colony ,,of ,,georgia1 ,,in ,,chippewa ,,square1 ,,savannah4 ,in #agdc ,oglethorpe left ,georgia forever1 after having given it the best that there was in his head and heart for ten years4 ,in #ageb ,georgia became a royal province1 and remained such until the breaking out of the ,revolution in #agge1 through which she helped her sister colonies to fight their way to victory1 when she took her place among the 'old thirteen' free and independent states4 ,,the ,,condition ,,of ,,georgia ,,during ,,the ,,revolution4 ,when the ,american ,colonies of ,great ,britain determined to rebel at the stubborn demands of the mother country1 ,georgia had least cause to join the revolutionary movement4 ,this colony was by fifty years the youngest of the original thirteen1 and had been specially favored by ,england4 ,she was the largest1 but the weakest1 of all the provinces4 ,the landless of other countries and of other colonies had come in large numbers to obtain a home where they might own the soil they tilled4 ,at the beginning of the ,revolution the total population of ,georgia was about #bj1jjj whites and #ag1jjj blacks4 ,georgia was now exporting rice1 indigo1 and skins to ,europe1 and lumber1 horses1 and provisions to the ,west ,indies4 ,tobacco was cultivated with great success by the settlers1 and all necessaries of life were easily raised on her soil4 ,the province boasted of one weekly newspaper1 called the ,georgia ,gazette1 which was published every ,thursday at ,savannah4 ,since #agfj the colony had prospered greatly under ,sir ,james ,wright1 who was one of the most capable and devoted of the ,british provincial governors4 ,there were few local grievances1 and many of the people did not wish to defy the home authority4 ,but they realized that this restful condition could not long continue1 for they occupied an exceedingly dangerous position4 ,the sea coast was easily seized by the ,british1 and they were also exposed to the attacks of the ,british in ,florida1 as well as the many savage tribes of ,indians on the north and west4 ,thus threatened on all sides1 ,georgia thought it best to join her sister colonies1 that she might have protection4 ,the news of the battle of ,lexington removed all hesitation1 and united the people of ,georgia in the determination to assert their rights4 ,georgia rallied her mountaineer riflemen to the cause of liberty4 ,right manfully did her raw1 untrained volunteers respond to the burning1 eloquent appeal of ,patrick ,henry1 the ,virginian4 ,his speech awoke the sleeping pride of the ,south1 and aroused her sons to action4 ,georgia strove to equip her little band of patriots1 but she had but few resources4 ,congress gave her all the aid possible1 but soldiers and funds were required everywhere1 and ,georgia's share was very small4 ,her sole dependence for protection was her #c1jjj raw militia4 ,there were #dj1jjj ,indians to the north and west with #aj1jjj warriors6 ,the ,british bought the friendship of the ,indians with presents which the colonists could not afford4 ,from the first of this war ,georgia kept her representatives in the ,continental ,congress1 which met to form plans for mutual protection and defense4 ,in these dark days men thought little of government1 nor was much required4 ,liberty and food and clothing for their families were the principals for which the patriots were now striving4 ,many deserters of the ,american cause took refuge in ,florida4 ,these were called ,tories4 ,many of them were lawless men1 and continually harassed the colonists of ,south ,georgia4 ,they joined the ,british and ,indians1 and made plundering expeditions1 sweeping down on the defenseless people1 burning the houses1 ruining the fields1 and committing the most atrocious crimes4 ,up to this time1 ,georgia had often sent food supplies to her countrymen in the north1 but now food became so scarce that the governor forbade the exportation of any kind of provisions4 ,colonel ,brown1 who vowed to wreak vengeance on every ,american citizen1 now fulfilled his vow to the uttermost4 ,his murderous bands made their raids in every direction2 no mercy was shown to anyone who befriended a patriot4 ,it seems that the spirit of resistance in the hearts of the people of ,georgia would have been crushed by these long continued atrocities4 ,but they never left the field1 although often forced to abandon their homes and sometimes even to leave the state4 ,what better example of the hardihood of the pioneer women of ,georgia than in the story of ,nancy ,hart1 a remarkable woman who lived in ,elbert ,county at this time8 ,when many of the women and children who lived in her neighborhood left their homes to escape the cruelty of ,brown's raiders1 ,nancy ,hart remained at home to protect her little property4 ,how we all love the story of how this rough1 simple mountaineer woman outwitted the band of ,british red coats who demanded food at her cabin4 ,while she served the meal1 she cleverly managed to keep their attention diverted while she signaled for aid1 and hid their arms1 which they had stacked in a corner4 ,then1 when she was discovered1 she covered them with a musket1 and1 true to her word1 shot down the first who stepped forward4 ,thus did the women of ,georgia meet the dangers to which they were exposed in these perilous times4 ,when ,augusta had been abandoned by the ,british1 many of the inhabitants who had refugeed1 returned1 hoping for better times4 ,colonels ,elijah ,clarke and ,john ,dooly untiringly guarded the frontiers1 which were continually threatened by the ,tories and ,indians4 ,their zeal encouraged the people1 and kept the spirit of liberty awake in the hearts of the sorely-tried patriots4 ,but their sufferings were not yet over4 ,savannah must yet be taken from the ,british4 ,in the long1 weary struggle1 the brave revolutionists were greatly aided by the ,french4 ,the bombardment of ,savannah lasted five days4 ,the unfortunate inhabitants suffered greatly4 ,houses were riddled by shot and shell4 ,helpless women1 children1 and old men were forced to seek safety in damp cellars1 and even then1 many were killed by shots intended for the enemy4 ,how sad to think of the many precious lives lost in that bloody fray1 and the hopes crushed in the hearts of the survivors6 ,the ,british still held ,savannah1 the ,french sailed away1 and the ,american army retreated northward1 leaving ,georgia to the enemy4 ,the death blow had been dealt to the hopes of ,georgia4 ,the ,tories1 exulting in the humiliation of the state1 now made raids in every direction1 insulting1 robbing1 and persecuting1 the discouraged patriots barbarously4 ,they seized whatever they coveted1 clothing1 jewels1 plate1 furniture or negroes4 ,they even beat little children to force them to tell where valuables were hidden4 ,no mercy was shown to old men who had stayed at home to protect their families4 ,they and their families were driven from the state4 ,all means of conveyance being taken away1 even the women and children were forced to make the journey on foot4 ,but the majority of our people were so poor that they were obliged to remain at home1 and endure trials more grievous than before4 ,the conduct of ,british soldiers in ,savannah was such that ,whig families residing there found it almost unendurable4 ,but the women bore these hardships with a fortitude becoming the wives of patriots4 ,at last1 three years after the seige of ,savannah1 ,georgia was free of the hated ,british4 ,gradually the people returned to their former homes and vocations4 ,but what a sad home-coming6 ,war had laid its desolating hand upon the face of the country4 ,the state was full of widows and orphans1 fully one half of all the available property of her people was swept away1 the fields were uncultivated1 and there was no money to repair losses4 ,her boundaries were not well defined1 and large tracts of land in her limits were still held by the ,indians4 ,truly1 the condition of ,georgia was deplorable6 ,but there was no repining1 for the patriots1 rejoicing in their liberty1 cheerfully set to work to lay the foundations of future prosperity4 ,gladly they had given their all as the price of ,liberty6--,etowah ,chapter4 ,,fort ,,rutledge ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,mell4 ,when the ,calhoun plantation 7in ,south ,carolina71 upon which ,clemson ,college is now located1 was purchased in #ahbf1 it was called ,clergy ,hall4 ,it received this name because the original mansion was built by the ,rev4 ,james ,mc,ilhenny who resided there with his son-in-law1 the ,rev4 ,james ,murphy4 ,an old ,revolutionary fort known in history as ,fort ,rutledge was upon this estate1 crowning a hill overlooking the ,seneca ,river and when ,mr4 ,calhoun took possession of the place1 he changed its name to ,fort ,hill4 ,although fifty years had elapsed since the fort was built and doubtless there were few remains of it to be seen at that time1 still many were living who remembered it well1 and the hill upon which it stood was known from the earliest settlement of the country by the name of ,fort ,hill4 ,one of the most beautiful drives on the ,clemson property is the road to ,fort ,rutledge which is about a mile from the college4 ,this road winds through rich cornfields of bottom land2 it then rises gently to the top of a long level ridge which slopes precipitously down to the fields on one hand and the ,seneca ,river on the other2 trees and shrubs thickly clothe the sides of this ridge and beautiful and extended views can be seen in every direction4 ,looking to the east1 ,clemson ,college1 seated upon an opposite hill1 with its many buildings and the dwellings of the community presents an ideal picture of loveliness2 on the north1 the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 forty miles away1 are clearly seen with several lofty ranges2 to the west and south1 the eye follows the river winding through smiling valleys1 the cultivated fields green with promise which is always fulfilled4 ,this boldly commanding ridge1 overlooking the surrounding country1 was well adapted for an outlook during the conflicts between the ,indians and the early settlers4 ,the ,seneca ,indians had one of their largest towns on the river at the base of the hill1 extending for four miles on both sides1 the hundreds of acres of inexhaustible bottom land supplying them bountifully with corn even with the crudest methods of cultivation4 ,nothing remains of the old fort to-day but the abandoned well1 which has been filled and is marked by a tangled growth of weeds and shrubs1 and the cellar of the old lookout tower or five sided bastion2 this is faced with brick and the shape can be seen distinctly4 ,one of the early battles of the ,revolution was fought near ,fort ,hill at ,seneca town at its base4 ,this town was one of note among the ,indians and up to this day arrow heads and other implements of war or household use may be found upon its site4 ,for generations the ,indians preserved a strong attachment for this spot and up to the time that the college began its active work1 ,bushy ,head1 an ,indian ,chief from the ,cherokee reservation in ,north ,carolina1 would lead a band here every summer4 ,the story of the battle here is taken from official reports and from ,mc,crady's ,history of ,south ,carolina4 ,during the spring of #aggf1 the ,tory leaders1 ,stuart and ,cameron1 had informed the ,cherokees that a ,british fleet was coming to attack ,charleston and as soon as they heard of its arrival they must fall upon the up-country pioneer settlements and destroy them4 ,with the ,british to fight in the south and the combined ,tories and ,indians in the north it was believed that the province would soon be subjugated4 ,the news came to the ,indians on the eve of ,july #ast and at the dawn of day they were on the warpath slaying every white person they could capture1 without distinction of age or sex4 ,at this time the ,hamptons were massacred with many other families4 ,mr4 ,francis ,salvador lived on ,corn-acre or ,coronaca creek in ,ninety-six district4 ,he was one of the few members of the provincial congress from the up-country1 a man of much ability1 enthusiasm and patriotism4 ,when the dreadful tidings of the ,indian uprising reached him that day1 he mounted his horse and galloped to the home of ,major ,andrew ,williamson1 twenty-eight miles away2 he found that officer already aroused to the horrors of the situation and busily endeavoring to collect forces4 ,but the settlers were terror stricken1 several hundred had been murdered and the survivors had but one thought and that was to get their families safely into the nearest forts4 ,he waited two days and only forty men had volunteered4 ,with this small band ,major ,williamson with ,mr4 ,salvador started on the #crd of ,july for the ,indian villages resolved to punish them severely4 ,but when the settlers had provided for the safety of their wives and children1 many of them hurried to join him and on the #eth there were #aaj men with him1 on the #hth his band increased to #bbb and on the #afth they numbered #dej2 re-inforcements came from ,charlestown and also from ,georgia and on the #bbnd of ,july he was at the head of #a1aej men4 ,meanwhile he had been advancing from his home towards the ,cherokee country and was encamped on ,baker's creek1 a few miles above ,moffattsville4 ,here his scouts brought him the news that ,alexander ,cameron1 thirteen white men and a band of ,indians were camped on ,oconore ,creek about thirty miles away1 and ,williamson determined to surprise and capture them before they could hear of his proximity4 ,he therefore selected with care three hundred and thirty horsemen1 the brave ,mr4 ,salvador accompanying him and started about six o'clock on the evening of ,july #cast planning to surprise the enemy before day4 ,about two in the morning of the first day of ,august they drew near the town of ,essenecca 7or ,seneca74 ,a party of his men who had visited the place two days before had reported to him that the town was thoroughly evacuated2 trusting to this report he carelessly neglected to send out advance scouts1 rode into an ambush and was surprised and completely routed by the ,indians at this town4 ,quoting ,major ,williamson's report of the event3 ,the enemy either having discovered my march or laid themselves in ambush with a design to cut off my spies or party ,i had sent out1 had taken possession of the first houses in ,seneca1 and posted themselves behind a long fence on an eminence close to the road where we were to march1 and to prevent being discovered had filled up the openings between the rails1 with corn blades1 etc4 ,they suffered the guides and advance guard to pass1 when a gun from the house was discharged 7meant ,i suppose as a signal for those placed behind the fence1 who a few seconds afterwards poured in a heavy fire upon my men71 which being unexpected1 staggered my advance party4 ,here ,mr4 ,salvador received three wounds and fell by my side2 my horse was shot down under me but ,i received no hurt4 ,lieut4 ,farar of ,capt4 ,prince's ,company immediately supplied me with his4 ,i desired him to take care of ,mr4 ,salvador1 but before he could find him in the dark1 the enemy unfortunately got his scalp which was the only one taken4 ,capt4 ,smith1 son of the late ,capt4 ,aaron ,smith1 saw the ,indian1 but thought it was his servant taking care of his master or could have prevented it4 ,he died about half-after two o'clock in the morning1 forty-five minutes after he received the wounds1 sensible to the last4 ,when ,i came up to him after dislodging the enemy1 and speaking to him1 he asked whether ,i had beat the enemy1 ,i told him yes1 he said he was glad of it1 and shook me by the hand1 and bade me farewell and said he would die in a few minutes4 ,two men died in the morning1 and six more who were badly wounded ,i have since sent down to the settlements and given directions to ,dr4 ,de,la,towe and ,russell to attend them4 ,i remained on the ground till daybreak and burnt the houses on this side of the river and afterwards crossed the river2 the same day reduced ,seneca entirely to ashes4 ,an ,extract from another report gives further particulars3 ,the ,indian spies had observed the ,major's march and alarmed their camp2 upon which about thirty ,indians and as many white men went to ,seneca and placed themselves in ambush4 ,the ,indians had one killed and three wounded4 ,seneca1 four miles long on each side of the river with six thousand bushels of corn1 c1 burned ,august #ast4 ,sugar ,town and ,keowee1 ,aug4 #dth4 ,the account given by ,mc,crady in his ,history of ,south ,carolina is a little more unfavorable than ,major ,williamson's3 ,major ,williamson's forces1 completely surprised1 broke away and fled in the greatest confusion4 ,the enemy kept up a constant fire which the retreating militia returned at random1 as dangerous to their friends who were willing to advance against the enemy as it was to the enemy themselves4 ,fortunately ,lieutenant ,colonel ,hammond rallied a party of about twenty men1 and1 making an unexpected charge1 repulsed the savage foe and escaped4 ,the ,indians lost but one man killed and three wounded2 of ,major ,williamson's party three died from their wounds and fourteen were badly injured4 ,when daylight arrived he burnt that part of ,esseneca town which was on the eastern side of the ,keowee ,river1 and later ,col4 ,hammond crossed the river burnt that on the western side as well and destroyed all the provisions1 computed at six thousand bushels of ,indian corn1 besides peas and other articles4 ,the object of overtaking ,cameron and his associates having been thus defeated ,williamson retreated and joined his camp at ,twenty-three ,mile ,creek4 ,the loss of ,mr4 ,salvador was greatly deplored by the province4 ,he was a man of prominence1 intelligence and worth and his services to the ,american cause would have been most valuable4 ,an interesting sketch of his life may be found in ,elzas ,history of ,jews of ,south ,carolina1 written by ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,salley4 ,on the #hth of ,august1 #aggf1 ,williamson marched with #fdj men upon the ,indian towns4 ,they destroyed ,ostatoy1 ,tugaloo1 ,tomassee1 ,chehohee and ,eustash2 every bit of the corn was burned and the ,indians were forced to live upon roots and berries1 etc4 ,the expedition was most successful and completely retrieved the defeat at ,seneca4 ,mc,crady states that about this time ,major ,williamson was appointed colonel of the ,ninety-six ,regiment and upon ,colonel ,williamson's return to his camp he found that numbers of his men had gone home1 forced to do so from fatigue1 want of clothes1 and other necessaries and that many who had remained were in equal distress4 ,he was obliged therefore to grant furloughs ordering them to rejoin him at ,esseneca on the #bhth to which place he marched on the #afth with about six hundred men4 ,here he erected a fort1 which in honor of the president of ,south ,carolina1 he called ,fort ,rutledge4 ,upon the breaking out of this war application had been made to ,north ,carolina and ,virginia to co-operate with the forces of ,south ,carolina in this region4 ,each of these states complied and raised a body of troops4 ,the first under ,general ,rutherford1 to act in conjunction with the ,south ,carolinians on this side the mountains1 and the other under ,colonel ,christie1 to act against the over-hill ,cherokees4 ,but ,colonel ,williamson had destroyed all the lower settlements before the ,north ,carolinians under ,general ,rutherford took the field4 ,colonel ,williamson now having increased his force to #b1cjj men1 broke up the camp at ,esseneca2 leaving #cjj men as a guard to the inhabitants and as a garrison to ,fort ,rutledge he marched with about #b1jjj men to co-operate with ,general ,rutherford4 ,history tells us that the campaign was successful2 the ,indians received lessons they never forgot2 in less than three months the ,cherokees lost #b1jjj and humbled and broken in spirit2 they sued for peace on any terms4 ,a treaty of pacification was signed and the ,indians yielded to ,south ,carolina a large tract of land embracing the counties of ,anderson1 ,pickens1 ,oconee and ,greenville4 ,so this is the story of the building and holding of ,fort ,rutledge4 ,the remains of the old fort are well worth preserving for its foundations were laid in a period of storm and stress and suffering2 its rude walls frowned upon the ,indians early in the ,revolution2 its watch tower kept guard so that the settler's family in his humble cabin might rest in peace2 with its little garrison of three hundred men it did its work well and effectually intimidated the enemies of the province in this part of the country4 ,after the ,revolutionary war it was abandoned and gradually fell into ruins and decay but the name ,fort ,hill has always clung to it and the site never has been forgotten4--,american ,monthly1 #aijg4 ,,the ,,efforts ,,of ,,lafayette ,,for ,,the ,,cause ,,of ,,american ,,independence4 ,,by ,,bessie ,,carolyn ,,mcclain4 ,gloversville ,high ,school1 ,gloversville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,probably no other foreigner accomplished so much or sympathized so deeply with the cause of ,american ,independence as did the ,marquis de ,lafayette4 ,a ,french nobleman by birth1 an heir to an immense estate at thirteen1 married to one of the most beautiful ladies of the ,french ,court1 he chose a life of privation and hardship1 to one of luxury and idleness4 ,the love of liberty1 inherent in his soul1 made him a champion of the cause which seemed the last chance for liberty to obtain a foothold upon the earth4 ,from the time the situation of the ,english ,american colonies was made known in ,france1 in #aggf1 until they became a free and independent nation1 he gave himself1 heart and soul1 to their cause4 ,he served them both by his personal qualities and by his active efforts1 as a ,french nobleman1 and as an ,american soldier and general4 ,the qualities by which ,lafayette most aided this country in its great conflict1 were his love of liberty1 enthusiasm1 generosity and loyalty4 ,his love of liberty first made him interested in the struggle of the ,american ,colonies with their ,mother ,country1 and this same love of liberty kept him enthused in the cause1 and gave him the strength and courage to depart from his home1 his friends and his country4 ,indeed it was the root of the other qualities by which he did us service4 ,when once his enthusiasm was aroused1 nothing could diminish it4 ,when he heard that the credit of the insurgents was so low that they couldn't possibly provide him a ship1 he said in that case they needed him all the more1 and he bought one with his own money4 ,it was enthusiasm that led him to the front in the battle of ,brandywine4 ,it was enthusiasm that made him ride seventy miles and back1 for the ,french fleet when it was needed so sorely4 ,of course1 was not his motto cur non8 ,in all his dealings with this country1 he showed his generosity and disinterest4 ,what was it if not generosity1 when at his own expense1 he fitted out the ship that brought him and the other officers to this country8 ,how many times during the war did he clothe his soldiers and supply their wants when the country couldn't8 ,he proved his disinterested devotion to the satisfaction of ,congress1 when he offered to serve as a volunteer without pay and at his own expense4 ,gladly did he forego the comforts and pleasures to which education and rank entitled him1 and bear with the soldiers every hardship and privation4 ,when1 chiefly through his influence1 ,france agreed to send aid to ,america1 and offered him a commission1 he refused it so as not to arouse jealousy among other ,frenchmen4 ,was not this unselfish love of liberty of the plainest type8 ,his most striking characteristic1 and ,i think the one by which he did us the most service1 was his loyalty4 ,it strengthened ,washington to have one man upon whom he could rely so completely4 ,when ,gates was trying to stir up trouble against him and had appointed ,lafayette to take charge of an invasion into ,canada over which he had no control1 he urged him to accept1 because it would be safer with him than any one else4 ,lafayette did accept and he carried it out in such a way that ,gates' scheme failed completely4 ,at the ,battle of ,monmouth1 too1 when ,washington sent ,charles ,lee to command over him1 he showed his loyalty to ,washington by submitting quietly and doing all he could to bring a victory out of a defeat4 ,but what counted most1 perhaps1 was the faithfulness with which he carried out every order no matter how small and unimportant4 ,lafayette also aided this country by his active efforts as a ,french nobleman4 ,he induced ,france and ,spain to join in preparing a fleet against the ,british1 and it was not his fault that ,spain kept putting it off until too late--he made the effort4 ,he did succeed in raising the popularity of the ,colonies in ,france1 and in securing six thousand troops under ,rochambeau1 a fleet under d',estaing and supplies for our soldiers4 ,after the ,french forces arrived1 he was very useful in keeping harmony between the armies1 because of his influence over his own countrymen as well as ,americans4 ,lafayette was one of the most faithful soldiers as well as one of the best generals1 this country had during the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,from the time he offered himself as a volunteer1 until the war was over he served the country faithfully and well4 ,at the very beginning of his career in this country1 he became ,washington's aide-de-camp1 and as such learned a great deal of the latter's methods of fighting4 ,in this capacity he was in the thick of the battle of ,brandywine and did much1 by his ready daring to encourage the soldiers4 ,before a wound1 which he received in this battle1 had entirely healed1 and while he was out to reconnoitre1 he came unexpectedly upon a large body of ,hessians4 ,he attacked boldly1 and they1 believing they were fighting all of ,greene's men1 retreated4 ,thus he was ever ready with his wit and daring4 ,throughout the long dreary months when the army was wintering at ,valley ,forge1 ,lafayette suffered with the soldiers and helped alleviate the misery as best he could4 ,it was during this winter that ,gates and ,conway made the conspiracy to put ,washington out of power and to put ,gates in his stead4 ,to accomplish this1 they wished to secure ,lafayette's help1 so they contrived to put him at the head of an expedition into ,canada1 with ,conway second in command4 ,upon ,washington's entreaty he accepted the commission1 but under such conditions that they knew beforehand that their scheme was a failure4 ,when he arrived at ,albany1 he saw that nothing was ready for an invasion of ,canada1 and that the affair could be nothing but a disappointment to ,america and ,europe1 and a humiliation to himself1 nevertheless he made the most of his time by improving the forts and pacifying the ,indians4 ,when the ,british left ,philadelphia1 ,washington wished to follow and force a battle1 and1 when ,general ,lee laid down his command1 put ,lafayette in charge4 ,hardly had the latter started1 when ,charles ,lee asked for the command again4 ,washington could not recall ,lafayette1 yet he wished to pacify ,lee1 so he trusted to ,lafayette's affection for himself1 and sent ,lee ahead with two extra divisions1 when1 as senior officer1 he would take charge of the whole4 ,lafayette retired1 sensibly1 and did all he could to rally the battle that ,lee was conducting so poorly4 ,finally he sent for ,washington--the only man that could save the day4 ,the only real opportunity ,lafayette had1 of showing his generalship1 was in the southern campaign of #agha1 when he was placed in charge of a thousand light infantry and ordered to check the raids of the ,british4 ,by a rapid march he forestalled ,philips1 who was threatening valuable stores at ,richmond1 and harrassed him all the way to the ,chickahominy ,river4 ,then1 while he was separating the stores1 ,cornwallis1 joined by ,philips1 took a stand between him and ,albermarle where he had placed a large part of the stores4 ,while ,cornwallis was preparing to fight1 ,lafayette1 keeping in mind the admonition of ,washington not to endanger his troops1 escaped to ,albermarle by an unused road4 ,after this ,cornwallis gave up hopes of trapping that boy1 as he called ,lafayette1 and fortified himself at ,yorktown4 ,when ,lafayette had been given the defense of ,virginia1 his soldiers1 hungry and destitute1 were on the point of desertion4 ,with ready tact he had supplied1 from his own pocket1 the direst necessities1 and then had given them an opportunity of going north4 ,of course1 when placed on their honor1 they followed him with good will4 ,having received orders from ,washington1 not to let ,cornwallis escape1 he took his stand on ,malvern ,hill1 a good strategic position1 to await the coming of ,washington and ,rochambeau4 ,when the siege was on and the only possible escape for ,cornwallis was through ,north ,carolina1 this1 ,lafayette closed and his light infantry also captured one of the redoubts the ,british had fixed4 ,the ,siege of ,yorktown ended his services for the independence of this country2 the war was over and he was needed no more4 ,the results of ,lafayette's efforts for the cause of ,american ,independence can hardly be estimated4 ,they say enthusiasm is contagious and it seemed so in his case1 for his very enthusiasm for the cause won others to it and gave it greater popularity in ,europe than it would otherwise have had4 ,in this country he improved the condition of the soldiers by his ready generosity1 and raised the spirit of the army by his own example of disinterested patriotism4 ,he gave ,washington what he most needed1 at that time1 a friend whom he could trust implicitly1 and by his loyalty did his share towards keeping the army undivided4 ,the forces he secured from ,france encouraged our soldiers and the supplies did a good deal towards satisfying their discontent4 ,by inducing ,france to acknowledge the ,united ,states of ,america1 he did us one of the greatest services possible4 ,we were then one of the world's nations1 and our credit went up accordingly4 ,it isn't likely that the results of his efforts as an ,american soldier and general1 can ever be fully ascertained4 ,he did so many little things just when they seemed to be so needed1 that it is impossible to sum up their results4 ,all we can say is that he did his best for the cause of ,american ,independence4--,report of ,sons of the ,revolution #aiaa-ab4 ,,james ,,jackson4 ,general ,james ,jackson was born in ,morton ,hampstead1 in the beautiful ,english ,county of ,devonshire4 ,his father1 ,james ,jackson1 died when he was a boy and left rather a large family4 ,he heard much talk of the ,american ,colonies and had a great desire to go and live in them4 ,his mother and grandfather would not consent1 and once he attempted to sail1 hidden in the hold of a vessel1 but was brought back4 ,seeing his determination to go1 sooner or later1 and influenced by ,john ,wereat1 a leading ,whig1 the family finally consented4 ,sailing at his earliest opportunity1 he landed in ,georgia2 and at the age of fifteen began the study of law in the office of an eminent lawyer in ,savannah4 ,in #agge1 in the beginning of ,revolutionary ,days1 he was one of the first lads to shoulder a musket for the cause of freedom4 ,he distinguished himself in several skirmishes near ,savannah4 ,in #aggf1 ,colonel ,baker conducted an attack upon ,tybee ,island1 where some of the enemy from ,vessels-of-,war were living1 and they destroyed the buildings1 and drove the enemy to their ships4 ,in this attack1 ,jackson distinguished himself1 winning therewith honors from the governor1 and the thanks and admiration of the people4 ,he served throughout the ,revolutionary ,war1 and when ,savannah surrendered1 ,gen4 ,anthony ,wayne1 ordered that the keys of ,savannah be given to ,jackson1 because of his gallant service to his state and country1 and because he was the first ,american soldier to tread the soil of a town1 from which the arms of a tyrant had too long kept its lawful possessor4 ,at the close of the ,revolutionary ,war1 ,james ,jackson began the practice of law in ,savannah4 ,like ,joseph1 in the ,bible story1 he remembered and longed for his youngest brother2 so he sent a request to his parents that his brother ,henry be permitted to come to ,america1 promising to educate him and care for him as a son1 but in his stead the family sent his brother1 ,abram4 ,he kept his brother and gave him advantages1 but again sent for ,henry4 ,the latter came and ,james ,jackson educated him1 and at his death left him a child's share of his property4 ,this ,henry was for years professor at the ,georgia ,state ,university1 and was interpreter to ,william ,h4 ,crawford1 when the latter was minister to ,france4 ,his son was ,general ,henry ,r4 ,jackson1 of ,savannah1 who was a poet and a distinguished officer in both the ,mexican and ,confederate ,wars4 ,general ,james ,jackson had a brother1 ,john1 who was in the ,british ,navy and was killed during the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,in one of her letters to ,james1 his mother wrote how much she wished she could see him1 and said3 ,it is a great and a deep water that divides us and when ,i think of it my thoughts turn to my poor ,john4 ,you see ,john had been buried at sea1 and it was not an easy matter in those days for ,james to visit across the ocean1 when it took weeks to make the journey4 ,general ,jackson held many offices and was one of ,georgia's greatest governors4 ,he defeated the ,yazoo ,fraud1 resigning his place in the ,national ,senate1 and going from there to the ,legislature of his ,state in order to do it4 ,he is the only man in the history of our country who ever gave up being a ,senator to go to the ,legislature4 ,it has been said that if ,jackson's heart were cut out after his death1 on it would have been found the beloved word1 ,georgia4 ,he died in ,washington years after1 again a ,senator1 and is buried in the ,congressional burial ground4 ,his epitaph was written by his friend ,john ,randolph1 and is as follows3 ,in the memory of ,major-,general ,james ,jackson of ,georgia1 who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country1 a soldier of the ,revolution1 he was the determined foe of foreign tyranny1 the scourge and terror of corruption at home4 ,james ,jackson's maternal grandfather never forgave him for fighting against ,england in the ,revolutionary ,war1 and in his will left to his grandson1 ,james1 only money enough to buy a silver cup4--,,caroline ,,patterson1 ,mary ,hammond ,washington ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,experiences ,,of ,,joab ,,horne4 ,compiled by one of his descendants1 ,,mrs4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,davidson1 ,stone ,castle ,chapter ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,dawson ,ga4 ,away back in the misty past1 ,isaac ,horne1 of ,scotland1 crossed the ,atlantic and settled in ,edgecomb ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 on the ,tar ,river4 ,isaac ,horne's name figures in the early history of ,north ,carolina4 ,he was one of the first commissioners appointed to establish the boundary lines between the counties of the ,states4 ,he was a wealthy planter1 but the greater portion of his property was destroyed by the ,tories4 ,he was killed at ,gates defeat4 ,isaac ,horne had three sons3 ,william1 ,henry1 ,joab4 ,this story is of the youngest son1 ,joab1 a gallant ,revolutionary soldier under ,general ,francis ,marion4 ,joab ,horne met and wooed an ,english girl1 ,nancy ,ricks4 ,they encountered parental objections to their marriage on account of their youth1 sixteen and fourteen1 respectively1 but love won and so the union was consumated4 ,their parents never forgave them1 and refused to aid them in any way4 ,we can hardly imagine what hardships they endured2 but with his beautiful young wife to encourage him he was determined to surmount all difficulties4 ,hearing of the rich lands of ,georgia1 they decided to emigrate4 ,joab had one mule1 and he procured a hogshead through which he ran a piece of scantling to serve as an axle1 to this axle shafts were attached2 his mule was hitched to this wonderful contrivance1 their clothes put inside the rolling hogshead1 and thus the journey to ,georgia was begun4 ,god had blessed their union with the gift of a little child1 but the exposure resulting from this mode of travel was more than the little one could with-stand4 ,a little grave by the road side marked the first mile stone of real sorrow in their lives4 ,finally1 they reached their destination in ,burke ,county1 ,georgia1 on the ,ogeechee ,river1 and began their new life in a new country4 ,this country was almost a wilderness at that time4 ,the first preparation for a home was a bush arbor1 with a real ,georgia bed-stead1 and fresh straw for a mattress2 but it was not long before they had as comfortable a home as could be found in those days4 ,trading seemed to be one of ,joab's characteristics4 ,he had two hats1 a ,sunday and an every day hat1 the ,sunday hat he traded for a wash-pot4 ,nancy1 his wife1 would trade her jewelry1 which she had brought from her girl-hood home1 for household necessities4 ,six children blessed their union1 four girls and two boys4 ,later they moved to ,pulaski ,county1 near ,hawkinsville1 ,ga4 ,the evening of their life was spent in prosperity1 a sure reward for such endurance1 labor and love4 ,nancy 7,ricks7 ,horne died at the age of sixty-three1 on their plantation in ,pulaski ,county4 ,joab moved1 with his son ,eli1 who married ,sarah ,anderson of ,hawkinsville1 to west ,florida1 on the ,yellow ,river2 there he lived to the ripe old age of eighty-seven4 ,many a night would he sit by the fire-side and entertain his children and friends by relating experiences of other days4 ,he could truly say1 with ,columbus3 ,for the years will give back what the years with-held1 and the balance swing level in the end4 ,joab ,horne is buried in ,stewart cemetery1 on ,yellow ,river1 west ,florida4 ,the following is a copy of the epitaph on his tomb3 ,in ,memory of ,joab ,horne ,member of the ,revolution ,born ,dec4 #cj--agec ,died ,july #bh--ahdj4 ,blow1 gentle gale1 and bear my soul away to ,canaan's ,land4 ,,historical ,,sketch ,,of ,,margaret ,,katherine ,,barry1 ,,known ,,as ,,kate ,,barry1 ,,heroine ,,of ,,the ,,cowpens4 ,kate ,barry1 an important character during the ,revolutionary ,war1 was noted as a scout1 and once during her husband's absence was flogged by the ,tories to make her disclose the whereabouts of her husband1 and his company of ,rangers4 ,her husband1 ,captain ,andrew ,barry1 was a magistrate under ,king ,george ,,iii1 and continued to exercise that office till the ,revolution began4 ,he was also a ,captain in ,colonial period1 but at the beginning of the ,war for ,independence1 #aggf1 was recommissioned ,captain of ,south ,carolina ,rangers by ,governor ,rutledge1 and was a daring and brilliant officer during the whole war4 ,he was at ,musgroves' ,mill1 ,cowpens1 ,cedar ,springs1 and many other engagements1 and was severely wounded during the battle of ,musgroves' ,mill1 #ahth ,august1 #aghj1 but with the tender care of his wife ,kate ,barry1 who was always close by for scout duty1 he was soon restored to health4 ,captain ,andrew ,barry was also a religious man1 and was one of the first elders elected by ,nazareth ,presbyterian ,church in ,spantanburg ,county1 ,s4 ,c41 in which capacity he served the church 'till his death1 ,june #agth1 #ahaa4 ,his name appears in the book1 ,heitman's ,historical ,register of the ,officers of the ,continental ,army4 ,the ,richard ,barry who signed the ,mecklenburg ,declaration of ,independence was of this family4 ,it is written of ,kate ,barry that she knew no fear1 and where duty pointed she dared to go1 and where her love and affections centered1 she would risk any and all dangers to guard and protect those whom she loved4 ,kate ,barry was as remarkable for piety as for patriotism1 she came of a religious family1 and not only are there stories of deeds of kindness and sympathy1 well authenticated1 handed down in family traditions1 but her sister1 ,rosa ,moore1 wife of ,richard ,barry1 was also noted as a ministering angel at the bedside of the dying2 and her prayers in hours of trial and bereavement made indelible impressions4 ,during the ,war of the ,revolution ,kate ,barry acted as a voluntary scout for the patriot ,whigs of ,south ,carolina1 and was so efficient that the patriot bands were seldom surprised by the ,british4 ,she was the idol of her husband's company of ,rangers1 any one of whom would have risked his own life to save hers4 ,after the war ended ,major ,crawford approached ,captain ,andrew ,barry1 and said3 ,it is your duty to kill ,elliott1 the ,tory who struck ,kate ,barry one cut with a whip to intimidate her and make her disclose where the patriots were encamped2 but if you will not1 then ,i will kill him1 for no man shall live who struck ,kate ,barry4 ,then eleven men1 including ,captain ,barry and ,major ,crawford1 went out in search of ,elliott1 whom they found at a neighborhood gathering4 ,so soon as they were seen approaching1 ,elliott fled into the house1 and sought concealment under a bed4 ,the doors were closed1 and after parleying with ,captain ,barry1 and his friends1 ,elliott's friends agreed that ,captain ,barry alone1 but unarmed1 might enter the house1 and see ,elliott1 with the promise that ,barry would not kill him1 which he might easily have done1 as ,barry is described by ,dr4 ,howe in his ,history of the ,presbyterian ,church in ,south ,carolina1 as a handsome man1 six feet and one inch in height and of powerful muscular strength4 ,barry entered the house1 and the doors were again closed1 and ,elliott came out from under the bed1 when ,captain ,barry at once seized a three-legged stool1 with which he struck ,elliott to the floor1 exclaiming3 ,i am now satisfied1 ,i will not take his life4 ,when ,general ,greene1 after ,gates' defeat at ,camden1 was placed in command of the ,army of the ,southern ,department1 he sent ,general ,morgan into ,south ,carolina to assemble the scattered patriots1 preparatory to reclaiming ,south ,carolina1 which after ,gates' defeat1 and ,buford's annihilation at the ,waxhaws1 lay bleeding at the feet of the ,british ,lion4 ,it was then that ,kate ,barry in her voluntary capacity as scout for ,general ,morgan1 of whose command her husband's company of ,rangers was a part1 hunted up patriot bands and hurried them forward to ,morgan4 ,in a short time ,general ,morgan found himself with sufficient force added to his little army of four hundred regulars to give battle to ,tarleton at the ,cowpens4 ,to hurry up the ,south ,carolina ,rangers she swam her horse across rivers1 evaded the ,tories1 and encountered a thousand dangers1 but succeeded in recruiting ,morgan's little army with sufficient patriotic force to bring off the best fought battle of the ,revolution1 and at a time when all seemed lost to the patriot cause1 and so followed ,carolina's redemption4 ,who knows but ,kate ,barry's prayers were answered when ,broad ,river so suddenly rose from a descending freshet1 and cut off ,cornwallis' pursuing army after the ,battle of the ,cowpens4 ,the same downflowing freshet happened at ,yadkin1 ,morgan making good his retreat to ,grane near ,guilford ,court ,house4 ,kate ,barry was a daughter of ,col4 ,charles ,moore1 who was born in ,scotland in #agbg1 and who went into ,ireland from ,scotland with the ,duke of ,hamilton1 his relative1 as family tradition says ,col4 ,charles ,moore's mother was a ,hamilton4 ,charles ,moore was a college graduate1 and a prominent teacher at the time he removed to ,carolina1 and is described as such in a deed for land now on file of record in ,north ,carolina1 but what important part he took in the ,war of the ,revolution is not positively known2 further than that his son1 ,captain ,thomas ,moore1 distinguished himself at ,cowpens1 and was afterwards a ,general in the ,war of #ahab4 ,but ,col4 ,charles ,moore's six sons-in-law all acted prominent parts on the side of the patriots in the ,war of the ,revolution1 viz3 ,captain ,andrew ,barry1 husband of ,margaret ,katherine ,moore2 ,col4 ,jno4 ,lawson1 husband of ,alice ,moore2 ,judge ,richard ,barry1 husband of ,rosa ,moore2 ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,cunningham1 ,d4 ,d41 husband of ,elizabeth ,moore2 ,capt4 ,robt4 ,hanna1 husband of ---- ,moore4 ,he was on the staff of ,general ,sumter at the ,battle of ,blackstock2 ,matthew ,patton1 husband of the two last sisters was a noted soldier1 but his rank is not known1 except that he was a staff officer4 ,written by ,mary ,s4 ,irwin ,wood 7,mrs4 ,james ,s4 ,wood7 ,regent of ,savannah ,chapter1 a descendent of ,captain ,andrew ,barry and ,kate ,barry--from records and authenticated family traditions1 and read at ,june meeting of the ,savannah ,chapter ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 #aiac1 by her daughter ,miss ,rosalind ,lawson ,wood1 by request sent to ,elijah ,clark ,chapter ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,athens1 ,ga41 to be read by ,mrs4 ,augusta ,wood ,du,bose1 also a descendant of ,kate ,barry and her husband1 ,captain ,andrew ,barry4 ,,art ,,and ,,artists ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,during the reign of ,george ,,iii1 in the town of ,boston1 with only eighteen thousand inhabitants1 there hung in the library of ,harvard ,university a copy of ,a ,cardinal by ,van ,dycke4 ,the ,new ,england states were opposed to art as a principle1 but showed signs of literary and artistic activity at this time4 ,exhibitions were unknown1 the painters were traveling artists who went over the country painting portraits on sign boards1 stage coaches1 and fire engines1 for practice and also a living4 ,john ,singleton ,copeley1 in ,boston1 was the only ,american artist who did meritorious work4 ,before he came under foreign influences1 he wielded his brush with great dexterity1 ,the ,death of the ,earl of ,chatham in the ,national ,gallery in ,london1 being one of his famous pictures4 ,the grouping of the portrait figures is skillfully arranged4 ,to our art1 the portraits he painted in ,boston are of importance4 ,the lesson thus taught led us into the interior of the royalist era1 with carved furniture1 showy curtains1 peopled with well-to-do men and women1 lavishly robed1 that suggests the customs as well as the people of the ,revolutionary period4 ,benjamin ,west1 a contemporary of ,copely1 had nothing in common with the development of ,american art4 ,he left at an early age for ,england1 where he climbed the pinnacle of social1 if not artistic success4 ,he was a personal friend of the king1 was employed as his historical painter1 succeeding ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds as president of the royal academy4 ,one of his pictures quite noted was ,christ ,rejected4 ,death on the ,pale ,horse1 the size of the canvas he used was #bjj by #bfd feet4 ,his daring innovation of dressing the characters showed the costumes of the time and country in which they lived4 ,it was his picturesque personality more than his art that attracts us to-day4 ,in his native town1 ,philadelphia1 it is said the ,cherokee ,indians taught him the secret of preparing color4 ,this was the first city in the ,union where opportunities for art growth and a moderate patronage presented themselves4 ,charles ,wilson ,peale1 a man rather versatile1 also a painter of some merit1 established the first ,art ,gallery1 a museum of historical portraits1 in his residence in ,philadelphia4 ,john ,trumbull was a different type1 was not so richly endowed by natural gifts4 ,every accomplishment meant strenuous study1 yet he is dear to us for his glorification of revolutionary history4 ,the ,battle of ,bunker ,hill1 ,the ,death of ,montgomery and the ,declaration of ,independence1 are familiar4 ,the growth of art was handicapped1 more than benefited--,america was now an independent nation4 ,the ,royalists who could afford the luxury of art left this country4 ,now three men stepped forth who bore upon their brush tips the honor and progress of ,american art1 ,thomas ,sully1 ,john ,vanderlyn and ,washington ,allston4 ,the first mentioned became rapidly the most fashionable portrait painter of the day4 ,his sweet faces1 with robes draped gracefully1 show great progress and execution4 ,sully was represented at the ,philadelphia ,academy by one hundred and sixteen pictures4 ,it is said he painted a full length portrait of ,queen ,victoria4 ,vanderlyn lived in ,rome painting4 ,washington ,allston painted on his enormous canvas ,belchazzer's ,feast4 ,the ,angel ,liberating ,st4 ,peter from ,prison is one of decided merit4 ,gilbert ,stuart was not a follower of the others1 had a distinct and forceful individuality1 the striking details of his work being brilliance in coloring and the natural life-like posing4 ,he was the first ,american master of painting4 ,his early sketches were lost4 ,at the age of thirteen he received commission to paint two portraits4 ,two years later he went to ,scotland4 ,his stay there was short1 he pined for home1 secured passage and returned1 later going to ,london in #agge1 suffering privation4 ,afterwards a pupil under ,west for five years1 his success was immediate2 people of wit and fashion thronged his studio4 ,he tasked himself to six sitters a day4 ,then devoted himself to society1 living in great splendor4 ,during this period he painted ,louis the ,sixteenth1 ,george ,,iii1 and ,prince of ,wales4 ,now his position was assured1 he indulged himself in refusing many sitters1 money failed to tempt him1 only those who appealed to his artistic taste or afforded the best opportunity for a good picture4 ,he was willing to give up all the golden opportunities ,europe presented that he might have the privilege and satisfaction of painting the one man1 whose heroic qualities fascinated him most4 ,in #agib he returned to the ,city of ,brotherly ,love1 establishing his studio here1 painted three portraits of ,washington1 unlike ,peale1 who made in all fourteen of ,washington from life1 painting him in the prime of his vigour4 ,stuart depicts the late autumn of his life1 a face in which the lines of character are softened1 a face chastened by responsibilities1 it is the face1 who has conquered himself as well as others2 he represents him indeed as ,the ,father of ,his ,country4 ,he said1 ,i copy the works of ,god1 leave clothes to the tailor1 and mantua maker4 ,in ,washington he found sentiments1 grace and character4 ,in the story of art1 ,gilbert ,stuart holds a unique1 and dignified position4 ,the ,course of ,nature is but the ,art of ,god4 ,thomas ,cole was a landscape painter4 ,the sketches he painted in the ,catskills--the banks1 woods1 rocks and the ,cascades--gained recognition4 ,he was an ardent student of ,english literature1 influenced by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,in truth1 was more of a poet than painter4 ,his noted pictures were ,the ,voyage of ,childhood1 ,the ,course of ,empire1 consisting of five canvasses1 first representing ,a ,nation's ,rise1 ,progress1 ,decline and ,fall4 ,these are at the ,historical ,society of ,new ,york4 ,the last picture of the serial1 entitled ,desolation1 has rarely been surpassed in solemn majesty1 and depth of thought4--,miss ,emily ,g4 ,morrow1 ,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,uncle ,,sam ,,explained ,,again4 ,troy1 ,new ,york1 is said to be the place where the name ,uncle ,sam originated4 ,after the declaration of war with ,england by the colonies a ,new ,york contractor1 ,elbert ,anderson1 visited ,troy and made it his headquarters for the purchase of provisions for the ,continental army4 ,the supplies were duly inspected before shipment4 ,one of the inspectors was ,samuel ,wilson1 brother of ,ebenezer1 also an inspector and known as ,uncle ,sam to the workmen whom he superintended4 ,the casks in which the beef and pork were packed were marked with the initials of ,elbert ,anderson1 the contractor1 and the ,united ,states1 thus3 ,e4 ,a4--,u4 ,s4 says the ,new ,york ,sun4 ,the first pair of initials were of course familiar to the men1 but ,u4 ,s4 mystified them4 ,the fact was that the name ,united ,states was then so new to these countrymen that its initials were a complete puzzle4 ,they turned to the nearest explanation1 a humorous one and intended as a joke on their boss4 ,if ,e4 ,a4 stood for ,elbert ,anderson1 then they opined ,u4 ,s4 must stand for ,uncle ,sam ,wilson4 ,the joke spread to the ,continental army1 which carried it to every part of the country4 ,,an ,,episode ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,in #agha ,south ,carolina was completely overrun by the ,british4 ,the ,english colonists were divided1 the majority being in favor of the ,revolution1 but there were a goodly number of loyal men among them who conscientiously espoused the cause of the ,mother country and these were called ,tories4 ,those who took part in the ,revolution were called ,whigs4 ,lancaster ,county was their stronghold4 ,they were mostly descendants of the ,scotch-,irish4 ,among these was ,charles ,mackey1 their acknowledged leader4 ,the ,whigs had always made ,lancaster too hot for the ,tories1 but the advent of the ,british with ,tarleton at their head1 turned the tide of war1 and now the ,tories with ,tarleton drove the ,whigs from ,lancaster across the ,catawba and the ,pedee ,rivers to join ,general ,marion4 ,charles ,mackey1 as the leader of his band1 had made himself very obnoxious to the ,tories and they impatiently waited the time for vengeance4 ,he was a man of medium size1 very active and energetic1 a fine horseman1 a splendid shot1 hot headed1 impulsive1 often running unnecessary risks and doing dare-devil deeds4 ,no work was too hazardous for him4 ,his wife1 ,lydia ,mackey1 was a woman of good common sense1 with a clear head and fine judgment4 ,in her coolness and self-possession she was far superior to her husband4 ,they had a family of young children1 and ,charles ,mackey had not heard from them or seen any of them in several weeks4 ,their home was not more than two and a half miles from ,tarleton's camp1 on the ,hanging ,rock ,creek4 ,he knew it would be hazardous for him to return to his home so near ,tarleton's camp2 but his anxiety became so great that he could no longer remain in doubt1 so he cautiously made his way home where he unwisely loitered for a week1 and during this time he had the temerity to enter ,tarleton's lines more than once in search of information which was most valuable to his country's defenders4 ,his home had patches of corn and potatoes on either side of a lane leading to the front of the house1 while at the rear was a large kitchen-garden extending back to a great swamp1 which was almost impenetrable to man or beast4 ,this swamp was surrounded by a quagmire from ten to thirty feet wide4 ,it was entered by jumping from tussock to tussock of moss covered clumps of mold1 a foot or two in diameter and rising six to eight inches above the black jelly-like mire which shook in every direction when passing over it4 ,a plank or fence-rail served as a temporary draw-bridge1 which was pulled into the swamp after passing over4 ,when the country was infested by ,tories1 ,charles ,mackey spent his days in this swamp if not out scouting4 ,at night he ventured home4 ,he had good watch dogs and they gave the alarm whenever any one approached1 whether by night or day4 ,if at night1 he would immediately lift a loose plank in the floor of his bed room1 drop through to the ground1 and out in the rear and run thirty or forty yards across the garden with his gun in hand and disappear in the swamp1 pulling his fence rail draw-bridge after him4 ,there was no approach to the house from the rear1 and his retreat was always effected with impunity4 ,once when he was at home1 on the eve of leaving with some valuable information for the ,american ,general1 his faithful watch dog failed to give warning of the approach of strangers and the first notice of their presence was their shouting ,hallo in front of the house4 ,mrs4 ,mackey jumped out of bed1 threw open the window shutters1 stuck her head out1 surveyed carefully the half dozen armed men1 and said3 ,who is there8 ,friends1 they replied4 ,is ,charlie ,mackey at home8 ,she promptly answered ,no4 ,in the mean time ,charlie had raised the loose plank in the floor1 and was ready to make for the swamp in the rear1 when1 stopping for a moment to make sure of the character of his visitors1 he heard the spokesman say3 ,well1 we are sorry indeed1 for there was a big fight yesterday on ,lynch's ,creek1 between ,general ,marion and the ,british1 and we routed the ,redcoats completely4 ,we have been sent to ,general ,davie at ,lansford with orders to unite with ,general ,marion at ,flat ,rock as soon as possible1 and then to attack ,tarleton4 ,we do not know the way to ,lansford and came to get ,charlie to pilot us4 ,mrs4 ,mackey1 calm and collected1 said she was sorry her husband was not at home4 ,but her husband was just the reverse1 hot headed and impetuous4 ,this sudden news of victory after so many reverses excited him1 and he madly rushed out into the midst of the mounted men1 hurrahing for ,marion and ,davie1 and shouting vengeance on the ,redcoats and ,tories1 and he began shaking hands enthusiastically with the boys and asking particulars about the fight1 when the ringleader cooly said3 ,well1 ,charlie1 old fellow1 we have set many traps for you1 but never baited them right until now4 ,you are our prisoner4 ,and they marched him off just as he was1 without hat or coat and without allowing him a moment to say a parting word to his poor wife4 ,they took him to ,col4 ,tarleton's headquarters where he was tried by court-martial and sentenced to death as a spy4 ,the next day1 ,mrs4 ,mackey1 not knowing what had happened to him1 gathered some fruits and eggs1 and with a basket well filled made her way to ,col4 ,tarleton's4 ,the ,colonel was on parade1 but a young officer asked her to be seated4 ,he said3 ,you have something for sale1 ,i presume8 ,she replied that she had fruit and eggs4 ,he gladly took what she had and paid for them4 ,she then said her basket of fruit was only a pretext to get to ,col4 ,tarleton's headquarters4 ,that she was anxious to see him in person on business of great importance4 ,she then explained to him the capture of her husband and that she wished to get him released if he were still alive1 though she did not know but what they had hung him to the first tree they had come to4 ,the officer told her the ,colonel was on parade and would not return for two hours4 ,mrs4 ,mackey was a comely woman of superior intelligence and soon interested the young officer in her sad condition4 ,he expressed for her the deepest sympathy and told her that her husband was near by under guard2 that he had been tried and sentenced to death1 and he feared there was no hope for him1 as the evidence against him by the ,tories was of the most positive kind4 ,he told her ,col4 ,tarleton was as cruel and unfeeling as he was brave1 and that he would promise her anything to get rid of her1 but would fulfill nothing4 ,however said he1 ,i will prepare the necessary document for your husband's release1 filling in the blanks so that it will only be necessary to get ,col4 ,tarleton's signature1 but ,i again frankly say that it is almost hopeless4 ,at twelve o'clock ,tarleton rode up1 dismounted1 and entered the adjoining tent4 ,as he passed along the young officer said1 ,you must wait until he dines2 another horse will be brought and when he comes up to mount you can approach him1 but not till then4 ,at the expected time the tall1 handsome1 clean-shaven ,colonel came out of his tent1 and as he neared his charger1 he was confronted by the heroic ,lydia ,mackey1 who in a few words made known the object of her visit4 ,he quickly replied that he was in a hurry and could not at that time stop to consider her case4 ,she said the case was urgent2 that her husband had been condemned to death and he alone had the power to save him4 ,he replied3 ,very well1 my good woman1 when ,i return later in the day ,i will inquire into the matter4 ,saying this he placed his foot in the stirrup and sprang up1 but before he could throw his right leg over the saddle1 ,mrs4 ,mackey caught him by the coat and jerked him down4 ,he turned upon her with a scowl1 as she implored him to grant her request4 ,he was greatly discomfited and angrily said he would inquire into the case on his return4 ,he then attempted again to mount1 when she dragged him down the second time1 begging him in eloquent terms to spare the life of her husband4 ,tut1 tut1 my good woman1 said he1 boiling with rage1 do you know what you are doing8 be gone1 ,i say ,i will attend to this matter at my convenience and not sooner4 ,so saying he attempted the third time to mount1 and so the third time ,lydia ,mackey jerked him to the ground4 ,holding by the sword's scabbard1 and falling on her knees1 she cried3 ,draw your sword and slay me1 or give me the life of my husband1 for ,i will never let you go until you kill me or sign this document1 which she drew from her bosom and held up before his face4 ,tarleton1 trembling with rage1 turned to the young officer who stood close by intently watching the scene1 and said3 ,captain1 where is this woman's husband8 ,he answered3 ,under guard in yonder tent4 ,order him to be brought here1 and soon ,charlie ,mackey stood before the valiant ,tarleton4 ,sir said he1 you have been convicted of bearing arms against ,his ,majesty's government2 worse1 you have been convicted of being a spy4 ,you have dared to enter my lines in disguise as a spy1 and you cannot deny it1 but for the sake of your wife ,i will give you a full pardon on condition that you will take an oath never again to bear arms against the ,king's government4 ,sir1 said ,charlie ,mackey1 in the firmest tones1 ,i cannot accept pardon on these terms4 ,it must be unconditional or ,i must die1 and poor ,lydia ,mackey cried out1 ,i1 too1 must die4 ,on her knees she plead with such fervor and eloquence that ,tarleton seemed lost for a moment and hesitated2 then turning to the young ,captain he said with quivering lips and a voice choking with emotion3 ,captain1 for ,god's sake sign my name to this paper1 and let this woman go4 ,with this1 ,mrs4 ,mackey sank to the ground exhausted1 and ,col4 ,tarleton rode off1 doubtless happier for having spared the life of the heroic ,lydia's husband4 ,the history of the ,american ,revolution can hardly present a more interesting tableau than that of ,lydia ,mackey begging the life of her husband at the hands of the brave and bloody ,tarleton1 and it is probable that the ,lydia ,mackey victory was the first ever gained over the heart of this redoubtable commander1 and it is very certain that ,charles ,mackey was the only condemned prisoner ever liberated by him without taking the oath of allegience to the ,mother ,country4--,,mrs4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,orme1 ,atlanta ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,state ,,flowers4 ,in most instances1 the state floral emblems have been adopted by the vote of the pupils of the public schools of their respective states4 ,alabama1 goldenrod4 ,arizona1 suwarso4 ,arkansas1 apple blossoms4 ,california1 ,california poppy4 ,colorado1 columbine4 ,connecticut1 mountain laurel4 ,delaware1 peach blossoms4 ,florida1 ,japan camellia4 ,georgia1 ,cherokee rose4 ,idaho1 syringa4 ,illinois1 rose4 ,indiana1 corn4 ,iowa1 wild rose4 ,kansas1 sunflower4 ,louisiana1 magnolia4 ,maine1 pine cone4 ,michigan1 apple blossom4 ,minnesota1 moccasin flower4 ,mississippi1 magnolia4 ,missouri1 goldenrod4 ,montana1 bitter-root4 ,nebraska1 goldenrod4 ,new ,jersey1 sugar maple4 ,nevada1 sage brush4 ,new ,york1 moss rose4 ,new ,mexico1 crimson rambler rose4 ,north ,carolina1 chrysanthemum4 ,north ,dakota1 goldenrod4 ,ohio1 buckeye4 ,oklahoma1 mistletoe4 ,oregon1 ,oregon grape4 ,rhode ,island1 violet4 ,south ,carolina1 ,carolina palmetto4 ,south ,dakota1 pasque flora4 ,texas1 blue bonnet4 ,utah1 sago lily4 ,vermont1 red clover4 ,washington1 rhododendron4 ,wisconsin1 violet4 ,,the ,,counties ,,of ,,georgia4 ,,by ,,katharine ,b4 ,,massey4 ,when ,i was a little girl1 our fad was the possession of a charmstring4 ,this was a string of buttons1 obtained by coaxing from our elders or barter with each other1 and constantly added to until some of them reached the length of several yards4 ,with delightful pride we told over the list of our treasures4 ,this button1 one would say1 came from ,cousin ,mary's wedding dress2 this my ,uncle ,john gave me2 this was sent to me from ,china by my aunt who is a missionary in ,canton2 and this bright brass one was on my father's uniform during the war4 ,much of family life and many loving associations were thus strung together for the little maiden4 ,in some such way1 but in a larger sense1 our state has used the naming of its counties as a cord of gold on which to hang traditions of its past1 memories of its heroes1 and reverences for those who helped us when help was needed4 ,a group of seven counties embalms the names of the ,indian tribes who owned our hills and valleys before us1 who hunted the deer with flintheaded arrows where now our cities stand1 and threaded their trails in silent forests where today our cotton fields are spread4 ,they are ,catoosa1 ,chattahoochee1 ,chattooga1 ,cherokee1 ,coweta1 ,muscogee1 ,oconee--how musically the syllables fall upon the ear4 ,it is like a chime of silver bells4 ,four counties may be set together as commemorating large events in history4 ,columbia1 ,oglethorpe1 ,liberty1 and ,union4 ,the first of these was named for the dauntless sailor who1 possessed with the faith which cared naught for all other men's unbelief and rising above poverty1 discouragement1 and mutiny1 held his way westward over unknown seas to find his prophetic vision a reality4 ,oglethorpe bears the name of the brave soldier1 courteous gentleman1 and broadminded philanthropist1 who founded a colony for oppressed debtors to give them a new chance in life4 ,liberty ,county has a pretty little story of its own4 ,a band of ,massachusetts ,puritans1 seeking a milder climate1 settled first in ,south ,carolina1 and not being fully satisfied1 came on to ,st4 ,john's ,parish1 ,georgia4 ,their distinguished devotion to the cause of liberty in the perilous days of #aggf-aghc gained for them that name when the parishes were changed into counties4 ,union ,county was so named because its citizens claimed to be known as ,union men1 when the rest of the state stood for state rights4#a ,another group of seven counties bears the name of ,english statesmen who spoke for us in the halls of ,parliament and withstood the tyranny of king and nation in dealing with their brothers of ,america4 ,they were the fiery-tongued orator ,edmund ,burke1 the commoners ,glynn and ,wilkes1 the ,duke of ,richmond1 and the ,earls of ,chatham1 ,camden1 and ,effingham4 ,three other foreigners1 lovers of liberty1 drew sword and fought in our battles1 side by side with our struggling heroes4 ,georgia has honored herself by naming counties for ,baron ,de,kalb1 ,count ,pulaski1 and ,general ,la,fayette4 ,next comes the long muster-call of heroes whose names are written on the roll of fame as having fought for the freedom of their country--men whose names recall ,bunker ,hill and ,valley ,forge1 ,king's ,mountain and ,guilford ,court ,house1 and all the grim experiences of a nation struggling for existence4 ,georgia has named counties for ,baker1 ,bryan1 ,butts1 ,clarke1 7,gen4 ,elijah1 who fought the ,tories in our own state71 ,clinch1 ,early1 ,greene1 7,gen4 ,nathaniel1 who settled on his grant of land in ,georgia after the war17 ,jasper1 7the brave sergeant who leaped over the parapet to rescue the flag at ,fort ,moultrie17 ,laurens1 ,lee 7,light ,horse ,harry1 father of the grand ,general of the ,civil ,war17 ,lincoln1 ,macon1 ,marion 7the ,swamp ,fox of ,south ,carolina17 ,meriwether1 ,montgomery1 ,morgan1 ,newton1 ,putnam1 ,screven1 ,stewart1 ,sumter1 ,twiggs1 ,taliaferro1 ,warren 7killed at the battle of ,bunker ,hill17 ,wayne 7,mad ,anthony17 ,wilkerson1 ,paulding1 ,white1 ,mc,intosh--grand and glorious names that break upon the ear like a trumpet call1 inspiring to deeds worthy to be ranked with theirs4 ,the last of these names1 ,mc,intosh1 was given in honor of a whole family which had contributed many sons to freedom's cause4 ,seven presidents of the ,united ,states have given names to our counties4 ,they are ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,madison1 ,monroe1 ,polk1 ,taylor and ,pierce4 ,the governors of ,georgia have been a notable line1 strong men of iron will1 believers in state's rights and upholders of the dignity of the commonwealth4 ,more than once they have withstood the national government4 ,the list of them includes some names famous for other services to the state in the ,revolution and the ,civil ,war as well as in the halls of ,congress4 ,those for whom counties are named are3 ,bulloch1 ,early1 ,elbert1 ,emanuel1 ,gilmer1 ,gwinnett1 ,habersham1 ,hall1 ,heard1 ,houston1 ,irwin1 ,jackson 7soldier and statesman17 ,jenkins 7who saved the executive seal of state at the close of the ,civil ,war and kept it until military rule was over and it could be returned to a governor legally elected by the people17 ,johnson1 ,lumpkin1 ,mitchell1 ,rabun1 ,schley1 ,stephens 7giant soul in a frail body1 whose unheeded counsels as ,vice-president of the ,southern ,confederacy might have prevented much of the bitterness that followed17 ,talbot1 ,telfair1 ,towns1 ,troup1 ,walton1 ,forsyth1 and ,tattnall4 ,wisely and well they guided the ship of state and left a priceless heritage of precedent to their successors4 ,georgia has named fourteen counties for statesmen of national fame--,calhoun1 ,clay1 ,webster--7these three made the great triumvirate whose eloquence shook the land in times when nullification and democracy were the questions of the day17 ,bibb1 ,franklin1 ,brooks1 ,carroll1 ,douglas1 ,hancock 7one of the first to lift his voice against ,british oppression in ,massachusetts17 ,henry 7the immortal orator of ,virginia17 ,lowndes1 ,mc,duffie1 ,murray1 and ,randolph 7quaint1 eloquent1 sarcastic ,john ,randolph of ,roanoke47 ,of her own sons whose voices have thundered in the halls of ,congress1 or guided her councils at home1 ,georgia has named counties for ,abraham ,baldwin 7who first planned the state university17 ,ben ,hill 7of the trumpet tongue1 who first dared to reply to northern slanders1 to speak the truth about ,andersonville1 to show that we had not food1 clothing and medicine for our own soldiers and that we did the best we could for the unfortunate prisoners who fell into our hands2 claiming the respect of the nation and the world for the maligned ,southern ,confederacy47 ,berrien1 ,clayton1 ,cobb1 ,colquitt1 ,crawford1 7,william ,h41 our candidate for the presidency17 ,crisp1 ,campbell1 ,charlton1 ,dawson1 ,dougherty1 ,floyd1 ,haralson1 ,jones1 ,miller1 ,spanding1 ,turner1 ,walker1 and ,ware4 ,six of our counties bear the names of men who spent their lives fighting the ,indians4 ,they are ,appling1 ,coffee1 ,butts1 ,wilcox1 ,thomas1 and ,dade4 ,of the first of these the story is told that1 in recognition of his services1 the state voted him a sword with an appropriate inscription4 ,before it was ready for presentation the brave young soldier died4 ,as he left no heir1 the sword was kept in the state house at ,milledgeville until that memorial autumn of #ahfd1 when it disappeared4 ,some soldier of ,sherman's army thus became richer and the ,state of ,georgia poorer by a handsome sword4 ,the ,mexican ,war left us the names of ,echols1 ,fannin1 ,quitman1 and ,worth4 ,other brave soldiers of the state who have been thus honored are ,glascock1 ,milton1 ,pickens1 and ,pike4 ,the ,civil ,war gave to us the names of ,bartow and ,toombs4 ,francis ,c4 ,bartow said3 ,i go to illustrate ,georgia1 and fell on the field of the ,first ,battle of ,manassas4 ,general ,robert ,toombs escaped from ,georgia on his mare1 ,grey ,alice1 when every road and ferry was guarded by soldiers watching for him1 made his way to ,england1 and lived there until it was safe for him to return1 remaining to the end of his life an unreconstructed rebel4 ,four counties1 ,dodge1 ,tift1 ,gordon1 and ,upson1 are named for captains of industry4 ,the ,united ,states ,navy gave us the name of ,decatur4 ,banks and ,terrell are called for two beloved physicians who made their names blessed in the homes of the people for the alleviation of pain and the saving of life4 ,in both cases the name was chosen for the county by the citizens1 in loving recognition of the physician's services4 ,the ,lost ,cause left with us the name of its one president1 and we who are glad that it is the ,lost ,cause1 that slavery is no longer an institution in our midst and that ,georgia takes her rightful place in the sisterhood of states1 nevertheless claim the right to cherish our memories1 to welcome ,dixie with the rebel yell1 to cover our graves with flowers on the twenty-sixth of ,april1 to look back through a mist of tears to ,gettysburg and ,appomattox1 and to call one of our counties ,jeff ,davis4 ,the noble preacher1 ,whitfield1 who helped to establish the ,bethesda ,orphan's ,home1 gave his name to one county2 and ,henry ,grady1 silver-tongued and golden-hearted orator who helped to heal the wounds of war and drew together the ,north and the ,south into renewed brotherhood1 is remembered in the name of another4 ,rockdale is so called from its granite rocks and wooded dales4 ,one is named for ,robert ,fulton1 the inventor1 one for ,harris1 a prominent jurist1 and last of all1 ,georgia has named one county for a woman--red-headed1 cross-eyed1 ,tory-hating1 liberty-loving ,nancy ,hart4 ,,footnote3 #a ,but ,georgia was at that time intensely ,union1 although believing in ,state rights4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,treaty ,,tree1 ,,marietta1 ,,ga4 ,,an ,,historic ,,tree4 ,,mrs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,little1 ,fielding ,lewis ,chapter4 ,more than a hundred years ago1 a tiny acorn1 dropped by some frisky squirrel or flitting bird1 fell to the ground1 where it lay unheeded and unknown4 ,pelted by winter storms1 it sank deep into the soft earth where it was nourished and fed1 sending out rootlets to take firm hold of the kind mother who had sheltered it4 ,soon the summer's sun called it from its underground bed and still clinging with its thread-like roots1 it pushed up a green head and looked around the beautiful scenes of woodland1 mountain and sky4 ,pleased with what it saw1 it lifted its head brighter and higher until it became a mighty oak1 a monarch of the forest4 ,birds and squirrels made their homes in it and beneath its shade rested the weary4 ,all the country around belonged to and was inhabited by the ,cherokee ,indians1 of all known tribes the most civilized and enlightened4 ,no doubt their papooses swung on the branches of this magnificent tree and played under its wide spreading arms4 ,with the coming of the white man1 a town grew up--lovely ,marietta1 still nestling amid the shadows of ,kennesaw1 and the ,indians were asked to leave their happy homes1 and go to strange lands further ,west4 ,bewildered and uncomprehending1 they were unwilling to go1 and groups of them were often seen beneath this same mighty oak--mighty even then1 conferring with the whites1 and discussing by signs and gestures1 the momentous question4 ,when1 finally1 they were persuaded to accept the proposition of the government1 they met in council beneath their favorite tree and signed the treaty1 by which they agreed to leave their beautiful ,north ,georgia homes forever4 ,within the memory of the oldest inhabitants1 the grand oak became historic4 ,it is still standing1 and has showed no signs of age1 until a fiery bolt found its lofty height and scathed it far down its trunk4 ,it stands in the yard of ,mrs4 ,h4 ,g4 ,cole1 and is1 notwithstanding its somewhat crippled condition1 the admiration of all beholders4 ,its girth near the ground is somewhat over eight feet1 and seven feet from the ground it measures considerably more than twelve feet around4 ,mrs4 ,cole1 though not aged herself1 has seen four generations of her own family disporting beneath this noble tree1 and should it fall because of age and decay1 she and her children would miss and mourn it as a dear lost friend4 ,,independence ,,day4 ,original poem by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,m4 ,o',hara1 ,greenville1 ,ga41 read on the ,fourth of ,july1 #aiab1 at the meeting of ,david ,meriwether ,chapter3 ,it has been one hundred and thirty-six years ,since our forefathers laid aside all fears ,of the mother country1 and boldly said3 ,the price of liberty in blood should be paid4 ,the ,continental ,congress in ,philadelphia met ,and resolved that we should independence get1 ,thomas ,jefferson wrote a long declaration1 ,which ,england said was a sad desecration4 ,so our mother tried to exercise her right ,to tax her children and forbidding the fight4 ,the battles of ,lexington1 ,bunker ,hill and others ,showed ,england that we were no longer brothers1 ,after the first gun of the revolution was heard ,the ,americans lost fear of ,king ,george the third2 ,they determined with ,franklin together to stand ,and hold fast at any cost the cherished land4 ,over a century has passed1 the patriots are dust1 ,in the homes of many daughters their good swords rust1 ,but the celebration of ,independence on the ,fourth of ,july ,in the hearts of ,americans we trust will never die4 ,,kitty4 ,,ethel ,,hillyer ,,harris4 ,written for the ,xavier ,chapter of the ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,rome1 ,ga4 ,ah6 woman in this world of ours1 ,what boon can be compared to thee8 ,how slow would drag life's weary hours1 ,though man's proud brow were bound in flowers1 ,and his the wealth of land and sea1 ,if destined to exist alone ,and1 ne'er call woman's heart his own4 --,morris4 ,,prologue4 ,all day long there had been a vague unrest in the old colonial home1 all day the leaves had quivered on the banks of the ,mataponi ,river2 the waves were restless1 the dog in his kennel howled fitfully2 the birds and the chickens sought their roosts quiveringly1 whimsically1 and when night had let her sable curtain down1 a lurid glare shot athwart the sky1 in a strange curved comet-like shape4 ,it was the ,indian summer1 ,october in her glory of golden-rods1 sumachs1 and the asters in the wood4 ,but1 hist6 hark6 what breaks upon the autumn stillness and the quiet of the colonial household on the ,mataponi1 -- -- 8 ,it was the cannon at the siege of ,yorktown1 forty miles away4 ,the ,french fleet were making blazing half circles on the sky seen from their fortifications even thus far below4 ,through the long night the boom6 boom6 boom6 continued1 the simple1 loyal folks knowing nothing of the result4 ,at last1 wearied and spent1 with a prayer to the ,all ,father to save ,america1 they sought their welcome couches4 ,among them was ,kitty1 the idolized daughter of the family4 ,soft6 step easy6 as we push aside the chintz curtains of her four-poster and gaze upon the child1 to exclaim3 ,how innocent is youth6 ,her seventeen years lie upon her pink cheeks1 and shimmering curly tresses as lightly as a humming bird in the heart of roses4 ,her lithesome form makes a deep indenture in the thick featherbed1 the gay patchwork quilt half reveals1 and half conceals the grace of rounded arm and neck and breast1 a sigh escapes her coral lips1 one hand is thrust beneath the pillow1 she dreams6 ,on the chair her quilted podusouy and long stays are carelessly thrown4 ,her ,louis ,seize slippers with red heels are on the floor1 and the old clock on the stair is ticking1 ticking1 ticking4 ,kitty is dreaming4 ,of what8 ,the greatest moment in our national history4 ,dream on sweet maid1 closer1 closer point the hands2 it nears three o'clock ,oct4 #ai1 #agha4 ,a wild cry1 and the whole household is awake4 ,swift running to and fro1 ,smiles1 tears1 shouts1 glory1 glory1 ,god be praised4 ,such the sounds that faintly reach the dreaming senses of our ,kitty4 ,and then her father with a kiss and hug pulls her out of bed with ,awake lass6 awake6 awake6 ,cornwallis has surrendered4 ,in her night gown from her latticed window ,kitty saw the courier galloping through the little hamlet2 pausing at her father's gate to give the message of our conquest over the ,british1 and then galloping on towards the ,north1 for he was on the direct route from ,yorktown to ,philadelphia where ,congress was in session4 ,by the time ,kitty had pompadoured her hair1 and donned her paviered print gown1 all the parish bells were ringing for joy4 ,from ,georgia to ,maine bells were sounding2 peals of liberty and peace filled the air with prayers and praise and service to ,god took up the glad hour and over and over the refrain was sung ,cornwallis is taken6 ,cornwallis is taken4 ,ah1 dear ,kitty1 and quaint little tableau of the long ago1 five generations coming and going1 in whose veins beats your loyal blood still listen and tremble and glow with pride at your legend of the siege of ,yorktown1 and better still1 sweetest of all the long agone ancestors more than five nations1 indeed every nation honors and makes low obeisance to the stars and the stripes4 ,old glory6 long may she wave o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,,chapter ,,first4 ,thinkest thou existence doth depend on time8 ,it doth2 but actions are our epochs4 ,in #aghd or #he1 ,mr4 ,carlton1 who had his home on the ,mataponi ,river1 moved with his family to ,georgia4 ,after ,cornwallis had delivered his sword to ,washington1 a little group of emigrants might have been seen at ,yorktown2 among them the families of ,edmund ,byne and ,robert ,carlton4 ,out in the blue harbour the nifty little brig ,nancy lay1 all sails spread ready to embark to ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,these two above named gentlemen1 took passage with their families1 servants and household goods1 and they were said to be persons of sincere1 and devoted piety1 full of hope and courage4 ,they expected to reach ,savannah in three days4 ,however1 contrary winds set in1 and the brig daring not hug the treacherous coasts of the ,carolinas sped far out to sea amid a terrific storm4 ,she drifted for weeks at the mercy of the waves1 until the passengers almost despaired of seeing land4 ,if in our prologue1 we saw a pretty1 and partly imaginary picture of ,katherine ,carlton1 known as ,kitty1 for she it is now eighteen years of age1 we see her again and in true historical facts receive her account of long ago1 of the peril4 ,thus reads her account3 ,one time it seemed as if the end had come4 ',twas night4 ,the passengers were lying in their berths enduring as well as they could the dangers of the hour1 when suddenly the ship careened1 seemingly falling on its side4 ,it was then the voice of one of those pious men was heard amidst the howling winds ',lord help us up1' and straightway the ship was set upright and the danger was passed4 ,the little party after landing on our beautiful south ,georgia coast1 sweet with golden jasmines1 and long moss on the beautiful braided live oak1 proceeded up the country1 in true emigrant fashion1 in wagons4 ,imagination1 that merry1 fantastic jade1 will not let my pen be steady4 ,a thousand pictures obtrude4 ,kitty1 her head so curly1 eyes so dark and soft1 thrust from out the wagon's canvassed top1 or again her snowy fingers playing in the cool waters of a running brook1 when the team stops to feed and drink4 ,then ,mr4 ,carlton1 brave1 resolute and the camp fire1 the smell of broiled bacon1 the dog on trail of a rabbit1 the straw for seats1 and weird firelight1 and above all1 the eternal stars of heaven4 ,but we must hasten1 though the chronicle1 which is reliable1 states that it took five weeks to reach their destination in ,burke ,county4 ,as they approached the ,northern border of ,wilkes ,county1 the trees grew taller1 and the red oak1 the white oak1 burch1 and maple1 the crimson honeysuckle1 and wild violets and muscadine vines took the place of yellow jasmine1 and moss and whispering pines4 ,it was indeed a forest primeval1 a virgin soil1 and a new land4 ,so on the last day of their tiresome journey1 early one morning1 they came to a creek4 ,there was no bridge1 and it was plain that the stream had to be forded4 ,the wagons were moving slowly along4 ,katherine and her sister walking in front4 ,a discussion arose3 ,what about the girls8 ,here6 come ,kitty6 or ,stop1 ,kitty6 don't take off your slippers2 you can't wade4 ,about that time up rode a gallant revolutionary soldier named ,captain ,john ,freeman1 who boldly said ,i'll take ,kitty and in a trice he had the fair young lady behind him on his own horse1 and the limpid waters of our clear ,georgia stream were laying its flanks as he proceeded across the stream4 ,,chapter ,,second4 ,the wagons have all forded the brook as it flows1 and then the rear guard stays-- ,to pick the purple grapes that are hanging from the boughs4 --,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,while our heroine is riding along in the dewy morn of the day1 and at the same time enjoying the beauties of nature and no doubt with her lithe young body leaning against the ,captain1 causing his heart to beat a double quick1 we will go on with our narrative4 ,captain ,john ,freeman was a native ,georgian1 a ,revolutionary soldier1 he was present at the siege of ,charlestown and ,savannah1 a participant in the battles of ,cowpens1 ,king's ,mountain and ,guilford ,court ,house1 at the battle of ,kettle ,creek1 and also at the capture of ,augusta in ,georgia4 ,in most of his adventures in the ,revolutionary war1 ,captain ,freeman had with him a colored boy named ,ambrose1 who lived to a very great age and was well known to the younger generation as ,uncle ,ambrose4 ,he had his own cabin in ,athens1 ,georgia4 ,incidents in regard to him were handed by tradition4 ,he had on his left arm the scar of a sabre cut1 made by ,british dragoons when ,general ,tarleton's men were attacking and endeavoring to get away with the ,american trooper's horses that had been left at the camp1 and which it was in part1 the duty of the boy ,ambrose to keep4 ,the ,british dragoons had possession of the horses for awhile and ,ambrose a prisoner also1 but by a rapid retaliation the horses and servants were recovered4 ,old ,ambrose used to tell about having been present at the siege of ,savannah1 when ,count ,pulaski1 one of the ,american ,generals1 was killed4 ,he said that he was back in the edge of the pine1 or timber when the ,american army charged on the ,british fort and breastworks4 ,he described ,pulaski as mounted on a spirited horse1 with a great white plume in his hat1 and how gallantly he led the ,americans in their advance4 ,he saw ,pulaski when he fell from the horse1 and was present at the point to which he was brought back1 mortally wounded4 ,,chapter ,,third4 ,blessed with that charmed certainty to please ,how oft her eyes read his2 ,her gentle mind1 to his thoughts1 his wishes1 inclined4 ,,anonymous4 ,as might be guessed1 in a few short months after crossing the creek together on horse-back1 ,captain ,john ,freeman led ,kathrine ,carlton to the altar4 ,in regard to her after-life1 she was a wonder for those times1 a great reader and a fine housekeeper1 a fine raconteur2 yet with all1 the soul of hospitality4 ,she had a healthy1 strong mind2 was imperious in her bearing1 a devoted member of the church1 a power in her family1 and section4 ,captain ,freeman was a wealthy man1 and took her at times in a carriage to the ,mountains of ,north ,carolina on a pleasure trip4 ,she bore him one child1 ,rebecca1 of a temperamental nature1 and of deep piety like her mother4 ,this child was the author of many lovely poems4 ,captain ,freeman did not live to be very old4 ,after his death ,mrs4 ,freeman met losses which she bravely bore1 ,rebecca married ,shaler ,hillyer and from this union sprang all the ,georgia ,hillyers4 ,and to this day ,grandma ,freeman is almost a sainted word in the family1 so strong was her character and so deep her love for others4 ,she lived to be eighty-nine years old4 ,in her bedroom was an old time tall clock that ,captain ,freeman had brought over from ,england when he brought his blue china dishes4 ,as she drew her last breath1 a beloved niece looked at the clock but it had stopped4 ,that clock is still owned by one of her descendants1 and it is not a legend but a fact1 that when anything important happens1 in the family1 if it is running1 it stops1 if it is not running1 it strikes4 ,but to return to the ,bynes3 to show that we are journeying on to meet those who are journeying on to meet us4 ,mr4 ,bynes' daughter ,annie1 she who came in the brig ,nancy with ,mr4 ,carlton1 married a ,mr4 ,harris1 their daughter married ,mr4 ,hansell1 and his granddaughter1 the beautiful golden haired ,leila1 a noted belle and beauty1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 married a ,mr4 ,llewelynn ,p4 ,hillyer1 of ,macon1 ,georgia1 the great grandson of ,kitty ,carlton4 ,if the writer may be pardoned for saying so1 she is the granddaughter of ,junius ,hillyer1 the grandson of ,kitty ,carlton2 and she also pleads guilty to the soft impeachment of having married ,hamilton ,harris1 a relative of the ,byne family1 too4 ,two shall be born the whole wide apart and time and tide will finally bring them together4 ,affinity1 congeniality1 fate6 ,what8 ,hurrah for the brave little sailing vessel1 the nifty1 white winged brig1 ,the ,nancy4 ,,battle ,,of ,,kettle ,,creek4 ,no battle of ,revolutionary times was more instrumental in making the surrender of ,cornwallis1 at ,yorktown1 possible than was the battle of ,kettle ,creek4 ,as it was at that period of the war the only ,american victory in the far ,south1 and though it seemed unimportant1 it was a prominent factor in holding the militia together and stimulating1 them to fight to ultimate victory4 ,after the battle of ,monmouth1 the largest engagement in the ,north closed1 the scene drifted to the ,south4 ,georgia was practically subdued by the ,british in ,january1 #aggi4 ,general ,provost1 commanding the ,british in ,south ,carolina1 and ,commodore ,parker and ,lieut4 ,campbell1 on the sea1 had captured ,savannah and being so encouraged1 made plans to aid the ,tories in crushing all patriots who dared to resist4 ,on ,february #adth1 #aggi1 at ,war ,hill1 ,wilkes ,county1 ,georgia1 the battle of ,kettle ,creek was fought4 ,between four hundred and five hundred ,americans were in this engagement under ,col4 ,pickens1 against seven hundred men under ,col4 ,boyd1 a ,british officer1 who was secretly employed by the ,british to organize a band of ,tories in ,south ,carolina and who was on his way to join the ,british ,army and had planned to take ,augusta on his route4 ,col4 ,boyd was mortally wounded in this battle4 ,as soon as ,col4 ,pickens heard of it he immediately visited his opponent and offered him any assistance within his power4 ,the dying man left with him keepsakes and letters which were promptly delivered to his wife after his death4 ,in ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,wm4 ,bacon ,stevens' ,history of ,georgia1 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 ,bishop ,stevens gives the following account of this battle3 ,the enemy having effected a passage into ,georgia1 ,pickens and ,dooly1 now joined by ,col4 ,clarke1 resolved to follow2 and they accordingly crossed the ,savannah on ,february #ab1 #aggi1 and camped the following night within four miles of the enemy4 ,forming the line of march in the order of battle1 the ,americans now prepared once more1 at a great disadvantage of numbers1 to contest with the ,tories for the supremacy of upper ,georgia4 ,much depended on this battle4 ,if ,boyd should be successful in driving back the ,americans under such men as ,pickens and ,dooly and ,clarke1 he might rest assured that no further molestation1 at least for a very long time1 would follow1 and all would yield to the ,british power1 while on the other hand should the ,americans be successful1 it would not only crush the ,tory power1 already so galling to the people1 but protect them from further insult1 and give a stimulus to ,american courage1 which a long series of disasters made essential4 ,it was a moment big with the fate of upper ,georgia4 ,boyd1 with a carelesness evincing great lack of military skill and prudence1 had halted on the morning of the #adth of ,february1 #aggi1 at a farm house near ,kettle ,creek1 in ,wilkes ,county1 having no suspicion of the near approach of the ,americans1 and his army was dispersed in various directions1 some killing and gathering stock1 others engaged in cooking and in different operations4 ,having reconnoitered the enemy's position1 the ,americans1 under ,pickens1 advanced in three divisions2 the right under ,col4 ,dooly1 the left under ,col4 ,clarke and the center led by the ,commander himself1 with orders not to fire a gun until within at least thirty paces4 ,as the center1 led by ,pickens1 marched to the attack1 ,boyd met them at the head of a select party1 his line being protected by a fence filled with fallen timber1 which gave him a great advantage over the troops in front4 ,observing this half formed abatis1 ,pickens filed off to a rising ground on his right1 and thence gaining the flank of ,boyd rushed upon him with great bravery1 the enemy fleeing when they saw their leader shot down before them4 ,he was sustained in this charge by ,dooly and ,clarke1 and the enemy after fighting with great bravery1 retired across the creek1 but were rallied by ,major ,spurgen on a hill beyond1 where the battle was again renewed with fierceness4 ,but ,col4 ,clarke1 with about fifty ,georgians1 having discovered a path leading to a ford1 pushed through it1 though in doing so he encountered a severe fire and had his horse shot down under him1 and by a circuitous route rose upon the hill in the rear of ,spurgen1 opening a deadly fire4 ,the enemy hemmed in on both sides1 fled1 and were hotly pursued by the victors1 until the conquest was complete4 ,for an hour and a half1 under great disadvantage and against a force almost double1 had the ,americans maintained the now unequal contest1 and though once or twice it seemed as if they must give way1 especially when the ,tories had gained the hill and were reinforced under ,spurgen2 yet the masterly stroke of ,clarke1 with his few brave ,georgians1 turned the scale1 and victory1 bloody indeed1 but complete1 was ours4 ,,the ,,daring ,,exploit ,,of ,,grace ,,and ,,rachael ,,martin4 ,at the beginning of the ,war of the ,american ,revolution1 ,abram and ,elizabeth ,martin were living in ,ninety ,six ,district1 now ,edgefield ,county1 ,south ,carolina1 with their nine children4 ,seven of their eight sons were old enough to enter the army1 and were noted for their gallantry and patriotic zeal4 ,the wives of the two eldest sons1 ,grace ,waring and ,rachael ,clay1 during the absence of their husbands1 remained with their mother-in-law4 ,one evening the news reached them that a courier bearing important despatches was to pass that night along the road guarded by two ,british officers4 ,grace and ,rachael determined to waylay the party and obtain possession of the papers4 ,disguised in their husbands' clothes1 and well provided with arms1 they hid in the bushes at a point on the road where the escort must pass4 ,darkness favored their plans and when the courier and his guards approached they were completely taken by surprise by the suddenness of the attack4 ,they had no choice but to surrender4 ,the young women took their papers1 released the soldiers on parole1 and hastened home to send the important documents to ,general ,greene by a trusty messenger4 ,the paroled officers returned by the road they had come and stopping at the home of the ,martins1 asked accommodations for the night4 ,the hostess asked the reason for their prompt return4 ,they replied by showing their paroles1 and saying they had been taken prisoners by two ,rebel lads4 ,the ladies rallied them on their lack of courage and asked if they were unarmed4 ,they said they were armed but were suddenly taken off their guard4 ,they went on their way the next morning without a suspicion that they owed their capture to the women whose hospitality they had claimed4--,grace ,l4 ,martin1 ,piedmont ,continental ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,a ,,revolutionary ,,puzzle4 ,these old rhymes were written in the early part of the ,revolutionary ,war--about #aggf4 ,if read as written they are a tribute to the king and his army1 but if read downward on either side of the comma1 they indicate an unmistakable spirit of rebellion to both king and parliament4 ,the author is unknown3 ,hark1 hark1 the trumpet sounds1 the din of war's alarms ,o'er seas and solid grounds1 doth call us all to arms ,who for ,king ,george doth stand1 their honors shall soon shine ,their ruin is at hand1 who with the congress join4 ,the acts of parliament1 in them ,i might delight1 ,i hate their cursed intent1 who for the congress fight ,the ,tories of the day1 they are my daily toast1 ,they soon will sneak away1 who independence boast1 ,who nonresistant hold1 they have my hand and heart ,may they for slaves be sold1 who act the ,whiggish part1 ,on ,mansfield1 ,north and ,bute1 may daily blessings pour1 ,confusion and dispute1 on congress evermore2 ,to ,north and ,british ,lord1 may honors still be done1 ,i wish to block and cord1 to ,general ,washington4 ,,south ,,carolina ,,in ,,the ,,revolution4 7,prize essay written by ,miss ,leota ,george of ,sandy ,springs in competition for the medal offered by ,cateechee ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 to ,english class in ,anderson ,college1 ,s4 ,c47 ,south ,carolina had a large share in winning ,american independence4 ,several decisive battles were fought on her soil4 ,for the struggle she furnished far-sighted statesmen1 brilliant leaders for the battlefield1 and troops of patriotic1 devoted men4 ,her daughters brought to the conflict immeasurable aid1 comfort and influence4 ,the men of ,south ,carolina saved their own state and were able to give invaluable aid to their countrymen in other sections4 ,south ,carolina had been settled by the ,huguenots1 ,english1 ,scotch-,irish1 ,welsh and ,germans--people from the sturdiest and most progressive countries of the world4 ,their experiences in their new environment tended to make them independent and self-reliant4 ,their years of hardships and strifes only served to make them more vigorous4 ,they increased rapidly in population and built up an active trade4 ,south ,carolina became one of the most prosperous of the colonies4 ,the colonists of the lower country were people of learning and culture4 ,the settlers of the middle and upper country were energetic1 patriotic1 and noble4 ,there was no aristocracy4 ,there were quite a number of able clergymen1 skilled physicians1 and well trained lawyers among the ,south ,carolinians4 ,they had wealth without luxury4 ,they suffered no religious restraint4 ,every circumstance helped to develop them into a distinctive1 independent people4 ,the injustice and selfishness of ,british authority at once aroused the anger of these spirited settlers4 ,the ,stamp ,act met with general opposition4 ,south ,carolina at once protested against this unjust law and would not allow the stamps to be sold4 ,after the repeal of the ,stamp ,act ,great ,britain made a second attempt to obtain money from the colonists by placing a tax upon glass1 wine1 oil1 paper1 painter's colors and tea4 ,the vigorous objections of the colonists caused her to withdraw the tax from everything except tea4 ,but the colonists were unwilling to accept anything but full justice from the hands of ,great ,britain4 ,the ,south ,carolinians had many determined and active leaders in their opposition to ,british tyranny and in the avowal of their rights to govern themselves4 ,christopher ,gadsen1 ,william ,henry ,drayton1 ,arthur ,middleton and ,david ,ramsay impressed upon the people the necessity of fighting for their liberty and urged them to prepare for a war with ,england4 ,christopher ,gadsen1 ,thomas ,lynch1 ,john ,rutledge1 ,arthur ,middleton and ,edward ,rutledge were chosen by the ,south ,carolinians to represent them at the first continental congress at ,philadelphia in #aggd4 ,these men had had a prominent part in that meeting4 ,the broad-minded1 far-sighted ,christopher ,gadsen was the first man to see that independence must eventually come4 ,at this meeting he was the first to suggest absolute independence4 ,william ,henry ,drayton concluded one of his speeches in ,south ,carolina with this excellent advice3 ,let us offer ourselves to be used as instruments of ,god in this work in order that ,south ,carolina may become a great1 a free1 a pious and a happy people4 ,on ,march #bf1 #aggf1 the provincial congress adopted a new ,constitution and ,south ,carolina became a free and independent state4 ,she was the first of the thirteen colonies to set up a government of her own4 ,john ,rutledge was made president and ,henry vice-president4 ,the first battle of the ,revolution was fought ,november #ab1 #agge1 when two ,british war vessels made an unsuccessful attack on a ,south ,carolina vessel4 ,the ,british suffered their first complete defeat in ,america at ,charles ,town1 ,june #bh1 #aggf4 ,under ,sir ,peter ,parker the enemy attacked ,ft4 ,moultrie4 ,under the blue ,carolina flag with its crescent and the word ,liberty1 upon it1 the patriots1 with ,col4 ,moultrie as leader1 courageously resisted the attack4 ,in this battle the immortal ,jasper braved the enemy's fire in rescuing the fallen flag and replacing it upon the fort4 ,the splendid victory at ,ft4 ,moultrie gave more confidence to the colonists and inspired them with new zeal4 ,the colonists under ,william ,thompson defeated the ,british in a second attempt to take ,charles ,town in ,june1 #aggf4 ,for about two years following this battle the ,british army abandoned their attempt to conquer ,south ,carolina4 ,however1 she was far from being peaceful during this period4 ,her settlers were not a homogeneous people4 ,no bond of sympathy united them in fighting for a common cause4 ,bands of ,tories had formed in the interior and were as difficult to overcome as the ,british themselves4 ,under ,fletchall and ,cunningham they committed many bloody outrages and did an incalculable amount of harm4 ,they stirred up strife among the ,indians and acquired their aid in fighting the patriots4 ,some of the severest struggles of the ,revolution took place between the opposing factions in ,south ,carolina4 ,andrew ,williamson1 ,james ,williams and ,andrew ,pickens were active in defending the upland country against the ,tories and ,indians4 ,in ,april and ,may of #aghj the ,british under ,gen4 ,clinton again attacked ,charles ,town4 ,for three months four thousand ill-fed1 ill-clad1 and undisciplined patriots withstood the attacks of twelve thousand of the best of the ,british troops4 ,finally1 the ,south ,carolinians were forced to surrender4 ,fast following this defeat came pillage1 devastations and repeated disasters4 ,in the upper country the ,british under cruel ,tarleton followed up their victories with bloody outrages4 ,clinton left ,cornwallis in command of the ,british forces in the south4 ,the cruelties of this officer greatly aroused the anger of the ,carolinians4 ,sumter1 ,marion and ,pickens suddenly appeared upon the scene of battle4 ,they rallied the scattered forces and began their peculiar mode of warfare4 ,by means of the ingenuity and indomitable courage of ,sumter1 the spirited ,game ,cock1 the enemy was harassed and numerous little victories were won from them4 ,these successes were a great encouragement to the ,carolinians4 ,sumter1 aided by patriot bands under ,john ,thomas1 ,thomas ,brandon and ,edward ,hampton1 succeeded in driving the ,british out of northern ,carolina4 ,about this time1 ,gates and ,de,kalb were sent to the relief of the ,south4 ,on account of the poor generalship of ,gates the ,americans were defeated at ,camden1 ,august #af1 #aghj1 by the enemy under the command of ,cornwallis4 ,francis ,marion1 the elusive ,swamp ,fox1 made repeated attacks upon the ,british forces and with the help of ,sumter1 ,harden and ,mc,donald1 again gained control of the upper country4 ,on ,october #g1 #aghj1 ,sumter's men led by ,lacey1 ,williams1 and ,hill helped to win a battle from the enemy under ,ferguson at ,kings ,mountain4 ,in ,january1 #agha1 ,gen4 ,daniel ,morgan of ,virginia1 aided by ,andrew ,pickens with his body of riflemen1 won a complete victory over the ,british at ,cowpens4 ,gen4 ,greene had brought some troops into ,south ,carolina4 ,the combined forces of ,sumter1 ,pickens1 ,marion1 ,lee and ,greene gradually drove the ,british into ,charles ,town4 ,charles ,town was evacuated ,december #ad1 #aghb4 ,south ,carolina's activities were not confined to her own borders4 ,on several occasions she had sent troops to ,georgia to help defend this feeble colony4 ,the ,south ,carolinians had captured a supply of powder in the early part of the war and sent it north to ,washington at the critical point where his supply had given out4 ,it was a ,south ,carolinian who had secured aid from ,france for the patriots4 ,this was exceedingly important since the ,french army and fleet played an important part in the capture of ,cornwallis at ,yorktown4 ,in the great fight for independence ,south ,carolina did her share of the fighting and more than this4 ,besides furnishing brilliant leaders and brave soldiers for the battlefield1 she produced eloquent orators and wise statesmen to help manage the affairs of the colonists during this trying period4 ,among the foremost of her statesmen was ,henry ,laurens4 ,in #aggg he succeeded ,john ,hancock as president of the continental congress4 ,he proved himself an efficient and wise officer4 ,on his way to seek aid from the ,dutch he was captured by the ,british and imprisoned in the ,tower of ,london4 ,at the close of the war he was exchanged for ,cornwallis4 ,he then went to ,paris1 where he was one of the commissioners who signed the treaty of peace between ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states4 ,john ,laurens1 a son of ,henry ,laurens1 was also prominent in the management of the civil affairs of the colonists4 ,it was he who secured aid from ,france4 ,never has anyone been sent from ,america to ,europe on so important mission4 ,by his tact and unusual abilities he succeeded in the task in which ,franklin had failed4 ,christopher ,gadsen1 ,arthur ,middleton1 ,william ,henry ,drayton1 and ,david ,ramsey were the great orators of ,south ,carolina during the ,revolution period4 ,at the beginning of the war they accomplished much by inspiring their fellow-countrymen with patriotism and courage4 ,john ,rutledge1 ,charles ,cotesworth ,pinckney and ,thomas ,pinckney had much to do with managing the affairs of the province during the war4 ,the distinguished generals1 ,sumter1 ,pickens1 ,marion and ,hampton rendered valuable service as statesmen--services which are apt to be overlooked on account of these men being such efficient partisan officers4 ,the men who signed the ,declaration of ,independence for ,south ,carolina were ,thomas ,heyward1 ,thomas ,lynch1 ,arthur ,middleton and ,edward ,rutledge4 ,south ,carolina's women were as loyal1 devoted1 and heroic as her men4 ,they supplied the soldiers with many comforts by knitting and weaving garments for them4 ,in some instances they took an active part in the struggle4 ,mrs4 ,thomas and ,mrs4 ,dillard made perilous rides to warn the patriots of impending attacks of the enemy4 ,we will long remember the patriotic spirit and self-sacrifice exhibited by ,mrs4 ,motte when she showed the ,americans how to set fire to her own house in which the ,british were fortified4 ,mrs4 ,bratton nursed some wounded ,british soldiers who had threatened to kill her the day before4 ,our state has sufficient cause to be proud of her noble women of the ,revolution4 ,the difficulties under which ,south ,carolina labored throughout the long struggle only add to her glory and honor4 ,next to ,georgia she was the feeblest of the colonies4 ,at the beginning of the war she had only ten thousand available men4 ,there were heavy drains upon her limited resources4 ,much of the ammunition used during the war was captured from the ,british4 ,reaping hooks and mowing scythes were used for weapons when the supply of guns was inadequate4 ,saws were taken from sawmills to be made into swords4 ,lead was removed from the housetops and churches to be run into bullets4 ,the soldiers had not half enough tents1 camp kettles1 and canteens4 ,clothes1 food and medicines were often lacking4 ,added to all this were the strifes created by the insurgent ,royalists and ,indians4 ,when we view the remarkable successes of the ,south ,carolinians in the light of all these conditions1 we can but agree with the great historian ,bancroft in his opinion that the sons of ,south ,carolina suffered more1 dared more and achieved more than the men of any other state4 ,,lyman ,,hall4 ,lyman ,hall1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 was born in ,wallingford1 ,conn41 ,april #ab1 #agbd4 ,he was the son of ,hon4 ,john ,hall and ,mary ,street4 ,in #agdg ,lyman ,hall was graduated from ,yale ,college in a class of twenty-eight members4 ,he then studied ,theology4 ,in the twenty-eighth year of his age he moved to ,dorchester1 ,s4 ,c41 and for many years ministered to the needs of those sturdy people4 ,many of these settlers removed to ,liberty ,county1 ,georgia4 ,along with the second stream of immigration came ,lyman ,hall4 ,when the storm of the ,revolution began to lower1 ,dr4 ,hall promptly took sides with the patriots and to them he was a tower of strength4 ,dr4 ,hall was chairman of the meeting at ,midway1 ,february #ith1 #agge1 which sent delegates to the meeting at ,charleston4 ,he was elected to represent the people of ,st4 ,john's ,parish in the ,continental ,congress1 ,march #ba1 #agge4 ,when the ,declaration of ,independence was signed1 ,lyman ,hall1 ,button ,gwinnett and ,george ,walton1 in behalf of the inhabitants of ,georgia1 affixed their names to the famous document4 ,when the ,british troops overran ,georgia1 the property of those who had espoused the patriot cause was confiscated and destroyed1 and ,dr4 ,hall's residence at ,sunbury and his plantation near ,midway were despoiled4 ,with his family he removed to the ,north where he resided till #aghb1 when he returned to ,georgia and settled in ,savannah4 ,in #aghc ,dr4 ,hall was elected ,governor of ,georgia and his administration was one of the most important in the history of the ,state4 ,after the expiration of his term of office as ,governor1 he returned to ,savannah and again took up the practice of medicine4 ,he removed to ,burke ,county in #agij and settled upon a fine plantation near ,shell ,bluff4 ,here he died1 ,october #ai1 #agij1 at the age of sixty-seven1 and was buried in a brick vault on a bold bluff overlooking the river4 ,in #ahdh his remains were removed to ,augusta and placed with those of ,george ,walton beneath the monument erected by patriotic citizens in front of the ,court ,house4 ,in person1 ,dr4 ,hall was six feet tall and finely proportioned4 ,he was a man of great courage and discretion1 and withal gentle and easy in manner4 ,he was fitted to guide the ship of ,state in the storm of the ,revolution1 and though he never bore arms1 or won distinction as an orator1 the people felt safe with his hand at the helm4 ,the ,state of ,georgia has fittingly perpetuated his memory by naming one of its counties for him1 and1 so long as liberty and patriotism shall live1 so long shall the name of ,lyman ,hall be remembered4--,compiled from ,men of ,mark of ,georgia4 ,a ,,romance ,,of ,,revolutionary ,,times4 ,about #agfh1 the only son of ,sir ,john ,stirling1 of ,scotland1 was sent to one of the ,west ,india ,islands to look after some property4 ,if he needed money he was to write home for it1 putting a private mark on his letters4 ,a serious illness caused him to forget the private mark1 so no attention was paid to his letters with request for money4 ,so he found himself stranded among strangers without money and without health4 ,a kindly sea captain1 whom he met1 offered to take him in his vessel to ,connecticut without money4 ,he gladly accepted the offer and sailed for a more healthful climate4 ,shortly after he left the ,west ,indies1 letters were received there from his father inquiring for him4 ,the answer was sent to the father that his son had been very ill1 and as he had disappeared they supposed he was dead4 ,in the meantime young ,stirling had gone to ,stratford1 ,connecticut1 where he taught school as a means of support4 ,he soon fell in love with one of his pupils1 pretty ,glorianna ,folsom1 the beauty and belle of the village4 ,her father was a prosperous farmer4 ,they were married in #aggb4 ,after the birth of their first child1 a young minister1 who was going to ,scotland to be ordained1 offered to hunt up his family if he would give him the necessary proofs of his identity4 ,he did so1 though reluctantly and hopelessly4 ,the minister sailed for ,scotland and soon found the family who were in deep mourning for the son they had supposed dead4 ,they were overjoyed to hear he was alive1 and at once wrote him to come home by the first vessel1 not waiting for his wife and child to get ready2 that they would send for them later4 ,he did so1 and his sudden departure caused the gossips to decide that ,glorianna and her little daughters 7for the second one was born after he left7 had been deserted4 ,it may have seemed a long period1 but after he had had time to prepare a home for her and a quantity of beautiful clothing1 he sent a ship to ,new ,york for her and she was requested to embark immediately4 ,she found everything provided for her comfort and convenience and a servant to wait on her4 ,they lived near ,stirling ,castle and afterwards in ,edinborough and young ,stirling succeeded to the honors and estates of the ,baronet in due time4 ,glorianna was a woman of remarkable character as well as beauty1 and was the mother of eighteen children4--,grace ,martin1 ,piedmont ,continental ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,ft4 ,,motte4 ,as unto the bow the cord is1 ,so unto the man is woman1 ,tho' she bends him she obeys him1 ,tho' she draws him1 yet she follows1 ,useless each without the other4 ,we have in our county of ,orangeburg an historic spot which rightly in name is a monument to the self-sacrifice and heroism of ,mrs4 ,rebecca ,motte1 the wife of ,col4 ,isaac ,motte4 ,this family had moved from ,charleston to ,st4 ,matthew's ,parish and owned a beautiful plantation home on the ,congaree river1 about where the present town of ,fort ,motte stands4 ,as ,nathaniel ,greene1 aided by the partisan leaders1 drove the ,british from post to post back into ,charleston1 the ,british fortified ,motte's1 the chief part of the post being ,mrs4 ,rebecca ,motte's home4 ,the family had been driven out by the ,british and were living in the neighborhood4 ,lee's and ,marion's men built a mound of earth1 which is still to be seen1 from which the riflemen could command the inside of the fort1 but the house protected the enemy still4 ,it was found necessary to burn it4 ,they informed ,mrs4 ,motte that they would probably have to burn her home1 which stood in the center of the fort2 she begged them that they would not consider her house of any consequence in the general cause and with great patriotism and firmness presented them with a bow and quiver of arrows and showing them how to set fire to the house1 requested that they should burn it quickly4 ,by this means the ,whigs threw fire on the roof1 compelling the garrison commanded by ,lieutenant ,mc,pherson to surrender or be roasted4 ,mrs4 ,motte was extremely rejoiced when she saw the garrison surrender4 ,lee's and ,marion's men extinguished the flames and the house was afterwards rebuilt4 ,some authorities say that the bow and arrows were a present sent ,mrs4 ,motte from ,india1 others that they were borrowed of a negro boy4 ,however this may be the mound of earth is all that is now visible as a reminder of ,mrs4 ,motte's sacrifice4 ,the place where the house stood is at present a cotton field and owned by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,t4 ,darby4 ,time1 the eradicator1 will eventually wipe out the mound and all that will commemorate this brave deed will be the name1 ,fort ,motte1 on the written page4--,,mrs4 ,,bessie ,,goggans ,,owen1 ,vice-,regent ,moultrie ,chapter1 in ,american ,monthly4 ,,peter ,,strozier4 ,about the year #agdh1 ,peter ,strozier1 the hero of our story1 was born in ,germany4 ,we know nothing of his childhood or early life1 but in manhood we know him as our worthy ancestor and find him bravely fighting for ,american independence4 ,he was married to ,margaret ,dozier in his native land and he1 with four brothers1 came to ,america about the time of the out-break of the ,revolutionary ,war and settled in ,virginia4 ,to the call of the country that he had come to share its reverses as well as its prosperity1 and in the spirit of liberty he was ready to draw the sword when the iron heel of oppression was set upon its cherished rights4 ,during the seven years of faithful service he gave to his country1 his wife and five children were left alone in a country home1 where their lives were in constant danger4 ,but ,god1 in ,his all wise providence had sent into their home an orphan boy who was left to care1 as best he could1 for the family4 ,this orphan boy1 whose name was ,captain ,paddy ,carr1 was reared by our worthy ancestor1 and during his life his gratitude never waned for his benefactor and benefactress4 ,in the meantime ,captain ,carr moved the family to ,georgia but found the condition of affairs even worse than in ,virginia4 ,the ,tories at this time held full sway in ,georgia and in no other state were they so wicked and cruel4 ,the people were divided into two parties1 the ,tories and the ,patriots4 ,the ,tories were those who took the oath of allegience to the ,king1 and those who refused to take the oath and would rather suffer and fight for ,american ,independence1 were called ,patriots4 ,so the ,tories and ,patriots hated each other with a bitter hatred4 ,while these ,patriots1 brave and liberty loving men1 were fighting for their independence1 the ,tories were left unmolested in their homes4 ,the ,patriots were forced to leave their property and helpless families to the mercy of the ,british and ,tories4 ,the ,tories were far worse than the ,british4 ,they formed themselves into companies1 roving over the country1 committing all kinds of outrages2 robbing and burning houses1 throwing old grayheaded fathers and grandfathers into prison and driving helpless wives and children from their homes1 showing mercy to no one who favored the ,american cause4 ,one venerable great grandmother1 ,margaret ,strozier1 fell a victim to a band of these ,tories1 who robbed and burned her home and drove her away4 ,she walked with five children to ,south ,carolina4 ,when the young ,patriot1 ,captain ,carr1 heard of the robbery and burning1 his fiery blood boiled in his veins and he swore vengeance on all ,tories4 ,henceforth he lost no opportunity to avenge the wrong done to the woman who was the only mother ,god had given him1 and to children who were his only brothers and sisters4 ,tradition tells us that at the point of his own gun1 he captured at one time five ,tories and held them until his ,company came up1 and to them he showed no mercy4 ,having gone through the ,revolutionary ,war1 which closed in #aghb1 ,peter ,strozier1 with his family1 settled in ,wilkes ,county1 ,georgia4 ,tradition also tells us that he was a man of noble traits1 with great force and dignity of character4 ,his last days were passed under a silver-lined cloud1 and in the old county of ,wilkes he lies buried today4 ,after his death1 his wife1 ,margaret ,dozier ,strozier1 who had shared with him the sufferings and hardships of the cruel war1 moved to ,meriwether ,county1 ,georgia1 with her son ,reuben ,strozier1 and she lies buried in the old family graveyard about four miles west of ,greenville1 ,georgia1 near the old ,strozier homestead4 ,we can say by tradition1 from generation to generation1 that there sleep today no truer1 no purer1 no nobler ones than ,peter and ,margaret ,strozier4 ,how we love and cherish the memory of our fore-fathers6 ,so will generations1 after generations1 and may we never tire in our efforts to preserve the records of the lives and struggles of those who fought and bled and died for our freedom4--,,nannie ,,strozier ,,thrash4 ,,independence ,,day4 ,oh1 happy ,independence ,day1 ,we love thy honored name1 ,dear happy ,independence ,day ,is with us once again4 ,over a hundred years ago1 ,this day first won its fame1 ,and tho' the long years come and go1 ',tis remembered just the same4 ,we are a band of people true1 ,we love our native home1 ,its environments1 its skies of blue1 ,from it we'll never roam4 ,let us forget the soldiers never1 ,who battle to be free1 ,who fought ,king ,george's army1 ,from far across the sea4 ,they left their dear beloved home ,to chase the cruel foe1 ,o'er deserted battle fields to roam ,midst suffering1 pain and woe4 ,those soldiers now are sleeping ,to chase the cruel foe1 ,o'er deserted battle fields to roam ,midst suffering pain and woe4 ,those soldiers now are sleeping ,on plain1 and hill1 and shore1 ,their titles we are keeping1 ,but they'll be here no more4 ,when wars wild note was sounded ,when the cry for freedom came1 ,england's hosts had landed ,to win her glorious fame4 ,alas1 the ,british finally knew ,they could no longer stay1 ,they left our brave and daring few ,and quickly sailed away4 ,alas1 those dreadful days are gone1 ,no one remains to tell1 ,of struggles made1 and burdens bore1 ,for the land we love so well4 ,we love the mother country yet1 ,her name we still adore1 ,her kindness we can ne'r forget1 ,but we'll be bound no more4 ,oh1 happy ,independence ,day ,how dear to us the name6 ,oh1 happy ,independence ,day ,is with us once again4 --,by ,mamie ,crosby4 ,,sarah ,,gilliam ,,williamson4 ,the most remarkable woman who lived in ,georgia during the ,revolutionary ,war1 perhaps1 was ,sarah ,gilliam ,williamson4 ,considering her loyalty to the cause of the colonies1 her courage in managing the plantation and large number of negro slaves during the absence of her husband in the army1 her sufferings at the hands of the enemy1 together with the success of her descendants1 she stands ahead of any of the ,georgia women of her day4 ,sarah ,gilliam was born in ,virginia about the year #agce4 ,her father was ,william ,gilliam1 and her mother ,mary ,jarrett1 the sister of ,rev4 ,devereau ,jarrett1 the distinguished ,episcopal minister4 ,sarah ,gilliam married ,micajah ,williamson1 a young man of ,scotch-,irish parentage4 ,in #agfh the young couple moved to ,wilkes ,county1 ,georgia1 and settled on a fine body of land4 ,it was while living here in peace and abundance1 with their growing family around them1 that the difference between the mother country and the colonies began4 ,sarah ,williamson and her husband both warmly espoused the cause of the colonies1 and when hostilities commenced a ,georgia regiment took the field with ,elijah ,clarke as ,colonel1 and ,micajah ,williamson as ,lieutenant-,colonel4 ,micajah ,williamson was present in all the conflicts of this regiment and in the battle of ,kettle ,creek ,col4 ,clarke gave him full credit for his part in winning the victory4 ,many scenes of this nature were enacted in the neighborhood of ,sarah ,williamson's home1 and this fearless woman not only witnessed the conflicts1 but sometimes participated in them4 ,her husband was twice wounded and to him she gave the care of a devoted wife1 nursing him back to health and to the service of his country4 ,year after year during this long struggle ,sarah ,williamson bravely assumed the part of both the man and the woman4 ,under her excellent management the plantation was cultivated1 supplies were furnished the army1 and spinning wheels were kept busy making clothes for husband1 children and slaves4 ,thus she toiled in the face of ever-present danger1 threatened always with hostile ,indians1 cruel ,tories and ,british soldiers4 ,finally1 one day the dreaded ,tories1 incensed at her husband's activity in the cause of the colonies1 made a raid on the home and after taking all they wanted1 destroyed by fire every building on the plantation1 and their fiendish hearts not being yet satisfied with the suffering of this loyal woman1 they hung her eldest son1 a handsome youth1 in the presence of his mother4 ,her courage undaunted by this great calamity1 ,sarah ,williamson had the faithful slaves gather up the remaining live stock running at large in the woods1 and with her entire household went as a refugee to the mountains of ,north ,carolina1 where they remained until the close of the war1 when they returned to the plantation4 ,a few years later the family moved to ,washington1 ,georgia4 ,here again it became necessary for her to manage for the family when her husband was commissioned ,major-,general of ,georgia troops and led an army against the hostile ,cherokee ,indians4 ,peace was made1 however1 before a battle was fought4 ,now ,sarah ,williamson began to reap the reward her love1 sacrifice1 energy and labor had won4 ,her five sons grew to be successful men1 her six daughters to be refined1 educated and beautiful women1 who became the wives of prominent men4 ,one daughter married ,john ,clarke who became ,governor of ,georgia4 ,to this ,georgia mother belongs the distinguished honor of being the first ,american woman to furnish from her descendants two ,justices of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states2 ,justice ,john ,a4 ,campbell of ,alabama was her grandson1 and ,justice ,l4 ,q4 ,c4 ,lamar of ,georgia and ,mississippi was her great grandson4--,,ruby ,,felder ,,ray1 ,state ,historian1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,a ,,colonial ,,hiding ,,place4 ,in sailing up the ,hudson ,river1 about one hundred miles above ,new ,york1 you will discover on the west side a rather broad estuary1 named by the old ,dutch settlers1 the ,katterskill ,creek4 ,this creek flows through a cleft in the mountains1 known in the quaint language of the ,dutch as the ,katterskill ,clove4 ,this clove1 nature's pass through the mountains1 was well known1 and used by the tribes of the ,six ,nations1 and especially by the vindictive1 and blood thirsty ,mohawks1 as an easy trail by which they would descend upon the peace-loving and thrifty ,dutch settlers2 kill all the men who had not fled for refuge to the strong stone houses which were specially built for defence2 capture the women and children1 and kill all the live stock4 ,on the peninsula between the river and the creek1 the latter being wide and deep enough to float the magnificent steamers which ply between ,albany and ,new ,york1 stood the colonial mansion to which your attention is called4 ,this mansion1 for it was a splendid structure for those days1 and the term would not be a misnomer in these1 was built in #agfc by a ,madam ,dies1 a ,dutch matron1 who afterwards married an ,english army officer4 ,this man was so infatuated with his ,dutch vrow1 and her wealth1 that he deserted the colors1 and would hide from search parties in the place to be hereinafter described4 ,the house was built of the gray sand stone found in that region1 and was two stories high1 with a capacious cellar1 and an immense garret4 ,the walls were nearly three feet thick1 set in cement1 which became so hard that when the day of destruction came a few years ago1 the workmen were unable to tear the walls apart1 but had to blow them down with dynamite4 ,one hundred and fifty years had that cement been setting1 and it was as hard as the stone itself4 ,in the cellar was a well to provide water in case of siege by the ,indians1 and heat was obtained by huge fire places in each of the eight large rooms1 the smoke from which was carried off by two giant chimneys1 and on one of these chimneys hangs the tale which is the excuse for this article4 ,madam ,dies1 true to her name1 was gathered to her fathers1 and her craven husband went to the place prepared for those who desert their colors4 ,leaving no direct heirs1 the house with its ten acres of grounds1 and known from its elegance and size as ,dies ,folly passed into other hands1 and finally1 early in the nineteenth century1 was purchased by ,major ,ephriam ,beach1 and remained in the family for nearly one hundred years1 until destroyed by the exigencies of business4 ,the huge chimneys reared their massive proportions in the center of each side of the house1 and ,major ,beach1 wishing to rearrange the interior of his dwelling1 tore down the one on the north side4 ,as it was being taken down1 brick by brick1 they came to where it passed through the garret1 and there the workmen discovered a secret recess capable of holding several people4 ,it was cunningly conceived with the entrance so arranged as to exactly resemble the brick composing the chimney1 and an enemy might hunt for days and fail to discover the secret hiding place4 ,it was evidently intended as a concealed refuge in case the house should be captured by the ,indians1 but so far as known was never used for that purpose1 the village never being attacked after the house was built4 ,some dishes and a water jar which were found in the hidden chamber1 served to prove that the husband of ,madam ,dies used it to conceal himself from the ,british soldiers when they were hunting him1 but apart from that undignified proceeding it was never used4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,liberty ,,bell4 ,proclaim liberty throughout all the land1 unto all the inhabitants thereof4 ,the house was well known to be haunted1 and there are many well authenticated ghost stories told in connection with it2 but the spooks were a decent and well behaved lot1 and never disturbed the writer1 who spent many years within its substantial walls4 ,the daughter of the writer was the last of my children born therein1 and she never saw even a fairy ,godmother1 although both of her grandmothers hovered around her cradle4 ,the writer1 ,edward ,cunningham ,beach1 is a grandson of ,major ,ephriam ,beach1 herein mentioned and the baby daughter in aforesaid is ,mrs4 ,barrett ,cothran1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia4--,council ,safety ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,a ,,hero ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,the descendants of ,grace 7,pittman7 ,mc,arthur still tell to their children the story of ,philip ,pittman1 her father1 as it has been handed down from father to son4 ,philip was born ,july #g1 #agfe4 ,he was one of eleven children of ,john and ,mary ,pittman4 ,his father served in the ,revolution1 as ,matross in ,capt4 ,harman ,davis' ,company1 #dth ,artillery ,regiment of ,south ,carolina1 commanded by ,col4 ,barnard ,beckman4 ,though too young1 probably1 to enlist1 the revolutionary fires burned so brightly in the young patriot's breast that he was ready to give his life to his country even though he might not carry sabre or musket4 ,as the story goes1 ,philip was overtaken by ,tories at one time while he was making his way over the country with provisions for his father ,john and some comrades4 ,thinking this an easy way to find out the whereabouts of the ,patriot army the ,tories commanded the boy to tell where his father was1 but they reckoned without their host4 ,the boy stoutly refused to tell1 and even though strung up and hung to a near by limb until almost too near dead to talk1 he still refused4 ,whereupon the officer1 moved perhaps by the extreme youth of the boy1 ripped out an oath and ordered him cut down1 remarking that the ---- rascal would die before he would tell4 ,philip did not die1 but lived to grow to manhood1 enlisted in the war and served as one of ,georgia's soldiers line in the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,he was three times married1 raised a large family of children whose allegiance to their country was only equaled by that of their father4 ,philip died in south-west ,georgia1 ,july #ad1 #ahdi4--,,mrs4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,tweedy1 7,lula ,mc,arthur71 ,dawson1 ,ga41 ,dorothy ,walton ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,john ,,paul ,,jones4 ,what ,american or ,french girl or boy does not like to hear of that wizard of the sea1--,john ,paul ,jones6 ,that ,pirate1 as he was called by the ,english minister in ,holland1 when ,jones took his captured prizes there1 but he was no more a ,pirate than you or ,i4 ,the word ,pirate means one who is at war with mankind1 and ,john ,paul was holding an honest position in an honorable service and fighting only the enemies of his adopted country--,america4 ,he was born ,july #fth1 #agdg1 at ,arbigland1 ,scotland1 of poor and obscure parents1 his father being a gardener1 but the right material was in him to make a great man and he won for himself a world-wide fame as a leading figure in the ,american ,navy4 ,the only conquerer to whom he ever lowered his colors was death4 ,at twelve years of age he was apprenticed1 then went to sea on the ,friendship to visit his brother ,william ,paul1 in ,virginia4 ,while in ,north ,carolina1 in #aggc1 he changed his surname to ,jones for the love he bore to a family of that name living there4 ,to show what one can do when he tries and has faith in himself1 ,i will tell you that ,jones was a poor sailor at twelve1 officer at seventeen1 ,naval ,lieutenant at twenty-eight1 ,captain at twenty-nine1 ,commodore at thirty-two1 at forty-one a ,vice-,admiral in the ,imperial ,navy of ,russia1 at forty-three a prominent figure in the ,french ,revolution1 and died at the age of forty-five1 deeply deplored by ,napoleon1 who expected to do great things in conjunction with him4 ,jones loved ,france and ,france loved him1 and with him and ,france we were able to gain our liberty from the ,british yoke4 ,he loved ,america because he loved liberty1 and he put all his grand titles aside when making his last will and testament to sign himself1 ,i1 ,john ,paul ,jones1 an ,american citizen4 ,such men as ,washington1 ,franklin1 ,hamilton and ,la,fayette1 were his staunch friends4 ,kings and ,queens delighted to do him favor4 ,louis ,,xvi knighted him and presented him with a sword of honor4 ,catherine1 of ,russia1 made him an ,admiral and loaded him with honors4 ,these are only a few of his distinguished friends4 ,in personal appearance he was slender and swarthy1 with black hair and eyes2 always well dressed1 graceful and courtly4 ,he was as much at home at the most aristocratic courts of ,europe as when treading the deck of a man-of-war4 ,he was grave by nature1 but quite witty4 ,a kinder heart never beat in the breast of any man4 ,he hoisted the first ,american ,flag that ever flew from an ,american war vessel1 on his ship1 the ,ranger1 and at the same time ,congress decided to accept the present form of the flag1 it made him ,captain of the ,ranger1 hence his remark3 ,the flag and ,i are twins2 born at the same hour1 from the same womb of destiny2 we cannot be parted in life or death4 ,february #adth1 #aggh1 the ,french naval commander1 ,lea ,motte ,piquet1 saluted for the first time from a foreign power the ,stars and ,stripes1--gave thirteen and received nine guns4 ,just a word right here about the flag1 so dear to us3 ,when ,betsy ,ross made our flag1 she objected to the six pointed stars that ,general ,washington wanted1 because the ,english used it1 but told him it would be more appropriate to use the five pointed star that the ,french and ,dutch used1 as they were friendly to the colonies2 and she had her way4 ,i haven't space to tell of the many victories of ,jones1 but one of the greatest was when he captured the ,serapis from the ,british1 ,september #bc1 #aggi4 ,his own little weak vessel1 the ,bonhomme ,richard went down with the flag flying1 but just before it sank1 his antagonist thought he was about to give up the fight1 and asked him if he had struck his flag8 ,he answered1 ,i've just begun to fight4 ,so he won the battle and captured the prize4 ,jones died ,july #ah1 #agib1 in ,paris1 of dropsy of the chest4 ,he was buried in the old ,st4 ,louis cemetery1 in the northeastern part of ,paris1 and lay there one hundred and thirteen years before he was brought back to the ,united ,states4 ,general ,horace ,porter is the man who1 after six long years of search1 finally found his body in the old cemetery1 which by this time was the dumping ground for horses and dogs4 ,the body had been put in a leaden coffin1 carefully packed with straw and hay1 and then filled with alcohol to preserve it4 ,rear ,admiral ,c4 ,d4 ,sigsbee1 was sent to ,france to bring the remains of the hero home4 ,knowing ,jones' love for our flag1 the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution ,society presented ,admiral ,sigsbee with a beautiful silk flag1 ,june #aeth1 #aije1 to be used in connection with the return of ,jones' remains4 ,afterward it was hung in ,continental ,hall1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,on ,july #be1 #aiae1 the body of ,jones was placed in a brick vault1 ,naval ,academy grounds1 ,annapolis1 with religious and military ceremonies4 ,on ,april #bi1 #aijf1 commemorative ceremonies were held in the ,armory of the ,naval ,academy1 ,annapolis1 and then the casket was put in ,bancroft ,hall4 ,here all that is mortal of the conquerer of the ,serapis lies1 and in the battles of life when the odds seem against us1 may we be able to exclaim with him1 ,i've just begun to fight4--,,mrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,wimpy1 ,piedmont ,continental ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,the ,,real ,,georgia ,,cracker4 ,there was a man named ,oglethorpe1 ,who didn't like old ,england's laws2 ,so he got into his little ship1 ,and sailed it straight across4 ,he swung around ,carolina's point ,and landed at a ,bluff2 ,and when he found the soil so rich1 ,he said--tis good enough4 ,he named the place ,savannah1 ,and then laid off a town1 ,you ought to seed the taters1 ,that grew thar in the ground4 ,he planted cotton1 rice and corn1 ,and then a patch of backer3 ,that was the first beginning1 ,of the ,real ,georgia ,cracker4 ,then he got some mules and plows1 ,and sat the boys to hoeing2 ,ever since they stirred the soil1 ,the ,georgia ,cracker has been growing4 ,but now--where once those taters grew1 ,mount twenty tall church steeples2 ,and the place he named ,savannah1 ,dwell nigh a hundred thousand people4 ,will stand a living factor2 ,while angels guard it overhead1 ,god bless the ,georgia ,cracker4 ,in ,chippewa his monument1 ,jesup1 ,ga4 --,l4 ,g4 ,lucas4 ,,the ,,dying ,,soldier ,,who ,,gave ,,his ,,wife ,,for ,,his ,,friend4 ,many years ago there lived in ,virginia a little boy whose name was ,john ,davenport4 ,his father was a farmer who planted and raised large crops of tobacco in the fields about his home4 ,his parents were good and wise people1 and carefully brought up and trained their children4 ,john was a good boy4 ,he was honest1 truthful1 obedient1 bold and strong4 ,if he had any thing to do1 either in work or play1 he did it well4 ,he grew up like other boys of his day4 ,he went to school and made many friends among his playmates by his manly conduct4 ,there lived in the same county in ,virginia another little boy of strong and sterling character whose name was ,harry ,burnley4 ,these two little boys were near neighbors and great friends1 and they played and hunted and fished together all during their early boyhood days4 ,when ,john ,davenport was quite a young man he met and married ,lucy ,barksdale1 a girl of great merit and beauty who was just sixteen years old at the time of their marriage in #aggb4 ,this couple spent many happy days together2 children came to gladden their home2 and life looked rosy and bright before them4 ,as these peaceful and happy days were gliding by in their ,virginia home a tempest was gathering--a great war cloud--which was destined to bring much sorrow to this happy pair4 ,england1 the mother country1 who at first dealt kindly and justly with the colonists1 had begun to be unkind to them and to tax them unjustly4 ,these oppressive and burdensome taxes the colonists refused to pay4 ,england sent over trained soldiers to the ,american colonies to enforce obedience to her unjust laws4 ,the colonists were weak1 and had no trained soldiers2 but they raised an army and determined to fight for their liberties4 ,so war began4 ,after the ,declaration of ,independence by the patriots on ,july #dth1 #aggf1 ,john ,davenport1 ever true to his country and his convictions of right and wrong1 though regretting to leave his beautiful young wife and his happy children1 took up arms to fight for liberty4 ,harry ,burnley went with him to fight for the same noble cause4 ,they were both brave soldiers and fought in most of the prominent battles of the ,revolutionary war4 ,they were mess-mates and bunk-mates throughout the war4 ,on the night of ,march #adth1 #agha1 while the two opposing armies were encamped near ,greensboro1 at ,guilford ,court ,house1 ,north ,carolina1 and stood ready to join in bloody battle the next day1 these two devoted friends were sitting by their camp fire1 talking of the coming battle and thinking of their loved ones at home4 ,john ,davenport seemed sad and much depressed4 ,harry ,burnley noticed his depression and asked him why he was no downcast4 ,he said1 ,harry1 somehow ,i feel that ,i will be killed in battle tomorrow4 ,i almost know it4 ,harry ,burnley tried to dissipate his gloomy forebodings and cheer him up1 by laughing at him and by making light of presentiments and by tusseling with him1 but all without success4 ,determined to cheer up his friend1 ,harry finally said1 ,john1 if you are killed tomorrow1 ,i am going back home and marry your widow1 ,harry being an unmarried man4 ,on the next day the cruel battle was fought4 ,the ground was covered with dead and dying men1 soldiers on both sides1 covered with blood and dust4 ,one of these soldiers was ,john ,davenport4 ,he had been wounded and would die2 and he was suffering from both pain and thirst4 ,when the battle was over1 his devoted friend hurried to his side and found him mortally wounded4 ,when he found him1 skulkers were stripping him of the silver buckles which he wore4#b ,he was tenderly nursed by his life-long friend during the few hours that he lived4 ,realizing that the end was near1 ,john ,davenport said to his friend1 ,harry1 ,i am dying2 and you remember last night you said to me in jest that if ,i lost my life today1 that you were going home and marry ,lucy4 ,you have been my best friend1 you are a noble and good man1 and ,i now ask you in earnest to do as you said you would in jest--go back home after the war is over1 marry my wife1 and take care of her and my five little children4 ,about one year after the death of ,john ,davenport1 ,harry ,burnley and ,mrs4 ,lucy ,davenport were married4 ,several years later they moved to ,warren ,county1 ,georgia1 where they lived and died and were buried4 ,mrs4 ,lucy ,davenport ,burnley was the mother of fourteen children1 five by her first marriage and nine by her second4 ,among her descendants are to be found very many noble men and women in ,america--distinguished as writers1 lawyers and educators1 and in every walk of life4 ,many of her sons and grandsons have sacrificed their lives for their country4--,,mrs4 ,,annie ,,davidson ,,howell4 ,,footnote3 #b ,these skulkers in their hurry to get away left five silver buckles and epaulettes which were exhibited at the ,exposition in ,new ,orleans some years ago4 ,,when ,,ben ,,franklin ,,scored4 ,long after the victories of ,washington over the ,french and the ,english had made his name familiar to all ,europe1 ,benjamin ,franklin was a guest at a dinner given in honor of the ,french and ,english ,ambassadors4 ,the ,ambassador from ,england arose and drank a toast to his native land3 ,to ,england--the sun whose bright beams enlighten and fructify the remotest corners of the earth4 ,the ,french ,ambassador1 filled with his own national pride1 but too polite to dispute the previous toast1 offered the following3 ,to ,france--the moon whose mild1 steady1 and cheering rays are the delight of all nations1 consoling them in darkness and making their dreariness beautiful4 ,then arose ,old ,ben ,franklin1 and said in his slow but dignified way3 ,to ,george ,washington--the ,joshua who commanded the sun and the moon to stand still1 and they obeyed him4 ,a ,,revolutionary ,,baptizing4 ,after the cold winter at ,valley ,forge1 ,captain ,charles ,cameron was sent home to ,augusta ,county1 ,virginia1 to recruit his ,company4 ,on his way back to the ,continental ,army1 he and his men captured a ,tory on the right bank of the ,potomac ,river and decided to convert him1 by baptism1 into a loyal ,patriot4 ,taking him down to the river bank they plunged him in4 ,once--,hurrah for ,king ,george6 came from the struggling ,tory as he arose from the water4 ,twice--,hurrah for ,king ,george6 ,long live ,king ,george6 ,the ,tory was again on top4 ,three times--,hurrah for ,king ,george6 ,long live ,king ,george6 ,king ,george forever6 ,the men looked helplessly at their ,captain4 ,loose him1 were the orders1 and let him go4 ,he is unconvertible4 ,,george ,,walton4 ,the youngest of the three signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 from ,georgia1 was ,george ,walton1 who was born in ,prince ,edward ,county1 ,virginia1 in #agdi4 ,he became an orphan when quite young and his guardian did not care to be burdened with his education1 so he was given to a carpenter as an apprentice and put to hard work4 ,after his days work he would light a fire of fat pine and study until the wee small hours of the night1 thus gaining an education most boys would let go by4 ,the good carpenter1 seeing him so industriously inclined and anxious for an education1 allowed him to keep the money he earned and helped him all he could and at last relieved him of his apprenticeship1 and he then decided to come to ,georgia4 ,at twenty years of age he went 7by private conveyance7 to ,savannah1 which was then a small town of only a few thousand people4 ,he studied law in the office of ,henry ,young and was soon admitted to the bar4 ,in ,june1 #agge1 a call signed by ,george ,walton1 ,noble ,w4 ,jones1 ,archibald ,bullock and ,john ,houston1 was issued asking people to meet at ,liberty ,pole to take measures to bring about a union of ,georgia with her sister colonies in the cause of freedom4 ,the meeting was a success1 a council of ,safety ,chapter organized1 of which ,george ,walton was a member1 the ,union ,flag was raised at the ,liberty ,pole1 and patriotic speeches were made4 ,in ,july1 #agge1 a ,congress of ,representatives from all over ,georgia was held in ,savannah4 ,this ,congress has been called ,georgia's first ,secession ,convention for it declared the colony was no longer bound by the acts of ,england1 since the mother country was acting unjustly and oppressively4 ,george ,walton was present and though only twenty-six years old1 he was recognized as one of the most influential representatives of the convention4 ,in ,december1 #agge1 ,george ,walton became ,president of the ,council of ,safety and practically had charge of the colony4 ,he was sent as a delegate to the ,continental ,congress in ,philadelphia in #aggf4 ,the war had begun and the country was much excited4 ,it was decided that ,independence was the only proper course1 so ,july #dth1 #aggf1 the ,declaration of ,independence was signed by all delegates4 ,in #aggg1 ,george ,walton married ,dorothy ,chamber2 #aggi he was ,governor of ,georgia1 then he went back to ,philadelphia as a member of ,congress1 where he stayed until ,october1 #agha4 ,in ,december1 #aggh1 he became ,colonel in the ,first ,regiment of ,foot ,militia for the defence of ,georgia4 ,the ,british were then bent on capturing ,savannah4 ,col4 ,walton with one hundred men was posted on the ,south ,common to guard the approach to ,great ,ogeeche ,ferry4 ,general ,robert ,howe was in command of the ,american forces1 and ,colonel ,walton had informed him of a pass through the swamp by which the enemy could attack them in rear1 but ,general ,howe paid no attention to this4 ,the result was this pass being left unguarded1 the ,british made their way to the rear of the ,american forces and fell upon them with great disaster4 ,col4 ,walton was shot in the thigh1 the bone being broken2 and falling from his horse1 was captured by the ,british4 ,the enemy entered ,savannah and held that city captive4 ,col4 ,walton was taken prisoner to ,sunbury1 where he was well cared for until his recovery4 ,he never1 however1 regained complete use of his leg1 for he limped the rest of his life4 ,he was exchanged for a ,captain of the ,british ,navy and proceeded to ,augusta4 ,soon after his return to ,augusta he was made ,governor of ,georgia1 but the state being so over-run by ,british1 he had little to do4 ,peace came to the colonists in #aghb1 and the ,british withdrew from ,savannah4 ,america was free and the states independent in #aghc4 ,george ,walton was made ,chief ,justice of ,georgia1 and for seven years was a beloved judge in all parts of ,georgia4 ,in #aghi he was again made ,governor of ,georgia for a term of one year4 ,while he was governor he received a copy of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states which had been framed by the delegates from all the states4 ,in #agie and #agif1 ,george ,walton was sent as a ,senator to the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,for many years1 and up to the time of his death he was judge of the middle circuit of ,georgia4 ,during the latter part of his life1 his home was near ,augusta at a beautiful country place named ,meadow ,garden4 ,the house is still standing1 and was bought by the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 and is being preserved by them as a memorial to ,george ,walton4 ,he died ,february #bnd1 #ahjd1 at ,meadow ,garden1 in the fifty-fifth year of his life4 ,he was buried several miles from ,augusta1 at ,rosney1 here his body rested until #ahdh1 when it was reinterred1 being brought to ,augusta and placed under the monument on ,greene ,street1 in front of court house1 the body of ,lyman ,hall being placed there at the same time4 ,the grave of ,button ,gwinnett could not be found2 so only two of the signers of the ,declaration rest under this stately memorial4 ,few men have received as many honors as ,george ,walton4 ,he was six times elected representative to ,congress1 twice ,governor of ,georgia1 once a ,senator of the ,united ,states1 four times ,judge of the ,superior ,court1 once the ,chief ,justice of the state4 ,he was a ,commissioner to treat with the ,indians1 often in the ,state ,legislature1 a member of nearly every important committee on public affairs during his life4 ,his name occurs in the ,state's ,annals for over thirty years of eventful and formative history4--,compiled from ,men of ,mark of ,georgia4 ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,in writing of a man like ,jefferson1 whose name has been a household word since the birth of the ,nation1 it is well-nigh impossible to avoid being commonplace2 so that in the beginning1 ,i ask you indulgence1 if in reviewing his life1 ,i should recount facts that are as familiar to you as the ,decalogue4 ,yet1 in studying that life1 ,i find such a richness of achievement1 such an abundance of attainment1 such a world of interest1 that ,i am at a loss how to prepare a paper that will not require an extra session for its reading4 ,thomas ,jefferson was the eldest child of a seemingly strange union2 the father1 an uneducated pioneer1 surveyor1 and ,indian fighter1 living in the mountains of ,virginia--the mother1 ,jane ,randolph1 coming from the best blood of that blue blooded commonwealth4 ,i think we need dig no further around ,jefferson's family tree in order to understand how a gentleman of education1 culture1 and aristocratic instincts could affect a dress so different from men of his class1 and could so deeply and sincerely love the masses as to spend his life in their behalf4 ,and this he certainly did4 ,he worked1 thought1 planned1 and accomplished for them--yet1 throughout his life1 his associations were always with the upper classes4 ,he began life in #agdc1 in the small village of ,shadwell1 ,va41 where he spent his childhood and youth among the freedom of the hills4 ,afterwards1 whenever he escaped from public duty1 it was to retire to this same neighborhood1 for it was on one of his ancestral hills that ,monticello was built4 ,thanks to his mother1 he was carefully educated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 from which he graduated at the age of eighteen4 ,the ,brittanica draws the following picture of him as a young man3 ,he was an expert musician1 a good dancer1 a dashing rider1 proficient in all manly exercises2 a hard student2 tall1 straight1 slim1 with hazel eyes1 sandy hair1 delicate skin1 ruddy complexion2 frank1 earnest1 sympathetic1 cordial1 full of confidence in men1 and sanguine in his views of life4 ,is not that a pleasing portrait8 ,being the eldest son1 his father's death1 while he was at college1 left him heir to his estate of nineteen hundred acres1 so that he could live very comfortably4 ,jefferson lived in a day when a man's wealth was measured in great part by the land he owned4 ,it is indicative of his thrift and energy that his nineteen hundred acres soon grew to five thousand--all paid for1 we are told4 ,indeed1 he was strictly honest in paying his debts4 ,he was a born farmer1 and to the end of his life retained his love for that mode of existence4 ,however1 he chose the law for his profession4 ,that he did not have to watch his practice grow through a long season of painful probation is shown by the record of sixty-eight cases before the chief court of the ,province during the first year after his admission to the ,bar1 and nearly twice that many the second year4 ,although1 as ,i said1 he loved a farmer's life1 he was allowed little leisure to follow it1 serving in succession as member of the ,virginia ,house of ,burgesses1 member of ,congress1 ,governor of ,virginia1 member of ,congress again1 ,minister to ,france1 ,secretary of ,state1 ,vice-,president1 and ,president4 ,perhaps many other men have served the public for as long a term1 but ,i challenge history to find another who has accomplished so much for his country4 ,from the founding of ,jamestown to the present day1 no man1 ,washington not excepted1 has had the influence over the nation that ,jefferson wielded4 ,to have been the author of the great ,declaration1 it would seem1 were fame enough for one ,american1 but for him that was only the beginning4 ,independence achieved1 he set about making his own state really free and introduced into the ,virginia ,legislature bill after bill which cut off the excresences of a monarchial system1 lingering in the practices of a new-born nation4 ,these bills were not all carried when he proposed them1 by any means1 but hear what1 in the end they gave to ,virginia1 and remember that these things came through the efforts of one man3 religious freedom1 the fight for which began in '#gf and continued till #aghe2 the system of entails broken up2 the importation of slaves prohibited1 and primo-geniture discontinued4 ,jefferson was not a fluent speaker1 but a clear thinker4 ,besides this1 he had a great antipathy to appearing in print4 ,therefore1 when it was necessary to say or do anything1 he had only to tell somebody what to say or do1 and the thing was accomplished4 ,leicester ,ford1 who has compiled a very thorough ,life of ,jefferson1 says that he influenced ,american thought more than any other person1 yet boasted that he never wrote for the press4 ,by means of others1 he promulgated that mars of doctrine1 nowhere formulated1 known as ,the ,jeffersonian ,principles4 ,the doctrine that goes by the name of ,monroe was probably his also4 ,that the principles of the ,democratic ,party have remained unchanged from his day to ours only shows the clearness and correctness of his logic4 ,not only is this true1 but he thoroughly and conscientiously believed in the things he taught1 the theory of ,states ,rights being a child of his own brain4 ,during his two terms as ,president1 and throughout the remainder of his life1 such was the faith of his party in his wisdom1 foresight1 and political integrity1 that he had only to express a wish1 and it became1 unquestioned1 the law of the land4 ,after his retirement1 his party proposed no measure until a visit was first made to the ,sage of ,monticello1 and his opinion obtained4 ,president followed ,president1 ,jefferson became old and infirm1 but to the day of his death1 he was undisputed leader of the ,american nation4 ,did he not deserve the name of seer8 ,years before the ,revolution1 he warned the people against slavery1 declaring that nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free4 ,he owned the slaves that came to him from his father and his wife1 but is said never to have purchased any4 ,among the things accomplished during his presidency are the extermination of the ,mediterranean pirates1 the exploration of the ,west1 public debt diminished1 emigration of ,indians beyond the ,mississippi promoted1 and the wonderful ,louisiana purchase4 ,though his second term was clouded by constant war in ,europe1 and the continued depredations on ,american commerce1 at its close1 he was urged to serve for the third term1 the ,legislatures of five ,states requesting it1 showing that he was not held responsible for the condition of affairs4 ,his was a many sided nature4 ,great statesman that he was1 great political scientist1 his ability did not stop there4 ,his interest in commerce1 agriculture1 literature1 history1 music1 education1 and the natural sciences was unbounded1 and his private collections1 perhaps1 were unexcelled at that time4 ,no man has done more for the cause of education among us than he4 ,he it was who proposed a bill for the free training of all free children1 male and female4 ,this was ten years before the admission of girls to the common schools of ,boston4 ,his reason for wanting good schools in ,virginia was unique--he said he objected to being a beggar for the crumbs that fell from the tables of the ,north4 ,he pleaded for nonsectarian schools1 and was1 therefore1 called by many atheistic4 ,this was one of the obstacles that he had to overcome in his fight for the ,university of ,virginia4 ,princeton was then sectarian--,william and ,mary was controlled by the ,episcopal ,church4 ,the result of all this thought and desire exists for us today in the ,university of ,virginia--the first real ,university in ,america4 ,thomas ,nelson ,page says1 ,no stranger story of self sacrifice and devotion to a high ideal in the face of trials1 which to lesser genius might have appeared insurmountable1 and of disappointments which to less courage must have proved fatal1 has ever been written than that which recounts the devotion of the last twenty years of the life of ,thomas ,jefferson to the establishment of a great university4 ,the corner stone of ,central ,college1 which was afterwards enlarged to the ,university of ,virginia1 was laid in #ahaf by ,president ,monroe1 in the presence of ,jefferson and ,madison1 ex-presidents4 ,not only did ,jefferson see the need for this school1 and work to carry it through1 but he actually drew the plans for the buildings1 modelling them after those of ancient ,greece and ,rome4 ,page says1 to quote from the same author--and1 if you want to read an interesting book1 read his ,old ,dominion--,if any pile of buildings in the world is fitted by its beauty to be the abode of philosophy it is this4 99 99 99 99 ,the ,university has excelled in scholastic results any similar institution in the country4 ,she has a larger representation in ,congress than any other1 a larger representation on the bench and a larger representation in the medical departments of both army and navy4 ,this has been accomplished on an income less than that of many second rate colleges4 ,this result1 and the high standard prevailing in the ,university today1 have more than justified ,jefferson for all his labor4 ,his constant refrain was1 ,we are working for posterity4 ,the project was in his brain five years before he began work on it4 ,one of his proudest titles is ,father of the ,university of ,virginia4 ,jefferson's writings consist mostly of letters and addresses1 besides ,a ,summary ,view of the ,rights of ,british ,america1 written before the ,revolution1 circulated in ,england1 and attributed to ,burke1 and the well known and valuable ,notes on ,virginia4 ,he loved his home and his family1 and seems to have been peculiarly blessed in them4 ,he married a rich young widow--,martha ,skelton--though it does not appear that he did so because she was rich4 ,of several children only two grew to maturity1 and only one survived him4 ,his wife lived just ten years after their marriage1 and almost with her last breath begged him not to give her children a step-mother4 ,he made and kept the promise4 ,i know ,i have given a rose-colored account of him1 yet some shadow belongs to the portrayal4 ,no one could do the things that he did and not have enemies4 ,particularly do politicians not handle each other with gloves4 ,jefferson has been called all the ugly names in man's vocabulary1 but very little1 if any1 real evidence can be adduced to support any of this4 ,with all his gifts1 he was unfitted to lead a people in the trying time of war2 consequently1 his governorship of ,virginia1 occurring during the ,revolution1 and his second term as ,president were not eminently successful4 ,no one can deny the bitter emnity between him and ,hamilton any more than any one can prove that the former was more to blame than the latter4 ,admit that he was often theoretical and visionary1 yet the work he accomplished proves that he was even more practical and farsighted4 ,that he was not free from idiosyncrasies is shown by the manner in which he went to his first inauguration1 and the fact that he always dressed as a farmer--never as a ,president4 ,all this was to prove his steadfastness of faith in democratic ways and institutions4 ,he would not indulge in making a formal speech at the opening of ,congress1 but wrote and sent his message by hand--a practice followed by every ,president since1 with the exception of ,president ,wilson1 #aiac4 ,in all things he was a strict constructionist4 ,but none of these things can detract much from the name and fame of a man who has put such foundation stones in our civilization4 ,i have drawn my data mostly from the writings of one who holds the opposite political tenets--yet ,i find it recorded that ,jefferson's personal animosities were few--that he couldn't long hold anger in his heart--that to this day the multitude cherish and revere his memory1 and in so doing1 pay a just debt of gratitude to a friend1 who not only served them1 as many have done1 but who honored and respected them1 as very few have done4 ,his hospitality and the public desire to see him were so great that his home was for many years a kind of unprofitable hotel1 because everything was free of charge4 ,it was always full1 and sometimes his housekeeper had to provide fifty beds4 ,this great expense1 added to some security debts1 left him a poor man4 ,in fact1 he was in need1 but when the public found it out1 money came in in sufficient quantities to enable him to continue his mode of life4 ,like ,shakespeare1 he wrote his own epitaph1 any one item of which would entitle him to the love of posterity3 ,here was buried ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,author of the ,declaration of ,american ,independence1 of the ,statute of ,virginia1 for religious freedom1 and ,father of the ,university of ,virginia4 ,i fear ,i have been tedious1 ,i know ,i have been trite--yet ,i beg you to read for yourselves the history and letters of this great man4 ,that his death occurred on the #dth day of ,july1 #ahbf1 just fifty years from the day when the wonderful ,declaration was made1 and coincident with that of his former colleague1 another ex-president1 seems a fitting close to a most remarkable career4 ,,orators ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,revolution4 ,,miss ,,susie ,,gentry1 ,vice ,state ,regent1 ,tennessee4 ,time1 the artificer1 makes men1 as well as things1 for their day and use4 ,the ,revolution was the evolution of an idea--one inherent in all humanity--,liberty6 ,first1 was the thought of a home1 the most sacred and best of man's sanctuaries4 ,these pioneer ,colonists1 fleeing from religious persecution1 debt and poverty1 often came to an untrodden wilderness of limitless forest and plain1 to form a local habitation and a name4 ,after the establishment of the home1 education and its application followed1 through the teaching and oratory of the pulpit to the white man and ,indian4 ,next in order was self-government4 ,the ,revolutionary period was productive not only of the general and soldier1 but the statesman and orator1 who set forth the grievances of the people in most glowing and convincing terms4 ,the term orator has two specific meanings--in common language1 one who delivers an oration1 a public speaker2 and technically1 one who prays for relief1 a petitioner4 ,the orators of the ,revolutionary period were both in one4 ,the true orator is the poet of the practical4 ,he must be an enthusiast2 he must be sincere2 he must be fearless1 and as simple as a child2 he must be warm and earnest1 able to play upon the emotions1 as a skillful musician his instrument that responds to his every touch1 be it ever so light and delicate4 ,so shall his words descend upon the people like cloven tongues of fire1 inspiring1 sanctifying1 beautifying and convincing2 for an orator's words are designed for immediate effect4 ,when the ,stamp ,act was repealed1 ,march #ah1 #agff1 ,jonathan ,mayhew delivered a thrilling speech1 known as ,a ,patriot's ,thanksgiving1 in which he said3 ,the repeal has restored things to order4 ,the course of justice is no longer obstructed4 ,all lovers of liberty have reason to rejoice4 ,blessed revolution6 ,how great are our obligations to the ,supreme ,governor of the world6 ,even the conservatives1 ,benjamin ,franklin and ,george ,washington1 take of the promethean fire of patriotism2 it is seen in ,franklin's writings1 in ,washington's ,farewell ,address--his masterpiece of prophetic admonition1 delivered in the style and diction of a gifted orator4 ,a long and faithful career of usefulness1 and the very human touch he had gained as a soldier and general1 particularly during that terrible year of #aggg1 developed the hitherto unknown gift4 ,of the men who composed the ,second ,colonial and ,first ,continental ,congress1 which met at ,philadelphia1 ,september #e1 #aggd1 ,william ,pitt said in his speech to the ,house of ,lords3 ,history has always been my favorite study1 and in the celebrated writings of antiquity ,i have often admired the patriotism of ,greece and ,rome1 but1 my lords1 ,i must avow that in the master states of the world ,i know not a people or senate who can stand in preference to the delegates of ,america assembled in general congress at ,philadelphia4 ,samuel ,adams was one of the foremost orators and patriots of ,america1 and was of ,massachusetts' famous bouquet--,james ,otis1 ,joseph ,warren1 ,josiah ,quincy1 ,john and ,john ,quincy ,adams--and left his work on the history of ,america as a signer of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,james ,otis1 next in chronological order1 was a bold1 commanding orator1 and the first to speak against the taxing of the colonies4 ,he was called the silver-tongued orator and a flame of fire4 ,his death was as unusual as his gift--he was killed by a stroke of lightning ,may1 #aggb4 ,joseph ,warren and ,josiah ,quincy were both men of great talents and power1 ,warren was elected twice to deliver the oration in commemoration of the massacre of the fifth of ,march2 he rendered efficient service by both his writing and addresses2 and was distinguished as a physician1 especially in the treatment of smallpox4 ,he was killed while fighting as a volunteer at ,bunker ,hill4 ,josiah ,quincy's powers as an orator were of a very high order4 ,it is sad to think that he died the very day he reached his native land1 after a voyage to ,europe in the interest of the colonies4 ,one does not wonder that ,john ,adams possessed influence1 when in voting for the ,declaration of ,independence he exclaimed3 ,sink or swim1 live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i give my heart and hand to this vote2 nor that the son of such a father was called ,the ,old ,man ,eloquent and the ,champion of the ,rights of ,petition1 who thought no man's vote lost which is cast for the right4 ,john ,adams is the one man who remembered liberty and the people1 for when he died ,july #d1 #ahbf1 his last words were1 ,it is the glorious ,fourth of ,july6 ,god bless it--,god bless you all6 ,from this cursory glance of the orators of ,massachusetts1 we can well understand how1 like the alabaster box of old1 the perfume of their noble deeds for the cause of right still lingers4 ,alexander ,hamilton was an orator that accomplished much for the colonies with his forceful1 facile and brilliant pen1 as did ,madison and ,jay1 in the ,federalist4 ,patrick ,henry1 the red feather1 of the ,revolutionary period1 as is ,e4 ,w4 ,carmack of to-day--is by the ,south regarded the ,magna ,stella of that marvelous galaxy of stars4 ,it is probable that his oratory was not as much a product of nature as was thought at the time when it was so effective4 ,it was somewhat an inheritance1 as he was the great-nephew of the ,scotch historian ,robertson1 and the nephew of ,william ,winston who was regarded as an eloquent speaker in his day4 ,patrick1 after six weeks study of law1 we are told1 commenced the practice of law 7having the incumbrance of a family and poverty7 and with what success1 all the world knows4 ,it was in the celebrated ,parson's case that he won his spurs1 and the epithet of the orator of ,nature2 also his election to the ,house of ,burgesses1 of ,virginia4 ,nine years after he made his famous speech in which he told ,george ,,iii he might profit by the examples of ,caesar and ,charles ,i1 he delivered his greatest effort of oratory--in which he said1 ,i know not what course others may take1 but give me liberty1 or give me death6 ,thomas ,jefferson was the father of that instrument1 the ,declaration of ,independence--that gives us life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness1 in so far as we trespass not on the moral and civil rights of our neighbor--and was persuasive and eloquent1 as well as an acute politician4 ,he was the acknowledged head of his party2 and his work was of the uttermost importance to both the colonies and states4 ,no one politician and orator has left a more indelible impression upon succeeding generations than he4 ,thomas ,paine also did his quota as an orator and writer2 and great were the results accomplished by his ,common ,sense and the first ,crisis4 ,paine was not only a writer and orator1 but a soldier4 ,under ,general ,nathaniel ,greene he rendered such efficient and valuable service that he was called the hero of ,fort ,mifflin4 ,although he was an ,englishman1 who came to ,america and espoused the cause of the ,continentals1 the ,english nation are glad to own him4 ,william ,cobbett 7the ,english statesman7 says whoever wrote the ,declaration1 ,paine was its author4 ,paine was one of the most noted orators1 if we remember that an orator is one who prays for relief--a petitioner1 whether it be viva voce or with the pen4 ,we wish it were possible in the time allotted to us to give extracts from the speeches and writings of these orators of the ,revolution4 ,how grateful we should be1 and what a debt of gratitude we owe each of them1 for their labors that have long since received the encomium from ,god and man--well done1 thou good and faithful servant4--,american ,monthly4 ,,the ,,flag ,,of ,,our ,,country4 ,the flag of our country1 how proudly it waves ,in the darkness of night1 in the light of the sun1 ,in silence it watches our patriots' graves1 ,in splendor it tells of their victories won6 ,it waves1 as it waved in the brave days of old1 ,an emblem of glory1 of hope1 and of life2 ,a pledge to the world in each star and each fold ,of a love that endures through all danger and strife4 ,of love that is deep as the sea 'neath its blue2 ,of a love that is pure as the light of each star2 ,o1 flag of our country1 the brave and the true ,await thee1 and greet thee1 and bless thee afar6 ,the flag of our country1 the flag of the free1 ,the hope of the weary1 the joy of the sad1 ,may our eyes at the last1 still thy bright promise see ,that each slave shall know thee1 arise and be glad6 ,the flag of our country1 the flag of our love1 ,our hearts are aflame with thy red1 white and blue2 ,may thy glory increase while thy stars shine above1 ,to thy promise and pledge may the children be true4 ,o1 the red1 white and blue6 ,o1 the flag of the free6 ,sweet liberty calls to the nations afar1 ,thy glory illumines the land and the sea1 ,o1 flag of our country1 earth's beautiful star6 --,metta ,thompson in ,american ,monthly4 ,,the ,,old ,,virginia ,,gentleman4 ,many of you have no doubt heard or read the famous lecture of ,dr4 ,bagley1 entitled ,bacon and ,greens1 and chuckled over his vivid description of ,the ,old ,virginia ,gentleman4 ,you may be interested in knowing that a portrait of the ,hon4 ,james ,steptoe1 of ,federal ,hill1 ,bedford ,county1 ,virginia1 painted by ,harvey ,mitchell in #ahbf1 was the inspiration of this interesting lecture4 ,this ,old ,virginia ,gentleman was a worthy representative of the ,house of ,steptoe1 whose forefathers played an important part in the history of the ,old ,world4 ,the progenitor of this interesting family was ,anthony ,steptoe1 the third son of ,sir ,philip ,steptoe1 of ,england4 ,anthony and his wife1 ,lucy1 came to the ,colony in #afgf1 and located in ,lancaster ,county1 ,virginia1 and they were the great grandparents of ,hon4 ,james ,steptoe4 ,the ,old ,virginia ,gentleman was one of four brothers1 ,george1 ,james1 ,thomas1 and ,william2 they had four half sisters1 ,elizabeth and ,ann ,steptoe2 ,mary and ,anne ,aylett2 and two step-sisters1 ,elizabeth and ,ann ,aylett2 thus the families of ,steptoe and ,aylett are often confounded4 ,col4 ,james ,steptoe1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,homany ,hall1 ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia1 was born in the year of #agaj1 and died in #aggh4 ,he was a distinguished physician1 and held many positions of honor and trust in affairs of ,church and ,state4 ,he married firstly ,hannah ,ashton1 and secondly ,elizabeth ,aylett1 the widow of ,col4 ,william ,aylett and a daughter of ,col4 ,george ,eskridge4 ,the descendants of ,colonel ,steptoe and ,colonel ,aylett are often confounded4 ,col4 ,aylett married first ,ann ,ashton1 a sister of ,colonel ,steptoe's first wife1 and had two daughters1 ,elizabeth and ,ann4 ,elizabeth ,aylett married ,william ,booth1 and ,ann married ,william ,augustin ,washington 7a half-brother of our beloved ,gen4 ,george ,washington74 ,colonel ,aylett married secondly ,elizabeth ,eskridge1 and had two daughters1 ,mary and ,anne2 ,mary married ,thomas ,ludwell ,lee1 of ,bell ,vieu2 and ,anne married ,richard ,henry ,lee1 of ,chantielly4 ,col4 ,james ,steptoe had two daughters by his first marriage1 ,elizabeth and ,ann2 ,elizabeth married first ,philip ,ludwell ,lee1 of ,stratford1 and secondly ,philip ,richard ,fendall2 and ,ann married first ,willoughby ,allerton1 and secondly ,col4 ,samuel ,washington1 a younger brother of ,gen4 ,george ,washington4 ,of the four sons of ,col4 ,james ,steptoe1 ,george and ,thomas never married2 ,william married ,elizabeth ,robinson1 and they resided at the old ,robinson homestead1 ,herwich4 ,the ,hon4 ,james ,steptoe1 the original ,the ,old ,virginia ,gentleman1 was born in the year of #agej1 at ,homany ,hall1 ,westmoreland ,county1 ,virginia4 ,he was educated at ,william and ,mary ,college1 and while there was a fellow student of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,they formed a close friendship1 which continued throughout life4 ,it was through the influence of ,jefferson that ,james ,steptoe was appointed to an office under ,secretary ,nelson1 after which he was transferred in #aggb1 at the early age of #bb1 to the clerkship of the ,district ,court at ,new ,london1 in ,bedford ,co41 ,va4 ,this position he held until his death in #ahbf1 having served fifty-four years4 ,he married ,frances ,calloway1 a daughter of ,col4 ,james ,calloway1 of ,bedford ,county4 ,the ,hon4 ,james ,steptoe built the mansion house known as ,federal ,hill1 and it was here that he spent his useful life surrounded by his family1 and noted for his sincerity and hospitality4 ,this mansion was situated three miles from ,poplar ,forest1 the abode of his friend1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 who loved to seek seclusion there during his intervals of rest from public service4 ,upon one occasion when ,gen4 ,andrew ,jackson1 on his way to ,washington just after the battle of ,new ,orleans1 had stopped to dine with his friend1 ,james ,steptoe1 he met ,thomas ,jefferson just at the gateway4 ,the two great men dismounted from their horses and exchanged salutations with each other and with their host1 who awaited them within upon the lawn4 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 with his courtly manner1 waving his hand1 stood back for ,old ,hickory to pass before him2 but that gallant soldier1 bowing low1 said3 ,surely1 ,mr4 ,jefferson does not think that ,i would go before an ex-,president of the ,united ,states4 ,to which ,mr4 ,jefferson graciously replied3 ,it would ill become me to take precedence of the hero of ,new ,orleans4 ,thus these two distinguished men stood bowing and scraping to each other in the roadway in true ,gaston and ,alfonse style1 while ,mr4 ,steptoe waited for them with1 ,i am sure1 amused impatience2 until at length ,general ,jackson threw his arms about ,mr4 ,jefferson and gently lifted him quite over the threshold1 and then the ,general's aide and the other gentry coming up1 we may be sure they had a jolly good time--a feast of reason and a flow of soul1 not forgetting ,mrs4 ,steptoe's bountiful dinner served on the famous ,steptoe silver1 a veritable feast of wines on the leas1 which to read about makes us long more than ever for a return of those good old times4 ,but once a shadow fell upon the friendship of ,mr4 ,jefferson and ,mr4 ,steptoe1 as clouds will fall upon human friendships4 ,james ,steptoe had another valued friend1 ,major ,gibbon1 a gallant officer of the ,revolutionary army1 who had led the forlorn hope at the battle of ,stony ,point4 ,this old hero had been given the appointment of collector of customs at ,richmond1 but had been removed by ,jefferson because it had been represented to him that ,major ,gibbon was on familiar terms with ,aaron ,burr1 who was then on trial at ,richmond for acts charged against him as treasonable4 ,soon after the removal of ,major ,gibbon ,mr4 ,jefferson was on one of his visits at ,poplar ,forest1 but his old friend1 ,james ,steptoe1 who was usually the first to welcome him1 the illustrious visitor1 to his summer home1 neither went in person nor sent a message of salutation to his life-long friend4 ,days lengthened into weeks1 and still he made no sign1 and at length ,mr4 ,jefferson1 on a bright summer morning1 rode over to ,mr4 ,steptoe's and dismounted from his horse at the gate1 and on entering the yard found ,mr4 ,steptoe walking to and fro on his porch1 apparently unconscious of his guest's arrival4 ,mr4 ,jefferson advanced with outstretched hand and cordial smile1 but ,mr4 ,steptoe gazed cold and stern upon his visitor1 returning no look or word of kindness for the offered greeting of the ,president1 who thus addressed him3 ,why1 ,james ,steptoe1 how is this8 ,i have been for weeks within a stone's throw of you1 and though you have usually been the first to welcome me home1 your face is now turned from me1 and you give me no welcome to your house4 ,to this ,mr4 ,steptoe coolly replied3 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,i have been disappointed in you1 sir1 you are not the man ,i took you to be4 ,you know as well as ,i do that ,maj4 ,james ,gibbon was a brave1 a meritorious officer in the ,revolutionary army1 that he served under ,aaron ,burr1 who was also a gallant soldier1 and his officers were greatly attached to him4 ,now when ,colonel ,burr has been brought to ,richmond for trial1 committed to prison and every indignity heaped upon him1 and just because ,major ,gibbon has supplied his old commander with some necessaries and comforts1 you1 from hatred of ,burr1 have wreaked your vengeance on ,gibbon and deprived a faithful old soldier of an office which was his only means of support4 ,why1 ,steptoe1 is that all8 said ,jefferson1 ,i assure you the matter had not been so presented to me before4 ,but the same hand that removed ,major ,gibbon can replace him1 and justice shall be done him at once4 ,then you are1 indeed1 my friend1 and welcome as ever to my home and heart1 cried ,james ,steptoe4 ,james ,steptoe's land and silver are gone1 his bones have turned to dust2 and ere long his name may be forgotten1 but let us now honor the man who would refuse the proffered hand of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 when that hand was stained by an unworthy act4 ,would there were more men of such mettle in our day6 ,james ,steptoe was not only noted for his hospitality and justness1 but also for his charity4 ,driving along in his coach and four1 he passed the house of a certain widow1 ,mrs4 ,chaffee4 ,upon noticing a crowd gathered around1 he sent his coachman1 ,ben1 to inquire the cause4 ,hearing that the poor woman was being sold out for debt he descended from his carriage1 stopped the auction1 paid the mortgage1 and added one more noble act of charity to his record4 ,james ,steptoe was beloved by everyone1 and especially so by his slaves1 whom he had taught different trades that they might support themselves after his death when1 by his will1 they were all set free4 ,a handsome monument in the old family burying ground in ,bedford ,county1 bears this inscription1 ,james ,steptoe1 born #agej1 died #ahbf1 for fifty-four years the ,clerk of ,bedford ,county4 ,the office of clerk of the ,court of ,bedford ,county has been held by the ,steptoe family in its lineal and collateral branches for more than a hundred years4 ,the character of ,james ,steptoe may be described in a few words1 integrity1 independence1 and the strictest form of republican simplicity4 ,though descended1 as has been shown1 from a long line of the better class of ,english gentry1 he never alluded to it himself2 in fact1 it was not known in his family until after his death1 when they learned it through his correspondence4 ,he was a man who held very decided opinions on all subjects1 and would at times express them as to men and public affairs in very strong language1 being strong in his friendships and equally strong in his dislikes4 ,as a clerk1 he was everything that could be desired1 polite and obliging1 as all ,old ,virginia ,gentlemen are2 careful and attentive in the business of his office and in court1 and ever ready at all times to give information and advice to those who needed it4 ,the ,hon4 ,james ,steptoe and his wife1 ,frances ,calloway1 were the parents of five sons and four daughters1 as follows3 ,major ,james1 who succeeded his father as ,clerk of ,bedford1 and who married ,catherine ,mitchell2 ,dr4 ,william1 of ,lynchburg1 who married first ,nancy ,brown1 and second ,mary ,dillon2 ,george1 of ,bedford ,county1 who married ,maria ,thomas2 ,robert1 of ,bedford ,county1 who married ,elizabeth ,leftwich2 ,thomas1 who inherited the old home1 married ,louise ,c4 ,yancy2 ,elizabeth ,prentise1 who married ,hon4 ,charles ,johnston1 of ,richmond1 ,va42 ,frances1 who married ,henry ,s4 ,langhorne1 of ,lynchburg1 ,va42 ,sallie1 who married ,william ,massie1 of ,nelson ,county1 ,virginia2 ,lucy1 who married ,robert ,penn1 of ,bedford ,county1 ,virginia4 ,james ,steptoe's descendants are scattered throughout the ,united ,states1 and are among our most distinguished citizens4 ,he has also descendants in ,england4 ,the old portrait by ,harvey ,mitchell is now owned by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,james ,steptoe ,johnston1 ,bishop of ,western ,texas2 and a fine copy of the same is owned by ,mrs4 ,william ,waldorf ,astor1 of ,cliveden-on-the-,thames1 ,england1--,,edna ,,jones ,,collier1 in ,american ,monthly4 ,,when ,,washington ,,was ,,wed4 ,who does not wish that he might have been there1 ,when ,martha ,custis came down the stair ,in silk brocade and with powdered hair1 ,on that long ago ,saturday clear and fine1 ,a4 ,d4 ,seventeen fifty-nine8 ,out from ,st4 ,peter's belfry old1 ,twelve strokes sounded distinct and bold1 ,so in history the tale is told1 ,when ,dr4 ,mossen1 preacher of zest1 ,long since gone to his last long rest1 ,there in the ,custis drawing room1 ,new world house1 with an old world bloom1 ,spake out the words that made them one1 ,martha ,custis and ,washington4 ,trembling a little and pale withal1 ,she faced her lover so straight and tall1 ,oh1 happiest lady beneath the sun6 ,given as bride to ,george ,washington4 ,brave was the groom and fair the bride1 ,standing expectant side by side1 ,but how little they knew or guessed ,what the future for them possessed2 ,how the joys of a wedded life ,would be mingled with horrors of blood and strife2 ,how in triumph together they'd stand1 ,covered with plaudits loud and grand1 ,yes--covered with glory together they'd won1 ,martha ,custis and ,washington4 ,where is the gown in which she was wed8 ,brocade1 woven with silver thread8 ,where are the pearls that graced her head8 ,where are her high-heeled silken shoon ,that stepped in time to the wedding tune8 ,where are her ruffles of fine point lace8 ,gone--all gone with their old world grace4 ,but the world remembers them every one1 ,and blesses the lady of ,washington4 ,it is difficult to give the proper credit for the above poem4 ,mrs4 ,walter ,j4 ,sears1 ,new ,york ,city ,chapter1 found a few beautiful lines1 author unknown1 added some lines herself1 and then sent the whole to ,will ,carlton1 who revised and added to them4 ,mrs4 ,sears recited the poem at the celebration of ,washington's wedding day by the ,new ,york ,city ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 in ,january1 #aiji4 ,,rhode ,,island ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,revolution4 ,the ,american colonies1 though subjects of ,great ,britain1 stoutly resisted the payment of revenues of customs2 not because they doubted the justice1 but they did object to the intolerant manner of demanding the revenues4 ,rhode ,island1 the smallest of the thirteen colonies1 was destined to take an important part in this resistance which brought about the ,american ,revolution4 ,the ,english parliament1 in #agcc1 passed the famous ,sugar ,act which laid a heavy tax upon ,west ,india products imported into the northern colonies4 ,rhode ,island protested1 declaring that only in this way could she be paid for her exports to the ,west ,indies and thus be able to purchase from ,england4 ,the other colonies also objected and ,richard ,partridge1 the appointed agent to look after the interests of the ,rhode ,island colony1 conducted this affair for all the colonies4 ,in his letter he declared that the act deprived the colonists of their rights as ,englishmen1 in laying taxes upon them without their consent or representation4 ,thus1 thirty-seven years before the ,declaration of ,independence1 the war-cry of the ,revolution was first sounded and by the ,quaker agent of ,rhode ,island4 ,in #agfd a new ,sugar ,act was passed4 ,parliament hoped that a reduction from six pence to three pence would conciliate the colonies4 ,neither the ,sugar ,act nor the proposed ,stamp ,act was accepted4 ,the colonists still contended such an act and its acceptance to be inconsistent with the rights of ,british subjects4 ,a special session of the ,rhode ,island assembly was convened4 ,a committee of correspondence was appointed to confer with the other colonies and the agent was directed to do anything in his power1 either alone or joining with the agents of other governors to procure a repeal of this act and to prevent the passage of any act that should impose taxes inconsistent with the rights of ,british subjects4 ,thus did ,rhode ,island expressly deny the right of ,parliament to pass such an act and also declare her intention to preserve her privileges inviolate4 ,she also invited the other colonies to devise a plan of union for the maintenance of the liberties of all4 ,the following year the ,stamp ,act was passed and disturbances followed4 ,the assembly convened and through a committee prepared six resolutions more concise and emphatic than any passed by the other colonies1 in which they declared the plantation absolved from all allegiance to the ,king unless these obnoxious taxes were repealed4 ,bold measures6 ,but they show the spirit of the colony4 ,johnston1 the stamp-collector for ,rhode ,island1 resigned1 declaring he would not execute his office against the will of our ,sovereign ,lord1 the ,people4 ,in ,newport three prominent men who had spoken in defence of the action of ,parliament were hung in effigy in front of the court house4 ,at evening the effigies were taken down and burned4 ,the revenue officers1 fearing for their lives1 took refuge on a ,british man-of-war lying in the harbor and refused to return until the royal governor would guarantee their safety4 ,the assembly appointed two men to represent ,rhode ,island in the convention about to assemble in ,new ,york4 ,this convention1 after a session of nearly three weeks1 adopted a declaration of the rights and grievances of the colonies4 ,the ,rhode ,island delegates reported the assembly and a day of public thanksgiving was appointed for a blessing upon the endeavors of this colony to preserve its valuable privileges4 ,the day before the ,stamp ,act was to take effect all the royal governors took the oath to sustain it1 except ,samuel ,ward1 governor of ,rhode ,island1 who stoutly refused4 ,the fatal day dawned4 ,not a stamp was to be seen4 ,commerce was crushed4 ,justice was delayed4 ,not a statute could be enforced4 ,the leading merchants of ,america agreed to support home manufacturers and to this end pledged themselves to eat no more lamb or mutton4 ,the following year1 ,january1 #agff1 the papers of remonstrance had reached ,england2 and ,parliament turned its attention to ,american affairs4 ,the struggle was long and stormy2 but the ,stamp ,act was repealed1 with the saving clause that ,parliament had full right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever4 ,meanwhile1 patriotic societies were being formed in all the colonies under the name of ,sons of ,liberty4 ,rhode ,island has the peculiar honor of organizing a similar society3 ,daughters of ,liberty4 ,by invitation eighteen young ladies assembled at the house of ,dr4 ,ephriam ,bowen1 in ,providence1 and spent the day in spinning4 ,they agreed to purchase no goods of ,british manufacture until the ,stamp ,act should be repealed and cheerfully agreed to dispense with tea4 ,this society rapidly increased and became popular throughout ,rhode ,island4 ,england kept her faith but a little while and then proposed to raise a revenue by imposing duties on glass1 lead1 paint and paper1 and a tax of three pence a pound on tea4 ,this aroused fresh indignation throughout the colonies4 ,in ,virginia the house of burgesses passed a series of resolutions that in them was vested the sole right of taxing the colony4 ,copies were sent to every colonial assembly4 ,the ,rhode ,island assembly cordially approved4 ,the next month the ,british armed sloop ,liberty1 cruising in ,narraganset ,bay in search of contraband traders1 needlessly annoyed all the coasting vessels that came in her way4 ,two ,connecticut vessels suspected of smuggling were taken into ,newport4 ,a quarrel ensued between the captain of one of the vessels and the captain of the ,liberty4 ,the yankee captain was badly treated and his boat fired upon4 ,the same evening the ,british captain went ashore1 was captured by ,newport citizens and compelled to summon all his crew ashore except the first officer4 ,the people then boarded the ,liberty1 sent the officer on shore1 then cast the cable and grounded the ,liberty at the ,point4 ,there they cut away the masts1 scuttled the vessel1 carried the boats to the upper end of the town and burned them4 ,this occurred ,july1 #agfi1 and was the first overt act of violence offered to the ,british authorities in ,america4 ,but armed vessels continued their molestations4 ,the ,rhode ,island colony was not asleep but awaiting a favorable opportunity which came at last and the capture of the ,gaspee was planned and accomplished4 ,rewards were offered for the apprehension of the perpetrators of this deed1 but without effect4 ,some of ,rhode ,island's most honored citizens were engaged in the affair and some of the younger participants are said to have boasted of the deed before the smoke from the burning vessel had ceased to darken the sky4 ,the capture of the ,gaspee in ,june1 #aggb1 was the first bold blow1 in all the colonies for freedom4 ,there was shed the first blood in the war for ,independence4 ,the ,revolution had begun4 ,then followed resolutions from ,virginia that all the towns should unite for mutual protection4 ,rhode ,island went a step farther and proposed a continental congress1 and thus has the distinguished honor of making the first explicit movement for a general congress1 and a few weeks later she was the first to appoint delegates to this congress4 ,the ,boston ,port ,bill followed1 and ,massachusetts records tell of the money and supplies sent from ,rhode ,island to ,boston's suffering people4 ,england ordered that no more arms were to be sent to ,america4 ,rhode ,island began at once to manufacture fire arms4 ,sixty heavy cannon were cast1 and home-made muskets were furnished to the chartered military companies4 ,when the day arrived upon which ,congress had decreed that the use of tea should be suspended1 three hundred pounds of tea were burned in ,market ,square1 ,providence1 while the ,sons of ,liberty went through the town with a pot of black paint and a paint-brush and painted out the word ,tea on every sign-board4 ,this was ,february #a1 #agge4 ,the fight at ,lexington followed on the #aith of ,april4 ,two weeks after this battle the ,rhode ,island assembly suspended ,gov4 ,walton1 the last colonial governor of ,rhode ,island4 ,he repeatedly asked to be restored and was as often refused4 ,at the end of six months he was deposed4 ,this was a bold act1 but men who could attack and capture a man-of-war were not afraid to depose from office one single man who was resolved to destroy them4 ,the ,british war-ship ,rose was a constant menace to the vessels in ,rhode ,island waters4 ,altercations ensued4 ,captain ,abraham ,whipple1 who headed the expedition to burn the ,gaspee1 discharged the first gun at any part of the ,british navy in the ,american ,revolution4 ,two armed vessels were ordered for the protection of ,rhode ,island waters2 and this was the beginning of the ,american navy4 ,passing over much of interest we come to the last important act of ,rhode ,island colonial assembly3 an act to abjure allegiance to the ,british crown4 ,it was a declaration of independence and it was made on ,may #d1 #aggf1 just two months before the ,declaration of ,independence1 signed at ,philadelphia4 ,this act closed the colonial period and established ,rhode ,island as an independent state4 ,the records of the assembly had always closed with ,god save the ,king6 ,this was changed to ,god save the ,united ,colonies6 ,the smallest of the colonies had defied the empire of ,great ,britain and declared herself an independent state6 ,dark days followed4 ,the ,british army occupied ,newport4 ,by command of congress1 ,rhode ,island had sent her two battalions to ,new ,york1 thus rendering herself defenseless4 ,the militia was organized to protect the sea-coast4 ,i may not linger to tell of the capture of ,gen4 ,prescott2 of the unsuccessful attempt to dislodge the ,british1 nor of the battle of ,rhode ,island1 in which ,col4 ,christopher ,greene with his famous regiment of blacks distinguished himself1 and which ,lafayette afterwards declared was the best-planned battle of the war4 ,for three years the ,english army held this fair island and left it a scene of desolation4 ,newport never recovered4 ,her commerce was destroyed4 ,her ships never returned4 ,meanwhile momentous events were occurring at the seat of war4 ,philadelphia was threatened and the continental congress had been moved to ,baltimore4 ,washington1 with less than twenty-three hundred men1 recrossed the ,delaware at night4 ,the men he placed in two divisions1 one under ,general ,greene1 the other under ,gen4 ,sullivan1 and successfully attacked the ,hessians at ,trenton capturing nine hundred prisoners 7,dec4 #bfth1 #aggf74 ,washington recrossed the ,delaware into ,pennsylvania with his prisoners and spoils that very night4 ,on ,january #ast1 #aggg1 with #e1jjj men he again crossed the ,delaware and took post at ,trenton4 ,the next day ,cornwallis appeared before ,washington's position with a much larger forces4 ,only a creek separated the two armies4 ,the ,rhode ,island brigade distinguished itself at the successful holding of the bridge and received the thanks of ,washington4 ,that night ,washington withdrew1 leaving his camp fires burning4 ,next morning1 ,january #crd1 #aggg1 ,cornwallis was amazed to find ,washington gone and still more astounded1 as he heard in the direction of ,princeton the guns of the ,americans1 who won that day another decisive victory4 ,we must not dwell upon the record of ,gen4 ,nathaniel ,greene4 ,his campaign in ,south ,carolina was brilliant4 ,he has been called the saviour of the ,south4 ,it was he1 a ,rhode ,island general1 who1 because of his military skill1 stood second only to ,washington4 ,at the closing event of the war1 the siege of ,yorktown1 a ,rhode ,island regiment under ,capt4 ,stephen ,olney1 headed the advancing column4 ,sword in hand the leaders broke through the first obstructions4 ,some of the eager assailants entered the ditch4 ,among these was ,capt4 ,olney who1 as soon as a few of his men collected1 forced his way between the palisades1 leaped upon the parapet and called in a voice that rose above the din of battle ,capt4 ,olney's company form here6 ,a gunshot wound in the arm1 a bayonet thrust in the thigh and a terrible wound in the abdomen which he was obliged to cover with one hand1 while he parried the bayonets with the other1 answered the defiant shout4 ,capt4 ,olney was borne from the field1 but not until he had given the direction to form in order4 ,in ten minutes after the first fire the fort was taken4 ,three days later ,cornwallis accepted terms of surrender1 which were formally carried out on ,october #aith1 #agha4 ,the war was over4 ,the gallantry of ,olney was lauded by ,lafayette in general orders and more handsomely recognized in his correspondence4 ,but the historian1 thus far1 has failed to record the fact1 noted by ,arnold1 that the first sword that flashed in triumph above the captured heights of ,yorktown was a ,rhode ,island ,sword6--,,anna ,b4 ,,manchester in ,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,georgia ,,and ,,her ,,heroes ,,in ,,the ,,revolution4 ,at the outbreak of the ,revolution ,georgia was the youngest of the colonies4 ,although there had been some unsatisfactory relations with the mother country1 there had been no unfriendly relations until the passage of the famous ,stamp ,act4 ,on account of the liberal laws granted by ,england and the fatherly care of ,general ,james ,oglethorpe1 the ,colony of ,georgia had least cause to rebel4 ,but she could not stand aside and see her sister colonies persecuted without protesting4 ,in ,september1 #agfi1 a meeting of merchants in ,savannah protested against the ,stamp ,act4 ,jonathan ,bryan presided over this meeting1 and was asked by the royal governor1 ,sir ,james ,wright1 to resign his seat in the governor's council for having done so4 ,about the same time ,noble ,w4 ,jones was elected ,speaker of the ,assembly4 ,governor ,wright refused to sanction the choice because ,noble ,w4 ,jones was a ,liberty ,boy4 ,these two acts of the governor angered the people and made them more determined to resist4 ,noble ,w4 ,jones has been called the morning star of liberty1 on account of his activity in the cause of liberty at this time4 ,a band of patriots met in ,august1 #aggd1 and condemned the ,boston ,port ,bill4 ,six hundred barrels of rice were purchased and sent to the suffering people of ,boston4 ,about the same time a ,provincial ,congress was called to choose delegates to the first ,continental ,congress to meet soon in ,philadelphia1 but through the activity of the royal governor1 only five of the twelve parishes were represented4 ,no representatives were sent because this meeting did not represent a majority of the people4 ,st4 ,john's parish1 the hotbed of the rebellion1 sent ,lyman ,hall to represent that parish alone in the ,continental ,congress4 ,on account of the patriotic and independent spirit of its people1 and this prompt and courageous movement1 the legislature in after years conferred the name of ,liberty ,county on the consolidated parishes of ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,james4 ,after the news of ,lexington arrived great excitement prevailed4 ,on the night of ,may #a1 #agge1 a party of six men led by ,joseph ,habersham broke open the powder magazine and took out all the ammunition4 ,some of this powder was sent to ,massachusetts and used at the ,battle of ,bunker ,hill4 ,the people proceeded to take charge of the government4 ,a ,council of ,safety and ,provincial ,assembly were elected4 ,the patriots captured a ,british schooner containing fourteen thousand barrels of powder4 ,this captured schooner was the first ship to be commissioned by the ,american nation4 ,the ,council of ,safety ordered the arrest of ,governor ,wright4 ,joseph ,habersham with six men easily did this1 but the governor soon escaped4 ,the incident is famous because ,john ,milledge and ,edward ,telfair1 known as two of the best loved of ,georgia governors in after years1 were members of this brave band4 ,joseph ,habersham himself became famous afterwards1 being ,postmaster-,general in ,washington's cabinet4 ,while these events were taking place the second ,continental ,congress was framing the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,george ,walton1 ,button ,gwinnett1 and ,lyman ,hall signed that great document for ,georgia4 ,button ,gwinnett did not live to see ,georgia's independence established1 but ,lyman ,hall and ,george ,walton saw her take her place in the union4 ,they were honored with the highest offices of the state4 ,there were many other men who became famous on account of their activities for the cause of liberty at this time4 ,chief among these were ,lachlan ,mc,intosh1 of whom ,washington said1 ,i esteem him an officer of great merit and worth3 ,archibald ,bulloch1 ,james ,jackson1 ,david ,emanuel1 ,john ,adam ,treutlen1 ,samuel ,elbert1 ,john ,baker1 ,john ,wereat1 and ,john ,houston4 ,with the exception of a few unsuccessful expeditions against ,florida there was no fighting in ,georgia until ,december1 #aggh4 ,the people hoped that the war would be fought elsewhere1 but such was not to be4 ,general ,prevost who commanded the ,british in ,florida was ordered to invade ,georgia from the ,south4 ,colonel ,campbell was sent by ,general ,howe with three thousand five hundred troops to attack ,savannah4 ,colonel ,campbell landed ,december #bg1 #aggh1 and by a skillful flank movement drove a small army of nine hundred patriots from their intrenchments near ,savannah and pursued them with such terrible slaughter that barely four hundred escaped4 ,many were run down with the bayonet in the streets of ,savannah1 almost within sight of their families4 ,james ,jackson and ,john ,milledge1 both of whom were afterward governor of ,georgia1 were among the number that escaped and while going through ,south ,carolina to join ,general ,lincoln's army they were arrested by the ,americans who thought they were ,english spies4 ,preparations were made for hanging them when an ,american officer came up who recognized them1 and they were set free4 ,it was certainly a blessing to the state that these men did not suffer an ignominious death for they rendered invaluable service in after years by fighting the ,yazoo ,fraud4 ,illustration3 ,,carpenter',s ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,chestnut1 ,between #c;d and #dth ,streets4 ,the ,first ,continental ,congress ,assembled ,here ,september #e1 #aggd4 ,the force of ,british from ,florida captured ,fort ,morris and united with the ,british force at ,savannah4 ,this combined force pressed on toward ,augusta4 ,ebenezer was captured4 ,a force of patriots under the command of ,colonels ,john ,twiggs1 ,benjamin and ,william ,few1 defeated the ,british advance guard under the notorious ,tories1 ,browne1 and ,mc,girth1 but the ,americans' efforts were in vain and ,augusta fell without a struggle4 ,the cause of liberty was crushed for a while4 ,the royal governor was restored to power1 ,england could say that she had conquered one of her rebellious colonies at least4 ,but the spirit of liberty was not dead4 ,colonels ,elijah ,clarke and ,john ,dooly of ,georgia1 with ,pickens of ,south ,carolina1 nearly annihilated a band of plundering ,tories at ,kettle ,creek4 ,this aroused the ,georgians with renewed vigor4 ,the ,british hearing that a ,french fleet was coming to attack ,savannah1 began to withdraw to that place4 ,the ,british outpost at ,sunbury was ordered to retreat to ,savannah4 ,colonel ,white with six men captured the entire garrison of one hundred and forty men through strategy4 ,when the ,french fleet under ,count d',estaing arrived1 ,general ,lincoln brought the ,continental ,army to assist in the recapture of the city4 ,the combined ,french and ,american force beseiged the city for three weeks all in vain4 ,finally it was decided to attempt to take the place by assault which resulted disastrously to the ,american cause4 ,the ,french and ,americans were driven back having lost over eleven hundred men1 among them the ,polish patriot1 ,pulaski1 and ,sergeant ,jasper1 the hero of ,fort ,moultrie4 ,the ,french fleet sailed away and ,general ,lincoln retreated to ,charleston leaving ,georgia once more completely in the hands of the ,british4 ,tories went through the state committing all kinds of outrages4 ,colonel ,john ,dooly was murdered in the presence of his family by a band of ,tories4 ,the next day the same murderous ,tories visited ,nancy ,hart1 a friend of ,colonel ,john ,dooly4 ,nancy overheard them talking of the deed and she began to think of vengeance4 ,she slid several of their guns through the cracks of the log cabin before the ,tories saw her4 ,when the ,tories noticed her she pointed one toward them4 ,one ,tory advanced toward her and was shot down4 ,the others afraid1 dared not move4 ,meanwhile ,nancy's daughter signaled for ,nancy's husband who was in command of a band of patriots that carried on guerilla warfare in the neighborhood and on their arrival the ,tories were taken out and hung4 ,nancy ,hart is the only woman for whom a county has been named in ,georgia4 ,after the fall of ,charleston in #aghj1 ,augusta was again occupied by the ,british4 ,colonel ,elijah ,clarke collected a force to recapture the place4 ,his first attempt was unsuccessful ,september #ad-ah1 #aghj4 ,he retreated leaving thirty wounded men behind4 ,the cruel ,colonel ,browne hung thirteen and turned the others over to his ,indian allies to be tortured4 ,it is worthy of note that ,john ,clarke1 son of ,elijah ,clarke1 was fighting with his father at this battle although he was only sixteen years old4 ,he afterwards became governor of ,georgia and founder of the ,clarke party in ,georgia4 ,light ,horse ,harry ,lee1 father of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 and ,general ,pickens brought reinforcements to ,clarke and the combined force again besieged ,augusta with renewed vigor ,may #aeth1 ,june #eth1 #agha4 ,after much hard fighting ,colonel ,browne was forced to surrender ,june #eth1 #agha4 ,on account of his cruelties he had to be protected from violence by a special escort4 ,the ,british were gradually forced back into ,savannah4 ,when ,cornwallis surrendered1 only four places were in their possession in ,georgia4 ,in ,january1 #aghb1 ,mad ,anthony ,wayne came to ,georgia to drive the ,british out4 ,he routed ,colonel ,browne1 who had collected a band of ,tories and ,indians at ,ogeechee ,ferry1 after his exchange4 ,the ,british were hemmed in ,savannah4 ,finally in ,may1 #aghb1 orders came to the royal governor from the king to surrender ,savannah and return to ,england4 ,major ,james ,jackson was selected by ,general ,wayne to receive the keys of the city4 ,they were formally presented by ,governor ,wright and ,major ,jackson marched in at the head of his troops4 ,the city was again in the hands of the state after having been occupied by the ,british for three and one-half years4 ,the great struggle was over4 ,georgia was weakest of the colonies and none had felt the hard hand of war any more than she4 ,the heroic deeds of her sons during that awful struggle are sources of pride to every true ,georgian4--,prize ,essay by ,,julius ,,milton1 ,nathanial ,abney ,chapter4 ,,united ,,states ,,treasury ,,seal4 ,the design of the seal of the treasury of the ,united ,states in all its essential features is older than the national government4 ,from the days of the confederation of the colonies down through the history of the republic the ,latin motto on the seal has been ,the ,seal of the ,treasury of ,north ,america4 ,these facts have just been developed1 says the ,newark ,news1 by an investigation by the treasury department tracing the history of the seal4 ,the ,continental ,congress ordered its construction ,sept4 #bf1 #aggh1 appointing ,john ,witherspoon1 ,gouvernor ,morris and ,r4 ,h4 ,lee a committee on design4 ,there is no record of the report of the committee1 but impressions of the seal have been found as early as #aghb4 ,the original seal was continued in use until #ahdi1 when1 worn out1 it was replaced by a new cut1 made by ,edward ,stabler of ,montgomery county1 ,md4 ,he was directed to make a facsimile of the old seal1 but there were some negligible differences4 ,the symbols1 however1 are the same4 ,there are the #ac stars1 representing the #ac colonies2 the scales as the emblem of justice and keys1 in secular heraldry denoting an office of state4 ,,willie ,,was ,,saved4 ,we had a ,sane ,fourth--,i was not ,allowed to fire a single shot2 ,if ,i'd 'a made a cracker pop ,i'd a' been hauled in by th' cop4 ,if me or any of th' boys ,had dared to make a bit o' noise ,they would 'a slapped us all in jail ,an' held us there till we gave bail1 ,an' so our ,fourth1 ,i will explain ,was absolutely safe an' sane4 ,pa's feelin' better--'t least no worse1 ,i heard him tell th' new trained nurse1 ,he played golf nearly all th' day ,with ,mister ,jones and ,mister ,shea ,until 'bout half past three o'clock ,an' then he had an awful shock1 ,th' sun was boilin' hot1 an' he ,was playin' hard as hard could be1 ,an' he got sunstruck1 but he'll be ,up in two weeks1 or mebbe three4 ,ma's conshus now4 ,they think her arm ,ain't re'lly suffered serious harm1 ,except it's broke4 ,an' where her face ,got cut will heal without a trace1 ,ma went out ridin' with th' ,greens ,to view th' restful country scenes4 ,a tire blew up an' they upset-- ,they didn't have no landin' net6 ,th' doctor says that sleep an' rest ,for her will prob'ly be th' best4 ,my sister's better1 too1 although ,they had to work an hour or so ,to bring her to--she purt' near drowned ,an' looked like dead when she was found4 ,she went to row with ,mr4 ,groke ,an' he--he says 'twas for a joke-- ,he rocked th' boat an' they fell out1 ,an' people run from miles about ,to save their lives4 ,she was a sight ,when they brought her back home last night4 ,i wasn't hurt though1 ,i'll explain1 ,because my ,fourth was ,safe an' ,sane4 --,wilbur ,d4 ,nesbit4 ,,virginia ,,revolutionary ,,forts4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,c4 ,,bell ,,clayton4 ,in a mental vision of that galaxy of stars which emblazon our national flag1 that bright constellation the thirteen original states1 we pause to select the one star which shines with purest ray serene1 and as we gaze upon the grand pageant from ,new ,hampshire to ,georgia and recall the mighty things achieved by the self-sacrificing devotion of their illustrious statesmen and generals with the united efforts of every patriot1 it is with admiration for all that we point with reverence to that star which stands for her who cradled the nation1 that infant colony at ,jamestown in ,virginia1 who made defense first against the tomahawk of the ,indians1 growing stronger and stronger with an innate love for truth and justice1 'till we hear the cry ,give me liberty or give me death1 which resounded from the ,white ,mountains of ,new ,hampshire to the sunny lands of ,georgia1 and is echoed there in her legend1 ,wisdom1 justice and moderation4 ,you1 our sisters1 the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution of ,south ,carolina1 whose state is strong in state craft and brave as the bravest1 and whose star shines as a beacon light in the constellation of states1 to those who would infringe on the rights of others1 you call to us1 in your study of the defences of the revolutionary period1 to show our ,landmarks1 the signs of our ancestor's devotion to patriotism1 that you with us1 may reverence their loyalty and with pride cherish every evidence of their struggle for liberty1 remembering always that he who builded the house is greater than the house4 ,we would tell you of facts in the military annals of ,virginia1 deeds of prowess1 more enduring than memorials of stone1 which have become the sacred heritage of us all1 but to these1 at this time1 our attention is not to be given4 ,and if we fail to show but a few of her strongholds1 you must remember that within the present bounds of ,virginia there were few important positions held against assault1 and her ,northwestern ,territory was far away from the main contest4 ,her troops were kept moving from place to place1 their defences often were not forts1 but earthworks1 hastily constructed1 often trees1 houses1 fences1 etc4 ,for instance the first revolutionary battle fought on ,virginia soil was at ,hampton1 a little town between the ,york and ,james rivers4 ,the ,virginians sunk obstacles in the water for protection1 but during the night the ,british destroyed them and turned their guns upon the town4 ,in this fight we had no fire-arms but rifles to oppose the cannons of the ,english1 so when the attack began the riflemen had to conceal themselves behind such meagre defences as ,i have mentioned1 houses1 fences1 trees1 etc41 opening fire upon the ,british vessels4 ,the men at the guns were killed and not a sailor touched a sail without being shot4 ,confusion was upon the ,british decks1 and in dismay they tried to draw off and make escape into the bay1 but without success2 some of the vessels were captured1 many men were taken prisoners1 and the whole fleet would have been captured but for the report that a large body of the ,british were advancing from another direction4 ,small was the defense1 but great was the result at this first battle of the ,revolution on ,virginia soil4 ,,the ,,fort ,,at ,,great ,,bridge4 ,after the attack on ,hampton1 ,lord ,dunmore determined to make an assault on ,norfolk4 ,he erected a fort at ,great ,bridge where it crosses a branch of the ,elizabeth river4 ,this bridge was of importance as it commanded the entrance of ,norfolk4 ,the ,virginians held a small village near by4 ,at these points the armies were encamped for several days ready for the moment to begin the fight4 ,in order to precipitate a contest1 the ,virginians had recourse to a stratagem4 ,a negro boy belonging to ,major ,marshall was sent to ,lord ,dunmore4 ,he represented himself as a deserter and reported that the ,virginians had only three hundred 'shirt men1' a term used to distinguish the patriot1 whose only uniform was a graceful hunting shirt1 which afterwards became so celebrated in the ,revolution4 ,believing the story1 ,lord ,dunmore gave vent to his exultation1 as he thought he saw before him the opportunity of wreaking his vengeance upon the ,virginians4 ,he mustered his whole force and gave the order for marching out in the night and forcing the breastworks of his hated foe4 ,in order to stimulate his troops to desperate deeds1 he told them that the ,virginians were no better than savages1 and were wanting in courage and determination1 that in all probability they would not stand fire at all1 but if by any chance they were permitted to triumph1 the ,english need expect no quarter1 and they would be scalped according to the rules of savage warfare4 ,early in the morning of ,december #ith1 #agge1 the ,virginians beheld the enemy advancing towards their breastworks4 ,they were commanded by ,capt4 ,fordyce1 a brave officer4 ,waving his cap over his head1 he led his men in the face of a terrible fire1 which ran along the ,american line1 directly up to the breastworks4 ,he received a shot in the knee and fell forward1 but jumping up as if he had only stumbled1 in a moment he fell again pierced by fourteen bullets4 ,his death threw everything into confusion4 ,the next officer was mortally wounded1 other officers were prostrate with wounds1 and many privates had fallen4 ,in this desperate situation a retreat towards their fort at ,norfolk was the only resource left to the ,english4 ,they were not allowed to escape without a vigorous pursuit4 ,it was conducted by brave ,col4 ,stevens1 who captured many prisoners and ten pieces of cannon4 ,the loss of the ,british was one hundred and two killed and wounded4 ,the only damage to our men was a wound in the finger of one of them4 ,the ,british had built a fort for their defence1 the ,virginians had breastworks4 ,,fort ,,nelson4 ,during the ,revolution ,sovereign ,virginia erected ,fort ,nelson to resist ,lord ,dunmore1 should he ever attempt to return to the harbor of ,norfolk and ,portsmouth4 ,it was named for the patriot ,governor ,nelson1 who gave his private fortune to aid the credit of ,virginia1 and risked his life and sacrificed his health on the battlefields of the ,american ,republic4 ,on account of its location it was never the scene of any bloody battle1 but like the ',old ,guard1' it was held in reserve for the emergencies of war4 ,on the #ith of ,may1 #aggi1 a great ,british fleet1 under ,admiral ,sir ,george ,collier entered ,hampton ,roads1 sailed up ,elizabeth river1 and landed three thousand royal soldiers under ,general ,matthews in ,norfolk ,county1 where ,fort ,norfolk now stands1 to flank this fortification and capture its garrison composed of only #aej soldiers4 ,maj4 ,matthews1 the ,american commander1 frustrated the designs of the ,british general by evacuating the fort1 and retired to the northward4 ,on the #aath of ,may1 the ,british took possession of the two towns1 and gave free hand to pillage and destruction4 ,sir ,george ,collier1 after satisfying his wrath sailed back to ,new ,york4 ,varying fortunes befell ,fort ,nelson during the remainder of the war until the evacuation by ,benedict ,arnold1 after which no ,british grenadier ever paced its ramparts4 ,after the close of the ,revolution1 it was rebuilt and for many years was garrisoned by regular soldiers of the ,united ,states2 but since1 abandoned as a fortification1 it has been a beautiful park and a home for sick officers and sailors of our navy4 ,the garrison of ,fort ,nelson1 under the glorious stars and stripes1 on the #bbnd of ,june1 #ahac1 stood to their shotted guns1 to meet the ,british invaders1 who were defeated at ,crany ,island1 by our ,capt4 ,arthur ,emerson and other gallant heroes4 ,here thousands of soldiers marched in response to the call of ,virginia in #ahfa4 ,in the naval park at ,portsmouth1 the site of ,fort ,nelson1 there is a monument whose granite body embraces a real ,revolutionary cannon4 ,this gun was selected from a number of guns known to be of the period of the ,american ,revolution4 ,it is believed that one1 at least1 of these was mounted at ,crany ,island for the defense of ,portsmouth and ,norfolk4 ,the honor of erecting this monument is due to the ladies of the ,fort ,nelson ,chapter of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution and to ,admiral ,p4 ,f4 ,harrington of the ,united ,states ,navy1 and also ,medical ,director ,r4 ,c4 ,person of the navy4 ,it is said that with proper care this gun will last centuries and ,it will carry down to distant generations a memorial of the patriots of the ,american ,revolution1 a mark of the formation of a nation and the token of the later patriots1 the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 to whose efforts is due this important national service to which the gun has been dedicated4 ,after these first assaults1 for about three years of the war1 there was almost no fighting in ,virginia1 but during that term she was furnishing her full quota of men1 money and inspiration to the cause1 with devoted loyalty1 assisting in the north and in the south1 wherever an attack was made4 ,directing her attention to the main army she built no defences of any importance on her own territory east of the ,alleghanies4 ,the ,british success in the north and followed by still more decided victories in the south4 ,thus later the ,english began to look forward1 with certainty1 to the conquest of the entire country1 and as ,virginia was regarded as the heart of the rebellion1 it was decided to carry their victorious arms into the state1 as the surest way of bringing the war to a speedy conclusion4 ,we had no time1 then1 for building forts1 and when we recall the traitor ,arnold's advance on ,richmond1 with the two days he spent there destroying public and private property--his taking of ,petersburg1 burning the tobacco and vessels lying at the wharves1 with ,col4 ,tarleton's raids1 scouring the country of every thing2 in fact all of ,cornwallis' reign of terror1 which was soon to end in that imposing scene at ,yorktown1 we realize truly that the battle is not to the strong1 nor the race to the swift1 but that a country's bulwark often are not forts and strong towers1 but her courageous heart1 and her staunch friends1 such men as ,lafayette1 ,de ,rochambeau1 ,de ,grasse and ,steuben1 who with ,washington1 led the allied ,americans and ,french forces at ,yorktown1 and besieged the ,british fortification1 the surrender of which virtually closed the ,revolutionary ,war on the #aith of ,october1 #agha4 ,the place is sacred1 their devotion reverenced4 ,,forts ,,of ,,the ,,northwestern ,,territory1 ,,kaskaskia1 ,,cahokia ,,and ,,vincennes4 ,while the communities of the sea coast were yet in a fever heat from the uprising against the stamp act1 the first explorers were toiling painfully to ,kentucky1 and the first settlers were building their palisaded hamlets on the banks of the ,wautauga4 ,the year that saw the first ,continental ,congress saw also the short grim tragedy of ,lord ,dunmore's war4 ,the battles of the ,revolution were fought while ,boone and his comrades were laying the foundation of their ,commonwealth4 ,hitherto the two chains of events had been only remotely connected1 but in #aggf1 the year of the ,declaration of ,independence1 the struggle between the king and his rebellious subjects shook the whole land and the men of the western border were drawn headlong into the full current of the ,revolutionary war4 ,from that moment our politics became national1 and the fate of each portion of our country was thenceforth in some sort dependent upon the welfare of every other4 ,each section had its own work to do2 the east won independence while the west began to conquer the continent1 yet the deeds of each were of vital consequence to the other4 ,the ,continentals gave the west its freedom1 and took in return1 for themselves and their children1 a share of the land that had been conquered and held by the scanty bands of tall backwoodsmen4 ,kentucky had been settled chiefly through ,daniel ,boone's instrumentality in the year that saw the first fighting of the ,revolution1 and had been added to ,virginia by the strenuous endeavors of ,major ,george ,rogers ,clark of ,albermarle1 ,virginia1 whose far seeing and ambitious soul prompted him to use it as a base from which to conquer the vast region northwest of the ,ohio4 ,the country beyond the ,ohio was not like ,kentucky1 a tenantless and debatable hunting ground4 ,it was the seat of powerful and warlike ,indian confederacies1 and of cluster of ancient ,french hamlets which had been founded generations before ,kentucky pioneers were born4 ,it also contained forts that were garrisoned and held by the soldiers of the ,british king4 ,it is true that ,virginia claimed this territory under the original grant in her charter1 but it was almost an unknown and foreign land1 and could only be held by force4 ,clark's scheming brain and bold heart had long been planning its conquest4 ,he looked about to see from whence came the cause of the ,indian atrocities on the whole ,american frontier1 and like ,washington he saw that those ,indian movements were impelled by some outside force4 ,he discovered that the ,british forts of ,detroit1 ,kaskaskia and ,st4 ,vincent were the centers from which the ,indians obtained their ammunition and arms to devastate the country4 ,he resolved to take these forts4 ,he knew that it would be impossible to raise a force to capture these forts from the scanty garrisoned forts and villages of ,kentucky1 though he knew of a few picked men peculiarly suited to his purpose1 but fully realized that he would have to go to ,virginia for the body of his forces4 ,accordingly1 he decided to lay the case before ,patrick ,henry1 the governor of ,virginia4 ,henry's ardent soul quickly caught the flame from ,clark's fiery enthusiasm1 but the peril of sending an expedition to such a wild and distant country was so great1 and ,virginia's forces so exhausted that he could do little beyond lending ,clark the weight of his name and influence4 ,finally though1 ,henry authorized him to raise seven companies1 each of fifty men1 who were to act as militia1 and to be paid as such4 ,he also advanced him a sum of twelve hundred pounds and gave him an order on the authorities at ,pittsburg for boats1 supplies and ammunition2 while three of the most prominent gentlemen of ,virginia1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,george ,mason and ,george ,wythe1 agreed1 in writing1 to do their part to induce the legislature to grant to each of the adventurers three hundred acres of the conquered land1 if they were successful4 ,clark was given the commission of colonel with the instruction to raise his men from the frontier counties west of the ,blue ,ridge1 so as not to weaken the sea coast region in their struggle against the ,british4 ,to this instruction he did not strictly adhere4 ,there was a company of soldiers from ,bedford ,county1 ,virginia1 under his command1 a list of whose names are on our county records4 ,two of these are connections of the mother of ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,clayton1 the regent of the ,peaks of ,otter ,chapter of ,virginia ,daughters1 which facts enhance our pride and interest in the capture of the western forts by ,colonel ,clark1 which perhaps1 prevented a vast and beautiful region of our country from being a part of a then foreign and hostile empire4 ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,fort ,,kaskaskia4 ,fort ,kaskaskia1 an old ,french fort of western ,illinois1 situated on ,kaskaskia ,river1 and garrisoned by the ,british was1 at the time of its capture in splendid repair with a well drilled militia and spies constantly on the lookout4 ,rochenblave1 the commandant of the fort1 had two or three times as many men as ,col4 ,clark1 and would have made a vigorous fight if he had not been taken by surprise4 ,clark's force after the toil and hardships of much traveling across rivers and tangled pathless forests1 was much reduced1 and it was only his audacity and the noiseless speed of his movements1 that gave him a chance of success with the odds so heavily against him4 ,he ferried his men across the stream under cover of darkness and profound silence4 ,inside the forts1 lights were lit1 and through the windows came the sound of violins4 ,the officers of the fort had given a ball1 the young men and girls were dancing1 revelling within1 while the sentinels had left their posts4 ,one of the men whom ,clark had captured1 on his approach to the fort1 showed him a postern gate by the river side1 through which he entered the fort1 having placed his men about the entrance4 ,advancing to the great hall1 where the revel was held he leaned silently1 with folded arms1 against the door post1 looking at the dancers4 ,an ,indian lying on the floor of the entry suddenly sprang to his feet uttering the unearthly war whoop4 ,the dancing ceased1 the women screamed1 while the men ran towards the door1 but ,clark standing unmoved and with unchanged face1 grimly bade them continue their dancing1 but to remember that they now danced under ,virginia and not ,great ,britain4 ,at the same time his men seized the officers1 including the commandant1 ,rochenblave1 who was sent a prisoner to ,williamsburg1 ,virginia4 ,among his papers falling into the hands of ,colonel ,clark1 were the instructions which he had from time to time received from the ,british ,governor of ,quebec and ,detroit1 urging him to stimulate the ,indians to war by the proffer of large bounties for the scalps of the ,americans4 ,this shows of what importance the capture of this fort was at that period1 a defence against the scalping knife of the ,indians as well as the power of the ,british tyrant4 ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,cohokia ,,and ,,vincennes4 ,after the capture of ,kaskaskia1 without the shedding of a drop of blood1 ,clark pushed on to the taking of fort ,cohokia1 where the ,french1 as soon as they were made to know that ,france had acknowledged the independence of ,america1 shouted for freedom and the ,americans4 ,clark then marched to fort ,vincennes which1 without the firing of a gun1 surrendered1 and the garrison took the oath of allegiance to ,virginia ,july #aith1 #aggh4 ,very soon after this the ,british under ,governor ,hamilton1 left ,detroit and recaptured ,vincennes1 only to be forced by ,clark to surrender it a second time in ,february1 #aggi1 and to yield himself a prisoner of war4 ,the taking of this fort the second time was a most remarkable achievement4 ,clark took1 without artillery1 a heavy stockaded fort1 protected by cannon and swivels and garrisoned by trained soldiers4 ,much credit belongs to ,clark's men but most belongs to their leader4 ,the boldness of his plan and the resolute skill with which he followed it out1 his perseverance through the intense hardship of the midwinter march of two hundred miles1 through swamps and swollen rivers1 with lack of force1 the address with which he kept the ,french and ,indians neutral1 and the masterful way in which he controlled his own men1 together with the ability and courage he displayed in the actual attack1 combined to make his feat the most memorable of all the deeds done west of the ,alleghenies in the ,revolutionary war4 ,it was likewise the most important in its results1 for had he been defeated in the capture of these forts we would not only have lost ,illinois but in all probability ,kentucky also4 ,as it was he planted the flag of the ,old ,dominion over the whole of the northwestern territory1 and when peace came the ,british boundary line was forced to the big lakes instead of coming down to the ,ohio1 and the ,state of ,virginia had a clear title to this vast domain1 out of which were carved the states of ,ohio1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,wisconsin1 ,michigan and a part of ,minnesota4 ,virginia's share in the history of the nation has been gallant and leading1 but the ,revolutionary war was emphatically fought by ,americans for ,america2 no part could have won without the help of the whole1 and every victory was thus a victory for all in which all alike can take pride--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,uncrowned ,,queens ,,and ,,kings1 ,,as ,,shown ,,through ,,humorous ,,incidents ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,one by one the years have dropped into the abyss of the past1 since the close of the war for ,american ,independence4 ,time has spread his brooding wings over the gulf and much of the horror and of the pathos of that tremendous struggle is now veiled from us2 yet we are still perhaps too prone to remember only the dreadful in the events of the war1 too anxious to recall only the dark days1 leaving out the traces of cheerfulness which even in those troublous times1 were experienced here and there2 for there were many incidents connected with the ,american ,revolution which were in lighter vein2 incidents which did not1 it is true1 abolish the gloom and the suffering1 but which lightened the sombreness and shed rays of glimmering light through the shade4 ,it has always seemed to me almost incredible1 that the ,colonists could have found anything to laugh at during those awful years4 ,they were threatened with absolute loss of liberty as a country2 they were menaced by starvation1 and they were obliged to pass through the rigors of the winters1 without proper food or clothing4 ,the sanctity of their homes was invaded by the grim monster of war1 who was no respecter of persons1 and to whose voracious palate all persons were equally attractive4 ,if the ,british won their cause1 the ,colonists had nothing better to which to look forward than slavery and injustice2 if the colonists won theirs1 they must face the future poorly equipped in every way4 ,the waste of their country must be repaired1 their desolate homes must be rebuilt2 their business1 which was crushed1 must be restored1 they must begin from the beginning4 ,whatever the result1 the outlook was dark4 ,as the days went on1 the husbands and fathers were obliged to forsake their plows1 and go1 perhaps with but a moment's warning1 to bloody fields of battle4 ,poorly clothed1 they fought in their shirt sleeves and with their feet bare1 their bloody foot prints often standing out as symbols of the struggle4 ,the women must remain at home1 to plow and sow and reap4 ,the ,american soldiers must have spent many sleepless nights thinking of their unprotected ones at home1 alone and defenceless4 ,how could there be anything of humor connected with the struggle8 ,and yet1 while the ,american ,revolution can in no sense of the word be said to have had its humorous side1 yet there was much of humor connected with many ,revolutionary occurrences1 the stories of which have lived until the present time and have gained perhaps in their humorous aspect since the close of the great struggle4 ,one of the first incidents of the war1 which ,i have found to savor of the humorous1 was the meeting of ,general ,john ,burgoyne and the ,irish patriot immediately after the surrender of the ,british ,general4 ,all through the march of the ,general1 to ,saratoga1 he had boasted of the of the calamities which he would bring upon the ,americans4 ,pompously up and down his quarters he would strut1 composing high sounding sentences and listening to the fine roll of his voice1 revelling in his verbosity and smiling with satisfaction at his thoughts which he deemed so great4 ,the manifestos which he issued so frequently1 were words1 words1 words1 and these reiterated over and over again1 the direful things which would encompass the ,americans1 did they not surrender with all haste and with becoming deference4 ,he made himself ridiculous by the manifestos1 but he did not realize this until he made his way through the streets of ,albany1 a conquered rather than a conquering hero1 and met a funny little ,irishman1 who had evidently studied the harangues of the ,general to good purpose4 ,on the march through the ,albany streets1 ,burgoyne was surrounded by men1 women and children1 who would fain look upon the face of this pompous ,british ,general4 ,suddenly in the crowded part of the street1 there bobbed up in front of him1 a blue-eyed1 red-haired ,celt1 his bright eyes dancing with mirth and his tongue ready with the wit of his mother country4 ,make way there1 ye spalpeens1 he shouted1 sure don't ye see the great ,ginral ,burgyne a comin' along8 ,sthand back fer the great ,ginral4 ,wud yees be standin' in the way of the conquerer8 ,if ye don't sthand back and give the great man room1 shure ,i'll murther ivy mither's son of ye4 ,history does not record how the boasting ,briton received the onslaught of the ,irishman1 but we can readily imagine that his face lengthened a little1 as he heard the laughs on every side4 ,still it is quite possible that he did not see the joke until the following week4 ,someway1 that march of ,burgoyne and his army1 always struck me as humorous to a certain extent4 ,while there was the sadness caused by the loss of many lives1 and while the battle of ,saratoga was one of the great battles of the world1 still ,burgoyne himself1 with his verbosity and his pomposity1 was so ludicrous a figure oft times1 that he gave a humorous tinge to the entire campaign4 ,the saying of ,general ,starke at ,bennington which has come down to us with such pleasing patriotism3 ,here come the ,red ,coats and we must beat them to-day1 or ,mollie ,starke is a widow1 was not a humorous saying1 nor was the battle of ,bennington a humorous incident4 ,but ,bill ,nye1 the immortal1 has written something exceedingly funny concerning both4 ,nye said1 ,this little remark of ,starke's made an instantaneous hit1 and when they counted up their prisoners at night they found they had six hundred souls and a ,hessian4 ,nye's description of ,burgoyne's surrender is well worth repeating4 ,he wrote3 ,a council was now held in ,burgoyne's tent and on the question of renewing the fight1 stood six to six1 when an eighteen pound hot shot went through the tent1 knocking a stylograph pen out of ,burgoyne's hand4 ,almost at once he decided to surrender1 and the entire army of #fiii men was surrendered1 together with arms1 portable bath tubs and leather hat boxes4 ,nearly all of our ,american soldiers were brave2 that goes without saying4 ,one of the bravest of these was ,lieutenant ,manning4 ,his deeds of prowess were many and great4 ,he was hero in one extremely humorous incident at the battle of ,eutaw4 ,after the ,british line had been broken1 the ,old ,buffs started to run4 ,this particular regiment was as boastful as ,general ,burgoyne4 ,manning knew this and he was delighted to follow hard after them with his platoon4 ,excited in his pursuit he did not notice that he was getting away from his men1 until he found himself surrounded by ,british soldiers and not an ,american in sight4 ,something must be done at once and ,manning was the man to do it4 ,he siezed a ,british officer standing near1 and much to that officer's amazement he not only felt himself violently handled1 but he heard the stentorian voice of the ,american shouting--,you are my prisoner4 ,his sword was wrested from his grasp1 and he was made a human shield for this preposterously impudent ,american4 ,but instead of making a break for liberty1 he began to relate his various titles to ,manning4 ,i am sir1 he said1 ,sir ,henry ,barry1 ,deputy ,adjutant ,general of the ,british ,army1 ,captain in the #eb;d ,regiment1 ,secretary to the ,commandant of ,charleston4 ,enough ,sir1 said ,manning1 ,you are just the man ,i have been looking for4 ,fear nothing2 you shall screen me from danger and ,i will take special care of you1 which he did1 holding the astonished man of title in front of him1 until he reached the ,americans and handed him over as a prisoner4 ,colonel ,peter ,horry was another brave man of the south4 ,he was afflicted by an impediment in his speech and at one time the impediment nearly worked disaster for him4 ,he was ordered to await in ambuscade with his regiment for a ,british detachment1 and he soon had them completely within his power2 but when he tried to command his men to fire1 his speech failed him4 ,in vain he corrugated his brows and twisted his jaws2 the word would not come out4 ,fi1 fi1 fi1 fi1 he shouted1 but could get no further4 ,finally in his desperation he howled1 shoot1 blank you1 shoot4 ,you know very well what ,i would say4 ,shoot and be blanked to you4 ,horry was a determined character4 ,at one time in battle a brother officer called to him3 ,i am wounded1 ,colonel4 ,think no more of it1 ,baxter1 but stand to your post1 called back ,horry4 ,but ,i can't stand1 ,colonel1 ,i am wounded a second time4 ,then lie down1 ,baxter1 but quit not your post4 ,colonel1 cried the suffering man1 they have shot me again1 and if ,i remain longer here ,i shall be shot to pieces4 ,be it so ,baxter1 returned ,horry1 but stir not4 ,the part that women took in the ,revolution has been sung by poets and made the nucleus of writers' efforts for a hundred years and more4 ,those ,revolutionary women had brawn as well as brain4 ,they were able to defend their homes from the depredations of the ,royalists2 they could bid the ,indian begone1 not only by word of mouth but at the musket's end4 ,they could plow and sow and reap2 they could care for their families and they could take up arms in liberty's cause if the need arose4 ,oh1 those women of the ,american ,revolution6 ,what a history of bravery and fortitude and endurance they bequeathed to their descendants6 ,there is some humor1 too1 in the stories left to us in record of their heroism4 ,it was the fashion among certain circles of ,whig women1 during the dark days of the ,revolution1 to wear deep mourning as an indication of their feelings4 ,the black typified the darkness of the times and was worn by the town ladies who could afford it4 ,one of these ladies1 a ,mrs4 ,brewton1 was walking along ,broad street in ,charleston one morning1 when she was joined by an insolently familiar ,british officer4 ,at that very moment1 the crepe flounce on her dress was accidently torn off4 ,she quickly picked it up and passing just at that time the house of the absent ,governor1 ,john ,rutledge1 she sprang up the steps before the astonished eyes of the officer and decked the door with crepe1 saying in ringing tones1 ,where are you1 dearest ,governor8 ,surely the magnanimous ,britons will not deem it a crime if ,i cause your house as well as your friends to mourn your absence4 ,colonel ,moncrief1 the ,english engineer1 was occupying the house at the time1 and his feelings were hurt at the action of ,mrs4 ,brewton1 as were those of the officer who had been with her1 and she was arrested a few hours afterward and sent to ,philadelphia4 ,one of the most marked women of the ,revolution1 a woman who figured in many a ludicrous as well as serious incident1 was ,nancy ,hart1 of ,georgia4 ,nancy had a frightful temper1 a big ungainly body1 and she suffered from a most marked obliquity of sight4 ,in fact ,nancy was so cross-eyed1 that her own children never could tell when their mother was looking at them and were perhaps better behaved on that very account4 ,one time a party of ,tories entered her modest home on food intent4 ,they had taken the precaution of providing food for themselves1 shooting ,nancy's last remaining gobbler4 ,mrs4 ,hart had her head muffled up and no one had noticed her cross-eyes4 ,the soldiers stacked their arms within reach and ,nancy passed between them and the table1 assiduous in her attention to the diners4 ,the party had a jug1 of course1 and when they were becoming right merry1 ,nancy suddenly tore the mufflers from her head and snatching up one of the guns1 swore that she would kill every last man who tried to get his gun or who delayed in getting out of the cabin4 ,the men looked at ,nancy's eyes and each man thinking she was aiming at him only1 made a hasty and determined exit4 ,but the terrible woman killed three ,tories that day with her own hands4 ,one day ,nancy was boiling soap4 ,as she industriously stirred1 one of her eyes caught a glimpse of a ,tory peeking through a chink in the cabin4 ,stirring busily away1 ,nancy kept one eye on the soap and the other on the chink4 ,when the spy again appeared she let drive full at the chink1 a good big ladle full of hot soap4 ,a scream satisfied her that she had hit the mark1 and she finished her soap-making with great satisfaction4 ,this woman was termed by one of the patriots3 ,a honey of a patriot1 but the devil of a wife4 ,the ,revolutionary woman's resources were indeed great1 and the strategy she employed was as satisfactory as it was many times humorous4 ,a ,whig woman of ,new ,york ,state1 a ,mrs4 ,fisher1 was one morning surprised by the hurried entrance of a ,whig neighbor1 who begged of her to conceal him as the ,tories were pursuing him4 ,just outside her door was an ash heap four or five feet high4 ,seizing a shovel1 ,mrs4 ,fisher immediately excavated a place in the ashes and buried her friend in it4 ,but first she had taken precaution to place a number of quills one in the other and extend them from the prisoner's mouth to the air1 that he might breathe1 and there he remained snugly ensconced until the ,tories had come and gone1 and even though they ran over the ash heap1 they never suspected what lay beneath it4 ,equally resourceful was that woman of the ,revolution1 who when her husband was pursued by ,tories1 hustled him down cellar and into a meat barrel partially filled with brine and meat4 ,the ,tories went into the cellar and even peered into the barrel1 but they did not discover the man1 who at the risk of terribly inflamed eyes1 ducked his head beneath the brine1 when he heard the soldiers' hands on the head of the barrel4 ,inflamed eyes were easier to bear than imprisonment in the hands of the ,british4 ,bill ,nye's description of the close of the war is as humorous as it is correct4 ,nye wrote3 ,the country was free and independent1 but oh1 how ignorant it was about the science of government4 ,the author does not wish to be personal when he states that the country at that time did not know enough about affairs to carry water for a circus elephant4 ,it was heavily in debt1 with no power to raise money4 ,new ,england refused to pay tribute to ,king ,george and he in turn directed his hired men to overturn the government2 but a felon broke out on his thumb and before he could put it down1 the crisis was averted and the country saved4 ,and so it goes2 the sad and the humorous are blended on every side in life's struggles either in war or peace4 ,fortunate is the man or woman who can halt a little by the wayside and for a few moments laugh dull care away4--,compiled from ,federation ,magazine4 ,a ,,colonial ,,story4 ,a long time ago1 before the hand of progress had stamped the land with a net work of steel1 or commerce and trade had blackened the skies of blue1 ,john ,hamilton and ,tabitha ,thweatt were married4 ,there was no cutting of ,dutchess satin or charmeuse draped with shadow lace1 for it took time in those days to prepare for a wedding4 ,silk worms had to be raised1 thread spun and woven into cloth before the bride's clothes could be fashioned4 ,waiting was no bar to happiness2 the bride-to-be sang merrily while spinning or weaving at her loom and as the shuttles went in and out her day dreams were inter-mingled with the weaving of her wedding garments4 ,in the year of our ,lord1 #aggj1 the making of silk in the colonies was a new industry and when ,mistress ,tabitha decided on silk for her wedding dress she had to plant mulberry twigs and wait for them to grow4 ,she had to pick the leaves to feed the worms until they wrapped themselves in their silken cocoons and as soon as the cocoons would web they were baked to keep them from cutting the raw silk4 ,it took one hundred cocoons to make one strand of silk4 ,after all these preparations this colonial girl's dream of a silken wedding gown grew into a realization4 ,she not only raised the silk worms1 but spun the silk that they had webbed and wove it into shimmering cloth1 from which her wedding gown was made4 ,she also knit her wedding stockings of silk2 but only one pair of silk went into her trousseau for the rest were knit of cotton4 ,the family records say that this couple had no worldly goods except what their own hands had wrought4 ,they were ,god-fearing people of the ,puritan type4 ,he felled the trees and sawed them into logs out of which their home was constructed4 ,the logs that went toward the building of their home were mortised and pinned together with wooden pegs4 ,the floors were puncheon flat slabs split from whole tree trunks and the doors and windows were made of oak and were swung on great wooden hinges4 ,the chimney was of stick and dirt and across the broad fire place hung the crane from which were suspended the cooking utensils4 ,john ,hamilton was a member of one of ,virginia's most distinguished families4 ,he possessed an iron will that defied adversity2 he blazed the way through his state and was brave enough to hew down forests and live on crumbs4 ,mistress ,tabitha was a help-meet to her pioneer husband4 ,she not only cooked his meals but carried them to him when he worked in the field4 ,he had the honor1 and in those days it was indeed an honor1 to be elected as a representative from his state to ,congress4 ,the frugal and beautiful ,tabitha accompanied him to ,washington4 ,her preparation for the replenishing of her ward-robe was quite as elaborate as those formerly made for her wedding4 ,with deft hands she carded from the snowy cotton piles of rolls that were spun into thread and she wove many yards of cloth from which she made her underwear4 ,from carefully carded bats of cotton she spun many spindles of fine smooth thread that was woven into fine cream cotton goods1 some of which were dyed with copperas4 ,some was spread day and night on the grass where the dew would fall to bleach it4 ,from the bleached cotton this industrious woman made her dresses and the snowy whiteness of some of her gowns was the envy of her neighbors4 ,she also carried in her little hair trunk to ,washington1 not only many well made cotton garments1 but was the proud possessor of one black silk dress and two black silk aprons4 ,the dress was afterward described as being so heavy that it could stand alone4 ,mistress ,tabitha1 although a little overworked1 was not too weary after reaching ,washington to attend the ,presidential ball and dance the minuet with the gallant ,washington and the noted ,la,fayette4 ,john and ,tabitha ,hamilton had eleven children4 ,all were born in ,virginia except one1 who came after they moved to ,hancock ,county1 near ,sparta1 ,georgia1 in #agia4 ,their home was destroyed twice by the ,tories and once by a ,tornado4 ,mr4 ,hamilton had just completed a nice dwelling for his family when the memorable tornado and cyclone passed over that portion of ,georgia in ,april1 #ahje4 ,all of the family except ,jack and ,everard were away from home4 ,there was but one small house left on the place1 their new house having been blown away1 none of it left standing4 ,some of the doors were found six miles off in an adjoining county4 ,clothing1 books and papers were carried promiscuously away4 ,jack was much bruised1 having been struck by many things4 ,his booksack was blown away1 and his ,ovid was found forty miles over in ,baldwin ,county and returned to him4 ,this book is now in possession of one of his descendants4 ,everard was carried into the air and lodged in a swamp about a quarter of a mile away1 where he was caught up by the whirl wind4 ,madame ,hamilton took this misfortune as coming from ,god and helped her husband to collect anew his scattered fortune4 ,later we read of them as living on their plantation surrounded by their servants1 who ministered to their comforts and attended their broad fields4 ,in reading about the women who lived in the early days of ,georgia1 their splendid lives stand as a beacon to the reckless and extravagant ones of today4 ,they not only spun the thread and wove the cloth used in their homes1 but they made all of the clothes their children wore1 and reared them to be ,god-fearing men and women4 ,they visited their neighbors for thirty miles away and extended a glad welcome and cordial hospitality for any and every guest4 ,one with impunity may ask the question3 ,are they pleased with their descendants1 these women of ,georgia's pioneer days8--,,mrs4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,walker1 ,lyman ,hall ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,molly ,,pitcher ,,for ,,hall ,,of ,,fame4 ,the movement to place in the hall of fame a bust of ,molly ,pitcher1 the only woman sergeant in the ,united ,states army1 has the enthusiastic support of former ,senator ,chauncey ,m4 ,depew4 ,it was in the important movements of the year #aggh that at the battle of ,monmouth ,molly ,pitcher was carrying water to her husband1 who was a gunner of a battery at one piece of artillery4 ,he was disabled and the lieutenant proposed to remove the piece out of danger1 when ,molly said1 ,i can do everything my husband could1 and she performed her husband's duties at his old gun better than he could have done4 ,the next morning she was taken before ,general ,washington1 her wonderful act was reported and its influence upon the outcome of the battle1 which was a victory1 and ,washington made her at once a sergeant in the army to stand on the rolls in that rank as long as she would4 ,it seems appropriate now for us to place among the immortals and in the hall of fame this only woman sergeant of the ,united ,states army1 who won her title fighting for her country upon the field of battle4--,national ,magazine4 ,,revolutionary ,,relics4 ,great grandmother's spinning wheel stands in the hall1 ,that is her portrait there2 ,great grandfather's sword hangs near on the wall1 ,what do you girlies care1 ,that in seventeen hundred and seventy-six1 ,one bitter winter's night1 ,when the air was full of sleet and snow1 ,and the kitchen fire burned bright4 ,he stood with a face so thoughtful and sad ,with his hand on her hair1 ,asenath1 ,i start at the break of day1 ,oh1 that bride was so fair6 ,but country was dearer than home and wife1 ,proudly she lifted her head1 ,go1 ,david1 and stay till is ended the strife1 ,god keep you1 dear1 she said4 ,toward the loom in the kitchen she drew1 ,she had finished that day1 ,a beautiful blanket of brown and blue1 ,was it plaided this way8 ,it was just like this but faded and worn1 ,and full of holes and stain1 ,when our soldier grandsire came back one morn1 ,to wife and child again4 ,when his eyes were dim and her hair was white1 ,waiting the ,master's call1 ,she finished this blanket one winter's night1 ,that hangs here on the wall4 ,and dreaming of fifty years before1 ,when she stood by that wheel1 ,and that cradle creaked on the kitchen floor1 ,by that swift and reel4 ,there's a rare old plate with a portrait in blue1 ,of ,england's ,george the ,third1 ,a porringer small and a stain shoe1 ,that five brave hearts has stirred1 ,there's an ancient gun all covered with rust1 ,a clock1 a bible worn1 ,fox ,book of ,martyrs and ,holy ,wars1 ,a brass tipped powder horn4 ,great grandfather sat in that old arm chair1 ,grandmother rocked by his side1 ,till the ,master called through the sweet ,june air1 ,they both went out with the tide4 --,florence ,i4 ,w4 ,burnham in ,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,tragedy ,,of ,,the ,,revolution ,,overlooked ,,by ,,historians4 ,,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,dreher1 ,m4 ,d4 ,before the ,william ,thompson ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 invaded this neck of the moral vineyard and put its delicate1 historical fingers upon the tendrils of local happenings1 there was no blare of trumpets over a foul and bloody deed which occurred near the ,metts ,cross-,roads1 in this county1 during the ,revolutionary war4 ,but the gruesome case was never without intense interest to those concerned in the episodes of a past age4 ,the strange and mysterious always throws an additional halo over our heroes4 ,this feeling is intensified1 in this case1 by virtue of the fact that the same blood which ran in the veins of the victim of the cross-roads plot1 now pulsates in the arteries of many lineal1 living descendants who are part and parcel of ,calhoun ,county's sturdy citizenship4 ,the malignant1 cruel and cowardly feature of this dastardly crime1 garbed in a plausible and hypocritical cloak1 make it unique1 even in the gory annals of criminal warfare and harks our memories back to the murder of ,duncan1 ,king of ,scotland4 ,here1 as there1 we have no doubt1 but that souls grew faint over the details of the foul conspiracy and their seated hearts knocked at their ribs until spurred to the sticking place by the evil eloquence of some overpowering and unnatural genius1 like unto ,lady ,macbeth4 ,john ,adams ,treutlen 7for that was the name of our hero7 is in his grave4 ,after life's fitful fever1 he sleeps well1 ,treason has done his worst2 nor steel nor poison1 ,malice domestic1 foreign levy1 nothing1 ,can touch him further4 ,that is true4 ,the cold pen of a true chronicler1 however1 must again allude to the utter negligence and gross indifference of an earlier age to a proper appreciation of significant events4 ,that a noted ,governor of ,georgia should be brutally done to death by revengeful ,tories because of the intense ,whig fires which consumed his very soul2 that children1 and children's children1 should grow up around the scene of his untimely taking-off1 and still his home and his grave should be1 today1 unidentified spots on the map of ,calhoun ,county force us to exclaim with ,mark ,antony3 ,but yesterday the word of ,caesar might have stood against the world4 ,now lies he there and none so poor to do him reverence4 ,the salient facts in the life of ,treutlen are interesting4 ,born in ,berectsgaden1 #agbf1 as a ,german ,salzburger1 he was brought to this country in a boat load of ,salzburgers that landed at ,savannah in #agcd4 ,if early impressions count for anything1 there is no wonder that the spirit of liberty and independence sank deep into the very inmost recesses of his soul4 ,his father1 along with thousands of other ,german ,protestants1 was exiled by a fanatical decree of ,archbishop ,leopold1 which drove out from his domain all who would not accept the ,catholic faith4 ,it was this ,salzburger strain and religion which was unterrified and unwashed1 amid the raging tempests of an angry sea1 while others aboard1 including ,john ,wesley1 trembled for life1 and confessed to a livelier awakening to the rejuvenating and sustaining power of ,god upon frail humanity4 ,some #be miles from ,savannah these brave and devout pilgrims1 after singing a psalm set up a rock and in the spirit of the pious ,samuel1 named the place ,ebenezer 7stone of help7 'for hitherto hath the ,lord helped us4' ,amid these crude but inspiring surroundings the young ,treutlen received a splendid education1 for that day1 under the strict tutelage of his scholarly ,lutheran pastors1 ,bolzius and ,gronau4 ,thus it was that1 when the red gloom of impending war was already visible on the distant horizon1 and the ,provincials had gathered at ,savannah to take steps against the high-handed measures of ,england1 ,john ,adam ,treutlen answered the roll-call from the ,ebenezer country and was one of its leading and most aggressive spirits4 ,thus it was that1 in the teeth of strong ,tory influence and friends he espoused the patriot cause with all the ardor of a ,knight ,templar1 thus becoming the chief object of ,loyalist hatred and vengeance1 his property being confiscated1 and his home1 with many of its treasures1 burned to ashes4 ,elected first ,governor of ,georgia under an independent ,constitution by the ,legislature1 in #aggg1 there was not as yet the fearful carnage and bloody battles which were still to come1 and which were to make the ,south and its manhood a synonym for courage and endurance the world over4 ,it is true that the immortal conflict on ,sullivan's ,island had been fought and won1 but ,clinton and ,parker1 still hopeful under drooping plumes1 had shifted the scene to the ,north4 ,the blue bloods of the ,palmetto ,state--with the exception of ,charleston's brave firebrand1 ,christopher ,gadsden1 were still praying for that peace1 borne of wealth1 intelligence and luxurious ease4 ,georgia1 now perched upon the top-most round of empire--pre-eminence--was then weak in its swaddling clothes and viewed only as a promising child to be brought up in the aristocratic ,south ,carolina ,sunday ,school4 ,with a cool and calculating diplomacy which smacked somewhat suggestively of the rising ,talleyrand1 we are told that the gentle ripples on the waters little betokened the torpedoes which were being laid beneath4 ,bludgeons1 not the velvety hand of artful diplomacy1 were calculated to narcotize the grim-visaged ruler of the satrapy across the ,savannah1 as all accounts agree that ,treutlen was a somewhat stormy petrel1 a sort of pocket edition of ,oliver ,cromwell1 the greatest civilized dictator that the world has ever produced--who could rout a parliament of sitting members1 lock the door and put the key in his pocket4 ,and so it came to pass that1 when the ,governor heard of the so-called ,machiavellian scheme to annex his little kingdom to the great ,palmetto ,commonwealth1 by a coup d'etat1 he pounded the floor viciously with his condemnatory hoof and shot a fiery proclamation over the official mahogany1 denouncing the conspiracy in bitter vein and offering a heavy reward for the chief emissary--,drayton4 ,when the ,georgia patriot ,government fell in #aggi1 ,treutlen1 along with hundreds of others1 took ,british protection and fled to ,st4 ,matthews ,parish1 in the present ,county of ,calhoun2 and the road he travelled was a thornier path than that from ,jerusalem to ,jerico with ,injuns on the upper way1 ,and death upon the lower4 ,it is not for me to split fine hairs over the principle involved in conditional agreements during the days of war1 when every man is showing his teeth and reaching at the throat of his enemy4 ,suffice to say1 that he chafed under the ,tory bit and would have none of it4 ,a born fighter and a man of rugged individuality1 it was impossible for him to hug both sides of any fence4 ,a dictator by instinct 7and by ,georgia statute17 well educated1 and fresh from the ,gubernatorial eiderdown he would naturally bring around his head swarms of bitter enemies1 in times of war1 and he was a marked man4 ,he met his doom on a dreary night in #aghj under peculiarly atrocious conditions4 ,it is said that a small band of vindictive ,tories went to his home during that fateful evening1 and enticed him out1 on a treacherous plea of surrender on certain plausible conditions4 ,as he emerged from his door1 he was seized1 and not only brutally butchered1 but1 7all traditions agree17 literally hacked to pieces4 ,the exact spot where the fragments of his dismembered body were buried will probably never be known4 ,but there is every reason to believe that his bones rest in the vicinity of his home1 from the fact that his tenure of life in this section was short2 that he was without relatives beyond his family circle1 and those relatives continued to live in the neighborhood4 ,the mere fact that a ,governor of ,georgia could come here and be brutally and foully murdered by ,tories1 in the heat of war passions1 and not a line recorded about it1 in any ,south ,carolina history or newspaper bearing upon that period1 should open our eyes to the danger of swallowing the spurious pill offered to us by the ,emily ,geiger exterminators4 ,but for the ,georgia records and a straight line of descendants1 hereabouts1 the ,treutlen individuality and tradition would be tabooed as a myth and fabrication from beginning to end4 ,through the laudable efforts of the local ,d4 ,a4 ,r4--and particularly its regent1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cain--a marker has been promised from the quartermaster general's office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,it will stand in the vicinity of the ,metts ,crossroads and will remind the passerby of as true and loyal a ,whig as lived during those perilous days4 ,treutlen's general appearance1 even in repose1 as exhibited in an old photograph now in the possession of a descendant1 is interesting4 ,the orthodox military coat1 unbottoned and spread abroad over his shoulders1 brings into bold relief a dicky shirt front1 emerging into a high and ferocious collar1 which nestles snugly and smugly under his lower jaws4 ,there is a profuse shock of hair1 futilely bombarding an obstinate cow-lick1 the whole showing little or no subserviency to comb and brush4 ,his large1 piercing eyes1 fringed by shaggy brows1 with a drooping upper lid1 produces a sad1 if not sinister1 aspect4 ,the nose has a ,roman slant1 which meets a bold1 intellectual forehead in an almost unbroken line4 ,marked cheek bones and a thin face ease down1 more or less hastily1 to a sharp and angular chin4 ,a pair of thin lips1 closely plastered to each other1 bespeak firm determination2 and his whole contour impresses one1 forcibly1 that he was not a safe man to take too many liberties with4 ,as intimated at the outset1 there is an interesting ramification of descendants from the ,treutlen family1 many of whom are still living in ,calhoun ,county4 ,some have gained prominence in ,alabama1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and other places1 but ,i will note only those of local 7and some1 at least1 of state-wide7 interest4 ,there were three sons and three daughters3 ,john ,adam ,treutlen1 ,jr41 ,christian1 ,depew1 ,mary1 ,elizabeth and ,hannah4 ,mary married ,edward ,dudley4 ,from this union was born ,mary ,dudley1 who married ,adam ,amaker1 ,february #aj1 #ahbj1 and from the latter was born ,adam ,perry ,amaker1 who married ,augusta ,zimmerman1 and they1 in turn1 were the parents of ,perry and ,t4 ,a4 ,amaker1 now living--the former of ,denver1 ,col41 and the latter a leading business man of ,st4 ,matthews4 ,amanda ,amaker 7alive7 married ,major ,whitmarsh ,seabrook ,murray1 of ,edisto ,island1 who recently died here4 ,they moved to this place after the war and leave many descendants4 ,elizabeth ,treutlen1 another daughter1 married ,william ,kennedy and from them descended ,john ,w4 ,kennedy1 who resided here for years1 and now at ,tyron1 ,n4 ,c4 ,his only daughter1 ,vernon1 married ,dr4 ,a4 ,mc,queen ,salley1 originally of ,orangeburg1 and a son of the present sheriff of that county1 now of ,saluda1 ,n4 ,c4 ,john ,adam ,treutlen1 ,jr41 married ,margaret ,miller4 ,their son1 ,gabriel1 married ,ann ,connor and to them was born ,caroline ,treutlen1 who married ,jacob ,dantzler4 ,their son1 ,col4 ,o4 ,m4 ,dantzler1 of ,confederate war fame1 was the father of ,o4 ,m4 ,dantzler1 the popular sheriff of ,calhoun ,county1 who recently died2 ,fred and ,thos4 ,w41 of ,st4 ,matthews2 ,mortimer ,o41 of ,orangeburg and ,charles ,g41 an eminent jurist 7deceased47 ,rachael ,treutlen1 daughter of ,john ,adam ,treutlen1 ,jr41 married the ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,wannamaker1 of ,st4 ,matthews4 ,from this union were born ,mary ,ann 7who first married ,joel ,butler and later ,william ,reeves7 and ,w4 ,w4 ,wannamaker1 deceased1 who for many years was a leading physician of this community1 and who married ,adelia ,keitt4 ,to the last couple was born ,agelina1 who married the ,rev4 ,artemus ,b4 ,watson1 a well known minister of the ,methodist ,church1 who died recently4 ,their son1 ,whitfield ,w4 ,watson1 married ,may1 daughter of the ,hon4 ,samuel ,j4 ,dibble1 and a daughter ,adele ,watson1 deceased1 married ,a4 ,c4 ,hane1 ,fort ,motte4 ,other children of ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wannamaker were3 ,john ,keitt1 who married ,chloe ,watson1 both dead4 ,he bequeathed #bj1jjj for a ,methodist ,church here4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wannamaker1 a successful farmer of this community1 who married ,lou ,banks1 deceased4 ,a son bears the honored patronymic of ,treutlen4 ,mary ,b4 ,wannamaker1 deceased1 who married ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,c4 ,bates1 of ,st4 ,matthews1 the well known ex-,state ,treasurer4 ,emma ,c41 a daughter of ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,wannamaker1 married ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,pou1 an eminent physician of ,st4 ,matthews1 now #hd years old1 and who has been actively practicing his profession for over #fj years4 ,a daughter of ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,pou1 ,emma1 deceased1 married ,a4 ,k4 ,smoke1 a prominent and influential citizen of this town1 while ,blanche1 another daughter1 is living1 and the joy and pride of her aged parents4 ,a son of ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,wannamaker and ,rachael ,treutlen1 his wife1 was ,capt4 ,francis ,m41 deceased1 a noted lawyer in his day1 who married ,eleanor ,bellinger1 of ,bamberg4 ,from the last couple were born the following3 ,jennie ,b41 who married ,j4 ,b4 ,tyler1 of ,georgia1 both dead2 ,mary ,b41 deceased1 who married ,j4 ,h4 ,henagan1 of ,st4 ,matthews2 ,rachael ,treutlen1 who married ,h4 ,a4 ,raysor1 a successful merchant and prominent citizen of ,st4 ,matthews2 ,j4 ,s4 ,kottowe1 a leading banker and merchant of ,st4 ,matthews1 who married ,lillian ,salley1 of ,orangeburg2 ,francis ,m41 who married the writer2 ,william ,h41 professor of ,german in ,trinity ,college1 ,n4 ,c41 who married ,isabella ,stringfellow1 of ,chester1 and ,olin ,m41 professor of ,english in the ,alabama ,polytechnic ,college at ,auburn1 who married ,katherine ,hume1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,,john ,,martin4 ,when quite a little boy in his home in ,caroline ,county1 ,virginia1 ,john ,martin adopted as his motto3 ,i will do my best4 ,it helped him even in childhood to have this motto1 for whenever he had any difficult task to perform1 either at home or school1 he remembered his motto and did his best4 ,in his veins flowed the blood of a noble ancestry and many sterling merited qualities helped him in the formation of a manly character4 ,he was born in #agea1 amid turbulent scenes in ,virginia1 for the ,indians were frequently incited by the ,french to commit deeds of violence and cruelty upon the ,english colonists1 and in consequence of this1 his early impressions were of preparations for war4 ,at a tender age ,john witnessed the departure of his father1 ,abner ,martin1 to join ,colonel ,washington on his way to ,fort ,duquesne4 ,he saw him buckle on his sword and sabre and mount his charger and set his face towards the ,ohio ,valley4 ,and after that parting he experienced some of the horrors of war1 for in the silent hour of night1 the stealthy tread of the ,indian noiselessly approached the ,martin plantation and applied the torch to the barns and outhouses1 and morning found them in ruins4 ,he shared the general feeling of uneasiness and insecurity that had settled down upon the home circle in consequence of his father's absence1 and his grandfather's illness4 ,his mother at this time was for him his tower of strength1 and his ark of safety1 for she it was who devised means for their protection and safety4 ,as he grew older and thought upon these stirring scenes1 no wonder that his martial spirit was stirred within him and that he resolved some day ,i'll go too1 and ,i can if ,i do my best1 and he did4 ,about #agfh1 the ,martin family removed from ,virginia to ,south ,carolina and settled at ,edgefield4 ,the sons were sent to ,virginia to be educated1 and it was there that ,john formed a close personal friendship for ,george ,washington1 which ripened with the coming years4 ,when the war for ,american ,independence was declared1 ,john ,martin1 and his seven brothers1 all officers1 had his life's desire fulfilled1 and following the footsteps of his father saw service in the defence of his country4 ,he also served with distinction in the state legislature and afterward was made ,general in command of the ,south ,carolina state troops4 ,he married ,elizabeth1 the daughter of ,colonel ,nathaniel ,terry1 of ,virginia4 ,many years later ,general ,john ,martin was on a visit to his son ,marshall ,martin1 in ,meriwether ,county1 ,georgia at the time when ,georgia was called upon to furnish her quota of troops for the war of #ahab4 ,john ,martin was then #gj years old and still the fires of patriotism were not extinguished nor the love of battle front subdued4 ,the talk of another war with ,england made him forget his years1 and his infirmities1 and as his son ,marshall recounted the probabilities of renewed encounters1 and spoke of his own enlistment1 the old war horse sniffing the battle from afar1 exclaimed excitedly1 ,my son let me go in your stead4 ,after this visit ,john ,martin returned to his ,edgefield home1 where he died in #ahbj4 ,boys and girls who would develop fine character must have high ideals even in childhood4 ,sow a thought and you reap a habit1 sow a habit and you reap a character1 sow a character and you reap a destiny--,m4 ,m4 ,,park1 ,david ,meriwether ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,greenville4 ,,john ,,stark1 ,,revolutionary ,,soldier4 ,the victory of the little band of patriots at ,bennington early in the ,revolutionary ,war made ,john ,stark famous1 and shortly afterward he was christened ,old ,bennington1 first by the soldiers and then by the ,american colonists generally4 ,at the time of the victory ,stark was close to fifty years of age1 and had had a long and distinguished career as an ,indian fighter4 ,in early life ,john ,stark was a ,new ,hampshire farmer1 and in that state he was born of ,irish parents1 and there he died in #ahbb1 at the advanced age of #id4 ,his farm was located in the wildest part of the forest country of ,new ,hampshire1 and ,indian fighting was a hobby with him4 ,several years prior to the ,revolution he and his little band of frontiersmen had succeeded in driving the ,indians from their neighborhood1 so that they were no longer troubled with them4 ,then for several years ,stark settled down to the enjoyment of farm life4 ,at this vocation he continued until tidings reached him of the battle of ,lexington4 ,promptly upon the receipt of this news he mounted his horse1 and at the head of several hundred of his neighbors1 set out to join the ,colonial ,army at ,cambridge4 ,upon his arrival there he was appointed a colonel1 and in one day he had organized a regiment of #hjj hardy backswoodsmen4 ,then came the memorable ,bunker ,hill day4 ,stark and his men were stationed a few miles away from the scene of this conflict1 but in full sight of both ,bunker and ,breed's hills4 ,seeing that a battle was inevitable1 he waited for no orders1 but set out at once for the ground1 which he reached just before the conflict began4 ,he led his men into the fight saying3 ,boys aim at their waistbands1 an order that has become historical4 ,in the heat of this action a soldier came to ,stark with the report that his son1 a youth of #af1 who was with him on the field had been killed4 ,this is not the moment to talk of private affairs1 was the grim reply2 go back to your post4 ,as it proved1 the report was false1 and young ,stark served as a staff officer through the war4 ,after the patriots were compelled to evacuate ,boston1 ,stark marched with his regiment to ,new ,york1 but was shortly directed to take part in the ill-starred expedition against ,canada4 ,the retreating army reached ,ticonderoga on the #gth of ,july4 ,here on the following day the ,declaration of ,independence reached the soldiers in the field and ,col4 ,stark had the satisfaction1 on the scene of his former exploits1 to hear the proclamation read to his cheering troops4 ,then ,gen4 ,stark proceeded south to assist ,washington and to gain his full share of applause in the battle of ,trenton4 ,in ,march1 #aggg1 he returned to his native state to recruit the ranks of his regiment1 and while there news came to him that a new list of promotions had been made in which his name was omitted1 while younger officers had been advanced in rank4 ,this injustice he bitterly resented and resigned from the army and retired to his farm4 ,but ,stark was still the patriot and when the information reached him that the enemy were moving south from ,canada1 and that ,gen4 ,st4 ,clair had retreated and that ,ticonderoga had been captured1 ,new ,hampshire flew to arms and called for ,stark to command her troops4 ,stark was at ,bennington when he learned that a detachment of six hundred men under ,col4 ,baum had been dispatched by ,burgoyne on a foraging expedition in that section1 sending a party of ,indians in advance on a scouting raid4 ,upon learning of this ,stark sent out expresses to call in the militia of the neighborhood1 he marched out to meet ,baum1 who entrenched himself in a strong position about six miles from ,bennington4 ,this was on the #adth of ,august4 ,a few miles out he met ,lieut4-,col4 ,gregg retreating1 with the enemy close at hand4 ,stark at once halted and drew up his men in order of battle4 ,the enemy1 seeing this1 at once stopped also and entrenched themselves4 ,thus the armies remained for two days1 contenting themselves with skirmishing1 in which the ,americans had much the best of the game4 ,baum's ,indians began to desert1 saying that the woods were filled with ,yankees4 ,on the morning of the sixteenth ,stark prepared for an attack4 ,before advancing he addressed his men with that brief but telling address which has made his name historic3 ,there are the red coats2 we must beat them to-day or to-night ,molly ,stark sleeps a widow4 ,they beat them and ,molly had the satisfaction of long enjoying the fame that came to ,john1 instead of wearing the widow's weeds4 ,the victory was decisive and by a band of raw militia1 poorly armed and without discipline1 but led by one of the most fearless men of the revolution4 ,of the one thousand ,british soldiers engaged in this fight1 not more than a hundred escaped1 and it was this victory of ,old ,bennington which led ultimately to the surrender of ,burgoyne at ,saratoga4 ,col4 ,baum1 who was mortally wounded1 said of the provisionals1 ,they fought more like hell-hounds than like soldiers4 ,washington spoke of the engagement as the great stroke struck by ,gen4 ,stark near ,bennington and ,baroness ,riedessel1 then in the ,british camp1 wrote3 ,this unfortunate event paralyzed our operations4 ,old ,bennington was a splendid type of the class of men who gave success to the ,american ,revolution4 ,congress1 after ,bennington1 hastened to repair its former action by appointing ,stark a brigadier-general1 and he continued in the army till the end of the war4 ,he lived to see the country firmly established1 and when he died in #ahbb he was buried on the banks of the ,merrimac ,river at ,manchester4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,,by ,,george ,,fitch4 ,benjamin ,franklin was an ordinary man with an extraordinary supply of common sense who flourished in the eighteenth century and is still regarded as one of the finest of ,american products4 ,franklin was born in ,boston1 but was one of the few ,boston wise men to succeed in getting away from that city4 ,his family was not distinguished and when he left ,boston1 after having run a newspaper with more brilliance than success1 no committee of city officials appeared to bid him goodbye4 ,franklin arrived in ,philadelphia with enough money left to buy two rolls of bread and paraded the town wearing one loaf under his arm and eating the other4 ,this successfully quarantined him from ,philadelphia society and he was enabled to put all his time into the printing business with such success that he was sent to ,london in #ahbd by the governor to get a printing outfit4 ,he worked for eighteen months in a ,london printing house and was probably the most eminent employee that ,london ,journalism ever had1 though ,england has not yet waked up to this fact4 ,franklin then returned to ,philadelphia and purchased ,the ,gazette1 which he began to edit with such success that he frequently had to spend all day making change for eager subscribers4 ,it might be well to mention here that at this time he was only #bc years old1 having been born ,january #ag1 #agjf1 and having been a full-fledged editor at the age of #ae4 ,genius often consists in getting an early start and keeping started4 ,at the age of #bf ,franklin's ,poor ,richard's ,almanac1 the sayings of a wise old man1 had the largest circulation of anything printed in the ,colonies1 and people sought his advice on everything from love to chicken raising4 ,at the age of #ca he was a member of the ,pennsylvania ,assembly4 ,at #dj he had diagnosed lightning and had exhibited the first electricity ever in captivity in a bottle1 having caught it with a kite string and a key4 ,he had also charted the course of ,north ,american storms1 and explained the gulf stream4 ,franklin helped the ,colonies to declare their independence and secured the treaty of alliance with ,france4 ,at #gi he was elected governor of ,pennsylvania4 ,at #hb he helped write the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,he also devised the ,american postal system4 ,he died at the age of #hd1 and ,philadelphia is prouder of his tombstone than she is of the ,liberty ,bell4 ,through all his long and busy life ,franklin never had time to dress up and adopt the social usages of his day4 ,but this did not prevent him from dazzling the exquisite court of ,france at its most brilliant and useless period4 ,he was one of the few men who gave to the earth more wisdom than he absorbed from it1 but he never was a bonanza for the tailors4 ,had he spent his youth keeping four tailors and three haberdashers in affluence1 ,franklin relics would probably not command the high price which they now do4 ,,captain ,,mugford ,,ran ,,the ,,british ,,blockade ,,and ,,captured ,,powder ,,ship4 ,had ,great ,britain made peace with the ,american colonies after the ,british army had been driven from ,boston1 ,james ,mugford would be a popular hero today4 ,but ,great ,britain continued the war for eight long years1 and so many heroes were made that the name of ,james ,mugford1 the world forgetting1 and by the world forgot1 was lost4 ,mugford died in #aggf4 ,he and his #bg companions were attacked by #bjj ,british marines4 ,they fought most all night1 and the ,british were whipped1 but the gallant captain was killed by a pike thrust4 ,the ,british under ,general ,gage evacuated ,boston1 in ,march1 #aggf4 ,the ,british fleet remained behind in ,boston to blockade the port4 ,general ,washington hurried to ,new ,york with the main ,colonial army to dispute the proposed ,british landing there4 ,general ,artemas ,ward was left in command of a pretty sizeable ,american army around ,boston2 but ,washington had taken all the powder and most of the guns4 ,the ,americans were at the mercy of the ,british ships1 only the ,british didn't know it4 ,general ,ward zealously guarded the fact that his powder supply was nil1 and planned to fill his magazines at the invader's expense4 ,accordingly two small ships1 the schooners ,hancock and ,franklin1 were outfitted and ordered to sea for the purpose of capturing a supply ship4 ,captain ,samuel ,tucker commanded the ,hancock4 ,james ,mugford1 a citizen of ,marblehead1 ,mass41 was appointed master of the ,franklin4 ,his vessel carried a crew of #ba1 including himself4 ,on ,may #g ,captain ,tucker captured two brigs laden with valuable supplies2 but no powder4 ,he took his prizes to ,lynn4 ,general ,ward communicated with ,captain ,mugford and explained to him the desperate straits the army was fronting4 ,i'll get some powder1 said the short-spoken ,marblehead4 ,and he did4 ,the ,british ship ,hope1 carrying war munitions for the ,british1 was due4 ,it had powder for the fleet4 ,captain ,mugford heard of its expected arrival and put to sea4 ,almost within sight of the ,british fleet he met the ,hope and captured it4 ,but how to land the prize8 ,he didn't have men enough to take it to ,lynn or any other port very distant4 ,the ,british fleet lay between him and the ,american army in ,boston4 ,captain ,mugford chose to run the ,british blockade and fight the whole fleet of a dozen ships or more1 if necessary4 ,he put a few of his best men aboard the ,hope and made the ,british crew sail it4 ,then1 in the ,franklin1 he arrogantly sailed toward the ,british fleet and dropped a few cannon balls its way4 ,the ,british were astounded4 ,what could this crazy skipper mean by attacking a fleet with one dinky little schooner8 ,they would teach him a lesson4 ,the whole fleet maneuvered round to blow the ,franklin off the bay4 ,meanwhile the ,hope sneaked in the harbor1 and then ,captain ,mugford outsailed the ,british fleet and got in himself4 ,in the hold of the ,hope the ,americans found #ge tons of powder and other war stores needed just then more than men or gold4 ,mugford had made good his word4 ,very naturally the ,british were angry4 ,the admiral issued an order that ,james ,mugford was to be captured by any hook or crook and promptly killed4 ,somebody told ,captain ,mugford about the order4 ,oh1 piffle6 he said1 or something like that4 ,i'll run by his derned old fleet every day in the week and twice on ,sunday if ,i want4 ,the ,sunday following1 ,may #ai1 #aggf1 ,captain ,mugford1 in the ,franklin1 with #ba men1 and ,captain ,cunningham1 in the privateer ,lady ,washington1 a vessel carrying seven men and a few small swivel guns1 started to puncture the ,british blockade again4 ,they would have succeeded1 but the ,franklin grounded4 ,a flotilla of small boats from the fleet1 carrying #bjj well-armed men1 started for the attack4 ,captain ,cunningham refused to leave his companion1 so both he and ,captain ,mugford prepared for battle4 ,it was a fiercely fought contest and lasted the better part of the night4 ,on ,may #bj ,general ,ward made the following report of the engagement3 ,captain ,mugford was very fiercely attacked by #ab or #ac boats full of men1 but he and his men exerted themselves with remarkable bravery1 beat off the enemy1 sunk several of their boats and killed a number of their men2 it is supposed they lost #fj or #gj4 ,the intrepid ,captain ,mugford fell a little before the enemy left his schooner4 ,he was run through with a lance while he was cutting off the hands of the pirates as they were attempting to board him1 and it is said that with his own hands he cut off five pairs of theirs4 ,no other man was killed or wounded on the ,franklin4--,kansas ,city ,star4 ,,governor ,,john ,,clarke4 ,among the historical sketches penned by ,miss ,annie ,m4 ,lane for the ,american ,journal of ,history1 that touching the life of ,governor ,john ,clarke1 received the highest award1 and through the kindness of the author we are permitted to reproduce it4 ,why are the dead not dead8 ,who can undo ,what time has done8 ,who can win back the wind8 ,beckon lost music from a broken lute8 ,renew the redness of a last year's rose8 ,or dig the sunken sun-set from the deep8 ,i sometimes think there are more interesting things and people under the ground than above it1 yet we who are above it do not want to go below it to get acquainted with them1 but if we can find out anything from the outside we enjoy it4 ,in a previous article1 ,i said there was no spot in ,georgia so full of buried romance as ,wilkes ,county1 and no manuscript so fascinating as the musty and yellow old records of a hundred years ago1 which lie unmolested in our courthouse1 especially those of #aggg4 ,one cannot but feel after reading these books that he has been face to face with the grand old gentlemen of ,revolutionary days3 the men who walked our streets with their ruffled shirts--three-cornered hats and dangling swords--yet so different are they in personality and character that the weaving together of their lives makes to me a grand and beautiful fabric1 a tapestry of reminiscent threads4 ,some rich1 some dark and sombre in shade1 making a background so fitting for the crimson and purple and gold--for the conspicuous1 inflaming color of impetuous natures1 toned down with characters as white and cool as the snowflakes which fall upon our ,southern violets4 ,you have but to close your eyes to the scene of today to recall ex-,governor ,talbot1 ,governor ,matthews1 ,general ,clarke1 together with ,jesse ,mercer1 ,mr4 ,springer and ,duncan ,c4 ,campbell1 who were familiar figures once upon the streets of ,washington4 ,in the painting of character sketches we would not do the individual justice if we did not remember his environments1 and above all his inherited nature1 for are we not all bound by heredity8 ,my last sketch was of ,jesse ,mercer1 now it is of ,john ,clarke4 ,how striking the contrast4 ,the life of ,jesse ,mercer was as quiet and majestic as was his nature4 ,john ,clarke just three years his senior1 born and reared at no great distance had a life of adventure4 ,he was the son of our stalwart ,general ,elijah ,clarke and his wife1 ,hannah1 and was the youngest soldier whose name appears upon the roster of ,kettle ,creek1 being #ac years of age4 7,battle of ,kettle ,creek1 #aggi1 ,john ,clarke1 born #agff47 ,i will refer you to history to convince you of how his whole nature was fired by the blood within his veins1 inherited from both mother and father4 ,he came of fighting stock in a fighting age6 ,in ,white's ,historical ,collections of ,georgia1 there is an account of the life of ,hannah ,clarke1 who survived her husband1 ,elijah ,clarke1 twenty years1 dying at the age of #ij 7in #ahbi47 ,the burning of her house by a party of ,british and ,tories is recorded1 and the turning out of herself and children while ,general ,clarke was away4 ,when ,general ,clarke was so desperately wounded at ,long ,cane in ,carolina1 she started to him and was robbed of the horse on which she was riding4 ,on one campaign she accompanied him and when she was moving from a place of danger1 the horse on which she and two of her younger children were riding was shot from under her4 ,later1 she was at the siege of ,augusta4 ,all this time ,general ,elijah ,clarke's right hand man was young ,john4 ,being reared in the army1 this boy became wild and impetuous2 by nature he was intense1 so when cupid's dart entered his heart it was inflamed as deeply with love as it had been with hatred for the ,british4 ,his love story ends with ,meredith's words1 ,whom first we love1 we seldom wed4 ,about four miles from the hill on which the little battle of ,kettle ,creek was fought1 there lived an orphan girl1 the stepdaughter of ,artnial ,weaver1 and the youngest sister of ,sabina ,chivers1 who married ,jesse ,mercer4 ,john ,clarke loved this girl1 but there was opposition to the union4 ,but as yet not knowing the meaning of the word defeat1 he induced her to elope with him4 ,it was his thought to take her to the home of a friend of his father's1 ,daniel ,marshall1 near ,kiokee1 but the weather was severe1 and a snowstorm set in4 ,they were compelled to stop at a farm house where lived the mother of ,major ,freeman 7related to ,dr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,hillyer47 ,miss ,chivers was taken ill that night with congestion of the lungs1 and died4 ,in the absence of flowers the good woman of the house adorned the dead girl with bunches of holly1 entwined them in her beautiful black hair and placed them in her clasped hands4 ,the grave they covered with the same beautiful crimson and green holly1 upon which the snow recently fell4 ,this was the first real sorrow in the life of ,john ,clarke and many were to follow4 ,to some the years come and go like beautiful dreams1 and life seems only as a fairy tale that is told1 yet there are natures for which this cannot be4 ,some hands reach forth too eagerly to cull life's sweet1 fair flowers1 and often grasp hidden thorns4 ,feet that go with quick1 fearless steps are most apt to be wounded by jutting stones1 and alas6 ,john ,clarke found them where 'er he went through life's bright sunlight or its shaded paths1 these cruel1 sharp piercing thorns2 those hard1 cold1 hurting stones4 ,we next see ,john ,clarke just before he enters into his political life4 ,from ,the ,history of ,wilkes ,county1 in our library1 ,i copy the following1 viz3 ,micajah ,williamson kept a licensed tavern in the town of ,washington--on record1 we find that he sold with meals1 drinks as follows3 ,good ,jamaica spirits1 per gill1 #b;d2 good ,madeira wine1 per bottle1 #ds #h;d2 all white wines1 per battle1 #cs #f;d2 port1 per bottle1 #as #i;d2 good whiskey and brandy1 per gill1 #f;d ,c4 ,c4 at that time a shilling was really #bb;c41 a penny #g-e of a cent4 ,in front of this tavern was a large picture of ,george ,washington hanging as a swinging sign4 ,john ,clarke used to come to town1 and like most men of his day got drunk4 ,they all did not cut up1 however1 as he did on such occasions4 ,he went into stores and smashed things generally1 as tradition says1 but he always came back and paid for them like a gentleman4 ,once he came into town intoxicated and galloped down ,court street and fired through the picture of ,general ,washington before the tavern door4 ,this was brought up against him later when he was a candidate for governor1 but his friends denied it4 ,soon after this he married the oldest daughter of ,micajah ,williamson1 while ,duncan ,c4 ,campbell married the youngest4 ,the stirring events which followed we have all learned in history1 how the state was divided into two factions1 the ,clarkeites and those for ,crawford and ,troup4 ,the state was so evenly divided that the fight was fierce4 ,the common people and owners of small farms were for ,clarke1 the gentry and well-to-do educated folk for ,crawford1 and sent him to the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,clarke and ,crawford from youth had been antagonistic4 ,clarke1 while uneducated1 was brilliantly intelligent1 but deeply sensitive4 ,crawford was polished and of courtly bearing1 a man of education1 but was very overbearing4 ,had he lived today our public school boy would say he was always nagging at ,clarke4 ,be that as it may1 it was nip and tuck between them in the gubernatorial campaign4 ,clarke fought a duel with ,crawford at ,high ,shoals1 and shattered his wrist4 ,later he tried to get ,crawford to meet him again1 but he persistently refused4 ,one ugly thing to me was the horsewhipping of ,judge ,tate by ,governor ,clarke on the streets of ,milledgeville1 then the capital4 ,this did ,clarke no good4 ,general ,clarke twice defeated ,mr4 ,troup for governor4 ,troup was at last elected1 defeating ,matthew ,talbot1 who was on ,clarke's side in #ahbc4 ,general ,clarke was defeated by ,talbot himself4 ,there is never an article written about ,clarke that his bad spelling is not referred to4 ,not long ago ,i read in a magazine published in ,georgia that ,clarke spelled coffee kaughphy4 ,this is not true1 that honor belongs to ,matthews1 another one of the familiar figures once on the streets of ,washington4 ,even the best educated of our ,revolutionary heroes did not spell correctly as we call it1 from ,george ,washington down4 ,i rather enjoy their license for ,i think ,english spelling is a tyrannical imposition4 ,after the defeat of ,clarke the tide was against him4 ,many untrue things were said about him and they cut him deeply4 ,he was misunderstood often1 and in chagrin he left the state4 ,rise1 ,o ,muse1 in the wrath of thy rapture divine1 ,and sweep with a finger of fame every line ,till it tremble and burn as thine own glances burn ,through the vision thou kindlest wherein ,i discern ,all the unconscious cruelty hid in the heart ,of mankind2 all the limitless grief we impart ,unawares to each other2 the limitless wrong ,we inflict without need1 as we hurry along ,in this boisterous pastime of life4 ,beneath the rough exterior there never beat a kinder heart than that in the breast of ,john ,clarke4 ,although he had the brusque manner of a soldier of ,revolutionary days1 with those he loved he was as tender and gentle as a child4 ,on one occasion soon after his first election to the governorship of ,georgia there was a banquet given in his honor4 ,the decorations on the white linen of the table were wreaths of holly1 thought to be very beautiful and tasty4 ,when the governor entered with his friends he stopped stock still in the doorway turning deathly pale4 ,he ordered every piece of holly dashed from the window4 ,the occurrence was spread far and wide all over the state and criticism ran high1 and even his friends disapproved of the uncivil act of one in his high station4 ,he never made an explanation until years afterwards4 ,memories with him did not die1 though beneath the ashes of the silent past4 ,if he might call them dead1 and bury them1 it seems they only slept1 and ere he knew1 at but a word1 a breath1 the softest sigh1 they woke once more and moved here as he thought they would not evermore4 ,clarke owned large tracts of land in ,wilkes county 7before it was cut up into other counties47 ,one deed is made to ,wylie ,pope in #ahjf4 ,he reserves twenty feet where his two children are buried1 ,elijah ,clarke and ,george ,walton ,clarke4 ,leaving ,georgia he settled in ,washington county1 ,florida1 on the shores of the beautiful ,old ,saint ,andrews4 ,here he entertained his friends and here he spent the last ten years of his life within the sound of the restless1 surging waters of the gulf4 ,october #abth1 #ahcb1 ,governor ,clarke passed from this life1 and eight days later his wife joined him in the ,great ,beyond4 ,they were buried near the seashore in a beautiful grove of live oaks1 and a marble shaft erected over them bears the following inscription3 ,here reposes the remains of ,john ,clarke ,late ,governor of ,georgia ,and ,nancy ,clarke ,his ,wife 7,,north ,,face ,,of ,,monument7 ,john ,clarke ,born ,feb4 #bhth1 #agfj ,died ,october #abth1 #ahcb ,as an officer he was vigilant and brave ,as a statesman energetic and faithful ,as a father and friend devoted and sincere4 7,,west ,,face7 ,this monument was erected by their surviving children1 ,ann ,campbell and ,wylie ,p4 ,clarke4 ,not far from the monument are two little graves with flat slabs and the following inscription3 ,erected to the memory of ,john ,w4 and ,ann ,w4 ,campbell4 ,ann ,hand ,born ,january #bdth1 #ahbc ,died ,sept4 #crd1 #ahbi ,marcus ,edwin ,born ,feb4 #beth1 #ahca ,died ,feb4 #crd1 #ahcc ,of such is the ,kingdom of ,heaven4 ,seventy-five years have passed and the once beautiful spot is now desecrated4 ,the oaks are cut1 the tombstones are broken1 and the grave of ,georgia's governor is trespassed upon in a shameful manner4 ,however1 overshadowing his tomb1 and keeping guard is a holly tree in all its beauty1 filled with long waving wreathes of ,spanish moss1 and no doubt it whispers to the passing breeze that hurries on to ocean1 the story of a lost love6 ,aye1 what is it all if this life be all ,but a draught to its dregs of a cup of gall1 ,a bitter round of rayless years1 ,a saddened dole of wormwood tears1 ,a sorrowful plaint of the ,spirit's thrall ,the graves1 the shroud1 the funeral pall ,this is the sum1 if this life be all4 ,,party ,,relations ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,their ,,effect ,,on ,,the ,,american ,,revolution4 7,a paper read before the ,ralph ,humphreys ,chapter1 ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 of ,jackson1 ,mississippi1 by ,dr4 ,james ,elliott ,walmsley1 professor of history in ,millsaps ,college47 ,george ,eliot says somewhere that all beginnings are make-believes4 ,especially is this statement found true in attempting to trace the origin of the ,american ,revolution4 ,every cause assigned is at once seen to be the effect of some more remote cause1 until one might go back step by step to the liberty-loving ancestors of the early ,saxons in their forest home of ,northern ,germany4 ,without undertaking any work so elaborate it is the purpose of this study to show the effects of one of these causes4 ,all free governments have developed parties1 but as the word is used at present true political parties in ,england did not arise till after the wars of the ,puritans and ,cavaliers in the seventeenth century4 ,the men who migrated to ,america1 with the exception of the aristocratic element that located largely in the ,south between #afdj and #affj1 were of the party who believed in restricting the power of the king1 and were opposed by the party who professed implicit faith in the divine right of kings4 ,by the time of the accession of ,william of ,orange the former party was recognized by the name of ,whigs1 while the loyal devotees of regal infallibility were called ,tories4 ,the first king of the ,hanover line1 ,george ,i1 was seated on his throne through a successful piece of ,whig politics1 so admirably described by ,thackeray in ,henry ,esmond1 and his government was conducted by a ,whig minister1 ,robert ,walpole1 assisted by a ,whig cabinet4 ,the power remained in the hands of a few families1 and this condition1 which amounted to an aristocratic rule of ,old ,whigs1 lasted down to the accession of ,george ,,iii1 in #agfj4 ,the new king1 who was destined to be the last king in ,america1 was not like his father and grandfather1 a ,german-speaking prince who knew nothing of ,england and her people1 but one who gloried in the name ,briton4 ,brought up by his mother with the fixed idea he should never forget that he was king1 his ambition was to restore the autocratic power of ,william ,i4 or ,henry ,,ii4 ,to attain this end he set himself to overthrow the ,whig party and so recall to favor the ,tories1 who had by this time given up their dreams of ,bonnie ,prince ,charlie and ,stuart restorations4 ,this misguided monarch1 who was a model of ,christian character in private life1 but who in the words of a great ,english historian1 wrought more lasting evil to his country than any other man in its history1 determined first to overthrow ,william ,pitt1 the elder1 the greatest statesman that the ,english speaking race has ever produced--that man who sat in his room in ,london and planned campaigns in the snow covered mountains of ,silesia and the impassable swamps of ,prussia1 on the banks of the ,hugli in ,india and on the ,plain of ,abraham in ,canada1 in the spicy islands of the ,east ,indies and the stormy waters of the ,atlantic1 who brought ,england from the depths of lowest dejection to a point where the gifted ,horace ,walpole could say in #agei1 ,we must inquire each morning what new victory we should celebrate4 ,this great man was overthrown by the king in #agfa1 and there came into power the extreme ,tory wing1 known as the king's friends1 whose only rule of political guidance was the royal wish4 ,these men1 led by the ,earl of ,bute1 followed the king on one of the wildest1 maddest courses that ,english partisan politics has known4 ,at this point we must pause and examine the constitution of the ,british ,empire4 ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,wales were governed by their own ,parliament1 but so defective was the method of representation that villages which had formerly flourished but had now fallen into decay or even like ,old ,sarum1 were buried under the waves of the ,north ,sea1 still returned their two members to ,parliament1 while important cities like ,manchester1 ,leeds1 and ,birmingham1 which had grown up in the last hundred years1 were entirely unrepresented4 ,the ,whigs in ,england1 as least the ,new ,whigs1 the progressive element1 were contending for the same principle of representation that inspired the ,americans4 ,in addition to the home-land1 ,england ruled1 as colonies1 ,ireland1 the ,isle of ,man1 the ,channel ,islands1 sea fortresses1 such as ,gibraltar and ,malta1 ,asiatic possessions1 including in ,india an empire twenty times as populous as the ruling country1 ,canada1 ,jamaica1 the ,barbadoes1 the ,thirteen ,colonies1 etc4 ,our own thirteen colonies1 which were not united among themselves and which were not different in the eyes of an ,englishman from any other of the colonies1 formed a small part geographically of the empire and had for their peculiar distinction only the larger proportion of ,english residents4 ,furthermore1 the modern idea of governing colonies for the welfare of the colonies had not yet been invented4 ,a colony was considered as a farm or any other wealth producing piece of property4 ,adam ,smith's epoch-making work1 ,the ,wealth of ,nations1 the first serious attempt to discuss ,political ,economy1 was not published till #aggf1 and in his chapter on colonies he for the first time proposed the doctrine of removing restrictions and allowing to colonies free trade and free government4 ,it is significant of the contentions of this article that ,adam ,smith's book was at once read and quoted in ,parliament by the leaders of the ,whigs1 especial attention being given to it by the young ,william ,pitt1 who was described by an enthusiastic ,whig as not a chip of the old block but the old block itself4 ,with this preliminary statement we can take up the course of party relations4 ,one of the first distinctively party acts of ,george's reign was the ,stamp ,act passed against the active opposition of the ,whigs2 and the downfall of the ,grenville ministry and the accession of the ,marquis of ,rockingham1 the ,whig prime minister1 marked by the repeal of this act in #agff4 ,in the next year1 however1 the ,rockingham ministry fell1 and ,townshend1 the moving spirit in the succeeding administration1 carried through the series of acts that led directly to the ,boston ,tea ,party and its momentous results4 ,finally when ,george ,,iii1 who openly proclaimed himself a ,tory1 succeeded in becoming supreme in the government1 he called into office1 in #aggj1 ,lord ,george ,north1 who for twelve years was the king's tool in carrying out a policy which he disliked4 ,it was only his lazy good nature and ,tory principles1 which led him to defer to the king's judgment and advocate the doctrine1 in a far different sense from the present meaning of the words1 that the king can do no wrong4 ,from this day it was natural that the ,whigs in opposition should oppose the government measures and should identify the cause of free government in ,america with that in ,england and that every ,new ,whig should become an enthusiastic supporter of the ,american contentions4 ,in fact ,george and the ,tory party realized that if the ,american theory of taxation conditioned on representation prevailed it would be necessary to yield to the demand of the ,new ,whigs for reform in the representation in ,england4 ,this fact explains some intricate points in the politics of the time4 ,it shows for instance why we fought a war with ,england and then in securing a treaty of peace conspired with our enemy1 ,england1 to wrest more favorable terms from our ally1 ,france4 ,we fought a ,tory ,england1 but ,lord ,north's ministry fell when the news of ,yorktown came1 and we made a treaty of peace with a whig ,england1 and the ,whigs were our friends4 ,the ,whigs in ,parliament spoke of the ,american army as our army1 ,charles ,fox spoke of ,washington's defeat as the terrible news from ,long ,island1 and ,wraxall says that the famous buff and blue colors of the ,whig party were adopted from the ,continental uniform4 ,even the ,sons of ,liberty took their name from a phrase struck out by ,colonel ,barre1 the comrade of ,wolfe at ,quebec1 in the heat of a parliamentary debate4 ,illustrations of this important point might be multiplied1 but it may be better to take up more minutely the career of one man and show how the conflict of ,whig and ,tory politics affected the actual outcome of the struggle4 ,lord ,george ,howe was the only ,british officer who was ever really loved by the ,americans1 and there is to-day in ,westminster ,abbey a statue erected to his memory by the people of ,massachusetts4 ,after his death at ,ticonderoga in #ageh his mother issued an address to the electors of ,nottingham asking that they elect her youngest son ,william to ,parliament in his place4 ,william ,howe1 known in ,american history as ,general ,howe1 considered himself as the successor of his brother and as the especial friend of the ,americans4 ,when war was threatened in #aggd he told his constituents that on principle the ,americans were right and that if he were appointed to go out against them he would as a loyal ,whig refuse4 ,of course this was a reckless statement1 for an officer in the army can not choose whom he will fight4 ,he was put in supreme command in ,america when ,general ,gage was recalled1 but was directed by his government to carry the olive branch in one hand4 ,that he obeyed this command1 which was to his own liking1 even too literally1 is easily established4 ,there is one almost unwritten chapter in ,american history which ,i would like to leave in oblivion1 but candor demands its settlement4 ,our people were not as a whole enthusiastic over the war1 in many sections a majority were opposed to it1 those who favored it were too often half-hearted in their support4 ,had the men of ,america in #aggf enlisted and served in the same proportion in which the men of the ,southern ,states did in #ahfa1 when fighting for their independence1 ,washington would have had at all times over #fj1jjj in his army4 ,as a matter of fact there never were as many as #be1jjj in active service at any one time1 the average number was about #d1jjj1 and at certain critical times he had not over #a1jjj4 ,general ,knox's official figures of #beb1jjj are confessedly inaccurate1 and by including each separate short enlistment make up the total enlistment for the six years1 sometimes counting the same man as often as five times4 ,at the very time when ,washington's men were starving and freezing at ,valley ,forge the country people were hauling provisions past the camp and selling them to the ,british in ,philadelphia4 ,much more might be said1 but enough for a disagreeable subject4 ,no careful historian to-day will deny that considering the lack of support given to ,washington and his army1 the ,revolution could have been crushed in the first year1 long before the ,french alliance was a possibility1 had the ,english shown one-half the ability of the administration in the recent ,south ,african ,war4 ,among the causes assignable for this state of incompetence the political situation deserves more attention than it has hitherto been given4 ,no one has ever explained ,howe's inexcusable carelessness in letting ,washington escape after ,long ,island1 no one can explain his foolish inactivity during the succeeding winter1 except by the fact that ,howe was a ,whig1 his sympathies were with the ,americans1 the ,whigs had said repeatedly that the ,americans could hold out against a good army and it seemed now that they were helping fulfill their own prophecy4 ,it is rarely stated in our ,american histories that ,howe was investigated by a committee of ,parliament after his evacuation of ,philadelphia1 that he was severely condemned for not assisting ,burgoyne and for not capturing ,washington's starving handful of men at ,valley ,forge1 that ,joseph ,galloway1 the noted ,american loyalist1 who was a member of the first ,continental ,congress1 openly accused him of being in league with a large section of ,whigs to let the ,revolution go by default and to give ,america its independence1 and that immediately after his return to ,england he resumed his seat in ,parliament and spoke and worked in opposition to the king and in behalf of the ,americans4 ,the case of ,general ,howe is typical and can be duplicated in the other departments of the government4 ,the leading ,tory ministers claimed that the rebellion would have failed but for the sympathy in the ,house of ,commons1 and this charge was made in the very ,house itself4 ,it would be a gross exaggeration to say that our ,revolution was merely the result of a party quarrel in ,england1 but the unfortunate party attitude of ,king ,george ,,iii4 certainly was one of the most potent causes of trouble1 and the progress of the war reacted most strongly on the party situation in ,england4 ,when ,william ,pitt1 the younger1 at the age of twenty-five took into his hands the premiership of ,england in ,december #aghc1 he did it as the representative of the ,english people1 and the revolution which began in this country was completed in the ,english ,parliament4 ,up to #aggf the history of ,america and ,england flowed in the same channel1 ,shakespeare1 ,chaucer1 and ,pitt are ours as much as ,england's1 and it should always be remembered that just when the countries were in the act of separating the system of ,george ,,iii4 was shaken off and shattered by the free people of the two great ,anglo-,saxon powers1 and the ,whig statesmen of ,england could join with their party friends in ,america in welcoming a new self-governing people to the council of nations4--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,early ,,means ,,of ,,transportation ,,by ,,land ,,and ,,water4 ,the facilities for conveniently carrying persons or property from one place to another affects in a measure the physical welfare of every human being1 and all progressive nations desire to secure the advantages to be derived from the best systems of transportation4 ,this country of ours has tried many experiments and been rapidly benefited in the results obtained4 ,it hardly seems to us possible1 in this day of improved and rapid travel1 that the entire system of transportation is still in the transition state1 and in some parts of the country the very expedients which we have tried1 improved upon and cast away1 are at present in use4 ,but our topic deals with other days than these1 and we must hasten back to the beginning of things here in ,america4 ,according to ,indian tradition1 it is believed that within a brief period prior to the discovery of ,america by ,columbus1 the ,indians had travelled over a large portion of the country between the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,oceans1 and were familiar with the topographical features of the continent4 ,their frequent wars and their long continuance in the hunter state1 made them necessarily a migratory race and their pathways were the first trails for the white settlers when they came4 ,when we travel over crooked roads and even crooked streets in our towns1 how many of us stop to think that we are travelling the same road as blazed out for us by an ,indian or trodden down for us by an early settler's straying cow8 ,as the ,indian1 as a guide through the almost impenetrable forests was of great aid to the early settlers1 so also was the canoe of the ,indian a great service4 ,of course the white man crossed the ocean in larger boats1 but when it came to travelling from point to point1 after reaching ,america1 the lighter craft of the ,indians was the only possible means of water travel1 for the numerous falls or rapids1 and the frequent portages between distinct water systems1 made the use of a heavy boat impossible4 ,these canoes were of birch bark1 buffalo skin1 stretched over wooden frames1 or even large trees felled1 the trunk cut into sections and split1 then hollowed out by burning first and the ashes scooped out with the hands or pieces of shell1 until the sides and bottom were reduced to the utmost thinness consistent with buoyancy and security4 ,the method of propelling these canoes was usually by paddle1 but some had sails4 ,the size varied from twelve feet to forty feet in length1 and they were capable of carrying from two to forty men4 ,of course the larger canoes were used principally for state occasions1 military purposes1 or when large stores of supplies were to be transported4 ,one old historian tells of the way the sails were used4 ,the ,indian stood in the bow of the canoe and with his hands held up two corners of his blanket1 and the other two corners were either fastened to his ankles or simply placed under each foot1 while in the stern of the canoe1 the squaw sat and steered4 ,the scheme was an ingenious one and must have been a grateful change to the poor squaw1 who otherwise would have had to propel the canoe by means of the paddle4 ,of the ,indian canoe ,longfellow says3 ,the forest's life was in it1 ,all its mystery and its magic1 ,all the lightness of the birch tree1 ,all the toughness of the cedar' ,all the larch's supple sinews2 ,and it floated on the river ,like a yellow leaf in ,autumn1 ,like a yellow water lily4 ,on account of the dense forests and the difficulty experienced in penetrating them1 the early settlements were upon the banks of streams and consequently the water channels and seaports1 for communication between the various settlements1 as well as with the mother country1 were a necessity and the very first legislation with regard to transportation related to boats1 canoes and landings4 ,it was a long time before any internal development of the land took place1 because these waterways formed the main reliance for all movements of persons or property4 ,each of the thirteen original colonies had one or more seaports and the main current of trade1 during the colonial period1 and in fact up to much later times1 was between these ports and the interior districts on the one hand1 and the outer world and the ocean on the other4 ,commerce between the colonies was limited and all movements from one colony to another were by various kinds of sea going vessels4 ,all the boats subsequently built by the ,european settlers showed the influence of the ,indian canoe4 ,the raft was another method of the ,indian for transporting property1 and from this grew the various kinds of floatboats4 ,the raft itself is still in use but more as a means of transporting the lumber of which it is composed than as a means for carrying other freight4 ,for land travel1 when the ,indians had burdens to carry they did it by means of the burden strap1 an arrangement of leather bands which fitted around the forehead and was lashed to a litter borne upon the back4 ,it was usually about fifteen feet in length and braided into a belt in the center1 three or four inches wide4 ,this carrying of burdens upon the back is the one method of transportation which combines the greatest amount of human effort with the least practical effect4 ,but it was at the time the only method available and formed one of the most serious privations and discomforts of savage life4 ,it is recorded in the case of a white man1 who helped the ,indians in one of their wars1 early in #afjj1 that he was wounded and could not walk4 ,thereupon he was placed in a basket of wicker work1 doubled up1 and fastened with cords until he could scarcely move1 and so carried upon the backs of ,indians for several days4 ,in winter we are told they had some sort of primitive sledges1 and they used dogs in some sections4 ,then1 of course1 they had the snow shoe1 which1 to them1 was a rapid way of travelling1 but when the poor white explorers or captives travelled with the ,indians on winter expeditions1 they suffered sharply until they caught the hang of it4 ,chilblains were not the worst of the suffering1 for the tie over the instep and the loops over the toes caused friction1 and bleeding1 frozen feet were the result4 ,when the white man came1 he1 in time1 brought horses and these were much appreciated by the ,indians1 who seemed to know intuitively how to manage and use them4 ,in place of carrying burdens upon his own back1 the red man fastened one end of his tent poles to the horse and fastened upon them the skins which composed his tent1 and allowed the poles to trail upon the ground4 ,this support furnished a method of transporting baggage1 household effects and even women and children vastly superior to the old way4 ,the old trails of the red man1 over which for many years they had traveled with their peculiar but rapid walk1 now furnished bridle paths for the white man and his horse1 and many of those bridle paths are today in use4 ,of course1 the first sturdy settlers walked these trails as did the ,indians1 and we have the history of one journey of ,governor ,winthrop1 when he was carried1 at least over streams1 pick-a-pack upon the back of an ,indian4 ,this is a very human1 if undignified1 picture of the worthy governor4 ,an early explorer in ,virginia said that had she but horses and kine and were inhabited with ,english1 no realm in ,christendom were comparable to it4 ,as these blessings were all added to ,virginia in course of time1 we must believe her the fairest of colonies4 ,as the ,indians were too poor to buy the carefully guarded horses of the early settlers1 and could not steal them1 they were compelled to wait until races of wild horses were developed from the horses brought to ,florida1 ,mexico and ,california by the ,spaniards4 ,the better grade of horse was used by the warrior and for travel1 but the poorer horses for the drudgery and were quite naturally called squaw ponies4 ,in the early days before the carriage was introduced1 wounded or sick persons were carried upon stretchers between two horses4 ,the early means of transportation on land1 in the colonies1 was by horseback1 for either persons or property1 and this was the universal method of travel until nearly the beginning of the #aith century4 ,it was a common custom for the post rider to also act as a squire of dames1 and sometimes he would have in charge four or six women travelling on horseback from one town to another4 ,it was to the north that the carriage came first1 and in the early days only the very wealthy families had them4 ,and with the coming of the carriage1 the colonists realized that they needed something better than an ,indian trail or bridle path1 and the agitation for good roads had its birth4 ,one can form some idea of what the so-called roads must have been in #agjd1 when we read that the mail from ,philadelphia to ,new ,york is now a week behind and not yet com'd in4 ,the mail after #afgc was carried by horseback between ,new ,york and ,boston1 but as late as #agcj1 the postmaster was advertising for applications from persons who desired to perform the foot post to ,albany that winter4 ,the route was largely up the ,hudson river on skates4 ,in #aghh it took four days for mail to go through from ,new ,york to ,boston in good weather--in winter much longer4 ,the commerce between the settlements on the coast and those in southwestern ,pennsylvania and western ,virginia was carried on by pack horse4 ,the people in these districts sent their peltry and furs by pack horse to the coast and there exchanged them for such articles as they needed in their homes and for work upon their farms4 ,several families would form an association1 a master-driver would be chosen and the caravan move on its slow way to the settlement east of the mountains4 ,afterwards this pack horse system was continued by common carrier organizations4 ,the earliest legislation in reference to highways was in the ,massachusetts ,bay ,colony in #afci1 providing for supervisors1 and the relaying of the roads so as to be more convenient for travel1 with authority to lay out the highways where they may be most convenient1 notwithstanding any man's property1 or any corne ground1 so as it occasion not the pulling down of any man's house1 or laying open any garden or orchard4 ,the law in force in ,pennsylvania1 prior to the grant to ,penn was part of the system established for the ,new ,york ,colony in #affd4 ,in #agjj a revision of existing road laws was made1 giving control of county roads to county officials1 but the king's highway and public roads to be controlled by governor and council4 ,the fact appears that while the early roads in the ,american colonies were bad1 ,england had few1 if any1 good roads1 and the improvement1 when begun1 was so rapid that driving for pleasure was introduced here long before it was known in ,england4 ,in fact1 the idea was carried back to ,england by officers who fought in the ,revolution4 ,when stage coaches were started in the colonies in #agah1 from ,boston to ,rhode ,island1 there was no wagon road over this route1 it not being built until #agba4 ,it was a common thing for the passengers of the early stage coaches to have to get out1 and help lift or push the stage coach out of the mud1 and the objection raised to this was the reason for the introduction of the corduroy road4 ,if one has had the doubtful pleasure of riding over a short portion of such road1 one knows that it was a question whether long stretches of it and being shaken around in the coach like peas in a pod1 was much improvement over being dumped out into the mud1 while the coach was lifted out of the mire with which the old roads were padded4 ,with the development of stage routes1 came bridges1 ferries1 turnpikes and national roads4 ,as the passengers and light baggage were carried by stage1 the freight traffic was carried on by the old time teamsters1 with their huge wagons1 with six or eight horses attached to each1 and moving along the turnpikes1 traveling together for company and protection4 ,these turnpikes presented a bustling appearance1 with the dashing stage coaches1 parties on horseback1 the long trains of teamsters' huge wagons1 and the many taverns that lined these thoroughfares4 ,the passenger on the stage coach had time to study nature and his surroundings as he passed along1 and to be fortunate enough to secure the box seat with the stage driver and hear1 as one rode along1 the gossip of the route1 made a joy one does not experience in our days of rapid travel4 ,following the institution of national roads and staging1 came the introduction of canals and artificial waterways1 as a means of transportation for freight in the carrying on of commerce4 ,a short canal1 for the transporting of stone1 was built in ,orange ,county1 ,new ,york1 as early as #agej4 ,the first public canal company was the ,james ,river ,company1 incorporated in #aghe4 ,from that time on there have been vast improvements in methods and much of our freight is moved by means of the large canals all over our country4 ,the next development in transportation facilities was the railroad1 the first of which was the ,experiment railroad built to carry stone to ,bunker ,hill ,monument4 ,oliver ,evans1 in #aggb1 began to experiment upon the construction of a steam carriage to run upon the ground1 but it remained for ,john ,stevens to combine the steam carriage and the railway4 ,the first rail cars1 or coaches1 were run by horse power4 ,it is interesting to read ,mr4 ,evans' prediction1 which is as follows3 ,i do verily believe that the time will come when carriages propelled by steam will be in general use1 as well for the transportation of passengers as goods1 travelling at the rate of fifteen miles an hour1 or three hundred miles per day4 ,in #ahac he predicted that the time would come when a traveller could leave ,washington in the morning1 breakfast at ,baltimore1 dine at ,philadelphia and sup at ,new ,york1 all in the same day1 travelling almost as fast as birds fly1 fifteen to twenty-miles an hour4 ,in #ahaa1 ,robert ,fulton1 journeying by stage to ,pittsburgh1 said1 ,the day will come1 gentlemen1 ,i may not live to see it1 though some of you who are younger will probably--when carriages will be drawn over these mountains by steam engines at a rate more rapid than that of a stage on the smoothest turnpike4 ,a howl of protest went up from the old stage drivers when the railroad was projected1 but as every public necessity had its will1 the railroads had come to stay4 ,there were many accidents on these primitive roads1 and these were made the most of by the opposition4 ,one old stager said1 ,you got upset in a stage coach1 and there you were4 ,you got upset in a rail car--and where are you8 ,from trail in the days of the ,indians to ,t-rail of recent years seems a slow1 tedious advance1 but as some one has said3 ,when we reflect upon the obstinate opposition that has been made by a great majority to every step towards improvement2 from bad roads to turnpikes1 from turnpikes to canals1 from canal to railways for horse carriages1 it is too much to expect the monstrous leap from bad roads to railways for steam carriages at once4 ,one step in a generation is all we can hope for4--,,clara ,d4 ,,patterson1 ,easton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,,colonel ,,benjamin ,,hawkins4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,walker1 ,waycross4 ,colonel ,hawkins1 patriot1 soldier1 ,united ,states senator and ,indian agent1 was born ,august #ae1 #aged1 in the county of ,butts1 now ,warren ,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,he was the son of ,colonel ,philemon and ,delia ,hawkins4 ,he attended ,princeton ,college until his senior year when the institution was closed on account of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,his knowledge of the ,french language led ,washington to press him into service as a member of his staff to act as interpreter with the ,french allies4 ,he was one of the founders of the ,society of ,cincinnati in #aghc4 ,he was a gallant ,revolutionary soldier1 having participated in several important engagements1 among the number the ,battle of ,monmouth4 ,after ,north ,carolina ratified the federal constitution he was elected ,united ,states ,senator from that state1 taking his seat in #agij4 ,at the close of his term in the senate he was appointed agent of the three great ,indian tribes east of the ,mississippi and entered upon his duties in the part of ,georgia now known as ,crawford ,county1 but at that time called ,the ,agency ,reserve4 ,this place became an important trading post and was selected by ,colonel ,hawkins as a convenient locality for the transaction of duties that devolved upon him4 ,he infused progression1 activity and thrift into the little village4 ,mills1 workshops1 and comfortable homes appeared on every side4 ,colonel ,hawkins brought his own slaves from his old home in ,north ,carolina1 and under the right conceded to his office1 he opened and cultivated a large plantation at the agency1 making immense crops of corn and other provisions4 ,while he lived his cattle brand was rigidly respected by the red men2 although soon as his death1 if reports be true1 the ,creeks1 oblivious of former obligations1 stole numbers of his cows and hogs4 ,to him does the state of ,georgia owe a debt of special gratitude4 ,he not only risked his life for the state of his adoption1 but preserved the history of the ,creek country1 some of which is most valuable and interesting4 ,the ,french general1 ,moreau1 who in exile1 was his guest for some time1 was so much impressed with his character and labors1 that he pronounced him one of the most remarkable men he met in ,america4 ,colonel ,hawkins possessed great adaptability and through his beneficence he acquired the respect of the ,indians4 ,it is said he gained their love and bound them to him by ties as loyal and touching as those of old feudal allegiance and devotion4 ,he was closely associated with ,generals ,floyd1 ,blackshear and ,john ,mc,intosh1 and ,governors ,troup1 ,mitchell and ,early4 ,the ,indians of ,chehaw were closely allied to ,colonel ,hawkins4 ,they frequently furnished him with valuable information in regard to the treachery of the ,british and the unfriendly ,indians4 ,it has been conceded to some of our patriots that they were great in war4 ,benjamin ,hawkins was not only great in war1 but1 like ,washington1 was great in peace4 ,it was he who most strongly advocated terminating the ,war of #ahab4 ,he knew well how to approach the children of the forest4 ,the simple and diplomatic way in which he addressed the ,indians is displayed in his quaint letter to the ,ammic-cul-le1 who lived at the ,indian town of ,chehaw3 ,the time is come when we are to compel our enemies to be at peace1 that we may be able to sit down and take care of our families and property without being disturbed by their threatening and plundering of us4 ,general ,blackshear is with you to protect and secure the friendly ,indians on your river1 and to aid in punishing the mischief-makers4 ,go you to him2 see him2 take him by the hand1 and two of you must keep him4 ,you must point out sixty of your young warriors1 under two chiefs1 to be with1 and act under the orders of the general till you see me4 ,he will supply them with provisions and some ammunition4 ,you must be very particular about spies4 ,you know all the friendly ,indians1 and all who are hostile4 ,if any spies come about you of the hostiles1 point them out to the general4 ,and your warriors1 acting with the general must be as quick and particular as his white soldiers to apprehend or put to death any enemy you meet with4 ,your warriors will receive the same pay as the soldiers in the service of the ,united ,states4 ,tell your women and children not to be afraid1--that friends have come for their protection1 and that ,i am at the head of the ,creek warriors4 ,i am your friend and the friend of your nation4 ,colonel ,hawkins was closely identified in the negotiation of the ,treaty of ,peace and ,friendship with the ,indians4 ,his name1 together with ,george ,clymer and ,andrew ,pickens1 was signed as commissioners on the part of the ,united ,states to the ,treaty held at ,coleraine1 in ,camden ,county1 ,georgia1 ,march #ah1 #agig4 ,a treaty of limits between the ,united ,states and the ,creek nation of ,indians1 was held near ,milledgeville1 at ,fort ,wilkinson1 on the part of the ,united ,states4 ,the signers were ,benjamin ,hawkins and ,andrew ,pickens4 ,this treaty was signed by forty chiefs and warriors4 ,treaty with the ,creeks at the agency1 near ,flint ,river1 on ,november #c1 #agid1 signed by ,hopoie ,micco and other ,indians1 also bore ,hawkins' signature4 ,in #ahjb ,colonel ,hawkins recommended the establishing of a fort and trading post on the ,old ,ocmulgee ,fields4 ,the right to establish such a post was obtained by the ,fort ,wilkinson treaty4 ,colonel ,hawkins selected a site on an eminence near the river where the city of ,macon now stands4 ,a tract of one hundred acres of land was set apart for the use of the post4 ,fort ,hawkins was built in #ahjf and was garrisoned by troops from ,fort ,wilkinson early in the following year4 ,the fort was named in honor of ,benjamin ,hawkins1 one of the few honors bestowed upon him by the state he had so ably served4 ,this fort was considered one of the most formidable on the frontier4 ,two block houses1 each twenty-eight feet square with two stories and a basement were built with heavy mortised logs4 ,this place was provided with port holes for both cannon and musketry1 and stood at the southeast and northwest corner of a strong stockade4 ,during the war of #ahab the fort was a strong point for the mobilization of troops4 ,colonel ,hawkins died at the agency in ,crawford ,county1 ,june #f1 #ahaf1 and was buried on a wooded bluff overlooking the ,flint ,river4 ,the little graveyard that served as a last resting place for those who lived around the agency has long since been abandoned4 ,the unmarked grave of a patriot is there1 sleeping unhonored amid the tangled vines and weeds4 ,,governor ,,jared ,,irwin4 ,jared ,irwin was born in ,mecklenburg1 ,n4 ,c41 in #agej1 about two years after his parents arrived from ,ireland4 ,they emigrated from ,mecklenburg ,county1 ,n4 ,c41 and came to ,burke ,county1 ,georgia1 when ,jared was seven years old4 ,years afterward ,jared moved to ,washington ,county4 ,he was a faithful soldier in the ,indian wars1 serving as a ,brigadier-,general in the ,georgia ,militia4 ,in the ,revolutionary ,war he served as ,captain and afterwards as ,colonel1 fighting in the siege of ,savannah and ,augusta and in the battles of ,camden1 ,s4 ,c41 ,briar ,creek1 ,georgia1 ,black ,swamp1 and others4 ,just after the first siege of ,augusta1 in #aghj1 ,colonel ,williamson was placed in command of ,colonel ,clarke's forces and on ,april #afth1 #agha1 he led them to ,augusta and fortified his camp within twelve hundred yards of the ,british works4 ,here ,captain ,dun1 and ,captain ,irwin with the ,burke ,county men1 joined him1 where they guarded every approach to ,augusta for nearly four weeks1 never for a moment relaxing their vigilance1 but waiting impatiently for the promised assistance from ,general ,greene4 ,at last1 the militia1 destitute of almost every necessity of life1 wearied of their hard service1 and giving up all hope of aid1 determined to return to their homes4 ,the encouragement of ,colonel ,jackson roused their drooping spirits1 inspired them with hope and courage1 and saved them from tarnishing the laurels they had already won4 ,the militia afterwards nobly did their part in all the fights around ,augusta4 ,jared with his three brothers ,john1 ,william1 and ,alexander1 built a fort in ,washington ,county known as ,fort ,irwin1 which was used as a defence against the ,british and with his private money he equipped his company of soldiers for the war4 ,jane1 the ,governor's youngest child1 received a claim through our great members1 ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens and ,robt4 ,toombs1 in the ,united ,states ,congress1 to the amount of ten thousand dollars for money expended by her father in the defence of his section of the country in time of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,jared ,irwin represented ,washington ,county in the ,legislature and was ,president of the ,state ,senate at different times from #agij to #ahah4 ,he was in the ,convention for revising our ,constitution in #aghi1 and was president of the body which revised it in #agih4 ,at the close of the war of ,independence he was a member of the ,legislature that convened under our present form of government4 ,in #agif1 the ,legislature assembled in ,louisville1 then the ,capitol of ,georgia1 and on the second day of the session1 ,january #agth1 he was elected ,governor4 ,the ,legislature at once took up the ,yazoo ,act over which the ,state was greatly excited4 ,a committee of investigation pronounced it not binding on the ,state on account of the fraud used to obtain it4 ,james ,jackson introduced a bill known as the ,rescinding ,act4 ,this was at once passed by both houses and signed by ,gov4 ,irwin1 ,feby4 #acth1 #agif4 ,it was resolved to burn the papers of the ,yazoo ,act and thus purge the records of everything relating to it4 ,so on ,feby4 #aeth1 #agif1 wood was piled in front of the ,state ,house1 and1 in the presence of ,gov4 ,irwin and both branches of the ,legislature1 fire was kindled by the use of a lens and the records and documents were burned with a consuming fire from heaven4 ,after the death of ,general ,james ,jackson1 ,united ,states ,senator1 ,governor ,milledge was elected to fill his place by the ,legislature at an extra session held in ,june1 #ahjf1 and in ,september following tendered his resignation as ,governor4 ,in this way1 ,jared ,irwin1 ,president of the ,senate1 again became ,governor1 and when the ,legislature met in ,november he was elected to that office for a full term1 thus filling the ,governor's chair from the #bcrd of ,september1 #ahjf1 to the #gth of ,november1 #ahji4 ,his administration as ,governor was distinguished for justice and impartiality4 ,the spotless purity of his character1 his affable disposition1 his widespread benevolence and hospitality1 made him the object of general affection4 ,to the poor and distressed he was benefactor and friend4 ,in every position of public life1 as a soldier1 a statesman and a patriot1 the public good was the object and the end of his ambition1 and his death was lamented as a national calamity4 ,governor ,irwin married ,isabella ,erwin1 his cousin1 and they had four children1 ,thomas1 ,john1 ,elizabeth and ,jane4 ,thomas was among the nine in the first class that graduated from the ,university of ,georgia on ,thursday1 ,may #cast1 #ahjd1 and had a speaker's place at ,commencement4 ,jane the youngest child1 lived and died an old maid2 she said she would not marry for fear that the ,irwin name might run out4 ,she was spirited1 a good talker1 and affable in her manner1 a patriotic1 whole-souled1 noble woman4 ,governor ,irwin died on ,march #ast41 #ahah1 at the age of sixty-eight and was buried at his home at ,union ,hill1 in ,washington ,county4 ,in #ahef there was an appropriation by the ,georgia ,legislature to erect a monument to his memory2 and in #ahfj1 a ,committee consisting of ,colonel ,r4 ,l4 ,warthen1 ,captain ,s4 ,a4 ,h4 ,jones and ,colonel ,j4 ,w4 ,rudisill1 was appointed to select a site for same4 ,it was decided to erect the monument in ,sandersville1 ,ga41 the county site of ,washington ,county2 and here it still stands on ,court ,house square--a shaft of pure white marble--a gift from the ,state to the memory of her noble son who gave his life1 love and ability to his beloved ,georgia1 ,empire ,state of the ,south4--,governor ,jared ,irwin ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,education ,,of ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,revolution4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,deb4 ,,randolph ,,keim4 ,regent ,berks ,county1 ,reading ,pa41 ,chapter and ,honorary ,vice-,president ,general1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,again you are assembled to do honor to the memory of ,george ,washington1 ,commander-in-,chief of the ,continental armies during the war for ,independence1 this being the one hundred and seventy-ninth anniversary of his birth4 ,the first steps to the establishment of a school of systematic education of young men was ,william and ,mary ,college1 of ,williamsburgh1 the capital of ,virginia1 in #afag1 twenty-six years before the foundation of ,harvard in ,massachusetts4 ,but the character of the former was not granted until #afic1 or fifty years after4 ,the first common school established by legislation in ,america was in ,massachusetts1 in #afde1 but the first town school was opened at ,hartford1 ,conn41 before #afdb1 and ,i feel proud to say ,i graduated from this same school over two hundred years later1 then known as the ,hartford ,latin ,grammar ,school and later ,hartford ,boys' and ,girls' ,high ,school4 ,the only established schools of higher learning in ,america after ,william and ,mary in ,virginia and ,harvard in ,massachusetts for the education of young men later prominent in the ,revolution were3 ,st4 ,john's1 ,annapolis1 ,md41 #afif2 ,yale1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 #agja2 ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 #agdj2 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j41 #agdf2 ,washington and ,lee1 ,lexington1 ,va41 #agdi2 ,columbia1 ,new ,york1 #aged4 ,only the sons of men of means could avail themselves of these advantages4 ,therefore the great mass of those who became more or less prominent picked up whatever they knew as best they could4 ,in ,virginia1 ,patrick ,henry1 ,washington and others had the limited opportunity and means of the old ,field or ,plantation ,school which was the only road to the rudest forms of knowledge4 ,these were generally taught by men of fair education1 but adventurous life1 who were paid by the planters within a radius of eight or ten miles4 ,a notorious pedagogue1 by the suggestive name ,hobby1 celebrated in ,virginia annals for the brisk coercive switching of the backs of his boys as the most effective road to knowledge1 is made famous in history as the rudimentary educator of the great man whose beginning of life's journey dates from this day4 ,washington's parents having removed from the place of his birth when a child resided within a journey of thirteen miles of the despotic jurisdiction of ,hobby1 and thither the boy walked or rode daily except ,sundays in all kinds of weather1 even being obliged to row across the ,rappahannock ,river to ,fredericksburg1 where this vigorous applier of the ferrule held forth4 ,at eleven years1 the death of ,washington's father put an end to even this limited supply of schooling4 ,but the young man fortunately had a mother who was one of the few educated women of that period4 ,we learn from a primitive record that ,mary ,ball1 the name of ,washington's mother1 was educated by a young man graduated from ,oxford1 ,england1 and sent over to be assistant to the rector of the ,episcopal parish in which she lived4 ,at the age of fifteen she could read1 write and spell4 ,in a letter preserved she wrote to a young lady friend3 ,he 7her tutor7 teaches ,sister ,susie and me and ,madame ,carter's boy and two girls4 ,i am now learning pretty fast4 ,it was ,governor ,berkeley who1 in a letter to his friends in ,england1 boastingly thanked ,god that there were no schools and printing in ,virginia4 ,washington was always methodical1 and what he undertook was done well4 ,this trait he inherited from his mother1 as she was a woman worthy of imitation4 ,from her stern disciplinary character and pious convictions her son learned self-control and all the characteristics of address and balance1 which carried him through the most intricate and discouraging experiences of his career4 ,the tastes of ,washington in childhood were instinctively military2 all his amusements pointed that way4 ,at twenty-one his first mission to the ,french at le ,boeuf1 fixed his career as a fearless man of action4 ,the rescue of ,braddock's ,regulars from destruction by the savages was his baptism of fire2 the rest1 a manifestation of human greatness put the stamp of military prowess upon him4 ,virginia furnished more of the leaders of the first rank in the contest with the ,crown than any other one colony1 and yet some of the men who contributed most to the incisive work of the conflict had few opportunities of education4 ,for instance1 ,patrick ,henry1 who electrified the issue in his famous epigram which struck the fulminate of the combat for independence3 ,caesar had his ,brutus1 ,charles the ,first his ,cromwell and ,george the ,third 7,treason1 treason being shouted71 rejoined1 if this be treason1 make the most of it4 ,this same authority1 being criticised by aristocratic loyalists for his lack of education1 replied3 ,naiteral pairts are more acount than all the book lairning on the airth4 ,thomas ,jefferson1 on the other hand1 was a man of higher education4 ,the private schoolhouse ten feet square on the ,tuckahoe plantation1 thirteen miles west of ,richmond1 in which ,thomas ,jefferson and his kinsman1 ,thomas ,marr ,randolph1 were educated1 in part by a private tutor1 was in a good state of preservation when ,i had the pleasure of visiting ,tuckahoe at the time of the international review at ,hampton ,roads4 ,what we today call free school education began in a simple form under the ,quakers of ,philadelphia in the earliest years of the ,provincial government of ,penn1 the first proprietary4 ,thomas ,holme in bad rhyme and not much better grammar tells about these schools in #afif4 ,in what the ,germans would call the hinterland the school was at a low ebb4 ,there being no towns there were no facilities to get enough scholars together to make the pay of a teacher worth the while4 ,the ,germans1 the dominant element1 when educated at all1 were under the tuition of teachers of parochial schools of the evangelical denominations and sects of their own1 frequently pastors or missionaries in the language of the ,fatherland4 ,in ,pennsylvania among the emigrants who came over in colonies there was a preacher and a schoolmaster4 ,this was particularly so among the ,dutch1 ,swedes and ,germans4 ,the ,english ,quakers began schools in ,philadelphia very soon after the foundation of that town4 ,in the interior schools were rare as the settlements were scattered4 ,reading was not founded until #agdh1 therefore education had not made headway at the time when the men prominent in ,berks affairs during the ,revolution were at the educational age4 ,yet those who figured during that period in prominent places held their own with any of their city contemporaries4 ,among the people generally1 according to the oath of allegiance list1 handwriting was evidently not widespread1 judging from the number of his 7cross7 mark1 substituted for signatures in #aggg-aggh4 ,in #agad ,christopher ,dock1 a ,german1 opened a school at ,skippach1 below what is now ,pottstown1 about thirty miles from this large assemblage of educated young ladies4 ,christopher ,dock was a man of real learning1 unexcelled by any outside of ,pennsylvania in his time4 ,his ,schule ,ordnung written in #agej and printed by ,christopher ,sauer1 of ,germantown1 #aggj1 was the first treatise on education produced in type in the ,american colonies4 ,the leaders in the ,german emigration prior to the ,american ,revolution were often men of the highest scholastic training4 ,in ,new ,england began the earliest systematic preliminaries and expansion in the line of schooling4 ,it has the honor1 as ,i have shown1 of founding the second institution of higher learning which survives today4 ,james ,otis1 ,samuel and ,john ,adams1 foremost agitators on the legal technicalities of opposition to ,england1 were the best types of the output of ,new ,england's educational opportunities of the times4 ,it is one of the greatest tributes to our forefathers that with these limited and more frequently rude means of getting an education there should have been so many examples of brain and culture to meet the educational requirements of the conflict with the ,british ,crown1 the preparation of documents which stood the most critical scrutiny1 and as well the preparation and negotiating of correspondence1 conventions and treaties to compare favorably with the most advanced university educated statesmen of the ,old ,world4 ,what ,i have said applies to men1 but what about the young women of the same period8 ,except in the few largest towns where some enterprising woman was courageous enough of her own volition to establish a school for young ladies1 the education of women was not considered of importance4 ,the ,moravians were the first and most notable exceptions4 ,the seminary at ,bethlehem1 almost in sight of where we are now gathered1 was famous in ,revolutionary days4 ,in ,new ,york and ,philadelphia there was an occasional fashionable school for young ladies4 ,abigail ,smith1 who became wife of ,john ,adams1 one of the earliest agitators and leaders of the contest1 one of the committee that drafted the ,declaration of ,independence1 first ,vice-,president and second ,president of the ,united ,states1 was a woman of education4 ,being the daughter of a ,congregational preacher and having a taste for books1 her father devoted much care to her instruction4 ,as ,john ,adams1 on account of his radical patriotism was the man the ,british authorities most feared1 and were looking for1 the letters of ,mrs4 ,adams to her husband and his replies are valuable contributions to ,american history4 ,they were perfect in writing1 spelling1 grammar and composition4 ,i may add1 though1 of a date long after1 history is indebted to her letters to her daughter for the only eye witness account we have of the trials and tribulations of the journey of the ,president's family from ,philadelphia to ,washington1 in the fall of #ahjj1 then the new seat of government1 getting lost in the woods and taking possession of the unfinished ,president's palace1 as it was called1 without firewood during bleak ,november days and nights with no looking glasses1 lamps1 nor anything else to make a ,president's wife comfortable4 ,as a rule1 young women were not educated in books1 but taught to sew1 knit1 spin1 weave1 cook1 wash1 iron and perform all other household requirements4 ,her value in the scale of life was in proportion as she was skilled in the duties of a housewife4 ,this was the real type of womanhood in those days1 and should always be1 with a cultivated mind added4 ,when we read of their heroic maintenance of the home1 care and training of children1 management of the farm1 sale of its products and often facing hardships in keeping the wolf from the door1 while husbands1 sons and brothers were fighting for liberty and independence1 we care not whether they could read1 write1 spell1 cast up accounts or not1 but think of their woman's contribution to the success of the contest4 ,it is positive that the fathers of the ,revolution would not have been successful but for the women1 perhaps uneducated in books but competent and self-sacrificing in maintaining the home1 while the men were fighting for liberty and free exercise of all its enjoyments4 ,if this great nation is a testimonial of what women without the aid of books contributed in laying the foundation1 what must now be expected of women having every advantage of education from kindergarten and primary schools to the woman's college8 ,i might mention sixteen colleges now exclusively devoted to the education of young women in ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,ohio1 and ,illinois with a roll of eight thousand young women students4 ,the first seniority is ,mount ,holyoke1 ,mass41 founded in #ahcg1 having #gee scholars2 the largest is ,smith ,college1 ,northampton1 ,mass41 #a1fbj young women2 next ,wellesley1 ,mass41 #a1cge1 and ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pennsylvania1 #a1abe4 ,to show the difference between now and the days of our revolutionary fathers1 the school houses were built of logs1 one story high1 with bark roofs and puncheon or dirt floors1 which on account of incessant tramping usually became covered several inches deep with dust4 ,the teacher sat in the center of the room4 ,in the log walls around were driven wooden pegs upon which were laid boards that formed the desks4 ,the seats were rough stools or logs4 ,all sat with backs to the teacher4 ,the windows to admit light were fitted with white paper greased with lard instead of glass4 ,the boy scholars wore leather or dried skin aprons and buckskin tunics and leggins1 when they could not get woven materials4 ,and the girls1 coarsely woven flax or wool bodices1 skirts1 kerchiefs1 and aprons and footwear of wood1 coarse leather1 not a few going barefoot4 ,the writing equipment in ,revolutionary days consisted of ink which was of home manufacture from an ink powder1 quills and a pen knife1 cutting pens from goose quills being an art4 ,the rest of the materials were paper1 pumice1 a rule1 wax1 and black sand1 shaken from a pepper box arrangement1 instead of blotting paper4 ,the earliest method of teaching before school text-books were known was by what was termed the hornbook1 a tablet of wood about #e by #b inches upon which was fastened a paper sheet containing the alphabet in capitals and small letters across the top and simple syllables like1 ab1 ad1 etc42 below and underneath the whole the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,the paper containing this course of study was covered with a sheet of transparent horn fastened around the edges4 ,at the lower edge was a small handle with a hole through it and a string to go around the neck4 ,by this means the advantages of a colonial education stayed by the scholars if they wished to avail of them or not4 ,these hornbooks were made of oak1 bound with metal for common folks1 but for the rich of iron and metal1 often silver4 ,some were wrought in silk needle work4 ,their popularity is shown by their advertisement for sale in the ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 ,december1 #agfj1 and ,new ,york ,gazette1 ,may1 the same year4 ,battledore book was another name4 ,another style was the printed cardboard battledore1 about fifteen inches long and folded over like a pocket book4 ,the primer succeeded the hornbooks1 the ,new ,england ,primer being one of the earliest4 ,it is recorded that three millions of these were sold1 so great was the desire for education in times preceding the ,revolution4 ,these little books were five by three inches and contained #hj pages4 ,they gave short tables of easy spelling up to six syllables2 also some alphabetical religion in verse1 as ,k--for ,king ,charles the good1 ,no man of blood4 ,in the ,revolutionary days this was transposed to ,k--for ,kings and queens1 ,both have beens4 ,z appears to have been a poser in this alphabetical array of rhythmic religion1 rendered ,zaccheus he ,did climb a tree ,his ,lord to see4 ,the hours of study were eight a day4 ,there were also text-book writers in those early times4 ,among the titles one reads3 ,a delysious syrup newly claryfied for young scholars yt thurste for ye swete lycore of ,latin speche4 ,another3 ,a young ,lady's ,accident or a short and easy introduction to ,english ,grammar designed principally for the use of young learners1 more especially for those of the fair sex though proper for either4 ,fifty-seven pages4 ,it had a great sale4 ,it was the style of the time to set books of instruction in doggerel verse1 even spelling1 grammar and arithmetic4 ,the latter was taught by means of sum books1 simply sums copied by the learner from an original furnished by the teacher4 ,alphabet lessons were similar to the alphabet blocks children play with to-day1 generally beginning with verses from the ,bible4 ,an interesting fact is that we find the child's prayer1 ,now ,i lay me down to sleep1 in the ,new ,england ,primer catechism as far back as #agcg4 ,a more beautiful tribute could not be paid to this invocation of childhood than the thought of the generations of ,american children who were thus taught in their everyday lessons their dependence upon the ,supreme ,being4 ,some of the most interesting contributions we have to the literature of the ,revolutionary period are the letters of the educated women of the time4 ,they are the more pleasing because they relate to the affairs of home and social life4 ,you1 of this age of education of women are expected to exert a large share in their extension and enjoyment4--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,nancy ,,hart4 ,many people believe that ,nancy ,hart was a myth4 ,but not so4 ,in the ,life and ,times of ,william ,h4 ,crawford1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,d4 ,shipp1 of ,americus1 the story is reproduced1 as the ,hart family lived not far from the home of the ,crawfords4 ,col4 ,shipp says3 ,on the north side of ,broad ,river at a point about twelve miles from the present city of ,elberton1 ,ga41 and fourteen from historic ,petersburg1 in what is now ,elbert ,county1 was situated the log house in which ,benjamin ,hart and his wife1 ,nancy ,morgan ,hart1 lived at the commencement of the ,revolution4 ,the spot is easily located to this day as being near ,dye's and ,will's ferries1 and on the opposite side of the river from which ,governor ,matthews settled in #aghd1 near a small and romantic stream known as ,war ,woman's ,creek4 ,this was the name given to it by the ,indians in honor of ,nancy ,hart1 whom they admired and feared4 ,her home was near the entrance of the stream into the river4 ,the ,state records show that ,benjamin ,hart drew #djj acres of land on ,broad ,river1 and afterwards another body of land in ,burke county4 ,he was a brother to the celebrated ,col4 ,thomas ,hart of ,kentucky1 who was the father of the wife of ,henry ,clay4 ,he was a well-to-do farmer1 and was compelled to take his stock and negroes to the swamp to protect them and his own life from the unrestrained ,tories4 ,as captain of a small company of ',partisans1' he would sally forth from his hiding place only whenever there was a chance of striking the enemy an effective blow4 ,the ,tories generally spared the women1 but killed the men1 though unarmed4 ,nancy ,hart1 alone with six boys--,morgan1 ,john1 ,thomas1 ,benjamin1 ,lemuel and ,mark--and her two girls1 ,sally and ,keziah1 presents a unique case of patriotic fervor1 courage and independence of character4 ,rough1 six feet tall1 spare1 bigboned and exceedingly strong1 she was highspirited1 energetic and shrewd4 ,the ,whigs loved her--the ,liberty boys called her ,aunt ,nancy4 ,the ,tories hated her4 ,when ,general ,elijah ,clark moved the women and children away from ,broad ,river settlement to a place of safety in ,kentucky most of them were anxious to go1 but ,nancy refused1 and remained alone with her children after her ,whig neighbors had departed4 ,her house was a meeting place for her husband's company4 ,she aided as a spy and kept him informed of the movements of the enemy4 ,she always went to the mill alone and was an expert equestrienne4 ,one day while on her rounds she was met by a band of ,tories with the ,british colors striped on their hats4 ,they knew her and demanded her pass4 ,she shook her fist at them and replied3 ,this is my pass2 touch me if you dare4 ,tories lived on the opposite side of the river from her1 and she had many trials with them4 ,some are noted4 ,one night ,aunt ,nancy was boiling a pot of lye soap in the big fireplace of her stack chimney4 ,suddenly she noticed a pair of eyes and a bearded face at a crack between the logs4 ,pretending not to see the prowler1 she went on stirring the soap and chatting with the children4 ,biding her time1 she deftly threw a ladleful of the boiling soap into the face of the intruder1 whom1 blinded and roaring1 ,nancy bound fast and the next morning marched him across the river1 wading the ford1 and delivered him to ,colonel ,clark4 ,she had many encounters1 capturing ,tories and taking them to the commander4 ,but of all her acts of heroism this one eclipses all others4 ,from the detachment of ,british soldiers sent out from ,augusta1 and which murdered ,colonel ,dooly1 there were five who diverged to the east and crossed ,broad ,river to examine the neighborhood and paid a visit to ,nancy ,hart4 ,they unceremoniously entered her cabin4 ,being hungry1 they ordered her to cook food for them4 ,she replied that the ,tories and the villains had put it out of her power to feed them1 as she had nothing4 ,that old gobler out there is all ,i have left4 ,the leader of the party shot down the turkey1 brought it in and ordered ,nancy to prepare it without delay4 ,she and her children went to work at the task4 ,finally she heard her unwelcome guests boasting of killing ,col4 ,dooly4 ,then she appeared in good humor and exchanged rude jests with them4 ,pleased with her freedom they invited her to partake of their liquor1 which she accepted with jocose thanks4 ,while the turkey was cooking ,nancy sent her eldest daughter to the spring for water1 with directions to blow the conch shell1 which sound her father would interpret4 ,the ,tories became merry over the liquor1 pouring it from the jug with laughter1 as they hurried up ,nancy1 anticipating a good feast4 ,they were at ease4 ,they stacked their arms within easy reach1 and ,nancy would ocasionally pass between the men and their muskets4 ,the ,tories again called for water and ,nancy again sent the daughter to the spring for water--and to blow the signal for ,captain ,hart4 ,nancy was thinking fast4 ,through a crack between the logs she slipped outside two of the five guns4 ,when the third was being put out she was discovered1 and the men sprang to their feet4 ,in an instant ,nancy brought the musket to her shoulder1 declaring she would kill the first man that moved4 ,appalled by her audacity and fury1 the men for a moment stood still2 then one of them made a quick movement to advance on her4 ,she shot him dead4 ,instantly seizing the other musket at her side she leveled it1 keeping the others at bay4 ,by this time the daughter returned from the spring and took the other gun out of the house1 saying3 ,father and the company will soon be here4 ,this alarmed the ,tories and they proposed a general rush4 ,so ,nancy fired and brought down another man dead at her feet4 ,the daughter handed her another gun and ,nancy1 moving to the doorway1 demanded surrender of the three living4 ,yes1 we will surrender1 and let's shake hands on the strength of it4 ,but ,nancy did not shake hands4 ,when ,captain ,hart and company arrived ,nancy would not let them shoot1 saying3 ,these prisoners have surrendered to me2 they have murdered ,colonel ,dooly4 ,i heard them say so4 ,and ,george ,dooly1 brother of ,colonel ,dooly1 and ,mc,corkle followed and saw that the captured murderers were hanged4 ,john ,hart1 second son of ,nancy1 became an influential citizen of ,athens4 ,nancy lived with him after the death of ,capt4 ,hart4 ,in #aghg1 when the two ,virginia preachers1 ,thomas ,humphries and ,john ,majors1 were holding a great campmeeting in ,wilkes ,county1 ,nancy became a staunch adherent of the new faith and joined the church--,wesley's4 ,she finally moved to ,kentucky1 where her relatives1 the ,morgans1 lived4 ,hart ,county was named for her1 and the town of ,hartford1 which in #ahaj was the county seat of ,pulaski4 ,,battle ,,of ,,king',s ,,mountain4 ,,by ,,marion ,,jackson ,,hall4 ,they heard the guns a-roaring1 ,they sounded far and wide2 ,they saw the rebels coming1 ,up every mountain side4 ,the mountaineers1 no longer tame1 ,from every hill and thicket came1 ,they rushed up every mountain side ,to plunge into the swelling tide4 ,ferguson knew1 both good and well1 ,he would have to fight1 on hill or dell1 ,but the number of rebels1 he could not tell4 ,they were advancing1 and walking fast1 ,when now they blew a long1 shrill blast4 ,a smoke now covered the battlefield ,with deaf'ning sound1 of warlike peal4 ,the ,british flag was waving high1 ,when through the smoke there came a cry-- ,a cry from amidst the cloud did ring ,from men that fought for ,england's king4 ,the ,english flag1 they took it down1 ,their leader was dead1 and on the ground1 ,and panic stricken1 they were found4 ,the rebels raged and charged again ,and captured more than a thousand men2 ,they raised their flag up at top mast1 ,they saw and knew they were gaining fast4 ,the thunder roared1 the lightning flashed1 ,and through the cloud some horsemen dashed1 ,the field was high1 but there was mud1 ,for it was wet and red with blood4 ,it was a short1 but bloody fight1 ,it filled the ,tories all with fright-- ,they whipped the ,tories1 that was right4 ,the battlefield with blood was red1 ,and covered with wounded and with dead4 ,they smote and fell1 who raised a hand1 ,to wipe the rebels from the land4 ,the ,americans won that glorious fight ,that put them all to thinking right1 ,they believed they should soon make their laws ,and ,god was with their righteous cause4 ,,william ,,cleghorn4 ,in the spring of #agbh1 a handful of sturdy ,scotchmen started from ,chelmart1 ,scotland1 for ,america1 ,the ,land of the ,free and the ,home of the ,brave4 ,among these were the parents of the boy ,william ,cleghorn1 whose true story is herein narrated4 ,he was a frail lad and partly for the love of the sea and partly for his health1 he enlisted in the ,navy4 ,we find him enrolled at ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september #hth1 #agdh1 as a member of ,capt4 ,samuel ,corbin's ,company4 ,he proved a daring sailor1 yet he was not so interested in the ,navy but that he had time to fall desperately in love with sweet ,thankful ,dexter1 of ,falmouth4 ,now1 ,thankful's father was a man of wealth1 great wealth1 for those days1 and a son-in-law1 with nothing to recommend him but good looks and a fine record as a daring sailor1 did not appeal to him1 but demure1 sweet ,thankful had a will of her own4 ,she saw that young ,william was worthy of any woman's love1 so never for an instant did she even think of giving him up4 ,as time went on our hero began to be a power in the colonies4 ,he was interested in everything pertaining to their welfare4 ,he soon began to prosper financially1 and on ,february #ab1 #aghb1 we find recorded that he gave security for twenty thousand 7#bj1jjj4jj7 dollars1 and took command of the ten-gun ship ,virginia4 ,rickerton1 the historian1 tells us in his history that our hero was one of the earliest and most intelligent ship masters but all the world loves a lover1 and ,i started to tell you chiefly about his love affair4 ,thankful was always dreaming of ,william's bright1 cheery face1 and we may be sure she lost no opportunity to say to her worldly1 bustling father1 ,didn't ,i tell you so8 every time ,william brought new honors upon himself4 ,as time went on this energetic young man conceived the idea of building a sloop1 which he did and named it the ,betsy4 ,we wonder why he did not call it ,the ,thankful but perhaps ,thankful had something to say about that4 ,william loaded the ,betsy with an immense cargo of oil and sailed around ,cape ,horn4 ,this was the very first voyage ever made around the ,cape1 and can you not imagine how proud young ,william ,cleghorn was8 ,and can you not almost hear ,thankful telling her father about the wonderful journey around ,cape ,horn8 ,the father was now convinced that ,william was not only valiant in war and a persistent lover1 but that he was an excellent business man as well1 so he withdrew his objections and ,thankful ,dexter became the happy wife of ,william ,cleghorn4 ,we can almost see the radiant ,thankful in her homespun gown and pertly poke bonnet1 and the erect happy ,william with the air of a conquerer1 coming side by side from the little church1 through the narrow paths of ,martha's ,vineyard1 to the home all ready for the happy couple1 for ,william was now a well-to-do young man4 ,we must not take them all through life's journey1 for this is to be a child's story1 but alas for human joys1 while on a visit to ,boston in #agic1 ,william ,cleghorn was stricken with appoplexy and very suddenly passed away4 ,when you go to ,boston1 go out to the old ,granary ,cemetery1 so well known by lovers of history1 and inclosed in an iron railing you see a white stone standing alone4 ,draw near and read the inscription and you will see that there lies your hero1 ,william1 for on the stone you read3 ,captain ,william ,cleghorn of ,new ,bedford4 ,who died in a fit of appoplexy on a visit to this town1 ,february #bd1 #agic1 in the #fjth year of his age4 ,here lies entombed beneath the tufted clod1 ,a man beloved1 the noblest of ,god4 ,with friendly throbs the heart shall beat no more1 ,closed the gay scene1 the pomp of life is o'er4 ,in the record of his will we find the following1 which will show you how our ancestors made their wills3 ,two mahogony tables1 #a square table1 #af leather bottom chairs1 #a mahogony desk1 #g looking glasses1 #a set of china 7#db pieces71 #a coffee set 7#cj pieces71 #cd linen sheets1 #be pair pillow cases1 #a pew in ,first ,congregational ,meeting ,house1 #a pew in ,second ,congregational ,house1 etc41 etc41 besides a long list of notes and other properties4 ,this is very different from the wills of today1 isn't it8 ,i presume we have many boys as brave and true as ,william1 and many girls as dear and sweet as ,thankful1 and perhaps one hundred years from now other boys and girls will be reading about some of you4 ,so let us live in such a way that we may have our story written and enjoyed as is this true story of ,thankful ,dexter and ,william ,cleghorn4--,,evelyn ,,cleghorn ,,dimock ,,henry1 ,xavier ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,rome1 ,ga4 ,,the ,,blue ,,laws ,,of ,,old ,,virginia4 ,usually in discussion of blue laws1 those very ,draconian regulations which have so aroused the ire or the respect of moderns1 depending upon which way they look at it1 the debaters confine themselves mostly to ,new ,england ,puritan forms1 or those of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania or ,new ,jersey4 ,in the days the ,puritans formulated the blue laws1 ,virginia was looked upon as the home of high living and frivolity4 ,even to this day few would look for such measures among that old aristocratic colony4 ,as a matter of fact1 the ,virginians of the seventeenth century1 had a habit of enacting indigo-tinted laws1 and likewise enforcing them1 which might have made the ,puritans sit up late at night to beat them4 ,aside from the stern and vindictive intolerance which finds utterance in the acts of the ,virginia ,assembly between the years #affb and #afhj1 the most striking element in them is the tremendous premium placed upon spying and informing4 ,in most every case in which such a reward is possible the law encouraged the man to spy upon his neighbor4 ,if the ,virginia husbands agreed with ,kipling that a woman is only a woman1 but a good cigar is a smoke1 the following act must have been the occasion of much domestic infelicity4 ,if a married woman shall slander a person the woman shall be punished by ducking1 and if the damages shall be adjudged more than #ejj pounds of tobacco her husband shall pay1 or the woman receive a ducking for every #ejj pounds so adjudged against her husband if he refused to pay the tobacco4 ,unless a man was well stocked with the divine weed it was worth while to attend church with promptness and regularity3 ,enacted that the ,lord's ,day be kept holy and no journeys or work done thereon1 and all persons inhabiting in this country shall resort every ,sunday to church and abide there quietly and orderly during the common prayers and preaching1 upon the penalty of being fined fifty pounds of tobacco4 ,devices for public instruction and amusement were not to be neglected with impunity1 even by the courts of the colony1 as witness the following3 ,the ,court in every county shall set up near the courthouse1 in a public and convenient place1 a pillory1 a pair of stocks1 a whipping post and a ducking stool4 ,otherwise the ,court shall be fined #e1jjj pounds of tobacco4 ,there is no record of the ,court ever having been mulcted of tobacco for depriving the people of the opportunity to watch the sufferings of their friends and neighbors4 ,severe laws were directed against ,quakers4 ,prior legislation had attempted to put a damper on being any kind of a separatist1 which meant any fellow who didn't agree with the ,established ,church4 ,evidently a little further law on the subject was thought necessary1 for in #affc the ,virginia ,assembly passed the following act3 ,any person inhabiting this country1 and entertaining a ,quaker in or near his house1 shall1 for every time of such entertainment1 be fined #e1jjj pounds of tobacco1 half to the county1 half to the informer4 ,even ,virginia hospitality might well have paused in the face of such a flying start toward bankruptcy4 ,that a stowaway might prove costly is demonstrated by the following3 ,every master of a vessel that shall bring any ,quakers to reside here after ,july #a of this year shall be fined #e1jjj pounds of tobacco1 to be levied by distress and sale of his goods1 and he then shall be made to carry him1 her or them out of the country again4 ,evidently a little thing like a couple of years in servitude did not deter the lovers of pork chops from appropriating their neighbors' swine1 for in #afgi the ,assembly delivered themselves of the following act3 ,the first offense of hog stealing shall be punished according to the former law2 upon a second offense the offender shall stand for two hours in the pillory and shall lose his ears1 and for the third offense shall be tried by the laws of ,england as in case of felony4 ,as the ,english law of the period usually prescribed hanging for a twice convicted felon1 it is presumed that the third dose of justice proved an efficient remedy4 ,not only in the stringency of their laws did the gray cavaliers of the ,old ,dominion run neck and neck with the grim-visaged gentry of ,plymouth ,rock1 but the doubtful honor of being the last to relinquish the gentle art of witchcraft persecution probably belongs to them as well4 ,the witchbaiters around ,salem and throughout ,new ,england generally ceased to a considerable extent their punishment for alleged witchcraft before the eighteenth century1 but the ,virginian records show the arrest and persecution of ,grace ,sherwood1 of ,princess ,anne ,county1 for witchcraft in #agjf4 ,for six months this young woman was imprisoned1 being brought time and again before the court in an effort to convict her4 ,finding no evidence in her actions to justify the persecution1 the ,attorney-,general caused the ,sheriff of the county to impanel a jury of women to examine ,grace ,sherwood physically and instructed them to find something to indicate that she was a witch4 ,this the women failed to do and they were threatened with contempt of court for their failure4 ,everything else having failed1 it was decided to put ,miss ,sherwood to the water test1 which consisted in tying her hands and feet and throwing her overboard in the nearest lake or river4 ,if she sank she was innocent1 but if by her struggles she managed to keep afloat for a few moments1 she was guilty of witchcraft4 ,the full account of this trial is preserved by the ,virginia ,historical ,society1 and the last two court orders in the case are of interest as marking the close of witchcraft persecution in the colonies4 ,whereas1 ,grace ,sherwood1 being suspected of witchcraft1 have a long time waited for a fit opportunity for a further examination1 by her consent approbacon of ye court1 it is ordered that ye sheriff take all such convenient assistance of boats and men and shall be by him thought fit to meet at ,jno4 ,harpers plantation1 in order to take ye ,grace ,sherwood forthwith and ,,butt her into the water above a man's debth try her how she swims therein1 always having care of her life to preserve her from drowning1 as soon as she comes out that he request as many antient and knowing women as possible he can to search her carefully for all spottes marks about her body not usuall on others1 that as they find the same to make report on oath to ye truth thereof to ye court1 and further it is ordered that some woman be requested to shift and search her before she goes into ye water1 that she carry nothing about her to cause further suspicion4 ,on the afternoon of ,july #aj1 #agjf1 the court and county officers and populace assembled on ,john ,harper's plantation1 and the arrangements being completed1 ,grace ,sherwood was carried out to a nearby inlet of ,lynnhaven ,bay4 ,the official court reporter tells quaintly the rest of the story3 ,whereas1 on complaint of ,luke ,hill in behalf of her ,magisty1 that now is against ,grace ,sherwood for a person suspected of witchcraft1 having had sundry evidences sworn against her1 proving manny cercumstances1 which1 she could not make any excuse or little or nothing to say in her own behalf1 only seeming too rely on what ye court should do1 and thereupon consented to be tried in ye water1 likewise to be serched againe with expermints2 being tried1 and she swimming when therein bound1 contray to custom and ye judgments of all ye spectators1 afterwards being searched by five antient women who have all declared on oath that she is not like them2 all of which cercumstances ye court weighing in their consideracon1 do therefore order that ye sheriff take ye said ,grace ,sherwood into his custody comit her body to ye common goal of this county1 there to secure her by irons1 or otherwise there to remain till such time as he shall be otherwise directed4 ,the woman was finally turned free1 and thus ended the last legal prosecution for witchcraft in the colony4 ,,elijah ,,clarke4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,john ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,regent ,brunswick ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,it is to be regretted that our historians have given so little space to one of our ,georgia patriots of the ,revolution--,elijah ,clarke4 ,one of our greatest national needs is that of commemorating the memories of our men who did greatly1 who fought1 suffered and endured for our national independence4 ,this is one of the prime objects of the existence of the ,society of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution2 ,to perpetuate the memory of the ,spirit of the men who achieved ,american ,independence4 ,among the many contributed to this great cause by ,georgia1 was ,elijah ,clarke4 ,after the fall of ,georgia1 for the time being1 many of our most distinguished men became voluntary exiles among their brethren in the ,west4 ,among the most prominent of these was ,colonel ,clarke2 one to whom our liberty and the justness of the cause was dear4 ,he did not give up hope2 for his heart was filled with the desire to return and renew the contest4 ,he employed his entire time in the preparation of a sufficient force that would enable him to return when the opportunity should present itself4 ,augusta was the key to the northern part of the state1 and its possession was of great importance to our patriots4 ,upon hearing that the time for the arrival of the annual ,indian presents was near1 the desire to recover ,augusta became1 to ,colonel ,clarke1 irresistible4 ,he immediately set about collecting troops and his arguments were so successful that in a very short time five hundred enthusiastic warriors and men from the hills were assembled and marched to ,augusta4 ,upon their arrival1 the division under ,major ,taylor attacked the ,indian camp on ,hawks ,gully1 thereby drawing the ,british under ,colonel ,thomas ,brown to the support of the ,indian allies1 leaving the south and west of the city unguarded4 ,colonel ,clarke entered at the points1 with the remainder of his army1 captured the garrison and finally1 driving out ,colonel ,brown1 occupied the town4 ,the ,british under ,colonel ,brown1 after being driven out of ,augusta1 took refuge in a strong house called ,seymour's ,white ,house1 which they had fortified4 ,colonel ,clarke besieged them and was on the point of capturing them1 after a four days siege1 when ,col4 ,cruger1 coming with another ,british force compelled ,clarke to retreat4 ,lord ,cornwallis ordered ,colonel ,ferguson to intercept ,colonel ,clarke4 ,just as ,col4 ,ferguson started to carry out these orders1 he heard that a new enemy was approaching1 for the very purpose of doing just what ,colonel ,clarke had failed to do4 ,this force consisted of rifle militia and had been drawn from ,kentucky1 the western country of ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 and was under the command of the famous independent colonels1 ,campbell1 ,cleveland1 ,williams1 ,sevier and ,shelby4 ,upon hearing of ,clarke's repulse and of ,ferguson's orders to intercept ,clarke1 they gave up their enterprise on ,colonel ,brown1 and turned against ,ferguson2 which ended in a crushing defeat for the ,british and the destruction of ,colonel ,ferguson at ,king's ,mountain4 ,although ,clarke failed in the reduction of ,augusta1 his attempt led to the destruction of ,ferguson2 and with it to the present relief of ,north ,carolina4 ,such is the testimony of ,light ,horse ,harry ,lee1 his companion in arms1 and the father of our beloved ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,general ,clarke1 as he became1 was brave and patriotic1 and his services during the ,revolution were valuable to the country1 and deserve the recognition of his state4 ,he died ,december #aeth1 #agii--one day after the death of ,washington4 ,poor is the nation that boasts no heroes1 but beggared is that country that having them1 forgets4 ,general ,clarke was one of ,georgia's heroes4 ,let us honor him4 ,,general ,,francis ,,marion4 ,the subject of this sketch is ,general ,francis ,marion and a pleasant duty it is to revive the memory of this almost forgotten hero who was one of the most famous warriors of the ,american ,revolution4 ,general ,nathaniel ,greene had often been heard to say that the page of history had never furnished his equal4 ,he was born near ,georgetown1 ,south ,carolina1 of ,french parents1 who were refugees to this country after the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes4 ,from them he inherited that love of liberty which had caused them to forsake home and friends and commence a new life among strangers that they might enjoy freedom of thought and action at ,king's ,mountain4 ,he manifested early in life a love of adventure4 ,his first warlike experience was against the ,indians4 ,he served as a ,lieutenant of volunteers4 ,in his encounters with the savages he showed such courage and skill that he soon became famous1 and to his credit1 it must be said1 he was always humane and just4 ,when war was declared against ,england and troops had to be raised1 ,marion received a ,captain's commission4 ,he went forth to raise a company4 ,money was lacking and he had to depend entirely on volunteers4 ,he very soon1 however1 succeeded in getting his complement of men and was unexcelled in his dealings with these raw recruits4 ,he could enter into their feelings and appreciate their conduct4 ,he did not exact impossibilities of them and he was celebrated for what was called his patience with the militia4 ,illustration3 ,,monument1 ,,site ,,of ,,old ,,fort ,,cornwallis1 ,,augusta1 ,,ga4 ,no service was ever more strictly voluntary than that of those who constituted the company known as ,marion's ,men and he led them to perform deeds of valor which seem almost incredible4 ,there was an air of mysterious daring in what he undertook1 which gave a charm to the life his followers led1 while they had the most perfect confidence in their leader4 ,insubordination was rare among his men on account of their devotion to him4 ,if it did occur he usually visited it by dismissal from his band4 ,this ignominy was dreaded more than any other mode of punishment4 ,he seldom resorted to the military methods of severe discipline4 ,his band was composed largely of the planters1 and some of them were boys who lived in the section of the country where his daring exploits harrassed so severely the ,british4 ,these men were devoted to field sports and were consequently fine riders and marksmen4 ,marion and his men are connected with the most romantic adventures of the ,revolution1 equal to any we have read of in song or story4 ,the writer has often listened with intense interest to the accounts given by her grandfather of the recitals of his party4 ,william ,pope1 who was one of ,marion's ,men1 tells of the many hazardous undertakings against the ,british and ,tories4 ,the famous rides at night when they would leave their hidden places in the swamps1 or some forest so densely wooded that they alone knew the trails by which they found their way in and out2 how they would start on one of their swift rides to intercept the passing of ,british troops from one post to another or attack an army wagon train with provisions and ammunition1 etc4 ,the descent of ,marion and his men would be so sudden that the enemy would be completely demoralized4 ,marion kept bands of scouts constantly watching the enemy and by this means he was enabled to give our army most valuable information4 ,at one time our hero and his men learning of the encampment of some ,british troops near a river1 started out to attack them at midnight4 ,they had to ride many miles to reach the river and in crossing the bridge the noise of the horses aroused the sentinels of the enemy and they were prepared for resistance4 ,the fight which ensued was a fierce one1 but ever after that experience1 when ,marion found it necessary to cross a bridge1 he made the men dismount and spread their blankets over the bridge to muffle the sound of the horses feet4 ,it was a rule with him never to use a bridge when he could ford a river1 and he burned all bridges for which he had no use4 ,these long rapid rides were exhausting to man and beasts4 ,they returned as rapidly as they went forth and when they reached their place of safety1 they would secure their horses1 throw themselves on the ground with only a blanket and a saddle for a pillow and sleep so soundly they would be unconscious of the falling rain and often awaken in the morning to find themselves surrounded by water4 ,amid all these scenes of hardship there were times when this band of devoted patriots indulged in revelry1 as they were safely gathered around the camp fires among the lofty moss-draped cypress trees and gum trees of the swamps to enjoy the captured supplies from the enemy's commissary stores1 which enabled them to supply themselves with clothing1 arms and ammunition4 ,thus they largely provided for their own subsistence by their daring prowess4 ,the ,british established a line of military posts in ,south ,carolina extending from ,georgetown to ,charleston4 ,they found it exceedingly difficult to hold any communication1 for ,marion's scouts were always on the lookout to report their movements4 ,colonel ,watson1 of the enemy1 attempted to take a regiment from one post to another4 ,he was so harrassed by the sharpshooting of ,marion's ,men who lay in ambush along his route1 that he sent a letter by flag of truce to ,marion reproaching him for fighting like a savage and invited him to come out in open field and fight like a gentleman4 ,but ,marion was too shrewd to put in open field his comparatively small band1 with their peculiar mode of warfare1 against a far greater number of finely drilled regulars of the enemy and ,colonel ,watson had to retreat and encamp his men in the first open field he could find4 ,marion had a number of interviews by flag of truce with ,british officers4 ,one of the most noted is the one in which he entertained the officer at dinner4 ,after business affairs had been settled ,general ,marion invited the officer to dine with him and he accepted4 ,marion ordered dinner4 ,the officer looked around with curiosity as he saw no preparations for dinner and his surprise was great when the cook placed before him on a piece of bark a few sweet potatoes which had been roasted in the fire near by4 ,the officer remarked to ,marion that he supposed his supplies had fallen short1 endeavoring to relieve ,marion of any embarrassment he thought he might feel in offering him such meager fare1 but ,marion replied that he considered himself fortunate1 as he had a guest that day1 he had that much to offer him4 ,the officer was amazed and profoundly impressed with what he had seen4 ,he returned to his command with such feelings of admiration and respect for men who endured so cheerfully such privations and so many hardships for the sake of liberty1 that he said it was useless to fight such men1 that they were entitled to liberty and he would not continue to fight against them4 ,he resigned his commission in the army4 ,the enemy at this time had absolute command of this portion of ,south ,carolina excepting as they were disturbed by ,marion4 ,he shifted from swamp to swamp and thicket to thicket and never relaxed his struggle for liberty4 ,so harrassed were the enemy by him1 they determined a number of times to make a special effort to capture him or drive him out of the state4 ,all in vain4 ,marion was too alert and often met them with more promptness than they desired4 ,colonel ,tarleton1 a ,british officer1 with a reputation for great activity undertook one of these expeditions against ,marion and narrowly escaped being captured himself4 ,he retreated from his attack exclaiming to his men ,come on boys1 we will go back1 there is no catching this ',swamp ,fox'4 ,by this same name he was ever afterward called by his followers4 ,when ,gen4 ,nathaniel ,greene took command of the ,southern ,army1 he wrote to ,general ,marion and begged him to remain in his independent position and keep the army supplied with intelligence1 in which important part he rendered most active service1 also in the battles of ,georgetown1 ,ninety ,six1 ,charleston1 ,savannah and others4 ,so highly appreciated by the ,government was the brave and valuable part performed by ,marion and his men1 that ,congress passed a series of resolutions expressing the gratitude of the country to them4 ,governor ,rutledge appointed him ,brigadier-,general4 ,in addition to the usual military rank1 extraordinary powers were conferred upon him1 such as were only granted to extraordinary men4 ,in the circumstances of life1 there was a remarkable resemblance between him and the great ,washington4 ,they were both volunteers in the service of their country4 ,they learned the military art in ,indian warfare4 ,they were both soldiers so vigilant that no enemy could ever surprise them and so equal in undaunted valor that nothing could disturb them1 and even in the private incidents of their lives1 the resemblance between these two great men was closer than common4 ,they were both born in the same year1 both lost fathers early in life1 both married excellent1 wealthy wives1 both left widows and both died childless4 ,in reviewing the life of ,gen4 ,marion1 we find patient courage1 firmness in danger1 resolution in adversity1 hardy endurance amid suffering and want4 ,he lived that liberty might not die and never relinquished his sword until the close of the war4 ,he then retired to his plantation near ,eutaw1 where he died4 ,his last words were3 ,thank ,god1 since ,i have come to man's estate1 ,i have never intentionally done wrong to any man4 ,marion's remains are in the church yard at ,belle ,isle in the parish of ,st4 ,john's ,berkely4 ,over them is a marble slab upon which is the following inscription3 ,sacred to the memory of ,brigadier-,general ,francis ,marion1 who departed this life on the twenty-ninth of ,february1 #agie1 in the sixty-third year of his age1 deeply regretted by all of his fellow citizens4 ,history will recall his worth and rising generations will embalm his memory as one of the most distinguished patriots and heroes of the ,american ,revolution2 who elevated his native country to honor and independence and accrued to her the blessings and liberty of peace4 ,this tribute of veneration and gratitude is erected in commemoration of the noble and distinguished virtues of the citizen and of the gallant exploits of the soldier who lived without fear and died without reproach4 ,this brief and imperfect sketch of one of the most noted military men of his day has led to the reflection that many of the most valiant leaders of the ,revolution are comparatively little known among the rising generation4 ,the old histories written in the early part of this century which recorded their brilliant deeds and virtues1 are out of print1 a few to be found in old libraries1 and the old readers which were used in the schools forty and fifty years ago were full of the accounts of their achievements1 which thrilled the hearts of the students and stimulated in them a love of country1 as only such deeds of valor could inspire4 ,but today these heroes who taught us such lessons of patriotism have passed away forgotten1 others scarcely a memory4 ,ought it to be so8 ,as our society is for the purpose of advancing the cause of patriotism1 no effort on the part of its members would do more to bring this about than for some of them situated in different parts of our country to unite in collecting material for a new reader for the use of schools in which the deeds of these revolutionary patriots would be once more revived and made conspicuous to those who should ever hold them in grateful veneration4 ,this thought is one that might advantageously engage the attention of some national publisher who might employ compilers from different localities of our country for this purpose4 ,among the ,readers alluded to1 was a tribute to ,gen4 ,marion and his men1 which was at the same time a graphic account of their lives and services4 ,it was written by one of our favorable national poets1 ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 and was a favorite selection for declamation among ,american juvenile orators many years ago4 ,it has disappeared from the modern editions of ,readers1 but would fitly embellish a new ,american ,speaker1 a book which would be popular throughout our land in these days of ,sons and ,daughters of the ,revolution4 ,this suggestion will be enhanced by the reproduction of the ringing lines with which this article will close3 ,,song ,,of ,,marion',s ,,men4 ,our band is few1 but true and tried1 ,our leader frank and bold2 ,the ,british soldier trembles ,when ,marion's name is told4 ,our fortress is the good green wood1 ,our tent the cypress tree2 ,we know the forest 'round us1 ,as ,seamen know the sea2 ,we know its wall of thorny vines1 ,its glades of reedy grass2 ,its safe and silent islands ,within the dark morass4 ,woe to the ,british soldiery1 ,that little dread us near2 ,on them shall light at midnight ,a strange and sudden fear2 ,when waking to their tents on fire1 ,they grasp their arms in vain1 ,and they who stand to face us ,are beat to earth again1 ,and they who fly in terror deem ,a mighty host behind ,and hear the tramp of thousands ,upon the hollow wind4 ,then sweet the hour that brings release ,from dangers and from toil2 ,we talk the battle over ,and share the battle spoil4 ,the woodland rings with laugh and shout ,as if a hunt were up1 ,and woodland flowers are gathered ,to crown the soldiers' cup4 ,with merry sounds we mock the wind ,that in the pine top grieves1 ,and slumber long and sweetly ,on beds of oaken leaves4 ,well knows the fair and friendly moon1 ,the band that ,marion leads2 ,the glitter of their rifles1 ,the scampering of their steeds4 ',tis life to guide the fiery barb1 ,across the moonlit plain2 ',tis life to feel the night wind ,that lifts his tossing mane4 ,a moment in the ,british camp1 ,a moment and away2 ,back to the pathless forest1 ,before the peep of day4 ,grave men there are by broad ,santee1 ,grave men with hoary hairs4 ,their hearts are all with ,marion1 ,for ,marion are their prayers2 ,and lovely ladies greet our band ,with kindliest welcoming1 ,with smiles like those of summer1 ,and with tears like those of spring4 ,for them we wear these trusty arms ,and lay them down no more1 ,till we have driven the ,briton ,forever from our shore4 --,mrs4 ,f4 ,h4 ,orme1 ,atlanta ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,light ,,horse ,,harry4 ,the ,lee family was illustrious both in ,england and ,america4 ,they clearly trace their ancestry to the ,norman ,conquest1 ,launcelot ,lee being the founder of the family4 ,the ,lees were prominent in ,english history down to the colonization of this country4 ,robert ,e4 ,lee is descended from ,richard ,lee1 a younger son of the ,earl of ,litchfield1 who was sent to this country in #afda during the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,he came as colonial secretary under ,sir ,william ,berkeley4 ,he was loyal to the royal party during the struggle between the ,cavaliers and ,roundheads4 ,richard ,lee1 second son of the ,richard mentioned above1 was born in ,virginia in #afdf and educated in ,england and studied law4 ,he took an active part in colonial legislation4 ,his son1 ,thomas1 was the first to establish himself in ,westmoreland ,county4 ,he was very prominent in the early history of the state4 ,the fine mansion of ,stratford was built for him by the ,east ,india company1 and several of the prominent ,lees were born in that home4 ,henry ,lee1 the son of ,richard ,lee1 filled no prominent place in colonial history4 ,he married a ,miss ,bland and had three children1 the second son being ,henry1 who married a ,miss ,grymes in #agec4 ,he left six sons and five daughters1 the third son being ,henry1 the ancestor of ,r4 ,e4 ,lee4 ,he went to ,princeton and was preparing to study law when hostilities with ,england changed his plans4 ,when quite young he raised a company of cavalry and soon after the battle of ,lexington joined ,washington's forces4 ,he soon became noted as an able leader and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had command of ,lee's ,legion1 consisting of infantry and cavalry4 ,he was actively engaged in the service to the close of the war and was conspicuous in this state for some time4 ,owing to his rapid movements he was known as ,light ,horse ,harry4 ,about #agha he married his cousin1 a daughter of ,colonel ,philip ,ludwell ,lee1 of ,stratford4 ,four children were born to them1 all of whom died except one son4 ,the wife died in #agij4 ,he was elected to congress and afterwards was governor of ,virginia4 ,he next married ,miss ,anne ,hill ,carter1 daughter of ,charles ,carter1 of ,shirley4 ,he again entered political life and was elected to the general assembly4 ,the children of his second marriage were ,charles ,carter1 ,sidney ,smith1 ,robert ,e41 ,anne and ,mildred4 ,robert ,edward ,lee was born in the ,stratford mansion in which two signers of the ,declaration of ,independence were born4 ,in #ahaa ,henry ,lee moved to ,alexandria to educate his children4 ,here he was made major-general during the war of #ahab4 ,he was the author of ,first in war1 first in peace1 first in the hearts of his countrymen1 when pronouncing a eulogy on ,washington4 ,his health failed in #ahag and he was induced to make a trip to the ,west ,indies1 but finding that he was not benefited1 he returned and landed on the coast of ,georgia1 where he enjoyed the hospitality of a daughter of his old friend1 ,general ,nathaniel ,greene1 who was living in the family residence on ,cumberland ,island4 ,after lingering a short time he died and was buried there1 ,march #be1 #ahah4 ,general ,a4 ,c4 ,long wrote the memoirs of ,r4 ,e4 ,lee4 ,he publishes an incident which occurred in #ahfb1 when ,lee was sent to this state to examine our lines and means of defense4 ,general ,long accompanied him4 ,when they reached ,savannah ,general ,lee secured a vessel and went to ,cumberland ,island4 ,he had the boat anchored and the two went on shore4 ,they entered the old ,greene mansion1 which was in bad condition4 ,going through that to the rear1 ,general ,lee went alone to an old neglected cemetery4 ,after that he returned with a flower in his hand1 but never spoke a word about the visit to his father's grave4 ,in silence he showed his reverence2 with his usual modesty he refrained from speaking about it4 ,from that old cemetery on ,cumberland ,island the body of ,light ,horse ,harry ,lee1 ninety-five years after his death1 was carried back to his old ,virginia home and laid in its final resting place4 ,,our ,,legacy4 ,our brave ,forefathers3 give them place ,in ,hall of ,fame--the ,nation's heart2 ,they met the foe1 aye face to face3 ,each man a hero1 did his part-- ,invincible to fear1 and wrought ,for us and ours1 beyond his thought4 ,o fair ,republic3 pride and boast ,of children who cannot forget-- ,from lake to gulf1 from coast to coast ,where waves the ,flag with colors set ,in patriot blood1 which ne'er shall fade-- ,that ,flag is ours1 its price they paid4 ,we1 daughters of a loyal line1 ,would weave their deathless deeds in song1 ,with memory's fairest flowers entwine ,sweet garlands which shall linger long1 ,who die for ,god and ,country share ,immortal honors other-where4 --,hannah ,a4 ,foster in ,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,the ,,ride ,,of ,,mary ,,slocumb4 ,in the prologue to ,the ,princess1 ,tennyson makes one of the group of collegemates assembled during the holiday season at ,vivian ,place find in an old chronicle the story of a brave woman whom a wild king besieged4 ,but she armed ,her own fair head1 and sallying through the gate1 ,had beat her foes with slaughter from the walls4 ,when this story was read to the ladies present1 one of the men asked3 ,where lives there such a woman now8 ,to which ,quick answer'd ,lilia ',there are thousands now ,such women1 but convention beats them down4' ,on the first day of ,february1 #aggf1 ,general ,mc,donald1 chief of the ,mc,donald clan in the ,cape ,fear region1 issued a proclamation1 calling upon all true and loyal ,highlanders to join his standard at ,cross ,creek1 now ,fayetteville1 and prepare to assist ,general ,clinton and ,governor ,martin in maintaining the king's authority in the province of ,north ,carolina4 ,about fifteen or sixteen hundred of them obeyed the summons4 ,from ,cross ,creek they marched down the ,cape ,fear ,river until they came to ,moore's creek1 where they were met on ,february #bgth by a ,whig force about a thousand strong under the command of ,richard ,caswell1 ,the following from a letter from ,caswell to ,cornelius ,harnett shows the result of the meeting3 ,i have the pleasure to acquaint you that we had an engagement with the ,tories1 at ,widow ,moore's creek bridge1 on the #bgth current4 ,our army was about one thousand strong1 consisting of the ,newbern ,battalion of ,minute ,men1 the militia from ,craven1 ,johnston1 ,dobbs and ,wake1 and a detachment of the ,wilmington ,battalion of ,minute ,men1 which we found encamped at ,moore's ,creek the night before the battle1 under the command of ,colonel ,lillington4 ,the ,tories by common report were three thousand1 but ,general ,mac,donald1 whom we have prisoner1 says there were about fifteen or sixteen hundred2 he was unwell that day and not in the battle4 ,captain ,mc,leod1 who seemed to be principal commander1 and ,captain ,john ,campbell1 are among the slain4 ,this was the first pitched battle of the ,revolution won by the ,whigs2 the only victories of an earlier date being the capture of ,forts ,ticonderoga and ,crown ,point on ,may #aj1 #agge4 ,it would be difficult to overestimate the importance of the victory4 ,besides the capture of about #ijj prisoners and #b1jjj stands of arms of which the ,americans stood in great need1 the crushing of the ,tory spirit and the corresponding rise of the ,whig spirit1 meant untold strength to the cause of freedom4 ,but it is not the political nor the military result of this battle with which this story is to deal4 ,with the foregoing as an introduction1 it is interesting now to turn to the story of the heroine of ,moore's creek1 ,mary ,slocumb4 ,mary ,slocumb was the young wife of ,ezekiel ,slocumb1 of ,wayne ,county4 ,he afterwards became a prominent member of the house of commons1 serving in the session of #ahab to #ahah4 ,she was but yet a girl when her husband rode away from home to join ,caswell in crushing ,mc,donald and the enemies of liberty4 ,the men of that section1 more than eighty strong1 rode away one calm ,sunday morning1 under the lead of ,slocumb4 ,before the long ride was begun1 his young wife went out with the colonel to inspect the men4 ,she says that she looked at them well1 and could see that every man meant mischief4 ,no doubt it was a sturdy1 stern and determined band that rode away that day to battle for their rights4 ,these men rode away in high spirits1 some to a glorious death1 some to a glorious victory2 none to defeat or dishonor4 ,it is easy to imagine what a long1 lonely day the young wife had at home that quiet ,sabbath day2 it is easy to imagine where her thoughts were2 it is easy to imagine how she concealed the anxiety of her heart under the assumed cheerfulness of her face4 ,i slept soundly and quietly that night1 she says1 and worked hard all the next day2 but ,i kept thinking where they had got to1 how far1 where and how many of the regulars and ,tories they would meet2 and ,i could not keep from that study4 ,going to bed in this anxious state of mind1 her sleep was disturbed by a terrible dream4 ,she seemed to see lying on the ground1 surrounded by the dead and wounded1 a body1 motionless1 bloody1 ghostly1 wrapped in her husband's cloak4 ,with a cry of alarm she sprang to her feet into the middle of the room4 ,so vivid was the impression that it remained with her even after she awakened from sleep and in rushing forward to the place where the vision appeared1 she ran into the side of the house4 ,the light was dim2 all around was quiet and peaceful1 but her heart kept up a great commotion4 ,if ever ,i felt fear1 she says1 it was at that moment4 ,the more she reflected on the vision the more vivid and more fearful it became1 until at last she could bear the suspense no longer and starting up she said aloud3 ,i must go to him4 ,in the stable was her favorite and own particular horse1 as fleet and easy a nag as ever traveled4 ,in an instant1 leaving her baby and the house in the care of the nurse1 she rushed out to the barn1 saddled her mare1 and in less time than it takes to tell it1 was flying down the road at full speed4 ,the night air was cool2 the spirit of the race was in the nag2 and mile after mile was quickly left behind1 as the sound of her rapidly falling hoofs fell clear and distinct in the quiet night air4 ,all alone1 urged onward by love and fear1 this brave little woman swept on through the dark night1 dashing over bridges1 whirling through dark woods1 flashing past farm houses1 until when the sun began to appear in the east thirty miles lay between her and her quiet home4 ,shortly after sunrise she passed a group of women and children anxiously awaiting news from the troops4 ,from these she learned the exact route taken by ,caswell and with only a few minutes' stop she was again skimming over the ground4 ,there was no flagging in her spirits1 nor those of the mare4 ,on the contrary1 the excitement became more and more intense the nearer they got to the end of their journey4 ,it seemed as if the woman had infused her spirits into the horse4 ,the sun was well up when a new excitement was added to the race--she heard a sound like thunder rolling and rumbling in the distance4 ,she pulled her mare up suddenly4 ,what was it8 ,though she had never heard the sound before1 she knew it must be the roar of the cannon2 and as she thought of what it meant1 the blood coursed more rapidly than ever through her veins2 she was more than ever impatient to be on the scene1 and away she dashed again4 ,but then a thought rushed into her mind that for a moment made her feel very foolish to be here so far away from home and child1 on what might after all be but a fool's errand4 ,what a fool ,i am1 she thought4 ,my husband could not be dead last night1 if the battle is only fighting now4 ,but she had come too far now to turn back and so she pressed on faster than before4 ,as she drew nearer1 she could hear the roar of the deadly muskets1 the fatal rifles1 and the triumphant shouts of the victors4 ,but from which side did they come8 ,did those shouts mean the defeat of her husband2 or did they mean his triumph8 ,this was the most trying moment of all--this terrible suspense4 ,if it was his victory1 then he would rejoice to have her share his glory2 if his defeat1 then he would need her to soothe his sufferings2 so on she pressed to share with him weal or woe4 ,crossing the ,wilmington road a few hundred yards below the bridge1 she saw a clump of trees under which were lying perhaps twenty wounded men4 ,what was this she saw8 ,her blood froze in her veins2 her heart leapt to her mouth1 for there was the vision realized4 ,the scene before her--she knew it as well as if she had seen it a thousand times2 the spot1 the trees1 the position of the men1 the groans of the wounded1 and her sight fell upon a body lying in the midst of the group1 her brain became dizzy1 and the world seemed whirling around her at the rate of ten thousand miles a second--there lay a body1 motionless1 bloody1 ghostly1 wrapped in her husband's cloak4 ,her whole soul became centered in that one spot4 ,how ,i passed from my saddle to this place ,i never knew1 she said afterwards2 but in some way she succeeded in reaching the body1 and mechanically uncovered the head4 ,she saw before her an unrecognizable face crusted with dust and blood from a gash across the temple4 ,what a relief to her aching heart was the strange voice which begged her for a drink of water6 ,her senses came back to her at once so she was able to minister to the sufferer's wants4 ,she gave him a swallow as she held the drooping head in her lap2 and with what remained of the water1 bathed the dirt and gore from the face4 ,from the ghastly crust came the pale face of one of her neighbors1 ,frank ,cogdell4 ,under the gentle care of his nurse1 he revived enough to speak1 and when she attempted to dress the wound on the head1 he managed to gasp out3 ,it's not that2 it's the hole in my leg that's killing me4 ,lifting the wounded leg from the puddle of blood in which it lay she gently cut away the trousers and stockings and found a shot hole through the fleshy part of the limb4 ,what nerve it must have taken for this young girl1 unused to such work1 alone1 without help or advice1 to go through with the painful ordeal4 ,but she was of the stuff of which ,north ,carolina moulds her heroes1 and she did not flinch from her duty4 ,gathering a handful of heart leaves1 the only thing in sight suitable for binding the wound1 she tied these tight to the hole and the bleeding stopped4 ,no sooner had she completed this pressing duty1 than she turned to others of the unfortunate men who lay in pain and need and1 as she says1 dressed the wounds of many a brave fellow who did good fighting long after that day4 ,during all this time1 the first anxiety for her husband relieved1 she had not had time to make inquiries after him1 but with true heroism devoted herself to the more pressing duties of the moment4 ,while she was busily engaged in bringing home to these poor fellows the blessings of a woman's care1 ,general ,caswell rode up4 ,with great surprise at seeing ,mrs4 ,slocumb1 he raised his hat and was about to address her with a compliment1 when she interrupted him with the question3 ,where is my husband8 ,where he ought to be1 madam2 in pursuit of the enemy4 ,but pray1 how came you here8 ,oh1 she replied1 carelessly1 ,i thought you would need nurses as well as soldiers4 ,see6 ,i have dressed many of these good fellows4 ,then pointing to ,frank ,cogdell1 she continued1 ,here is one who would have died before any of you men could have helped him4 ,as she spoke she lifted ,frank's head in her arms and gave him a drink of water4 ,when she raised her head1 there before her stood her astonished husband1 as bloody as a butcher and as muddy as a ditcher4 ,why1 ,mary1 he exclaimed1 what are you doing there1 hugging ,frank ,cogdell1 the greatest reprobate in the army8 ,i don't care1 she cried4 ,frank is a brave fellow1 a good soldier and a true friend of congress4 ,true1 true1 every word of it1 exclaimed ,caswell1 who stood by much amused at the scene4 ,you are right1 madam1 with a bow that would have shamed ,chesterfield himself4 ,mrs4 ,slocumb says she could not tell her husband what had brought her there4 ,i was so happy1 she says1 and so were all4 ,it was a glorious victory2 ,i came just at the height of the enjoyment4 ,i knew my husband was surprised1 but ,i could see that he was not displeased with me4 ,it was of course long into the night before the excitement subsided4 ,the news spread like wild fire1 and the ,whigs all over the country heard it with rejoicing and thanksgiving2 and everywhere the news of the victory was heard1 went also the story of the heroine1 her brave ride1 her heaven-sent aid1 her soothing care of the wounded and suffering4 ,many a soldier breathed a prayer of thanks for the vision which came to her and for her courageous response4 ,but the prettiest side of the story is the simple and unaffected way in which she looked upon her act4 ,nothing of force or beauty can be added to her own simple and touching words about her return home4 ,after staying in camp long enough to offer intercession in behalf of the unfortunate prisoners and to receive assurance from ,caswell that they would be well treated1 she prepared to start home4 ,in the middle of the night1 she says simply1 without thinking apparently of her course1 ,i again mounted my mare1 and started home4 ,caswell and my husband wanted me to stay till next morning and they would send a party with me1 but no6 ,i wanted to see my child1 and told them they could send no party that could keep up with me4 ,what a happy ride ,i had back6 and with what joy did ,i embrace my child as he ran to meet me6 ,this is a story full of meaning and significance to him who loves his state2 who admires her noble women1 and brave men2 who glories in her heroic deeds and great achievements4 ,as long as the old ,north ,state can produce such women as ,mary ,slocumb1 she need entertain no fears as to what her men will be4--,r4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,connor1 ,wilmington1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,the ,,hobson ,,sisters4 ,come in girls1 ,i'll find her4 ,she just knows everything about everybody's grand parents4 ,oh1 ,grandmother6 called ,agnes1 as she ushered the bevy of girls about her own age into the cherry sitting room1 one ,october afternoon1 and ran to tell her grandmother of her visitors4 ,it did not require a second call for ,mrs4 ,martin to respond1 and in her quaint way she cordially greeted her youthful quests1 well known to her and her grand-daughter's friends1 ,elizabeth1 ,mary and ,lucy ,kent4 ,when the customary salutations and courteous inquiries had been exchanged1 ,lucy ,kent1 anxious to make known the object of their visit1 explained3 ,agnes said you knew everything about everybody's ancestors1 and our teacher told us today that we must bring in tomorrow our lines of descent1 as far back as we could trace2 also tell any family tradition or any incident in the lives of our ancestors in connection with the war of the ,revolution1 especially1 she said1 anything the women did4 ,i don't see how the women could have done anything1 when it was all fighting1 added ,mary1 as if in apology4 ,and ,i said1 ,grandmother1 you could tell us1 because ,i had heard you go over it all1 way back to ,adam1 said ,agnes reassuringly4 ,not quite so far back1 my dear1 yet ,i can give each of you some interesting accounts of your ancestors1 but the story would have to be a long one and you might weary of it1 said ,mrs4 ,martin hesitatingly4 ,oh do1 ,grandmother1 pleaded ,agnes4 ,but ,wednesday is my day for darning the stockings1 and-- ,oh1 we'll darn the stockings1 so do begin1 exclaimed several voices in chorus1 and a rush was made for the sewing basket1 and then the little girls sat demurely1 waiting to hear the promised story1 industriously plying the needle1 and filling the holes with the thread4 ,this portrait that you see here on the wall1 began ,mrs4 ,martin1 pointing to the one in front of them1 is the grandmother of my grandmother4 ,she is one of the ,hobson sisters and you1 ,agnes1 are seventh in direct line of descent from her through the ,bacons and ,carrs and ,wares4 ,it is a singular coincidence that you and your little friends here1 all come from this same family of ,hobson4 ',birds of a feather flocking together1' chuckled the old lady1 evidently pleased to see the friendship existing between the children in this generation1 who were representatives of one of the best ,georgia families and of the staunchest and truest supporters of the cause of ,american ,independence4 ,these ,hobsons1 continued she1 were daughters and sons of ,nicholas ,hobson1 of ,lunenburg ,county1 ,virginia1 son of ,matthew ,hobson1 of ,henrico4 ,as you already know1 ,georgia was largely settled by colonists from ,virginia4 ,it is not surprising to find the younger members of the ,hobson family removing later to ,georgia1 for young folks are always looking for the best place to locate1 and this is what the husbands and wives in the ,hobson family did1 moved to ,georgia and located at ,augusta4 ,but you were telling about the portrait1 interposed ,mary4 ,is she ,agnes ,hobson8 ,yes1 ,agnes ,hobson1 born ,july #dth1 #agdj1 and wife of ,william ,bacon1 born ,january #bi1 #agcb1 who was a ,revolutionary soldier1 and a member of the ,provincial ,congress #agge1 as was also his brother ,john ,bacon4 ,agnes had sisters ,elizabeth1 ,sarah1 ,obedience1 ,mary and ,margaret1 and brothers ,matthew1 ,william1 ,nicholas and ,john ,hobson4 ,ten children in the ,hobson family1 in the home in ,lunenburg ,county1 ,virginia4 ,my6 what fine men and women1 with the love of country1 and the sacredness of the cause of freedom instilled in their hearts from infancy4 ,well1 what did ,agnes ,hobson do8 questioned ,mary4 ,i was just about to tell you ,mary1 men and women are great and are heroic when they can rise to meet the occasion which necessity presents4 ,so at this particular crisis in the affairs during the war of the ,revolution1 it became necessary to convey a message from ,colonel ,clark1 in ,georgia1 to ,general ,nathaniel ,greene1 who was then in ,south ,carolina4 ,in #agha1 the ,british being in possession of ,augusta1 ,general ,greene determined to march into ,south ,carolina1 and ,colonel ,clark and ,mc,call proceeded to co-operate by annoying the ,british posts in ,georgia4 ,general ,clark determined in ,may to attack4 ,this information must be conveyed to ,general ,greene at once4 ,as the enemy's line would have to be crossed1 it would not be possible to send the despatch by a man with the hope that he would ever reach ,general ,greene alive4 ,he would not only be held as a prisoner1 but searched and probably hung4 ,in those days petticoats were flags of truce4 ,so1 here was a woman's opportunity4 ,but what woman would8 ,in those days the country's affairs were freely and intelligently discussed by men and women1 and there were no braver women than the ,hobsons4 ,nothing daunted1 ,agnes volunteered to convey the despatch4 ,her brother-in-law1 ,nathaniel ,bacon1 had gone to ,south ,carolina to assist ,colonel ,pickens who was maneuvering between ,augusta and ,ninety ,six4 ,nathaniel was a ,captain in ,pickens' ,brigade4 ,she would reach him and through him convey this message to ,general ,greene's headquarters4 ,with the papers safely folded in her bosom she plunged into the swollen current of the ,savannah ,river1 and borne by her trusty horse1 reached the ,carolina shore in safety4 ,reaching her destination and fulfilling her mission1 she recrossed the enemy's line1 performing the act of a courier1 swimming on horse back the ,savannah ,river1 and riding many1 many miles unattended1 because a woman's service was needed at this crisis in the war for ,american ,independence4 ,did you say one of these ,hobson sisters was my ancestor1 and did she do anything heroic8 asked ,mary inspired by this recital4 ,oh1 yes answered ,mrs4 ,martin1 ,this was ,elizabeth1 the wife of ,capt4 ,sherwood ,bugg4 ,there is a love story there4 ,a love story inquired ,lucy ,kent1 ,how interesting it grows6 ,please tell us this one4 ,grandmother1 pleased at her interested audience1 continued her story of the ,hobson sisters4 ,elizabeth ,hobson1 wife of ,capt4 ,sherwood ,bugg1 7,legionary ,corps1 ,jackson ,legion7 came with her husband and her brothers ,john and ,matthew ,hobson to ,richmond ,county1 ,georgia1 #agfe-fg4 ,john died soon after his arrival in ,georgia4 ,matthew married ,miss ,burke4 ,he also lived in ,augusta1 was a ,revolutionary soldier and an ardent patriot4 ,it was at his house that the ,executive ,council met after the capture of ,savannah by the ,british4 ,it is said that ,general ,washington was the guest of ,matthew ,hobson during his stay in ,augusta1 while on his triumphant tour through ,georgia and the ,south4 ,elizabeth ,hobson was no less a heroine than was her sister ,agnes1 nor less a patriot than were her brothers ,matthew1 ,william and ,nicholas4 ,her house on her plantation1 near ,augusta1 ,beech ,island1 she converted into a refuge and hospital for the patriots and ,continental ,soldiers1 where they were cared for and nursed back to health4 ,among these patriots were ,colonels ,clark and ,mc,call1 and ,major ,carter1 who in spite of the care bestowed upon him died there from his wounds4 ,another1 ,colonel ,john ,jones1 of ,burke ,county1 received the tenderest treatment at the home of ,mrs4 ,bugg4 ,colonel ,jones had received eight sabre cuts on the head and was desperately wounded at ,earle ,fort1 on the ,pacolet ,river1 during the night attack by the ,british and ,tories4 ,during his illness at ,beech ,island1 his brother ,abraham ,jones and sister ,sallie ,jones came to visit him4 ,the acquaintance thus brought about between the ,jones and ,bugg families1 culminated later in the marriage of two couples4 ,sarah ,ann ,jones married young ,sherwood ,bugg1 and following their example ,abram ,jones married ,sally ,bugg4 ,from these descended the ,phinizys and ,hamiltons and ,jones and ,lamars1 from whom you1 ,elizabeth and ,mary and ,lucy ,kent are descended4 ,you said1 grandmother1 that ',ned ,brace' of ',the ,georgia ,scenes1' came from the ,hobson sisters1 reminded ,agnes1 anxious that nothing be left untold4 ,so he did2 ',ned ,brace1' who was ,edmund ,bacon1 was a grandson of ,obedience ,hobson1 who married ,john ,bacon4 ,i spoke of him in the beginning as the brother of ,william ,bacon1 who married ,agnes ,hobson1 and there is a sweet story tradition which tells of ,obedience4 ,on one occasion she was approached by a ,british officer1 who had reason to believe that ,obedience knew the whereabouts of her husband1 ,john ,bacon4 ',do you know where he is8' sternly demanded the officer as he leveled his gun at her head4 ',yes1' replied ,obedience1 not daring to tell a lie4 ',where8' thundered the officer4 ,gaining strength at each stage of their interview1 ,obedience lifted her head and replied defiantly3 ,i have hid him--in my heart and you will have to kill me to find him4 ,then1 there was another sister1 ,sarah1 who married ,william ,fox4 ,the old people used to speak of them as ',sister ,bacon' and ',sister ,bugg' and ',sister ,fox4' ,margaret married a ,telfair and ,mary ,married ,william ,bilbo4 ,nicholas ,hobson married ,miss de ,graffenried and ,william1--well1 my memory fails me now1--but ,i suppose ,i have given you tradition and incident sufficient for tomorrow's lesson1 so far as you are personally interested4 ,oh1 yes1 and thank you so much exclaimed each of the circle of friends1 and with affectionate goodbyes their pleasant interview ended4--,,sallie ,,marshall ,,martin ,,harrison1 ,oglethorpe ,chapter1 ,columbus1 ,ga4 ,,washington',s ,,march ,,through ,,somerset ,,county1 ,,new ,,jersey4 ,,adeline ,w4 ,,voorhees ,,stillwell4 ,the battle of ,trenton thoroughly aroused ,general ,howe1 who at once collected #g1jjj men at ,princeton4 ,washington had but #e1jjj men4 ,on ,january #c the battle of ,princeton took place and the ,americans were again victorious1 but the men were so completely exhausted that ,washington was forced reluctantly to abandon his project of capturing the stores at ,new ,brunswick and to seek the hill country1 where his men might obtain the rest and refreshment they so much needed4 ,reforming his columns1 the ,general passed along the ,king's ,highway to ,van-,tillburgh's ,inn1 at ,kingston1 which was standing not many years ago4 ,here1 turning to the left on the narrow ,rocky ,hill road1 he marched his way-worn men down the valley of the ,millstone4 ,arrayed in the ,continental blue and buff as he sat on his horse with all that martial dignity peculiar to himself1 ,washington came as a conqueror1 welcomed by the enthusiastic populace4 ,much of interest appertaining to this march to ,morristown is to be learned from the manuscript diary of ,captain ,thomas ,rodney of the ,dover ,light ,infantry1 which is preserved by his descendants4 ,when the van of the ,american army reached the bridge which spanned the ,millstone in front of the residence of ,christopher ,hoagland1 near ,griggstown1 the ,british cavalry appeared in considerable force on the opposite bank4 ,the condition of ,washington's men was such that he desired neither to pursue nor be pursued1 so he ordered the bridge broken up4 ,this being done the enemy was forced to retire1 which would lead one to suppose that the depth of the river was much greater then than now4 ,commissaries were sent forward to notify the inhabitants of the approach of the troops and to direct that food be prepared for their refreshment4 ,the home of ,abraham ,van ,doren1 like many others1 was the scene of great excitement and special activity that day4 ,i quote from a paper read before the ,somerset ,county ,historical ,society several years ago by his great-grandson1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,van ,doren3 ,abraham ,van ,doren was a most prosperous and prominent member of the community4 ,he owned the grist mill which did a large business between ,trenton and ,new ,brunswick4 ,besides the mill he owned the store 7ruins of which are still standing71 a feed mill1 a saw mill1 a carding mill and power loom1 a cider mill and distillery1 a cooperage1 a work and wagon shop1 two blacksmith shops and a lath mill1 besides six or seven hundred acres of land4 ,the mills and store houses were filled with flour1 grain1 whiskey and lumber1 awaiting a favorable opportunity of shipment to ,new ,york4 ,the general 'killing1' as it was called1 had just been finished4 ,the beeves and hogs and other animals designed for the next year's use had just been laid down1 so that1 what had never before occurred in the history of the settlement1 there was now a whole year's labor stored up1 a ,providential supply for a great necessity which no human wisdom could have foreseen4 ,before noon the whole hamlet of ,millville1 as ,griggstown was then called1 was ablaze with excitement and activity4 ,soon the old ,dutch ovens were roaring hot and bread and pone1 shortcake1 mince and other pies1 beef1 ham and pork1 sausage and poultry1 were cooking and roasting to feed the ,general and his staff4 ,not the officers alone1 but the whole rank and file of the army was coming and right royally they feasted4 ,there are many interesting traditions which are cherished in the ,van ,doren family relating to this visit of ,washington and his army4 ,as soon as the troops had been fed and had an hour or two of rest1 ,washington found that ,cornwallis1 enraged that he had been so tricked as to allow his foe to escape while he slept1 and fearing for his military stores at ,new ,brunswick1 had put his whole army in motion4 ,so hurriedly calling his men to fall in1 ,washington hastened with them to ,somerset ,court ,house1 now ,millstone4 ,it was about dusk and here they encamped for the night4 ,washington and some of his staff quartered at the residence of ,john ,van ,doren1 which is this house4 ,here also still stands the old barn where the ,general's horse was stabled4 ,until recently the house was occupied by a great-grandson of the man who was the proud host for one night of the ,father of our ,country4 ,this family1 too1 have many interesting traditions of this memorable visit4 ,we note that two men by the name of ,van ,doren1 within twenty-four hours1 were honored by being permitted to entertain the commander-in-chief of the ,continental army4 ,the main body of the army encamped for the night near the present ,dutch ,church parsonage1 in close proximity to the ,court ,house1 which was afterward burned4 ,early the following morning the column was again pushing northward1 crossing the ,raritan at ,van ,veghten's bridge1 now ,finderne4 ,not far from this bridge stood the old ,first ,dutch ,church of the ,raritan on the ground donated by ,michael ,van ,veghten1 whose tombstone is still standing in the little ,god's ,acre1 which surrounded the edifice4 ,this building1 like the ,court ,house1 was burned with all the priceless records by ,general ,simcoe's men4 ,rodney states that ,washington was again tempted to march to ,new ,brunswick1 still having in mind the rich stores there which would be of such inestimable value to him4 ,however1 again out of consideration for his troops1 he abandoned the project4 ,after crossing at ,finderne they marched up the river to the old road turning west1 just north of ,bernard ,meyers' house to ,tunison's ,tavern1 now the ,somerset in ,somerville1 field to the right1 passed up ,grove ,street and continued over the hills to ,pluckemin4 ,the sick and wounded were cared for in the village while the ,lutheran ,church was used as a temporary prison for the captured men4 ,it was at this time that ,leslie1 the young ,british officer who had been wounded and so tenderly cared for by ,dr4 ,rush of ,philadelphia1 having died1 was laid to rest with full military honors4 ,many of us have seen the stone in the church yard at ,pluckemin which marks his resting place4 ,sunday1 ,january #e1 #aggg1 was a great day for ,pluckemin4 ,news of ,washington's presence1 and that of his army1 quickly spread throughout the surrounding country1 and we can well imagine the eagerness with which the people flocked in to get the latest news of the war and perchance of their loved ones4 ,the ,mathew ,lane house is said to be the house where the ,general was quartered4 ,early on the morning of ,january #f ,pluckemin lost1 suddenly as it had gained1 the distinction of being the headquarters of the army4 ,rested and refreshed1 it was probably the most peaceful and satisfactory march experienced since leaving ,hackensack three months before with ,cornwallis at their heels4 ,secure now from pursuit the little army in good heart travelled slowly along the narrow road called the ,great ,road from ,inman's ,ferry1 ,new ,brunswick1 passing ,bedminster ,church to ,bedminster4 ,some authorities say they then crossed the north branch of the ,raritan at ,van der ,veer's ,mills1 but ,mr4 ,joshua ,doughty1 of ,somerville1 who seldom makes an assertion which he cannot prove by the records1 tells me that they did not cross the river at that point1 but filed to the right1 going through ,muggy ,hollow1 the road which ,lord ,sterling used in going from his place to the sea shore at ,amboy2 then passing through ,liberty ,corner and ,basking ,ridge1 with frequent halts1 they climbed the ,bernards hills to ,vealtown1 ,bernardsville1 and on to ,new ,vernon1 and just as the sun was sinking in the west reached ,morristown4 ,after a weary pilgrimage they were for the time being safe in winter quarters4--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,hanna ,,arnett4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,,lockwood4 ,the days were dark and hopeless1 the hearts of our forefathers were heavy and cast down4 ,deep1 dark despondency had settled upon them4 ,defeat after defeat had followed our army until it was demoralized1 and despair had taken possession of them4 ,lord ,cornwallis1 after his victory at ,fort ,lee1 had marched his army to ,elizabethtown1 ,new ,jersey1 and there encamped4 ,this was in that memorable ,december1 #aggf4 ,the ,howe brothers had already issued their celebrated proclamation1 that offered protection to all that would seek refuge under the ,british flag within sixty days and declare themselves ,british subjects1 and take an oath binding themselves to not take up arms against the mother country or induce others to do so4 ,in one of the many spacious homes of the town1 there had assembled a goodly number of the foremost men of the time to discuss the feasibility of accepting the proffered proclamation4 ,we are much inclined to the belief that enthusiasm1 bravery1 indomitable courage and patriotism were attributes that took possession of our forefathers and held on to them until they became canonized beatitudes1 upon which the sires alone had a corner1 but we find on close scrutiny that there were times when manly hearts wavered1 and to courage was added a prefix1 and this was one of them4 ,for hours the council went on1 the arguments were sincere1 grave but faltering4 ,some thought that the time had fully come to accept the clemency offered--others shook their heads1 but the talk went on until every soul in the room had become of one mind1 courage1 bravery1 patriotism1 hope1 honor1 all were swept away by the flood-tide of disaster4 ,there was one listener from whom the council had not heard4 ,in an adjoining room sat ,hannah ,arnett1 the wife of the host4 ,she had listened to the debate1 and when the final vote was reached she could no longer constrain herself4 ,she sprang to her feet and1 throwing open the parlor door1 in her majesty confronted that group of counsels4 ,picture a large room with a low ceiling1 furnished with the heavily-carved furniture of those days1 dimly lighted by wax candles1 and a fire in the huge fire-place4 ,around a table sat a group of anxious disheartened-looking men4 ,before them stood the fair dame in the antique costume of the day4 ,imagination will picture her stately bearing as she entered into their august presence4 ,the indignant scorn upon her lips1 the flash of her blue eyes1 her commanding figure and dignified presence brought every man to his feet4 ,consternation and amazement for the moment ruled supreme4 ,the husband advanced toward her1 shocked and chagrined that his wife had so forgotten herself2 that she should come into the midst of a meeting where politics and the questions of the hour were being discussed4 ,he would shield her now4 ,the reproof he would give later on1 and so he was quickly at her side1 and whispering1 said to her3 ,hannah6 ,hannah6 this is no place for you4 ,we do not want you here just now4 ,he would have led her from the room4 ,she was a mild1 amiable woman1 and was never known to do aught against her husband's wishes1 but if she saw him now she made no sign1 but turned upon the astonished group3 ,have you made your decision1 gentlemen8 she asked4 ,i stand before you to know2 have you chosen the part of men or traitors8 ,it was a direct question1 but the answer was full of sophistry1 explanation1 and excuse4 ,the case was hopeless1 the army was starving1 half clothed and undisciplined1 repulses everywhere4 ,we are ruined and can stand out no longer against ,england and her unlimited resources4 ,mrs4 ,arnett1 in dignified silence1 listened until they had finished1 and then she asked3 ,but what if we should live after all8 ,hannah6 ,hannah6 said her husband in distress4 ,do you not see that these are no questions for you8 ,we are doing what is best for you--for all4 ,women have no share in these topics4 ,go to your spinning-wheel and leave us to settle affairs4 ,my good little wife1 you are making yourself ridiculous4 ,do not expose yourself in this way before our friends4 ,every word he uttered was to her as naught4 ,not a word had she heard2 not a quiver of the lip or tremor of an eyelash4 ,but in the same strangely sweet voice she asked3 ,can you tell me if1 after all1 ,god does not let the right perish1 if ,america should win in the conflict1 after you had thrown yourself on ,british clemency1 where will you be then8 ,then1 said one1 we should have to leave the country4 ,but that is too absurd to think of in the condition our country and our army are4 ,brother1 said ,mrs4 ,arnett1 you have forgotten one thing which ,england has not1 and which we have--one thing which outweighs all ,england's treasures1 and that is the right4 ,god is on our side1 and every volly of our muskets is an echo of ,his voice4 ,we are poor1 and weak1 and few1 but ,god is fighting for us2 we entered into this struggle with pure hearts and prayerful lips2 we had counted the cost and were willing to pay the price1 were it in our own heart's blood4 ,and now because for a time the day is going against us1 you would give up all1 and sneak back like cravens to kiss the feet that have trampled upon us4 ,and you call yourselves men--the sons of those who gave up home and fortune and fatherland to make for themselves and for dear liberty a resting place in the wilderness8 ,oh1 shame upon you cowards6 ,gentlemen1 said ,arnett1 with an anxious look on his face4 ,i beg you to excuse this most unseemly interruption to our council4 ,my wife is beside herself1 ,i think4 ,you all know her1 and know it is not her wont to meddle in politics1 or to bawl and bluster4 ,tomorrow she will see her folly1 but now ,i pray your patience4 ,her words had already begun to leaven the little manhood remaining in their bosoms1 but not a word was spoken4 ,she had turned the light of her soul upon them1 and in the reflection they saw photographed their own littleness of purpose or want of manly resolve4 ,she still talked on3 ,take your protection if you will2 proclaim yourselves traitors and cowards1 false to your ,god6 but horrible will be the judgment you will bring upon your heads and the heads of those that love you4 ,i tell you that ,england will never conquer4 ,i know it1 and feel it in every fibre of my heart4 ,has ,god led us so far to desert now8 ,will ,he who led our fathers across the stormy1 wintry sea forsake their children1 who have put their trust in ,him8 ,for me1 ,i stay with my country1 and my hand shall never touch the hand nor my heart cleave to the heart of him who shames her4 ,while these words were falling from her lips she stood before them like a tower of strength1 and1 turning toward her husband1 she gave him a withering look that sent a shock through every fibre of his body4 ,continuing1 she said3 ,isaac1 we have lived together for twenty years1 and through all of them ,i have been to you a true and loving wife2 but ,i am the child of ,god and my country1 and if you do this shameful thing ,i will never own you again as my husband4 ,my dear wife6 answered ,isaac1 excitedly1 you do not know what you are saying4 ,leave me for such a thing as this6 ,for such a thing as this8 ,what greater cause could there be8 answered the injured wife4 ,i married a good man and true1 a faithful friend1 and it needs no divorce to sever me from a traitor and a coward4 ,if you take your protection you lose your wife1 and ,i--,i lose my husband and my home4 ,the scornful words1 uttered in such earnestness2 the pathetic tones in which these last words were spoken2 the tears that dimmed her sad blue eyes1 appealed to the heart of every man before her4 ,they were not cowards all through1 but the panic sweeping over the land had caught them also4 ,the leaven of courage1 manliness and resolution had begun its work4 ,before these men left the home of ,hannah ,arnett that night every man had resolved to spurn the offered amnesty1 and had taken a solemn oath to stand by their country through good days and bad1 until freedom was written over the face of this fair land4 ,there are names of men who fought for their country and won distinction afterward1 who were in this secret council1 but the name of ,hannah ,arnett figures on no roll of honor4 ,where will the ,sons and ,daughters of the ,revolution place ,hannah ,arnett8--,american ,monthly ,magazine4 ,,button ,,gwinnett4 ,georgia was the youngest of the thirteen original colonies4 ,at the ,provincial ,congress which convened in ,savannah1 ,january #bj1 #aggf1 there were elected five delegates to the ,continental ,congress1 namely3 ,dr4 ,lyman ,hall1 ,button ,gwinnett1 ,george ,walton1 ,archibald ,bulloch1 and ,john ,houston4 ,of these ,button ,gwinnett1 ,dr4 ,lyman ,hall1 and ,george ,walton were present at the session of the ,national ,assembly1 which convened in ,philadelphia on ,may #bjth1 and pledged ,georgia with the ,united ,colonies on ,july #d1 #aggf1 by affixing their signatures to the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,button ,gwinnett1 the subject of this sketch1 was said to have been born in ,england about #agcb4 ,he was a merchant in ,bristol1 ,england1 from which place he emigrated to ,america in #aggj1 located in ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 and in #aggb moved to ,savannah1 ,georgia1 at which time he bought a large part of ,st4 ,catharine's ,island1 and engaged in farming4 ,he died tragically on ,may #bg1 #aggg1 as a result of a pistol shot wound in a duel with ,general ,lachlan ,mc,intosh1 near ,savannah on the morning of ,may #af1 #aggg4 ,the records give only limited information1 and from careful investigation1 at times it appears that the statements do not bear out the correct facts with regard to the biography of ,button ,gwinnett4 ,in ,harper's ,cyclopaedia of ,united ,states ,history1 ,page #aij1 ,vol4 #d1 the statement is made that ,gwinnett was cautious and doubtful1 and took no part in political affairs until after the ,revolutionary ,war was begun4 ,also that ,mc,intosh challenged ,gwinnett for a duel4 ,subsequent acts would not indicate that the first statement conforms to his real temperament1 and it appears from the best obtainable data that ,gwinnett issued the challenge to ,mc,intosh4 ,it is true that having been a resident of ,america only a few years1 he was in some doubt at first as to whether he would support the colonies1 or throw his influence against them1 but he was a man of strong convictions1 ambitious1 and possessed of great force of character1 and his brief political career was meteoric4 ,unfortunately his strong prejudices and desire for political preferment led to the tragedy of his premature death4 ,he located in ,georgia in #aggb1 was elected a delegate to the ,provincial ,congress1 which convened in ,savannah1 ,january #bj1 #aggf1 and by this congress was made a delegate to the ,continental ,congress1 which convened in ,philadelphia1 ,may #bj1 #aggf4 ,july #d1 #aggf1 he signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,he became a member of the ,council of ,safety1 and was an important factor in framing the first ,constitution of ,georgia4 ,archibald ,bulloch1 who was the first ,president and ,commander-in-,chief of ,georgia1 died suddenly in ,feb4 #aggg4 ,button ,gwinnett1 on ,march #dth1 was elected to fill this vacancy until a ,governor could be duly elected4 ,col4 ,lachlan ,mc,intosh had been promoted to the rank of ,brigadier-,general1 and was placed in charge of the ,militia of ,georgia4 ,button ,gwinnett was envious of this promotion of ,general ,mc,intosh1 and through jealousy and revenge he so interfered with the military affairs as to seriously jeopardize discipline1 and create insubordination towards ,general ,mc,intosh as ,commander-in-,chief4 ,personally ambitious1 ,gwinnett planned an expedition against ,florida1 and further humiliated and insulted ,general ,mc,intosh by ignoring him as ,ranking ,military ,officer of ,georgia1 and took command of the expedition himself4 ,it is a matter of historical record that the expedition was a complete failure4 ,john ,adams ,treutland was elected ,governor over ,gwinnett4 ,mc,intosh had become a warm supporter of ,treutland1 and openly denounced ,button ,gwinnett as a scoundrel4 ,as a result1 ,gwinnett challenged ,mc,intosh for a duel1 which was promptly accepted1 and fought with pistols at a distance of eight feet1 near ,savannah1 ,may #af1 #aggg4 ,at the first shot both were wounded1 ,gwinnett's leg being broken and he fell4 ,it is said he asked his seconds to raise him that he might shoot again1 but his request was denied1 and he was taken from the field4 ,the weather was very warm1 and septic fever soon developed1 which proved fatal on the #bgth of ,may following4 ,thus ended the meteoric life of ,button ,gwinnett1 who1 within the short space of less than two years1 sprang from obscurity into prominence1 and whose life was brought to a sudden and tragic end at the hands of another1 and whose grave today is in some obscure and unknown spot4 ,,forced ,,by ,,pirates ,,to ,,walk ,,the ,,plank4 ,theodosia ,burr1 wife of ,governor ,alston of ,south ,carolina1 was considered a beautiful and unusually brave woman of ,revolutionary days4 ,it is of her that this legend is told4 ,after her father's defeat as candidate for ,governor of ,new ,york1 in #ahjd1 she left ,charleston by water route to offer her sympathy and love during his trying ordeal4 ,the ship of which she was a passenger was captured by pirates with murderous intent4 ,theodosia ,burr was forced to walk a plank backward into the watery deep1 her eyes were tightly blind-folded with a handkerchief and in this gruesome manner she met her death4 ,later on in years an old pirate confessed upon his death bed that this beautiful daughter of ,aaron ,burr1 whom he had helped put to death1 walked the plank with the greatest composure2 never once did she give vent to her feelings4 ,this was the news conveyed to her parents after years of fruitless search for their beloved daughter1 ,theodosia ,burr4--,,edna ,,arnold ,,copeland1 ,stephen ,heard ,chapter1 ,elberton1 ,ga4 ,,georgia ,,women ,,of ,,early ,,days4 ,when the full meed of recognition to which she is entitled1 is given by the historian to the part which woman played in the founding and evolution of the colony of ,georgia into one of the sovereign states of the ,american union--when her part in the bloody tale of the achievement of ,american ,independence is fully told and final justice done on history's page to the hardships which she suffered in freedom's name1 to her marvellous courage1 to her fortitude1 to her patience1 to her self-denial and heroic sacrifice1 then will the poet find new themes for epic song1 the artist fresh riches for his easel1 the romancer a new field for historical fiction and every patriotic ,american a deeper veneration for the flag whose primal baptism was of blood so precious and heroic4 ,as a curtain-raiser to the story of the heroines of the ,revolution1 two notable women of colonial days appear and claim the tribute of more than a passing mention by reason of the picturesque place which they occupy in the early history of the province1 and because of the unique and momentous service which they rendered to the colony of ,georgia4 ,when ,general ,oglethorpe1 dreaming of an empire of the west1 attempted to secure a treaty with the aborigines and permission to plant his colony on the virgin soil of ,georgia1 it was a woman's hand that unlocked the door and bade him enter4 ,it was a woman's diplomatic tact and ascendant influence with the ,indian tribes that accomplished the cession of ,georgia4 ,mary ,musgrove1 an ,indian1 the wife of a ,carolina planter1 negotiated with ,tomichichi1 the ,yamacraw ,chief1 for the sale of the territory whose boundaries ran from the ,savannah to the ,altamaha and westward to the mythical ,south ,seas1--a body of lands so vast that the ,georgia of to-day is but a minor part of the territory originally ceded4 ,thus we find that the first real estate agent that ever closed a deal--the biggest that ever was or ever will be in ,georgia--was a woman1 and the first ,georgia manufacturer was a woman as well--,mary ,camuse1 the wife of ,lewis ,camuse4 ,from the business tact1 enterprise and industry of ,mary ,camuse resulted the first recorded exportation to ,england of the first manufactured article which left our shores1 forty-five pounds1 two ounces avoirdupois weight of silk1 cultivated and woven by her hand4 ,a glance at the minutes of the trustees of the colony reveals this quaint and interesting entry3 ,august #gth1 #agdb4 ,resolved1 ,that it is recommended to the common council1 to give ,mrs4 ,camuse a gratuity for every person who shall be certified to be properly instructed by her in the art of winding silk4 ,the art of wearing silk1 with grace and elegance1 could1 ,i feel assured1 be taught to any one who might seek to profit thereby1 by the stately matrons whose names adorn the roster of the ,atlanta ,chapter of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 but the art of winding silk1 such as the trustees encouraged by their bounty1 is1 ,i very much fear1 at this time in ,georgia what we might call one of the lost arts4 ,passing from ,mrs4 ,musgrove and ,mrs4 ,camuse to the ,georgia women of the ,revolution1 ,i beg leave to state that ,i have sought in this paper to give only such names and incidents as are authenticated by historical reference or by well established tradition4 ,i am by no means assured that the list is full1--indeed1 ,i am strongly inclined to the opinion that it is largely incomplete1 notwithstanding the somewhat exhaustive research which has been made in ancient archives and time-worn histories4 ,it is generally accepted that the most conspicuous figure among the ,georgia women of the ,revolution is the famous ,amazon of ,elbert ,county1 the redoubtable ,nancy ,hart4 ,she was undoubtedly the foremost fighter from the ranks of the colonial dames ,north or ,south1 and her brave and thrilling exploits were indubitably of a rank and character to entitle her to an exalted place in the ,american temple of fame4 ,the portrait of ,nancy ,hart while in repose1 is that of a formidable warrior--when in action1 she must have been a female ,apollyon1 dire and terrible1 a veritable incarnation of slaughter and threatenings4 ,six feet in height1 cross-eyed1 ungainly in figure1 redheaded1 big hands1 big feet1 broad mouth1 massive jaw1 sharp of tongue and rude in speech1 she was a picture before which a ,redcoat1 a ,tory1 or a bachelor1 well might quail4 ,she was a honey of a patriot but the devil of a wife1 is the reading of the record--the tribute of a neighbor who lived in the bloody times which made her known to fame4 ,it is related that in later years1 a resolution was introduced in the legislature of ,georgia providing for an equestrian statue of ,general ,jackson--representing his horse in the act of plunging forward1 the warrior pointing his sword with martial eagerness towards the foe--to be placed in the capitol of ,georgia4 ,a patriotic member of the body arose in the assembly and protested that he would not vote for the resolution unless the legislature should likewise authorize a painting of ,nancy ,hart fording the ,broad ,river with a tory prisoner1 bare-headed and bare armed1 her dress tucked up1 her jaws set1 her big hands suggestively pointing the musket at her cringing captive4 ,it does seem a matter for regret that some such recognition is not given by the ,state to the daring and valor of this ,georgia heroine4 ,the history of no other nation can boast of a braver or more invincible woman1 and it should be a matter of state pride among ,georgians to honor her memory and commemorate with painter's brush1 or sculptor's chisel1 her splendid and heroic achievements in the cause of ,american ,independence4 ,the fame which ,nancy ,hart achieved as a fighting patriot is perhaps equaled by ,jane ,latouche ,cuyler as the political heroine in ,georgia1 of the ,revolution4 ,this picturesque and remarkable woman was the widow of ,telemon ,cuyler1 a wealthy mariner4 ,she lived at the corner of ,bull and ,broughton streets in ,savannah4 ,mrs4 ,cuyler was of ,french descent and inherited the fiery and mercurial temperament of her ,gallic ancestors4 ,she is accorded the distinction of being the first patriot at ,savannah to don a liberty cap1 which she persistently wore1 to the grim displeasure1 and despite the intimidating attitude1 of the crown governor1 ,sir ,james ,wright4 ,political meetings were held by the patriots at ,mrs4 ,cuyler's house and it is said1 that at one of these assemblies1 a resolution was passed which afterwards formed the basis of the action of the ,provisional ,congress in declaring ,georgia's adherence to the revolting colonies and her purpose to join with them in armed resistance to the authority of the ,english crown4 ,at the fall of ,savannah1 she was taken to ,charleston under an escort of ,continental troops and after ,charleston had surrendered to ,sir ,henry ,clinton1 the ,commissary ,general of ,georgia is said to have caused her to be transported to ,philadelphia1 where her expenses were paid by the commonwealth of ,georgia in recognition of her valuable services to the patriots' cause4 ,so active was her participation in fanning the flame of revolution and in fomenting armed resistance to the encroachments of the ,crown that ,sir ,james ,wright is stated to have offered a reward for her capture and delivery to the ,british authorities4 ,she died in ,new ,jersey after the ,revolution1 having lived1 however1 to see the independence of the colonies for which she had striven with such fervor and eclat1 brought to a happy and successful issue4 ,after the fall of ,savannah1 the ,continental prisoners were crowded by the ,british on board ships lying at anchor in the ,savannah ,river4 ,these ships were veritable pest houses and many of the prisoners died of infection and for the want of proper sustenance4 ,mrs4 ,mordecai ,shefthall made it her mission to go out in boats provisioned and manned by her negroes to make the rounds of these floating prisons and administer such aid and bring such delicacies as she could command to the imprisoned patriots4 ,this brave and noble woman endeared herself to the ,continental captives and in consequence of these missions of mercy and her brave solicitude for the unfortunate prisoners1 she acquired the beautiful soubriquet of the ,angel of the ,prison ,ships4 ,yet another woman who administered to the wants and necessities of these unfortunate soldiers was ,mrs4 ,minis4 ,general ,shefthall himself a ,captain1 records two important ministrations which she rendered to his succor and comfort4 ,he says3 ,in this situation ,i remained for two days1 without a morsel to eat1 when a ,hessian officer named ,zaltman1 finding that ,i could talk his language1 removed me to his room and sympathized with me on my situation4 ,he permitted me to send to ,mrs4 ,minis1 who sent me some victuals4 ,but an equally important service--more of a luxury perhaps than a necessity1 but a most delightful luxury to a gentleman--followed1 when on application to ,col4 ,innis1 ,general ,shefthall1 records3 ,i got his leave to go to ,mrs4 ,minis for a shirt she had taken to wash for me1 as it was the only one ,i had left1 except the one on my back1 and that was given to me by ,captain ,kappel1 as the ,british soldiers had plundered both mine and my son's clothes4 ,in the time allotted for this paper1 ,i have not the opportunity to discuss at length the character and adventures of ,mrs4 ,johnathan ,bryan who1 amidst constant danger from marauding ,tory bands1 successfully operated and managed her husband's plantation while he was fighting for the cause of liberty2 nor to deal with the exciting and romantic career of ,sarah ,swinton ,mc,intosh1 nor to depict the quaint personality of ,winnifred ,mc,intosh1 ,spinster1 the brave and loyal sister of the dashing ,rory2 nor to draw the picture of ,mrs4 ,john ,dooly1 the tragic murder of whose husband by the ,tories is said to have fired the soul of ,nancy ,hart with the fierce flame of vengeance against the brutal ,royalists1 who with fire and sword lay waste the unprotected homes of the patriots4 ,i1 therefore1 close this crude and hasty sketch with a romance of the ,revolution1 a tale which must appeal to every heart because of its human interest1 its bloody setting1 its gratifying sequel and by reason of the fact that one of your own members is a lineal descendant of the heroine of this pleasing and delightful romance of love and war4 ,my story is a note from the life of ,sarah ,ann ,jones who was sent from ,burke ,county1 ,georgia1 to ,savannah to a boarding school for young ladies kept by gentlewomen in sympathy with the ,royalist faction of the colony4 ,so far did the school management display its royalist sentiment that the school girls were coerced into knitting socks and making shirts for the enemy during the hours for play and recess1 and were sternly instructed to be true and loyal servants to the ,king4 ,this coercion only made the colonial girls more devoted secretly to the cause of liberty1 and when ,savannah fell into the hands of the ,british1 the times were past when educational advantages could be considered and our little school friend was sent for1 and brought home1 where it was thought she could find a safer asylum4 ,with three brothers in the army1 and all her heart with them1 she was happy to be at home4 ,but she was destined to do more for the cause of liberty than fell to the lot of every quiet maiden of those eventful days4 ,she was sent for not a great while after her return home to go at once to ,beech ,island1 near ,augusta1 to the plantation of ,mrs4 ,sherwood ,bugg to help nurse her brother1 ,captain ,john ,jones1 who had been severely wounded and who had been brought there1 along with many other wounded soldiers1 to be nursed back to life again by every kindly ministration known to the helpful women of these stirring times4 ,and so she went and helped to nurse her brother1 and there the long1 anxious days were crowned by a budding romance4 ,captain ,jones was able again to enter the fight for freedom1 and then it was that his lovely young sister1 ,sarah ,ann ,jones1 found time for seeing much of the youngest son of her hostess1 ,sherwood ,bugg1 ,jr4 ,love soon bound the young soldier with silken strands1 their troth was plighted and with the consent of both families their marriage was arranged for4 ,nothing marred their plans and the young couple settled after their marriage1 on land in ,columbia ,county1 ,georgia1 granted their families for services rendered during the struggle of #aggf when young girls and mere boys 7too young for regular soldiers7 found an opportunity for working for the cause of their country as nobly as ever did the soldiers of the line4 ,today in a little home of one of your members are to be found two very plain1 solid1 old mahogany tables that span these years reaching back to the ,revolution1 that belonged to this young couple--a fitting table on which to pen a love letter and the best exponent of the character of ,revolutionary times1 serving not one1 but five generations1 and even now in daily use4 ,this little romance lends additional charm to the beauty and strength of these old tables1 and today1 they tell us of the force and nobility of earlier days and a simpler life4--,,james ,,waddy ,,austin4 ,read before ,atlanta ,chapter by ,mrs4 ,joseph ,morgan4 ,,robert ,,sallette4 ,in studying the lives of noted individuals1 we find the written history of them in many ways so very different4 ,some are always before the eyes of the public4 ,they seem to know just how to arrange1 that their words and deeds are known and read of all men4 ,then there are others1 perhaps as worthy or perchance even more so1 who are reticent and modest1 and the very simplicity of their lives causes them to shrink from the lime-light1 the glare of the torch and the noise of the trumpet of victory1 preferring rather the inner-consciousness of having done well that which was committed unto them4 ,apart from either of these classes1 we find a few who are unconstrained1 who take destiny into their own hands1 rough hewing as they will1 and are indifferent alike to either public censure or applause4 ,in this last division1 we would have to place our patriot1 ,robert ,sallette4 ,neither history nor tradition gives us the place of his birth or the date of his death1 yet it is known that he played a more important part in the struggle in the ,colony than any one man who had no troops at his command4 ,like ,melchizedek1 he seems to have had no beginning or ending or length of days4 ,it is known that his grave lies in the noted old cemetery at ,midway1 ,georgia along with many famous revolutionary heroes4 ,sallette's bravery was beyond dispute1 even to recklessness4 ,his hatred of the ,tories and all subjects of the ,king was so bitter1 that it caused a price to be set upon his head4 ,most of us are familiar with the traditions which the historian1 ,harris1 tells of in his ,stories of ,georgia1 where ,a ,tory of some means offered a reward of one hundred guineas to any one who would bring him the head of ,sallette4 ,the ,tory had never seen ,sallette1 but his alarm was such1 that he offered a reward large enough to tempt some one to assassinate the daring partisan4 ,when ,sallette heard of the reward1 he disguised himself as a farmer1 placed a pumpkin in a bag and took it to the home of the ,tory4 ,he was invited in and deposited the bag on the floor beside him1 the pumpkin striking the boards with a thump4 ,i have brought you the head of ,robert ,sallette1 he said4 ,i hear that you have offered a reward of one hundred guineas for it4 ,where is it1 asked the ,tory4 ,i have it with me1 replied ,sallette1 shaking the loose end of the bag4 ,count me out the money and take the head4 ,the ,tory neither doubting nor suspecting counted out the money and placed it on the table4 ,now show me the head1 said he4 ,sallette removed his hat1 tapped himself on the forehead and said1 ,here is the head of ,robert ,sallette4 ,the ,tory was so frightened that he jumped from the room and ,sallette pocketed the money and departed4 ,an old inhabitant of ,liberty ,county tells that once two ,tory robbers had gone to some worthy man's house in the lower part of the county and demanded his money4 ,when he refused1 they put a rope around his neck4 ,bob ,sallette seems to have appeared on the scene and saw what was taking place across the field4 ,sallette rushed up on horseback1 yelling with all his might1 ,come on1 boys1 here they are4 ,the ,tories1 thinking they were outnumbered and would be captured1 ran away4 ,sallette took the man in trouble on horseback with him and they made their escape4 ,sallette was not wanting in humor1 as we see in the little encounter he had with the advance guard of the ,british4 ,observing that a dead man1 who was a remarkably large man1 had on a pair of good boots1 ,sallette determined to get them4 ,while pulling them off1 his companion called for him to get away quickly1 or he would be killed4 ,i must have the boots1 ,i need them1 ,i want them for little ,john ,way4 ,this was fun in the midst of tragedy1 as ,mr4 ,way was a remarkably small man4 ,it will be remembered that at a very early period1 the citizens of ,st4 ,john's ,parish 7now the ,county of ,liberty7 took a very firm stand in favor of independence4 ,the early1 open1 and determined resistance1 of this parish did not escape the notice of the enemy1 and accordingly it was made to feel the full measure of royal vengeance4 ,added to this1 ,sallette must have had some special cause for the bitter animosity and hatred he felt for all ,britishers4 ,it was thought 7as his name would indicate7 that he descended from the ,french ,acadians1 who had previously suffered much1 and often1 at the hands of the ,britishers1 hence his motto1 which was1 never forgive a ,tory4 ,if one was ever liberated he made it his business to follow him and1 if possible1 take his life4 ,sallette was a roving character1 belonging to no particular command4 ,he fought valiantly and zealously1 but always in his own peculiar way and style4 ,he didn't seem to especially value his own life and1 never1 the life of his foe4 ,once he dressed as a ,britisher and dined with a party of them4 ,while toasting and merry-making he suddenly drew his sword and killing the man on either side of him1 he jumped on his horse and rode off unhurt1 though he stood not on the order of his going4 ,we can well understand that with such a daring spirit and cool calculating brain he was greatly feared by the ,tories4 ,evidently his thinking was independent1 for his style of warfare and sudden actions kept the enemy uncertain where he would next appear4 ,often during a battle he would leave his command and go to the rear of the enemy and kill a number before he would be discovered4 ,when ,major ,baker defeated a body of ,tories at the ,white ,house near ,sunbury1 among the enemies slain was ,lieutenant ,grey1 whose head was almost severed from his body by a stroke of ,robert ,sallette's sabre4 ,sallette1 the scout1 was a personal friend of ,major ,fraser of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,tradition has it that these two men did valiant and effective service in running out the ,tories4 ,one story is1 that these two met a couple of ,tories in the road at the ford of ,taylor's ,creek and the ,tories were never afterwards seen or heard of1 which was characteristic of his manner of dealing with the enemy4 ,we know that often when ,general ,marion of ,south ,carolina wanted some special work done he sent to ,liberty ,county1 ,georgia1 for the distinguished and intrepid scout1 ,robert ,sallette4 ,this daring scout performed many deeds to free this land from ,english oppression and to enable us to sing3 ,my country 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty 99 99 99 99 99 ,long may our land be bright1 ,with freedom's holy light1 ,protect us by thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king4 ,,general ,,lafayette',s ,,visit ,,to ,,macon4 ,the ,nation's ,guest--,arrangements for his ,reception4 7,from the ,georgia ,messenger1 ,macon1 ,ga1 ,march #bc1 #ahbe47 ,a signal gun will be fired as soon as the ,general and his suite arrive1 on the hill at the old fort4 ,the ladies and gentlemen will proceed to form themselves immediately in two lines on ,bridge ,street1 near the ferry1 under the direction of the ,town ,marshal1 and ,a4 ,mandell1 ,j4 ,s4 ,childers1 ,g4 ,b4 ,wardlaw1 ,e4 ,mc,call1 ,r4 ,mc,call and ,isaiah ,chain1 ,marshals for the day2 the arrangements to be as follows3 ,first1 the ,commissioners of the town and ,committee of ,arrangements on horseback2 second1 the ladies2 third1 the citizens generally4 ,he will be received by the ,commissioners and ,committee near the ferry1 where he will be addressed by ,james ,s4 ,frierson1 ,esq41 in behalf of the citizens4 ,,wednesday1 ,,march #cj,,th4--,,reception ,,of ,,lafayette4 ,at #ab o'clock yesterday a signal announced his approach1 when the ladies and gentlemen proceeded to form lines on ,bridge ,street near the ferry4 ,owing to the rapidity with which he now travels1 he was entirely unattended by any military escort4 ,the only persons with him were his son and secretary1 and two of the ,governor's aids1 ,cols4 ,thaddeus ,g4 ,holt and ,henry ,g4 ,lamar4 ,he dismounted from his carriage and crossed the river1 where he was received by the ,committee and ,commissioners4 ,on ascending the bluff he was welcomed to our town in behalf of the citizens by ,james ,s4 ,frierson1 ,esq41 who said3 ,general ,lafayette4 ,sir3 ,i am deputed by the citizens of ,macon and its vicinity to welcome you to this place4 ,to tell you1 sir1 that you were the early1 steadfast and constant friend of this republic in her revolutionary contest1 would be only to say what had been acknowledged by the past and present generation4 ,but that glorious struggle in which your destinies were pledged in common with the illustrious characters of that day1 has eventually proved that a system of government1 now in the history of the world1 a confederative representative democracy1 is the best guarantee for the liberties of a great people1 is now confirmed by the experience of thirty-six years4 ,the first ,state1 sir1 which you will enter after leaving this1 and those you are now to visit are prominent testimonials of this sublime truth1 unknown in the ,revolutionary struggle2 a barren wilderness where the foot of civilized man had scarcely trod1 in this short period had grown in numbers nearly equalling the original ,states1 entertaining the same political views1 the same veneration for your person and character that we do2 you will there be greeted with the same hospitality that you have met here4 ,with hearts full of gratitude for your past service1 with the earnest and intense interest for your future welfare and prosperity1 we all unite in wishing that the evening of your days may be spent in that calm tranquility and repose of which you were deprived in your earlier life4 ,to which the ,general replied in substance3 ,that he was thankful for the manner in which the citizens of ,macon were placed to receive him2 that he perfectly accorded in the opinion that a representative ,democracy was the best calculated to secure the liberties of the people1 and requested that the people of ,macon would receive his thanks for the manner in which they had been pleased to treat him4 ,a procession then formed and he was conducted to his quarters at the ,macon ,hotel4 ,during the moving of the procession a national salute was fired4 ,soon after his arrival he was waited upon by the ladies1 who were individually introduced to him2 after which every citizen who wished was introduced1 to whom ,general ,lafayette gave a cordial grasp of the hand4 ,he was then waited on at his quarters by the brethren of ,macon ,lodge1 ,no4 #cd1 and was addressed as follows by ,worshipful ,ambrose ,baber1 ,master of the ,lodge3 ,brother and ,general ,lafayette3 ,in our humble capacity as brothers of the mystic union1 we welcome you to our infant village4 ,no triumphal arch1 no tinsel show of earthly grandeur greeted your entry4 ,we offer you a triumph more lasting and noble--the triumph of gratitude4 ,admonished by that resplendent luminary which rules and governs the day1 and imparts an equal lustre on all mankind twice in every year1 that we have all once been and must again be upon a level1 we have ventured to hail your arrival among us1 and to offer you a welcome in unalloyed gratitude1 the spontaneous effusion of our hearts4 ,illustrious benefactor of mankind4 ,what a train of associations does thy eventful life excite4 ,companion and associate of our immortal ,washington4 ,thine efficient arm hath prostrated oppressive tyranny--succored1 and relieved distressed and agonized humanity1 and established a nation in the full enjoyment of freedom4 ,the glittering offerings of princes could not dissuade1 nor the appalling frowns of royalty deter you from a life of benevolent usefulness4 ,the assassins of sanguinary demagogues nor the loathsome cells of the dungeon mar or destroy your feelings of philanthropy4 ,unaltered and unchanged didst thou remain amidst the calamities and vicissitudes which harrassed thine own distracted country4 ,behold thy compensation4 ,the gratitude of ten millions of freemen1 the applause and admiration of every nation4 ,even the wilderness smiles with joy and the savage is gladdened at thy presence4 ,amidst this jubilee of feeling1 permit me to offer you again the grateful rejoicings of my associates and brethren of the society of ,free ,masons1 in beholding you among us4 ,royal tyranny may condemn1 ignorance may reproach and blaspheme the holy mysteries of our institution2 yet with ,lafayette for her support the science of ,masonry will continue to illumine and harmonize mankind to endless ages4 ,gratitude must have fled from the breast of man1 humanity lose its refuge on earth1 and memory lose its seat ere the virtuous deeds of the generous1 amiable1 distinguished and exemplary ,lafayette shall be forgotten4 ,to which the ,general replied in an animated manner3 ,the very grateful reception ,i have met among my brethren demands of me an expression of my most sincere and affectionate acknowledgements4 ,permit me to declare to you particularly1 and the brethren of your ,lodge1 an unfeigned obligation for the very flattering regard you have been pleased to express for me4 ,the science of ,free ,masonry1 to which ,i have for many years been an humble votary1 is wonderfully calculated to alleviate the many distresses and calamities to which mankind are exposed in their variegated and manifold duties in society1 and when ,i recur to those scenes1 to which you have been pleased so delicately to allude1 ,i am constrained to acknowledge how much ,i have been cheered1 sustained and animated in the various vicissitudes of my life1 by the holy precepts and examples of our institution4 ,that you and your ,lodge may be blessed with prosperity and harmony1 that the rising town of ,macon may continue in its advancement1 that ,masonry may flourish1 and the citizens enjoy all the social and intellectual blessings it so eminently inculcates1 ,i pray you1 sir1 with the rest of my brethren to accept as my most sincere and ardent wish4 ,he remained in town but about two hours and a half1 during which time1 he in company with a large number of our citizens1 partook of an excellent dinner prepared by ,mr4 ,stovall4 ,after dinner the following toast was given by ,edward ,d4 ,tracy1 ,esq43 ,our illustrious guest--the friend of our country1 of liberty1 and of man4 ,to which the ,general replied1 and gave3 ,the town of ,macon--may its prosperity continue to be one of the strongest arguments in favor of republican institutions4 ,very soon after dinner he bade an affectionate adieu to the gentlemen and ladies around him and resumed his carriage1 at which time another national salute was fired4 ,he was accompanied by the ,committee1 ,commissioners of the town and a number of our citizens1 on horseback1 several miles on his way4 ,it is understood he intended to lodge at the ,agency2 making the whole distance traveled during the day about sixty miles4 ,,singular ,,coincidence ,,of ,,circumstances ,,in ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,lafayette ,,and ,,bolivar4 ,south ,carolina was the first place in the ,united ,states in which they both landed1 and at no very distant spots the one near ,georgetown1 and the other at ,charlestown4 ,lafayette1 a ,frenchman1 came by the way of ,france4 ,both have most materially contributed to the independence of the ,new ,world--the one in ,north1 the other in ,south ,america2 and what is most singular1 at the very period in which the one is receiving the homage of national gratitude in the former--the other has succeeded in his efforts for the cause of freedom in the latter place4 ,among the persons who received ,gen4 ,lafayette at ,columbia1 was ,judge ,waites1 who is the only survivor of the party that first received him at landing on the soil of ,south ,carolina1 at ,gen4 ,huger's in ,georgetown4 ,,yes4 ,,tomorrow',s ,,flag ,,day4 7,tomorrow1 ,june #ad1 is ,flag ,day in the ,united ,states47 ,when ,freedom1 from her mountain height1 ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of night ,and set the stars of glory there4 ,she mingled with the gorgeous dyes ,the milky baldric of the skies1 ,and striped its pure celestial white ,with streaklings of the morning light2 ,then from his mansion in the sun ,she called her eagle to bear down1 ,and gave into his mighty hand ,the symbol of her chosen land4 ,majestic monarch of the cloud1 ,who rear'st aloft thy regal form ,to hear the tempest trumpings loud ,and see the lightning lances driven1 ,when strive the warriors of the storm ,and rolls the thunder drum of heaven2 ,child of the sun1 to thee 'tis given ,to guard the banner of the free1 ,to hover in the sulphur smoke1 ,to ward away the battle stroke1 ,and bid its blendings shine afar1 ,like rainbows on the cloud of war1 ,the harbingers of ,victory4 ,flag of the brave1 thy folds shall fly1 ,the sigh of hope and triumph high1 ,when speaks the signal trumpet tone1 ,and the long line comes gleaming on4 ,ere yet the life-blood1 warm and wet1 ,has dimmed the glistening bayonet1 ,each soldier eye shall brightly turn ,to where thy sky-born glories burn1 ,and as his springing steps advance1 ,catch war and vengeance from the glance2 ,and when the cannon mouthings loud ,heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud1 ,and gory sabres rise and fall1 ,and cowering foes shall shrink beneath ,each gallant arm that strikes below ,that lovely messenger of death4 ,flag of the seas1 on oceans wave ,thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave2 ,when death1 careering in the gale1 ,sweeps darkly round the bellied sail1 ,and frighted waves rush wildly back ,before the broadside's reeling rack1 ,each dying wanderer of the sea ,shall look at once to heaven and thee1 ,and smile to see thy splendors fly ,in triumph o'er his closing eye4 ,flag of the free heart's hope and home1 ,by angel hands to valor given1 ,the stars have lit the welkin dome1 ,and all thy hues were born in heaven4 ,forever float that standard sheet6 ,where breathes a foe but falls before us1 ,with ,freedom's soil beneath our feet1 ,and ,freedom's banner streaming o'er us8 --,drake4 ,illustration3 ,it was here that ,betsy ,ross designed and made the first ,american flag1 the original ,old ,glory4 ,,flag ,,day4 ,hats off6 ,this is ,the ,flag's birthday4 ,the banner of blue1 crimson and white1 is one hundred and thirty-six years old1 #aiac4 ,honor the colors today4 ,the flag represents more than just stars and stripes4 ,it represents the history of the ,great ,republic from its cradle to this very moment3 ,sea fights and land fights1 grim and great1 ,fought to make and save the ,state2 ,weary marches and sinking ships1 ,cheers of victory on dying lips4 ,sign of a nation1 great and strong1 ,to ward her people from foreign wrong4 ,pride and glory and honor all ,live in the colors1 to stand or fall4 ,throughout the country the ,d4 ,a4 ,r4's are celebrating this great anniversary of our flag4 ,honor the flag4 ,it belongs to every ,american citizen1 whether we live under ,northern or ,southern skies1 whether the ,american spirit is enthroned over civilization struggles with its problems upon the shores of the ,pacific1 or turns to problems as grave on this side4 ,and we are conquering the world under the emblem of ,old ,glory4 ,the world turns to us as the maker of ,peace1 the mightiest since civilization's dawning1 for genuine rule--those common people1 of whom ,lincoln said1 ,the ,lord must love them1 he made so many4 ,the first flag hoisted on ,american soil about which we have any authentic record1 was that seen by the earliest voyagers to our coasts4 ,they found that the ,north ,american ,indians carried a pole covered with wing feathers of the eagle as a standard4 ,columbus1 when he landed1 ,october #abth1 #adib1 on the island of ,san ,salvador1 unfurled upon the shores of the new world the first ,european banners4 ,the son of ,columbus records that his father1 dressed in scarlet1 came ashore with the royal standard of ,isabella emblazoned with the arms of ,castile and ,leon4 ,he planted this standard together with its companion1 a white flag with a green cross1 on this small island4 ,in the pictures of the ships of the time of ,columbus these flags may be seen streaming from the ship's mast4 ,in #adii1 the ,eastern coast of ,south ,america was explored by the ,florentine1 ,americus ,vespucius4 ,about the same time the ,cabots planted the banners of ,england and of ,st4 ,mark of ,venice on the ,north ,american shores4 ,the ,red ,cross of ,st4 ,george was first raised on ,american shores at ,jamestown1 ,virginia1 in ,may #afjg and when the ,pilgrims landed on ,plymouth ,rock in #afbj there floated from the mast of the ,mayflower also the red cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,our ,pacific coast had been visited in the preceding century by ,francis ,drake1 in his voyage around the world4 ,into the ,new ,york ,harbor sailed ,hudson with the ,dutch flag1 a tri-color1 orange1 white and blue4 ,this banner1 with the letters ,w4 ,i4 ,c41 floated over ,manhattan ,island1 proclaiming the rights of the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company4 ,about the same time the ,swedes floated their royal banner in the sunlight on the banks of the ,delaware4 ,this colony from the frozen north of ,europe was so charmed with our country that to ,cape ,horn they gave the name of ,paradise ,point1 and called their little settlement ,christiana1 after their far-away ,queen4 ,during the period of our history known as ,colonial and ,provincial1 the ,english flag was used from ,maine to ,georgia1 with various devices and mottoes4 ,some flags were all red1 with horizontal stripes1 or red and blue stripes4 ,others were red1 blue1 white or yellow4 ,the flags so frequently mentioned in the newspapers of #aggd1 were the ordinary ,english ensigns1 bearing the ,union ,jack4 ,these almost always bore a patriotic motto like ,liberty1 ,liberty and ,property1 and ,liberty and ,union4 ,so ,i could go on and dwell on the different flags1 but ,i must hurry to our own1 our native flag4 ,it is not generally known1 and comes as a surprise to many1 that the stars and stripes is one of the oldest ,national flags in existence1 ,france being next2 and ,england's present flag was not adopted until #ahja4 ,the anniversary of the adoption of the ,stars and ,stripes by the ,continental ,congress1 ,june #adth1 #aggg1 should be observed by every ,american citizen4 ,in the year #agge1 ,congress appointed a ,committee1 of which ,franklin was chairman1 to consider and devise a national flag4 ,this resulted in the adoption of the ,king's colors1 so called1 as a union or corner stone1 while thirteen stripes of alternate red and white stood as at present4 ,this flag was publicly accepted1 recognized and saluted at ,washington's headquarters in ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,january #b1 #aggf1 from which fact it was often called the ,cambridge ,flag1 though sometimes the ,flag of the ,union4 ,after the ,declaration of ,independence this flag lost its point1 as nobody except the ,tories wanted to see ,king's colors4 ,so in the ,spring of #aggg1 ,congress appointed another committee to design another suitable flag4 ,george ,washington and ,robert ,morris were members of the committee4 ,so ,washington and ,robert ,morris called upon ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,ross1 #bci ,arch ,street1 ,philadelphia1 and from a pencil drawing of ,general ,washington's1 ,mrs4 ,ross made the first flag4 ,she suggested six pointed stars instead of five as ,washington suggested and sketched4 ,he accepted her suggestion1 and so the flag was made4 ,most interesting is the fact that the making of the ,american flag is largely woman's work4 ,that the manufacture of flags has grown to be a large industry is proven by the fact that every year enough flags1 great and small1 are made to give one to every man1 woman and child in the ,united ,states4 ,betsy ,ross made flags for the government for many years2 after her death1 in #ahcf1 her daughter1 ,mrs4 ,clarissa ,wilson1 succeeded to the business4 ,miss ,sarah ,wilson1 great granddaughter of ,betsy ,ross1 still makes duplicates of the original flag4 ,the great battle ships that are steaming around the world1 flying our flag under circumstances that have made the nation assume a new importance in the eyes of millions who never before knew much about us1 have the proper flag4 ,it would never do for the ,american ,government to fly an incorrect ,american ,flag4 ,it is a huge task to replace all the banners used4 ,these are the facts1 that keep busy hands at work1 guiding the electrically driven sewing machines that take #cfjj stitches a minute4 ,even though the machine that cuts the stars for the silk and wool bunting flags can create three thousand an hour1 its operators have plenty to do4 ,the stripes are cut from great rolls of colored bunting or silk1 sometimes by skilled operatives1 and again by machinery4 ,the unions are cut in the same way4 ,the stars are first pinned on the unions1 and then sewed by machinery4 ,that is1 so far as the bunting flags are concerned4 ,the silk flags are wholly hand work1 even to the cutting out of the stars4 ,the latter are embroidered on the blue field and then all the extra cloth is deftly scissored away4 ,the major number of small flags is printed4 ,this is accomplished by the aid of the engraver and presses something like those on which newspapers are printed4 ,even in this mechanical work1 women are found to be more serviceable than men4 ,it always has been their field1 and seems likely to so remain4 ,there has been almost as much of an evolutionary process in the manufacture1 as in the arrangement of the ,american flag4 ,on the same day that ,congress adopted the stars and stripes1 ,john ,paul ,jones received command of the ,ranger1 in ,portsmouth4 ,he immediately displayed the new flag at the main top1 probably being the first person to hoist these colors over a ,united ,states warship4 ,jones is said to have remarked1 pointing to the flag1 ,that flag and ,i are twins2 we cannot part in life or in death4 ,so long as we will float1 we will float together2 if we must sink1 we shall go down as one4 ,the first recognition of our flag was by the flag of ,france4 ,the first display over military forces took place on ,august #b1 #aggg1 at ,fort ,stanwix1 afterward ,schuyler1 ,new ,york4 ,the fort was besieged by the ,british2 its garrison had no colors1 so they manufactured a standard of the approved pattern4 ,they cut up their shirts as white material2 for stars and stripes1 an officer's coat supplied the blue2 and small sections of red flannel undergarments furnished the third color4 ,it is said that the flag thus pieced together was greeted with great enthusiasm and warmly defended4 ,the following ,september the stars and stripes were first displayed in battle at ,brandywine4 ,they first waved over a captured port at ,nassau in the succeeding ,january4 ,it was first borne around the world by ,capt4 ,john ,kendrick1 of the ,ship ,columbia1 sailing from ,boston in #aghg4 ,it had first been displayed in ,china1 three years before1 by ,captain ,john ,green1 of the ,empress4 ,when the first ship appeared flying the ,stars and ,stripes1 the new flag excited much interest and curiosity among the people of ,canton4 ,a strange new ship had arrived in port1 they said1 bearing a flag as beautiful as a flower1 and everybody wanted to see the flower-flag ship4 ,by this name of ,flower-,flag the ,chinese continued for many years to speak of our ensign1 and its poetic beauty has often appealed to our own people4 ,the sobriquet which appeals most strongly to the nation as a whole seems to be that of ,old ,glory4 ,captain ,stephen ,driver was the first man to christen our flag ,old ,glory4 ,he was born at ,salem1 ,mass41 ,march #ag1 #ahjc4 ,just before he sailed on the brig ,charles ,doggett1 in the year #ahca1 he was presented with a large ,american flag4 ,as it was hoisted he called it ,old ,glory and this was the name he evermore used for it4 ,this flag was always with the ,captain on the sea and when he retired1 he carried it home with him to ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,his fondness for his flag was widely known1 as also his being a ,union man4 ,during the late unpleasantness his neighbors desired to get hold of this particular flag but they searched his house and all in vain4 ,the ,captain had made a comforter out of it1 having quilted the ,old ,glory with his own hands4 ,he made his comforter his bed fellow4 ,when peace was restored1 he took the flag to the ,capitol ,building in ,nashville4 ,as he saw it on top of the building he exclaimed1 ,now that ,old ,glory is up there1 gentlemen1 ,i am ready to die4 ,he died in ,nashville in #ahhf4 ,the original flag made by ,betsy ,ross remained unchanged until #agie4 ,at this time1 two new states had been added to the ,union1 ,vermont and ,kentucky1 and it became evident some recognition of these ,states should appear upon the flag4 ,accordingly the number of stars was changed from thirteen to fifteen1 though much opposition was shown to this change4 ,for twenty-three years the flag of thirteen stripes was the national standard4 ,under this banner1 the ,united ,states fought and won three wars to maintain her existence4 ,they were the wars with ,france in #agii1 with the ,barbary ,states in #ahja1 and with ,england in #ahab4 ,this was the ,star ,spangled ,banner in honor of which ,francis ,scott ,key composed our national song4 ,a large national flag is kept floating over the grave of ,francis ,scott ,key and is never taken down except to be replaced by a new one4 ,this was the flag under which the good ship ,constitution sailed4 ,in the year #ahah1 the number of ,states had increased to twenty1 and five were in no way represented in the flag4 ,congress finally decided to have thirteen stripes1 and a provision that for every ,state added to the ,union a new star should appear in the galaxy upon the blue field1 and that this star should appear upon the ,fourth of ,july next following the admission of the new ,state4 ,by this happy arrangement1 the flag typifies at once the country as it was when first it became independent and as it is today4 ,there is no law as to the method of arrangement for the stars1 but the ,army and ,navy regulated this to suit themselves4 ,we think of ourselves as a new country1 yet oddly enough our flag is one of the oldest in the world today4 ,that of ,denmark is the oldest ,european standard1 dating back to #abai4 ,next is the ,swiss flag1 which was adopted in the seventeenth century4 ,in #aiaa1 to the ,army of the ,united ,states there were furnished #abjg storm and recruiting flags1 #cdb post flags1 #ca garrison flags2 the year previous1 #ajgf storm and #cee post flags4 ,these sewed together would nearly1 if not entirely1 reach around the ,united ,states4 ,each battle ship of the ,american ,navy is entitled to #bej flags every three years1 though many are renewed oftener than this4 ,the cost of the flags for each battle ship is about twenty-five hundred dollars1 nothing small in this bill of ,uncle ,sam's for equipment1 especially when you remember he has twenty-seven first and second class battleships in commission1 to say nothing of the cruisers1 torpedo boats1 torpedo boat destroyers1 submarine monitors1 gun boats1 supply ships1 training and receiving ships1 about seventy in all4 ,for the naval flags the ,united ,states uses up about forty-three thousand dollars worth of material every year2 pays seventeen thousand dollars for wages1 and produces an average of about sixty thousand flags of four hundred and eight different patterns4 ,the material of which the flag is made must stand severe tests1 for there are storms to be weathered and a sixty mile gale can whip average cloth to tatters4 ,a strip of bunting two inches wide must have a strength of sixty-five pounds when proved on the testing machine4 ,two inches of filling must stand forty-five pounds4 ,the bunting is ,american made and all wool and nineteen inches wide4 ,it is washed for twenty-four hours in soap and fresh water and next day given a like treatment with salt water4 ,then for ten days it is exposed to the weather1 thirty hours of sunshine being stipulated4 ,the largest ,united ,states flag1 #cf x #ai1 costs the government only forty dollars4 ,there is a statute law which prohibits the use of our flag for advertising purposes or decorating4 ,where better can you realize the beauty of the ,american flag1 and that which it represents1 than when you see it flying over school houses or play grounds8 ,the respect paid by the school children to the flag by rising and standing and with right hand raised to a line with their forehead while they pledge allegiance to their flag is most appropriate1 but the pledge that appeals to me most is that for the children of the primary schools1 which is1 ,i give my head and my heart to ,god and my country1 one language and one flag4 ,when you see the hands of ten1 nay1 twenty1 nationalities raised1 while foreign tones mingle with those of our children expressing allegiance to one flag1 where better can you realize the beauty of ,old ,glory8 ,and though your word1 your flag1 your tiny nosegay may fall into the hands of just a ,little dirty fellow1 in a dirty part of town1 ,where the windy panes are sooty and the roofs are tumble down2 ,where the snow falls back in winter1 and the melting1 sultry heat1 ,comes like pestilence in the summer through the narrow dirty street1 you are giving into his hands the flag you would have him love1 and in later years honor and defend4 ,the ,sons of the ,revolution print these regulations3 ,the flag should not be hoisted before sunrise1 nor allowed to remain up after sunset4 ,at sunset spectators should stand at attention and uncover during the playing of ',star ,spangled ,banner4' ,military men are required to do so by regulation4 ,when the national colors are passing on parade1 or in review1 the spectator should1 if walking1 halt2 if sitting1 arise and stand at attention1 and uncover4 ,in placing the flag at half staff1 it should first be hoisted to the top of the staff and then lowered to position1 and preliminary to lowering from half staff it should be first raised to the top4 ,there is one general rule for the care of the flag which should always be remembered4 ,treat the flag of your country with respect--this is the fundamental idea4 ,whatever is disrespectful is forbidden in dealing with symbols of national existence4 ,do not let it be torn2 if it should become snagged or torn accidentally1 mend it at once4 ,do not let the flag be used in any way dishonorable4 ,i once heard of a flag used to cover the floor of a stage when an officer of the navy present took up the flag1 saying3 ,i will never allow anyone to stand on the flag while ,i am present4 ,the national flag is raised on school buildings on all national or state holidays and on anniversaries of memorable events in our country's history4 ,most all schools now know the ,star ,spangled ,banner and when it is brought forward every pupil rises and gives a military salute and distinctly repeats3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag and to the ,republic for which it stands1 one nation1 indivisible1 with liberty and justice to all4 ,the eye of the home-comer catches sight of the large ,american flag which floats from a steel pole #cjj feet high at ,mt4 ,claire1 ,new ,jersey1 before even he sees the ,statue of ,liberty4 ,here's our love to you1 flag of the free and flag of the tried and true2 ,here's our love to your streaming stripes and your stars in a field of blue2 ,native or foreign1 we're children all of the land over which you fly1 ,and native or foreign1 we love the land for which it were sweet to die4 ,on ,june #ad1 #aggg1 in old ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 ,congress adopted the following resolution3 ,resolved1 ,that the flag of the thirteen ,united ,states be thirteen stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union be thirteen stars1 white in a blue field1 representing a new constellation1 the stars to be arranged in a circle4 ,it was thirty-seven years before the ,song to ,immortality1 the name of our ,star ,spangled ,banner1 was written4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,thomas ,b4 ,,gregory4 ,the last battle of the ,revolutionary war was fought at ,blue ,lick1 ,kentucky1 ,august #bj1 #aghb4 ,england died hard1 and in ways that were far from being in strict keeping with international law tried to postpone the final surrender as long as she could4 ,it was in consequence of such tactics that the battle of ,blue ,lick was fought4 ,on the #afth of ,august1 #aghb1 a force of several hundred ,canadians and ,wyandotte ,indians laid siege to ,bryan's ,station1 some five miles from the present city of ,lexington1 the capital of the famous ,blue ,grass region4 ,the next day a party of #ahj frontiersmen1 commanded by ,daniel ,boone1 ,john ,todd and ,stephen ,trigg1 hastened to the rescue1 notwithstanding the fact that they were greatly outnumbered by the enemy4 ,upon reaching the near neighborhood of the station a council of war was held to determine upon the line of attack4 ,boone's advice was to march silently up the river and fall upon the rear of the enemy1 while1 at the same time1 the main attack should be delivered in front4 ,unfortunately1 this sensible advice was spoiled by the rash action of a major named ,mc,gray1 who dashed his horse into the river1 shouting3 ,let all who are not cowards follow me4 ,of course1 ,mc,gray's action was madness1 but it was a madness that became instantly contagious1 and soon most of the men were fording the stream hard after the rash major4 ,crossing without molestation they reached the top of the ridge1 when their troubles began in dead earnest4 ,from front and flanks they received a deadly fire from the ,indians and their ,canadian allies4 ,they had been ambushed1 and the invisible foe shot them down like dogs4 ,outnumbered three to one1 and presently quite surrounded1 they fought like the brave men they were until they realized that to remain longer was to be annihilated1 whereupon they broke through the fiery cordon and escaped as best they could4 ,sixty-seven ,kentuckians were killed outright and many of the wounded were afterward massacred4 ,the loss of the ,canadians and ,wyandottes was never known1 as they carried away their killed and wounded4 ,but the redmen made no more trouble for ,kentucky4 ,the treaty of peace deprived them of their ,british backing1 and the ,united ,states was left to deal with them after its own way4 ,the memory of the brave fight that was put up by the handful of frontiersmen lingered with them1 and1 with no hope of help from ,england1 they gave the ,kentuckians a grand letting alone4 ,such1 in brief1 is the story of the last battle of the war of the ,revolution4 ,beginning away up in ,massachusetts1 the great struggle ended at ,blue ,lick1 ,kentucky1 a region that was an unknown wilderness when the struggle began4 ,indian ,legends ,,counties ,,of ,,georgia ,,bearing ,,indian ,,names4 ,seven of the counties in ,georgia have been named to perpetuate the memory of the first ,american1 the ,indian4 ,of peculiar interest is the derivation and meaning of the names of these counties4 ,catoosa3 ,gatusi in ,cherokee language and means mountain4 ,chattahoochee3 7,creek3 ,chatu rock hutchas mark1 design3 pictured rocks74 ,a former ,lower ,creek town on the upper waters of ,chattahoochee ,river to which it gave its name2 seemingly in the present ,harris ,county1 ,georgia4 ,so called from some pictured rocks at that point4 ,chatooga3 7,also ,chatuga1 a corruption of the ,cherokee ,tsatugi1 possibly meaning he drank by sips1 or he has crossed the stream and come out on the other side1 but more likely of foreign origin74 ,cherokee3 ,the tribal name is a corruption of ,tsalagi or ,tsaragi1 the name by which they commonly called themselves1 and which may be derived from the ,choctaw ,chilukki1 cave people1 in allusion to the numerous caves in their mountain country4 ,coweta3 7,kawita74 ,the name of the leading tribe among the ,lower ,creeks1 whose home was at one time on the ,ocmulgee1 and later on the western side of ,chattahoochee below the falls4 ,according to one old ,creek tradition the name means those who follow us1 and was given them by the ,kasihta ,indians1 another ,creek tribe who traditionally marched in advance when the ,creeks invaded ,alabama and ,georgia4 ,muscogee3 7,muscogee1 properly ,maskoki7 meaning unknown4 ,its derivation has been attributed to an ,algonquian term signifying swamp or open marshy land4 ,muscogee is the name by which the dominant tribe of the ,creek confedracy knows itself and is known to other tribes4 ,oconee3 ,was the name of a tribe which anciently lived on ,oconee ,river1 but subsequently moved first to the east bank of the ,chattahoochee and later to ,florida where it found a nucleus of the people later known as ,seminoles4 ,oconee1 their chief town1 was situated1 according to ,hawkins1 about four miles below ,milledgeville4 ,weekachumpa1 their chief1 known to the ,english as ,long ,king1 and one of his warriors were among the ,indians assembled to welcome ,oglethorpe when he arrived in ,georgia in #agcb4--;,compiled by ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,lowrey4 ,,story ,,of ,,early ,,indian ,,days4 ,a pretty story of early times in ,america is that of the restoration of a little girl to her parents by the ,indians4 ,it is quoted from ,currey's ,story of ,old ,fort ,dearborn1 by the ,new ,york ,post4 ,the child1 who was nine years old at the time of her capture in western ,pennsylvania1 was well treated1 came to regard the chief and his mother with love and reverence1 learned their language and customs1 and almost forgot her own4 ,at the end of four years1 this chief was invited by a colonel who was very popular with the red men to bring the girl to a council fire at ,ft4 ,niagara4 ,he accepted the invitation upon condition that there should be no effort to reclaim the child4 ,when the boat in which the chief and his captive had crossed the ,niagara ,river touched the bank1 the girl sprang into the arms of her waiting mother4 ,the chief was deeply moved4 ,she shall go1 he said4 ,the mother must have her child again4 ,i will go back alone4 ,in the words of her daughter-in-law1 who wrote of this period many years afterward3 ,with one silent gesture of farewell he turned and stepped on board the boat4 ,no arguments or entreaties could induce him to remain at the council2 but having gained the other side of the ,niagara1 he mounted his horse1 and with his young men was soon lost in the depths of the sheltered forests4 ,the girl became the wife of ,john ,kinzie1 ,chicago's pioneer4 ,illustration3 ,chief ,vann ,house1 ,built by ,david ,vann1 a ,cherokee ,chief1 prior to #ahjb4 ,,chief ,,vann ,,house4 ,at the foot of one of the highest peaks of ,cohuttah ,mountains in ,north ,georgia1 there stood1 one late autumn day1 an ,indian girl1 the daughter of a ,cherokee ,chief1 and her half-breed lover4 ,as they talked she told him how the young men of her tribe hated him and how they taunted her about her pale faced lover1 and told her he would be cruel and false to her4 ,the old chiefs had told her of the great white chief1 ,de,soto1 who had built the fort on this very mountain where they stood1 when he rested in his journey from the ,indian village1 ,chiaha 7the place where the city of ,rome1 ,ga41 now stands74 ,they told her how cruelly his followers had treated her people1 tearing down their wigwams1 desecrating their graves1 in their search for ,tau-lan-neca 7yellow money7 and they warned her that he belonged to that same cruel race4 ,he answered her1 his heart swelling with love for his father's people1 that they were not false and cruel but kind and good4 ,he told her of his recent trip to ,washington where he had gone as interpreter for their great ,chief1 ,ridge1 who loved the white people4 ,he said they had seen the great white father and he had talked kindly to them and had advised them to sell their lands to the white people who would pay them well for it and would give them lands just as beautiful in the far west1 which would be theirs as long as grass grew and water ran4 ,he told her that if her people should be guided by ,chief ,ridge1 and go to this far away land1 he1 too1 would go with them and try to make her happy among her own people4 ,if they did not go he would stay among them and build her a house like the white people lived in1 a house good and strong that would last as long as their love1 which would be forever4 7,it seems a prophecy for it is still standing74 ,he kept his promise to her and the house he dreamed of was built4 ,what a marvelous thing it was to those savage people to watch the building of this house1 with its carved mantels that reach to the ceiling1 and the wonderful spiral stairway that excites the admiration of the skilled workmen of today and the hinges of the doors of beaten brass4 ,this palefaced lover little dreamed of what the future held in store1 that he 7,david ,vann7 should become a chief of his ,nation and go again to ,washington with ,chief ,ridge and bring back to their tribe the purchase money for their lands1 how dissensions had arisen among them in regard to the division of the money1 how he buried the money near his home and how the wife that loved him begged him not to tell her where he buried it for fear the ,indians would come and torture her and make her tell where it was buried4 ,little did he dream that he and ,chief ,ridge would be basely murdered by the ,indians4 ,this house has never been known by any other name but the ,chief ,vann house4 ,it is impossible to find out the exact time it was built1 as there were no white people living here at that time4 ,white1 in his ,georgia ,statistics1 says that when the ,moravian ,mission was started in ,spring ,place that ,chief ,vann gave them the land for their buildings near his house and sent his children to their school4 ,that was in #ahjb1 so the house had been built before that date4 ,judge ,george ,glenn in a published article has told of ,chief ,vann's later life1 his marriage to an ,indian princess1 his visits to ,washington1 his receiving and burying the gold1 and his murder by the ,indians1 all of which is authentic4 ,the material for the house was said to have been carried on the backs of ,indian ponies from ,savannah1 ,ga41 but other accounts say that ,chief ,vann taught the ,indians to make and burn the brick there4 ,thus ends the romance1 mingled truth1 and tradition1 but the house in fairly good repair is still standing in ,spring ,place1 ,ga41 today4 ,this little town was the only place of any size at that time4 ,in the jail at this place ,john ,howard ,payne was imprisoned1 accused of being a spy4 ,the jail is still standing4--,,mrs4 ,,warren ,,davis1 ,historian1 ,john ,milledge ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,dalton1 ,ga4 ,,indian ,,tale4 ,grandfather1 tell me about the ,indians1 said little ,annie ,daniel1 as she climbed upon the arm of a large rocking chair in which ,mr4 ,abel ,daniel was sitting1 dreaming of the past with its many varied experiences4 ,the person thus addressed had even now reached his fourscore years and ten1 yet his mind was keenly alert1 his carriage erect and his immaculate dress revealed the ,gentlemen of the old school4 ,washington ,county1 ,georgia1 was proud to claim so distinguished a son1 so valiant a hero and such a cultured gentleman4 ,capt4 ,daniel had survived three noted wars2 the ,war of #ahab1 the ,indian and the ,mexican1 in all of which he had been a true soldier and had won honor for his home and native state4 ,his gallant service in the wars with the ,british and the ,mexicans interested the grown people4 ,how he helped ,general ,gaines and his men capture the little village in ,clay ,county on the banks of the ,chattahoochee1 which is now called ,fort ,gaines and drive the ,indians back into ,florida1 always delighted the young boys and his lullabies sung in the ,indian language pleased little ,annie1 but tonight she begged for a real ,indian story4 ,well1 dear1 ,i shall tell you of one which relates to my own life and is really a great part of it1 said grandfather4 ,after helping to expel the ,indians from our borders1 ,i decided to go live with them for a time in order to learn their crafts and become better acquainted with a people whom ,i believed to be honest and loyal4 ,having crossed the border and tied my handkerchief to a leafy branch and waived it aloft as a flag of truce1 they quickly responded and gave me a most cordial welcome4 ,during the seven years of my stay with them1 ,i was known as the ',white ,man' and treated as some superior being4 ,the best of all they possessed was at my command and they counted nothing too dear that would add to my pleasure4 ,i was made a sharer in all their hunting and fishing sports1 having been presented with one of their very best ponies4 ,all went well until one day ,i discovered that the ,chief was plotting a marriage between me and his beautiful daughter4 ,as a marriage dowry he would present us with several barrels of specie1 thus showing in what esteem he held me4 ,i could never think of marrying this ,indian maiden so ,i at once began to plan my escape4 ,the next day ,i rode my pony as far as possible1 taking my gun along as a pretense of hunting1 but returned the following day with my game4 ,after letting my pony rest a day ,i started out a second time to test her strength still further4 ,this time ,i stayed two days and two nights and decided my pony was equal to any undertaking4 ,after a second rest we started out the third time and made a safe flight across the line to my own people4 ,before reaching the old homestead a neighbor had informed me of my father's death and my mother's total blindness4 ,the dear old soul was seated on the porch as ,i rode up2 near her was a water bucket over which was hanging a long handled gourd4 ,just as her feeble hands reached out for the gourd1 ,i handed it to her1 saying2 ',here it is1 mother4' ,she recognized my voice as that of her baby boy and fainted away4 ,from that day ,i never left my aged mother1 but tried to make amends for the sorrow my wanderings must have caused1 by attending to her every want and making her last days as comfortable1 happy and free from care as ever a loving child could4 ,my ,indian pony was treasured as a relic of the years spent with the ,indians and my fortunate escape from the hand of his daughter4 ,but my little girl is getting sleepy1 so kiss grandfather good night1 and he'll tell you more another time4--,,mrs4 ,,annie 7,,daniel7 ,,clifton1 ,stone ,castle ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,william ,,white ,,and ,,daniel ,,boone4 ,in #agej1 ,william ,white and ,daniel ,boone settled at what is now known as ,bull ,bradley ,springs in ,tennessee4 ,the ,indian trail from the ,hiwassee town ,northward1 passed near this home4 ,one evening1 two of the boys1 aged ten and twelve1 went out into the forest to cut and prepare wood for the night4 ,when darkness came on and the boys did not return1 a search was made and their axe was found leaning against a small hickory tree which the boys must have been cutting down when they stopped their work4 ,signs of ,indians were discovered4 ,these were followed next morning and were found to lead into the ,indian trail4 ,there seemed to have been a large party of the ,indians going ,northward4 ,the pursuers failed to overtake the ,indians and despite all their efforts were unable to rescue the boys4 ,years afterward an officer in ,wisconsin had published1 for the benefit of any relatives of the parties concerned1 that two white men1 past middle age1 had been found with one of the ,northwest tribes4 ,these men had forgotten all knowledge of the ,english language4 ,they remembered that they had been captured by ,indians while engaged in cutting wood and that their captors had brought them many miles1 but in what direction they were uncertain4 ,this description1 though meager1 made all certain that these men were no others than the lost sons of ,william ,white4 ,they had become so thoroughly ,indianized that they refused to leave the tribe and come back to their people4 ,on the day of the boys' capture1 ,william ,white was getting out a rock for a hearth4 ,these rocks were cut from a single stone1 and were called ,hath-stones4 ,when no trace of his boys could be found1 ,mr4 ,white went on with his hearth making1 laying the hath-stone in its place1 and on it he carved the date of their capture4 ,the stone is still to be seen in a hearth in the home now located where ,white's house stood4 ,the date and names are plainly visible4 ,some of ,white's descendants still reside in the historical home4--,,roberta ,g4 ,,turner1 ,xavier ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r41 ,rome1 ,ga4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,lover',s ,,leap1 ,,columbus1 ,,georgia4 ,one mile above the city of ,columbus1 ,georgia1 the ,chattahoochee's turbid waters dash1 fret and foam in angry surges over and among a group of giant bowlders forming what was called by the ,red ,men of the forest1 ,tumbling ,falls4 ,from the eastern bank of the river rises a rugged1 perpendicular cliff to a lofty height1 which is covered almost to its verge by majestic trees1 vines and shrubs of a semi-tropical growth4 ,this is crowned by a colossal bowlder of dark granite1 and from its summit is one of the most magnificent and picturesque views of river scenery that nature has produced4 ,this is ,lover's ,leap1 famous in song and story2 where the ,young ,eagle of the ,cowetas clasped to his brave heart the bright ,morning ,star of the ,cussetas and leaped into the deep1 restless waters below4 ,the ,alabama hills1 forming a long1 undulating chain1 and covered with verdant beauty1 arise across the river1 which1 below the precipice1 flows gently onward until it reaches the city limits1 where the waters again dash with insane fury over clustering bowlders and form the ,coweta ,falls1 which are there arrested and utilized by the palefaced stranger to turn thousands of looms and spindles for his own use and profit4 ,a short distance below the ,leap is the ,silver ,wampum1 a lovely stream of pellucid water1 which rises beneath a clump of sweet-scented bays and magnolias1 and flows and quivers in sunlight and moonlight1 like a silver girdle1 along its green and flowerdecked banks1 until it reaches a rocky bed1 where it falls by a succession of cascades1 which form an exquisite fringe to the ,wampum before dropping into the ,chattahoochee4 ,there the beautiful ,morning ,star would often sit indulging in love dreams1 as she beaded the gay moccasins1 bags and wampums1 while the ,young ,eagle followed the chase4 ,there he would bring her the first fruits and flowers of the season4 ,from some warmer climate unknown to his rivals he would often procure boughs of the fragrant calycanthus1 queenly magnolias and sweet-smelling jasmines1 and secretly adorn this sylvan retreat in anticipation of her coming1 long before the native buds began to expand their beauty4 ,frequently she would be startled in her blissful reveries by the rolled petal of a magnolia falling like a great snow-flake at her feet4 ,this she recognized as a private dispatch from ,the ,young ,eagle1 ,cohamoteker 7blow gun7 to apprise her of his approach and hastily arising she would eagerly await his coming4 ,at a later date1 when duty required her attentions at the wigwam1 she would frequently find rare products of the chase suspended without4 ,this was always prepared with unusual care1 and relished by her father1 the chief1 who was too old to indulge often in his favorite pastime1 and was somewhat dependent upon his braves for many luxuries of that kind4 ,consequently1 he did not question the source from which they came1 but when particularly pleased with his repast he would say3 ,yaho ,hadjo 7,crazy ,wolf7 is good4 ,in his wigwam will be found the richest venison and rarest birds of the air4 ,he is a worthy mate for the ,morning ,star6 ,when a child she had been betrothed to ,young ,eagle1 the noble son of the ,coweta chief4 ,their love had grown with their growth and strengthened with their strength1 until it had reached an intensity where death appeared preferable to a life apart4 ,a rivalry had suddenly sprung up between the two tribes1 who had so long smoked the calumet of peace together4 ,the pledged word of the veterans was broken1 and a feud more deadly than that of the ,montagues and ,capulets then existed between the brave ,cowetas and ,cussetas1 who were of equal prowess4 ,the aged chief of the latter could no longer follow the warpath with the alacrity of his youth1 but by the council fire all did reverence to his eloquence1 and were ready to rally at his battle-cry4 ,his lion-hearted sons1 the pride of a war-like sire1 had gone in the vigor of their early manhood to the ,spirit ,land and the chieftain stood alone1 like a giant oak of the forest1 stately and grand in age and decay1 with the once vigorous branches all leafless and dead save one1 which still flourished in pristine beauty4 ,his daughter1 with her starry eyes and step as fleet and graceful as a wild fawn1 was the idol of his heart4 ,in childhood he had called her ,minechee 7smart1 active47 ,as she grew in stature and beauty1 twining herself more closely around his heart1 he called her ,the ,morning ,star1 for she would arise with the birds1 and often waken him from slumber with songs and merry laughter while preparing for his comfort4 ,by the latter name she was known among the tribe4 ,the ,morning ,star is up and shames the laggard to the chase6 ,he should have been over the hills and far away4 ,the young warriors likened her to some ideal being1 who basked in the smile of the ,great ,spirit1 and worshiped her with truly loyal hearts4 ,if we could raise the curtain of time1 and read the thoughts that agitated the dusky bosoms of those fearless young braves1 it would be evident that the affection and attention lavished on their old chief was partially due to their admiration for the bright and beautiful ,morning ,star4 ,among her many suitors was ,yaho ,hadjo1 who had cunningly ingratiated himself into her father's favor1 and had long vainly sought the hand and heart of the bright-eyed maiden4 ,in his fierce wrath1 he had secretly vowed vengeance against a more successful rival4 ,under the garb of friendship and loyalty to his chief1 he had secured a firm footing in his wigwam1 and thus constituted himself a spy on the actions of the unsuspecting daughter4 ,she had waited long and patiently1 hoping that time would soften the feud and remove every impediment to her union with the peerless ,young ,eagle1 while he had endeavored to conciliate his tribe by every possible means that a brave warrior could to restore peace to the nation4 ,alas6 jealousy1 that hydra-headed monster1 had completely enslaved the heart of ,yaho ,hadjo1 and at its bidding he continued to secretly add fresh fuel to each expiring flame until it had reached enormous proportions1 and open hostilities seemed inevitable4 ,the lovers no longer dared to meet by day1 but beside the ,silver ,wampum1 when the ,great ,spirit marshalled his starry hosts through the blue vaulted sky1 they met to renew vows of eternal love4 ,the stealthy footsteps of ,yaho ,hadjo had followed the ,morning ,star to the trysting place1 and his watchful eye had witnessed the tender meeting with the ,young ,eagle4 ,the plans of the jealous rival were immediately formed with characteristic craftiness4 ,he then cautiously retraced his steps and sought the presence of his chief4 ,into his ear the wily creature whispered a malignant falsehood of broken faith1 treachery and a contemplated raid by the ,cowetas upon the ,cussetas4 ,the old warrior's anger was instantly aroused4 ,with all the venom of his nature rankling in his savage heart1 he arose to give the war-whoop to his sleeping braves4 ,but ,yaho ,hadjo urged extreme caution1 saying the ,young ,eagle was the ruling spirit and instigator of the intended diabolical assault1 and was perhaps now prowling around like a hungry fox with a hope of capturing the ,morning ,star4 ,a better and surer plan would be to offer privately a handsome reward for the person or scalp of the ,young ,eagle4 ,by that means the villainous savage thought to have his unsuspecting rival cruelly assassinated and his body secretly disposed of without arousing any suspicion of the dark deed among the ,cowetas4 ,he doubted not the success of his cowardly undertaking2 and then1 without opposition1 he would secure the beautiful maiden for his squaw4 ,he dared not insinuate to the chief that his daughter would have been a willing captive1 for he had confidence in her integrity1 and knew she would never forsake him to link her fate with his enemy4 ,she had made a promise to this effect1 and the ,morning ,star never dealt falsely4 ,at the conclusion of ,yaho ,hadjo's heartless suggestion1 the old man bowed his head in troubled thought for a brief period1 and then rising to his full stature1 he said3 ,yes1 yes2 it is best6 ,go say to my young warriors that he who brings the chief the person or scalp from the dead head of the daring ,young ,eagle of the base ,cowetas1 shall wear on his brave heart the ,morning ,star of the ,cussetas4 ,yaho ,hadjo hastened to arouse a few sleeping braves from their couches and they hurried forth rapidly but noiselessly to the ,silver ,wampum4 ,the unsuspecting lovers were totally oblivious of surrounding danger1 and loth to separate1 they lingered for a last farewell and final embrace1 when stealthy footsteps were heard approaching4 ,they gave a startled glance around and beheld ,yaho ,hadjo and his followers with uplifted tomahawks rushing madly upon them4 ,minchee threw her arms wildly around her lover4 ,for a brief second the assailants halted1 not daring to strike the daughter of their chief4 ,the ,young ,eagle clasped her firmly to his bosom and bounded away with the speed of an antelope1 he knew not wither4 ,onward1 over rocks and dells he flew with his precious burden1 her arms thrown protectingly around and above him4 ,upon the narrow defile to the fearful precipice he bore her and then suddenly halted4 ,he thought to release her there1 believing she could return safely to her father1 but she grappled to him as though her slight arms were hooks of steel4 ,the hot breath of the hated rival was felt upon his cheek1 and his tomahawk flashed like a meteor above him4 ,the ,young ,eagle gave the would-be assassin one proud1 defiant glance1 and folding the ,morning ,star in a closer embrace1 he leaped into the foaming torrent below4 ,yaho ,hadjo's uplifted weapon fell forward with a sudden impetus which forced him headlong down the lofty pinnacle1 among the sharp1 rugged bowlders1 where his body was afterwards found a mangled1 lifeless corpse4 ,the remaining warriors were transfixed with horror and dismay as they gazed wildly into the furious river4 ,to attempt a rescue would have been folly and madness1 as no breathing creature could have survived the fall4 ,slowly and sadly they then retraced their steps and silently entered the presence of the childless patriarch4 ,alarmed by the expression of their grief-stricken faces he exclaimed3 ,where is ,yaho ,hadjo8 ,why does the ,morning ,star linger in the forest8 ,the boldest of them dropped his head and answered slowly and hoarsely3 ,the ,great ,spirit has taken her from us to brighten his own beautiful land4 ,she will come no more to gladden our hearts4 ,the ,morning ,star will never beam on the hunter's pathway again6 ,the chief listened in silence1 but evidently did not comprehend4 ,an explanation was sternly demanded4 ,at length the sad story was told with all of its tender and heart-rending details4 ,he realized at last his total bereavement1 and acknowledged it was the result of ,yaho ,hadjo's jealousy and falsehood4 ,fierce and vindictive was the malediction pronounced upon the cowardly murderer4 ,a dead calm followed2 then rising and clasping his hands high above his head1 he stood for a moment like a splendid bronze statue of despair1 and in singularly pathetic tones exclaimed3 ,minechee6 ,minechee6 ,bright ,morning ,star6 ,sole treasure of my aged heart6 ,gone1 gone1 forever1 and ,i am desolate6 ,he gave one long1 low1 piercing wail and tottering as a tree beneath the final stroke of the woodman's axe1 he fell prostrate to the earth4 ,his companions exerted themselves in behalf of the stricken chieftain and partially succeeded in restoring him to consciousness1 but he refused to be comforted and declined all nourishment4 ,after a prolonged interval of silence1 he arose1 quitted their presence and slowly descended the hill to a ravine in the bluffs and seated himself4 ,he signified a desire to be alone4 ,he wished to humble himself before the ,great ,spirit1 that he might take pity on him4 ,finding he could not be persuaded to leave the place1 his braves stretched a mat above his bowed head and placing food and water within reach they left him alone in his sorrow4 ,a few days after they found him occupying the same position1 but cold and lifeless4--,,mrs4 ,,mary ,,cook4 ,,indian ,,mound1 ,,early ,,county1 ,,georgia4 ,on the outskirts of ,blakely1 ,county ,seat of ,early ,county1 and commanding a view of a beautiful stretch of landscape1 rises the famous old ,indian ,mound1 supposed to have been made by the ,creek ,indians1 who hunted and fished and roved so happily through the tall pines and magnolias1 the great oaks and low marshes4 ,while tradition associates this particular mound with the ,creeks and ,cherokees1 it has been argued by scientists that it must have been built by a race of people who preceded the ,indians and were partly civilized2 however1 that may be1 the visitor to ,early has missed a rare bit of romance and historic thought1 who fails to see the ,indian ,mound1 reminiscent as it is of the sacredness of a brave race1 now almost extinct4 ,the ,mound is fully seventy-five feet high and is almost five hundred feet in circumference4 ,it is covered with large trees of oak and the same dense foliage of bamboo1 pine and cedar as that which grows so profusely over the surrounding country as far as the eye can reach4 ,the picturesque and fertile valleys below have now become a favorite place for pleasure seekers each spring1 for picnic grounds and camping1 and the ,indian ,mound cannot fail to impress the most heedless as it rises mysteriously and majestic4 ,parties in search of buried treasures have penetrated the ,mound to a depth of fifty feet1 but nothing has ever been found except human bones4 ,then later scientists have sunk a shaft in the very center of this ,mound to a great depth and have reached a mass of bones five feet in thickness4 ,nothing to throw light upon the builders of this huge old relic has ever been unearthed but bones1 and the people of the ,county1 with interested visitors1 have nearly all associated the site with the ,indians who inhabited so thickly this part of ,georgia before ,early ,county was created4 ,early ,county was created by ,legislature1 ,october #ahah1 and included then the ,counties of ,baker1 ,calhoun1 ,decatur1 ,miller1 ,mitchell and ,dougherty4 ,it was named in honor of ,george ,peter ,early1 ,chief ,executive of ,georgia in #ahac4 ,governor ,early1 previous to the purchase of these lands from the ,indians1 had rendered great service to the white settlers here in protecting them from the ,indians1 in both their treaties with the ,indians and in protection to their lives4 ,in gratitude for this service ,early ,county was named4 ,while it has never been positively decided whether the ,mound ,builders or the ,indians are the original makers of ,indian ,mound1 it stands a grim memorial of a dead and gone race1 worthy of a visit1 with its great trees yellow with age1 and weeds and moss overgrown1 the only epitaphs to the mystery within its depths4--,,mrs4 ,,walter ,,thomas1 ,regent1 ,governor ,peter ,early ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,storiette ,,of ,,states ,,derived ,,from ,,indian ,,names4 ,so many ,states are derived from ,indian names1 so ,i write this storiette1 using all that have ,indian origin4 ,illinois--,tribe of ,red ,men4 ,alabama--,here we rest4 ,arizona--,small ,springs4 ,arkansas--,bend in the ,smoky ,water4 ,connecticut--,long ,river4 ,idaho--,gun of the ,mountain4 ,indiana--,indian's ,land4 ,iowa--,beautiful ,land4 ,kansas--,smoky ,water4 ,kentucky--,at the head of the river4 ,massachusetts--,place of ,blue ,hills4 ,michigan--,fish ,wier4 ,mississippi--,great ,father of ,water4 ,missouri--,muddy 7,river74 ,nebraska--,water ,valley4 ,north and ,south ,dakota1 allies3 ,ohio--,beautiful ,river4 ,oklahoma--,home of the ,red ,men4 ,tennessee--,river with a ,great ,bend4 ,texas--,friends4 ,utah--,ute4 ,wisconsin--,gathering of the waters4 ,wyoming--,great ,plains4 ,once upon a time a tribe of ,red ,men 7,illinois7 set out to find a ,plan of the ,blue ,hills 7,massachusetts47 ,their canoes were safely launched in the ,long ,river 7,connecticut74 ,at the ,bend in the ,smoky ,water 7,arkansas7 they were surprised to see a canoe coming their way and that it was guided by a maid ,minnehaha1 the beautiful daughter of ,uakomis of the ,ute 7,utah7 ,tribe of ,indians4 ,young maid said the gallant ,chief ,hiawatha1 ,is this where the ,indians ,land8 7,indiana74 ,yes1 replied the maid1 ,this ,water ,valley 7,nebraska7 is the home of the ,red ,men 7,oklahoma74 ,then spoke the ,chief1 who had at once been attracted to the ,maid3 ,this is indeed a ,beautiful ,land 7,iowa7 and ,i dare say you are the ,gem of the ,mountain 7,idaho74 ,the maid smiled and said3 ,i hope we will be friends 7,texas47 ,let us row to the ,head of the ,river 7,kentucky74 ,as they drifted near the bank they decided to tarry by the ,beautiful ,river 7,ohio74 ,here we rest 7,alabama71 said ,hiawatha and whispered words of love4 ,as they returned to the other members of their tribe1 who had pitched their tents on the mountain side by some ,small ,springs 7,arizona7 each man looked up as the two approached and read the happiness that was theirs1 by their smiling faces4 ,we will return said ,hiawatha1 to ,nakomis and his ,allies1 of the ,great ,plains near the ,river 7,missouri71 the ,great ,father of ,waters 7,mississippi71 and there on the ,banks of the ,sky-,tinted ,water 7,minnesota7 we will pitch our ,wigwam near the ,fish ,wier 7,michigan7 and there watch the gathering of the ,waters 7,wisconsin7 and live in peace and happiness until we journey to our ,happy ,hunting ,ground4--,,mrs4 ,,will ,,chidsey1 ,rome1 ,ga41 ,xavier ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,sequoia1 ,,inventor ,,of ,,the ,,cherokee ,,alphabet4 ,the invention of the ,cherokee alphabet by ,sequoia1 or ,george ,guess1 in #ahae1 was the most remarkable achievement in the history of the ,indian tribes of ,america4 ,sequoia was in appearance and habits1 a full ,cherokee1 though he was the grandson of a white man4 ,he was born in ,tennessee about #agfe1 and he lived at one time near ,chiaha1 now ,rome1 ,georgia1 but for some years before the ,cherokees were moved to the ,west1 he lived at ,alpine1 in ,chattooga ,county1 on what was later known as the ,samuel ,force plantation4 ,this ,american ,cadmus was an illiterate ,cherokee ,indian4 ,he could neither write or speak ,english1 and in his invention of the alphabet he had to depend entirely on his own native resources4 ,he was led to think on the subject of writing the ,cherokee language1 by a conversation which took place one evening at ,santa4 ,some young men were remarking on the superior talents of the white people4 ,they saw that the whites could put a talk on paper and send it to any distance1 and it would be understood by those who received it4 ,this seemed strange to the ,indians1 but ,sequoia declared he could do it himself2 and picking up a flat stone1 he scratched on it with a pin1 and after a few minutes read to his friends a sentence which he had written1 by making a mark for each word4 ,this produced only a laugh among his companions4 ,but the inventive powers of ,sequoia's mind were now aroused to action1 and nothing short of being able to write the ,cherokee language would satisfy him4 ,in examining the language he found that it is composed of the various combinations of about ninety mono-sylables and for each of these sylables he formed a character4 ,some of the characters were taken from an ,english spelling book1 some are ,english letters turned upside down1 some are his own invention2 each character in the ,cherokee alphabet stands for a monosylable4 ,from the structure of the ,cherokee dialect1 the syllabic alphabet is also in the nature of a grammar1 so that those who know the language by ear1 and master the alphabet1 can at once read and write4 ,owing to the extreme simplicity of this system1 it can be acquired in a few days4 ,after more than two year's work his system was completed4 ,explaining to his friends his new invention1 he said1 we can now have speaking papers as well as white men4 ,but he found great difficulty in persuading his people to learn it2 nor could he succeed1 until he went to ,arkansas and taught a few persons there1 one of whom wrote a letter to a friend in ,chiaha and sent it by ,sequoia1 who read it to the people4 ,this excited much curiosity4 ,here was talk in the ,cherokee language1 come from ,arkansas sealed in a paper4 ,this convinced many1 and the newly discovered art was seized with avidity by the people of the tribe1 and1 from the extreme simplicity of the plan1 the use of it soon became general4 ,any one1 on fixing in his memory the names and forms of the letters1 immediately possessed the art of reading and writing4 ,this could be acquired in one day4 ,the ,cherokees1 7who1 as a people1 had always been illiterate7 were1 in the course of a few months1 able to read and write in their own language4 ,they accomplished this without going to school4 ,the ,cherokee ,council adopted this alphabet in #ahba1 and in a short time the bible and other books were printed in the language1 and a newspaper1 ,the ,cherokee ,phoenix1 devoted entirely to the interests of the ,indians1 was published1 in #ahbf1 at ,new ,echota1 the capitol of the ,cherokee ,nation1 situated about five miles west of ,calhoun1 in ,gordon ,county1 ,georgia4 ,this paper was edited by ,chief ,elias ,bondinot1 one of the signers of the ,new ,echota ,treaty4 ,sequoia spent much of his time with his kindred who had already gone to the ,west1 and a few years after the final removal of the ,cherokees from ,georgia1 he was instrumental in establishing several newspapers in their new home4 ,this ,indian remains today the only man1 in the long history of the aborigines1 who has done anything for the real and lasting benefit of the race4 ,his ,cherokee alphabet is in general use by every ,indian tribe in ,america4 ,scientists have honored him by naming the largest tree that grows in ,california the ,sequoia ,gigantia4 ,this name was given to the big red wood tree by ,dr4 ,eulicher1 the famous ,hungarian botanist1 who was born #ahjd and died #ahdi4 ,the tree is native to ,california and is the largest known1 often measuring thirty to thirty-six feet in diameter1 height from two hundred to four hundred feet1 bark is often fifteen inches thick4 ,in #aijh1 a specimen of the ,sequoia ,gigantia came in a letter from ,california4 ,the tiny sprig was five inches high and one-eighth of an inch in diameter1 and was planted on ,myrtle ,hill cemetery in ,rome1 ,georgia4 ,it is now 7#aiac7 about thirty inches high and one inch in diameter4 ,the ,sequoia ,gigantia is an evergreen monument to the ,american ,cadmus1 a one-time resident of ,rome1 ,georgia4 ,in his honor1 ,oklahoma has named a ,county ,sequoyah4--,,beatrice ,o',,rear ,,treadaway1 ,xavier ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,the ,,boy ,,and ,,his ,,arrow4 ,the ,barbadoes or ,windward ,islands have long been the territory of ,great ,britain and her colonies were planted there as early as on the main land of ,america4 ,early in the eighteenth century dissatisfaction arose concerning taxes and other injustices1 and some of these colonists removed to the continent1 chiefly to ,virginia and the ,carolinas4 ,among these was ,edmond ,reid1 with his family1 landing at ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,he brought with him quite a number of slaves4 ,these slaves were remarkable in many ways4 ,they must have been part ,carib2 they had thin lips1 straight noses and arched feet4 ,they were erect and alert4 ,some of these slaves in the fourth generation came to my mother and were above the ordinary ,african and were so dark they evidently had no ,caucasian blood4 ,john ,reid1 son of ,edmond ,reid1 married ,elizabeth ,steppe1 and served in the ,revolution4 ,james1 the son of ,john and ,elizabeth1 was born during the ,revolution1 ,february #bast1 #aggh4 ,archery was a great sport in those days1 handed down no doubt from our ,british ancestry and kept alive by the bows and arrows of the ,indians1 some of whom were still among the neighbors in the colonies4 ,at twelve years of age ,james ,reid was shooting arrows1 and as an experiment shot one up straight toward the sky4 ,quickly it went up1 but more quickly1 with accelerated speed it returned and pierced the eye of the little archer4 ,painfully the arrow 7in this case a pin point7 was taken from the eye4 ,youth and a fine constitution combined to heal the wound without disfigurement of the eye1 and so he seemed to have two perfect eyes1 while one was sightless4 ,our young ,republic was just beginning to try her powers when ,england provoked the war of #ahab4 ,james ,reid1 now in the prime of manhood1 enlisted when the ,british threatened ,new ,orleans4 ,as many others did1 he left his wife and two little ones at home under the protection of slaves4 ,a few days after his return from the war1 on a summer day1 a pain came to the eye pierced so long ago by the arrow4 ,the local physician was sent for1 but his lotions and applications failed to give relief4 ,at that time no surgeon1 except those perhaps in ,france1 understood surgery of the eye4 ,so nature took her course1 seemingly a cruel1 dreadful course4 ,the suffering man could neither sleep nor eat and finally could not stay in the house4 ,he went out under the trees in the grove and when unable to stand rolled around on the grass in great agony4 ,his wife and children and servants followed him with cold water and pillows--a sorrowing and helpless procession4 ,after several days and nights the abscess in his eye bursted and gave instant relief4 ,all the fluids of the eye escaped leaving it sightless and shrunken1 and so it remained ever after4 ,i never see a shrunken eye but what ,i recall the old man1 so spirited1 so cheery1 so kind1 our own grandfather who passed away many years ago--,,mrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,hardaway1 ,regent1 ,sarah ,dickinson ,chapter1 ,d4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,indian ,,spring1 ,,georgia4 ,,romantic ,,discovery4 ,in #agib1 when the country in this vicinity was clothed in its swaddlings of nature1 and the red man and wild beasts alone trod the hills and valleys west of the ,ocmulgee1 a solitary huntsman was wending his way north1 south of the ,towaliga1 about where the public road to ,forsyth is now being turnpiked4 ,the party was a model of his class--large1 muscular1 completely equipped1 a frame strong in its every development1 and a general contour which indicated that he knew nothing of fear1 and dreaded not the dangers of the wilderness in which he was traveling4 ,a deep melancholy on his face1 the flashing of his dark eyes1 and an occasional sight1 evidenced he carried an iron in his soul1 and was actuated by a purpose that knew no turning4 ,this was ,gabriel ,dunlap--a ,georgian4 ,his object in thus absenting himself from society will be seen hereafter4 ,dunlap was a careful and wary hunter1 and in this hitherto untrodden field was specially on the alert4 ,he knew that dangers lurked around1 and was cautious at every step4 ,while thus walking and watching1 he was startled by the war whoop of the savages1 which seemed to burst from every ambush around him4 ,he knew his retreat was cut off1 for a hundred savages emerged from the thickets lining the ,towaliga4 ,therefore1 but one course was left to be pursued--that of taking a due north direction4 ,leaving the river and crossing the hills1 he ran without any purpose beyond making his escape4 ,and thus he ran for miles--as the yells of his pursuers would subside1 hope bracing him up1 again depressed by the reiteration of the voices of his enemies4 ,at length1 when almost ready to fall from exhaustion and thirst--his vitals scorched as with fire--hope whispered a little farther4 ,and soon1 overjoyed and exhausted1 he was able to spring into a canebrake dark as night1 where he slept unconscious of anything that occurred around him4 ,,reinforcements4 ,when he awoke1 yet half dreaming1 ,dunlap gazed about him some time before he could realize the situation4 ,with great effort he arose1 staggered forward1 but fell against a larger stone1 and here1 to his delight1 he heard the trickling of water4 ,quickly he sought to slake his burning thirst1 and soon found1 and enjoyed1 what seemed ice water in a canebrake in ,august4 ,he drank until every desire for water was satisfied1 yet none of the unpleasant feelings that often follow such indulgence were experienced4 ,on the contrary1 he felt new life and vigor1 and set out to place a greater distance between himself and his enemies4 ,his only safe course he knew1 was to travel in a northerly direction1 and1 after imbibing another copious draught from the welcome fountain1 he set out1 toiling through the cane that covered the bottom4 ,when he was about reaching the northern edge of this dense retreat1 a well known signal greeted his ear4 ,to this he responded4 ,his response was replied to by another signal1 when he quickly emerged from the brake1 ascended the hill2 and on approaching a large oak then standing on the site of the present ,elder ,hotel1 was greeted thus3 ,hallo1 ,gabe6 whar did you cum from8 ,have you been squattin' in the thicket yonder8 ,i'll be smashed1 answered ,dunlap1 ,if here aint ,jube ,cochran4 ,and1 ,jube1 ,i'm gladder to see you than if ,i had knocked out a panther's eye with old ,betsey here1 and without picking her flint1 on a two hundred yard line4 ,cause why--,i'm lost and aint nowhar ef you aint some place4 ,and next the two friends met with a hearty shake of hands and a union of warm hearts1 such as conventionalities and civilization have long since driven from the brightest spot in ,georgia4 ,the huntsmen refreshed the inner man1 recounted their several recent adventures1 and then sought a place of rest1 which they soon found among the rocks skirting the river4 ,here they slept until midnight1 when the report of a gun aroused them4 ,snuffing danger in the breeze1 they at once not only became watchful1 but sought to discover the whereabouts of their daring neighbor2 and finally1 in the darkness1 almost ran against two human forms1 whether paleface or ,indian they could not make out1 when ,cochran hailed3 ,who's thar8 ,watson1 was the reply1 and soon there was another happy greeting2 when all four of the party 7one a small boy named ,ben ,fitzpatrick7 walked to the top of the hill between two creeks1 and again rested until day break1 reciting the customary yarns of the border4 ,douglas ,watson was about eighteen years of age1 six feet in height1 and boasted of possessing a well developed muscular frame4 ,his companion1 ,fitzpatrick1 was an orphan boy1 who had the temerity common to adventurous youth to follow ,watson in these wilds4 ,seated by their camp fire ,dunlap explained to ,watson the invigorating effect the water in the canebrake1 at the foot of the hills1 had had upon him in his fainting condition the day previous1 when the whole party again sought the cooling spring1 and1 after search1 found it4 ,this was ,indian ,spring1 and this was the first party of whites who are known to have drunk of its water4 ,at this gathering ,watson admitted to his comrades that about a month previous he had found the spring1 but in consequence of its smelling like gunpowder he fled the vicinity4 ,watson and ,cochran were scouts1 sent out by the ,government in the ,spring of #agib4 ,fitzpatrick was the shadow of ,watson2 and ,dunlap divulged to his new friends his history and mission while they lingered around the spring4 ,,dunlap',s ,,history4 ,to be brief3 ,twelve years previous1 during an ,indian raid in ,bibb ,county1 a little friend--a ward of his father--was stolen and carried away4 ,then and there1 ere the triumphant yells of the foe were silenced1 he had registered an oath in ,heaven1 which was baptized by the falling rain1 never again to seek peace until he found it in the rescue of ,bright ,eyes--his lost ,nora4 ,since that hour his home had been between the ,towaliga and ,ocmulgee1 and his whole exertion was to find the lost one and restore her to her friends4 ,a ,,battle ,,and ,,retreat4 ,in the morning the party left the ,spring1 traveling down stream1 but in a few moments the shoals were reached4 ,here was another mystery1 which to ,watson appeared more wonderful than did the gunpowder spring4 ,they had traveled down stream2 of this they were certain2 yet they encountered an opposite current1 and were amazed4 ,fitzpatrick1 however1 soon explored the vicinity and discovered the meeting of the waters near the ,spring4 ,here two creeks1 running in almost opposite directions1 met fraternally and formed the ,big ,sandy1 which then flowed in an easterly direction until it united with the ,ocmulgee4 ,crossing at the foot of the shoals1 the party started down the stream1 hunting and traveling leisurely4 ,noon found them at a little spring near the present site of ,tanner's bridge1 where they halted1 kindled a fire1 and prepared to cook the choice bits of game they had secured4 ,here they were again doomed to be disappointed2 for suddenly their foe burst upon them in overwhelming numbers4 ,the odds were fearful1 but rather than surrender--which would have been death--the contest was entered upon4 ,many heroes whose names emblazon the pages of history never exhibited the coolness and calculating courage of ,ben ,fitzpatrick in his first battle4 ,he stood fearlessly by the side of his companions1 fighting bravely until ,cochran fell senseless1 having been struck by the war club of an ,indian4 ,as the ,indian stooped to scalp his victim1 ,ben plunged his hunting knife to his heart1 and1 when the brave uttered his death yell1 the boy attempted to remove his wounded comrade4 ,at this moment young ,watson handed ,ben his gun1 gathered up ,cochran1 and crying out ,now is our time1 ,ben1 ran through the creek into the dark swamp beyond4 ,they were now safe1 for deep darkness had fallen1 and their enemies feared to pursue them4 ,cochran recovered during the night1 but diligent search failed to ascertain anything as to the fate of ,dunlap2 and1 warned by the signal smokes of the enemy1 the trio started early next morning for the nearest block-house east of the ,ocmulgee4 ,,dunlap ,,and ,,nora4 ,but ,dunlap was not lost4 ,he was shot through the left shoulder when the attack was first made1 fainted and fell1 and was scalped and left for dead4 ,he lay hours1 until nightfall--half waking1 half sleeping and dreaming4 ,suddenly he felt a soft hand bathing his fevered head4 ,he knew this kindness came not from savage hands1 nor from the rough goodness of a fellow huntsman1 for the sweetness of an angel's breath fanned his face4 ,pain was forgotten1 yet he was afraid to move lest the charm should be broken and the vision vanish4 ,half unconscious1 he whispered1 as if by inspiration1 ,nora4 ,and the guardian angel hovered about him proved to be the ,nora for whom he had been searching4 ,she suppressed an involuntary scream as she recognized the object of her compassion1 and1 laying her hand on the face of her old friend1 in a trembling voice said3 ,oh6 my more than brother1 have we met at last1 after so many long and weary years of separation1 each of which has seemed an eternity8 ,the recognition was mutual1 but the meeting was too happy1 too full of sacred joy1 to be intruded upon4 ,the wounds of ,dunlap were carefully bound up by ,nora1 after the fashion of her companions from girlhood1 and they at once removed as far as possible from the vicinity of the fight4 ,they were not discovered the next morning and then commenced a long and weary journey homeward1 which extended through many days4 ,at last they saw the curling smoke arising from their native cabin4 ,here the long lost were greeted with joy1 and at an early day there was a wedding--,dunlap and ,nora were united1 and at once settled down to the realities of life4 ,in #agif1 fearing other molestations from the savages1 who were then hostile to the whites1 the ,dunlap family sold their lands in ,bibb and removed to ,liberty ,county1 ,georgia1 where1 at the present time1 many of their children's children may be found occupying high social positions4 ,,fate ,,of ,,our ,,heroes4 ,the boy1 ,ben ,fitzpatrick1 grew up to manhood in company with his friend1 ,watson4 ,subsequently he removed to ,montgomery1 ,ala41 where he died a short time since4 ,his career in his adopted ,state was an honored one1 he having served in both branches of the ,national ,congress and as ,governor of the ,state4 ,governor ,fitzpatrick was a cousin of ,mrs4 ,cynthia ,varner1 of ,indian ,spring4 ,after the ,indians were removed from this section1 ,douglas ,watson settled in ,monroe ,county1 where he resided until his decease1 which occurred a few years ago4 ,of the career of ,cochran we have been unable to obtain any data4 ,the foregoing history of the discovery of ,indian ,spring by the whites is not all fiction4 ,it is an o'er true tale4 ,duggie ,watson1 the hero of the foregoing pages--he who feared the smell of gunpowder when he first looked upon the halfhidden spring1 and fled--has often repeated the history as we have given it in our hearing4 ,,early ,,settlement4 ,the ,indians entertained a superstition that it would be unwise for any of their tribe to make a permanent residence near this ,healing water because the noise and gambols of the squaws and papooses would drive the spell from the water4 ,thus1 as late as #ahjj1 the visits of the race to the ,spring1 though frequently made1 were only temporary1 and for a special purpose in each instance4 ,the tents of the red man were always found on the adjacent hills1 filled with invalids who were brought to be cured1 and again returned to the war path or their hunting grounds4 ,about the date named1 ,gen4 ,wm4 ,mc,intosh1 a half breed1 and a cousin of ,gov4 ,troup1 erected a cabin for his own use1 and afterwards spent the summers here with his family4 ,this broke the spell2 and subsequently a ,mr4 ,ollison erected a double-cabin1 which was dignified with the title of hotel and for years was the only house of accomodation afforded visitors4 ,the same gentleman afterwards erected a small corn mill1 which stood near or on the site of the new mill now being completed by ,col4 ,h4 ,j4 ,lamar4 ,these were the only improvements made until after the treaty of #ahba1 and are remembered by a number of our old citizens4 ,the ,mc,intosh cabin and the mill1 were destroyed by fire2 what became of the hotel which stood upon the site of the north end of the ,varner ,house1 we cannot state4 ,the spell was broken1 and both races pitched their tents around the ,spring annually for a number of years1 mingling without open hostility4 ,watson and ,fitzpatrick continued to act as scouts for the ,government1 making the ,mc,intosh cabin headquarters4 ,among the visitors were ,messrs4 ,dred and ,jonathan ,phillips1 of ,jasper county1 who brought a friend that had been afflicted with rheumatism1 and unable to walk for years4 ,a short stay served to restore the afflicted to his original health1 when the party returned to their homes4 ,while here the ,phillips brothers observed the excellent condition of the ,indian stock1 which was attributed to the superabundance of cane then covering the extensive bottoms1 and1 as a speculation1 brought over a large drove of cattle to pasture1 which was left in the canebrake1 but occasionally visited to be salted and inspected4 ,subsequently this movement was interfered with1 as we shall show4 ,,first ,,outbreak4 ,the rival factions of the ,creeks were severally headed by ,mc,intosh and ,napothlehatchie--the latter termed ,big ,warrior4 ,another leader with the ,big ,warrior clan was ,hopoethleyoholo1 who was said to have been the most brilliant orator of the tribe4 ,through his influence the largest number of the tribe joined ,big ,warrior1 and he subsequently took an active part in opposing the treaties of #ahba and #ahbe1 concluded at ,indian ,spring4 ,notwithstanding the factions were bitterly opposed to each other1 we have no record of any outbreak occurring until #ahjg4 ,the ,phillips brothers were also left undisturbed in their pursuit4 ,the first disturbance occurred in ,june1 #ahjg1 when ,big ,warrior1 with a party of his braves1 entered the stables of ,mc,intosh at night and stole all his horses4 ,the same party also carried off the ,phillips cattle4 ,when advised of their loss1 the ,phillips brothers gathered their neighbors1 and1 on being joined by ,watson and ,fitzpatrick1 pursued and overtook the plunderers about seventy miles lower down the ,ocmulgee4 ,after a desperate conflict the stock was recovered and ,hopoethleyoholo made prisoner4 ,this brave refused to smoke the pipe of peace with his captors1 and actually spat in the face of the leader of the whites1 who tendered the symbol of peace4 ,this act aroused the ire of the whites1 who were with difficulty persuaded by ,watson to spare his life4 ,the discussion among the whites was suddenly disturbed by ,big ,warrior1 who rushed in with his followers1 who had been reinforced1 and recaptured the favorite orator4 ,during this second brief struggle ,dred ,phillips was shot through the fleshy part of the left arm4 ,the cattle were then driven back to the canebrakes of the ,big ,sandy1 and again apparent quiet was the rule4 ,but the fires of hatred were only smothered in the breast of ,big ,warrior4 ,watson and his companions were conversant with the machinations of the unfriendly chief1 and anticipated an outbreak against both the whites and ,mc,intosh party1 but no opportunity occurred1 and all remained quiet until the war of #ahab was inaugurated4 ,in this war the ,mc,intosh party--which had been gradually gaining strength--joined with the forces of the ,state and ,government1 and ,big ,warrior united with the public enemy4 ,the struggle in ,georgia during the war was bitter1 and involved the loss of many whites as well as friendly ,indians1 and a heavy expense to the ,state4 ,upon the declaration of peace between ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states1 peace again reigned in ,georgia4 ,at the close of the war the whites again began to resort to the ,spring1 and the sick were gathered from all quarters4 ,the fame of the waters spread1 and the wonderful cures effected appeared more like the result of magic than the effects of one of nature's great restorers4 ,in #ahaf1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,varner1 who yet lives in our midst1 spent some time here2 and the scenes of primitive beauty and interest she then looked upon1 and also the incidents that occurred1 are distinctly remembered by the venerable lady1 as if it were but yesterday4 ,gen4 ,john ,w4 ,gordon first visited the ,spring in #ahai1 and continued to spend a large portion of his time here every year until his death4 ,during the sojourns of this gentleman at ,indian ,spring1 he contributed largely to the improvements that were made2 and especially was his generosity1 through a long series of years1 exhibited for the benefit of the needy and afflicted4 ,at his decease he left numbers at ,indian ,springs who will ever bless his memory for the fruits of the seeds of kindness he was constantly in the habit of sowing4 ,among the early visitors was the veritable ,simon ,suggs1 who subsequently became distinguished as a wit and humorist4 ,douglass ,walton1 in his capacity of ,government scout1 continued to make his headquarters here4 ,in #ahai1 ,mr4 ,jesse ,jolley1 ,mr4 ,john ,lemon1 and ,mrs4 ,freeman1 with her husband and family located in ,butts4 ,the three first named are still living1 and are among the most honored citizens of the county4 ,,public ,,treaties4 ,prior to #agba1 efforts were made by the ,government to secure possession of the lands in ,georgia lying west of the ,ocmulgee4 ,the ,mc,intosh party favored such a treaty1 while ,big ,warrior and his adherents opposed it4 ,after many consultations between the two parties1 favorable conclusions were arrived at1 and the pipe of peace was passed4 ,big ,warrior alone broke the faith thus cemented around the council-fires of his tribe2 ,mc,intosh was again faithful1 and in #ahba1 he concluded a treaty with the agents of the government1 by which the hunting grounds between the ,ocmulgee and ,flint ,rivers were forever ceded away1 excepting a portion of the ,ward plantation and six hundred and forty acres around the ,spring4 ,these reservations were made by ,mc,intosh for himself4 ,the first embraced a large body of fertile land and the second the ,spring1 the medical properties of which ,mc,intosh well understood4 ,this treaty was ratified in ,washington1 ,march #b;d1 #ahba4 ,this action of ,mc,intosh and his adherents aroused another feud between the rival wings of the tribe1 which ended in a fierce battle4 ,a heavy loss was sustained on both sides1 the ,mc,intosh party suffering most severely4 ,big ,warrior was slain1 and thus his party were left without a leader4 ,a little later the orator chief and ,mc,intosh met and smoked the calumet4 ,how faithless the first named could prove to this solemn covenant will be shown4 ,in #ahbc1 ,general ,mc,intosh and ,joel ,bailey erected the main building of the ,indian ,spring ,hotel1 and opened it for the reception of visitors4 ,this building is still yearly occupied for the purposes originally intended4 ,about the same date other improvements were made1 and ,indian ,spring became a favorite resort at that day4 ,the visits of the whites increased rapidly1 and they sought to secure residences1 or camped out2 while the ,indians1 now peaceable1 also flocked to the ,healing ,water4 ,by an agreement1 all parties met at ,indian ,spring to consider a second treaty1 early in ,february1 #ahbe4 ,the ,government agents were protected by ,united ,states troops1 and large forces of the opposing ,indian factions were present4 ,the negotiations were conducted in the hotel1 and concluded ,february #gth1 #ahbe4 ,under this treaty all the ,indian possessions in ,georgia were ceded to the whites1 and an early removal of the tribe arranged for4 ,the agency of ,general ,mc,intosh in bringing about this treaty resulted in his death within a few months4 ,when it was announced that the treaty was concluded1 ,hopoethleyoholo seized the occasion to give vent to his long pent-up wrath4 ,the ,indians of both the old factions were present in large numbers4 ,all were excited4 ,at last the orator chief mounted the large rock yet seen at the south end of the ,varner ,house1 and gave vent to his feelings and purposes in the following characteristic talk3 ,brothers1 the ,great ,spirit has met here with his painted children of the woods and their paleface brethren4 ,i see his golden locks in the sunbeams2 he fans the warrior's brow with his wings and whispers sweet music in the winds2 the beetle joins his hymn and the mocking bird his song4 ,you are charmed6 ,brothers1 you have been deceived6 ,a snake has been coiled in the shade and you are running into his open mouth1 deceived by the double-tongue of the paleface chief 7,mc,intosh71 and drunk with the fire-water of the paleface4 ,brothers1 the hunting grounds of our fathers have been stolen by our chief and sold to the paleface4 ,whose gold is in his pouch8 ,brothers1 our grounds are gone1 and the plow of the paleface will soon turn up the bones of our fathers4 ,brothers1 are you tame8 ,will you submit8 ,hopoethleyoholo says no6 ,then turning to ,mc,intosh1 who was standing with the commissioners at a window a few feet distant1 he continued3 ,as for you1 double-tongued snake1 whom ,i see through the window of the paleface1 before many moons have waned your own blood shall wash out the memory of this hated treaty4 ,brothers1 ,i have spoken4 ,by this treaty the ,spring became the property of the ,state and the ceded land was laid out in lots in #ahbf1 the ,commonwealth reserving ten acres around the ,spring for the benefit of her citizens then and thereafter4 ,the act establishing ,butts ,county was passed in #ahbf4 ,the village of ,indian ,spring was incorporated by legislative enactment in #ahcg1 and in #ahff1 a second act changed the name to ,mc,intosh and extended the limits of the incorporation4 ,,death ,,of ,,mcintosh4 ,general ,mc,intosh and family removed to his plantation on the ,chattahoochee1 and evidently rested secure4 ,but the avenger was on the war path1 and the distinguished chieftain1 who had rendered the whites such signal service1 was doomed4 ,in compliance with the advice of ,hopoethleyoholo1 a secret council was held1 at which one hundred braves were selected to secure the vengeance desired1 and these1 headed by the wily orator1 set out westward4 ,when near his residence1 ,mc,intosh and his son-in-law1 ,hawkins1 were seen by their hidden foe riding together4 ,they could then have been easily killed1 says ,white's ,statistics1 but their lives were spared for the moment to preserve a consistency so common in all plans of the ,indians4 ,they had determined to kill ,mc,intosh in his own yard1 in the presence of his family1 and to let his blood run upon the soil of that reservation which had been secured to him by the treaty4 ,from the same authority we learn ,mc,intosh rode home unconscious of danger1 while the savages prepared for their work4 ,lightwood was procured to fire the buildings4 ,about three o'clock the premises were surrounded1 and it was not until the torch had been applied to the outbuildings that the sleepers were aroused4 ,chilly ,mc,intosh1 the chief's son--who is yet living--escaped through a window of one of the outhouses1 and1 running the gauntlet1 swam the river4 ,general ,mc,intosh1 upon discovering his assailants1 barricaded the door and stood near it when it was forced4 ,he fired on them1 and at that moment one of his steadfast friends1 ,toma ,tustinugse1 fell upon the threshold riddled with balls4 ,the chief then retreated to the second story1 with four guns in his hand1 which he continued to discharge from a window4 ,he fought with great courage1 and1 aware that his end was near1 determined to sell his life as dearly as possible4 ,he was at this time the only occupant of the burning house2 for his two wives1 ,peggy and ,susannah1 who had been dragged into the yard1 were heard imploring the savages not to burn him up1 but to get him out of the house1 and shoot him1 as he was a brave man and an ,indian like themselves4 ,mc,intosh came down to the first floor1 where he fell pierced with many balls4 ,he was then seized and dragged into the yard4 ,while lying there1 the blood gushing from his wounds1 he raised himself on one arm and surveyed his murderers with looks of defiance1 and it was while so doing he was stabbed to the heart by an ,ocfuskee ,indian4 ,the chief was scalped and the buildings plundered and burned4 ,the party then sought for ,hawkins1 whom they also killed4 ,his body was thrown into the river4 ,,an ,,indian ,,elopement4 ,the family of ,general ,mc,intosh spent the summer of #ahbf1 at ,indian ,spring1 where his two youngest daughters1 who had been highly educated1 spent their time in associating alternately with the dusky maidens of their tribe and their palefaced sisters4 ,during the visit one of the sisters created a decided sensation by eloping with an ,indian lover4 ,a gentleman now residing in the vicinity who at that time was a little boy1 whose parents were camped at the ,spring1 was at the ,mc,intosh cabin--then situated on the lot north of the ,varner ,hotel--when the occurrence took place4 ,there were hundreds of ,indians camped on the adjacent hills--the friendly party on the south side of the creek and the adherents of ,hypoethleyoholo on the north bank4 ,the lover was a leading chief of the latter party1 and the match was bitterly opposed by the ,mc,intosh family and their adherents who keenly remembered the sad events of the previous year2 but the young lovers1 who had long since determined upon their course1 cared not for opposition and well arranged their plans4 ,on a bright ,sunday morning our little white friend--now an aged and respected citizen--was swinging in the cabin with the two girls when an unusual commotion in the yard attracted the attention of all1 and they rushed to the door4 ,the young girl's favorite pony was hitched outside4 ,coming up the hill from the creek was seen the determined lover1 mounted1 and accompanied by a score of his braves4 ,on seeing him approach1 his intended rushed into the cabin1 and1 amidst the tears and vehement protestations of her mother and sister1 who were weeping bitterly1 she rapidly cast off the habiliments of civilization and arrayed herself in a complete ,indian costume4 ,this accomplished1 she turned to her weeping friends1 and after much talk in the language of her tribe1 she embraced them without shedding a tear1 and rushed out1 kissing her little friend1 who was gazing upon the scene with wonder4 ,the lover and his escort were drawn up near the gate2 not a word was said1 and the girl sprang upon her pony and took her place in the line behind her intended4 ,silently the party then moved down the hill1 crossed the creek1 and were soon out of sight4 ,they were legally married at ,lawrenceville1 ,gwinnett ,county1 ,georgia1 and the union was a happy and prosperous one4--,jackson1 7,ga417 ,argus4 ,illustration3 ,to the ,fifteenth ,annual ,conference of the ,georgia ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution in ,augusta ,assembled ,mrs4 ,s4,w4 ,foster ,state ,regent ,this ,partial ,map of the ,mc,intosh ,trail is sent by the ,sarah ,dickinson ,chapter ,d4,a4,r4 ,newnan1 ,ga4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hardaway--,regent ,mrs4 ,e4 ,g4 ,cole--,vice ,regent ,mrs4 ,j4 ,e4 ,robinson--,secretary ,miss ,lutie ,n4 ,powell--,treasurer ,,tracing ,,the ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h ,,trail4 ,the ,mc,intosh trail begins as far west as ,talladega1 ,ala41 and perhaps further1 going eastward #c miles above ,senoia1 in ,coweta ,county1 ,georgia1 where it diverges1 one trail going to ,augusta and the other via ,indian ,springs to ,macon4 ,mrs4 ,yeandle has traced the trail from ,augusta to ,senoia4 ,perhaps some daughter will trace it to ,macon from its point of divergence4 ,i am tracing it west from the neighborhood of ,senoia to ,talladega1 ,ala4 ,the trail runs about #c miles north of ,senoia1 and near there ,mc,intosh built a fort1 the ruins of which may still be seen4 ,senoia was given the name of a princess of the ,cowetas4 ,her name is about all that remains of her1 her history being buried in oblivion4 ,the trail runs north of ,turin1 crosses ,hegg ,creek near the home of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rees1 then through ,sharpsburg1 north of ,raymond1 following part of the old ,mc,intosh road entering ,newnan on the southeast1 down ,greenville street across ,mrs4 ,atkinson's lot to ,la,grange street1 across ,miss ,long's lot and a livery stable lot into ,spring street4 ,the direct route is here uncertain1 because of home-building1 but it crosses the ,central ,railroad into ,ray ,park1 on to an unusual road called ,rocky road1 which leads over a creek to the ,chattahoochee1 where it crosses the river west of the ,mc,intosh reserve4 ,the reserve is a square mile in a sharp bend of the river1 and on both sides of the ,chattahoochee1 being partly in ,carroll ,county and party in ,coweta1 and at this bend the river runs for some distance west instead of south4 ,on the ,carroll side the ,chief ,mc,intosh had his home1 and there he was murdered by his race1 in #ahbf4 ,and there he is buried4 ,the trail now runs almost due west across the southern part of ,carroll ,county1 ,georgia1 and across the northern parts of ,clay and ,randolph ,counties1 ,alabama1 into ,talladega ,county1 to the town of ,talladega4 ,this part of the trail is more certain than elsewhere1 because the pioneers blazed the trail1 cutting three notches into the numerous trees of the unbroken forest4 ,over this trail ,andrew ,jackson marched his troops against the ,british in #ahab-ac-ad-ae1 ,mc,intosh and his force going with him4 ,the forests have gone down before the fields1 and here is perhaps the finest white yeomanry in ,georgia4 ,it is considered that they produce the finest short staple cotton in the world4 ,schools and churches abound and the population is fast advancing in culture4 ,but to take up the trail again3 ,it leaves the reserve1 going through ,lowell1 thence to ,tyrus by ,mexico campground2 then one-half mile north of ,black ,jack mountain through ,buchanan town into ,alabama1 one-half mile north of ,gratan postoffice by ,bethel campground4 ,then crossing the little ,tallapoosa on ,saxon's bridge near ,saxon's mill1 on the ,big ,tallapoosa1 where it crosses at ,ridley's bridge through ,chillafinnee1 then goes on north of ,ironton to ,talladega1 ,alabama4 ,perhaps this trail goes further west than ,talladega1 but an effort to trace it has failed so far4 ,our ,chapter still hopes to find whether it continues4 ,no doubt the whole country was a network of trails1 and this must antedate the time of ,mc,intosh4 ,it must go back to the days when the ,indians had no beasts of burden4--,,mrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,hardaway1 ,newnan1 ,ga4 ,,georgia ,,song4 ,i ,blest is thy land1 fair ,georgia2 ,from the mountains to the sea4 ,the purpose of whose founders was ,the opprest from wrongs to free4 ,,refrain3 ,then hail to thee1 our ,georgia6 ,for of the ,old ,thirteen ,no brighter star shone ever1 ,or ever shall be seen4 ,,ii ,not for themselves1 but others1 ,was the way their motto ran2 ,and in the path of mercy ,did they early lead the van4 ,,iii ,our fathers sought the new world1 ,with a motive grand and high1 ,and faith in ,god hath ever ,led our hopes unto the sky4 ,,iv ,and so on strong foundations1 ,we see stately columns rise1 ,as symbols of those virtues1 ,that our ,georgia people prize4 ,v ,a soldier guards the portals ,while a sunburst from above1 ,illumines arch and pillars ,with ,god's all protecting love4 ,,vi ,god grant our solons ,wisdom1 ,let strict ,justice hold the scale ,and ,moderation guide the hand1 ,that must make the law prevail4 --,by ,j4 ,t4 ,derry4 ,many of the states have a state song for the school children4 ,georgia has never yet had one4 ,there are efforts being made to supply this deficiency4 ,the founders of the colony of ,georgia had a threefold purpose3 ,first--,to provide a home for the honest debtor class of ,great ,britain1 so that in the new world they might have a new chance4 ,second--,to offer to persecuted sects of ,europe a refuge from oppression4 ,third--,to oppose a barrier against ,spanish aggression upon the colony of ,south ,carolina4 ,the raising of silk and indigo were to be the chief industries of the new colony4 ,the trustees were to make for themselves no profit out of their enterprises4 ,hence on one side of the seal adopted for the colony of ,georgia by the trustees was a representation of silk worms busy at their work and the motto was3 ,non sibi1 ,sed ,aliis1 which means1 ,not for themselves1 but for others4 ,when ,georgia became a state a seal was adopted on the front side of which are represented three columns1 marked3 ,wisdom1 ,justice1 ,moderation1 which support the arch of the constitution4 ,on arch and pillar shine the rays of the rising sun4 ,a soldier with drawn sword guards the approaches4 ,with these two seals1 one of the colony and the other of the state as the inspiration1 the above song has been suggested1 the words being by ,professor ,j4 ,t4 ,derry and the music by ,mrs4 ,albert ,t4 ,spalding1 both of ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,georgia ,,showing ,,colonial1 ,,revolutionary ,,and ,,indian ,,war ,,period ,,forts ,,battlefields ,,and ,,treaty-,,spots ,,constructed ,,from ,,old ,,maps ,,and ,,descriptions ,,in ,,early ,,histories4 ,,prepared ,,by ,,ruby ,,felder ,,ray1 ,,state ,,historian ,d4,a4,r4 ,,august1 #aiac4 ,,index ,a ,acton1 #bc1 #bg1 #bi ,adams1 ,john1 #bh1 #ce1 #aea1 #aeb ,adams1 ,john ,quincy1 #aea ,adams1 ,joseph1 #cc ,adams1 ,samuel1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf ,alamance1 #ae1 #bj1 #ba ,allston1 ,washington1 #he1 #hf ,america1 ,song1 #aa ,american ,monthly ,magazine ,quoted from1 #ab1 #bj1 #cd1 #de1 #ga1 #hg1 #aec1 #aed1 #afj1 #afh1 #ahd1 #aig1 #bbg1 #bea1 #bgf1 #bhc1 #bib1 #big ,anderson1 ,major ,george ,w41 #eh ,andre1 ,major1 #ai ,arnett1 ,mrs4 ,hanna1 #bic1 #big ,art and ,artists of the ,revolution1 #hd1 #hg ,atlanta1 #ei ,augusta1 #eg1 #aga ,austin1 ,james ,waddy1 #cjg ,b ,baber1 ,ambrose1 #cac ,bacon1 ,nathaniel1 #dg 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#hh ,uncrowned ,queens and ,kings1 #ahe-aib ,united ,states ,treasury ,seal1 #agc1 #agd ,university of ,virginia1 #adf ,v ,valley ,forge1 #ah1 #cg-de1 #gd ,vanderlyn1 ,john1 #he-hf ,van ,dycke1 #hd ,vann ,house1 #ccb-ccd ,vincennes1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahd ,virginia ,revolutionary ,forts1 #age-ahd ,w ,waites1 ,judge1 #caf ,waldo1 ,dr41 #cg ,walker1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,l41 #aie ,walmsley1 ,james ,elliott1 #bba ,walton1 ,george1 #cf1 #aah1 #adj-adb1 #agj ,ward1 ,general ,artemas1 #baa-bab ,wardlaw1 ,g4 ,b41 #cab ,war ,hill 7,scene of ,battle of ,kettle ,creek71 #aji ,warren1 ,joseph1 #bb1 #bc1 #aea ,washington1 ,george1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah1 #bh1 #cg-de1 #afj1 #afa1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bhi-bib ,washington1 ,mrs41 #da1 #afj1 #afa ,waxhaws1 ,s4 ,c41 #hc ,wayne1 ,anthony1 #ai1 #gg ,wereat1 ,john1 #gg1 #agj ,west1 ,benjamin1 #he ,west ,cambridge1 #cc ,westford1 #bg1 #bi ,whigs in ,england and ,america during the ,revolution1 #bba-bbg ,whipple1 #ce ,white1 #ccf1 #ccg ,white1 ,captain1 then ,colonel ,john1 #agg ,william and ,mary ,college1 #dh1 #di1 #adf ,williamsburg1 ,va41 #df ,williams1 #ce ,williams1 ,james1 #aae ,williamson1 ,andrew1 #aae ,williamson1 ,micajah1 #abg ,williamson1 ,sarah ,gilliam1 #abg ,williamson1 ,major1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,wilson1 ,clarissa1 #cba ,wilson ,jonathan1 #bg1 #ca1 #ce ,wilson1 ,sarah1 #cbb ,wilson1 signer of ,declaration of ,independence1 #cf ,wilson1 ,samuel1 #hg ,wimpy1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c41 #acd ,wing1 ,john1 #dg ,winn1 ,captain ,richard1 #eg ,winthrop1 ,john1 #bf ,witherspoon1 #ce ,woburn1 #be ,wolcott1 #ce ,wood1 ,mrs4 ,james ,s41 #hd ,wright1 ,sir ,james1 #fa ,wythe1 ,george1 #cf1 #dh1 #aha ,y ,yamacraw ,bluff1 #ei ,yankee ,doodle1 #cb ,yazoo ,fraud1 #gh1 #bda ,yorktown1 #ad1 #ah1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahj ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,except for those changes noted below1 misspelling by the authors1 inconsistent or archaic usage1 has been retained4 ,,toc ',john ,clark' changed to ',john ,clarke'4 ,,toc ',elijah ,clark' changed to ',elijah ,clarke'4 ,,toc ',somersett' changed to ',somerset'4 ,,toc ',chief ,van' changed to ',chief ,vann'4 p#ad 'curosity' changed to 'curiosity'4 p#ca ',wodburn' changed to ',woburn'4 p#cb ',fusileers' changed to ',fusiliers'4 p#cf ',me,kean' changed to ',mc,kean'4 p#de 'prosterity' changed to 'posterity'4 p#de ',monthty' changed to ',monthly'4 p#dg 'indentified' changed to 'identified'4 p#di ',releigh' changed to ',raleigh'4 p#eg ',fort ,sherrill's' changed to ',sherrill's ,fort'4 p#eh 'du ,pont' changed to ',du,pont'4 p#fc ',elizah ,clarke' changed to ',elijah ,clarke'4 p#ge 'unusued' changed to 'unused'4 p#gg 'tryant' changed to 'tyrant'4 p#hb 'beside' changed to 'bedside'4 p#hd 'adso' changed to 'also'4 p#hi 'near ,tarleston's' changed to 'near ,tarleton's'4 p#hi 'auxiety' changed to 'anxiety'4 p#ib 'woudd inquire' changed to 'would inquire'4 p#ajj 'dripped' changed to 'dropped'4 p#ajj 'even them' changed to 'even then'4 p#ajc 'humning bird' changed to 'humming bird'4 p#ajg 'reconteur' changed to 'raconteur'4 p#aah 'chariman' changed to 'chairman'4 p#abf 'day are' changed to 'days are'4 p#abg ',macajah' changed to ',micajah'4 p#aci 'strugling' changed to 'struggling'4 p#aeb 'conmenced' changed to 'commenced'4 p#aec ',ceasar' changed to ',caesar'4 p#afg ',deleware' changed to ',delaware'4 p#afg 'astaunded' changed to 'astounded'4 p#aga 'ignorinous' changed to 'ignominious'4 p#agc ',governo' changed to ',governor'4 p#agg 'importansce' changed to 'importance'4 p#ahj 'endeavorers' changed to 'endeavors'4 p#aie ',mommouth' changed to ',monmouth'4 p#bjj ',truetlen' changed to ',treutlen'4 p#bjd 'diffcult' changed to 'difficult'4 p#bje ',afteh' changed to ',after'4 p#bjg 'nighborhood' changed to 'neighborhood'4 p#bad 'tapestry or' changed to 'tapestry of'4 p#bae 'inpetuous' changed to 'impetuous'4 p#bag 'gubernational' changed to 'gubernatorial'4 p#bah 'unconcious' changed to 'unconscious'4 p#bbj 'toombstones' changed to 'tombstones'4 p#bbe ',westminister' changed to ',westminster'4 p#bcb 'co-called' changed to 'so-called'4 p#bcf 'intrepreter' changed to 'interpreter'4 p#bda 'e,gorgia' changed to ',georgia'4 p#bdi 'acros sthe' changed to 'across the'4 p#bed 'sprank' changed to 'sprang'4 p#beg 'apportunity' changed to 'opportunity'4 p#bfc 'carrid' changed to 'carried'4 p#bfc 'narby' changed to 'nearby'4 p#bfd ',independenct' changed to ',independence'4 p#bff 'guson' changed to 'action'4 p#bfg 'ignorminy' changed to 'ignominy'4 p#bfi 'curosity' changed to 'curiosity'4 p#bgi 'nag is' changed to 'nag as'4 p#bhj 'she know' changed to 'she knew'4 p#bhb ',codgell' changed to ',cogdell'4 p#bhb 'sudsided' changed to 'subsided'4 p#bhe ',anges' changed to ',agnes'4 p#bhh ',shirwood' changed to ',sherwood'4 p#cjj 'ta raise' changed to 'to raise'4 p#cjh 'trooops' changed to 'troops'4 p#cac 'rceeive' changed to 'receive'4 p#cad ',massonry' changed to ',masonry'4 p#cad 'continue ti' changed to 'continue to'4 p#cbb ',betsey' changed to ',betsy'4 p#cbf 'spectotors' changed to 'spectators'4 p#ccb ',,chief ,,van' changed to ',,chief ,,vann'4 p#ccc ',chief ,van' changed to ',chief ,vann'4 7#c occurrences7 p#ccd ',chief ,van' changed to ',chief ,vann'4 p#ccd 'revaled' changed to 'revealed'4 p#cdf ',arkanses' changed to ',arkansas'4 p#cdf ',mississippi 444' duplicate line deleted4 p#cea ',winward ,islands' changed to ',windward ,islands'4 p#cei 'affllicted' changed to 'afflicted'4 p#cfd 'arond' changed to 'around'4 p#cfd ',roy ,pork' changed to ',ray ,park'4 p#cfg ',m',,intosh' changed to ',mc,i,n,t,o,s,h'4 p#cgj 'refuge form' changed to 'refuge from'4 ,index3 ',allamance' changed to ',alamance'4 ,index3 ',carswell' changed to ',caswell'4 ,index3 ',cornacre' changed to ',corn-acre'4 ,index3 ',corthran' changed to ',cothran'4 ,index3 ',de ,kalb' changed to ',de,kalb'4 ,index3 ',dier' changed to ',dies'4 ,index3 ',drehan' changed to ',dreher'4 ,index3 ,added ',e' at front of ,e entries4 ,index3 ',fanquier' changed to ',fauquier'4 ,index3 ',flower ,flag' changed to ',flower-,flag'4 ,index3 ,added ',h' at front of ,h entries4 ,index3 ',rochaebeau' changed to ',rochambeau'4 ,index3 ',steben' changed to ',steuben'4 ,index3 ',van' changed to ',vann'4