,,! ,,say+s ,,( ,,confucius ,a ,,new ,,translation ,,( ,,! ,,great] ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,confucian ,,analects ,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,lionel ,,giles1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon47 ,,assi/ant ,,9 ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,books ,,& ,,manuscripts ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia4 ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,& ,,company #aiaj ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,disciples ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,public ,,affairs ,,individual ,,virtue ,,confucius' ,,e/imate ,,( ,,o!rs ,,confucius ,,on ,,himself ,,miscellane\s ,,say+s ,,p]sonalia ,,confucius ,,z ,,se5 ,,by ,,o!rs ,,say+s ,,( ,,! ,,disciples ,,editorial ,,note ,! object ( ! ,editors ( ?is s]ies is a v def9ite "o4 ,!y desire above all ?+s t1 9 _! humble way1 ^! books %all be ! ambassadors ( goodwill & und]/&+ betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/--! old _w ( ,?\ght & ! new ( ,action4 ,9 ?is endeav\r1 & 9 _! own sph]e1 !y are b foll[]s ( ! highe/ example 9 ! l&4 ,!y are confid5t t a deep] k ( ! great ideals & l(ty philosophy ( ,ori5tal ?\ght may help to a revival ( t true _s ( ,*>ity :i* nei!r despises nor fe>s ! nations ( ano!r cre$ & col\r4 ,f9ally1 9 ?ank+ press & public = ! v cordial reception giv5 to ! ,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies1 !y wi% to /ate t no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to secure ! be/ speciali/s = ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s subjects at h&4 ,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia4 ,,nor?brook ,,society1 #ahe1 ,,piccadilly1 ,w4 ,,introduction ,confucius is "o ( ! few supremely great figures 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,a man's greatness mu/ always be measur$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! cons5sus ( op9ion 9 8 own c\ntry2 ! judgm5t ( =eign]s c only be all[$ to h a second>y value4 ,especially is ?is true :5 ! critics are n only =eign]s1 b belong to a totally diff]5t ord] ( civilisation f ! m5 ^: greatness !y w\ld appraise4 ,= ev5 if !y c keep _! m9ds free f purely national bias ( ! unreason+ sort1 !y w naturally look = su* attributes z are highly priz$ among !mselves1 & feel disappo9t$ if ^! are n mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,!y w be apt to see c]ta9 defects too pla9ly1 :]eas !y may easily ov]look or fail to appreciate to ! full ^? v qualities on :i* ! title to greatness is ma9ly bas$4 ,^! errors & prejudices w1 d\btless1 t5d to disappe> z m intimate k is ga9$ & ! ess5tial unity ( human nature %[s itself b5ea? ! accid5ts ( cu/om & environm5t4 ,b ! process w always be sl[4 ,! "n ( ,confucius may be deem$ suffici5tly famili> 9 ! ,we/ to r5d] unnecess>y any revision ( ! popul> v]dict :i* has already be5 pass$ on him4 ,b are 8 judges equally famili> ) ! tea*+ :i* 8 "n repres5ts8 ,! "n ( ,%akespe>e 0 well en\gh kn[n to ,fr5*m5 9 ! "t ( ,voltaire4 ,yet h[ _m g5]ations _h to pass ere !y began to recognise 8 true greatness8 ,! p>allel betwe5 dramati/ & social re=m] may seem /ra9$1 b x is n drawn at r&om4 ,9 bo? cases1 wide diff]5ces ( language & ! inadequacy ( translations to bridge ! gap1 lie at ! root ( ! tr\ble4 ,no great man has suff]$ m ?an ,confucius f ! /upidity1 ! mis/atem5ts & ! misrepres5tations1 f ! lack ( sympa?y & g5]osity1 &1 9 "s po9ts1 f ! pure ignorance ( 8 critics4 ,e>ly travell]s arriv+ f ! ,we/1 among/ a p utt]ly ali5 to !mselves 9 almo/ e detail--language1 dress1 habits1 modes ( ?\ght1 e?ical ideals & g5]al view ( life--w\ld h done well to walk v w>ily &1 9 ! ,confucian phrase1 to res]ve _! judgm5t on :at !y saw & he>d ar\nd !m4 ,b pati5ce & discrim9ation 7 ! v la/ virtues :i* ^! inquisitive newcom]s _h a m9d to practise2 &1 unluckily1 ! extraord9>y fame ( ! national sage m>k$ him out z "o ( ! e>lie/ victims to _! ?ir/ = ! m>vell\s4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ,*9ese evid5ce1 readily =?com+ & eag]ly swall[$1 ! mo/ exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ?is new lum9>y 7 p\r$ into ! e>s ( ,europe1 & x may well be imag9$ t ^! en?usia/ic reports suff]$ no dim9ution 9 ! tell+4 ,confucius 0 ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s1 ! wise/ & mo/ consummate ( sages1 ! l(tie/ morali/1 ! mo/ subtle & p5etrat+ intellect t ! _w _h ev] se54 ,he 0 a /atesman1 a b>d1 an hi/orian & an antiqu>y roll$ into "o4 ,8 sagacity put ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s to %ame4 ,he 0 ! greate/ & noble/ repres5tative ( ! greate/1 happie/1 & mo/ highly civilis$ p on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,su* extravagant eulogy c\ld only pave ! way = disillusionm5t4 ,:51 aft] ! lapse ( a hundr$ ye>s or s1 =eign]s _h pa9fully acquir$ suffici5t k ( ! language to enable !m to beg9 translat+1 aft] a fa%ion1 p>ts ( ! ,classics said to h be5 compos$ by ?is glori\s sage1 or at lea/ conta9+ ! *oice/ pe>ls ( 8 wisdom /ill extant1 x is n altoge!r surpris+ t ! results did n come up to ! g5]al expectation4 ,reactioni/ 91 & x soon became ! fa%ion to decry ! once mu*-laud$ philosoph]4 ,8 say+s1 :i* _h be5 extoll$ z ! v epitome ( wisdom1 7 n[ vot$ jejune & commonplace4 ,8 tea*+ 0 f\nd to be %all[1 disjo9t$1 unsatisfy+4 ,he 0 blam$ = 8 mat]iali/ic bias1 = 8 rigid =malism1 = 8 pov]ty ( ideas1 = 8 lack ( spiritual elevation4 ,comp>isons1 mu* 9 8 disfav\r1 7 drawn betwe5 him & ! f\nd]s ( o!r _w-sy/ems ( religion & e?ics4 ,all ?is be=e ! circum/ances ( 8 c>e] _h be5 /udi$1 be=e ! surface ( contempor>y ,*9ese hi/ory _h be5 s mu* z scrat*$1 be=e ! ho/ ( native comm5tators & critics _h be5 consult$1 or _! exi/5ce ev5 become kn[n2 above all1 be=e ! v book :i* conta9$ 8 au!ntic say+s _h be5 translat$ ) any?+ approa*+ to exactness or und]/&+1 or ) a fa9t realisation ( its num]\s difficulties & pit-falls4 ,su* 0 /ill ! deplorable /ate ( ?+s :5 ,legge set to "w on 8 translation ( ! ,confucian ,canon1 :i* :5 complet$ _m ye>s lat]1 ) its exhau/ive prolegom5a1 notes & app5dices1 =m$ a truly wond]ful monum5t ( rese>* & erudition4 ,) its publication1 ,*9ese s*ol>%ip 0 c>ri$ at once to a high] plane1 & =eign /udy ( ,confucian doctr9e began 9 e>ne/4 ,! heavy accumulations ( ignorance & error 7 9 l>ge "p remov$1 & ! figure ( ! great ,tea*] began at la/ to em]ge f ! oblit]at+ s&s ( "t4 ,8 say+s 7 no long] read z int]e/+ b desultory fragm5ts ( conv]sation1 b /udi$ 9 relation to ! ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,f v>i\s ,*9ese s\rces1 ! *ief ( :i* 7 ! ,analects !mselves & ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's biography1 ,legge manag$ to compile a good & coh]5t acc\nt ( ! sage's life1 "w & w&]+s1 :i* 0 an enorm\s advance on any?+ t _h be5 done be=e1 & is n likely1 ev5 9 ! future1 to und]go any consid]able addition or am5dm5t4 ,!re are _m m9or po9ts :i* may be disput$1 & _m long blanks :i* may nev] be fill$ up1 b tak5 z a :ole1 ! *ronology & ! lead+ ev5ts ( ! life ( ,confucius mu/ n[ be consid]$ z f9ally settl$4 ,if ,legge is on firm gr\nd :]e h>d facts are conc]n$1 x is f> o!rwise :5 he comes to draw inf]5ces f ^! facts1 to sum up ! sali5t pr9ciples ( ,confucian e?ics1 & to pass judgm5t on ! "* ( ,confucius himself4 ,8 pron\ncem5ts on ^! po9ts1 too ha/ily accept$ z f9al1 ne$ to be c>efully re-exam9$ &1 z ,i %all hope to %[1 l>gely modifi$ if n totally rev]s$4 ,8 op9ion1 ( c\rse1 0 bas$ *iefly on 8 own int]pretation ( ! m important say+s 9 ! ,analects1 9 translat+ :i* he _h ! oral help ( native s*ol>s1 besides ! b5efit ( volum9\s /&>d comm5t>ies4 ,?us equipp$ = 8 task1 x _c b appe> /range t he1 admitt$ly a great s9ologue1 %\ld h gone s f> a/ray z to miss ! v core & ess5ce ( ! doctr9es to ! elucidation ( :i* he devot$ mo/ ( 8 life4 ,! explanation may lie 9 ! fact t he 0 a ,*ri/ian mission>y 9 ! fir/ place1 & only secondly a sci5tific /ud5t2 he _h come to tea* & conv]t ! hea!n1 n to be taught or conv]t$ by !m4 ,?is preconceiv$ idea act$ z a drag on ! free use ( 8 und]/&+1 & prev5t$ him f ent]+ :ole-he>t$ly into 8 subject4 ,we are told t ! ,ma/] himself _h no =egone conclusions1 b ,legge's :ole attitude to ,confucianism bespoke "o compreh5sive & fatal =egone conclusion--! conviction t x mu/ at e po9t prove inf]ior to ,*ri/ianity4 ,a c]ta9 inela/icity ( m9d %[$ itself also 9 ! way 9 :i* he approa*$ ! "w ( translation4 ,he 0 too apt to look ^u a ,*9ese ^w z some?+ rigid & un*ang+ 9 its cont5t1 :i* might be uni=mly r5d]$ by a s+le ,engli% equival5t4 ,delicate %ades ( mean+ he too (t5 ru?lessly ignor$4 ,n[ !re is a c]ta9 numb] ( ,*9ese t]ms :i* mirror ,*9ese ideas1 b h really no absolute equival5t 9 ,engli% at all1 & mu/ !re=e be translat$ ) ! aid ( circumlocution1 & 9 su* a way z to suit ! context & ! g5]al _s ( ! passage4 ,x is 9 su* t]ms1 un=tunately1 t ! v ess5ce & inn] significance ( ! ,confucian tea*+ are conta9$4 ,obvi\sly1 if prop] equival5ts are n giv51 ! :ole s5se ( ! passages 9 :i* !y occur w be lo/ or viol5tly di/ort$4 ,worse /ill1 ! judgm5ts labori\sly built up on su* rott5 f\ndations w be hopelessly vitiat$4 ,"h1 inde$1 we h an object-lesson ( ! importance1 cle>ly recognis$ by ,confucius himself1 ( def9+ t]ms & mak+ words h>monise ) ?+s4 ,indisp5sable z su* a process is = any inve/igation 9 :i* language plays a "p1 x is d\bly s :5 words h to be transplant$1 z x 71 f _! native soil to "o diff]+ f x 9 almo/ e conceivable quality4 ,su* an op]ation c only be successful if c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ delicacy & c>e1 & no am\nt ( erudition c supply ! want ( t in/9ctive feel+ = ! "r ^w :i* is ! translator's *oice/ gift4 ,! scope ( ! pres5t "w =bids my ent]+ into details1 b "s broad examples ( failure 9 ?is respect w be not$ lat] on4 ,( ! life ( ,confucius only ! b>e/ sket* c be giv5 "h1 b /ress may be laid on "o or two po9ts :i* x is important to be> 9 m9d4 ,confucius 0 born at a "t :5 ! feudal sy/em1 e/abli%$ sev]al c5turies e>li] by ! f\nd] ( ! ,*\ dyna/y1 0 %[+ unmi/akable signs ( disruption & decay4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ,*9a _h be5 feudally gov]n$ f ! v e>lie/ times1 b ,wu ,wang plac$ ! :ole sy/em on a seem+ly firm] basis ?an ev]4 ,he divid$ 8 realm into a l>ge numb] ( vassal /ates1 :i* he be/[$ ^u 8 own ki? & k9 :o _h help$ him to ! ?rone4 ,?us ! ,empire really came to resemble ! huge unit$ family :i* ,*9ese political !ori/s decl>e x to be1 & = a %ort "t all seems to h work$ smoo?ly4 ,b z ! bonds ( k9%ip grew loos]1 ! c5tral gov]nm5t gradually lo/ all effective control ov] its unruly *ildr51 & ! v>i\s /ates 7 soon embroil$ 9 p]petual feuds & /ruggles among !mselves1 besides be+ usually at logg]heads ) ! p>5t dyna/y4 ,! /ate ( ?+s t ensu$ may be lik5$ 7?\gh on a f> l>g] scale7 to sev]al ,w>s ( ! ,roses go+ on at ! same "t1 or bett] /ill1 to ! turbul5ce ( ! lat] days ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 :5 ! fealty ( its memb]s _h become m]ely nom9al4 ,matt]s 7 fur!r complicat$ 9 _m ( ! /ates by ! upgr[? ( l>ge & p[]ful families :i* (t5 attempt$ ei!r by insidi\s me?ods or by op5 viol5ce to wre/ ! supreme au?ority into _! own h&s4 ,?us 9 ,lu1 ! comp>atively small /ate to :i* ,confucius belong$1 !re 7 ?ree su* families1 ! ,*i1 ! ,mng1 & ! ,%u2 ! heads ( ^! clans1 ( :om we he> a good deal 9 ! ,analects1 _h already1 by ! "t ( ,confucius1 r$uc$ _! lawful pr9ce 7or duke1 z he is g5]ally call$7 to a condition ( virtual dep5d5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y !mselves 7 sometimes ?reat5$ by ! lawless behavi\r ( _! own (fic]s1 su* z ! ambiti\s *>iot-driv]1 ,yang ,huo1#a :o ?\ght no?+ ( seiz+ t[ns or ev5 ! p]son ( 8 own *ief1 9 ord] to hold him to ransom4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,w>r+ ,/ates is n usually reckon$ z beg9n+ until aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 ! date is a purely arbitr>y "o1 inasmu* z 8 :ole life long di/urbances 7 rife & milit>y op]ations well-nigh incessant ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,*9a4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! prevail+ disord]1 ,confucius comport$ himself ) an admirable mixture ( dignity1 tact & outspok5 c\rage4 ,wisely oppos+ ! dang]\s t5d5cy to dec5tralisation1 & uphold+ ! supreme au?ority ( ! ,emp]or z aga9/ 8 too p[]ful vassals1 he he>tily disapprov$ ( ! illegal usurpations ( ! dukes1 ! great families & ! soldi]s ( =tune t prey$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & did n %r9k on occasion f express+ 8 disgu/ 9 unequivocal t]ms4 ,b kn[+ ! futility ( prote/s unback$ by =ce1 he kept himself alo( = ! mo/ "p1 & devot$ himself to a long c\rse ( /udy & tea*+1 ga!r+1 x is said1 z _m z ?ree ?\s& disciples ar\nd him4 ,?is is a palpable exagg]ation1 b !re c be no d\bt t he _h become a m>k$ man & ga9$ great fame z a morali/ & tea*] _m ye>s be=e he actually took (fice4 ,9 #eja ,b4,c41 at ! age ( fifty1 he at la/ made 8 entry on ! political /age by accept+ ! gov]nor%ip ( a small t[n 9 ,lu4 ,"h he is said to h be5 em95tly successful 9 ! "w ( re=m1 & he rapidly rose to be ! mo/ tru/$ advis] ( ,duke ,t+1 :o on "o occasion at lea/ ow$ 8 life to ! c\rage & address ( 8 m9i/]4 ,b x 0 n long ere ! weak & fickle "* ( ! rul]1 c>efully manipulat$ by rivals to ,confucius1 br\ght ab\t a cata/rophe4 ,! neighb\r+ /ate ( ,*#8i1 jeal\s ( ! new prosp]ity ( ,lu "u ! rgime ( ! sage1 cunn+ly s5t z a gift to ! pr9ce a b& ( beautiful wom51 tra9$ 9 song & dance1 & a numb] ( magnific5t horses1 9 ord] to di/ract 8 m9d f ! s]i\s c>es ( /ate4 ,! plott]s _h evid5tly tak5 ! measure ( _! victim1 = ! artifice succe$$1 & ,confucius felt compell$ to resign4 ,!n began ! we>y ye>s ( w&]+ f /ate to /ate1 9 :i* we _c foll[ him "h1 except to note a sagaci\s prophecy utt]$ by a fri5dly (ficial on ! fronti] ( ,wei4 ,com+ out f an int]view ) ,confucius1 he com=t$ ! woebegone disciples by tell+ !m t _! ,ma/]'s div9e mission 0 n[ only j beg9n+4#b ,x may1 inde$1 be t ! ensu+ p]iod ( homeless exile1 h>d%ips & dang]1 did m to spread ! fame ( ! great re=m] ?an ei!r ! few brilliant ye>s ( (fice or ^? sp5t z a tea*] 9 ! comp>ative seclusion ( ,lu4 ,= "o ?+1 x c\ld n b inspire & =tify 8 foll[]s to obs]ve t ! l(ty pr9ciples :i* a sudd5 accession to p[] _h fail$ to corrupt1 7 equally capable ( /&+ ! te/ ( adv]sity4 ,8 s]5e & c\rage\s be>+ 9 _m a /range & p]il\s situation prov$ t ! conception ( a high] type ( man 0 = him no empty ideal1 b ! wor?y object ( practical endeav\r4 ,x is sad1 h[ev]1 to reflect t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life _h pass$ be=e ! call came :i* result$ 9 8 return4 ,_h x n be5 s long delay$1 he w\ld d\btless h ?r[n himself once m into ! ar5a ( public affairs1 & begun rebuild+ ! fabric ( good gov]nm5t :i* _h be5 s rudely %att]$ ?irte5 ye>s be=e4 ,8 pati5ce w\ld h be5 equal to ! task2 b he 0 n[ an old man1 worn out by ye>s ( travel1 privation & anxiety1 at a "t ( life :5 ! physical frame beg9s to dem& a c]ta9 measure ( quiet & repose4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh he may be said to h return$ to 8 native /ate ) fly+ col\rs1 he took no fur!r active "p 9 its adm9i/ration1 b devot$ ! re/ ( 8 life to lit]>y lab\rs :i* h add$ mat]ially to 8 fame4 ,su* 7 ! collect+ & edit+ ( c]ta9 old national ballads kn[n to u z ! ,odes1 & ! p5n+ ( ! ,spr+ & ,autumn ,annals ( ,lu1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ real record ( au!ntic facts1 z oppos$ to ! m]e /r+ ( spee*es & eulogies :i* we f9d 9 ! miscall$ ,book ( ,hi/ory4 ,to ?is clos+ p]iod1 too1 are to be ref]r$ mo/ ( ! say+s giv5 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! invaluable biography by ,ss-ma ,*'i51 :i* is l>gely built ^u !m1 =m ! only really reliable s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ,confucius & 8 doctr9es4 ,! ,*9ese title ,lun ,y may be r5d]$ ,conv]sations or ,discussions1 b nei!r is a v apt description ( ! "w1 :i* conta9s v little discussion 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,x consi/s 9 fact almo/ :olly ( deta*$ obit] dicta1 or replies to que/ions put by v>i\s disciples on subjects *iefly moral or p]sonal4 ,^! say+s 7 once suppos$ to h be5 collect$ & committ$ to writ+ by ! imm$iate disciples ( ,confucius1 b ,legge has %[n suffici5t reason to believe t !y 7 transmitt$ orally at fir/1 & did n take ! =m 9 :i* we h !m until at lea/ two g5]ations aft] ! ,ma/]'s dea?4 ,nor mu/ x be imag9$ t !y repres5t ! ipsissima v]ba ( ,confucius4 ,no man c\ld h made (fh& rem>ks 9 su* a crisp1 concise & epigrammatic /yle4 ,a translation1 9 :i* brevity has aga9 & aga9 to be sacrific$ to smoo?ness & lucidity1 h>dly all[s ! ,european read] to =m any idea ( ! glitt]+ compactness ( ^! say+s 9 ! orig9al4 ,s f> f hav+ be5 utt]$ impromptu1 !y appe> to h be5 repeat$ly gr\nd & poli%$1 & %orn ( e r$undancy1 until !y %one l diamonds fre% f ! h&s ( ! cutt]4 ,at ! same "t1 z express+ ! ess5ce ( :at ! ,ma/] ?\ght & ! sub/ance ( :at he said1 x is ) good reason t !y are to be f\nd inscrib$ on hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( scrolls & tablets 9 e corn] ( ! ,empire4 ,^! gems1 h[ev]1 are unsort$4 ,z 9 mo/ ,*9ese philosophical works1 !re is v little attempt at ord]ly arrangem5t2 ev5 su* a r\gh classification z w be f\nd 9 ?is volume is abs5t4 ,?is is n necess>ily to be reg>d$ z a defect3 jewels jumbl$ 9 a heap (t5 h a *>m :i* !y lack :5 /rung symmetrically into a necklace4 ,! only dang] is t unw>y read]s1 look+ 9 va9 = a beg9n+1 a middle & an end1 may jump to ! conclusion t ,confucius himself 0 m]ely a ma/] ( casual apoph!gms2 !y may v easily miss ! connect+ pr9ciples :i* s]ve to b9d ! ,confucian tea*+s into "o r\nd$ sy/em4 ,ev5 ! disciples seem to h be5 9 dang] ( ov]look+ ! :ole 9 _! admiration ( ! p>ts4 ,x ne$$ ! p5etration ( ,tsng ,tz to tell !m t ! ,ma/]'s ,way 01 aft] all1 simple 9 its div]sity1 & might be summ$ up 9 two words3 duty to oneself & *>ity to "o's neighb\r4 ,unhappily1 ow+ to ! mis9t]pretation ( ^! important words1 ! beautiful simplicity ( ! ,confucian doctr9e has long pass$ unrecognis$4 ,= :at has be51 & is p]haps ev5 n[1 ! prevail+ conception ( ,confucius 9 ! ,we/8 ,does n ! "n conjure up 9 mo/ m9ds ! figure ( a highly />*$ philosoph]1 dry1 =mal1 p$antic1 almo/ inhuman 9 ! unimpea*able correctness ( 8 p]sonal conduct1 rigid & precise 9 8 notions ( c]emonial1 admirable no d\bt 9 8 s5tim5ts1 b always m a man ( words ?an ( de$s8 ,he has be5 con/antly accus$ ( lay+ undue weight on ?+s ext]nal1 ( und]valu+ natural impulses ( ! he>t4 ,propriety1 says ,legge1 0 a great /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ,confucius4 ,8 morality 0 ! result ( ! balanc+s ( 8 intellect1 fett]$ by ! decisions ( m5 ( old1 & n ! gu%+s ( a lov+ he>t1 responsive to ! prompt+s ( ,heav51 & 9 sympa?y ) err+ & feeble humanity4 ,x is high "t t an effective prote/ 0 made aga9/ su* an amaz+ piece ( misrepres5tation4 ,) bitt] tru? we may retort t propriety--t is1 ! ,*9ese ^w li :i* has be5 cruelly saddl$ ) ?is absurd r5d]+--has inde$ be5 a /umbl+-block1 b a /umbl+-block n s mu* to ,confucius z to ,dr4 ,legge himself4 ,! :ole t5or ( ! ,ma/]'s tea*+ cries al\d aga9/ su* wilful & outrage\s di/ortion4 ,any "o :o reads ! say+s c>efully w soon discov] t ?is accusation is n only libell\s b grotesque 9 its remot5ess f ! tru?4 ,if !re is "o ?+ m ?an ano!r :i* di/+ui%es ,confucius f ! m5 ( 8 day1 x is ! supreme importance :i* he atta*$ to jn1 ! feel+ 9 ! he>t1 z ! s\rce ( all "r conduct1 ! /ress :i* he laid on ! int]nal z oppos$ to ! ext]nal1 & ev5 on motives r ?an outw>d acts1 except 9 s f> z ^! might be tak5 z an index to "*4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 he gave pro( ( ! highe/ & noble/ moral c\rage 9 ignor+ ! n>r[ rules ( conv5tional morality & etiquette :5 ^! conflict$ ) good feel+ & common s5se1 & sett+ up 9 _! /ead ! gr& rule ( consci5ce :i*1 by ass]t+ ! "r ( ea* individual to judge su* matt]s = himself1 pu%$ lib]ty to a po9t :i* 0 q beyond ! compreh5sion ( 8 age4 ,s f> f be+ fett]$ by ! decisions ( m5 ( old1 x 0 8 h& t valiantly essay$ to /rike ! fett]s ( bigotry & prejudice f ! necks ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,b :il/ decl9+ to be b\nd by ! ideas & ! /&>ds ( o!rs1 he 0 n bl9d to ! dang] ( lib]ty deg5]at+ into lic5se4 ,! new fett]s1 !re=e1 t he =g$ = mank9d 7 ^? ( an iron self-discipl9e & self-control1 unaccompani$1 h[ev]1 by any?+ 9 ! %ape ( bodily mortification1 a practice :i* he knew to be at once m %[y & less tr\blesome ?an ! discipl9e ( ! m9d4 ,ano!r *>ge n infrequ5tly he>d is "o ( a c]ta9 repell5t coldness ( temp]am5t & /iffness ( demean\r4 ,! w>rant = su* a /atem5t is n s readily =?com+1 unless inde$ x is to be f\nd 9 ! /iff & repell5t /yle :i* *>act]ises "s translations ( 8 say+s4 ,9 ! ,analects we are told ! exact opposite ( ?is4 ,! ,ma/]1 we read !re1 0 uni=mly *e]ful 9 demean\r1 & he evid5tly unb5t to q an unusual ext5t ) 8 disciples1 consid]+ ! respect & def]5ce univ]sally %[n to age & le>n+ 9 ,*9a4 ,is x at all conceivable t a man ( cold & unlovable temp] %\ld h attract$ r\nd him hundr$s ( disciples1 ) _m ( :om he 0 on t]ms ( mo/ intimate int]c\rse1 meet+ !m n only 9 ! lecture-room1 z mod]n pr(essors meet _! classes1 b liv+ ) !m1 eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+ & conv]s+ ) !m1 until all _! idiosyncrasies1 good or bad1 7 bett] kn[n to him ?an to _! own p>5ts8 ,is x explicable1 except on ! gr\nd ( deep p]sonal affection1 t he %\ld h be5 foll[$ into exile by a fai?ful b& ( disciples1 n "o ( :om is kn[n ev] to h des]t$ or turn$ aga9/ him8 ,is coldness to be pr$icat$ ( ! man :o 9 8 old age1 = once los+ some?+ ( 8 habitual self-control1 wept passionately = ! dea? ( 8 de>ly lov$ disciple ,y5 ,hui1 & w\ld n be com=t$8 ,b x has be5 res]v$ = ! late/ ,engli% translator ( ! ,analects1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,j5n+s1 to level "s ( ! wor/ *>ges at 8 head4 ,to beg9 )1 he approv+ly quotes1 z ,legge's f9al op9ion on ,confucius1 words occurr+ 9 ! e>lie/ edition ( ! ,*9ese ,classics to ! effect t he is unable to reg>d him z a great man1 q he$less ( ! fact t ! foll[+ /&s 9 ! edition ( #ahic 7two ye>s be=e 8 own translation appe>$73 ,b ,i mu/ n[ leave ! sage4 ,i hope ,i h n done him inju/ice2 ! m ,i h /udi$ 8 "* & op9ions1 ! m highly h ,i come to reg>d him4 ,he 0 a v great man1 & 8 influ5ce has be5 on ! :ole a great b5efit to ! ,*9ese1 :ile 8 tea*+s sugge/ important lessons to ourselves :o pr(ess to belong to ! s*ool ( ,*ri/4 ,?is summ+-up1 ?\gh c]ta9ly unexpect$ 9 view ( mu* t has gone be=e1 does p>tly atone = ! unju/ /rictures :i* ,dr4 ,legge felt x necess>y to pass on ,confucius at an e>li] p]iod1 ?\gh x may require _m ye>s entirely to oblit]ate _! effect4 ,:at ,i wi% to emphasise at pres5t1 h[ev]1 is ! unfairness ( quot+ an e>ly & presumably crude & ill-consid]$ op9ion 9 pref]5ce to ! late/ & mature/ judgm5t ( an au?ority :o at no "t c be said to err ,on ! side ( ov]-p>tiality = 8 subject4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,= aft] po9t+ out1 truly en\gh1 t ,confucius _c well be blam$ = giv+ no impulse to religion1 inasmu* z he nev] pret5d$ to make ?is 8 aim1 ,mr4 ,j5n+s goes on to pick "s holes on 8 own acc\nt1 & incont95tly falls into exactly ! same error t he _h previ\sly rebuk$ 9 ,dr4 ,legge4 ,9 8 res]ve ab\t great & important matt]s1 :ile pr(ess+ to tea* m51 he is p]haps mo/ to blame1 & 9 8 hold+ back :at 0 be/ 9 ! religion ( ! anci5ts4 ,:at ^! great & important matt]s 71 is n made v cle>1 b if1 z seems probable1 ! phrase is simply ano!r way ( ref]r+ to ! religion ( ! anci5ts1 x c only be repeat$ t religion 0 a subject :i* he dislik$ to discuss & c]ta9ly did n pr(ess to tea*1 z is pla9ly indicat$ 9 ! ,analects4 ,& ! reason :y he refra9$ f descant+ on su* matt]s 0 t1 kn[+ no?+ ( !m himself1 he felt t he w\ld h be5 guilty ( hypocrisy & fraud _h he made a %[ ( in/ruct+ o!rs !re94 ,w\ld t a l c&\r di/+ui%$ "s ( our own pr(ess$ tea*]s ( religion6 ,! la/ accusation aga9/ ,confucius is ! mo/ reckless ( all4 ,!re is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,j5n+s1 a c]ta9 selfi%ness 9 8 tea*+1 :i* _h ! effect ( mak+ ^? :o came "u 8 influ5ce soon feel !mselves great & self-satisfi$4 ,z only ! feeble/ ( evid5ce is produc$ to support ?is wild /atem5t1 x w n be necess>y to consid] x at any l5g?1 ?\gh we may ask 9 pass+ :e!r ,y5 ,hui1 ! disciple :o pr(it$ mo/ f 8 ,ma/]'s tea*+ & be/ exemplifi$ x1 is depict$ z exhibit+ ?is alleg$ self-satisfaction 9 a peculi>ly noticeable degree4 ,= an answ] to ?is "q ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,tsng ,tz's rem>ks on p4 #abh4 ,! tru? is1 ?\gh mission>ies & o!r zealots h long attempt$ to obscure ! fact1 t ! moral tea*+ ( ,confucius is absolutely ! pure/ & lea/ op5 to ! *>ge ( selfi%ness ( any 9 ! _w4 ,its pr9ciples are nei!r utilit>ian on ! "o h& nor religi\s on ! o!r1 t is to say1 x is n bas$ on ! expectation ( pr(it or happ9ess to be ga9$ ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next 7?\gh ,confucius d\btless believ$ t well-be+ w\ld z a g5]al rule accompany virtu\s conduct74 ,virtue = virtue's sake is ! maxim :i*1 if n enunciat$ by him 9 s _m words1 0 evid5tly ! corn]-/one ( 8 e?ics & ! ma9spr+ ( 8 own c>e]4 ,n t he w\ld h q und]/ood ! mod]n =mula1 or t ! idea ( virtue be+ practis$ = any?+ b its own sake w\ld ev] h occurr$ to 8 m9d4 ,virtue re/+ on any?+ b its own basis w\ld n h seem$ to him virtue 9 ! true s5se at all1 b simply ano!r "n = prud5ce1 =esight1 or cunn+4 ,yet mat]ial advantage1 disguis$ z mu* z y w1 b /ill mat]ial advantage 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is :at impels mo/ m5 to esp\se any p>ticul> =m ( religion4 ,h5ce x is no?+ less ?an a /&+ miracle t ,confucianism1 :i* makes no promise ( bless+s to be enjoy$ 9 ?is life or ! next1 %\ld h succe$$ )\t ! adjunct ( o!r sup]natural elem5ts ?an t ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,ev5 ?is 0 accept$ by ,confucius z a h>mless prevail+ cu/om r ?an enjo9$ by him z an ess5tial "p ( 8 doctr9e4 ,unlike ,*ri/ianity & ,mahometanism1 ! ,way prea*$ by ! ,*9ese sage kn[s nei!r ! sanction ( puni%m5t nor ! /imulus ( rew>d 9 an aft]-life4 ,ev5 ,buddhism holds out ! hope ( ,nirvana to ! pure ( he>t1 & prea*es ! long torm5t ( successive rebir?s to ^? :o fall %ort ( p]fect goodness4 ,no great religion is devoid ( elevat$ precepts1 or has ev] fail$ to m\ld numb]s ( beautiful *>act]s to atte/ ! pres5ce ( some?+ good & great )9 x4 ,b 9 e case ! elem5t ( sup]naturalism1 :i* is ( c\rse insep>able f a religion prop]ly s call$1 introduces a new motive = m5's actions & makes x no long] possible = virtue to be foll[$ purely = its own sake1 )\t ?\ght ( a h]eaft]4 ,?us1 if we ass5t to ,comte's fam\s law ( ! ,?ree ,/ates1 ,confucianism really repres5ts a m advanc$ /age ( civilisation ?an biblical ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$1 z ,mr4 ,c>ey ,hall has rec5tly po9t$ out 9 an article on ! subject1 ,confucius may be reg>d$ z ! true =e-runn] runn] ( ,comte 9 8 positivi/ mode ( ?\ght4 ,8 :ole sy/em is bas$ on no?+ m nor less ?an ! k ( human nature4 ,! in/9cts ( man are social & !re=e fundam5tally good1 :ile egoism is at bottom an artificial product & evil4 ,h5ce ! insi/5ce on altruism :i* we f9d 9 ! say+s ( ,confucius1 ! injunction to act socially1 to live = o!rs 9 liv+ = oneself4 ,! mo/ important ^w 9 ! ,confucian vocabul>y is jn1 :i* 9 ! foll[+ extracts is translat$ virtue only = want ( a bett] t]m4 ,our ,engli% ^w virtue has s _m diff]5t %ades ( mean+ & is )al s vague1 t 9 us+ x1 ! idea ( altruism is (t5 h>dly pres5t to our m9d4 ,b 9 jn ! implication ( social good em]ges mu* m di/9ctly4 ,its connotation has no d\bt ext5d$ gradually until x seems (t5 to be r a comp5dium ( all goodness ?an any "o virtue 9 p>ticul>4 ,b ?is developm5t only means t ! ^w is foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! ?+ itself4 ,= let a man be b ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! altrui/ic _s1 & he may be t]m$ good )\t qualification1 s9ce all o!r virtues t5d to fl[ f unselfi%ness4 ,! ,confucian !ory ( man's social obligations re/s fir/ & =emo/ on ! fact t he =ms "p ( a great social ma*9e--an aggregation ( units1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a family4 ,! family1 9 ,*9ese eyes1 is a microcosm ( ! ,empire1 or r1 s9ce ! family is *ronologically prior to ! ,/ate1 x is ! patt]n on :i* ! great] organism has m\ld$ itself4 ,! feudal sy/em "u :i* ,confucius liv$ naturally acc5tuat$ ! lik5ess4 ,! ,emp]or _h1 9 !ory at lea/1 pat]nal au?ority ov] 8 feudal pr9ces1 :o 9 turn1 /&+ to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( eld] & y\ng] bro!rs1 7 reg>d$ z ! fa!rs ( _! respective peoples4 ,n[1 ! way to ensure t a ma*9e z a :ole may run smoo?ly & well1 is to see t ea* "p %all fulfil its own function 9 prop] subord9ation to ! re/4 ,h[ is ?is result a*iev$ 9 ! family8 ,obvi\sly ?r\gh ! controll+ w ( ! fa!r1 :o has supreme au?ority ov] all ! o!r memb]s4 ,b ?is au?ority is n by any means ! m]e brute =ce ( a tyrant4 ,x is bas$ fir/ly on ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 :]eby ! fa!r is cle>ly int5d$ to be ! protector ( 8 *ildr52 & secondly1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 on ! love & respect :i* w normally spr+ up 9 ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 = _! protector4 ,su* is ! g5esis ( filial piety1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ,*9ese e?ics4 ,x is q untrue1 h[ev]1 to say ) ,mr4 ,j5n+s1 t no correspond+ p>5tal duties are recognis$ by ,confucius1 z ! foll[+ anecdote may s]ve to %[4 ,dur+ ! sage's %ort p]iod ( (fice z ,m9i/] ( ,crime1 a fa!r came to him br++ "s s]i\s *>ge aga9/ 8 son4 ,confucius kept !m bo? 9 prison = ?ree mon?s1 )\t mak+ any diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! fa!r1 & !n let !m g4 ,! ,m9i/] ,*i ,huan remon/rat$ ) him = ?is1 & rem9d$ him ( 8 say+1 t filial duty 0 ! fir/ ?+ to be insi/$ on4 ,:at h9d]s y n[ f putt+ ?is unfilial son to dea? z an example to all ! p8 ,confucius' reply 01 t ! fa!r _h nev] taught 8 son to be filial1 & t !re=e ! guilt really re/$ ) him4 ,= ! h>moni\s work+ ( a family1 !n1 we ne$ respect = au?ority on "o side1 & self-sacrifice on ! o!r4 ,! fa!r's object mu/ be entirely altrui/ic--! good ( 8 family4 ,!n only w he be do+ 8 duty z a fa!r1 j z a son is n do+ 8 duty unless he %[s hon\r & ob$i5ce to 8 p>5ts4 ,! all-important elem5t :i* makes possible ! work+ ( ! family ma*9e1 ! lubricat+ oil t eases ! be>+s1 is n m]ely filial piety )\t any correspond+ feel+ on ! "p ( ! p>5t1 b r a c]ta9 subtle pr9ciple ( h>mony & self-control p]meat+ e memb] ( ! family gr\p1 :i* re/ra9s egoi/ic prop5sities & promotes ! common good4 ,?is is ! ,*9ese t]m li1 :i* 9 ?is s5se ( a quality ( ! s\l is h>dly translatable by any s+le ^w or comb9ation ( words1 b is c]ta9ly n to be r5d]$ by any su* atroci\s phrase z ! rules ( propriety4#c ,n[ ,confucius saw t ! same g5]al pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! family are applicable also to t greate/ ( families1 ! ,/ate4 ,"h we h ! ,emp]or1 9 ^: h&s ! supreme au?ority mu/ lie1 ex]cis+ functions exactly analog\s to ^? ( ! fa!r ( a family4 ,b if 8 is ! supreme au?ority1 8 mu/ also be ! supreme responsibility4 ,v5]ation & respect are 8 due1 b only because he id5tifies himself ) ! good ( ! p4 ,9 public affairs1 j z 9 ! home1 !re mu/ be t same pr9ciple ( h>mony to regulate ! relations ( gov]nor & gov]n$1 o!rwise ! ma*9e w n "w4 ,!re mu/ be li "h z well1 b z x is n possible = ! sov]eign to ma9ta9 ) 8 subjects ! p]sonal intimacy :i* unites a fa!r & 8 sons1 x is necess>y to fall back ^u symbols1 & to give outw>d & visible expression to ! inw>d s5tim5ts ( loyalty & respect :i* %\ld animate ! brea/ ( ea* memb] ( ! nation4 ,^! symbols are ! rites & c]emonies ( :i* ,confucius 0 consid]$ su* a pa/-ma/]4 ,he saw inde$ _! full importance z symbols1 b he also knew t1 divorc$ f ! inw>d feel+1 !y 7 mean+less & )\t value4 ,9 ?is way x is easy to see h[ ! ^w li1 z a human attribute1 acquir$ its v>i\s %ades ( mean+1 f ! h>mony 9 ! s\l :i* prompts action 9 accordance ) true natural in/9cts1 d[n to ord9>y polit5ess & good mann]s--also an indisp5sable lubricant 9 ! less] deal+s ( life betwe5 man & man4 ,x 0 9 ! family aga9 t ,confucius f\nd a natural =ce at "w :i* he ?\ght might be utilis$ z an imm5se inc5tive to virtue4 ,?is 0 ! univ]sal human pron5ess to imitation4 ,kn[+ t p]sonal example is ! mo/ effective way 9 :i* a fa!r c tea* 8 sons :at is "r1 he unhesitat+ly attribut$ ! same p[]ful influ5ce to ! p]sonal conduct ( ! sov]eign1 & w5t s f> z to decl>e t if ! rul] 0 p]sonally upright1 8 subjects w\ld d _! duty unbidd52 if he 0 n upright1 !y w\ld n obey1 :atev] 8 bidd+4 ,! virtue ( ! pr9ce1 he said1 is l unto w9d2 t ( ! p1 l unto grass4 ,= x is ! nature ( grass to b5d :5 ! w9d bl[s ^u x4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,confucius has 9 ?is p>ticul> some:at ov]%ot ! m>k & =m$ too sangu9e an e/imate ( ! =ce ( example4 ,x w\ld be unfair1 h[ev]1 to base our argum5t on ! analogy ( mod]n democratic /ates1 :]e ! controll+ p[] is split up into sev]al bran*es1 & ! conspicu\sness ( ! mon>* is mu* dim9i%$4 ,n t ev5 ! con/itutional sov]eign ( to-day may n wield a v decid$ influ5ce 9 morals4 ,b ?is influ5ce 0 mu* great] :ile ! k+ reta9$ full despotic p[]1 & greate/ ( all 9 feudal times1 :5 ! successive gradations ( rank & ! nice arrangem5t ( a hi]>*y ( (ficials1 ea* acc\ntable to ! "o above him1 7 specially design$ to convey & filt] x among all classes ( ! community4 ,_h ,confucius be5 able to f9d a pr9ce :o w\ld h act$ consi/5tly on ,confucian pr9ciples1 ! results might h be5 almo/ z gr& z he anticipat$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$1 we mu/ rememb]1 on a small scale1 :5 ,confucius himself became gov]nor ( a t[n 9 ! ,/ate ( ,lu4 ,& al?\gh "o mu/ be *>y ( accept+ all ! extravagant tales :i* ga!r$ r\nd 8 brief (ficial c>e]1 x seems indisputable t ?is political !ory1 unlike _m o!rs1 prov$ reasonably successful 9 actual practice4 ,( c\rse ! weak po9t is t e k+ _c be a ,confucius1 & unless "s practical me?od c be devis$ ( elect+ rul]s on ! gr\nd ( m]it alone1 x is impossible to ensure t _! conduct %all s]ve z a patt]n to _! p4 ,rott5 wood _c be c>v$1 ! ,ma/] himself once rem>k$1 & he f\nd bitt] confirmation ( 8 say+ 9 ,duke ,t+ ( ,lu4 ,no?+ c\ld ev] h be5 made out ( su* utt]ly weak & wor?less mat]ial4 ,& he aft]w>ds sp5t ?irte5 ye>s ( 8 life 9 ! fruitless se>* = a sov]eign :o w\ld correspond ev5 fa9tly to 8 ideal4 ,su* unsw]v+ devotion to ! ab/ract cause ( "r & ju/ice & good gov]nm5t _c b puzzle ^? :o h be5 taught to reg>d ,confucius z ! v type & embodim5t ( mat]iali/ic wisdom & practical utilit>ianism4 ,b 9 tru?1 /range ?\gh x may s\nd1 he 0 a great ideali/ :o ga9$ 8 hold on 8 c\ntrym5 by virtue r ( 8 noble imag9+s & l(ty aspirations ?an ( any imm$iate results or tangible a*ievem5ts4 ,by ! m5 ( 8 own day he 0 m (t5 ?an n consid]$ a *>latan & an impo/or4 ,x is rem>kable t ev5 ! two ,taoi/ recluses & ! ecc5tric ,*ieh ,y 7p4 #abb7 %\ld h condemn$ him z a vision>y & a crank4 ,simil> 0 ! impression he made on ! gate-keep] :o ask$ a disciple if 8 ,ma/] 0 ! man :o 0 always try+ to d :at he knew to be impossible4 ,?is playful s>casm is really ! be/ comm5t>y on 8 c>e]1 & "o t pays him un9t5tionally ! greate/ hon\r4 ,?\gh (t5 di%e>t5$ by ! long & bitt] /ruggle aga9/ adv]se circum/ance & ! p[]s ( evil1 he nev] gave ov] 9 disgu/4 ,!re9 lay 8 greatness4 ,w] imm] /reb5d si* bemht1 ,d5 knn5 wir erls51 s+ ! angels 9 ,fau/1 & no man ev] toil$ = ! good ( 8 fell[-creatures ) great] p]sev]ance or ) less app>5t prospect ( success4 ,9 ?is1 ! true/ s5se1 he c\ld say t 8 :ole life _h be5 a pray] 7p4 #hg74 ,he succe$$ 9 t he seem$ to fail4 ,he nev] a*iev$ ! ,utopian object ( re=m+ all mank9d by means ( a wise & good sov]eign4 ,on ! contr>y1 aft] 8 dea? confusion grew worse conf\nd$1 & ! d9 ( arms rose to a pit* f :i* x did n subside until aft] ! mom5t\s revolution :i* swept away ! ,*\ dyna/y & e/abli%$ a new ord] ( ?+s 9 ,*9a4 ,9 a radically individuali/ic & lib]ty-lov+ c\ntry l ,*9a1 ! feudal sy/em 0 b\nd soon] or lat] to p]i%1 ev5 z x p]i%$ 9 a lat] day among ourselves4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! an>*y ( t t]rible p]iod1 ! light k9dl$ by ,confucius burn$ /eadily & prep>$ m5's m9ds = bett] ?+s4 ,8 ideal ( gov]nm5t 0 n =gott51 8 say+s 7 treasur$ l gold 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,above all1 8 own example %one l a glori\s beacon1 d>t+ its rays ?r\gh ! night ( mis]y & oppression & civil /rife :i* 9 8 lifetime he _h /riv5 s e>ne/ly to remove4 ,& s x came ab\t t 8 belief 9 ! political value ( p]sonal goodness 0 9 "s sort ju/ifi$ aft] all2 = ! great & inspirit+ patt]n :i* he s\ght 9 va9 among ! pr9ces ( 8 "t 0 to be af=d$ 9 ! end by no o!r ?an himself--! ?roneless k+1 :o is = ev] en%r9$ 9 ! he>ts ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,x is absurd1 !n1 to speak ( 8 life z a failure4 ,measur$ by results--! almo/ incalculably great & f>-rea*+ consequ5ces :i* foll[$ t>dily b irresi/ibly aft] he 0 gone--8 life 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful ev] liv$ by man4 ,?ree o!rs1 & only ?ree1 are comp>able to x 9 _w-wide influ5ce3 ,gautama's self-sacrific+ soj\rn among m51 ! /ormy c>e] ( ! ,arab ,prophet1 & ! s9less ye>s :i* f\nd _! close on ,golgo?a4 #a ,see p4 #aba4 #b ,see p4 #aah4 #c ,see note on p4 #fj4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,disciples ,! prop] names occurr+ 9 ! ,analects pres5t "s difficulty to ! ,european read]1 z "o & ! same p]son is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 sev]al diff]5t ways--by 8 surname & p]sonal "n1 by 8 /yle1 or by a comb9ation ( ! two1 :ile among intimates ! p]sonal "n only is employ$4 ,mr4 ,ku has on ?is acc\nt elim9at$ almo/ all prop] names f 8 translation1 us+ a p]iphrasis in/ead4 ,b by ?is me?od "o misses mu* ( ! *>act]isation :i* is su* an attractive feature ( ! ,analects4 ,i h judg$ x bett] to give ! names ( ! pr9cipal disciples exactly z !y appe> 9 ! ,*9ese1 & to provide a table ( _! v>i\s appellations = easy ref]5ce4 ,an a/]isk d5otes ! "n mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,surname & ,/yle4 ,mix$ ,appellation4 ,p]sonal ,"n4 ,y5 ,hui ,tz ,yan ,y5 ,yan499 ,m9 ,sun ,tz ,*#8i5 ,m9 ,tz-*#8i5199 7,m9 ,tz7 ,jan ,kng ,po ,niu99 ,jan ,po-niu4 ,jan ,yung ,*ung ,kung99 ,jan ,*#8iu ,tz ,yu ,jan ,yu499 ,*ung ,yu ,tz ,lu99 ,*i ,lu ,tsai ,y ,tz ,wo ,tsai ,wo499 ,tuan-mu ,tz#8 ,tz ,kung99 ,y5 ,y5 ,tz ,y99 ,y5 ,yu4 ,pu ,%ang ,tz ,hsia99 ,*uan-sun ,%ih ,tz ,*ang99 ,tsng ,%n ,tz ,y 7,tsng ,tz997 ,fan ,hs ,tz ,*#8ih ,fan ,*#8ih499 ,ss-ma ,kng ,tz ,niu ,ss-ma ,niu499 ,kung-hsi ,*#8ih ,tz ,hua ,kung-hsi ,hua499 ,yu ,jo ,tz ,jo 7,yu ,tz997 ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,public ,,affairs ,! ,ma/] said3 ,9 rul+ a c\ntry ( a ?\s& *>iots !re %\ld be scrupul\s att5tion to bus9ess1 hone/y1 economy1 *>ity1 & employm5t ( ! p at ! prop] season4 ,a virtu\s rul] is l ! ,pole-/>1 :i* keeps its place1 :ile all ! o!r />s d homage to x4 ,p despotically gov]n$ & kept 9 ord] by puni%m5ts may avoid infraction ( ! law1 b !y w lose _! moral s5se4 ,p virtu\sly gov]n$ & kept 9 ord] by ! inn] law ( self-control w reta9 _! moral s5se1 & moreov] become good4 ,duke ,ai#a ask$1 say+3 ,:at mu/ ,i d t my p may be cont5t$8--,confucius repli$3 ,promote ! upright & dismiss all evil-do]s1 & ! p w be cont5t$4 ,promote ! evil-do]s & dismiss ! upright1 & ! p w be discont5t$4 ,*i ,k#8ang ,tzu#b ask$ by :at means he might cause 8 p to be respectful & loyal1 & enc\rage !m 9 ! pa? ( virtue4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,conduct y\rself t[>ds !m ) dignity1 & y w e>n _! respect2 be a good son & a k9d pr9ce1 & y w f9d !m loyal2 promote ! des]v+ & in/ruct ^? :o fall %ort1 & !y w be enc\rag$ to foll[ ! pa? ( virtue4 ,"s "o1 address+ ,confucius1 said3 ,:y1 ,sir1 d y take no "p 9 ! gov]nm5t8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,:at does ! ,book ( ,hi/ory say ab\t filial piety8--,d y\r duty z a son & z a bro!r1 & ^! qualities w make !mselves felt 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is1 !n1 really am\nts to tak+ "p 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,hold+ (fice ne$ n be consid]$ ess5tial4 ,! p c be made to foll[ a c]ta9 pa?1 b !y _c be made to "k ! reason :y4 ,tzu ,kung ask$ = a def9ition ( good gov]nm5t4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,x consi/s 9 provid+ en\gh food to eat1 9 keep+ en\gh soldi]s to gu>d ! ,/ate1 & 9 w9n+ ! confid5ce ( ! p4--,& if "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s _h to be sacrific$1 :i* %\ld g fir/8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,sacrifice ! soldi]s4--,& if ( ! two rema9+ ?+s "o _h to be sacrific$1 :i* %\ld x be8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,let x be ! food4 ,f ! beg9n+1 m5 h always _h to die4 ,b )\t ! confid5ce ( ! p no gov]nm5t c /& at all4 ,*+1 ,duke ( ! ,*#8i ,/ate1 que/ion$ ,confucius on ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,confucius repli$3 ,let ! sov]eign d 8 duty z a sov]eign1 ! subject 8 duty z a subject1 ! fa!r 8 duty z a fa!r1 & ! son 8 duty z a son4--,a good answ]6 said ! ,duke2 = unless sov]eign & subject1 fa!r & son d _! respective duties1 h[ev] mu* gra9 !re may be 9 ! l&1 ,i c\ld obta9 none to eat4 ,tzu ,*ang put a "q ab\t ! art ( gov]n+4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,devote y\rself pati5tly to ! !ory1 & consci5ti\sly to ! practice1 ( gov]nm5t4 ,*i ,k#8ang ,tz ask$ ,confucius = advice on ! subject ( gov]nm5t4 ,confucius repli$3 ,to gov]n is to keep /raight4#c ,if y1 ,sir1 lead ! p /raight1 :i* ( y\r subjects w v5ture to fall out ( l9e8 ,*i ,k#8ang ,tz1 be+ vex$ by robb]s1 ask$ ,confucius = 8 advice4 ,confucius repli$1 say+3 ,if y1 sir1 c *eck y\r own cupidity1 !re w be no /eal+1 ev5 ?\gh rew>ds %\ld be (f]$ = !ft4 ,*i ,k#8ang ,tz que/ion$ ,confucius on a po9t ( gov]nm5t1 say+3 ,ought n ,i to cut (f ! lawless 9 ord] to e/abli% law & ord]8 ,:at d y ?9k8--,confucius repli$3 ,sir1 :at ne$ is !re ( ! dea? p5alty 9 y\r sy/em ( gov]nm5t8 ,if y %[$ a s9c]e desire to be good1 y\r p w\ld likewise be good4 ,! virtue ( ! pr9ce is l unto w9d2 t ( ! p1 l unto grass4 ,= x is ! nature ( grass to b5d :5 ! w9d bl[s ^u x4 ,tz ,lu ask$ = a h9t on ! art ( gov]n+4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,take ! lead & set ! example ( dilig5t toil4--,ask$ = a fur!r h9t1 he said3 ,be pati5t & untir+4 ,*ung ,kung1 be+ ,prime ,m9i/] to ! head ( ! ,*i clan1 ask$ = advice on gov]n+4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,make a po9t ( employ+ y\r subord9ates1 ov]look trifl+ mi/akes1 raise to (fice wor?y & able m54--,b1 said ,*ung ,kung1 h[ am ,i to discov] ^! wor?y m5 & s+le !m out = promotion8--,promote ^? t y "k1 0 ! reply4 ,z = ^? t y d n "k1 w n _! claims be br\ght be=e y by o!rs8 ,tz ,lu said3 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wei is wait+1 ,sir1 = y to take up ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,pray :at is ! fir/ re=m y w\ld introduce8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,i w\ld beg9 by def9+ t]ms & mak+ !m exact4#d--,oh1 inde$6 exclaim$ ,tzu ,lu4 ,b h[ c y possibly put til+s /raight by su* a circuit\s r\te8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,h[ unmann]ly y are1 ,yu6 ,9 matt]s :i* he does n und]/&1 ! wise man w always res]ve 8 judgm5t4 ,if t]ms are n correctly def9$1 words w n h>monise ) ?+s4 ,if words d n h>monise ) ?+s1 public bus9ess w rema9 undone4 ,if public bus9ess rema9s undone1 ord] & h>mony w n fl\ri%4 ,if ord] & h>mony d n fl\ri%1 law & ju/ice w n atta9 _! ends4 ,if law & ju/ice d n atta9 _! ends1 ! p w be unable to move h& or foot4 ,! wise man1 !re=e1 frames 8 def9itions to regulate 8 spee*1 & 8 spee* to regulate 8 actions4 ,he is nev] reckless 9 8 *oice ( words4 ,fan ,*#8ih ask$ to be taught ! art ( husb&ry4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,any f>m] c tea* y t bett] ?an ,i c4 ,he !n ask$ to be taught g>d5+4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,any g>d5] w tea* y t bett] ?an ,i c4 ,fan ,*#8ih hav+ gone out1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,:at a small-m9d$ man is ,fan ,hs6 ,if ! rul] is addict$ to mode/y & self-control1 8 p w n p]mit !mselves to be irrev]5t4 ,if ! rul] loves ju/ice & duty1 8 p w n v5ture to be unruly4 ,if ! rul] loves s9c]ity & good fai?1 ! p w n be sl[ to respond4 ,su* be+ 8 qualities1 ! p w flock to him f all qu>t]s1 ) _! babes /rapp$ to _! backs4 ,:at ne$ = him to "k ! art ( husb&ry8#e ,! ,ma/] said3 ,if ! rul] is p]sonally upright1 8 subjects w d _! duty unbidd52 if he is n p]sonally upright1 !y w n obey1 :atev] 8 bidd+4 ,:5 ! ,ma/] w5t to ,wei1 ,jan ,yu drove 8 c>riage4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,:at an abundant population6--,jan ,yu said3 ,n[ t ! p are s abundant1 :at is ! next ?+ to be done8--,enri* !m1 said ,confucius4--,& hav+ enri*$ !m1 :at !n8--,tea* !m1 0 ! reply4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,if a c\ntry _h none b good rul]s = a hundr$ ye>s1 crime might be /amp$ out & ! dea?-p5alty aboli%$4 ,h[ true ?is say+ is6 ,if a k+ly sov]eign 7 to appe>1 by ! end ( "o g5]ation natural goodness w\ld prevail4 ,if a man c re=m 8 own he>t1 :at %\ld h9d] him f tak+ "p 9 gov]nm5t8 ,b if he _c re=m 8 own he>t1 :at has he to d ) re=m+ o!rs8 ,duke ,t+#f ask$ if !re 0 a s+le s5t5ce by :i* a c\ntry might be made to fl\ri%4 ,confucius answ]$3 ,no s+le s5t5ce c be expect$ to h su* a virtue z ?is4 ,b !re is ! common say+3 ,to be a good k+ is difficult2 to be a good m9i/] is n easy4 ,he :o realises ! difficulty ( be+ a good k+--has he n almo/ succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 c\ntry prosp] by a s+le s5t5ce8 --,is !re a s+le s5t5ce1 cont9u$ ! ,duke1 by :i* a c\ntry c be ru9$8--,confucius answ]$3 ,no su* p[] c reside 9 any s+le s5t5ce4 ,b !re is a say+3 ,i h no joy 9 k+ly rule1 ,i rejoice only because none c oppose my w4 ,n[ if ! k+'s w is good1 & none opposes x1 all may be well2 b if x is n good1 & yet none opposes x1 has he n almo/ succe$$ 9 ru9+ 8 c\ntry be a s+le s5t5ce8 ,! ,duke ( ,%#g ask$ ab\t ! conditions ( good gov]nm5t4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,gov]nm5t is good :5 x makes happy ^? :o live "u x & attracts ^? :o live f> away4 ,tz ,hsia1 :5 gov]nor ( ,*-fu1#h ask$ = advice on gov]nm5t4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,d n try to d ?+s 9 a hurry4 ,d n be int5t on small ga9s4 ,:at is done quickly is n done ?or\ghly2 & if small ga9s are consid]$1 great ?+s rema9 unaccompli%$4 ,tz ,lu ask$ ab\t ! s]vice due to a pr9ce4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,use no deceit1 b if y oppose him1 oppose him op5ly4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,if ! rul] *]i%es ! pr9ciple ( self-control1 ! p w be docile to 8 comm&s4#i ,%un#aj 0 "o :o did no?+1 yet gov]n$ well4 ,= :at1 9 effect1 did he d8 ,religi\sly self-obs]vant1 he sat gravely on 8 ?rone1 & t is all4#aa ,9 s]v+ y\r pr9ce1 make ! actual s]vice y\r fir/ c>e1 & only put ! emolum5t second4 ,! head ( ! ,*i clan 0 on ! po9t ( attack+ ! small pr9cipality ( ,*uan-y4 ,jan ,yu & ,*i ,lu came to see ,confucius1 & said3 ,our "l is go+ to h tr\ble ) ,*uan-y4--,confucius said3 ,is x n y1 ,*#8iu1 :o are to blame 9 ?is8 ,! anci5t k+s long ago made ,*uan-y ! c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,ea/]n ,mng m\nta91 & moreov] x is situat$ )9 ! t]ritory ( ,lu4 ,its rul] has indep5d5t prie/ly functions4#ab ,:at "r h y to attack x8--,jan ,yu repli$3 ,x is ! w ( our ma/]2 we1 8 m9i/]s1 h nei!r ( u any wi% to act ?us4--,*#8iu1 said ,confucius1 ,*\ ,jn#ac _h a say+3 ,if y are capable ( display+ en]gy1 hold (fice2 if n1 resign4 ,( :at use is t m9i/] likely to be1 :o does n su/a9 8 ma/] 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]1 or support him :5 ab\t to fall8 ,besides1 :at y say is wrong4 ,if a tig] or a wild buffalo escapes f its cage1 if a tortoise-%ell or jade ornam5t is sma%$ 9 its casket1 ^: fault is x1 pray8--,jan ,yu repli$3 ,b ,*uan-y is /rongly =tifi$1 & close to our own t[n ( ,pi4 ,if we d n take x n[1 x w cause tr\ble to our desc5dants 9 a lat] g5]ation4--,confucius rejo9$3 ,*#8iu1 an hone/ man hates y\r hypocrite :o w n op5ly av[ 8 gre$1 b tries in/ead to excuse x4 ,i h he>d t ! rul] ( a /ate or ( a clan is tr\bl$ n by ! smallness ( its numb]s b by ! abs5ce ( ev5-h&$ ju/ice2 n by pov]ty b by ! pres5ce ( discont5t2 = :]e !re is ju/ice !re w be no pov]ty2 :]e !re is h>mony !re w be no lack 9 numb]s2 :]e !re is cont5t !re w be no revolution4 ,?is be+ ! case !n1 if outly+ communities resi/ y\r au?ority1 cultivate ! arts ( ref9em5t & goodness 9 ord] to attract !m2 & :5 y h attract$ !m1 make !m happy & cont5t$4 ,n[ y two1 ,yu & ,*#8iu1 are aid+ & abett+ y\r ma/]2 "h is an outly+ community :i* resi/s y\r au?ority1 & y are unable to attract x4 ,p>tition & collapse are imm95t 9 y\r own ,/ate1 & y are unable to pres]ve x intact4 ,& yet y are plann+ milit>y aggression )9 ! bord]s ( y\r c\ntry6 ,v]ily ,i fe> t ,*i-sun's #adtr\bles w come1 n f ,*uan-y1 b f ! int]ior ( 8 own palace4 ,:5 ! ,ma/] came to ,wu-*#8ng1 he he>d ! s\nd ( s++ & /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,he 0 pleas$1 b said ) a smile3 ,is x necess>y to take a pole-axe to kill a f[l8--,tz ,yu repli$3 ,"s "t ago1 ,sir1 ,i he>d y say t ! /udy ( true pr9ciples made ! rul] b5efic5t & m5 ( ! l[] class easy to gov]n4--,my *ildr51 said ! ,ma/]1 ,y5 is "r4 ,:at ,i said 0 only 9 je/4#ae ,tz ,*ang ask$ ,confucius1 say+3 ,:at are ! ess5tials ( good gov]nm5t8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,e/eem ! five excell5t1 & bani% ! f\r evil ?+s2 !n y w become fit to gov]n4--,tz ,*ang ask$3 ,:at are ! five excell5t ?+s8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,! wise & good rul] is b5evol5t )\t exp5d+ treasure2 he lays burd5s on ! p )\t caus+ !m to grumble2 he has desires )\t be+ covet\s2 he is s]5e )\t be+ pr\d2 he is awe-inspir+ )\t be+ f]oci\s4--,he is b5evol5t )\t exp5d+ treasure3 :at does t mean8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,he simply foll[s ! c\rse :i* naturally br+s b5efit to ! p4#af ,is he n ?us b5evol5t )\t exp5d+ treasure8 ,9 impos+ burd5s1 he *ooses ! "r "t & ! "r means1 & nobody c grumble4 ,8 desire is = goodness1 & he a*ieves x2 h[ %\ld he be covet\s8 ,! wise & good rul] nev] all[s himself to be neglig5t1 :e!r he is deal+ ) _m m5 or ) few1 ) small matt]s or ) great4 ,is ?is n s]5ity )\t pride8 ,he has 8 cap & robe prop]ly adju/$1 & ?r[s a noble dignity into 8 looks1 s t 8 gravity inspires onlook]s ) respect4 ,is he n ?us awe-inspir+ )\t be+ f]oci\s8--,tz ,*ang !n ask$3 ,:at are ! f\r evil ?+s8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,cruelty3--leav+ ! p 9 _! native ignorance1 yet puni%+ _! wrong-do+ ) dea?4 ,oppression3-- requir+ ! imm$iate completion ( tasks impos$ )\t previ\s w>n+4 ,ru?lessness3--giv+ vague ord]s1 & !n insi/+ on punctual fulfilm5t4 ,p$dl+ husb&ry3--/+9ess 9 conf]r+ ! prop] rew>ds on des]v+ m54#ag #a ,ai 0 ! honor>y epi!t ( ! ,duke ( ,lu :o 0 reign+ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,confucius' life4 #b ,*i ,k#8ang ,tzu succe$$ to ! head%ip ( ! great ,*i family 9 #dia1 :5 ,*i ,huan di$1 by :om he 0 advis$ to recall ,confucius f 8 long w&]+s4 ,! sage1 h[ev]1 did n return until eight ye>s lat]4 #c ,! po9t ( ! orig9al lies p>tly 9 ! fact t ! ,*9ese words = gov]n & /raight are simil> 9 =m & id5tical 9 s\nd4 #d ,! hidd5 mean+ ( ?is say+ is made cle> by ! context to be f\nd 9 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's biography ( ,confucius4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wei at ?is "t 0 ! "y man m5tion$ on p4 #abh z hold+ ! ?rone aga9/ 8 own fa!r4 ,by s do+ he _h 9 "s sort inv]t$ ! relation%ip :i* %\ld h subsi/$ betwe5 !m1 & ea* 0 9 a false position1 ! fa!r be+ depriv$ ( 8 prop] p>5tal dignity1 & ! son no long] do+ 8 duty z a son 7see p4 #da74 ,confucius !n is adm9i/]+ a veil$ rebuke to ! "y rul]1 = 9 say+ t ! fir/ re=m necess>y is ! correct def9ition ( names1 he implies 9 effect t ! t]ms fa!r & son1 among o!rs1 %\ld be made to resume _! prop] significance4 ,an alt]native r5d]+ ( *ng m+ z rectification ( ! writt5 "*1 ?\gh back$ by ! great au?ority ( ,m4 ,*avannes1 c only be describ$ z feeble & f>-fet*$1 & has be5 ably confut$ by ,h]r ,franke 9 ! ,t'oung ,pao = ,july1 #aijf4 #e ,confucius is ( c\rse m]ely insi/+ on ! pr9ciple ( division ( lab\r1 & n by any means depreciat+ ! value ( husb&ry or o!r useful arts4 ,x is n ! rul]'s bus9ess to make himself pr(ici5t 9 ^!1 because ! task ( gov]n+ & sett+ an example to ! gov]n$ w claim all 8 att5tion4 ,comp>e ,plato's disapproval ( 1 & ,confucius' rem>ks on 8 own skill 9 v>i\s arts 7p4 #hh74 #f ,! weak rul] ( ! ,lu ,/ate 7#eaj-did ,b4,c471 :o lo/ ! s]vices ( ,confucius by 8 infatuation 9 accept+ ! insidi\s gift ( eighty beautiful s++-girls f ! ,*#8i ,/ate4 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #af4 #g ,% 0 a di/rict ( ! ,*#8u ,/ate1 :i* ,confucius visit$ 9 #dhh ,b4,c4 ,! foll[+ anecdote1 told by ,t#8an ,kung1 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! above say+4 ,travell+ ) 8 disciples1 ! ,ma/] came across a woman weep+ & wail+ beside a grave1 & inquir$ ! cause ( h] grief4 ,alas6 %e repli$4 ,my fa!r-9-law 0 kill$ "h by a tig]2 aft] t1 my husb&2 & n[ my son has p]i%$ by ! same dea?4--,b :y1 !n1 d y n g else:]e8--,! gov]nm5t "h is n h>%1 answ]$ ! woman4--,!re6 cri$ ! ,ma/]1 turn+ to 8 disciples1 rememb] t4 ,bad gov]nm5t is worse ?an a tig]4 #h ,a small city 9 ,lu4 #i ,legge translates3 ,:5 rul]s love to obs]ve ! rules ( propriety 7671 ! p respond readily to ! calls on !m = s]vice4 ,all ! o!r translators seem likewise to h miss$ ! po9t1 :i* is else:]e insi/$ on by ,confucius--t no man is fit to gov]n o!rs :o _c gov]n himself4 ,on ! mean+ ( li1 see ,introduction1 pp4 #cj seqq41 & note on p4 #fj4 #aj ,a leg5d>y ,emp]or4 #aa ,?is say+ might h come /raight f ! m\? ( a ,taoi/ philosoph]4 ,nor is x ! only place :]e ,confucius seems to advocate quietism4 ,cf4 p4 #ajh4 #ab ,lit]ally1 a m9i/] ( ! alt>s to ! spirits ( ! l& & gra92 i4e4 a direct vassal ( ! ,emp]or1 & responsible only to him4 #ac ,an anci5t hi/oriograph]1 ( :om v little is kn[n4 #ad ,! head ( ! ,*i clan m5tion$ above4 #ae ,wu#8,*ng means ,m>tial city1 s call$ f its impregnable position4 ,tz ,yu1 :5 appo9t$ gov]nor1 _h succe$$ 9 wean+ ! p f _! w>like prop5sities1 & 9 introduc+ ! mild] arts ( peace4 ,?is is :at made ! ,ma/] glad1 ?\gh he c\ld n help be+ amus$ at ! application ( ! l(tie/ pr9ciples to su* a t9y community4 ,ab\t anci5t ,*9ese music we "k un=tunately next to no?+1 b x seems to h play$ z important a "p "u ! ,*\ dyna/y z 9 ,plato's ideal ,/ate4 #af ,t is to say1 ! rul] w always keep ! welf>e ( 8 p 9 view1 b )\t indulg+ 9 indiscrim9ate l>gess4 ,! ev]-increas+ doles ( money & corn ) :i* ! ,roman ,emp]ors 7 oblig$ to buy ! fav\r ( ! populace w\ld ?us h fall5 "u ! condemnation ( ,confucius4 #ag ,! f\r evil ?+s really turn out to be r$ucible to two1 namely 7#a7 ,cruelty--cov]+ ! fir/ ?ree2 & 7#b7 ,meanness4 ,,individual ,,virtue ,! ,ma/] said3 ,is he n a pr9cely man#a--;he :o is nev] vex$ t o!rs "k him n8 ,true virtue#b r>ely goes ) artful spee* & ins9uat+ looks4 ,at home1 a "y man %\ld %[ ! qualities ( a son2 abroad1 ^? ( a y\ng] bro!r4 ,he %\ld be circumspect b tru?ful4 ,he %\ld h *>ity 9 8 he>t = all m51 b associate only ) ! virtu\s4 ,aft] ?us regulat+ 8 conduct1 8 surplus en]gy %\ld be devot$ to lit]>y culture4 ,9 ! matt] ( food & lodg+1 ! nobl] type ( man does n seek m]e repletion & com=t4 ,he is e>ne/ 9 8 affairs & cauti\s 9 8 spee*1 & frequ5ts virtu\s company = 8 own improvem5t4 ,he may be call$ "o truly b5t on ! /udy ( virtue4#c ,mng ,i ,tz#d ask$ = a def9ition ( filial piety4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,x consi/s 9 !re be+ no fall+ (f4#e--;,fan ,*#8ih 0 driv+ ! ,ma/]'s c>riage "s "t aft]1 :5 ! latt] told him1 say+3 ,mng ,i ,tz ask$ me ab\t filial piety1 & ,i answ]$ t x consi/$ 9 !re be+ no fall+ (f4--,fan ,*'ih said3 ,:at did y mean8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,t p>5ts %\ld be s]v$ 9 ! prop] _s :ile liv+1 buri$ ) ! prop] rites aft] dea?1 & wor%ipp$ !reaft] ) ! prop] sacrifices4 ,mng ,wu ,po#f ask$ = a def9ition ( filial piety4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,!re is filial piety :5 p>5ts are sp>$ all anxiety ab\t _! *ildr5 except :5 !y happ5 to fall sick4#g ,tz ,yu put a "q on ! subject ( filial piety4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! filial piety ( to-day r$uces itself to ! m]e "q ( ma9t5ance4 ,yet ?is is some?+ 9 :i* ev5 our dogs & horses h a %>e4#h ,)\t ! feel+ ( rev]5ce1 :at is !re to di/+ui% ! two cases8 ,tz ,hsia also ask$ ab\t filial piety4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,x c h>dly be gaug$ f m]e outw>d acts4#i ,:5 !re is "w to be done1 to relieve "o's eld]s ( ! toil2 or :5 !re is w9e & food1 to cause !m to p>take !re(--is ?is to be reckon$ filial piety8#aj ,tz ,kung inquir$ ab\t ! high] type ( man4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,! high] type ( man is "o :o acts be=e he speaks1 & pr(esses only :at he practises4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! high] type ( man is ca?olic 9 8 sympa?y & free f p>ty bias2 ! l[] type ( man is biass$ & un-sympa!tic4 ,a man )\t *>ity 9 8 he>t--:at has he to d ) c]emonies8 ,a man )\t *>ity 9 8 he>t--:at has he to d ) music8#aa ,l9 ,fang inquir$ z to ! prime ess5tial 9 c]emonial obs]vances4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,ah1 t is a great "q inde$6 ,9 all rites1 simplicity is bett] ?an extravagance2 9 m\rn+ = ! dead1 he>tfelt sorr[ is bett] ?an punctili\sness4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! true g5tleman is nev] cont5ti\s4 ,if a _s ( rivalry is any:]e unavoidable1 x is at a %oot+-mat*4 ,yet ev5 "h he c\rte\sly salutes 8 oppon5ts be=e tak+ up 8 position1 & aga9 :51 hav+ lo/1 he retires to dr9k ! =feit-cup4 ,s t ev5 :5 compet+ he rema9s a true g5tleman4 ,x is ! _s ( *>ity :i* makes a locality good to dwell 94 ,he :o selects a neighb\rhood )\t reg>d to ?is quality _c be consid]$ wise4 ,only he :o has ! _s ( goodness )9 him is really able ei!r to love or to hate4 ,! pr9cely man nev] = a s+le in/ant quits ! pa? ( virtue2 9 times ( /orm & /ress he rema9s 9 x z fa/ z ev]4 ,! nobl] sort ( man 9 8 progress ?r\gh ! _w has nei!r n>r[ pr$ilections nor ob/9ate antipa?ies4 ,:at he foll[s is ! l9e ( duty4 ,! nobl] sort ( man is pr(ici5t 9 ! k ( 8 duty2 ! inf]ior man is pr(ici5t only 9 money-mak+4 ,9 s]v+ 8 fa!r & "m1 a son may use g5tle remon/rance2 if he sees t !y pay no he$1 he %\ld n desi/1 b m]ely increase 9 def]5ce2 if 8 pa9s are ?r[n away1 he mu/ %[ no res5tm5t4 ,:ile "o's p>5ts are alive1 "o %\ld n travel to a di/ance2 if "o mu/ travel1 x %\ld be 9 a fix$ direction4#ab ,! age ( "o's p>5ts %\ld always be kept 9 m9d--on ! "o h&1 z a subject = rejoic+2 on ! o!r1 z a cause = al>m4 ,! wise man w be sl[ to speak b quick to act4 ,tz ,*ang ask$1 say+3 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] ,tz ,wn#ac held (fice ?ree times1 b %[$ no joy2 he lo/ x ?ree times1 b te/ifi$ no conc]n4 ,:5 he ceas$ to be ,prime ,m9i/]1 he 0 c>eful to expla9 ! political situation to 8 successor4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( him8-- ,! ,ma/] said3 ,he 0 loyal & consci5ti\s4#ad--;,_h he n ! highe/ degree ( moral virtue8--,t ,i d n "k2 h[ c "o judge ( 8 moral virtue8--,tz ,*ang cont9u$3 ,:5 ,ts#8ui ,tz#ae slew ! ,pr9ce ( ,*#8i1 ,*#8n ,wn ,tz1 ?\gh ! possessor ( t5 teams ( w>-horses1 =sook 8 weal? & turn$ 8 back on ! c\ntry4 ,hav+ come to ano!r /ate1 he said3 ,"h !y are z bad z our own m9i/] ,ts#8ui ,tz1 & dep>t$4 ,& he repeat$ ?is proce$+ ea* "t t he came to a new /ate4#af ,:at is y\r op9ion ( him8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,he 0 pure & incorruptible4--,_h he n ! highe/ degree ( virtue8--,i _c say2 h[ is "o to judge8 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,:5 ! solid outweighs ! ornam5tal1 we h boori%ness2 :5 ! ornam5tal outweighs ! solid1 we h sup]ficial sm>tness4 ,only f a prop] bl5d+ ( ! two w ! high] type ( man em]ge4 ,all m5 are born good4 ,he :o loses 8 goodness & yet lives is lucky to escape4 ,bett] ?an "o :o kn[s :at is "r is "o :o is fond ( :at is "r2 & bett] ?an "o :o is fond ( :at is "r is "o :o delights 9 :at is "r4 ,fan ,*#8ih ask$ 9 :at wisdom consi/$4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,make righte\sness 9 human affairs y\r aim1 treat all sup]natural be+s ) respect1 b keep alo( f !m--!n y may be call$ wise4 ,ask$ ab\t moral virtue1 he repli$3 ,! virtu\s man ?9ks ( ! difficult ?+#ag fir/1 & makes mat]ial advantage only a second>y consid]ation4 ,?is may be said to con/itute moral virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! man ( k f9ds pleasure 9 ! sea1 ! man ( virtue f9ds pleasure 9 ! m\nta9s4#ah ,= ! man ( k is re/less & ! man ( virtue is calm4 ,! man ( k is happy1 & ! man ( virtue is long-liv$4 ,! high] type ( man1 hav+ ga!r$ wide objective k f ! bran*es ( polite le>n+1 w regulate ! :ole by ! inn] rule ( conduct1#ai & w ?us avoid ov]/epp+ ! limit4 ,t virtue is p]fect :i* adh]es to a con/ant mean4 ,x has long be5 r>e among/ m54 ,tz ,kung ask$3 ,:at w\ld y say ( ! man :o conf]r$ b5efits f> & wide on ! p & 0 able to be ! salvation ( all8 ,w\ld y pron\nce him a man ( moral virtue8--,( moral virtue8 said ! ,ma/]4 ,nay1 r1 ( div9e virtue4#bj ,ev5 ,yao & ,%un 7 /ill /riv+ to atta9 ?is height4 ,! man ( moral virtue1 wi%+ to /& firm himself1 w l5d firmness unto o!rs2 wi%+ himself to be illum9at$1 he w illum9ate o!rs4 ,to be able to d to o!rs z we w\ld be done by#ba--?is is ! true doma9 ( moral virtue4 ,x has n be5 my lot to see a div9e man2 c\ld ,i see a pr9cely man1 t w\ld satisfy me4 ,x has n be5 my lot to see a ?or\ghly virtu\s man2 c\ld ,i see a man possess+ hone/y ( s\l1 t w\ld satisfy me4 ,is x possible !re %\ld be hone/y ( s\l 9 "o :o pret5ds to h :at he has n2 :o1 :5 empty1 pret5ds to be ov]fl[+2 :o1 :5 9 want1 pret5ds to be 9 afflu5ce8 ,! high] type ( man is calm & s]5e2 ! inf]ior man is con/antly agitat$ & worri$4 ,) s9c]ity & tru? unite a desire = self-culture4 ,lay d[n y\r life r ?an quit ! pa? ( virtue4 ,ent] n ! /ate :i* is tott]+ to its fall4 ,abide n 9 ! /ate :]e s$ition is rampant4 ,:5 law obta9s 9 ! ,empire1 let y\rself be se52 :5 lawlessness reigns1 retire into obscurity4 ,9 a /ate gov]n$ on "r pr9ciples1 pov]ty & l[ /ation are ?+s to be a%am$ (2 9 an ill-gov]n$ /ate1 ri*es & rank are ?+s to be a%am$ (4 ,! man ( wisdom does n vacillate2 ! man ( natural goodness does n fret2 ! man ( val\r does n fe>4 ,y5 ,yan inquir$ z to ! mean+ ( true goodness4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! subdual ( self1 & rev]sion to ! natural laws gov]n+ conduct--?is is true goodness4 ,if a man c = ! space ( "o day subdue 8 selfi%ness & rev]t to natural laws1 ! :ole _w w call him good4 ,true goodness spr+s f a man's own he>t4 ,h[ c x dep5d on o!r m58--,y5 ,yan said3 ,k9dly tell me ! practical rule to be d$uc$ f ?is4--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,d n use y\r eyes1 y\r e>s1 y\r p[] ( spee* or y\r faculty ( movem5t )\t obey+ ! inn] law ( self-control4#bb--,y5 ,yan said3 ,?\gh ,i am n quick 9 ?\ght or act1 ,i w make x my bus9ess to c>ry out ?is precept4 ,*ung ,kung inquir$ z to ! mean+ ( true goodness4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,:5 out ( doors1 behave z ?\gh y 7 ent]ta9+ a di/+ui%$ gue/2 9 rul+ ! p1 behave z ?\gh y 7 (ficiat+ at a solemn sacrifice2 :at y w\ld n wi% done to y\rself1 d n unto o!rs4#bc ,!n 9 public z 9 private life y w excite no ill-w4 ,*ung ,kung said3 ,?\gh ,i am n quick 9 ?\ght or act1 ,i w make x my bus9ess to c>ry out ?is precept4 ,ss-ma ,niu inquir$ z to ! mean+ ( true goodness4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! truly good man is sl[ ( spee*4#bd--,sl[ness ( spee*6 ,is ?is :at goodness consi/s 98--,! ,ma/] said3 ,does n ! difficulty ( decid+ :at x is "r to d necess>ily imply sl[ness to speak8 ,ss-ma ,niu ask$ = a def9ition ( ! pr9cely man4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! pr9cely man is "o :o kn[s nei!r grief nor fe>4--,abs5ce ( grief & fe>6 ,is ?is ! m>k ( a pr9cely man8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,if on se>*+ 8 he>t he f9ds no guilt1 :y %\ld he grieve8 ( :at %\ld he be afraid8 ,tz ,*ang ask$ h[ to atta9 exalt$ virtue4 444 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,make consci5ti\sness & tru? y\r guid+ pr9ciples1 & ?us pass on to ! cultivation ( duty to y\r neighb\r4 ,?is is exalt$ virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! nobl] sort ( man emphasises ! good qualities 9 o!rs1 & does n acc5tuate ! bad4 ,! inf]ior sort does ! rev]se4 ,tz ,*ang ask$3 ,:at mu/ a man d 9 ord] to be consid]$ di/+ui%$8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,:at d y mean by ! t]m di/+ui%$8--,tz ,*ang repli$3 ,i mean "o ^: fame fills bo? 8 own private circle & ! ,/ate at l>ge4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,t is notoriety1 n di/9ction4 ,! man ( true di/9ction is simple1 hone/1 & a lov] ( ju/ice & duty4 ,he weighs m5's words1 & obs]ves ! expression ( _! faces4#be ,he is anxi\s to put himself bel[ o!rs4 ,su* a "o is truly di/+ui%$ 9 8 private & 8 public life4 ,z to ! man :o is m]ely mu* talk$ ab\t1 he puts on an appe>ance ( *>ity & b5evol5ce1 b 8 actions belie x4 ,he is self-satisfi$ & has no misgiv+s4 ,nei!r 9 private nor 9 public life does he a*ieve m ?an notoriety4 ,tz ,kung ask$ a "q ab\t fri5d%ip4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,be consci5ti\s 9 speak+ to y\r fri5d1 b tactful 9 y\r ef=ts to guide him aright4 ,if ^! fail1 /op4 ,d n c\rt a p]sonal rebuff4 ,! ,duke ( ,% address$ ,confucius1 say+3 ,we h an upright man 9 our c\ntry4 ,8 fa!r /ole a %eep1 & ! son bore witness aga9/ him4--,9 our c\ntry1 ,confucius repli$1 uprightness is some?+ diff]5t f ?is4 ,a fa!r hides ! guilt ( 8 son1 & a son hides ! guilt ( 8 fa!r4 ,x is 9 su* conduct t true uprightness is to be f\nd4 ,fan ,*#8ih ask$ a "q ab\t moral virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,9 private life1 %[ self-respect2 9 ! managem5t ( affairs1 be att5tive & ?or\gh2 9 y\r deal+s ) o!rs1 be hone/ & consci5ti\s4 ,nev] ab&on ^! pr9ciples1 ev5 among savages4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! nobl] sort ( man is accommodat+ b n obsequi\s2 ! inf]ior sort is obsequi\s b n accommodat+4 ,! nobl] sort ( man is easy to s]ve yet difficult to please4 ,:o seeks to please him 9 wrongful ways w n succe$4 ,9 exact+ s]vice f o!rs1 he takes acc\nt ( aptitudes & limitations4 ,! bas] sort ( man is difficult to s]ve yet easy to please4 ,:o seeks to please him 9 any wrongful way w assur$ly succe$4 ,& he requires absolute p]fection 9 ^? f :om he exacts s]vice4 ,! nobl] sort ( man is dignifi$ b n pr\d2 ! inf]ior man is pr\d b n dignifi$4 ,hsi5 said3 ,to refra9 f self-glorification1 to subdue feel+s ( res5tm5t1 to control selfi% desire--may ?is be held to con/itute p]fect virtue8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,^! ?+s may c]ta9ly be consid]$ h>d to a*ieve1 b ,i am n s sure t !y con/itute p]fect virtue4#bf ,! ,ma/] said3 ,a man ( inw>d virtue#bg w h virtu\s words on 8 lips1 b a man ( virtu\s words is n always a virtu\s man4 ,! man ( p]fect goodness#bg;b is sure to possess c\rage1 b ! c\rage\s man is n necess>ily good4 ,c true love be any?+ b exact+8 ,h[ c our s5se ( duty all[ u to ab/a9 f admonition8 ,! nobl] sort ( man t5ds upw>ds2 ! bas] sort t5ds d[nw>ds4 ,! pr9cely type ( man is mode/ 9 8 spee*1 b lib]al 9 8 p]=mance4 ,! pr9cely man has ?ree great virtues1 :i* ,i _c claim = myself4 ,he is truly b5evol5t1 & is free f c>e2 he is truly wise1 & is free f delusions2 he is truly brave1 & is free f fe>4--,nay1 repli$ ,tz ,kung1 ^! virtues are our ,ma/]'s own4#bg ,! ,ma/] said3 ,is n he a sage :o nei!r anticipates deceit nor suspects bad fai? 9 o!rs1 yet is prompt to detect !m :5 !y appe>8 ,"s "o ask$3 ,h[ d y reg>d ! pr9ciple ( return+ good = evil8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,:at1 !n1 is to be ! return = good8 ,r %\ld y return ju/ice = inju/ice1 & good = good4#bh ,tz ,lu ask$ ab\t ! conduct ( ! pr9cely man4#bi ,! ,ma/] said3 ,he cultivates himself s z to ga9 9 self-respect4--,does he re/ cont5t ) t8--,he cultivates himself1 0 ! reply1 s z to give happ9ess to o!rs4--,& is he cont5t ) t8--,he cultivates himself s z to conf] peace & prosp]ity on ! :ole p4 ,by self-cultivation to conf] peace & prosp]ity on ! :ole p6--0 n ?is ! object :i* ,yao & ,%un /ill lab\r$ to atta98 ,tz ,kung ask$ = advice on ! practice ( moral virtue4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,if an artisan wants to d 8 "w well1 he mu/ beg9 by %>p5+ 8 tools4 ,ev5 s1 among ! great m5 ( y\r c\ntry1 y %\ld s]ve ! wise & good1 & make fri5ds ( m5 :o h ?is moral virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! high] type ( man makes a s5se ( duty ! gr\ndwork ( 8 "*1 bl5ds ) x 9 action a s5se ( h>moni\s proportion1 manife/s x 9 a _s ( unselfi%ness1 & p]fects x by ! addition ( s9c]ity & tru?4 ,!n inde$ is he a noble "*4 ,! high] type ( man seeks all t he wants 9 himself2 ! inf]ior man seeks all t he wants f o!rs4 ,! high] type ( man is firm b n qu>relsome2 sociable1 b n clanni%4 ,! wise man does n e/eem a p]son m highly because ( :at he says1 nei!r does he und]value :at is said because ( ! p]son :o says x4 ,tz ,kung ask$1 say+3 ,is !re any "o maxim :i* ought to be act$ ^u ?r\gh\t "o's :ole life8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,surely ! maxim ( *>ity#cj is su*3--,d n unto o!rs :at y w\ld n !y %\ld d unto y4 ,! nobl] sort ( man pays special att5tion to n9e po9ts4 ,he is anxi\s to see cle>ly1 to he> di/9ctly1 to be k9dly 9 8 looks1 respectful 9 8 demean\r1 consci5ti\s 9 8 spee*1 e>ne/ 9 8 affairs2 :5 9 d\bt1 he is c>eful to inquire2 :5 9 ang]1 he ?9ks ( ! consequ5ces2 :5 (f]$ an opportunity = ga91 he ?9ks only ( 8 duty4 ,tz ,*ang ask$ ,confucius a "q ab\t moral virtue4 ,confucius repli$3 ,moral virtue simply consi/s 9 be+ able1 any:]e & ev]y:]e1 to ex]cise five p>ticul> qualities4 ,ask$ :at ^! 71 he said3 ,self-respect1 magnanimity1 s9c]ity1 e>ne/ness & b5evol5ce4 ,%[ self-respect1 & o!rs w respect y2#ca be magnanim\s1 & y w w9 all he>ts2 be s9c]e1 & m5 w tru/ y2 be e>ne/1 & y w a*ieve great ?+s2 be b5evol5t1 & y w be fit to impose y\r w on o!rs4 ,tz ,lu ask$3 ,docs n ! pr9cely man#cb value c\rage8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,he puts righte\sness fir/4 ,! man ( high /ation#cc :o has c\rage )\t righte\sness is a m5ace to ! ,/ate2 ! common man :o has c\rage )\t righte\sness is no?+ m ?an a brig&4 ,tzu ,kung ask$3 ,has ! nobl] sort ( man any hatr$s8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,he has4 ,he hates ^? :o publi% ! faults ( o!rs2 he hates m5 ( l[ condition :o vilify ^? above !m2 he hates ^? ^: c\rage is unaccompani$ by self-re/ra9t2 he hates ^? :o are audaci\s b n>r[-m9d$4 ,& y1 ,tz#81 he add$1 h y also y\r hatr$s8--,i hate1 repli$ ! disciple1 ^? :o ?9k t wisdom consi/s 9 pry+ & m$dl+2 c\rage1 9 %[+ no compliance2 & hone/y1 9 d5\nc+ o!r m54 #a ,?is is ! mu*-discuss$ *n tz1 an expression ( :i* ! /]eotyp$ ,engli% equival5t is ! sup]ior man4 ,b 9 ?is !re is1 unhappily1 a t+e ( bl5d$ sup]cili\sness & irony absolutely =eign to ! native phrase1 :i* 9 my op9ion makes x unsuitable4 ,pr9cely man is z ne>ly z possible ! lit]al translation1 & sometimes1 z we %all see1 x actually means pr9ce4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases ! connotation ( rank or au?ority is c]ta9ly n explicit1 & z a g5]al r5d]+ ,i h pref]r$ ! high] type ( man1 ! nobl] sort ( man1 or sometimes m simply1 ! good man4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approximation 9 any ,european language is to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek 1 because t implies high m5tal & moral qualities comb9$ ) all ! outw>d be>+ ( a g5tleman4 ,comp>e also ,ari/otle's 1 :o is h[ev] r m ab/ract & ideal4 #b ,jn1 ! t]m "h translat$ virtue1 is p]haps ! mo/ important s+le ^w 9 ! ,analects1 & ! real corn]-/one ( ,confucian e?ics4 ,its prim>y mean+1 9 accordance ) ! etymology1 is humanity 9 ! l>g] s5se1 i4e4 natural goodness ( he>t z %[n 9 int]c\rse ) "o's fell[-m54 ,h5ce x is sometimes be/ translat$ lov+-k9dness or *>ity 9 ! biblical s5se1 ?\gh 9 _m cases a m conv5i5t1 if vagu]1 r5d]+ is virtue1 moral virtue1 or ev51 z 9 ,legge1 p]fect virtue4 #c ,lit]ally1 he may be call$ a lov] ( le>n+4 ,b le>n+ 9 ! m\? ( ,confucius is g5]ally to be und]/ood z /udy ( ! rules ( "r conduct ) a view to _! practical application4 ,! object ( all le>n+ 0 to enable a man to develop ! natural goodness )9 him1 s z to lead a life ( virtu\s culture4 ,x 0 n pursu$ solely = its own sake1 nor _h x become1 z ) u1 divorc$ f all e?ical significance4 #d ,! *ief ( ! h\se ( ,mng1 "o ( ! ?ree great families ( ,lu1 & 7accord+ to ,ss-ma ,*#8i57 a disciple ( ,confucius4 #e ,! reply is enigmatical1 b x is cle> f :at foll[s t ?is1 & n1 z ,legge translates1 disob$i5ce1 is ! true mean+4 #f ,! elde/ son ( ,mng ,i ,tz4 #g ,x is a/oni%+ t ,*u ,hsi %\ld h tri$ to improve on ! old comm5tators "h1 & almo/ equally a/oni%+ t ,legge %\ld h foll[$ him1 ) ?is result3 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,p>5ts are anxi\s le/ _! *ildr5 %\ld be sick 7& !re=e *ildr5 %\ld take c>e ( _! p]sons76 #h ,"h aga9 x is almo/ incr$ible t ,legge %\ld h adopt$ su* a ridicul\s int]pretation z ! foll[+--)\t ! au?ority1 ?is "t1 ( ,*u ,hsi3 ,! filial piety ( n[adays means ! support ( "o's p>5ts4 ,b dogs & horses likewise are able to d some?+ 9 ! way ( support4 ,! image conjur$ up by ?is s5t5ce is grotesque1 to say ! lea/4 #i ,lit]ally1 col\r difficult4 ,?is fam\s s5t5ce1 a /umbl+-block to native & =eign] alike1 surely m>ks ! extreme limit to :i* concis5ess c be c>ri$ 9 ,*9ese4 ,! difficulty is ) ! c\nt5ance is ! lame translation (f]$ by ,legge1 & lat] s*ol>s h mo/ly foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 ev5 ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+ fail+ badly = once4 ,:]e all h gone a/ray is 9 tak+ ! difficulty to exi/ 9 ! m9d ( ! w\ld-be filial son1 in/ead ( be+ t felt by ! onlook] :o wi%es to gauge ! g5u95ess ( ! quality 9 o!rs4 ,only a few mon?s ago1 a new & +5i\s int]pretation 0 sugge/$ by my fa!r1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 namely3 ,to def9e x is difficult2 b aft] mu* consid]ation ,i am l$ to pref] ! r5d]+ 9 ! text1 inasmu* z ! ^w s is q commonly us$ to d5ote ! ext]nal z oppos$ to ! int]nal1 =m z oppos$ to ess5ce4 #aj ,! answ] ( c\rse is--,no2 outw>d acts d n con/itute filial piety1 unless prompt$ by a g5u9e dute\s feel+ 9 ! he>t4 #aa ,a notable utt]ance1 :i* may be comm5d$ to ^? :o h be5 taught to reg>d ,confucius z a man ( c]emonies & outw>d %[4 #ab ,9 ord] t ! p>5ts may "k :]e _! son is4 #ac ,( ! ,*#8u ,/ate4 #ad ,! root idea ( ?is ^w *ung is loyalty to oneself1 devotion to pr9ciple1 or1 z ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+ well translates x1 consci5ti\sness4 ,loyalty or fidelity to ! sov]eign is only an ext5d$ s5se4 ,"h ! two ideas appe> to be bl5d$1 b 9 a fam\s passage to be not$ fur!r on 7p4 #aah7 mu* tr\ble has result$ f ignor+ ! fir/ & fundam5tal mean+4 #ae ,a high (fic] 9 ,*#8i1 ! /ate adjo9+ ,lu4 #af ,! fact t ,*#8n ,wn ,tz c\ld n reconcile x ) 8 consci5ce to settle 9 any ( ! /ates :i* he visit$ ?r[s a lurid light on ! disord] prevail+ 9 ! ,empire at ?is p]iod 7#edg ,b4,c474 ,murd] & usurpation 7 evid5tly ! rule r ?an ! exception4 #ag ,t is to say1 ! virtu\s act1 :i* he w p]=m = its own sake1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 #ah ,ea* f9ds pleasure 9 t "p ( ,nature :i* resembles himself4 #ai ,z may be inf]r$ f its composition1 ! "* li orig9ally _h sole ref]5ce to religi\s rites1 :5ce h[ev] x came to be appli$ to e sort ( c]emonial1 includ+ ! ord9>y rules ( polit5ess1 ! etiquette ( society1 ! conduct befitt+ all /ations ( life1 & moreov] to ! /ate ( m9d ( :i* su* conduct is ! outcome4 ,?is /ate ( m9d is "o ( equably adju/$ h>mony & self-re/ra9t1 & x is 9 ?is s5se ( an inw>d pr9ciple ( proportion & self-control t ! ^w is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,analects4 ,:y su* a vile phrase z ! rules ( propriety 0 ev] co9$ to express ?is subtle conception1 & reta9$ 9 e context1 h[ev] inappropriate1 mu/ rema9 an insoluble my/]y4 ,is x surpris+ t "o ( ! greate/ ( _w-tea*]s %\ld /ill be wait+ to come into 8 full h]itage1 :5 8 say+s are made to sugge/ no?+ s mu* z ! headmi/ress ( a "y ladies' sem9>y8 #bj ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,confucius all[s a grade ( h]oic & almo/ div9e virtue ev5 above t :i* con/itutes complete goodness = all practical purposes1 j z ,ari/otle places 8 above ! 4 #ba ,x is only fair to m5tion t ! above is n an exact translation ( ! words 9 ! ,*9ese text1 ?\gh ,i believe _! import to be :at ,i h set d[n4 ,! po9t is too te*nical & ab/ruse to be discuss$ "h4 #bb ,see note on p4 #fj4 ,?is is ! solemn nons5se di%$ up by ,legge3 ,look n at :at is contr>y to propriety2 li/5 n to :at is contr>y to propriety2 speak n :at is contr>y to propriety2 make no movem5t :i* is contr>y to propriety4 #bc ,confucius "h1 z 9 g5]al1 suits 8 reply to ! que/ion]4 ,9 answ]+ ,y5 ,yan1 ! model disciple1 he _h gone to ! v root ( ! matt]1 mak+ x cle> t ! ess5ce ( true goodness has little or no?+ to d ) ext]nals4 ,to ,*ung ,kung1 :o 0 less advanc$ & d\btless some:at lack+ 9 grace or dignity ( demean\r1 he gives m sup]ficial advice1 b w9ds up by enunciat+ ! ,gold5 ,rule1 :i* is ! be/ practical mann] ( manife/+ inw>d goodness ( he>t4 #bd ,!re seems to be a play on ?is ^w :i* _c be br\ght out 9 translation4 #be ,?is probably means t he w n rely on words alone 9 judg+ ( "*4 #bf ,be+ too purely negative4 #bg ,x is almo/ impossible1 "h & 9 o!r passages1 to make any real di/9ction ( mean+ betwe5 te1 ! manife/ation ( et]nal pr9ciples 9 ! s\l ( man1 & jn1 natural goodness ( he>t1 ?\gh ! =m]1 be+ m univ]sal & ab/ract1 may be said to include ! latt]1 :i* g5]ally implies a c]ta9 relation to "o's fell[-m54 #bh ,! pr9ciple ( return+ good = evil1 :i* is "h app>5tly repres5t$ z a well-kn[n e?ical doctr9e1 0 fir/ enunciat$1 s f> z we "k1 by ,lao ,tz4 ,confucius rejects ?is va9 idealism1 & advocates ! mu* s\nd] & m practical basis = society giv5 9 ! text4 #bi ,"h *n tz seems almo/ to d5ote an actual pr9ce1 n m]ely a man ) pr9cely qualities4 #cj ,legge translates %u reciprocity1 app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an to expla9 ! maxim t foll[s4 ,b x really /&s = some?+ high] ?an ! /rictly utilit>ian pr9ciple ( d ut des4 ,bo? "h & 9 ano!r fam\s passage 7see p4 #aah7 x is almo/ equival5t to jn1 goodness ( he>t1 only ) ! idea ( altruism m explicitly br\ght out4 ,x connotes sympa!tic consid]ation = o!rs1 & h5ce ! be/ r5d]+ w\ld seem to be lov+-k9dness or *>ity4 ,! conclud+ maxim is really no?+ m nor less ?an ! ,gold5 ,rule ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh less famili> to u 9 its negative =m4 #cb ,! ,*9ese h a prov]b3 ,a man mu/ insult himself be=e o!rs w4 #cc ,a good example ( ! fluctuat+ cont5t ( ! t]m *n tz1 :i* 9 ! disciple's "q implies morality )\t ref]5ce to rank1 & 9 ! ,ma/]'s reply rank & au?ority )\t def9ite moral qualities4 ,,confucius' ,,e/imate ,,( ,,o!rs ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i may talk all day to ,hui )\t 8 putt+ 9 a ^w ( criticism or diss5t--j z ?\gh he 7 defici5t 9 und]/&+4 ,b aft] he has left me1 ,i f9d1 on exam9+ 8 private conduct1 t he kn[s = all t h[ to exemplify my tea*+4 ,no6 ,hui is n defici5t 9 und]/&+4 ,tz ,kung ask$1 say+3 ,:at1 ,sir1 is y\r op9ion ( me8--,i w\ld lik5 y1 ,tz#81 repli$ ! ,ma/]1 to a vessel limit$ 9 its function4--,:at sort ( vessel8 ask$ ,tz ,kung4--,a ri*ly ornam5t$ sacrificial vessel1 0 ! reply4#a ,"s "o rem>k$ t ,yung _h goodness ( he>t b no clev]ness ( spee*4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,( :at use is clev]ness ( spee*8 ,^? :o are always ready to assail o!rs ) _! tongue are sure to make !mselves dislik$4 ,z to ,yung's goodness ( he>t ,i h no c]ta9 k2 b h[ w\ld he b5efit by hav+ clev]ness ( spee*8 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,my tea*+ makes no head-way4 ,h[ & if ,i 7 to bo>d a raft & float away ov] ! sea8 ,my fri5d ,yu w\ld come ) me1 ,i feel sure4--,tz ,lu1 he>+ ?is1 0 glad4 ,! ,ma/] cont9u$3 ,yu surpasses me 9 8 love ( d>+1 b he lacks discretion & judgm5t4 ,mng ,wu ,po ask$ :e!r ,tz ,lu _h true moral virtue4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,i d n "k4--- ,ask$ a second "t1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,yu might be tru/$ to organise ! milit>y levies ( a l>ge & p[]ful ,/ate1 b :e!r he is possess$ ( true virtue ,i _c say4--,& :at is y\r op9ion ) reg>d to ,*#8iu8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,*#8iu might be entru/$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( a di/rict numb]+ a ?\s& h\seholds or a hundr$ w>-*>iots1 b :e!r he has true virtue ,i _c say4--,& ,*#8ih1 :at ( him8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,*#8ih might be employ$ to /& 9 8 (ficial dress at a royal levee & conv]se ) ! visitors & gue/s2 :e!r he has true virtue ,i _c say4#b ,! ,ma/] address+ ,tz ,kung said3 ,:i* ( ! two is ! bett] man1 y or ,hui8--,tz ,kung repli$3 ,h[ c ,i v5ture to comp>e myself ) ,hui8 ,hui he>s "o po9t & promptly ma/]s ! :ole4 ,i he> "o po9t & am only able to feel my way to a second4--,! ,ma/] agre$3 ,no1 y are n equal to ,hui2 nei!r ( u two#c is equal to ,hui4 ,tsai ,y us$ to sleep dur+ ! day4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,rott5 wood _c be c>v$1 walls made ( dirt & mud _c be pla/]$3 --:at is ! good ( reprim&+ ,y8 ,at fir/1 he cont9u$1 my way ( deal+ ) o!rs 0 to li/5 to _! words & to take _! actions ^u tru/4 ,n[1 my way is to li/5 to :at !y say & !n to wat* :at !y d4 ,?is *ange 9 me is ow+ to ,y4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i h nev] yet met a really /rong "*4--,"s "o sugge/$ ,%n ,*#8ng4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,*#8ng is a slave to 8 passions4 ,h[ c he possess /r5g? ( "*8 ,tz ,kung said3 ,i am anxi\s to avoid do+ to o!rs t :i* ,i w\ld n h !m d to me4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,tz#81 y h n got z f> z t4 ,! ,ma/] said ( ,tz ,*#8an#d t he _h f\r ( ! qualities ( ! pr9cely man3--9 8 p]sonal demean\r he 0 grave1 9 s]v+ ^? above him he 0 att5tive1 9 8 c>e = ! p he 0 k9d1 9 8 ord]+ ( ! p he 0 j4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,y5 ,p'+#e kn[s ! art ( associat+ ) 8 fri5ds3 h[ev] old ! acqua9tance may be1 he always treats !m ) ! same respect4 ,n+ ,wu ,tz's#f behavi\r 0 wise s long z 8 c\ntry 0 well gov]n$2 :5 revolution came1 8 behavi\r 0 /upid4 ,8 wisdom may be equall$ by o!rs1 b 8 /upidity is beyond all imitation4 ,po ,i & ,%u ,*#8i#g nev] rememb]$ old injuries1 & !re=e _! enemies 7 few4 ,:o w say t ,wei-%5g ,kao#h 0 an upright man8 ,:5 ask$ by somebody = "s v9eg>1 he w5t & begg$ x ( a neighb\r1 & gave ?is to ! man :o _h ask$ him4 ,= ! space ( ?ree mon?s toge!r ,hui#i w\ld n deviate 9 _s f ! pa? ( p]fect virtue4 ,my o!r disciples may atta9 ?is height once 9 a day or 9 a mon?1 b t is all4 ,po ,niu#aj ly+ sick unto dea?1 ! ,ma/] w5t to visit him4 ,he clasp$ 8 h& ?r\gh ! w9d[ & said3 ,he is dy+4 ,su* is fate4 ,alas6 t su* a man %\ld h su* an illness1 t su* a man %\ld h su* an illness6 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,hui 0 inde$ a philosoph]6 ,o!r m5 liv+ z he did1 9 a mis]able alley1 ) a s+le di% ( food & a s+le b[l ( dr9k1 c\ld n h endur$ ! di/ress4 ,b ,hui 0 inv>iably *e]ful4 ,he 0 a philosoph] inde$6 ,jan ,*#8iu said3 ,x is n t ,i h no joy 9 my ,ma/]'s tea*+1 x is my /r5g? t fails me4--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,^? ^: /r5g? fails !m fall fa9t+ by ! way4 ,:at y d is to set up b\nds :i* y w n attempt to pass4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,mng ,*ih-fan is no bragg>t4 ,once aft] a defeat1 :5 he 0 br++ up ! re>1 he :ipp$ 8 horse z he 0 ab\t to ent] ! city gate1 & cri$3 ,x is n c\rage t makes me la/1 x is my horse t won't gallop fa/ en\gh4#aa ,! ,ma/] address+ ,y5 ,yan said3 ,x is only y & ,i :o w\ld be cont5t to accept public employm5t :5 x 0 (f]$ to u1 & to retire into obscurity :5 we 7 dismiss$4--,tz ,lu !n said3 ,if y1 ,sir1 _h ! conduct ( ?ree legions1 :om w\ld y associate ) y\rself 9 ! comm&8--,i w\ld n1 repli$ ! ,ma/]1 *oose a man :o w\ld attack a tig] un>m$1 cross a riv] )\t a boat1 or sacrifice 8 life )\t a mom5t's regret4 ,r %\ld x be "o :o w\ld n emb>k on an ent]prise )\t anxiety1 & :o 0 accu/om$ to lay 8 plans well be=e putt+ !m into execution4#ab ,! ,ma/] said3 ,t#8ai ,po may be said to h rea*$ ! summit ( virtue4 ,hav+ resolutely r5\nc$ ! ,imp]ial ?rone1 he put x out ( ! p's p[] to glorify 8 act ( r5unciation6#ac ,9 ! ,emp]or ,y#ad ,i f9d no loophole = c5sure4 ,8 own food & dr9k 7 pla91 b 8 (f]+s to ! ance/ral spirits %[$ extreme piety4 ,8 own g>m5ts 7 poor1 b 8 robes & cap ( /ate 7 extremely f9e4 ,8 own dwell+ 0 humble1 b he sp5t all 8 /r5g? on ! con/ruction ( public canals & wat]-c\rses4 ,i f9d no loophole = c5sure 9 ,y4 ,aft] ! ^w _h gone =?1 ,hui 0 nev] backw>d 9 8 de$s4 ,! ,ma/] speak+ ( ,y5 ,yan said3 ,ah1 :at a loss6 ,i us$ to see him ev] progress+ & nev] com+ to a /&/ill4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,yu1 ,i fancy1 is a man :o w\ld /& up1 dress$ 9 %abby g>m5ts quilt$ ) hemp1 among p attir$ 9 furs ( fox & badg]1 & n be a%am$4 ,hat+ none & c\rt+ none1 h[ c he be o!r ?an good8#ae--;,z ,tz ,lu kept con/antly humm+ ov] ?is l9e1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,?is rule ( conduct is n en\gh by itself to con/itute goodness4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,none ( ^? :o accompani$ me on ! j\rney to ! /ates ( ,*#8n & ,ts#8ai come to le>n f me n[4#af ,di/+ui%$ = _! virtu\s conduct 7 ,y5 ,yan1 ,m9 ,tz-*#8i51 ,jan ,po-niu & ,*ung ,kung2 = _! skill 9 speak+1 ,tsai ,wo & ,tz ,kung2 = _! adm9i/rative p[]s1 ,jan ,yu & ,*i ,lu2 = _! lit]>y atta9m5ts1 ,tz ,yu & ,tz ,hsia4 ,hui does n help me#ag--;he takes su* delight 9 ev]y?+ ,i say4 ,:at noble piety#ah is t ( ,m9 ,tz-*#8i56 ,o!r m5 speak ( him 9 exactly ! same t]ms z 8 own p>5ts & 8 own bre?r54 ,:5 ,y5 ,yan di$1 ! ,ma/] wept ) passionate grief1 s t ^? :o 7 ) him said3 ,ma/]1 y\r sorr[ is too passionate4--,is x too passionate8 he repli$4 ,^: dea? %\ld be a cause = viol5t grief1 if n ?is man's8 ,on "o occasion !re 7 /&+ 9 att5dance on ! ,ma/] ,m9 ,tz1 look+ g5tle & mild2 ,tz ,lu1 look+ upright & soldi]ly2 ,jan ,yu & ,tz ,kung1 look+ frank & affable4 ,! ,ma/] 0 pleas$4 ,a man l ,yu1 he rem>k$1 w n come by a natural dea?4#ai ,! ,ma/] said3 ,:y is ,yu play+ 8 m>tial music at my door8--,! disciples began to lose _! respect = ,tz ,lu1 :]eupon ! ,ma/] said3 ,yu has asc5d$ ! /eps ( ! temple1 ?\gh he has n yet rea*$ ! inn] sanctu>y4 ,tz ,kung ask$ :i* 0 ! man ( great] wor?1 ,%ih or ,%ang4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,%ih exce$s & ,%ang falls %ort4--,!n ,%ih is ! bett] ( ! two8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,to exce$ is z bad z to fall %ort4 ,! head ( ! ,*i clan 0 already ri*] ?an ,*\ ,kung1 yet ,*#8iu kept levy+ taxes = him & add+ to 8 weal?4--,he is no disciple ( m9e1 said ! ,ma/]4 ,my *ildr51 y may beat ! drum & attack him4#bj ,! ,ma/] said3 ,hui rea*es ! v]ge ( p]fection1 yet he is (t5 9 great want4 ,tz#8 does n resign himself to ! w ( ,heav51 yet 8 worldly goods cont9ue to increase4 ,8 judgm5ts1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly hit ! m>k4 ,tz ,lu ask$ if he %\ld at once put ! precepts :i* he he>d into practice4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,!re are y\r fa!r & eld] bro!rs to consult fir/2 :y %\ld y be s impati5t to act on :at y he>8--,jan ,yu ask$ ! same "q1 & ! ,ma/] said3 ,yes1 act at once accord+ to ! in/ruction t is giv5 to y4--,kung-hsi ,hua !n said3 ,:5 ,yu ask$ if he %\ld put ! precepts :i* he he>d into practice1 y repli$1 ,sir1 t he _h 8 fa!r & eld] bro!rs to consult fir/4 ,:5 ,*#8iu ask$ ! same "q1 y said3 ,act at once accord+ to ! in/ruction t is giv5 to y4 ,n[ ,i am puzzl$1 & beg = an explanation4--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,*#8iu is apt to hang back1 !re=e ,i press him on4 ,yu has eag]ness en\gh = two1 !re=e ,i hold him back4 ,*i ,tz-jan#ba ask$ if ,*ung ,yu & ,jan ,*#8iu c\ld be t]m$ great m9i/]s4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i ?\ght y _h some?+ extraord9>y to ask ab\t1 & n[ x turns out to be a "q ab\t ,yu & ,*#8iu4 ,:at m5 call a great m9i/] is "o :o s]ves 8 pr9ce accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( tru? & virtue1 & :5 t is impossible1 resigns4 ,yu & ,*#8iu1 h[ev]1 c only be t]m$ ord9>y (ficials4--,:i* is z mu* z to say t !y w always ob$i5tly foll[ _! ma/]'s w8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,!y w\ld n foll[ him s f> z to commit p>ricide or regicide4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,yu is ! man to settle a long litigation 9 a few words4 ,tz ,kung 0 fond ( weigh+ o!r m5's m]its & defects4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,surely ,tz#8u mu/ be a v great sage6 ,p]sonally1 ,i h no "t = ?is4 #a ,x is said else:]e 9 ! ,analects 7see p4 #id7 t ! high] type ( man is unlike a vessel design$ = "s special use1 :i* means t 8 moral capacity is n n>r[ & limit$4 ,tz ,kung1 !n1 x seems1 _h n fully grasp$ ! high] pr9ciples ( morality1 0 want+ 9 bread? ( m9d & ! l>g] outlook on life4 ,8 aptitudes1 h[ev]1 7 excell5t s f> z !y w5t1 & ! ,ma/] complim5ts him h]o on 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ?+s relat+ to religi\s c]emonial4 #b ,confucius probably wi%$ to impress ^u 8 que/ion] t true moral virtue 7f57 0 deeply implant$ 9 ! s\l1 & n to be gaug$ (fh& f ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 sup]ficial signs4 #c ,x is pass+ /range t ! clumsy ,i grant y = wu y ju 7,i & y7 %\ld h f\nd fav\r ) translators4 ,wade ev5 goes "o bett]1 by translat+3 ,i aw>d y ?is praise1 ,hui does n equal y 6 #d ,prime ,m9i/] ( ! ,*ng ,/ate 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,:5 he _h rul$ = ?ree ye>s1 s great 0 ! *ange effect$ t doors 7 n lock$ at night1 & lo/ articles 7 n pick$ up on ! highway4 ,confucius wept :5 he he>d ( 8 dea?4 #e ,m9i/] 9 ! neighb\r+ /ate ( ,*#8i4 #f ,a m9i/] ( ! ,wei ,/ate 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! revolution ref]r$ to ! pr9ce 0 driv5 f 8 ?rone1 b aft]w>ds re9/at$ ?r\gh ! /upidity1 t is to say1 ! unwav]+ loyalty & devotion ( ,n+4 #g ,^! 7 bro!rs1 celebrat$ = _! prote/ aga9/ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,y9 dyna/y4 ,r ?an live "u ! rule ( ! new sov]eign1 ! great & virtu\s ,wu ,wang1 !y w&]$ away into ! m\nta9s to p]i% ( cold & hung]4 ,?is fidelity to ! cause ( ,*\ ,hs91 "o ( ! bloodie/ & mo/ infam\s tyrants 9 hi/ory1 seems a %ade m quixotic ?an ! conduct ( ^? :o esp\s$ = s long ! fall5 =tunes ( ! h\se ( ,/u>t4 #h ,?is 0 a "y man :o1 if leg5d may be tru/$1 di$ m h]oically ?an he liv$4 ,he agre$ to meet a girl "u a bridge1 b1 woman-l1 %e fail$ to keep h] appo9tm5t4 ,?\gh ! wat] 0 ris+ rapidly1 h] lov] wait$ on1 unwill+ to quit 8 po/1 & f9ally clung to a pill> until he 0 dr[n$4 #i ,?is is ! man :om ,confucius1 accord+ to ,wade 7see p4 #gc71 rank$ bel[ ,tz ,kung6 #aj ,po ,niu is said to h be5 suff]+ f leprosy1 & !re=e he w\ld n all[ visitors to ent] 8 room4 #aa ,few w see any?+ h>mful 9 ?is anecdote z told by ,confucius4 ,yet x is actually made to figure 9 ! g5]al *>ge ( ins9c]ity & untru?fulness br\ght aga9/ him by ,legge4 ,! action 0 gallant1 he says1 b ! apology = x 0 weak & unnecess>y4 ,& yet ,confucius saw no?+ 9 ! :ole b matt] = praise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,legge entirely ignores ! possibility t ,mng ,*ih-fan 0 really speak+ ! tru?4 ,b ev5 if x 7 o!rwise1 ,confucius' only comm5t is t he 0 no bragg>t4 ,surely x is an ov]/ra9$ morality t c\ld be (f5d$ by ?is4 #ab ,comp>e ,moltke's motto3 ,er/ wg51 dann wag54 ,tz ,lu 0 not$ = 8 reckless brav]y4 ,evid5tly jeal\s ( ! praise be/[$ on ,y5 ,yan1 he makes a delightfully artless attempt to secure "s recognition = himself1 b only draws d[n a repro(4 ,! ,ma/]'s relations ) ?is va91 impulsive1 good-he>t$ disciple (t5 rem9d "o ( ^? subsi/+ betwe5 ,dr4 ,johnson & ,goldsmi?4 #ac ,t#8ai ,po 0 ! direct heir to 8 fa!r's ?rone1 b kn[+ t ! latt] wi%$ to be succe$$ by 8 y\nge/ son 7! fa!r ( ! future ,wn ,wang1 ! virtual f\nd] ( ! ,*\ dyna/y71 he w5t into volunt>y exile among ! b>b>\s tribes ( ! s\?1 b kept ! motives ( 8 conduct to himself1 & ?us obta9$ no cr$it = 8 self-sacrifice4 #ad ,! ,great ,y1 :o 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,yao lab\r$ incessantly = eight ye>s to control ! disa/r\s inundations ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]1 himself became ,emp]or aft] ! dea? ( ,yao's successor ,%un1 & f\nd$ ! ,hsia dyna/y 7#bbje-agff ,b4,c474 #ae ,a quotation f ! ,book ( ,poetry1 a collection ( "s #cjj anci5t ballads said to h be5 select$ & arrang$ by ,confucius himself1 & h5ce rais$ to ! dignity ( a classic4 #af ,?is mu/ h be5 said by ,confucius aft] 8 return f exile1 :5 _m ( 8 foll[]s 7 dead or 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,*'en & ,ts'ai are p>ticul>ly m5tion$ because x 0 on ! road betwe5 ^! two small /ates t he met ) ! mo/ p]il\s adv5ture ( 8 life1 be+ surr\nd$ by ho/ile troops & cut (f f all supplies = ! space ( sev5 days 7see p4 #aae74 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! next s5t5ce %\ld n be tak5 z a note add$ by ! compil]1 giv+ ! names ( ^? :o 7 ) ! ,ma/] on ?is j\rney4 #ag ,by criticism or que/ion+4 ,cf4 p4 #ga4 #ah ,on hsiao1 occurr+ 9 ano!r treatise1 ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+ has ! foll[+ note3 ,! ^w 9 ! text does n mean m]ely a filial son1 b has ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 'pius'--pi\s 9 its full s5se1 rev]5tial to ,god1 dutiful to p>5ts1 good1 fai?ful & ord]ly 9 all ! relations ( life4 #ai ,?is pr$iction 0 v]ifi$4 ,:5 ,confucius return$ to ,lu f ,wei1 he left ,tz ,lu & ,tz ,kao engag$ !re 9 (ficial s]vice4 ,tr\bles arose4 ,news came to ,lu1 ,b4,c4 #dgi1 t a revolution 0 9 progress 9 ,wei1 & :5 ,confucius he>d x1 he said1 ',*#8ai w come "h1 b ,yu w die1' ,s x turn$ out4 ,:5 ,tz ,kao saw t matt]s 7 desp]ate he made 8 escape1 b ,tz ,lu w\ld n =sake ! *ief :o _h treat$ him well4 ,he ?rew himself into ! mle & 0 sla94--,legge1 ,life ( ,confucius4 #bj ,?is 0 ! disciple by :oso ag5cy ,confucius 0 f9ally re/or$ to ,lu4 ,b ,confucius 0 ! la/ man to let private consid]ations /& 9 ! way :5 public int]e/s 7 involv$ & a cry+ evil _h to be r$ress$4 ,beat+ ! drum has no ref]5ce1 z ,legge ?9ks1 to ! practice ( execut+ crim9als 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,x 0 simply ! recognis$ signal 9 w>f>e = advanc+ to ! attack1 gongs be+ us$ to s\nd ! retreat4 #ba ,a memb] ( ! ambiti\s family :i* 0 s*em+ to get ! :ole p[] ( ! duk$om into its own h&s4 ,! two disciples "h m5tion$ _h rec5tly be5 enli/$ 9 its s]vice1 & ,*i ,tz-jan is anxi\s to f9d out h[ f> !y c be reli$ ^u 9 case ( ne$4 ,confucius sees ?r\gh 8 nef>i\s designs4 ,,confucius ,,on ,,himself ,! ,ma/]3 ,i w n be griev$ t o!r m5 d n "k me3 ,i w be griev$ t ,i d n "k o!r m54 ,at fifte51 my m9d 0 b5t on le>n+4 ,at ?irty1 ,i /ood firm4 ,at =ty1 ,i 0 free f delusions4 ,at fifty1 ,i und]/ood ! laws ( ,provid5ce4 ,at sixty1 my e>s 7 att5tive to ! tru?4 ,at sev5ty1 ,i c\ld foll[ ! prompt+s ( my he>t )\t ov]/epp+ ! mean4 ,tz ,kung 0 = do+ away ) ! cu/om>y sacrifice ( a %eep on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,ah1 ,tz#81 y grudge ! loss ( a %eep1 b ,i grudge ! loss ( a c]emony4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,9 any hamlet ( a doz5 h\ses y w surely f9d m5 z hone/ & consci5ti\s z myself1 ?\gh !y may n be s devot$ to e?ical /udy4 ,! ,ma/] hav+ gone to visit ,nan ,tz1#a ,tz ,lu 0 displeas$4 ,!reupon ,confucius swore a solemn oa?1 say+3 ,9 :atsoev] ,i h s9n$1 may ,i be abom9able 9 ! sight ( ,god6 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,my function is to indicate r ?an to orig9ate4 ,reg>d+ antiquity z ,i d ) tru/ & affection1 ,i w\ld v5ture to comp>e myself ) our anci5t patri>* ,p#8ng ,tsu4#b ,! unpret5ti\s hiv+ ( wisdom1 pati5t self-cultivation1 & untir+ in/ruction ( o!rs--to :i* ( ^! c ,i make any claim8 ,! failure to cultivate virtue1 ! failure to exam9e & analyse :at ,i h le>nt1 ! inability to move t[>ds righte\sness aft] be+ %[n ! way1 ! inability to correct my faults--^! are ! causes ( my grief4 ,alas6 :at a fall+-(f is "h6 ,long is x s9ce ,i dreamt ( ,*\ ,kung4#c ,!re is no "o1 f ! man :o br+s me dri$ meat z paym5t upw>ds1 to :om ,i h refus$ my in/ruction4 ,i d n exp\nd my tea*+ to any :o are n eag] to le>n2 ,i d n help out any "o :o is n anxi\s to expla9 himself2 if1 aft] be+ %[n "o corn] ( a subject1 a man _c g on to discov] ! o!r ?ree1 ,i d n repeat ! lesson4 ,if ! pursuit ( ri*es 7 a comm5dable pursuit1 ,i w\ld jo9 9 x1 ev5 if ,i _h to become a *>iot-driv] = ! purpose4 ,b see+ t x is n a comm5dable pursuit1 ,i engage 9 ^? :i* are m to my ta/e4#d ,! ,duke ( ,% que/ion$ ,tz ,lu ab\t ,confucius4 ,tz ,lu made no reply4 ,! ,ma/] said to him aft]w>ds3 ,:y did y n say3 ,he is a man ^: zeal = self-improvem5t is su* t he =gets to eat2 ^: happ9ess 9 ?is pursuit is s great t he =gets 8 tr\bles & does n p]ceive old age /eal+ ^u him8 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,9 me1 k is n innate4 ,i am b "o :o loves antiquity1 & is e>ne/ 9 ! /udy ( x4 ,if ,i am walk+ ) two o!r m51 ea* ( !m w s]ve z my tea*]4 ,i w pick out ! good po9ts ( ! "o & imitate !m1 & ! bad po9ts ( ! o!r & correct !m 9 myself4 ,my disciples1 d y ?9k t ,i h any secrets8 ,i h no secrets f y4 ,x is my way to d no?+ )\t communicat+ x to y1 my disciples4 ,!re are m51 ,i d>esay1 :o act rightly )\t kn[+ ! reason :y1 b ,i am n "o ( !m4 ,hav+ he>d mu*1 ,i sift out ! good & practise x2 hav+ se5 mu*1 ,i reta9 x 9 my memory4 ,?is is ! second ord] ( wisdom4#e ,9 lit]>y accompli%m5ts ,i am p]haps equal to o!r m52 b ,i h n yet succe$$ 9 exhibit+ ! conduct ( ! pr9cely man 9 my own p]son4 ,to div9e wisdom & p]fect virtue ,i c lay no claim4 ,all t c be said ( me is t ,i nev] falt] 9 ! c\rse :i* ,i pursue & am unwe>y+ 9 my in/ruction ( o!rs--?is & no?+ m4--,kung-hsi ,hua said3 ,b ^? are j ! qualities t we1 y\r disciples1 are unable to acquire4 ,! ,ma/] be+ griev\sly sick1 ,tz ,lu propos$ ! (f]+ up ( a pray]4--,is !re a prec$5t = ?is8 ask$ ! ,ma/]4--,tz ,lu repli$3 ,!re is4 ,9 ! ,eulogies#f x is writt53 ,we pray unto y1 ,o spirits ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,my pray]s began long ago4#g ,! ,ma/] 0 pass+ ?r\gh a by-/reet :5 a man ( ! di/rict %\t$3 ,great is ,confucius ! philosoph]6 ,yet = all 8 wide le>n+1 he has no?+ :i* c br+ him fame4--,on he>+ ?is1 ! ,ma/] turn$ to 8 disciples & said3 ,:at %all ,i take up8 ,%all ,i take up *>iote]+ or %all ,i take up ar*]y8 ,i w take up *>iote]+6 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,! anci5t rites prescribe l95 z ! mat]ial = a c]emonial cap1 b n[adays silk is us$ z be+ m economical4 ,9 ?is matt] ,i fall 9 ) ! g5]al cu/om4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t rites1 ! ,pr9ce is to be salut$ f bel[ ! dais1 b n[adays ! salutation takes place above4 ,?is is presumptu\s1 & !re=e1 ?\gh infr++ !reby ! g5]al cu/om1 ,i adopt ! humbl] position4#h ,a high (fic] ask$ ,tz ,kung1 say+3 ,surely y\r ,ma/] is a div9e ,prophet8 ,:at a v>iety ( accompli%m5ts he seems to possess6--,tz ,kung repli$3 ,truly he mu/ be a ,prophet1 s ri*ly has he be5 end[$ by ,god4 ,& he has also p]fect$ himself 9 v>i\s arts4--,! ,ma/]1 be+ told ( ?is1 said3 ,does ,8 ,excell5cy really "k me n[ = :at ,i am8 ,be+ ( l[ condition z a boy1 ,i did become skill$ 9 v>i\s arts--b ^! are base accompli%m5ts aft] all4 ,if ask$ :e!r ! high] type ( man has _m su* accompli%m5ts1 ,i %\ld say1 ,n _m4#i ,! ,ma/] said3 ,am ,i possess$ ( true k8 ,n s4 ,b if an ignorant fell[ f ! l[] class comes to me ) a "q1 ,i w discuss ! subject f end to end1 & set x fully be=e him4 ,tz ,kung said to ,confucius3 ,if y _h a lovely jewel1 w\ld y hide x away 9 a casket1 or w\ld y try to sell x = a good price8-- ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,oh1 c]ta9ly ,i w\ld sell x1 b ,i w\ld wait until a price 0 (f]$4#aj ,! ,ma/] said3 ,out ( doors1 to t5d] fai?ful s]vice to pr9ce & m9i/]s2 at home1 to be dute\s t[>ds fa!r & eld] bro!rs2 to obs]ve ! rites ( m\rn+ ) ! utmo/ c>e2 to avoid be+ ov]come ) w9e3--:i* ( ^! virtues h ,i8 ,9 matt]s p]ta9+ to c]emonies & music1 ! anci5ts 7 m or less uncivilis$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ref9em5t ( a lat] age4 ,nev]!less1 9 practice ,i take ! e>li] p]iod z my guide4#aa ,z an arbit] 9 litigation ,i am no bett] ?an o!r m54 ,b surely ! gr& object to a*ieve is t !re %all be no litigation at all4#ab ,wei-%5g ,m\1#ac address+ ,confucius1 said3 ,*#8iu1 :y is x y keep hopp+ ab\t ?us f place to place8 ,is x n 9 ord] to %[ (f y\r f9e rhetoric8--,confucius repli$3 ,i d n all[ myself to indulge 9 f9e rhetoric2 no1 x is because ,i consid] ob/9acy a fault4#ad ,! ,ma/] said3 ,!re are none :o "k me = :at ,i am4--,tz ,kung said3 ,h[ is x1 ,sir1 t none "k y8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,i make no compla9t aga9/ ,heav51 nei!r d ,i blame my fell[-m54 ,9 ! /udy ( virtue ,i beg9 at ! bottom & t5d upw>ds4#ae ,surely ,heav5 kn[s me = :at ,i am4 ,tz#81 d y look ^u me z a man :o has /udi$ & reta9$ a mass ( v>i\s k8--,i d1 he repli$4 ,am ,i wrong8--,y are wrong1 said ! ,ma/]4 ,all my k is /rung on "o connect+ ?read4#af ,i us$ to sp5d :ole days )\t food & :ole nights )\t sleep1 9 ord] to m$itate4 ,b ,i made no progress4 ,/udy1 ,i f\nd1 0 bett]4 ,pi ,hsi#ag s5t an invitation to ,confucius1 & ! ,ma/] wi%$ to g4 ,tz ,lu1 h[ev]1 said3 ,once ^u a "t1 ,sir1 ,i he>d y say t ! nobl] sort ( man w\ld n ent] into intimacy ) "o :o laid himself out to d wrong4 ,n[ ,pi ,hsi has rais$ ! /&>d ( rebellion 9 ,*ung-m\4 ,h[ c y ?9k ( go+ ?i!r8--,true1 repli$ ! ,ma/]4 ,^? 7 my words4 ,b is !re n a say+3 ,! h>d may be rubb$ )\t los+ its sub/ance2 ! :ite may be /eep$ )\t los+ its purity8 ,am ,i !n a bitt] g\rd--fit only to be hung up & n eat58 #a ,! wife ( ! ,duke ( ,wei1 notori\s = h] intrigues1 & ev5 accus$ ( ince/4 ,ne$less to say1 ,*9ese comm5tators are at great pa9s to expla9 away ?is incid5t 9 ! life ( ! sage4 #b ,a gr&son ( ! leg5d>y ,emp]or ,*uan ,hs4 ,he is said to h be5 ov] #hjj ye>s old :5 he disappe>$ into ! we/ 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! la/ words 9 ! text are tak5 by "s to mean our patri>*s ,lao ,tz & ,p#8ng ,tsu--,lao ,tz be+ ! f\nd] ( ,taoism1 :o is also1 by ! way1 alleg$ to h disappe>$ at an advanc$ age into ! we/4 #c ,"o ( ! mo/ rev]$ names 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,! y\ng] bro!r ( ,wu ,wang1 he help$ mat]ially by 8 wise c\nsels to e/abli% ! dyna/y ( ,*\4 ,he drew up a legal code1 purifi$ ! morals ( ! p1 & devot$ himself :olly to ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,confucius 9 ! re=m+ zeal ( 8 y\ng] days _h an ard5t desire to see ! pr9ciples & in/itutions ( ,*\ ,kung br\ght into g5]al practice4 #d ,legge & o!rs 7includ+ ev5 ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+7 make ! s5se out to be3 ,if !re 7 any prospect ( my be+ successful 9 ! se>* = ri*es1 ,i w\ld n hesitate to pursue !m by any means 9 my p[]4 ,?us translat$1 ! ,ma/]'s say+ is grotesquely at v>iance ) ! :ole tr5d ( 8 conduct & ! ess5tial _s ( 8 tea*+4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 too1 !re is no?+ 9 ! ,*9ese itself1 s f> z ,i c see1 to ju/ify su* a />tl+ int]pretation4 #e ,t is to say1 ! wise/ m5 are ^? :o act intuitively1 )\t hav+ to f9d _! way by any consci\s m5tal process4 ,confucius disclaims any su* intuitive p]ception ( "r & wrong 9 8 own case1 & confesses t he is oblig$ to rely l>gely on objective exp]i5ce1 z act$ ^u by ! critical & receptive p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,! say+ has a di/9ctly ,taoi/ flav\r4 #f ,x is n kn[n exactly :at ^! 7--a collection ( pray]s1 a book ( rituals = ! dead1 or panegyrics on ! dep>t$4 #g ,confucius speaks ( pray] 9 ! s5se made famili> to u by ,col]idge's l9e3 ,he praye? be/ :o love? be/4 ,9 ?is high] s5se 8 :ole life _h be5 "o long pray]1 & he refuses any m$iation betwe5 himself & ,god4 ,c\ld antagonism to ! rituali/ic _s be c>ri$ mu* f>!r ?an ?is8 #h ,?is say+ well illu/rates ! ,ma/]'s attitude 9 reg>d to c]emonies4 ,he 0 no /ickl] = m]e outw>d con=mity to rule1 s long z ! inn] mean+ ( ! c]emony 0 n affect$4 ,n[ ! salutation ( ! ,pr9ce 0 simply int5d$ to be a way ( express+ he>t-felt loyalty & respect1 & x 0 only because ! new position seem$ less respectful t ,confucius oppos$ ! *ange4 #i ,see note on p4 #dd4 #aj ,"q & answ] are ( c\rse p>abolical4 ,! en?usia/ic "y disciple ?9ks t 8 ,ma/]1 9 tak+ no /eps to obta9 (ficial employm5t1 is guilty ( hid+ 8 jewel 9 a casket1 or1 z we %\ld say1 8 light "u a bu%el4 ,confucius1 h[ev]1 _h a great s5se ( ! responsibility ( (fice1 & 0 lo? to ?ru/ himself =w>d un9vit$4 ,8 *ance came at la/ aft] fifte5 ye>s ( wait+1 :5 ,duke ,t+ appo9t$ him gov]nor ( ! t[n ( ,*ung-tu4 #aa ,ano!r pro(1 if "o 7 ne$$1 t ,confucius' in/9cts 7 all = simplicity & n elaboration 9 c]emonies4 #ab ,said by ,confucius :5 he 0 ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice 9 ,lu4 #ac ,evid5tly an old] man1 f 8 use ( ! p]sonal "n1 n to speak ( 8 disrespectful tone4 #ad ,confucius1 l o!r great m51 0 n exempt f ! usual fate ( see+ 8 actions d]id$ & 8 motives misund]/ood4 ,"h we h a gibe ?r[n at 8 w&]+ f /ate to /ate1 = ! purpose1 x is ins9uat$1 ( mak+ a liv+ by 8 wits4 ,! answ] is1 t to h rema9$ 9 ,lu or any o!r /ate :]e he 0 pla9ly n want$1 w\ld h be5 m]ely /upid p]si/5cy4 #ae ,?is acc\nts = m5 tak+ no notice ( him4 ,mo/ s-call$ sages />t ) gr&iose ideals & high-fl[n utt]ances1 9 ord] to attract att5tion4 #af ,?is is rightly consid]$ to be "o ( ! moat important ( ! ,ma/] s say+s1 because x gives ! clue to 8 :ole philosophy & view ( life4 ,! connect+ ?read1 z we le>n f ano!r passage 7see p4 #aah71 is simply ! moral life1 :i* consi/s 9 be+ true to oneself & good to "o's neighb\r4 ,confucius wi%$ to impress ^u 8 disciple t he 0 no m]e amass] ( k nor lov] ( le>n+ = le>n+'s sake4 ,! "o ?+ necess>y1 9 8 eyes1 0 to be able to lead1 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a moral life1 & ?is 0 ! real object ( all le>n+1 ! end & aim ( all k4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,analects1 z we h already se51 ! usual ^w = le>n+ always means or implies ! /udy ( virtue1 ! /riv+ aft] self-improvem5t4 ,l ,socrates1 ,confucius 0 purely a moral philosoph]1 & w\ld c]ta9ly h reject$ ! %>p di/9ction we draw n[adays betwe5 m5tal & moral sci5ce4 #ag ,a rebelli\s (ficial 9 ! ,*9 ,/ate4 ,on m ?an "o occasion 9 8 c>e]1 ,confucius made x pla9 t he decl9$ to be b\nd by n>r[ conv5tion or hamp]$ by ! fe> ( :at p might say ( him4 ,to keep cle> ( bad associates 0 no d\bt an excell5t pr9ciple1 b ,confucius may h se5 "s ju/ification = ,pi ,hsi's c\rse ( action1 & 9 any case he 0 no long] ( an age to be easily corrupt$ by evil communications4 ,kn[+ t rules 7 nev] meant to be s rigid z to admit ( no exceptions1 he felt x 8 prim>y duty to g :]e he c\ld d good4 ,cf4 ! visit to ,nan ,tz 7p4 #hc71 ! m]e idea ( :i* w\ld h horrifi$ an ord9>y tea*] ( morality4 ,,miscellane\s ,,say+s ,! ,ma/] said3 ,to le>n1 & to practise on occasion :at "o has le>nt--is ?is n true pleasure8 ,! com+ ( a fri5d f a f>-(f l&--is ?is n true joy8 ,make consci5ti\sness & s9c]ity y\r gr& object4 ,h no fri5ds n equal to y\rself4 ,if y h done wrong1 be n a%am$ to make am5ds4 ,obs]ve ! b5t ( a man's w :5 8 fa!r is alive1 & 8 actions aft] 8 fa!r is dead4 ,if dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( m\rn+ he does n sw]ve f 8 fa!r's pr9ciples1 he may be pron\nc$ a truly filial son4 ,! ,odes#a are ?ree hundr$ 9 numb]1 b _! purport may be summ$ up 9 a ^w3--,h no deprav$ ?\ghts4 ,obs]ve a man's actions2 scrut9ise 8 motives2 take note ( ! ?+s t give him pleasure4 ,h[ !n c he hide f y :at he really is8 ,acquire new k :il/ ?9k+ ov] ! old1 & y may become a tea*] ( o!rs4 ,! high] type ( man is n l a vessel :i* is design$ = "s ,special use4#b ,/udy )\t ?\ght is va92 ?\ght )\t /udy is p]il\s4 ,absorption 9 ! /udy ( ! sup]natural is mo/ h>mful4 ,yu1 %all ,i tell y :at true k is8 ,:5 y "k1 to "k t y "k1 & :5 y d n "k1 to "k t y d n "k--t is true k4 ,tz ,*ang 0 /udy+ ) a view to (ficial pref]m5t4 ,! ,ma/] said to him3 ,among ! v>i\s ?+s y he> said1 res]ve y\r judgm5t on ^? :i* seem d\btful1 & give cauti\s utt]ance to ! re/3 !n y w seldom fall into error4 ,among ! v>i\s ?+s y see done1 set aside ^? :i* seem dang]\s1 & cauti\sly put ! o!rs into practice3 !n y w seldom h occasion = rep5tance4 ,if y seldom err 9 y\r spee*1 & seldom h to rep5t ( y\r actions1 (ficial pref]m5t w come ( itself4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i d n see h[ a man )\t s9c]ity c be good = any?+4 ,h[ c a c>t or c>riage be made to g )\t yoke or cross-b>8 ,to sacrifice to a _s ) :i* y h no?+ to d1 is m]e s]vility4 ,to %irk y\r duty :5 y see x be=e y1 %[s want ( moral c\rage4 ,"s "o inquir$ z to ! mean+ ( ! ,great ,sacrifice4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i d n "k4 ,he :o knew its mean+ w\ld f9d x z easy to gov]n ! ,empire z to look ^u ?is 7po9t+ to 8 palm74#c ,wang-sun ,*ia#d ask$1 say+3 ,:at means ! adage1 ,bett] be civil to ! kit*5-god ?an to ! god ( ! inn] sanctum8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,! adage is false4 ,he :o s9s aga9/ ,heav5 c rely on ! int]cession ( none4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,he :o s]ves 8 pr9ce ) all ! prop] c]emony w be acc\nt$ by m5 a flatt]]4 ,x is bootless to discuss accompli%$ facts1 to prote/ aga9/ ?+s pa/ rem$y1 to f9d fault ) ?+s bygone4 ,h[ am ,i to reg>d "o :o has rank )\t lib]ality1 :o p]=ms c]emonies )\t rev]5ce1 :o approa*es ! rites ( m\rn+ )\t sorr[8 ,m5's faults are *>act]i/ic4#e ,x is by obs]v+ a man's faults t "o may come to "k 8 virtues4 ,hav+ he>d ! ,true ,way 9 ! morn+ :at matt]s x if "o %\ld come to die at night8 ,! s*ol> :o is b5t on /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( virtue1 yet is a%am$ ( bad clo!s & co>se food1 is n yet fit to receive in/ruction4 ,in/ead ( be+ conc]n$ t y h no (fice1 be conc]n$ to ?9k h[ y may fit y\rself = (fice4 ,in/ead ( be+ conc]n$ t y are n kn[n1 seek to be wor?y ( be+ kn[n4 ,:5 y see a good man1 ?9k ( emulat+ him2 :5 y see a bad man1 exam9e y\r own he>t4 ,! anci5ts hesitat$ to give _! ?\ghts utt]ance3 !y 7 afraid t _! actions might n be equal to _! words4 ,few are ^? :o err on ! side ( self-re/ra9t4#f ,virtue _c live 9 solitude3 neighb\rs are sure to gr[ up ar\nd x4#g ,*i ,wn ,tz#h us$ to reflect ?rice be=e he act$4 ,:5 told ( ?is1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,twice w\ld d4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,alas6 ,i h nev] met a man :o c\ld see 8 own faults & arraign himself at ! b> ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,tz ,hua hav+ be5 s5t on a mission to ! ,*#8i ,/ate1 ,jan ,*#8iu begg$ = a gift ( gra9 = 8 "m4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,give h] a peck4--,! disciple ask+ = m1 he said3 ,give h] !n a bu%el4--,b ,jan ,*#8iu ev5tually gave h] z mu* z five hundr$weight ( gra94 ,!n ! ,ma/] rebuk$ him1 say+3 ,:5 ,*#8ih w5t to ! ,*#8i ,/ate1 he 0 convey$ by a team ( sleek horses & 0 we>+ co/ly fur g>m5ts4 ,n[ ,i h he>d t ! pr9cely man succ\rs ! di/ress$1 b w n add to ! opul5ce ( ! weal?y4 ,yan ,ss1 hav+ be5 made gov]nor ( a di/rict1 0 pres5t$ ) n9e hundr$ measures ( gra94#i ,he decl9$ !m4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,d n decl9e !m4 ,may !y n be di/ribut$ among ! villages & t[n%ips ( y\r neighb\rhood8 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,:o c g out ( a h\se except by ! door8 ,9 life1 :y n pass likewise ?r\gh ! door ( virtue8#aj ,y may speak ( high] subjects to ^? :o rise above ! av]age level ( mank9d1 b n to ^? :o fall bel[ x4 ,) co>se food to eat1 wat] to dr9k1 & ! b5d$ arm z a pill[1 happ9ess may /ill exi/4 ,weal? & rank unrighte\sly obta9$ seem to me z insub/antial z float+ cl\ds4 ,! inhabitants ( ,hu-hsiang 7 unconv]sable p1 & :5 a "y man f ^? p>ts came to see ,confucius1 ! disciples hesitat$ to let him 94 ,b ! ,ma/] said3 ,:5 a man comes to me1 ,i accept him at 8 be/1 n at 8 wor/4 ,:y make s mu* ado8 ,:5 a man wa%es 8 h&s be=e pay+ a visit1 & y receive him 9 t clean /ate1 y d n !reby /& surety = 8 always hav+ be5 clean 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,is virtue !n s remote8 ,i h only to %[ a desire = virtue1 & lo6 x is "h4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,prodigality begets arrogance1#aa p>simony begets nigg>dl9ess4 ,b x is bett] to be nigg>dly ?an arrogant4 ,)\t due self-re/ra9t1#ab c\rtesy becomes oppressive1 prud5ce deg5]ates into timidity1 val\r into viol5ce1 & c&\r into rud5ess4 ,love ( d>+ & dread ( pov]ty lead to s$ition4 ,! man )\t natural virtue1 if pursu$ by ! hatr$ ( society1 w become a desp]ado4 ,if a man is pr\d & av>ici\s1 ?\gh 8 o!r qualities may embrace all t 0 f9e 9 ! "* ( ,*\ ,kung1 !y are n wor? tak+ into acc\nt4 ,x is n easy to f9d a man :o aft] ?ree ye>s ( self-cultivation#ac has n rea*$ happ9ess4 ,he :o is out ( (fice %\ld n m$dle 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,hot-head$ness )\t hone/y2 ignorance )\t +5u\sness2 simplicity )\t s9c]ity3--su* *>act]s ,i d n und]/&4#ad ,pursue ! /udy ( virtue z ?\gh y c\ld nev] rea* y\r goal1 & 7 afraid ( los+ ! gr\nd already ga9$4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,i h n met "o ^: love ( virtue 0 equal to 8 love ( s5sual beauty4 ,?\gh 9 mak+ a m\nd ,i %\ld /op :5 b "o m basketful ( e>? w\ld complete x1 ! fact rema9s t ,i h /opp$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 9 levell+ x to ! gr\nd ,i advance my "w by b "o basketful at a "t1 ! fact rema9s t ,i am advanc+4#ae ,alas6 !re are spr\t+ crops :i* nev] come into e>4 ,!re are o!rs :i*1 hav+ come into e>1 nev] rip5 into gra94 ,we ought to h a :olesome respect = our juniors4 ,:o kn[s b t by-&-by !y may prove !mselves equal to ! m5 ( to-day8 ,x is only :5 !y rea* ! age ( =ty or fifty )\t di/+ui%+ !mselves t we ne$ no long] be afraid ( !m4 ,words ( j admonition _c fail to comm& a ready ass5t4 ,b practical re=mation is ! ?+ t really matt]s4 ,words ( k9dly advice _c fail to please ! li/5]4 ,b subsequ5t m$itation on !m is ! ?+ t really matt]s4 ,i c make no?+ ( ! man :o is pleas$ ) advice b w n m$itate on x1 :o ass5ts to admonition b does n re=m4 ,a great army may be robb$ ( its lead]1 b no?+ c rob "o poor man ( 8 w4 ,x is only :5 ! cold season comes t we "k ! p9e & cypress to be ev]gre5s4#af ,let a pupil jo9 ) y 9 self-cultivation be=e y let him approa* ! g5]al tru?s ( philosophy1 b let him approa* ^! g5]al tru?s be=e he is all[$ to =m 8 "* = good4 ,he %\ld h =m$ 8 "* = good be=e he is all[$ to make exceptions to a g5]al rule4 ,:5 ,y5 ,yan di$1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,alas6 ,god has =sak5 me1 ,god has =sak5 me6 ,on ! dea? ( ,y5 ,yan1 ! disciples want$ to give him a sumptu\s fun]al1 b ! ,ma/] said1 ,bett] n4#ag ,nev]!less1 ! disciples did give him a sumptu\s fun]al1 :]eupon ! ,ma/] said3 ,hui look$ ^u me z 8 fa!r1 yet ,i h n be5 able to treat him z my son4 ,! fault is n 9 me1 b 9 y1 my disciples4 ,*i ,lu inquir$ conc]n+ m5's duty to spirits4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,be=e we are able to d our duty by ! liv+1 h[ c we d x by ! spirits ( ! dead8--,*i ,lu w5t on to inquire ab\t dea?4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,be=e we "k :at life is1 h[ c we "k :at dea? is8 ,tz ,*ang ask$ a "q ab\t cle>ness ( m5tal vision4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,he ^: m9d is pro( aga9/ ! sl[-soak+ poison ( sl&] & ! %>p /+s ( calumny1 may be call$ cle>-sight$1 & f>-see+ z well4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,a man may "k ! ?ree hundr$ odes by he>t1 b if he proves himself incapable :5 giv5 a po/ 9 ! gov]nm5t1 or _c make a spee* unaid$ :5 s5t on a =eign mission1 ( :at use to him is all 8 le>n+8 ,tz ,kung ask$1 say+3 ,:at may be said ( a man :o is belov$ by all 8 fell[-t[nsm58--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,t is n en\gh to g ^u4--,:at ( "o :o is hat$ by all 8 fell[-t[nsm58--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,nei!r is t en\gh to g ^u4 ,x w\ld be o!rwise if1 among 8 fell[-t[nsm51 ! good lov$ him & ! wick$ hat$ him4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,a good man mu/ h tra9$ ! p = sev5 ye>s be=e !y are fit to g to w>4 ,to take an untra9$ multitude into battle is equival5t to ?r[+ !m away4 ,9 a well-gov]n$ c\ntry1 speak boldly & act boldly4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e lawlessness prevails1 let y\r actions be bold b y\r spee* tactful4 ,x is h>d] to be poor )\t murmur+1 ?an to be ri* )\t arrogance4 ,! m5 ( old5 times :o /udi$ virtue _h only _! own improvem5t 9 view2 ^? :o /udy x n[ h an eye to ! applause ( o!rs4 ,refusal to in/ruct "o :o is compet5t to le>n entails ! wa/e ( a man4 ,in/ruction ( "o :o is incompet5t to le>n entails wa/e ( words4 ,! wise man is he :o wa/es nei!r m5 nor words4 ,^? ^: c>e ext5ds n f> ahead w f9d _! tr\bles ne> at h&4 ,he :o requires mu* f himself & little f o!rs w be secure f hatr$4 ,if a man is n 9 ! habit ( ask+1 ,:at d y make ( ?is8 :at d y make ( t8 ,i c make no?+ ( him4 ,hopeless inde$ is ! case ( ^? :o c h]d toge!r all day long )\t once lett+ _! conv]sation rea* a high] plane1#ah b are cont5t to b&y sm>t & %all[ wit4 ,:5 a man is g5]ally dete/$1 or :5 he is g5]ally belov$1 clos] exam9ation is necess>y4#ai ,x is ! man t is able to develop 8 virtue1 n virtue t develops ! man4#bj ,! real fault is to h faults & n try to am5d !m4 ,:]e !re is education1 !re is no di/9ction ( class4 ,m5 :o diff] 9 _! pr9ciples _c help ea* o!r 9 _! plans4 ,if language is lucid1 t is en\gh4 ,!re are ?ree errors to be avoid$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a great man4 ,! fir/ is precipitancy--speak+ be=e x is y\r turn to speak2 ! second is ba%fulness--n speak+ :5 y\r turn comes2 & ! ?ird is he$lessness--speak+ )\t obs]v+ ! c\nt5ance ( ! li/5]4 ,!re are ?ree impulses aga9/ :i* ! nobl] sort ( man is on 8 gu>d4 ,9 ! p]iod ( y\?1 :5 ! heyday 9 ! blood has n yet subsid$1 he gu>ds aga9/ lu/fulness2 9 ! prime ( life1 :5 ! physical frame is vigor\s & /rong1 he gu>ds aga9/ pugnacity2 9 old age1 :5 ! vital =ces are 9 _! decl9e1 he gu>ds aga9/ ! gre$ ( ga94#ba ,! highe/ class ( m5 are !y ^: k is innate2 next to ^! are !y ^: k is acquir$ by /udy#bb2 aft] !m come ^? :o are dull-witt$1 yet /rive to le>n2 :ile ^? :o are dull-witt$ & w make no ef=t to le>n are ! l[e/ ( ! p4 ,:5 y see ! good1 act z ?\gh y c\ld nev] q come up ) x2 :5 y are br\ght face to face ) evil1 act z ?\gh y 7 try+ ! heat ( boil+ wat]3--,i h he>d "s su* say+ z ?is1 & ,i h se5 m5 live up to x4 ,dwell 9 retirem5t1 9 ord] to "w out y\r aims2 practise righte\sness1 9 ord] to appreh5d ! ,tru?3--su* a say+ ,i h he>d1 b ,i h nev] se5 a man live up to x4#bc ,m5's natures are alike2 x is _! habits t c>ry !m f> ap>t4 ,only two classes ( m5 nev] *ange3 ! wise/ ( ! wise & ! dulle/ ( ! dull4 ,speak+ to ,tz ,lu1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,h y ev] he>d1 ,yu1 ( ! six %ad[s :i* att5d six sev]al virtues8--,no1 he repli$4--,sit d[n1 !n1 & ,i w tell y4 ,love ( goodness )\t ! w to le>n#bd ca/s ! %ad[ call$ fooli%ness4 ,love ( k )\t ! w to le>n ca/s ! %ad[ call$ in/ability4 ,love ( tru? )\t ! w to le>n ca/s ! %ad[ call$ ins5sibility4 ,love ( c&\r )\t ! w to le>n ca/s ! %ad[ call$ rud5ess4 ,love ( d>+ )\t ! w to le>n ca/s ! %ad[ call$ turbul5ce4 ,love ( firmness )\t ! w to le>n ca/s ! %ad[ call$ ecc5tricity4 ,c]emonies1 =soo?6 ,c c]emonies be r$uc$ to a m]e matt] ( silk5 robes & jade ornam5ts8 ,music1 =soo?6 ,c music be r$uc$ to a m]e matt] ( bells & drums8#be ,m5 :o are grave & /]n 9 appe>ance1 b inw>dly weak & unpr9cipl$--are !y n comp>able to ! l[e/ class ( humanity--sneak+ ?ieves t break into h\ses by night8 ,y\r goody-goody p are ! ?ieves ( virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld d )\t speak+6--,tz ,kung said3 ,if our ,ma/] nev] spoke1 h[ c\ld we1 8 disciples1 transmit 8 doctr9es8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,does ,god speak8 ,! f\r seasons hold on _! c\rse1 & all ?+s cont9ue to live & gr[4 ,yet1 tell me1 does ,god speak8 ,girls & s]vants are ! mo/ difficult p to h&le4 ,if y treat !m famili>ly1 !y become disrespectful2 if y keep !m at a di/ance1 !y res5t x4 #a ,! r inappropriate "n giv5 by =eign]s to ! songs or ballads conta9$ 9 ! ,%ih ,*+ or ,book ( ,poetry 7see note on p4 #gh74 ,confucius is said to h select$ ^! ?ree hundr$ odd pieces f a mu* l>g] pre-exi/+ mass ( mat]ial1 b 8 language "h h>dly /rikes u z t likely to be us$ by a man speak+ ( 8 own compilation4 #b ,t is to say1 he is n limit$ 9 8 functions l a vessel or implem5t1 n born or a man ( "o idea4 ,cf4 note on p4 #ga4 #c ,e c]emonial rite be+ symbolical ( "s portion ( ! _w's h>mony1 & ! ,great ,sacrifice be+ ! head & f\nt z x 7 ( all ! re/1 x foll[s t ! man :o c\ld p5etrate its pr(\nd symbolism w\ld h ! :ole sy/em ( morals & gov]nm5t unroll$ be=e 8 eyes4 #d ,prime ,m9i/] ( ! ,wei ,/ate1 :o suspect$ ,confucius ( com+ to seek (fice1 & took ?is means ( h9t+ t ! real p[] lay ) himself & n ) ! ,duke4 #e ,aft] "s hesitation1 ,i h adopt$ ?is clev] r5d]+ ( ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+1 z be+ ! only "o t fits well ) ! next s5t5ce4 #f ,a few o!r r5d]+s ( ?is s5t5ce w illu/rate at once ! ela/icity ( ! ,*9ese language1 & ! difficulty ( mak+ x fl[ into ,european m\lds4--,,legge3 ,! cauti\s seldom err4 ,,wade3 ,x seldom happ5s t a man errs ?r\gh excess ( mod]ation4 ,,j5n+s3 ,^? :o keep )9 re/ra9ts are seldom los]s4 ,,ku ,,hung-,,m+3 ,he :o wants little seldom goes wrong4 #g ,i4e4 virtue begets virtue4 #h ,a memb] ( ! great ,*i family1 :o held (fice 9 ,lu4 #i ,! prop] all[ance = an (fic] 9 8 /ation4 #aj ,z be+1 9 ! end1 ! moat natural & lea/ tr\blesome r\te to take4 #aa ,x is impossible to f9d an exact equival5t = ?is negative expression non-yield+ness1 non-humility4 ,b ! dom9ant idea is "o ( selfi%ness1 & !re=e su* r5d]+s z insubord9ation 7,legge71 fr[>dnes 7,wade71 excess 7,ku ,hung-m+71 are r wide (f ! m>k4 #ab ,= note on li1 see p4 #fj4 ,"h aga9 x is ! inn] s5se ( moral proportion & h>mony1 :i* prev5ts any quality f be+ c>ri$ to excess4 ,n a translator b has come to grief ov] ?is ^w1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,ku is n s f> (f ) judgm5t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 makes ( x an intellectual pr9ciple r ?an :at x realty is--a moral s5se4 #ac ,lit]ally1 le>n+4 ,see notes on pp4 #ec & #ia4 #ad ,! comm5tators seem "r 9 _! explanation1 t a man's defects are usually r$eem$ by c]ta9 correspond+ qualities2 :5 ev5 ^! are abs5t1 ! case is hopeless4 #ae ,?is is ! be/ ,i c make ( a vex$ passage4 ,legge's translation is poor1 b he is "r ) reg>d to ! lesson int5d$--t repeat$ acquisitions individually small w ultimately am\nt to mu*1 & t ! le>n] is nev] to give ov]4 #af ,m5 are kn[n 9 "t ( adv]sity4 #ag ,because ! family 0 v poor & c\ld ill af=d to be> ! exp5se4 ,x is n ! lea/ ( ?is great man's titles to fame t he resolutely oppos$ ! tide ( popul> s5tim5t 9 ?is matt]1 & c\ld see ! iniquity ( sacrific+ ! liv+ to ! dead1 ev5 :5 ! fun]al ( 8 de>ly belov$ disciple 0 9 "q4 ,! moral c\rage ( su* an attitude 9 a c\ntry l ,*9a1 :]e religion is l>gely connect$ ) ! propitiation ( spirits1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 #ah ,lit]ally1 rea* righte\sness4 #ai ,be=e subscrib+ to ! popul> judgm5t4 ,cf4 say+ on p4 #ajc4 #bj ,i4e4 m]e passivity1 z advocat$ by ! ,taoi/s1 w n d4 #ba ,^! num]ical categories are h>dly m ?an a conv5tional =m into :i* ! ,*9ese are fond ( ?r[+ e?ical & o!r tea*+4 ,ne$less to say1 !y are n to be consid]$ z exhau/ive4 #bb ,confucius1 z we h se5 7p4 #hf71 puts himself 9 ?is second class4 #bc ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ! set purpose ( /udy+ virtue 9 a sy/ematic way1 & n m]ely do+ "r :5 occasion (f]s4 #bd ,! w to le>n is a necess>ily vague r5d]+ ( ! equally vague orig9al4 ,x means "h a desire = moral culture1 :i* is no?+ else ?an ! developm5t ( t inn] s5se ( h>mony & proportion 7li7 ref]r$ to on p4 #ii4 ,good in/9cts1 accord+ to ,confucius1 are n en\gh to produce virtues1 unless !y are supplem5t$ by c>eful cultivation ( ?is moral s5se4 #be ,a magnific5t array ( ve/m5ts & *alices w no m con/itute a true c]emony ?an a numb] ( musical in/rum5ts alone1 )\t ! bra9 ( a compos]1 c produce music4 ,! :ole value ( a c]emony is det]m9$ by ! /ate ( m9d ( ! p]son :o p]=ms x4 ,,p]sonalia ,9 8 mom5ts ( leisure1 ! ,ma/]'s mann] 0 uni=mly *e]ful & smil+4 ,if ! ,ma/] happ5$ to be d9+ beside "o :o 0 9 m\rn+ = 8 p>5ts1 he nev] ate a full meal4 ,he nev] sang on any day 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he _h be5 bewail+ a dea?4 ,! ,ma/] w\ld nev] talk ab\t prodigies1 feats ( /r5g?1 crime1 or sup]natural be+s4#a ,! ,ma/] made f\r ?+s ! subject ( 8 tea*+3 a k ( lit]ature & ! arts1 conduct1 consci5ti\sness & tru?fulness4#b ,! ,ma/] fi%$ ) a l9e b n ) a net4 ,:5 he w5t out ) b[ & arr[1 he only %ot at birds on ! w+4 ,if ! ,ma/] happ5$ to be ) s+]s1 & !y sang a piece well1 he w\ld get !m to repeat x1 :5 he w\ld also jo9 9 ! song himself4 ,! ,ma/] 0 affable1 yet grave2 /]n1 b n fi]ce2 att5tive 9 8 behavi\r1 & yet calm4 ,! ,ma/] seldom spoke ( money-mak+1 ( ! laws ( ,provid5ce1 or ( moral virtue4#c ,!re 7 f\r words ( :i* ! ,ma/] b>r$ ! use3 he w\ld h no %all's1 no mu/'s1 no c]ta9ly's1 no ,i's4#d ,:5ev] ! ,ma/] saw a p]son 9 m\rn+1 or 9 (ficial robes1 or "o :o 0 bl9d1 he w\ld at once rise f 8 seat1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r 7 8 junior2 or if he pass$ !m 9 ! /reet1 he w\ld quick5 8 /ep4#e ,once :5 ! ,ma/] 0 ly+ s]i\sly ill1 ,tz ,lu got ! disciples to act ! "p ( ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate4#f ,9 an int]val ( 8 sickness1 ,confucius said3 ,:at a long "t ,yu has be5 keep+ up ?is impo/ure6 ,9 pret5d+ to h m9i/]s att5dant on me :5 ,i h none1 :om am ,i deceiv+8 ,am ,i deceiv+ ,god8 ,b ap>t f t1 is x n bett] t ,i %\ld brea! my la/ 9 ! arms ( my disciples1 ?an t ,i %\ld die 9 ! mid/ ( (ficials8 ,& aft] all1 ?\gh ,i may n be accord$ ! hon\r ( a public fun]al1 ,i am n dy+ out on ! high road4 ,! ,ma/] wi%$ to settle among ! n9e ea/]n tribes4 ,"s "o said3 ,h[ c y8 ,!y are savages4--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,if a high] type ( man dwelt 9 _! mid/1 h[ c\ld _! savage condition la/8 ,confucius 9 8 native village 0 simple & unassum+4 ,he gave ! impression ( be+ no great speak]4 ,9 ! ance/ral temple & at ,c\rt he spoke flu5tly1 b ) a c]ta9 res]ve4 ,at ,c\rt1 he spoke to ! m9i/]s ( l[] rank ) frankness & affability4 ,to ^? ( high] rank he spoke quietly1 b ) decision4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ,sov]eign1 he seem$ full ( awe1 b at ! same "t grave & collect$4 ,:5 employ$ by ! ,pr9ce 9 ! reception ( di/+ui%$ visitors1 8 expression w\ld *ange1 & 8 legs seem$ to b5d "u him4 ,/&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! visitors1 he salut$ !m ) clasp$ h&s1 turn+ ab\t f "r to left1 & keep+ ! skirt ( 8 robe prop]ly adju/$1 back & front4 ,he !n ha/5$ =w>d ) arms ext5d$ l ! w+s ( a bird4 ,:5 a visitor dep>t$1 he w\ld report 9 t s5se to ! ,pr9ce1 say+3 ,! visitor is n look+ back4#g ,:5 he ent]$ ! gate ( ! palace1 he seem$ to b5d 8 body z ?\gh ! gate 7 n l>ge en\gh to let him pass4 ,he did n /& 9 ! middle ( ! doorway1 nor 9 pass+ ?r\gh did he set foot on ! ?re%old4 ,:5 he pass$ ! ,pr9ce's ?rone1 8 expression seem$ to *ange1 8 legs seem$ to b5d "u him1 & words seem$ to fail him4 ,hold+ up 8 robe ) bo? h&s1 he asc5d$ ! dais1 8 body slightly b5t1 & hold+ 8 brea? z ?\gh he d>$ n brea!4 ,:5 he came out f 8 audi5ce & _h desc5d$ ! fir/ /ep1 8 c\nt5ance lo/ its anxi\s expression1 & he look$ s]5e & happy4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! bottom ( ! /eps1 he ha/5$ away ) 8 arms out/ret*$ l w+s2 b :5 he got back to 8 place1 he /ill seem$ full ( awe4 ,he c>ri$ ! ,pr9ce's regalia ) body slightly b5t1 z ?\gh he c\ld h>dly support its weight2 he rais$ x to ! height ( 8 head1 & l[]$ x aga9 to ! height ( 8 *e/4 ,8 c\nt5ance indicat$ n]v\sness1 & he dragg$ 8 feet z ?\gh some?+ held !m to ! gr\nd4 ,9 (f]+ pres5ts z an ambassador1 8 appe>ance 0 s$ate4 ,at a private audi5ce1 he wore a pleas$ look4 ,he w\ld n eat meat t 0 clumsily cut1 or s]v$ )\t its prop] sauce4 ,al?\gh !re might be an abundance ( meat1 he nev] let x exce$ 9 quantity ! vegetable food4 ,9 w9e alone he laid d[n = himself no p>ticul> limit1 b he nev] rea*$ ! /age ( intoxication4 ,he took g+] at e meal4 ,he did n eat mu*4 ,:5 eat+1 he did n conv]se2 :5 9 b$1 he did n speak4 ,ev5 ?\gh he _h no?+ b co>se rice & vegetable s\p1 he w\ld always rev]5tly (f] "s to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,he w\ld n sit on a mat#h t 0 plac$ awry4 ,on "o occasion1 ,*i ,k#8ang ,tz hav+ s5t him "s m$ic9e1 he b[$ z he receiv$ x1 say+3 ,n be+ famili> ) ?is drug1 ,i w\ld n v5ture to try x4 ,8 /ables hav+ be5 burnt d[n1 ! ,ma/] on 8 return f ! ,c\rt said3 ,has any "o be5 hurt8--,he did n ask ab\t ! horses4#i ,if ! ,pr9ce s5t him a pres5t ( cook$ meat1 he w\ld sit d[n to ta/e x on a prop]ly plac$ mat4 ,if ! ,pr9ce s5t him a pres5t ( raw meat1 he w\ld h x cook$ & (f] x 9 sacrifice4 ,if ! ,pr9ce s5t him a live animal1 he w\ld keep x alive4 ,:5 ! ,pr9ce summon$ him to 8 pres5ce1 he w\ld g on foot )\t wait+ = 8 c>riage4 ,if any ( 8 fri5ds di$ :o 0 )\t a home or relations1 he w\ld say3 ,i w see to ! fun]al4 ,9 b$1 he did n lie l a corpse4 ,9 8 home life1 8 mann] 0 n too =mal4 ,at ! sight ( a p]son 9 m\rn+1 ?\gh x might be an intimate acqua9tance1 he w\ld always look grave4 ,on meet+ an (ficial 9 uni=m1 or a bl9d man1 h[ev] ragg$1 he w\ld always %[ him "s m>k ( respect4 ,:5 a ri* banquet 0 set be=e him1 he w\ld %[ 8 appreciation 9 8 looks1 & rise to return ?anks4 ,he w\ld *ange c\nt5ance at a ?und]clap or a sudd5 squall ( w9d4 ,:5 9 8 c>riage1 he w\ld n look beh9d him1 talk rapidly1 or po9t ) 8 f+]4#aj ,duke ,l+ ( ,wei ask$ ,confucius ab\t ! disposition ( troops 9 w>f>e4 ,confucius answ]$3 ,i "k some?+ ab\t ! arts ( peace1#aa b ,i h nev] /udi$ ! art ( w>4 ,& on ! morr[ he dep>t$4 ,b :5 he came to ! ,/ate ( ,*#8n1 he 0 cut (f f supplies1#ab & 8 foll[]s 7 s enfeebl$ t !y c\ld h>dly /&4 ,tz ,lu indignantly s\ght ! ,ma/]'s pres5ce1 say+3 ,is x = ! pr9cely man to feel ! p9* ( privation8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,assur$ly privation may come 8 way1 b x is only ! bas] type ( man :o "u x gr[s demoralis$ & reckless4 ,mi51 a bl9d musician1#ac hav+ call$ on ,confucius1 ! ,ma/] said to him :5 he came to a flight ( /eps3 ,"h are ! /eps2 & :5 he came to ! mat :i* 0 spread = him3 ,"h is y\r mat4 ,:5 all ! visitors 7 seat$1 ! ,ma/] told him :o !y 71 say+3 ,s-&-s is sitt+ "h1 s-&-s is sitt+ !re4 ,aft] ,mi5 _h gone1 ,tz ,*ang ask$1 say+3 ,is x ! prop] ?+ to speak ?us to a musician8--,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,assur$ly x is "r to give ?is help to a bl9d man4 ,! p ( ,*#8i s5t a b& ( s++-girls z a pres5t to ! ,duke ( ,lu1 & ,*i ,huan ,tz accept$ ! gift4 ,= ?ree days aft] t no ,c\rt 0 held1 & ,confucius dep>t$4#ad #a ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is easy to imag9e h[ edifi$ he w\ld be by ! mod]n daily press1 :i* subsi/s almo/ entirely on ^! v topics4 #b ,i am unable to improve on ?is r5d]+1 :i* is borr[$ f ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+4 #c ,?is /atem5t--at lea/ z reg>ds moral virtue 7jn7-- seems hopelessly at v>iance ) ! evid5ce ( ! ,analects4 ,p]haps no m is meant ?an t he 0 unwill+ to dogmatise on su* a delicate subject4 ,on p4 #gb1 = in/ance1 he refuses to judge :e!r c]ta9 disciples h true moral virtue or n4 #d ,?is is ,mr4 ,j5n+s's int]pretation1 & x seems to me ! simple/ & be/4 #e ,?us %[+1 says a comm5tator1 8 sympa?y ) sorr[1 8 respect = rank1 8 t5d]ness = ! afflict$4 ,quick5+ 8 pace 0 also a m>k ( respect4 #f ,j z ?\gh ,confucius _h 8 own ,c\rt & ent\rage1 l a feudal pr9ce4 ,?is probably happ5$ dur+ 8 exile 9 "s =eign /ate1 :]e ! *ance ( 8 obta9+ a public fun]al w\ld d\btless be proportionate to ! display made by 8 foll[]s4 #g ,! ways ( ,*9a1 x appe>s1 7 mu* ! same anci5tly z n[4 ,a gue/ turns r\nd & b[s repeat$ly 9 leav+1 & ! ho/ _c return to 8 place till ^! salutations are end$4--,,legge4 #h ,! ,*9ese ( t date disp5s$ ) *airs1 z ! ,japanese h done up to ! pres5t "t4 #i ,! po9t is1 t 9 8 solicitude = o!rs ,confucius nev] ?\ght ( 8 own loss1 n t he 0 indiff]5t to ! suff]+ ( animals4 #aj ,"s ( ! m9ute details giv5 above _c b /rike u z r ridicul\s4 ,two po9ts1 h[ev]1 mu/ be borne 9 m9d3 7#a7 t ! cu/oms & c]emonial belong+ to any "o age or c\ntry w always at fir/ sight appe> /range & laughable to ! m5 ( any o!r age & c\ntry2 7#b7 t ,confucius himself _c be held responsible = ! excessive zeal :i* prompt$ admir+ disciples to portray 8 p]sonal habits ) su* emb>rass+ fidelity4 ,h[ _m philosoph]s w\ld come equally well ?r\gh su* an ordeal8 #aa ,lit]ally1 di% & platt] bus9ess1 i4e4 ?+s p]ta9+ to sacrificial wor%ip4 #ab ,by ord] ( ! ,duke4 #ac ,bl9d m5 & musicians 7 almo/ conv]tible t]ms 9 anci5t ,*9a3 t is to say1 all musicians 7 bl9d1 & ! majority ( bl9d m5 took to music = a pr(ession4 #ad ,! fam\s episode h]o briefly relat$ 0 ! turn+-po9t ( ! sage's c>e]4 ,?r\gh ! weakness ( 8 pr9ce & ! jeal\sy ( ! rival m9i/] ,*i ,huan ,tz1 he 0 sudd5ly dislodg$ f ! p9nacle ( 8 fame & condemn$ to ?irte5 ye>s ( homeless w&]+4 ,,confucius ,,z ,,se5 ,,by ,,o!rs ,tz ,*#89 ask$ ,tz ,kung1 say+3 ,:5ev] our ,ma/] comes to any new c\ntry1 he is sure to f9d out all ab\t its me?od ( gov]nm5t4 ,does he seek ?is in=mation himself1 or is x volunt>ily pr(f]$8--,tz ,kung repli$3 ,our ,ma/] ga9s 8 in=mation because he is s g5ial & good1 s full ( def]5ce1 mode/y & reg>d = o!rs4 ,9 seek+ in=mation1 h[ diff]5tly does he behave f ord9>y m56 ,! ,ma/] hav+ gone up into ! ,gr& ,temple1 ask$ que/ions ab\t ev]y?+4 ,"s "o rem>k$3 ,:o says t ! son ( ! citiz5 ( ,ts\ has any k ( c]emonial obs]vances8 ,he comes to ! ,temple & asks ab\t ev]y?+ he sees4--,he>+ ! rem>k1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,?is 9 itself is a c]emonial obs]vance4 ,! prefect ( ! fronti] 9 ! t[n ( ,i#a ask$ to be introduc$ to ,confucius1 say+3 ,i h nev] fail$ to obta9 an audi5ce ( any sage :o has visit$ ^! p>ts4--,he 0 !reupon introduc$ by ! ,ma/]'s foll[]s1 & on com+ out he said3 ,my sons1 :y grieve at y\r ,ma/]'s fall f p[]8 ,! ,empire has long be5 ly+ 9 evil ways1 b n[ ,god is go+ to make ,confucius 8 h]ald to r\se ! l&4#b ,! ,ma/] said3 ,%n1 a s+le pr9ciple runs ?r\gh all my tea*+4#c--,tsng ,tz answ]$1 ,yes4--,:5 ! ,ma/] _h gone out1 ! disciples ask$1 say+3 ,:at pr9ciple does he mean8--,tsng ,tz said3 ,our ,ma/]'s tea*+ simply am\nts to ?is3 loyalty to oneself & *>ity to "o's neighb\r4#d ,y5 ,yan heav$ a deep sigh & said3 ,! m ,i look at our ,ma/]'s tea*+1 ! high] x seems4 ,! m ,i te/ x1 ! m reliable x appe>s4 ,i am gaz+ at x 9 front ( me1 :5 lo6 x is sudd5ly beh9d me4 ,our ,ma/] kn[s h[ to draw m5 aft] him by regul> /eps4 ,he broad5s our outlook by means ( polite le>n+1 & re/ra9s our impulses by means ( inw>d self-control4 ,ev5 if ,i wi%$ to /op1 ,i c\ld n d s2 yet aft] ,i h exhau/$ all my ef=ts 9 pursuit ( ! goal1 !re /ill rema9s some?+ inaccessible ris+ up beyond2 & ?\gh ,i w\ld fa9 make t[>ds x1 ,i _c f9d ! way4 ,tz ,lu once pass$ ! night 9 ,%ih-m51 :]e ! gate-keep] said to him3 ,:]e d y come f8--,tz ,lu repli$3 ,f ! s*ool ( ,confucius4--,oh1 is he n ! man1 said ! o!r1 :o is try+ to d :at he kn[s to be impossible8#e ,*#8n ,k#8ang ask$ ,po ,yu1#f say+3 ,h y ev] receiv$ any secret tea*+ f y\r fa!r8--,he repli$3 ,no4 ,b once1 :5 ,i 0 pass+ hurri$ly ?r\gh our hall1 ,i met my fa!r /&+ alone1 & he said3 ,h y /udi$ ! ,odes8--,i repli$1 ,n yet4--,he said3 ,if y d n /udy ! ,odes1 y w h no conv]sation4--,!reupon ,i )drew & /udi$ ! ,odes4 ,ano!r day ,i met him aga9 /&+ alone z ,i ha/5$ ?r\gh ! hall1 & he said3 ,h y /udi$ ! ,book ( ,rites8#g--;,i repli$3 ,n yet4--,he said3 ,if y d n /udy ! ,book ( ,rites1 y w h no /ability ( "*4--,i )drew & /udi$ ! ,book ( ,rites4 ,^! are ! two pieces ( in/ruction ,i h receiv$4--,*#8n ,k#8ang w5t away rejoic+ & said3 ,i ask$ ab\t "o ?+ & h le>n$ ?ree--some?+ ?+ ab\t ! ,odes1 some?+ ab\t ! ,rites1 & also t ! high] type ( man has no secrets ev5 ) 8 own son4 ,yang ,huo wi%$ to h an int]view ) ,confucius1 b ,confucius w\ld n g to see him4 ,he !re=e s5t ,confucius a suck+-pig z a pres5t4#h ,confucius1 h[ev]1 *ose a "t :5 ! o!r 0 out1 to g & pay 8 respects4 ,b he happ5$ to fall 9 ) him on ! road4 ,!reupon ,yang ,huo address$ ,confucius1 say+3 ,come ) me4 ,i h some?+ to say to y4 ,c he be call$ truly b5evol5t1 :o hugs 8 jewel to 8 bosom & all[s 8 c\ntry to drift into confusion8--,he _c1 0 ! reply4--,c he be call$ truly wise1 :o wi%es to engage 9 public affairs1 yet loses sev]al opportunities ( do+ s8--,he _c4--,well1 rejo9$ ,yang ,huo1 ! days & mon?s are fleet+ by1 & ! ye>s w n wait = u4--,true1 repli$ ,confucius2 ,i w pres5tly take (fice4#i ,! ecc5tric ,*ieh ,y#aj ( ! ,*#8u ,/ate pass$ ,confucius' c>riage1 s++3 ,o phnix6 ,o phnix6 ,h[ has ?y virtue fall56 ,! pa/ ne$ no long] be a subject ( repro(1 b aga9/ ! future x is /ill possible to provide4 ,desi/1 desi/6 ,great is ! dang] ( ^? :o n[ engage 9 gov]nm5t4--,confucius alight$1 wi%+ to speak ) him1 b ,*ieh ,yu ha/5$ rapidly away1 & he 0 unable to get spee* ( him4 ,*#8ang ,* & ,*ieh ,ni#aa 7 work+ toge!r 9 ! fields :5 ,confucius pass$ by & s5t ,tz ,lu to asc]ta9 f !m ! :]eab\ts ( ! =d4 ,*#8ang ,* ask$3 ,:o is t man hold+ ! re9s8--,t is ,confucius1 repli$ ,tz ,lu4--,is x ,confucius ( ! ,lu ,/ate8--,yes4--,!n surely he is ! man to "k :]e ! =d is4#ab--,tz ,lu !n que/ion$ ,*ieh ,ni4 ,*ieh ,ni said3 ,:o are y1 ,sir8--,i am ,*ung ,yu4--,are y a disciple ( ,confucius ( ! ,lu ,/ate8--,he repli$3 ,i am4--,! :ole ,empire1 said ,*ieh ,ni1 is ru%+ head-long to de/ruction1 & :o is !re t w re=m x8 ,z = y1 in/ead ( foll[+ a man :o )draws f pr9ce aft] pr9ce 9 succession1 w\ld x n be bett] to foll[ a man :o has )drawn f ! _w altoge!r8--,& he w5t on hoe+ )\t a pause4 ,tz ,lu w5t back & report$ ^! rem>ks1 :]eupon ! ,ma/] look$ surpris$ & said3 ,we _c jo9 ! company ( birds & bea/s4 ,if ,i am n to associate ) ^! m5 ( ! rul+ class1 ) :om am ,i to associate8#ac ,if "r pr9ciples prevail$ 9 ! ,empire1 !n inde$ !re w\ld be no ne$ = me to re=m x4 ,%u-sun ,wu-%u1#ad speak+ to ! m9i/]s at ,c\rt1 said3 ,tz ,kung is a great] sage ?an ,confucius4--,tz-fu ,*+-po#ae repeat$ ?is to ,tz ,kung1 :o said3 ,let me use ! simile ( a h\se surr\nd$ by a wall4 ,my wall rises only to ! height ( a man's %\ld]s1 s t any "o c look ov] & see ! excell5ce ( ! build+ )94 ,b my ,ma/]'s wall is _m fa?oms 9 height1 s t "o :o fails to f9d ! gate ( entry _c see ! beauties ( ! temple nor ! ri* app>el ( ! (ficiat+ prie/s4 ,x may be t only a few w succe$ 9 f9d+ ! gate4 ,ne$ we1 !n1 be surpris$ at ,8 ,excell5cy's rem>k8 ,%u-sun ,wu-%u 0 disp>ag+ ,confucius4 ,tz ,kung said3 ,x is no good4 ,confucius is pro( aga9/ detraction4 ,! wisdom ( o!r m5 is l hills & m\nta9-peaks1 :i* h[ev] high c /ill be scal$4 ,b ,confucius is l ! sun or ! moon1 :i* c nev] be rea*$ by ! foot ( man4 ,a man may want to cut himself (f f _! light1 b :at h>m w t d to ! sun or ! moon8 ,x only %[s v pla9ly t he has no notion ( ! measurem5t ( capacity4 #a ,?is 0 on ! bord]s ( ! ,wei ,/ate1 :i!r ,confucius1 ) a small b& ( disciples1 0 retir+1 heavy ( he>t1 aft] 8 discomfiture 9 ,lu4 #b ,lit]ally1 is go+ to use him z a bell ) a wood5 clapp]--?is be+ ! in/rum5t us$ 9 mak+ ann\ncem5ts or to call ! p toge!r4 ,! fri5dly prefect's prophecy 0 to be fulfill$ m wond]fully ?an ev] he c\ld h imag9$4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race has "o man ex]t$ su* an enorm\s influ5ce = good on aft] g5]ations4 #c ,legge's r5d]+1 ,my doctr9e is t ( an all-p]vad+ unity1 is q unt5able1 & no o!r translator has foll[$ him "h4 ,! logic ( ! passage obvi\sly requires ! mean+ giv5 above4 #d ,?is say+ %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? on pp4 #ia & #fi4 ,x is g5]ally acclaim$ z ! be/ epitome ( ,confucian tea*+1 yet x 0 res]v$ = ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+1 a ,*9aman1 to give ! fir/ correct translation ( x 9 ,engli%4 ,! two important words are *ung & %u1 consci5ti\sness & *>ity1 = :i* see notes on pp4 #eh & #fi4 ,legge's v]sion1 ,to be true to ! pr9ciples ( our nature & ! b5evol5t ex]cise ( !m to o!rs1 ?\gh pond]\s1 w\ld seem to h hit ! true mean+1 _h he n spoilt x by a note to ! effect t %u is duty-do+ on ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity4 ,x has no?+ on e>? to d ) reciprocity1 be+ 9 fact t dis9t]e/$ love ( "o's neighb\r :i* 0 prea*$ five hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! o!r precept1 embodi$ 9 ! ^w *ung1 is exactly ,%akespe>e's ,to ?9e own self be true--a noble moral conception = :i*1 obscur$ z x has be5 by bungl+ translators1 ,confucius has nev] yet receiv$ full cr$it4 #e ,! age 9 :i* ,confucius liv$ 0 s giv5 ov] to ! =ces ( disord]1 milit>ism & intrigue1 & ! *ances ( a moral re=m] 7 reg>d$ z s hopeless1 t x 0 a common ?+ = m5 ( pr9ciple to retire f public affairs altoge!r1 & ei!r lead ! seque/]$ life ( a h]mit or take to "s mean employm5t = a liv+4 ,! gate-keep] "h is said to h be5 "o ( ?is class4 ,confucius1 h[ev]1 0 made ( /]n] /uff1 & x may be claim$ t he did ultimately1 ?r\gh %e] =ce ( "*1 succe$ 9 a*iev+ ! impossible4 #f ,! /yle or famili> "n ( ,k#8ung ,li1 ! only son ( ,confucius4 #g ,li "h is obvi\sly ! "n ( a book1 & n ! rules ( propriety or ev5 ! arts1 z ,legge & ,mr4 ,ku ,hung-m+ respectively take x4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ be c>eful n to id5tify x ) ! n[ exi/+ ,li ,*i or ,book ( ,rites1 :i* did n take %ape until a mu* lat] p]iod4 #h ,because etiquette w\ld require an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! gift at ! donor's h\se4 #i ,?is episode is probably to be ref]r$ to ! ye> #ejb ,b4,c41 :5 ,yang ,huo1 ! nom9al subord9ate ( ,*i ,huan ,tzu 7himself ( usurp+ t5d5cies1 see ,introduction1 p4 #ae71 0 9 op5 rebellion & seem$ likely to become ma/] ( ! :ole /ate ( ,lu4 ,he 0 anxi\s to enli/ ! pre/ige ( a man l ,confucius on 8 side1 b ! latt] /eadily refus$ to c\nt5ance 8 s*emes4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,yang ,huo 0 eject$ f ! /ate1 & gratitude impell$ ! ,duke to (f] a gov]nor%ip to ,confucius4 #aj ,app>5tly a ,taoi/1 :o p9n$ 8 fai? to ,lao ,tz's newly enunciat$ doctr9e ( inaction4 #aa ,also ,taoi/ recluses4 #ab ,?is is said to be a sne] at ! re/lessness :i* kept ,confucius w&]+ all ov] ! c\ntry1 s t no place c\ld be unfamili> to him4 #ac ,! idea is1 ,e man to 8 own trade4 ,:y %\ld ,i n !n busy myself ) gov]nm5t--! subject to :i* ,i h devot$ my life8 ,i d n agree ) ,legge t ! compil] ( ?is *apt] c\ld n h be5 a disciple ( ! sage4 ,confucius successfully refutes ! laiss]-faire argum5t ( ! h]mit1 :o w\ld dissuade him f re=m on ! /range & unsatisfactory gr\nd t ! _w's affairs 7 9 a ?or\ghly bad /ate4 ,to any "o b a ,taoi/ x w\ld be evid5t t ?is 0 ! v "t = re=m4 #ad ,a lead+ memb] ( "o ( ! ?ree great families 9 ! ,lu ,/ate4 #ae ,a high (ficial4 ,,say+s ,,( ,,! ,,disciples ,yu ,tz said3 ,x is seldom t good sons & bro!rs are giv5 to insubord9ate conduct4 ,t ^? :o dislike insubord9ate conduct %\ld be ready to fom5t s$ition1 is some?+ absolutely unkn[n4 ,! wise man att5ds to ! root2 = if ?is be prop]ly set1 virtue w spr+ f x4 ,& :at is ! root ( all goodness b filial piety & frat]nal love8 ,tsng ,tz said3 ,!re are ?ree po9ts on :i* ,i daily exam9e myself3--,h ,i be5 consci5ti\s 9 work+ = o!rs8 ,h ,i be5 tru?ful 9 my int]c\rse ) my fri5ds8 ,h ,i practis$ :at ,i prea*8 ,tz ,hsia said3 ,! man :o c appreciate moral wor? & dis5gage 8 m9d f s5sual passion2 :o c put =? 8 utmo/ /r5g? to s]ve 8 p>5ts1 & lay d[n 8 life to s]ve 8 pr9ce2 :o speaks s9c]ely 9 8 int]c\rse ) fri5ds3--su* a man1 ?\gh ! _w may call him untaught1 has 9 my op9ion receiv$ ! be/ & highe/ education4 ,tz ,kung said3 ,:at d y say ( ! poor man :o refuses to flatt]1 & ( ! ri* man :o is free f pride8--,!y are well en\gh1 repli$ ! ,ma/]2 b bett] /ill is ! poor man :o is *e]ful1 & ! ri* man :o *]i%es ! inn] pr9ciple ( h>mony & self-control4--,tz ,kung said3 ,"o mu/ cut & !n c>ve1 *isel & !n poli%1 z ! ,odes h x4 ,does n ?is passage illu/rate :at y say8--,! ,ma/] exclaim$3 ,"h is somebody at la/ ) :om ,i c really discuss ! ,odes4 ,ref] him to any old v]se1 & he w see its application4#a ,tz ,hsia ask$1 say+3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! passage3 ,:at dimples 9 h] wit*+ smile6 ,:at lovely eyes1 cle> :ite & black6 ,simplicity sets (f h] ornam5ts8 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,y mu/ h a pla9 backgr\nd be=e y c lay on ! col\rs4--,rules ( c]emony !n require a backgr\nd8--,ah6 exclaim$ ! ,ma/]1 ,%ang always seizes my drift4 ,"h at any rate is "s "o ) :om ,i c discuss ! ,odes4#b ,tz ,yu said3 ,too mu* fault-f9d+ ) pr9ces entails disgrace2 ) fri5ds1 x br+s e/rangem5t4 ,! ,ma/] want$ to employ ,*'i-tiao ,k'ai 9 ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t1 b ! latt] said3 ,no1 ,i _c yet suffici5tly tru/ myself4--,! ,ma/] 0 pleas$ ) ! reply4 ,once :5 ,y5 ,yan & ,*i ,lu 7 /&+ by1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,come1 tell me1 ea* ( y1 ! wi% ( y\r he>ts4--,tz ,lu said3 ,i %\ld l to h c>riages & horses & f9e fur g>m5ts1 & %>e !m ) my fri5ds2 nor w\ld ,i m9d if !y 7 worn out 9 ?is way4-- ,y5 ,yan said3 ,my wi% is to make no p>ade ( goodness & no display ( toilsome s]vice r5d]$4#c--,tz ,lu !n said3 ,i %\ld l1 ,sir1 to he> y\r own wi%es4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,to com=t ! ag$1 to w9 ! confid5ce ( my fri5ds1 to love & *]i% ! "y4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,yung might well be made a pr9ce4#d ,*ung ,kung ask$ a "q ab\t ,tz-sang ,po-tz4 ,! ,ma/] repli$3 ,he is a good man on ! :ole1 ?\gh easy-go+4--,*ung ,kung rejo9$3 ,is x n excusable = a man :o is /rict 9 8 own habits to be easy-go+ 9 deal+ ) ! p "u him8 ,b if he becomes easy-go+ 9 8 own habits z well z 9 8 practice abroad1 ?is is surely too mu* ( a good ?+4--,! ,ma/] said3 ,yung's words are true4 ,jan ,yu ask$3 ,is our ,ma/] = or aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wei8#e--,oh1 said ,tz ,kung1 ,i w ask him t4--,he w5t 9 & said3 ,:at sort ( m5 7 ,po ,i & ,%u ,*'i8#f--,!y 7 two anci5t wor?ies1 0 ! reply4--,did !y ev] rep9e8 he ask$4--,!y made p]fect virtue _! aim1 & !y atta9$ x4 ,:y !n %\ld !y rep9e8--,tz ,kung w5t out aga9 & said3 ,our ,ma/] is n = ! ,pr9ce4 ,tsng ,tz said3 ,ability ask+ in/ruction ( incompet5ce1 abundance sitt+ at ! feet ( insuffici5cy1 a man ( e virtue :o ?\ght he _h none1 solid 9 "* yet mak+ himself out a cyph]1 trespass$ aga9/ b nev] retaliat+--su* 0 ! humble /ate ( m9d 9 :i* my late fri5d#g sp5t 8 life4 ,tsng ,tz said3 ,if a man c safely be entru/$ ) ! c>e ( a "y orphan pr9ce1 or ) ! gov]nm5t ( a l>ge prov9ce1 & if ! approa* ( a great em]g5cy _c %ake 8 resolution1 is he n a man ( ! pr9cely type8 ,( ! pr9cely type he is inde$6 ,! au?orities ( ,lu 7 propos+ to recon/ruct ! ,long ,treasury4 ,m9 ,tz-*#8i5 said3 ,:y n re/ore x1 r1 9 ! anci5t /yle8 ,:y is x necess>y to r5ovate x altoge!r8--,! ,ma/] said3 ,?is man is no talk]1 b :5 he does speak1 he speaks to ! purpose4 ,ss-ma ,niu lam5t+ said3 ,all o!r m5 h bro!rs2 ,i alone h none4--,tz ,hsia said to him3 ,i h he>d x said t life & dea? are div9e disp5sations1 t weal? & rank dep5d on ! w ( ,god4 ,! high] type ( man is unfail+ly att5tive to 8 own conduct1 & %[s respect & true c\rtesy to o!rs4 ,?us all )9 ! f\r seas#h are 8 bre?r54 ,h[ !n %\ld he grieve at hav+ no bro!rs8 ,*i ,tz-*#8ng#i said3 ,! high] type ( man is possess$ ( solid qualities1 & t is all4 ,:at has he to d ) ! ornam5tal8--,tz ,kung repli$3 ,i am sorry1 ,sir1 to he> y say su* a ?+ ab\t ! high] type ( man2 = a f\r-horse *>iot _c ov]take ! spok5 ^w4#aj ,! value ( ! ornam5t & ! value ( ! sub/ance are closely connect$4 ,/ripp$ ( hair1 ! hide ( a tig] or a leop>d is v l ! hide ( a dog or a %eep4 ,duke ,ai ask$ ,yu ,jo1 say+3 ,x has be5 a ye> ( fam9e4 ,my ex*equ] is ,l[4 ,:at am ,i to d8--,yu ,jo repli$3 ,:y n collect ti!s8--,:y1 said ! ,duke1 ) a tax ( two-t5?s ,i /ill h n en\gh4 ,h[ am ,i to make "o-t5? d8--,if ! p h pl5ty1 0 ! reply1 h[ c ! ,pr9ce alone be 9 want8 ,b if ! p are 9 want1 h[ c ! ,pr9ce alone h pl5ty8#aa ,tsng ,tz said ( ! high] type ( man t 8 culture t5d$ to br+ him into communion ) fri5ds1 & 8 fri5d%ips t5d$ to height5 8 altruism4 ,! disciples ( ,tz ,hsia ask$ ,tz ,*ang ab\t ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n fri5d%ip4 ,tz ,*ang said3 ,:at is ,tz ,hsia's op9ion8--,!y repli$3 ,tz ,hsia says1 ,associate ) ^? :o come up to y\r /&>d2 reject all ^? :o d n4--,?is1 said ,tz ,*ang1 is diff]5t f :at ,i h be5 taught4 ,! nobl] sort ( man hon\rs ! virtu\s & wise1 b he admits to 8 society all m5 )\t di/9ction4 ,he admires ! good1 b he also pities ! weak] bre?r54 ,am ,i a man ( great wisdom & goodness8--!n :o is !re among my fell[-m5 t ,i w n be> )8 ,or am ,i nei!r wise nor good8--!n o!r m5 w reject me4 ,h[ c "o ju/ify ?is rejection ( o!rs8#ab ,tz ,hsia said3 ,! inf]ior type ( man always tries to gloss ov] 8 faults4 ,tz ,hsia said3 ,! wise man w ga9 ! confid5ce ( ! p be=e lay+ burd5s ^u !m2 o!rwise1 !y w consid] x oppression4 ,he w ga9 ! confid5ce ( 8 sov]eign be=e c5sur+ 8 actions2 o!rwise1 ! latt] w consid] x m]e libel & abuse4 ,tz ,hsia said3 ,he :o does n transgress ! l>g] pr9ciples ( virtu\s conduct may be excus$ = disreg>d+ ! b\nd>y l9e 9 matt]s ( small] import4 ,tz ,yu said3 ,! foll[]s & disciples ( ,tz ,hsia are tra9$ well en\gh 9 spr9kl+ & sweep+ ! floor1 9 respond+ & answ]+ que/ions1 9 ent]+ & leav+ a room4 ,b ^! are m]e accessories4 ,( fundam5tals !y are totally ignorant4 ,h[ c ?is be consid]$ en\gh8--,tz ,hsia1 he>+ ( ^! rem>ks1 said3 ,ah6 ,y5 ,yu is mi/ak54 ,x is n ! way ( ! wise tea*] to di/+ui% betwe5 subjects ( fir/-class importance1 :i* mu/ be taught1 & subjects ( second>y importance1 :i* may be neglect$4 ,he cultivates m9ds j z he w\ld cultivate plants1 ea* species requir+ sep>ate treatm5t4 ,x _c be ! wise man's way to produce confusion & error4 ,he only is inspir$ :o tea*es me?odically1 hav+ a beg9n+ & an end4 ,tz ,hsia said3 ,let ! (ficial :o has "t to sp>e devote x to /udy2 let ! /ud5t :o has "t to sp>e devote x to public affairs4 ,tz ,yu said3 ,! rites ( m\rn+ %\ld n ext5d beyond ! expression ( he>tfelt grief4 ,! *ief ( ! ,mng family hav+ appo9t$ ,yang ,fu to be ,crim9al ,judge1 ! latt] w5t to ,tsng ,tz = advice4 ,tsng ,tz said3 ,our rul]s h lo/ _! way1 & ! p h long be5 scatt]$ & di/ract$4 ,:5 y discov] ! facts ( a crime1 be n mov$ ) joy b r ) pity & grief4 ,tz ,kung said3 ,! mi/akes ( a great & good man are l eclipses ( ! sun & moon3 8 fail+ is se5 by all1 & :5 he repairs x1 all look up to him ) awe4 #a ,tz ,kung1 :o _h pass$ f pov]ty to afflu5ce1 wi%$ to draw att5tion to 8 own fre$om f ! vices *>act]i/ic ( ea* /ate1 b 8 ,ma/] recomm5ds ! pursuit ( virtue 9 a m positive =m4 ,! quotation f ! ,odes m]ely en=ces ! necessity ( unceas+ lab\r 9 ! matt] ( self-improvem5t4 ,confucius 0 always delight$ ) an apt illu/ration f 8 fav\rite book4 #b ,! ,*9ese ( ! above is z usual extremely concise4 ,= sev]al turns ( phrase ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j5n+s's translation4 #c ,lit]ally1 display toil4 ,! mean+ seems to be t ( ! ,tacitean phrase exprobr>e b5eficia4 #d ,lit]ally1 "o :o faces s\?--! cu/om>y position = royalty en?ron$4 #e ,! reign+ duke1 :o _h succe$$ 8 gr&fa!r & 0 n[ oppos+ 8 fa!r's attempts to return f exile & secure ! ?rone4 ,see p4 #dc4 #f ,see note on p4 #gd4 #g ,! disciple ,y5 ,hui4 #h ,believ$ to con/itute ! b\nd>ies ( ! habitable e>?1 l ,hom]'s ,ocean-riv]4 ,h5ce ! phrase is us$ z a synonym = ! ,*9ese ,empire4 #i ,a m9i/] 9 ! ,wei ,/ate4 #aj ,a prov]b4 #aa ,a rebuke to ! ,pr9ce = 8 gre$ 9 a "t ( di/ress4 #ab ,ea* p$agogue has seiz$ only "o side ( ! tru?4 ,we ne$ n reject any ( our fell[-m51 & yet %[ discrim9ation 9 ! *oice ( our associates4 ,see ! fir/ say+ on p4 #ec1 :]e ,confucius1 cle>]-head$ ?an 8 disciples1 puts ! matt] 9 a nut%ell4