,a ,,practical ,,h&book                 
,,on ,,!                                
,,di/illation ,,( ,,alcohol             
,,f                                     
,,f>m ,,products                        
,,includ+         ,! ,processes (       
,malt+2 ,ma%+ & ,masc]at+2 ,f]m5t+      
& ,di/ill+ ,alcohol f ,gra91 ,beets1    
,potatoes1 ,molasses1 etc41 ) ,*apt]s   
on ,alcoholometry & !                   
,,de-,,natur+ ,,( ,,alcohol             
,,= ,,use ,,9           ,f>m ,eng9es1   
,automobiles1 ,laun* ,motors1 & 9 ,heat+
               & ,light+2 ) a ,synopsis 
( ! ,new ,free                          
,alcohol ,law & its ,am5dm5t & !        
,gov]nm5t ,regulations4                 
,,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,wright4                  
,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,&        
,,greatly ,,enl>g$                      
,,new ,,york                  ,,spon    
,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet       
,,london               ,e4  ,f4 ,n4     
,,spon1 ,,limit$1 #eg ,,haym>ket1 ,s4,w4
                                   #aijg

                                        
,copyright1 #aijf1                      
,by ,,spon  ,,*amb]la94                 
,copyright1 #aijg1                      
,by ,,spon  ,,*amb]la94                 
,mc,ilroy  ,emmet1 ,pr9t]s1 #bb ,?ames  
,/41 ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4            
,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4      
,s9ce ! passage ( ! ,free ,alcohol ,act 
!re has be5 a con/antly  increas+ dem& =
 in=mation z to ! manufacture (         
indu/rial  alcohol4 ,?is1 ) ! favorable 
reception accord$ to ! fir/ edition  (  
?is book has lead ! publi%]s to br+ out 
a second edition4    ,! entire volume   
has be5 c>efully revis$ & n only has !  
orig9al text be5 amplifi$ b new *apt]s h
 be5 add$ expla9+  ! mo/ mod]n & approv$
 me?ods & appliances bo? z us$ 9        
,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ano!r valuable 
feature ( ! pres5t  volume is !         
collection ( ,u4 ,s4 de-natur+ =mulas   
cov]+ !  special d5aturants necessitat$ 
by ! v>i\s arts & by !  ,gov]nm5t       
requirem5ts4 ,! *apt]s on mod]n di/ill+ 

app>atus  rectifi]s & mod]n plants h be5
 v c>efully prep>$ 9 ord]  to give !    
read] a cle> idea ( ! v>i\s types (     
app>atus 9 use  to-day & ( _! g5]al     
place 9 a di/ill]y sy/em4 ,! value (  ! 
book has be5 fur!r increas$ by num]\s   
additional illu/rations4    ,x w\ld be  
impossible 9 ! compass ( "o small volume
 to describe all  ! practical details ( 
alcohol manufacture p>ticul>ly z ^!     
details v>y ) e di/ill]y1 b x has be5 ! 
aim ( ! au?or  to give suffici5t        
in=mation to enable e read] to und]/& ! 
!ory & g5]al practice ( ! art1 lead+ him
 f ! simple  me?ods & app>atus us$ until
 ! la/ t5 ye>s to ! m  complicat$ /ills 
& processes :i* h be5 lately devis$4    
,inasmu* z ! manufacture ( indu/rial    
alcohol has be5 mo/ highly  p]fect$ 9   
,france & ,g]many1 use has be5 made ( ! 
be/ ,european  au?orities & 9 p>ticul> !
 au?or begs to ackn[l$ge 8  indebt$ness 
to ,sa ,maje/e ,l',alcohol by ,l4       
,beaudry de ,sauni]4 ,!  publi%]s' &    
au?or's ackn[l$gem5ts are also due to ! 

,vulcan  ,copp] ,works ,company (       
,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 & to ! ,geo4 ,l4      
,squi]  ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,buffalo1
 ,new ,york1 = _! k9dness 9 all[+       
illu/rations to be giv5 ( mod]n ,am]ican
 di/ill+ app>atus4                      
,f4 ,b4 ,,wright4         ,new ,york1   
,aug4 #a1 #aijg4                        
,,preface4      ,to ! majority ( p]sons 
,alcohol connotes liquor4 ,t x is us$ to
  "s ext5t 9 ! arts1 t x is a fuel1 is  
also common k1 b  ,alcohol z a s\rce (  
p[]1 z a sub/itute = gasol9e1 petroleum1
  & k9dr$ hydroc>bons 0 h>dly kn[n to ! 
g5]ality ( ,am]icans  until ! passage ( 
! ,de-natur+ ,act by ! la/ ,congress4   
,!n ,alcohol leap$ at once into fame1--n
 m]ely z ! humble s]vant  ( ! pocket    
lamp1 nor z ! ,demon ,rum1 b z a        
sub/itute = all !  v>i\s =ms ( *eap     
hydroc>bon fuels1 & z a new f>m product1
 a  new means = turn+ ! f>m]'s gra91    
fruit1 potatoes1 etc41 into  t greate/ (
 all ,p[]s1 ,money4    ,t ,alcohol 0    
capable ( ?is "w 0 no new discov]y      

accompli%$  by ! fiat ( ,congress1 b !  
,act ( ,june #g1 #aijf1 fre$ de-natur$  
,alcohol f ! disability x _h previ\sly  
labor$ "u1--namely1 !  high int]nal     
rev5ue tax1 & s *eap5$ its co/ t x c\ld 
be  economically us$ = purposes 9 ! arts
 & manufactures :i* !  =m] tax =bade4   
,?is ,act !n op5s ! door ( a new m>ket  
to ! f>m] & !  manufactur]1 & x is 9    
answ] to ! increas$ desire =  in=mation 
z to ! s\rce ( ,alcohol & its prep>ation
 t ?is  book has be5 writt54 ,!         
processes describ$ are ?or\ghly reliable
  & are su* z h ! approval ( exp]i5ce4  
,z 0 /at$ above1 ,alcohol is n a natural
 product1 b is =m$ by  ! decomposition (
 sug> or glucose ?r\gh f]m5tation4 ,?is 
leaves  ,alcohol mix$ ) wat]1 & ^! 9    
turn are sep>at$ by  di/illation4    ,! 
lit]ature treat+ ( ! di/illation (      
,alcohol f f>m products  is v scant4 ,b 
due cr$it is "h giv5 to ! foll[+ =eign  
works :i* h be5 ref]r$ to3 ,spon's      
,encyclopdia ( ! ,indu/rial  ,arts1 :i* 
also conta9s an article on ,wood        

,alcohol1 ,mr4 ,bayley's  excell5t      
,pocketbook = ,*emi/s1 & ,mr4 ,noel     
,de]r's f9e "w on  ,sug> & ,sug> ,cane4 
,,new ,,york1      ,oct4 #ca1 #aijf     
,,cont5ts4                              
,,*apt] ,i4                             
,,alcohol1 ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,&      
,,s\rces4      ,its *emical /ructure4   
,h[ produc$4 ,boil+ po9ts4 ,alcohol    &
 wat]4 ,alcohol1 :]e f\nd4 ,produc$ f   
decomposition (    vegetables4 ,s\rces4 
,pr9cipal alcohols4                     
#a                                      
,,*apt] ,,ii4                 ,,!       
,,prep>ation ,,( ,,ma%es1 ,,&           
,,f]m5tation4      ,a synopsis ( /eps4  
,ma%+ />*y mat]ials4 ,gelat9iz+         
app>atus & processes4 ,sac*>ify+4 ,cool+
 ! ma%4    ,f]m5tation4 ,yea/ & its     
prep>ation4 ,v>ieties (                 
f]m5tation3--,alcoholic1 acet\s1 lactic 
& visc\s4 ,f]m5t+    p]iods4 ,f]m5t+    
app>atus & rooms4 ,/r5g!n+ alcoholic    
liquors4                                
#h                                      

,,*apt] ,,iii4                          
,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4      ,! simple    
/ill4 ,adams /ill4 ,conc5trat+ /ills4   
,comp\nd    di/illation4 ,dorn's /ill4  
,cont9u\s di/illation4 ,!               
,celli]-,blum5?al /ill4 ,c(fey's /ill4  
,curr5t /ills4    ,regulat+ di/ill]y    
fire4                                   
#cc                                     
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,mod]n ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4      ,!   
pr9ciples ( mod]n comp\nd /ills4 ,vapor 
traps & _!    con/ruction4 ,/eam        
regulation4 ,fe$ regulation4 ,am]ican   
app>atus4 ,! ,guillaume incl9$ column   
/ill4                      #ff          
,,*apt] ,v4                             
,,rectification4      ,g5]al pr9ciples (
 fractionation4 ,old =m ( rectify+      
/ill4 ,simple fractionat+ app>atus4     
,vulcan rectifi]4    ,b>bet's tw9 column
 rectifi]4 ,guillaume's ,agricultural   
rectify+ app>atus4 ,rectify+ by         
filtration4                      #hb    
,,*apt] ,,vi4                           

,,malt+4      ,! be/ b>ley to use4      
,wa%+4 ,/eep+4 ,g]m9at+4 ,! wet    c\*4 
,! floors4 ,long malt4 ,dry+4 ,gr9d+ &  
cru%+4   #ajc                           
,,*apt] ,,vii4                          
,,alcohol ,,f ,,potatoes4      ,wa%+4   
,gelat9iz+ & sac*>ify+4 ,l[ pressure    
/eam+1    & app>atus !re=4 ,cru%+ !     
potatoes4 ,high pressure    /eam+ &     
app>atus4 ,! vacuum cook]4 ,! ,h5ze     
/eam]4    ,isolation ( />* )\t /eam4    
,engli% me?ods4 ,sac*>ify+    ! />*4    
#aaj                                    
,,*apt] ,,viii4         ,,alcohol ,,f   
,,gra91 ,,corn1 ,,:eat1 ,,rice1 ,,&     
,,o!r ,,c]eals4      ,relative yields ( 
v>i\s c]eals4 ,*oice ( gra94            
,proportions    ( />*1 etc41 9 v>i\s    
gra9s4 ,gr9d+4 ,/eep+4    ,prep>atory   
ma%+4 ,sac*>ify+4 ,treatm5t ( gra9 "u   
high    pressure4 ,s(t5+ gra9 by acid4  
#abf                                    
,,*apt] ,,ix4                           
,,alcohol ,,f ,,beets4      ,beet       
cultivation4 ,composition4 ,soil &      

manures4 ,s[+4    ,h>ve/+4 ,/or+4       
,production ( alcohol f beets4 ,clean+  
& rasp+4 ,extraction by pressure4       
,extraction by mac]ation    & diffusion4
 ,! diffusion batt]y4 ,f]m5tation4      
,direct    di/illation ( roots4         
#adj                                    
,,*apt] ,x4                   ,,alcohol 
,,f ,,molasses ,,& ,,sug> ,,cane4       
,! necess>y qualities 9 molasses4 ,beet 
sug>4 ,molasses mix+    & dilut+4       
,neutraliz+ ! wa%4 ,pit*+ temp]ature4   
,di/ill+4 ,f]m5t+ raw sug>4 ,cane sug>  
molasses4 ,dund]4    ,cl>ify+4 ,f]m5t+4 
,v>i\s processes4                       
#afc                                    
,,*apt] ,,xi4                           
,,alcoholometry4      ,hydromet]s 9     
g5]al4 ,pro( _s4 ,syke's hydromet]4     
,gay-,lussac's hydromet]4 ,tralles      
alcoholomet]4 ,hydrometric    me?ods4   
,e/imation ( alcohol4 ,field's          
alcoholomet]4 ,grisl]'s    me?od &      
app>atus4 ,e/imat+ sug> 9 ma%4          
,det]m9ation (    alcoholic fruits4     

,physical te/s4 ,*emical te/s4 ,!       
,p]manganate    ( ,pota% te/4  ,results 
by ,b>bet4                              
#agd                                    
,,*apt] ,,xii4        ,,di/ill+         
,,plants1 ,,_! ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t ,,& 
,,equipm5t4      ,simple app>atus4      
,elaborate plants4 ,/eam /ills4 ,!      
f]m5t+    room4 ,v5tilation4 ,f]m5t+    
vats4 ,prep>atory vats4 ,arrangem5t    (
 gra9 di/ill]y4 ,a small beet di/ill]y4 
,l>ge beet    di/ill+ plant4 ,transport+
 beets4 ,potato di/ill]y4 ,molasses     
di/ill]y4 ,f]m5t+ h\se = molasses4      
,transportation (    molasses to        
di/ill]y4 ,coal consumption4            
#ahi                                    
,,*apt] ,,xiii4                         
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol1 ,,&            
,,de-,,natur+ ,,=mul4      ,uses (      
alcohol4 ,de-natur$ _s3--,its use 9     
,g]many1 ,france    & ,engl&4 ,!        
,de-natur+ ,act4 ,! uses ( de-natur$    
alcohol4 ,me?ods & ,=mul = de-natur+4   
,de-natur$ alcohol    9 ! indu/rial _w4 

#baa                                    
,,*apt] ,,xiv4                          
,,de-,,natur+ ,,regulations ,,9 ,,!     
,,unit$ ,,/ates4      ,! ,free ,alcohol 
,act ( #aijf1 & propos$ *anges !re94 ,! 
,am5dm5t ( #aijg4 ,int]nal ,rev5ue      
,regulations4                    #bbd   
,index4                                 
#bfa                                    
,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations      ,no4      
,,page4       #a ,vacuum ma% cook]      
to face #aj       #b ,h5ze /eam]        
#ab       #c ,ma% cool]1 air sy/em      
#ae       #d ,ma% cool]1 wat] sy/em     
#ag       #e ,yea/+ & f]m5t+ app>atus   
to face #bb       #f ,a simple /ill     
#cd       #g ,simple direct-heat$ /ill  
#ce       #h ,simple /ill1 ) rectifi]   
#cg       #i ,adam's /ill               
#ci      #aj ,corty's simplifi$ di/ill+ 
app>atus                          #da   
#aa ,d\ble /ill                         
#db      #ab ,dorn's comp\nd /ill       
#dc      #ac ,comp\nd /ill              
#df      #ad ,comp\nd direct-fire /ill  

#dg      #ae ,celli]-,blum5?al /ill     
#di      #af ,details ( rectifi] column 
#ej      #ag ,details ( cond5s] & ma%   
heat]                             #eb   
#ah ,c(fey's rectify+ /ill              
#ee      #ai1 #bj ,rot>y curr5t /ill    
#ei1 #fj      #ba ,indicator = regulat+ 
! di/ill+ fire                     #fa  
#bb ,diagrammatic view ( column /ill &  
accessory       app>atus                
to face #fd      #bc ,di/ill+ plate     
#fd      #bd1 #be ,b>bet traps          
#fh      #bf ,/eam regulator            
#gj      #bg ,gauge glass = regulator   
#gb      #bh ,cont9u\s di/ill+ app>atus 
) ext]nal tubul>       cond5s]          
to face #gb      #bi ,detail ( *amb]1   
cont9u\s /ill                           
#gc      #cj1 #ca ,details ( p]=at$     
plate ,a                          #ge1  
#gf      #cb ,cont9u\s di/ill+ app>atus 
) goose sep>ator   to face #gf      #cc 
,section ( ,gillaume's incl9$ column    
/ill                      #gh      #cd  
,gillaume's incl9$ column /ill          

#gi      #ce ,rectify+ /ill             
#hh      #cf ,section ( rectify+ /ill   
#hi      #cg ,fractional di/ill+        
app>atus                                
#ia      #ch ,rectify+ app>atus )       
ext]nal tubul> cond5s]   to face #id    
#ci ,tw9 column ,b>bet rectifi]         
#ie      #dj ,gillaume's rectifi] &     
incl9$ /ill                          #ig
      #da ,/eam+ vat = potatoes         
#aab      #db ,bottom ( /eam+ vat       
#aac      #dc ,/eam g5]ator             
#aad      #dd ,potato /eam] & cru%]     
#aaf      #de ,bohn's /eam] & cru%]     
#aah      #df ,/ack = /or+ beets        
#adh      #dg ,/orage cell> = beets     
#adi      #dh ,beet & potato rasp       
#aeb      #di ,duj>d9's roll press      
#aee      #ej ,defusion batt]y          
#aeh      #ea ,mix+ vat                 
#afe      #eb ,syke's hydromet]         
#agf      #ec ,field's alcoholomet]     
#ahb      #ed ,geisl]'s app>atus        
#ahd      #ee ,cont9u\s gra9 alcohol    
di/ill]y--,b>bet's sy/em            #aih

      #ef ,gra9 di/ill]y1 capacity #bejj
 bu%els p] day       to face #aih       
#eg ,small beet di/ill]y                
#bjj      #eh ,l>ge beet di/ill]y       
#bjb      #ei ,molasses di/ill]y1       
capacity #bejj gallons p] day    to face
 #bjf      #fj ,molasses f]m5t+ h\se    
#bjg                                    
,,*apt] ,i4                  ,,alcohol1 
,,its ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,& ,,s\rces4       
,alcohol4 7,fr41 alcool2 ,g]41 alkohol47
 ,=mula1 ,c#b;,h#f,o4    ,pure alcohol  
is a liquid sub/ance1 compos$ ( c>bon1  
hydrog51 &  oxyg51 9 ! foll[+           
proportions3                            
,c     #eb4ag                           
,h     #ac4jd                           
,o     #cd4gi                           
------                                  
#ajj4jj    ,x is ! mo/ important memb] (
 an important s]ies ( organic  comp\nds1
 all ( :i* resemble ea* o!r closely1 &  
possess _m  analog\s prop]ties4 ,!y are 
class$ by ! *emi/ "u ! g5]ic  title (   
,alcohols4    ,alcohol does n occur 9   

nature2 x is ! product ( ! decomposition
  ( sug>1 or1 m prop]ly1 ( glucose1 :i*1
 "u ! influ5ce (  c]ta9 organic1        
nitrog5\s sub/ances1 call$ f]m5ts is    
split up  into alcohol & c>bonic        
anhydride4 ,! latt] is evolv$ 9 ! =m (  
gas1 alcohol rema9+ beh9d mix$ ) wat]1 f
 :i* x is  sep>at$ by di/illation4 ,!   
necess>y purification is effect$ 9 a    
v>iety ( ways4         ,,table ,i4--,,! 
,,boil+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,alcoholic         
,,liquors ,,( ,,diff]5t     ,,/r5g?s1   
,,& ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,alcohol ,,9 
,,! ,,vapors ,,giv5 ,,(f4               
,proportion           ,proportion       
,proportion            ,proportion     (
 alcohol,temp]ature( alcohol ( alcohol  
,temp]ature( alcohol       9 !    ( !   
9 !       9 !     ( !     9 !      boil+
    boil+  cond5s$    boil+    boil+    
cond5s$     liquid 9   liquid4  vapor 9 
liquid 9   liquid4   vapor 9     #ajj   
vols4            #ajj vols4   #ajj vols4
             #ajj vols4                 
----------------------------------------

--------------------------        #ib   
#aga4j ,f4     #ic          #bj         
#ahi4e ,f4     #ga        #ij           
#aga4e ,f4     #ib          #ah         
#aia4f ,f4     #fh        #he           
#agb4j ,f4     #ia4e        #ae         
#aid4j ,f4     #ff        #hj           
#agb4g ,f4     #ij4e        #ab         
#aif4a ,f4     #fa        #ge           
#agc4f ,f4     #ij          #aj         
#aih4e ,f4     #ee        #gj           
#age4j ,f4     #hi           #g         
#bjj4f ,f4     #ej        #fe           
#agf4j ,f4     #hg           #e         
#bjc4j ,f4     #db        #ej           
#agh4a ,f4     #he           #c         
#bje4a ,f4     #cf        #dj           
#ahj4e ,f4     #hb           #b         
#bjg4e ,f4     #bh        #ce           
#ahb4f ,f4     #hj           #a         
#bji4i ,f4     #ac        #cj           
#ahe4j ,f4     #gh           #j         
#bab4j ,f4      #j        #be           
#ahg4a ,f4     #gf                      
,pure1 absolute alcohol is a colorless1 

mobile1 v volatile liquid1  hav+ a hot1 
burn+ ta/e1 & a pung5t & some:at        
agreeable odor4  ,x is v inflammable1   
burn+ 9 ! air ) a blui%-yell[ flame1    
evolv+ mu* heat1 leav+ no residue1 & =m+
 vapors ( c>bonic  anhydride & wat]4    
,its specific gravity at #j ,c 7#cb ,f47
 is 4#hjie1 &  at #ae4e ,c4 7#fj ,f47   
4#gid2 t ( its vapor is #a4fac4 ,x boils
 at #gh4d  ,c4 7#agc ,f474 ,! boil+ po9t
 ( its aque\s mixtures are rais$ 9      
proportion to ! quantity ( wat] pres5t4 
,mixtures ( alcohol &  wat] :5 boil$    
give (f at fir/ a vapor ri* 9 alcohol1 &
  conta9+ b little aque\s vapor2 if !   
ebullition be cont9u$ a  po9t is        
ultimately rea*$ :5 all ! alcohol has   
be5 driv5 (f &  no?+ b pure wat] rema9s4
 ,?us1 by repeat$ di/illations alcohol  
may be obta9$ f its mixtures ) wat] 9 an
 almo/ anhydr\s  /ate4    ,absolute     
alcohol has a /rong aff9ity = wat]4 ,x  
absorbes moi/ure  f ! air rapidly1 &    
!reby becomes gradually weak]2 x %\ld   
!re=e be kept 9 tightly-/opp]$ bottles4 

,:5 br\ght into contact  ) animal       
tissues1 x deprives !m ( ! wat] necess>y
 = _!  con/itution1 & acts 9 ?is way z  
an en]getic poison4 ,consid]able  heat  
is dis5gag$ :5 alcohol & wat] are br\ght
 toge!r2 if1  h[ev]1 ice be sub/itut$ = 
wat]1 heat is absorb$1 ow+ to !         
imm$iate & rapid conv]sion ( ! ice into 
! liquid /ate4 ,:5 "o  "p ( sn[ is mix$ 
) two p>ts ( alcohol1 a temp]ature z l[ 
z  #e4h ,f4 bel[ z]o is rea*$4    ,:5   
alcohol & wat] are mix$ toge!r ! result+
 liquid occupies1  aft] agitation1 a    
less volume ?an ! sum ( ! two orig9al   
liquids4  ,?is contraction is greate/ :5
 ! mixture is made 9 ! proportion  (    
#eb4c volumes ( alcohol & #dg4g volumes 
( wat]1 ! result be+1  in/ead ( #ajj    
volumes1 #if4ce4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( 
! liquid :5  x is be+ agitat$ reveals a 
va/ numb] ( m9ute air-bubbles1 :i*  are 
dis*>g$ f e po9t ( ! mixture4 ,?is is   
due to ! fact  t gases :i* are held 9   
solution by ! alcohol & wat] sep>ately  
are less soluble :5 ! two are br\ght    

toge!r2 & ! contraction  describ$ above 
is ! natural result ( ! dis5gagem5t (   
su*  dissolv$ gases4 ,! foll[+ table    
repres5ts ! contraction und]gone  by    
diff]5t mixtures ( absolute alcohol &   
wat]4                  ,,table          
,,ii4--#ajj ,,volumes ,,( ,,mixture ,,at
 #ei ,f4                                
,alcohol4,contraction4,alcohol4,contract
ion4,alcohol4,contraction4              
----------------------------------------
--------------------      #ajj          
#j4jj       #fe       #c4fa       #cj   
#b4gb       #ie       #a4ah       #fj   
#c4gc       #be       #b4bd       #ij   
#a4id       #ee       #c4gg       #bj   
#a4gb       #he       #b4dg       #ej   
#c4gd       #ae       #a4bj       #hj   
#b4hg       #de       #c4fd       #aj   
#j4gb       #ge       #c4ai       #dj   
#c4dd        #e       #j4ca       #gj   
#c4dd       #ce       #c4ad             
,alcohol is t]m$ absolute :5 x has be5  
depriv$ ( e trace (  wat]1 & :5 its     
composition is exactly express$ by its  

*emical  =mula4 ,to obta9 x 9 ?is /ate x
 mu/ be subject$ to a s]ies (  delicate 
op]ations 9 ! laboratory1 :i* x w\ld be 
impossible to  p]=m on an indu/rial     
scale4 ,9 comm]ce x is kn[n only 9 a    
/ate  ( great] or less dilution4        
,alcohol possesses ! p[] ( dissolv+ a   
l>ge numb] ( sub/ances  insoluble 9 wat]
 & acids1 su* z _m inorganic salts1     
phosphorus1  sulphur1 iod9e1 res9s1     
ess5tial oils1 fats1 color+ matt]s1 etc4
 ,x  precipitates album51 gelat9e1 />*1 
gum1 & o!r sub/ances f  _! solutions4   
,^! prop]ties r5d] x an invaluable ag5t 
9 !  h&s ( ! *emi/4    ,alcohol is f\nd 
91 & may be obta9$ f1 all               
sub/ances--vegetable  or o!r--:i* conta9
 sug>4 ,z /at$ above1 x does n exi/ 9   
^! 9 ! natural /ate1 b is ! product ( ! 
decomposition by  f]m5tation ( ! sac*>9e
 pr9ciple conta9$ !re92 ?is             
decomposition yields ! _s 9 a v dilute  
/ate1 b x is readily  sep>at$ f ! wat] )
 :i* x is mix$ by processes (           
di/illation1 :i* w subsequ5tly be       

describ$4 ,! am\nt ( alcohol  :i* may be
 obta9$ f ! diff]5t unf]m5t$ sub/ances  
:i*  yield x v>ies consid]ably1 dep5d+  
entirely ^u ! quantity (  sug> :i* !y   
conta94    ,alcohol is produc$ ei!r f   
raw mat]ials conta9+ />*1 z  potatoes1  
corn1 b>ley1 etc41 or raw mat]ials      
conta9+ sug>1 z  grapes1 beets1         
sug>-cane1 etc4    ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! 
mo/ important s\rces f :i* alcohol  is  
obta9$3 ,grapes1 apricots1 *]ries1      
pea*es1 curr5ts1 gooseb]ries1           
raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 figs1 plums1    
bananas1 & _m tropical  fruits1         
arti*okes1 potatoes1 c>rots1 turnips1   
beet-root1 sweet corn1  rice & o!r      
gra9s4 ,sug>-cane refuse1 sorgum1       
molasses1 wood1 pap]1  & by a new ,fr5* 
process f acetyl5e4 ,on a l>ge scale    
alcohol is  usually obta9$ f sug> beets1
 molasses or ! />* conta9$ 9  potatoes1 
corn & o!r gra9s4 ,! />* is conv]t$ into
 maltose by  mix+ ) an infusion ( malt4 
,! maltose is !n f]m5t$ by yea/4        
,sulphuric acid may be us$ to conv]t ev5

 woody fibre1 pap]1 l951  etc41 into    
glucose1 :i* may 9 turn be conv]t$ into 
alcohol4                        ,,table 
,,iii4--,,pr9cipal ,,alcohols4          
,*emical ,"n4           ,s\rce4         
,=mula4   ,boil+ ,po9t                  
,f4                                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------     #a     
,me?yl ,alcohol,di/illation ( ,wood     
,,*#c,,oh          #aej4h     #b ,e?yl  
,f]m5tation ( sug>  ,c#b;,h#e,,oh       
#agb4d     #c ,propyl                   
grapes  ,c#c;,h#g,,oh      #bjf4f     #d
 ,butyl                     beets       
,c#d;,h#i,,oh      #bdb4f     #e ,amyl  
potatoes,c#e;,h#aa,,oh     #bgh4f     #f
 ,caproyl                   grapes      
,c#f;,h#ac,,oh     #cad4f     #g        
,a5an?yl    ,di/illation ca/or          
oil,c#g;,h#ae,,oh     #cdg4             
) potatoes                           #h 
,capryl       ,ess5tial oil hog we$     
,c#h;,h#ag,,oh     #cge4h     #i ,nonyl 
,nonane f petroleum  ,c#i;,h#ai,,oh     

#aj ,rutyl        ,oil ( ,rue           
,c#aj;,h#ba,,oh    #aa ,cytyl           
,sp]maceti             ,c#af;,h#cc,,oh  
#ab ,c]yl        ,*9ese wax             
,c#bf;,h#ec,,oh    #ac ,melisyl         
,bees' wax              ,c#cj;,h#fa,,oh 
,among a v>iety ( o!r sub/ances :i* h   
be5 & are /ill us$  = ! production (    
alcohol 9 small] quantities1 are roots (
 _m  k9ds1 su* z ^? ( asphodel1 madd]1  
etc4 ,se$s & nuts h be5  made to yield  
x4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! s\rces ( ?is     
sub/ance are practically innum]able2    
any?+1 9 fact1 :i* conta9s  or c be     
conv]t$ into sug> is :at is t]m$        
alcoholisable4    ,alcohol has become a 
sub/ance ( su* prime necessity 9 ! arts 
&  manufactures1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r ent]
 s l>gely into !  composition ( ! common
 bev]ages consum$ by all classes ( p  t 
its manufacture mu/1 ( necessity1 rank  
among ! mo/ important  indu/ries ( ?is &
 o!r l&s4    ,( ! alcohols giv5 9 !     
above table only two conc]n ! ord9>y    
di/ill]1 or produc] ( alcohol = g5]al   

use 9 ! arts4 ,me?yl  alcohol1 ! ord9>y 
wood alcohol1 or wood naph?a1 & ,e?yl   
alcohol1  :i* is produc$ by ! f]m5tation
 ( sug> & may !re=e be made  f any?+ :i*
 conta9s sug>4    ,e?yl alcohol =ms !   
subject ( ?is treatise4 ,aside f its    
*emical  use 9 ! arts z a s\rce ( en]gy 
& z a fuel1 alcohol w likely  soon      
compete ) petroleum1 gasol9e1 k]os5e1   
etc41 "u ! ,act (  ,congress free+ !    
de-naturiz$ _s f ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue tax4
  ,?is act & ! de-natur+ process are    
cov]$ 9 ! la/ *apt]s (  ?is book4       
,,*apt] ,,ii4                  ,,!      
,,prep>ation ,,( ,,ma%es1 ,,&           
,,f]m5tation4      ,alcohol may be      
produc$ ei!r f1 7#a7 f>9aci\s mat]ials1 
su* z  potatoes or gra9s1 7#b71 f       
sac*>if]\s sub/ances su* z grapes1  sug>
 beets1 sug> cane1 or ! molasses produc$
 9 sug> manufacture4                    
,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,/>*y ,,mat]ials4 
,sac*>ification4 ,prep>atory ,ma%+4 ,)  
/>*y mat]ials x is  fir/ necess>y to    
conv]t ! />* into a sug> f :i* alcohol c

  be produc$ by ! process ( f]m5tation4 
,?is is call$  sac*>ification4          
,gelat9iz+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is process is
 gelat9iz+ !  />*2--t is1 =m+ x into a  
pa/e by heat+ x ) wat]1 or  into a      
liquid mass by /eam+ x "u high pressure4
 ,! liquid or  semi-liquid mass is !n   
run into a prep>atory ma% vat & cool$4  
,sac*>ify+4 ,! dis9tegrat$ raw mat]ials 
or gelat9iz$ />* 9  ! prep>atory ma% vat
 is n[ to be sac*>ifi$ or conv]t$ into  
sug>4 ,?is is effect$ by all[+ malt to  
act on ! />*4 ,?is malt  conta9s a c]ta9
 *emical f]m5t or enzyme1 call$ dia/ase 
7,i  sep>ate74    ,?is is able "u prop] 
conditions to break up ! gelat9iz$ />*  
into simpl] sub/ances--! dextr9s--& lat]
 into a f]m5table sug>  call$ maltose4  
,f]m5tation4--,! maltose or sug> 9 ! ma%
 is n[ to be  conv]t$ into alcohol4 ,?is
 is accompli%$ by f]m5tation1 a process 
( decomposition :i* conv]ts ! sug> into 
c>bonic acid & alcohol4  ,f]m5tation is 
/>t$ by yea/1 a fungus gr[?1 :i* 9 !    
c\rse (  its life hi/ory produces a     

matt] call$ zymose :i* *emically acts on
  ! sug> to split x up into c>bonic acid
 gas & alcohol4    ,yea/ may be ei!r    
wild or cultivat$4 ,if ! ma% is left to 
/&  "u prop] condition ! wild yea/      
spores 9 ! air1 w soon settle  9 ! ma% &
 beg9 to multiply4 ,?is me?od (         
f]m5tation is bad  because o!r organisms
 ?an yea/ w also be develop$1--organisms
  antagoni/ic to prop] f]m5tation4 ,z a 
consequ5ce1 pure or cultivat$  yea/ is  
alone us$4    ,?is yea/ is cultivat$ f a
 "m b$ 9 a special yea/ ma% &  :5 rip5$ 
is mix$ ) ! ma% 9 ! f]m5t+ vat4 ,at a   
temp]ature betwe5 #ej ,f4 & #hf ,f4 !   
yea/ induces f]m5tation1  conv]t+ ! sug>
 ( ! ma% into c>bon dioxid :i* escapes1 
&  alcohol :i* rema9s 9 ! decompos$ ma%1
 or be] z x is t]m$  9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,x n[ rema9s to sep>ate ! alcohol f !   
wat] ( ! be] )  :i* x is mix$4 ,?is is  
accompli%$ by di/illation &             
rectification1 z w be fully describ$ 9 !
 *apt]s foll[+4                         
,,production ,,( ,,alcohol ,,f          

,,sac*>if]\s ,,sub/ances4    ,sub/ances 
su* z grape juice1 fruit juice1 sug>    
beets1 cane sug> &  molasses already    
conta9 f]m5table sug>4 ,sac*>ification  
is !re=e  n ne$$ & juices or liquids f  
^! matt]s are ei!r directly  f]m5t$ z 9 
! case ( sug> cane1 or--z 9 ! case (    
sug>  beets--! sug> 9 juice is transf]r$
 by yea/ into a f]m5table  sug>4        
,,ma%+ ,,/>*y ,,mat]ials4    ,we w n[   
consid] 9 m detail ! prep>ation ( ma%es 
f  />*-conta9+ sub/ances4    ,gelat9iz+ 
,app>atus4 ,^! comprise ei!r ord9>y     
vats1 into :i*  /eam at l[ pressure is  
admitt$ 7see ,fig4 #dd71 cook]s & /irr]s
  su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a & #de or ! ,h5ze 
/eam] 7,fig4 #b47    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #a4--,vacuum ,ma% ,cook]4 7,to   
face page #aj7    ,an example ( a cook+ 
& ma%+ app>atus & its connections is    
%[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is is ! vacuum cook]  
put on ! m>ket by !  ,vulcan ,copp]     
,works ,company1 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4    
,?is consi/s ( a  cyl9drical /eel vessel
 ! int]ior ( :i* is fitt$ ) /irr]  arms 

atta*$ to a %aft mak+ ab\t sixty        
revolutions p] m9ute4 ,!  /eam ent]s !  
vessel at ! bottom by means ( pipes     
conduct+ x  f a manifold1 or head]1 9 ! 
same mann] z is %[n 9 !  app>atus       
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,atta*$ to ea*   
pipe at its po9t (  entrance is a *eck  
valve to spray ! /eam ?r\gh ! ma%4 ,a   
!rmomet] = regi/]+ ! temp]ature & a wat]
 gauge are plac$  9 ! manifold4 ,! gra9 
ent]s ! cook] f ! gra9 hopp] by way  ( a
 sp\t4 ,! cyl9d] has be5 previ\sly      
suppli$ ) hot wat] &  dur+ ! mix+ ( !   
meal ) ! hot wat] ! mass is con/antly   
/irr$4 ,! malt is mix$ ) wat] 9 ! small 
gra9 tub :i* is  provid$ ) a /irr]4 ,!  
malt ma% is admitt$ into ! cook] &  !   
mass ?or\ghly mix$ by ! arms4 ,aft] !   
ma%+1 ! product  passes (f to ! drop tub
 & f !nce to ! ma% cool]s :]e x  is     
cool$ to ! prop] temp]ature =           
f]m5tation4 ,! ge>+ =  agitat+ ! malt   
ma% & ! gra9 or potato ma% is evid5t f !
  draw+4    ,! pressure /eam]s us$ 9    
ma%+ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!y comprise  a

 cyl9drical vessel pref]ably conical or 
p>tly conical1 provid$ )  /eam entrance 
pipes1 air valves & a manhole4 ,at !    
bottom ( ! cone  =m+ ! l[] end ( ! /eam]
 is a grat+ locat$ 9 an exit  pipe      
provid$ ) a valve4 ,"o ( ! /eam entrance
 pipes is s locat$  t ! /eam is =c$ 9 at
 ! top ( ! cyl9d] :ile ! o!r  all[s /eam
 to ent] at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!     
device is  provid$ ) a pressure gauge & 
an air cock4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#b4--;,h5ze ,/eam]4    ,9 use ! body ( !
 app>atus is p>tly fill$ ) wat] & !     
mat]ial to be treat$4 ,?is is act$ ^u by
 a /eam pressure ( two  atmosph]es1 :i* 
is lat] increas$ to ?ree1 /eam ent]+ by 
!  l[]mo/ pipe1 pass+ up ?r\gh ! wat] & 
potatoes ?or\ghly  agitat+ ! same &     
pass+ away by ! /eam gauge4 ,aft] /&+ at
  ! la/ pressure = t5 or fifte5 m9utes !
 l[] /eam inlet is  clos$2 ! upp] inlet 
& ! bl[-out valve are op5$4 ,! /eam is  
!n increas$ to its highe/ po9t or ab\t  
f\r atmosph]es & !  l[] valve is op5$4  
,! dis9tegrat$ mat]ial is =c$ out by !  

/eam ?r\gh ! grat+ at ! bottom ( ! cone4
 ,?is comm9utes x  & pulps x be=e x     
passes into ! prep>atory ma% tub4 ,bl[+ 
out  requires ab\t #dj to #ej m9utes4   
,/eam+ & bl[+ out toge!r cov]  a space (
 two h\rs4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam be=e    
bl[+ out %\ld  be su* t ! /eam is       
con/antly be+ bl[n (f ?r\gh ! safety    
valve4 ,?us ! mass 9 ! /eam] is agitat$ 
& ! mat]ial entirely  dis9tegrat$ &     
gelat9iz$4    ,process4 ,into ^!        
app>atuses ! potatoes & corn or gra9    
fir/  gr\nd into ma%1 or ev5 corn or    
gra9 ungr\nd1 if ! pressure is high     
en\gh1 are dis9tegrat$ & cook$ by /eam  
"u high pressure4 ,dur+  ?is process !  
/>* becomes p>tially dissolv$ & p>tially
  gelat9iz$1 :i* occurs :5 a pressure ( 
"s #fe p\nds has be5  atta9$1 ) a       
temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj ,f4              
,sac*>ify+4 ,x is n[ necess>y to        
sac*>ify ! gelat9iz$ mass4  ,?is is     
accompli%$ by add+ to x a c]ta9 am\nt ( 
malt1 :]eby  maltose or sug> is =m$     
?r\gh ! action ( ! dia/ase4 ,! am\nt  ( 

maltose s creat$ is 9 proportion to !   
am\nt ( malt us$1 !  l5g? ( "t x is     
act+1 ! dilution ( ! ma%1 & ! exi/5ce  (
 a prop] temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature be/  
fitt$ = ?is action lies  above #abb ,f41
 b 9 ord] to entirely dissolve ! />* a  
temp]ature  ( #ade ,f4 %\ld be us$4 ,9  
addition1 at ?is high] temp]ature1 !    
bact]ia inimical to f]m5tation are      
de/roy$4 ,a high] temp]ature  ?an #ade  
,f4 %\ld n be all[$1 except 9           
extraord9>y cases z x  injures !        
effectiv5ess ( ! dia/ase4    ,app>atus4 
,! mixture ( ! malt ) ! ma% may ei!r    
take place  9 ! heat] & cook] itself    
7see ,fig4 #b7 or 9 a prep>atory ma%    
vat4    ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! malt is    
all[$ to ent] ! cook+ cyl9d]  :5 !      
temp]ature ( ! ma% is ab\t #ade ,f4 ,!  
ma% is /irr$  until ?or\ghly mix$ :5 !  
product is drawn into a receptacle call$
  a drop tub & lat] r$uc$ to a prop]    
f]m5t+ temp]ature4    ,:5 ! ,h5ze type (
 /eam] is us$1 ! pulp$ mass 7see ,page  
#aba7 is  bl[n into a prep>atory ma%    

vat1 at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,x is left  
to /& at ?is temp]ature = a p]iod v>y+ f
 tw5ty m9utes to  an h\r & a half4      
,cool+ ! ,ma%4 ,sac*>ification takes    
place at a temp]ature above  #abb ,f41 b
 ! prop] f]m5t+ temp]ature is only ab\t 
#fc ,f4 to  #fh ,f41 & h5ce "s means mu/
 be adopt$ = cool+ ! hot ma% to  ?is    
temp]ature & = s cool+ x 9 a relatively 
%ort "t4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#c4--,ma% ,cool]1 ,air ,sy/em4    ,cool+
 may be accompli%$ by submitt+ ! ma% to 
curr5ts ( air2  to contact ) cold wat]  
coils or by ! use ( ice4 ,"o ( !        
simple/ cool]s ( ! fir/ class is %[n 9  
,fig4 #c4    ,?is consi/s ( a %all[     
panlike tank ,a hav+ means = introduc+  
& draw+ (f ! ma%4 ,rotat+ 9 ! c5t] ( !  
tank is a  v]tical %aft ,c c>ry+ radiat+
 /irr] arms ,b4 ,braces ,m  ext5d to !  
middle ( ^! arms & ! arms c>ry a numb] (
 blades  or paddles b1 :i* ext5d d[n    
into ! ma%4 ,above ! arms1 m\nt$        
loosely on ! same %aft1 b rotat+ 9 !    
opposite direction1 are  fans ,h        

support$ by arms ,j :i* create air      
curr5ts ov] !  agitat$ ma%4 ,^! fans    
move at a mu* fa/] rate ?an ! /irr]s    
,b4    ,a simple =m ( driv+ ge> is %[n4 
,! ma9 %aft ,c is rotat$ by  a l>ge     
bevel ge> ,d1 me%+ ) a small p9ion ,e on
 ! end ( a  driv+ %aft ,f1 :i* is driv5 
by a belt4 ,?is %aft also c>ries a      
bevel ge> ,l1 :i* me%es ) a bevel ge> ,k
 m\nt$ on a sleeve4  ,?is sleeve        
surr\nds & rotates freely on ! c5tral   
%aft ,c1 be+  support$ at its l[] end 9 
ball be>+s m m1 m\nt$ on ! %aft4  ,?is  
comb9ation gives opposite rotation to ! 
faces & /irr] arms  & at diff]5t spe$s4 
,! driv+ me*anism c be ( c\rse v>i$4    
,ano!r simple me?od ( air cool+ w\ld be 
to let ! ma% run d[n a  s]ies ( enclos$ 
/eps or *utes1 ! cas+ be+ kept cool by  
an air  bla/4 ,ma%es may be ev5 cool$ by
 m]e /irr+ by paddles1 b ?is  takes a   
long "t & mu* labor4    ,! prep>atory   
ma% vats us$ to-day are almo/ all       
provid$ )  /irr]s =m$ ( holl[ blades    
capable ( a rapid /irr+ movem5t  ?r\gh !

 ma%4 ,?r\gh ! holl[ blades cold wat] is
 =c$4 ,ma%  vats ( ?is k9d %\ld h !     
foll[+ qualities4 ,!y %\ld be  /rongly  
built1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! /irr]s s z 
to be us$  ) ?ick ma%es4 ,!y %\ld       
?or\ghly & uni=mly /ir & mix !  ma% & !y
 %\ld be capable ( cool+ ! ma% )9 an    
h\r1 &  %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to be     
easily clean$4    ,by us+ coils ( pipe  
:i* may be ins]t$ or )drawn f ! ma%     
tub1 & ?r\gh :i* cold wat] is =c$1 ! ma%
 may be effectively  cool$1 b ! be/ plan
 = quick cool+ is to br+ a comp>atively 
?9 lay] ( ! ma% 9 contact ) ! coils4    
,?is may be  conv5i5tly done by us+ a   
sy/em ( comp>atively l>ge wat] pipes    
enclos+ small pipes = ! passage ( ! ma%4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,ma%      
,cool]1 ,wat] ,sy/em4    ,?is %\ld be   
arrang$ 9 a /& l ! coils ( a radiator ) 
an  incl9e f ! inlet end ( ! top pipe to
 ! outlet end ( !  l[]mo/ pipe4 ,z /at$1
 ! small pipe c>ries ! ma%1 ! l>ge  pipe
 ! wat]4    ,pref]ably ! ma% fl[s d[nw>d
 :ile ! wat] is =c$ upw>d 9 a  contr>y  

direction by means ( a pump or a high   
level res]voir4 ,!  cool$ ma% %\ld fl[  
into ! f]m5t+ tank at a temp]ature (    
ab\t #fh ,f4    ,!re are _m v>ieties (  
ma% cool+ app>atuses on ! m>ket (  m or 
less complication suit$ to ! ne$s ( l>ge
 & exp5sive  plants4    ,! =m ( cool]   
be/ to be us$ dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances (
 ea*  case & :e!r ?ick or ?9 ma%es are  
to be di/ill$4 ,! cool]  %\ld1 h[ev]1 be
 capable ( ?or\gh cleans+ s t no portion
 (  "o ma%+ be c>ri$ to ano!r4          
,f]m5tation is an obscure & seem+ly     
spontane\s *ange or  decomposition :i*  
takes place 9 mo/ vegetable & animal    
sub/ances  :5 expos$ at ord9>y          
temp]atures to air & moi/ure4 ,:ile     
f]m5tation broadly cov]s decay or       
putrifaction1 yet x is limit$ 9  ord9>y 
use to ! process = produc+ alcoholic    
liquors f  sac*>if]\s ma%es4            
,f]m5tation is br\ght ab\t by c]ta9     
bodies call$ f]m5ts--^!  are ei!r       
organiz$1 z vegetable f]m5ts su* z yea/1
 or unorganiz$  z dia/ase--! enzyme (   

g]m9at$ malt4 ,! la/ is us$ to conv]t   
/>* into maltose1 ! fir/ is us$ to      
conv]t maltose into  f]m5table sug>4 ,! 
organiz$ f]m5ts are ei!r to be f\nd     
float+  freely 9 ! air "u ! "n ( wild   
yea/ or are artificially  produc$4 ,if a
 solution ( pure sug> be all[$ to /& s t
 x c  be act$ on by ! organisms 9 ! air1
 x w rema9 unalt]$ = a  long "t1 b      
f9ally mold w appe> ^u x & x w become   
s\r  & d>k-color$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a        
suitable f]m5t is add$ to x1 su* z      
yea/1 x rapidly passes into a /ate (    
active f]m5tation by :i* !  sug> is     
split up into alcohol & c>bon dioxid1 ! 
process cont9u+  f #dh h\rs to sev]al   
weeks accord+ to ! temp]ature1 ! am\nt  
( sug> pres5t1 & ! nature & quantity ( !
 f]m5t4  ,f]m5tation _c occur at a      
temp]ature mu* bel[ #dj ,f41 nor above  
#adj ,f4 ,! limits ( practical          
temp]ature1 h[ev]1 are #da to #hf ,f4   
,brew]'s yea/ is *iefly employ$ 9 _s    
manufacture4    ,! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a (  
f]m5tation are ! turbidity ( !  liquid1 

! ris+ ( gas bubbles to ! surface1 & !  
increase 9  temp]ature1 ! disappe>ance (
 ! sug>1 ! appe>ance ( alcohol  & !     
cle>+ ( ! liquid4 ,at ! end a slight    
scum is =m$ on !  top ( ! liquid & a    
light color$ deposit at ! bottom4 ,?is  
deposit  consi/s ( yea/ :i* is capable (
 excit+ ! v9\s f]m5tation 9  o!r        
solutions ( sug>4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature ! 
sl[] !  process1 :ile at a temp]ature   
above #hf ,f4 ! v9\s f]m5tation is      
liable to pass into o!r =ms ( f]m5tation
 to be h]eaft]  consid]$4    ,!re are _m
 !ories ( f]m5tation1 ( :i* ! two mo/   
important  are ^? ( ,pa/eur & ,bu*n]4 ,!
 fir/ tea*es t f]m5tation is  caus$     
purely by ! organic life ( ! yea/ plant 
& is n a m]e  *emical action1 :]eas !   
second view mo/ l>gely held to-day is t 
f]m5tation is a purely *emical *ange due
 to c]ta9 unorganiz$  sub/ances call$   
enzymes pres5t 9 ! yea/4    ,! !ory ne$ 
n deta9 u4 ,x is suffici5t t ! yea/     
plant 9  "s mann] acts to decompose !   
sac*>ifi$ ma% into alcohol &  c>bonic   

acid gas4    ,yea/ is a fungus1 a       
mono-cellul> organism1 :i* "u prop]     
conditions propogates itself to an      
enorm\s ext5t4 ,!re are _m races  or    
v>ieties ( yea/ ea* hav+ its peculi>    
me?od ( gr[?4    ,= our purposes we may 
divide ! yea/ races into two classes1   
wild  yea/ & cultivat$ yea/4 ,orig9ally 
any ( ! yea/ races 7  suppos$ to be good
 en\gh to effect f]m5tation b to-day e  
ef=t  is made to procure & use only ^?  
races :i* h ! greate/ p[]  to decompose 
sug>4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! old di/ill] 
kept  portions ( 8 yea/ ov] f "o        
f]m5tation to ! next4 ,?is 0  yea/ ^:   
action !y und]/ood & ^: abilities 7     
prov54 ,?is  yea/ s kept 0 op51 h[ev]1  
to ! *ance ( contam9ation & yea/  to-day
 is z c>efully select$ & br$ z is a /ra9
 ( horses1 or  dogs1 or plants4    ,aft]
 gett+ a portion ( select$ pure yea/ =  
bre$+ purposes1 x  may be s[$1 t is1    
propagat$ v c>efully 9 a yea/ ma%1 9    
/]iliz+ app>atus1 :]e all *ance (       
contam9ation by bact]ia or  wild yea/ is

 avoid$4 ,f ?is b$ ( "m yea/1 or />t    
yea/1 !  yea/ = ! successive yea/ ma%es 
is tak54    ,! prep>ation ( ! v>i\s     
v>ieties ( yea/ ma%es is too l5g?y  to  
be set =? except 9 special treatises on 
! subject1 b !  ord9>y me?od ( yea/+ is 
z foll[s1 ref]5ce be+ made to ,fig4  #e1
 :i* %[s ! app>atus us$ 9 ! yea/+ &     
f]m5t+  dep>tm5ts ( a di/ill]y1 z       
in/all$ by ! ,vulcan ,copp] ,works1 (   
,c9c9nati4 ,! yea/ tubs are %[n to !    
left ( ! illu/ration4  ,!y are ea*      
provid$ ) cool+ coils & /irr]s4    ,!   
yea/ ma% we w assume is compos$ ( equal 
p>ts ( b>ley malt  & rye meal4 ,hot wat]
 at #aff ,f4 is fir/ put into ! ma% tub4
 ,!  rake or /irr]s are !n rotat$ & !   
meal run 9 sl[ly4 ,!  /irr+ is cont9u$ =
 tw5ty m9utes aft] ! meal is all 91 dur+
  :i* ! ma% has become sac*>ifi$4    ,! 
ma% is !n all[$ to /& = ab\t tw5ty h\rs1
 & to gr[  s\r by lactic f]m5tation4 ,! 
lactic acid s produc$ protects !  "m    
yea/ f infection by suppress+ wild yea/ 
& bact]ia4  ,dur+ ?is p]iod great c>e is

 tak5 to prev5t ! temp]ature ( !  ma%   
fall+ bel[ #ie ,f4 & consequ5t butyric &
 acet\s f]m5tation  foll[+4 ,aft] x has 
s /ood ! s\r ma% is cool$ by circulat+  
wat] 9 ! coils & /irr+ until x is r$uc$ 
to f #ei to #fh ,f4  dep5d+ on :e!r !   
ma% is ?9 or ?ick4 ,/>t yea/ dur+ !     
cool+ ( ! ma% :5 at above #hf ,f4 is    
add$ & /irr$ 94 ,= !  next twelve h\rs !
 yea/ f]m5ts & :5 a temp]ature ( #hd ,f4
 has  be5 atta9$ ! ma% is cool$ to #fe  
,f4 at :i* temp]ature x is  ma9ta9$     
until all[$ to ent] ! f]m5t+ tubs ?r\gh 
! pipe  lead+ !reto f ! yea/ tub4       
,!re are f\r pr9cipal k9ds ( f]m5tation3
 alcoholic1 acet\s1  lactic & visc\s4   
,alcoholic ,f]m5tation4 ,?is may be     
briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,!  ma% 9 !  
f]m5t+ vat hav+ be5 br\ght to ! prop]   
temp]ature1  ! f]m5t is ?r[n 91 & ! :ole
 is well /irr$ toge!r4    ,?is is kn[n z
 pit*+4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#e4--,yea/+ & ,f]m5t+ ,app>atus4  7,to  
face page #bb7    ,! prop] pit*+        
temp]ature v>ies ) ! me?od ( f]m5tation 

adopt$1 ! l5g? ( ! f]m5t+ p]iod1 !      
mat]ials ( ! ma%1  its ?ickness or      
att5uation4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t 
!re is  a great increase 9 ! temp]ature 
( ! be] dur+ f]m5tation &  t !          
temp]ature at its highe/ %\ld nev] "u   
any circum/ances1  become great] ?an #hf
 ,f4 & ) ?ick ma%es t ev5 a less heat is
  desirable4 ,!re=e ! pit*+ temp]ature  
%\ld be su* t !  inevitable rise due to 
f]m5tation %all n c>ry ! temp]ature to  
or  beyond ! maximum po9t desir$ = !    
p>ticul> ma% be+  treat$4 ,x is to      
accurately control ! pit*+ temp]ature & 
!  f]m5t+ temp]ature t ! f]m5t+ tanks   
are provid$ )  cool+ appliances4    ,9  
ab\t ?ree h\rs' "t1 ! comm5cem5t ( !    
f]m5tation is  ann\nc$ by small bubbles 
( gas :i* appe> on ! surface ( ! vat1  &
 collect ar\nd ! edges4 ,z ^! increase 9
 numb]1 ! :ole  cont5ts are gradually   
?r[n into a /ate ( motion1 resembl+     
viol5t  ebullition1 by ! tumultu\s      
dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic anhydride4 ,!     
liquor rises 9 temp]ature & becomes     

cov]$ ) fro?4 ,at ?is  po9t1 ! vat mu/  
be cov]$ tightly1 ! excess ( gas f9d+ an
 exit  ?r\gh holes 9 ! lid2 c>e mu/ n[  
be tak5 to prev5t !  temp]ature f ris+  
too high1 & also to prev5t ! action f   
becom+ too en]getic1 !reby caus+ !      
cont5ts ( ! vat to  ov]fl[4 ,9 ab\t     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! action beg9s to        
subside1 &  ! temp]ature falls to t ( ! 
surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,an h\r or  two     
lat]1 ! process is complete2 ! bubbles  
disappe>1 & !  liquor1 :i* n[ possesses 
! *>act]i/ic odor & ta/e ( alcohol1     
settles out p]fectly cle>4 ,! :ole      
op]ation1 z "h describ$1  usually       
occupies f =ty-eight to sev5ty-two h\rs4
 ,! duration (  ! process is influ5c$1 (
 c\rse1 by _m circum/ances1 *iefly by   
bulk ( ! liquor1 its ri*ness 9 sug>1 !  
quality ( ! f]m5t1  & ! temp]ature4     
,acet\s ,f]m5tation4 ,?is p]plex+       
occurr5ce _c be too  c>efully gu>d$     
aga9/4 ,x results :5 ! f]m5t+ liquor is 
expos$ to ! air4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !   
liquor absorbs a portion  ( ! oxyg51 :i*

 unites ) ! alcohol1 ?us conv]t+ x into 
acetic acid z rapidly z x is =m$4 ,:5   
acet\s f]m5tation beg9s1  ! liquor      
becomes turbid1 & a long1 /r+y sub/ance 
appe>s1 :i*  aft] a "t settles d[n to ! 
bottom ( ! vat4 ,x is !n f\nd t  all !  
alcohol has be5 decompos$1 & t an       
equival5t quantity (  acet\s acid rema9s
 in/ead4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! pres5ce
 (  a f]m5t & a temp]ature ( #fh to #ie 
,f4 are indisp5sable to acet\s          
f]m5tation1 z well z contact ) !        
atmosph]e4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to  prev5t its 
occurr5ce1 x is necess>y n only to      
exclude ! air1 b  also to gu>d aga9/ too
 high a temp]ature & ! use ( too mu*    
f]m5t4 ,! latt] inv>iably t5ds to excite
 acet\s f]m5tation4 ,x  %\ld also be    
rem>k$ t x is well to cleanse ! vats &  
ut5sils  c>efully ) lime wat] be=e us+1 
9 ord] to neutralize any acid  :i* !y   
may conta92 = ! lea/ trace ( acid 9 !   
vat has a  t5d5cy to accel]ate !        
conv]sion ( alcohol into v9eg>4 ,a      
v>iety  ( o!r circum/ances are favorable

 to acetification1 su* z ! use (  a     
/agnant or impure wat]1 & ! f\l odors   
:i* arise f ! vats2  /ormy wea!r or     
?und] w also eng5d] x4    ,lactic       
,f]m5tation4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( lactic    
f]m5tation1 sug>  & />* are conv]t$ into
 lactic acid4 ,:5 x has once begun1 x   
develops rapidly1 & soon decomposes a   
l>ge quantity ( glucose2 b z  x c proce$
 only 9 a neutral liquor1 ! pres5ce ( ! 
acid itself  spe$ily *ecks its own      
=mation4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ano!r f]m5t is     
liable to act ^u ! lactic acid already  
=m$1 conv]t+ x into  butyric acid1 :i*  
is easily recogniz$ by its odor ( rank  
butt]4  ,c>bonic anhydride & hydrog5 are
 evolv$ by ?is reaction4 ,! latt]  gas  
acts p[]fully ^u glucose1 conv]t+ x into
 a species ( gum  call$ mannite1 s t    
lactic f]m5tation--9 itself an          
intol]able  nuisance--becomes ! s\rce ( 
a new & equally objectionable wa/e (    
sug>4 ,x c be avoid$ only by keep+ !    
vats ?or\ghly clean2 !y  %\ld be wa%$ ) 
wat] acidulat$ ) five p] c5t ( sulphuric

  acid4 ,an alt]$ f]m5t1 or ! use ( too 
small a quantity1 w t5d  to br+ x ab\t4 
,! be/ prev5tives are ?or\gh cleanl9ess1
 & ! use ( good1  fre% yea/ 9 ! correct 
proportion4    ,visc\s ,f]m5tation4 ,?is
 is usually ! result ( all[+ ! vats  to 
/& too long be=e f]m5tation beg9s4 ,x is
 *>act]iz$ by !  =mation ( visc\s or    
mucilag9\s matt]s1 :i* r5d] ! liquor    
turbid1 & by ! evolution ( c>bonic      
anhydride & hydrog5 gases !  latt] act+ 
z 9 ! case ( lactic f]m5tation & conv]t+
 !  glucose into mannite4 ,visc\s       
f]m5tation may g5]ally be attribut$ to  
! too feeble action ( ! f]m5t4 ,x occurs
 pr9cipally 9 !  f]m5tation ( :ite w9es1
 be]1 & beet-juice1 or ( o!r liquors    
conta9+ mu* nitrog5\s matt]4 ,x may be  
avoid$ by ! same  precautions z are     
indicat$ = ! prev5tion ( lactic         
f]m5tation4    ,p]iods ( ,f]m5tation4 ,!
 op]ation ( f]m5tation may be           
conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree equal       
p]iods4    ,! fir/ or pre-f]m5tation    
p]iod is t :5 ! yea/ mix$ into  ! ma% is

 gr[+2 ! temp]ature %\ld !n be kept at  
ab\t #fc to  #fh ,f4 dur+ :i* "t ! yea/ 
is propagat$4 ,! gr[? ( ! yea/  is      
manife/$ by ! developm5t ( c>bonic acid 
gas & by a slight  motion ( ! ma%4 ,:5  
alcohol is produc$ to an ext5t ( say    
five p]  c5t4 ! gr[? ( ! yea/ /ops4     
,! second p]iod ( *ief f]m5tation !n    
beg9s4 ,c>bonic acid is  freely develop$
 & ! sug> is conv]t$ into alcohol4 ,!   
temp]ature  at ?is "t %\ld n exce$ #ha4e
 ,f4 ,! second p]iod ( f]m5tation       
cont9ues ab\t #ab h\rs1 :5 ! la/ p]iod  
comm5ces4    ,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod or aft] 
f]m5tation !re is a less5+ ( !  =mation 
( c>bonic acid & a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature4 
,9 ?is  /age ! ma% is kept at a         
temp]ature ( #gg to #ha ,f4    ,9 ord]  
to conv5i5tly regulate ! temp]ature ( ! 
ma% ! vat may  be provid$ ) a copp] worm
 at ! bottom !re(1 ?r\gh :i* cold  wat] 
is =c$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ only be us$ =  
?ick ma%es4 ,!re  are also v>i\s k9ds ( 
movable cool]s us$ = ?is purpose4       
,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t =ms :i*      

f]m5tation may take4 ,!  insoluble      
con/itu5ts ( ! ma% 9 ! process (        
f]m5tation are  =c$ to ! surface1 & =m  
:at may be t]m$ a cov]4 ,if !  c>bonic  
acid gas bubbles seldom break ?is cov] x
 indicates t !  conv]sion ( ! sug> into 
alcohol & c>bonic acid is proce$+ v     
sl[ly & imp]fectly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cov]  
is swirl+ & see?+1  & p>ticul>ly if !   
cov] is ris+ & fall+ ) e n[ &  !n a     
dis*>ge ( gas1 x is an indication t !   
conv]sion is  prop]ly proce$+4 ,foam+ ( 
! ma% is to be prev5t$1 z ! fro?  or    
foam fl[s ov] ! ma% tank & consid]able  
loss is su/a9$4 ,x  may be prev5t$ by   
p\r+ a little hot l>d into ! vat1 or    
petroleum1  provid$ its odor w n int]f]e
 ) ! use ( ! alcohol :5  di/ill$4       
,wat] is add$ 9 small quantities ne> !  
t]m9ation ( ! second  p]iod (           
f]m5tation4 ,?is dilutes ! alcohol1 9 ! 
ma% & less5s  its p]c5tage1 & ?us !     
fur!r gr[? ( ! yea/ is p]mitt$4    ,aft]
 f]m5tation ! ma% takes ei!r ! =m ( a   
?ick dilut$ pulp  or ( a ?9 liquor4     

,aga9 ! read] is rem9d$ t ! ma% aft]    
f]m5tation conta9s alcohol mix$ )       
wat]--& t ! next /ep 9  !               
process--di/illation is necess>y m]ely  
to sep>ate ! alcohol  f ! wat]4    ,!re 
is always "s loss 9 ! process (         
f]m5tation2 9 o!r words1  ! actual      
production is bel[ ! !oretical am\nt    
due4 ,!oretically  "o p\nd ( />* %\ld   
yield #aa4de fluid ounces ( alcohol4 ,) 
a  good result #hh4c p] c5t4 ( ?is      
!oretical yield is obta9$2 ) an  av]age 
result ( #hj4b p] c5t4 & ) a bad result 
only ab\t #gb4f  p] c5t4 or less4       
,f]m5t+ ,app>atus4 ,x rema9s n[ to      
describe briefly ! vessels or  vats     
employ$ 9 ! processes ( f]m5tation4 ,!y 
are made ( oak or  cypress1 firmly b\nd 
toge!r ) iron b&s1 & !y %\ld be  some:at
 deep] ?an wide1 & slightly conical1 s z
 to pres5t z  small a surface z possible
 to ! action ( ! air4 ,_! dim5sions     
v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! nature & quantity ( ! 
liquor to be  f]m5t$4 ,circul> vats are 
pref]able to squ>e ones1 z be+ bett]    

adapt$ to reta9 ! heat ( _! cont5ts4 ,! 
lid %\ld close  securely1 & a portion ( 
x %\ld be made to op5 )\t uncov]+  !    
:ole4 ,= ! purpose ( heat+ or cool+ !   
cont5ts :5  necess>y1 x is ( great      
advantage to h a copp] coil at ! bottom 
( ! vat1 connect$ ) two pipes1 "o       
supply+ /eam & ! o!r  cold wat]4        
,iron vats h also be5 us$1 hav+ a       
jacket$ space ar\nd !m1  into :i* hot or
 cold wat] may be introduc$4 ,z wood5   
vats are por\s  & h5ce uncleanly !y h to
 be con/antly scrubb$ & dis9fect$4  ,x  
is advisable to cov] ! int]ior ) l9se$  
oil1 v>ni% or ) a  %ellac v>ni%4 ,!     
diamet] ( ! coil v>ies accord+ to ! size
 (  ! vat4    ,! room 9 :i* ! vats are  
plac$ %\ld be made z free f  draughts z 
possible by disp5s+ ) sup]flu\s doors & 
w9d[s2 x  %\ld n be too high & %\ld be  
enclos$ by ?ick walls 9 ord] to  keep 9 
! heat4 ,z uni=mity ( temp]ature is     
highly desirable1 a  !rmomet] %\ld be   
kept 9 ! room1 & !re %\ld be /oves =    
supply+ heat 9 case x be requir$4 ,!    

temp]ature %\ld be kept  betwe5 #fd ,f4 
& #fh ,f4    ,e precaution mu/ be tak5  
to ensure ! mo/ absolute cleanl9ess2  ! 
floors %\ld be swept or wa%$ ) wat]     
daily1 & ! vats1 z  po9t$ out above1 mu/
 be clean$ out z soon z ! cont5ts are   
remov$4 ,= wa%+ ! vats1 lime-wat] %\ld  
be us$ :5 !  f]m5tation has be5 too     
en]getic or has %[n a t5d5cy to become  
acid2 wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid is
 us$ :5 ! action has  be5 feeble & !    
f]m5t$ liquor conta9s a small quantity (
  undecompos$ sug>4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to 
get rid ( c>bonic anhydride  =m$ dur+ ! 
op]ation4 ,buckets ( lime-wat] are      
sometimes plac$  ab\t ! room = ! purpose
 ( absorb+ ?is gas2 b ! be/ way (  gett+
 rid ( x is to h a numb] ( holes1 ?ree  
or f\r in*es  squ>e1 9 ! floor1 ?r\gh   
:i* ! gas escapes by reason ( its       
weight4 ,! dang]\s action ( ?is gas &   
its effects ^u animal life  :5 unmix$ ) 
air are too well "k to necessitate any  
fur!r  en=cem5t ( ^! precautions4    ,! 
be] obta9$ by ma%+ & f]m5t+ consi/      

ess5tially (  volatile sub/ances1 su* z 
wat]1 alcohol1 ess5tial oils & a little 
acetic acid1 & ( non-volatile sub/ances1
 su* z cellulose1 dextr9e1  unalt]$ sug>
 & />*1 m9]al matt]s1 lactic acid1 etc4 
,! volatile con/itu5ts ( ! liquor       
possess widely diff]5t  degrees (       
volatility2 ! alcohol has ! l[e/ boil+  
po9t1 wat]  ! next1 !n acetic acid1 &   
la/ ! ess5tial oils4 ,x w ?us be  se5 t 
! sep>ation ( ! volatile & non-volatile 
con/itu5ts by  evaporation & cond5sation
 ( ! vapors giv5 (f is v easily         
effect$1 & t also by ! same process1 :i*
 is t]m$  di/illation1 ! volatile       
sub/ances may be sep>at$ f "o  ano!r4 ,z
 ! acetic acid & ess5tial oils are      
pres5t only 9 v  small quantities1 !y w 
n require mu* consid]ation4    ,! aim ( 
di/illation is to sep>ate z completely z
 possible !  alcohol f ! wat] :i*       
dilutes x4 ,table ,i %[s ! am\nt (      
alcohol conta9$ 9 ! vapors giv5 (f f    
alcoholic liquids (  diff]5t /r5g?1 &   
also _! boil+ po9ts4    ,a glance at ?is

 table %[s to :at an ext5t an alcoholic 
liquor may be  /r5g!n$ by di/illation1 &
 h[ ! quantity ( _s 9 !  di/illate      
increases 9 proportion z t conta9$ 9 !  
orig9al  liquor dim9i%es4 ,x w also be  
se5 t successive di/illations (         
spiritu\s liquors w ultimately yield a  
_s ( v high /r5g?4    ,z an example1    
suppose t a liquid conta9+ five p] c5t1 
( alcohol  is to be di/ill$4 ,its vapor 
cond5s$ gives a di/illate conta9+ #db   
p] c5t4 ( alcohol :i*1 if re-di/ill$1   
af=ds ano!r conta9+  #hb p] c5t4 ,?is1  
subject$ aga9 to di/illation1 yields    
alcohol (  ov] #ij p] c5t4 9 /r5g?4 ,?us
 ?ree successive di/illations h  /r5g!n$
 ! liquor f five p] c5t4 to #ij p] c5t4 
,x w ?us be cle> t ! ri*ness 9 alcohol (
 ! vapors giv5  (f f boil+ alcoholic    
liquids is n a con/ant quantity1 b t  x 
necess>ily dim9i%es z ! ebullition is   
cont9u$4 ,= example a  liquor conta9+   
sev5 p] c5t4 ( alcohol yields1 on boil+ 
a vapor  conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ,! fir/    
portion ( ! di/illate w1  !re=e1 be (   

?is /r5g?4 ,b z ! vapor is              
proportionally ri*]  9 alcohol1 ! boil+ 
liquor mu/ become gradually weak]1 &1 9 
consequ5ce1 mu/ yield weak] vapors4     
,?us1 :5 ! proportion (  alcohol 9 !    
boil+ liquid has sunk to five p] c5t41 !
 vapors  cond5s$ at t "t w conta9 only  
#dj p] c5t42 at two p] c5t4  ( alcohol 9
 ! liquor1 ! vapors yield only #bh p]   
c5t41 & at "o  p] c5t41 !y w be f\nd :5 
cond5s$ to conta9 only #ac p] c5t4  ,f  
?is x w be und]/ood t if ! di/illation  
be /opp$ at  any giv5 po9t be=e !       
complete volatilization ( all ! alcohol 
!  di/illate obta9$ w be consid]ably    
/rong] ?an if ! process _h  be5 c>ri$ on
 to ! end4 ,moreov]1 ano!r advantage    
d]iv$ f  *eck+ ! process be=e ! end1 &  
keep+ ! la/ portions ( !  di/illate     
sep>ate f ! re/1 besides t ( obta9+ a   
/rong]  _s1 is t a mu* pur] "o is obta9$
 also4 ,! volatile1  ess5tial oils1     
m5tion$ above1 are soluble only 9 /rong 
alcohol1 &  insoluble 9 its aque\s      
solutions4 ,!y di/ill also at a mu*     

high]  temp]ature ?an alcohol1 & s are  
f\nd only among ! la/ products  ( !     
di/illation1 :i* results f rais+ !      
temp]ature ( !  boil+ liquid4 ,?is sy/em
 ( *eck+ ! di/illation & remov+ !       
products at diff]5t po9ts is frequ5tly  
employ$ 9 ! practice (  rectification4  
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          
,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4      ,! ,app>atus 
employ$ 9 ! process ( di/illation is    
call$ a  /ill1 & is ( almo/ inf9ite     
v>iety4 ,a /ill may be any vessel  :i* w
 hold & p]mit f]m5tat$ wa% or be] to be 
boil$  !re91 & :i* w collect ! vapors   
aris+ f ! surface (  ! boil+ liquid &   
transmit !m to a cond5s]4 ,! /ill may be
  ei!r heat$ by ! direct application (  
fire1 or ! liquid 9 !  /ill rais$ to !  
boil+ po9t by ! injection ( /eam4 ,!    
/eam or  vapor ris+ f ! boil+ liquid mu/
 be cool$ & cond5s$4 ,?is  is done by   
lead+ x into tubes surr\nd$ by cold wat]
 or ! cold  ma%4    ,! v simple/ =m (   
/ill is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & consi/s ( two 
ess5tial p>ts1 ! /ill1 or boil] ,a1 made

 ( t9n$ copp]1 !  cond5s] ,c :i* may be 
made ( metal or wood & ! worm ,b made ( 
a coil ( t9n$ copp] pipe4    ,! liquor  
is boil$ 9 ,a & ! vapors pass (f into ! 
worm ,b1  :i* is surr\nd$ by ! cold wat]
 ( ! cond5s]1 ! di/illate  be+ drawn (f 
at f4    ,! heat$ vapors pass+ ?r\gh !  
worm ,b w soon heat up !  wat] 9 ,c     
!reby ret>d+ p]fect cond5sation4 ,to    
prev5t ?is1 a  cold wat] supply pipe may
 be connect$ to ! bottom ( ,c mak+ a    
connection at ! top ( ,c = an ov] fl[ ( 
! w>m$ up wat]4 ,by  ?is means ! l[e/ "p
 ( ! worm w be kept suffici5tly cool to 
make a rapid cond5sation ( ! vapors4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a ,simple   
,/ill4    ,! boil] ,a c be made 9 two   
p>ts2 ! upp] "p fitt+ into !  l[] "p    
snugly at d4 ,! pipe f ! upp] "p fitt+ !
 worm  snugly at e4 ,?is w enable !     
op]ator to ?or\ghly cleanse !  boil]    
be=e putt+ 9 a new lot ( liquor4 ,!     
jo9ts at e & d  %\ld be lut$ ) d\gh =m$ 
by mix+ ! fl\r ) a small  portion ( salt
 & moi/5+ ) wat]4 ,?is is ?or\ghly pack$

 at  ! junctions ( ! p>ts to prev5t !   
escape ( /eam or vapor4    ,fig4 #g %[s 
su* a ,/ill z manufactur$ by ! ,geo4 ,l4
 ,squi] ,mfg4 ,co41  ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,simple       
,direct-,heat$ ,/ill4    ,9 an app>atus 
( ?is k9d1 ! vapors ( alcohol & wat] are
  cond5s$ toge!r4 ,b if in/ead ( fill+ !
 cond5s] ,c ) cold  wat]1 x is kept at a
 temp]ature ( #agf ,f4 ! great] "p ( !  
wat]-vapor w be cond5s$ :ile ! alcohol1 
:i* boils at #agb4d ,f4  passes ?r\gh ! 
coil uncond5s$4 ,if !re=e ! wat] be     
cond5s$  & collect$ sep>ately 9 ?is     
mann]1 & ! alcoholic vapors be  conduct$
 into ano!r cool] kept at temp]ature    
bel[ #agb4d ,f41 !  alcohol w be obta9$ 
9 a mu* high] /ate ( conc5tration ?an x 
w\ld be by a process ( simple           
di/illation4    ,suppos+1 aga91 t vapors
 conta9+ b a small quantity ( alcohol   
are br\ght into contact ) an alcoholic  
liquid ( l[] temp]ature  ?an ! vapors   
!mselves1 & 9 v small quantity1 ! vapor 
(  wat] w be p>tly cond5s$1 s t !       

rema9d] w be ri*] 9  alcohol ?an x 0    
previ\sly4 ,b ! wat]1 9 cond5s+1 conv]ts
  into vapor a portion ( ! _s conta9$ 9 
! liquid int]pos$1 s  t ! uncond5s$     
vapors pass+ away are /ill fur!r enri*$ 
by  ?is means4 ,"h1 !n1 are ! results   
obta9$2 ! alcoholic vapors  are /r5g!n$1
 fir/ly1 by ! removal ( a portion ( !   
wat]  :]e) !y 7 mix$2 & !n by !         
admixture ) !m ( !  vaporiz$ _s plac$ 9 
! cond5s]4 ,by ! employm5t ( "s su*     
me?od z ?is1 a v satisfactory yield ( _s
 may be obta9$1 bo?  ) reg>d to quality1
 z x is extremely conc5trat$1 & to ! co/
  ( production1 s9ce ! simple           
cond5sation ( ! wat] is made use (  to  
conv]t ! _s into vapor )\t ! necessity (
 hav+ rec\rse  to fuel4 ,! con/ruction (
 e v>iety ( di/ill+ app>atus n[ 9  use  
is bas$ ^u ! above pr9ciples4    ,a     
sectional view ( ano!r simple =m ( /ill 
is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h2 ,v  is a wood5 vat   
hav+ a tight fitt+ cov] a1 ?r\gh ! c5t] 
(  :i* a hole has be5 cut4 ,! wide end (
 a goose neck ( copp] pipe  g is        

securely fitt$ ov] ?is ap]ture1 ! small]
 end ( ?is pipe  passes ?r\gh ! cov] ( !
 retort ,r ext5d+ ne>ly to !  bottom2 f 
is ! /eam supply pipe f boil]2 ,m !     
rectifi]  consi/+ ( a cyl9drical copp]  
vessel conta9+ a numb] ( small  v]tical 
pipes surr\nd$ by a cold wat] jacket2 o 
! inlet = !  cold wat] :i* circulates   
ar\nd ^! small pipes1 dis*>g+ at n2  !  
pipes 9 ,m h a common connection to a   
pipe p1 :i* connects  ! rectifi] ) coil 
9 cool] ,c2 s is a pipe to ! receptacle 
= receiv+ ! di/illate2 u cold wat]      
supply pipe to cool]1 &  ,w dis*>ge =   
w>m$-up wat]1 k dis*>ge = refuse wa% 9  
vat  ,v4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#h4--,simple ,/ill1 ) ,rectifi]4    ,!  
op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! vat ,v is ne>ly
 fill$ ) f]m5t$  ma% & retort ,r ) weak 
di/illate f a previ\s op]ation4 ,/eam   
is !n turn$ into ! pipe f dis*>g+ ne> ! 
bottom ( ! vat  ,v & work+ up ?r\gh !   
ma%4 ,?is heats up ! ma% & !  vapors    
escape up g ov] into ,r :]e !y w>m up ! 
weak  di/illate4 ,! vapors ?us enri*$   

rise into ,m1 :]e a good  p]c5tage ( !  
wat] vapor is di/ill$1 t is1 cond5s$ by 
!  cold wat] surr\nd+ ! small pipes4 ,! 
vapor !n passes ov]  ?r\gh p into !     
coil1 :]e x is liquifi$ & f :5ce x      
passes by pipe s into ! receiv]4 ,! cold
 wat] = cool+ bo? ,m  & ,c c be turn$ on
 z soon z ! app>atus has become ?or\ghly
  heat$ up4    ,! /ills 9 use to-day 9  
_m p>ts ( ! ,s\? = ! production (       
:iskey are q z simple z ^? above        
describ$1 & "s = !  mak+ ( moon%9e      
liquor are m s4    ,! fir/ di/ill+      
app>atus = ! production ( /rong alcohol 
on an  indu/rial scale 0 inv5t$ by      
,edw>d ,adam1 9 ! ye> #ahja4 ,!         
arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 9 :i* ,a  
is a /ill to conta9 !  liquor plac$ ov] 
a suitable heat]4 ,! vapors 7 conduct$  
by a tube  into ! egg-%ap$ vessel ,b1 ! 
tube rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom2  !y !n    
pass$ out by ano!r tube into a second   
egg ,c2 !n1 9 "s  cases1 into a ?ird1 n 
%[n 9 ! figure1 & f9ally into ! worm    
,d1 & ?r\gh a cock at ,g into ! receiv]4

 ,! liquor cond5s$ 9  ! fir/ egg is     
/rong] ?an t 9 ! /ill1 :ile t f\nd 9 !  
second & ?ird is /rong] ?an ei!r4 ,! _s 
:i* is cond5s$  at ! bottom ( ! worm is 
( a v high degree ( /r5g?4 ,at !  bottom
 ( ea* ( ! eggs1 !re is a tube connect$ 
) ! /ill1 by  :i* ! conc5trat$ liquors  
may be run back into ,a =  r$i/illation 
aft] ! refuse liquor f ! fir/ di/ill has
 be5  run (f4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#i4--;,adam's ,/ill4    ,9 ! tube is a  
/op-cock a1 by regulat+ :i*1 en\gh      
liquor c\ld  be kept 9 ! eggs to cov] ! 
l[] ends ( ! entrance pipes1 s  t !     
alcoholic vapors 7 n only depriv$ ( wat]
 by ! cool+  :i* !y und]w5t 9 pass+     
?r\gh ! eggs1 b 7 also mix$  ) fre% _s  
obta9$ f ! vaporization ( ! liquid      
rema9+  9 ! bottom ( ! eggs1 9 ! mann]  
already describ$4    ,adam's arrangem5t 
fulfill$1 !re=e1 ! two conditions       
necess>y =  ! production ( /rong _s     
inexp5sively2 b un=tunately x _h  also  
s]i\s defects4 ,! temp]ature ( ! egg    
c\ld n be ma9ta9$  at a con/ant /&>d1 & 

! bubbl+ ( ! vapors ?r\gh ! liquor      
inside creat$ too high a pressure4 ,x 01
 h[ev]1 a s\rce ( great  pr(it to its   
inv5tor = a long p]iod1 al?\gh x gave   
rise to _m  imitations & improvem5ts4   
,! op]ation ( di/ill+ is (t5 c>ri$ on 9 
! app>atus  repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x is
 t]m$ ! ,pat5t ,simplifi$ ,di/ill+      
,app>atus2 x 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by      
,corty1 b x has s9ce  und]gone mu*      
improvem5t4 ,a is ! body ( ! /ill1 into 
:i* !  wa% is put2 ,b ! head ( ! /ill2 c
 c c ?ree copp] plates  fitt$ 9 ! upp]  
"p ( ! ?ree boxes2 ^! are kept cool by a
  supply ( wat] f ! pipe ,e1 :i* is     
di/ribut$ on ! top ( !  boxes by means (
 ! pipes ,g ,g ,g4 ,! lea/ pure portion 
( !  asc5d+ vapors is cond5s$ z x rea*es
 ! l[e/ plate1 & falls  back1 & ! next  
portion z x rea*es ! second plate1 :ile 
!  pure/ & lighte/ vapors pass ov] !    
goose-neck1 & are cond5s$ 9  ! worm4 ,! 
temp]ature ( ! plates is regulat$ by    
alt]+ ! fl[  ( wat] by means ( ! cock   
,f4 ,= ! purpose ( clean+ !  app>atus1 a

 jet ( /eam or wat] may be introduc$ at 
a4 ,a regulator  is affix$ at !         
screw-jo9t ,h1 at ! l[] end ( ! worm1   
:i*  addition is consid]$ an important  
"p ( ! improvem5t4 ,! "p (  ! app>atus  
m>k$ ,i becomes fill$ soon aft] !       
op]ation has  comm5c$2 ! end ( ! o!r    
pipe ,k is imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 !  vessel ,l4
 ,! advantage claim$ = ?is app>atus is t
 !  cond5sation proce$s 9 a p>tial      
vacuum1 & t !re is !re=e a  great sav+ 9
 fuel4 ,"o ( ^! /ills1 hav+ a capacity (
 #djj  gallons1 is said to "w (f f\r or 
five *>ges dur+ a day ( #ab  h\rs1      
furni%+ a _s #ce p] c5t4 ov]-pro(4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,corty's    
,simplifi$ ,di/ill+ ,app>atus4    ,fig4 
#aa repres5ts a d\ble /ill :i* 0 at "o  
"t l>gely employ$  9 ! colonies4 ,x is  
simply an addition ( ! common /ill ,a to
 !  pat5t /ill ,b4 ,f "t to "t ! cont5ts
 ( ,b are run (f into  ,a1 ^? ( ,a be+  
drawn (f z dund]1 ! _s f ,a pass+  ov]  
into ,b4 ,bo? /ills are heat$ by ! same 
fire2 & x is said  t mu* f9e _s c be    

obta9$ by _! use at ! exp5se ( a  v     
inconsid]able am\nt ( fuel4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,d\ble      
,/ill4      ,comp\nd ,di/illation4 ,:]e 
/ills ( ! =m %[n 9 ,figs4 #f & #h  are  
us$ ! alcohol obta9$ is weak4 ,h5ce x is
 necess>y t !  di/illate be aga9 itself 
di/ill$1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ a  numb]
 ( times4 ,9 ! bett] class ( /ill1      
h[ev]1 comp\nd  di/illation is p]=m$ !  
ma% is heat$ by ! hot vapors ris+  f !  
/ill & ! vapors are cond5s$ & run back  
into ! /ill  greatly enri*$4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,dorn's     
,comp\nd ,/ill4    ,! pr9ciple ( comp\nd
 di/illation is well %[n 9 ,dorn's      
app>atus1  ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is consi/s ( a  
/ill or boil] ,a hav+ a l>ge  dome-%ap$ 
head1 on ! int]ior faces ( :i* !        
alcoholic vapors  w cond5se4 ,?us only  
enri*$ vapors w pass up ?r\gh goose-neck
  ,b to ! ma% heat] ,d4 ,c is a worm !  
end ( :i* passes out to  a comp>tm5t ,e 
?r\gh an incl9$ p>tition ,f4 ,f !       
comp>tm5t  ,e a pipe e leads into ! /ill

 ,a4 ,an agitator ,h is us$ =  /irr+ !  
ma%1 s t x may be uni=mly heat$4 ,a pipe
 d  provid$ ) a cock all[s ! ma% to be  
drawn (f into ! /ill ,a4  ,f ! highe/   
po9t ( ! comp>tm5t ,e a pipe ,m leads to
  cond5s+ coil ,k 9 a tub ,j ( cold     
wat]1 hav+ a draw-(f cock  ,i4    ,at ! 
exit end ( ! cond5s+ worm ,k ! tube is  
b5t 9 a ,u =m  z at ,l1 "o arm ( :i* has
 a curv$ op5-end$ cont9uation n1  ?r\gh 
:i* ! air 9 ! worm is expell$4 ,! o!r   
arm op5s into  an inv]t$ j> l conta9+ a 
hydromet]1 = indicat+ ! /r5g?  ( ! _s4  
,! spirits pass (f ?r\gh m into a       
receiv]4    ,9 op]ation ! ma% is admitt$
 into ! heat] ,d ?r\gh ,g until  ! heat+
 tank is ne>ly fill$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt (  
ma% is !n  all[$ to run into ! /ill ,a  
?r\gh ! pipe d4 ,! cock 9 d  is clos$ & 
! fire light$4    ,! vapors f ! /ill are
 cond5s$ 9 worm ,c & ! cond5s$  liquid  
drops d[n into comp>tm5t ,e4 ,any vapor 
pass+ ?r\gh ,b &  ,c s highly heat$ z to
 be uncond5s$ 9 coils ,c passes ?r\gh  !
 lay] ( liquid 9 comp>tm5t ,e1 collects 

9 ! highe/ portion  ( ! comp>tm5t &     
passes ?r\gh pipe ,m to coil ,k :]e x is
  entirely liquefi$4 ,if ! liquid 9 ,e  
rises beyond a c]ta9 level x  passes    
?r\gh pipe e back to ! /ill4 ,any vapors
 :i* may collect  9 ! upp] "p ( ,d pass 
into ! small b5t pipe op5+ into !  fir/ 
coil ( worm ,c4 ,wat] = r9s+ ! heat] ,d 
may be drawn  ?r\gh cock s f ! tub ,j & 
w>m wat] = r9s+ ! /ill1  ?r\gh pipe d f 
! heat]4    ,ano!r =m ( comp\nd /ill is 
%[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,9 ?is ! /ill ,s  is   
divid$ into an upp] & l[] comp>tm5t by a
 concavo-convex  p>tition d1 hav+ at its
 cr[n an upw>dly ext5d+ tube t f  :i*   
projects side tubes p4 ,a pipe ,p op5s  
above & ext5ds f  tube t4 ,c is ! ma%   
heat] & cond5s]4 ,connect$ to ! head (  
! /ill is a pipe ,t ?r\gh :i* ! vapors  
pass to a cond5s+  coil f =m$ on ! wall 
( ! heat] ,c4 ,at its bottom ! coil f   
ext5ds out ( ! heat]1 ?r\gh ! wat] tub  
,w & out to receiv]  z at ,f4 ,9 ! heat 
( ?is heat] is a valve ,v :]eby any     
vapors  :i* may arise f ! heat$ ma% are 

conduct$ by pipe ,u to ,t4    ,! heat]  
,c is fill$ ?r\gh funnel ,y & ! ma% is  
admitt$ to  ! /ill ?r\gh pipe b hav+    
cock a4 ,! pipe ,p ext5ds to !  upp] "p 
( ! wat] tub ,w & !n d[nw>d to ! bottom1
 :]e x  aga9 ent]s ! /ill4    ,an op5+ 9
 ! p>tition d is controll$ by a valve ,g
 :i* all[s  liquid 9 ! upp] comp>tm5t ( 
! /ill to fl[ into ! l[]4  ,sp5t ma% may
 be drawn (f ?r\gh c & ! height ( ! wat]
 9  tub ,w be regulat$ by pipe ,z4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,comp\nd    
,/ill4    ,! op]ation ( ?is /ill is     
simil> to ,dorn's /ill4 ,ma% is put into
  ,c & a quantity ( x is let into ! upp]
 comp>tm5t ( ! /ill  & into ! l[]       
comp>tm5t by valve ,g4 ,?is valve is    
clos$ & !  fire />t$4 ,! vapors pass    
upw>d ?r\gh t4 ,if !y are q  highly     
vaporiz$ !y pass onw>d up ,p1 are       
cond5s$ 9 _! passage  ?r\gh ! cool wat] 
tub & return z liquid to ! upp]         
comp>tm5t  :]e !y are fur!r heat$4    ,!
 liquid 9 ! upp] comp>tm5t is ?us       
con/antly enri*$ & !  vapor !refrom     

passes out ?r\gh pipe ,t into cond5s+   
coils f  :]e x is cond5s$ into _s &     
passes (f by ,f4    ,! funnel tube ,y   
acts also z a means ( w>n+ ! att5dant z 
to  ! condition ( ! ma%4 ,if x is too   
high 9 level & ! pressure (  vapor 9 !  
heat] ,c too great1 liquid w be =c$ out 
( ,y2 if  on ! contr>y1 ! ma% s9ks bel[ 
! level ( ! pipe !n vapor  w escape & ! 
heat] ne$s refill+4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #ad4--;,comp\nd ,direct ,fire    
,/ill4    ,fig4 #ad %[s a simple =m (   
comp\nd direct fire /ill z manufactur$  
by ! ,geo4 ,l4 ,squi] ,mfg4 ,co41 (     
,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4    ,celli]-,blum5?al  
c>ry+ ?is pr9ciple fur!r devis$ an      
app>atus  :i* has become ! basis ( all  
subsequ5t improvem5ts2 inde$1 e         
successive inv5tion has diff]$ f ?is    
arrangem5t m]ely 9 detail1  ! g5]al     
pr9ciples be+ 9 e case ! same4 ,! *ief  
defect 9  ! simple /ills 0 t !y 7       
int]mitt5t t is requir$ !  op]ations to 
be susp5d$ :5 !y 7 re*>g$1 :ile t (     
,celli]-,blum5?al is cont9u\s2 t is to  

say1 ! liquid =  di/illation is         
introduc$ at "o end ( ! arrangem5t1 & ! 
alcoholic products are receiv$          
cont9u\sly1 & ( a con/ant degree (      
conc5tration1 at ! o!r4 ,! sav+ ( "t &  
fuel result+ f  ! use ( 8 /ill is       
enorm\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! simple /ills1 !  
fuel consum$ am\nt$ to a weight ne>ly   
?ree times t ( ! _s  yield$ by x2 :]eas1
 ! ,celli]-,blum5?al app>atus r$uces !  
am\nt to "o-qu>t] ( ! weight ( alcohol  
produc$4 ,fig4 #ae %[s  ! :ole          
arrangem5t1 & ,figs4 #af to #ag repres5t
 diff]5t p>ts ( x  9 detail4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#ae4--;,celli]-,blum5?al ,/ill4    ,9   
,fig4 #ae ,a is a boil]1 plac$ ov] a    
brick furnace2 ,b is !  /ill1 plac$     
beside x1 on a slightly high] level &   
heat$ by !  furnace flue :i* passes     
und]nea? x4 ,a pipe e conducts ! /eam  f
 ! boil] to ! bottom ( ! /ill4 ,by ano!r
 pipe d1 :i* is  furni%$ ) a /op cock & 
:i* rea*es to ! bottom ( ! /ill  ,a1 !  
alcoholic liquors 9 ! /ill may be run f 

x into !  boil]2 by turn+ ! valve ! sp5t
 liquor may be run out at a4 ,!  glass  
tubes b & f %[ ! height ( liquid 9 ! two
 vessels4 ,k  is ! valve = fill+ ! boil]
 & c ! safety valve4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #af4--;,details ( ,rectifi]      
,column4    ,! /ill is surm\nt$ by a    
column ,c1 %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #af4   
,?is column conta9s an enri*+ arrangem5t
 :]eby ! liquid fl[+  d[n into ! /ill ,b
 is br\ght into intimate contact ) !    
/eam  ris+ f ! /ill4 ,! liquid meets )  
ob/acles 9 fall+ &  falls d[nw>d 9 a    
%[]1 :i* ?us pres5ts multipli$ ob/acles 
to  ! asc5t ( ! vapor4 ,! liquid is ?us 
heat$ almo/ to ! boil+  po9t be=e x     
falls into ! /ill ,b4 ,! con/ruction =  
effect+  ?is is %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #af &  
consi/s ( an enclos$ s]ies ( n9e  sets (
 circul> copp] sauc]-%ap$ capsules1     
plac$ "o above !  o!r1 & secur$ to ?ree 
metallic rods pass+ ?r\gh ! s]ies s  t  
!y c be all remov$ z "o piece4 ,^!      
capsules are (  diff]5t diamet]s1 ! l>g]
 ones :i* are1 ne>ly ! diamet] (  !     

column1 are plac$ ) ! r\nd$ side        
d[nw>ds1 & are pi]c$  ) small holes2 !  
small] ones are turn$ bottom upw>ds1 a  
/ream (  ! liquid to be di/ill$ fl[s d[n
 ! pipe h f ,e1 into ! top  capsule ( ,c
 & !n p]colat+ ?r\gh ! small holes1     
falls into  ! small] capsule b5ea?1 & f 
! rim ( ?is ^u ! "o next  bel[1 & s     
?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! s]ies until x rea*es 
!  bottom & falls into ! /ill ,b4 ,!    
vapors rise up into ! column  f ! /ill &
 meet+ ! /ream ( liquid conv]t x        
p>tially into  vapor :i* passes out at !
 top ( ,c consid]ably enri*$1 into !    
column ,d4    ,fig4 #af %[s a sectional 
view ( ! column ,d1 ! rectify+ column  z
 x is call$4 ,x conta9s six vessels1    
plac$ "o above ! o!r1 9  an inv]t$      
position1 s z to =m seals4 ,^! are s    
dispos$ t !  vapors mu/ pass ?r\gh a ?9 
lay] ( liquor 9 ea* vessel4 ,"s (  !    
vapor is ?us cond5s$ & ! cond5s$ liquid 
fl[s back into  column ,c1 ! uncond5s$  
vapor consid]ably enri*$ pass+ up !     
pipe ,j1 into ! coil ,s 9 ! cond5s] ,e1 

,fig4 #ag1 :i* is  fill$ ) ! wa% to be  
di/ill$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ag4--;,details ( ,cond5s] & ,ma%       
,heat]4    ,ent]+ by ! pipe t1 ,fig4    
#ae1 ! undi/ill$ liquid or wa% is       
di/ribut$ ov] a p]=at$ plate y y1 &     
falls 9 drops into !  cond5s] ,e1 :]e x 
is heat$ by contact ) ! coil ,s conta9+ 
! heat$ vapors4 ,! cond5s] is divid$    
into two comp>tm5ts by a  diaphragm ,x  
:i* is pi]c$ ) holes at its l[]         
extremity2  ?r\gh ^! holes ! wa% fl[s   
into ! second comp>tm5t1 &  passes out  
at ! top1 :]e x runs ?r\gh ! pipe h1    
into ! top  ( ! column ,c4    ,! vapors 
are made to trav]se ! coil ,s1 :i* is   
kept at an av]age  temp]ature ( #abb    
,f41 9 ! "r h& comp>tm5t1 & some:at     
high] 9 ! o!r4 ,!y pass fir/ ?r\gh ,j   
into ! hotte/ "p (  ! coil1 & !re give  
up mu* ( ! wat] ) :i* !y are mix$1  & ! 
process ( conc5tration cont9ues z !y    
pass ?r\gh ! coil4  ,ea* spiral is      
connect$ at ! bottom ) a v]tical pipe by
 :i* !  cond5s$ liquors are run (f2 ^!  

are conduct$ into ! retrograd+  pipe p  
p4 ,^? :i* are cond5s$ 9 ! hotte/ "p ( !
 coil1  & are consequ5tly ! weake/1 are 
l$ by ! pipe ,l into ! ?ird  vessel 9 ! 
column ,d1 ,fig4 #af1 :ile ! /rong] or m
 vaporiz$  portions pass ?r\gh ,l into !
 fif? vessel4 ,/op-cocks at m1 n1  o    
regulate ! fl[ ( ! liquid into ^!       
vessels1 & consequ5tly  also ! /r5g? ( !
 _s obta9$4    ,la/ly1 z ! highly       
conc5trat$ vapors leave ! coil ,s at ,r1
 !y  are cond5s$ 9 ! vessel ,f1 :i*     
conta9s ano!r coil4 ,?is is  kept cool  
by a /ream ( liquid fl[+ f ! res]voir ,h
 into !  small] ci/]n ,g f :i* a        
cont9u\s & regul> fl[ is kept up  ?r\gh 
! tap v into a funnel ,n & !nce into    
cond5s] ,f4 ,x  ultimately fl[s into    
cond5s] ,e ?r\gh pipe t1 !re be+ no  o!r
 outlet4 ,! f9i%$ products run out by   
pipe x into suitable  receiv]s4    ,x w 
be se5 t ! cond5s] ,e has two functions4
 ,fir/ x  cond5ses ! alcoholic vapors   
be=e transmitt+ !m to ! f9al  cond5s]   
,f1 reject+ & s5d+ back ^? vapors :i*   

are n  highly en\gh vaporiz$4 ,second x 
heats ! wa% int5d$ = di/ill+  by        
appropriat+ ! heat ( ! vapors to be     
cond5s$4 ,?us two birds  are kill$ ) "o 
/one4 ,x w be notic$ t ! same result is 
accompli%$ 9 ! columns ,c & ,d4 ,?is is 
! pr9ciple ( all  mod]n /ills4    ,ano!r
 =m ( /ill :i* is v analog\s to t la/   
describ$ is  ,c(fey's app>atus1 %[n 9   
,fig4 #ah1 & is ! imm$iate prototype (  
! /ills us$ to-day 9 all b ! simple/    
plants4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ah4--;,c(fey's ,rectify+ ,/ill4    ,x  
consi/s ( two columns1 ,c ! analys]1 &  
,h ! rectifi]1  plac$ side by side &    
above a *amb] conta9+ a /eam pipe b f  a
 boil] ,a4 ,?is *amb] is divid$ into two
 comp>tm5ts by a  horizontal p>tition a 
pi]c$ ) small holes & furni%$ ) f\r     
safety valves e e e e4 ,! column ,c is  
divid$ into twelve small  comp>tm5ts1 by
 means ( horizontal p>titions ( copp]1  
also pi]c$  ) holes & ea* provid$ ) two 
little valves f4 ,! spiritu\s  vapors   
pass+ up ?is column are l$ by a pipe i  

to ! bottom ( !  second column or       
rectifi]4 ,?is column is also divid$    
into  comp>tm5ts 9 precisely ! same way1
 except t !re are fifte5  ( !m1 ! t5    
l[e/ be+ sep>at$ by ! p>titions1 :i* are
  pi]c$ ) holes4 ,! rema9+ five         
p>titions are n p]=at$1 b  h a wide op5+
 z at w1 = ! passage ( ! vapors1 & =m a 
cond5s] = ! f9i%$ _s4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ^!  
p>titions  passes "o b5d ( a long       
zig-zag pipe m1 beg9n+ at ! top ( !     
column1 w9d+ d[nw>ds to ! bottom1 &     
f9ally pass+ upw>ds  aga9 to ! top ( !  
o!r column1 s z to dis*>ge its cont5ts  
into ! highe/ comp>tm5t4 ,! app>atus    
works 9 ! foll[+ way3  ,! pump ,q is set
 9 motion1 & ! zig-zag pipe m !n fills )
  ! wa% or f]m5t$ liquor until x runs   
ov] at n into ! highe/  comp>tm5t (     
column ,c4 ,! pump is !n /opp$1 & /eam  
is  introduc$ ?r\gh b1 pass+ up ?r\gh ! 
two bottom *amb]s &  ! %ort pipe ,f into
 ! analyz+ column1 f9ally rea*+ ! bottom
  ( ! o!r column by means ( ! pipe i4   
,"h x surr\nds ! coil  pipe m conta9+ ! 

wa%1 s t ! latt] becomes rapidly heat$4 
,:5 sev]al b5ds ( ! pipe h become heat$1
 ! pump is aga9 set  to "w1 & ! hot wa% 
is driv5 rapidly ?r\gh ! coil & into !  
analyz] at n4 ,"h x takes ! c\rse       
indicat$ by ! arr[s1  runn+ d[n f *amb] 
to *amb] ?r\gh ! tubes h until x  rea*es
 ! bottom2 none ( ! liquor f9ds its way 
?r\gh !  p]=ations 9 ! v>i\s p>titions1 
ow+ to ! pressure ( !  asc5d+ /eam4     
,z ! liquid _c pass ?r\gh ! holes 9 !   
p>titions x c only  pass d[nw>d ?r\gh ! 
drop-pipe tubes h4 ,by ?is means ! ma%  
is  spread 9 a ?9 /ratum ov] ea*        
p>tition to ! dep? ( ! seal g  & is     
fully expos$ to ! /eam =c+ its way up   
?r\gh ! holes1  ! alcohol x conta9s be+ 
?us volatiliz$ at e /ep4    ,9 its c\rse
 d[nw>ds ! wa% is met by ! /eam pass+ up
 ?r\gh  ! p]=ations1 & ! :ole ( ! _s :i*
 x conta9s is ?us  conv]t$ into vapor4  
,z soon z ! *amb] ,b is ne>ly full ( !  
sp5t wa%1 its cont5ts are run (f into ! 
l[] comp>tm5t by  op5+ a valve 9 ! pipe 
,v4 ,by means ( ! cock ,e1 !y are       

f9ally dis*>g$ f ! app>atus4 ,?is       
process is cont9u$ until  all ! wa% has 
be5 pump$ ?r\gh4    ,! c\rse tak5 by !  
/eam w be readily und]/ood by a glance  
at  ! figure4 ,:5 x has pass$ ?r\gh ea* 
( ! *amb]s ( !  analyz]1 ! mix$ vapors (
 wat] & _s pass ?r\gh ! pipe i  into !  
rectify+ column4 ,asc5d+ aga91 !y heat !
 coil$ pipe  m1 & are p>tially depriv$ (
 aque\s vapors by cond5sation4 ,be+  ?us
 gradually conc5trat$1 by ! "t !y rea* !
 op5+ at w  !y consi/ ( ne>ly pure _s1 &
 are !n cond5s$ by ! cool  liquid 9 !   
pipe1 fall ^u ! p>tition & are c>ri$    
away by !  pipe y to a refrig]ator ,w4  
,any uncond5s$ gases pass out by !  pipe
 ,r to ! same refrig]ator1 :]e !y are   
depriv$ ( any alcohol  !y may conta94 ,!
 weak liquor cond5s$ 9 ! diff]5t        
comp>tm5ts  ( ! rectifi] desc5ds 9 !    
same mann] z ! wa% desc5ds 9 !  o!r     
column2 z x always conta9s a little _s1 
x is convey$ by  means ( ! pipe ,s to ! 
vessel ,l 9 ord] to be pump$ once m     
?r\gh ! app>atus4      ,! cond5s$ _s    

ga!r$ ov] ! plates v passes out ?r\gh  !
 pipe y to ! cond5s+ worm ,t4 ,if any   
vapors escape !  cond5s+ plates !y pass 
into ,r & are cond5s$ 9 ! worm ,t  also4
 ,f worm ,t ! _s fl[s into a suitable   
receiv] ,z4    ,be=e ! process (        
di/illation comm5ces1 x is usual1       
especially  :5 ! common ,scot* /ills are
 employ$1 to add ab\t "o lb4 ( soap  to 
! cont5ts ( ! /ill = e #ajj gallons (   
wa%4 ,?is is done  9 ord] to prev5t !   
liquid f boil+ ov]1 :i* object is       
effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! f]m5t$ wa%   
always conta9s small  quantities (      
acetic acid2 ?is acts ^u ! soap1 lib]at+
 an oily  comp\nd :i* floats ^u !       
surface4 ,! bubbles ( gas z !y rise  f !
 body ( ! liquid are brok5 by ?is lay] (
 oil1 & h5ce  ! viol5ce ( ! ebullition  
is consid]ably *eck$4 ,butt] is         
sometimes employ$ = ! same purpose4     
,figs4 #ai & #bj %[ a diagrammatic      
section & a plan ( a /ill us$  = ?ick   
ma%es :i* are liable to burn4 ,?is      
comprises a circul>  *amb] ,b support$  

ov] suitable heat+ means1 hav+ on its   
bottom a  s]ies ( conc5tric p>titions b 
:i* divide ! bottom ( !  *amb] into     
%all[ *annels = ! ma%4 ,runn+           
diametrically ?r\gh  ! *amb] is a       
p>tition4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ai4--,rot>y ,curr5t ,/ill4    ,! ma%   
passes f a tank z ,a by a passage a to  
an op5+ on "o  side ( ! c5tral portion &
 into ! outside *annel b4 ,! curr5t  (  
liquid passes along ! out] *annel until 
x is deflect$ by !  c5tral p>tition into
 ! next int]ior *annel b & s on until x 
arrives at ! c5t] :5 x passes ?r\gh !   
c5tral p>tition into  ! o!r half ( !    
*amb]4 ,"h x passes ar\nd back & =? &   
gradually outw>d to ! out]mo/ *annel f  
:i* x passes (f  ?r\gh an adju/able gate
 9 outlet c4 ,by adju/+ ?is gate1 & a   
gate or cock 9 inlet passage a1 !       
passage & consequ5t dep? (  ! liquid 9 !
 *annels may be regulat$4 ,! vapor ris+ 
f !  ma% is c>ri$ ov] to a cond5s] ?r\gh
 pipe ,d4 ,9 ord] to keep  ! ma% f burn+
 a *a9 g is rot>ily reciprocat$ along ! 

*annels by means ( ! b> ,g1 ! ge> ,e & !
 crank %aft e4  ,v>i\s modifications (  
?is con/ruction h be5 devis$4 ,!        
advantage ( ! /ill lies 9 submitt+ ! ma%
 9 a ?9 curr5t to  ! action ( ! heat1 & 
! consequ5t rapid vaporization4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,rot>y       
,curr5t ,/ill4    ,e di/illation consi/s
 ( two op]ations3 ,! conv]sion ( liquid 
into vapor1 & ! reconv]sion ( ! vapor   
into liquid4 ,h5ce p]fect  equilibrium  
%\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! vaporiz+ heat 
& !  cond5s+ cold4 ,! quantity ( vapor  
mu/ n be great] or less ?an  c be       
cond5s$4 ,if fire is too viol5t ! vapors
 w pass out ( !  worm uncond5s$4 ,if !  
fire is too l[ ! pressure ( ! vapor is  
n great en\gh to prev5t ! entrance (    
air1 :i* ob/ructs  di/illation4 ,z a    
means ( indicat+ ! prop] regulation ( ! 
fire1  ! simple little device %[n 9     
,fig4 #ba may be us$4    ,?is consi/s ( 
a tube ( copp] or glass hav+ a ball ,b  
eight in*es  9 diamet]4 ,! upp] end ,e (
 ! tube is atta*$ to ! cond5s+  worm4 ,!

 l[] end ( ! tube is b5t 9 ,u-%ape2 !   
l5g? ( ! two  b5ds f b to outlet is f\r 
feet4 ,! ball has a capacity slightly   
great] ?an ! two legs ( ! b5d4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,indicator =
 ,regulat+ ! ,di/ill+ ,fire4            
,normally ! liquid 9 ! two legs w /& at 
a level4 ,if1 h[ev]1  ! fire is too     
brisk ! vapor w ent] ! tube & drive out 
!  liquor at d1 & ?us ! level 9 ! leg ,c
 w be less ?an 9 !  leg ,d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 
! fire is l[1 ! pressure ( vapor 9 !    
worm  w decrease & ! pressure ( !       
outside air w =ce d[n !  liquid 9 leg ,d
 & up leg ,c into ! ball4    ,a m       
p]fect$ device b op]at+ on ! same       
pr9ciple is %[n 9  ,fig4 #bf4    ,x is  
obvi\sly impossible to pres5t 9 ! small 
compass ( ?is book a  description ( all 
! v>ieties ( /ills us$1 b ^! :i* h  be5 
describ$ illu/rate ! pr9ciples on :i*   
all /ills are  con/ruct$ & 7 *os5 = _!  
simplicity ( con/ruction &  cle>ness (  
_! op]ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! op]ation  
is exactly  ! same z ! m mod]n =ms n[ to

 be describ$4                           
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,mod]n ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4      ,9 ! 
previ\s *apt] we h giv5 a description ( 
small1 simple  /ills1 su* z 7 us$ until 
late ye>s1 & :i* are yet us$ 9  _m      
localities :]e di/ill+ is c>ri$ on on a 
small scale4 ,we w  n[ describe !       
pr9ciple features ( m complicat$ &      
elaborate  app>atus4    ,all mod]n      
di/ill+ app>atus = ! production ( a high
 grade (  alcohol is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple 
set =? 9 ! description ( !  ,c(fey /ill2
 t is1 ^u us+ a di/ill+ column & a      
conc5trat+  column1 :]e9 ! wa% or ma%   
f]m5t$ z describ$1 passes ov] a  s]ies (
 plates or o!r ob/ructions 9 contact )  
an asc5d+  column ( heat$ vapor4 ,?is   
heat$ vapor extracts ! alcohol f !  wa%1
 or f ! l[ w9es ( ! conc5trator1 & is   
cont9ually  /r5g!n$ dur+ its j\rney     
until x passes (f to a cond5s] z a      
vapor v ri* 9 alcohol4 ,! conv]se ( ?is 
is true ) ! wa%1  :i* 9 its d[nw>d c\rse
 is gradually depriv$ ( its alcohol     

until  x f9ally passes (f at ! bottom ( 
! column4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#bb4--;,diagramatic ,view ( ,column     
,/ill & ,accessory  ,app>atus4 7,to face
 page #fd7    ,fig4 #bb is illu/rative (
 ! g5]al =m & arrangem5t ( su* a  column
 & its adjuncts2 ! details1 h[ev]1 w v>y
 ) ea* make  ( /ill4 ,9 ?is ! column    
consi/s ( a cas+ really cont9u\s b      
divid$ into two portions--! di/ill+     
portion ,a & ! rectify+  portion ,b4 ,! 
op]ation is alike1 h[ev]1 9 pr9ciple 9  
bo?  portions4    ,illu/ration3         
,cross-,section ( ,fig4 #bc4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,di/ill+    
,plate4    ,! wa% by means ( a suitable 
pump is =c$ into an ov]head tank or     
conc5trator ,g :]e x is w>m$ by ! hot   
vapors z w be lat]  describ$4 ,x passes 
ar\nd ! int]ior ( ! conc5trator 9 a coil
  c & !n passes (f by a pipe a to !     
upp]mo/ plate ( !  di/ill+ portion ,a ( 
! column4    ,! plates1 z be=e expla9$  
on page #ee1 are ea* =m$ ) a  dropp+    
tube ,o 7see ,fig4 #bc71 :i* ext5ds     

above ! plate to an  ext5t slightly less
 ?an ! desir$ ?ickness ( ! lay] ( liquid
 on  ea* plate1 & ) p]=ations ea* hav+  
an upw>dly project+ rim1  & ea* cov]$ ) 
a cap ,a4 ,?is rim & cap =m a trap4 ,!  
asc5d+ vapors pass up ?r\gh ! p]=ations1
 d[n betwe5 ! rim  & ! edge ( ! cap &   
?us out ?r\gh ! lay] ( wa% conta9$  on !
 cap4 ,! wa% rema9s con/antly level ) ! 
top ( ! tube  ,o1 ! excess runn+ (f     
?r\gh ! tube ,o to ! comp>tm5t or  plate
 b5ea?4    ,to return to ,fig4 #bb1 !   
wa% by ! pipe a ent]s ! di/ill+  portion
 ( ! column at ! upp]mo/ plate !re( &1 z
 describ$  above1 drops d[n f plate to  
plate4 ,a /eam pipe ,s ent]s ! bottom   
comp>tm5t ( ! di/ill+ portion ( ! column
 & ! /eam z x  rises ?r\gh ! little     
traps1 bubbles out ?r\gh ! lay] ( wa% & 
9 ea* comp>tm5t enri*es itself )        
alcohol4 ,?us ! ris+ column  ( vapor is 
con/antly becom+ ri*] & ! d[nw>d curr5t 
( wa%  con/antly weak] until at la/ x   
passes away z sp5t wa% at ! v  bottom ( 
! column by ! pipe ,d4    ,! hot vapors1

 z be=e describ$1 pass upw>d & ent] !   
rectify+  portion ( ! column ,b4 ,?is   
consi/s ( a s]ies ( comp>tm5ts  hav+    
p]=at$ bottoms & dropp+ tubes4 ,! vapor 
passes upw>d  ?r\gh ^! p]=ations ( !    
plates1--! cond5s$ portion ( x  dropp+  
back aga9 on to ! l[] plates or on to ! 
di/ill+ plates  to be aga9 vaporiz$ &   
conc5trat$ & ! m highly vaporiz$        
portion pass+ out at ! top ( ! column   
?r\gh ! pipe ,e to !  conc5trator ,g4   
,! conc5trator consi/s ( a tank conta9+ 
wat] )9 :i* is  support$ a vessel ,f    
hav+ d\ble walls4 ,! int]ior ( ?is      
vessel  is likewise fill$ ) wat]4       
,betwe5 ! d\ble walls & surr\nd+  !     
coil$ pipe c passes ! vapors f pipe ,e4 
,at ! bottom ( ! vessel ,f is a         
comp>tm5t f connect$ by a pipe  ,f ) !  
upp] comp>tm5t ( ! rectify+ column4 ,!  
less highly  heat$ vapors w be cond5s$  
by ! passage ?r\gh ! d\ble walls  ( !   
vessel & ! cond5sation w collect 9 !    
comp>tm5t f1  & f !re pass (f by pipe ,f
 back to ! rectify+ column1 to be  aga9 

vaporiz$ & /r5g!n$ by ! desc5t f plate  
to plate (  ,b4    ,! ri* & highly      
vaporiz$ vapors :i* h pass$ ! te/ ( ?is 
prelim9>y conc5tration1 pass out ( !    
comp>tm5t f by a pipe ,m4  ,"h aga9 !   
wat] surr\nd+ ! pipe t5ds to cond5se all
 b !  mo/ highly *>g$ vapor & s5d x back
 to comp>tm5t f b !  vapor :i* succe$s 9
 pass+ ov] ?r\gh pipe ,g is c>ri$ d[nw>d
  to a cond5s] ,h :]e x is f9ally       
cond5s$ & drawn (f z at g4  ,x is       
necess>y t ! rate ( ma% fe$ be regulat$ 
s t nei!r  too mu* ma% %all be pump$    
into ! ma% heat] ,g1 or too little1  & !
 pipe lead+ f ! pump to ! heat] is !re=e
 provid$  ) a tap & an indicat+ dial4   
,9 ^! mod]n /ills ! foll[+ are          
p>ticul>ly important po9ts to  be       
especially br\ght to ! consid]ation ( ! 
di/ill]4    ,x _c be too /rongly        
impress$ t effectiv5ess ( ! di/ill+     
column dep5ds on ! plates divid+ x1--t  
is1 ^u !  horizontality ( ! plates & !  
=m ( ! traps or p]=ations4 ,if  ! plates
 are n horizontal ! wa% is n ma9ta9$ at 

a uni=m  level across ! entire ext5t ( !
 plate & h5ce "s ( !  asc5d+ vapor w    
pass out )\t contact+ ) ! wa% ?r\gh     
uncov]$ traps1 :ile o!rs ( ! traps w be 
s deeply subm]g$ 9  wa% t ! vapor _c    
bubble ?r\gh4    ,aga9 ! caps %\ld be s 
made z to divide ! vapor into f9e /reams
  & br+ x into contact ) ea* "p ( ! wa%4
 ,plates simply  p]=at$ & uncapp$ give  
excell5t results = !y molecul>ize !     
vapor asc5d+ ?r\gh ! liquid conta9$ on !
 plates1 b !y  require a con/ant        
pressure ( vapor1 & any v>iations (     
pressure  t5ds to dis*>ge !m4 ,9        
addition ^! p]=ations gradually enl>ge  
by ! action ( acids 9 ! wa% or clog up1 
& ! app>atus soon  works badly4    ,good
 =ms ( capp$ traps are ^? %[n 9 ,figs4  
#bd1 #be devis$ by  ,b>bet4 ,^! are     
provid$ ) an int]ior upw>dly project+   
rim4  ,ext5d+ ov] ! rim & d[n ar\nd x is
 a copp] cap hav+ its  m>g9 slitt$4     
,! wa% c>ri$ on ! plate circulates ab\t 
! caps & ! alcoholic  vapors bubble out 
?r\gh ! slits & up ?r\gh ! wa%1 ! vapor 

?us be+ f9ely divid$ & com+ into        
intimate contact ) ea*  portion ( ! wa% 
& ?us m ?or\ghly depriv+ x ( its        
alcohol4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#bd4--;,b>bet ,trap4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #be4--;,b>bet ,trap4    ,besides 
?is !re is ano!r advantage resid5t 9 ^! 
caps1 namely1  t di/illation may be     
/opp$ = sev]al h\rs & !n re-/>t$  )\t   
tr\ble = ! reason t ! wa% has be5 reta9$
 on !  plates1 :]eas 7 ! plates simply  
p]=at$ ! wa% w\ld ooze  ?r\gh & ! plates
 h to be re*>g$4 ,?is =m ( plate may be 
easily repair$ & does n necessitate !   
removal or replacem5t (  ! plate itself4
 ,! caps alone ne$ be remov$4    ,= ?ick
 wa%es1 :i* t5ds to ob/ruct ! slits ( ! 
cap1 ,b>bet  has devis$ ! cap %[n at !  
"r 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,?is cap ext5ds d[n  to 
! plate itself1 & has v n>r[ slits 9 its
 p]iph]y4 ,)  su* a cap z %[n 9 ,fig4   
#bd1 ! bran1 s$im5ts1 etc41 w\ld t5d to 
settle ^u ! top ( ! cap1 ent] b5ea? x & 
?r\gh ! slits4  ,! cone-%ape ( ! top (  
?is cap prev5ts ! deposit ( dregs  !reon

 & ! v n>r[ slits oppose ! entrance (   
bran or  s$im5t4    ,:ile1 = ! sake (   
cle>ness1 an old =m ( conc5trator1 ,g1  
has  be5 %[n1 ! conc5trator1 preheat] = 
! wa%1 & cond5s]s1  to-day1 are usually 
compos$ ( bundles ( tubes ?r\gh :i* !   
vapors  pass surr\nd$ by wat] or ! cool 
wa%4 ,^! %\ld be ( bronze or  copp] &   
made )\t sold]4 ,! tubes %\ld be capable
 ( be+  tak5 out = clean+ or repair+4   
,9 _m di/ill+ app>atuses ! di/ill+      
column & ! rectify+  column are 9 two   
p>ts1 "o beside ! o!r4 ,?is ov]comes !  
objection ( hav+ a v high column & also 
prev5ts ! l[ w9es1  i4e41 ! weak        
alcoholic liquor aft] its fir/          
conc5tration1 f  pass+ into ! wa% z x   
w\ld d ) ! cont9u\s column4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,/eam        
,regulator4    ,9 ord] t ! am\nt ( /eam 
ent]+ ! column may be regulat$1  !      
column is usually provid$ ) a /eam      
regulator 7,fig4 #bf72 ^:  pr9ciple (   
op]ation may be easily "u /ood by ref]r+
 to ,fig4 #bb4  ,x comprises an upp] & a

 l[] *amb] ,z ,z connect$ by a c5tral   
tube ,k :i* projects d[n ne>ly to !     
bottom ( ! l[] *amb]4 ,a  pipe ,w       
communicates ) ! /eam *amb] ,r ( !      
column & ent]s  ! *amb] ,z above ! level
 ( ! wat] conta9$ !re94 ,9 !  upp] *amb]
 ,z1 is a float ,x1 connect$ to !       
diff]5tial lev]  ,t ( a /eam valve ,t   
:i* controls ! inlet ( /eam pass+  ?r\gh
 pipe ,s to ! /eam *e/ ,r4 ,! pr9ciple (
 op]ation is  v simple4 ,:5 ! pressure 9
 ! /eam *e/ ,r becomes too great1  /eam 
9 ! pipe ,w & *amb] ,z =ces ! wat] !re9 
up 9 tube  ,k1 ?us lift+ ! float ,x &   
clos+ ! /eam entrance valve  ,t4 ,:5 !  
pressure ( /eam is l[1 ! level ( !      
liquid 9 ,z  rises & liquid 9 ,z runs   
into ,z1 ! float ,x falls op5+ valve  ,t
 & all[+ a great] fl[ ( /eam4    ,z x is
 (t5 desirable to *ange ! pressure (    
/eam 9 ! column at  v>i\s po9ts 9 !     
op]ation1 ! be/ regulators are usually  
provid$  ) means to t end4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,gauge      
,glass = ,regulatur4    ,9 ord] to      

measure ! output ( ! /ill1 !re is atta*$
 !reto a  gauge glass 7,j 9 ,fig4 #bb71 
a diagram ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4     
,?is consi/s ( a j> ,a connect$ at its  
l[] end at b by an  annul> passage ,b to
 a *amb] ,e f :i* proce$ ! taps ,f4     
,c5trally ?r\gh ! passage ,b passes a   
tube c connect$ at its  l[] end to !    
pipe ,c lead+ f ! cond5s]4 ,! tube ,c c 
projects upw>d into ! j> ,a & is op5 at 
its upp] end4    ,n[ ! op5+ b is ( a    
c]ta9 size & x is obvi\s t x w  c>ry (f 
a c]ta9 am\nt ( liquid :5 runn+ full or 
! am\nt  all[$ to fl[ out by ! exit tap 
,f4 ,if n[1 m ?an t quantity  ( alcohol 
is produc$1 ! alcohol w rise 9 ! j> ,a  
until !  rate ( infl[ & outfl[ is equal4
 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ill is produc+  less ?an
 t quantity !n ! level ( liquid 9 ,a w  
gradually  drop4 ,h5ce1 by obs]v+ !     
level ( ! liquid 9 ,a & its  con/ancy or
 v>iation 9 level1 x is possible to tell
 precisely h[  mu* alcohol is runn+ p]  
h\r & if ! rate is /eady4 ,! j> ,a  is  
provid$ ) a cap ,g :]eby an alcoholomet]

 may be ins]t$  into tube c = ! purpose 
( te/+ ! /r5g? ( ! liquor4 ,!  taps ,f  
are = ! purpose ( collect+ ! fir/       
runn+s1 ! pure  alcohol & ! la/ runn+s  
or fe9ts4    ,^! pr9ciples are also     
embodi$ 9 ! app>atus design$ by !       
,vulcan ,copp] ,works ,co41 ( ,c9c9nati1
 & illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,!  app>atus  
comprises ! /ill1 a wa% heat] & a       
cond5s]4 ,! /ill  is compos$ ( a s]ies (
 *amb]s f #ab to #bd1 ! int]nal         
con/ruction ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4   
,ea* *amb] consi/s ( a  peculi>ly p]=at$
 plate ,a1 a drop pipe ,b1 a seal ,c1   
into :i*  ! drop pipe f ! plate above   
projects1 & a c5tral /&>d ,d4           
,return+ n[ to ,fig4 #bh1 at ! bottom ( 
! column is a manifold ,e1  ) pipes ,f &
 ,g :]eby ei!r exhau/ or live /eam may  
be  admitt$4 ,h designates ! dis*>ge or 
slop valve1 controll$ by a  float ,i    
:]eby a con/ant level ( slop or sp5t wa%
 is kept 9 !  bottom *amb]4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,cont9u\s   
,di/ill+ ,app>atus1 ) ,ext]nal  ,tubul> 

,cond5s]4 7,to face page #gb7    ,to !  
"r ( ! column is se5 ! slop te/] ,j &   
hydromet]  ,l1 :]eby ! sp5t wa% may be  
te/$ to see if ! _s is be+  prop]ly     
extract$4 ,! /eam pressure is indicat$  
by means ( a float  ,n conta9$ )9 a     
vessel ,m1 a tally weight mov+ aga9/ a  
scale  ,k1 %[+ ! pressure ( /eam ent]+  
?r\gh pipe ,o & act+  aga9/ wat] conta9$
 9 vessel ,m4 ,ea* *amb] is provid$ ) a 
manhole plate ,p1 & a try-cock ,q1 :]eby
 ! op]ation ( ea*  *amb] may be te/$4 ,r
 is a gage glass to %[ ! level ( ! slop 
9 ! bottom *amb]4    ,at ! top ( !      
column are ?ree rectify+ *amb]s fitt$ ) 
boil+ pipes & traps ,t1 :i* di/ribute ! 
asc5d+ vapor &  boil out ! l[ w9es      
return$ f ! wa%-heat] or =e-w>m]4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,detail (   
,*amb]1 ,cont9u\s ,/ill4    ,! heat]    
consi/s ( a %ell enclos+ a s]ies ( tubes
 ext5d+ into  an upp] & l[] *amb]4 ,!   
wa% or be]1 is pump$ into ! l[]  *amb] (
 ! heat]1 & passes upw>d ?r\gh ! tubes  
to ! upp]  *amb] f :i* is x c>ri$ by a  

pipe to ! plate ,a next bel[  ! rectify+
 plates4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#cj4--;,detail ( ,p]=at$ ,plate ,a4     
,! vapor f ! column passes into ! middle
 comp>tm5t ( !  heat] & surr\nds ! be]  
tubes4 ,! vapors give _! heat to !  be] 
& are ?us cool$1 ! l[ w9es be+ cond5s$ &
 fl[+ back  onto ! upp]mo/ rectify+     
plate1 :ile ! highly vaporiz$ portions  
pass out to ! cond5s]4 ,?is is ( ! same 
g5]al con/ruction z  ! heat]1 ! vapor   
be+ cool$ & cond5s$ to liquid by ! tubes
  ?r\gh :i* a con/ant curr5t ( cool wat]
 is pass$4 ,?is ent]s at  ,u & passes   
out at ,v4 ,^! tubul> cond5s]s are      
p>ticul>ly good  z !y may be easily     
clean$4 ,f ! cond5s] ! _s passes to a   
dis*>ge box ,w4 ,a portion ( ! fl[      
passes into a te/ tube ,x1  provid$ ) a 
hydromet]4 ,a trap ,y & an air pipe ,z  
provide means  = ! escape ( gas4    ,z  
be=e /at$1 ! =m ( p]=ations 9 ! plates (
 a column  ?r\gh :i* ! vapor pass upw>d 
?r\gh ! be] or wa% is  p>ticul>ly       
important4 ,! /eam mu/ be ?or\ghly      

diffus$ ?r\gh !  be]1 or else p>ticles (
 ma% are c>ri$ up1 accumulate ar\nd !   
p]=ations1 bak+ !re & clogg+ !m up4 ,!  
clogg+ &  ev5tual /oppage ( ! p]=ations 
prev5t ! agitation ( ! ma%  c>ri$ on !  
plate1 & a lay] ( ma% accumulates &     
bakes on !  head1 or plate1 above4 ,?us 
! op]at+ capacity ( ! /ill is  r$uc$ & a
 l>g] quantity & great] pressure ( /eam 
is necess>y  ) consequ5t wa/e ( fuel4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,detail (   
,p]=at$ ,plate ,a4    ,x is necess>y !n 
t ! =m ( p]=ation or trap ?r\gh :i*  !  
vapor asc5ds %\ld be su* t agitation ( !
 be] %all be  en=c$ 9 its movem5t across
 ! plate1 & t ! /eam %all be  ?or\ghly  
diffus$ ?r\gh ! be]4 ,9 ! ,vulcan /ill  
above ref]r$  to1 ^! results are        
accompli%$ by =m+ ea* p]=ation ) a      
tongue1 z %[n 9 ! fragm5t>y view ( a    
plate1 ,figs4 #cj & #ca1 !  tongues (   
all ! holes be+ direct$ t[>ds ! p]iph]y 
( !  plate4 ,x is claim$ t by ?is       
con/ruction ! /eam is div]t$  =w>d &    
inject$ into ! be]1 ?r[+ ! be] into     

vigor\s  motion1 completely diffus+ !   
/eam & accel]at+ ! motion ( !  be] f !  
seal ,c to ! drop pipe ,b4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,cont9u\s   
,di/ill+ ,app>atus ) ,goose  ,sep>ator4 
7,to face page #gf7    ,fig4 #cb        
illu/rates ano!r =m ( di/ill+ app>atus  
manufactur$ by  ! same company1 :i* is  
practically ! same z ! app>atus         
previ\sly describ$ except t x is provid$
 ) a goose-neck$  sep>ator1 int]pos$    
betwe5 ! wa%-heat] & ! enclosure4 ,?is  
consi/s ( a s]ies ( convolut$ tubes     
conta9$ 9 a tank ( cold  wat]4 ,! vapor 
f ! heat] passes into ^! convolutions4  
,!  heavi] vapors are cond5s$ !re9 &    
return$ to ! heat] f  :i* !y desc5d into
 ! column :ile ! m volatiliz$ vapors    
pass  ov] into ! f9al cond5s]4 ,!       
,u-b5ds at ! bottoms ( ea*  convolution 
act l s _m l[ w9e *amb]s 9 ! /ill %[n 9 
,fig4  #i ! highly heat$ vapor          
cont9ually bubbl+ ?r\gh ! cond5s$  vapor
 9 ! ,u b5d & !re becom+ greatly enri*$ 
&  conc5trat$4    ,?is app>atus1 x is   

claim$1 is applicable to ! di/illation (
  gra91 molasses or cane juice & w yield
 #agj or #ahj p] c5t41 or !  equival5t  
to #he-ij ,g4 ,l4 or #cd-cf ,c>ti]4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,section (   
,gillaume's ,incl9$ ,column ,/ill4    ,a
 di/9ctly mod]n type ( /ill1 ?\gh ak9 to
 ! /ill %[n 9  ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 is !   
incl9$ column ( ,gillaume1 %[n 9 section
 9  ,fig4 #cc & 9 full view 9 ,fig4 #cd4
 ,gillaume 9 devis+ ?is =m (  app>atus  
_h p>ticul>ly 9 m9d ! di/illation ( ?ick
 wa%es1 &  ! necessity ( compell+ a     
circulation ( ! wa%4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #cd4--;,gillaume's ,incl9$       
,column ,/ill4    ,! bottom ( ! incl9$  
column ,a is divid$ by lat]al ext5d+1   
upw>dly project+ plates or p>titions a  
=m+ a cont9u\s  *annel ?r\gh :i* ! wa%  
passes f side to side & f top to  bottom
 & !n out ?r\gh a regulator4 ,! upp]    
plate ( ! column  has d[nw>dly project+ 
p>titions b :i* ) ! p>titions a  =m a   
s]ies ( traps4 ,! /eam ent]s at ! bottom
 ( ! column into  a res]voir1 & 9 ord]  

to pass upw>d is =c$ b5ea? ea* p>tition 
b & ?r\gh ! wa%] conta9$ 9 ! *annels ( !
 bottom4 ,:5  x rea*es ! upp] end ( !   
column x has pass$ ?r\gh a cont9u\s     
s]ies ( wa%-fill$ comp>tm5ts conta9+ a  
con/antly mov+ curr5t  ( wa%4    ,!     
vapors f ! top ( ! column pass (f to !  
wa% heat] or to a  conc5trator4    ,9   
,fig4 #cd is %[n a =m ( ,gillaume /ill  
design$ to di/ill all  sorts ( liquids  
:e!r ?9 or ?ick4 ,! wa% is suppli$ f an 
ov]head tank to a regulat+ tank ,k f :i*
 a pipe k leads to a  regulat+ tap m4 ,!
 wa% re-asc5ds into ! wa% heat] ,b & :5 
heat$ desc5ds by pipe ,f into ! upp]mo/ 
comp>tm5ts ( ! column  ,a4 ,! vapor     
passes to ! cond5s] ,b1 by a pipe ,h1 & 
! sp5t  wa% is dis*>g$ by a siphon ,c4  
,9 addition to ! p>ts above  ref]r$ to1 
a designates entrance ( wa% into heat]1 
b exhau/  te/ tube1 d /eam entrance tap 
,g alcohol te/ glass1 ,g exhau/  te/    
glass1 o valve = regulat+ /r5g? ( _s1 ,o
 /eam  regulator1 p wat] entrance tap1 r
 exit tap1 & ,d ! sp5t wa%  extractor4  

,! ,gillaume app>atus is p>ticul>ly     
valuable = ! production (  indu/rial or 
agricultural alcohol4 ,x is claim$ t x  
is easily  und]/ood & op]at$ ev5 by     
unskill$ labor1 :ile x produces a  l>ge 
proportion ( alcohol ( a high /r5g?4    
,a view ( a complete app>atus on a l>ge 
scale is %[n 9 ! ,fig4 #dj  9 ! *apt] on
 rectification4                         
,,*apt] ,v4                             
,,rectification4      ,! product ( !    
di/illation ( alcoholic liquors1 :i* is 
t]m$  l[ w9e1 does n usually conta9     
alcohol 9 suffici5t quantity to  admit (
 its be+ employ$ = direct consumption4  
,besides ?is x  always conta9s sub/ances
 :i* h ! prop]ty ( di/ill+ ov]  ) ! _s1 
al?\gh _! boil+ po9ts1 :5 9 ! pure /ate1
  are mu* high] ?an t ( alcohol4 ,^! are
 all class$ "u !  g5]ic title (         
fusel-oil2 ow+ to _! v disagreeable ta/e
 &  smell1 _! pres5ce 9 _s is extremely 
objectionable4 ,9 ord] to  remove !m1 ! 
r\gh products ( di/illation are submitt$
 to a  fur!r process ( conc5tration &   

purification4 ,besides fusel-oil1  !y   
conta9 o!r sub/ances1 su* z aldehyde1   
v>i\s e!rs1 etc41  ! boil+ po9ts ( :i*  
are l[] ?an t ( alcohol2 ^! mu/  also be
 remov$1 z !y imp>t to ! _s a fi]y ta/e4
 ,! :ole  process is t]m$ rectification1
 & is c>ri$ on 9 a di/illatory          
app>atus4    ,z be=e /at$1 ! wa% z      
dis*>g$ into ! /ill consi/s (  alcohol  
mix$ ) wat] & a v>iety ( impurities f   
:i* !  alcohol mu/ be sep>at$4 ,9 ord] t
 ! process may be bett]  und]/ood we w  
assume t a mixture ( pure alcohol & wat]
 is to  be op]at$ on 9 place ( ! wa% z  
above ref]r$ to4 ,di/illation 9  ?is    
case is int5d$ to deprive ! wat] ( its  
alcohol1 ! op]ation  !oretically leav+  
wat] 9 "o *amb] & alcohol 9 ano!r4 ,?is 
is accompli%$ by reason ( ! diff]5ces 9 
! boil+ po9ts (  wat] & alcohol4 ,!     
alcohol vaporizes at a l[] degree 7#agc 
,f47 ?an  wat] 7#bab ,f47 ,?us ! liquid 
at ! end ( ! op]ation has be5  divid$   
into two p>ts or fractions4    ,?is1    
h[ev]1 is n a clean division = ! reason 

t :ile 9 !  beg9n+ ! vapors conta9 a    
l>ge quantity ( ! m volatile  alcohol1  
at ! end !y w conta9 a l>ge portion ( ! 
less  volatile wat]4 ,! :ole ( ! alcohol
 w be sep>at$ 9 ?is  mann]1 b x w /ill  
be mix$ ) "s wat] & 9 ord] to aga9      
divide ! alcohol f ! wat] ! fir/        
di/illate w\ld h to be  r$i/ill$ until  
at la/ ! wat] is r$uc$ to a m9imum or   
entirely  elim9at$1 if possible4    ,b z
 x requires less heat to vaporize       
alcohol ?an wat]1 s x also  requires m  
cold to cond5se alcoholic-vapor ?an     
wat]-vapor4 ,if !n  we pass ! mix$      
vapors into a cond5s+ *amb] cool$ to a  
c]ta9  temp]ature l[ en\gh to cond5se   
wat]-vapor b n ! alcohol-vapor1  !n !   
wat]-vapor w fall d[n z wat] :ile !     
alcohol-vapor  be+ uncond5s$ passes on  
to ano!r *amb] :]e its temp]ature  falls
 to a po9t :]e x 9 turn cond5ses into   
liquid4    ,9 int]mitt5t di/illation1 z 
by ! simple /ill1 ! vapors ( mix$       
alcohol & wat] at fir/ conta9 a great   
deal ( alcohol & a little  wat]1 !n m   

wat] & less alcohol1 & !n a great deal (
 wat]  & h>dly any alcohol4 ,x may be   
ask$3 ,:y n take only ! runn+s  ri* 9   
alcohol & leave ! o!rs8 ,! answ] to ?is 
is t if ?is  be done !n all ! alcohol is
 n extract$ f ! wa% & !re  is j t mu*   
loss4 ,! solution ( ! problem is to get 
all !  alcohol out mix$ ) ! wat] t is   
inevitably ) x & !n  r$i/ill ?is result 
?us gett+ out 7sift+ away7 "s ( ! wat]1 
& aga9 di/ill ?is result1 & s on until  
only pure alcohol is left4  ,?is1 h[ev]1
 is a v tr\blesome bus9ess & has be5    
ab&on$ z a  means ( remov+ impurities   
su* z wat]1 ! e!rs1 & fusel oil  except 
by mak]s ( :iskey1 br&y & o!r bev]age   
spirits1 9 favor  ( cont9u\s di/illation
 & cont9u\s rectification4    ,x w be   
se5 f :at has gone be=e t !re are two   
means (  sep>at+ alcohol & wat]2 "o by  
an initial diff]5ce 9 heat+ &  by a     
fur!r diff]5ce 9 cool+ or cond5s+4    ,x
 is on ?is f\ndation t ! :ole art (     
fractional di/illation or  rectification
 re/s4 ,:ile we h = illu/ration be5     

consid]+ a  mixture ( pure alcohol &    
wat]1 ! wa% or liquid =m$ by !          
f]m5tation ( gra91 etc41 conta9s a      
v>iety ( +r$i5ts (  diff]5t boil+ po9ts1
 "s m volatile ?an alcohol1 "s less4 ,! 
f]m5t$ wa% consi/s fir/ ( non-volatile  
or only slightly volatile  matt]s1 su* z
 salts1 prote9s1 glyc]91 lactic acid1   
yea/1 etc41 &  second1 volatile bodies  
su* z alcohol1 wat]1 v>i\s e!rs1 etc41  
fusel oils & acetic acid4    ,:5 wa% is 
di/ill$ 9 ! ord9>y simple or pot /ill1 !
 fir/  "p to come ov] consi/s ( ! v     
volatile matt]s1--m volatile  ?an       
alcohol ev51--t is1 ! e!rs mix$ ) "s    
alcohol4 ,?is is  kn[n z ! =e-%ot or    
fir/ runn+s1 & is collect$ sep>ately4   
,:5 ! _s com+ ov] possesses no          
objectionable odor1 ! second  /age has  
begun4 ,?is runn+ w\ld be ( ! alcohol   
prop]1 gett+  weak] & weak]1 h[ev]1 z ! 
runn+ cont9ues & ?is w\ld be  caught    
sep>ately z long z x is ( suffici5t     
/r5g?4 ,at la/ w\ld  come ! weak _s     
conta9+ mu* fusel oil4 ,x is to be      

und]/ood1  h[ev]1 t !re is no def9$ l9e 
betwe5 ^! divisions4 ,!y  graduate "o   
into ! o!r4 ,! fir/ & la/ runn+s 9 ! old
  practice 7 mix$ toge!r & di/ill$ ) !  
next *>ge4 ,:5 a  /rong _s 0 requir$1   
rectification w\ld be repeat$ sev]al    
times4 ,x is cu/om>y1 h[ev]1 ) ! improv$
 mod]n app>atus1 to  produce at ! outset
 _s conta9+ b little fusel oil & at lea/
  #hj p] c5t ( alcohol4 ,?is is !n      
purifi$ & conc5trat$ 9 !  above mann] & 
aft]w>ds r$uc$ ) wat] to ! requir$      
/r5g?4    ,ano!r cause ( ! (f5sive      
flavor ( ! products ( di/illation is  ! 
pres5ce ( v>i\s acids1 :i* exi/ 9 all   
f]m5t$ liquors2 !y  are *iefly t>t>ic1  
malic1 acetic1 & lactic acids4 ,!       
excessive  action ( heat ^u liquors :i* 
h be5 di/ill$ by an op5 fire has  also a
 p>ticul>ly objectionable influ5ce ^u ! 
flavor ( !  products4    ,! fir/        
op]ation 9 ! process ( rectification is 
to neutralize !  above-m5tion$ acids2   
?is is effect$ by means ( milk ( lime1  
:i*  is add$ to ! liquor 9 quantity     

dep5d+ ^u its acidity2 ! po9t  at :i* ! 
neutralization is complete is det]m9$ by
 ! use (  litmus pap]4 ,9 ! subsequ5t   
process ( di/illation1 !  det]m9ation ( 
! exact mom5ts at :i* to beg9 & to cease
  collect+ ! pure _s is v difficult to  
indicate4 ,x mu/ be  regulat$ by !      
nature ( ! spirits2 "s may be pure #bj  
or #cj m9utes  aft] !y h atta9$ ! desir$
 /r5g?2 & "s only run pure an  h\r1 or  
ev5 m1 aft] ?is po9t4 ,! product %\ld be
 ta/$  frequ5tly1 aft] be+ dilut$ )     
wat]1 or a few drops may be p\r$  into !
 palm ( ! h&1 & aft] /rik+ ! h&s toge!r1
 x w  be kn[n by ! odor :e!r ! _s be (  
good quality or n2 ^!  two means may be 
appli$ simultane\sly4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #ce4--,rectify+ ,/ill4    ,!     
process ( rectification may be c>ri$ on 
9 ! app>atus %[n 9  ,figs4 #ce & #cf4 ,a
 is a /ill :i* conta9s ! _s to be       
rectifi$2 x %\ld be f\r-fif?s full4 ,!  
cond5s] ,e & !  cool] ,g are fill$ )    
wat]4 ,aft] clos+ ! cocks ,l & ,i1  !   
cont5ts ( ! /ill are heat$ by /eam1 :i* 

is introduc$ at  fir/ sl[ly4 ,! vapors (
 _s giv5 (f pass1 by tubes b1 above  ea*
 plate a1 ( ! s]ies 9 column ,b1 &      
escape ?r\gh ,c &  ,d into ! cond5s] ,e1
 :]e !y are cond5s$ on rea*+ !  l5tils d
 d1 & return 9 a liquid /ate ?r\gh pipe 
f &  connections g g to ! upp] plates ( 
! column ,b4 ,9 ^! return  pipes !      
liquid is volatiliz$1 & con/antly re*>g$
 ) alcohol to  be aga9 cond5s$1 until ! 
wat] 9 ! cond5s] is hot en\gh to  p]mit 
! light] alcoholic vapors to pass into !
 coil c c c1  )\t be+ r$uc$ to ! liquid 
/ate4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !  vapors pass 
?r\gh ,f into ! cool] ,g1 :]e !y und]go 
complete  cond5sation4 ,great c>e mu/ be
 tak5 t ! heat is n s great z  to p]mit 
any ( ! vapors to pass ov] uncond5s$ or 
to fl[ away 9 a  hot /ate2 & also to    
keep up a con/ant supply ( wat] 9 !     
cool]  )\t produc+ too l[ a temp]ature2 
! alcoholic products %\ld  run out j    
cold4 ,! highly volatile con/itu5ts ( ! 
_s come  ov] fir/1 t :i* foll[s becom+  
gradually pur] until x consi/s  (       

well-flavor$ alcohol2 aft] ?is comes a  
product conta9+ !  ess5tial oils4 ,! m  
impure products are kept ap>t f ! re/  &
 re-di/ill$ ) ! next *>ge4 ,"s h\rs     
g5]ally elapse be=e  alcohol beg9s to   
fl[ f ! cool]4 ,! pure/ alcohol is      
obta9$  :ile its /r5g? is kept betwe5   
#ib & #if ,baume1 & ! op]ation  is      
complete :5 ! liquid fl[+ ?r\gh ! vessel
 m>ks n m  ?an #c or #d ,baume2 x is    
bett]1 h[ev]1 to /op ! /ill :5 !  back+ 
or fa9ts indicate #aj1 because ! product
 aft] ?is po9t  conta9s mu* fusel-oil1 &
 is n wor? collect+4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #cf4--,section ( ,rectify+ ,/ill4
    ,9 ord] to cleanse ! app>atus--:i*  
%\ld be p]=m$ aft] ea*  work+--! /ill ,a
 is empti$ ( wat] by op5+ ! cock ,q4 ,! 
cont5ts ( ! cond5s] are !n empti$ 9 l   
mann] by op5+ !  cock ,j1 ?r\gh :i* !y  
fl[ ^u ! plates 9 ! column ,b1 &  wa%   
out ess5tial oils :i* rema9 9 !m4 ,^!   
two cocks are !n  clos$1 & ! door ,u 9 !
 /ill head is remov$4 ,! wat] 9 !  cool]
 ,g is !n run by means ( pipe into !    

/ill ,a1 s z  p>tially to cov] !        
/eam-coil 9 ! latt]4 ,aft] aga9 secur+ !
  door ,u1 a /rong heat is appli$1 & !  
wat] 9 ! /ill is well  boil$1 ! /eam    
evolv$ ?or\ghly cleans+ all ! diff]5t   
p>ts (  ! app>atus2 ?is is cont9u$ = #ae
 or #bj m9utes1 :5 ! heat is  )drawn & !
 /ill left to cool gradually4    ,9 !   
int]mitt5t rectify+ /ill above describ$ 
! impure products  are di/ill$ ) ! next 
*>ge4 ,9 ! app>atus z p]fect$ &  us$ 9  
l>ge di/ill]ies or rectification plants1
 ! division ( !  sev]al products compos+
 ! phlegm or raw _s is made at "o "t  & 
cont9u\sly on ! pr9ciple n[ to be       
describ$4    ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is 
*apt] t ! v>i\s  impurities 9 alcohol1 !
 e!rs1 ! wat] & ! fusel oils1 h  ea* _! 
own vaporiz+ po9t & ea* _! own cond5s+  
po9t4 ,z  ?is is s1 !y may be sep>at$ f 
ea* o!r & f ! alcohol on  ! same        
pr9ciple z we h se5 t wat] is sep>at$ f 
!  mixture ( pure alcohol & wat]2 t is1 
by fractionation1 z x is  t]m$1 or by   
sift+ out "o body f ano!r4              

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,fractional 
,di/ill+ ,app>atus4    ,?us 9 fractional
 di/illation1 ea* cond5s] or retort 9 ! 
app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 above acts z a
 sieve or trap1 lett+ pass  ! mo/       
volatile sub/ances b reta9+ ^? ( a less 
degree (  volatility4 ,by pass+ ! mix$  
vapor toge!r ?r\gh a good cond5s+  m$ium
 ! temp]ature ( :i* is l[] ?an ! boil+  
po9t ( !  less volatile1 b n s l[ z !   
boil+ po9t ( ! m volatile  ! vapors ( ! 
less volatile liquid w be cond5s$1 :ile 
! m  volatile w reta9 _! gase\s =m4 ,?us
 by hav+ a numb] (  cond5s+ m$iums ea*  
"o slightly l[] 9 temp]ature ?an ! o!r1 
! v>i\s vapors ) _! v>i\s po9ts (       
volatilization w be  successively       
cond5s$1 all[+ ! passage ( ! m volatile 
vapors  ov] to ! cond5s] beyond4    ,if 
we _h mix$ gravel & s& & desir$ to      
sep>ate ! gravel into  assort$ sizes &  
get ! s& by itself1 we w\ld pass ! mass 
?r\gh  a s]ies ( sieves ( gradually     
small] me%4 ,! fir/ sieve ( c\rse  w\ld 
cat* all ! l>ge/ pebbles1 ! next 9 size 

w\ld let all !  second siz$ gravel      
?r\gh1 & s on until ! f9al sieve w\ld h 
sep>at$ ! co>se s& f ! f9e4 ,9 ?is      
figure ( illu/ration1  ! co>se pebbles  
may be tak5 to repres5t ! wat] & ! fusel
 oils  :i* are mix$ & p>tly t5d to rise 
) ! alcohol1 & ! alcohol  may be        
repres5t$ z ! gravel l>g] ?an ! s&1 & ! 
f9e s&  z ! e!ric vapors4 ,if ?is gravel
 7 =c$ upw>dly ?r\gh a  s]ies ( sieves  
gradually gr[+ f9]1 x w\ld be analog\s  
figuratively to ! upw>d passage ( !     
vapors ?r\gh a di/ill+  column compos$ (
 plates or *amb]s2 ! wat] & fusel oils  
w\ld be  reta9$ 9 ! l[] portion ( !     
column & cont9ually s5t back  !re2 !    
alcohol w\ld pass into ! upp] *amb]s ( !
 column &  ! e!rs or =e-%ots w\ld pass  
out f ! v f9e sieve at !  top ( !       
column4    ,! v]tical *amb]s above ea*  
plate ( ! rectify+ column are  to-day   
us$ z ! sep>ate elim9at+ *amb]s ref]r$  
to above4 ,x  has be5 f\nd 9 practice t 
z be=e /at$1 ea* plate ( a column       
conta9$ ^u x liquid ( a c]ta9 temp]ature

 & above x vapors (  a c]ta9 degree (   
vaporization4 ,t is1 9 a cont9u\s column
 f$  regul>ly by cond5sation f above &  
suppli$ ) a con/ant fl[ (  phlegm1 ea*  
plate c>ries ^u x a liquid ( con/ant    
composition  relative to ! boil+ po9t ( 
! fluid on t plate4 ,z _m  extractions  
may ?us be made f ! v>i\s plates z !re  
are  diff]5t liquids to be isolat$4 ,?us
 by tapp+ diff]5t portions (  ! column1 
vapors ( diff]5t degrees ( vaporization 
are f\nd & may  be c>ri$ (f & ! phlegm  
be ?us fractionat$4 ,9 ! case ( "o      
column ! fir/ runn+s or =e-%ot w\ld be  
f\nd 9 ! upp]  portion ( ! column to :i*
 !y w\ld h ris5 by reason ( _!  degree (
 volatility4 ,! la/ runn+s or oils1     
aldehydes1 etc41 w\ld  be f\nd 9 ! l[]  
portion ( ! column /ill mix$ ) ! _s1    
:ile ^u ! plates ( ! middle portion ( ! 
column w\ld be f\nd  ! vapor ( ! alcohol
 fre$ f ! fusel oils & f !1e!rs4    ,x  
is und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh\t ?is       
description t ! liquid  be+ treat$ is n 
wa% b phlegm2 t is1 ! raw _s conta9+  ! 

fusel oils1 e!rs1 wat] & alcohol4       
,fig4 #ch repres5ts a simple rectify+   
app>atus design$ = small or  m$ium siz$ 
plants1 & manufactur$ by ! ,vulcan      
,copp] ,works ,co41 (  ,c9c9nati4 ,!    
/ill is upright1 ) a *amb]$ column above
 x1 (  ! usual type4 ,! *amb]s are fitt$
 ) a vapor boil+ pipe & cap  & a drop   
pipe1 & ea* is provid$ ) cocks :]eby x  
may be  dra9$ = cleans+4 ,above ! column
 is a sep>ator1 compris+ a  cas+ conta9+
 a s]ies ( tubes4 ,! vapor f ! column   
circulates  ar\nd ! tubes ?r\gh :i*     
passes a curr5t ( cool wat]4 ,!  cond5s]
 is ( ! same con/ruction z ! sep>ator & 
is provid$  ) a gage glass & a draw-(f  
cock4 ,! op]ation is ! same z 9  o!r    
simple rectifi]s2 "p ( ! vapor f !      
column is cond5s$  9 ! sep>ator & passes
 back on to ! upp] plates1 :ile ! m     
highly vaporiz$ portions pass ov] into !
 cond5s]4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ch4--,rectify+ ,app>atus ) ,ext]nal    
,tubul>  ,cond5s]4 7,to face page #id7  
,! diamet] ( ! /ill is l>ge relatively  

to its dep? s z to yield  an economical 
& at ! same "t highly effective         
di/ribution ( heat  ?r\gh ! *>ge4 ,?is  
also af=ds an ext5d$ boil+ area f :i*  !
 vapor rises ev5ly & regul>ly1 ?us      
ensur+ conditions peculi>ly  conducive  
to produce ! be/ fractionat+4 ,! floor  
space requir$ =  ?is /ill & o!rs ( !    
same "* built by ?is company is v       
compact & excessive weight on ! top     
floor ( ! build+ is  disp5s$ )4    ,we h
 %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci & #dj two =ms (       
rectify+ app>atus1 "o a  tw9 column     
,b>bet rectifi] & ! o!r a rectifi] ( !  
,gillaume  type comb9$ ) incl9$ column  
/ill4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,tw9
 ,column ,b>bet ,rectifi]4    ,9 ! tw9  
column app>atus1 ,fig4 #ci1 ! fir/      
column or cl>ifi] ,a  receives ! raw    
phlegm & accompli%es ! elim9ation (     
e!rs4 ,!  cl>ifi$ phlegm passes !n to ! 
second column :]e ! alcohol  is sep>at$ 
f ! la/ runn+s or fusel oil4 ,9 o!r     
words1 !  phlegm or impure raw alcohol  
is only rais$ to su* a temp]ature 9 !   

fir/ column z to drive (f ! v volatile  
con/itu5ts su* z !  e!rs4 ,^! !re=e pass
 (f at ! top ( ! fir/ column into !     
cond5s] ,c1 ! retrogradation or cond5s$ 
alcohol be+ return$ to  ,a1 :ile ! boil+
 phlegm tak5 f ! middle ( ! column &    
/ill conta9+ ! aldehydes1 oils1 etc41 is
 conduct$ by a pipe ,e to  ! second     
column ,b :]e9 ! la/ runn+s or amylic   
oils1 etc41 are  sep>at$ f ! purifi$    
spirits4    ,! vapors 9 ?is column are  
c>ri$ to ! cond5s]s ,d & ,f &  f !re to 
a refrig]ator ,g4 ,! fusel oils are     
extract$ f !  plates slightly bel[ !    
c5t] ( ! column & are c>ri$ to an oil   
conc5trat+ app>atus ,h4    ,9 ! mo/     
complete =ms ( app>atus us$ to-day1 !re 
is a v>iation  ( ?is con/ruction4 ,!    
fir/ runn+s1 middle runn+s & ! la/      
runn+s are ea* l$ (f f ! ma9 column to  
sep>ate cool]s1  cond5s]s1 etc41 & !    
purifi$ result f ea* ( ^! columns is  9 
turn l$ to a trunk rectifi] common to   
all :]e ! product is  r$i/ill$ &        
entirely fre$ f impurities4 ,?is gives a

 v high  grade ( alcohol by a process   
practically cont9u\s4 ,at ! same "t  !  
impurities are n return$ to ! fir/ or   
ma9 column to  contam9ate ! vapors !re9 
& add to ! am\nt ( fusel oils  conta9$  
on ! l[] plates4 ,9 con/ruction ( ?is "*
 !re  is a v l>ge sav+ 9 ! co/ ( ! fuel 
& ! result is mu*  bett] 9 e way4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,gillaume's 
,rectifi] & ,incl9$ ,/ill4    ,,fig4    
#dj4--;,,guillaume',s ,,direct          
,,di/illation-,,rectification ,,app>atus
 ,,=  ,,agricultural ,,di/illations4    
,a  ,di/ill+ ,column4    a  ,tank = ,wa%
 to be ,di/ill$4    b  ,cold ,wat]      
,tank4    ,c  ,rectification ,column4   
,d  ,f9al ,purification ,column4    ,i  
,wa% ,heat]4    ,k  ,cond5s]4    ,k     
,refrig]ator ( ,e!rs4    ,o             
,refrig]ator = high-grade ,alcohol & !  
,fir/ ,runn+s4    ,q  ,refrig]ator = !  
,products ( ! ,la/ ,runn+s4    ,r  ,sp5t
 ,wa% ,extractor4    r  ,siphon ,c>ry+  
(f ,sp5t ,wa%4    ,s  ,/eam ,regulator4 
s  ,tap & ,pipe = ,c>ry+ ,wa% to        

,di/ill+ ,column4    ,u  ,wat]          
,regulator4    u  ,taps = ! ,extraction 
( ,int]m$iate ,impurities4    ,v        
,receiv] ,accumulator4    v  ,tap = !   
,extraction ( ! ,la/ ,runn+s4    ,x     
,te/ ,glass = ! ,high-,grade ,alcohol4  
,y  ,te/ ,glass = ,fir/ ,runn+s4    ,y  
,te/ ,glass = ,la/ ,runn+s4    ,z  ,te/ 
,glass = ,det]m9+ ,degree ( ,exhau/ion (
 ,sp5t ,wa%4    ,9 ?is app>atus ! /ill  
prop] is ( ! =m h]et(ore describ$ on    
page #gh4 ,! liquid to be di/ill$ ent]s 
at ! top ( ! incl9$  column ,a & desc5ds
 to ! base !re(4 ,! alcoholic vapor     
rises  ?r\gh ! column & passes (f f !   
head !re( into !  rectify+ column4 ,at !
 head ( ! column ,a x has a /r5g? (     
ab\t #dj to #ej ,f4 ,! column ,c is     
support$ ^u an accumulat+  res]voir ,v  
:i* acts to regulate ! fl[ ( ! phlegm   
?r\gh !  rectify+ column & prev5ts too  
great an exhau/ion ( ! plates (  !      
column4 ,x acts z a res]voir to conta9  
any excess ( phlegm or to  supply an    
additional am\nt ( phlegm to ! plates :5

 !y h become  ne>ly exhau/$4    ,! oils 
or products ( ! la/ runn+ accumulate at 
! base ( !  column1 & are c>ri$ (f to _!
 special refrig]ator ,q4 ,!  alcoholic  
vapors conc5trate :ile ris+ 9 ! column &
 quickly  atta9 a /r5g? ( #ib or #id ,f4
 ,at a height )9 ! column  correspond+  
to ! plates :]eon alcohol ( t /r5g? is  
to be  f\nd1 !re are provid$ ?ree taps u
 :]eby ! middle runn+s or  m$ium grade (
 alcohol may be drawn (f1 :i* h a       
maximum  conc5tration ( #ib & #id ,f4   
,above ^! middle plates ! alcohol       
vapors are completely sep>at$ f !       
products ( ! tail t is  ! aldehydes1    
amylic oils1 etc41 & at ! upp] portion (
 ! column  !re is f\nd ! cond5s] ,k :i* 
sep>ates ! products ( !  head2 t is !   
fir/ runn+s f ! alcohol :i* has pass$   
ov]  ) su* products to ! cond5s]4 ,!    
alcohol s sep>at$ is  completely        
rectifi$ 9 ! column ( f9al purification 
,d & !  f9i%$ alcohol is cool$ 9 !      
refrig]ator ,o bel[ ! column (  f9al    
cond5sation4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! gauge    

glasses :i* regulate  ! exit ( ! v>i\s  
alcohols & mixtures are controll$ by    
taps  hav+ v]ni]s or scales :]eby !y may
 be v c>efully adju/$1 to  regulate !   
relative proportion ( ! v>i\s products4 
,?is app>atus  is able to produce ab\t  
#ge or #hj p] c5t4 ( fir/-class alcohol1
 #aj to  #ae p] c5t4 ( middle class     
alcohol1 & #e p] c5t4 ( e!rs & #e p]    
c5t4 ( fusel oils1 ! alcohol produc$ be+
 ab\t #if ,c>ti]4    ,! alcohol is ?us  
obta9$ 9 "o s+le op]ation & )1 x is     
ass]t$1 only a v small loss 9           
rectification4 ,! app>atus is  claim$ to
 be s simple t x may be op]at$ ev5 by   
unskill$ f>m  labor4 ,x is also claim$ t
 purification by *emical treatm5t or    
filtration is unnecess>y ) ! ,guillaume 
app>atus4 ,x may be /at$1  h[ev]1 t !   
,guillaume sy/em has _m oppon5ts4    ,! 
capacity ( ! rectify+ app>atus has a    
good deal ( influ5ce  ^u bo? ! quantity 
& ! quality ( ! _s obta9$4 ,besides  be+
 mu* m difficult to manage1 a small     
app>atus w n yield s  l>ge a proportion 

( _s z a m capaci\s "o1 nor w its       
products be ( equally good flavor4 ,!   
proportion ( alcohol :i* may  be obta9$ 
f a successful rectification is v       
v>iable2 x dep5ds  ^u ! nature ( ! _s   
rectifi$1 ! me?od ( extract+ !  sug>1 & 
! mann] ( conduct+ ! di/illation2 x w   
also be 9  inv]se proportion to !       
quantity ( fusel-oil conta9$ 9 ! raw    
_s4 ,! av]age loss ( pure alcohol dur+ !
 process (  rectification is g5]ally    
e/imat$ at ab\t five p] c5t4    ,9      
addition to ! rectify+ z above describ$1
 alcohol may be fur!r  purifi$ by       
filtration ?r\gh *>coal1 by *emical     
means or by  electrolysis4 ,! la/ two   
me?ods h n s f> be5 successful4 ,!      
*emicals us$ m]ely act to disguise !    
disagreeable ta/e or smell (  ! _s & d n
 really purify4 ,!y b sub/itute "o      
impurity =  ano!r4 ,! ag5ts us$ are     
_m--sulphuric & nitrate acids1 soaps1   
oils & fats soda1 lime & pota% h ea* &  
all be5 tri$1 b  ) no p]man5t success4  
,z ag5ts = disguis+ ! ta/e ( new &  raw 

spirits1 alcoholic extracts ( fruits h  
also be5 us$4    ,purification & ag+ by 
electricity has be5 tri$ _m times & 9   
_m diff]5t =ms1 b s f> has n be5        
comm]cially practicable4    ,filtration 
/ill rema9s ! be/ & simple/ adjunct to !
 rectifi]4  ,9 small plants1 a filt] b$ 
sev]al feet 9 ?ickness ( bone black  or 
bea*wood or *>coal is us$1 laid ^u a    
f\ndation ( gravel 9 a  filt]+ tank4 ,9 
! l>g] plants a s]ies ( ^! vats is us$1 
!  *>coal be+ us$ 9 lumps v>y+ f #a_/d  
to #a_/b in* 9 diamet]4  ,two diff]5t   
views ( ! purification by *>coal are    
held--"o t  ! *>coal purifies by *emical
 means1 ! o!r t x is purely a  physical 
filtration ag5t4 ,aft] filtration !     
*>coal mu/ be /eam$  to recov] ! spirits
 reta9$ !re9 & %\ld be heat$ to a r$    
heat e n[ & !n to cleanse & reg5]ate x4 
,,*apt] ,,vi4                           
,,malt+4      ,:eat1 oats1 rye1         
potatoes1 & o!r amalyce\s or />*y       
mat]ials  conta9 />* insoluble 9 wat] & 
to r5d] x soluble1 & to *ange  ! />* to 

maltose !y mu/ be ma%$ ) a c]ta9 small  
proportion  ( malt1--or gra9 9 :i*      
g]m9ation has be5 artificially induc$ & 
!n int]rupt$ at a c]ta9 /age4 ,?is      
increases ! dia/ase  conta9$ 9 ! gra9 s 
g]m9at$1 & ?is dia/ase is able to       
trans=m />* into soluble =m4 ,h5ce1     
malt$ gra9 gives lightness  & liquidity 
to ! wa%1 & prev5ts ! />* fall+ to !    
bottom  ( ! ma% tub or back1 & also     
prev5ts ! />* fall+ to !  bottom ( !    
/ill & consequ5t burn+4    ,:ile all    
v>ieties ( gra9 includ+ rice are        
suitable = !  prep>ation ( malt1 b>ley  
is pref]r$ to all o!rs1 & is mo/        
commonly us$4    ,! be/ b>ley = malt+ is
 t hav+ ! foll[+  *>act]i/ics2 a ?9 sk92
 a mealy int]ior2 gra9s ( a uni=m size2 
( ! greate/ weight2 :i* has be5 /or$ =  
?ree mon?s4 ,b>ley on  h>ve/+ has b     
slight g]m9at+ p[]4 ,! reason = !       
uni=mity 9 ! gra9s lies 9 necessity ( a 
uni=m /eep+ ( !  gra9 s t ! p]iod (     
g]m9ation %all be ! same = ! :ole  mass4
    ,l all mat]ials = di/illation1 !    

b>ley %\ld be ?or\ghly  clean$ (        
impurities--n only du/1 se$s & we$s1 b  
fungi &  bact]ia4    ,?is may be p>tly  
accompli%$ 9 ! ord9>y fann+ mills1 usual
 on  f>ms1 b a bett] ma*9e w\ld be a    
tumbl+ box ( wire me%4 ,?is  is incl9$1 
s t gra9 put 9 ! upp] end1 w pass d[nw>d
 to  ! l[]1 be+ ?r[n ab\t z ! box or    
cyl9d] is rotat$4 ,!  du/1 se$s1 etc41  
fall ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! wire z d ! small]
  gra9s4 ,aft] ?is clean+1 ! b>ley %\ld 
be ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,?is  may be ei!r done
 9 ! /eep+ vat itself--& ! wat] aft]w>ds
  drawn (f--or 9 special ma*9es4 ,if !  
b>ley be all[$ to soak 9  wat] = a day  
or two1 ! lat] wa%+ w completely cleanse
 x4  ,?is prelim9>y clean+ is mo/       
important z impurities r$uce !  g]m9at+ 
p[] ( ! gra91 z well z introduce bact]ia
 inimical to  f]m5tation4    ,wa%+ 9 "s 
in/ances is done by =c+ compress$ air   
into !  /eep+ tub1 ?us viol5tly agitat+ 
& swirl+ ! wat] !re91  & wa%+ away !    
impurities4 ,ano!r me?od is by pass+ !  
/eep$  gra9s along a tr\gh suppli$ )    

mov+ wat]1 ! tr\gh be+  provid$ ) rot>y 
agitators4 ,any fairly +5i\s me*anic    
c\ld  devise a capable cleans+ ma*9e4   
,c>e be+ tak5 t x %all n  injure !      
gra9s4    ,aft] cleans+1 ! b>ley %\ld be
 /eep$4 ,= ?is purpose tanks (  metal or
 cem5t are to be pref]r$ to wood4 ,all  
vats %\ld be kept  ?or\ghly clean$ by   
frequ5t scrubb+ ) lime wat]4    ,! b>ley
 plac$ !re9 %\ld at all times be        
entirely cov]$ )  fre% wat] to a dep? ( 
a few in*es1 & = ! fir/ few h\rs !      
gra9s %\ld be c>efully /irr$ 9 ord] t no
 gra9 %\ld escape  wett+4 ,at ! end ( t 
"t ! /ill float+ gra9s %\ld be  remov$4 
,9 #cf or #dh h\rs ! gra9 w usually be  
suffici5tly /eep$1--b  ?is v>ies ) wea!r
 conditions4 ,! w>m] ! wat] ! quick] !  
/eep+1 & 9 w9t] prop] /eep+ may n be    
accompli%$ be=e  f\r or five days4    ,a
 simple te/ is to rub ! gra9 /rongly    
betwe5 ! h&s1 ,if x is  entirely cru%$1 
& no solid matt] is left x has be5 /eep$
  suffici5tly4 ,b>ley %\ld be capable ( 
compression l5g?wise & !  hull %\ld     

become easily deta*$4 ,x %\ld be easily 
bitt51 & n  crack "u ! tee?4 ,9 ord] to 
prev5t f]m5tation 9 summ]1 x is  well to
 r5ew ! wat] a few times dur+ /eep+4    
,ov] /eep+ is  worse ?an "u /eep+4      
,aft] ! b>ley is 9 prop] condition ! vat
 or tank is op5$ & !  wat] dra9$ away4  
,! dra9+ %\ld be complete1 & !re=e !    
gra9 %\ld be left to dra9 ab\t #ab h\rs4
    ,g]m9at+4 ,! gra9 is n[ tak5 to !   
malt+ floor4 ,9 practice  x is well to  
locate ! /eep+ vat above ! malt+ floor1 
s t  ! /eep$ gra9 may be run d[n on to !
 floor )\t inconv5i5ce4    ,x is be/ to 
fir/ spread ! gra9s out on ! floor to a 
dep? ( a  few in*es 9 ord] t x may      
some:at dry out4 ,?is is n necess>y  :5 
x has n be5 /eep$ to a great ext5t4     
,aft] #aj or #ab h\rs ( dry+1 ! gra9 is 
plac$ 9 a heap until w>m  to ! t\*1 :i* 
may occur 9 f #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,x is !n 
dispos$  9 a lay] f eight in*es to #bj  
in*es ?ick4 ,?is is call$ ! wet  c\*4 ,!
 l[] ! temp]ature ! ?ick] ! c\* %\ld be4
 ,x  %\ld be turn$ e six or eight h\rs 9

 ?is /age4    ,! heat s g]m9at$ aft] #be
 or #cj h\rs produces at ! end ( ea*    
gra9 a small :ite rootlet4 ,! gra9 9 !  
middle ( ! lay] is !  fir/ to spr\t1 z x
 is ! w>me/1 h5ce ! c\*$ gra9 %\ld be   
frequ5tly turn$ s z to give all ! gra9s 
a uni=m heat1 & a  uni=m g]m9ation4 ,at 
?is p]iod ! gra9s b5ea? ! surface are   
dampi% to ! t\*4    ,! height ( ! c\* is
 n[ successively less5$ to lay]s ( f    
six to two in*es call$ floors1 ! height 
( ea* floor ( c\rse  dep5d+ on !        
temp]ature1 z be=e4    ,x is to be      
und]/ood t ! gr[+ gra9 requires bo?     
dampness &  air1 h5ce ! floor %\ld n be 
?9n$ s rapidly z to deprive x  (        
moi/ure1 & ! b>ley %\ld be turn$ at lea/
 twice a day to give  ea* gra9 a prop]  
a]ation4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! small :ite   
rootlets  or radicals %\ld be :ite &    
%9y4 ,if !y beg9 to fade1 x is a  sign t
 !y lack wat] & ! gra9 %\ld be spr9kl$4 
,g]m9ation  usually requires f a week to
 t5 days1 or sometimes two weeks1       
dep5d+ on ! previ\s /eep+1 ! quality ( !

 gra9 & !  temp]ature4 ,:5 ! fib]s or   
rootlets ( ! gra9 are ab\t equal to  !  
l5g? ( ! gra91 g]m9ation is complete4   
,x us$ to be consid]$ t malt 0 9 its be/
 condition 9 eight or  t5 days4 ,to-day1
 h[ev]1 long malt is us$1--requir+ a    
g]m9at+  p]iod ( tw5ty days1 be+        
frequ5tly moi/5$ & turn$ dur+ ?is  "t1 &
 ! temp]ature be+ kept at #fe ,f4 ,?is  
malt is v /rong  9 dia/ase4    ,! effect
 ( g]m9ation is to produce a *ange      
p>ticul>ly favorable  to ma%+4 ,! b>ley 
becomes sweeti%1 ! glut5 is p>tially    
de/roy$ & :at is left is soluble4 ,?us !
 fecula or />* is set  at lib]ty & free 
to be act$ on by ! yea/ us$ 9 f]m5t+4   
,m>* is ! be/ mon? 9 :i* to malt2 & :ile
 ! malt is be/ us$  imm$iately1 x c n be
 kept 9 its gre5 /ate & mu/ be !re=e    
dri$ = future use4    ,dry+4 ,?is is    
accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! air ( a w>m1 dry    
room 9  hot wea!r1 or by means ( a dry+ 
kiln4 ,9 ! fir/ process ! malt  is      
spread 9 a ?9 lay] & frequ5tly turn$4 ,9
 ! second ! gra9  is spread out 9 a lay]

 f eight in*es to a foot ?ick on ! gra9 
floor ( ! kiln4    ,b5ea? ! gra9 floor a
 fire is ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !         
temp]ature ( ! dry+ floor %\ld be ab\t  
#he ,f41 b ?is is  increas$ gradually to
 ab\t #ajd ,f4 until mo/ ( ! moi/ure has
 be5  remov$4 ,! heat is !n rais$ to f  
#abj ,f4 to #acj ,f41 ?us  completely   
dry+ ! gra94    ,! g]m9at$ gre5 or dri$ 
b>ley is call$ malt4 ,x is ( good       
quality :5 ! gra9 is r\nd & fl[]y2 :5 x 
crumbles easily &  :5 its ta/e is       
sweeti% & agreeable4 ,pale malt or t :i*
 has  be5 h>dly alt]$ f its orig9al     
color is ! be/ = di/illation4    ,be=e !
 malt c be us$ x %\ld be scre5$ s z to  
remove !  rootlets4    ,two hundr$ &    
tw5ty lbs4 ( b>ley %\ld yield f #bge to 
#cej lbs4  ( gre5 malt1 ab\t #bjj lbs4 (
 air dri$ malt1 & f #age to #aij lbs4  (
 kiln dri$ malt4    ,9 l>ge plants malt+
 is n[ s c>ri$ on t ! /eep+  g]m9ation &
 dry+ are all accompli%$ 9 "o vessel or 
conta9]1  by "o cont9u\s op]ation4 ,?is 
vessel is commonly 9 ! =m ( a  drum (   

%eet iron1 revolv+ at a v sl[ spe$4     
,moi/ air is  introduc$ & ! c>bonic acid
 lad5 air )drawn4 ,aft] g]m9ation  !    
malt is dri$ by pass+ 9 dry air at !    
prop] temp]ature4    ,z ^! sy/ems are   
only adopt$ to l>ge di/ill]ies1 us+     
exp5sive  ma*9]y1 fur!r ref]5ce to !m is
 n consid]$ necess>y 9 ?is  volume4     
,previ\s to use ! malt mu/ be f9ely     
gr\nd or cru%$ ei!r be=e  or aft] mix+ )
 ! mat]ials to be ma%$4 ,x is n necess>y
 or  advisable t ! malt be r$uc$ to     
fl\r4 ,! use ( malt ) o!r  mat]ials 9   
ord] to =m a f]m5tible ma%1 w be        
consid]$ 9 !  *apt]s on specific ma%es4 
,,*apt] ,,vii4                          
,,alcohol ,,f ,,potatoes4      ,9 c]ta9 
c\ntries1 z = in/ance ,g]many & ,france1
 potatoes =m  ! greate/ s\rce ( alcohol1
 p>ticul>ly = indu/rial purposes4  ,) ! 
possible exception ( corn & beets !y w  
probably be mo/  us$ 9 ,am]ica4    ,!   
be/ potatoes = di/ill+ are ^? :i* are   
mo/ f>9ace\s  :5 boil$4 ,9 o!r words1 ^?
 :i* are mealy & mo/ appetiz+4  ,^! give

 ! l>ge/ yield ( alcohol p] bu%el4 ,!   
be/ season (  ! ye> 9 :i* to use        
potatoes is f ,octob] to ,m>*1 :5 !y    
g]m9ate4    ,! potatoes %\ld be kept 9  
dry cell>s1 & at ev5 temp]atures1  w>m  
en\gh to prev5t freez+ & yet n s w>m t  
!y w rot or  spr\t4 ,diseas$ potatoes   
may h[ev] be us$1 if !y h n be5  attack$
 by dry rot1 ?\gh !y are n s easily     
work$4 ,fro/$  potatoes may be also us$1
 b !y mu/ n h be5 completely froz54     
,be=e be+ /eam$1 ! potatoes %\ld be     
wa%$1 ei!r by h& or by  a ma*9e1 c>e be+
 tak5 to remove all /ones1 clods ( e>?1 
&  o!r =eign sub/ances :i* might imp$e !
 subsequ5t op]ations4    ,!re are ?ree  
ma9 me?ods ( sac*>ify+ ! fecula or />* (
 !  potato4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important by  
r$uc+ ! tub]s to a pulp1  & malt+ !     
entire mass4 ,! second & ?ird1 by rasp+ 
!  potatoes & s sep>at+ ! fecula or />* 
gra9s f ! mass1 &  !n mak+ a ?9 liquor  
or wa% conta9+ ?is fecula4              
,orig9ally1 9 ! fir/ process1 ! wa%$    
potatoes 7 submitt$ to  ! action ( boil+

 wat]1 b lat] cook+ by /eam at a        
temp]ature  ( #bab ,f4 0 us$1 z be+ mu* 
m conv5i5t to h&le & m  effective 9     
action4 ,! object ( /eam+ is to break ! 
coat+ &  r$uce ! cont5ts !re( to a pa/y 
condition1 :]e9 ! />* is  m effectively 
act$ on by ! malt & yea/4 ,ord9>y /eam+ 
does  n1 h[ev]1 r5d] ! pulp suffici5tly 
pa/y2 "s ( ! />*  rema9s undissolv$ & is
 lo/1 h5ce 9 ! mod]n practice1 /eam is  
turn$ into ! /eam+ vat "u a pressure (  
?ree or f\r atmosph]e  7#de to #fj lbs4 
to ! squ>e in*74    ,high pressure /eam+
 w be lat] describ$ b ! simple & old]   
me?od ( ma%+ & app>atus !re=1 us$ prior 
to #ahgj1 0 z  foll[s3    ,fig4 #da %[s 
a section ( a /eam+ vat4 ,?is consi/s ( 
a conical  wood5 tub ,h provid$ at its  
top ) a suitable cov] ,o hav+ a  trap or
 door ,p = putt+ 9 ! potatoes4 ,?is z   
%[n1 consi/s (  a h+$ lid1 hav+ a button
 p or o!r fa/5+ means4 ,?is lid &  cov] 
%\ld be ( c\rse /eam tight1 & x w\ld be 
bett] to h x  clamp$ d[n by a screw     
clamp ?an held by a button4    ,some:at 

above ! bottom ( ! vat1 a /eam inlet    
pipe ,i ent]s1  connect$ at its o!r end 
by a c\pl+ i ) a suitable /eam  g5]ator 
7see ,fig4 #dc71 ,pref]ably ! outlet (  
?is pipe is scre5$  by a p]=at$ plate ,m
 s t x may n be clogg$ by ! pulp4 ,x  is
 also be/ t a fill+ piece be plac$ at ! 
junction ( ! bottom  ) ! sides 9 ord] t 
!re be no %>p corn] f :i* ! pulp  may n 
be easily clean$ out4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #da4--,/eam+ ,vat = ,potatoes4   
,! bottom ( ! vat may ei!r h a dis*>ge  
door at ! side z 9  ,fig4 #dd or at !   
bottom1 z 9 ,fig4 #da4    ,an "u side   
view ( ! latt] con/ruction is %[n 9     
,fig4 #db4 ,!  bottom ( ! vat is made 9 
two p>ts or doors ,j ,k4 ,^! are held   
clos$ by a transv]se b> ,l ins]t$ at its
 end into a /irrup l  & support$ at its 
o!r end by a button l1 or o!r means4    
,:ile v>i\s =ms ( /eam g5]ators may be  
us$1 ,fig4 #dc %[s a  simple con/ruction
 well adapt$ to ! ne$s ( a small        
di/ill]y4 ,d  designates ! brick "w ( a 
furnace1 & ,a ! boil]4 ,?is is s  set t 

an annul> space ,e surr\nds ! sides ( ! 
boil]1 ?r\gh  :i* ! products ( combu/ion
 mu/ pass4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#db4--;,bottom ( ,/eam+ ,vat4    ,! head
 ( ! boil] is connect$ by a pipe ,b &   
coll> b to !  /eam inlet pipe ,i ( !    
/eam+ vat1 h]et(ore describ$1 z by !    
coll>s b i4    ,a fill+ tube ,c ent]s ! 
boil] & projects ne>ly to ! bottom1  & !
 wat] outlet-pipe ,f ) cock f leads (f f
 ! upp]  wat] l9e4 ,! tube ,c =ms also a
 safety valve1 = if ! /eam  pressure    
becomes too great 9 ! boil] & connect$  
vat1 x w =ce  wat] up & out ?r\gh !     
tube4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wat] falls bel[ !   
level ( ! l[] end ( ! tube1 /eam w issue
 & w>n !  att5dant t wat] is too l[4 ,x 
w\ld be be/ h[ev]1 to provide a  /eam   
gauge1 :]eby ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]
 & vat c\ld be  accurately indicat$4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,/eam        
,g5]ator4    ,x is to be not$ t :5 /eam$
 ! potatoes w swell & occupy  m space & 
t ! /eam vat %\ld !re=e n be mu* m ?an  
two-?irds fill$ ) potatoes4    ,) !     

/eam+ vat above %[n1 ! potatoes are     
deliv]$ mix$ )  a consid]able quantity (
 wat]1 b a bett] plan is to h a  p]=at$ 
false bottom to ! tub1 :]eby ! cond5s$  
wat] may be  c>ri$ away1 ! /eam$        
potatoes rema9+ beh9d4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #dd4--,potato ,/eam] & ,cru%]4   
,two h\rs ( /eam+ %\ld r$uce ! potatoes 
to prop] condition1  :i* may be te/$ by 
introduc+ a po9t$ iron rod ?r\gh a      
suitable  ap]ture1 normally kept clos$4 
,if ! rod passes freely inw>d1 !        
potatoes are done & may be dis*>g$ into 
! cru%]1 %[n 9 ,fig4  #dd4 ,9 ?is ,fig4 
! /eam+ vat ,a is %[n m\nt$ above !     
cru%]4  ,a pipe ,b ) cock b leads to !  
/eam g5]ator4 ,! /eam$  potatoes are    
%ovel$ out ?r\gh ! door a1 :i* is       
usually held  clos$ by means ( ! clamps 
or buttons a a4    ,! cru%] consi/s ( a 
hopp] ,c ^: bottom fits closely aga9/   
two adjac5t smoo? fac$ rolls ,h ,i (    
iron4 ,^! are driv5 by ge>s  ,d ,e4 ,!  
%afts ( ^! ge>s h cranks d d :]eby x may
 be  op]at$4 ,^! ge>s are unequal s t ! 

rolls %all move at  diff]5t spe$s1 & ?us
 "o w h a gr9d+ action aga9/ !  face ( !
 o!r4 ,a c\nt] weight$ scrap] e be>s    
aga9/ ! face  ( ! roll4    ,! cru%$     
potato pulp passes betwe5 ! rolls & into
 a b9 b5ea?1  hav+ adju/able walls made 
( bo>ds ,f1 slid+ 9 suitable guides  f1 
f :i* ! pulp may be %ovel$ into ! ma%+  
tank or back4  ,! cru%] might1 h[ev]1 be
 arrang$ to deliv] imm$iately into !    
ma%+ tank1 if ! latt] is provid$ ) means
 = /irr+ !  deliv]$ pulp4    ,! pulp or 
pa/e ?us made is n[ plac$ 9 a vat1 hold+
 ab\t #fej to  #hej gals41 9 :i* !      
sac*>ification takes place4 ,ab\t #bbjj 
lbs4 (  ! cru%$ potatoes & #aee lbs (   
brok5 malt are introduc$1 &  imm$iately 
aft]w>ds wat] is run 9 at a temp]ature (
 ab\t #ig ,f4  to #ajd ,f41 ! cont5ts   
be+ well /irr$ ) a =k mean:ile4 ,!  vat 
is !n c>efully clos$ = half an h\r1 aft]
 :i* boil+ wat]  is add$ until !        
temp]ature rea*es #adj ,f41 :5 ! :ole is
 left  = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! process ( 
f]m5tation is conduct$ 9 !  same vat4   

,alt]nate doses ( cold & boil+ wat] are 
run 9 ^u !  mixture1 until ! quantity is
 made up to #gjj or #gge gallons1       
accord+  to ! size ( ! vat1 & s z f9ally
 to br+ ! temp]ature to #ge  ,f4 or #gi 
,f4 ,five & a half to six gallons (     
liquid brew]'s yea/ are  !n add$1 &     
f]m5tation spe$ily sets 94 ,?is process 
complete1 !  f]m5t$ pulp is di/ill$ 9 ! 
app>atus devis$ by  ,celli]-,blum5?al   
7see ,fig4 #ae7 = di/ill+ mat]ials ( a  
pa/y  nature2 ! product has a v         
unpleasant odor & ta/e4    ,! process   
above describ$ is ! old me?od ( pulp+ ! 
potatoes by  us+ /eam4 ,"u ! mod]n      
me?od1 h[ev]1 & ) mod]n app>atus1  9    
prep>+ potatoes = di/illation 9 l>ge    
quantities1 ! /eam+  ( ! mat]ial is     
accompli%$ at "o "t & "u a high /eam    
pressure4 ,! app>atus is also us$ = !   
prep>ation ( corn1  potatoes & o!r      
/>*-conta9+ sub/ances4    ,!re are _m   
app>atuses :i* h be5 devis$ = ! purpose1
 b  ! pr9ciple on :i* !y "w is          
practically ! same 9 all cases4  ,!y    

comprise a clos$ tank1 fitt$ ) /irr]s1  
agitators1 or o!r  means = mix+ &       
comm9ut+ ! cont5ts1 means = admitt+ /eam
  "u pressure1 means = cool+ ! mixture  
to ! prop] ma%+  temp]atures1 & means = 
=c+ ! /eam$ mat]ial out ( ! tank4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,bohn's     
,/eam] & ,cru%]4    ,! ,/eam]4 ,"o ( !  
e>lie/ =ms ( /eam] 0 t (  ,hallefreund  
devis$ 9 #ahga1 & adapt$ = work+ on a   
l>ge scale4 ,a  modifi$ =m ( ! app>atus 
kn[n z ,bohn's /eam] & ma%] is          
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,?is comprises a 
/eam+ cyl9d] ,a1 hav+ a  securely clos$ 
op5+ ,d = ! introduction ( ! potatoes4  
,c5trally ?r\gh ! cyl9d] passes a holl[ 
%aft ,b1 :i* is  rotat$ by ! p[] pulley 
,k4 ,holl[ arms b project radially f  ! 
%aft ,b4 ,^! act z mix]s ( ! ma% & z    
cool]s4 ,! %aft  ,b at "o end is        
connect$ to a cold wat] supply pipe ,m z
 by a  c\pl+ ,c1 ! supply pipe be+      
provid$ ) a cock4 ,e designates  a      
dis*>ge op5+ = ! ma%4 ,a pipe ,f        
provides = ! entrance (  /eam into !    

cyl9d]4 ,g is a pipe ?r\gh :i* malt is  
put 9 to be  mix$ ) ! pulp4 ,l is a /eam
 gauge & ,j a safety valve4 ,h          
designates a wat] pipe4 ,= ! relation ( 
! /eam] to o!r  app>atus1 see ,fig4 #a4 
,9 op]ation ! potatoes are plac$ 9 !    
cyl9d] ,a & submitt$ to  ! action ( /eam
 at ab\t #df lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & at a
  temp]ature ( f #bff ,f4 to #bge ,f4   
,:5 dis9tegrat$1 ! /eam is bl[n (f1 & ! 
potatoes cru%$ by  rotat+ ! /irr+ %aft4 
,z ! pulp mu/ be r$uc$ f #bge ,f4 to    
#adi ,f41 ! ma%+ temp]ature1 cold wat]  
is =c$ into ! /irr]  :i* *ills ! blades 
& quickly cools ! mass4    ,9 ! vacuum  
ma% cook] %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! /eam+ cyl9d]
 is  p>tly fill$ ) hot wat] at #adj ,f4 
to #aej ,f4 ,! potatoes to be  ma%$ are 
f$ into ! cyl9d] :ole4 ,! /eam] is !n   
clos$ &  /eam admitt$ :ile ! ma% is     
/irr$ until a pressure ( #fe p\nds is   
rea*$1 :5 ! dissolution ( ! />* is      
complete4 ,! /eam is  !n exhau/$ & !    
temp]ature r$uc$ to #bab ,f4 ,to r$uce  
?is  temp]ature to ! prop] sac*>ify+    

po9t ( #ade ,f41 ! hot air is  exhau/$4 
,b>ley malt meal 9 ! proportion ( #f to 
#aj p] c5t4 is us$4 ,?is has  be5       
previ\sly mix$ ) cold wat] 9 ! small    
gra9 ma%]4 ,! malt  is admitt$ to !     
cyl9d] & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! potato1 :5  !
 mixture is )drawn into a drop tub1 :]e 
x is /ill fur!r  /irr$4 ,x is !n cool$ z
 describ$ on page #ae & !n f]m5t$4      
,:ile ! cru%$ potatoes are be+ cool$ &  
/irr$1 a mixture (  gre5 malt ) wat] is 
prep>$ 9 an adjac5t vat1 & :5 ! pulp  9 
! cyl9d] has be5 r$uc$ to #adi ,f4 !    
malt mixture is  introduc$ into ! cyl9d]
 ?r\gh ! pipe ,g1 & ?or\ghly mix$  ) !  
cru%$ potatoes4 ,! mass is n[ left to   
sac*>ify2 !  /irr] be+ op]at$ at        
int]vals ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod4 ,?is ma*9e  
might be readily modifi$ s t ! /eam %\ld
 ent] ?r\gh !  /irr]s1 by tubes atta*$  
to ! arms1 !n ! /eam may be %ut (f  &   
cold wat] s5t into ! arms !mselves to   
cool ! ma%4    ,a v>iety ( /eam] us$ 9  
v>i\s =ms & modifications 9 all !  l>g] 
di/ill]ies1 is kn[n z ! ,h5ze /eam]1    

,fig4 #b4 ,9 ?is1  !re are no /irr]s4 ,!
 cyl9d] is conical1 & has /eam pipes    
lead+ to ! int]ior4 ,at ! end ( its     
cone-%ap$ bottom x  t]m9ates 9 a bl[-(f 
tube1 hav+ 9 x a grate =m$ ( %>p-edg$   
b>s4 ,9 op]ation1 /eam is introduc$ at a
 pressure ( "o to two  atmosph]es until 
! potatoes are cook$4 ,m /eam is !n     
sudd5ly  admitt$ at high pressure & !   
s(t5$ potatoes =c$ ?r\gh !  grat+ at !  
bottom & into ! ma%+ app>atus 9 a f9ely 
divid$  /ate4    ,9 /eam+ "u pressure x 
is be/ t ! safety valve be s  regulat$ t
 ! /eam w con/antly bl[ (f z ?is action 
keeps  ! potatoes 9 motion & facilitates
 dis9tegration4 ,c>e %\ld also  be tak5 
to see t ev]y?+ ab\t ! app>atus is 9    
good condition1  z 9 work+ "u ! high    
pressures us$ 9 ! la/ app>atus !re  is  
liability ( explosion4 ,ru/ %\ld be     
p>ticul>ly gu>d$ aga9/4    ,) ?is       
app>atus a prep>atory ma% vat is us$    
into :i* !  cont5ts ( ! /eam]s are bl[n 
out1 malt & wat] to =m milk  hav+ be5   
previ\sly let into ! ma% vat4 ,bl[+ out 

is accompli%$  9 #de or #ej m9utes at   
#acj ,f4 & ab\t "o-six? ( ! *>ge 9 !    
/eam] is reta9$ 9 ! /eam]4 ,! ma% 9 !   
vat is /irr$ &  cool$ & ! rema9d] ( !   
ma% bl[n 9 rais+ ! temp]ature to  #ade  
,f4 :5 ! ma% is left to /& f half an h\r
 to an h\r4 ,)  heavy ma%es1 ri* 9 sug>1
 ev5 high] temp]atures ?an #ade ,f4 c be
  us$ = sac*>ify+4    ,! processes (    
cru%+ & sac*>ify+1 above ref]r$ to1 :i* 
are  almo/ entirely us$ to-day1 require 
/eam4 ,! foll[+ me?ods provide  = !     
isolation ( ! fecula or />*1 )\t /eam & 
!  production ( a wa% ( a m wat]y       
consi/5cy1 !re=e easi] to  h&le 9 ord9>y
 /ills1 & ) less liability to burn4     
,two op]ations are necess>y by ?is      
me?od3 ,fir/1 rasp+1 or r$uc+  !        
potatoes to a f9ely cru%$ & pulpy       
condition by means ( a  ma*9e describ$ 9
 ! *apt] on ,beet ,ma%+2 & second1 !    
sep>ation ( ! fecula4    ,to ?is latt]  
end ! potato pulp is plac$ on a sieve1  
hav+ side  walls & net "w ( horse-hair1 
:i* is plac$ ov] a suitable tub4  ,wat] 

is run gradually ?r\gh ! pulp & sieve1  
:ile ! pulp is  rubb$ up by h&4 ,:5 !   
wat] comes ?r\gh cle>1 !n all !  fecula 
( ! pulp has be5 wa%$ out1 & ! refuse   
left 9 ! sieve  c be ?r[n aside or us$ z
 a food = cattle4    ,= a ma%+ tub ( say
 ab\t #cb bu%els capacity1 ! fecula f   
ab\t #hjj lbs4 ( potatoes is us$4 ,?is  
is deposit$ 9 ! ma% tub  ) suffici5t    
cold wat] to =m a fairly cle> pa/e4     
,ab\t twice z  mu* wat] z fecula w br+ !
 pa/e to prop] consi/5cy4 ,?is  mixture 
%\ld be con/antly /irr$ z o!rwise !     
fecula w s9k to  ! bottom4 ,ab\t #dj    
gallons ( boil+ wat] are !n add$        
gradually4  ,! mixture has at fir/ a    
milky appe>ance1 b at ! la/ becomes     
entirely cle>4    ,?is liquid is ma%$ ) 
ab\t #de lbs4 ( malt$ b>ley or ,indian  
corn1  gr\nd into co>se fl\r4 ,9 t5     
m9utes ! mixture w be completely        
fluidifi$4 ,x is !n left to subside =   
?ree or f\r h\rs :5 x  w h acquir$ a    
sweeti% ta/e & be :at is t]m$ z sweet   
ma%4 ,! fluid is !n fur!r dilut$ by !   

addition ( suffici5t  wat] to give ab\t 
#bij gallons ( wa%4 ,two or ?ree p9ts ( 
good yea/  w br+ ?is mixture to a f]m5t4
    ,a less labori\s me?od ( accompli%+ 
! same result is t at "o  "t us$ 9      
,engli% di/ill]ies4 ,9 ?is a d\ble      
bottom tub is us$1  some?+ l t %[n 9    
,fig4 #da1 ! upp] bottom ( :i* is       
p]=at$1 & rais$ above ! solid l[]       
bottom4 ,a draw-(f cock  op5s out f !   
space betwe5 ! two bottoms4    ,assum+ t
 ! tub is ( #bbj gallons capacity1 !n f 
#b to #bj lbs4  ( *aff are spread ov] ! 
p]=at$ bottom & pulp f #hjj lbs4 (  raw 
potatoes plac$ on t4 ,?is is ?or\ghly   
dra9$ = half an h\r1  ?r\gh ! draw-(f   
cock4 ,! pulp is !n /irr$ :ile f #ij to 
#ajj  gallons ( boil+ wat] are add$     
gradually4 ,! mass !n ?ick5s into  a    
pa/e4 ,! pa/e is ma%$ ) ab\t #fe lbs4 ( 
well /eep$ malt1  & ! liquid left to    
subside = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,x is !n    
dra9$ (f ?r\gh ! p]=at$ bottom into a   
f]m5t+ back or tub4  ,= ?is am\nt (     
mat]ial ! back %\ld be ( ab\t #cjj      

gallons  capacity4    ,! leav+s left 9 !
 prep>atory tub /ill conta9 consid]able 
/>*1 & aft] !y are well dra9$ !y %\ld be
 mix$ ) f #ej  to #ee gallons ( boil+   
wat]4 ,! mixture is !n agitat$ & dra9$  
(f into ! f]m5t+ back4 ,! s$im5t left is
 aga9 spr9kl$ )  wat]1 ?is "t cold1 :i* 
is dra9$ (f into ! back4 ,?is           
completely exhau/s ! husks left on !    
upp] bottom4 ,by ?is process  #bjj lbs4 
( potatoes %\ld produce some?+ ov]      
#ab-a_/b gallons (  _s4    ,! objection 
to ! la/ me?od describ$ is t ! _s s     
obta9$  is unpleasant to ta/e & smell1 b
 ?is w\ld probably n be an  objection = 
indu/rial uses4    ,! only means (      
obta9+ alcohol ( good quality f potatoes
 is to  extract ! />* sep>ately & !n    
conv]t x into sug>4 ,?is  sac*>ification
 ( ! />* may be accompli%$ by sulphuric 
acid or  by ! action ( dia/ase4    ,by !
 fir/ ( ^! me?ods ! potatoes are        
dis9tegrat$ 9 su* an  app>atus z ! ,bohn
 /eam] describ$ on page #aah4 ,a mixture
 is made (  "o-?ird potatoes1 two-?irds 

wat]1 & onet5? "p ( sulphuric  acid4 ,! 
mixture is /eam$ = six or eight h\rs "u 
pressure4 ,!  ma% is !n cool$ & ! acid  
neutraliz$ by milk ( lime4 ,x is !n     
f]m5t$4    ,by ! second & pref]able     
me?od1 dry or wet potato />* is us$1    
:i* is malt$1 & ! sac*>9e solution      
f]m5t$ ) yea/4 ,!  proportions & me?od =
 a vat ( say #hjj gallons capacity are z
  foll[s3    ,two hundr$ & sixty-five   
gallons ( wat] are mix$ ) #aajj lbs4 (  
dry or #afej lbs4 ( moi/ />*4 ,?is      
mixture is well agitat$1 & #dej  gallons
 ( boil+ wat] run 91 toge!r ) #afe lbs4 
( malt4 ,!  :ole is !n /irr$            
en]getically & left to sac*>ify = ?ree  
or  f\r h\rs4 ,! sac*>9e solution ?us   
=m$ mu/ be br\ght to #f or  #g ,baume1  
at a temp]ature ( f #ga to #ge ,f4 ,to  
?is is !n add$  #a-a_/ajj lbs4 ( dry    
yea/ = e #bbj gallons ( mu/4 ,f]m5tation
  is soon e/abli%$ & usually occupies   
ab\t #cf h\rs4 ,aft] rema9+  at re/ =   
#bd h\rs ! mu/ is di/ill$4 ,f ea* #bbj  
lbs4 (  />* !re %\ld be a yield ( ab\t  

n9e gallons ( alcohol1  at #ij ,f4    ,!
 f]m5tation ( ! potato ma% is c>ri$ on z
 describ$ 9 ,*apt]  ,,ii4 ,= !          
prep>ation ( malt see ,*apt] ,,vi4      
,,*apt] ,,viii4           ,,alcohol ,,f 
,,gra9--,,corn1 ,,:eat1 ,,rice1 ,,&     
,,o!r ,,c]eals4      ,! diff]5t c]eals  
con/itute a v important s\rce ( alcohol 
9  all c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ( c\rse =   
use 9 ! manufacture (  :iskey & g94     
,all c]eals conta9 an abundance ( />*y  
sub/ance :i* "u !  influ5ce (           
dia/ase1--t is1 malt1--is conv]t$ into  
f]m5tible  sug>4 ,! quantity ( sug> &   
h5ce ! yield ( alcohol diff]s  widely4  
,! foll[+ table %[s ! results obta9able 
by good  workman%ip4              #bbj  
lbs4 ,:eat         gives #g4j  gallons  
pure alcohol                   ,rye     
#f4af                                   
,b>ley             #e4e                 
,oats               #d4h                
,buck:eat          #e4e                 
,corn 7,indian7      #e4e               
,rice               #g4g                

,9 addition to ^! !re are o!r raw       
mat]ials conta9+ />*  :i* are sometimes 
us$1 z millet 7#ee p] c5t />*71 *e/nuts 
7#bh  p] c5t471 & horse *e/nuts 7#dj p] 
c5t474 ,! la/ is v  difficult to "w     
h[ev]4    ,rice1 :eat1 rye1 b>ley & corn
 are m frequ5tly employ$ ?an o!r  gra9s4
 ,:eat gives a malt :i* is z ri* 9      
dia/ase z b>ley4 ,b>ley  & buck:eat are 
add$ to ^! 9 "s proportions4 ,oats1 ow+ 
to  _! high price1 are r>ely us$4 ,rice1
 ( all ! gra9 is ! mo/  productive to ! 
di/ill]s1 b on acc\nt ( its value z a   
food is  n mu* us$ = ! production (     
alcohol1 unless damag$4 ,corn is !      
c]eal mo/ l>gely us$ = ! production (   
indu/rial alcohol4    ,great c>e %\ld be
 ex]cis$ 9 mak+ *oice ( gra9 =          
f]m5tation  :]e ! be/ results are       
desir$4 ,:eat %\ld be f>9ace\s1 heavy  &
 dry4 ,b>ley %\ld be free f *aff1 q fre%
 & 9 l>ge  uni=m gra9s ( a bright color 
7see ,malt+1 ,*apt] ,,vi74    ,rice %\ld
 be dull :ite 9 color1 slightly         
transp>5t1 )\t odor1  & ( a fre%1       

f>9ace\s ta/e4    ,! fl\r or f>9ace\s "p
 ( gra9 is compos$ ( />*1 glut51        
album51 mucilage1 & "s sug>4 ,! foll[+  
table gives !  proportions ( ^!         
sub/ances 9 ! commone/ gra9s4    ,"u    
c]ta9 conditions ! album5 or glut5 9 !  
gra9 has ! p[]  ( conv]t+ />* into      
sac*>9e matt]4 ,?is is bett] effect$ by 
an acid su* z sulphuric acid1 or by a   
dia/ase4 ,?is latt] sub/ance  is a      
pr9ciple develop$ dur+ ! g]m9ation ( all
 c]eals b  especially ( b>ley4 ,x has ! 
prop]ty ( react+ ^u />*y  matt]s1       
conv]t+ !m fir/ into a gummy sub/ance   
call$ dextr9e1  & !n into glucose or    
grape sug>1 see ,*apt] ,,ii4    ,!      
action ( dia/ase ^u />* or fl\r made    
into a pa/e is  rem>kable1 #ej gra9s (  
dia/ase be+ suffici5t to conv]t #bbj    
lbs4  7#ajj kilogrammes7 ( />* into     
glucose4 ,! rapidity ( ?is *ange  dep5ds
 on ! quantity ( wat] employ$1 & !      
degree ( heat  adopt$ 9 ! op]ation4     
,,table ,,iv4           ,,proportions   
,,( ,,/>*1 ,,glut51 ,,etc41 ,,9         

,,pr9cipal ,,gra9s4          ,column ,a 
,gra9s4        ,column ,b  ,/>*4        
,column ,c  ,glut5 & o!r ,azotiz$       
,sub/ances4        ,column ,d  ,detr9e1 
,glucose & simil> ,sub/ances4           
,column ,e  ,fatty ,matt]4              
,column ,f  ,cellulose4        ,column  
,g  ,inorganic ,salts4 7,silica1        
,phosphates c47          -------------  
--------------------------------------- 
,a        ,b       ,c      ,d     ,e    
,f      ,g                              
----------------------------------------
-------------        ,:eat      #fe4ii  
#ah4jc   #g4fc  #b4af  #c4ej    #b4fi   
7av]age                                 
( five                                  
v>ieties7                               
,rye         #fe4fe   #ac4ej  #ab4jj    
#b4ae  #d4aj    #b4fj        ,b>ley     
#fe4dc   #ac4if  #aj4jj  #b4gf   #d4ge  
#c4aj        ,oats        #fj4ei        
#ad4ci   #i4be  #e4ej   #g4jf    #c4be  
,indian ,corn #fg4ee   #ab4ej   #d4jj   
#h4hj  #e4ij    #a4be        ,rice      

#hi4ae    #g4je   #a4jj  #j4hj  #a4aj   
#j4ij                                   
----------------------------------------
-------------    ,inasmu* z b>ley       
g]m9ates v readily1 & develops a l>g]   
proportion ( dia/ase ?an any o!r gra91  
except :eat1 x is  g5]ally us$ z a      
produc] ( dia/ase4 ,b>ley g]m9at$       
accord+ to  prop] me?ods is call$ malt1 
& its prep>ation is fully describ$ 9    
,*apt] ,,vi4    ,!re are _m me?ods (    
prep>+ gra9 = f]m5tation1 b all use  at 
lea/ two ( ! foll[+ op]ations3--gr9d+1  
gelat9iz+1  /eep+1 or /eam+1 ma%+       
sac*>ify+4    ,gr9d+4 ,:]e cook]s or !  
,h5ze /eam]s are n us$ e =m  ( gra9 %\ld
 be cru%$ or gr\nd into a co>se fl\r4   
,?is is 9  ord] t ! />*y int]ior may be 
easily act$ on by ! dia/ase4  ,if ! gra9
 is n to be mix$ ) malt lat] x mu/ be   
gr\nd m  f9ely s t x may be ?or\ghly    
p5etrat$ by ! wat]4 ,! gra9s  %\ld n be 
gr\nd except z requir$1 z gr\nd gra9 is 
liable to  heat+ & consequ5t loss (     
f]m5tability1 & is also liable to       

become mu/y1 9 :i* condition x loses mu*
 ( its f]m5tability4    ,/eep+4 ,?is    
op]ation is be/ c>ri$ on 9 vats or tanks
 ( iron or  cem5t1 = ! reason t wood    
absorbs impurities1 :i* are  communicat$
 to ! gra91 ?us less5+ its g]m9ative    
p[]4 ,wood5  vats %\ld be ?or\ghly      
scrubb$ aft] use1 & be kept cont9ually  
:itewa%$4 ,! /eep+ tub %\ld hold ab\t   
two-?irds m ?an !  am\nt ( gr\nd gra9 to
 be /eep$4    ,/eep+ is affect$ by p\r+ 
on to ! cru%$ gra9 hot & cold  wat] 9   
su* quantity t aft] #aj m9utes or s (   
brew+ ! mixture  w h a temp]ature ( #ge 
to #ie ,f4    ,?is w>m? makes ! wat] m  
p5etrat+4 ,! wat] %\ld n be  p\r$ 9 all 
at once1 b a little at a "t1 until !    
gra9 is cov]$  to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r  
in*es4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let !     
temp]ature get too high1 n above #ie    
,f41 z a temp]ature above t  po9t kills 
! g]m9at+ p[]4    ,! mixture ( cru%$    
gra9 & wat] is n[ /irr$ = #aj m9utes &  
!n left to subside = half an h\r4 ,x is 
!n /irr$ aga9 & !  mixture left to /eep 

= #cj or #dj h\rs1 dep5d+ on !          
temp]ature (  ! atmosph]e1 ! dryness ( !
 gra91 & ! "* ( ! wat]4  ,9 v w>m wea!r 
! wat] %\ld be *ang$ e few h\rs by      
runn+ x (f ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( !  
tub & runn+ 9  fre% at ! top4 ,?is      
prev5ts f]m5tation sett+ 9 prematurely4 
,:5 ! gra9 swells1 & yields readily     
betwe5 ! f+]s x has be5  suffici5tly    
/eep$1 & ! wat] is run (f4 ,?is is an   
old me?od (  gelat9iz+ gra91 b a bett]  
is by ! use ( cook]s or high  pressure  
/eam]s z describ$ = potatoes4    ,ma%+4 
,?is consi/s 9 mix+ ! co>se fl\r ) malt 
& !n by  means ( c]ta9 op]ations &      
me*anisms br++ x to a condition  mo/    
favorable to f]m5tation ?r\gh ! action (
 yea/4 ,! mix+ (  ! raw fl\r ) b>ley or 
o!r malt effects ! conv]sion ( !  />* ( 
! gra9 into maltose4 ,! yea/ aft]w>ds   
conv]ts ?is  maltose into sug>4         
,sac*>ify+4 ,to effect ! action ( !     
dia/ase ( ! malt on !  gra91 9 ! old    
me?ods1 boil+ wat] mu/ be p\r$ into !   
vat  until ! temp]ature ( ! mass rea*es 

ab\t #adj to #afh ,f41 !  :ole be+ well 
/irr$ mean:ile2 :5 ?is temp]ature has   
be5  rea*$1 ! vat is aga9 cov]$ & left  
to /& = f\r h\rs1  dur+ :i* "t !        
temp]ature %\ld1 if possible1 be ma9ta9$
 at  #adj ,f41 & on no acc\nt suff]$ to 
fall bel[ #abb ,f41 9 ord] to  avoid !  
inevitable loss ( alcohol consequ5t ^u !
 acidity always  produc$ by s l[ a      
temp]ature4 ,9 cold wea!r ! heat %\ld ( 
c\rse be consid]ably great] ?an 9 hot4  
,x %\ld be also rem>k$  t ! great] !    
quantity ( wat] employ$1 ! m complete w 
be ! sac*>ification1 & ! %ort] ! "t     
occupi$ by !  process4    ,hav+ und]gone
 all ! above processes1 ! wa% is next   
drawn f !  ma% tub into a ci/]n1 & f ?is
 x is pump$ into ! cool]s4  ,:5 ! wa%   
has acquir$ ! correct temp]ature1 viz41 
f #fh to #gh  ,f41 accord+ to ! bulk    
op]at$ ^u1 x is run d[n aga9 into !     
f]m5t+ vats situat$ on ! floor b5ea?4   
,t5 to twelve p9ts (  liquid or #e-a_/b 
to #f-a_/b9999 fraction lbs4 ( dry      
brew]'s yea/ are !n  add$ = e #bbj lbs4 

( gra92 ! vat is securely cov]$1 & !    
cont5ts are left to f]m5t4 ,! process is
 complete at ! end ( f\r  or five days1 
& if conduct$ "u favorable conditions   
!re %\ld be  a yield ( ab\t #f-a_/f     
gallons ( pure alcohol to e #bbj lbs4 ( 
gra9  employ$4    ,!re are a numb] (    
diff]5t me?ods ( ma%+1 hav+ ea* its     
advantages1 & applicable to p>ticul>    
v>ieties ( gra94    ,we w fir/ consid] !
 ma%+ ( ! /eep$ gra9 9 g5]al by "o  ( ! 
old] & simpl] processes4    ,! gra9 to  
be ma%$1 :i* has be5 gr\nd & /eep$ z    
be=e  describ$1 is mix$ ) malt 9 !      
proportion ( f\r to "o1 or ev5  eight to
 "o4 ,9 addition1 ?ree or f\r p\nds (   
*aff to e hundr$  or s p\nds ( /eep$    
gra9 %\ld be us$4    ,ma%4 ,wat] is !n  
run into ! ma% tub 9 ! proportion ( ab\t
  #fjj gallons to ea* #fj bu%els ( gra94
 ,its temp]ature %\ld be  betwe5 #abj & 
#aej ,f4 ,dur+ ! entrance ( wat]1 ! mass
 is well  /irr$ s z to cause ! :ole ( ! 
gra9 to be ?or\ghly soak$ &  to prev5t !
 =mation ( lumps4 ,x is be/ to add !    

gra9 to !  wat] gradually & to /ir      
?or\ghly4    ,to ?is mass ab\t #djj     
gallons ( boil+ wat] is gradually add$  
to  keep ! temp]ature at ab\t #ade ,f4  
,dur+ ! addition ( ! boil+  wat] ! ma%  
%\ld be cont9ually /irr$ s t ! action ( 
!  wat] %all be uni=m4 ,?is op]ation    
%\ld la/ ab\t two & "o half  h\rs4 ,!   
vat %\ld be !n cov]$ & left to /& f     
?ree-qu>t]s to "o h\r = sac*>ification4 
,ano!r me?od ( sac*>ify+ is to turn     
boil+ wat] gradually into  ! ma% tank   
until ! mixture has acquir$ a temp]ature
 ( f #adj  to #ahj ,f4 ,! mass is       
?or\ghly /irr$ & ! tub is cov]$ & left  
to subside = f two to f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i*
 "t ! temp]ature  %\ld n be all[$ to    
fall bel[ #abj ,f4 ,a small tub ne$s m  
heat  ?an a l>g] tub1 & m heat is       
requir$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4    ,a       
conv5i5t me?od ( regulat+ ! temp]ature (
 ! ma% tank1 w\ld  be by a coil ( pipes 
on ! bottom4 ,?is w\ld be connect$ by a 
two-way  cock to a /eam boil] & to a    
s\rce ( cold wat]4 ,heat %\ld nev]  be  

c>ri$ ov] #ahj ,f41 & ! be/ temp]ature  
is f #ade to #afe ,f4    ,! greate/     
effect ( ! dia/ase ( ! malt ^u !        
gelat9iz$  />* is at #aca ,f4 ,=        
ungelat9iz$ />* ?is is n great en\gh1   
h5ce ! great] "p ( ! ma%+ is c>ri$ on at
 ! l[]  temp]ature & only t[>ds ! end   
%\ld ! temp]ature be rais$ to  ! maximum
 #aej ,f4    ,e di/ill] uses 8 own      
judgm5t z to ! am\nt ( ! ma%+  wat] us$1
 its temp]ature1 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! 
ma%  re/s1 & ! l5g? ( "t =              
sac*>ification4    ,sac*>ification may  
be recogniz$ by ! foll[+ signs3 ,! ma%  
loses  its fir/ :ite mealy look1 &      
*anges to d>k br[n4 ,x also becomes  ?9 
& easily /irr$4 ,! ta/e is sweet & its  
odor is l t (  fre% bread4    ,corn &   
o!r gra9 may be ma%$ conv5i5tly 9 su* an
 app>atus z  t describ$ on page #aj1 z  
us$ = potatoes ! /eam be+  introduc$ "u 
pressure4    ,! wat] is fir/ plac$ 9 !  
/eam]4 ,/eam is introduc$ into !  wat] &
 x is br\ght to a boil4 ,! corn is !n   
introduc$ gradually1  ! /eam pressure   

increas$ to its maximum1 & ! mass bl[n  
out z  describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4         
,hellefreund's app>atus 7see page #aah7 
may also  be us$ ) gr\nd corn4    ,!    
corn or gra9 n previ\sly cru%$ or gr\nd 
is introduc$ into a  /eam] 9 !          
proportion ( #bjj lbs4 ( corn to #dj    
gallons ( wat]4 ,!  /eam] %\ld h ab\t   
#ajj gallons ( /eam space = ?is am\nt4  
,! ma%es describ$ above are ?ick1 m or  
less tr\blesome to di/il1  & only simple
 /ills c be us$4 ,by ! foll[+ me?od a   
cle>  sac*>9e fluid or wort c be obta9$4
    ,a ma% vat is us$ hav+ a d\ble      
bottom4 ,! upp] bottom is  p]=at$ &     
betwe5 ! two bottoms is a draw-(f pipe &
 a pipe =  ! inlet ( wat]4    ,^u ! upp]
 p]=at$ bottom is fir/ plac$ a lay] (   
betwe5 two  & ?ree p\nds ( *aff4 ,^u ?is
 is turn$ 9 a mixture ( #djj lbs4  corn 
& malt 9 ! proportions ( #a_/e malt to  
#d_/e gra94 ,eighty-sev5  gallons ( wat]
 at a temp]ature ( f #he to #aje ,f4 is 
!n let 9  to ! bottom1 :ile ! mixture is
 ?or\ghly agitat$ = #aj m9utes4  ,x is  

!n left to subside = half an h\r4       
,aft] ?is /eep+ process1 ! mass is aga9 
agitat$ :ile #age gallons  ( wat] at    
#aij ,f4 are let into ! tub :ile ! mass 
is cont9ually  & ?or\ghly /irr$ by      
me*anical /irr]s4 ,brew+ la/s = half an 
h\r1 & ! liquid is !n left to /& = sev5 
h\rs4    ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! gra9 is
 cov]$ by cle> liquid :i* is  dra9$ (f  
?r\gh ! draw-(f cock into ! f]m5t+ back4
    ,to ! cont5ts left 9 ! /eep+ tank   
#ace gallons ( boil+ wat]  are add$ z   
be=e & ! liquid !refrom drawn into !    
f]m5t+  back4    ,x usually requires    
?ree infusions to extract ! :ole ( !    
sac*>9e & f]m5tiscible matt]s conta9$ 9 
! gra94 ,9 "s  places1 x is cu/om>y to  
boil d[n ! liquors f ! ?ree ma%+s  until
 !y h acquir$ a specific gravity ( ab\t 
#a4je1 ! liquor  f a f\r? ma%+ be+ us$  
to br+ ! :ole to ! correct degree  =    
f]m5tation1 ! liquors f ! ?ird & f\r?   
be+ boil$ d[n  to ! same d5sity & !n    
add$ to ! re/4 ,9 a l>ge ,glasg[        
di/ill]y1 ! *>ge = ! ma% tubs is #bi1abj

 lbs4 ( gra9 toge!r  ) ! prop]          
proportion ( malt4 ,two ma%+s are       
employ$1 ab\t  #bh1cjj gallons ( wat]   
be+ requir$2 ! fir/ ma%+ has a          
temp]ature ( #adj ,f41 & ! second t (   
#agf ,f4 ,9 ,dubl9 !  proportion ( malt 
employ$ is only ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! entire
  *>ge4 ,"o ma%+ is employ$1 & !        
temp]ature ( ! wat] is kept  at ab\t    
#adc ,f4 ,! subsequ5t ma%+s are kept = !
 next day's  brew+4    ,by ?is process !
 gra9 is entirely depriv$ ( all         
f]m5tible  sub/ances :i* h be5 c>ri$    
away 9 a /ate ( liquid sug>4    ,! :ole 
op]ation ( prep>+ & sac*>ify+ gra9 is   
to-day  c>ri$ on 9 /eam]s1 su* z        
describ$ on page #aa1 & cook+  app>atus 
su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 or 9 ! ,h5ze high 
pressure /eam]s  & prep>atory ma% vats  
describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4    ,9 /eam+ gra9
 )\t pressure1 ! f9ely cru%$ gra9 is    
p\r$  sl[ly into a vat previ\sly ne>ly  
fill$ ) wat] at a temp]ature (  ab\t    
#adj degrees ,f4 ,a little less ?an half
 a gallon ( wat] is us$  = ea* p\nd (   

gra94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to /ir ! mass    
con/antly  to prev5t lump+4 ,:5 all !   
corn is mix$ 91 /eam is all[$ to  ent] &
 ! temp]ature rais$ to ab\t #bjj degrees
 ,f4 ,x %\ld be  left at ?is temp]ature 
= an h\r1 or an h\r & a half1 :5 !      
temp]ature is r$uc$ to #adj ,f4 :5 ab\t 
#aj p] c5t4 ( cru%$ malt  is add$ & !   
temp]ature r$uc$ to #fh ,f4 by means (  
suitable  cool+ devices4    ,:5 /eam    
cook]s are us$1 ! cyl9drical boil] is   
fir/ fill$ to  ! prop] degree ) wat] at 
a temp]ature ( #adj ,f4 ,! meal is !n   
let 9 gradually be+ con/antly /irr$ !   
:ile4 ,! boil] is !n  clos$ & /eam      
gradually let 9 :ile ! mass is /irr$    
until a  pressure ( #fj p\nds & a       
temp]ature ( #cjj ,f4 has be5 rea*$4 ,! 
/>* !n becomes entirely gelat9iz$1 !    
pressure is reliev$1 &  ! temp]ature    
r$uc$ to #bab ,f4 & !n rapidly br\ght to
 #ade ,f4  ,! malt is add$ mix$ ) cold  
wat]1 at su* a /age be=e !  sac*>ify+   
temp]ature is rea*$ t ! cold malt & wat]
 w  br+ x to #ade ,f4 ,! malt is /irr$ &

 mix$ ) ! ma% = five  or t5 m9utes & !  
mix$ mass let into a drop tub :5        
sac*>ification is complet$4 ,x is !n    
cool$ z describ$4    ,:5 ! ,h5ze /eam]s 
are us$ ! gra9 may be treat$ 9 ei!r !   
:ole gra9 or cru%$1 z ! high pressure to
 :i* x is subject$ &  ! bl[+ out act to 
entirely dis9tegrate x4 ,9 ?is mode (   
op]ation1 wat] is fir/ let into ! /eam] 
& br\ght to a boil by  ! admission (    
/eam4 ,! gra9 is !n sl[ly let into !    
app>atus4  ,! wat] & gra9 %\ld fill !   
/eam] ab\t two ?irds full4 ,!  /eam] is 
left op5 & /eam circulat$ ?r\gh ! gra9 &
 wat]  = ab\t an h\r1 b )\t any rais+ ( 
pressure4 ,?is acts to  ?or\ghly cook & 
s(t5 ! gra94    ,:5 suffici5tly s(t5$ ! 
/eam escape cock 9 ! upp] "p ( !  /eam] 
7see ,fig4 #b7 is regulat$ to all[ a    
p>tial fl[ ( /eam  ?r\gh x & a great]   
fl[ ( /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh ! l[]       
inlet4 ,?is keeps ! gra9 9 con/ant      
ebullition "u a pressure ( #cj  lbs4 or 
s4 ,aft] ano!r p]iod ( an h\r ! pressure
 9 ! /eam]  is rais$ to #fj lbs4 at :i* 

po9t x is kept = half an h\r1 :5 !      
maximum /eam pressure is appli$1 & !    
great] portion ( !  dis9tegrat$ mass    
bl[n out into a prep>atory mass tub1    
into :i* malt  has be5 plac$ mix$ )     
wat]4 ,! bl[+ out %\ld be s p]=m$  t !  
temp]ature 9 ! mass 9 ! tubs %all n     
exce$ #acj ,f4 ,!  mass is /irr$ & cool$
 & !n ! rema9d] ( ! mass 9 !  /eam]     
admitt$ to ! tub :i* %\ld br+ !         
temp]ature ( !  mass up to #ade ,f4 ,x  
is kept at ?is temp]ature = a p]iod v>y+
  f half an h\r to "o & "o-half h\rs &  
is !n cool$ to !  prop] f]m5t+          
temp]ature4    ,ano!r me?od ( s(t5+ corn
 s t its />* is easily act$ ^u  by !    
dia/ase ( ! malt is to /eep x 9 a       
sulphur\s acid solution  at a temp]ature
 ( ab\t #abj ,f4 = f fifte5 to tw5ty    
h\rs4 ,!  mass is !n dilut$ to =m a     
semi-liquid pulp & heat$ to ab\t #aij   
,f4 = an h\r or two dur+ :i* ! mass is  
con/antly /irr$4 ,!  malt is !n add$1 ! 
mass is sac*>ifi$1 cool$ & !n f]m5t$4   
,ano!r me?od is to place mix$ gra9 & hot

 wat] 9 a cook] ( !  ,bohn v>iety 7,fig4
 #de74 ,aft] half an h\r ( /irr+ & cook+
 "u  ord9>y pressure1 ! /eam pressure is
 rais$ to #de lbs4 ,?is is kept  up = f 
two to ?ree h\rs :5 ! gra9 is r$uc$ to a
 pa/e4  ,conc5trat$ muriatic acid equal 
to #b-a_/b p] c5t ( ! weight (  gra9 is 
!n =c$ 91 "u /eam pressure4 ,9 half an  
h\r ! gra9  w be entirely sac*>ifi$ &   
ready = f]m5t+4                         
,,*apt] ,,ix4                           
,,alcohol ,,f ,,beets4                  
,cultivation4 ,! beetroot 7,beta        
vulg>is71 indig5\s to ,europe1 is       
cultivat$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 
,holl&1 ,sc&9avia1 ,au/ria1  ,russia1 & 
to a v small ext5t 9 ,engl& & ,new      
,zeal&1 & to a  v l>ge ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates & ,canada4 ,!re are _m  v>ieties4
 ,! mo/ important to ! sug>-mak] is !   
:ite ,silesian1  sometimes reg>d$ z a   
di/9ct species 7,b4 alba72 x %[s v      
little above gr\nd1 & p5etrates ab\t #ab
 942 x has a :ite fle%1  ! two *ief =ms 
be+ di/+ui%$ by "o hav+ a rose-color$   

sk9  & purple-ribb$ leaves1 ! o!r a :ite
 sk9 & gre5 leaves4 ,bo?  are frequ5tly 
gr[n toge!r1 & exhibit no m>k$ diff]5ce 
9  sug>-yield+ qualities4    ,good      
sug>-beets possess ! foll[+ broad       
*>act]i/ics3 7#a7 ,regul>  pe>-%ap$ =m &
 smoo? sk92 long1 tap]+1 c>rot-l roots  
are  consid]$ inf]ior2 7#b7 :ite & firm 
fle%1 delicate & uni=m  /ructure1 &     
clean sug>y flavor2 ?ick-sk9n$ roots are
 spongy &  wat]y2 ^? ) l>ge leaves are  
g5]ally ri*]2 7#c7 av]age weight        
#a-a_/b to #b-a_/b lbs41 nei!r v l>ge   
nor v small roots be+  pr(itable to !   
sug>-manufactur]2 z a rule1 beets weigh+
 m ?an  #c-a_/b lbs4 are wat]y1 & poor 9
 sug>2 & roots weigh+ less ?an  #c_/d   
lb4 are ei!r unripe or too woody1 & 9   
ei!r case yield  comp>atively little    
sug>2 ! sp4 gr4 ( ! express$ juice1     
usually  #a4jf to #a4jg1 ev5 rea*+      
#a4jgh 9 ,engli%-gr[n roots1 indicat+   
ov]  #ad p] c5t4 ( cry/allizable sug>1  
is ! be/ pro( ( quality2 juice  poor 9  
sug> has a d5sity bel[ #a4jfj2 7#d7 9   

well-cultivat$ soil1 !  roots gr[       
entirely 9 ! gr\nd1 & ?r[ up leaves (   
mod]ate size4    ,composition ( !       
,roots4 ,int]nally ! root is built up ( 
small  cells1 ea* fill$ ) a juice       
consi/+ ( a wat]y solution ( _m  bodies 
besides sug>4 ,^! include sev]al        
cry/alliz$ salts 7mo/ly (  :i* are      
pres5t 9 m9ute traces only71 su* z !    
phosphates1  oxalates1 malates1 &       
*lorides ( potassium1 sodium1 & calcium1
 !  salts ( pota% be+ by f> ! mo/       
important2 & sev]al colloid  bodies     
7album9\s nitrog5\s & pect9\s comp\nds72
 z well z a  sub/ance :i* rapidly       
black5s on exposure to ! air4 ,! great] 
"p  ( ! sug> 9 ripe beets is            
cry/allizable1 &1 :5 p]fectly pure1  is 
id5tical 9 composition & prop]ties )    
cry/alliz$ cane-sug>2  b x is m         
difficult to ref9e ?is sug> s z to free 
x f !  pota% salts1 & comm]cial samples 
h n ne>ly s great sweet5+  p[] z ord9>y 
cane-sug>4 ,beets conta9 no             
uncry/allizable sug>2  ! molasses       

produc$ 9 beet-sug> manufactories is !  
result (  *anges :i* _c be entirely     
avoid$ 9 extract+ ! cry/allizable  sug>4
    ,soil4 ,! be/ soil = beets conta9s a
 fair proportion ( organic  matt]1 is   
nei!r too /iff nor too light1 & crumbles
 d[n into a nice  friable loam2 x mu/ be
 capable ( be+ cultivat$ to a dep? ( at 
lea/ #af 94 ,! subsoil %\ld be ?or\ghly 
well dra9$1 & r5d]$  friable by         
autumn-cultivation & free admission (   
air4 ,a deep friable  turnip-loam1      
conta9+ fair proportions ( clay & lime1 
appe>s to be  ! mo/ eligible l& =       
sug>-beets4 ,lime is a v desirable      
elem5t4  ,well-work$ clay-soils1        
especially calc>e\s clays1 are well     
adapt$1 if  prop]ly dra9$ & ( suffici5t 
dep?4 ,peaty soils & moorl&s are  q     
unsuitable1 z well z l&s :i* are too    
dry1 l ! ?9  gravelly soils re/+ on     
silice\s gravel sub-soils1 or too wet & 
cold1 l _m ( ! ?9 soils above imp]vi\s  
*alk m>l4    ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! be/     
soils = sug>-beet are precisely ^? on   

:i* o!r root-crops c be gr[n to         
p]fection1 t is1 l& :i* is  nei!r too   
heavy nor too light1 :i* has a good     
dep?1 is readily  p5etrat$ by ! roots1 &
 naturally conta9s lime1 pota%1 clay1 & 
s&1 z well z organic matt]1 is su*      
proportions z 9 good friable            
clay-loams4 ,an analysis ( ! soil %\ld  
be made previ\s to plant+  x ) !        
sug>-beet1 z ! salts pres5t$ 9 solution 
9 ! soil  w pass into ! juice1 & greatly
 int]f]e ) ! processes (  sug>          
manufacture4 ,c]ta9 soils may be at once
 indicat$ z unsuitable2  !y are         
clov]-l&1 rec5t %eep-pa/ures1 =e/-l&    
grubb$ dur+  ! prec$+ #ae ye>s1 !       
neighborhood ( salt works1 volcanic &   
sal9e soils ( all k9ds4 ,! beet requires
 a c]ta9 supply ( pota%  & soda salts 9 
! soil1 b if ^! are pres5t 9 excess1 z 9
  rec5t =e/-l&1 ! juice does n "w well1 
nor give its prop]  yield ( sug>4       
,manures4 ,sug>-beets %\ld be gr[n ) z  
little f>my>d manure z  possible2 :5    
dung has to be us$1 z 9 ! case ( v poor 

soils1 x  %\ld be appli$ 9 autumn1 or z 
e>ly z possible dur+ ! w9t]  mon?s4 ,!  
effect ( heavy dress+s ( animal         
nitrog5\s matt]s or  ammoniacal salts1  
is to produce abundance ( leaves1 & big 
wat]y  roots2 ! latt] are comp>atively  
poor 9 sug>1 & conta9 pota%  salts d]iv$
 f ! animal matt]s1 :i* greatly int]f]e 
) !  extraction ( sug> 9 a cry/alliz$   
/ate4 ,common salt1 & sal9e  manures 9  
g5]al1 ?\gh useful 9 mod]ate doses 7#bbd
 lbs4 to #ccf lbs4  p] acre on light    
soils71 %\ld be avoid$ on ! majority (  
soils1 =  sug>-beets gr[n on soils      
highly manur$ ) common salt produce     
juice  l>gely impregnat$ ) salt1 :i* is 
dread$ by ! manufactur] ev5  m ?an      
album9\s impurities1 & ne>ly z mu* z    
excess ( pota%  salts4    ,if ! l& is 9 
good condition1 conta9+ suffici5t       
available  nitrog5 to meet ! requirem5ts
 ( ! crop1 nei!r guano nor sulphate  (  
ammonia %\ld be us$4 ,!y l>gely increase
 ! weight ( !  produce p] acre2 b heavy 
crops are g5]ally poor 9 sug>1 &  furni%

 a juice t pres5ts mu* difficulty to !  
manufactur]4 ,if !  l& is v poor1 & if  
f>my>d manure _c be obta9$ & be  appli$ 
9 autumn1 #ccf to #ddh lbs4 ( ,p]uvian  
guano1 or #bbd lbs4 (  sulphate (       
ammonia1 mix$ ) #bbd lbs4 (             
sup]phosphate ( lime1 p]  acre1 may be  
s[n broadca/ 9 autumn1 & #bbd lbs4 m (  
sup]phosphate may be drill$ 9 ) ! se$ 9 
spr+4 ,sup]phosphate  ( lime & bones are
 excell5t = sug>-beets1 & nev] injure ! 
quality ( ! crop1 l ! indiscrim9ate use 
( ammoniacal manures4  ,on light soils1 
9 :i* pota% is (t5 defici5t1 ! judici\s 
use (  pota% salts has be5 f\nd         
s]viceable1 b only 9 conjunction )      
sup]phosphate & phosphatic guanos4      
,s[+4 ,! be/ "t = s[+ beetroot is !     
beg9n+ or middle (  ,april4 ,if s[n too 
e>ly1 ! "y plants may be p>tially injur$
 by  fro/2 if lat] ?an ! fir/ week 9    
,may1 ! crop may require to be  tak5 up 
9 autumn1 be=e x has _h "t to get ripe4 
,ab\t #aj to #ab  lbs4 ( se$ is requir$ 
p] acre4 ,z reg>ds ! wid? betwe5 !      

plants1 g5]ally speak+1 ! di/ance betwe5
 ! r[s & f plant  to plant %\ld n be    
less ?an #ab nor great] ?an #ah 94 ,%\ld
 !  "y plants be caught by a night's    
fro/1 & suff] ev] s little1 x  is be/ to
 pl\gh !m up at once & re-s[1 = !y are  
c]ta9 to run  to se$1 & are !n          
practically useless = ! manufacture (   
sug>4  ,sug>-beets require to be        
frequ5tly horse- & h&-ho$4 ,z long z !  
"y plants are n injur$1 ! application ( 
! hoe f "t to  "t is att5d$ ) great     
b5efit to ! crop4 ,x is advisable to    
ga!r up ! soil r\nd ea* plant1 9 ord] t 
! head may be  completely cov]$ ) soil4 
,*amponnois' rese>*es po9t to !         
advantage ( plant+ 9 ridges1 by :i* !   
supply ( air to ! roots  is greatly     
facilitat$4    ,! conditions be/        
calculat$ to ensure ! roots possess+ !  
*>act]s mo/ desirable f a sug>-mak]'s   
po9t ( view are *iefly  z foll[s3 7#a7  
,n to s[ on fre%ly-manur$ l&2 x is      
em95tly  pref]able n to manure = ! beet 
crop1 b to manure heavily =  :eat 9 !   

prec$+ ye>2 7#b7 n to employ =c+        
manures1 nor to  apply manure dur+ gr[?2
 7#c7 to use se$ f a v>iety ri* 9 sug>2 
7#d7 to s[ e>ly1 9 l9es #af 94 ap>t1 at 
mo/1 ! plants be+ #aj to  #aa 94 f ea*  
o!r2 !re w !n be #ch1jjj beets on an    
acre1  weigh+ #ba to #bh ounces ea*1 or 
#eb1hjj to #gj1djj lbs4 p] acre2 7#e7 to
  we$ ! fields z soon z ! plants are    
above gr\nd1 to ?9 out z  e>ly z        
possible1 & to we$ & hoe (t51 till !    
soil is cov]$  ) ! leaves ( ! plants2   
7#f7 nev] to remove ! leaves dur+  gr[?2
 7#g7 f9ally1 n to take up ! roots1 if x
 c be avoid$1  be=e !y are ripe1 ! p]iod
 ( :i* w dep5d ^u ! season4    ,good se$
 may be rais$ by ! foll[+ means3 ,! be/ 
roots1 :i*  %[ lea/ above gr\nd1 are    
tak5 up1 replant$ 9 good soil1 &  all[$ 
to run to se$4 ,?is se$ is already good2
 b x may be fur!r  improv$ by s[+ x 9 a 
well-prep>$ plot possess+ all ! mo/     
favorable conditions2 ! result+ plants  
are sort$1 set out 9 autumn1  put into a
 cell>1 & 9 ! spr+1 be=e transplant+1 ^?

 ( !  greate/ d5sity1 & :i* w give se$s 
( ! be/ quality1 are  sep>at$4 ,^! are  
transplant$ at #bj 94 betwe5 ! r[s & #ac
 94  betwe5 ! feet1 :i* are cov]$ ) ab\t
 #a-a_/b 94 ( e>?4  ,f9ally !y are wat]$
 ) wat] conta9+ molasses &              
sup]phosphate ( lime1 z recomm5d$ by    
,cor5w9d]4    ,h>ve/+4 ,sug>-beets mu/  
be tak5 up be=e fro/ sets 94 ,:5 !      
leaves beg9 to turn yell[ & flabby1 !y h
 arriv$ at maturity1  & ! crop %\ld be  
wat*$1 t x may n get ov]-ripe4 ,if !    
autumn is cold & dry1 ! crop may be     
safely left 9 ! gr\nd =  sev5 to t5 days
 long] ?an is ne$ful1 b %\ld ! autumn be
 mild  & wet1 if ! roots are left 9 !   
soil1 !y are apt to ?r[ up  fre% leaves1
 & no?+ does s mu* injury4 ,9 wat*+ !   
rip5+  ( ! crop1 a good plan is to te/ !
 sp4 gr4 ( ! express$ juice4 ,a  root or
 two may be tak5 up at int]vals1 & r$uc$
 to pulp on an  ord9>y h&-grat]1 ! juice
 obta9$ by press+ ! pulp ?r\gh  calico1 
& ! d5sity obs]v$ by a hydromet]4 ,z    
long z ! gravity  ( ! juice cont9ues to 

increase1 ! crop %\ld be left 9 ! l&4   
,good sug>-yield+ juice has a sp4 gr4 ( 
ab\t #a4jfe1 ris+ to ab\t  #a4jgj4      
,immature roots1 cut across1 rapidly    
*ange color on ! expos$  surface1 turn+ 
r$1 !n br[n1 & f9ally almo/ black4 ,if  
newly-cut  slices turn color on         
exposure1 ! rip5+ is n complete2 b if !y
  rema9 "s "t unalt]$1 or turn only     
slightly r$di%1 !y are  suffici5tly ripe
 to be tak5 up4 ,! crop %\ld be h>ve/$ 9
 f9e1  dry wea!r4 ,9 ord] t ! roots may 
"p ) z mu* moi/ure z  possible1 !y are  
left expos$ to ! air on ! gr\nd be=e be+
  /ack$1 b n = long] ?an a few days1 &  
!y ne$ to be gu>d$  aga9/ direct        
sunlight4 ,p]haps ! be/ plan is to cov] 
!m loosely  ) _! tops 9 ! field = a     
c\ple ( days1 !n trim !m1 & at  once    
/ack !m4    ,/or+4 ,= /or+ roots1       
especial c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t  _! 
g]m9at+ & ?r[+ out fre% tops1 :i* is be/
 done by  select+ a dry place = ! /orage
 gr\nd4 ,!y may be pil$ 9  pyramidal    
/acks1 ab\t six feet broad at base1 &   

sev5 feet high4 ,at  fir/1 ! /acks %\ld 
be ?9ly cov]$ ) e>?1 t ! moi/ure  may   
readily evaporate2 subsequ5tly1 :5 fro/y
 wea!r sets 91 ano!r  lay] ( e>?1 n     
exce$+ "o foot 9 ?ickness1 may be add$4 
,?is  is ess5tially ! me?od g5]ally     
adopt$ = /or+ potatoes &  beets4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,/ack = ,/or+
 ,beets4    ,9 cont95tal ,europe &      
,canada1 extra precaution is necessitat$
 by !  rigor\s climate4 ,9 ,s4 ,russia1 
! plan %[n 9 ,fig4 #df is sometimes     
us$4 ,! beets are dispos$ completely    
bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 9  a tr5* dug )
 %>ply slop+ sides4 ,at ab\t #ae 94 f ! 
bottom1  is an op5work floor ( re$s1 on 
:i* ! beets are pil$ to )9 a  few in*es 
( ! level ( ! ext]ior soil4 ,on ! top1 &
 foll[+  ! apex ( ! heap1 is laid a     
triangul> ridge-piece a1 = !  purpose ( 
facilitat+ evaporation4 ,! :ole is cov]$
 ) a lay]  b ( /raw & f9e e>?1 !        
?ickness ( :i* is v>i$ accord+  to !    
indications ( ! !rmomet] c plac$ 9 !    
c5t] ( !  mass4 ,betwe5 ! floor ( ! tr5*

 & ! op5work floor is a space  d1       
communicat+ ) two v]tical *annels lead+ 
to ! out] air1  ?us provid+ v5tilation4 
,! outlets ( ! *annels c be op5$ &      
clos$ at w4 ,! ,russians also (t5 employ
 regul> cell>s1 z %[n  9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,!  
/ructure consi/s ( two /ories1 cov]$ ) a
 b$ (  e>?1 ea* furni%$ ) a floor (     
hurdles or op5 plank+1 on :i*  ! beets  
are pil$ to ! dep? ( ab\t "o y>d4       
,lat]al passages  facilitate v5tilation1
 & op5+s 9 ! ro( p]mit ! heat$ air to   
escape4 ,! co/ ( erect+ ^! cell>s is    
heavy1 b !re is great  sav+ ( labor 9   
/or+ ! beets1 z x suffices to simply    
pile !m  up on ! floors4 ,moreov]1 !    
arrangem5t p]mits ! exam9ation (  !     
cont5ts beyond ! indications ( a        
!rmomet]2 & enables any  portion to be  
remov$1 ev5 dur+ sn[y wea!r4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,/orage      
,cell> = ,beets4    ,alcohol f ,beets4  
,beets conta9 #he p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & ab\t
 #aj  p] c5t4 ( cane sug>1 ! rema9d] be+
 woody fibre & album52  cane sug> n be+ 

9 itself f]m5tible1--z is grape sug>1--x
 has  to be conv]t$ into inv]t$ sug> by 
a f]m5t z yea/4 ,ei!r !  sug> beets may 
be ma%$ or ! molasses :i* rema9s f !    
manufacture ( beet sug> 7z describ$ 9   
,*apt] ,x74 ,! conv]sion (  ! sug> into 
alcohol is effect$ 9 sev]al diff]5t     
ways1 ( :i*  ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3   
,by rasp+ ! roots & submitt+ !m to      
pressure1 & f]m5t+ !  express$ juice4   
,by mac]ation ) wat] & heat4    ,by     
direct di/illation ( ! roots4    ,! fir/
 two me?ods are ! be/ z by !m ! woody   
fibre ( !  plant :i* is non-f]m5tible is
 sep>at$ f ! f]m5tible juice4  ,9 bo? ! 
fir/ & second processes ! beets mu/ fir/
 be entirely  clean$ ( adh]+ dirt1 tra% 
& clods ( e>?1 & !n rasp$1  pulp$ or    
slic$ by c]ta9 ma*9]y4    ,clean+4 ,c>e 
mu/ be tak5 9 ?is op]ation t ! beets    
%all be  fre$ f small /ones & adh]+ h>d 
lumps ( e>? :i* w\ld  o!rwise get into !
 rasp+ ma*9]y to ! damage & /oppage (  !
 me*anism4    ,!re are _m =ms ( clean]s 
b all are alike 9 ?is1--t !  beets %all 

be subject$ to ! action ( wat] :ile     
travel+ ?r\gh  or ov] a p]=at$ cas+4 ,! 
simple/ ma*9e1 & "o easily  con/ruct$ by
 any c>p5t]1 comprises an elongat$      
cyl9d] =m$ (  la!s or /rips spac$ ap>t  
su* di/ance z w all[ dirt & /ones  to   
pass betwe5 !m4 ,?is is m\nt$ on a      
c5tral %aft & revolves 9  a tank ( wat]4
 ,x %\ld be slightly incl9$ s t !       
potatoes or  beets to be wa%$ may fe$   
d[nw>d f ! op5 upp] end-disk or  :eel1  
to ! l[] end :]e !y are ?r[n out4 ,at ! 
upp] end is a  hopp] & at ! l[]1 ! end  
disk has inw>dly project+ lips1 :i*  z !
 cyl9d] revolves lifts ! beets up &     
tumbles !m out on to an  incl9e :i*     
c>ries !m to ! rasp+ ma*9e4    ,ano!r =m
 ( ma*9e comprises a p]=at$ cyl9d] (    
%eet iron1  revolv+ 9 a tank ( wat]4 ,a 
bett] =m ( clean] ?an ei!r (  ^? consi/s
 ( an incl9$ tr\gh 9 :i* a spiral fe$+  
screw (  %eet iron rotates4 ,! beets are
 f$ into ! tr\gh at its l[] end  & are  
c>ri$ upw>d1 sl[ly1 by ! fe$+ screw4    
,above ! tr\gh is  a wat] pipe hav+ a   

numb] ( outlets by :i* wat] may fall on 
to !  beets & into ! tr\gh4 ,! wat] ru%+
 d[n ! incl9$ tr\gh  c>ries ) x all dirt
 & /ones1 & by ! "t ! beets h  rea*$ !  
upp] end !y are entirely clean$ & ready 
= slic+ or  rasp+4    ,= press+ out !   
juice1 ! beets are ma%$ into a pulp1    
:ile =  diffusion ! beets are slic$4    
,rasp+4 ,fig4 #dh %[s "o =m ( rasp+     
ma*9e4 ,on a suitable  support+ frame is
 m\nt$ a cyl9d] a hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t 
#bd  in*es4 ,! cyl9d] is =m$ ( alt]nate 
saw blades & wood5 wa%]s  hold+ !m a    
slight di/ance ap>t4 ,! saws or tee? are
 s set on !  cyl9d] z n to slice ! beets
 b to %r$ !m up into a f9e pulp4  ,!    
cyl9d] rotates at a spe$ ( #hjj to #ajjj
 revolutions a m9ute 9  front ( an      
incl9$ table1 hav+ a jigg] :]eby ! beets
 are f$  d[nw>d aga9/ ! too!d cyl9d]4 ,!
 tee? c>ry ! pulp d[nw>d  & x falls into
 a receptacle b5ea?4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #dh4--;,beet & ,potato ,rasp4    
,x is be/ to add to ?is pulp a small    
portion ( sulphuric acid1 say  two-t5?s 

( "o p] c5t4 ,?is prev5ts               
by-f]m5tations4    ,press+4 ,! pulp     
obta9$ f ! rasp]s has n[ to be express$4
  ,?is is ei!r done by plat5 presses or 
by roll] presses4 ,) plat5  presses !   
fir/ press+ may be done by screws1 b !  
f9al press+  %\ld be accompli%$ by      
hydraulic presses4    ,= ! hydraulic    
press1 ! pulp is plac$ 9 wool5 sacks1   
conta9+  #aj to #ab lbs41 sup]pos$ 9 !  
press ) _! m\?s d\bl$ "u1  & sep>at$ by 
iron plates2 ab\t #be are collect$1 & ! 
pile is put  into a screw-press1 call$ a
 prep>atory press1 :i* extracts ab\t #de
  to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! juice4 ,^! press$  
sacks are pil$ anew on !  movable plate 
( a p[]ful hydraulic press1 :i* takes   
#ej at a *>ge4  ,ea* prep>atory press c 
supply f\r hydraulic presses1 :i* are   
rang$ ar\nd x1 s t ( ! f\r presses1 !re 
w be "o  *>g+1 "o comm5c+ to press1 "o 9
 full pressure1 & "o  dis*>g+1 at ! same
 mom5t4 ,motion is communicat$ to ! f\r 
hydraulic presses by f\r pumps m\nt$ on 
! same b$1 & t5d$ by  ! same workman :o 

directs ! press+4 ,an improvem5t ^u !   
g5]al =m ( hydraulic press is t devis$  
by ,lal\ette1 :i*  enables two workm5 & 
"o boy to "w five presses4 ,^! presses  
turn  out ab\t #cd1bjj lbs4 p] #bd h\rs 
9 ! fir/ press+1 & #fh1djj lbs4  9 !    
second4 ,hydraulic presses are rapidly  
fall+ into disuse 9 !  beet-sug>        
indu/ry1 by reason ( ! sup]ior m]its (  
cont9u\s  presses1 & ! ext5d$ adoption (
 ! diffusion sy/em4    ,cont9u\s presses
 = beet 7 sugge/$ by ! roll]-mills us$ 9
  ! cane-sug> indu/ry4 ,b ! conditions 9
 ! two cases are widely  diff]5t2 !     
begass ( ! cane is solid1 & readily p>ts
 f !  juice2 :]eas ! pulp & juice ( !   
beet h a /rong t5d5cy to  comb9e1 & !   
roll]-surface mu/ !re=e be p]meable only
 by !  juice4 ,9 ,poizot et ,druelle's  
press1 ! pulp passes betwe5 two         
cyl9d]s1 c>ri$ by endless clo?s4 ,!     
object is to unite ! be/  features ( !  
hydraulic press4 ,to ?is end1 a fir/    
g5tle press+ is  produc$ aga9/ ! fir/   
cyl9d] by ! ela/icity ( ! pr9cipal  clo?

 on :i* x is borne4 ,!n1 enc\nt]+ a     
s]ies ( f\r little  roll]s1 p]=m+ !     
functions ( ! prep>atory press1 x is    
next  seiz$ betwe5 ! second & fir/      
cyl9d]s1 & depriv$ ( !  maximum quantity
 ( juice4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#di4--;,duj>d9's ,roll ,press4          
,duj>d9's roll press is %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1
 :i* is a v]tical section (  ! ma*9e1 ! 
side plate be+ remov$4 ,! pulp is =c$   
upw>d  ?r\gh a pipe ,c "u high pressure4
 ,?is has a regulat+ slide valve  ,d4 ,!
 rolls ,b ,b revolve t[>ds & ne>ly 9    
contact ) ea*  o!r1 & !y are p]=at$ s t 
! express$ juice may run (f  ?r\gh !    
rolls4 ,^! p]=ations are conical 9 =m ) 
! apex  ( ! cone outw>d4 ,! cyl9d]s are 
also cov]$ ) a webb+ (  clo? or horse   
hair4 ,bel[ ! rolls is block ,c1 :i* ) !
 out]  walls ( ! *amb]1 =m div]g+       
passages :i* ext5d upw>d1 z  %[n1 on    
ei!r side ( ! rolls & !n d[nw>d along ! 
l[]  faces ( ! rolls to ! po9t :5 !y    
contact4 ,! pulp is compress$  ) great  
=ce aga9/ & betwe5 ! rolls1 ! juice is  

=c$  ?r\gh ! p]=ations & ! residue      
passes upw>d & outw>d "u  ! press] b> ,e
 9 ! =m ( a ribbon :i* is guid$ away by 
!  tr\gh ,f4 ,! pressure ( ! b> ,e is   
regulat$ by screws & !  tight] said b>  
is press$ aga9/ ! rolls ! great] w be ! 
pressure ( ! pulp beh9d ! b> & aga9/ !  
rolls1 & !  great] ! juice express$4    
,! rolls revolve v sl[ly only ab\t sev5 
or eight times a m9ute  b ! capacity ( !
 ma*9e is v great1 x be+ capable (      
press+ ! pulp ( f #he1jjj to #age1jjj   
lbs4 ( beets daily4 ,!  residue f ! fir/
 press+ %\ld be submitt$ to a fur!r     
press+  aft] be+ mac]at$ ) sp5t wa%4    
,?is residue may be f$ to cattle4  ,!   
utmo/ cleanl9ess is ess5tial to ^!      
processes2 all ! ut5sils  employ$ %\ld  
be wa%$ daily ) lime-wat] to c\nt]act   
acidity4    ,extraction by ,mac]ation & 
,diffusion4 ,! object ( ?is process is  
to extract f ! beets by means ( wat] or 
sp5t liquor all ! sug>  :i* !y conta91  
)\t ! aid ( rasp+ or pressure4 ,_s is   
?us produc$ at consid]ably less exp5se1 

al?\gh x is n ( s high  a quality z t   
yield$ by ! =m] process4 ,! op]ation    
consi/s  9 slic+ up ! beets 9 a         
specially con/ruct$ slic+ ma*9e1 into   
slices ( regul> ?ickness1 & !n all[+ !  
slices to mac]ate 9  a s]ies ( vats at  
/at$ temp]atures4 ,x is ess5tial t !    
knives  by :i* ! roots are cut %\ld be s
 arrang$ t ! roots are  divid$ into     
slices hav+ a wid? ( #d_/aj ( an in* & a
 ?ickness (  #d_/ajj ( an in*1 & a      
v>iable l5g?2 ! roots are1 ( c\rse1 well
  wa%$ be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! hopp] ( !     
cutt]4    ,:5 cut1 ! beets are cov]$ )  
boil+ wat] 9 a mac]ator ( wood  or iron 
= "o h\r1 ! wat] %\ld conta9 #d4d (     
sulphuric acid to  e #bbjj lbs4 ( beets4
 ,aft] ?is1 ! wat] is drawn (f into a   
second vat 9 :i* are plac$ m beets1 &   
all[$ to mac]ate aga9  = an h\r4 ,?is is
 repeat$ a ?ird "t 9 ano!r vat1 & !     
juice1  :i* has n[ acquir$ a d5sity     
equal to t obta9$ by rasp+1 is  run (f  
into ! f]m5t+ vat4 ,:5 ! fir/ vat is    
empty x is  imm$iately refill$ ) boil+  

wat] & fre% beets2 ! juice f  ?is       
op]ation is run into ! second vat1 :5 ! 
cont5ts ( t "o  are run into ! ?ird4 ,to
 cont9ue ! op]ation1 ! beets are        
completely exhau/$ by be+ mac]at$ = an  
h\r ) a ?ird *>ge  ( boil+ wat]         
7acidulat$ z 9 ! =m] case74 ,! exhau/$  
pulp  is remov$ to make room = fre%     
slices2 & ! fir/ vat is !n  *>g$ ) juice
 :i* has already pass$ ?r\gh ! second & 
?ird  vats4 ,aft] mac]at+ ! fre% beets =
 "o h\r1 ! *>ge is ready  = f]m5tation4 
,9 ord9>y wea!r1 ! juice %\ld n[ be at !
  "r heat = ?is process1 viz41 ab\t     
#ga4a or #ge4b ,f41 b 9 v  cold wea!r x 
may require "s re-heat+4    ,9 ,fig4 #ej
 is %[n a s]ies ( vats = ! extraction ( 
! sug> f  beets su* z is t]m$ a         
diffusion batt]y4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ej4--;,diffusion ,batt]y4    ,! 
vessels1 #a1 #b1 #c & #d are ( wood or  
%eet iron4 ,ea* vessel has a  bottom    
sieve & a top sieve betwe5 :i* ! beet   
slices are to be  plac$4 ,f ! bottom (  
ea* vessel bel[ ! sieve a pipe ,d runs  

to  ! top ( ! vessel next 9 ord]4 ,f !  
bottom ( ! la/ vessel #d  ( ! s]ies a   
pipe ,c runs back to ! top ( ! "o fir/  
us$4  ,pipes ,a & ,b are connect$ to ea*
 vessel = ! admission ( wat]  & sp5t wa%
 respectively4 ,a dis*>ge pipe ,e leads 
f ea* vessel  to a collect+ vat #e4     
,mac]ation & diffusion is accompli%$ z  
foll[s3 ,! slic$ beets are  plac$ betwe5
 ! sieves 9 vessel #a & wat] or sp5t wa%
 at a  temp]ature ( #ahe ,f4 is let 9 & 
! beets all[$ to mac]ate =  ?ree-qu>t]s 
( an h\r1 mean:ile tub #b is *>g$ )     
slic$ beets4  ,! cock or pipe ,d betwe5 
! vessels is op5$ :5 ! "t1 ?ree  qu>t]s 
( an h\r1 has elaps$2 hot wat] or sp5t  
wa% is admitt$ by  pipes ,a or ,b to !  
vessel #a1 :i* =ces ! sug> solution !re9
  into vessel #b4 ,:5 ! requir$ am\nt ( 
fluid has be5 pass$ into #b  f #a1 !    
inlet ( wat] into #a is /opp$1 & !      
vessel heat$ to  #ahe ,f4    ,vessel #c 
is *>g$ ) beet slices & 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( 
an h\r  vessels #a1 #b & #c are connect$
 & wat] or wa% admitt$ into #a1 :i*     

=ces ! solution 9 #a into #b & t 9 #b   
into #c :5 x is aga9  rais$ to #ahe ,f4 
,! same op]ation is repeat$ z to vessel 
#d & 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an  h\r all !      
vessels are connect$1 hot wat] or sp5t  
wa% is admitt$  to #a & ! sug> solution 
drawn (f f #d into ! vat4    ,! beets 9 
tub #a hav+ n[ be5 exhau/$1 ! fluid 9 t 
vessel is  drawn (f & ! exhau/$ beets   
?r[n away4 #a is n[ re*>g$ )  beets & ! 
pipe betwe5 x & #d op5$4 ,! =m] op]ation
 is  repeat$ except t n[ vessel #d      
becomes #a1 & #a becomes #d4 ,^!        
successive *>g+s & dis*>g+s are cont9u$2
 vessel #c becomes #a  9 its turn & s   
on4    ,f]m5tation4 ,be=e f]m5tation !  
juice procur$ z has be5  describ$ is    
br\ght to ab\t #hb ,f42 at ?is          
temp]ature x is run (f  into ! f]m5t+   
vats4 ,"h x is necess>y1 z be=e not$1 to
 add  to ! juice a small quantity (     
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 = !  purpose 
( neutraliz+ ! alkal9e salts :i* x      
conta9s1 & (  r5d]+ x slightly acid 9   
ord] to ha/5 ! process2 ?is quantity    

mu/ n exce$ #e-a_/b lbs4 to e #abbj     
gallons ( juice1 or !  e/abli%m5t (     
f]m5tation w\ld be h9d]$ in/ead (       
promot$4 ,!  addition ( ?is acid t5ds   
also to prev5t ! visc\s f]m5tation  to  
:i* ! juice obta9$ by rasp+ & pressure  
is s liable4  ,al?\gh ! beet conta9s    
album51 :i* is 9 itself a f]m5t1 x  is  
necess>y1 9 ord] to develop ! process1  
to h rec\rse to  artificial means4 ,a   
small quantity ( brew]'s yea/--ab\t     
#a-c_/d  oz4 p] #bb gallons ( juice--is 
suffici5t = ?is2 ! yea/ mu/  previ\sly  
be mix$ ) a little wat]4 ,an ext]nal    
temp]ature (  ab\t #fh to #gh ,f4 mu/ be
 c>efully ma9ta9$4 ,f]m5tation la/s =  f
 f\r to five h\rs4    ,! f]m5tation (   
acidulat$ beet-juice sets 9 spe$ily4 ,! 
*ief  ob/acle to ! process is ! mass (  
?ick scum :i* =ms ^u !  surface ( !     
liquor4 ,?is difficulty is sometimes    
obviat$ by us+  sev]al vats & mix+ !    
juice1 :ile 9 full f]m5tation1 ) a  fre%
 quantity4 ,?us1 :5 ?ree vats are       
employ$1 "o is set to  f]m5t2 at ! end (

 f\r or six h\rs1 half its cont5ts are  
run into  ! second vat & "h mix$ ) fre% 
juice4 ,! process is arre/$1  b soon    
/>ts aga9 9 bo? vats simultane\sly2 !   
fir/ is n[  all[$ to f]m5t completely1  
:i* is effect$ ) mu* less  difficulty   
?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h ! vat n be5    
divid$4  ,mean:ile ! second vat1 z soon 
z ! action is at its height1 is  divid$ 
9 ! same mann]1 "o-half its cont5ts be+ 
run into !  ?ird4 ,:5 ?is me?od is      
employ$1 x is necess>y to add a little  
yea/ f "t to "t :5 ! action becomes     
sluggi%4    ,direct ,di/illation ( !    
,roots4 ,?is process1 commonly call$    
,leplay's me?od1 consi/s 9 f]m5t+ ! sug>
 9 ! slices  !mselves4 ,! op]ation is   
conduct$ 9 huge vats1 hold+ z l>ge a    
quantity ( matt] z possible1 9 ord] t ! 
f]m5tation may be  e/abli%$ m easily4   
,!y usually conta9 ab\t #gej gallons1 & 
a  s+le *>ge consi/s ( #bbjj lbs4 ( !   
slic$ roots4 ,! slices are  plac$ 9     
por\s bags 9 ! vats1 conta9+ already    
ab\t #ddj gallons  ( wat] acidulat$ ) a 

little sulphuric acid2 & !y are kept    
subm]g$ by means ( a p]=at$ cov]1 :i*   
p]mits ! passage (  ! liquor & ( !      
c>bonic acid evolv$2 ! temp]ature ( !   
mixture %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ab\t #gg or  
#hj ,f4 ,a little yea/ is  add$1 &      
f]m5tation spe$ily sets 92 x is complete
 9 ab\t #bd  h\rs or m1 :5 ! bags are   
tak5 out & replac$ by fre% ones2        
f]m5tation decl>es itself aga9 almo/    
imm$iately1 & )\t any  addition ( yea/4 
,new bags may1 inde$1 be plac$ 9 ! same 
liquor =  ?ree or f\r successive        
f]m5tations )\t add+ fur!r yea/ or      
juice4    ,! slices ( beets *>g$ )      
alcohol are n[ plac$ 9 a di/ill+        
app>atus ( a v simple nature4 ,x consi/s
 ( a cyl9drical column (  wood or iron1 
fitt$ ) a tight cov]1 :i* is connect$ ) 
a coil  or worm1 kept cool 9 a vessel ( 
cold wat]4 ,inside ?is column are       
arrang$ a r[ ( p]=at$ diaphragms or     
p>titions4 ,! space betwe5  ! l[e/ "o & 
! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is kept empty to    
receive  ! cond5s$ wat] =m$ by ! /eam1  

:i* is bl[n into ! bottom  ( ! cyl9d] 9 
ord] to heat ! cont5ts4 ,vapors (       
alcohol are ?us  dis5gag$ f ! und]mo/   
slices1 & ^! vapors z !y rise  ?r\gh !  
cyl9d] vaporize ! rema9+ alcohol1 &     
f9ally pass out  ( ! top at a           
consid]able /r5g? & are cond5s$ 9 !     
worm4 ,:5  all ! cont5ts ( ! /ill h be5 
completely exhau/$ ( _s1  ! rema9d]     
consi/s ( a cook$ pulp1 :i* conta9s all 
! nutritive  con/itu5ts ( ! beet except 
! sug>4                                 
,,*apt] ,x4                             
,,alcohol ,,f ,,molasses ,,& ,,sug>     
,,cane4      ,ano!r common s\rce (      
alcohol is molasses4 ,molasses is !     
uncry/allizable syrup :i* con/itutes !  
residiuum ( ! manufacture  & ref9+ (    
cane & beet sug>4 ,x is a d5se1 visc\s  
liquid1  v>y+ 9 color f light yell[ to  
almo/ black1 accord+ to !  s\rce f :i* x
 is obta9$2 x te/s usually ab\t #dj by  
,baume's  hydromet]4 ,! molasses employ$
 z a s\rce ( alcohol mu/ be  c>efully   
*os52 ! lighte/ 9 color is ! be/1       

conta9+ mo/  uncry/alliz$ sug>4 ,!      
manufacture is ext5sively c>ri$ on 9    
,france1 :]e ! molasses f ! beet sug>   
ref9]ies is *iefly us$  on acc\nt ( its 
l[ price1 t obta9$ f ! cane sug>        
factories  be+ consid]ably de>]4 ,!     
latt] is1 h[ev]1 mu* to be pref]r$  to !
 =m] v>iety z x conta9s m sug>4         
,molasses f ! beet  sug> ref9]ies yields
 a l>g] quantity & bett] quality ( _s   
?an t :i* comes f ! factories4 ,molasses
 conta9s ab\t #ej p]  c5t4 ( sac*>9e    
matt]1 #bd p] c5t4 ( o!r organic matt]1 
&  ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( inorganic salts1  
*iefly ( pota%4 ,x is ?us a  sub/ance   
ri* 9 matt]s favorable to f]m5tation4   
,:5 ! d5sity (  molasses has be5 l[]$ by
 dilution ) wat]1 f]m5tation sets 9     
rapidly1 m especially if x has be5      
previ\sly r5d]$ acid4 ,z1  h[ev]1       
molasses f beet g5]ally exhibits an     
alkal9e reaction1 x  is f\nd necess>y to
 acidify x aft] dilution2 = ?is purpose 
sulphuric acid is employ$1 9 !          
proportion ( ab\t #d-a_/b lbs4 (  !     

conc5trat$ acid to #bb gallons (        
molasses1 previ\sly dilut$  ) eight or  
t5 volumes ( wat]4 ,?ree processes are  
?us employ$  9 obta9+ alcohol f         
molasses2 dilution1 acidification1 &    
f]m5tation4 ,! latt] is ha/5$ by !      
addition ( a natural  f]m5t1 su* z      
brew]'s yea/4 ,x beg9s 9 ab\t eight or  
t5 h\rs1  & la/s upw>ds ( #fj4    ,ab\t 
?ree gallons ( ,alcohol may be obta9$ f 
"o hundr$ p\nds (  molasses4    ,beet   
,sug> ,molasses4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process
 ( r5d]+ !  molasses f]m5table is to mix
 ! molasses ) wat]1 to a c]ta9          
dilution1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts (   
wat] to "o ( molasses4  ,?is may be done
 by h&1 b pref]ably x is p]=m$ 9 a vat  
provid$ ) /irr+ or agitat+ me*anism1 su*
 z w effectually  mix ! wat] ) ! viscid 
syrup1 & :]eby also ! wa% may be        
?or\ghly agitat$ & a]at$4    ,!re are   
num]\s =ms ( mix+ vats1 all work+ h[ev]1
 on !  pr9ciple %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,9 ?is1
 ! vat ,a is provid$ ) a  c5tral %aft ,c
 c>ry+ radial mix+ blades ,e4 ,?is %aft 

is  driv5 by bevel ge>s ,d1 ,f4 ,z !    
rotation ( ^! blades w\ld  m]ely t5d to 
create a rot>y curr5t ( molasses & wat]1
 & n to  mix !m1 "s means %\ld be us$ = 
imp$+ & break+ up ?is  curr5t4 ,to t end
 ! cov] is provid$ ) d[nw>dly project+  
rods ,i :i* create c\nt] curr5ts1 &     
?or\ghly int]m+le !  two liquids4 ,ano!r
 & ev5 bett] =m ( mix] consi/s ( a tank 
into ! l[] portion ( :i* ent]s a p]=at$ 
pipe ( relatively  l>ge diamet]4 ,?is is
 provid$ at ! end ) an air entrance & a 
/eam injector4 ,! inject$ /eam draws 9  
air & ! /eam & air are  =c$ "u pressure 
into ! vat1 ?us dilut+ ! conta9$        
molasses1  agitat+ x & ?or\ghly a]at+ x4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,mix+    
,vat4    ,! molasses z x comes f ! sug> 
h\se may conta9 any:]e f  #cj to #de p] 
c5t ( sug>1 & ?is %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] 
to a  conc5tration ( #af to #ah p] c5t (
 sug>4    ,! d5sity ( ! wa% aft] sett+  
up is #a4jfj4 ,x is to be not$  t ?\gh )
 improv$ app>atus a wa% z conc5trat$ at 
#ab or #ae  ,baume may be work$2 yet :]e

 simple app>atus is us$ six degrees or  
eight degrees is bett] & mu* m favorable
 to rapid & complete  f]m5tation4       
,aft] sett+ up1 "o gallon ( /rong       
sulphuric acid & #aj lbs4 (  sulphate ( 
ammonia are add$ = ea* #ajjj gallons (  
wa%4 ,?is  neutralizes ! alkal9e        
c>bonates 9 ! beet juice :i* w\ld       
o!rwise ret>d f]m5tation1 & x assi/s !  
yea/ to inv]t !  cane sug> z =m]ly      
describ$4 ,! addition ( ammonia is 9    
ord] to  give food to ! yea/ & obta9 a  
vigor\s f]m5tation4    ,! yea/ us$ =    
f]m5t+ molasses is prep>$ ei!r f malt or
  gra9 & is us$ z conc5trat$ z possible1
 & 9 ! proportion (  ab\t #b p] c5t4    
,! pit*+ temp]ature ( a molasses wa%    
v>ies ) !  conc5tration ( ! wa%1 be+    
high] = /rongly conc5trat$  solutions   
?an = weak ones4 ,:5 ! wa% te/s z high z
 #ab ,baume1  f]m5tation beg9s at ab\t  
#gg ,f4 & is rais$ dur+ f]m5tation to   
#he or #ij ,f4 ,a temp]ature ar\nd #hb  
,f4 is be/ on ! av]age z ?is  is mo/    
conducive to ! gr[? ( yea/4    ,:]e !   

vats are l>ge & ! syrup consid]ably     
dilut$ !  temp]ature rises v quickly &  
mu/ be mod]at$ by pass+ a curr5t  ( cold
 wat] ?r\gh a coil ( pipe on ! bottom ( 
! vat4    ,9 ! mak+ ( molasses ma%es x  
mu/ be rememb]$ t e gallon  ( molasses w
 be dilut$ ) ab\t five gallons ( wat] or
 o!r  f]m5t$ liquid matt]1 & !re=e #ej  
gallons ( molasses wa% w  require a /ill
 capable ( work+ up ab\t #cjj gallons4  
,x is possible  to di/ill f\r or five   
*>ges dur+ ! day ( #ab h\rs & h5ce a    
/ill ( #fj gallons w be capable (       
di/ill+ ! be] or wa% made  ) #ej gallons
 ( molasses4 ,a /ill ) a capacity ( #ajj
 gallons  op]at+ on wa% hav+ a /r5g? (  
"o gallon ( molasses to five (  wat]1 w 
produce ab\t #aj gallons ( pro( _s f ea*
 *>ge2  ?us a #ajj gallon /ill w make f 
#dj to #hj gallons ( _s 9 a  day4 ,)    
unskill$ labor1 h[ev]1 x is impossible  
to get ?is rate (  production & ! be/ t 
c be done w be ab\t f\r *>ges a  day4   
,x may be sugge/$ t 9 gett+ e/imates on 
/ills x is be/ to  accompany ! reque/ ) 

a /atem5t ( ! "* ( ! ma%  int5d$ to be  
treat$1 ! am\nt ( raw mat]ials int5d$ to
 be us$  up1 ! *>g+ capacity requir$1   
numb] ( gallons ( ma% desir$ to  be     
work$ up e #ab h\rs4    ,f]m5t+ ,raw    
,sug>4 ,?is is accompli%$ by dissolv+ ! 
sug> 9  hot wat]1 !n dilut+ x1 & !n add+
 a f]m5t1--f]m5tation  be+ aid$ by add+ 
sulphuric acid to ! dilut$ molasses1 9 !
  proportion ( "o-half to "o p\nd ( acid
 to e hundr$ p\nds (  pure sug> us$4    
,! wa% is pit*$ ) compress$ yea/ 9 !    
proportion ( #b-a_/b9999  fraction to #h
 p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! sug> us$4 ,!     
pit*+  temp]ature is f #gg to #gi ,f41 &
 ! p]iod ( f]m5tation is #dh  h\rs4     
,cane ,sug> ,molasses4 ,besides !       
molasses ( ! ,fr5* beet sug>  ref9]ies1 
l>ge quantities result f ! manufacture (
 cane sug> 9  ,jamaica & ! ,we/ ,indies4
 ,?is is entirely employ$ = !           
di/illation ( rum4 ,z ! pure _s (       
,jamaica is nev] made f  sug>1 b always 
f molasses & skimm+s1 x is advisable to 
notice  ^! two products1 &1 toge!r ) !m1

 ! exhau/$ wa% commonly  call$ dund]4   
,! molasses proce$+ f ! ,we/ ,indian    
cane sug> conta9s  cry/allizable &      
uncry/allizable sug>1 glut51 or album51 
& o!r  organic matt]s :i* h escap$      
sep>ation dur+ ! process (  defecation &
 evaporation1 toge!r ) sal9e matt]s &   
wat]4 ,x  !re=e conta9s 9 itself all !  
elem5ts necess>y = f]m5tation1  i4e41   
sug>1 wat]1 & glut51 :i* latt] sub/ance1
 act+ ! "p  ( a f]m5t1 spe$ily e/abli%es
 ! process "u c]ta9 conditions4         
,skimm+s comprise ! matt]s sep>at$ f !  
cane juice dur+  ! processes (          
defecation & evaporation4 ,! scum ( !   
cl>ifi]s1  precipitators1 & evaporators1
 & ! precipitates 9 bo? cl>ifi]s  &     
precipitators1 toge!r ) a proportion (  
cane sug> mix$ )  ! v>i\s scums &       
precipitates1 & ! sweet-liquor result+ f
  ! wa%+ ( ! boil+-pans1 etc41 all      
become mix$ toge!r 9 !  skimm+-receiv] &
 are f]m5t$ "u ! "n ( skimm+s4 ,!y  also
 conta9 ! elem5ts necess>y = f]m5tation1
 & accord+ly  !y v rapidly pass into a  

/ate ( f]m5tation :5 left to  !mselves2 
b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! glut9\s matt]s be+ 9
 excess  ( ! sug>1 ?is latt] is spe$ily 
decompos$1 & ! second1 or  acet\s       
f]m5tation1 comm5ces v frequ5tly be=e ! 
fir/ is f>  advanc$4 ,dund] is ! f]m5t$ 
wa% aft] x has und]gone  di/illation1 by
 :i* x has be5 depriv$ ( ! alcohol x    
conta9$4  ,to be good1 x %\ld be light1 
cle>1 & slightly bitt]2 x %\ld be  q    
free f acidity1 & is always be/ :5 fre%4
 ,z x is  dis*>g$ f ! /ill1 x runs into 
receiv]s plac$ on a l[]  level1 f :i* x 
is pump$ up :5 cool into ! upp]         
receiv]s1  :]e x cl>ifies1 & is !n drawn
 d[n into ! f]m5t+ ci/]ns  z requir$4   
,well-cl>ifi$ dund] w keep = six weeks  
)\t any  injury4 ,good dund] may be     
consid]$ to be ! liquor1 or wa%1 z x  is
 t]m$1 depriv$ by di/illation ( its     
alcohol1 & mu* conc5trat$  by ! boil+ x 
has be5 subject$ to2 :]eby ! sub/ances x
  conta9s1 z glut51 gum1 oils1 etc41 h  
become1 f repeat$  boil+s1 s conc5trat$ 
z to r5d] ! liquid mass a highly        

aromatic  comp\nd4 ,9 ?is /ate x conta9s
 at lea/ two ( ! elem5ts  necess>y =    
f]m5tation1 s t1 on ! addition ( ! ?ird1
 viz41  sug>1 t process spe$ily         
comm5ces4    ,! fir/ op]ation is to     
cl>ify ! mixture ( molasses & skimm+s   
previ\s to f]m5t+ x4 ,?is is p]=m$ 9 a  
lead5 receiv] hold+  ab\t #cjj or #djj  
gallons4 ,:5 ! cl>ification is complete1
 ! cle>  liquor is run into ! f]m5t+    
vat1 & !re mix$ ) #ajj or #bjj  gallons 
( wat] 7hot1 if possible71 & well /irr$4
 ,! mixture is  !n left to f]m5t4 ,!    
great object t ! di/ill] has 9 view 9   
conduct+ ! f]m5tation is to obta9 !     
l>ge/ possible am\nt (  _s t ! sug>     
employ$ w yield1 & to take c>e t ! loss 
by evaporation or acetification is r$uc$
 to a m9imum4 ,9 ord] to  ensure ?is1 ! 
foll[+ c\rse %\ld be adopt$4 ,! room 9  
:i*  ! process is c>ri$ on mu/ be kept z
 cool z x is possible 9 a  tropical     
climate2 say1 #ge to #hj ,f4    ,suppos+
 t ! f]m5t+ vat has a capacity ( #ajjj  
gallons1 !  proportions ( ! diff]5t     

liquors run 9 w\ld be #bjj gallons (    
well-cl>ifi$ skimm+s1 #ej gallons (     
molasses1 & #ajj gallons (  cle> dund]2 
!y %\ld be well mix$ toge!r4 ,f]m5tation
 spe$ily  sets 91 & #ej m gallons (     
molasses are !n to be add$1 toge!r  )   
#bjj gallons ( wat]4 ,:5 f]m5tation is  
?or\ghly e/abli%$1 a  fur!r #djj gallons
 ( dund] may be run 91 & ! :ole well    
/irr$  up4 ,any scum ?r[n up dur+ !     
process is imm$iately skimm$ (f4 ,!     
temp]ature ( ! mass rises gradually     
until ab\t #d or #e above t  ( ! room   
itself4 ,%\ld x rise too high1 ! next   
vat mu/ be set up  ) m dund] & less     
wat]2 if x keeps v l[1 & ! action is    
sluggi%1 less mu/ be us$ next "t4 ,no   
f]m5t+ pr9ciple besides  ! glut5 conta9$
 9 ! wa% is requir$4 ,! process usually 
occupies eight or t5 days1 b x may la/  
mu* long]4 ,! liquid n[  becomes cle>1 &
 %\ld be imm$iately subject$ to         
di/illation to  prev5t acet\s           
f]m5tation4    ,sug> plant]s are        
accu/om$ to expect "o gallon ( pro( rum 

= e  gallon ( molasses employ$4 ,on !   
supposition t ord9>y molasses  conta9s  
#fe p>ts ( sug>1 #cb p>ts ( wat]1 & ?ree
 p>ts ( organic  matt] & salts1 & t1 by 
c>eful f]m5tation & di/illation1 #cc    
p>ts ( absolute alcohol may be obta9$1  
we may !n reckon ^u #cc  lbs4 ( _s1 or  
ab\t f\r gallons1 :i* is a yield ( ab\t 
#e-b_/c9999  fraction gallons ( rum1 #cj
 p] c5t4 ov]-pro(1 f #ajj lbs4 ( su*    
molasses4    ,! foll[+ process is       
describ$ 9 ,de]r's "w on ,sug> & ,sug>  
,cane4    ,9 ,mauritius a m complicat$  
process is us$2 a b>rel ( ab\t #ej      
gallons capacity is p>tly fill$ )       
molasses & wat] ( d5sity #a4aj  & all[$ 
to spontane\sly f]m5t2 sometimes a h&ful
 ( oats or rice  is plac$ 9 ?is         
prelim9>y f]m5tation4 ,:5 att5uation is 
ne>ly  complete m molasses is add$ until
 ! cont5ts ( ! cask are aga9  ( d5sity  
#a4aj & aga9 all[$ to f]m5t4 ,?is       
process is repeat$ a  ?ird "t2 ! cont5ts
 ( ! b>rel are !n di/ribut$ betwe5 ?ree 
or f\r tanks hold+ ea* ab\t #ejj gallons

 ( wa% ( d5sity #a4aj &  #ab h\rs aft]  
f]m5tation has />t$ "h1 "o ( ^! is us$  
to  pit* a tank ( ab\t #h1jjj gallons   
capacity2 a few gallons are left 9  !   
pit*+ tanks :i* are aga9 fill$ up ) wa% 
( d5sity #a4aj  & ! process repeat$     
until ! att5uations fall (f1 :5 a fre%  
/>t is made4 ,?is process is v simil> to
 :at obta9s 9 mod]n  di/ill]ies save t !
 initial f]m5tation is adv5titi\s4    ,9
 ,java & ! ,ea/ g5]ally1 a v diff]5t    
proc$ure is foll[$4  ,9 ! fir/ place a  
mat]ial kn[n z ,java1 or ,*9ese1 yea/ is
  prep>$ f native =mul2 9 ,java1 pieces 
( sug> cane are cru%$  along ) c]ta9    
aromatic h]bs1 among/ :i* galanga &     
g>lic are  always pres5t1 & ! result+   
extract made into a pa/e ) rice  meal2 !
 pa/e is =m$ into /rips1 all[$ to dry 9 
! sun & !n  mac]at$ ) wat] & lemon      
juice2 ! pulpy mass obta9$ aft]  /&+ =  
?ree days is sep>at$ f ! wat] & made    
into small  balls1 roll$ 9 rice /raw &  
all[$ to dry2 ^! balls are kn[n z       
,raggi or ,java yea/4 ,9 ! next /ep rice

 is boil$ & spread out 9 a  lay] on     
planta9 leaves & spr9kl$ ov] ) ,raggi1  
!n pack$ 9  e>!nw>e pots & left to /& = 
two days1 at ! end ( :i*  p]iod ! rice  
is conv]t$ into a semi-liquid mass2 ?is 
mat]ial is  t]m$ ,tapej & is us$ to     
excite f]m5tation 9 molasses wa%4 ,!    
wa% is set up at a d5sity ( #be ,ball+ &
 aft]w>ds ! process is  z usual4 ,9 ?is 
proce$+ ! />* 9 ! rice is conv]t$ by    
means  ( c]ta9 micro-organisms          
,*lamydomucor oryzae into sug> & !n  =ms
 a suitable habitat = ! reproduction (  
yea/s :i* are  probably pres5t 9 !      
,raggi b may f9d _! way into ! ,tapej f 
o!r s\rces4 ,ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( rice are  
us$ to pit* #a1jjj gallons (  wa%4      
,,*apt] ,,xi4                           
,,alcoholometry4      ,alcoholmetry is !
 "n giv5 to a v>iety ( me?ods ( det]m9+ 
!  quantity ( absolute alcohol conta9$ 9
 spiritu\s liquors4 ,x w  readily be se5
 t a quick & accurate me?od ( mak+ su*  
det]m9ations is ( ! v utmo/ importance  
to ^? :o are engag$  9 ! liquor traffic1

 s9ce ! value ( _s dep5ds entirely ^u  !
 p]c5tage ( alcohol :i* x conta9s4 ,:5  
alcoholic liquors  consi/ ( simple      
mixtures ( alcohol & wat]1 ! te/ is a   
simple  "o1 ! exact p]c5tage be+ readily
 d$ucible f ! specific  gravity ( !     
liquor1 because to a def9ite specific   
gravity belongs a  def9ite cont5t (     
alcohol2 ?is is obta9$ ei!r by means ( !
  specific gravity bottle1 or (         
hydromet]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 specially      
con/ruct$4    ,all hydromet]s comprise  
ess5tially a graduat$ /em ( uni=m       
diamet]1 a bulb =m+ a float & a         
c\nt]poise or balla/4 ,!  hydromet]s may
 ei!r be provid$ ) a scale indicat$ on !
 neck or  else ) weights add$ to s9k !  
hydromet] to a c]ta9 m>k4 ,!  fir/      
in/rum5ts are call$ hydromet]s ( con/ant
 imm]sion1 !  o!rs1 ( v>iable imm]sion4 
,at ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury1 a s]ies 
( ardu\s exp]im5ts  7 conduct$ by ,sir  
,c4 ,blagd51 at ! in/ance ( ! ,briti%   
gov]nm5t1 ) a view to e/abli%+ a fix$   
proportion betwe5 !  specific gravity ( 

spiritu\s liquors & ! quantity (        
absolute  alcohol conta9$ 9 !m4 ,!      
result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 aft] be+         
c>efully v]ifi$1 l$ to ! con/ruction ( a
 s]ies ( tables1  ref]5ce to :i* gives  
at once ! p]c5tage ( alcohol = any giv5 
numb] ( degrees regi/]$ by ! hydromet]2 
^! tables are  inv>iably sold ) !       
in/rum5t4 ,!y are also con/ruct$ to %[  
! numb] ( degrees ov]-or "u-pro(1       
correspond+ to !  hydrometric degrees4  
,o!r tables are obta9able :i* give !    
specific  gravity correspond+ to ^!     
numb]s4    ,! measurem5t ( ! p]c5tage ( 
absolute alcohol 9 spiritu\s  liquors is
 almo/ inv>iably express$ 9 volume r ?an
 weight1  ow+ to ! fact t su* liquors   
are always sold by volume4  ,nev]!less1 
! tables ref]r$ to above %[ ! p]c5tage (
 _s  bo? by volume & weight4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,syke's      
,hydromet]4    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! /&>d
 liquor1 kn[n z pro( _s1  conta9s #ib4c 
p] c5t4 by weight & #id4i p] c5t4 by    
volume1 (  absolute alcohol2 x has a    

specific gravity ( 4#iahf at #fj ,f4 ,a 
pro(  gallon conta9s by measurem5t #ajj 
p>ts ( alcohol & #ha4e p>ts (  wat]4 ,! 
/r5g? & !re=e ! value ( spiritu\s       
liquors is  e/imat$ accord+ to !        
quantity by volume ( anhydr\s _s        
conta9$ 9 ! liquor ) ref]5ce to ?is     
/&>d4 ,?us !  expression #bj p] c5t4    
ov]pro(1 #bj p] c5t4 und]pro(1 means  t 
! liquor conta9 #bj volumes ( wat] = e  
#ajj volumes ov]  or "u ?is fix$        
quantity1 & t 9 ord] to r$uce ! _s to   
pro(1 #bj p] c5t4 ( wat] by volume1 mu/ 
be subtract$ or add$1 z  ! case may be4 
,any hydromet] con/ruct$ = ! measurem5t 
(  liquids ( less d5sity ?an wat] may be
 employ$4 ,t kn[n z  ,syke's is mo/     
commonly us$ = alcoholometric purposes4 
,x is %[n  9 ,fig4 #eb & consi/s ( a    
sph]ical brass ball ,a1 to :i* is fix$  
two /ems2 ! upp] "o ,b is also ( brass1 
flat1 & ab\t #c-a_/b9999  fraction 94 9 
l5g?2 x is divid$ into t5 p>ts1 ea* be+ 
subdivid$ into five1 & ! :ole be+ numb]$
 z %[n 9 !  figure4 ,! l[] /em ,c is    

conical1 & slightly m ?an an in*  long2 
x t]m9ates 9 a weight$ bulb ,d4 ,a s]ies
 ( circul> weights1  ( ! =m %[n 9 !     
figure1 accompany ! in/rum5t2 ^! are    
slipp$ ^u ! top ( ! l[] /em ,c1 & all[$ 
to slip d[n  until !y re/ ^u ! bulb ,d4 
,! in/rum5t is us$ 9 !  foll[+ way3 ,x  
is subm]g$ 9 ! liquor to be te/$ until !
 :ole  ( ! upp] /em is "u ! surface1 &  
an idea is ?us ga9$ ( !  weight t w be  
requir$ to p>tly subm]ge ! /em4 ,?is    
weight  is add$1 & ! hydromet] aga9     
plac$ 9 ! liquor4 ,! figure on  ! scale 
to :i* ! in/rum5t has sunk :5 at re/ is 
n[ obs]v$1  & add$ to ! numb] on !      
weight us$1 ! sum giv+1 by ref]5ce  to !
 tables1 ! p]c5tage by volume ( absolute
 alcohol above or  bel[ ! /&>d quantity4
    ,9 exact e/imations1 ! temp]ature ( 
! liquor te/$ mu/ be  c>efully regi/]$1 
& ! necess>y corrections made4 ,9       
,jones's  hydromet]1 :i* is an          
improvem5t ^u ,syke's1 a small _s       
!rmomet] is atta*$ to ! bulb1 & by not+ 
! temp]ature ( !  liquor at ! "t ( !    

exp]im5t1 & ref]r+ to ! tables          
accompany+ ! in/rum5t1 ! /r5g? is f\nd  
at once )\t !  ne$ ( calculation4       
,dica's hydromet] is v simil> to        
,jones's in/rum5t above describ$4  ,x is
 ( copp]1 has a /em fitt$ to receive    
brass poises1 a  !rmomet]1 a graduat$   
scale1 etc4    ,9 ,europe1              
,gay-,lussac's hydromet] & tables are   
*iefly us$ =  alcoholometric te/+4 ,?is 
in/rum5t is precisely simil> 9          
con/ruction to ^? ( ,twaddle & ,baume4  
,on ! scale1 z]o is  obta9$ by plac+ x 9
 pure di/ill$ wat] at #ei ,f41 & !      
highe/  m>k1 or #ajj1 by plac+ x 9 pure 
alcohol at ! same temp]ature1 !         
int]m$iate space be+ divid$ into #ajj   
equal divisions1 ea*  repres5t+ "o p]   
c5t4 ( absolute alcohol4 ,! correction =
  temp]ature1 z 9 ! above cases1 is     
includ$ 9 ! ref]5ce tables4    ,ano!r   
hydromet]1 us$ 9 ,france =              
alcoholometric det]m9ations1 is         
,c>ti]'s4 ,9 =m x is precisely simil> to
 ,baume's hydromet]4 ,z]o is  ! same 9  

bo? in/rum5ts1 b ! po9t m>k$ #cj 9      
,c>ti]'s is  m>k$ #cb 9 ,baume's1 !     
degrees ( ! latt] be+ ?us dim9i%$ 9  !  
proportion ( #ae or #af4 ,c>ti]'s       
hydromet] is only us$ = liquids  light] 
?an wat]4    ,! alcoholmet] ( ,tralles  
is ! (ficial in/rum5t = te/+  alcoholic 
liquors 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 b ! in/rum5t :i* is 
mo/ g5]ally  us$ bo? "h & abroad is t ( 
,beaum4 ,!re are two in/rum5ts  be>+    
,beaum's "n1 "o = liquids light] ?an    
wat]1 ! o!r =  ^? :i* are heavi]4 ,all  
hydromet]s1 alcoholmet]s &  sac*>omet]s 
"w on ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y are ea*  
diff]5tly graduat$ = ! p>ticul> "w to be
 done & ! details  ( ! measur+ process  
are slightly diff]5t4 ,all ^! in/rum5ts 
are provid$ ) tables :]eby _! read+s may
 be correct$ & !  specific gravity ( !  
liquid det]m9$4    ,! above hydrometric 
me?ods c be safely employ$ only :5 ! _s 
te/$ conta9s a v small am\nt ( solid    
matt]1 s9ce1 :5 su*  matt] is conta9$ 9 
! liquor 9 quantity1 ! d5sity alone _c  
possibly af=d a correct indication ( its

 ri*ness 9 alcohol4 ,_m  me?ods h be5   
propos$ = ! e/imation ( alcohol 9       
liquor1  conta9+ sac*>9e color+ &       
extractive matt]s1 ei!r 9 solution  or  
susp5sion4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ accurate (  
^!1 ?\gh at ! same  "t ! mo/ t$i\s1 is  
to subject ! liquor to a process (      
di/illation by :i* a mixture ( pure     
alcohol & wat] is obta9$ z  ! di/illate4
 ,?is mixture is c>efully te/$ ) !      
hydromet]1 &  ! p]c5tage ( alcohol 9 x  
det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! tables z  above 
describ$2 f ?is quantity & ! volume ( ! 
orig9al liquor  employ$ ! p]c5tage by   
volume ( alcohol 9 t liquor is readily  
f\nd4 ,! cond5s+ arrangem5t mu/ be kept 
p]fectly cool1 if  possible 9 a         
refrig]ator1 z ! alcohol 9 ! di/illate  
is v  liable to be lo/ by               
re-evaporation4 ,:5 great accuracy is   
desir$1 &  "t is at ! op]ator's         
disposal1 ! above me?od is pref]able to 
all  o!rs4    ,x is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+    
mann]3 ,?ree hundr$ p>ts ( !  liquor to 
be exam9$ are plac$ 9 a small /ill1 or  

retort1 & exactly  "o-?ird ( ?is        
quantity is di/ill$ ov]4 ,a graduat$    
glass tube is  us$ z ! receiv]1 9 ord] t
 ! correct volume may be drawn ov]  )\t 
error4 ,! alcoholic ri*ness ( !         
di/illate is !n  det]m9$ by any ( !     
above me?ods1 & ! result is divid$ by   
?ree1 :i* gives at once ! p]c5tage (    
alcohol 9 ! orig9al  liquor4 ,! /r5g? at
 pro( may be calculat$ f ?is 9 ! ord9>y 
way4    ,if ! liquor be acid1 x mu/ be  
neutraliz$ ) c>bonate ( soda  be=e be+  
submitt$ to di/illation4 ,f eight to t5 
p] c5t4 (  common salt mu/ be add$1 9   
ord] to raise ! boil+ po9t1 s t  ! :ole 
( ! _s may pass ov] be=e x has rea*$ !  
requir$  measure4 ,9 ! case ( ! /rong]  
w9es x is advisable to di/il ov]  #aej  
p>ts & divide by two in/ead ( ?ree4 ,if 
! liquor be /rong]  ?an #be p] c5t4 by  
volume ( alcohol1 or above #eb to #ed p]
 c5t4  "u-pro(1 an equal volume ( wat]  
%\ld be add$ to ! liquid 9  ! /ill1 & a 
quantity di/ill$ ov] equal to t ( !     
sample  te/$1 :5 ! alcoholic /r5g? ( !  

di/illate gives1 )\t  calculation1 !    
correct /r5g? requir$4 ,if ! liquor be  
/rong]  ?an #dh to #ej p] c5t4 "u-pro(1 
?ree times its volume ( wat] mu/  be    
add$1 & ! process mu/ be cont9u$ until !
 volume ( !  di/illate is twice t ( !   
sample orig9ally tak54 ,9 ea* case !    
proportionate quantity ( common salt mu/
 be add$4    ,= ! e/imation ( alcohol 9 
w9es1 liquors1 etc41 ! foll[+  me?od may
 be employ$3 ,a measur+ flask is fill$  
up to a m>k on its  neck ) ! liquor "u  
exam9ation1 :i* is !n transf]r$ to a    
retort2 ! flask mu/ be c>efully r9s$ out
 ) di/ill$ wat]1 &  ! r9s+s add$ to !   
liquor 9 ! retort4 ,ab\t two-?irds are  
!n  drawn ov] into ! same measur+ flask1
 & made up to its previ\s  bulk )       
di/ill$ wat]1 at ! same temp]ature z t (
 ! sample  be=e di/illation4 ,! /r5g? is
 !n det]m9$ by means ( ,syke's          
hydromet]1 & ?is1 if "u-pro(1 d$uct$ f  
#ajj1 gives ! true  p]c5tage ( pro(-_s 9
 ! w9e4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ec4--;,field's ,alcoholomet]4    ,a    

quick1 if n always v exact1 me?od       
consi/s 9 det]m9+ !  po9t at :i* !      
liquor boils4 ,! boil+ po9t ( absolute  
alcohol  be+ once det]m9$1 x is obvi\s t
 ! m x is dilut$ )  wat] ! ne>] w !     
boil+ po9t ( ! mixture approa* t (      
wat]2 moreov]1 x has be5 prov$ t !      
pres5ce ( sac*>9e &  o!r solid matt]s   
has b an almo/ inappreciable effect ^u  
?is  po9t4 ,field's alcoholomet]1 s9ce  
improv$ by ,ure1 is bas$ ^u ?is         
pr9ciple4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 &      
consi/s1 r\ghly speak+1 ( a  cyl9drical 
vessel ,a1 to conta9 ! _s2 ?is vessel is
 heat$ f  b5ea? by a _s lamp1 :i* fits  
into ! case ,b4 ,a delicate  !rmomet]   
,c1 ! bulb ( :i* is introduc$ into ! _s1
 is  atta*$ to a scale divid$ into #ajj 
divisions1 ( :i* ea* repres5ts  "o      
degree ov]-or "u-pro(4 ,?is me?od is    
liable to sev]al small  s\rces ( error1 
b :5 a great _m det]m9ations h to be    
made1  & spe$ is an object r ?an extreme
 accuracy1 ?is in/rum5t  becomes        
exce$+ly useful4 ,x does n answ] well ) 

spirits above  pro(1 because ! v>iation 
9 _! boil+ po9ts are s slight z n  to be
 easily obs]v$ ) accuracy4 ,b = liquors 
"u-pro(1 &  especially = w9es1 be]1 &   
o!r f]m5t$ liquors1 x gives results     
closely approximat+ to ^? obta9$ by     
di/illation1 & q  accurate en\gh = all  
ord9>y purposes4 ,/rong liquors %\ld    
!re=e be te/$ ) twice _! bulk1 &        
comm]cial spirits ) an  equal bulk1 (   
wat]1 ! result obta9$ be+ multipli$ by  
two or  ?ree1 z ! case may be4    ,ano!r
 v exp$iti\s1 b some:at r\gh1 me?od 0   
inv5t$ by  ,geisl]4 ,x consi/s 9 measur+
 ! t5sion ( ! vapor ( ! _s1  by caus+ x 
to raise a column ( m]cury 9 a clos$    
tube4 ,! v  simple app>atus is %[n 9    
,fig4 #ed4 ,a is a small glass bulb1    
fitt$  ) a n>r[ tube & /op-cock4 ,?is   
vessel is completely fill$ )  ! _s1 & is
 !n screw$ ^u a long1 n>r[ tube ,b1 b5t 
at "o  end & conta9+ m]cury4 ,?is tube  
is atta*$ to a graduat$ scale  %[+ !    
p]c5tage ( absolute alcohol above or    
bel[ pro(4 ,to make  ! te/ ! cock is    

op5$1 & ! bulb1 toge!r ) ! l[] "p  ( !  
tube1 is imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]1 :i*       
gradually raises !  _s to its           
boil+-po9t4 ,:5 ?is is rea*$1 ! vapor   
=ces !  m]cury up ! tube1 &1 :5         
/ation>y1 ! degree on ! scale to  :i* x 
has asc5d$ gives directly ! p]c5tage (  
alcohol4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ed4--;,geisl]'s ,app>atus4    ,ano!r   
me?od1 :i* is n to be reli$ on = v weak 
liquors1 b  :i* answ]s well = cordials1 
w9es1 & /rong ales1 is t kn[n z  ,br&e's
 me?od4 ,! liquor is p\r$ into a long1  
n>r[ glass tube1  graduat$ c5tesimally1 
until x is half-fill$4 ,ab\t #ab or #ae 
p] c5t4  ( subacetate ( lead1 or f9ely  
p[d]$ li?>ge1 is !n add$1 &  ! :ole is  
%ak5 until all ! color is de/roy$4      
,p[d]$ anhydr\s  c>bonate ( pota% is    
next add$ until x s9ks undissolv$ 9 !   
tube1  ev5 aft] prolong$ agitation4 ,!  
tube is !n all[$ to re/1 :5  ! alcohol  
is obs]v$ to float ^u ! surface ( ! wat]
 9 a  well-def9$ lay]4 ,! quantity read 
(f on ! scale ( ! tube &  d\bl$1 gives !

 p]c5tage by volume ( alcohol 9 !       
orig9al  liquid4 ,! :ole op]ation may be
 p]=m$ 9 ab\t five m9utes1 &  furni%es  
reliable approximative results4 ,9 _m   
cases x is necess>y  to add ! lead salt 
= ! purpose ( decoloriz+ ! liquid4    ,=
 ! inve/igation ( ! am\nt ( sug> 91 or !
 conc5tration (  ! ma%1 or be]1 a       
specially scal$ hydromet] is us$ :i* is 
t]m$  a sac*>omet]4 ,sug> possesses a   
high] degree ( specific gravity ?an     
wat]1 & h5ce x foll[s t ! great] ! am\nt
 ( sug> 9 !  ma% ! high] w be ! specific
 gravity4 ,! less ! hydromet]  s9ks into
 ! fluid ! great] ! am\nt ( sug> pres5t4
  ,sac*>omet]s are provid$ ) !rmomet]s  
:]eby ! read+ may be  correct$ to a /&>d
 temp]ature1 usually #ei ,f4 ,!         
sac*>omet] is  correct = solutions      
conta9+ sug> alone b x is only          
approximately  correct = ma% liquor :i* 
conta9s a v>iety ( o!r matt]s 9  v>iable
 quantities4    ,x is a prime necessity 
t ! di/ill] %\ld be able to det]m9e if  
! ma% has be5 completely sac*>ifi$ by ! 

malt4 ,= ?is purpose a  solution ( iod9e
 is us$4 ,iod9e gives to />* a blue     
color4 ,if !  />* h[ev]1 has be5        
completely *ang$ into sug> !re w ei!r   
be no discoloration or ! filt]$ ma%     
liquid :i* is at fir/ a  yell[i% r$     
becomes blue1 !n violet1 & at la/ r$4   
,det]m9ation ( ! ,purity ( ,alcohols4   
,:ile ! k ( !  am\nt ( alcohol conta9$ 9
 a liquid is ( great practical utility1 
?is does n give any idea ( ! impurities 
pres5t4    ,an alcohol ( #ajj degrees or
 an absolute alcohol1 may conta9 num]\s 
impurities :i* may greatly affect its   
quality4 ,x is !re=e  necess>y 9        
addition to analyze ! purity ( !        
alcohol4    ,9 comm]cial practice !re   
are c]ta9 simple processes :i* w give  a
 basis by :i* to det]m9e ! impurities   
left aft] di/illation &  rectification4 
,^! processes are l>gely empirical4 ,!y 
are bas$ on  ! p]ception ( ! s5ses & are
 consequ5tly ( an entirely relative     
degree ( precision4 ,nev]!less1 :5 made 
by a practical exp]t1 !  op]ation may   

give v useful prelim9>y indications4    
,?is te/ is made 9 a glass ( special    
%ape broad at ! bottom &  n>r[+ at ! top
 9 ord] to conc5trate ! aroma ( !       
product4  ,ord9>y br&ies are te/$       
undilut$4 ,comm]cial alcohols1 ( ab\t   
#ie  degrees mu/ be dilut$ ) wat] to a  
maximum ( #cj degrees4 ,o!rwise  ! burn+
 tang ( ! alcohol w\ld preclude any     
delicacy ( p]ception  & all[ impurities 
to pass unnotic$4    ,! op]ation is     
begun by exam9ation by s5se ( smell4 ,! 
glass is  half fill$ ) ! liquid dilut$ )
 "o half ( pure wat]4 ,!  glass is cov]$
 ) "o h& & %ak5 viol5tly = a few        
seconds4  ,imm$iately ^u uncov]+ x1 !   
quality ( ! alcoholic vapors may  be    
asc]ta9$ by _! odor4    ,= ! exam9ation 
by s5se ( ta/e1 ! op]ator r9ses 8 m\? = 
a mom5t ) ! liquid itself4 ,! ta/e (    
e?yl alcohol is fairly  transi5t2--x    
disappe>s quickly all[+ ! ta/e ( !      
accompany+  =eign matt] to be p]ceiv$   
almo/ imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,) a  little  
practice ?is te/ enables "o to di/+ui%  

by _! flavor !  primal orig9 ( alcohols 
& to judge ( _! purity4 ,"s             
pr(essionals succe$ by tra9+ 9 arriv+ at
 high degree ( skill 9  ! art ( ta/+    
alcohol z x %\ld be done4    ,9 ord] to 
det]m9e ! purity ( alcohol !re are      
besides *emical  te/s us$ by ! trade4   
,^! te/s1 :i* consi/ 9 *>act]iz+ &      
measur+ sep>ately ! impurities :i*      
alcohol may conta91 su* z  acids1 e!rs1 
aldehydes1 bases1 etc41 belong          
exclusively to analytical  *emi/ry2 !y  
are extremely delicate & complicat$4 ,we
 w n  v5ture to t\* ^u !m "h4    ,"o ( !
 simple/ te/s = purity is t ( ,b>bet4   
,?is is bas$  ^u ! "t tak5 to discolor a
 solution ( p]manganate ( pota%  "u !   
action ( ! te/$ alcohol4 ,x is n only v 
rapid b 9  g5]al m practical ?an o!r    
te/s4 ,x all[s ! aggregate ( !          
impurities conta9$ 9 an alcohol to be   
asc]ta9$ 9 a s+le  op]ation4    ,!      
p]manganate solution us$ is v weak 7#j4 
gr4 #bjj ( salt71 & (  a violet-r$      
color4 ,! te*nique ( ! proce$+ is z     

foll[s3 #ej  cubic c5timet]s ( ! alcohol
 to be te/$ are plac$ 9 a glass  vessel 
! temp]ature ( :i* is ma9ta9$ at        
#fd4dj;,f4 #b cubic  c5timet]s ( !      
p]manganate solution are abruptly add$ &
 ! "t  not$ to )9 a second4             
,discoloration is await$ & z soon z x   
takes place ! "t is aga9 not$4 ,! total 
discoloration ( !  p]manganate is n v   
m>k$ & passes ?r\gh int]m$iate /ages2   
!re=e x is pref]able n to await complete
 discoloration b to  /op at a pale      
salmon t9t1 :i* t9t may be comp>atively 
fix$ by a  sample ( color$ liquid 7say a
 solution ( fu*s9e & *romate (  pota%74 
,! comp>ative times ( discoloration     
obta9$ by ,m4 ,b>bet ) v>i\s  comm]cial 
alcohols1 are z foll[s3                 
,pure alcohol                           
#dc m94 #cj sec4           ,extra f9e   
alcohol                      #e     #cj 
,semi f9e alcohol                       
#e     #aj             ,m$ium flavor    
alcohol 7fir/ runn+7   #e      #e       
,m$iocre alcohol                        

#e     #aa             ,m$ium flavor    
alcohol 7la/ runn+7    #b     #ab       
,,*apt] ,,xii4          ,,di/ill+       
,,plants3 ,,_! ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t ,,& 
,,equipm5t4      ,:5 we look at !       
manufactories ( to-day ) _! complicat$  
ma*9]y1 _! ext5sive equipm5t1 _! great  
boil]s1 & eng9es  & _! hundr$s (        
employees1 we are liable to =get t good 
"w  0 turn$ out by our ance/ors1 )      
equipm5t ( extreme simplicity &  t      
to-day :ile !re are1 = in/ance1 ?\s&s ( 
wood-work+  mills1 complete 9 e detail &
 cov]+ "u a multitude ( ro(s  e v>iety (
 complicat$ & p]fect$ wood-work+ ma*9]y1
 yet  !re are _m m ?\s&s ( small plants1
 compris+ a portable  boil]1 f$ )       
refuse1 a small eng9e & a few saws :i*  
are mak+  money = ! own]s & do+ ! "w ( !
 _w4    ,! read] !re=e1 mu/ be w>n$     
aga9/ any feel+ (  disc\ragem5t because 
( ! co/ & complicat$ p]fection (        
elaborate di/ill+ plants4 ,:]e ! bus9ess
 is to be ent]$ into on  a l>ge scale1  
to take ! products f a consid]able      

section (  c\ntry & turn !m into alcohol
 to compete 9 ! great m>kets1 !  be/ (  
app>atus & equipm5t is n too good1 b !  
p]son  contemplat+ ! m]e manufacture (  
alcohol on a small scale1 to s]ve  only 
a small section1 mu/ rememb] t          
di/illation is really a v  simple matt]1
 = ye>s practic$ ) a mo/ rudim5t>y      
app>atus &  /ill s practic$ 9 ! c\ntry  
di/ricts p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s\?4    ,?is is
 well illu/rat$ by ! fact t an illicit  
di/ill] conf9$  9 "o ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a  
p5it5ti>ies = transgress+ ! rev5ue      
laws1 0 able :ile 9 durance1 to cont9ue 
8 op]ations unkn[n to  ! prison         
au?orities1 8 plant consi/+ ( a few     
buckets1 & a  /ill ^: body 0 a t9       
kettle1 a few pieces ( pipe & a worm :i*
  he _h b5t himself4 ,?is example is n  
giv5 z enc\ragem5t to  illicit or       
blockade di/ill+ b m]ely to %[ vividly  
h[ simple  ! rudim5t>y app>atus really  
is4    ,! simple/ regul> plants1 ^? ( ! 
,s\? = in/ance1 comprise a  build+ (    
r\gh lumb] "s ?irty feet by twelve wide1

 ) a wood5  floor on :i* ! f]m5t+ vats  
re/ & an e>!rn floor imm$iately  9 front
 ( ! /ill & furnace4 ,?is is to p]mit ! 
fires be+  drawn :5 ! *>ge has be5      
exhau/$ 9 ! boil]4 ,! /ill is (  !      
fire-heat$1 int]mitt5t v>iety1 su* z    
describ$ on page #ce4 ,x  consi/s ( a   
brick furnace or ov51 l>ge en\gh to burn
 ord9>y cord  wood & support+ a copp]   
boil] ( fifte5 or tw5ty gallons         
capacity4 ,on top ( ?is is a copp] head 
) ! usual goose neck1  f :i* a copp]    
pipe leads to a clos$ & lock$ b>rel     
conta9+  raw spirits1 ?is b>rel act+ on 
! pr9ciple ( ! cond5s+  *amb] %[n 9 !   
/ill 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,f ! upp] "p ( ?is     
b>rel1  :i* acts z a conc5trator1 !     
vapors pass to a copp] worm imm]s$  9 a 
tub ( cold wat]4 ,"h ! vapors are       
cond5s$ & pass by a pipe  to a small    
room1 conta9+ a lock$ receiv+ tank4 ,?is
 room is kept  lock$ & is "u ! imm$iate 
*>ge ( ! ,gov]nm5t (fic] 9  *>ge ( !    
/ill1 or1 9 ! case ( alcohol int5d$ =   
de-natur+1  ! alcohol w\ld pass to a    

lock$ tank f :5ce x w\ld be tak5 &      
de-natur$ "u ! *>ge ( ! prop] ,gov]nm5t 
(fic]4    ,! f]m5t+ vats may be six or m
 9 numb] s z to all[ ! ma%  9 ea* tank  
to be at a diff]5t /age ( f]m5tation4 ,a
 h& pump is  us$ = pump+ ! cont5ts ( any
 ( ! tanks into ! boil] or !  /ill4 ,a  
h& pump is also provid$ = supply+ wat]  
to ! vats &  cond5s]s4    ,9 connection 
) ! di/ill+ & f]m5t+ build+ !re are     
small  build+s = /or+ ! gra91 malt1     
etc41 = ! /orage ( !  alcohol & = !     
keep+ ( ! v>i\s books1 records1 & /amps 
requir$ by law4 ,su* plants z ^! are    
locat$ adjac5t to a good  cle> spr+ or  
ev5 a small brook1 & pref]ably 9 a      
position  conv5i5t to ! c>riage (       
mat]ials & ! transportation ( !  :iskey 
or o!r liquor produc$4    ,! build+s are
 ( ! *eape/ con/ruction & arrang$ 9 !   
mann] :i* compels ! lea/ labor 9 fill+ !
 ma% vats & turn+  ! cont5ts into       
spirits4 ,!re are no special ma% cool]s1
 no  complicat$ /irr]s4 ,! be] z !      
f]m5t$ ma% is call$ is  /irr$ by a      

paddle 9 ! h&s ( a /rong negro & ! ma%  
is mix$  & f]m5t$ by rule ( ?umb1 )\t ! 
use ( any sci5tific  appliances4        
,primitive1 z x is1 h[ev]1 ^? small     
plants 9 c]ta9  sections ( ! c\ntry make
 money = _! proprietors & s]ve a  l>ge  
numb] ( cu/om]s4 ,! spirits s produc$   
are l[ grade1 fi]y  & r\gh 9 ta/e1 b !  
po9t is t alcohol may be & is s         
produc$4    ,betwe5 ^! simple beg9n+s & 
! elaborate plants ( big  di/ill]ies !re
 is a wide range1 s wide t x is         
impossible )9  ! limits ( ?is book to g 
into detail4 ,! mak]s ( di/ill+         
app>atus furni% all grades ( /ills & to 
^? contemplat+  erect+ a plant x is     
sugge/$ t _! be/ c\rse is to communicate
  ) su* manufactur]s1 giv+ !            
circum/ances ( ! case1 !  p>ticul>      
product to be work$ & ! capacity desir$4
 ,! object (  ?is book is to give an    
und]/&+ ( ! processes ( di/illation  & (
 ?is *apt] to give a g5]al idea ( !     
arrangem5t ( a numb]  ( typical di/ill+ 
plants1 suitable = v>i\s k9ds ( "w4     

,t ! simple1 direct-heat$ pot /ill su* z
 ref]r$ to above1 us$  = fifte5 hundr$  
ye>s & ov]1 is /ill us$ is l>gely due to
 !  simplicity ( its con/ruction &      
op]ation1 b its capacity is small1  &   
its op]at+ exp5se relatively heavy4 ,x  
is /ill us$ = mak+  liquors1 b =        
indu/rial purposes x has be5 entirely   
sup]c$$ by  conc5trat+ & rectify+ /ills4
 ,a simple =m ( ! latt] is f\nd  9 !    
/ill %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa & 9 ! di/ill+      
app>atus ( ,adam  7,fig4 #i74           
,orig9ally all /ills 7 heat$ by direct  
contact ) fire4 ,?is 0  op5 to a s]i\s  
objection1 namely1 t ! ma% if ?ick 0    
liable to  be scor*$4 ,/irr+ devices 7  
us$ by ,pi/ori\s b ^! requir$  con/ant  
att5tion4 ,z a consequ5ce1 direct fir+  
gave place to heat+  by /eam1 by :i* n  
only 0 scor*+ ( ! wa% avoid$ b mu*      
great] c]ta9ty ( op]ation 0 atta9$4     
,! /eam may be us$ to simply heat !     
boil]1 ?us tak+ ! place (  ! direct heat
 ( ! fire1 b x is f> bett] 9 e way to   
admit  ! /eam directly to ! ma% z 9 !   

,c(fey /ill1 ,fig4 #ah1 & all  mod]n    
/ills4 ,x is possible to apply ?is      
pr9ciple to all comp\nd  /ills1 b ! be/ 
results ) greate/ economy ( fuel are1 ( 
c\rse1 gott5 f ! plate or column /ills  
especially con/ruct$ =  /eam4 ,9 ord] to
 get ! be/ results x is necess>y t !    
entry (  /eam be regulat$ s t !re may be
 absolute uni=mity ( fl[4 ,a  conv5i5t  
=m ( regulator is t inv5t$ by ,savalle1 
& describ$  on page #gj1 hut !re are a  
numb] ( o!r =ms on ! m>ket ea* "o  hav+ 
its special advantages4    ,x w be se5  
!n t :ile ! simple pot /ill1 fire-heat$1
 may be  us$1 ! practical plant = !     
f]m5tation ( indu/rial alcohol  %\ld h a
 mod]n cont9u\s /ill & rectifi] & a     
boil] =  g5]at+ ! necess>y /eam = x & = 
! op]ations ( ma%+  & f]m5t+4           
,,! ,,f]m5t+ ,,room4    ,! f]m5t+ room  
has ?ree ma9 requirem5ts = successful   
comm]cial  di/illation4 ,x mu/ all[ a   
uni=m temp]ature to be ma9ta9$ 9 !      
vats2 x mu/ h ?or\gh v5tilation )\t any 
draft9ess1 & x  mu/ be absolutely clean4

 ,x %\ld h also pl5ty ( light s t x  may
 be ?or\ghly inspect$4 ,x is true t 9 ! 
primitive plants all  ^! requisites 7   
violat$1 b !re is no reason = ?is4 ,!   
fir/ co/ is b little add$ to by build+ )
 ^! requisites 9  m9d & x is f> m       
pr(itable 9 ! long run2 & x is only by !
  elim9ation ( ! bact]ia :i* are        
inimical to prop] f]m5tation  t ! f]m5t+
 op]ation c be p]=m$ ) any c]ta9ty4     
,= ! regulation ( ! temp]ature reliance 
may be _h on /oves or  heat]s1 or on    
special ma% heat]s & cool]s by :i* !    
temp]ature  ( ! ma% 9 ! tubs may itself 
be controll$ )\t ref]5ce to  !          
temp]ature ( ! f]m5t+ room4 ,:51 h[ev]1 
no special &  adequate-heat+ means is   
provid$1 ! walls %\ld be d\ble ) an  air
 space betwe5 & ! doors & w9d[s %\ld    
ei!r be also d\ble  or limit$ 9 numb]4  
,to ensure good v5tilation & pl5ty (    
space above ! vats :]e9 to  "w or in/all
 suitable vatt+ ma*9]y1 ! walls %\ld be 
at lea/  twelve feet 9 height4 ,outlet  
op5+s %\ld be =m$ ar\nd ! base  ( ! room

 lead+ to ! out] air & clos$ by         
controllable %utt]s4  ,^! are to all[ ! 
escape ( ! c>bonic acid gas evolv$ dur+ 
f]m5tation4 ,^! %\ld be mo/ c>efully    
con/ruct$1 h[ev]1 to  prev5t drafts4    
,! walls & floor ( ! f]m5t+ rooms %\ld  
be s made t !y  may be easily wa%$ d[n &
 kept clean4 ,concrete floors are       
excell5t  = ?is purpose & ! walls also  
may be fac$ ) concrete or cem5t  cov]$ )
 a coat+ compos$ ( a mixture ( asphalt &
 coal t>4  ,?is mixture may be also     
appli$ to pla/] walls ) good results4   
,! f]m5t+ vats1 z be=e /at$1 are made ( 
wood = small plants1  & ( iron = l>g]   
plants1 & are usually f ?ree & a half to
  f\r & a half feet 9 height4 ,aft] !   
*ief f]m5t+ p]iod1 x is  necess>y t !   
temp]ature ( ! ma% be prev5t$ f ris+    
beyond #hf ,f4 & to t end movable cool+ 
tubes1 coils & /irr]s  are us$4 ,^!     
consi/ ( p>allel frames made up ( tubes1
 pref]ably  ( copp]1 ?r\gh :i* cold wat]
 is pass$ & :i* are mov$ ab\t  9 ! vat1 
ei!r v]tically or rotatively4 ,!re mu/  

be space above  ! vats1 !re=e1 = !      
introduction & removal ( ^! cool+       
frames1 & = ! ge>+ :]eby !y are driv54  
,z previ\sly /at$1 ma%es to-day are     
mo/ly prep>$ by /eam+ &  dis9tegrat+ 9 a
 ma% cook] ( ! type %[n 9 ,figs4 #a &   
#da or 9  ,h5ze /eam]s1 f :i* ! ma% is  
bl[n into ! prep>atory ma%  vat1 :]e x  
is /irr$ & br\ght to ! prop] temp]ature 
=  f]m5tation4 ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t ( 
ma% cook]1 cool]s1 pump &  vats is %[n 9
 ,fig4 #a4 ,:]e ,h5ze /eam]s are us$ !y 
are arrang$  9 batt]ies1 ! bl[-(f pipes 
be+ connect$ to ! prep>atory ma%  vats4 
,^! are pref]ably provid$ ) wat] cool$  
/irr]s consi/+  ( a frame ( /raight &   
v]tical tubes m\nt$ on a tubul> arm     
project+ f a tubul> %aft1 & rotat$ 9 a  
horizontal plane )9  ! clos$ ma% vats1  
by suitable ge>s4 ,! rotation ( ! arm   
/irs  & automatically mixes ! ma% :ile  
cool+ x4 ,ano!r =m ( cool]  is %[n      
diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #d4    ,:atev] 
=m ( cool+ app>atus is us$1 att5tion    
%\ld be paid to  ! ease ) :i* ! /irr]s  

or tubes c be kept clean1 & to !  /r5g? 
( ! app>atus1 ge>s1 etc4 ,conc5trat$ or 
?ick ma%es  require t ! /irr]s be (     
massive con/ruction1 capable ( be+      
rapidly rotat$ 9 ! liquid4    ,9        
prep>atory ma% vats = use ) conc5trat$  
ma%es1 means mu/  also be provid$ =     
cle>+ ! ma%4 ,^! ma% clean]s & husk     
remov]s usually =m "p (1 or are atta*$  
to ! vat itself & are  driv5 by ge>+ f !
 ma9 %aft c>ry+ p[] to ! ma%+ room4     
,a good idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5t &     
correlation ( ! v>i\s  app>atus ( a     
plant may be ga!r$ f ! sectional view ( 
a gra9  di/ill]y %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,x w  
be se5 f ?is t ! ma%+  app>atus1 /eam]s 
& mix]s are locat$ on ! sev]al floors ( 
"o  build+ & 9 su* relation to ea* o!r t
 ! sev]al op]ations  ( sac*>ify+ are    
c>ri$ on 9 a cont9u\s movem5t ( ma%     
t[>ds  ! f]m5t+ vats4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #ee4--;,cont9u\s ,gra9 ,alcohol  
,di/ill]y--,b>bet's  ,sy/em4    ,adjo9+ 
! f]m5t+ vat room is a section ( ! plant
 giv5 up to  ! manufacture ( pure yea/ &

 ?is & ! f]m5t+ rooms are level  ) !    
gr\nd1 h solid walls :]eby a uni=m      
temp]ature is  obta9$1 & pl5ty ( space =
 prop] v5tilation ( ! vats4 ,a  gall]y  
trav]ses ! room ab\t midway ! height ( !
 vats s t  conv5i5t access may be _h to 
!m4 ,! di/ill+ room is high en\gh  to   
all[ = ! sett+ ( ! v>i\s columns1       
sep>ators &  cond5s]s at _! prop]       
heights relative to ea* o!r1 & %\ld  be 
s arrang$ z to its sev]al floors or     
/ages t access to !  v>i\s pipes &      
app>atus may be easily _h4 ,! /eam      
g5]ator =  ! column is locat$ 9 an      
adjac5t room4    ,9 addition to ?is !re 
%\ld be a malt h\se = ! prep>ation (    
malt1 locat$ conv5i5tly to ! sac*>ify+  
build+2 an eng9e &  boil] room s plac$ t
 p[] may be conv5i5tly transf]r$ to !   
mix]s1 /irr]s & pumps & to g5]ate /eam =
 ! ,h5ze boil]s2  :ile adjac5t to !     
di/ill+ build+ %\ld be ! /orage tanks & 
de-natur+ dep>tm5t4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #ef4--;,gra9 ,di/ill]y4 ,capacity
 #b1ejj ,bu%els p]  day4 7,to face page 

#aih7    ,ano!r arrangem5t ( app>atus = 
a gra9 di/ill]y ) a capacity  ( #bejj   
bu%els p] day is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 
,?is plant 0 erect$  by ! ,vulcan ,copp]
 ,works ,co41 & includes sep>ate /ills =
 g91  alcohol1 & rye :iskey1 z well z a 
_s rectify+ column4    ,! mill+ & gra9  
mix+ dep>tm5ts1 ! yea/ room & !  f]m5t+ 
room are arrang$ on ! sev]al floors ( "o
 build+1 9  ! basem5t ( :i* is locat$ ! 
vacuum cook] & drop tub &  cool]s       
describ$ on page #aa f :i* ! ma% is     
pump$ into !  f]m5t+ tubs4    ,! second 
section ( ! build+ conta9s ! di/ill+    
app>atus1  /orage tanks1 *>coal         
rectifi]s & _s rectify+ app>atus1 :ile  
! ?ird section ( ! build+ comprises !   
boil] h\se & eng9e  room4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg--,small ,beet  
,di/ill]y4    ,9 ,fig4 #eg is %[n a view
 ( a small plant = ! di/illation (      
beets1 ! figure giv+ a good idea ( !    
arrangem5t ( !  diffusion batt]y 9      
relation to ! /ill & rectifi]4 ,! juice 
f  ! diffusion batt]y is pump$ into !   

ov]head tanks f :i* x  desc5ds into a   
dephlegmator & f !nce into ! /ill1 !    
vapors  f ! /ill pass+ into ! rectifi]4 
,! /ill is a direct1  fire-heat$ /ill & 
adjac5t to ! /ill is a wat] heat] f :i* 
! wat] passes to ! hot wat] res]voir    
locat$ above & to "o side  ( ! diffusion
 vats4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#eh4--,l>ge ,beet ,di/ill]y4    ,a l>ge 
plant = ! di/illation ( beets is %[n 9 !
 ,section ,fig4  #eh4 ,! beets f ! beet 
silos are c>ri$ to suitable wa%+        
ma*9es1 ,a1 see ,*apt] ,,vii1 9 :i* !y  
are ?or\ghly clean$ (  dirt & gravel4 ,f
 ! wa%]s !y are lift$ by a conveyor ,b  
to a  di/ributor ,c by :i* !y are       
convey$ to ! cutt]s or slic]s4  ,^!     
consi/ ( horizontal ap]tur$ plates      
revolv+ at a high spe$1  & c>ry knives  
:i* plane (f slices f ! beets4 ,^! drop 
?r\gh ! ap]tures ( ! plate & are convey$
 to ! diffusion  batt]ies1 z by a       
movable *ute ,d oscillat$ ) a jigg+     
motion  ?r\gh suitable ge>+4    ,!      
diffus]s ,f %\ld be arrang$ s t small   

trucks may be driv5  b5ea? !m to receive
 ! sp5t slices & c>ry !m to ! sp5t beet 
silos4 ,u indicates a gaug+ tank into   
:i* ! juice runs f !  diffus]s4 ,f !nce 
x passes to cool]s 7n se57 & !nce to !  
f]m5tation tanks ,g4 ,r indicates a     
small eng9e = driv+ !  beet slic]s & ,s 
a batt]y ( pumps :]eby ! wa% may be =c$ 
up  into ! res]voir ,i f :i* ! wa%      
desc5ds into ! /ill ,k4  ,h & ,j are    
res]voirs = hot & cold wat]             
respectively4    ,f ! di/ill+ column ,k 
! phlegm or raw _s passes to !  phlegm  
tank ,l f :i* x is drawn z desir$ into !
 rectify+  column ,m1 !nce into ! cool]s
 & cond5s]s & !nce into !  alcohol tanks
 ,n4    ,on ! o!r side ( ! build+ z     
indicat$ by ! *imney is !  boil] =      
g5]at+ ! motive p[] = ! plant & =       
supply+  ! /eam necess>y = ! di/ill+ &  
rectify+ columns & ! hot  wat] = !      
diffusion batt]ies4 ,! boil] %\ld be v  
capaci\s  & x w\ld be well to h two1 "o 
9 res]ve4    ,if possible1 advantage    
%\ld be tak5 ( ! natural slope ( ! gr\nd

  s t ! trucks br++ beets f ! silo to ! 
wa%] &  c>ry+ ! sp5t beets away may roll
 d[nw>d by _! own weight4 ,!  silos = ! 
sp5t beets %\ld be excavat$ f ! gr\nd & 
!  trucks be con/ruct$ to tip _! cont5ts
 into ^! pits4 ,! natural  slope ( !    
bottom ( ^! pits %\ld dra9 away ! wat] &
 means  be provid$ :]eby c>ts c load ) !
 sp5t beets to c>ry !m  away4    ,! sp5t
 liquors %\ld fl[ (f into ponds f :i* !y
 may be drawn  away to f]tilize l&4     
,a v conv5i5t me?od ( c>ry+ beets f !   
silos to ! wa%+  ma*9e is by means ( a  
n>r[ canal ( rapidly fl[+ wat]1 fl[+    
betwe5 ! silos & ent]+ ! wa%+ ma*9es4   
,beets pit*$ into  ?is /ream are c>ri$  
along by ! curr5t to ! wa%]s & at !     
same "t und]go a prelim9>y wa%+4 ,by    
lay+ out a sy/em (  *annels ?r\gh\t !   
beet y>d ! labor ( h&l+ is r$uc$ to a   
m9imum4 ,^! *annels may be cov]$ by     
bo>ds on :i* ! beets may  be pil$4 ,^!  
may be lift$ & ! beets !reon dump$ into 
!  /ream4    ,a plant = ! di/illation ( 
potatoes w\ld be arrang$ v mu*  aft] !  

plan ( ! gra9 di/ill]y h]et(ore describ$
 except t  x w\ld h to be provid$ )     
app>atus = wa%+ ! potatoes &  remov+    
/ones & adh]+ clods ( e>?4 ,^! wa%]s1 z 
put on !  m>ket1 comprise a slott$      
rotat+ drum1 :i* tumbles ! potatoes     
ab\t & loos5s ! dirt4 ,:5 !y escape f ! 
drum !y ent] a  wa%+ tr\gh :]e !y are   
/irr$ ab\t by revolv+ blades & act$  ^u 
by a swift curr5t ( wat]4 ,! tr\gh %\ld 
be ab\t two feet  long to prop]ly wa% ! 
potatoes4 ,!y are !n lift$ by an        
elevator  to ! m\? ( ! ,h5ze pulp]s 7see
 ,fig4 #b7 or ! vacuum cook]s see  ,fig4
 #a74    ,x is ( advantage t ! wa%+     
app>atus be s locat$ t !  potatoes z !y 
are receiv$ may be %ovel$ into x        
imm$iately4 ,!  scale = weigh+ !        
potatoes z !y are br\ght 9 %\ld be s    
locat$ t ! manag] may att5d to ! weigh+ 
)\t hav+ to  leave ! di/ill]y4 ,?is &   
o!r l details may seem ( small  mom5t b 
x is c>e 9 su* details :i* conduces to !
 success ( a  plant4 ,z be=e /at$ 9     
describ+ a beet di/ill]y1 advantage %\ld

  be tak5 ( ! lay ( ! l& 9 lay+ out !   
plant s t ! sp5t  pulp may be easily    
dispos$ (1 ! sp5t wa% c>ri$ away1 & !   
f9i%$ product conv5i5tly h&l$4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,molasses    
,di/ill]y4 ,capacity #b1ejj gallons p]  
day4    ,9 ,fig4 #ei1 is %[n a plant =  
di/ill+ molasses1 design$ by !  ,vulcan 
,copp] ,works1 be=e ref]r$ to1 & erect$ 
= ! ,rio ,tamposo  ,sug> ,co41 (        
,tamposo1 ,s4 ,l4 ,p41 ,mexico4    ,!   
molasses z be=e expla9$ at page #afd be+
 too conc5trat$1 is  fir/ pump$ into !  
/eam mix+ tank on ! gr\nd floor ( !     
di/ill+ build+4 ,"h x is dilut$ & heat$1
 mix$ ) sulphuric  acid & pump$ into !  
long ranges ( cool+ pipes1 locat$ along 
!  f]m5t+ room & built on ! pr9ciple %[n
 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,"h x is  fur!r dilut$ &   
yea/ is add$4 ,f ! f]m5t+ tubs !        
molasses  be] is pump$ into ! be] heat] 
& !nce into su* a /ill z is  %[n 9 ,fig4
 #cb4    ,9 addition to ?is ! plant     
conta9s a rectify+ app>atus = !  high   
w9es produc$ by ! be] /ill1 compris+ a  

_s /ill1 *>g$  f a high w9e tank1 a     
rectify+ column1 sep>ator1 & tubul>     
cond5s] f :i* ! rectifi$ _s is c>ri$ to 
! /orage  tanks4    ,cane sug>          
di/ill]ies are practically arrang$ !    
same z ! molasses  di/ill]y above       
describ$4 ,! cane is cru%$ betwe5 !     
rolls ( cane  cru%]s on ! receiv+ floor 
& is !n /ra9$ to remove !  begasse4 ,!  
cl>ifi$ juice is !n pump$ up to ! mix+  
tanks4 ,9  ^! ! molasses is mix$ ) sp5t 
wa% f o!r f]m5tations or  ) wat]1 aft]  
:i* x is acidifi$ & fl[s to ! f]m5t+    
vats4  ,! f]m5t+ h\se %\ld be provid$ ) 
means = =c+ 9  filt]$ air & = v5tilat+1 
z molasses wa% is v s5sitive to  *ange 9
 temp]ature & v liable to become        
contam9at$ by injuri\s  f]m5ts4 7,see   
,fig4 #fj74    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#fj4--,molasses ,f]m5t+ ,h\se4    ,above
 ea* vat %\ld be a cool+ coil capable ( 
be+ l[]$ into !  vat & a wat] spray+    
pipe1 :]eby ! ma% may be dilut$ :5      
desir$4 ,f ! vats1 ! wa% is pump$ to !  
di/ill+ &  rectify+ columns4 ,9 ,jamaica

 ! /ill %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 is l>gely  us$1
 z also ! ,c(fey /ill1 ,fig4 #ah4    ,x 
is v (t5 n pr(itable to di/ill _s f     
molasses or sug>  cane directly at !    
sug> factories1 !re be+ no m>ket on !   
spot  & transportation ( ! _s 9 casks   
be+ v co/ly &  difficult1 n only because
 ( ! lack ( transport+ means b because  
! tropical climate t5ds to w>p ! empty  
casks4 ,transportation ( !  molasses 9  
casks to a di/ill]y is likewise op5 to  
objections ( co/  & ! action ( ! hot sun
 9 f]m5t+ ! molasses & bur/+ !  cask4   
,b>bet has sugge/$ a way out ( !        
difficulty4 ,?is consi/s 9  boil+ !     
molasses 9 vacuo1 & !n runn+ x into     
molds l9$ )  %eets ( pap]4 ,^! are set  
by dipp+ 9 cold wat]4 ,:5 set !  loaves 
wrapp$ 9 _! pap] cov]+s are z easily    
h&l$ z sug>  loaves4 ,!re is no dead    
weight nor any empties to be return$ z 9
  ! case ( casks4 ,! molasses is 9 a mo/
 conc5trat$ =m & ?is  makes = economy 9 
freight4 ,!re is no risk ( det]ioration 
& !  loaves may be /or$ 9 an ord9>y     

w>eh\se4 ,?is me?od all[s !  di/ill]y to
 be locat$ at c5t]s ( transportation or 
at seaports1  :ile ! sug> factories are 
on ! plantation4    ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 
select+ ! site = a di/ill]y t an        
abundance ( pure wat] may be suppli$4 ,!
 pur] ! wat] ! bett]1  & :]e wat] is n  
pure1 purify+ app>atus %\ld be provid$4 
,!  coolness ( ! wat] is a factor :i*   
mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4  ,!      
great] am\nt ( wat] w be us$ = cool+1 & 
x foll[s !n  t ! cool] ! wat] ! less ( x
 w h to be us$4    ,! horse-p[] ( !     
eng9es us$ 9 driv+ ! di/ill+ app>atus   
v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! capacity ( ! /ill1 !
 av]age be+  betwe5 #f ,h4,p4 & #cj     
,h4,p41 = plants hav+ f]m5t+ vats (     
capacities rang+ betwe5 two hundr$ &    
fifty1 & twelve hundr$  gallons4    ,x  
mu/ n be =gott5 t ! coal consumption ( a
 plant dep5ds  ^u ! economy ( heat+     
means 9 ! di/ill+ app>atus1 !  p]fection
 ) :i* ! heat ( ! vapors is us$ to heat 
! wa%1  ! p]fection ( ! boil] grates & !
 me?od ( fir+4 ,^!  latt] matt]s %\ld be

 obvi\s to any di/ill]1 b x is 9 economy
  9 little ?+s t ! successful op]ation (
 a plant resides4    ,no?+ is m surpris+
 ?an ! diff]5ce 9 ! coal consumption (  
diff]5t di/ill]ies4 ,"s use a ?ird m ?an
 o!rs4 ,?is is caus$  by poor coal1 by  
poor fir+1 by poor boil]s1 by h>d wat]1 
or by poor  di/ill+ equipm5t4 ,) reg>d  
to ! latt] ?is ^w ( advice may  be giv53
 ,! great] ! numb] ( plates 9 ! di/ill+ 
column1 !  less ! coal consum$ p] gallon
 ( alcohol produc$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1  be  
tak5 into acc\nt t a l>ge numb] ( plates
 9 a column means a  column (           
consid]able height & t 9 turn means a   
correspond+ly  tall /ill h\se & increas$
 fir/ co/4 ,h5ce x is m economical to   
use ! be/ =ms ( traps on ! plates & few]
 plates1 & ! be/  =ms ( ^! traps z po9t$
 out 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 are ^? :]e9 !      
l>ge/ quantity ( vapor 9 a f9ely divid$ 
/ate may come into contact  ) ! greate/ 
numb] ( liquid p>ticles4    ,9          
conclusion x may be said t dirt1        
neglect1 c>elessness & a too  great     

desire = economy 9 fir/ co/ are all     
factors 9 l[]+ !  economical            
productiv5ess z well 9 a di/ill]y z 9   
o!r  manufactur+ plants4                
,,*apt] ,,xiii4                         
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol ,,&             
,,de-,,natur+ ,,=mul      ,! uses (     
alcohol are v num]\s & v>i$1 ! pr9cipal 
be+1 (  c\rse1 = ! production ( all     
alcoholic liquors su* z br&y1 g91  rum1 
:iskey1 liquors1 etc42 t di/ill$ f gra9 
is almo/ entirely  consum$ 9 !          
manufacture ( :iskey1 g91 & ,briti%     
br&y4 ,9 !  arts1 /rong alcohol is      
employ$ by ! p]fum]s & mak]s ( ess5ces  
= dissolv+ ess5tial oils1 soaps1 etc41 &
 = extract+ ! odor  ( fl[]s & plants2 by
 ! v>ni%-mak]s = dissolv+ res9s2 by     
photograph]s 9 ! prep>ation ( collodion2
 by ! ph>maceuti/s 9  ! prep>ation (    
t9ctures & o!r valuable m$icam5ts2 by   
*emi/s  9 _m analytical op]ations1 & 9 !
 manufacture ( num]\s  prep>ations2 by  
in/rum5t mak]s 9 ! manufacture (        
delicate  !rmomet]s2 by ! anatomi/ &    

naturali/ z an antiseptic2 & 9  m$ic9e1 
bo? 9 a conc5trat$ =m 7rectifi$ _s71 &  
dilut$  7pro( _s1 br&y1 etc471 z a      
/imulant1 tonic1 or irritant1 & =  v>i\s
 applications z a rem$y4 ,x is l>gely   
consum$ 9 !  manufacture ( v9eg>2 & 9 ! 
=m ( me?ylat$ _s x is us$  9 lamps =    
produc+ heat4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5       
employ$ = a  multitude ( purposes :i* x 
is almo/ impossible to enum]ate4    ,!  
common =m ( alcohol kn[n z de-natur$ _s 
consi/s (  alcohol to :i* "o t5? ( its  
volume ( wood alcohol1 or o!r           
de-naturiz+ ag5ts has be5 add$1 = !     
purpose ( r5d]+ !  mixture undr9kable   
?r\gh its (f5sive odor & ta/e4 ,me?ylat$
  _s be+ sold tax free1 may be appli$ by
 *emical manufactur]s1  v>ni% mak]s1 &  
_m o!rs1 to a v>iety ( uses1 to :i*1 f  
its  great] co/1 duty-paid _s is        
comm]cially inapplicable4 ,its use1     
h[ev]1 9 ! prep>ation ( t9ctures1 sweet 
spirits ( nitre1 etc41  has be5         
prohibit$ by law4 ,x has (t5 be5        
attempt$ to sep>ate !  wood _s f !      

alcohol1 & ?us to obta9 pure alcohol f !
  mixture1 b always unsuccessfully1 z1  
al?\gh ! =m] boils at a  l[] temp]ature 
?an ! latt]1 :5 boil$ !y bo? di/il ov]  
toge!r1 ow+ probably to ! diff]5ce ( _! 
vapor d5sities4    ,x is ,g]many :i* has
 l$ ! way 9 ! manufacture & use (       
de-natur$ alcohol or spiritus1 z x is   
!re kn[n4 ,g]many has no  natural gas or
 oil wells1 & gasol9e & k]os5e are n    
produc$  !re1 h5ce ! necessity ( us+ "s 
o!r =m ( liquid fuel4 ,?is  fuel--9 _m  
ways bett] ?an any petroleum product--0 
f\nd 9  alcohol4 ,! s&y pla9s ( nor!rn  
,g]many1 & inde$ any  agricultural      
di/rict ( t empire1 produce abundant    
crops ( potatoes  & beets4    ,f ! fir/1
 alcohol c be s easily manufactur$ t !  
processes  are )9 ! und]/&+ & ability ( 
any f>m]4 ,! second is  us$ 9 !         
manufacture ( beet sug>1--"o ( ! great  
,g]man  indu/ries1 & ! crude molasses1 f
 a refuse product1--/ill  conta9s f #dj 
to #ej p] c5t4 ( sug>1 f :i* alcohol c  
be  made4 ,"u ^! circum/ances & ! great 

dem& = liquid fuel =  motor c>riages &  
gas eng9es1 alcohol = de-natur+ came    
rapidly  to ! front z "o ( ! mo/        
important ( agricultural products1 z  "o
 ( ! mo/ valuable crops :i* a f>m] c\ld 
raise4 ,potatoes are  *iefly rais$4 ,!  
potatoes are gr[n by ! f>m]s &          
manufactur$  into alcohol 9 individual  
f>m di/ill]ies & 9 coop]ative           
di/ill]ies4    ,:ile ,engl& & ,france 7 
some:at beh9d ,g]many 9 fo/]+ ?is       
indu/ry--yet !y bo? 7 f> ahead ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?is  matt]4 ,de-natur$  
alcohol c\ld be readily gott5 9 ^!      
c\ntries1  = indu/rial purposes1 :ile ! 
,unit$ ,/ates cont9u$ to *>ge a  high   
int]nal rev5ue tax on all b wood        
alcohol4 ,?is prev5t$ ! use  ( alcohol 9
 competition ) gasol9e or k]os5e1 &     
limit$ its use  9 arts & manufactures4  
,on ,june #g1 #aijf1 h[ev]1 ,congress   
pass$ ! ,de-natur+ ,act1 z x is  call$1 
:i* provid$ 9 brief t alcohol1 :i* _h   
be5 mix$ )  a c]ta9 proportion (        
de-natur+ mat]ials suffici5t to prev5t  

its  use z a bev]age %\ld n be tax$4    
,! passage ( ?is ,act 0 alcohol's new   
day1 & is de/9$ to h a  wide influ5ce ^u
 ! agricultural pursuits ( ! c\ntry4    
,9 ! matt] ( small eng9es & motors alone
 "o e/imate places !  f>m use ( ^! at   
?ree hundr$ ?\s& ) an annual increase ( 
"o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,?is means an economical
 displac+ ( horse &  muscle p[] 9 f>m "w
 almo/ beyond compreh5sion4 ,if n[ !    
f>m]  c make f surplus or *eaply gr[n   
crops ! v alcohol :i* is to  furni% !   
*eap] fuel = 8 motors1 he is plac$ 9 a  
/ill m  indep5d5t & comm&+ position 9 ! 
indu/rial race4    ,z an illum9ant !    
untax$ alcohol is b\nd to introduce "s  
int]e/+ z well z novel conditions4 ,!   
g5]al e/imate ( !  value ( alcohol =    
light+ gives x ab\t d\ble ! p[] (       
k]os5e1 a gallon ( alcohol la/+ z two   
gallons ( ! oil4 ,9  ,g]many1 :]e ! use 
( alcohol 9 lamps is mo/ fully develop$1
 a  mantle is us$4 ,?us 9 a %ort "t x   
may be expect$ t an entirely  new       
indu/ry w spr+ up to meet ! dem& = !    

illum9at+ lamps  embody+ ! late/ approv$
 =m ( mantle4 ,! adapt+ ( !  gasol9e    
motors ( automobiles to alcohol fuel w 9
 itself create a  va/ new manufactur+   
und]tak+4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ x is    
believ$ t we %all no m be tr\bl$ ) !    
malodor\s gasol9e  auto & cycle burn]s  
on our public /reets & p>kways4         
,de-natur$ alcohol is simply alcohol :i*
 has be5 s treat$1 z to  spoil x = use z
 a bev]age or m$ic9e1 & prev5t its use 9
 any  mann] except = indu/rial purposes4
    ,de-natur+ may be accompli%$ 9 _m   
ways4    ,9 ,engl& a mixture suitable = 
indu/rial purposes1 b unfit = any  o!r  
use1 is made by mix+ #ij p] c5t4 ( e?yl 
alcohol 7alcohol made  f gra91 potatoes1
 beets1 etc471 ) #aj p] c5t4 ( me?yl or 
wood  alcohol4 ,"u ! new law !          
proportion ( wood alcohol is cut to five
  p] c5t4    ,9 ,canada me?ylat$        
spirits1 z x is kn[n1 is compos$ ( f #be
  p] c5t4 to #ej p] c5t4 ( wood alcohol 
mix$ ) e?yl alcohol4 ,?is  proportion ( 
wood alcohol is f> m ?an is requir$ 9   

any o!r  c\ntry4    ,9 ,g]many1 !       
de-natur+ law pass$ 9 #ahhg 0 s fram$ z 
to  ma9ta9 ! high rev5ue tax on alcohol 
int5d$ = dr9k+1 b to  exempt f taxation 
su* z %\ld be de-naturiz$ & us$ =       
indu/rial purposes4 ,de-natur+ is       
accompli%$ by mix+ ) !  _s a small      
proportion ( "s =eign sub/ance1 :i*1    
:ile n  injur+ its effici5cy = te*nical 
uses1 r5d]s x unfit =  consumption z a  
bev]age4 ,! de-natur+ sub/ances employ$ 
dep5d  ^u ! use to :i* ! alcohol is to  
be subsequ5tly appli$4 ,!y  include     
pyrid91 picol91 b5zol1 toluol1 & xylol1 
wood v9eg>1 &  sev]al o!r simil>        
products4 ,z a result ( ?is sy/em       
,g]many  produc$ & us$ la/ ye>          
#ajj1jjj1jjj gallons ( de-natur$        
spirits1 z  comp>$ ) #aj1cjb1fcj gallons
 us$ 9 #ahhf1 ! la/ ye> be=e !  enactm5t
 ( ! pres5t law4    ,! foll[+ are "s ( !
 o!r de-naturants us$ 9 ,g]many3        
,camphor1 oil ( turp5t9e1 sulphuric e!r1
 animal oil1 *lor(orm1  iod(orm1 e?yl   
bromide1 b5z9e1 ca/or oil1 lye4         

99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ,france ! /&>d mixture consi/s (3    
#aej lit]s ( ,e?yl alcohol1             
#ae lit]s ( wood alcohol1               
#a_/b lit] ( heavy b5z9e1               
#a gram4 ,mala*ite gre54    ,an         
illu/ration ( de-natur+ on a l>ge scale 
is giv5 by ! me?ods  & op]ations ( a    
l>ge ,london e/abli%m5t4 ,on ! gr\nd    
floor are  f\r l>ge iron tanks hold+    
ab\t #bejj gallons ea*4 ,on ! next floor
  are casks ( _s br\ght "u seal f !     
bond$ w>eh\se4 ,on !  ?ird floor are !  
wood alcohol tanks1 & on ! f\r? floor   
cans (  me?ylat+ mat]ials4 ,on ! f\r?   
floor ! cov]s to ! wood alcohol  tanks 7
 remov$ 7^! tank cov]s 7 flu% ) t floor7
 & !  cont5ts gaug$ & te/$4 ,! quantity 
to be put into ! tanks on !  fir/ floor 
0 run (f ?r\gh pipes connect+ ) !       
fir/-floor  tanks & ! upp] tanks        
relock$4 ,!n go+ to ! second floor1 ea* 
cask ( ! gra9 _s 0 gaug$ & te/$ & ! tank
 cov]s1 :i*  7 flu% ) ! floor1 7 remov$ 
& ! casks ( ! gra9 _s  7 run into !     

tanks bel[4 ,! mixture 0 !n /irr$ )     
long-h&l$ wood5 paddles & ! tank cov]s  
replac$1 & !  mat]ial 0 ready = sale    
free ( tax4 ,! mixture 0 #aj p] c5t4    
wood alcohol & #ij p] c5t4 e?yl alcohol 
made f molasses1 & 0  :at is kn[n z !   
ord9>y me?ylat+ _s us$ = manufactur+    
purposes only & us$ "u bond4 ,!         
completely de-natur$ _s is  made by add+
 to ! =ego+ ?ree-eigh?s ( "o p] c5t4 (  
b5z9e4    ,?is b5z9e prev5ts            
re-di/illation4    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
!re are at pres5t two g5]al =mulas =    
de-natur$ alcohol 9 use1 ei!r "o ( :i*  
may be us$ by any  manufactur]1 :o c use
 de-natur$ alcohol4    ,! fir/ & mo/    
common "o is made up z foll[s3          
,e?yl ,alcohol #ajj gallons4            
,me?yl        #aj                       
,b5z9e       #a_/b         ,:]e su* a   
=mula z ?is is requir$ 9 an aque\s      
solution !  b5z9e is ( c\rse ?r[n out1  
giv+ ! solution a milky appe>ance4  ,9  
?is case ! o!r g5]al =mula may be us$4  
,e?yl ,alcohol  #ajj gallons4           

,me?yl          #b                      
,pyrid9e ,bases #a_/b       ,9 addition 
to ^! two g5]al =mulas = de-natur$      
alcohol a numb]  ( special =mulas h be5 
au?oriz$ to be us$ 9 ! manufacture (    
c]ta9 classes ( goods4 ,9 ord] to buy ^!
 specially de-natur$  alcohols x is     
necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to obta9 a p]mit fir/
 f y\r  ,collector ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 a
 simple p]mit to use de-natur$ alcohol  
w n suffice4 ,"s ( ! special =mulas are 
z foll[s3    ,= use 9 ! manufacture (   
sulphonme?ane4                          
,e?yl ,alcohol   #ajj gallons4          
,pyrid9 ,bases     #a gallon4           
,coal ,t> ,b5zol   #a          ,= use 9 
! manufacture ( transp>5t soap4         
,e?yl ,alcohol                  #ajj    
gallons4                ,me?yl          
#e                     ,ca/or ,oil      
#a                     #cf ,be4 ,cau/ic 
,soda ,solution  #a_/b         ,= !     
manufacture ( %ellac v>ni%es4           
,e?yl ,alcohol       #ajj p>ts by volume
                  ,me?yl                

#e               ,= ! manufacture (     
smok+ & *ew+ tobacco4       ,e?yl       
,alcohol                                
#ajj gallons4     ,a mixture made z     
foll[s3                             #a  
,aque\s ,solution conta9+ #dj ,nicot9e  
#ab gallons     ,acid ,yell[ ,dye #j4d  
lb4     ,tetrazo ,brilliant ,blue #ab ,b
 ,conct4 #j4d lb4     ,wat] to make #ajj
 gallons4    ,= ! manufacture (         
photo-engrav+s4                         
,e?yl ,alcohol       #ajj gallons4      
,sulphuric ,e!r      #fe lbs4           
,cadmium ,iodide        #c              
,ammonium             #c      ,= !      
manufacture ( fulm9ate ( m]cury4        
,e?yl ,alcohol      #ajj gallons4       
,me?yl              #c                  
,pyrid9e ,bases     #a_/b      ,! next  
=mula may be us$ = ! foll[+ purposes3   
,9 ! manufacture ( photographic dry     
plates4    ,9 ! manufacture ( embalm+   
fluid4    ,9 ! manufacture ( heliotrop94
    ,9 ! manufacture ( res9 (           
podophyllum & simil> products4    ,9 !  

manufacture ( lacqu]s f soluble cotton4 
,9 ! manufacture ( !rmomet] & b>omet]   
tubes4                          ,e?yl   
,alcohol  #ajj gallons4                 
,me?yl          #e        ,= use 9 !    
manufacture ( photographic collodian4   
,e?yl  ,alcohol   #ajj gallons4         
,sulphuric ,e!r   #aj lbs4              
,cadmium ,iod9e    #aj      ,= use 9 !  
manufacture ( pa/es & v>ni%es f soluble 
cotton4                          ,e?yl  
,alcohol   #ajj gallons4                
,me?yl           #b                     
,b5zol            #b        ,= use 9 !  
purification ( rubb]4                   
,e?yl ,alcohol    #ajj gallons4         
,acetone           #aj                  
,petroleum nap?a   #b      ,petroleum   
nap?a mu/ h a specific gravity ( n less 
?an #fej nor  m ?an #gbj at #fj;,f4     
,= use 9 ! manufacture ( wat*es4        
,e?yl ,alcohol        #ajj gallons4     
,me?yl                #e      ,cyanide (
 ,potassium   #a-a_/b lbs4  ,pat5$ ,blue
 ,b           #a_/h oz4    7,acid       

calcium1 magnesium1 or sodium salt ( !  
disulpho-acids (                        
meta-oxytetrae?yldiamidotri-ph5yl-c>bidr
ids47    ,! me?yl alcohol mu/ h a       
specific gravity ( n m ?an #haj  at #fj 
,f4    ,! de-natur+ mixture is be/      
prep>$ by dissolv+ ! cyanide (          
potassium 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 &  
!n add+ ?is solution to  ! alcohol1 )   
:i* ! me?yl alcohol1 conta9+ ! dissolv$ 
color1 has be5 previ\sly mix$4    ,= !  
manufacture ( celluloid1 pyral9 & simil>
 products4                       ,e?yl  
,alcohol #ajj p>ts by volume            
,me?yl         #e                       
,camphor         #g lbs4    ,alt]native 
special de-naturant = ! manufacture (   
celluloid1 pyral9  & simil> products4   
,e?yl ,alcohol #ajj gallons4            
,me?yl         #b                       
,b5zol          #b        ,! /ronge/    
alcohol ( comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is  
usually #ie p]  c5t4 alcohol1 & ! price 
v>ies f #b4cj to #b4ej p] gallon1  %[+ t
 ! great] "p ( ! co/ is due to ! rev5ue 

levi$ by  ! gov]nm5t4 ,! great] "p ( !  
#fj1jjj1jjj gallons ( alcohol  consum$ 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is us$ 9 ! manufacture 
( :iskey &  o!r bev]ages4 ,! rev5ue tax 
prev5ts ! use ( alcohol to any great    
ext5t 9 ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,! bill 
pass$ by ,congress 9  #aijf1 design$ to 
promote ! use ( untax$ alcohol 9 ! arts 
& z  fuel1 took effect ,janu>y #a1      
#aijg4 ,! fir/ effect ( free alcohol    
w\ld1 x 0 said1 supplant ! #ab1jjj1jjj  
gallons ( wood alcohol :i*  are us$ 9 ! 
manufacture ( pa9t1 v>ni%es1 %ellacs1 & 
o!r  purposes4 ,ano!r use t is expect$ (
 de-natur$ alcohol is 9 !  manufacture (
 c]ta9 products1 su* z dye/uffs &       
*emicals1 :i*  c n n[ be manufactur$    
comm]cially 9 ?is c\ntry because ( !    
high co/ ( alcohol1 & :i* are import$   
l>gely f ,europe4 ,a v  rapid developm5t
 ( ! indu/ry ( manufactur+ *emicals z a 
result  ( free alcohol is look$ =4 ,9 ! 
production ( alcohol !re is  always =m$ 
z a by-product a c]ta9 am\nt ( fusel    
oil1 :i* is  v useful 9 manufactur+     

lacqu]s :i* are us$ on metallic         
sub/ances1 f9e h>dw>e1 gas fixtures1 &  
simil> articles4 ,!  indu/ries          
manufactur+ ^! w>es w und\bt$ly receive 
a great  /imulus z a result ( *eap]     
fusel oil caus$ by ! increas$           
production ( alcohol4    ,a ,safe ,fuel4
 ,! use ( de-natur$ alcohol z a fuel has
 yet to be  fully develop$4 ,al?\gh     
alcohol has only ab\t half ! heat+ p[]  
( k]os5e or gasol9e1 gallon = gallon1   
yet x has _m valuable  prop]ties :i* may
 enable x to compete successfully 9     
spite ( its  l[] fuel value4 ,9 ! fir/  
place x is v mu* saf]4 ,alcohol has a   
t5d5cy to simply heat ! surr\nd+ vapors 
& produce curr5ts (  hot gases :i* are n
 usually br\ght to high en\gh temp]ature
 to  inflame articles at a di/ance4 ,x c
 be easily dilut$ ) wat]1 &  :5 x is    
dilut$ to m ?an "o-half x ceases to be  
inflammable4  ,h5ce x may be readily    
ext+ui%$2 :ile burn+ gasol9e1 by float+ 
on ! wat]1 simply spreads its flame :5  
wat] is appli$ to x4  ,al?\gh alcohol   

has f> less heat+ capacity ?an gasol9e1 
! be/  exp]ts believe t x w develop a   
mu* high] p]c5tage (  effici5cy 9 motors
 ?an does gasol9e4 ,s9ce gasol9e        
repres5ts only  ab\t two p] c5t4 ( !    
petroleum :i* is ref9$1 its supply is   
limit$ & its price mu/ con/antly rise 9 
view ( ! enorm\s dem&  made = x =       
automobiles & gasol9e eng9es 9 g5]al4   
,?is w  op5 a new opportunity =         
de-natur$ alcohol4 ,indu/rial alcohol is
 n[  us$ 9 ,g]many 9 small portable     
lamps1 :i* give x all ! effects (  a    
mantel burn] heat$ by gas4 ,! exp5se =  
alcohol is only ab\t  two-?irds z mu* p]
 c&le-p[] z is ! co/ ( k]os5e4 ,ev5 at  
#be or #cj c5ts a gallon1 de-natur$     
alcohol c successfully compete )  k]os5e
 z a means ( light+4    ,objection has  
be5 made to ! use ( alcohol 9           
automobiles & o!r  int]nal-explosive    
eng9es1 t x result$ 9 a corrosion ( !   
metal4  ,?is is vigor\sly d5i$ by !     
advocate ( alcohol fuel & ! d5ial  is   
back$ by pro(s ( ! use ( alcohol 9      

,g]man eng9es = a numb]  ( ye>s )\t any 
bad results4    ,a rec5t exhibition 9   
,g]many gave a good illu/ration ( !     
broad  field 9 :i* de-natur$ alcohol may
 be us$4    ,"h 7 %[n alcohol eng9es ( a
 l>ge numb] ( diff]5t makes1  alcohol   
boat motors z devis$ = ! ,russian navy1 
& motors =  ?re%+1 gr9d+1 wood-cutt+1 & 
o!r agricultural purposes4    ,!        
dep>tm5t ( light+ app>atus includ$ a    
l>ge & v>i$ display  ( lamps1 *&eli]s1 &
 /reet & corridor lights1 9 :i* alcohol 
vapor is burn$ l gas 9 a hood$ flame    
cov]$ by a ,welsba* mantle4  ,"u su*    
conditions alcohol vapor burns ) an     
inc&esc5t flame  :i* rivals ! arc light 
9 brilliancy & requires to be %ad$ to   
adopt x to ! endurance ( ! human eye4   
,!re has be5 ea* ye> a  great improvem5t
 9 ! arti/ic models & f9i% ( lamps &    
*&eli]s = alcohol light+4 ,at ! beg9n+  
!y 7 simple &  ( r ord9>y appe>ance1 b  
n[ !y are up to ! be/ /&>d  ( mod]n     
fixtures = gas & electricity1 ) :i*     
alcohol light+  is n[ compet+ ) increas+

 success 9 t c\ntry4    ,simil>ly       
attractive & int]e/+ 0 ! l>ge display ( 
alcohol  heat+ /oves1 :i*1 = w>m+       
corridors1 sleep+ rooms1 & c]ta9  o!r   
locations1 are highly e/eem$4 ,!y are   
made ( japann$-iron  plate 9 decorative 
=ms1 ) concave copp] reflectors1 are    
readily  portable1 &1 :5 provid$ )      
*imney connections = ! escape (  ! gases
 ( combu/ion1 furni% a clean1 odorless1 
& conv5i5t  heat+ app>atus4    ,cook+   
/oves ( all sizes1 =ms1 & capacities1 f 
! complete  range1 ) bak+ & roa/+ ov5s1 
broil]s1 etc41 to ! simple tea  & c(fee 
lamp1 7 also display$ 9 endless v>iety4 
,en\gh has be5 said to give an idea ( ! 
capabilities & values (  ?is new =m (   
fuel1--at lea/1 & z f> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 is  conc]n$4    ,) its adv5t n only w  
,am]ican g5ius p]fect ! ma*9]y =  its   
use1 b ! ,am]ican f>m] is giv5 a new    
m>ket = 8 crops4    ,di/ill]ies1 big &  
little1 are likely to be set up all ov] 
!  c\ntry1 & ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 !   
f>m] w be able to  c>ry 8 corn to 8     

local di/ill]y1 & ei!r return ) ! money 
9 8 pocket1 or ) fuel = f>m eng9es1     
ma*9]y1 & p]*ance  8 automobile4    ,:5 
our gov]nm5t %all h become z f>-sight$ z
 ! ,g]man  gov]nm5t 9 ?is matt]1 e f>m] 
w be able to manufacture 8  own         
de-natur$ spirits4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,g]man 
sy/em e/abli%$ by  ! law ( #ahhg has    
long ceas$ to be a "q ( debate4 ,= e    
rei*sm>k ( rev5ue sacrific$ by exempt+  
de-natur$ spirits f  taxation ! empire &
 its p h pr(it$ t5-fold by ! /imulus    
:i* has be5 !reby giv5 to agriculture & 
! indu/rial arts4                       
,,*apt] ,,xiv4    ,,! ,,free ,,alcohol  
,,act ,,( #aijf1 ,,! ,,am5dm5t ,,( #aijg
 ,,& ,,int]nal ,,rev5ue                 
,,regulations4                          
,,public--,,no4 #bja4    ,an ,act = !   
)drawal f bond1 tax free1 ( dome/ic     
alcohol :5  r5d]$ unfit = bev]age or    
liquid m$ic9al uses by mixture )        
suitable de-natur+ mat]ials4    ,be x   
enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se (            
,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates (    

,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t f &    
aft] ,janu>y  fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ &     
sev51 dome/ic alcohol ( su* degree (    
pro( z may be prescrib$ by !            
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 &      
approv$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1   
may be )drawn f bond  )\t ! paym5t (    
int]nal-rev5ue tax1 = use 9 ! arts &    
indu/ries1 & = fuel1 light1 & p[]1      
provid$ said alcohol %all  h be5 mix$ 9 
! pres5ce & "u ! direction ( an au?oriz$
  ,gov]nm5t (fic]1 aft] )drawal f !     
di/ill]y w>eh\se1 ,)  me?yl alcohol or  
o!r de-natur+ mat]ial or mat]ials1 or   
admixture  ( ! same1 suitable to ! use =
 :i* ! alcohol is )drawn1 b  :i* de/roys
 its "* z a bev]age & r5d]s x unfit =   
liquid m$ic9al purposes2 su* de-natur+  
to be done ^u !  application ( any      
regi/]$ di/ill]y 9 de-natur+ bond$      
w>eh\ses  specially designat$ or set    
ap>t = de-natur+ purposes only1 &  "u   
conditions prescrib$ by ! ,commission] (
 ,int]nal ,rev5ue )  ! approval ( !     
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4    ,! "* &     

quantity ( ! said de-natur+ mat]ial & ! 
conditions ^u :i* said alcohol may be   
)drawn free ( tax %all be  prescrib$ by 
! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 :o   
%all1 ) !  approval ( ! ,secret>y ( !   
,treasury1 make all necess>y regulations
  = c>ry+ into effect ! provisions ( ?is
 ,act4    ,di/ill]s1 manufactur]s1      
deal]s & all o!r p]sons furni%+1  h&l+  
or us+ alcohol )drawn f bond "u !       
provisions (  ?is ,act %all keep su*    
books & records1 execute su* bonds &    
r5d]  su* returns z ! ,commission] (    
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval  ( !     
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 may by         
regulation require4 ,su* books  &       
records %all be op5 at all times to !   
inspection ( any  int]nal-rev5ue (fic]  
or ag5t4    ,,sec4 #b4 ,t any p]son :o  
)draws alcohol free ( tax "u !          
provisions ( ?is ,act & regulations made
 9 pursuance !re(1 & :o  removes or     
conceals same1 or is conc]n$ 9 remov+1  
depo/+ or  conceal+ same = ! purpose (  
prev5t+ ! same f be+  de-natur$ "u      

gov]nm5tal sup]vision1 & any p]son :o   
uses  alcohol )drawn f bond "u !        
provision ( section "o ( ?is  ,act =    
manufactur+ any bev]age or liquid       
m$ic9al prep>ation1 or  kn[+ly sells any
 bev]age or liquid m$ic9al prep>ation   
made 9  :ole or 9 "p f su* alcohol1 or  
kn[+ly violates any ( !  provisions (   
?is ,act1 or :o %all recov] or attempt  
to recov] by  r$i/illation or by any o!r
 process or means1 any alcohol r5d]$    
unfit = bev]age or liquid m$ic9al       
purposes "u ! provisions (  ?is ,act1 or
 :o kn[+ly uses1 sells1 conceals1 or    
o!rwise disposes  ( alcohol s recov]$ or
 r$i/ill$1 %all on conviction ( ea*     
(f5se be f9$ n m ?an five ?\s& doll>s1  
or be imprison$  n m ?an five ye>s1 or  
bo?1 & %all1 9 addition1 =feit to !     
,unit$ ,/ates all p]sonal prop]ty us$ 9 
connection ) 8 bus9ess1  toge!r ) !     
build+s & lots or p>cels ( gr\nd        
con/itut+  ! premises on :i* said       
unlawful acts are p]=m$ or p]mitt$ to be
  p]=m$3 ,provid$1 ,t manufactur]s      

employ+ processes 9 :i*  alcohol1 us$   
free ( tax "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act1  
is express$  or evaporat$ f ! articles  
manufactur$1 %all be p]mitt$ to  recov] 
su* alcohol & to h su* alcohol re/or$ to
 a condition  suitable solely = reuse 9 
manufactur+ processes "u su*            
regulations z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal 
,rev5ue1 ) ! approval  ( ! ,secret>y ( !
 ,treasury1 %all prescribe4    ,,sec4   
#c4 ,t = ! employm5t ( su* additional   
=ce ( *emi/s1  int]nal-rev5ue ag5ts1    
inspectors1 deputy collectors1 cl]ks1   
labor]s1  & o!r assi/ants z !           
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) !    
approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1   
may deem prop] & necess>y  to ! prompt &
 effici5t op]ation & en=cem5t ( ?is law1
 &  = ! pur*ase ( locks1 seals1 weigh+  
beams1 gaug+ in/rum5ts1  & = all        
necess>y exp5ses incid5t to ! prop]     
execution ( ?is  law1 ! sum ( two hundr$
 & fifty ?\s& doll>s1 or s mu*  !re( z  
may be requir$1 is h]eby appropriat$ out
 ( any money 9  ! ,treasury n o!rwise   

appropriat$1 said appropriation to be   
imm$iately available4    ,= a p]iod (   
two ye>s f & aft] ! passage ( ?is ,act !
  =ce au?oriz$ by ?is section ( ?is ,act
 %all be appo9t$ by !  ,commission] (   
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( !      
,secret>y (  ! ,treasury1 & )\t         
compliance ) ! conditions prescrib$ by  
! ,act entitl$ ,an ,act to regulate &   
improve ! civil s]vice1  approv$ ,janu>y
 sixte5?1 eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-?ree1 
&  am5dm5ts !re( & ) su* comp5sation z !
 ,commission] (  ,int]nal ,rev5ue may   
fix1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( !     
,treasury4    ,,sec4 #d4 ,t ! ,secret>y 
( ! ,treasury %all make full report to  
,congress at its next session ( all     
appo9tm5ts made "u !  provisions ( ?is  
,act1 & ! comp5sation paid !reund]1 & ( 
all  regulations prescrib$ "u !         
provisions h]e(1 & %all fur!r  report   
:at1 if any1 additional legislation is  
necess>y1 9 8 op9ion1  to fully safegu>d
 ! rev5ue & to secure a prop] en=cem5t (
 ?is  ,act4      ,approv$ ,june #g1     

#aijf4                                  
,,de-,,natur+ ,,regulations             
,,"u ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,june #g1 #aijf4    
,"u ! ,act quot$ above1 ! ,commission] (
 ,int]nal ,rev5ue 0  emp[]$ to make     
regulations :]eby ! law might be c>ri$  
into  effect4    ,9 ! fir/ place x may  
be said t ^? :o are p]mitt$ by ?is  ,act
 to manufacture de-natur$ alcohol mu/ be
 di/ill]s2 9 o!r words1  ^? :o h        
regul>ly lic5s$ & regi/]$ di/ill]ies4   
,?is does  n mean t ! plant mu/ be l>ge 
or co/ly--z witness ! num]\s  little    
/ills to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?2 b t !  
/ill1  :atev] its size1 mu/ be "u       
con/ant sup]vision1 & regul>ly  lic5s$  
to manufacture alcohol4 ,! requirem5ts  
to ?is end c be _h  f ! ,commission] (  
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1  
,wa%+ton4    ,pursuant to ! law reg>d+  
de-natur+1 rules & regulations h  be5   
drawn up ( :i* ! foll[+ is a synopsis ) 
extracts :]e  deem$ advisable4          
,,de-,,natur+ ,,bond$ ,,w>eh\ses4       
,,sec4 #b4 ,! proprietor ( any regi/]$  

di/ill]y may )draw f  8 di/ill]y        
w>eh\se1 free ( tax1 alcohol ( n less   
?an #ahj  degrees pro( or /r5g?1 to be  
de-natur$ 9 ! mann] h]e9aft]  prescrib$4
    ,a di/ill] desir+ to )draw alcohol f
 bond = de-natur+  purposes "u !        
provisions ( ?is act %all1 at 8 own     
exp5se1  provide a de-natur+ bond$      
w>eh\se1 to be situat$ on &  con/itut+ a
 "p ( ! di/ill]y premises4 ,x %all be   
sep>at$  f ! di/ill]y & ! di/ill]y bond$
 w>eh\se & all o!r  build+s1 & no w9d[s 
or doors or o!r op5+s %all be p]mitt$  9
 ! walls ( ! de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se    
lead+ into !  di/ill]y1 ! di/ill]y bond$
 w>eh\se or o!r room or build+1  except 
z h]e9aft] provid$4 ,x mu/ be con/ruct$ 
9 ! same mann]  z di/ill]y bond$        
w>eh\ses are n[ con/ruct$1 ) view to !  
safe & secure /orage ( ! alcohol remov$ 
!reto = de-natur+  purposes & !         
de-natur+ ag5ts to be /or$ !re94 ,x mu/ 
be  approv$ by ! ,commission ( ,int]nal 
,rev5ue4 ,x %all be provid$ )  clos$    
mix+ tanks ( suffici5t capacity4 ,!     

capacity 9 w9e gallons  ( ea* tank mu/  
be asc]ta9$ & m>k$ !reon 9 legible      
lett]s1  & ea* tank mu/ be suppli$ ) a  
graduat$ glass gauge :]eon !  cont5ts w 
be at all times correctly indicat$4 ,all
 op5+s mu/ be  s arrang$ t !y c be      
securely lock$4 ,suitable (fice         
accommodation = ! (fic] on duty mu/ be  
provid$4    ,,sec4 #c4 ,! de-natur+     
bond$ w>eh\se %all be us$ = de-natur+   
alcohol1 & = no o!r purpose1 & no?+ %all
 be /or$ or kept  !re9 except ! alcohol 
to be de-natur$1 ! mat]ials us$ z       
de-naturants1 ! de-natur$ product1 & !  
weigh+ & gaug+  in/rum5ts & o!r         
appliances necess>y 9 ! "w ( de-natur+1 
measur+1 & gaug+ ! alcohol & de-natur+  
mat]ials4    ,^! bond$ w>eh\ses mu/ be  
numb]$ s]ially 9 ea* collection         
di/rict1 & ! words ,de-natur+ bond$     
w>eh\se ,no4--1 di/rict  (--1 mu/ be 9  
pla9 lett]s 9 a conspicu\s place on !   
outside (  ! build+4    ,9 case !       
di/ill]'s bond has be5 execut$ be=e !   
erection (  su* w>eh\se ! cons5t ( !    

sureties to ! e/abli%m5t ( !  de-natur+ 
w>eh\se mu/ be secur$ & entry duly sign$
 made on !  bond4                       
,,de-,,natur+ ,,mat]ial ,,room4         
,,sec4 #d4 ,!re %all be provid$ )9 !    
de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se  a room to be   
designat$ z ! de-natur+ mat]ial room4   
,?is room is to  be us$ alone = ! /orage
 ( de-natur+ mat]ials prior to !        
de-natur+ process4 ,x mu/ be p]fectly   
secure1 & mu/ be s  con/ruct$ z to r5d] 
x impossible = anyone to ent] dur+ !    
abs5ce ( ! (fic] 9 *>ge )\t ! same be+  
detect$4    ,! ceil+1 inside walls1 &   
floor ( said room mu/ be con/ruct$ (    
brick1 /one1 or tongue-&-groove planks4 
,if !re are w9d[s 9 !  room ! same mu/  
be secur$ by grat+s or iron b>s1 & to   
ea*  w9d[ mu/ be affix$ solid %utt]s (  
wood or iron1 con/ruct$ 9  su* mann] t  
!y may be securely b>r$ & fa/5$ on !    
inside4  ,! door mu/ be sub/antial1 &   
mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x c be  securely   
lock$ & fa/5$4    ,,sec4 #e4 ,at lea/   
two sets ( tanks or receptacles = /or+  

de-natur+  mat]ial mu/ be provid$1 & ea*
 set ( tanks mu/ be ( suffici5t         
capacity 9 ! aggregate to hold !        
de-natur+ mat]ial :i* x is  e/imat$ !   
di/ill] w use = ?irty days4 ,a set (    
tanks %all  consi/ ( "o or m tanks =    
/or+ me?yl alcohol1 & "o or m  tanks (  
small] capacity = /or+ o!r de-natur+    
mat]ials4 ,!  capacity ( ea* tank mu/ be
 asc]ta9$ & m>k$ 9 legible figures  on !
 outside4    ,! tanks mu/ n be connect$ 
) ea* o!r1 & mu/ be s  con/ruct$ z to   
leave at lea/ #ah in*es ( op5 space     
betwe5 ! top  ( ! tank & ceil+1 ! bottom
 ( ! tank & ! floor1 & !  sides ( ! tank
 & walls ( ! de-natur+ mat]ial room4    
,ea* tank  %all be giv5 a numb]1& ?is   
numb] mu/ be m>k$ ^u x4 ,!re  %all be no
 op5+ at ! top except su* z may be      
necess>y =  dump+ ! de-natur+ mat]ial   
into ! tank & ?or\ghly plung+ or  mix+ !
 same4 ,said op5+ mu/ be cov]$ s t x may
 be lock$4  ,likewise ! faucet ?r\gh :i*
 ! de-natur+ mat]ial is drawn mu/  be s 
arrang$ t x c be lock$4 ,ea* tank mu/ be

 suppli$ ) a  graduat$ glass gauge :]eby
 ! cont5ts ( ! tank w always be  %[n4   
,,cu/ody ,,( ,,de-,,natur+ ,,bond$      
,,w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #f4 ,! de-natur+   
bond$ w>eh\se %all be "u ! control (  ! 
collector ( ! di/rict & %all be 9 ! jo9t
 cu/ody ( a  /orekeep]1 /orekeep]-gaug]1
 or o!r designat$ (ficial & !  di/ill]4 
,no "o %all be p]mitt$ to ent] ! w>eh\se
 except 9 ! pres5ce  ( said (fic]1 & !  
w>eh\se & room %all be kept clos$ & !   
doors1 ext]ior & int]ior1 securely lock$
 except :5 "s "w  incid5tal to ! process
 ( de-natur+ & /or+ mat]ial is be+      
c>ri$ on4 ,/&>d ,sleight locks %all be  
us$ = lock+ !  de-natur+ bond$ w>e-h\se 
& ! de-natur+ mat]ial room1 & !y  %all  
be seal$ 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same k9d (
 seals z  di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\ses &     
ci/]n rooms are n[ seal$4 ,mill]  locks 
%all be us$ 9 secur+ ! faucets & op5+s (
 ! mix+  tanks & ! de-natur+ mat]ial    
tanks4    ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! de-natur+ 
bond$ w>eh\se1 mat]ial room1  & tanks   
%all c>ry ! keys to same1 & "u no       

circum/ances are  said keys to be       
intru/$ to anyone except ano!r (fic] :o 
is duly  au?oriz$ to receive !m4        
,,application ,,= ,,approval ,,(        
,,de-,,natur+ ,,bond$ ,,w>eh\se4        
,,sec4 #g4 ,:5ev] a di/ill] wi%es to    
comm5ce ! bus9ess (  de-natur+ alcohol  
he mu/ make writt5 application to !     
collector (  ! di/rict 9 :i* ! di/ill]y 
is locat$ = ! approval ( a  de-natur+   
bond$ w>eh\se4    ,su* application mu/  
give ! "n or names ( ! p]son1 firm1 or  
corporation op]at+ ! di/ill]y1 ! numb] (
 ! di/ill]y1 !  location ( ! same1 !    
mat]ial ( :i* ! w>eh\se is con/ruct$1  !
 size ( same1 wid?1 l5g? & height1 !    
size ( ! de-natur+  mat]ial room !re91 &
 ! mann] ( its con/ruction1 ! capacity  
9 gallons ( ea* tank to be us$ =        
de-natur+ alcohol or = hold+  !         
de-natur+ ag5ts1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* said 
tanks are  con/ruct$4    ,su*           
application mu/ be accompani$ by a      
diagram correctly repres5t+  ! w>eh\se1 
! mix+ tanks1 de-natur+ mat]ial room1 & 

de-natur+ mat]ial tanks1 ) all op5+s &  
surr\nd+s4 ,x mu/  %[ ! di/ill]y & all !
 di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\ses on !  premises1
 ) dim5sions ( ea*4    ,sections #i &   
#aj ( ! regulations deal ) ! exam9ation 
&  approval ( ! de-natur+ w>eh\se &     
plant by ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue  (fic]s4    
,,de-,,natur+ ,,w>eh\se ,,bond ,,to ,,be
 ,,giv54    ,,sec4 #aa4 ,aft] receipt ( 
notice ( ! approval ( said w>eh\se !    
di/ill] may )draw f 8 di/ill]y w>eh\se1 
free ( tax1  alcohol ( n less ?an #ahj  
degrees pro( or /r5g?1 & may de-nature  
same 9 said de-natur+ w>eh\se 9 ! mann] 
h]e9aft] indicat$1  provid$ he %all fir/
 execute a bond 9 ! =m prescrib$ by !   
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) at   
lea/ two sureties1 ,unless1  "u !       
au?ority conta9$ 9 an act approv$ ,augu/
 #ac1 #ahid1 a  corporation1 duly       
au?oriz$ by ! ,attorney-,g5]al ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates  to become a surety on su*
 bond1 %all be (f]$ z a sole surety     
!reon4 ,! bond %all be = a p5al sum ( n 
less ?an d\ble !  tax on ! alcohol x is 

e/imat$ ! di/ill] w de-nature dur+ a    
p]iod ( #cj days1 & 9 no case is !      
di/ill] to )draw f bond  = de-natur+    
purposes & h 9 8 de-natur+ w>eh\se 9    
process  ( de-naturation a quantity (   
alcohol ! tax ^u :i* is 9 excess (  !   
p5al sum ( ! bond4    ,,sec4 #ab4 ,if at
 any "t1 x %\ld develop t ! de-natur+   
w>eh\se  bond is insuffici5t ! di/ill]  
mu/ give additional bond4    ,,sec4 #ac4
 ,! bond h]e9 provid$ = mu/ be execut$  
be=e !  di/ill] c )draw f di/ill]y bond$
 w>eh\se1 free ( tax1  alcohol to be    
de-natur$1 & if he desires to cont9ue 9 
! bus9ess  ( de-natur+ alcohol1 said    
bond mu/ be r5ew$ on ! fir/ day ( ,may  
( ea* ye> or be=e any alcohol is )drawn 
f bond = de-natur+  purposes4 ,x mu/ be 
execut$ 9 duplicate 9 accordance )      
in/ructions pr9t$ !reon4 ,"o copy is to 
be reta9$ by ! collector  & "o copy is  
to be transmitt$ to ! ,commission] (    
,int]nal  ,rev5ue4                      
,,conditions ,,"u ,,:i* ,,alcohol ,,is  
,,)drawn4    ,,sec4 #ae4 ,n less ?an    

?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 w9e gallons ( alcohol
 c  be )drawn at "o "t = de-natur+      
purposes4    ,:5 a di/ill]1 :o is a     
produc] ( alcohol ( n less ?an #ahj     
degrees pro( & :o has giv5 ! de-natur+  
w>eh\se bond z  a=esaid desires to      
remove alcohol f ! di/ill]y bond$       
w>eh\se  = ! purpose ( de-natur+1 he w  
himself1 or by 8 duly  au?oriz$ ag5t1   
file ) ! collector ( int]nal rev5ue ( ! 
di/rict 9 :i* ! di/ill]y is locat$1     
notice to t effect4    ,^u ! receipt (  
?is notice 7! =m = :i* is giv5 9 !      
,regulations7 ! collector = ! di/rict w 
ord] a gaug] to  inspect ! alcohol s    
)drawn1 & to gauge ! same1 & to make    
report2 & directions are giv5 to !      
(ficial /orekeep] to p]mit  ! transf]ral
 ( ! spirits to ! de-natur+ w>eh\se4    
,,spirits ,,transf]r$ ,,to ,,be ,,m>k$4 
,^u receipt ( ! p]mit by ! /orekeep] !  
packages ( di/ill$  spirits describ$ 9  
notice ( int5tion to )draw may be )drawn
  f di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\se )\t ! paym5t 
( ! tax1 & may  be transf]r$ to !       

de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se on ! di/ill]y   
premises2 b be=e ! removal ( said       
spirits f ! di/ill]y  bond$ w>eh\se1 !  
gaug]1 9 addition to m>k+1 cutt+1 &     
br&+ ! m>ks usually requir$ on )drawal (
 spirits f  w>eh\se1 w legibly & durably
 m>k on ! head ( ea* package1 9  lett]s 
& figures n less ?an "o-half an in* 9   
l5g?1 ! numb]  ( pro( gallons !n        
asc]ta9$1 ! date ( ! collector's p]mit1 
! object = :i* ! spirits 7 )drawn1 & 8  
"n1 title1 &  di/rict4    ,su*          
additional m>ks may be z foll[s3        
,)drawn "u p]mit issu$ ,jan'y4 #aj1     
#aijg                          ,=       
,de-natur+ ,purposes                    
,pro( gallons1 #hd                      
,william ,williams1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gaug]1     
#e? ,di/4 ,ky4                ,,spirits 
,,transf]r$ ,,to ,,de-,,natur+ ,,bond$  
,,w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #bj4 ,:5 ! packages
 ( spirits are m>k$ & br&$ 9 !  mann]   
above indicat$ !y %all at once1 9 !     
pres5ce & "u !  sup]vision ( !          
/orekeep]1 be transf]r$ to ! de-natur+  

bond$  w>eh\se4            ,,record ,,( 
,,spirits ,,receiv$ ,,9 ,,de-,,natur+   
,,bond$ ,,w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #ba4 ,!    
(fic] 9 *>ge ( ! de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se
 %all  keep a record ( ! spirits receiv$
 9 said de-natur+ bond$  w>eh\se f !    
di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\se & ! spirits      
deliv]$  to ! di/ill] = de-natur+       
purposes4    ,^u ! debit side ( said    
record1 9 columns prep>$ = !  purpose1  
!re %all be ent]$ ! date :5 any di/ill$ 
spirits 7  receiv$ 9 de-natur+ bond$    
w>eh\se1 ! date ( ! collector's  p]mit1 
! date ( )drawal f di/ill]y bond$       
w>eh\se1 !  numb] ( packages receiv$1 ! 
s]ial numb]s ( ! packages1 !  s]ial     
numb]s ( ! di/ill]y w>eh\se /amps1 & !  
w9e & pro(  gallons4    ,^u ! cr$it side
 ( said record %all be ent]$ ! date :5  
any  spirits 7 deliv]$ to ! di/ill] =   
de-natur+ purposes1 !  date ( !         
collector's p]mit = )drawal1 ! date (   
)drawal  f di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\se1 !    
numb] ( packages s deliv]$1  ! s]ial    
numb]s ( ! packages1 ! s]ial numb]s ( ! 

di/ill]y  w>eh\se /amps1 & ! w9e & pro( 
gallons4    ,imm$iately ^u ! receipt (  
any di/ill$ spirits 9 ! de-natur+  bond$
 w>eh\se1 & on ! same day ^u :i* !y are 
receiv$1 !  (fic] mu/ ent] said spirits 
9 said record4    ,likewise1 on ! same  
date ^u :i* any spirits are deliv]$ to !
  di/ill] = de-natur+ purposes1 said    
spirits mu/ be ent]$ on said  record4   
,,sec4 #bb4 ,a balance mu/ be /ruck 9 ! 
record describ$ 9 above  section at !   
end ( ! mon? %[+ ! numb] ( packages &   
quantity 9 w9e & pro( gallons ( spirits 
on h& 9 packages on !  fir/ day ( !     
mon?1 ! numb] ( packages & quantity 9   
w9e &  pro( gallons receiv$ dur+ ! mon?1
 ! numb] ( packages &  quantity 9 w9e & 
pro( gallons deliv]$ to ! di/ill] dur+ !
  mon?1 & ! balance on h& 9 packages &  
w9e & pro( gallons at  ! close ( ! mon?4
    ,sections #bc to #be ( ! ,rules     
relate to ! duties ( ! ,int]nal  ,rev5ue
 (fic]s 9 mak+ reports & returns4       
,,de-,,natur+ ,,ag5ts4 ,,completely     
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol4    ,,sec4 #bf4 

,unless o!rwise specially provid$1 !    
ag5ts us$ =  de-natur+ alcohol )drawn f 
bond = de-natur+ purposes %all  consi/ (
 me?yl alcohol & b5z9e 9 ! foll[+       
proportions3 ,to  e #ajj p>ts by volume 
( e?yl alcohol ( ! desir$ pro( 7n less  
?an #ahj7 !re %all be add$ #aj p>ts by  
volume ( approv$ me?yl  alcohol &       
"o-half ( "o "p by volume ( approv$     
b5z9e2 =  example1 to e #ajj gallons (  
e?yl alcohol 7( n less ?an #ahj  degrees
 pro(7 !re %all be add$ #aj gallons (   
approv$ me?yl alcohol  & "o-half gallon 
( approv$ b5z9e4 ,alcohol ?us de-natur$ 
%all be  class$ z completely de-natur$  
alcohol4    ,me?yl alcohol & b5z9e      
int5d$ = use z de-naturants mu/ be      
submitt$ = *emical te/ & mu/ con=m to ! 
specifications :i*  %all be h]eaft] duly
 prescrib$4                             
,,de-,,naturants ,,deposit$ ,,9         
,,w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #bg4 ,z ! di/ill]'s
 bus9ess dem&s1 he may br+ into !       
de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se1 9 su*          
receptacles z he may wi%1 any  au?oriz$ 

de-naturant4 ,su* de-naturants %all at  
once be deposit$ 9  ! mat]ial room2     
!reaft] !y %all be 9 ! cu/ody & "u !    
control ( ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! w>eh\se4   
,be=e any de-naturant  is us$ x mu/ be  
dump$ into ! appropriate tank & aft] !  
cont5ts h be5 ?or\ghly mix$1 a sample ( 
"o p9t tak5  !refrom4 ,?is sample mu/ be
 =w>d$ to ! prop] (fic] =  analysis4 ,! 
(fic] w !n securely close & seal ! tank4
    ,no "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! tank c be us$
 until ! sample has be5  (ficially te/$ 
& approv$1 & report ( su* te/ made to ! 
(fic] 9 *>ge ( ! w>eh\se4    ,if !      
sample is approv$ ! cont5ts ( ! tank    
%all ^u ! receipt  ( ! report1 become an
 approv$ de-naturant & ! (fic] %all at  
once remove ! seals & place ! tank "u   
,gov]nm5t locks4    ,if ! sample does n 
meet ! requirem5ts ( ! specifications1 !
  (fic] %all1 ^u ! receipt ( ! report ( 
non-approval1 p]mit !  di/ill]1 provid$ 
he desires1 to treat or manipulate !    
propos$  de-naturant s z to r5d] x a    
compet5t de-naturant4 ,9 su* case  ano!r

 sample mu/ be submitt$ = approval4 ,if 
! di/ill] does n  desire to fur!r treat 
! de-naturant ! (fic] %all require him  
imm$iately to remove ! cont5ts ( ! tank 
f ! premises4                           
,,record ,,( ,,de-,,naturants ,,receiv$4
    ,,sec4 #bh4 ,! (fic] %all keep a    
de-natur+ mat]ial room record4 ,?is     
record %all %[ all mat]ial ent]$ into & 
remov$ f !  de-natur+ mat]ial room4     
,!re %all be prop] columns on ! debit   
side 9 :i* are to be  ent]$ ! date :5   
any mat]ial is receiv$1 ! "n & resid5ce 
(  ! p]son f :om receiv$1 ! k9d (       
mat]ial1 ! quantity 9 w9e  gallons1 &1  
if me?yl alcohol1 9 pro( gallons1 ! date
 ^u :i*  ! mat]ial 0 dump$ into ! tank1 
! numb] ( ! tank1 ! date  ^u :i* sample 
0 =w>d$1 & ! numb] ( ! sample1 & !      
result ( ! (ficial te/4    ,on ! cr$it  
side ( said record %all be ent]$ 9 prop]
 columns  ! date ^u :i* any mat]ial 0   
remov$ f ! de-natur+  mat]ial room =    
de-natur+ purposes1 ! k9d ( mat]ial1 !  
numb]  ( ! tank f :i* tak51 ! numb] ( ! 

sample repres5t+ !  tank & s5t = (ficial
 te/1 ! numb] ( w9e gallons1 &1 if      
me?yl alcohol1 ! numb] ( pro( gallons4  
,,mon?ly ,,returns ,,( ,,de-,,naturants 
,,receiv$4    ,,sec4 #bi4 ,a balance    
%all be /ruck 9 ?is record at ! end (   
ea*  mon? :]eby %all be %[n ! quantity (
 mat]ial ( ea* k9d on  h& 9 ! de-natur+ 
mat]ial room on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 !  
quantity receiv$ dur+ ! mon?1 ! quantity
 reject$ & remov$  f ! premises dur+ !  
mon?1 & ! quantity deliv]$ to !  di/ill]
 = de-natur+ purposes dur+ ! mon?1 & !  
quantity on  h& at ! end ( ! mon?4    ,!
 (fic] %all1 at ! end ( ea* mon?1 prep>e
 9 duplicate1 sign1  & =w>d to !        
collector ( int]nal rev5ue a report :i* 
%all be  a transcript ( said record4    
,,di/ill] ,,to ,,keep ,,record ,,(      
,,de-,,naturants4    ,,sec4 #cj4 ,!     
di/ill] %all also keep a record1 9 :i*  
he %all ent]  ! date ^u :i* he deposits 
any mat]ial 9 ! tanks ( !  de-natur+    
mat]ial room1 ! "n & address ( ! p]son f
 :om  said mat]ial 0 receiv$1 & ! k9d & 

quantity ( ! mat]ial s  deposit$2 also  
he %all ent] 9 said record ! date ^u :i*
 he  receives any mat]ial f ! de-natur+ 
mat]ial room1 ! k9d &  quantity ( su*   
mat]ial s receiv$1 & ! disposition made 
( same4                     ,,notice ,,(
 ,,int5tion ,,to ,,de-,,nature          
,,spirits4    ,,sec4 #ca4 ,! di/ill]    
%all1 be=e dump+ any spirits or         
de-naturants  into ! mix+ tank1 give    
notice to ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( !  de-natur+ 
w>eh\se 9 prop] =m 9 duplicate1 & ent] 9
 !  prop] place !reon 79 ! case (       
di/ill$ spirits7 & 9 ! prop]  column !  
numb] ( ! packages1 ! s]ial numb]s (    
same1 ! s]ial  numb] ( ! w>eh\se /amps1 
! cont5ts 9 w9e & pro( gallons  & ! pro(
 z %[n by ! m>ks1 ! date ( ! )drawal    
gauge1  & by :om gaug$4    ,9 case (    
de-natur+ ag5ts he %all ent] 9 ! prop]  
place & 9  ! prop] columns ! numb] (    
gallons1 ! k9d ( mat]ial1 & !  numb] ( !
 de-natur+ mat]ial tank f :i* same is to
 be drawn4    ,! cont5ts ( ! sev]al     
packages ( alcohol1 z %[n by !  )drawal 

gauge1 %all be accept$ z ! cont5ts (    
said packages :5  dump$ = de-natur+     
purposes unless x %\ld appe> f a special
  %[+ made by ! di/ill] t !re has be5 an
 accid5tal loss  s9ce )drawal f di/ill]y
 bond$ w>eh\se4    ,^u receipt ( ?is    
notice ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! de-natur+     
w>eh\se %all1 9 case ( ! packages (     
alcohol1 inspect same  c>efully to      
asc]ta9 :e!r or n !y are ! packages     
describ$ 9  ! di/ill]'s notice4 ,he w !n
 cut out t portion ( !  w>eh\se /amp ^u 
:i* is %[n ! s]ial numb] ( ! /amp1 !  "n
 ( ! di/ill]1 ! pro( gallons1 & ! s]ial 
numb] ( !  package4 ,^! slips mu/ be    
securely fa/5$ to ! =m :]eon !  gaug+ is
 report$ & s5t by ! (fic] ) 8 return to 
!  collector4                           
,,transf] ,,( ,,de-,,naturants ,,to     
,,mix+ ,,tanks4    ,,sec4 #cb4 ,!       
di/ill]1 unless pipes are us$1 z h]e9   
provid$1 %all  provide suitable gaug$   
receptacles1 metal drums be+ pref]r$1 ) 
:i* to transf] ! de-natur+ ag5ts f !    
mat]ial tanks to !  mix+ tanks4 ,^!     

receptacles mu/ be numb]$ s]ially & !   
numb]1  ! capacity 9 gallons & fractions
 ( a gallon1 ! "n ( !  di/ill]1 & !     
numb] ( ! de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se m>k$  
!reon 9 durable lett]s & figures4 ,!y   
%all be us$ =  transf]r+ de-natur+      
mat]ial f ! mat]ial tanks to ! mix+     
tanks & = no o!r purpose4 ,! di/ill] mu/
 also provide suitable  approv$ seal$   
measures ( small] capacity4 ,! gaug$    
receptacles are  to be us$ :]e !        
quantity to be transf]r$ am\nts to z mu*
 z !  capacity ( ! smalle/ gaug$        
receptacle 9 ! w>eh\se4 ,! measures  are
 to be us$ only :5 ! quantity ( mat]ial 
to be transf]r$ is  less ?an ! capacity 
( ! smalle/ gaug$ receptacle4    ,,sec4 
#cc4 ,! di/ill] may provide metal pipes 
connect+ ! mat]ial  tanks & ! mix+ tanks
 & ! de-naturant may be transf]r$ to !  
mix+ tanks ?r\gh ^! pipes4 ,su* pipes   
mu/ be suppli$ )  valves1 cocks1 or     
faucets1 o!r prop] means ( controll+ !  
fl[ (  ! liquid1 & su* valves1 cocks1 or
 faucets mu/ be s arrang$ t  !y c be    

securely lock$1 & ! locks atta*$ !reto  
mu/ be kept  fa/5$2 ! keys to be reta9$ 
by ! (fic] 9 *>ge1 except :5  !         
de-natur+ mat]ial is be+ transf]r$ to ! 
mix+ tanks4    ,9 ! ev5t pipes are us$ z
 above provid$1 ! glass gauges affix$   
to ! mat]ial tanks mu/ be s graduat$ t  
t5?s ( a gallon w  be indicat$4    ,be=e
 any mat]ial is transf]r$ f a mat]ial   
tank to a mix+ tank  ! (fic] mu/ note ! 
cont5ts ( ! mat]ial tank z indicat$ by  
! glass gauge4 ,he w !n p]mit !         
de-naturant to fl[ into !  mix+ tank    
until ! exact quantity necess>y to      
de-nature ! alcohol1  z provid$ by !    
regulations1 has be5 transf]r$4 ,?is he 
w  asc]ta9 by read+ ! gauge on ! mat]ial
 tank be=e ! liquid has  begun to fl[ & 
aft] ! fl[ has be5 /opp$4 ,he %\ld v]ify
 !  quantity transf]r$ by read+ ! gauge 
on ! mix+ tank be=e &  aft] ! transf]4  
,,sec4 #cd4 ,! di/ill] mu/ provide all  
scales1 weigh+ beams1 & o!r  appliances 
necess>y = transf]r+ ! de-natur+        
mat]ials gaug+  or h&l+ ! alcohol1 or   

te/+ any ( ! measures1 receptacles or   
gauges us$ 9 ! w>eh\se1 & also a        
suffici5t numb] ( compet5t  employees = 
! "w4                       ,,cont5ts   
,,( ,,mix+ ,,tank ,,to ,,be ,,plung$4   
,,sec4 #ce4 ,! exact quantity ( di/ill$ 
spirits conta9$ 9 !  packages cov]$ by !
 di/ill]'s notice hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by !
  (fic] & ! spirits hav+ be5 dump$ into 
! mix+ tank1 & !  quantities ( ! sev]al 
de-naturants prescrib$ by ! regulations 
hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by calculation & add$ 
z above provid$ to !  alcohol 9 ! mix+  
tank to be ?or\ghly & completely plung$ 
&  mix$ by ! di/ill] or 8 employees4    
,,draw+ ,,(f ,,& ,,gaug+ ,,de-,,natur$  
,,product4    ,,sec4 #cg4 ,! di/ill] may
 f "t to "t z he wi%es1 9 !  pres5ce ( !
 (fic]1 draw (f f ! tank or tanks !     
de-natur$  product 9 quantities ( n less
 ?an #ej gallons at "o "t1 & !  same mu/
 at once be gaug$1 /amp$1 & br&$ by !   
(fic] &  remov$ f ! premises by !       
di/ill]4                        ,,k9d   
,,& ,,capacity ,,( ,,packages ,,us$4    

,,sec4 #ch4 ,he may use packages ( a    
capacity ( n less ?an five gallons  or n
 m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-five 7#ace7    
gallons1 & ea*  package mu/ be fill$ to 
its full capacity1 su* wantage be+ all[$
  z may be necess>y = expansion4    ,all
 packages us$ to conta9 completely      
de-natur$ alcohol mu/ be  pa9t$ a light 
gre51 & 9 no case is a package ( any o!r
 color  to be us$4                      
,,alcohol ,,to ,,be ,,imm$iately        
,,de-,,natur$4    ,,sec4 #ci4 ,no       
alcohol )drawn f di/ill]y w>eh\se =     
de-natur+  purposes %all be p]mitt$ to  
rema9 9 ! de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se  until
 aft] ! close ( bus9ess on ! second day 
aft] ! said  alcohol is )drawn1 b all   
alcohol s )drawn mu/ be transf]r$1      
dump$1 & de-natur$ be=e ! close (       
bus9ess on said second day4             
,,application ,,= ,,gauge ,,(           
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol4    ,,sec4 #dj4 
,:5 ! process ( de-natur+ has be5       
complet$ & !  di/ill] desires to h !    
de-natur$ alcohol drawn (f into packages

  & gaug$1 he %all prep>e a reque/ = su*
 gauge on ! prop] =m4  ,! reque/ %all   
/ate z accurately z practicable ! numb] 
(  packages to be drawn (f & ! numb] (  
w9e & pro( gallons  cont5ts !re(4       
,?is notice %all be direct$ to !        
collector ( int]nal rev5ue1 b  %all be  
h&$ to ! (fic] on duty at ! de-natur+   
bond$  w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #da4 ,if !    
(fic] %all f9d ^u exam9ation ( ! prop]  
record  t !re %\ld be on h& ! quantity (
 de-natur$ alcohol cov]$  by said       
notice1 he %all proce$ to gauge & /amp !
 sev]al packages  ( de-natur$ alcohol 9 
! mann] h]e9 prescrib$1 & %all make     
report !re( on ! prop] =m4    ,9 no case
 w ! (fic] gauge & /amp de-natur$       
alcohol ! total  quantity 9 w9e gallons 
( :i* tak5 toge!r ) any remnant t  may  
be left 9 ! de-natur+ tank exce$s 9 w9e 
gallons ! sum (  ! quantity ( di/ill$   
spirits & de-naturants dump$ on t day & 
any remnant br\ght ov] f previ\s day4   
,,h[ ,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol ,,%all ,,be
 ,,gaug$4    ,,sec4 #db4 ,! gaug+ (     

de-natur$ alcohol %all1 :]e x is        
practicable1 be by weight4 ,! (fic] %all
 asc]ta9 ! t>e by  actually weigh+ ea*  
package :5 empty4 ,!n1 aft] ea* package 
has  be5 fill$ 9 8 pres5ce1 he %all     
asc]ta9 ! gross weight1 &1  by apply+ ! 
t>e1 ! net weight4    ,he %all !n       
asc]ta9 ! pro( 9 ! usual mann]1 & by    
apply+  ! pro( to ! w9e gallons cont5t !
 pro( gallons %all be  asc]ta9$4    ,!  
regulations relat+ to ! gaug+ ( rectifi$
 spirits1 s f> z  !y apply to app>5t    
pro( & app>5t pro( gallons1 %all apply  
to  de-natur$ spirits4 ,:]e x is = any  
reason n practicable to gauge  de-natur$
 alcohol by weight1 us+ ! tables t apply
 9 ! case (  ! gaug+ ( di/ill$ spirits1 
! gaug+ %all be by rod4    ,sections #dc
 to #de provide = ! returns to be made  
by ! ,gov]nm5t  (ficials1 & ! prop] m>k+
 ( ! packages conta9+ de-natur$         
alcohol2 & ,sections #df to #dh lay d[n 
! =m ( ! ,gov]nm5t /amps  & _! use4     
,section #di places ! mix+ tank         
absolutely 9 ! control ( !  w>eh\se     

(fic]1 & requires if he leaves ! w>eh\se
 he mu/ close  & lock ! same4           
,section #ej deals ) records to be kept 
by w>eh\se (fic]4                       
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol ,,to ,,be       
,,remov$ ,,f ,,w>eh\se4    ,,sec4 #ea4  
,n lat] ?an ! close ( bus9ess on ! day  
foll[+ t  ^u :i* ! "w ( draw+ (f & gaug+
 ! de-natur$ spirits is  complet$1 !    
di/ill] mu/ remove said de-natur$       
alcohol f !  de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se4   
,he may ei!r remove ! alcohol to a      
build+ (f ! di/ill]y premises1 :]e he c 
dispose ( x z !  dem&s ( ! trade        
require1 or he may dispose ( x 9 /amp$  
packages  direct to ! trade f !         
de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\se4    ,sections   
#eb & #ec relate to records to be kept  
by ! di/ill] %[+  de-natur$ alcohol     
receiv$ & dispos$ ( by him1 & ! p>ties  
to  :om ! same 0 sold or deliv]$4       
,sections #ed to #eg cov] reports &     
records to be made by (fic]s &          
collector4    ,"p ,,ii ( ! ,regulations 
relates to deal]s 9 de-natur$ alcohol1 &

  manufactur]s us+ ! same4    ,,sec4    
#eh4 ,alcohol de-natur$ by use ( me?yl  
alcohol & b5z9e z  provid$ 9 section #bf
 ( ^! regulations is to be class$ z     
completely de-natur$ alcohol4 ,alcohol  
de-natur$ 9 any o!r mann]  w be class$ z
 specially de-natur$ alcohol4           
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol ,,n ,,to ,,be   
,,/or$ ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,premises1 ,,& ,,n 
,,to ,,be                         ,,us$ 
,,= ,,c]ta9 ,,purposes4    ,,sec4 #ei4  
,nei!r completely nor specially         
de-natur$ alcohol %all be  kept or /or$ 
on ! premises ( ! foll[+ classes (      
p]sons1 to  wit3 deal]s 9 w9es1 f]m5t$  
liquors or di/ill$ spirits1  rectifi]s (
 spirits1 manufactur]s ( & deal]s 9     
bev]ages ( any  k9d1 manufactur]s (     
liquid m$ic9al prep>ations1 or di/ill]s 
7except z to su* de-natur$ alcohol 9    
/amp$ packages z is  manufactur$ by     
!mselves71 manufactur]s ( v9eg> by !    
vaporiz+  process & ! use ( a /ill &    
ma%1 wort1 or wa%1 & p]sons :o1  9 !    
c\rse ( bus9ess1 h or keep di/ill$      

spirits1 w9es1 or malt  liquors1 or o!r 
bev]ages /or$ on _! premises4 ,provid$1 
,t  druggi/s are exempt f ! above       
provisions4                  ,,c ,,n    
,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,manufactur+ ,,bev]ages1
 ,,etc4    ,,sec4 #fj4 ,anyone us+      
de-natur$ alcohol = ! manufacture ( any 
bev]age or liquid m$ic9al prep>ation1 or
 :o kn[+ly sells any  bev]age or liquid 
m$ic9al prep>ation made 9 :ole or 9 "p f
  su* alcohol1 becomes subject to !     
p5alties prescrib$ 9 section #b (  !    
,act ( ,june #g1 #aijf4    ,"u !        
language ( ?is law x is held t de-natur$
 alcohol c n  be us$ 9 ! prep>ation (   
any article to be us$ z a compon5t "p  9
 ! prep>ation ( any bev]age or liquid   
m$ic9al prep>ation4    ,a p]son1 firm1  
or corporation desir+ to sell de-natur$ 
alcohol1 mu/  make application1 9 prop] 
=m1 to ! di/rict collector on or be=e  !
 fir/ ( ,july ea* ye>1 & if ! provisions
 ( ! law h be5  violat$ ! p]mit may be  
)drawn 7,sections #fa to #fe74          
,sections #ff to #ga relate to ! keep+ (

 records by collector1 &  :olesale &    
retail deal]s4                          
,,retail ,,deal]s ,,to ,,keep ,,record4 
,,sec4 #gb4 ,retail deal]s 9 de-natur$  
alcohol %all keep a record1 9  :i* !y   
%all ent] ! date ^u :i* !y receive any  
package or  packages ( de-natur$        
alcohol1 ! p]son f :om receiv$1 ! s]ial 
numb]s ( ! packages1 ! s]ial numb]s ( ! 
de-natur$ alcohol  /amps ! w9e & pro(   
gallons1 & ! date ^u :i* packages are   
op5$ = retail4    ,! transcript = ea*   
mon?'s bus9ess z %[n by ?is record mu/  
be  prep>$1 sign$1 & sworn to & =w>d$ to
 ! collector ( int]nal  rev5ue ( !      
di/rict 9 :i* ! deal] is locat$ be=e !  
#aj? (  ! foll[+ mon?4 ,?is transcript  
mu/ be sign$ & sworn to by !  deal]     
himself or by 8 duly au?oriz$ ag5t4     
,,labels ,,to ,,be ,,plac$ ,,on ,,retail
 ,,packages4    ,,sec4 #gc4 ,retail     
deal]s 9 de-natur$ alcohol mu/ provide  
!mselves  ) labels ^u :i* ! words       
,de-,natur$ ,alcohol h be5 pr9t$  9     
pla91 legible lett]s4 ,! pr9t+ %all be  

r$ on :ite4 ,a label (  ?is "* mu/ be   
affix$ by ! deal] to ! conta9]1 :atev]  
x may be1 9 ! case ( ea* sale (         
de-natur$ alcohol made by him4          
,,/amps ,,to ,,be ,,de/roy$ ,,:5        
,,package ,,is ,,empty4    ,,sec4 #gd4  
,z soon z ! /amp$ packages ( de-natur$  
alcohol are empty  ! deal] or           
manufactur]1 z ! case may be1 mu/       
?or\ghly  oblit]ate & completely de/roy 
all m>ks1 /amps1 & br&s on !  packages4 
,! /amps %all "u no circum/ances be     
re-us$1 & ! packages  %all n be refill$ 
until all ! m>ks1 /amps1 & br&s %all  h 
be5 remov$ & de/roy$4                   
,,manufactur]s ,,us+ ,,completely       
,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol ,,to ,,secure   
,,p]mit4    ,,sec4 #ge4 ,manufactur]s   
desir+ to use completely de-natur$      
alcohol1  su* z is put ^u ! m>ket = sale
 g5]ally1 may use su* alcohol  9 _!     
bus9ess subject to ! foll[+ re/rictions3
    ,a manufactur] us+ less ?an an      
av]age ( #ej gallons ( de-natur$        
alcohol p] mon? w n be requir$ to secure

 p]mit f !  collector or to keep records
 or make returns %[+ ! alcohol receiv$  
& us$4    ,manufactur]s :o use z mu* z  
#ej gallons ( completely de-natur$      
alcohol a mon? mu/ procure su* alcohol 9
 /amp$ packages1 & be=e  beg9n+ bus9ess 
! manufactur] mu/ make application to ! 
collector ( ! prop] di/rict = p]mit1 9  
:i* application he w  /ate ! exact      
location ( 8 place ( bus9ess1 describ+ !
 lot or  tract ( l& ^u :i* ! plant is   
locat$1 & mu/ keep ! alcohol  9 a lock$ 
room until us$4    ,,sec4 #gi4 ,z !     
ag5ts adapt$ to & adopt$ = use 9        
complete  de-naturation r5d] ! alcohol  
de-natur$ unfit = use 9 _m  indu/ries 9 
:i* e?yl alcohol1 )drawn free ( tax1 c  
be  pr(itably employ$1 !re=e 9 ord] to  
give full scope to !  op]ation ( ! law1 
special de-naturants w be au?oriz$ :5   
absolutely necess>y4 ,yet ! /ricte/     
surveillance mu/ be ex]cis$ 9  ! h&l+ ( 
alcohol incompletely or specially       
de-natur$4        ,,=mula ,,= ,,special 
,,de-,,naturants ,,to ,,be ,,submitt$   

,,to ,,! ,,commission]4    ,,sec4 #hj4  
,! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue w    
consid] any =mula  = special            
de-naturation t may be submitt$ by any  
manufactur] 9  any art or indu/ry & w   
det]m9e 7#a7 :e!r or n ! manufacture  9 
:i* x is propos$ to use ! alcohol       
belongs to a class 9 :i*  tax-free      
alcohol )drawn "u ! provisions ( ?is act
 c be us$4  7#b7 :e!r or n x is         
practicable to p]mit ! use ( ! propos$  
de-naturant & at ! same "t prop]ly      
safegu>d ! rev5ue4 ,b "o  special       
de-naturant w be au?oriz$ = ! same class
 ( indu/ries1  unless x %all be %[n t   
!re is good reason = additional special 
de-naturants4    ,! ,commission] w      
ann\nce f "t to "t ! =mulas (           
de-naturants t w be p]mitt$ 9 ! sev]al  
classes ( indu/ries  9 :i* tax-free     
alcohol c be us$4    ,! specially or    
incompletely de-natur$ alcohol c only be
 us$ by  special p]mission1 = :i* !     
manufactur] mu/ apply1 at ! same  "t    
giv+ full details z to bus9ess1 plant1  

premises1 ! special  de-naturants desir$
 to be us$1 & ! reason !re=1 etc4       
7,section  #ha74    ,section #hb recites
 ! necess>y requirem5ts z to /or]ooms1  
etc41 &  ,sections #hc to #hg relate to 
! =m ( application & ! inspection (  !  
plant4 ,section #hh recites ! =m ( bond 
necess>y to be giv5 by  ! manufactur]1 &
 ,sections #hi to #ajd relate to ! g5]al
  requirem5ts z to records1 books1      
affidavits1 etc4    ,sections #aje &    
#ajf rule t ! alcohol mu/ be us$ j z    
receiv$1  & z call$ = 9 ! p]mit1 & t a  
manufactur] quitt+  bus9ess may dispose 
( 8 specially de-natur$ alcohol to o!r  
manufactur]s4          ,,provisions     
,,applicable ,,to ,,manufactur]s ,,us+  
,,ei!r ,,specially ,,or                 
,,g5]ally ,,de-,,natur$ ,,alcohol4      
,,sec4 #ajg4 ,"u no circum/ances w      
de-natur]s1 manufactur]s1 or  deal]s1 or
 any o!r p]sons1 9 any mann] treat ei!r 
specially or  completely de-natur$      
alcohol by add+ any?+ to x or tak+ any?+
  f x until x is ready = ! use = :i* x  

is to be employ$4 ,x  mu/ g into        
manufacture or consumption 9 exactly !  
same condition  t x 0 :5 x left !       
de-natur]4 ,dilut+ completely de-natur$ 
alcohol w be held to be su* manipulation
 z is =bidd5 by law4    ,,sec4 #ajh4    
,manufactur]s us+ ei!r specially or     
completely de-natur$  alcohol mu/ /ore x
 9 ! /or]oom set ap>t = t purpose1 !    
place = deposit nam$ 9 ! bond &         
application1 & n[h]e else4  ,likewise !y
 mu/ deposit recov]$ alcohol 9 said     
/or]oom z fa/ z  x is recov]$4 ,x w be  
held to be a brea* ( ! bond & a         
violation ( ! law if any alcohol ( any  
k9d1 "*1 or  description %\ld be f\nd   
/or$ at any o!r place on ! premises4    
,! "q ( special de-naturants is "o (    
great importance to !  manufactur]1 &   
%\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,! di/ill] :o   
succe$s  on a l>ge scale w be he :o is  
mo/ exp]t 9 prep>+ alcohol  specially   
de-natur$ to suit ! requirem5ts ( !     
v>i\s arts4  ,g]many has done mo/ 9 ?is 
l9e1 & ! ,g]man practice %\ld be        

c>efully /udi$4    ,p>ts ,,iv & ,v ( !  
,rules relate to t portion ( !          
,de-,natur+  ,act1 ref]r$ to 9 ,section 
#b !re(--! recov]+1 re/or+ &            
re-de-natur+ ( alcohol us$ by           
manufactur]s employ+ processes 9  :i* ! 
=m]ly de-natur$ spirits are8 express$1  
or evaporat$4 ,?is  n be+ )9 ! plan (   
?is book1 ! rules relat+ !reto are  n   
quot$4    ,^? desir\s ( acquir+ full    
in=mation z to ! rules regulat+  !      
op]ation ( di/ill]ies = ! manufacture ( 
alcohol &  de-natur$ spirits c procure !
 same by apply+ ei!r to !  collectors ( 
,int]nal ,rev5ue = _! respective        
di/ricts or to !  ,commission] (        
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4     
,,propos$ ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,de-,,natur+
 ,,act4    ,! ,de-natur+ ,act z pass$ & 
! regulations !reund] are  und\bt$ly too
 complicat$ 9 _! "* to rema9 v long 9 ! 
,/atute ,books4 ,!re has already aris5 a
 cry = simpl] regulations  :i* %all     
place ! manufacture ( de-natur$ alcohol 
on a plane )  ! practice 9 ,g]many1     

,france & o!r c\ntries :i* h c>ri$  !   
manufacture & use ( alcohol1 = indu/rial
 purposes to a v  high plane4 ,bo? 9    
,engl& & ,am]ica ! ,excise & ,int]nal   
,rev5ue  regulations h be5 ( v          
tr\blesome "*1 & ! production  ( spirits
 has be5 s c>efully gu>d$1 wat*$ & *eck$
 t !  di/ill] aside f ! high tax he has 
_h to pay has be5 greatly  hamp]$4 ,9   
,g]many & ,france1 h[ev]1 ?+s are       
diff]5t4 ,!re !  manufacture (          
,indu/rial ,alcohol f f>m products has  
be5 enc\rag$  & z a consequ5ce !        
regulations are ( v mu* simpl] "*4  ,9  
,g]many ! numb] ( agricultural or       
co-op]ative /ills is v  l>ge & ^! /ills 
are practically free f ! con/ant        
sup]vision ( int]nal rev5ue (ficials4   
,until ! wa% passes into ! /ill !re is  
practically no ,gov]nm5tal  sup]vision  
except z to ! prop] gaug+ ( ! vats & to 
! prop]  seal+ ( all jo9ts or pipes     
lead+ f ! vats to ! /ill4 ,f  t po9t    
onw>d1 h[ev]1 to ! f9al receiv] e vessel
 is lock$  & seal$ & no access to ! _s c

 be obta9$ by ! di/ill]4  ,! quantity ( 
_s di/ill$ & its quality is asc]ta9$ by 
!  ,rev5ue ,(fic] f ?is f9al receiv] &  
on ?is _s s f\nd is  comput$ ! vat tax &
 ! di/ill]y tax :i* h to be paid by !   
di/ill]4 ,!re are none ( ! cumb]some    
regulations reg>d+ !  w>eh\ses1         
/oreh\ses1 /orekeep]s1 etc41 :i* are    
f\nd 9 our own  rev5ue laws4 ,to provide
 security aga9/ ab/raction ( wa% 9 !    
f]m5t+ tanks1 reliance is plac$ ^u      
frequ5t b unc]ta9  visitations4    ,!re 
is no "q b t 9 ! fulness ( "t our own   
laws &  regulations w be v mu* simplifi$
 = all indu/rial plants4 ,an  attempt   
has be5 made to s simplify ! laws by    
,act ( ,congress ,no4 #bcj1  approv$    
,m>* #b1 #aijg & tak+ effect on         
,septemb] #a1 #aijg1 ! text  ( :i* is   
app5d$1 & und\bt$ly o!r acts w foll[ z !
  c\ntry becomes m & m s5sible ( !      
b5efits to be d]iv$ f  free indu/rial   
alcohol4 ,! text ( ! act is z foll[s3   
,,public--,,no4 #bcj4         ,an ,act  
to am5d an ,act entitl$ ,an ,act = !    

)drawal f       bond tax free ( dome/ic 
alcohol :5 r5d]$ unfit = bev]age        
or liquid m$ic9al uses by mixture )     
suitable d5atur+       mat]ials1 approv$
 ,june sev5?1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six4      
,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se (      
,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates (    
,am]ica 9 ,congress ,assembl$1 ,t       
not)/&+ any?+  conta9$ 9 ! ,act entitl$ 
,an ,act = ! )drawal f bond tax  free ( 
dome/ic alcohol :5 r5d]$ unfit = bev]age
 or liquid  m$ic9al uses by mixture )   
suitable de-natur+ mat]ials1 approv$    
,june sev5?1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1       
dome/ic alcohol :5 suitably  d5atur$ may
 be )drawn f bond )\t ! paym5t (        
int]nal-rev5ue tax & us$ 9 ! manufacture
 ( e!r & *lor(orm  & o!r def9ite *emical
 sub/ances :]e said alcohol is *ang$    
into  "s o!r *emical sub/ance & does n  
appe> 9 ! f9i%$ product  z alcohol3     
,provid$1 ,t rum ( n less ?an "o hundr$ 
& fifty  degrees pro(1 may be )drawn1 = 
de-naturation only1 9 accordance  ) !   
provisions ( said ,act ( ,june sev5?1   

n9ete5 hundr$ &  six1 & 9 accordance ) !
 provisions ( ?is ,act4    ,,sec4 #b4 ,t
 ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! 
approval (  ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1  
may au?orize ! e/abli%m5t ( c5tral      
de-natur+ bond$ w>eh\ses1 o!r ?an ^? at 
di/ill]ies1 to  :i* alcohol ( ! requir$ 
pro( may be transf]r$ f di/ill]ies  or  
di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\ses )\t ! paym5t (  
int]nal-rev5ue  tax1 & 9 :i* su* alcohol
 may be /or$ & de-natur$4 ,!            
e/abli%m5t1 op]ation1 & cu/ody ( su*    
w>eh\ses %all be "u  su* regulations &  
^u ! execution ( su* bonds z !          
,commission]  ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) !   
approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1   
may prescribe4    ,,sec4 #c4 ,t alcohol 
( ! requir$ pro( may be drawn (f1 =     
de-naturation only1 f receiv+ ci/]ns 9 !
 ci/]n room ( any  di/ill]y = transf] by
 pipes direct to any de-natur+ bond$    
w>eh\se on ! di/ill]y premises or to    
clos$ metal /orage tanks  situat$ 9 !   
di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\se1 or f su* /orage 
tanks  to any d5atur+ bond$ w>eh\se on !

 di/ill]y premises1 &  de-natur$ alcohol
 may also be transport$ f ! de-natur+   
bond$  w>eh\se1 9 su* mann] & by means (
 su* packages1 tanks or tank  c>s1 & on 
! execution ( su* bonds1 & "u su*       
regulations z  ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal
 ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y  ( 
! ,treasury1 may prescribe4 ,& fur!r1   
alcohol to be de-natur$ may  be )drawn  
)\t ! paym5t ( int]nal-rev5ue tax f !   
di/ill]y bond$ w>eh\se = %ipm5t to      
c5tral de-natur+ plants 9  su* packages1
 tanks & tank c>s1 "u su* regulations1 &
 on !  execution ( su* bonds z may be   
prescrib$ by ! ,commission] (  ,int]nal 
,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! 
,treasury4    ,,sec4 #d4 ,t at          
di/ill]ies produc+ alcohol f any        
sub/ance :at  ev]1 = de-naturation only1
 & hav+ a daily _s-produc+  capacity ( n
 exce$+ "o hundr$ pro( gallons1 ! use ( 
ci/]ns  or tanks ( su* size &           
con/ruction z may be deem$ exp$i5t may  
be  p]mitt$ 9 lieu ( di/ill]y bond$     
w>eh\ses1 & ! production1  /orage1 !    

mann] & process ( de-natur+ on !        
di/ill]y premises  ! alcohol produc$1 & 
transportation ( su* alcohol1 & !       
op]ation ( su* di/ill]ies %all be ^u !  
execution ( su* bonds  & "u su*         
regulations z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal 
,rev5ue1 )  ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( !
 ,treasury1 may prescribe1 & su*        
di/ill]ies may by su* regulations be    
exempt$ f su* provisions (  ! exi/+ laws
 relat+ to di/ill]ies z may be deem$    
exp$i5t by  said (ficials4    ,,sec4 #e4
 ,t ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all take   
effect on ,septemb]  fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$
 & sev54      ,approv$1 ,m>* #b1 #aijg4 
,,index4        ,adam's ,/ill1 #ch      
faults (1 #ci      op]ation (1 #ch      
,air necess>y to f]m5tation1 #ah        
cool+ = ma%es1 #ae      ,alcohol1       
absolute1 #b      z fuel1 #bba          
boil+ po9t (1 #b        po9ts ( mixture1
 #b      composition (1 #a1 #f          
contraction 9 mixtures (1 #d            
de-natur$1 #adc      det]m9ation (      
purity1 #ahf1 #ahh      e/imation (1    

#agi      e/imat+ by ,geisl]'s me?od1   
#ahc        ,br&'s me?od1 #ahd          
sug> 9 ,be]1 #ahe      e?yl1 #g         
me?yl1 #g      measur+ 9 mixtures1 #agd1
 #agi        by hydromet]s1 #agf1 #agh  
pro(1 #age      rectification (1 #hb1   
#ib      relative am\nts 9 diff]5t      
gra9s1 #abf      specific gravity (1 #b1
 #agd      /r5g!n+1 #ca      "u pro(1   
#agf      wood1 #g      ,alcoholomet]1  
,c>ti]'s1 #agh      ,field's1 #ahb      
,tralle's1 #agi      ,alcoholometry1    
#agd      ,alcohols1 pr9cipal1 #f       
boil+ po9ts ( pr9cipal1 #f              
composition ( pr9cipal1 #f              
,b>bet's /ill1 #ic      traps1 #fh      
te/ = alcoholic purity1 #ahg      ,b>ley
 be/ = malt+1 #ajc      clean+1 #ajd    
dra9+ aft] /eep+1 #aje      dry+ malt f1
 #ajh      effect ( g]m9ation on1 #ajg  
g]m9ation (1 #ajf      /eep+1 #aje      
te/ ( suffici5t /eep+1 #aje      wa%+1  
#ajd      ,beet-clean]s1 #aea           
-juice1 extraction ( by mac]ation &     
diffusion1 #aeg1 #aeh      pulp1        

addition ( sulphuric acid to1 #aec1     
#aef1 #afj      presses1 #aed1 #aef     
rasp1 #aeb      ,beets1 alcohol f1 #aej 
cell>s = /or+1 #adi      cultivation (1 
#adj      *>act]i/ics ( good1 #adj      
clean+1 #aea      composition (1 #ada   
conditions = cultivat+1 #adb1 #add1 #ade
      diffusion batt]y =1 #aeh          
direct di/illation (1 #afa      di/ill+ 
app>atus =1 #afb1 #bjj1 #bja            
di/ill+ plant =1 #aii1 #bja      ,beets1
 f]m5t+ juice (1 #afj      h>ve/+1 #adf 
h[ to tell :5 ripe1 #adg      hydraulic 
presses =1 #aec      mac]at+1 #aef1 #aei
      manures =1 #adc      roll press =1
 #aed      soil = gr[+1 #adb      s[+1  
#add1 #adf      /ack = /or+1 #adh       
/or+ 9 w9t]1 #adi      scum =m+ dur+    
f]m5tation (1 #afj      transportation  
(1 #bjc      ,boil+ ov]1 to prev5t 9    
/ill1 #eh      po9ts ( alcoholic        
liquors1 #b        ,c>bonic anhydride1  
to get rid (1 #be      ,cell> = beets1  
#adi      ,celli]-,blum5?al /ill1 #dh   
,clean+ b>ley1 #ajc      beets1 #aej    

gra91 #ajd      potatoes1 #aaj1 #bjd    
app>atus =1 #aea      ,coal consumption1
 #bjh      ,c(fey's /ill1 #ed           
,column di/ill]y1 #fd1 #ff              
rectify+1 #ea1 #hg1 #id      ,cond5s]1  
,celli]-,blum5?al's1 #dh      ,c(fey's  
/ill1 #ed      & ma% heat]1 #da1 #dc1   
#df1 #eb1 #fd1 #gd      ,conc5tration ( 
alcohol by di/illation1 #ca             
,cont9u\s di/illation1 #ej      ,cool+  
ma%es by air1 #ae      by wat]1 #ag1    
#acc1 #aif      ,corn1 ma%+1 7see       
,gra974      ,c\*1 wet1 #ajf      ,cov]$
 f]m5tation1 #bg      ,curr5t /ill1 #ei 
,de-,naturants1 =mulas =1 #baa1 #bad1   
#baf1 #bai1 #bed      prescrib$ 9 ,u4   
,s41 #baa1 #bbj      ,de-natur$ alcohol 
9 ,canada1 #bad      ,engl&1 #bad       
,france1 #bae      ,g]many1 #baa1 #bad  
uses (1 #baj1 #bac1 #bag        9       
,g]many1 #bag1 #bbb      ,de-natur+ 9   
,london e/abli%m5t1 #bae      9 ,u4 ,s41
 ,acts regulat+1 #bab1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bei 
regulations1 #bbi      ) b5z9e1 #baf    
,dia/ase1 #ad      prop] temp]ature =   

action (1 #ad1 #acc      ,di/ill+       
app>atus1 #cc1 #fc1 #ahi      ,adams'1  
#h      beet1 #afb                      
,celli]-,blum5?al's1 #dh      ,c(fey's1 
#ed      cont9u\s1 #ej1 #fh      curr5t1
 #ei      comp\nd /ill1 #df1 #dg        
fire heat$1 #dg      ,corty's1 #dj      
d\ble1 #da      ,dorn's1 #dc            
,gillaume's1 #gh      simple1 #ch1 #cf1 
#aij      ) enri*]1 #cg      ,di/ill+   
column1 #fd1 #gc      plants1 #ahi1     
#aii1 #bje      ,di/illation1 *eck+ #cb 
comp\nd1 #db1 #ej      multiple to      
/r5g!n alcohol1 #ca      ,d\gh1 lut+    
/ill )1 #cd      ,duj>d9's roll press = 
beets1 #aed      ,dry+1 b>ley1 #ajh     
kiln =1 #ajh      ,dry+ rooms1          
temp]ature (1 #ajh      ,dund] f        
molasses1 #afh        ,flavor 9 alcohol1
 cause ( bad1 #hf      ,f]m5t1 too mu*1 
#bd      ,f]m5tation 9 g5]al1 #i1 #ah1  
#bg      alcoholic1 #bb1 #bc            
acet\s1 #bd      foam+1 #bg      heat   
necess>y =1 #ai      lactic1 #be        
loss 91 #bh      ph5om5a (1 #bg         

p]iods (1 #bf      "u cov]1 #bg         
visc\s1 #be      ,f]m5t+ app>atus1 #bh1 
#aid      room1 #bi1 #aid      vats1    
#bh1 #bi1 #aie      ,fire1 regulat+     
di/ill+1 #fa      ,floors = malt+ b>ley1
 #ajf      ,fractionat+1 #hc      ,fusel
 oil1 7see ,rectify+74        ,geisl]'s 
app>atus = e/imat+ alcohol1 #ahd        
,gelat9iz+ app>atus1 #aj      ,g]m9at+  
b>ley1 #ajf      ,gra91 alcohol f1 #abf 
composition (1 #abh      cool+ ( ma%$1  
#acc      di/ill]y =1 #aig      gr9d+1  
#abi      infusion (1 #aca1 #ace        
,gra91 ma%+ 9 g5]al1 #acj1 #acd         
ma%+1 proportions ( gra9 =1 #acd        
"u /eam pressure1 #acg      ma%es1      
cool+1 #acc        regulat+ temp]ature  
(1 #acc1 #ach      ma% tub1 #acd      ?9
 ma% (1 #acd1 #ace      sac*>ify+1      
#aca1 #acd      /eep+1 #abi             
sulphur\s acid1 #acb        temp]ature (
 wat]1 #abi      suffici5t /eep+ (1     
#acj      ,gra9s1 relative quantities ( 
alcohol f v>i\s1 #abf      ,gauge glass1
 #ga        ,heat indicator = regulat+1 

#fa      necess>y = f]m5tation1 #ai     
,h5ze /eam]1 #aa1 #ad      ,hydraulic   
presses = beets1 #aec      ,hydromet]s1 
#agf1 #agg        ,indicator = regulat+ 
di/ill]y fire1 #fa      ,iod9e ,te/1    
#ahe        ,lactic f]m5tation1 #be     
,lime1 neutraliz+ acid by milk (1 #hj   
,loss ( alcohol 9 f]m5tation1 #bh       
,malt1 #ajc      dry+1 #ajh      gr9d+  
dri$1 #aji      kiln1 #ajh      ,malt+  
b>ley1 #ajc      clean+ b>ley =1 #ajd   
c\*1 #ajf      floors1 #ajf      g]m9at+
 b>ley =1 #ajf      9 l>ge plants1 #ajh 
/eep+ b>ley =1 #aje      ,ma% cool+1    
#ae1 #af1 #ag      heat+1 #eb1 #gd      
tub1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd      ,ma%+ 9      
g5]al1 #h      gra91 #cj1 #acd          
clean+1 #ajd      potatoes1 #aaj1 #abe  
/>*y mat]ials1 #aj      ,molasses1      
alcohol f1 #afc      acidify+1 #afd     
beet sug>1 #afd      cane sug>1 #afh    
cl>ify+ cane sug>1 #agj      composition
 (   1   #afh      dilution (1 #afg     
dund] f cane sug>1 #afh      f]m5t+ cane
 sug>1 #agj1 #bjf        cane sug> 9    

,mauritius1 #agb        cane sug> 9     
,java1 #agb      mix+ vats = wat] &1    
#afd1 #afe      plant = di/ill+1 #bje   
skimm+s f cane sug>1 #afh               
transportation (1 #bjg      wa%es1 sett+
 up1 #aff        pit*+ temp]ature (1    
#aff      ,me?ylat$ spirits1 #baa1 #bab 
,neutraliz+ ,acids 9 rectify+1 #hf      
,pit*+ ! ma%1 #bb      temp]ature1 #bb  
,potato-alcohol use 9 ,g]many1 #bab     
h[ to obta9 good1 #ach      ,potatoes1  
alcohol f1 #aaj      be/ = di/ill+1 #aaj
      clean+1 #aaj1 #bjd      cru%] =1  
#aaf      ,potatoes1 cru%+ & /eam+1     
#aaa1 #aag      extraction ( />* f      
sep>ately1 #abb      isolation ( />* f1 
#abb      keep+1 #aaj      ma%+1 #aaj1  
#aah1 #abe      plant = di/ill+1 #bjd   
rasp = pulp+1 #aeb      sac*>ify+ by    
sulphuric acid1 #abd      />* f1 #abb   
/eam+1 #aaa        "u high pressure1    
#aa1 #aah1 #aba        vat =1 #aab1 #aba
      /eam] & cru%] =1 #aaa1 #aag       
vacuum cook] =1 #aa      ,pro( _s1 #age 
,rectification1 #hb1 #ib      by        

filtration1 #aja      ,rectify+         
app>atus1 #hg      ,b>bet's1 #id        
,gillaume1 #ig1 #ii      int]mitt5t1 #ij
      ,vulcan1 #ic      ,regulat+       
di/ill]y fire1 #fa      ,relative       
quantities ( alcohol 9 gra9s1 #abf      
,rice1 7see ,gra9s74                    
,sac*>ification1 #h1 #aj1 #ad      by   
sulphuric acid1 #ach      complete1 #ahe
      ( gra91 signs (1 #acg             
,sac*>ify+ app>atus1 #ad      ,specific 
gravity ( alcohol1 #b1 #agd             
calculat+1 #agd      ,/eam g5]ator1 #aad
      regulator1 #fi      ,/eam]s1 high 
pressure1 #aa1 #ab      ,/eam+ "u high  
pressure1 #ac      ,/eam+ gra91 #acf    
potatoes1 #aaa        "u pressure1 #aah1
 #aba      vat1 #aab      ,/eep+ b>ley1 
#aje      gra91 #abi        suffici5tly1
 #acj      temp]ature1 #acj      ,/ills1
 7see ,di/ill+ ,app>atus74              
,sulphuric acid = sac*>ify+ gra91 #ach  
neutraliz+1 #hf      ,sykes' hydromet]1 
#agg        ,te/+ ,alcohol = purity1    
#ahg      ,tw9 column rectifi]1 #ie     

,vacuum cook]1 #aj1 #aa      ,vulcan    
rectify+ /ill1 #ic      /ills1 #gc1 #gg 
traps1 #ge        ,wat] = di/ill+1 #bjh 
,yea/1 #bj      brew]s1 #aa             
f]m5tation by1 #i1 #aj                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,electrical ,,books4      ,,!          
,,diseases ,,( ,,electrical ,,ma*9]y4   
,by ,,ern/ ,,s*ulz4 ,edit$ ) a  preface 
by ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson4 ,cont5ts (   
,*apt]s3 #a1 ,cont9u\s  ,curr5t ,ma*9es2
 breakd[ns 9 ! armature2 bru%es & bru%  
hold]s2  faults 9 ! field w9d+2 faults 9
 ! regulator or />t]4 #b1  ,s+lephase & 
,polyphase ,g5]ators2 faults 9 armature2
 gr\nds 9  g5]ators2 connections (      
diff]5t phases2 field w9d+s4 #c1        
,s+lephase & ,polyphase ,induction      
,motors2 /ator faults2 rotor  faults4   
#d1 ,trans=m]s2 faults 9 w9d+2 effects (
 lightn+4  #e1 ,effici5cy2 examples (   
effici5cy calculations4 #id pages1  #db 
illu/rations1 #abmo41 clo?1 #a4jj4      
,,electrical ,,tables ,,& ,,memor&a4 ,a 
valuable little ref]5ce book =  eng9e]s1

 electricians1 motor inspectors & o!rs  
int]e/$ 9 !  electrical sci5ce1 conta9+ 
_m tables & mu* valuable in=mation  9 a 
v small space1 ) a numb] ( illu/rations1
 by ,,pr(4 ,,silvanus  ,,?ompson4       
#fdmo41 roan1 gilt edges1 #dj;c4    ,,! 
,,voltaic ,,accumulator4 ,by ,,emile    
,,reyni]4 ,cont5ts3 ,"p #a1  ,pr9ciples1
 def9itions1 voltmet]s4 ,"p #b1 ,voltaic
 accumulators (  v>i\s types4 ,"p #c1   
,te*nology4 ,"p #d1 ,application (      
accumulators4  #bjb pages1 #fb          
illu/rations1 clo?1 #c4jj4    ,,!       
,,m]curial ,,air ,,pump4 ,by ,,pr(4     
,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4 ,sc4 #cg  
pages1  #dc illu/rations1 l>ge #hvo41   
pap]1 #fj;c4    ,,!rmo-,,electric       
,,reactions ,,& ,,curr5ts1 ,,betwe5     
,,metals ,,9 ,,fus$ ,,salts4  ,by       
,,?omas ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ah pages1 ) 
illu/rations & tables1 #hvo41  pap]1    
#dj;c4    ,,! ,,application ,,(         
,,electricity ,,to ,,railway ,,work+4   
,by ,,william ,,edw>d  ,,langdon4       
,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s3 #a1 ,on !           

con/ruction ( a telegraph  l9e4 #b1     
,survey+4 #c1 ,con/ruction4 #d1         
,telegraph in/rum5ts &  batt]ies4 #e1   
,block signall+4 #f1 ,s+le l9e work+4   
#g1 ,automatic  block signall+4 #h1     
,int]lock+4 #i1 ,miscellane\s appliances
 9  connection ) block signall+4 #aj1   
,tra9 light+4 #aa1 ,electric light  &   
p[]4 #ab1 ,int]communication 9 tra9s4   
#ac1 ,adm9i/ration4  ,app5dix4 ,index4  
#cja pages1 #f full page plates & #adc  
engrav+s &  diagrams1 #hvo41 clo?1      
#e4jj4    ,,electrical ,,te/+ ,,(       
,,telegraph ,,cables4 ,by ,,col4 ,v4    
,,hoskia]4 ,?ird  edition4 #abmo41 clo?1
 #a4ej4    ,,h>d ,,sold]+1 ,a ,,manual  
,,( ,,in/ruction ,,94 ,by ,h4 ,,r[ell1 )
 a  *apt] on s(t sold]+ & braz+4 #abmo41
 clo?1 #ge;c4                       99  
99       99       99       99           
,,j ,,out4                       #bic   
pages1 #bih illu/rations1 #hvo4         
,clo?1 #a4jj net4                       
,,! ,,model ,,libr>y                    
,,vol4 ,i4      ,consi/+ ( ! foll[+ f\r 

,am]ican books1 ) v complete            
g5]al index4             ,! ,/udy (     
,electricity & ,its ,laws = ,beg9n]s4   
,h[ to ,in/all ,electric ,bells1        
,annunciators & ,al>ms4                 
,dry ,batt]ies1 ,h[ to ,make & ,use ,!m4
         ,electrical ,circuits &        
,diagrams4 ,illu/rat$ & expla9$4        
99       99       99       99       99  
#be;c4 ,,books4      ,,electricity4 ,!  
/udy (1 & its laws = beg9n]s1 compris+ !
  laws ( electric curr5t g5]ation & fl[1
 ,ohm's law1 galvanism1  magnetism1     
induction1 pr9ciples ( dynamos & motors1
 wir+1 )  explanations ( simple         
ma!matics z appli$ to electrical        
calculations4  ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4 ,)
 #ee orig9al illu/rations & #f tables4  
,,dry ,,batt]ies4 ,a practical h&book on
 ! design+1 fill+ &  f9i%+ ( dry        
batt]ies1 ) tables1 = automobiles1 gas  
eng9e1  m$ical & coil "w1 electric      
bells1 al>ms1 telephones1 exp]im5ts  &  
all purposes requir+ a fir/-rate batt]y4
 ,fully illu/rat$ )  #cj orig9al draw+s4

    ,,electrical ,,circuits ,,&         
,,diagrams4 ,be+ a selection ( orig9al  
up-to-date & practical diagrams =       
in/all+ annunciators1 al>ms1  bells1    
electric gas light+1 telephones1        
electric p[] light & wir+  circuits1    
induction coils1 gas eng9e ignit]s1     
dynamos & motors1  armature w9d+s4 ,by  
,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4    ,,electric ,,bells
 ,,& ,,al>ms4 ,h[ to in/all !m4 ,by ,n4 
,h4 ,,s*neid]4  ,includ+ batt]ies1 wire 
& wir+1 circuits1 pu%es1 bells1 burgl>  
al>ms1 high & l[ wat] al>ms1 fire al>ms1
 !rmo/ats1  annunciators1 & ! locat+ &  
rem$y+ ( faults4 ,) #ef orig9al         
diagrams4    ,,mod]n ,,prim>y           
,,batt]ies4 ,_! con/ruction1 use &      
ma9t5ance1  includ+ batt]ies =          
telephones1 telegraphs1 motors1 electric
 lights1  induction coils1 & = all      
exp]im5tal "w4 ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,s*neid]4   
#id  pages1 #ee illu/rations4 ,! be/ &  
late/ ,am]ican book on !  subject4      
,,exp]im5t+ ,,) ,,induction ,,coils4 ,h4
 ,s4 ,,norrie1 au?or ( ,induction       

,coils & ,coil ,mak+4 ,a mo/ in/ructive 
little book1 full ( practical  & int]e/+
 exp]im5ts1 fully expla9$ 9 pla9        
language )  num]\s h9ts & sugge/ions =  
ev5+ ent]ta9m5ts4 ,arrang$ "u  ! foll[+ 
head+s3 ,introduction2 ,! ,h&l+ (       
,ruhmkorff ,coil2  ,exp]im5ts ) ,sp>ks2 
,effects 9 ! ,vacuum2 ,induction &      
,wireless  ,telegraphy4 ,) #cf orig9al  
illu/rations4 ,9 ! press    ,,small     
,,accumulators4 ,h[ made & us$1 by ,p4  
,,m>%all4 ,giv+ full  descriptions h[ to
 make all ! p>ts2 assemble !m1 *>ge !   
cells  & run !m1 ) examples ( _!        
practical application4 ,useful  receipts
 & memor&a & a gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms4 
#hj pages1 #dj  illu/rations1 pap]4     
,,electric ,,gas ,,light+4 ,h[ to in/all
 ,electric  gas ignit+ app>atus includ+ 
! jump sp>k & multiple sy/ems =  all    
purposes4 ,also ! c>e & selection (     
suitable batt]ies1 wir+  & repairs1 by  
,h4 ,s4 ,,norrie4 #aja pages1 #eg       
illu/rations1 pap]4    ,,simple         
,,electrical ,,work+ ,,models4 ,h[ to   

make !m & h[ to use !m4  ,) #dc         
illu/rations4    ,,telephones ,,&       
,,microphones4 ,mak+ & us+ simple =ms ( 
telephones  & microphones1 ) #bi        
illu/rations4    ,,small ,,electric     
,,motors4 ,h[ to make & use !m1 includ+ 
design1  examples ( small motors1 & _!  
applications1 spe$ controll]s1  />t]s1  
fuses1 etc4 #dh illu/rations4           
,,electric ,,light+ = amateurs4 ,!      
in/allation ( electric light on a  small
 scale1 con/ruction ( lamps & lamp      
hold]s1 swit*es1 batt]ies  & _!         
connections4 ,) #de illu/rations4       
,,induction ,,coils4 ,a practical h&book
 on ! con/ruction & use (  %ock & sp>k  
coils4 ,) #ce illu/rations4    ,x-,,rays
 ,,simply ,,expla9$4 ,! !ory & practical
 application (  ,radiography4 #aj       
illu/rations & #f plates4    ,,/atic    
,,electricity4 ,simple exp]im5ts 94 ,a  
s]ies ( in/ructive &  ent]ta9+          
electrical exp]im5ts ) simple &         
inexp5sive  app>atus4 ,) #ea            
illu/rations4    ,,simple ,,sci5tific   

,,exp]im5ts4 ,h[ to p]=m ent]ta9+ &     
in/ructive exp]im5ts ) simple home-made 
app>atus4 ,) #ei  ,illu/rations4        
,,small ,,electrical ,,measur+          
,,in/rum5ts1 describ+ ! mak+ & us+  ( ! 
diff]5t in/rum5ts fully illu/rat$4      
,,small ,,dynamos ,,& ,,motors4 ,h[ to  
make & use !m4 ,a practical  h&book1 by 
,f4 ,e4 ,,p[ell4 ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s3 #a4
 ,g5]al  ,consid]ations4 #b4 ,field     
,magnets4 #c4 ,armatures4 #d4           
,commutators & ,o!r  ,details4 #e4      
,tables ( ,w9d+s4 #f4 ,h[ to ,build a   
,small ,ma*9e4 #g4  ,useful ,data4 #h4  
,te/+ & ,repair+4 #gf pages1 fully      
illu/rat$ )  detail draw+s4             
,,univ]sal ,,"t ,,c>d ,,model4 ,by sett+
 to ! desir$ h\r at any "o  place !     
movable model w %[ at a glance ! actual 
"t ( all !  o!r places 9 ! _w4 ,pr9t$ 9 
two colors4                             
,,cross ,,section ,,books #be;c4 ea*4   
,,! ,,h&y ,,sket*+ ,,book4 ,size #eh1   
scale #h to #a 94        ,,! ,,h&y      
,,sket*+ ,,pad4 ,size #haj1 scale #h to 

#a 94        ,,electricians' ,,sket*+   
,,book4 ,size #eh1 scale #aj to #a 94   
,,electricians' ,,sket*+ ,,pad4 ,size   
#haj1 scale #aj to #a 94        ,,plott+
 ,,pad4 ,size #iaa1 scale #af to #a 94  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,electrical ,,in/rum5ts & ,,te/+4      
,h[ to ,use ! ,voltmet]1 ,ammet]1       
,galvanomet]1 ,pot5tiomet]1 ,ohmmet]1  !
 ,:eat/one ,bridge1 & ! ,/&>d ,portable 
,te/+ ,sets4                            
,,by                                    
,,norman ,h4 ,,s*neid]4    ,au?or ( ,c>e
 & ,h&l+ ( ,electric ,plants1 ,induction
 ,coils &  ,coil ,mak+1 ,circuits &     
,diagrams1 etc41 etc4    ,! aim ( !     
au?or has be5 to produce a complete &   
practical "w  on ?is important subject4 
,fir/ describ+ ! v>i\s =ms ( ,electrical
 ,te/+ & ,measur+  ,in/rum5ts & _!      
con/ruction4    ,secondly1 _! practical 
application to ev]yday "w ) num]\s      
examples work$ out4    ,?irdly1 detail+ 
! _m te/s ( insulation resi/ance1 curr5t
 &  e4m4f4 t c be made ) a voltmet]4    

,us+ only =mulas 9 simple algebra & !n  
expla9+ !m 9 pla9  language = ! b5efit (
 practical m5 lack+ a k (  ma!matics4   
,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! au?or has made    
hundr$s ( te/s1 :i*  has made him       
famili> ) ! subject f ! practical       
/&po9t4 ,he  has also obta9$ valuable   
in=mation & diagrams f ! pr9cipal       
manufactur]s ( ,te/+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,!     
app>atus describ$ is mod]n  & 9 univ]sal
 use4    ,mo/ ( ! diagrams h be5        
specially drawn = ?is book4    ,! "w is 
divid$ into ,,xi4 *apt]s z foll[s3      
,introduction2 ,*apt]s ,i4 & ,,ii1 ,!   
,galvanomet]2 ,,iii1 ,rheo/ats2 ,,iv1   
,! ,voltmet]2 ,v1 ,! ,:eat/one ,bridge2 
,,vi1 ,=ms ( ,portable ,sets2 ,,vii1    
,curr5t ,fl[ & e4m4f42 ,,viii1 ,!       
,pot5tiomet]2 ,,ix1 ,cond5s]s2 ,x1      
,cable ,te/+2 ,,xi1 ,te/+ ) ,voltmet]4  
#bcj pages1 #aje illu/rations &         
diagrams1 #abmo41 clo?1 #a4jj4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ev]ybody',s ,,book ,,on ,,electricity4
                                        

,,practical ,,electrics4                
,a ,,univ]sal ,,h&y-,,book              
,,on                        ,,ev]yday   
,,electrical ,,matt]s4                  
,,fif? ,,edition4                       
,,cont5ts4    ,al>ms4--,doors & ,w9d[s2 
,ci/]ns1 ,l[ ,wat] 9 ,boil]s2 ,"t       
,signals2 ,clocks4 ,batt]ies4--,mak+2   
,cells2 ,bi*romate2 ,buns52  ,callan's2 
,copp]-oxide2 ,cruik%ank's2 ,daniel's2  
,granule c>bon2 ,groves2  ,insulite2    
,leclan*2 ,lime ,*romate2 ,silv]        
,*loride2 ,smee2  ,!rmo-electric4       
,bells4--,annunciator ,sy/em2 ,d\ble    
,sy/em2 &  ,telephone2 ,mak+2 ,magnet =2
 ,bobb9s or ,coils2 ,trembl+2 ,s+le     
,/roke2 ,cont9u\s ,r++4 ,connections4   
,c>bons4 ,coils4--,induction2  ,prim>y2 
,second>y2 ,contact-break]s2 ,resi/ance4
 ,int5sity ,coils4--,reel2  ,prim>y2    
,second>y2 ,core2 ,contact-break]2      
,cond5s]2 ,p$e/al2  ,commutator2        
,connections4 ,dynamo-,electric         
,ma*9es4--,relation ( ,spe$  to ,p[]2   
,field-,magnets2 ,pole-pieces2          

,field-magnet ,coils2 ,armature ,cores  
& ,coils2 ,commutator ,collectors &     
,bru%es2 ,relation ( size to  effici5cy2
 ,me?ods ( excit+ ,field-,magnets2      
,magneto-,dynamos2  ,sep>ately excit$   
,dynamos2 ,%unt ,dynamos2 ,organs (     
,dynamos z  con/ruct$ 9 practice2       
,field-,magnets2 ,armatures2            
,collectors2 ,bru%  ,dynamo2 ,second    
,class2 ,alt]nate ,curr5ts2 ,?ird       
,class4 ,fire ,risks4--,!  ,dynamo2     
,wires2 ,lamps2 ,dang] to p]sons4       
,measur+4--,non-,regi/]+  ,in/rum5ts2   
,regi/]+ ,in/rum5ts4                    
,microphones4--,con/ruction1 c4         
,motors4--,application2 = ,railways4    
,phonographs4 ,photophones4             
,/orage4--,plates4 ,t]m9als4--,*>g+4    
,telephones4--,=ms2 ,circuits  & ,calls2
 ,transmitt] & ,swit*2 ,swit* =         
,simplex4                      #ace     
,,pages4 #abf ,,illu/rations4 #h ,,vo4  
,clo?1 #ge ,c5ts4           99       99 
99       99       99                    
,,an ,,am]ican ,,book4                  

,,induction ,,coils & ,,coil ,,mak+4    
,second edition ?or\ghly revis$1 greatly
 enl>g$ & br\ght up to                  
late/ ,am]ican ,practice1               
,,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,norrie1                  
7,,norman ,h4 ,,s*neid]7                
,consid]able space 9 ! new matt] is giv5
 to ! foll[+3 ,m$ical  & ba? coils1 gas 
eng9e & sp>k coils1 contact break]s1    
prim>y &  second>y batt]ies2 electric   
gas light+2 new me?od ( ,x-ray "w1  etc4
 ,a complete *apt] on up-to-date        
wireless telegraphy2 a numb] (  new     
tables & #be orig9al illu/rations4      
,great c>e has be5 giv5 to  ! revision  
to make ?is book ! be/ ,am]ican "w on ! 
subject4 ,a  v complete index1 cont5ts1 
li/ ( illu/rations & cont5ts (  tables h
 be5 add$4                              
,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4    #a4 ,con/ruction 
( coils2 sizes ( wire2 w9d+2 te/+2      
insulation2  g5]al rem>ks2 m$ical & sp>k
 coils4 #b4 ,contact break]s4 #c4       
,insulation & cem5ts4 #d4 ,con/ruction (
 cond5s]s4 #e4 ,exp]im5ts4 #f4          

,spectrum analysis4 #g4 ,curr5ts 9      
vacuo2 air pumps4 #h4 ,rotat+ effects4  
#i4 ,electric gas light+2 9 multiple2 9 
s]ies4 #aj4 ,prim>y batt]ies  = coils2  
v>ieties2 op5 circuit cells2 clos$      
circuit cells2  solutions4 #aa4 ,/orage 
or second>y batt]ies2 con/ruction2 sett+
 up2  *>g+4 #ab4 ,tesla & ,h]tz effects4
 #ac4 ,ro5tg5 ,radiography4 #ad4        
,wireless telegraphy2 arrangem5t (      
circuits ( coil & coh]] =  s5d+ &       
receiv+ messages2 coh]]s2 translat+     
devices2 air  conductors2 tables2       
cont5ts2 index4              ,,xii  #bgj
 ,pages1 #gi ,illu/rations1 #e  #f-a_/b 
,in*es4                                 
,clo?4 #a4jj4                       99  
99       99       99       99           
,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,electrical ,,p[]4     
7,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t47                  
,,= ,,me*anical                         
,,eng9e]s4                              
,,by                           ,a4 ,h4  
,,bate1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4      ,! rapid   
progress t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! 

application (  electricity to indu/rial 
purposes1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! transmission 
( p[] by means ( ! electric motor1 has  
made x imp]ative = e  eng9e] :o wi%es to
 keep up to date to h "s k ( ! way      
electrical curr5ts are controll$ & us$ =
 practical purposes4 ,?is  "w is        
especially writt5 = ! practical eng9e]1 
ma!matics be+  avoid$4                  
,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4         #a4 ,!      
,electric ,motor4       #b4 ,magnetic   
,pr9ciples4       #c4 ,electrical       
,measurem5ts4       #d4 ,! ,dynamo4     
#e4 ,con/ruction ( ,motor4       #f4    
,gov]n+ ( ,motors4       #g4 ,op5 &     
,clos$ ,motors2 rat+4       #h4 ,motor  
,/>t+ ,swit*es4       #i4 ,spe$ ,control
 ( ,%unt-w\nd ,motors4      #aj4 ,s]ies 
,motor ,control4      #aa4 ,di/ribution 
,sy/em4      #ab4  ,in/all+ &           
,connections4      #ac4  ,c>e ( ,dynamos
 & ,motors4      #ad4 ,co/ ( ,plant4    
#ae4 ,examples ( ,electric ,driv+4      
,horse-p[] absorb$ by v>i\s ma*9es1     
includ+ g5]al eng9e]+  & %ipy>d ma*9es2 

wood work+ & pr9t+ ma*9]y 7arrang$ 9    
#ad pages ( tables74            ,,xii   
#bjd pages1 #fc illu/rations1 #ab mo4   
clo?4 #b4jj4                       99   
99       99       99       99           
,,! ,,practical ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&book4   
,,to ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,managem5t ,,(      
,,electric ,,p[] ,,plants               
,by ,,norman ,h4 ,,s*neid]1             
,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,:ite ,city1 ,col+wood1  
,ohio4                                  
,,extracts ,,f ,,preface4    ,9 revis+ !
 fir/ edition ( ,p[] ,plants ! au?or    
decid$ to  greatly enl>ge x 9 ! hope t x
 w h a /ill great] success  ?an ! fir/  
"o4 ,! section on !ory is ?or\ghly      
revis$4 ,a  complete *apt] on ,/&>d     
,wir+ includ+ new tables & orig9al      
diagrams add$4 ,! ,national ,fire       
,und]writ]s' rules cond5s$ &  simple    
explanations giv54    ,direct & alt]nat+
 curr5t motors h be5 giv5 a special     
*apt]  & mod]n =ms ( />t+ rheo/ats      
describ$ at l5g?4 ,!  pr9ciples (       
alt]nators h be5 consid]$ also trans=m]s

 &  _! applications4 ,mod]n te/+        
in/rum5ts & _! use are giv5 a  sep>ate  
*apt]4 ,new matt] has be5 add$ to /orage
 batt]ies  includ+ *>g+ ( automobile    
batt]ies1 #aj new tables1 & #acg new    
illu/rations4                           
,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4  
#a4 ,,! ,,electric ,,curr5t2 s]ies &    
multiple connections2 resi/ance (       
circuits2 g5]al explanation ( =mulas4   
#b4 ,,/&>d ,,wir+2 wir+ =mulas & tables2
 wir+ sy/ems2 cut-outs2  conduits2 panel
 boxes2 correct me?ods ( wir+4    #c4   
,,direct ,,& ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t        
,,g5]ators2 managem5t 9 ! p[]  h\se2    
w9d+s2 selection ( g5]ators4    #d4     
,,motors ,,& ,,motor ,,/>t]s2 v>i\s =ms 
( motors2 controll]s2 c>e  ( motors & _!
 diseases2 rules = in/all+4    #e4      
,,te/+ ,,& ,,measur+ ,,in/rum5ts2       
voltmet] te/+ & connections2  in/rum5ts 
us$2 swit*bo>d in/rum5ts4    #f4 ,,!    
,,/orage ,,batt]y2 diff]5t k9ds2        
swit*bo>ds = *>g+ fix$  & movable       
batt]ies2 managem5t ( batt]y4    #g4 ,,!

 ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamp2 v>i\s me?ods (     
te/+2 life ( lamps4    #h4 ,,eng9e]+    
,,notes2 belts & pulleys h4p4 ( belts4  
,tables4 ,cont5ts4  ,index4             
#bij pages1 #bjc illu/rations4 #abmo41  
clo?1 #a4ej4                            
,full limp lea!r1 #b4ej4                
99       99       99       99       99  
,design ( ,dynamos                ,,by  
,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,b4 
,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4                        
,,extracts ,,f ,,preface4    ,! pres5t  
"w is purposely conf9$ to cont9u\s      
curr5t g5]ators4  ,! calculations & data
 be+ express$ 9 in* measures2 b !  au?or
 has adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! decimal           
subdivision ( ! in*2 small  l5g?s be+ 9 
mils1 & small areas ( cross-section 9   
sq4 mils1 or1  sometimes1 also1 9       
circul> mils4                           
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4    #a4 ,,dynamo 
,,design ,,z ,,an ,,art4    #b4         
,,magnetic ,,data ,,& ,,calculations4   
,causes ( wa/e ( ,p[]4 ,coeffici5ts  (  
,disp]sion4 ,calculation ( ,disp]sion4  

,det]m9ation ( excit+  amp]e-turns4     
,example ( ,calculation4    #c4 ,,copp] 
,,calculations4 ,weight ( ,copp] ,wire4 
,electrical resi/ance (  ,copp]1 9 cube1
 /rip1 rods1 etc4 ,space-factors4 ,coil 
,w9d+s2 ,ends2  ,insulation2 ,v5tilat+2 
,heat+4    #d4 ,,insulat+ ,,mat]ials ,,&
 ,,_! ,,prop]ties4 ,a li/ ( mat]ials1   
includ+ ,armalac1 ,vitrite1 ,petrifite1 
,micanite1 ,vulcabe/on1  ,/abilite1     
,megohmite1 etc4 ,) tables4    #e4      
,,armature ,,w9d+ ,,s*emes4 ,lap ,w9d+s1
 ,r+ ,w9d+s1 ,wave ,w9d+s1  ,s]ies      
,r+-,w9d+s1 ,w9d+ ,=mul4 ,numb] (       
circuits4 ,equaliz+  connections4       
,,color$ ,,plates4    #f4 ,,e/imation   
,,( ,,losses1 ,,heat+ ,,&               
,,pressure-,,drop4 ,copp] ,losses1 ,iron
  ,losses1 ,excitation ,losses1         
,commutator ,losses1 ,losses ?r\gh      
sp>k+4  ,friction & ,w9dage ,losses4    
,second>y ,copp] ,losses4    #g4 ,,!    
,,design ,,( ,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t        
,,dynamos4 ,work+ ,con/ants & ,trial    
,values2 ,flux-d5sities2 ,l5g? (        

,air-gap2 ,numb] ( ,poles2 ,curr5t      
,d5sities2 ,numb] ( ,armature           
,conductors2 ,numb] ( ,commutator       
,segm5ts2  ,size ( ,armature 7,/e9metz  
coeffici5t72 ,assignm5t ( ,losses (     
,en]gy2  ,c5trifugal ,=ces2 ,calculation
 ( ,b9d+ ,wires2 ,o!r proc$ure 9        
design4 ,crit]ia ( a good design4       
,specific utilization ( mat]ial4    #h4 
,,examples ,,( ,,dynamo ,,design4    #a4
 ,%unt-w\nd multipol> ma*9e1 ) slott$   
drum armature4 #b4  ,ov]-comp\nd$       
,multipol> traction g5]ator1 ) slott$   
drum  armature1 ) g5]al specifications1 
tables1 dim5sions & draw+s1  fully      
describ$4    ,a numb] ( examples (      
g5]ators are giv5 9 ea* *apt]1 fully    
work$ out ) rules1 tables & data4       
,,viii4  #bec pages1 #ib illu/rations1  
#aj l>ge fold+ plates & #d              
,,?ree-,,color ,,plates1 #hvo41 clo?1   
#c4ej4                       99       99
       99       99       99             
,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9]y               
,,vol4 ,i4--,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t4        

,,by                 ,,silvanus ,p4     
,,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4   
#g? ,edition ,revis$ & ,greatly ,enl>g$4
                               ,,cont5ts
 ,,( ,,*apt]s4         #a4              
,introductory4       #b4 ,hi/orical     
,notes4       #c4 ,physical ,!ory (     
,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9es4       #d4    
,magnetic ,pr9ciples2 & ! ,magnetic     
,prop]ties ( ,iron4       #e4 ,=ms (    
,field-,magnets4       #f4 ,magnetic    
,calculations z ,appli$ to ,dynamo      
,ma*9es4       #g4 ,copp] ,calculations2
 ,coil ,w9d+s4       #h4 ,insulat+      
,mat]ials & _! ,prop]ties4       #i4    
,actions & ,reactions 9 ! ,armature4    
#aj4 ,commutation2 ,conditions (        
,suppression ( ,sp>k+4      #aa4        
,elem5t>y ,!ory ( ! ,dynamo1 ,magneto & 
,sep>ately ,excit$    ,ma*9es1          
,self-excit+ ,ma*9es4      #ab4         
,*>act]i/ic ,curves4      #ac4 ,! ,!ory 
( ,armature ,w9d+4      #ad4 ,armature  
,con/ruction4      #ae4 ,me*anical      
,po9ts 9 ,design & ,con/ruction4        

#af4 ,commutators1 ,bru%es &            
,bru%-,hold]s4      #ag4 ,losses1 ,heat+
 & ,pressure-,drop4      #ah4 ,! ,design
 ( ,cont9u\s ,curr5t ,dynamos4      #ai4
 ,analysis ( ,dynamo ,design4      #bj4 
,examples ( ,mod]n ,dynamos 7,light+ &  
,traction74      #ba4 ,dynamos =        
,electro-,metallurgy & ,electro-,plat+4 
#bb4 ,arc-,light+ ,dynamos & ,rectifi]s4
      #bc4 ,special ,types ( ,dynamos2  
,extra ,high ,voltage ,ma*9es1          
,/eam-,turb9e ,ma*9es1 ,extra ,l[ ,spe$ 
,ma*9es1 ,excit]s1    ,d\ble-,curr5t    
,ma*9es1 ,?ree-,wire ,ma*9es1 ,homopol> 
7,unipol>7 ,ma*9es1 ,disk ,dynamos4     
#bd4 ,motor-,g5]ators & ,boo/]s4        
#be4 ,cont9u\s-,curr5t ,motors4         
#bf4 ,regulators1 ,rheo/ats1 ,controll]s
 & ,/>t]4      #bg4 ,managem5t & ,te/+ (
 ,dynamos4          ,app5dix1 ,wire     
,gauge ,tables4 ,index4    #iif pages1  
#egc illu/rations1 #d color$ plates1 #cb
 l>ge fold+ plates4                     
#hvo41 clo?4 #g4ej4                     
99       99       99       99       99  

,alt]nat+-,curr5t ,ma*9]y               
,,be+ ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,(                   
,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9]y4              
,,by                 ,,silvanus ,p4     
,,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4   
,ow+ to ! enorm\s increase 9 ! use (    
electrical ma*9]y s9ce  ! publication ( 
! six? edition ( ,,dynamo-,,electric    
,,ma*9]y !  au?or has deem$ x advisable 
to divide ! "w4 ,vol4 ,i4 is devot$ to  
,,direct ,,curr5t ,,ma*9]y & ?is !      
second "p4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,alt]nat+       
,,curr5t ,,ma*9]y4 ,among/ ! _m new     
features treat$ special m5tion  mu/ be  
made ( ! numb] ( f9e color$ plates (    
w9d+s & !  _m l>ge fold+ scale draw+s4  
,^! two volumes make ! mo/  compreh5sive
 & au?oritative "w on dynamo ma*9]y4 ,! 
"w has  be5 s univ]sally adopt$ t x has 
be5 f\nd necess>y to translate  x into  
,fr5* & ,g]man4                         
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4       #a4       
,pr9ciples ( ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts4     #b4
 ,p]iodic ,functions4     #c4           
,alt]nators4     #d4 ,induc$ ,e4,m4,f4 &

 ,wave-,=ms ( ,alt]nators4     #e4      
,magnetic ,leakage & ,armature          
,reaction4     #f4 ,w9d+ ,s*emes =      
,alt]nators4     #g4 ,design (          
,alt]nators4 ,comp\nd+ ( ,alt]nators4   
#h4 ,examples ( ,mod]n ,alt]nators4     
#i4 ,/eam ,turb9e ,alt]nators4    #aj4  
,syn*ron\s ,motors1 ,motor ,g5]ators1   
,conv]t]s4    #aa4 ,p>allel ,runn+ (    
,alt]nators4    #ab4 ,trans=m]s4    #ac4
 ,design ( ,trans=m]s4    #ad4          
,induction ,motors4    #ae4 ,design (   
,induction ,motors4    #af4 ,examples ( 
,induction ,motors4    #ag4 ,s+le-,phase
 ,induction ,motors4    #ah4            
,alt]nat+-,curr5t ,commutator ,motors4  
,app5dix4 ,! ,/&>dization ( ,voltages & 
,frequ5cies4        ,complete ,index4   
,,xx  #hdh pages1 #edf illu/rations1 #ae
 color$ plates & #bd l>ge fold+  plates4
 #hvo41 clo?4 #g4ej4                    
99       99       99       99       99  
,books = ,/eam ,eng9e]s4    ,,diagram   
,,( ,,corliss ,,eng9e4 ,a l>ge engrav+  
giv+ a longitud9al  section ( ! ,corliss

 eng9e cyl9d]1 %[+ relative positions ( 
!  pi/on1 /eam valves1 exhau/ valves1 & 
wri/ plates :5 cut-(f takes  place at   
#a_/d /roke = ea* #ae degrees ( !       
circle4 ,) full  p>ticul>s4 ,rea*-rods &
 rock %afts4 ,! circle expla9$4         
,wri/-plates & ecc5trics4 ,explanation (
 figures1 etc4 ,pr9t$ on  heavy pap]1   
size #ac 94  #ai 941 #be;c4    ,,!      
,,corliss ,,eng9e & its ,managem5t4 ,a  
,practical ,h&book = "y  eng9e]s &      
firem51 7#crd edition7 by ,j4 ,t4       
,,h5?orn4 ,a good little  book1 conta9+ 
mu* useful & practical in=mation4       
,illu/rat$1  clo?1 #a4jj4    ,,!        
,,fireman',s ,,guide to ! ,c>e &        
,managem5t ( ,boil]s1 by ,,k>l ,p4      
,,dahl/rom1 ,m4,e41 cov]+ ! foll[+      
subjects3 ,fir+ & ,economy (  ,fuel2    
,fe$ & ,wat] ,l9e3 ,l[ ,wat] & ,prim+3  
,/eam ,pressure3  ,clean+ & ,bl[+ ,out2 
,g5]al ,directions4 ,a ?or\ghly         
practical  book4 ,clo?1 #ej;c4    ,a ,b 
,c ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,) a         
description ( ! automatic %aft  gov]nor1

 ) six l>ge scale draw+s4 ,a practical  
h&book = firem5  help]s & "y eng9e]s1   
giv+ a set ( detail draw+s all numb]$  &
 lett]$ & ) names & p>ticul>s ( all p>ts
 ( an up-to-date  ,am]ican high spe$    
/ation>y /eam eng9e4 ,also a l>ge draw+ 
&  full description ( ! automatic %aft  
gov]nor4 ,) notes &  practical h9ts4    
,?is "w w prove ( great help to all "y  
m5 :o  wi% to obta9 _! eng9e]'s lic5se4 
,clo?1 price #ej;c4    ,,h[ ,,to ,,run  
,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,by ,e4 ,p4      
,,watson1 7= _m ye>s a  practical       
eng9e]1 & a well-kn[n writ] 9 ,!        
,eng9e]47 ,a  fir/-rate book = beg9n]s1 
firem5 & help]s4 ,comm5c+ f !  beg9n+1  
%[+ h[ to ?or\ghly ov]haul a plant1     
f\ndations1  l9+ up ma*9]y1 sett+       
valves1 vacuum1 ecc5trics1 connection1  
be>+s1 fitt+s1 clean+ boil]s1 wat] tube 
boil]s1 runn+ a  plant1 & _m useful     
rules1 h9ts & o!r practical in=mation2  
_m  ?\s&s already sold4 #afj pages1     
fully illu/rat$1 clo?1 #a4jj4           
,,ammonia ,,refrig]ation4 ,by ,i4 ,i4   

,,r$wood4 ,a practical "w ( ref]5ce  =  
eng9e]s & o!rs employ$ 9 ! managem5t (  
ice &  refrig]at+ ma*9]y4 ,a fir/-rate  
book1 beg9n+ f ! bottom &  go+ c>efully 
?r\gh ! v>i\s processes1 /age by /age1 )
 _m  tables & orig9al illu/rations4     
,clo?1 #a4jj4    ,,mey] ,,slide ,,valve4
 ,position diagram ( cyl9d] ) cut(f at  
#a_/h1  #a_/d1 #c_/h & #a_/b /roke (    
pi/on ) movable valves1 on c>d #g-a_/b  
94   #e-a_/b 94 ,price1 #be;c4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,text-,,book           
,,on ,,/eam ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s1      
,,= ,,!                  ,,use ,,(      
,,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges4   
,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,k9ealy4       ,pr(essor (
 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,wa%+ton          
,univ]sity4      ,illu/rat$ ) ,diagrams 
& ,num]\s ,cuts1 ,%[+ ,am]ican ,types   
& ,details ( ,eng9es & ,boil]s4         
,?is book is writt5 solely z an elem5t>y
 text-book = ! use (  beg9n]s & /ud5ts 9
 eng9e]+1 b m specially = !  /ud5ts 9 ! 
v>i\s univ]sities & colleges 9 ?is      

c\ntry4    ,no attempt has be5 made to  
tell ev]y?+ ab\t any "o p>ticul>        
subject1 b ! au?or has endeavor$ to give
 ! /ud5t an idea (  elem5t>y            
!rmodynamics1 ( ! action ( ! /eam 9 !   
cyl9d] (  ! eng9e1 ( ! motion ( ! /eam  
valve1 ( ! diff]5ces betwe5  ! v>i\s    
types ( eng9es & boil]s1 ( ! g5]ation ( 
heat by  combu/ion1 & ! conv]sion ( wat]
 into /eam4    ,c>e has be5 tak5 n to   
t\* ^u ! design & proportion ( !  v>i\s 
p>ts ( eng9es & boil]s = /r5g?2 z1 9 !  
op9ion (  ! writ]1 t %\ld come aft] a   
g5]al k ( ! eng9e &  boil] has be5      
obta9$4    ,9 ! d]ivation ( "s ( ! =mul 
9 !rmodynamics1 x has be5  necess>y to  
use ! calculus1 b ! use ( all ma!matics 
high] ?an  algebra & geometry has be5   
avoid$ z mu* z possible4    ,an e>ne/   
endeavor has be5 made to pres5t !       
subject 9 a cle> &  concise mann]1 us+ z
 few words z possible & avoid+ all      
padd+4    ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4       
,*apt] ,i4--,!rmodynamics2 ,fir/ ,law ( 
,!rmodynamics2 ,"w1 ,p[]2  ,unit (      

,heat2 ,me*anical ,equival5t2           
,application ( ,heat to ,bodies2        
,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics2 ,specific 
,heat2 ,absolute ,temp]ature2           
,application ( ,heat to a ,p]fect ,gas2 
,iso!rmal ,expansion2 ,adiabatic        
,expansion2 ,fusion2 ,vaporisation2     
,application ( ,heat to ,wat]2          
,sup]heat$ ,/eam4 ,*apt]                
,,ii4--,!oretical ,heat ,eng9e2 ,cycle2 
,!rmodynamic ,effici5cy2 ,p]fect ,gas   
,eng9e2 ,p]fect ,/eam ,eng9e2           
,!oretical ,diagram ( ! ,real ,eng9e2   
,cle>ance2 ,effici5cy           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,! ,,slide ,,valve                     
,,simply ,,expla9$4                     
,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,t5nant1 ,asso4 ,m4 ,in/4  
,me*4 ,e4               ,! "w has be5   
?or\ghly revis$ & enl>g$             9  
accordance ) ! pres5t ,am]ican          
,practice4                 ,by ,j4 ,h4  
,,k9ealy1 ,d4 ,e41 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,me*4 
,e4      ,! "w is bas$ ^u notes &       
diagrams :i* 7 prep>$ by ,mr4  ,t5nant 9

 8 lectures to 8 classes ( work+ eng9e]s
 & /ud5ts  t[>ds ! obta9m5t ( cle> g5]al
 notions ^u ! ,slide ,valve1  its       
design1 v>ieties1 adju/m5ts & managem5t4
 ,!y h be5 revis$  & consid]ably add$ to
 & 9 ?is =m ! au?ors believe !y w  be ( 
consid]able value to all eng9e]s & o!rs 
int]e/$ 9 /eam  eng9es4                 
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4      ,i4    ,!  
,simple ,slide4    ,,ii4   ,! ,ecc5tric 
a ,crank4 ,special ,model to give       
,quantitative          ,results4        
,,iii4  ,advance ( ! ,ecc5tric4    ,,iv4
   ,dead ,c5tre4 ,ord] ( ,cranks4       
,cu%ion+ & ,lead4    ,v4                
,expansion--,inside & ,outside ,lap &   
,lead2 ,advance affect$          !reby4 
,compression4    ,,vi4   ,d\ble-port$ & 
,pi/on ,valves4    ,,vii4  ,! ,effect ( 
,alt]ations to ,valve & ,ecc5tric4      
,,viii4 ,note on ,l9k ,motions4    ,,ix4
   ,note on v e>ly cut-(f1 & on ,rev]s+ 
,ge>s 9 g5]al4      ,! illu/rations aim 
to cov] ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,slide ,valves1
           & ! circul> diagrams w prove 

a novel feature4                 #hh    
,pages4 #da ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1
 #a4jj                       99       99
       99       99       99             
,,lubricants1                           
,,oils ,,& ,,greases4                   
,,treat$ ,,!oretically ,,& ,,giv+       
,,practical                             
,,in=mation ,,reg>d+ ,,_!               
,,composition1 ,,uses ,,& ,,manufacture4
                ,a ,,practical ,,guide  
,,= ,,manufactur]s1 ,,eng9e]s1          
,,& ,,us]s ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,( ,,lubricants4
                              ,by       
,,iltyd ,i4 ,,r$wood1       ,associate  
,memb] ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical   
,eng9e]s2 ,memb]     ,society ,*emical  
,indu/ries 7,engl&72 ,au?or (           
',!oretical &    ,practical ,ammonia    
,refrig]ation1' & a ',practical         
,treatise on ,m9]al                     
,oils & ,_! ,by-,products4'             
,,cont5ts4                              
,,introduction4--,lubricants4           
,,!oretical4      ,,*apt] ,i4--,m9]al   

,oils3 ,am]ican & ,russian2             
,hydroc>bons4    ,,*apt]                
,,ii4_/sc--,fatty ,oils3 ,glyc]ides2    
,vegetable ,oils2 ,fi% ,oils4    ,,*apt]
 ,,iii4_/sc--,m9]al ,lubricants3        
,graphite2 ,plumbago4    ,,*apt]        
,,iv4_/sc--,greases3 ,comp\nd$2 ,set or 
,axle2 ,boil$ or ,cup4    ,,*apt]       
,v4_/sc--,te/s ( ,oils3 ,m9]al ,oils4   
,te/s ( ,oils3 ,fatty ,oils             
,,manufacture4        ,,*apt]           
,,vi4--,m9]al ,oil ,lubricants3         
,comp\nd$ ,oils2 ,de-bloom$ ,oils4      
,,*apt] ,,vii4_/sc--,greases3 ,comp\nd$ 
,greases2 ,set or ,axle ,greases2       
,boil$ ,greases2 ,eng9e ,greases4       
,,app5dix4--,! ,action ( ,oils on ,v>i\s
 ,metals4 ,index4      ,,tables3        
,i4--,viscosity & ,specific ,gravity4   
,,ii4--,atomic ,weights4                
,,iii4--,orig91 ,te/s1 ,etc4 ( ,oils4   
,,iv4--,action ( ,oils on ,metals4      
,,li/ ,,( ,,plates3 ,i4--,i4 ,i4        
,r$wood's ,improv$ ,set ,measur+        
,app>atus    ,,ii4--,section ,grease    

,kettle4 ,,iii4--,diagram ( ,action (   
,oils on ,metals4                       
#hvo4 ,clo?4 #a4ej4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,me*anical ,draft4                      
,,by                      ,j4 ,h4       
,,k9ealy1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,m4,e4         
,pa/ ,presid5t ,am]ican ,society ,heat+ 
& ,v5tilat+ ,eng9e]s4                   
,,preface4    ,9 writ+ ?is book ! au?or 
has assum$ t ^? :o w use x  are famili> 
) boil]s & eng9e plants1 & he has _h 9  
m9d !  practic+ eng9e] :o is call$ ^u to
 design p[] plants1 & :o  mu/ !re=e     
decide :5 x is be/ to use "s =m (       
me*anical  draft4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! book
 is :at ! exp]i5ce ( ! au?or  9 mak+    
calculations = me*anical draft          
in/allations has %[n him  is probably ! 
be/4 ,& he has tri$ to arrange ! tables 
9 su* a  way & 9 su* a sequ5ce t !y may 
prove z useful to o!rs z  !y h to him4  
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4    #a4 ,,g5]al  
,,discussion4 ,introduction2 sy/ems (   
me*anical draft2  *imneys v4 me*anical  

draft2 me*anical draft & economiz]s4    
#b4 ,,=c$ ,,draft4 ,sy/ems2 clos$       
fire-room sy/em2 clos$ a%pit sy/em2     
small fan requir$2 usual pressure2 =c$  
draft & economis]s2  advantages2        
disadvantages4    #c4 ,,induc$ ,,draft4 
,introduction2 temp]ature ( gases2      
advantages2  disadvantages4    #d4      
,,fuel ,,& ,,air4 ,weight ( coal to be  
burn$2 evaporation p] lb4 (  coal2      
effect ( rate ( evaporation2 weight (   
air requir$2 volume (  air & gases2     
volume ( gases to h&le2 leakage2 factor 
( safety4    #e4 ,,draft4 ,relation to  
rate ( combu/ion2 resi/ance ( grate2    
resi/ance  due to economiz]2 draft      
requir$ "u diff]5t conditions4    #f4   
,,economiz]s4 ,effect ( add+2 ord9>y    
proportion & co/2 increase  ( temp]ature
 ( fe$ wat]4    #g4 ,,fans4 ,type &     
proportions ( fan us$2 relation betwe5  
revolution (  fan & draft2 capacity (   
fan4    #h4 ,,proportion+ ,,! ,,p>ts4   
,diamet] ( fan :eel requir$2 spe$ at    
:i* ! fan mu/ run2 p[] requir$ to run ! 

fan2 size ( eng9e  requir$2 /eam us$ by 
fan eng9e2 *oos+ ! fan = =c$ draft1  =  
induc$ draft )\t economiz]1 = induc$    
draft ) economiz]2  location ( ! fan2   
bree*+ & up-take2 inlet *amb]2 dis*>ge  
*imney2 by-pass2 wat] = be>+s4          
,app5dix4 ,tables4 ,index4 #aef pages4  
#ac plates4 #afmo4                      
,clo?1 #b4jj4                       99  
99       99       99       99           
,,! ,,au?ority ,,on ,,?is ,,subject4    
,,c5trifugal ,,fans4                  ,a
 ,,!oretical ,,& ,,practical ,,treatise 
,,on                  ,fans = ,mov+ ,air
 ,9 ,l>ge ,quantities                   
,at ,comp>atively ,l[ ,pressures4       
,,by                      ,j4 ,h4       
,,k9ealy1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,m4,e4         
,pa/-,presid5t ,am]ican ,society ,heat+ 
& ,v5tilat+ ,eng9e]s4      ,! matt] 9   
?is book 0 a s]ies ( articles writt5 = !
  ,eng9e]+ ,review4 ,! favorable        
att5tion :i* !y attract$ lead  ! au?or  
to believe t !re 0 a real dem& = a book 
treat+ 9  a !oretical z well z a        

practical way on c5trifugal fans4 ,!    
articles h be5 ?or\ghly revis$1 add$ to1
 & made z complete z  possible4         
,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4         #a4 ,fl[ (  
,air2 ,volume ( ,air ,fl[+2 ,pressure   
,necess>y =    requir$ velocity4        
#b4 ,vortex2 ,vortex ) ,radial ,fl[4    
#c4 ,fans2 ,fir/ ,type ( ,fans2 ,second 
or ,guibal ,type ( ,fans2 ,?ird    ,type
 ( ,fans2 ,mod]n ,type4       #d4 ,fan  
,:eel2 ,vanes or ,floats2 ,inlet2 ,wid?4
       #e4 ,capacity2 ,bla/ ,area2      
,effect ( ,outlet on ,capacity2 ,air p] 
,revolution4       #f4 ,pressure2 ,"w4  
#g4 ,horse ,p[] ,requir$ to ,run a ,fan2
 ,eng9e ,requir$ to ,run a ,fan2        
,motor ,requir$ to ,run a ,fan2 ,wid? ( 
,belt4       #h4 ,effici5cy2 ,air p]    
,horse ,p[]4       #i4 ,exhau/]s4       
#aj4 ,h\s+2 ,dim5sions ( ,h\s+s2 ,%aft4 
#aa4 ,cone ,:eels4      #ab4 ,disk      
,fans2 ,numb] ( ,revolutions p] ,m9ute2 
,capacity ( a ,disk    ,fan2 ,horse ,p[]
 ,requir$4      #ac4 ,*oos+ a ,fan4     
,index4    ,tw5ty-two tables h be5      

prep>$ & !y h be5 arrang$ 9 !  way1 :i* 
! exp]i5ce ( ! au?or 9 design+ heat+ &  
v5tilat+ plants has %[n to be ! mo/     
conv5i5t4 ,! tables are  full &         
complete1 all calculations hav+ be5 v   
c>efully *eck$1  read & revis$4 ,,xiv4  
#bjf pages1 #ci diagrams4 ,full limp    
lea!r  pocketbook4                      
,r\nd ,corn]s1 gilt edges4 #e4jj4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,*>ts ,,=                         ,,l[ 
,,pressure ,,/eam ,,heat+               
= ! use (                   ,,eng9e]s1  
,,ar*itects1 ,,contractors ,,&          
,,/eam ,,fitt]s4                        
,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,k9ealy1 ,m4,e4       ,m4  
,am4 ,soc4 ,m4 ,e41 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ( ,h4
 & ,v4 ,eng'rs1 c41 c4      ,! au?or has
 long be5 9 ! habit ( us+ *>ts to aid   
him 9 8  "w4 ,kn[+ ! value ( !m 9 sav+  
"t1 simplify+ "w &  ensur+ correct      
calculations he feels confid5t t !y w be
  appreciat$ by eng9e]s1 ar*itects &    
contractors1 = ^: b5efit  !y h be5      
compil$4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to make !    

*>ts z cle>  & z easily und]/ood &1     
above all1 z accurate z possible4 ,!y  h
 be5 bas$ ^u !oretical consid]ations1   
modifi$ by :at is  consid]$ to be good  
practice 9 ?is c\ntry4    ,,*>t         
#a4--,?is *>t is = det]m9+ ! numb] (    
squ>e feet (  heat+ surface ( a l[      
pressure /eam heat+ sy/em1 pressure n to
  exce$ #e lbs4 p] squ>e in* by ! gauge1
 necess>y to supply ! heat  lo/ ?r\gh ! 
v>i\s k9ds ( wall surfaces ( rooms4 ,!  
*>t is  divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,,*>t     
#b4--;,= det]m9+ ! diamet]s ( !  supply 
& return pipes = a heat+ sy/em4 ,,*>t   
#c4--;,= f9d+ !  numb] ( squ>e feet (   
boil] heat+ surface & ! numb] ( squ>e   
feet ( grate surface = a boil] t is to  
supply /eam to a /eam  heat+ sy/em4     
,,*>t #d4--;,= det]m9+ ! area ( ! cross 
section  ( a squ>e flue1 or ! diamet] ( 
a r\nd flue1 lead+ f an  indirect       
radiation heat] to ! regi/] 9 a room to 
be heat$4    ,full details are giv5 = ! 
use ( ^! c>ds4    ,^! f\r *>ts are pr9t$
 on heavy :ite c>d-bo>d & b\nd  toge!r )

 clo?1 size #ac 94 by #i-a_/d 941 #a4jj4
    ,^! c>ds are securely pack$ = mail &
 s5t to any "p ( !  ,_w on receipt (    
price4                       99       99
       99       99       99             
,gas ,analy/'s ,manual4                 
,by ,,jaques ,,abady1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,me*4   
,e4        7,incorporat+ ,f4 ,w4        
,h>tley's ,gas ,analy/'s ,manual & ,gas 
,measurem5t47                           
,,extract ,,f ,,preface4    ,! num]\s   
reque/s receiv$ by ! ,publi%]s = ! late 
,mr4 ,f4 ,w4  ,h>tley's ,gas ,analy/'s  
,manual & ,gas ,measurem5t =m !         
ju/ification ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* embodies
 practically ! entire  cont5ts ( ^? two 
volumes4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t _!   
scope 0 too n>r[ to comply ) mod]n      
requirem5ts 9 v>i\s  directions1 al?\gh 
ample at ! "t !y 7 writt51 & s ,i h     
v5tur$ to add su* ext5sions z appe>$ to 
be necess>y 9 ord] to  meet ! dem& :i*  
exi/s = a compreh5sive "w on ,gas       
,app>atus  & its use4    ,?is l>ge "w   
has be5 9 c\rse ( prep>ation = ! pa/    

?ree  ye>s by ,mr4 ,jaques ,abady1 & has
 be5 v c>efully revis$ by o!r  exp]ts4  
,_m valuable tables ( data h be5        
includ$1 a numb] ( :i* come  f ! private
 note books ( ! ,au?or1 be+ practically 
results  obta9$ by him dur+ _m ye>s ( "w
 z ,exp]t1 ,gas ,eng9e] &  ,gas-,works  
,mat]ials ,manufactur]4                 
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s4                 
#a4--,photometry 7#eh pages47           
#b4--,! table photomet] & ,photomet]    
,room 7#ch pages47     #c4--,/&>d (     
,light 7#cb pages47                     
#d4--;,calorimetry & ,specific ,gravity1
 ) a note on ,mond ,gas         7#dh    
pages47     #e4--,! ,ref]ees' ,te/ =    
,sulphur & ,ammonia 9 ,gas 7#bh pages47 
#f4--;,coal ,te/+ 7#bb pages47          
#g4--,te/+ ,enri*m5t & ,purification    
,mat]ials 7#cc pages47     #h4--,purity 
,te/s = ,gas 9 ! ,v>i\s ,/ages ( its    
,manufacture         7#dc pages47       
#i4--,te/+ ,bye-products 7#ce pages47   
#aj4--,te*nical ,gas ,analysis 7#fc     
pages47    #aa4--,met]-,te/+ ,app>atus  

7#dh pages47    #ab4--,met] & ,gov]nor  
,te/+ 7#cd pages47    ,app5dix4 ,data1  
,tables1 ,=mul1 etc41 7#ch pages74    ,&
 v complete ,cont5ts1 ,index & ,li/ (   
,illu/rations1 & ,tables1  c4 c4        
,,xv#efj pages1 #e-a_/b  #h-a_/b 941 #ic
 illu/rations & #i fold+  plates4       
,b\nd 9 ,h&some ,half ,lea!r - #f4ej    
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,design & ,con/ruction               
,,(                                ,,oil
 ,,eng9es4                          ,,) 
,,full ,,directions ,,=                 
,erect+1 ,te/+1 ,in/all+1 ,runn+ &      
,repair+4               ,includ+        
descriptions ( ,am]ican & ,engli%       
,,k]os5e ,,oil ,,eng9es4                
,by ,a4 ,h4 ,,gold+ham1 ,m4,e4          
,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,*apt]s3  
#a4 ,introductory2 classification ( oil 
eng9es2 vaporiz]s2 ignition &  spray+   
devices2 diff]5t cycles ( valve         
movem5ts4 #b4 ,on design &  con/ruction 
( oil eng9es2 cyl9d]s2 crank%afts2      
connect+ rods2  pi/on & pi/on r+s2      

fly-:eels2 air & exhau/ cams1 valves &  
valve boxes2 be>+s2 valve me*anism1 ge>+
 & lev]s2 proportions  ( eng9e frames2  
oil-tank & filt]2 oil supply pipes2     
diff]5t types  ( oil eng9es2 cyl9d]s    
made 9 m ?an "o piece2 s+le cyl9d]  &   
d\ble cyl9d] eng9es2 crankp9 dim5sions2 
fitt+ p>ts2  assembl+ ( oil eng9e2 te/+ 
wat] jackets1 jo9ts1 etc4 #c4 ,te/+  =  
leaks1 faults1 p[]1 effici5cy1          
combu/ion1 compression2 defects z  %[n  
by indicator2 diagrams = sett+ valves2  
h[ to correct faults2  indicator fully  
describ$2 fuel consumption te/1 etc4 #d4
 ,cool+ wat]  tanks2 capacity ( tanks2  
s\rce ( wat] supply2 sy/em (            
circulation2  wat] pump2 exhau/ sil5c]s2
 self />t]s2 utilization ( wa/e heat  ( 
exhau/4 #e4 ,oil eng9es driv+ dynamo2   
in/allation ( plant2 direct  & belt     
connect$2 belts2 p[] = electric light+2 
loss ( p[]4 #f4  ,oil eng9es driv+ air  
compressors2 direct connect$ & ge>$2    
table  ( pressures2 pump+ outfits2 oil  
eng9es driv+ ice & refrig]ation         

outfits4 #g4 ,full in/ructions = runn+  
diff]5t k9ds ( oil eng9es4  #h4 ,h9ts on
 repairs2 adju/m5t ( crank-%aft &       
connect+ rod  be>+2 te/+ oil inlet      
valves & pump1 fitt+ new spur ge>s1 etc4
  #i4 ,g5]al descriptions ) illu/rations
 ( ,am]ican & ,engli% oil  eng9es2      
me?ods ( work+2 portable oil eng9es1    
etc41 etc4 ,index &  tables4            
,,xiii4  #aif pages1 #g-a_/b  #e-a_/b1  
#gi illu/rations1 clo?1 #b4jj           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,practical ,,h&book                    
,,on                                    
,,gas ,,eng9es4           ,)            
,in/ructions = ,c>e & ,work+ ( ! ,same4 
,by ,g4 ,,lieckfeld1 ,c4,e4             
,,translat$ ,,) ,,p]mission ,,( ,,!     
,,au?or ,,by                            
,geo4 ,ri*mond1 ,m4,e4           ,,to   
,,:i* ,,has ,,be5 ,,add$ ,,full         
,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,runn+ ,,(        
,,oil ,,eng9es4                         
,,cont5ts4    ,*oos+ & in/all+ a gas    
eng9e4 ,! con/ruction ( good gas        

eng9es4 ,exam9ation z to workman%ip4 ,z 
to runn+4 ,z to economy4  ,reliability &
 durability ( gas eng9es4 ,co/ ( in/all+
 a gas  eng9e4 ,prop] erection ( a gas  
eng9e4 ,con/ruction ( ! f\ndation4      
,arrangem5t = gas pipes4 ,rubb] bag4    
,lock+ devices4 ,exhau/ pipes4  ,air    
pipes4 ,sett+ up gas eng9es4 ,brakes &  
_! use 9 asc]ta9+  ! p[] ( gas eng9es4  
,!ory ( ! brake4 ,! ,brau] b& brake4    
,arrangem5t ( a brake te/4 ,explanation 
( ! expressions ,brake ,p[]  & ,indicat$
 ,p[]4 ,comp>isons ( ! results ( ! brake
 te/ &  ! indicat$ te/4 ,quantity ( "w  
consum$ by ext]nal friction ( !  eng9e4 
,di/ribution ( heat 9 a gas eng9e4      
,att5dance on gas eng9es4  ,g5]al       
rem>ks4 ,gas eng9e oil4 ,cyl9d]         
lubricators4 ,rules z to  />t+ & /opp+ a
 gas eng9e4 ,! clean+ ( a gas eng9e4    
,g5]al  obs]vations & specific          
exam9ation = defects4 ,diff]5t k9ds (   
defectives4 ,! eng9e refuses to "w4     
,non-/>t+ ( ! eng9e4 ,too  mu* pressure 
on ! gas4 ,wat] 9 ! exhau/ pot4         

,difficulty 9  />t+ ! eng9e4 ,clogg$    
slide valve4 ,leaks 9 gas pipes4        
,unexpect$  /opp+ ( eng9e4 ,irregul>    
runn+4 ,loss ( p[]4 ,weak gas mixtures4 
,late ignition4 ,cracks 9 air inlet4    
,back fir+4 ,knock+ & p\nd+  inside (   
eng9e4 ,dang]s & precaution>y measure 9 
h&l+ gas  eng9es4 ,exam9ation ( gas     
pipes4 ,precautions :53-,op5+ gas       
valves4  ,remov+ pi/on f cyl9d]4 ,exam9+
 ) light op5+s ( gas  eng9es4 ,dang]s 9 
/>t+4 ,dang]s 9 clean+4 ,safegu>ds =    
fly-:eels4 ,dang] ( putt+ on belts4 ,oil
 ,eng9es4 ,gas eng9es )  produc] gas4   
,gasol9e & oil eng9es4 ,!               
,hornsby-,akroyd oil eng9e4  ,failure to
 />t4 ,exam9ation ( eng9e 9 detail4     
,vaporiz] valve box4  ,full detail$     
directions = ! managem5t ( ,oil ,eng9es4
 ,conclud+  rem>ks4 #abj pages1         
illu/rat$1 #abmo4 clo?4 #a4jj           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,fire                
,,&                              ,,fire 
,,prev5tion4                      ,a    

,,h&book ,,= ,,insurance ,,surveyors1   
,,works ,,manag]s1 ,,& ,,all ,,int]e/$  
,,9 ,,fire ,,risks ,,& ,,_! ,,dim9ution 
,,by                       ,,h]b]t      
,,+le1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4             
,,&                         ,,h>ry      
,,+le1 ,,ph4,d41 ,b4,,sc4               
,,te*nological ,,*emi/4                 
,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4    ,i4 ,def9ition ( 
,fire1 ,old ,!ories z to its ,nature1   
,mod]n ,views (  ,combu/ion--,!         
,physical & ,*emical ,prop]ties ( !     
,atmosph]e1 !  ,*ief ,prop]ties ( its   
,con/itu5ts--,"s ,conditions ,affect+ ! 
,combu/ion ( ,sub/ances 9 ,air1 !       
,pr9ciple ( ! ,m9]'s ,safety  ,lamp4    
,,ii4 ,explanation ( ,*emical ,t]ms1    
,outl9e ( ! ,atomic ,!ory4 ,brief       
,explanations ( ! ,use ( ,*emical ,=mul 
& ,equations4    ,,iii4 ,me?ods (       
,prep>ations ( ,oxyg51 ,br9's ,oxyg5    
,manufacture--,heat  ,measurem5ts1 !    
,calorimet]1 ,calorific ,p[] (          
,sub/ances ,burn+ 9  ,air4    ,,iv4     
,coal ,gas3 ,its ,prep>ation1           

,purification & ,composition--,prop]ties
  ( ,its ,*ief ,con/itu5ts--,reciprocity
 ( ,combu/ion--,gase\s                  
,diffusion--,explosion ( ,gases--,du/   
,explosions4    ,v4 ,fuel3 ,*emical     
,composition ( ,wood1 ,*>coal1 ,peat1   
,lignite1 ,coal1  ,coke1 ,petroleum1    
,coal ,gas--,use ( ,atmosph]ic          
,burn]s--,produc]  ,gas--,wat]          
,gas--,dawson ,gas4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cross ,,section ,,pap]4               
,scale ,,eight to ,,"o ,in*4            
,,! ,,h&y ,,sket*+ ,,pad4    ,pr9t$ on  
"o side1 9 blue ink1 all ! l9es be+ (   
equal ?ickness  ) useful tables4 ,size  
#h  #aj in*es4 ,price1 #be;c4 ea*4 ,p]  
doz5 pads1  #b4ej4                      
,,! ,,h&y ,,sket*+ ,,book4    ,made f   
?is pap] b pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,size (  
book #e  #h  in*es1 /iff bo>d cov]s4    
,price1 #be;c4 ea*2 p] doz5 books1      
#b4ej4                           ,scale 
,,eight to ,,"o ,in*4    ,a l>ge %eet ) 
heavy in* l9es & half in* l9es1 pr9t$ 9 

blue  ink4 ,size ( %eet1 #ag  #bb in*es4
 ,p] quire 7#bd %eets71                 
,scale ,,t5 to ,,"o ,in*4    ,size #ag  
#bb in*es1 pr9t$ 9 blue ink1 ) heavy in*
 l9es & half  in* l9es4 ,p] quire 7#bd  
%eets71                       ,!        
,electrician's ,sket*+ ,book4    ,made f
 ?is pap]4 ,scale #aj to #a in*4 ,size (
 book #e  #h in*es1 )  /iff c>d bo>d    
cov]s4 ,price1 #be;c4 ea*2 p] doz51     
#b4ej4                        ,!        
,electrician's ,plott+ ,pad4    ,same   
pap]1 only pr9t$ on "o side1 size ( pad1
 #h  #aj in*es1 #be;c2  p] doz51 #b #ej4
                 ,any ,books & ,pads    
,assort$1 p] doz51 #b #ej4              
,,any ,,quantity ,,mail$ ,,to ,,any ,,"p
 ,,( ,,! ,,_w                           
,,po/-,,paid ,,on ,,receipt ,,( ,,price4
        ,?is pap] is ,pr9t$ f plates4   
,try x & y w f9d x                      
,,good1 ,,accurate ,,& ,,*eap4          
,,spon  ,,*amb]la91                     
,,new ,,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4               
99       99       99       99       99  

#be;c4 ,,books4      ,,model ,,boil]    
,,mak+4 ,conta9s full in/ructions =     
design+ &  mak+ model /ation>y1 m>9e &  
locomotive boil]s4 ,fully illu/rat$  )  
orig9al work+ draw+s4    ,,metal ,,work+
 ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,uses4 ,a ,h&book =  
,"y ,eng9e]s &  ,appr5tices4 ,%[s h[ to 
use simple tools requir$ 9 metal work+ &
  model mak+4 ,illu/rat$4    ,,simple   
,,me*anical ,,work+ ,,models4 ,h[ to    
make & use !m1 includ+  /ation>y eng9e  
locomotive1 /eamboat1 wat]:eel1 etc4 ,) 
#cd  illu/rations4    ,,model ,,/eam]   
,,build+4 ,a practical h&book on !      
design &  con/ruction ( model /eam]     
hulls1 & fitt+s1 ) #ci scale  draw+s4   
,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,model ,,/eam]s4 ,on !    
design1 con/ruction1 fitt+ &  erect+ (  
eng9es & boil]s = model /eam]s1 ) #dd   
scale  draw+s4    ,,! ,,slide ,,valve4  
,simply expla9$ = work+ eng9e]s4 ,fully 
illu/rat$4    ,,! ,,locomotive1 simply  
expla9$4 ,a fir/ introduction to ! /udy 
(  ! locomotive eng9e1 _! designs1      
con/ruction & erection1 ) a  %ort       

cate*ism1 & #bf illu/rations4    ,,!    
,,beg9n]',s ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,la!4 ,an 
elem5t>y in/ruction book on  turn+ 9    
wood & metal4 ,by ,p4 ,,m>%all4 #gf     
pages1 #ge illu/rations4    ,,gas ,,&   
,,oil ,,eng9es4 ,a practical h&book on1 
) in/ructions =  c>e & runn+4           
,illu/rat$4    ,,/&>d ,,screw ,,?reads4 
,a ,guide to ,/&>d ,screw ,?reads &     
,twi/  ,drills4 7,small sizes47         
,illu/rat$4    ,,/eam ,,turb9es4 ,h[ to 
design & build !m4 ,a practical h&book =
  model mak]s4 ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4 #a4  
,g5]al ,consid]ation4 #b4 ,pressure     
,develop$ by an ,imp++ ,jet2 ,velocity &
 ,fl[ ( ,/eam ,?r\gh  ,orifices4 #c4    
,me?od ( ,design+ a ,/eam ,turb9e4 #d4  
,complete ,designs =  ,de,laval ,/eam   
,turb9es2 ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,vanes2 ,%r\d+4
 #e4 ,! ,!ory  ( ,multiple ,/age        
,turb9es4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) detail     
draw+s &  tables4    ,,me*anical        
,,draw+1 simply expla9$4 ,use (         
in/rum5ts1 read+ &  sett+ out draw+s1   
ink+ 9 & f9i%+1 draw+s = reproduction1  

lett]+1 ) #dd illu/rations4             
,,acetyl5e ,,gas4 ,h[ to make & use x4  
,a practical h&book on ! uses  (        
,acetyl5e ,gas1 suitable app>atus = its 
g5]ation1 h9ts &  fitt+ up1 etc4 #cd    
illu/rations4    ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,draw+s4 
,a ,sy/em ( ,easy ,lett]+1 by ,j4 ,h4   
,,cromwell1  ) an app5dix ( eight new   
alphabets by ,g4 ,m>t94 ,giv+ a v>iety (
  v attractive alphabets suitable =     
eng9e]+ & ar*itectural  draw+s4 #h?     
?\s&4 #ej;c4    ,,projection ,,draw+4   
,twelve plates on1 by ,,oswald ,,gue?1  
,m4,e41 ,in/4  ,me*4 ,draw+1 ,coop]     
,in/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,arrang$ 9 ?ree sections3
  ,projections1 plate #a1 ,prisms2 #b1  
,pyramids2 #c1 ,incl9$ ,prisms2 #d1     
,incl9$ ,pyramids4 ,sections1 plate #e1 
,prisms & ,pyramids2 #f1 ,cones2 #g1    
,sph]es2 #h1 ,v>i\s ,solids4            
,int]sections1 plate #i1 ,prisms2 #aj1  
,cyl9d]s2 #aa1 ,sph]es2 #ab1 ,prisms &  
,pyramids4 ,size1 #h-a_/b9999  fraction 
#aa 941 sewn1 #ge;c4    ,,eng9e]+       
,,ma!matics4 ,simply expla9$4 ,a        

text-book = /ud5ts1  appr5tices &       
eng9e]s4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,h>rison4 #afe    
pages1 #ei diagrams1  clo?1 #ge;c4      
,,algebra ,,self-,,taught4 ,by ,w4 ,p4  
,,higgs4 #g? edition4 ,! simple/ & be/  
book = beg9n]s1 me*anics1 "y eng9e]s &  
electricians4  ,comm5c+ f ! v beg9n+1 & 
advanc+ /ep by /ep1 ) _m  practical     
examples work$ out4 ,! signs giv5 are   
fully expla9$4 ,!  language us$ is s    
simple t a /ud5t c readily ma/] algebra 
by a  little home /udy4 ,?is is ! book  
to help ! "y man get into a  bett]      
position4 ,b\nd 9 clo?1 #fj;c4          
,,educational ,,woodwork4 ,by ,a4 ,c4   
,,hor?4 ,a complete manual = tea*]s  &  
organiz]s ( woodwork+ classes4 ,cont5ts 
( ,*apt]s3 #a4 ,fir/  ,ye> ,c\rse4 #b4  
,second ,ye> ,c\rse4 #c4 ,?ird ,ye>     
,c\rse4 #d4 ,fitt+s &  ,furniture4 #e4  
,discipl9e4 #f4 ,organization & ,me?od4 
#g4 ,! ,in/ruction  ( ! ,physically &   
,m5tally ,defici5t & ,bl9d4 #h4 ,object 
,lessons4  ,fully illu/rat$ )           
reproductions f photographs1 draw+s1 &  

facsimile black-bo>d lessons4 #aeh      
pages1 #abmo41 clo?1 #a4jj net4         
,,woodwork ,,jo9ts4 ,h[ to make & :]e to
 use !m2 includ+ mortise  & t5on jo9ts1 
lap jo9ts1 dovetail jo9ts1 glue jo9ts & 
sc>f+  jo9ts4 ,) a *apt] on circul>     
woodwork1 revis$ & enl>g$  edition1 #aja
 pages1 #agh illu/rations4 #be;c4    ,,!
 ,,beg9n]',s ,,guide ,,to ,,fretwork4   
,conta9+ full in/ructions on !  ,use (  
,tools & ,mat]ials2 & six full size     
,fretwork designs4 ,) #ci  pages & #bf  
illu/rations4 #be;c4    ,,v5e]+1        
,,m>quetry ,,& ,,inlay4 ,a practical    
in/ruction book 9 ! art  ( ,decorat+    
,woodwork by ^! me?ods4 ,by ,p4 ,a4     
,,wells4 #gi pages1 #cg  illu/rations4  
#be;c4    ,,s(t ,,woods ,,& ,,colonial  
,,timb]s4 ,! selection & ,uses ( ,s(t   
,woods  & ,colonial ,timb]s4 ,!         
cultivation1 cutt+ & season+4 #eg pages1
  #ae illu/rations4 #be;c4    ,,h>d     
,,woods1 ,,engli% ,,& ,,=eign4 ,a       
practical description ( ,h>d &  ,fancy  
,woods us$ by ! c>p5t] & cab9et mak]4   

,by ,p4 ,a4 ,,wells1 #gi  pages1 #ai    
illu/rations1 #be;c4                    
99       99       99       99       99  
,spons'                                 
,me*anics ,own ,book                    
,a ,,"w ,,t ,,%\ld ,,be ,,9 ,,y\r       
,,bookcase4      ,! g5]al me?od (       
treatm5t ( ea* subject1 is fir/ ! raw   
mat]ials work$ ^u1 its *>act]i/ics1     
v>iations & suitability2  secondly1 !   
tools us$1 ! %>p5+ & use2 ?irdly1 devot$
 to  typical examples ( "w to be done1  
mat]ials1 & h[ to d simil>  "w1 etc4    
,,! ,,foll[+ ,,are ,,! ,,pr9cipal       
,,cont5ts4      ,me*anical ,draw+1 7#ac 
pages47    ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 7#ee   
pages47    ,ca/+ & ,f\nd+ 9 ,brass &    
,bronze1 7#cj pages47    ,=g+ & ,f9i%+1 
7#df pages47    ,sold]+ 9 all its       
bran*es1 7#bf pages47    ,%eet ,metal   
,work+1 7#aj pages47    ,turn+ & ,turn+ 
,la!s1 7#ca pages47    ,c>p5try1 7#bbd  
pages47    ,log ,huts1 ,build+1 ,etc41  
7#h pages47    ,cab9et-,mak+1 7#cf      
pages47 ,uphol/]y1 7#f pages47    ,c>v+ 

& ,fretwork1 7#ac pages47    ,picture   
,frame ,mak+1 7#d pages47    ,pa9t+1    
,gra9+ & ,m>bl+1 7#bh pages47    ,/a9+1 
7#ac pages47  ,gild+1 7#c pages47       
,poli%+1 7#bc pages47 ,v>ni%+1 7#d      
pages47    ,pap] ,hang+1 7#d pages47    
,glaz+1 7#g pages47    ,pla/]+ & ,:ite  
,wa%+1 7#i pages47    ,light+1 7#h      
pages47    ,f\ndations & ,masonry1 7#df 
pages47    ,ro(+1 7#ad pages47          
,v5tilat+ & ,w>m+1 7#ac pages47         
,electric ,bell & ,bell ,hang+1 ,gas    
,fitt+1 7#h pages47    ,roads &         
,bridges1 ,banks1 ,h$ges1 ,dit*es &     
,dra9s1 ,asphalt ,cem5t      ,floors1   
,wat] ,supply & ,sanitation4      ,total
 numb] ( pages #gjb4 ,total numb]       
illu/rations #a1dbj ,b\nd 9  sub/antial 
half-extra1--,,price ,,by ,,mail ,,only 
#b4ej    ,we h an #h page circul> giv+  
full cont5ts :i* w be s5t free  on      
application4                       99   
99       99       99       99           
,work%op ,receipts4                     
,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete                    

,te*nical ,cyclop$ia 9 #e ,vols4        
,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,pr9cipal                 
,cont5ts4--,bronzes1 ,cem5ts1 ,dye+1    
,electrometallurgy1 ,enamels1 ,et*+s1   
,fireworks1 ,fluxes1 ,fulm9ates1        
,gild+4 ,gums1 ,japann+4 ,lacqu]s1      
,m>ble ,work+1 ,nitro-,glyc]9e1         
,photography1 ,pott]y1 ,v>ni%es1 etc41  
etc4 #dbj pages1 #ajh illu/rations1     
#abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4    ,second ,s]ies4  
,pr9cipal ,cont5ts4--,acidimetry1       
,album54 ,alcohol1  ,alkaloids1 ,bitt]s4
 ,blea*+1 ,boil] ,incru/ations1         
,cleans+1  ,confection]y1 ,copy+1       
,dis9fectants1 ,ess5ces4 ,extracts1     
,fire-pro(+1  ,glyc]9e4 ,gut1 ,iod9e1   
,ivory ,sub/itutes1 ,lea!r1 ,mat*es     
,pigm5ts1  ,pa9t1 ,pap]1 ,p>*m5t1 etc41 
etc4 #dhe pages1 #af illu/rations1      
#abmo1  clo?1 #b4jj4    ,?ird ,s]ies4   
,pr9cipal ,cont5ts4--,alloys1 ,alum9ium1
 ,antimony1 ,copp]1  ,electrics1        
,enamels1 ,glass4 ,gold1 ,iron & ,/eel1 
,liquors4 ,lead1  ,lubricants1          
,magnesium4 ,manganese1 ,m]cury1 ,mica1 

,nickel1 ,plat9um1  ,silv]1 ,slag1 ,t91 
,uranium1 ,z9c1 etc41 etc4 #dhj pages1  
#ahc  illu/rations1 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4 
,f\r? ,s]ies4 ,pr9cipal                 
,cont5ts4--,wat]-pro(+1 ,pack+ &  ,/[+1 
,embalm+ & ,pres]v+ ,lea!r ,poli%es1    
,cool+ ,air &  ,wat]4 ,pumps & ,siphons1
 ,dessicat+4 ,di/ill+1 ,emulsify+1      
,evaporat+1 ,filt]+1 ,p]colat+ &        
,mac]at+4 ,electrotyp+1  ,/]eotyp+4     
,book-b9d+1 ,/raw-plait+1 ,musical      
,in/rum5ts1 ,clock  & ,wat* ,m5d+1      
,photography1 etc41 etc4 #ddc pages1    
#bdc illu/rations1  #abmo1 clo?1 #b #jj4
    ,fif? ,s]ies4 ,pr9cipal             
,cont5ts4--,diamond ,cutt+1 ,laboratory 
,app>atus1 ,copy+1 ,filt]+1 ,fire-pro(+4
 ,magic ,lant]ns1 ,metal ,"w4           
,p]colation1 ,illum9at+ ,ag5ts1 ,tobacco
 ,pipes1 ,taps1 ,ty+ &  ,splic+4 ,tackle
 ,repair+ ,books4 ,nett+1 ,walk+ ,/icks 
,boat-,build+1  etc41 etc4 #ddj pages1  
#cgc illu/rations1 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4  
,,ea* ,,s]ies has its own ,cont5ts &    
,index & is complete 9 itself4          

99       99       99       99       99  
,,spons' ,,encyclop,,dia                
,,( ,,!                       ,indu/rial
 ,arts1 ,manufactures                   
,,&                                     
,comm]cial ,products4                   
,,edit$ ,,by                   ,g4 ,g4  
,,&re1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,asso4-,m4 ,in/4      
,c4,e4                                  
,,&                 ,c4 ,g4 ,,w>n=d     
,,lock1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41           
,m4,i4,m4,m4       ,assi/$ by _m prom95t
 ,manufactur]s1 ,*emi/s & ,sci5ti/s4    
,?is encyclop$ia is writt5 by practical 
m5 = practical m54    ,raw ,mat]ials =m 
p]haps its mo/ important feature & are  
dealt  ) 9 a way nev] be=e attempt$4    
,manufactur]s are discuss$ 9 detail f ! 
manufactur+ /&po9t  by manufactur]s (   
ackn[l$g$ reputation4    ,special       
consid]ation is giv5 to ! utilization ( 
wa/e1 !  prev5tion ( nuisance1 & ! "q ( 
adult]ations4    ,te*nicalities are     
expla9$1 & bibliographies 7,engli%1     
,am]ican1  ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 etc471 are    

app5d$ to ! pr9cipal articles4    ,ov]  
#b1jjj pages & ne>ly #b1jjj             
illu/rations4    ,we are (f]+ a ,limit$ 
numb] ( sets ( a                        
,,special ,,?ree ,,volume ,,edition     
,,h&somely                     ,,b\nd   
,,9 ,,half-,,morocco1 ,,clo?-,,gilt1    
,,m>bl$ ,,edges1 #ae4jj ,,net4          
,a full descriptive circul> c be _h on  
application4                       99   
99       99       99       99           
,dubelle's ,fam\s ,=mulas4              
,,kn[n ,,z            ,non ,plus ,ultra 
,soda ,f\nta9 ,requisites ( ,mod]n      
,times4                                 
,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,dubelle4      ,a practical
 ,receipt ,book = ,druggi/s1 ,*emi/s1   
,confection]s &                         
,v5d]s ( ,soda ,wat]4                   
,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts4               
,,introduction4--,notes on natural fruit
 juices & improv$ me?ods =  _!          
prep>ation4 ,select+ ! fruit4 ,wa%+ &   
press+ ! fruit4  ,treat+ ! juice4       
,natural fruit syrups & mode (          

prep>ation4 ,simple  or /ock syrups4    
,,=mulas4    ,,fruit                    
,,syrups4--,blackb]ry1 black currant1   
black raspb]ry1 catawba1  *]ry1 concord 
grape1 cranb]ry1 lime1 pea*1 p9eapple1  
plum1 qu9ce1  raspb]ry1 r$ curr5t1 r$   
orange1 scupp]nong grape1 /rawb]ry1 wild
  grape4 ,,new ,,improv$ ,,artificial   
,,fruit ,,syrups4--,apple1 apricot1     
banana1  bitt] orange1 blackb]ry1 black 
currant1 *]ry1 citron1 curacoa1 grape1  
groseille1 lemon1 lime1 m&>91 mulb]ry1  
nect>9e1 pea*1 pe>1  p9eapple1 plum1    
qu9ce1 raspb]ry1 r$ curr5t1 /rawb]ry1   
sweet  orange1 tang]9e1 vanilla4 ,,fancy
 ,,soda ,,f\nta9 ,,syrups4--,ambrosia1  
capillaire1 coca-k9a1 coca-vanilla1     
coca-v9o1 excelsior1 imp]ial1           
kola-coca1 kola-k9a1 kola-vanilla1      
kola-v9o1 nect>1 noyean1 orgeat1  %]bet1
 syrup ( roses1 syrup ( violets4        
,,artificial ,,fruit                    
,,ess5ces4--,apple1 apricot1 banana1    
b]gamot1 blackb]ry1 black *]ry1  black  
currant1 blueb]ry1 citron1 cranb]ry1    

gooseb]ry1 grape1 lemon1  lime fruit1   
melon1 nect>9e1 orange1 pea*1 pe>1      
p9eapple1 plum1  qu9ce1 raspb]ry1 r$    
currant1 /rawb]ry4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,fruit 
,,phosphates4--,acid solution (         
phosphate1 /rawb]ry1 tang]9e1 wild      
*]ry4--#bi4 diff]5t =mulas4 ,,new ,,malt
 ,,phosphates--#cf4 ,,=eign ,,&         
,,dome/ic ,,w9e ,,phosphates--#i4       
,,cream-,,fruit ,,lact>ts--#bh4         
,,soluble ,,flavor+  ,,extracts ,,&     
,,ess5ces--#ad4 ,,new ,,mod]n           
,,pun*es--#ah4 ,,milk ,,pun*es--#ag4    
,,fruit ,,pun*es--#cb4 ,,fruit          
,,meads--#ah4 ,,new ,,fruit             
,,*ampagnes--#ag4 ,,new ,,egg           
,,phosphates--#ad4 ,,fruit ,,juice      
,,%akes--#bd4 ,,egg ,,phosphate ,,%akes4
 ,,hot ,,egg  ,,phosphate ,,%akes4 ,,w9e
 ,,bitt] ,,%akes--#ab4 ,,soluble ,,w9e  
,,bitt]s  ,,extracts--#ab4 ,,new        
,,italian ,,lemonades--#ah4 ,,ice       
,,cream ,,sodas--#ci4  ,,non-,,poison\s 
,,colors4 ,,foam ,,prep>ations4         
,,miscellane\s ,,=mulas--#bf4  ,,late/  

,,novelties ,,9 ,,soda ,,f\nta9         
,,mixtures--#g4 ,,tonics4--,beef1 iron &
  c9*ona2 hypophosphite2 beef & coca2   
beef1 w9e & iron2 beef1 w9e1  iron &    
c9*ona2 coca & calisaya4                
,,lact>ts4--,imp]ial tea2 mo*a  c(fee2  
nect>2 ,p]sian %]b]t4 ,,pun*es4         
,,extracts4--,columbia root be]2  g+]   
tonic2 soluble hop ale4                 
,,lemonades4--,fr5*2 ,vi5na4 ,egg nogg4 
,hop  ale4 ,hot tom4 ,malt w9e4 ,%]ry   
cobbl]4 ,s>atoga milk %ake4 ,pancret9  &
 w9e4 ,kola-coco cordial4 ,iron malt    
phosphate4 ,peps91 w9e & iron1  etc4    
#aeg ,pages1 ,ne>ly #ejj ,=mulas4 #abmo1
 ,clo?4 #a                       99     
99       99       99       99           
,late/ practice1 ,new & orig9al cuts4   
,,ka?>9e ,,melli%',s                    
,,cook]y                                
,,&                            ,,dome/ic
 ,,managem5t4                           
,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts4      ,complete
 ,breakfa/ ,m5us1 ) receipts1 pages     
#a-bg4      ,complete ,lun*eon ,m5us1 ) 

receipts1 pages #bh-gd4        ,tea     
,m5us1 ,high ,tea ,m5us1 ) receipts1    
pages #ge-abd4          ,complete ,d9n] 
,m5us1 ) receipts1 pages #abe-bbj4      
,processes3--,?is *apt] is illu/rat$ )  
exact position ( !  cook's h&s dur+ !   
v>i\s op]ations ( prep>+1 bon+ birds  & 
jo9ts1 truss+ fi%1 jo9ts1 p\ltry1 game1 
h>es1 rabbits1 etc4  ,l>d+ & ic+1 etc4  
,receipts ( sep>ate di%es4    ,/ocks &  
s\ps ( all k9ds1 bro?1 gravy1 etc4      
,fi%4--,to clean1 g5]al rules = cook+4  
,num]\s receipts or boil+1  bak+1 /ew+1 
fry+ fi% ( all k9ds4    ,! prep>ation & 
mak+ ( gravies1 /uff+1 =cemeats1 purees1
  g>ni%es & sauces = all purposes1 ) _m 
receipts4    ,entrees4--,_! prep>ation &
 s]v+1 ) receipts4                      
,jo9ts4--,prep>ation1 cook+ & s]v+ (1 ) 
_m receipts4                            
,vegetables4--,prep>ation & cook+ ( pla9
 & dress$ vegetables (  all k9ds & h[ to
 s]ve !m4    ,p\ltry &                  
game4--,prep>ation1 cook+ & s]v+1 )     
receipts4    ,pa/ries1 pudd+ & sweet    

di%es4 ,cakes1 biscuits1 bread4         
,omelets4--,) receipts = prep>+1 cook+ &
 s]v+4    ,ices1 confection]y1 syrups1  
jams1 pres]ves & pres]v+1 cordials1     
liqueurs1 & a]at$ dr9ks4 ,cook]y =      
invalids1 c>v+1 s]v+1  etc41 etc41 & v  
complete index & cont5ts4      #ihg     
pages1 #ef full page color$ plates1 #dci
 illus4 ,size1 #g-a_/d 94      #aj-a_/d 
94  #b-a_/b 94 ,full wat]pro( tex$]m 9  
#a1 #c or #e vols4                      
99       99       99       99       99  
,publi%$ ,weekly1    ,annual            
subscription1  ,subscription #f mon?s1  
#a4ej    ,s+le numb]s1 #h;c4  #c4jj     
po/paid4                   #d           
#a4jj                                   
,,! ,,model ,,eng9e]                    
,,& ,,electrician4      ,! ,,be/ ,pap] =
 ,"y ,eng9e]s1 ,/ud5ts1 ,model ,mak]s1  
,appr5tices1           & all int]e/$ 9  
,me*anical & ,electrical ,"w4           
,,special ,,features4    ,practical     
,articles by exp]i5c$ writ]s on !       
con/ruction &  work+ ( model /eam1 gas &

 oil eng9es2 model locomotives &        
railways2 model boil]s2 model /eam &    
electric laun*es1 & sail+  ya*ts2 la!s &
 metal & wood-work+ tools2 patt]n-mak+2 
brass  & iron f\nd+2 =g+2 model dynamos 
& motors2 electric bells1  telephones & 
batt]ies2 accumulators2 electric light+2
 influ5ce  ma*9es2 electrical exp]im5ts2
 motor cycles1 c41 c4    ,model ,eng9e]s
 & _! ,"w4--,illu/rat$ int]views )      
prom95t  model eng9e]s1 describ+ _!     
work%ops1 _! me?ods ( work+2  & "s ( _! 
models4    ,our ,beg9n]s' ,column4--,a  
section devot$ to elem5t>y in/ruction on
  ! use ( tools2 ! mak+ ( simple        
app>atus & models1 & !  c>ry+ out ( easy
 exp]im5ts4    ,practical ,lett]s f our 
,read]s4--,a correspond5ce column1 :]e9 
read]s c describe work%op appliances or 
me?ods ( _! own  inv5tion & discuss     
practical matt]s ( mutual int]e/4       
,amateurs' ,supplies4--,"u ?is head+    
%ort descriptions ( new  tools1 app>atus
 & mat]ials are ins]t$1 ?us keep+ !     
read]  po/$ up 9 ! late/ improvem5ts4   

,a ,sy/em ( ,qu]ies & ,replies1 by :i*  
all read]s ( ! j\rnal  c obta9 in=mation
 & advice on me*anical or electrical    
subjects4    ,orig9al ,work+ ,draw+s &  
high-class illu/rations are a regul>    
feature ( ! j\rnal4    ,prize           
,competitions op5 to all read]s1 are    
ann\nc$ f "t to  "t1 on all subjects4   
,model ,ya*t+1 ,notes1 ,new ,books1 c41 
c4                      ,all            
subscriptions %\ld be s5t to            
,,spon  ,,*amb]la91  ,sole ,am]ican     
,ag5ts4                    #abc-abe     
,lib]ty ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes3    ,! orig9al     
spell+ & m9or inconsi/5cies 9 ! spell+ &
  =matt+ h be5 ma9ta9$4    ,inconsi/5t  
hyph5ation is z 9 ! orig9al if n m>k$ z 
a  mispr9t4    ,text 9 italics has be5  
m>k$ ) und]scores 7text7 & bold text  ) 
egual signs 7text7    ,inconsi/5t       
smallcap m>k-up ( ! ^w ,fig4 9 captions 
has be5  h>moniz$ to ,,fig4    ,miss+   
punctuation 9 ! adv]tisem5t at ! end ( !

 book has be5  add$4    ,table ,a has   
be5 re-arrang$ to fit ! l9e size4       
,table ,,ii & ,b h be5 split into two   
p>ts4    ,! table bel[ li/s all         
corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4   
p4 ix3 ,gay-,lassacs - ,lussac's    p4  
x3 = molasses4 ,transportion -          
,transportation    p4 xii3 #cj1 #ca1 -  
#cj1 #ca    p4 #h3 ,ma%es1 & ,f]m5tation
 - ,f]m5tation4    p4 #aa3 ,company1 (  
,c9c9nati - ,c9c9nati1    p4 #aa3       
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig - ,fig4    p4 #ae3     
/irr] arms ,b - ,b    p4 #af3 driv+ %aft
 ,f - ,f    p4 #bb3 ,?is is "k - kn[n   
p4 #bf3 ( ! yea/ /ops - /ops4    p4 #dj3
 pipes ,g ,g ,g - ,g ,g ,g    p4 #dj3 9 
! worm1 - worm4    p4 #eg3 z ! *amb] ,b 
- ,b    p4 #fd3 ,fig4                   
#bb4--;,diagramatie - ,diagramatic    p4
 #fh3 depriv+ x ( its aclohol - alcohol 
p4 #gb3 ,gauge ,glass = ,regulat> -     
,regulator    p4 #gc3 runn+s or 4fe9ts4 
- fe9ts4    p4 #gc3 ,fig4 #bi - #bi4    
p4 #hj3 ! column ,a - ,a4    p4 #id3 m  
highly v>poriz$ - vaporiz$    p4 #ajg3  

be+ kept at #fe;,f - #fe ,f    p4 #aag3 
sac*>ification takes place - place4     
p4 #ach3 /eam is admitt$ ?\gh - ?r\gh   
p4 #ade3 is requir$ p] arce - acre    p4
 #adi3 :i* is v>i$ accrod+ - accord+    
p4 #aeh3 ,,fif4 - ,,fig4    p4 #ahe3 />*
 a blue color1 - color4    p4 #ahf3 may 
conta9 num]i\s - num]\s    p4 #ahf3     
processes are l>gely empirical -        
empirical4    p4 #aia3 9 ! /ill 9 ,fig4 
#h - #h4    p4 #aib3 money = _!         
propriet]s - proprietors    p4 #aie3    
con/ruct$1 h[ev]1 to p]v5t - prev5t     
p4 #aie3 ,aft] ! *ief f]emnt+ - f]m5t+  
p4 #aih3 rectify+ columns1 refrig]ators 
- refrig]ators1    p4 #aih3 ,,fig4 #ef -
 #ee    p4 #bjf3 ,,fig #ei4 - ,,fig4    
#ei4    p4 #bah3 #ajj gallons - gallons4
    p4 #bah3 ,e?yl ,alcohol--#ajj       
gallons4 - ,e?yl ,alcohol #ajj gallons4 
p4 #bai3 #ajj gallons - gallons4    p4  
#bbj3 & simil> products - products4     
p4 #bba3 on metallic susbtances -       
sub/ances    p4 #bci3 us$ = de-naturign 
- de-natur+    p4 #bdf3 employees = !   

"w4 - "w    p4 #bea3 subject to !       
p5alites - p5alties    p4 #bef3         
de-natur$ spirits is - are    p4 #bei3  
tax free ( dome/ic al*ohol - alcohol    
p4 #bgb3 ,pr(4 ,silvanus ,p4 ,?omson -  
,?ompson    p4 #bge3 !rmo/ats1          
annnuciators - annunciators    p4 #bhe3 
,,digram - ,,diagram    p4 #bib3 ,gas   
,analy/'s ,manual - ,manual    p4 #bib3 
,mond ,gas 7#dh pages7 - 7#dh pages47   
p4 #bib3 ,tables1 ,=mulae - ,=mul    p4 
#bid3 ,hornsby-,akroyd' -               
,hornsby-,akroyd    p4 #cjb3 ,blackb]ry1
 black curr5t - currant    p4 #cjb3     
orange1 blackb]ry1 black curr5t -       
currant