file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dfcfe-;h4htm or #dfcfe-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dfcfe_/pg#dfcfe-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dfcf e_/dfcfe-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/ours*ools 9w>t#jj;deanri* ,,our ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,w> ,,"t--,,& ,,aft] by ,,ar?ur ,d4 ,,dean1 ,,sc4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,vocational ,education1 ,tea*]s ,college ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,sup]vis+ ,(fic] ,bureau ( ,vocational ,tra9+1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission ,g9n ,& ,company ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,london ,atlanta ,dallas ,columbus ,san ,francisco ,copyright1 #aiah by ,ar?ur ,d4 ,dean ,all ,rights ,res]v$ #eah4f ,! ,a!num ,press ,g9n & ,company ,proprietors ,bo/on ,u4,s4,a4 ,,=eword ,x is n an army t we mu/ %ape & tra9 = w>2 x is a nation4444 ,! :ole nation mu/ be a team 9 :i* ea* man %all play ! "p = :i* he is be/ fitt$4444 ,ea* man %all be classifi$ = s]vice 9 ! place to :i* x %all be/ s]ve ! g5]al good to call him4444 ,! significance ( ?is _c be ov]/at$4 ,x is a new ?+ 9 our hi/ory & a l&m>k 9 our progress4 ,x is a new mann] ( accept+ & vitaliz+ our duty to give ourselves ) ?\ghtful devotion to ! common purpose ( u all4--,,woodr[ ,,wilson1 ,proclamation1 ,may #ah1 #aiag ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,br++ ,,! ,,w> ,,into ,,! ,,s*ools #a ,,ii4 ,,w> ,,& ,,community ,,uses ,,( ,,our ,,s*ools #ag ,,iii4 ,,! ,,field ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,trade ,,s*ools #ec ,,iv4 ,,our ,,colleges ,,& ,,te*nical ,,in/itutes #hj ,v4 ,,! ,,opportunity ,,= ,,manual ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,arts #aae ,,vi4 ,,! ,,"w ,,impulses ,,( ,,y\? #ace ,,vii4 ,,organiz$ ,,boy ,,p[] ,,vs4 ,,milit>y ,,drill #afe ,,viii4 ,,r$ ,,cross ,,& ,,o!r ,,community ,,"w #aib ,,ix4 ,,re,,ducation ,,( ,,! ,,disabl$ #baa ,x4 ,,f>m ,,cadets #bcd ,,xi4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,cadet ,,camp #bgb ,,xii4 ,a ,,summ>iz$ ,,program ,,( ,,action #cjd ,,index #cca ,,our ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,w> ,,"t--,,& ,,aft] ,,*apt] ,i ,,br++ ,,! ,,w> ,,into ,,! ,,s*ools ,! summ] ( #aiag f\nd ,am]ica realiz+ t ! w> :i* x _h ent]$ 0 n go+ to be won by ! mobilization ( an army & a navy1 h[ev] /rong & effici5t !y might be4 ,9 ! proclamation ( ,woodr[ ,wilson ! :ole nation 0 call$ ^u to mobilize ) a cle>1 succ9ct purpose ( organiz+ ^? =ces ( indu/ry1 ( education1 ( woman p[]1 :i* are back ( e successful /ruggle ( a nation 9 peace or 9 w>4 ,! ready acceptance ( ! slogan ,w9 ! ,w> 9 ! ,air1 ) ! public clamor = aviation1 0 b an indication ( ! g5]al awak5+ ( ! public to ! tru? t ! w> mu/ be won by ! use ( =ces z yet undevelop$1 or undirect$ t[>ds national ends4 ,! mobilization :i* tea*es ! sav+ ( our national res\rces1 :i* directs ! ?\ghtful di/ribution & wise use ( our products1 :i* cultivates ! patriotic _s ( s]vice 9 ! boy & girl p[] ( ! nation1 prop]ly belongs to ! field ( education1 n only 9 w> b 9 peace4 ,to ! s*ools ( ,am]ica1 !re=e1 ! w> has come z an opportunity = develop+ a clos] relation betwe5 education & life1 betwe5 life & s]vice4 ,our gradual entrance into ! w> & our di/ance f ! conflict h giv5 u ! *ance ( paus+ & survey+ ! situation be=e act+1--advantages :i* 7 un=tunately d5i$ ,engl& & ,france4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ,engl& app>5tly almo/ wreck$ h] s*ools1 & is sl[ly repair+ ! mi/akes ( hurri$ action 9 susp5d+ ! att5dance laws4 ,france is sav+ h] s*ools t ! nation may g on aft] ! w>4 ,x rema9s = ,am]ica to use ! w> to make bett] s*ools4 ,! mobilization ( our s*ools is n conc]n$ ) ! introduction ( milit>y drill1 :e!r volunt>y or compulsory4 ,x is an exp]im5t 9 work+ out ! relation ( education to w>4 ,we are1 all ( u1 empirics 9 ?is exp]im5t2 !re is no body ( tradition & !ory to help u4 ,! anci5t _w (f]s u no p>allels2 ! mod]n ,g]man sy/em ?r[s no light on x4 ,am]ica1 equally ) ! nations ( ! old] _w1 is a pione] 9 ! field4 ,?is is a novel exp]i5ce = u :o h be5 orig9ators only ( free education 9 ! pa/ or ( adm9i/rative sy/ems1 n ( types ( new education4 ,l>gely :at we h to guide u is "s exp]i5ce ( ,france & ,engl& 9 :at to avoid4 ,?is negative c\nsel is valuable 9 re/rict+ our exp]im5ts1 b is sc>cely con/ructive 9 its nature4 ,"o ( its mo/ valuable lessons1 h[ev]1 is to %[ u t we mu/ n take our s*ools into ! w>1 z ,engl& did1 b br+ ! w> into ! s*ools4 ,! fact t ! problem is a novel "o & t x is exp]im5tal does n make x futile4 ,all education is exp]im5tal 9 adapt+ ! individual to 8 *ang+ environm5t4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s our s*ools h _h to consid] ! outside =ces ( ! *ang+ _w4 ,x 0 9 #ahha t ! fir/ manual-tra9+ high s*ool op5$ its doors "u ! ho/ile gaze ( incr$ulity & disapproval4 ,s9ce !n our educational sy/em has be5 bomb>d$ ) essays on ! relation ( education to life1 on practical aspects ( education1 on vocational guidance1 on trade s*ools1 etc4 ,we h only to look at ! va/ly diff]5tiat$ c\rses ( our colleges 7"s ( :i* h lo/ all trace ( ! humanities71 at ! v>iegat$ c\rses 9 our high s*ools1 at our remodel$ elem5t>y c\rses1 to realize t 9 ?irty ye>s ! :ole attitude ( ! p t[>ds our s*ools has und]gone a va/ *ange4 ,^! *anges 7 reg>d$ z revolution>y at fir/4 ,b x is no m revolution>y to introduce ! w> into our s*ools ?an x 0 to introduce ! laboratory /udy ( sci5ces1 or agricultural /udies1 or c\rses 9 mill9]y & home-mak+1--t is1 if we und]/& ! mean+ ( w> into ! s*ools4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t ! educational emphasis is diff]5t4 ,! /ud5t :o takes an agricultural c\rse1 & ?us prep>es himself to be a mod]n effici5t f>m]1 is only indirectly do+ "w ( s]vice to ! ,/ate4 ,8 aim is individual improvem5t1 an advance :i* results 9 g5]al b5efit to ! ,/ate2 :]eas a girl :o does ,r$ ,cross "w 9 s*ool1 or a boy :o works 9 a w> g>d51 b5efits ! individual ?r\gh ! l>g] s]vice ( collective responsibility 9 s]v+ ! nation directly4 ,we are n unm9dful ( ! fact t w> is a tempor>y condition1 & we mu/ n cr[d out ! fundam5tal /udies to meet ! ne$s ( a tempor>y environm5t1 h[ev] urg5t ! ne$ may be4 ,9 c>ry+ ! w> into our s*ools we mu/ emphasize ^? p]man5t elem5ts :i* are z necess>y 9 w> z 9 peace2 we mu/ use ! w> z an opportunity to develop s]vice to ! ,/ate1--s]vice :i* may be vitaliz+ & ennobl+1 full ( purposeful appreciation ( collective responsibility4 ,9 our /udy ( ! introduction ( ! w> into our s*ools we may prop]ly %ut out discussions ( elem5ts :i* h no educational value4 ,_m ( ! proposals = ! w> uses ( our s*ools h be5 ( a haphaz>d nature1 call$ out by a well-meant desire to meet ! em]g5cy4 ,mu* ( ! legislation conc]n+ itself ) ! employm5t ( s*ool *ildr5 or ( ^? "u compulsory s*ool age has be51 & may yet be1 h>mful4 ,! sugge/ion ( us+ ! s*ools z recruit+ /ations has lo/ value ) ! op]ation ( ! selective draft4 ,ill-consid]$ proposals to turn ov] ! vocational & manual-tra9+ dep>tm5ts to ! gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( mak+ munitions h %[n a lack ( k ( _! meag] equipm5t = an indu/ry highly specializ$ ) /&>d jigs & fixtures4 ,a dep>tm5t /ore1 a clo?+ factory1 a libr>y1 or an (fice build+ w\ld be ab\t z fit = su* a purpose z a s*ool build+4 ,! same may be said ( ! use ( our s*ools z hospitals4 ,our s*ools mu/ be reta9$ z educative plants1--tra9+ munition work]s1 if we w1 b n mak+ munitions2 provid+ ! gov]nm5t ) skill$ artisans & sci5ti/s1 b by no means conv]t+ _! function ( education into t ( indu/rial production4 ,! w> "w ( our s*ools is m easily plann$ 9 ^? :i* h te*nical & vocational dep>tm5ts ?an 9 ^? :i* conta9 only ! desk & (fice equipm5t4 ,di/9ctions mu/ be made1 too1 betwe5 s*ools 9 agricultural & indu/rial c5t]s4 ,! exp]im5ts made 9 ,new ,york ) f>m cadets %[ t ! c\ntry boy has c]ta9 advantages ov] ! city boy 9 all =ms ( rural & g>d5 employm5t4 ,we mu/ n expect ! same k9d ( "w f ! high-s*ool boys & girls 9 ,new ,york ,city t we may exact f c\ntry *ildr5 ( ! same age4 ,! city boy may be ne$$ 9 em]g5cy (fice & factory "w4 ,in/ead ( contribut+ s]vice z a f>m cadet1 he may become a cop]ator1 giv+ "p-"t s]vice to indu/ry & to comm]ce & "p "t to s*ool1 z _m ( our city boys are n[ do+4 ,9 deal+ ) ! in/itution ( high] grade we f9d z _m di/9ctions 9 s]vice4 ,9 ! college ( ! cultural type--! college ( individualism--x is ! individual :o s]ves ! ,/ate1 h[ nobly may be se5 9 ! ,engli% univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,9 ! public s*ools & socializ$ in/itutions ) vocational "w1 h[ev]1 x is ! in/itution :i* s]ves4 ,?is s]vice ( ! in/itution may be classifi$ "u two heads4 ,9 ! case ( ! elem5t>y s*ools to "s ext5t1 & ( ! high s*ools to a great] ext5t1 our w> "w %\ld be br\ght into !m4 ,9 ! te*nical1 vocational1 & trade s*ools ! in/itution %\ld rea* out t[>ds ! w>4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! function ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ool %\ld be to adh]e to ! purposes = :i* !y 7 creat$4 ,! function ( ! high] te*nical1 vocational1 & trade s*ools %\ld be to prep>e ! skill$ /ud5ts to take ! places ( ^? :o are call$ to milit>y s]vice2 to give sci5tific tra9+1 indisp5sable 9 w>2 to assi/1 ?r\gh c\rses = ! bl9d & crippl$1 9 ! reducation ( ^? disabl$ 9 w> s]vice1--t is1 our te*nical s*ools may be s*ools ( special prep>ation & indu/rial readju/m5t4 ,we %all obs]ve1 9 work+ out ! problem1 t we h (f]$ to u by ! w> an opportunity to make our s*ools bett] by br++ education clos] to life1 n only mat]ially b spiritually4 ,if we h fail$ to tra9 our y\? 9 cop]ation & s]vice to ! ,/ate 9 ! pa/1 ! w> gives u a new motive4 ,= to imp>t skill 9 use ( h& or bra9 )\t tea*+ collective responsibility is to fail 9 our national duty4 ,to our s*ools we mu/ look z ! ag5cies :i* are to c>ry on ! great "w ( education 9 s]vice1 a noble & purposeful objective = :i* to "w1 direct+ ! gr[? ( our *ildr5 into an effici5t & devot$ citiz5%ip4 ,someone w urge3 ,! w> w soon be ov] & we %all h>dly get />t$ 9 w> s]vice be=e !re w be no ne$ = su* s]vice4 ,( c\rse ^? :o believe1 or at lea/ seem to practice ! belief1 t ! s*ools are to lag f> beh9d e economic1 indu/rial1 & social movem5t & are to be m]e look+-glasses = ! workaday _w1--su* p w\ld n be expect$ to br+ ! w> into ! s*ools until "s hi/orian _h writt5 a text sett+ =? ! dates1 draw+ ! battle l9es1 nam+ ! comm&+ g5]als1 & pictur+ ! f9al b\nd>ies det]m9$ by "s ,hague conf]5ce4 ,x is su* pr(essional ob/ructioni/s :o make no provision = ! millions ( our =eign born to le>n ! ,engli% language & ,am]ican cu/oms ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( up-to-date me?ods 9 tea*+ ! adult illit]ate4 ,x is su* laissez-faire p]sons :o all[ *ildr5 to slide out ( s*ool unprep>$ physically1 m5tally1 or vocationally = ! life ahead4 ,x is su* :o insi/ ^u ! discipl9>y-value idea ( subject-wor? 9 ! face ( mod]n psy*ological ?\ght4 ,x is su* cons]vatives :o say t agriculture c be taught only on ! f>m2 t x is ! bus9ess ( ! factory to tea* ! trades2 t girls may le>n to cook f _! mo!rs2 t elem5t>y c\rses 9 woodwork+ & freeh& draw+ con/itute vocational tra9+2 t algebra1 ,lat91 anci5t hi/ory1 & trigonometry are ess5tial features ( ! curriculum = tra9+ capable /5ograph]s4 ,x is ^! p :o say t ! public s*ools ( ,am]ica are bulw>ks ( ! nation1 & consi/5tly erect bulw>ks aga9/ e ag5cy :i* actually reflects ! social & economic ne$s ( ! day4 ,b ^? :o believe t ! s*ool %\ld /udy ! pa/ & live 9 ! pres5t & /rive = a bett] future w f9d t ! w> br+s out = ! s*ools n only ! lessons ( a day1 b ! ne$s & opportunities ( a decade4 ,x has be5 /at$ t movem5ts or m5 unresponsive to ! pres5t _w crisis & fail+ to meet pres5t ne$s & opportunities d n des]ve to exi/4 ,:e!r ! /atem5t be exactly true or n1 x is evid5t t ! up-to-!-m9ute man or ! live s*ool or ! progressive indu/rial e/abli%m5t or ! effici5t dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t is respond+ to ! national ne$ 9 exact proportion to ! response made to ! ne$s & opportunities exi/+ be=e w> 0 decl>$4 ,x is ?is respond+ p[] :i* is te/+ our m5 & wom51 our in/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 our indu/ries1 & our s*ools4 ,no?+ makes ?is cle>] ?an ! daily news4 ,we read t s9ce ! ,railroads ,w> ,bo>d has be5 e/abli%$1 ! railroads h increas$ _! op]at+ effici5cy #bf p] c5t1 ) ! result t !y are n[ h&l+ twice ! freight & h #ge p] c5t few] idle c>s2 t aroplane motors are soon to be built z rapidly z a c]ta9 well-kn[n automobile c be2 t /&>diz$ de/roy]s & m]*ant %ips are to be turn$ out by ! scores2 t dyes equal to ^? =m]ly import$ h be5 evolv$2 t prom95t m5 ( means h contribut$ _! s]vices to m5 9 au?ority 9 ,wa%+ton2 t well-kn[n social work]s are on _! way to ,france & ,belgium4 ,all ^! ?+s & c\ntless o!rs %[ u h[ a milit>y necessity has br\ght out ! be/ t is )9 u4 ,& ! be/ ( x all is t !re is no?+ :i* we are do+ 9 ! way ( mak+ /&>diz$ products or 9 ext5d+ ! s]vices ( useful m5 t _c be p]man5tly useful aft] ! w> is ov]4 ,our milit>y necessity is tea*+ u new & p]man5tly effective /&>ds ( mak+ ?+s4 ,mean:ile1 are ! s*ools ( ,am]ica to fail by n r5d]+ s]vice to a nation 9 "t ( ne$1 by n e/abli%+ p]man5tly effective /&>ds 9 ! mak+ ( useful boys & girls1--boys & girls1 z ,roosevelt puts x1 :o realize t !y are a "p ( ,uncle ,sam's team8 ,! s*ools & colleges t 7 alive be=e ! w> began are brea?+ ! brea? ( life m deeply n[4 ,^? :i* 7 asleep are wak+ up & n only le>n+ to s]ve1 b ?r\gh ?is s]vice le>n+ to live4 ,a little s*ool 9 ,v]mont 9 a report on :at x has 9 ! way ( w> equipm5t /ates t x has only t5 b5*es1 b adds t ^! h be5 us$ by sixty boys :o take manual tra9+4 ,a s*ool sy/em :i* c be z effici5t z t 9 "t ( peace may naturally be expect$ to /ate1 z x does 9 response to a rec5t inquiry3 ,our in/ructor has be5 on ! job all summ]1 help+ especially :]e ! boys & girls are work+ on ! f>ms or h g>d5s4 ,he has also organiz$ cann+ & dry+ clubs & is giv+ in/ruction to diff]5t gr\ps ( boys4 ,! univ]sity :i* has ext5sion c\rses 9 "t ( peace naturally has w> ext5sion c\rses4 ,! prom95t bus9ess man ( ,massa*usetts :o = ye>s int]e/$ himself 9 /ate ,y4,m4,c4,a4 "w w\ld naturally be expect$ to enli/1 z he has1 = ,y4,m4,c4,a4 "w 9 ,france4 ,n[ if ! college or in/itution or individual s]ves 9 "t ( ne$ because ( a habit ( s]v+1 might x n be equally true t a somnol5t individual or s*ool1 if once /irr$ to s]vice1 might ?r\gh su* s]vice le>n always to s]ve8 ,at ?is "t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is go+ to le>n h[ to become effici5t4 ,! /ate colleges ( agriculture are te/+ _! =m] effici5cy1--! te/ be+ ! p[] to s]ve4 ,s*ools may n[ le>n :at x means to be effici5t by ! s]vice :i* !y may n[ r5d]4 ,n an activity is propos$ nor a pr9ciple ( educational practice giv5 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ b %\ld be br\ght into our s*ools 9 times ( peace4 ,we are go+ to sew n[ = ! ,r$ ,cross because x is w> "t4 ,lat] we %all sew = in/itutions 9 our community4 ,n[ we are go+ to develop "p-"t s*ools because indu/ry ne$s boys4 ,lat] we %all h cop]ative c\rses because boys at "w ne$ fur!r s*ool+4 ,n[ we are plac+ city boys on f>ms because ! f>m]s ne$ labor4 ,lat] we %all place f>ms on ! m9ds ( boys because y\? ne$s contact ) nature4 ,n[ we h curr5t-ev5ts discussions ab\t loans1 subm>9es1 aroplanes1 & ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's because ! gov]nm5t ne$s support4 ,lat] we %all tea* ! mean+ ( ! same ?+s because ?\ghtfully tra9$ p are ne$$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,n[ we are to tea* patriotism & ?rift because ! nation ne$s !m4 ,lat] we %all tea* !m because !y are ess5tial 9 !mselves4 ,n[ we h ext5sion c\rses 9 economical cook+ = adult wom5 z a w> measure4 ,lat] we %all h x z a home measure4 ,n[ we are br++ adult wom5 into ! s*ools to receive in/ruction ) _! *ildr54 ,lat] we %all d ! same ?+ because x is ! only s5sible proc$ure "u any & all conditions4 ,n[ we ?9k 9 t]ms ( reducation ( disabl$ soldi]s because ( ! imm$iate ne$ ( help+ ^! honor$ m54 ,lat] we %all turn :at we h le>n$ to d = ^! m5 into bett] provisions = mak+ self-support+ our crippl$ & bl9d$ *ildr5 :o are n[ 9 dep5d5t in/itutions be+ made /ill m dep5d5t by ! v nature ( ! poor apology = vocational tra9+ :i* is giv5 !m4 ,n[ we h cle>ly be=e u ! ne$ = indu/rial education because ! gov]nm5t is cry+ = work]s4 ,lat] we %all see ! ne$ = indu/rial education because ^? :o are to "w 9 ! indu/ries ne$ x4 ,n[ we hold a *ild-labor law be=e y\? tempt$ by indu/ry4 ,lat] we %all endeavor to hold be=e y\? bett] opportunities = vocational1 physical1 & m5tal tra9+ 9 our s*ools z an inducem5t to /ay 9 !m4 ,:at are ! s*ools & colleges go+ to d ab\t x all8 ,c]ta9ly !y w n int5tionally injure ! cause ( education by />t+ ill-develop$ ideas ( w> s]vice4 ,b ! desire to avoid ! bad %\ld n by any means imply inaction4 ,?is is ! psy*ological mom5t = all ( u to ju/ify our v exi/5ce z individuals or z p>ts ( an in/itution or a movem5t4 ,"o c\ld only pity a s*ool man :o rec5tly said3 ,really1 ,i am envi\s ( "s ( my colleagues4 ,!y h some?+ to d at ?is "t1 :ile ! subject :i* ,i am tea*+ c make no contribution4 ,!re has nev] be5 a "t 9 our s*ool life :5 taxpay]s1 bo>ds ( apportionm5t1 wom5's clubs1 /ate granges1 bo>ds ( trade1 c\ld be made m int]e/$ 9 hav+ ! s*ools broad5 out along l9es ( cont9uation-s*ool & "p-"t "w1 diff]5tiat$ c\rses 9 our high s*ools1 physical-tra9+ c\rses1 ev5+ c\rses = adult illit]ates1 ?rift measures & s*ool sav+s1 tea*+ ( curr5t ev5ts1 m practical sci5ce "w1 tea*+ ( agriculture1 unit c\rses 9 h\sehold arts1 & a score ( o!r ?+s :i* ! s*ool m5 ( ,am]ica say !y want & :i* !y are always say+ ! public w n /& =4 ,%all we let ! gold5 opportunity = enri*m5t pass until aft] ! w>1 :5 cities w mo/ c]ta9ly prea* & practice pov]ty8 ,n[ is ! "t to evaluate our s*ool subjects1 to br+ 9 ! new if !y are wor? :ile1 to scrap ! old if !y d n /& ! te/ ( national ne$s4 ,if a community w n /& = cook+ :5 ! ,h4 ,c4 ,l4 rises l a spect] be=e our doors1 x w nev] vote = h\sehold arts aft] ! w>4 ,if a city s*ool favorably locat$ ne> ! op5 c\ntry w n n[ ext5d its educational program to include community g>d5+ :5 prices ( f>m products are excessive1 x w h>dly broad5 out :5 ! crisis ( our mat]ial ne$s is ov]4 ,if a /ate w n l9e up ) ! ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education = national aid = its vocational s*ools :5 its indu/ries are cry+ = tra9$ y\?1 x w nev] move =w>d 9 "t ( a normal dem&4 ,if we d n reorganize our s*ools to br+ 9 ! be/ :ile we may1 we %all 9 all probability be requir$ 9 ! ne> future to disc>d "s ?+s :i* we h1 )\t hav+ any opportunity to develop ! new ?+s :i* we h /at$ 9 our conv5tions & tea*]s' in/itutes t we e>ne/ly desire4 ,_w conditions *all5ge our s*ools4 ,:at is _! program8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,w> ,,& ,,community ,,uses ,,( ,,our ,,s*ools ,an evaluat+ te/ = ea* ( our s*ool subjects has at la/ be5 f\nd4 ,! te/ is ! capacity ( ! subject to respond to a national ne$ or a national ideal4 ,9 _m in/ances ( ! c\ntries conc]n$ 9 ?is great w> ! s*ools z a :ole h amply ju/ifi$ _! exi/5ce1 & _m ( ! subjects taught h /ood ?r\gh ?is _w em]g5cy ! acid te/ ( meet+ national ne$s4 ,! sci5tific & effici5cy _s ( ,g]many is reflect$ 9 ! po/]s spread ov] ,b]l93 ,s5d y\r *]ry1 pea*1 & plum se$s to ! s*oolh\se ) y\r *ildr51 se$s be+ us$ = mak+ fat & oil4 ,! _s ( ,france has be5 reflect$1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9 ! "w ( ! tea*]s & ! *ildr5 = ! pres]vation ( t wond]ful nationalism ( ,france4 ,! s*ools ( ,engl& are re%ap+ !mselves--9 fact1 are be+ remade--z a result ( ! %ortcom+s set =? by ! w>4 ,! s*ools ( ,am]ica are to g =w>d4 ,patriotism n[ has a new mean+4 ,! pr9cipal f 8 s*ool plat=m has opportunity = ann\ncem5ts & talks o!r ?an ^? deal+ ) r\t9e matt]s4 ,! cook+ tea*] has opportunity to develop new recipes adapt$ to pres5t ne$s4 ,! tea*] ( hi/ory may r$raw almo/ e day ! map ( ,europe4 ,! tea*] ( manual tra9+ may sub/itute problems 9 concrete = ^? requir+ high-pric$ wood mat]ials4 ,! s*ool build+s ne> soldi]s' camps may1 l ! ,wa%+ton 7,d4 ,c47 build+s1 be op5$ = educational purposes = soldi]s1 t !y may take up g5]al or special educational "w4 ,tea*]s ( ,engli% may h _! pupils /udy ,presid5t ,wilson's messages ( /ate z models ( ,engli% composition & expressions ( ,am]ican democracy4 ,! opportunity is be=e ! s*ools & ! *ildr54 ,!re are 9 our s*ool sy/em ?ree elem5ts :i* may be ( use 9 w>3 ! build+ itself ) its equipm5t1 ! s*ool population ( boy & girl p[]1 & ! tea*+ =ce4 ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>1 all ?ree 7 call$ into requisition4 ,)9 a few mon?s ov] #ajjj s*ool build+s 7 9 tempor>y milit>y use1 & ev5 on ,augu/ #a1 #aiaf1 #ahj elem5t>y- & #bj second>y-s*ool build+s 7 /ill occupi$ = w> "w1--= hospitals1 billet+ ( troops1 h\s+ ( munition work]s1 etc41--! numb] ( *ildr5 displac$ be+ #abi1hee4 ,9 _m cases ! use 0 expect$ to be tempor>y1 b _m build+s h be5 reta9$ p]man5tly4 ,! *ildr5 ^: s*ool+ 0 ?us int]rupt$1 :5 too "y = employm5t1 g5]ally drift$ aimlessly into juv5ile del9qu5cy1 :ile ^? old]1 al?\gh bel[ ! e/abli%$ employm5t age1 w5t to f>ms & munition factories4 ,t is1 ! tak+ away ( ! s*ool build+ 0 concomitant ) ! susp5sion ( re/rictions on age ( employm5t & h\rs ( labor4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! prosp]\s class 7 likewise affect$ by ! dep>ture ( ov] #ej p] c5t ( ! tea*]s = milit>y s]vice4 ,^! _m int]ruptions 9 ! c>ry+ on ( educational "w 7 ! result ( ! %ort-w> fallacy2 !y 7 em]g5cy measures adopt$ to meet a condition :i* x 0 g5]ally suppos$ w\ld la/ b a few mon?s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 realiz$ by /atesm5 & ! public t ! int]f]5ce ) education & ! susp5sion ( laws regulat+ employm5t 7 result+ 9 irrep>able injury to heal? & morals ( an employ$ *ild population "u #ac ye>s ( age ( #aej1jjj1 & an idle y\ng] population v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj1 corrective measures 7 adopt$4 ,am]ican s*ools mu/ le>n f ,engli% exp]i5ce :at to avoid4 ,!re are _m legitimate uses ( s*ools :i* ,engl& is n[ employ+2 & ! w>n+s ( int]e/$ ,engli% educators %\ld keep our legislatures & municipalities f break+ d[n ! compulsory-education laws or conv]t+ our s*ools into indu/rial plants4 ,our aim1 z previ\sly /at$1 %\ld be to br+ ! w> to ! s*ool curriculum = educational purposes1 n to take ! s*ools into ! w>1 los+ sight ( _! def9ite function4 ,9 ,france1 at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 _m ( ! s*ool build+s 7 requisition$1 & #cj1jjj tea*]s 7 call$ to ! colors4 ,! h>d%ip to ! "y result+ f ?is patriotic sacrifice 0 met z f> z possible by ! g5]osity ( private citiz5s :o gave rooms or build+s = classes1 & by pr(essional m51 too old = s]vice1 :o volunte]$ to c>ry on ! "w ( tea*+4 ,france 0 swift to realize t education mu/ be c>ri$ on at all co/s4 ,9 di/ricts ne> ! fight+ l9e s*ools 7 ( necessity trans=m$ into hospitals1 (t5 ) a /aff ( wom5 tea*]s tempor>ily act+ z nurses & att5dants2 b x has be5 ! policy ( ! dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction to reg>d ?is s]vice z tempor>y1 & ! tea*]s z conscript$ = education4 ,! try+ circum/ances "u :i* ! s*ools h be5 c>ri$ on1 s]v+ nobly dur+ ! t]m aft] h\rs & dur+ vacations1 make _! a*ievem5ts a record ( honor4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts :]e all ! local (ficials 7 mobiliz$1 ! tea*] became ! sole ag5t ( gov]nm5t1 mak+ out passports1 requisitions1 relief li/s1 etc41 procur+ food1 op]at+ a public kit*51 act+ z po/ma/]1 do+ gu>d duty1 & r5d]+ numb]less o!r s]vices to ! community4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tasks ( ! prim>y s*ools 0 to und]take entire c>e ( *ildr5 left )\t adequate protection4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts ! tea*]s 71 9 default ( newspap]s1 ! disp5s]s ( (ficial in=mation1 expla9+ gov]nm5t loans & giv+ talks on ! progress ( ! w>4 ,?us ! entire village 0 br\ght into ! s*oolh\se1 :i* became ! real c5t] ( ! community4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada ! s*ools may well copy "s ( ! measures initiat$ 9 ,europe4 ,t we are #cjjj miles f ! actual battlegr\nd ought1 = ! pres5t1 to keep u f consid]+ any l[]+ ( educational b>s or f conv]t+ our build+s into purposes o!r ?an educational4 ,europe advises u t su* trans=mation is ( an em]g5cy nature & only to be made "u /ress ( an invasion4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to consid] "s g5]al uses ( our build+s1 our equipm5t 7includ+ ! tea*+ =ce71 & ! activities ( our pupils1 :i* h be5 made 9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s1 exclud+ & res]v+ = ! mo/ "p = lat] discussion ! introduction ( w> "w 9 manual-tra9+1 dome/ic-arts1 & dome/ic-sci5ce c\rses1 & ! "p-"t agricultural labor4 ,an important use ( our s*ools1 & "o :i* %\ld be made m g5]al ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 is t ( a di/ribut+ c5t] = gov]nm5t pamphlets1 in=mation c>ds1 etc4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city ! v>i\s welf>e committees appo9t$ by ,mayor ,mit*el designat$ ! public s*ools z m$iums ?r\gh :i* to circulate pap]s on safety fir/1 fire prev5tion1 uses ( v>i\s food products1 etc41 & ?us rea* ! families ( ! va/ =eign population ?r\gh _! *ildr54 ,! city's pl$ges ( national loyalty to be sign$ by adults 7 circulat$ by ! pupils %ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,wid] publicity c be giv5 to f$]al regulations1 tax measures1 employm5t modifications1 etc41 by ! di/ribution ( notices to pupils ( upp] grades1 foll[+ ! explanation by ! tea*]4 ,:ile our p z a :ole read1 ?\gh ha/ily1 ! newspap]s morn+ & ev5+1 & may f9d 9 !m all gov]nm5tal measures1 x is nev]!less true t we %all be assur$ ( a wid] di/ribution ( in=mation by us+ ! pupil z ! c>ri] ( x to ! home4 ,9 ,engl& ! s*ools1 z well z ! ,boy ,sc\ts organization1 h s]v$ z national di/ribut+ ag5cies = w>-(fice notices1 ,p>liam5t>y in=mation1 & agricultural propag&a4 ,a portion ( a lett] f ,sir ,rob]t ,blair1 *airman ( ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 to ,sup]9t5d5t ,maxwell ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 ,may1 #aiag1 calls att5tion to ! s]vice ( ! s*ools 9 ?is connection4 ,w> has come ^u u s unexpect$ly t our p n only did n und]/& ! true position b on ! :ole knew v little ab\t ! causes :i* _h l$ to ! outbreak4 ,! public press1 book/alls1 & ! public libr>ies 7 consid]ably augm5t$ by books & pamphlets on ! subject1 & x 0 a natural prompt+ t gave rise to ! issue to ! s*ools ( a consid]able numb] ( docum5ts1 memor&a1 & pamphlets4 ,^! circul>s & pamphlets 7 mo/ly all issu$ )9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>4 ,! fir/ phase ( ! pamphlets is hi/orical1 :ile ! second became economical4 ,! economical phase 9 its fir/ /ages 0 conc5trat$ on w> sav+s = ! purpose ( w> loans & 9 anticipation1 by ! provision ( ne/ eggs1 ( ! dislocation t might occur at ! end ( ! w>4 ,9 its lat] /ages--)9 ! la/ six mon?s--! economical phase has be5 direct$ *iefly to economy 9 food1 ow+ to ! m5ace ( ! subm>9e campaign4 ,a fur!r use ( ! s*ool population 9 h\rs outside ! daily session is t ( giv+ help 9 tak+ a c5sus4 ,9 ,engl& s*ool tea*]s & pupils did mo/ ( ! "w ( compil+ ! ,national ,regi/]1 a c>d c5sus ( inhabitants4 ,to "s ext5t simil> "w has be5 done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* z ! tak+ ( ! agricultural c5sus 9 fifty-six c\nties 7no c5sus 0 tak5 = ! c\nties ( ,hamilton1 ,k+s1 ,que5s1 ,ri*mond1 & ,new ,york7 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york 9 ,april1 #aiag4 ,"u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,/ate ,food ,supply ,commission & ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t a survey 0 ord]$ ( ! agricultural res\rces ( ! /ate & ( ! requirem5ts = increas$ production1 ! details ( :i* 7 work$ out at ,i?aca at ! ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,?r\gh ! appo9t$ c\nty enum]ators1 in/ructions 7 transmitt$ to ! v>i\s s*ool di/ricts4 ,! actual "w ( ?is c5sus 0 begun 9 mo/ c\nties on ,april #bc1 ! records be+ practically all obta9$ by ,april #be1 ! tea*]s & pupils 9 ea* di/rict1 assi/$ :5 necess>y by o!r p]sons1 procur+ ! orig9al facts f f>m]s & mak+ ! summ>ies = _! s*ool di/ricts4 ,f ^! records ! /ate 0 )9 t5 days furni%$ ) ! complete am\nt ( se$ & live /ock want$ by f>m]s & = sale by f>m]s2 ) ! /atem5ts ( ! transportation difficulties2 ) ! itemiz$ ne$s ( labor1 f]tiliz]1 & spray mat]ials2 & ) ! complete enum]ation ( ! /ate1--p1 l&1 & live /ock4 ,su* "w by pupils might well become an e/abli%$ ye>ly activity4 ,! practice ( ga!r+ & tabulat+ in=mation has an obvi\s ari?metical value2 & ! int]e/ develop$ 9 inve/igat+ ! res\rces ( ! community has an educational significance :i* %\ld keep u f limit+ x to em]g5cy p]iods4 ,! comp>ative table on page #bf 7"o ( ?irte5 develop$ out ( ! c5sus7 n only illu/rates facts :i* ! *ildr5 obta9$1 b also %[s ! magnitude ( ! "w !y und]took4 ,"o ( ! be/ community uses ( ! s*ool is z a c5t] = in/ruction 9 cons]v+ food products4 ,) ! absolute %ortage ( ! _w's food supply1 ,am]icans mu/ anticipate ?is %ortage 9 com+ seasons & rev]t to ! pres]v+ me?ods ( _! gr&p>5ts1--measures fall5 into disuse 9 cr[d$ cities because ( lack ( /orage room & ! ease ) :i* ! fre% products h be5 obta9$1 :atev] ! season4 ,,acres ,,( ,,crops ,,9 #ef ,,c\nties ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,) ,,comp>isons ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,c\nties ,,9 #aiji ,,acres ,,expect$ ,,crop ,,acres 7,u4,s4 ,,acres ,,gr[n,,to ,,be ,,gr[n ,,9 ,,c5sus1 #aiji7 ,,9 #aiaf #aiag ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,corn = gra9 #eaa1cci #ccf1edc #die1dfi ,corn = silo #bei1jhb #cfb1dac #dbb1hfg ,oats #a1cjb1jda #a1ajb1jjd #a1bej1cdf ,b>ley #gi1iee #ib1dbb #aaa1fcd ,buck:eat #bhf1abh #beg1iaa #cjj1jij ,w9t] :eat #bhi1abf #cdd1bgh #chg1hac ,spr+ :eat #bhi1abf #ab1cgc #cb1dbe ,rye #acj1ddi #aad1fia #abj1bci ,field beans #aae1fie #aid1jec #bge1gij ,alfalfa #ce1cdc #afj1ihe #aha1iab ,o!r hay #d1gcg1cbf #d1jgc1ccc #c1ifc1fgh ,cabbage #cc1ggj #ch1hih #fh1hij ,potatoes #cij1eeb #cje1fdi #chb1hdj ,cann+-factory crops #dd1jih #fj1aee ,o!r vegetables & #aca1fhf g>d5 #eh1cdj #ga1hcc ,miscellane\s crops #ba1hdc #ce1jef #dj1hie ,apples #bha1jfa #cdf1fcc ,*]ries #d1baa #ab1dad ,pea*es #ae1cdj #ej1adi ,pe>s #ac1cgh #cf1hjb ,plums #e1gdb #h1efi ,v9ey>ds #eb1iii #eb1cej ,small fruit #bb1chh #bh1aga ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total #h1gai1ded #h1gja1ifd ,ev5 villages :i* h no gas supply may foll[ ! example ( cities & t[ns 9 us+ ! s*ool kit*51 already in/all$ z "p ( a dome/ic-sci5ce equipm5t or newly suppli$ by popul> subscription1 z a community cann+ c5t]4 ,c]ta9ly s*ools are z well adapt$ = ! purpose z dep>tm5t /ores & ,"y ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,associations1 :i* h be5 lead]s 9 ! movem5t4 ,! tea*+ ( me?ods ( pres]v+ is prim>ily ! function ( a s*ool1 & e suitable s*ool build+ %\ld be employ$ = x4 ,! old-fa%ion$ pres]v+ meant "t1 drudg]y1 exp5se1 quantities ( sug>1 & d\btful results4 ,a demon/ration ( ! new] me?ods & ! opportunity = community cann+ %\ld be giv5 by ! s*ool to ! neighborhood4 ,community cann+ induces a f> m effective cons]vation ( food ?an is possible = ! individual kit*54 ,few h\seholds c af=d to buy & /ore ! va/ kettles1 ! p]fect$ dry+ & dehydrat+ ov5s1 :i* c be includ$ 9 ! equipm5t ( a s*ool tea*+ ! sci5tific pres]v+ ( food & vegetables4 ,z ?is is done almo/ :olly 9 ! summ]1 x w\ld n int]f]e ) ! t]m's "w ( ! pupils &1 9 fact1 (f]s ! high-s*ool girls an excell5t opportunity to assi/ 9 civic s]vice ( a mo/ practical nature4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiag ,seattle ma9ta9$ #bj c5t]s = home-economics tea*+ = adult wom51 ! gov]nm5t bullet9 ,h[ to ,select ,food be+ us$ z a textbook4 ,!re h be5 :olesome exp]im5ts 9 community cann+ 9 ,lakewood1 & 9 ,b]n>ds ,t[n%ip1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 ! latt] 9 ea* s*ool 0 an exp]i5c$ tea*] to sup]vise ! "w ( pres]v+ p]=m$ by high-s*ool girls ( ! neighborhood1 ! fruits & vegetables be+ sold by ! t[nspeople to ! s*ool or br\ght by !m to be cons]v$ by cop]ative cann+ = _! own use 9 ! future4 ,?is s]vice ( ! girls 0 on an equality ) t ( ! boys :o belong$ to ! agricultural army4 ,9 ,kansas ,city ! surplus g>d5 products cann$ by s*oolgirls 7 us$ = ! s*ool lun*es4 ,engl&'s s*ools n[ h op5 days on :i* p>5ts may be admitt$ to receive ! in/ruction giv5 to ! *ildr5 9 ! economical cook+ ( ! food :i* ! food controll]'s in/ructions %[ is likely to be available = g5]al consumption2 also 7quot+ f a lett] f ,sir ,rob]t ,blair ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,may #cj1 #aiag7 ! responsible mi/resses ( ! ev5+ s*ools & ! dome/ic-economy /aff employ$ 9 ^! s*ools are organiz+ travel+ kit*5s 9 #bi bor\ghs )9 ! c\nty4 ,^! travel+ kit*5s =m practically a demon/ration set ( app>atus by :i* ! simple/ =ms ( cook]y c be %[n to #ajj or #bjj p4 ,! demon/rations are well att5d$1 & ! p 9 small villages ?us h ! opportunity ( ^? 9 l>g] settlem5ts to le>n f exp]ts me?ods ( mak+ palatable ! food products less well und]/ood4 ,x may be urg$ t community cann+ has its place outside cities ( ! fir/ class4 ,new ,york ,city c]ta9ly _c be held to be ! c5t] ( an agricultural di/rict1 & yet valuable exp]im5ts 9 food cons]vation are be+ made !re4 ,"o is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! prev5tion ( wa/e4 ,( ! ?\s&s ( p\nds ( p]i%able vegetables & fruit :i* are br\ght ea* day to ! produce pi]s1 mu* is prohibit$ f be+ sold to retail]s because ( injuries receiv$ 9 transportation4 ,:5 m ?an #bj p] c5t has be5 injur$1 x has n paid :olesal]s to salvage ! un9jur$ portion4 ,z a result1 a ru9\s quantity ( produce has gone to wa/e1 (t5 be+ dump$ 9 ! h>bor = want ( bett] disposal4 ,! loss z e/imat$ by ! bo>d ( heal? has be5 #bbe1jjj p\nds a week4 ,to save ?is food by mak+ quick use ( x1 9 ,july1 #aiag1 ,mayor ,mit*el's ,committee ( ,wom5 on ,national ,def5se op5$ a cons]vation kit*5 9 a disus$ s*ool build+ 9 ! ,williamsburg ,bridge section4 ,"h ! unc]ta9 quantity ( vegetables salvag$ f ! produce pi]s 0 br\ght to ! s*ool1 pick$ ov]1 & /]iliz$1 p>tly by paid labor1 p>tly by ! volunte] labor ( memb]s ( ! ,wom5's ,univ]sity ,club & o!r organizations1 or city wom5 :o 7 will+ to contribute _! labor 9 ! cause ( food sav+4 ,?is "w 0 aid$ by ! ,/ate ,food ,supply ,commission & ,new ,york's bo>d ( heal?1 "o ( ^: inspectors pass$ judgm5t on ! food us$ 9 ! cann+ & dry+ exp]im5ts4 ,! salvag$ food 0 br\ght f ! pi]s to ! kit*5s by ,boy ,sc\ts1 ubiquit\sly useful 9 any public und]tak+4 ,if x _h n be5 t ! kit*5 0 op5$ 9 vacation1 ! s*ool population w\ld h _h its %>e ( "w to d4 ,to ?is kit*5 any woman might g to be taught processes or actually to c produce4 ,:ile x 0 n possible to use all ! produce br\ght 91 ev5 by keep+ ! kit*5 z full ( work]s z space w\ld all[ & cook+ z mu* z #dhj gallons ( food at a "t1 ! "w 9 ?is old s*ool build+ is illu/rative ( :at c be done 9 community c5t]s to elim9ate wa/e1 & is a vital example ( ! effici5t use ( a s*ool build+ 9 vacation4 ,! co/ 9 ?is case 0 met by special contributions ( organizations & individuals4 ,b 9 small] places ?is "w might be ma9ta9$ by ! t[n itself on a less elaborate scale4 ,su* "w %\ld n be limit$ to ! w> p]iod4 ,x is a practical & effici5t plan = all "t4 ,! cont9u$ w> w und\bt$ly increase n only ! price b ! sc>city ( cotton & wool5 goods4 ,:]e x has hi!rto n paid to make ov] clo?+ repeat$ly because ( ! *eapness & ease ) :i* new g>m5ts & *ildr5's we> h be5 procur$1 x is n[ important to und]/& ?rifty sav+ ( all k9ds ( fabrics & app>el4 ,home-economics wom5 ( ,b]keley1 ,cali=nia1 aid$ 9 collect+ & mak+ ov] old clo?+4 ,9 ,portl&1 ,oregon1 a clean] & dy] took z 8 bit ( s]vice ! clean+ & dis9fect+ ( all ! clo?+ :i* 0 remade by ! s*ool *ildr54 ,9 ,engl&'s c\nty s*ools !re h be5 held exhibitions ( ?rift1 to %[ *ildr5 :5 & h[ economies c be practic$4 ,"s ( ! examples %[n "u ! head+ ( ,utilization ( ,wa/e ,mat]ial 7 z foll[s3 old l95 coll>s & cuffs made into baggage labels1 w9d[ clean]s made f pieces ( old gloves1 h\se slipp]s made f old felt hats1 mops made ( bits ( rags fa/5$ to a nail4 ,ways 7 %[n ( mak+ use ( scraps ( wool left ov] f knitt+1 ! wa/+ ( an in* ( wool be+ reg>d$ z treasonable 9 ! c\ntry's %ortage2 me?ods ( refoot+ /ock+s 7 also display$1 z well z _m uses = pieces ( worn table & b$ l95 & old c>pets4 ,9 times ( normal pl5ty su* exhibitions w\ld n attract att5tion1 b no great] evid5ce ( ! r$uc$ /ate ( a nation at w> c be _h ?an ! s]i\sness ) :i* ^! exhibitions ( h\sehold ?rift h be5 view$ by ! population4 ,a clipp+ f a newspap] ( rural ,engl& reque/s t *ildr5 g into ! pa/ures & pick f ! bu%es ! bits ( wool :i* ! %eep h rubb$ (f4 ,= sev]al ye>s1 at lea/1 !re w be high prices & sc>city ( mat]ials4 ,our *ildr5 mu/ be taught ! necessity ( prev5t+ wa/e ( fabrics z well z ( food4 ,millions ( doll>s wor? ( cotton & wool h be5 de/roy$ 9 milit>y & munition use4 ,b x is n only because w> conditions h made mat]ial sc>ce & high t ?rift 9 _! use mu/ be insi/$ ^u 9 e h\sehold2 we mu/ rememb] t billions ( doll>s w be requir$ to pay = ?is w> & ea* h\sehold w be requir$ to make its contribution4 ,exp5ditures 9 e direction mu/ be curb$ & ! wise disposition ( e doll> mu/ be made4 ,a ye> or s ago ! ,bank]s ,association ( ,am]ica laun*$ a campaign = ?rift tea*+4 ,we 7 !n told t1 z individuals1 we mu/ save = ! future4 ,! pres5t high co/ ( liv+ %[s t we are oblig$ to save 9 ! pres5t 9 ord] to live 9 ! pres5t1 b ! future w tell u to save 9 ord] t we1 z a nation1 may pay = ! w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,old-fa%ion$ me?ods ( pres]v+ mu/ aga9 prevail4 ,!re is educational value 9 community cons]vation4 ,montclair 7,new ,j]sey7 boys made community evaporators1 hav+ a capacity ( f five to eight bu%els ( fruit a day1 at a co/ ( only #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,a m[+ ma*9e is a problem 9 high-s*ool me*anics1 & ^! f>m cadets ( ,new ,york ,/ate see1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 a use = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a day's out+ = a purpose4 ,albany & ,troy 7,new ,york7 orphan-asylum boys on _! way to d _! bit 9 ! currant fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,a lesson 9 s]vice geography4 ,boys f ,albany & ,troy 7,new ,york7 pick+ currants1 ne> ,hudson 7,new ,york71 :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ,yonk]s ,trades ,s*ool = %ipm5t to ,france4 ,_m community s]vices may be r5d]$ dur+ ! w> by ! pr9cipal ( a s*ool4 ,he may1 z has be5 done1 organize patriotic meet+s1 enli/+ ! aid ( ! *ur*es & ar\s+ ! int]e/ ( *amb]s ( comm]ce1 civic clubs1 & wom5's clubs 9 ! ,r$ ,cross1 ! ,lib]ty ,loan1 & s*ool w> g>d5s4 ,8 assembly ex]cises may be made vital ?r\gh talks to ! pupils on opportunities = w> s]vice2 ?r\gh plat=m recognition ( boys & girls r5d]+ special f>m1 g>d51 ,r$ ,cross1 & food-cons]vation help2 by plac+ on a conspicu\s bullet9 a roll ( honor ( graduates & /ud5ts engag$ 9 su* "w2 by keep+ ! s*ool 9 t\* ) graduates :o are enli/$ 9 ! army & navy by read+ _! lett]s to ! s*ool & s5d+ s*ool packets to !m4 ,he may advise economy 9 ! use ( foods & clo?+1 ! elim9ation ( exp5ditures 9 soda wat]1 ice cream1 & gum1 & ! sacrifice ( pleasure = national ends4 ,he may urge ! use ( sav+s 9 ! pur*ase ( gov]nm5t bonds & w>-sav+s c]tificates4 ,:]e ! s*ool has be5 rais+ money = pictures or a phonograph1 he may sugge/ t ! funds rais$ be us$ = ! pur*ase ( "o or m gov]nm5t bonds1 to be held by ! s*ool z an asset until ! close ( ! w>1 :5 ! bond may be sold & ! money us$ = its orig9al purpose ( buy+ ! phonograph or pictures4 ,9 ! case ( "s private second>y s*ools1 & l>ge public s*ools l ! ,wa%+ton ,irv+ & ,de,witt ,cl9ton high s*ools1 ,new ,york1 ! pupils & tea*]s h subscrib$ money & giv5 ent]ta9m5ts = ! pur*ase ( an ambulance1 ! gift ( ! s*ool to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ce4 ,9 "o ,new ,york ,city s*ool1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( a /ud5t organization1 ,lib]ty ,loan bonds to ! am\nt ( #dgi1hjj 7 sold4 ,! pr9cipal 9 c\ntry di/ricts %\ld make himself fully in=m$ ( ! details ( ! f$]al f>m-loan plan1 ! s\rces ( available se$ supply1 ! po/]s & bullet9s ( nation & /ate reg>d+ ! mobilization ( s*ools & colleges1 &1 ( c\rse1 he %\ld be especially active 9 enc\rag+ ! home-g>d5 projects4 ,a correspond5t 9 ! ,london ,times1 ,june #ad1 #aiag1 writ+ ( t indisp5sable tea*+ ( ?rift 9 h\sehold affairs1 ( mak+ ! pres5t g5]ation ( "y girls intellig5tly self-suffici5t 9 dome/ic & indu/rial life1 cries1 ,?is br+s u to ! crux ( ! :ole situation3 ,:o %all tea* ! tea*]s8 ,! gov]nm5t & /ate bullet9s on food production & cons]vation1 ! lit]ature s5t out by /ate c\ncils ( def5se & public safety on improv$ me?ods ( pres]v+1 ! pron\ncem5ts by bank+ h\ses on ?rift measures & means ( atta9+ !m1 ! ,boy ,sc\ts1 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 & ,y4,w4,c4,a4 leaflets on w> g>d5s & food economies are1 9 ,am]ica1 beg9n+ to answ] ?is "q4 ,assur$ly ! w> places an additional burd5 on ! tea*]s & gives !m a new opportunity = educat+ ! pupils4 ,a tea*] does n h to belong to ! dep>tm5t ( dome/ic arts & sci5ce to organize ,r$ ,cross circles nor to in/ruct girls 9 food cons]vation4 ,a t5-m9ute talk ea* morn+ by tea*] or pupils1 be=e ! op5+ ( s*ool1 ) discussion on su* topics z ,:y a man ) a hundr$ doll>s to inve/ %\ld buy a ,lib]ty ,bond1 ,new occupations op5 to wom5 because ( ! w>1 ,! reason = ! sc>city ( c]ta9 products1 ,home sub/itutes = v>i\s manufactur$ necessities1 & _m o!rs sugge/$ by new conditions %\ld be v helpful4 ,an unusually significant exp]im5t kn[n z ! ,w> ,sav+s movem5t has be5 made 9 ,engli% s*ools4 ,on ,may #e1 #aiaf1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education issu$ a circul> ask+ = ! assi/ance ( local education au?orities 9 mak+ kn[n ?r\gh public elem5t>y s*ools ! facilities af=d$ by ! issue ( ,w> ,sav+s c]tificates4 ,!n1 ) ! cop]ation ( ^! au?orities & tea*]s1 special lessons 7 giv5 on ! subject1 & copies ( a leaflet expla9+ ! purpose ( ! ,w> ,sav+s ,association 7 widely di/ribut$ to ! p>5ts ?r\gh _! *ildr54 ,z a result a l>ge numb] ( ,w> ,sav+s associations 7 =m$ 9 direct connection ) ! s*ools4 ,! success ( ! movem5t is evid5t f ! records giv5 9 ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiae-aiaf4 ,9 "o popul\s midl& c\nty ! great majority ( ! s*ools h e/abli%$ associations2 9 ano!r1 a nor!rn c\nty1 "s #gj p] c5t ( ! s*ools h tak5 "p & record ne>ly #aj1jjj subscrib]s4 ,9 "o midl& t[n a s*ool ( ab\t #adjj *ildr5 pur*as$ c]tificates to ! value ( #ehe 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,b x is n only 9 l>ge s*ools t ! pupils h contribut$ g5]\sly2 a remote little s*ool 9 a nor!rn c\nty1 ) only #aj *ildr5 on its regi/]1 has #aj subscrib]s to its cr$it & has sav$ #ce1 buy+ #dc c]tificates4 ,9 view ( ! fact t successive issues ( bonds mu/ be made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r gov]nm5ts ( ! _w1 ?is me?od ( mak+ subscription to ! w> loan popul> is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! public s*ools h1 z nev] be=e1 ! opportunity ( %[+ ! practical value ( inve/+1 9 peace z well z 9 w> "t1 9 gov]nm5t & o!r bonds4 ,pupils %\ld realize ! diff]5ce betwe5 money inve/$ 9 a way to be b5eficial n only to ! inve/or b to 8 /ate & c\ntry1 & money inve/$ 9 ord9>y *annels4 ,new ,york ,/ate tea*]s _h an opportunity simil> to ^? ( ,engl&4 ,! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york gave =mal approval ( a plan by :i* tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! public s*ools ( ! /ate c\ld aid ! ,lib]ty ,loan committee ( ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,bank 9 giv+ in/ruction & in=mation ab\t ! second ,lib]ty ,loan4 ,a special committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts to act 9 a sup]visory capacity to keep ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t 9 t\* ) ! l>ge f9ancial int]e/s conduct+ ! loan4 ,! secret>y to ,commission] ,f9ley1 z ! repres5tative ( ! ,reg5ts & ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t1 0 assign$ = tempor>y s]vices 9 ! (fice ( ! ,loan committee4 ,! program 9 brief 0 to h ! tea*]s act z ag5ts = subscriptions = ! ,lib]ty ,loan4 ,!y di/ribut$ blanks to pupils 9 ! s*ool1 :o 9 turn took !m to _! p>5ts4 ,!y 7 enc\rag$ to subscribe !mselves4 ,!y did n h&le any money or *ecks1 b turn$ ! subscription blanks ov] to ! local bank1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 9 direct t\* ) ! ,loan committee 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a prim] ( in/ruction = tea*]s 0 prep>$ 9 ! simple/ possible t]ms4 ,z publi%$ by ! ,publicity ,bureau ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t x 0 call$ ,a ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,second ,lib]ty ,loan4 ,?is prim] expla9$ 9 detail ! nature ( ! bonds1 _! security1 & ! t]ms & prices2 x describ$ ! nature ( bond m>kets 9 g5]al1 ! s\rces f :i* int]e/ is paid1 ! previ\s records ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds1 & all o!r matt] :i* 0 ( value 9 elem5t>y f9ancial in/ruction4 ,x 0 all set =? 9 a way :i* 0 v helpful n only 9 assi/+ 9 ! sale ( bonds b 9 ! l>g] s5se ( fur!r+ in/ruction 9 bonds1 int]e/1 disc\nts1 etc41 9 connection ) "w 9 ari?metic4 ,& 9 :at bett] way c\ld ari?metical in/ruction be fur!r$8 ,x is highly probable t ?is plan ( in=m+ ! public relative to gov]nm5t issues ( bonds & c]tificates1 initiat$ 9 ,new ,york1 w ext5d to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 connection ) ! next ,loan campaign4 ,h[ ! responsibility ( ! tea*] has be5 met 9 ,france is 9 "p sugge/ive4 ,! tea*]s h collect$ l>ge funds to f9ance ! ent]prise ( c>+ = ?\s&s ( families ( ,belgian & ,fr5* refugees4 ,!y also collect$ f ! civilian population sev]al millions ( francs1 ! tea*]s tax+ !mselves accord+ to a fix$ s*$ule4 ,!y h be5 especially successful 9 br++ to light = inve/m5t /ores ( hidd5 gold 9 ! homes ( prov9cial sav]s4 ,surpris+ results h be5 atta9$ ?r\gh _! p]si/5t1 me?odical propag&a4 ,9 "o l>ge prov9cial t[n1 aft] a talk to ! old] pupils by ! mi/ress ( ! s*ool1 9 f\r days an am\nt equal to #gbjj francs 0 br\ght 94 ,9 ! same s*ool ! foll[+ composition 0 giv5 out to ! pupils z "p ( an admission exam9ation 9 p5man%ip4 ,,! ,,gold ,,( ,,france#a ,france has ne$ ( its gold to def5d its invad$ t]ritory4 ,x is a sacr$ duty = e ,fr5* man & woman1 ri* or poor1 to s5d to ! c(f]s ( ! ,/ate ! hundr$s ( l\is f _! /rong boxes1 ! few l\is hidd5 9 ! l95 *e/ at home1 ev5 ! s+le l\is 9 ! *ildr5's toy bank4 ,to keep 9 "o's own possession1 selfi%ly1 ! money :i* c\ld s]ve our de> ,france is a crime aga9/ patriotism4 ,s1 little girls1 d n hesitate to break op5 y\r banks1 ev5 if !y h only a half l\is inside1 & gladly take 9 ex*ange ! note :i* ! ,bank ( ,france w give y4 ,m ?an t1 9 y\r vacation 9 ! c\ntry1 set y\rselves to get gr&mo!r to empty h] /ock+1--%e is sometimes r /+y ) h] money4 ,b y "k well en\gh h[ to coax ^? :o love y :5 y want a toy1 or ornam5t1 or bonbons4 ,use y\r influ5ce ) y\r gr&p>5ts n[1 s t !y w br+ into ! public treasury ! gold ( ,france4 ,9 ?is way y w h contribut$ to ! com+ victory t we are all hop+ =1 y w h help$ our brave soldi]s to cle> away ! ,g]man ^: pres5ce defiles our l&4 ,g1 !n1 all ( y6 ,hunt out all ! money t is ly+ idle4 ,x is = ,france6 #a ,ed\>d ,petit1 ,de l'cole la gu]re1 p4 #age4 ,p>is1 #aiaf4 ,?us ! s*ools h work$ to br+ to light ! ho>d$ gold ( ?rifty peasants = inve/m5t 9 ! national loan4 ,tangible z ?is s]vice ( ! tea*]s has be5 to ,france1 ( great] importance has be5 _! "w ( mak+ cle> to ! villages ! cause ( ,france4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiad1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction s5t out an appeal to ! pr(essional & volunte] tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools1 say+ t ! s*ools mu/ adapt _! program to ! duties & ne$s creat$ by ! ho/ilities4 ,! tea*]s w d _! be/ to make ! s*ools s]ve 9 ! national def5se4 ,9 ! ev5+s ! old m51 ! y\?s1 & ! wom5 w ga!r toge!r1 & ! tea*]s w tell !m ! news1 expla9 ?+s t happ51 speak to !m ( patriotism1 & read to !m f our writ]s ^: pages are inspir$ ) ! glori\s de$s ( our hi/ory pa/ & pres5t4 ,x is report$ t 9 ! girls' s*ools 9 ,france w> has *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( education4 ,hi/ory1 geography1 lectures on lit]ature1 subjects = lit]>y composition or moral in/ruction1--9 fact ev]y?+1--is treat$ f ! po9t ( view ( c\ntry & ( patriotic duty4 ,9 music practically no?+ is sung b ! ,m>seillaise1 ! ,*ant du ,dep>t1 & ! national songs ( ! ,allies4 ,read+ is conf9$ (t5 to (ficial milit>y ord]s & reports1 :ile draw+s are usually ( w> mat]ial or *>act]s4 ,x is no less ! duty ( our tea*]s to make cle> to _! pupils ! cause ( ,am]ica4 ,soon aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,european w> a ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator travel$ ?r\gh ! bellig]5t c\ntries4 ,8 articles on ,europe at w> comm5t$ cau/ically on ! ignorance ( ! ,engli% work+ p ( ! cause ( ! w>1 & ( ! purpose = :i* ! ,allies 7 fight+4 ,an article on ,am]ica at w> c\ld tru?fully conta9 l criticism ( a consid]able portion ( our population4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> a tea*] 9 "o ( our l>ge/ city high s*ools1 :]e a l>ge proportion ( ! pupils are ( ei!r =eign bir? or =eign p>5tage1 ask$ #bjj pupils ( f #ad to #ah ye>s to write a brief /atem5t ( :at !y consid]$ to be ! cause ( ,am]ica's entrance into ! w>4 ,:ile ^! answ]s cov]$ an incr$ible range ( inaccuracy1 n "o %[$ an und]/&+ ( ! ev5ts :i* l$ to ! decl>ation ( ,april1 #aiag4 ,congress has decl>$ w> s t ! ri* folks c get ri*]1 ,we are at w> because ?is is a ri* man's c\ntry1 pr$om9at$ z replies4 ,:5 ask$ :at a citiz5 ow$ 8 c\ntry 9 return = political & religi\s fre$om1 /ud5ts repli$ 9 z vague & cynical a way z to ! fir/ "q4 ,to combat ?is ignorance ( national motives ! tea*] di/ribut$ copies ( ,presid5t ,wilson's address ( ,april #b1 ) ! o/5sible purpose ( analyz+ x z an ex]cise 9 argum5t & exposition1--a /udy :i* f9ally result$ 9 enabl+ ^! /ud5ts to make intellig5t1 if occasionally unsympa!tic1 answ]s to que/ions reg>d+ ! nation's action & policy4 ,n[ to resid5ts ( favor$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! population is ,engli% speak+ & l>gely ,am]ican born1 inh]it+ ,am]ican ideals & traditions1 ! ignorance ( ^! high-s*ool pupils seems exceptional1 b educators "k f exp]im5ts made 9 colleges & second>y in/itutions t ! majority ( /ud5ts are n intellig5t on mod]n ev5ts ( national significance1 any m ?an is ! av]age work]4 ,ne>ly all high s*ools h 9 _! curriculum ! /udy ( curr5t ev5ts1 :e!r 9 hi/ory or oral ,engli% c\rses4 ,x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to use ! /udy 9 su* a mann] z to obta9 a patriotic reaction to ! topics pres5t$ & discuss$1 & 9 ?is mann] to make cle> :y we are fight+ & :at we are fight+ =4 ,out ( ?is w> we mu/ obta9 a new _s ( patriotism4 ,n[ is ! "t to /rike4 ,ev5ts depict$ 9 ! daily press %[ h[ great is ! ne$4 ,9 ?is connection ! ,c\ncil ( ,def5se ( ,connecticut1 9 an effective campaign work+ ?r\gh ! s*ools1 /ates 9 a rec5t publication3 ,! w> is b\nd to h a deep influ5ce on ,am]ican life & ?\ght1 & we %\ld be wat*ful to direct ?is into "r *annels4 ,! c\ntry is %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! "o-sid$ philosophy t ! ,/ate is an in/itution to be lean$ ^u & fil*$ f1 b n to be s]v$4 ,! s*ools %\ld tra9 ! *ildr5 9 ! fundam5tal contract betwe5 citiz5 & ,/ate4 ,! idea ( mutuality %\ld be develop$4 ,! ,/ate owes duties to ! citiz51 b ! citiz5 owes reciprocal duties to ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiad1 z soon aft] ! decl>ation ( w> z milit>y & agricultural conditions w\ld p]mit ! s*ools to op51 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction s5t an (ficial circul> to all ( ! s*ools4 ,he /at$ t ! fir/ lesson 9 e s*ool %\ld be devot$ to ,france3 to its pres5t dang] & its h]oic resi/ance2 to ! ideals ( humanity & ju/ice = :i* %e f\ght2 to ! memory ( ! valor ( h] soldi]s2 to ! ju/ice ( h] cause4 ,he desir$ to make c]ta9 at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t t e s*ool *ild 9 ,france take 8 "p spiritually & intellectually 9 ! epic conflict :i* ,france 0 wag+ = "r & ju/ice4 ,8 decree outl9+ ! fir/ lesson = e *ild ( ,france expresses s cle>ly ! ,fr5* attitude & feel+ t ! foll[+ free r5d]+ ( ! circul> lett] is well wor? read+4 ,! lyces1 colleges1 & public s*ools are ab\t to op5 ev]y:]e except :]e ! sup]ior ne$ ( improvis$ hospitals 9 s*ool build+s c>+ = our glori\s w\nd$ r5d]s ?is impossible4 ,i decree t on ! op5+ day 9 e city & 9 e class ! fir/ words ( ! tea*] to ! pupils %all be design$ to br+ ! he>ts ( ! pupils into accord ) ! sacr$ /ruggle 9 :i* our armies are engag$4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry at ! same h\r ! sons ( ,france %all pay respect to ! _s ( _! nation & %all pay tribute to ! h]oism ( ^? :o are p\r+ out _! blood = lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & human "r4 ,! words ( ! tea*]s on ?is occasion %\ld be simple & to ! po9t4 ,!y %\ld be adapt$ to ! age ( _! he>]s1 "s ( :om are *ildr51 "s y\?s4 ,ea* ( our s*ools has s5t its quota ( combatants to ! fir+ l9e1--pr(essors1 tea*]s1 or pupils2 ! words ( ! tea*] to ! class %\ld call =? ! noble remembrance ( ! dead1 9 ord] to exalt _! example & engrave x =ev] 9 ! memory ( ! *ildr54 ,moreov]1 9 its broad l9es1 calmly1 cle>ly1 !y %\ld tell ! causes ( ! w>1--! aggression )\t excuse1--& h[ be=e ! civiliz$ _w1 ,france1 et]nal *ampion ( progress & "r1 has be5 compell$ to prep>e h]self1 ) h] valiant allies1 to repel ! assault ( ! mod]n b>b>ians4 ,! furi\s conflict :i* we are c>ry+ insi/5tly to victory adds ea* day to ! glory ( our soldi]s a ?\s& de$s ( h]oism f :i* ! tea*] may take ! be/ "p ( ?is lesson4 ,he %\ld pref] ^! supreme models ( action to ! va9 repetition ( phrases1 9 ord] to make a fit impression on ! m9ds ( ! *ildr54 ,a vivid recollection ( ?is fir/ s*ool h\r ought to rema9 impr9t$ =ev] 9 ! _s ( ! pupil1 :o is ! citiz5 ( to-morr[4 ,! tea*] :o has kn[n h[ to make ?is impression w rema9 wor?y ( ! confid5ce ( ! republic4 ,am]ica too w h its lesson %eets1 & a mo/ timely "o on ,lessons ( ! ,great ,w> 9 ! ,classroom has be5 prep>$ = tea*]s ( hi/ory by ! ,national ,bo>d = ,hi/orical ,s]vice 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ) ! di/9ct purpose ( sugge/+ c]ta9 aspects ( hi/ory1 anci5t & mod]n1 :i* h ga9$ a new int]e/ 9 ! light ( ! great w>4 ,! foll[+ exc]pts are extremely sugge/ive ( special opportunities & obligations = tea*]s 9 s*ool s]vice3 ,!re is ! duty ( keep+1 = tea*] & = pupil1 ! habit ( at lea/ try+ to see ?+s z !y really 7 & are4444 ,e great w> is f\ght n m]ely by armies & navies1 b by ! gov]nm5ts at home :i* direct ! fight+ =ces4444 ,no "o c take an intellig5t "p 9 a great conflict = ! safety ( democracy "u an ord]ly sy/em ( int]national law unless he is really int]e/$ 9 & kn[s some?+ ab\t o!r nations ?an 8 own4444 ,!re is "s connection betwe5 ! conditions :i* made ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates "o ( ! great seats ( anci5t civilization & ^? :i* are mak+ ,mesopotamia to-day "o ( ! *ief !at]s ( ! great w>4444 ,?is t]rible cata/rophe1 ) its :olesale de/ruction ( ! f9e/ products ( human civilization1 its life & dea? /ruggle betwe5 oppos+ nations & oppos+ ideals1 has seem$ a reason = ?9k+ n less b m ( ! great my/]i\s =ces :i* br\ght ab\t ! rise & decl9e ( ! anci5t empire4444 ,great campaigns are aga9 c>ri$ on :]e ,x5ophon m>*$ ) 8 fam\s ,t5 ,?\s&1 :]e ,alex&] ! ,great l$ 8 armies to ! conque/ ( ! ,ea/4444 ,! opportunity mu/ n[ be seiz$ to /udy ! :ole ( ,europe & its influ5ce on & connections ) ! re/ ( ! _w4444 ,"s acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* ! rul+ class 9 ,prussia has be5 able to use sci5ce1 mod]n bus9ess me?ods1 & social legislation 9 ! s]vice ( ! milit>y /ate4444 ,w> is ! bus9ess n only ( gov]nm5ts b ( ! nation z a :ole1 & !re are few k9ds ( human activity :i* d n h "s relation to its success or failure4444 ,we are fight+ p>tly1 inde$1 to def5d int]national law on ! high seas1 b p>tly also to make ! _w1 n m]ely ,am]ica1 safe = democracy4 ,tea*]s are recogniz$ z ! in/ruct+ =ce ( ,am]ica4 ,if !y are n1 :o is8 ,if ! c\ntry sorely ne$s cle>1 def9ite1 au!ntic in=mation on ! situation ( ! _w & our own position z a bellig]5t p[]1 :o is to give x if n ! tea*]s8 ,x is !y :o mu/ in=m & ar\se4 ,x is !y :o ought to p>ticipate 9 a speak+ campaign :i* %\ld be z deep z ! dang]1 z wide z ! c\ntry1 & z high z ! patriotic _s ( ! p4 ,!y %\ld be di/ribut+ ag5ts = pr9t$ mat]ial :i* analyzes ! subject1 & %\ld be able to ref] to ! be/ & mo/ available au?orities & to put be=e pupils & ! public ! texts ( ! mo/ important spee*es1 diplomatic notes1 & o!r approv$ mat]ial to back up /atem5ts ( fact4 ,/range z x may seem1 x is ! *ildr5's convictions :i* take effect n only :5 z *ildr5 !y c>ry ^w to _! p>5ts b also :5 !y come out ( *ildhood into adult life4 ,0 ! boy 9 ! ,new ,york high s*ool "r :5 he said1 ,x is a ,wall ,/reet w>8 ,are our enemies ju/ifi$ 9 *>g+ u ) ! same motives ( self-int]e/ & ! abasem5t ( o!r nations :i* animat$ !mselves8 ,are we really at w> = conque/ or seizure1 or = ! b5efit ( comm]ce1 or = def5se aga9/ aggressions t h n yet be5 made8 ,& is x a doll> w> = bank]s & ammunition mak]s8 ,x is to answ] ^! & o!r que/ions t a sy/ematic ef=t to in=m & ar\se ! ,am]ican p %\ld be tak5 up & c>ri$ into effect by public-s*ool tea*]s1 hav+ 9 m9d t ! mo/ effective & mo/ important "w may be done 9 ! classroom 9 connection ) lessons 9 civics & hi/ory4 ,to wait = textbooks on ! pres5t ,european w> is to wait until x is ov]4 ,to wait to put ! /udy ( ! pres5t w> into a c\rse ( /udy 9 its *ronological sequ5ce is to wait until ! next g5]ation ( *ildr5 come ^u ! /age4 ,no1 n[ is ! "t = our s*ools to include ! tea*+ ( ! w> & to discuss (ficially propos$ peace plans1 :5 ! /reet is alive ) soldi]s1 :5 ! newspap]s display huge headl9es & ! bill-bo>ds are cov]$ ) recruit+ po/]s1 :5 magaz9es furni% helpful mat]ial = tea*]s1 & :5 ! :ole _w is *>g$ ) feel+4 ,! ,national ,security ,league 7,new ,york ,city7 has outl9$ a plan = public addresses & lectures1 & x has pr9t$ a little book entitl$ ,wake ,up1 ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ topics h be5 select$ f an outl9e furni%$ by ?is league3 ,=eign milit>y sy/ems & int]national relations4 ,_s ( ! ,am]ican p z %[n 9 our hi/ory ( lib]ty & democracy4 ,causes ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,c5tral ,p[]s4 ,fir/ two & "o-half ye>s ( ! w> 9 relation to ! pr9ciples ( ! =eign policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,univ]sal milit>y tra9+ & s]vice z n[ provid$ by ,congress4 ,organization & "w ( ! army & navy3 selection2 supply+ ne$s4 ,g5]al milit>y prep>ations 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge3 mat]ials1 transportation1 & public f9ance4 ,duty ( ! citiz5 9 relation to obligations ( all citiz5s z an (fset to b5efits ( citiz5%ip4 ,s]vice outside ( milit>y & naval2 z1 = example1 ! munition "w1 transportation1 build+ ( %ips & ma*9]y1 f>m+1 etc4 ,fai?fulness ( =eign-born citiz5s4 ,ne$ ( effici5cy & economy 9 local1 municipal1 & /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,description ( mod]n w>f>e z def9+ ! imm$iate task ( ! ,am]ican p 9 reg>d to organization & action ( ! v>i\s s]vices2 z1 = example1 m5 9 ! tr5*es1 heal? protection1 ,r$ ,cross1 etc4 ,accessories2 = in/ance1 patriotic music & recitations1 flag m>*es1 & p>ades4 ,illu/rative mat]ial1 su* z maps & *>ts illu/rat+ ! problems ( recruit+2 slides & movies2 po/]s 9 public places2 exhibitions ( =eign po/]s4 ,^! topics z outl9$ "h are n suffici5tly relat$ to ! actual conflict4 ,!y are excell5t f ! =mal po9t ( view1 b !y fail to get at ! c5t] ( liv+ int]e/ 9 ! vital pres5t mom5t ( hi/ory4 ,(t5 :5 x has be5 ask$ ( ! *ildr5 9 ,france3 ,:at are y /udy+8 ,:at are !y tea*+ y8 ! answ] has be53 ,! w>1 madam4 ,! w>1 monsieur4 ,& if ! "q 0 tak5 up ) ! tea*]1 ! answ] has be53 ,by means ( our w> map on :i* is m>k$ ! pres5t position ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man troops1 ! p>ticul> spot 9 ! l9e 9 :i* ! p>5ts ( our boys & girls are fight+1 we tea* n only curr5t hi/ory1 b 9 ! mo/ vital way geography & _m relat$ subjects4 ,by means ( our use ( great contempor>y political docum5ts1 by ! spee*es ( ,viviani1 ,des*anel1 ,ribot1 & ! o!r /atesm51 by ! fam\s ord]s ( ,j(fre1 ,pta91 & our milit>y lead]s1 by ! int]pretation ( ! w> by our great philosoph]s1--we tea* 9 ! mo/ vital way ! ne$ ( ! c\ntry1 ! ideals ( ,france1 & mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ,france4 ,by reason ( ! w> "w in/itut$ 9 e s*ool z "p ( ! regul> curriculum1 we tea* comm]cial geography1 economics1 & _m bran*es ( sci5ce z !y are actually relat$ to human life & exp]i5ce1 & n 9 ! ab/ract mann] 9 :i* !y are treat$ 9 ! textbooks4 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,s>raut1 ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,france 9 #aiad-aiae1 said 9 a public address3 ,if !re rema9s 9 ! s*ools ( ,france a s+le tea*] :o has n be5 pr(\ndly t\*$ by ! w> & :o goes ab\t 8 usual occupation ( tea*+ 9 ! same way t he did prior to ,augu/ #b1 #aiad1 tea*+ ! same subjects 9 ! same way1 do+ only ! ord9>y1 famili> s*ool tasks1 ^: "w has n be5 entirely trans=m$ & inspir$ by ! w>1 we h yet to he> ( him or h]1 & we d n believe t su* exi/s4 ,x is inevitable t _m ( our s*ool subjects w *ange _! emphasis aft] ! w>4 ,to "s tea*]s ! awak5+ w be cruel1 to o!rs a bless+ 9 ! =m ( new opportunity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,field ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,trade ,,s*ools ,= t5 ye>s a gr\p ( m5 9 ,am]ica h be5 try+ to conv9ce ,congress t we %\ld set up a national program ( second>y vocational education4 ,z a prec$5t we h _h a sy/em ( agricultural & me*anic-arts education ( collegiate grade 9 exi/5ce = ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,b we h _h 9 ! pa/ no sy/em ( national aid = promot+ & ma9ta9+ a type ( vocational education 9 agriculture1 me*anic arts1 & home-mak+1 :i* w\ld rea* a mu* l>g] cli5tele ?an c\ld possibly be t\*$ ?r\gh any l&-grant college sy/em4 ,x has be5 an up-hill fight to get ,congress to see ! importance ( provid+ vocational education = indu/rial work]s4 ,bill aft] bill 0 introduc$ provid+ = national aid4 ,^! bills def9$ vocational education z includ+ all types ( indu/rial1 comm]cial1 agricultural1 & home-mak+ s*ools1 betwe5 ! upp] gramm> grades & ! college1 ^: controll+ purpose is to fit = specific pr(itable employm5ts & :i* receive pupils #ad ye>s ( age & ov]4 ,presid5t ,wilson 9 8 second inaugural message call$ ! c\ntry's att5tion def9itely to ! fact t a vocational-education bill 0 be=e ,congress & t x ought to receive favorable consid]ation1 n only on ! gr\nds ( educational advantages conta9$ 9 ! bill1 b also on ! gr\nds t x fitt$ 9 ) a national economic & indu/rial policy4 ,p]haps ! measure w\ld h met ! fate ( its pr$ecessors if w> _h n be5 decl>$4 ,fri5ds ( ! measure fe>$ le/ discussion incid5t to national prep>$ness %\ld ov]%ad[ ! vocational-education bill1 b =tunately ,congress saw t vocational education & national prep>$ness 7 l9k$ toge!r1 & ! bill pass$ almo/ unanim\sly4 ,! full significance ( ! ,smi?-,hughes ,bill1 z x w always be kn[n by ^? :o work$ = x1 c h>dly be appreciat$4 ,on ! surface x m]ely creates a ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education & provides t f$]al grants %all be made = ! purpose ( cop]at+ ) ! /ates 9 ! promotion ( indu/rial1 agricultural1 & home-mak+ tea*+4 ,b if we scrat* ! surface we %all see t ! f$]al money is n paid to local communities except aft] _! "w has be5 approv$ by a /ate bo>d ( control on ! basis ( ?is f$]al act1 & ! pr9ciples & policies :i* 7 adopt$ aft] conf]5ce betwe5 ! ,f$]al ,bo>d & ! /ate bo>ds ( control4 ,x fur!rmore limits f$]al aid to def9ite vocational tra9+ & elim9ates all aid to any dilettante or sup]ficial types ( practical-arts education :i* d n meet ! idea ( prep>+ "y p]sons ov] #ad ye>s ( age = useful & pr(itable employm5t 9 agriculture1 9 ! trades1 9 indu/ries1 or 9 home economics4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 & w be emphasiz$ m ?an once 9 succe$+ *apt]s1 t ! s*ools :i* are able to s]ve mo/ effectively 9 "t ( w> are ! s*ools :i* are s]v+ or may s]ve 9 times ( peace4 ,x has be5 & w aga9 be %[n t s*ool me?ods usable 9 meet+ a w> em]g5cy are ! me?ods n only usable b desirable "u normal conditions4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! foll[+ discussion ( ! field = w> s]vice = indu/rial & trade-s*ool education :i* does n h its direct application 9 promot+ & adm9i/]+ a national sy/em ( vocational education4 ,def9ite sugge/ions are giv5 = organiz+ day-indu/rial1 trade1 "p-"t & cont9uation s*ools1 ev5+ vocational s*ools1 trade classes1 & (f-"t c\rses2 = transf]r+ ! tea*+ equipm5t into ! factory2 = transf]r+ ! te*nical-sup]vision equipm5t ( ! factory to ! s*ool2 & = mak+ comm]cial products4 ,x w be se5 t ! s]vice ( our indu/rial & trade s*ools diff]s f ! s]vice ( ! indu/rial & h\sehold-arts c\rses 9 ! regul> s*ools4 ,a comp>ison ( :at is sugge/$ = w> s]vice ) :at is requir$ by ! t]ms ( ! f$]al grant %[s t ! two are 9 accord4 ,= example1 ! latt] requires t all-day indu/rial s*ools mu/ h at lea/ half ! "t giv5 ov] to ! actual practice ( a vocation on a useful or productive basis2 t agricultural s*ools %all arrange = direct$ or sup]vis$ practice 9 agriculture ei!r on a f>m provid$ by ! s*ool or on o!r f>ms = at lea/ six mon?s a ye>2 t "p-"t s*ools or classes mu/ be e/abli%$ if ! /ate & ! community expect to receive ! full b5efits ( ! f$]al grant = ! sal>ies ( tea*]s ( ! trade1 home-economics1 & indu/rial subjects2 & f9ally1 t ev5+ classes = indu/rial work]s are provid$ 9 :i* ! in/ruction is requir$ to be supplem5tal to ! daily employm5t4 ,h[ev]1 = ! duration ( ! w>1 at lea/1 ! la/ requirem5t ne$s modification4 ,w> prep>$ness und\bt$ly influ5c$ ,congress to pass ! ,smi?-,hughes ,bill4 ,w> s]vice ( our vocational s*ools w und\bt$ly influ5ce ! vocational-education movem5t along "r l9es m ?an any?+ else :i* c\ld possibly h happ5$4 ,indu/rial & trade s*ools /& ready to make _! contribution = w> s]vice4 ,"s r unwisely1 & c]ta9ly un?9k+ly1 s5t telegrams to ,wa%+ton1 (f]+ _! equipm5t to ! gov]nm5t4 ,o!rs said t !y w\ld make ammunition4 ,/ill o!rs ann\nc$ t !y w\ld wait = ! gov]nm5t to tell !m :at to d4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages evid5tly mo/ ( !m =got t _! *ief1 if n only1 bus9ess mu/ be1 z x has be51 t ( tra9+ recruits = indu/ry or giv+ trade ext5sion "w to ^? already 9 a *os5 vocation4 ,( c\rse we are all aw>e t new tasks ( /up5d\s proportions are be+ und]tak5 by ! c\ntry z measures = national def5se1 & t :ile a l>ge army is be+ recruit$ & tra9$1 a /ill l>g] army is be+ drawn into indu/rial production to equip & support ! army & navy directly on ! l9es ( def5se4 ,we "k t #fjj1jjj1jjj has be5 appropriat$ = aroplane con/ruction2 t f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj %ipbuild]s are ne$$ = our %ipbuild+ program2 t tool-mak]s & gauge-mak]s are ne$$ 9 l>ge numb]s2 t ! gov]nm5t milit>y s]vice w require l>ge numb]s ( me*anics 9 its qu>t]ma/]'s1 eng9e]+1 signal1 aviation1 & navy corps4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is conv9c+ evid5ce t !re are b\nd to be n only increas$ dem&s = labor b also *anges 9 ! relation%ip ( labor dem& & supply4 ,!re is go+ to be an enorm\s increase 9 ! dem& = speciali/ work]s 9 metal1 & consid]able increase 9 ! call = skill$ all-r\nd work]s 9 metal2 a mat]ial increase 9 ! dem& = woodwork]s 9 %ipy>ds2 an increase 9 dem& = work]s 9 manufactur$ clo?+ & army equipm5t2 a great increase 9 dem& = electrical work]s 9 all l9es1 includ+ op]ators1 field m51 telephone & telegraph s]vice4 ,we "k t !re w be a dem& = automobile me*anics1 gas-eng9e op]ators1 plumb]s1 horse%o]s1 :eelwrights1 /eam eng9e]s1 bak]s1 cem5t work]s1 & gas & /eam fitt]s4 ,x is probable t !re w be a dim9ution 9 ! dem& = pr9t]s2 = wom5 9 dressmak+1 mill9]y1 & novelty l9es2 = labor]s on public works1 includ+ /reets1 sew]s1 wat] sy/ems1 public build+s1 canals1 & bridges4 ,9 %ort1 we "k t ! w> em]g5cy w create an extraord9>y dem& = "s k9ds ( labor1 att5d$ by a probable dim9ution ( dem& = o!r k9ds1 & !re w be occasion = mu* %ift+ ( labor f "o occupation to ano!r4 ,x is obvi\s1 fur!rmore1 t _m readju/m5ts mu/ be made by public & private indu/rial & trade s*ools 9 ^! days ( w> pressure4 ,to det]m9e :at adju/m5ts are mo/ urg5t1 ^? 9 *>ge ( ^! s*ools %\ld g directly to ! indu/ries & conf] z to :at s]vice is ! mo/ desir$4 ,x is practically useless to wait = indu/rial manag]s to come to ! s*ools = help4 ,9 _m cases !y w n appreciate ! fact t ! s*ools c be ( help4 ,if1 9 times ( peace1 indu/ry has h>dly recogniz$ ! full possibilities ( public vocational tra9+1 x is n likely t x w\ld recognize x 9 ! /ress ( increas$ production4 ,sir ,rob]t ,blair ( ,london /ates t unless ! educational /aff ( ,engl& _h made x its bus9ess to satisfy ! manufactur]s t x c\ld tra9 semiskill$ work]s1 ! vocational-tra9+ %ops w\ld h be5 oblig$ to close soon aft] ! w> />t$4 ,he /ates t 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! "w ( ^! tra9+ %ops1 ! manufactur]s 7 indispos$ to believe t indu/ry _h any?+ to le>n f trade or te*nical s*ools4 ,! manufactur]s said t ^! s*ools 7 academically "r & practically wrong4 ,:at indu/rial & trade s*ools c d = manufactur+ plants w1 ( c\rse1 v>y 9 ea* community4 ,ea* manufactur+ c5t] has its own sets ( activities4 ,prop] milit>y au?orities %\ld be approa*$ by adm9i/rators ( indu/rial s*ools to det]m9e :at c be contribut$ t[>d provid+ ! tra9+ :i* is ne$$4 ,lett]s to milit>y au?orities 9 ,wa%+ton w n be> s mu* fruit z a p]sonal visit to a local recruit+ /ation1 camp1 or cantonm5t = def9ite advice z to h[ s*ools may be/ s]ve4 ,x is expect$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education w be helpful ) sugge/ive mat]ial4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! mo/ effective contact betwe5 ! s*ool t may give ! tra9+ & ! place t ne$s x c be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh cop]ation ei!r ) cantonm5t au?orities or ) local manufactur+ plants4 ,indu/rial & te*nical s*ools 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> =m$ connections ) gov]nm5t ars5als & began ! manufacture ( gauges = %ell-mak+1 mo/ly ( ! inspection type4 ,at fir/ ! te*nical in/itutes 7 v diffid5t ab\t und]tak+ ! "w1 ! /&>d ( skill requir$ be+ s high2 b aft] a few appeals on ! gr\nd t x 0 a great opportunity = trade education to %[ its value1 ! in/itutions />t$ ! "w1 s t !re are n[ some?+ l a doz5 su* s*ools work+ on ! manufacture ( ^! in/rum5ts4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ! majority ( ! work]s ?us employ$ 7 metal work]s be=e !y took up ?is "w4 ,o!rs 7 manual-tra9+ tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!y h turn$ out approximately #ej1jjj inspection gauges1 & x is ! op9ion 9 ,engl& t ! trade in/itutes nev] und]took a bett] "w4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! %ortage ( help 9 ! indu/ries is go+ to be met by tra9+ op]atives select$ f unskill$ work]s2 by tra9+ =em5 ( ^? op]atives :o w be select$ f ! skill$ help2 & by tra9+ highly skill$ speciali/s :o w be select$ f ! workm5 already skill$4 ,! tra9+ plan 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,we/+h\se plant w be int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,9 ?is ammunition plant #hj p] c5t ( ! work]s are li/$ z op]ators1 ! majority ( :om are tra9$ f c>efully select$ unskill$ labor4 ,to tra9 ^! op]ators skill$ ma*9i/s are employ$ z in/ructors4 ,"o in/ructor is 9 *>ge ( a gr\p av]ag+ ab\t ?irte5 m54 ,9 o!r words1 #g-a_/b p] c5t ( ! =ce 9 ! op]at+ dep>tm5ts are on ! in/ruction /aff & kn[n z =em51 l9em5 7set-up m571 & in/ructors4 ,in/ruction is giv5 incid5tally 9 turn+ out ! regul> product4 ,no equipm5t is set aside prim>ily = in/ruction purposes2 any equipm5t 9 ! plant may be ?us us$4 ,?is me?od ( in/ruction is call$ ! gr\p-in/ructor plan1 9 :i* "o in/ructor or =eman has *>ge ( tea*+ a gr\p ( op]ators work+ on an assign$ task4 ,:ile "u in/ruction ! gr\p is employ$ on regul> production4 ,! in/ructor is n requir$ to produce1 b gives 8 entire "t to gr\p tea*+4 ,9 ! tool-mak+ dep>tm5t1 m5 ( me*anical ability1 n necess>ily all-r\nd ma*9i/s1 b 9 "s in/ances f o!r trades1 are tra9$ 9 mak+ jigs & fixtures4 ,9 ^! cases ! ratio ( in/ructors to work]s is less ?an "o to ?irte51 ! help] plan be+ us$4 ,! help] plan is t 9 :i* a skill$ work] is employ$ 9 special "w1 su* z tool-mak+ or gauge-mak+1 & has "u him f "o to ?ree help]s4 ,9 ?is case ! man :o gives ! tra9+ does n conf9e 8 entire ef=ts to in/ruction1 b is requir$ to "w at 8 p>ticul> occupation4 ,if satisfactory results are to be secur$1 only a v limit$ numb] ( help]s c be assign$ to "o work]4 ,! indu/rial s*ools w prove to be a small factor 9 tra9+ op]atives1 9 view ( ! fact t indu/ry itself is able to tra9 !m quickly & satisfactorily4 ,x takes only a few days to make a ,poli% f>m h& ( ,connecticut into an ammunition work] 9 ,bridgeport4 ,=em5 & speciali/s may be tra9$ ?r\gh ev5+ & day "p-"t c\rses4 ,( c\rse x is assum$ t ^! s*ools w h equipm5t requisite = tra9+ 9 ! k9d ( "w = :i* help is ne$$4 ,! ,spr+field 7,massa*usetts7 ,vocational ,s*ool expects to %ift "s ( its pupils f h\se to %ip c>p5try 9 view ( ! new dem& = m5 ) a k ( %ipbuild+1--a dem& :i* w ext5d1 und\bt$ly1 ov] a t]m ( ye>s4 ,at lea/1 "o way = a trade s*ool to be ( s]vice & yet n pur*ase additional equipm5t is to l5d its skill$ in/ructors to a local manufactur+ plant :]e an organiz$ plan = tra9+ =em5 & speciali/s exi/s4 ,?is has be5 done by ! ,qu9cy 7,massa*usetts7 ,indu/rial ,s*ool1 :i* cop]ates 9 furni%+ "p ( ! in/ruction giv5 9 ! ,=e ,riv] %ipbuild+ plant4 ,?is company is giv+ in/ruction to a select$ gr\p ( work]s "u pay = a full indu/rial day ( t5 h\rs4 ,a night %ift ( tra9+ = elev5 h\rs is also giv5 to ano!r gr\p ( m54 ,in/ructors are tra9+ an assign$ gr\p ( op]ators on regul> production & "u usual employm5t conditions4 ,"s "p-"t in/ruction 9 te*nical subjects1 & 9 "s cases on special op]ations1 is also giv5 to c]ta9 gr\ps ( select$ work]s :ile "u employm5t 9 ! plant4 ,?is plan has a significance wor?y ( att5tion aft] ! w>4 ,g5]al ,manag] ,smi? ( ?is company1 at a conf]5ce ( /ate adm9i/rators ( vocational s*ools held ! middle ( ,july 9 ,new ,york ,city1 made an int]e/+ /atem5t z to ! ne$ ( tra9$ help 9 ! %ipy>ds4 ,a summ>y ( 8 rem>ks foll[s3#b ,= %ipbuild+ purposes m5 tra9$ 9 ! build+ trades (f] little advantage ov] intellig5t untra9$ m51 z ! "* ( "w 9 ! %ipbuild+ indu/ry is s diff]5t f t 9 ! build+ trades4 ,h[ev]1 indu/rial & trade s*ools c give prelim9>y & ?or\gh in/ruction to %ip-fitt]s & l(tsm54 ,! c\rse = ! latt] %\ld include %ip-draft+4 ,m limit$ in/ruction c be giv5 9 o!r ironwork]s' trades & 9 ! %ipwright trades4 ,tra9$ in/ructors are ne$$4 ,in/ructors may be employ$ 9 ! plant &1 if s1 %\ld h full p[] to in/ruct & %\ld n be employ$ on production1 z ! be/ results 9 in/ruction c only be obta9$ by hav+ ! in/ructor conc5trate 8 m9d on 8 "w4 ,%ipbuild+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 "o ( our small] indu/ries4 ,if ! pres5t crisis is to be adequately met1 ! indu/ry w be "o ( our mo/ important ones4 ,( ! l>ge am\nt ( money to be sp5t 9 %ipbuild+1 practically "o half w be exp5d$ on labor 9 ! %ipy>d2 ! rema9d] is = mat]ial pur*as$ f outside p>ties1 b :i* at ! works ( su* subcontractors is aga9 l>gely labor4 ,( ! labor exp5d$ 9 ! %ipy>d ab\t "o ?ird is = ironwork]s1 & x is 9 ?is trade t ! greate/ %ortage occurs1 z !re is only a small p]c5tage ( m5 = ! ironwork]s' trade n[ to be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! pa/ v little in/ruction 9 ! specializ$ %ipbuild+ trades has be5 giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! numb] ( m5 :o h s]v$ appr5tice%ip 9 ^! trades is small1 a great supply ( skill$ m5 9 ^! trades com+ f ,great ,brita94 ,!re is an imp]ative ne$ = a supply ( m5 9 ! ironwork]s' trade4 ,"s in/ruction mu/ always be giv5 9 ! %ipbuild+ plant1 b x is possible to give a great deal 9 ! indu/rial s*ools1 &1 z ! wages are good1 m5 %\ld be readily attract$ to ! %ipbuild+ trades4 ,:ile ironwork]s' trades consi/+ ( l(tsm51 %ip-fitt]s1 rivet]s1 *ipp]s1 calk]s1 ream]s1 bolt]s1 pack]s1 & "s o!rs are peculi> to %ipbuild+ z well z ! %ipwright's trade1 ! trades ( plumb]1 pipe fitt]1 copp]smi?1 etc4 are v mat]ially diff]5t 9 ! %ipbuild+ trades f :at !y are 9 ! build+ trades4 #b ,tak5 f bullet9 ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,indu/rial ,education1 = ,augu/1 #aiag1 ,w> ,dem&s = ,indu/rial ,tra9+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to s5d in/ructors f ! factories to ! s*ool4 ,9 sev]al in/ances 9 ,engl& ! manufactur]s suppli$ ! s*ools ) in/ructors & all ! necess>y mat]ial 9 ord] to tea* wom5 & boys ! id5tical op]ations :i* !y w\ld be call$ ^u to c>ry out 9 ! factory4 ,9 ?is way a numb] ( s*ools comb9+ manufactur+ ) tra9+ 7 able to supply local factories ) boys & wom5 tra9$ 9 ! special op]ations involv$4 ,?is plan is also significant & has an important be>+ ^u ! adm9i/ration ( public vocational tra9+4 ,! "q :e!r indu/rial s*ools %\ld make ammunition or equipm5t p]ta9+ to w> s]vice w come up4 ,hav+ sub/antial am\nts ( available equipm5t1 !y w d\btless at times be tempt$ to use _! organiz$ day & ev5+ classes = purposes ( em]g5cy productive "w4 ,9 ma*9e-%op s*ools1 = example1 ! tea*]s be+ skill$ ma*9i/s & ! pupils capable ( turn+ out a sub/antial am\nt ( productive "w1 inducem5ts to subord9ate educational ends to ^? ( an economic nature may be expect$4 ,x is !re=e sugge/$ t indu/rial-s*ool au?orities resolutely resi/ all attempts to subord9ate _! rightful purpose ( giv+ indu/rial education4 ,x is cle> t a c]ta9 am\nt ( production is necess>y = purposes ( education1 b x is important t ?is %\ld nev] be made a prim>y purpose 9 any indu/rial s*ool4 ,a lett] f ,director ,w4 ,c4 ,smi? ( ! ,troy 7,new ,york7 ,c5tral ,s*ool illu/rates ! productive "w ( "o s*ool :i* reta9s educational value4 ,a ,troy corporation is engag$ on a l>ge contract ) ! gov]nm5t = uni=ms4 ,its %ops are tax$ to ! limit1 & x has f\nd x necess>y to utilize e available %op 9 t[n = mak+ v>i\s ma*9es us$ 9 cutt+ clo? = ?is contract4 ,x has ent]$ into an arrangem5t :]eby our complete ma*9e-%op equipm5t is turn$ ov] to its use "u ! sup]vision ( our own in/ructor4 ,our graduate boys are employ$ 9 ! %op & are n[ at "w p]fect+ twelve ma*9es = use 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry on ?is contract4 ,! public vocational s*ools mu/ face1 soon] or lat]1 ! "q ( %op production on a comm]cial basis4 ,!y exi/1 prim>ily1 to tra9 produc]s & n to make products4 ,are ! two inconsi/5t8 ,p]haps ! w> s]vice ( ^! s*ools w br+ ?is debatable issue to a head4 ,obvi\sly ! indu/ries engag$ 9 ! mak+ ( automobiles1 aroplanes1 ma*9]y1 & ammunition h = "s "t pa/ absorb$ ! available supply ( skill$ help4 ,) ! em]g5cy ( w> prep>ation ^u u1 we mu/ f9d ways ( press+ ?\s&s ( work]s into l9es ( "w ) :i* !y are almo/ altoge!r unfamili>4 ,except ) boys :o are f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s old1 x w be ( little avail to ?9k ( giv+ all-r\nd trade tra9+4 ,! labor supply :i* we n[ ne$ mu/ be tra9$ imm$iately & int5sively4 ,f :at has already be5 /at$ x is cle> t work]s may be tra9$ 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 9 day indu/rial or te*nical s*ools2 second1 9 indu/rial plants su* z h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! case ( ! ,we/+h\se ,company2 ?ird1 ?r\gh "p-"t employm5t 9 indu/ry1 ) "p-"t att5dance 9 indu/rial or te*nical s*ools4 ,! indu/rial-s*ool au?orities %\ld s5d into ! factories capable in/ructors :o h _h trade exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to le>n ! ne$s = tra9$ help & to analyze ! trade processes = :i* m5 ne$ to be tra9$4 ,9 ?is way ! s*ool may det]m9e :e!r x c be/ meet ! situation by tra9+ ! y\? 9 its day s*ools to g to "w 9 indu/rial plants ^u leav+ s*ool--al?\gh ?is is n a v imm$iate way ( meet+ ! em]g5cy--or :e!r x w\ld be bett] to move ! classes1 s to speak1 ov] to ! plant & h ! in/ructors tea* a gr\p ( unskill$ work]s on ! gr\p-in/ruction plan4 ,p]haps ! s*ool c\ld p]=m its be/ s]vice by giv+ trade ext5sion c\rses to ^? already engag$ 9 productive "w4 ,anyh[1 ^! alt]natives mu/ be fully consid]$4 ,^! in/ructors or tra9$ exp]ts1 :5 visit+ typical y>ds or plants 9 a specific indu/ry to le>n ( ! ne$s = tra9$ help1 mu/ be able to reanalyze ! trade processes 9 t]ms ( tra9+ z di/9ct f t]ms ( production1 & out ( ?is analysis to draw up suitable s*emes = giv+ su* tra9+4 ,! "q ( :e!r ?is tra9+ %\ld be giv5 entirely 9 ! s*ool or entirely 9 ! plant or p>tly 9 ! plant & p>tly 9 ! s*ool %\ld be left to exp]ts1 :o "k be/ ! possibilities ( ea* ( ^! s*emes4 ,?is is no "t = indu/rial s*ools to /& on _! dignity & claim t !y c d all t is necess>y 9 _! day s*ools )\t cop]ation ) ^? :o employ4 ,x is readily grant$ t1 g5]ally speak+1 directors ( indu/rial s*ools "k _! job q well :5 x comes to giv+ trade-prep>atory tra9+ to y\? be=e x ent]s indu/ry2 b at a "t :5 ! c\ntry ne$s ?\s&s ( workm5 we are q sure t ! bett] plan = tra9+ op]ators & semiskill$ work]s is directly 9 ! plant itself4 ,9 a "t ( great em]g5cy ?is int5sive1 imm$iate tra9+ mu/ be giv5 9 l>ge "p by ! indu/ries !mselves )9 _! own plants4 ,!y h ! equipm5t1 !y h ! m5 :o ne$ ! tra9+2 all !y lack is ! prop] in/ruct+ =ce1 z !y _c take m5 away f production = in/ruction purposes4 ,x foll[s t ! in/ructors ( our s*ools mu/ give _! in/ruction 9 ! plants or mu/ h ! unskill$ op]atives & help]s come to ! s*ool = "p-"t "w4 ,! pres5t all-day indu/rial s*ools1 ev5 9 normal times1 ne$ ?is direct contact ) indu/ry to save !mselves f %op me?ods :i* savor ( manual-tra9+ s*ools4 ,x is assum$ t ! regul> all-day indu/rial & trade s*ools w cont9ue4 ,( c\rse !y are n[ l>gely att5d$ by comp>atively "y /ud5ts1 & x is q likely t ! enrollm5t w dim9i%1 z !re is an unusual dem& = boys 9 e bran* ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,x w be increas+ly difficult to hold su* boys 9 s*ool 9 ! face ( f9ancial returns r extraord9>y :5 "o consid]s _! y\?4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( cons]vation ( y\? & ! tra9+ ( a suitable supply ( skill$ work]s = ! future1 !re %\ld be no dim9ution ( ef=t to develop & ext5d day-s*ool "w1 ev5 ?\gh ! "y p ?us tra9$ w be too "y to contribute def9itely to ! pres5t em]g5cy1 unless1 ( c\rse1 x %\ld la/ m ?an a ye> or two4 ,nev]!less1 ! enrollm5ts are likely to be less4 ,a p>tial comp5sation = ?is situation is t gr\ps ( m mature work]s com+ f ! indu/ry itself on a "p-"t basis c be accommodat$ = special in/ruction1 or gr\ps ( "y m5 :o are n[ elevator boys1 mess5g] boys1 cl]ks 9 /ores1 (fice boys1 c be induc$1 p]haps1 to come to ! all-day s*ool1 & ?r\gh %ort1 int5sive c\rses be put into ! way ( e>n+1 9 "s factory mak+ w> supplies1 a sum equal to f two to ?ree times :at !y are n[ e>n+4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to hold su* y\?s 9 ! s*ool beyond ! p]iod necess>y to give !m imm$iate & int5sive tra9+4 ,aft] ! w> x w be an op5 "q :e!r int5sive c\rses %\ld n be m g5]ally adopt$ 9 our day indu/rial s*ools4 ,obvi\sly ! l>ge/ imm$iate s]vice t c be r5d]$ by indu/rial & trade s*ools w be ?r\gh ! readju/m5t & ext5sion ( ev5+ & o!r (f-"t c\rses4 ,z usual1 ! especially important function w be ! tra9+ ( m5 already 9 ! trades = m skill$ tasks or = directive "w4 ,ways mu/ be f\nd = ext5d+ ! ev5+-s*ool facilities4 ,"o way is to op]ate ! ev5+ c\rses ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,mo/ ( our indu/rial s*ools op]ate only f ,octob] to ,april1 b 9 ?is "t ( pressure !y %\ld be op5 cont9u\sly4 ,! o!r way w\ld be to c>ry on trade ext5sion "w n only 9 ! ev5+ b also e>ly 9 ! morn+ or late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,^! are te*nically kn[n z (f-"t c\rses & came into exi/5ce orig9ally 9 "s cities :i* made provision = tra9+ work]s f plants op]at+ night %ifts4 ,fundam5tally1 ev5 9 times ( peace1 !re is no s\nd reason = ev] completely clos+ a day indu/rial s*ool4 ,x might run dur+ ! summ] z well z ! w9t]2 9 ! late aft]noon & e>ly morn+ z well z 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 ! middle ( ,june1 #aiag1 ,presid5t ,wilson address$ a lett] to ,secret>y ,r$field mak+ ! sugge/ion t ! vocational-tra9+ s*ools ( ! c\ntry %\ld be op5 dur+ ! summ]1 :5 x w\ld be possible to tra9 a l>ge numb] ( "y m5 "u milit>y age1 ei!r to fill ! places 9 our indu/ries left by m5 :o enli/ or are )drawn = milit>y s]vice1 or to c>ry on special occupations call$ = by ! w>1 su* z inspectors ( mat]ial & app>atus4 ,9 ?is connection1 :]e ! ,presid5t speaks ( inspectors ( mat]ial1 x may be said t "o ( ! prom95t indu/rial-education exp]ts ( ! ,ea/ has be5 ask$ to tra9 a gr\p ( m5 select$ = special gov]nm5t inspection "w4 ,^! m5 w !n be responsible = organiz+ a =ce ( assi/ant inspectors 9 ! plant to :i* !y are assign$1 & ( sup]vis+ ! "w ( ! assi/ant inspector "u _! p]sonal direction4 ,! c\rse ( inspector%ip tra9+ is made up ( two units3 "o deal+ ) ! bus9ess & acc\nt+ side ( inspection & ! o!r ) ! te*nical in/ruction :i* is giv5 ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! actual "w ( inspection at ! ars5al1 obs]vation ( ! manufactur+ processes1 & direct gr\p in/ruction4 ,! fir/ unit is giv5 at ,wa%+ton & usually requires f f\r or five days to a week = its completion4 ,! second unit is giv5 at ! ,rock ,isl& ars5al & cov]s elev5 days z a m9imum4 ,only ! mo/ exp]i5c$ m51 h[ev]1 complete x 9 ?is l5g? ( "t4 ,! m5 ent] ! s*ool at irregul> int]vals 9 gr\ps ( f\r or five at a "t4 ,! numb] 9 tra9+ at any "o "t v>ies f ?irty-five to fifty4 ,! m5 are mov$ f dep>tm5t to dep>tm5t on a fix$ s*$ule4 ,:5 a man completes 8 tra9+ he is assign$ to a plant 9 accordance ) 8 qualifications z indicat$ by 8 previ\s exp]i5ce & 8 record at ! s*ool4 ,fur!r plans = tra9+ ! inspector aft] he has be5 assign$ to ! field h be5 propos$ b h n yet be5 put into effect4 ,_m ( ! c&idates = ?is tra9+ are in/ructors 9 vocational tra9+4#c ,! opportunity = promotion ( skill$ work]s 0 nev] s great z at pres5t1 & ! opportunity = s*ools to tra9 !m w nev] be great] ?an at pres5t4 ,! s*ools may well organize int5sive %ort c\rses 9 practical tra9+1 z well z o!r c\rses design$ to advance qualifi$ work]s to positions ( directive "w 9 ! factories4 ,:ile ! "p-"t plan (f]s excell5t opportunities = advanc+ select$ work]s 9 ord] t !y may acquire c]ta9 te*nical k1 x is d\btful :e!r mu* ( ?is "w dur+ ?is em]g5cy p]iod c be done 9 ! public or private indu/rial & trade s*ools4 ,we all "k t c]ta9 indu/rial conc]ns h e/abli%$ "p-"t s*ools 9 _! plants4 ,^! classes 9 ! works are especially adapt$1 9 ! pres5t em]g5cy1 = tra9+ select$ work]s to become speciali/s & =em54 ,if ! s*ool is ne> ! plant1 s t indu/rial work]s c att5d = "p-"t day in/ruction = a p]iod ( six or eight h\rs a week )\t loss ( "t or )\t int]f]+ ) production1 x may be possible to develop "s "p-"t c\rses 9 ! s*ools1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 x w\ld be bett] = ! in/ructors 9 ^! s*ools to g directly to ! plants !mselves & give ?is "p-"t in/ruction !re4 ,9 ano!r *apt] m5tion w be made ( a feasible "p-"t sy/em & ! necessity = "s su* sy/em1 b x ref]s only to boys & girls betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 ye>s old :o belong prim>ily 9 s*ool & n prim>ily at "w4 ,x is assum$ t ! gr\p ( :i* we h be5 ?9k+ is ! old] gr\p ( workm5 :o wi% to become =em54 #c ,vocational ,education & ,gov]nm5t ,s]vice1 ,news-lett] issu$ by ,national ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,indu/rial ,education1 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,w> ne$s op5 new fields = s*ools4 ,aft] ! w>1 /]eotyp$ c\rses 9 trade s*ools & te*nical in/itutes w h lo/ _! hold4 ,dunwoody ,in/itute 7,m9neapolis1 ,m9nesota7 is "o ( ! few s*ools hav+ a tra9+ c\rse = bak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,an example ( an effective adaptation to a national ne$4 ,dunwoody ,in/itute meet+ a %ortage ( army bak]s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,educational effici5cy z measur$ by its response to a national ne$4 ,dunwoody ,in/itute is "o ( ! sev]al in/itutes tea*+ radiography & p[] te/+ to navy m54 ,sir ,rob]t ,blair1 9 8 report already ref]r$ to1 speaks ( ! mann] 9 :i* te*nical & trade s*ools 9 & ab\t ,london tra9 semiskill$ work]s = munition "w4 ,at fir/ we ga!r$ toge!r all ! metal-work+ app>atus ( our elem5t>y s*ools & plac$ x 9 two ( our te*nical in/itutes4 ,%aft+ 0 put up1 p[] 0 in/all$ & ! la!s />t$1 & !y h be5 runn+ ev] s9ce ,july1 #aiae1 = twelve h\rs a day 9 ?ree p]iods ( f\r h\rs ea*4 ,at fir/ ! p]iod ( tra9+ 0 = "o p]iod a day = six days a week = six weeks1 or a total ( #add h\rs1 b lat]1 to meet ! dem&s1 ! manufactur]s took ^u !mselves ! tra9+ ( m highly skill$ turn]s1 ( ma*9e erectors1 ( mill+-ma*9e h&s1 & s on4 ,we began to tra9 wom5 = trac+ 9 draw+ (fices & subsequ5tly = me*anical draw+4 ,we tra9$ lead-burn]s = employm5t 9 factories mak+ explosives4 ,we tra9$ gauge-mak]s = employm5t 9 tool rooms ( our %ell factories 7_m ( ^! m5 h be5 drawn f ! jewelry & silv]smi?+ trades74 ,! m skill we gave ! tra9+1 ! long] x took to tra9 ^! p1 & s ! numb] produc$ weekly has dim9i%$1 b 9 two ye>s we h tra9$1 c]tifi$1 & plac$ #fjjj work]s4 ,& aga9 he speaks ( o!r tra9+ ap>t f furni%+ additional munition work]s4 ,"o in/itution has done a great deal ( "w 9 tra9+ 9 cold %oe+ ov] #ajjj m5 belong+ to ! ,royal ,field ,artill]y1 ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & ! ,army ,s]vice ,corps4 ,! same in/itution has also be5 us$ = ! reception1 inspection1 & dispat* ( _m ( ! horse-%oes requir$ by ! army4 ,at ano!r in/itution ov] #cejj /ud5ts h be5 tra9$ = ,r$ ,cross duties1 & a great "w has be5 done 9 recruit+ m5 = ! skill$ sections ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps4 ,besides we h tra9$ m5 = t9smi?+1 copp] "w1 & wireless telegraphy4 ,a ?ird in/itution took on ! g5]al direction ( ! prep>ation ( syn!tic drugs 9 ! *emical dep>tm5ts ( ! te*nical in/itutes1 & ! m$ical organization ( ! army 0 l>gely indebt$ to ^! *emical dep>tm5ts = ! production ( ! mu*-ne$$ drugs4 ,assum+ t adm9i/rators ( indu/rial education are int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( factory work]s1--some?+ (t5 ap>t f in/ill+ te*nical skill & k1--x w be necess>y = !m to provide c\rses = m5 & especially = wom5 work]s1 giv+ in/ruction 9 ! laws ( heal? ) :i* e employee 9 factory life %\ld be famili>4 ,9 ,engl& ! memor&a ( ! ,briti% ,heal? ( ,munition ,work]s ,committee h demon/rat$ conclusively ! great necessity ( ?is tea*+ ( hygi5e3 t ! causes ( ill heal? ( work]s 9 munitions factories 7 n alone ! result ( fatigue f long h\rs1 b q z mu* ! result ( insuffici5t or ill-prep>$ food1 inadequate sleep & ill-v5tilat$ sleep+ qu>t]s1 & failure to appreciate ! consequ5ces ( disreg>d+ safety devices4 ,x may n be amiss 9 ?is *apt] to say a ^w ab\t our gov]nm5t naval s*ools1 = "s may n be aw>e t ! gov]nm5t has = a numb] ( ye>s be5 ma9ta9+ a v effici5t sy/em ( trade education4 ,! purpose ( ! naval trade s*ools is to tra9 "y m5 = v>i\s trades or occupations requir$ on %ipbo>d4 ,9 go+ ov] ! li/ x is likely t adm9i/rators ( indu/rial education w see an opportunity to connect ! "w ( _! s*ools ) ! "w ( ! naval s*ools4 ,9 addition to ! practical in/ruction giv5 at ! tra9+ /ations :]e ^! s*ools are locat$1 a c\rse ( academic in/ruction is conduct$ ?r\gh\t ! naval s]vice4 ,?is in/ruction does n /op at ! tra9+ /ation1 b cont9ues on %ipbo>d1 & e enc\ragem5t is giv5 = advancem5t4 ,electrical s*ools are locat$ at ! ,brooklyn ,navy ,y>d & at ,m>e ,isl&1 ,cali=nia4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction comprises ma*9e-%op "w1 reciprocat+ /eam eng9es1 /eam-turb9e eng9es1 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 magnetism & electricity1 dynamos1 motors1 motor g5]ators1 alt]nat+-curr5t batt]ies1 etc4 ,memb]s ( ! radio class are tra9$ 9 ! duties ( a radio op]ator & are giv5 con/ant practice 9 ! use ( ! me*anism employ$ 9 recov]+ & s5d+ messages4 ,! artific] s*ool is locat$ at ! ,norfolk ,navy ,y>d1 & is compos$ ( classes = %ipwrights1 %ip-fitt]s1 blacksmi?s1 & pa9t]s4 ,! ma*9i/ & copp]smi? s*ools are locat$ at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & are op5 only to renli/$ m5 :o h c]ta9 exp]i5ce4 ,! aronautics s*ool is locat$ at ,p5sacola1 ,florida1 & is divid$ into two c\rses3 me*anics ( aronautics1 & fly+4 ,gasol9e-eng9e in/ruction is giv5 at ,*>le/[n ,navy ,y>d 9 connection ) ! ma*9i/'s s*ool1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to renli/$ m54 ,commiss>y s*ools = %ips' cooks1 bak]s1 & /ew>ds are locat$ at ,san ,francisco & ,newport4 ,musicians' s*ools are ma9ta9$ at ,norfolk1 at ,great ,lake1 ,ill9ois1 & at ,san ,francisco4 ,seaman-gunn] s*ools are locat$ at ! ,wa%+ton ,navy ,y>d & at ! torp$o /ation at ,newport4 ,all ( ^! s*ools give %ort1 int5sive c\rses rang+ f ?ree to eighte5 mon?s 9 l5g?4 ,! /ud5ts are paid wages1 & all exp5ses are met ! same z ) o!r enli/$ m54 ,sev5 free m>9e-eng9e]+ s*ools & ?irty free navigation s*ools are be+ />t$ on ! ,atlantic1 ,gulf1 ,pacific1 & ,great ,lakes coa/s to tra9 m5 already hav+ "s exp]i5ce = bett] places at advanc$ pay z eng9e]s & deck (fic]s 9 ! new m]*ant fleet4 ,! graduates are be+ plac$ z fa/ z !y are graduat$4 ,! ne$ = _! s]vices is expect$ to la/ = _m ye>s aft] peace is re/or$4 ,= sev]al ye>s our indu/rial cont9uation s*ools h _h z _! motto ,e>n & ,le>n4 ,b ! naval te*nical s*ools h %[n a way :]eby "y m5 may bo? s]ve & le>n4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,our ,,colleges ,,& ,,te*nical ,,in/itutes ,x is to be hop$ t if we c realize1 z ,engl& did n1 t education1 to quote ,arnold ,b5nett1 is ! v la/ ?+ t we ought to economize 91 we %all sp>e ourselves "s ( ! unnecess>y calamities ( w>4 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 & ! ,c5tral ,p[]s h ?r[n into battle a v l>ge p]c5tage ( _! educat$ & tra9$ m51 includ+ mo/ ( ! "y pr(essors & in/ructors 9 _! univ]sities & colleges1 gymnasiums1 & lyces4 ,_! colleges & univ]sities are almo/ empty4 ,! "y m5 :o w\ld "u normal conditions be receiv+ ! education & tra9+ necess>y to prep>e !m = lead]%ip 9 ! future developm5t ( ^! c\ntries are fight+ & dy+ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,9 view ( ! fact t all ( ^! c\ntries mu/ ne$s g ?r\gh a long p]iod ( recon/ruction1 indu/rial & o!rwise1 x is a pity t ! sacrifice ( its be/ y\? _h ne$lessly to be made4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we see n[ t no univ]sity1 college1 or te*nical s*ool t c possibly avoid x %\ld p]mit its faculty or /ud5t body to be scatt]$ or its en]gies dissipat$4 ,all conc]n$ %\ld r$\ble _! en]gies & conc5trate !m ^u ^? ?+s :i* w be ( ! mo/ s]vice 9 ! progress ( ! w> & w prep>e ! /ud5ts = ! mo/ effective s]vice :5 ! w> is ov]4 ,presid5t ,wilson1 ?ree mon?s aft] ! sev]+ ( relations ) ,g]many1 9 response to a reque/ = an op9ion on ! cont9uance ( a college or a te*nical-s*ool education dur+ ! w>1 wrote ?is lett]3 ,! "q :i* y h br\ght to my att5tion is ( ! v greate/ mom5t4 ,x w\ld1 z y sugge/1 s]i\sly impair ,am]ican prospects ( success 9 ?is w> if ! supply ( highly tra9$ m5 7 unnecess>ily dim9i%$4 ,!re w be ne$ = a l>g] numb] ( p]sons exp]t 9 ! v>i\s fields ( appli$ sci5ce ?an ev] be=e4 ,su* p]sons w be ne$$ bo? dur+ ! w> & aft] its close4 ,i h !re=e no hesitation 9 urg+ colleges & te*nical s*ools to endeavor to ma9ta9 _! c\rses z f> z possible on ! usual basis4 ,!re w be _m "y m5 f ^! in/itutions :o w s]ve 9 ! arm$ =ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,^? :o fall bel[ ! age ( selective conscription & :o d n enli/ may feel t by pursu+ _! c\rses ) e>ne/ness & dilig5ce !y also are prep>+ !mselves = valuable s]vice to ! nation4 ,i w\ld p>ticul>ly urge ^u ! "y p :o are leav+ our high s*ools t z _m ( !m z c d s avail !mselves ?is ye> ( ! opportunities (f]$ by ! colleges & te*nical s*ools1 to ! end t ! c\ntry may n lack an adequate supply ( tra9$ m5 & wom54 ,x mu/ be said t :ile /ud5ts 7 re/less & anxi\s to p]=m a s]vice1 ! college au?orities !mselves adopt$ a v hopeless & helpless attitude t[>d ! w> 9 s f> z x react$ on ! int]nal economy ( ^! in/itutions4 ,comm5cem5t ex]cises 7 abbreviat$ & %orn ( _! cu/om>y fe/ivities4 ,college presid5ts & executive committees ( alumni associations began to talk poor & to wax lugubri\s ov] ! small s5ior class ( #aiah4 ,^! m5 ev5 want$ to drop a?letics1 :i*1 to ! faceti\s layman outside1 con/itutes ! ma9 reason = a college's exi/5ce4 ,! g5]al action ( ! colleges 9 ?is matt] ( ab&on+ s _m a?letic & o!r activities drew f ,presid5t ,wilson a lett] deprecat+ su* action & advis+ t ! colleges ma9ta9 all _! usual sports if !y did n detract 9 any way f ! milit>y purpose ( ! nation4 ,9 an address at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 ,major ,g5]al ,wood deplor$ ha/y action ( /ud5ts 9 enli/+ = s]vice 9 ! army & navy1 urg+ !m to complete _! s*ool "w = ! ye>1 & t !y m>k "t p5d+ ! c>ry+ out ( provisions ( ! selective-draft law4 ,x is cle>1 on "o h&1 t _m college au?orities1 especially ^? ( ! old] type1 pass$ ?r\gh a /ate ( academic in/itutional hy/]ia1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 _! /ud5t bodies translat$ ! emotions ( ! mom5t into a deep conviction by enli/+4 ,at ! same "t ! _s ( mobilization 0 pres5t 9 _m a univ]sity1 college1 & te*nical s*ool4 ,9 ! cultural college x 0 ! individual :o enli/$1 z ! in/itution 0 n ( ! type ^: "w directly & def9itely c\nt$ = important w> s]vice4 ,9 ! univ]sities :]e c\rses are giv5 9 agriculture1 9 m$ic9e1 9 te*nology1 & 9 practical arts1 ! in/itution itself enli/$1 9 t x (f]$ w>-em]g5cy c\rses4 ,x is p]haps int]e/+ at ?is po9t to see h[ response came f ^! two types ( in/itutions4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x came f individuals 9 ! college1 :i* 0 no m ?an c\ld be expect$ ( classical colleges1 :i* h = ye>s laid emphasis on ! b5efits ( individuali/ic tra9+4 ,9 ! second in/ance ! vocational colleges1 z !y are sometimes disp>ag+ly call$1 respond$ f ! viewpo9t ( collectivism2 t is1 ! college z a :ole1 because ( its s]vice dep>tm5ts1 0 able to (f] to ! /ate & to ! nation a c\rse ( tra9+ ( imm$iate milit>y value to ! c\ntry4 ,b ?\ghtful p c nev] aga9 speak disp>ag+ly ( any univ]sity or te*nical s*ool4 ,:ile ! movies h be5 fill$ ) ! citiz5s ( our democracy1 & ! cafs cr[d$ ) p to :om w> 0 some?+ ap>t f exi/5ce1 & ! :ite-light gayety ( ! /reets has be5 app>5tly undimm$1 ! y\? ( our colleges--! be/ y\? 9 ! _w--h enli/$ 9 ,plattsburgs1 jo9$ ! ,naval ,res]ves1 tak5 up signal-corps "w1 ent]$ ! rese>* laboratory1 foll[$ _! in/ructors into ! m$ical corps1 jo9$ a s*ool ( aronautics1 or donn$ ov]alls 9 ! %ipy>ds4 ,doctor ,f9ley1 ,commission] ( ,education ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 9 an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,ill9ois *apt] ( ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 speaks ( 8 visit to ,ox=d j be=e ! w> & ( a visit to ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 a few weeks aft] x _h begun4 ,at ,ox=d he f\nd ! calm ( ! cloi/]1 ) its memorials ( poets1 s*ol>s1 /atesm51 pr9ces1 & soldi]s1 :]e !re 7 anci5t academic conv5tions t paid no he$ to ! pass+ cu/oms ( ! _w outside4 ,only six weeks lat] at ,cambridge--a ,cambridge :i* _h a mon? or six weeks be=e be5 z ,ox=d--! t[n 0 fill$ ) m5 9 khaki4 ,9 ?is *>m+ address ,doctor ,f9ley speaks ( a portrait ( ,samuel ,butl] :i* he saw at ,cambridge1--a portrait ( ! man :o describ$ 9 8 book ,ere:on a l& :]e crim9als 7 treat$ z sick1 & ! sick z crim9als2 :]e !re 7 ,colleges ( ,unreason1 colleges 9 :i* /ud5ts 7 promot$ = excell5ce 9 vagu5ess & 7 pluck$ = insuffici5t tru/ 9 pr9t$ matt]1 colleges :]e ! pr9cipal c\rses 7 ^? 9 hypo!tics1 colleges 9 :i* m$iocrity 0 fo/]$1 colleges ^: graduates almo/ inv>iably suff]$ f atrophy ( individual op9ions4 ,& ,doctor ,f9ley says t z he /ood be=e ?is portrait1 9 a hall almo/ des]t$1 he ?\ght ( ^? /ud5ts ( c\rses :i* ,butl] _h call$ hypo!tical & atrophy+1 :o _h gone =? to prove ! valor ( _! cloi/]$ & unpractical le>n+4 ,! univ]sity :i* app>5tly _h paid no he$ to ! pass+ cu/oms ( ! _w outside _h n[ mobiliz$ h]self2 & ?is has be5 true ( ! colleges & te*nical s*ools ( our own c\ntry1--truly a mobilization ( ! _s ( sudd5 =gett+ ( self-conc]ns = a selfless s]vice4 ,! college ( individualism1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 mobiliz$ ?r\gh its individuals1 :ile ! college ( s]vice mobiliz$ itself4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiag ,i happ5$ to be 9 a ,we/]n univ]sity4 ,! campus 0 practically des]t$4 ,in/ructors 9 =eign languages _h jo9$ ! gov]nm5t int]pret]s' s]vice2 "s ( ! pr(essors ( sci5ce _h gone to gov]nm5t rese>* laboratories1 :ile a *os5 few 7 (f 9 "s secret place work+ "u gov]nm5t direction 9 sci5tific rese>* conc]n+ subm>9e w>f>e4 ,! old] /ud5ts _h enli/$1 & ! y\ng] ones 7 m>*+ 9 squads on ! a?letic field4 ,truly a mobilization1 b l>gely individuali/ic4 ,i came ,ea/ to ano!r college :]e m ?an #bjjj /ud5ts 7 devot+ _! "t to a s]ies ( special %ort c\rses deal+ ) ! v>i\s problems ( an educational1 social1 & practical nature :i* ! w> _h ?ru/ ^u ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is way ! in/itution--,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity--_h mobiliz$ itself4 ,special arrangem5ts _h be5 made by ! college au?orities :]eby all b a v few /ud5ts c\ld p>ticipate 9 ^! em]g5cy c\rses )\t s]i\sly d]ang+ _! regul> c\rses4 ,9 g5]al1 ! aim ( ^! em]g5cy c\rses 0 n m]ely to meet ^? conditions :i* exi/ at or ne> ! battle l9e b to help 9 ! solution ( ! hundr$ & "o urg5t problems :i* mu/ be solv$ by t great majority ( tea*]s & social work]s ^: s]vice w ( necessity be giv5 9 home communities4 ,accord+ly1 c\rses on social relief 7 (f]$1 & among o!rs ! foll[+ topics 7 consid]$3 ,adm9i/ration ( relief 9 "t ( w> & em]g5cy1 ,c>e ( orphan$ & neglect$ *ildr54 ,"u ! organization ( rural communities 7 discuss$ ,cons]v+ ! food supply1 ,! heal? problem ( ! rural community1 & ,! organization ( s*ool pupils = agricultural s]vice4 ,! matt] ( social s]vice 9 milit>y camps 0 ?or\ghly gone into & reports & lectures 7 giv5 by m5 :o _h actually work$ ) ! soldi]s !mselves4 ,! ,boy ,sc\t & ,camp ,fire ,girl movem5ts 7 also discuss$ 9 special c\rses1 & ! practical que/ions ( ! amateur g>d5] 7 c>efully consid]$4 ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,practical ,arts special att5tion 0 giv5 to ! mak+ ( *ildr5's g>m5ts1 ! sew+ ( ,r$ ,cross mat]ial1 & ! r5ovat+ ( mill9]y & clo?+4 ,9 addition to lectures on ?rift 9 food ! dep>tm5t ( cook]y gave a c\rse on em]g5cy cook]y = m51 :i* 0 especially design$ = army cooks & ,boy ,sc\t lead]s4 ,!re 0 also a s]ies ( lectures & demon/rations by a gov]nm5t exp]t on ! pres]vation ( food1 includ+ cann+ & dry+4 ,o!r c\rses consid]$ ! ess5tials ( diet plann+ & ( h[ to buy 9 l>ge quantities = camps & hospitals4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry & biology gave special in/ruction 9 ! analysis ( wat] & ( milk1 & 9 ! te*nique ( diagno/ic bact]iology4 ,! f9e-arts dep>tm5t made "s r unique contributions1 includ+ a /udy ( protective color+ ) ref]5ce to cam\flage = milit>y purposes1 ! design+ ( po/]s1 & topographical sket*+4 ,!re 0 a c\rse on t9-c "w = home & camp1 9 :i*1 f disc>d$ tomato cans & p[d] boxes1 7 produc$ all sorts ( useful ?+s--c(fee pots1 camp /oves1 hot-wat] bottles1 lant]ns1 & c&le/icks4 ,a special c\rse 9 photography = hospital & field "w 0 (f]$4 ,9 ! model+ class ! manipulation ( pla/] ( ,p>is 0 demon/rat$ = nurses & ,r$ ,cross /ud5ts1 to be us$ 9 connection ) occupational "w = convalesc5t soldi]s4 ,an extremely int]e/+ s]ies ( projects 9 pla/ic mat]ial 0 work$ up1 p>ticul>ly "s clay models ( tr5*es & dug\ts4 ,ano!r c\rse :i* attract$ "s hundr$ & fifty /ud5ts 0 ! em]g5cy in/ruction giv5 by ! physics dep>tm5t 9 automobile me*anics4 ,! object ( ! in/ruction 0 to equip ! av]age /ud5t ) a /ock ( g5]al in=mation t w\ld enable him to op]ate a c>1 to make m9or repairs1 & to diagnose tr\ble intellig5tly4 ,"s ( ! matt]s discuss$ 7 ! f\r-cycle eng9e1 c>buretion1 transmission & diff]5tial1 & ! /orage batt]y4 ,= exp]im5t & demon/ration purposes ! laboratory 0 suppli$1 among o!r app>atus1 ) a deta*able boat motor & two automobiles4 ,! latt] 7 ?or\ghly dissect$ & !n reassembl$ f sp>k plug to tires1 & 9 e possible way ! me*anism 0 exam9$ & exp]im5t$ )4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( nurs+ & heal? & ( physical education (f]$ "s t5 c\rses 9 all1 includ+ home nurs+ & em]g5cies1 surgical dress+s1 c>e ( *ildr51 public-heal? problems1 fir/ aid1 m$ical gymna/ics1 & invalid occupations4 ,! dep>tm5t ( music (f]$ ?ree c\rses design$ especially to prep>e /ud5ts to lead music appropriate to patriotic meet+s & to pres5t selections at hospitals & camps4 ,two c\rses 7 (f]$ by ! dep>tm5t ( spee*3 "o plann$ = ^? int5d+ to d em]g5cy speak+ & lectur+1 & ! o!r arrang$ to meet ! dem& = ent]ta9m5t = little *ildr51 ! sick1 & soldi]s dur+ ! w>4 ,9 addition to ^! te*nical c\rses !re 0 a s]ies ( lectures on economic problems contribut$ by v>i\s ,columbia exp]ts1 & ano!r s]ies ( special lectures by su* speak]s z ,mr4 ,joseph ,mc,cabe1 ! not$ ,engli% au?or1 & ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,wolcott1 director ( ! ,poli% ,w> ,relief ,commission4 ,f9ally1 !re 0 a wond]ful & nev]-to-be-=gott5 address by ,ignace ,pad]ewski1 9 :i* he review$ ! long & tr\bl$ /ory ( 8 native l& & 9 impassion$ words plead$ = ! re/oration ( ,pol&'s anci5t lib]ties4 ,x may be said )\t exagg]ation t 9 all "s millions ( p ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w1 directly & indirectly1 pr(it by ?is em]g5cy in/ruction at ,tea*]s ,college1 = ! /ud5ts :o att5d$ are = ! mo/ "p exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 :o1 9 _! turn1 w organize & in/ruct _! home communities 9 simil> prep>$ness c\rses4 ,at ! same "t ano!r univ]sity1 unique 9 its way1--! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1--0 hold+1 ?r\gh its ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts1 a meet+ to det]m9e academic /&>ds ( ! s*ools & colleges ( ! /ate 9 a w> crisis4 ,?is univ]sity 0 model$ ^u ! ,univ]sity ( ,france1 ! con/itu5t units ( :i* h prov$ !mselves wond]ful in/rum5ts 9 ! wag+ ( w>4 ,! univ]sities repres5t$ h organiz$ !mselves into a civil army1 prev5t+ ! wa/es ( duplication1 misdirect$ endeavor1 & isolation s common ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! build+ :]e ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts met1 two conf]5ces 7 be+ held1 "o repres5t+ ! s*ools & colleges ( ! /ate1 ! o!r repres5t+ ! agricultural & indu/rial int]e/s4 ,9 "o place m5 7 discuss+ h[ ! academic /atus ( pr(essional s*ools & colleges might be ma9ta9$1 & 9 ano!r room m5 & wom5 7 p>ticipat+ 9 a discussion ( public m>kets1 food cons]vation1 s]vices ( agricultural tea*]s1 ! tak+ ( an agricultural c5sus1 ! releas+ ( boys f s*ool1 ! organiz+ ( cann+ clubs1 & all ^? affairs ( ! /ate & its s*ools :i* might contribute to ! nation's welf>e4 ,^! two meet+s (f]$ a picture ( two l9es ( "w :i* mu/ always g toge!r 9 "t ( w>4 ,z ,commission] ,claxton has said3 ,/ud5ts %\ld be made to und]/& t x is _! duty to give to _! c\ntry & to ! _w ! be/ & fulle/ possible measure ( s]vice1 = bo? c\ntry & _w w ne$ m ?an !y w get ( t high type ( s]vice :i* only m5 & wom5 ( ! be/ education & tra9+ c give4 ,patriotism & desire to s]ve humanity may require ( ^! "y m5 & wom5 ! ex]cise ( t v high type ( self-re/ra9t :i* w keep !m to _! tasks ( prep>ation until ! "t comes :5 !y c r5d] s]vice :i* _c be r5d]$ by o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! same colleges & s*ools mu/ contribute out ( !mselves t important vocational s]vice s necess>y 9 "t ( w>1 & ! ga!r+ at ?is meet+ ( agricultural & h\sehold-arts tea*]s1 ( f>m-bureau m5 & c\nty ag5ts1 ( repres5tatives f granges & wom5's clubs1 ( bank]s1 & ( publici/s 0 aft] all typical ( ! o!r half ( ! univ]sity or s*ool contribution4 ,at ?is meet+ ( ! ,reg5ts ! foll[+ resolutions 7 adopt$ on ! recomm5dation ( ! adm9i/rators ( s*ools & colleges :o 7 9 conf]5ce ) ! ,reg5ts4 ,^! resolutions are giv5 9 full because !y express significantly ! po9t ( view ( ! #cf colleges & #ifd second>y s*ools 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 #a4 ,realiz+ t "o ( ! mo/ urg5t ne$s ( ! c\ntry 9 ! pres5t crisis w be ! tra9+ ( (fic]s = milit>y s]vice1 & t x is ! peculi> duty ( colleges & univ]sities to contribute 9 supply+ ?is ne$1 we recomm5d t ! sev]al colleges & univ]sities 9 ! /ate e/abli% "o or m units ( ! ,res]ve ,(fic]s ,tra9+ ,corps1 z provid$ 9 g5]al ord] ,no4 #di1 includ+ c\rses lead+ at ! same "t to a commission & to a college degree4 #b4 ,9 ord] t ! extraord9>y burd5s & sacrifices ( w> may be %>$ 9 j proportion by all ! nation1 & t ! calamit\s exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ "u ! volunt>y sy/em may be avoid$1 x is our judgm5t t 9 ! rais+ ( ! necess>y milit>y =ces ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal obligation to s]vice be appli$ by a process ( selective conscription4 #c4 ,t memb]s 9 good /&+ ( ! graduat+ classes ( ! pr(essional s*ools ( ! /ate :o %all h be5 accept$ = milit>y s]vice by ! gov]nm5t be grant$ _! degrees )\t special exam9ation4 #d4 ,t memb]s 9 good /&+ ( ! graduat+ classes 9 ! und]graduate dep>tm5ts ( ! colleges & univ]sities ( ! /ate :o w\ld normally be graduat$ 9 ,june1 #aiag1 & :o %all be accept$ = milit>y s]vice by ! gov]nm5t %\ld be grant$ _! degrees )\t special exam9ation4 #e4 ,t memb]s ( ! graduat+ classes 9 ! high s*ools ( ! /ate :o w\ld normally be graduat$ 9 ,june1 #aiag1 & :o h be5 accept$ = milit>y s]vice %all be grant$ _! diplomas1 & t ! colleges ( ! /ate be reque/$ to honor ^! diplomas = purposes ( admission4 #f4 ,t college /ud5ts 9 good /&+ pursu+ m$ical prep>atory c\rses :o enli/ or are call$ into milit>y s]vice be=e ! completion ( ! college ye> be grant$ c]tificates ( completion ( _! ye> )\t exam9ation4 #g4 ,t abs5ce f college or high s*ool by reason ( enli/m5t 9 milit>y s]vice %all n prejudice ! aw>d or ! ret5tion ( univ]sity s*ol>%ips4 #h4 ,t :ile ! imm$iate s]vice :i* wom5 may p]=m 9 connection ) ! w> w be 9 m$ic9e or nurs+ & o!r "w = g5]al public welf>e1 & t :ile ! greate/ s]vice = :i* !y may ev5tually be call$ w be ! supply+ ( positions vacat$ by ! enli/$ m51 we recomm5d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t ! appo9tm5t by ! ,c\ncil = ,national ,def5se ( a commission :i* %all outl9e an appropriate policy = wom5 /ud5ts 9 our colleges1 ) respect bo? to _! college /udies & to _! enli/m5t = national s]vice4 #i4 ,t ?is bo>d approve ! plans ( ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil & pr(f] our he>ty cop]ation4 #aj4 ,t /ud5ts 9 colleges & univ]sities ( ! /ate :o are liable = milit>y tra9+ "u ! milit>y-tra9+ law be exempt f ! tra9+ prescrib$ by ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission if !y pursue c\rses 9 milit>y tra9+ "u approv$ in/ruction at _! respective in/itutions4 ,fur!r1 t z !re are num]\s res\rces 9 bo? ! elem5t>y & ! second>y s*ools ( ! /ate :i* c be us$ to advantage at ?is "t1--among ! mo/ important ( :i* res\rces are ! use ( high-s*ool pupils = ! f>ms & = necess>y cl]ical & o!r "w t c be done by pupils :o rema9 9 s*ool1 ! use ( tea*]s = summ] "w1 ! s]vices possible ?r\gh indu/rial & h\sehold-arts dep>tm5ts1 & ! enli/m5t ( upp]-grade *ildr5 = home g>d5s1--! bo>d adopts ! foll[+ resolutions3 #a4 ,t ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 conjunction ) ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t =mulate a plan = enli/+ & plac+ high-s*ool boys ^u ! f>ms1 = direct+ & sup]vis+ ! "w ( su* boys1 = det]m9+ qualifications z to age & fitness1 = det]m9+ comp5sation & s*ool cr$it1 & = ! adju/m5t ( any o!r problems connect$ ) ! safegu>d+ ( ^! boys :o enli/ = f>m s]vice4 #b4 ,t ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t secure ?r\gh ! necess>y s\rces a /atem5t ( ! ne$s t might be met ?r\gh ! indu/rial & h\sehold-arts dep>tm5ts & o!r res\rces ( ! s*ools h]e9 /at$1 & transmit su* a /atem5t to ! s*ools ( ! /ate1 to ! end t ^! res\rces may be us$ intellig5tly & ?r\gh regul>ly con/itut$ *annels4 #c4 ,t ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t consid] ! practicability ( secur+ "s provision by :i* dur+ ! summ] vacation & at o!r times ( ! ye> boys #ab ye>s ( age or ov] may be employ$ if a c]tificate ( prop] work+ conditions c be furni%$4 ,x is impracticable to outl9e ev5 briefly all t ! v>i\s colleges & in/itutes h contribut$ to w> s]vice4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology is h>dly m5tion$ 9 :at foll[s1 & yet x is conduct+ a score ( activities ( imm$iate em]g5cy value4 ,drexel ,in/itute has contribut$ n only c\rses b also its presid5t1 ,doctor ,godfrey1 :o is s]v+ z a memb] ( ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,def5se 9 special *>ge ( w> ne$s z met by education & sci5ce4 ,to "n all ! in/itutions :i* are s]v+ 9 "o way or ano!r is to call ! roll ( ne>ly e college & te*nical in/itution 9 ! c\ntry4 ,to give "h a brief acc\nt ( :at a few are do+ w %[ ! range ( ! activities & ! nature ( ! s]vice4 ,e>ly 9 ,may ,columbia ,univ]sity inaugurat$ a s]ies ( em]g5cy c\rses ( a milit>y1 naval1 & g5]al nature arrang$ = ! purpose ( tra9+ /ud5ts :o desire to s]ve ! national gov]nm5t 9 "t ( w>4 ,!y 7 classifi$ z int5sive c\rses & 7 op5$ )\t re/riction to all ^? :o desir$ to be tra9$ 9 any ( ! v>i\s subjects (f]$4 ,^! c\rses includ$ milit>y map mak+1 field-s]vice regulations1 g5]al telegraphy1 radio telegraphy1 camp sanitation1 map read+ & map int]pretation1 practical navigation1 & electrical devices ( ! navy4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity has _m a*ievem5ts to h] cr$it1 = example3 advanc$ tra9+ = select$ (fic]s "u ! lead]%ip ( six ,fr5* (fic]s2 a cadet s*ool = ensigns2 a naval s*ool = wireless op]ators2 a c\rse 9 or?op$ic surg]y2 ! furni%+ ( ! m$ical p]sonnel = f\r base hospital units2 & w> s]vice by dep>tm5ts ( d5ti/ry1 m$ic9e1 psy*ology1 & =eign languages4 ,i[a ,/ate ,college gave a six weeks' c\rse 9 special milit>y & milit>y-eng9e]+ "w4 ,regul> two-ye> noncollegiate c\rses 7 (f]$ electrical work]s & /ation>y eng9e]s1 me*anical draftsm5 & me*anics1 /ructural draftsm5 & build+ sup]9t5d5ts1 surveyors & road mak]s4 ,at ,cornell ,univ]sity all pr(essors & in/ructors 9 ! m>9e-eng9e]+ dep>tm5t & all ! s5ior /ud5ts ( m>9e eng9e]+ 7 9 ei!r private or public %ipy>ds on or be=e graduation day4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 anticipat+ t a l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( /ores w\ld soon be ne$$ 9 ! civil section ( ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t1 9 ! ,ordnance ,bureau ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 & 9 ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,(fic]s' ,res]ve ,corps1 decid$ to aid 9 tra9+ = ^! s]vices by (f]+ special c\rses 9 ! classification & h&l+ ( /ores = ^? dep>tm5ts4 ,?is univ]sity also plann$ a summ] session ) c\rses 9 wireless telegraphy1 fir/ aid to ! injur$1 ,boy ,sc\t movem5t 9 !ory & practice1 & gave a c\rse ( w> lectures especially design$ = tea*]s1 & a c\rse = ,r$ ,cross volunte]s :o wi%$ to take "p 9 civilian relief "w4 ,?is la/ c\rse 0 9 cop]ation ) ! ,r$ ,cross organization1 :i*1 z expla9$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 w h mu* to d ) reliev+ families depriv$ ( _! natural heads4 ,! m5 & wom5 9 ?is c\rse /udi$ ! basis ( family life1 psy*ological & economic pr9ciples und]ly+ bodily heal?1 ! res\rces ( ! /ate to pres]ve ! family gr\p1 & me?ods ( social s]vice & fri5dly visit+4 ,aviation s*ools = tra9+ c&idates = ! aviation corps 7 e/abli%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,georgia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,pr9ceton1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas4 ,! fir/ navy aronautic s*ool has also be5 e/abli%$ rec5tly at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york (f]$ an em]g5cy w> c\rse 9 bookkeep+ & (fice practice to help fit m5 & wom5 to fill ! positions made necess>y by ! increas$ "w ( ! national gov]nm5t1 & to tra9 p to take ! places ( ^? :o respond$ to ! call to arms4 ,x also (f]$ its regul> w9t] c\rses dur+ ! summ] 9 ord] to spe$ up ! graduation ( "y m5 already enroll$ 9 ! college :o might be draft$4 ,?is college also plac$ 9 e armory & milit>y headqu>t]s 9 ,great] ,new ,york a tea*] ( conv]sational ,fr5*4 ,?is "w 0 v popul> & highly successful4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky (f]$ to wom5 & civilians two special c\rses 9 its ,college ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+3 a c\rse 9 automobile eng9e]+ especially design$ to tea* wom5 h[ to drive & take c>e ( motor ambulances1 & a c\rse 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college (f]$ a six weeks' c\rse 9 /orekeep+ "u ! direction ( ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ?r\gh ! ext5sion dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 lessons 7 giv5 9 conv]sational ,fr5* 9 ! armories & encampm5ts4 ,9 "o armory z _m z five in/ructors 7 engag$ 9 ?is s]vice4 ,! vocabul>y ( ! soldi] be+ q unlike ! ,fr5* diction>y1 ! milit>y t]ms & expressions actually us$ 7 emphasiz$4 ,necess>y ,fr5* slang & words us$ commonly = di/ances1 rations1 arms & equipm5t1 money1 measures1 & milit>y ord]s 7 dwelt ^u4 ,spok5 ,fr5* = doctors & nurses :o are go+ to ! front has be5 giv5 9 cop]ation ) ! ,metropolitan ,*apt] ( ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross4 ,a six mon?s' c\rse 9 wireless telegraphy = wom5 0 (f]$ at ,hunt] ,college1 ,new ,york ,city1 ! c\rse ( tra9+ be+ 9 ?ree divisions3 laboratory "w1 te*nical "w1 & ! use ( code4 ,?is c\rse 0 giv5 ) ! expectation n t wom5 wireless op]ators w be plac$ on %ips ( w> or on transports1 b r t !y w be plac$ 9 l& /ations & on coa/wise /eam]s1 ?us releas+ m5 = m active s]vice4 ,x is und]/ood t on ! me*anical side ! "w is h>d] = ! wom51 b t on ! code "w !y are mu* quick] ?an m54 ,! field = s]vice ( a college is n necess>ily limit$ to ext5d+ ! usefulness ( its vocational dep>tm5ts to meet ! w>-em]g5cy dem&s4 ,z has already be5 not$1 ! dep>tm5t ( ,fr5* may give c\rses 9 conv]sational ,fr5* 9 armories & 9 cantonm5ts4 ,sir ,rob]t ,blair writes3 ,we _h ?is plan 9 ,engl&1 & z volunte]+ grew to v consid]able dim5sions t[>ds ! close ( #aiad & !re 7 t5s ( ?\s&s ( soldi]s gr\p$ )9 ! ne> neighborhood ( ,london1 an arrangem5t 0 made ) ! w>-(fice au?orities = ! tea*+ ( ,fr5*4 ,c\rses 9 ma!matics applicable to w> ne$s may be giv54 ,! college may s5d tutors to cantonm5ts to give in/ruction to und]graduates :o h n complet$ _! college "w & :o w\ld l to receive a college diploma4 ,colleges c cop]ate ) ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 to :i* has be5 giv5 ! privilege ( look+ aft] ! recreational features 9 cantonm5ts4 ,am]ican college boys & o!rs w n be satisfi$ ) =mal milit>y tra9+4 ,!y w want heal? talks1 ent]ta9+ & educational lectures1 & in/ruction z to _m ?+s helpful 9 civil z well z 9 milit>y life4 ,!re is a l>ge opportunity1 9 a field z yet h>dly t\*$1 = dep>tm5ts ( psy*ology 9 univ]sities to help 9 select+ m5 = diff]5t bran*es ( w> s]vice & to give vocational guidance to m5 :o leave ! s]vice unfitt$ by w> "w to rent] _! =m] occupations & p]haps untra9$ to ent] a new s]vice4 ,a /aff ( psy*ologi/s is n[ at "w 9 ea* ( our cantonm5ts apply+ intellig5ce rat+s4 ,!re are two di/9ct uses = ! rat+s :i* are giv5 ! m5 z a result ( ! psy*ological exam9ations4 ,"o ( ^! uses is milit>y & consi/s 9 furni%+ a comm&+ (fic] ) ! rat+ ( ea* man 9 8 comm&1 by :i* he may1 if he *ooses1 be guid$ 9 select+ m5 = promotion1 or = special duties requir+ m ?an av]age intellig5ce & m5tal quickness4 ,! o!r use is m$ical & is ! ?+ specifically s\ght--to f9d m5 :o are s m>k$ly bel[ ! av]age 9 intellig5ce z to dem& consid]ation = dis*>ge or = assignm5t to simple manual "w "u c>eful sup]vision4 ,! g5]al me?od ( ! te/ is z foll[s3 ,! m5 ( ea* company are divid$ into #d gr\ps ( #ge to #hj ea*4 ,ea* gr\p is fir/ giv5 a simple lit]acy te/ :i* takes ab\t five m9utes & %[s only :i* ( ! m5 c read & write4 ,! illit]ates are )drawn at ?is po9t to be giv5 exam9ations = manual skill4 ,all ^? :o c read are !n giv5 ! gr\p-intellig5ce exam9ation4 ,^? :o d n get good rat+s are n[ re-exam9$ 9 a gr\p to discov] :e!r !y are m]ely sl[ or are ( l[-grade intellig5ce4 ,if any fail to make a satisfactory %[+1 !y are gr\p$ ) ! illit]ates :o 7 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! gr\p aft] ! prelim9>y exam9ation4 ,all ^!--illit]ates1 & lit]ates :o h n done well 9 ! gr\p exam9ation--are giv5 te/s = manual skill & +5uity4 ,^! te/s are su* z putt+ toge!r dissembl$ me*anisms1 etc4 ,aft] fur!r individual exam9ation ^? :o receive ! poore/ rat+ are likely to be consid]$ = dis*>ge or z suit$ only = manual "w "u sup]vision4 ,^? :o display special m5tal or manual ability are br\ght to ! notice ( _! company comm&]s z m5 :o may be giv5 assignm5ts = sup]ior intellig5ce or skill4 ,! aims ( ! entire psy*ological exam9ation are to measure native intellig5ce & ability1 n s*ool+2 to disclose :at a man c d ) 8 head & h&s1 n :at he has le>n$ f books2 & to help ! m$ical (fic]s quickly to discov] & sift out ! extremely incompet5t1 & ?us prev5t ! ineffici5cy & inju/ice result+ f putt+ m5 9 places :i* !y are n qualifi$ to fill4 ,( c\rse !re is a trem5d\s opportunity = ! college to help p und]/& ! causes ( w>4 ,?is has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,w> & ,community ,uses ( our ,s*ools4 ,colleges hav+ tea*]-tra9+ dep>tm5ts w h ! opportunity ( giv+ %ort c\rses to m5 & wom5 :o w take ! places ( ^? :o h gone to w>4 ,!re is also a field = great s]vice 9 discov]+ ways & means ( improv+ our public-s*ool sy/ems ?r\gh lessons drawn f ! w>4 ,e college & univ]sity has a l>ge libr>y1 & ?is %\ld be exam9$ ) a view to discov]+ its possible contribution to national def5se 9 w> "t4 ,aside f _! functions ( supply+ fre% news & judgm5ts ( curr5t ev5ts1 libr>ies surely h a vital "p 9 t "w ( organiz$ rese>* :i* is beh9d ,g]many's sci5tific & indu/rial effici5cy4 ,successful rese>* re/s z mu* ^u adequate & well-organiz$ book res\rces z ^u laboratories & tra9$ m54 ,! pla9 & imm$iate duty ( a college situat$ ne> a cantonm5t1 or hav+ a portion ( its /ud5t body enli/$ 9 a camp1 w\ld seem to be to build up a milit>y libr>y adequate z a c5t] ( milit>y in=mation = ^? :o are /udy+ new me?ods & in/rum5ts ( attack & def5se4 ,su* a libr>y w\ld be a te*nical libr>y assi/+ ! l>ge numb] ( specializ$ s*ools & fields ( tra9+ = (fic]s & m5 9 e bran* ( ! s]vice & ev5 9 diff]5t duties 9 ! same bran*4 ,m$ical libr>ies ( colleges %\ld be available1 ) new & important mat]ial on milit>y hygi5e1 m$ic9e1 sanitation1 & surg]y1 & ?is mat]ial %\ld be giv5 ! wide/ publicity ) ref]5ce to its usefulness = ! milit>y1 m$ical1 & hospital corps4 ,! college libr>y might well l5d to a cantonm5t a memb] ( its libr>y /aff = ! developm5t ( n only a te*nical libr>y b also a g5]al read+ libr>y = ^? soldi]s :o desire only g5]al read+4 ,! geological dep>tm5t ( a college c help 9 decid+ on f\ndation conditions = army-"w con/ructions1 on ! location ( camp sites ) ref]5ce to topography1 dra9age1 & wat] supply1 & on ! location ( tr5*es ) ref]5ce to dryness1 und]dra9age1 & rock deposits4 ,su* a dep>tm5t c p>ticipate 9 ! /udy ( e>? vibrations 9 connection ) heavy artill]y dis*>ges = ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! di/ances ( enemy batt]ies4 ,x c also help ! gov]nm5t 9 giv+ m exact tra9+ to "y m5 9 ! int]pretation ( geological & topographical maps4 ,x is obvi\s t ! te*nical college & ! te*nical in/itute may r5d] ! greate/ gov]nm5t s]vice ?r\gh its faculty & /ud5t body4 ,arm\r ,in/itute ( ,*icago has a l>ge numb] ( its graduates & old] /ud5ts 9 conc]ns :i* are produc+ munition supplies & w>-%ips4 ,_m h ent]$ ! signal s]vice1 & a l>ge class 9 m>9e eng9e]+ has be5 specifically organiz$ to prep>e m5 = s]vice ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,w5twor? ,in/itute 9 ,bo/on1 "u ! direction ( ,pr9cipal ,ar?ur ,l4 ,willi/on1 has be5 giv+ in/ruction 9 v>i\s bran*es ( milit>y eng9e]+ to ! ,fir/ ,regim5t ( ,eng9e]s ( ! ,fif? ,di/rict1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,?is regim5t 0 orig9ally an infantry regim5t1 b ! m5 volunt>ily elect$ to tra9 !mselves to become an eng9e]+ regim5t4 ,! commission$ (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s & all ! enli/$ m5 gave ?ree nights a week to ! "w = sev]al mon?s4 ,9 addition "s sixty ( ! m5 9 ! regim5t volunt>ily resign$ f bus9ess positions 9 ord] to devote eight to t5 h\rs a day1 six days 9 ! week1 to ! "w4 ,?is in/itute in/ill$ :at ,mr4 ,willi/on calls me*anical gumption into ! enli/$ m5 ?r\gh %ort unit c\rses 9 mapp+ & survey+1 topographical sket*+1 & map read+2 gasol9e-eng9e op]ation1 repair+1 & ma9t5ance2 portable /eam-p[] plant con/ruction & op]ation2 electrical-p[] plant op]ation2 field telephony2 electric-l9e con/ruction & ma9t5ance2 timb] con/ruction1 includ+ pontoons1 timb] trusses1 timb] susp5sion-bridge con/ruction1 ma*9e-gun %elt]s1 dug\ts1 & dug\t tunnel+ & fram+2 /r5g? ( mat]ials2 concrete con/ruction1 includ+ culv]ts1 bridge abutm5ts1 gun-c>riage & eng9e f\ndations2 acetyl5e weld+ & demolition "w2 !rmite weld+ & em]g5cy repair2 ma*9]y erection & alignm5t2 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+2 hydraulics & dra9age1 especially tr5* dra9age2 & rigg+4 ,! "t 0 too %ort to give any elaborate !oretical tra9+4 ,! in/ruction 0 giv5 ?r\gh brief & int5sive c\rses 9 a v practical way4 ,9 _m in/ances x %[$ m5 :o _h practical exp]i5ce & ability h[ to adapt _! p>ticul> k9d ( skill to ! special ne$s ( ! giv5 s]vice4 ,_m ( ^! m5 already _h skill1 b !y ne$$ to h x adapt$ to milit>y ends4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,te*nical colleges & in/itutes believe t education is ! v la/ ?+ 9 :i* !y ought to economize4 ,illu/rations ( class "w 9 national-em]g5cy c\rses = ! army & navy giv5 by ,pratt ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boys ,,am]ica',s ,,indu/ries ,,ne$ ,,y ,,prep>e ,,at ,,buffalo ,,vocational ,,s*ools ,illu/ration3 ,a po/] :i* accompli%$ its purpose4 ,w> "t1 ev5 m ?an normal times1 requires an educational appeal to ! "w impulses ( y\?4 ,pratt ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 has be5 conduct+ #h ev5+ classes 9 ma*9e-%op practice1 #f classes 9 ma*9e-draft+ design1 #a ev5+ class 9 elem5t>y %ip draft+1 & day c\rses = a l>ge body ( enli/$ m5 f ! navy electrical s*ool & f ! signal res]ve corps4 ,^? :o come f ! signal res]ve corps are be+ tra9$ = active s]vice 9 telegraphy1 ! in/itute furni%+ ! te*nical in/ruction 9 elem5t>y & appli$ electricity1 & army (fic]s furni%+ ! milit>y & field-s]vice in/ruction4 ,a mess = ! m5 ( ?is corps is conduct$ at ! s*ool ( h\sehold sci5ce connect$ ) ! in/itute1 & "h details ( m5 are tra9$ = ?is "w ?r\gh a c\rse 9 army cook+4 ,! m5 f ! electrical s*ool are qu>t]$ at ! navy y>d1 & sp5d five & "o-half h\rs a day at ! in/itute tak+ c\rses 9 ma*9e-%op op]ation1 /eam-eng9e practice1 elem5t>y electricity1 armature- & field-coil repair "w on electrical ma*9es1 elem5t>y *emi/ry1 & batt]ies4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,pratt ,in/itute made a special ef=t to hold intact its /ud5t body ( ! regul> c\rses1 on ! !ory t ! ?or\ghly tra9$ me*anic or te*nician 9 s]vice is _m times m valuable to ! nation ?an a private 9 ! ranks4 ,z a result ( ?is ef=t1 v few ( ! /ud5ts ( ! day s*ool dropp$ f ! regul> c\rses4 ,! ,william ,hood ,dunwoody ,in/itute ( ,m9neapolis began imm$iately on ! sev]ance ( relations ) ,g]many to s]ve z a recruit+ /ation = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,eng9e]s' ,enli/$ ,res]ve ,corps1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,enli/$ ,res]ve ,corps1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,enli/$ ,res]ve ,corps1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,x also outl9$ a s*eme = tak+ a c5sus ( me*anics & te*nicians = ! /ate ( ,m9nesota1 :i* is n[ be+ c>ri$ out1 & on ! basis ( :i* recruit+ w g =w>d = e bran* ( ! gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,x made arrangem5ts = br++ to ,m9neapolis1 on ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 #dbe recruits f ! ,great ,lakes ,naval ,tra9+ ,/ation at ,*icago1 & di/ribut$ !m among ! foll[+ classes 9 tra9+ at ! in/itute3 g5]al electricians1 radio electricians1 c>p5t]'s mates1 ma*9e-%op op]ators1 gas-eng9e op]ators1 blacksmi?s1 copp]smi?s1 cooks1 & bak]s4 ,! in/itute is tra9+ m ?an #bjj novices 9 day & ev5+ classes 9 telegraphy4 ,( ^! ab\t #fj p] c5t are girls & wom51 ?is c\rse be+ (f]$ 9 response to a direct reque/ f railroad & telegraph l9es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m9neapolis4 ,x is also giv+ "s in/ruction 9 op]at+-=eman%ip "w = a prom95t local /eel & ma*9]y company1 z ?is company has r5ew$ ! manufacture ( munitions & ne$s op]ation =em54 ,! in/itute 0 call$ ^u to select ! mo/ promis+ m5 & to tra9 !m 9 "o process ( :i* !y are lat] to h *>ge 9 ! %op4 ,director ,*>les ,a4 ,pross] 9 mak+ a report to ! secret>y ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,indu/rial ,education said3 ,we h #aed p tak+ radio "w 9 day & ev5+ classes4 ,?is gr\p is made up ( a numb] ( diff]5t types4 ,fir/1 !re are ! amateurs ) lic5ses :o h enli/$ 9 our fir/ radio company ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,s]vice & h gone into t class to improve _! spe$4 ,second1 !re are o!r "y m5 :o h gone 9 to le>n ! "w s z to be recruit$ into ano!r radio company ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps or into ! naval s]vice1 & !re are1 9 ! ?ird place1 "y m5 :o h gone 9 ) ! idea ( (f]+ _! s]vices to ! ,m>coni ,company1 ei!r = l& "w or = duty on bo>d ! m]*ant %ips :i* are be+ built4 ,some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #ejj me*anics & te*nicians h be5 s5t into diff]5t bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t s]vice by ,dunwoody ,in/itute4 ,?is numb] is made up 9 "p ( our own /ud5ts f our s*ool--p>ticul>ly f ! ev5+ classes1 al?\gh "s ( our day boys h gone--& 9 "p ( me*anics & te*nicians ?r\gh\t ,m9nesota :o h gone into ! s]vice ?r\gh ,dunwoody ,in/itute1 :]e we conduct a recruit+ /ation & :]e we are recruit+ into ! s]vice e ,w$nesday1 applications be+ tak5 9 ! int]im4 ,we h s5t into ! s]vice #a motor-truck company2 #b o!rs are 9 process ( organization4 ,we are s5d+ out #a radio company1 :i* is ready to g1 & are ab\t to organize ano!r4 ,we are also organiz+ #a wire company1 #a bak+ company1 & #a company ( cooks4 ,9 addition we h s5t m5 to ! ,brooklyn ,navy ,y>d & are s5d+ m5 to ! ,puget ,s\nd ,navy ,y>d4 ,we h also put m5 9 t\* ) ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission & s5t !m into ! s]vice 9 ?is way4 ,! response ( ^! & o!r colleges & te*nical in/itutes ju/ifies z no?+ else c\ld _! pa/ claims t !y tra9 n only = ! _s ( s]vice b = ! life ( s]vice4 ,! effect ( ! w> on ! college curriculum _c be ha/ily measur$4 ,in/itutions ( collegiate grade are sl[ to make radical *anges 9 ! requirem5ts = ! ba*elor's degree4 ,"s h already %ort5$ ! college c\rse to ?ree ye>s4 ,o!rs h decid$ z a w> measure t /ud5ts ought to be ?r\gh college by ! "t !y rea* conscription age4 ,"s are (f]+ opportunity = all-!-ye>-r\nd "w4 ,o!rs are all[+ w> s]vice to c\nt t[>d a college degree4 ,! ,engli% univ]sities are already ?9k+ ( /r5g!n+ _! c\rses 9 sci5ce & laboratory rese>*1 ( giv+ m att5tion to mod]n languages1 & ( develop+ vocational c\rses4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ,am]ica !re w be an imm$iate & great] dem& = s-call$ practical subjects4 ,x may be t "o ( ! effects ( ! w> w be ! %>p5+ ( ! diff]5tiation & an increase ( competition betwe5 ! ideali/ic & ! practical gr\ps ( /udies4 ,?is w be un=tunate4 ,!re %\ld be no %>p5+ ( diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,!y _h mu* bett] be dull$4 ,!re is no real necessity = antagonism betwe5 ! cultural & ! vocational subjects4 ,p only ?9k !re is a ne$ = con/ant ju/ification ( ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,su* ?9k+ has become a habit ( m9d4 ,! ,fr5* h a way ( say+ t ! cultural subjects are m]ely ! moral conditions1 ! e?ical hi/ory1 & a judgm5t z to ! e?ical value ( ! _w complex ( vocational & economic life2 = ?is reason any conflict betwe5 cultural & vocational subjects is impossible1 & ! m vocational education is develop$1 ! m w ! cultural aspects be ne$$ & ! m highly develop$ w !y become4 ,! ,fr5* po9t out t :at we t]m cultural subjects develop$ 9 two civilizations :i* 7 v highly practical1 vocational1 & milit>i/ic2 namely1 ,greece & ,rome4 ,!y speak ( ! humanities z be+ ess5tially ! abid+ lessons ( ^? civilizations :i* 9 vocational & milit>y effici5cy /ood mu* high] above _! fell[s ?an ,g]many /&s 9 ^? respects above contempor>y civilization to-day4 ,vocational subjects are direct-s]vice subjects always4 ,by _! v nature !y respond imm$iately to an em]g5cy4 ,! cultural subjects are m indirect 9 _! effect4 ,!y c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,i (t5 wi% we c\ld get into ! habit ( speak+ ( lib]al subjects 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m 0 us$ 9 ! old] days ( our colleges1 :5 ! t]m lib]al impli$ t ! subjects class$ "u ?is head 7 lib]aliz+2 t is1 !y lib]at$1 or set free1 ! m9ds1 spirits1 & bodies ( m5 & wom5 f prejudice1 selfi%ness1 tradition1 passion1 cruelty1 & s on4 ,i h nev] se5 h[ "o c\ld elect culture1 = x is always a by-product com+ out ( ?9k+ & liv+4 ,to /udy ! language ( an anci5t p & to le>n no?+ ( _! gov]nm5t or ideals is useless4 ,to /udy ?is gov]nm5t & ^! ideals ( an old] civilization & to see no lessons = ! _w ( to-day is almo/ valueless4 ,to /udy ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( problems ( human society is lib]aliz+4 ,new mean+s ( ! realities ( w> are be=e u4 ,new concepts ( two great ideals ( gov]nm5t confront u4 ,new me?ods ( mak+ w> m horrible /rike our eyes ) e news issue4 ,new s*emes = pat*+ up human life t x may g =? aga9 to battle or return to indu/rial w>f>es ( peace are h]ald$ e week4 ,new societies = ! relief ( human suff]+ due to ! w> are *>t]$ con/antly4 ,new alignm5ts ( political gr\ps committ$ to re=m are 9 ! mak+4 ,new gr\p+s ( nations n =m]ly alli$ /& be=e our eyes4 ,new me?ods ( comb9+ activities ( great corporate int]e/s = gov]nm5t ne$s are publi%$ daily4 ,new trade possibilities n[ lat5t are prophesi$ z be+ inevitable4 ,new ideals & new ideas ga!r$ 9 ! tr5*es are appe>+ ov] battle l9es = new gov]nm5tal practices4 ,new advances 9 ! field ( gov]nm5t control ( prices />tle u cont9ually4 ,out ( x all !re looms up a new sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 improv$ me?ods ( transportation 9 ! air1 a /ill great] /&>dization ( mak+ indu/rial products1 a new conception ( gov]nm5t control ( trade & indu/ry1 a sy/em ( gov]nm5t insurance = individuals & corporations1 new concepts ( legislative au?ority & action1 & a score ( o!r ?+s all head+ up into a new s5se ( nationalism1--& :o kn[s b ev5 a s5se ( int]nationalism6 ,is x cr$ible t education alone w rema9 unaffect$ by ^! _w *anges8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,opportunity ,,= ,,manual ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,arts ,a new _s ( tea*+ practical arts is ^u u4 ,! aims1 mat]ials1 & me?ods ( in/ruction 9 manual tra9+1 cook+1 sew+1 agriculture1 & comm]cial bran*es are *ang+4 ,!y h be5 influ5c$ by ! vocational-education movem5t1 & because ( x practical arts 9 g5]al education mu/ ju/ify !mselves or else be put into ! scrap heap4 ,! developm5t & organization ( diff]5tiat$ c\rses 9 indu/rial1 agricultural1 & h\sehold & comm]cial arts adapt$ to junior & s5ior high s*ools--m p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! education ( *ildr5 f #ab to #af ye>s ( age--(f]s a new field ( s]vice to tea*]s ( ^! subjects :o1 up to n[1 h be5 foll[+ me?ods unsuit$ ei!r to ! ne$s ( vocational tra9+ or to ! ne$s ( g5]al education4 ,already ! set ( wood & iron models tak5 f ! ,russian sy/em ( ! e>ly sev5ties has disappe>$1 & ! sampl] book 9 sew+ has pass$ away4 ,! era ( ! coat hang] & sleeve bo>d 9 manual tra9+ & ( ! set ( doll's clo!s & models ( und]g>m5ts is doom$1 & ! cook+ outl9e :i* />ts out ) mak+ cocoa 9 ,septemb] & 9 ! ?irte5? lesson takes up ! mak+ ( an angel cake w soon meet ! fate ( fl[]pot hold]s1 doll's aprons1 & book agriculture4 ,b !re is a great field = ! practical arts 9 g5]al education1--a field :i* no s*eme ( vocational tra9+ c possibly occupy4 ,ea* has its place4 ,vocational tra9+ is fitt+ "y p]sons = pr(itable employm5t 9 *os5 vocations4 ,practical arts 9 g5]al education consi/s ( v>i$ l9es ( activity tak5 f ! fields ( agriculture1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & ! h\sehold & taught 9 ! s*ool = ! purpose ( develop+ capacity to deal ) concrete ?+s & ( ar\s+ social & indu/rial int]e/s 9 ! workaday _w4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! *ild's life practical-arts "w has a /rong motor & social value4 ,9 ! middle ye>s1 say f #ab to #af1 x has a social & vocational-guidance value4 ,! *apt] entitl$ ,! ,field = ,indu/rial & ,trade ,s*ools gives a numb] ( sugge/ions z to ! "w :i* boys &1 to "s ext5t1 girls may (f] z _! s]vice contribution 9 "t ( w>4 ,h[ev] !re are few] ?an #ajj indu/rial & trade s*ools 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! majority ( our y\? are tak+ "s practical-arts "w z a "p ( g5]al education 9 ei!r ! elem5t>y or ! second>y s*ool1 & surely ^! "y p w want to d some?+ 9 ?is em]g5cy4 ,& c]ta9ly ! tea*]s ( sew+1 manual tra9+1 cook+1 & agriculture w desire to d _! "p1 n only because !y c be ( s]vice at ?is "t b also = ! reason t ?r\gh w>-s]vice "w !y w be able to improve ^u ! practical-arts "w & make x con=m to ! new _s4 ,! :ole _s ( ! new me?ods is bas$ ^u gett+ away f individual models creat$ out ( ! m9d ( a tea*] & impos$ ^u an unsuspect+ /ud5t body :i* foll[s a c\rse 9 models 9 ab\t ! same way t x takes a c\rse 9 ari?metic4 ,! pres5t s*eme ( tea*+ practical arts is bas$ ^u ! project plan & n ^u ! model or ex]cise plan4 ,x no long] dep5ds ^u ! tea*]'s c\rse ( /udy f\nd$ on tool ex]cises or logical sequ5ce ( processes4 ,x n[ comes out ( a ne$ :i* is z cle> to ! /ud5t z x %\ld be to ! tea*]4 ,! progressive tea*] ( manual tra9+ />ts out ) su* a project1 = example1 z a g>age4 ,?is involves mak+ a sket*1 work+ up a bill ( mat]ials1 f9d+ out ! co/ ( lumb]1 cem5t1 & s on4 ,x involves "w 9 concrete1 lay+ ! floor timb]s1 putt+ up ! sides1 lay+ out ! ro(1 sett+ 9 ! w9d[ & door frames1 putt+ on ! t>r$ pap] or %+les or galvaniz$ iron1 & pa9t+ & /a9+4 ,! progressive tea*] ( dome/ic arts no long] ?9ks ( cat]+ m]ely to ! p]sonal decorative s5se ( "y girls4 ,%e no long] has ! girls sp5d ! entire ye> mak+ graduation dresses1 or di% t[els1 caps1 & aprons4 ,%e ?9ks 9 t]ms ( quantity & 9 t]ms ( social s]vice :i* ! dome/ic-arts "w may r5d]4 ,%e discov]s t a hospital ne$s t[els1 aprons1 caps1 & b$ l951 or t ! orphan asylum ne> ! s*ool is sorely 9 ne$ ( *ildr5's g>m5ts1 & !n %e tells ( ?is ne$ to ! girls 9 h] *>ge & ! latt] take up ! problem 9 ! same way t ! boys take up ! problem ( build+ a g>age4 ,ea* girl works 9 conjunction ) o!rs = a common purpose :i* all recognize z be+ wor? :ile4 ,progressive tea*]s ( cook+ are realiz+ t ! idea ( #bj cook+ units 9 a s*oolroom1 :]e little bat*es ( #bj model biscuits are made & :]e at ! close ( ! lesson ea* girl has "o ( ^! small eatables1 is f> beh9d ! practice ( ^? manual-tra9+ tea*]s :o are mak+ draw+ tables1 b5*es1 & looms1 or lay+ concrete walks1 build+ outdoor gymnasium app>atus1 & s on4 ,"s ( ! tea*]s h insi/$ on hav+ a flat or t5em5t or entire h\se ne> ! s*ool1 :]e girls tak+ dome/ic sci5ce c g to le>n to make real b$s t are really slept ^u1 to clean ba?room b[ls t are really us$1 to cook meals t are really eat5 by p :o pay = :at !y eat1 to %ake real rugs t become really dirty1 & to %op at /ores :]e !y come 9 contact ) actual comm]cial conditions & at ! end ( a week discov] t x really co/s money to run a real home4 ,a few tea*]s1 & 9 "t !re w be _m1 desire to g /ill fur!r4 ,!y believe t home-mak+ _c be taught )\t hav+ "s babies ar\nd1 & s !y h e/abli%$ day nurs]ies 9 connection ) ! home-mak+ classes4 ,x is because ( ^! ?+s :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 "s detail t ,i 0 glad1 z director ( ! ,division ( ,agricultural & ,indu/rial ,education ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t1 to s5d out a circul> lett] e>ly 9 ,april1 #aiag1 to our manual-tra9+ & h\sehold-arts tea*]s1 9 :i* ,i /at$ t e tea*] ( manual tra9+1 sew+1 or cook+ %\ld be ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( mobilization s]vice1 & t any tea*] ( manual tra9+ :o 0 conduct+ 8 c\rse ( models1 in/ead ( ?9k+ & work+ 9 t]ms ( food production or indu/rial w> s]vice1 0 absolutely out ( t\* ) ! ne$s ( ! day4 ,i advis$ him to turn 8 %op "w ov] to home & community g>d5s1 to increase ! "t all[ance giv5 to manual "w1 & help fill ! cell> & pantry4 ,i advis$ him to give 8 ,saturdays & aft]noons aft] s*ool & ev5 8 vacation p]iod to sup]vis+ g>d5 "w 9 ! community4 ,i said1 fur!rmore1 t any tea*] ( sew+ :o 0 n ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ,r$ ,cross1 & ( m5d+1 d>n+1 & repair+1 0 z f> away f ! s]vice idea z %e possibly c\ld be4 ,i told h] t ) ! increase 9 price ( mat]ials & ) ! sc>city ( dress goods !re w\ld be necess>y repair+ & mak+ ov] :i* w\ld give h] an opportunity to d "s real ?+s4 ,i ev5 told h] t %e might drop "s ( h] sew+ & help ! cook+ tea*] 9 organiz+ classes 9 pres]v+4 ,i told ! tea*]s ( cook+ t if !y 7 runn+ ?r\gh _! outl9es ) no ref]5ce to ! food %ortage ( next w9t] & ! ye> aft]1 !y %[$ a lack ( compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( _! jobs4 ,i /at$ t ! e>ly summ] & fall sugge/$ lessons 9 pres]v+1 :ile ! w9t] season convey$ ! idea ( cons]v+4 ,i ask$ :e!r !y 7 plann+ to /op _! "w 9 ,june1 be=e ! cann+ season really began1 & leave ev]y?+ idle until s*ool %\ld op51 :5 ! cann+ season w\ld be ne>ly ov]4 ,i wond]$ :at provision _h be5 made 9 ! community = us+ ! summ] s]vice :i* !y ei!r _h (f]$ or1 ,i hop$1 7 ab\t to (f]4 ,a few weeks lat] ^w came f ,engl& ( h[ ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s _h be5 urg$ by ^? 9 au?ority to d g>d5 "w4 ,a portion ( ^! directions foll[s3 ,surely wood & metal "w h n ! monopoly ( ! educative value 9 manual op]ations4 ,! h>ve/+ ( an or*>d ( fruit or a field ( potatoes by a class ( s*ool *ildr51 accompani$ by an en?usia/ic tea*] imbu$ ) ! "r ideal ( 8 "w1 c be made to s]ve o!r purposes ?an m]ely t ( simple me*anical utility4 ,a discussion />t$ at fir/ h& betwe5 *ild & tea*] on su* matt]s z v>iety & quality ( produce1 ! de/ructive fruit pe/s & diseases enc\nt]$1 ! crat+1 pack+1 & di/ribution ( produce1 ! weigh+ & measur+ actually p]=m$1 ! calculat+ ( ! value ( produce & ( labor1 & a k t ! cop]ative ef=t is 9 response to a call ( ,engl&'s ne$1 w\ld provide op5-air lessons 9 nature /udy1 geography1 ari?metic1 & civics q z educative z any obta9$ 9 ! elaborately equipp$ manual-tra9+ c5t]s4 ,?is is true1 especially ! phrase a k t ! cop]ative ef=t is 9 response to a call ( ,engl&'s ne$1 :i* embraces ! socializ+ value ( ! manual-arts pr9ciples1--a value :i* we (t5 talk ab\t & z (t5 fail to atta94 ,tea*]s ( cook+1 9 ?is food crisis n[ ^u u & ! great] "o :i* may come1 ought to susp5d tempor>ily "s ( _! "w 9 tea*+ *ildr5 & turn _! att5tion to tea*+ adults4 ,to be sure ! girl ( to-day w be ! "m ( to-morr[1 b ! "m ( ! imm$iate to-morr[ is also ! "m ( to-day1 & ! food crisis w be ov]1 x is to be hop$1 by ! "t ! girls 9 our pres5t cook+ classes h gr[n into mo!rhood4 ,^! c\rses to adults %\ld be int5sive & 9 %ort units4 ,! pr9t+ s*ools %\ld pr9t leaflets giv+ practical & helpful recipes to be di/ribut$ to ! adults4 ,if ! wom5 w n come to ! s*ool1 !n ! s*ools %\ld g to ! wom54 ,by ?is x is meant t classes c be organiz$ 9 *ur*es1 vacant /ores1 & settlem5ts4 ,9 ?is connection x may be ( int]e/ to quote f ! ,leice/] 7,engl&7 education committee3 ,arrangem5ts h be5 made 9 connection ) ! local food campaign :]eby ! ord9>y s*emes ( "w at ! dome/ic-sci5ce c5t]s h be5 tempor>ily susp5d$ & special %ort c\rses 9 cook]y in/ruction provid$ in/ead4 ,^! c\rses h be5 design$ prim>ily z a means ( in/ruct+ z _m wom5 & old] girls z possible 9 ! me?od ( prep>+ & cook+ suitable sub/itutes = bread & potatoes4 ,9 addition to ! rooms equipp$ = cook]y in/ruction1 ^? normally devot$ to ! tea*+ ( laund]+ & h\sewif]y are be+ us$ = ?is special "w4 ,! c\rse is arrang$ to cov] #d lessons giv5 on consecutive half days to ea* gr\p ( att5dants1 & at ! conclusion ( ea* c\rse ! wom5 & girls att5d "o ev5+ = a review lesson includ+ a practical demon/ration to :i* outsid]s are invit$4 ,leaflets h be5 prep>$ & s5t to ! s*ools = di/ribution4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves write out ! scale ( rations z appli$ to individual families & take _! copies home1 ?us becom+ ! active ag5ts 9 ! food campaign4 ,9 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 ! regul> "w 9 cook+ 0 discont9u$ e>ly 9 ,june = ! s*ool ye> ( #aiag1 & a special c\rse ( #aj lessons 9 food cons]vation 0 giv5 at #d dome/ic-sci5ce c5t]s4 ,! c\rse consi/$ ( #a lesson 9 ! pres]vation ( eggs1 #c lessons on cann+1 #a on mak+ soap1 #a on butt] sub/itutes1 #b on jellies & m>malades1 & #a on ! dry+ ( a numb] ( agricultural products4 ,n only may ! dome/ic-sci5ce tea*] g to adults by ! way ( *ur*es or settlem5ts1 b %e may g directly1--9 ! rural di/ricts1 at lea/1--) demon/ration kit*5s m\nt$ on automobiles4 ,9 ,l9dsay ,c\nty1 ,engl&1 = example1 a dome/ic-sci5ce lectur] arrang$ an exp]im5tal c\rse ( lectures & demon/rations on economical cook]y1 & equipp$ ) necess>y ut5sils a travel+ kit*5 at a co/ ( #ajj4 ,%e cov]$ ea* ( ! l>g] villages 9 ! area select$1 sp5d+ "o day 9 ea* place1 ! morn+ be+ giv5 ov] to travel+4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 exhibitions ( :eat-fl\r sub/itutes 7 arrang$ & demon/rations giv5 t 7 bas$ ^u left-ov]s f h] prec$+ ev5+'s lesson4 ,%e also gave %ort talks on beekeep+1 horticulture1 fruit bottl+1 & s on4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e gave a cook+ demon/ration4 ,! van us$ by ! wom5 ( ,long ,isl&1 ,new ,york ,/ate1 consi/$ ( a tra9 ( c>s beh9d a /eam locomotive1 f :i* demon/rations 7 giv5 9 fruit & vegetable pres]v+4 ,! ,c\nty ( ,nott+ham1 ,engl&1 gave simil> demon/rations & 9 addition gave lectures to mo!rs on ! necessity ( tak+ unusual precautions ) ref]5ce to ! heal? ( babies at ?is p]iod4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 mu* ( ! "w 9 ,engl& to h an agriculturi/ g ) ! tea*] & give talks on spray+1 elim9ation ( pe/s1 & cons]vation ( g>d5 products4 ,"o ( ! greate/ s]vices t ! dome/ic-sci5ce tea*] c r5d]1 :e!r %e labors 9 rural or 9 urban fields1 is ! organization ( cann+ clubs4 ,! cann+ club enli/s ! s]vices ( wom51 girls1 & ev5 boys4 ,x c be made z mu* ( a social in/itution z corn husk+ & b>n rais+ 7 =m]ly4 ,b ! tea*] mu/1 9 mo/ in/ances1 move out ( h] dome/ic-sci5ce kit*5 ) its little gas /oves & qu>t sauce-pans4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/rict ! equipm5t w be ! /ove 9 ! village *ur*1 ) a wa% boil]1 galvaniz$ vat1 wa%tub1 or o!r vessel ) a well-fitt+ top1 :i* c easily be trans=m$ into a home cann] by mak+ a false bottom ) lift+ h&les4 ,9 a village or small city x may be necess>y to beg1 borr[1 or buy ! necess>y cook+ ut5sils1 & to obta9 free use ( a vacant /ore1 ask+ ! local gas company to in/all1 free ( *>ge1 "s gas ranges4 ,! boys w prep>e ! fruit2 ! wom5 & girls w c x or dry x1 z ! case may be4 ,to dispose ( ! product is a simple matt]4 ,x may be sold & ! proce$s divid$4 ,x may be tak5 to ! homes & ! exp5se ( produc+ %>$4 ,9 ! city ! dome/ic-sci5ce tea*] s]v+ z a lead] ( ! cann+ club mu/ wat* closely ! m>ket & buy :5 ! price is "r1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re is a surplus t may o!rwise be wa/$4 ,x w be a new exp]i5ce = _m dome/ic-sci5ce tea*]s4 ,x is a r diff]5t proposition f cann+ a few baskets ( /rawb]ries1 *]ries1 or currants 9 a classroom4 ,naturally o!r conta9]s ?an glass j>s or tumbl]s w h to be us$4 ,9 fact1 ! cann+ club aft] "o season ( exp]im5tation is likely to resemble1 ) its l>g] & m effici5t equipm5t1 a m9iature cann+ factory4 ,9 ,b]keley1 ,cali=nia1 ! *ildr5 ( ! entire city _h a ,j> ,day1 :5 !y w5t out & collect$ e disc>d$ & undesir$ j>4 ,^! 7 clean$ & sold & ! money 0 turn$ into a s]vice fund4 ,_m j>s1 also1 7 fill$ ) surplus vegetable products to be us$ = ! poor 9 ! w9t]4 ,( c\rse ! old dry+ me?ods ( gr&mo!r's days mu/ be rejuv5at$4 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,p4 ,reagle1 sup]visor ( manual tra9+ 9 ,montclair1 discov]$ "o ( ! old-fa%ion$ evaporators & _h a l>ge numb] made up by ! boys 9 8 s*ool & pass$ out to neighbor+ communities4 ,"h is an old home indu/ry :i* may be reviv$ 9 ! home or ! community4 ,mr4 ,reagle1 9 describ+ 8 evaporator1 writes3 ,i 0 oblig$ to build some?+ :i* c\ld be us$ any:]e reg>dless ( ! availability ( /eam heat1 electric fans1 or coal4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 necess>y to con/ruct f common /ock mat]ial & to use "s /ock /ove4 ,i hit ^u ! idea ( us+ a common laundry /ove :i* c\ld burn ei!r wood or coal4 ,i made #bj frames1 cov]$ ) galvaniz$ wire1 to hold ! fruit4 ,! control ( ! air circulation 0 obta9$ by means ( an adju/able slid+ door b5ea? ! /ove4 ,! heat$ air passes ar\nd & ov] ! /ove & ?r\gh ! fre% food products1 tak+ out ! moi/ure & go+ out ?r\gh ! adju/able v5tilator at ! top4 ,! evaporator has a capacity ( f #e to #h bu%els ( fruit & vegetables a day4 ,ano!r activity = dome/ic-sci5ce tea*]s ( m exp]i5ce w be 9 ! tra9+ ( cooks = ! army1 or1 z ! director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,practical ,arts 7,tea*]s ,college7 believes1 9 ! tra9+ ( p to tra9 cooks4 ,! foll[+ quotation f a lett] writt5 by ,sir ,rob]t ,blair ( ,london to ,sup]9t5d5t ,maxwell ( ,new ,york ,city %[s :at 0 done 9 ,london3 ,9 ! summ] recess1 #aiae1 #bfd ( our dome/ic-sci5ce tea*]s volunte]$ "p ( _! holidays 9 ord] to help 9 ! "w ( tra9+ #bejj soldi]s to cook & to meet ! ord9>y requirem5ts 9 ?is l9e ( ! private 9 ! field4 ,! ,w> ,(fice drew m5 f diff]5t units f all ov] ,engl& & br\ght !m to ,london 9 two great gr\ps & paid #a_/i a day = ! up-keep ( ! m54 ,! soldi]s 7 billet$ 9 ! s*ool build+s & ! prep>ation ( _! food =m$ ! basis ( ! cook]y in/ruction4 ,ea* gr\p 0 tak5 = a p]iod ( t5 days4 ,! ,w> ,(fice 0 mo/ appreciative ( ! "w done by ^! dome/ic-economy in/ructresses4 ,! ,w> ,(fice did n ask u to repeat ?is ! foll[+ summ]1 al?\gh x 0 repeat$ to "s ext5t 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! ,w> ,(fice1 h[ev]1 did ask u to l5d !m #cj c>efully select$ tea*]s ( cook+ = ! purpose ( visit+ army cante5s & giv+ advice bo? on cook+ & 7:at ,i believe is m important7 on quantities us$4 ,/ill ano!r s]vice c be r5d]$ by ! cook+ tea*]s1 especially 9 our l>ge cities & 9 our indu/rial villages4 ,?is s]vice consi/s 9 giv+ meals to *ildr5 :o are 9 want4 ,( c\rse at ! pres5t mom5t we see little ne$ = ?is "w1 b ! p9* ( pov]ty has come ^u ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & our own l& may n always be "o ( pl5ty4 ,:5 ! ne$ arises1 tea*]s %\ld be prep>$ to furni% lun*es to ! *ildr5 & possibly ev5 breakfa/s1 to say no?+ ab\t supp]s4 ,! dislocation ( _m ord9>y trades & l9es ( bus9ess1 ! tak+ f ! home ( ! family's means ( support1 ! increas$ co/ ( food & provisions1 & ! preval5ce ( sickness due to neglect may necessitate ! fe$+ ( *ildr5 9 s*ool4 ,9 ,london ! li/ ( *ildr5 to :om meals 7 giv5 daily increas$ rapidly f some?+ l #cb1jjj 9 ,july1 #aiad1 up to #ge1jjj ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #aiad4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 z trade & indu/ry became bett] adju/$ !re 0 a /eady decl9e 9 ! numb] ( *ildr5 t 7 f$1 s t 9 ,may1 #aiag1 !re 7 only ab\t #ab1jjj--! *ildr5 !n on ! li/ be+ ma9ly ! *ildr5 ( wid[s :o 7 =c$ to g out to "w4 ,! numb] ( meals provid$ p] week 9 ! s*ools ( ,engl& 9 ,july1 #aiae1 0 #bjj1jjj4 ,9 a ye> ?is numb] _h dropp$ to #abj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m5ac+ ,,w>-,,cl\ds ,,ov]%ad[ ,,our ,,l& ,,increase ,,! ,,food ,,supply ,,& ,,keep ,,our ,,m5 ,,9 ,,europe ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,army ,,m>*es ,,on ,,its ,,/oma*e ,,w ,,y ,,d ,,y\r ,,bit8 ,good po/]s h a great influ5ce on civic life at any "t4 ,n[ !y are invaluable4 ,w>-s]vice po/]s design$ by ,manual ,tra9+ ,high ,s*ool boys ( ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,girls at "w2 mo!rs wat*+4 ,:y %\ld n bo? "w 9 a community kit*5 equipp$ ) evaporators1 l>ge conta9]s1 prop] /oves1 & ut5sils = do+ a real piece ( "w8 ,! draw+ dep>tm5ts might well h _! /ud5ts design po/]s4 ,^? design$ by ,am]ican illu/rators = ! fir/ ,lib]ty ,loan 7 surpris+ly ineffective4 ,only "o /ood out--t ) ! reproduction ( ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty ) ! accompany+ symbol & direct word+4 ,our enli/m5t po/]s h be5 crude1 lack+ 9 psy*ological appeal z well z 9 design4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r recruit+ is aid$ by a picture %[+ a naval (fic] l\ng+ "u a palm tree :ile 9 ! di/ance a m>9e is se5 /&+ amid bur/+ %ells on a battle%ip4 ,!re has be5 & w be an opportunity = /ud5ts to design po/]s = ,r$ ,cross "w2 = enli/m5t z f>m cadets2 = enrollm5t 9 a home-s]vice unit = girls1 9 community cann+ clubs1 9 ,boy ,sc\t "w1 9 s*ool1 home1 & community g>d5+2 = patriotic meet+s & a score ( o!r occasions4 ,good po/]s h an almo/ incalculable influ5ce on civic life at any "t4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> !re h be5 held 9 _m cities v>i\s competitions 9 po/] "w ( pupils ) su* subjects z ,r$ ,cross1 ,?rift1 ,safety ,fir/1 ,fire ,prev5tion1 ,pure ,milk1 & ,lib]ty ,loan4 ,!re is pl5ty ( "w = ! manual-tra9+ tea*]4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( g>d5 "w1 n s mu* 9 s*ool g>d5s1 h[ev]1 z 9 community g>d5s1 =1 l ! cann+-club "w1 "h is a spl5did opportunity to br+ adults & *ildr5 toge!r4 ,9 a numb] ( small cities 9 ! c\ntry :]e tillable l& c\ld be obta9$1 ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s direct$ a community-g>d5 project4 ,! boys built ! tool h\se2 ! ,boy ,sc\ts took turns 9 act+ z wat*m52 plots 7 laid out on a family or individual basis2 se$ 0 pur*as$ 9 bulk & di/ribut$ at co/2 exp]ts1 hir$ by ! day1 pl[$ & h>r[$ ! gr\nd2 /akes m>k+ ! plots 7 made 9 ! s*ool2 & ! manual-tra9+ in/ructors1 or1 z !y 7 t]m$1 ! g>d5 directors1 sp5t _! summ] vacation 9 a useful s]vice4 ,! manual-tra9+ tea*] may help ! ,r$ ,cross *apt] 9 pack+ supplies into ! boxes :i* 8 boys h made4 ,he c be plann+ ! hospital furniture :i* he may be call$ ^u to make1 z 9 ,france1 :]e ! boys built furniture = improvis$ hospitals & in/all$ electric lights4 ,he c be ?9k+ h[ he %all1 if requir$1 make hospital-b$ racks1 cots1 tables1 & simple recl9+ *airs4 ,p]haps he may h to sup]vise1 z h ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s 9 ,engl&1 ! mak+ ( h&-gr5ade bags1 *aff bags1 dummy c>tridges = ! tra9+ ( troops1 or s& bags4 ,9 a s+le second>y s*ool 9 ,brad=d1 ,engl&1 m ?an #abjj articles--includ+ spl9ts1 crut*es1 b$-bo>ds & re/s1 scre5s1 roll]s1 trays1 etc4--h be5 made 9 ! manual-tra9+ dep>tm5t 9 "o ye>4 ,p]haps 9 ! e>ly spr+ latr9es c be design$ & built = ! f>m cadets1 z 0 done 9 ! ,newton 7,massa*usetts7 s*ool1 or %acks = troops1 z 0 done at ,plattsburg1 ,new ,york1 by ! boys f ! ,/uyvesant ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! tea*] may h 8 "p to play 9 giv+ vocational tra9+ to maim$ soldi]s 7see *apt] on ,reducation ( ! ,disabl$71 z all ( ! in/ructors 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada are n[ do+4 ,a manual-tra9+ tea*] 9 ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,fo/]1 has 8 boys make jigsaw puzzles1 *eck]bo>ds1 & b&age w9d]s = ! use ( our soldi]s 9 ,france4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiag he organiz$ a boys' auxili>y ( ! ,r$ ,cross1 & ! gr\p made pack+ cases accord+ to (ficial specifications4 ,! organization includ$ a %op =eman1 a timekeep]1 & a /ock man4 ,lumb] & o!r mat]ials 7 contribut$ by local deal]s4 ,p]haps ! manual-tra9+ in/ructor w cop]ate ) ! tea*] ( dome/ic sci5ce1 z male /r5g? is ne$$1 9 provid+ com=ts = ! soldi]s1 su* z socks & muffl]s made on knitt+ ma*9es1 & 9 help+ ) ! pack+ & crat+4 ,9 ?is connection !re is ano!r quotation on ! "w ( ,london *ildr53 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> we began to organize ef=ts to provide clo?+ & o!r necessities = ,belgian & ,s]bian *ildr54 ,9 a few mon?s ! s*ools 7 able to furni% #aj1jjj complete kits made to ! patt]n & color & size suppli$ by ! two embassies4 ,x is report$ t ! mak+ ( ^! kits 0 "o ( ! be/ ex]cises 9 plann+1 cutt+1 & sew+ :i* ! s*ools ev] und]took1 & probably no?+ has done m to fo/] ! s*ool esprit de corps 9 ! hi/ory ( municipal s*ools s9ce _! orig91 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ,france a numb] ( s*ools1 :5 ! build+s 7 turn$ into hospitals1 equipp$ ei!r ! entire hospital or a consid]able numb] ( b$s at _! own exp5se & by _! own "w4 ,hospital s]vice 0 l>gely organiz$ by ^! s*ools4 ,"o s*ool w\ld be responsible = ! l951 ano!r = m5d+1 ano!r = table s]vice1 ano!r = cook+1 & ano!r = s5d+ & receiv+ packages4 ,a workroom e/abli%$ by ! s*ool girls 9 "o ( ^! hospitals _h s5t to ! front 9 a ye> & a half #be1ccj packages4 ,"o little village s*ool ( only #cj pupils 9 a %ort p]iod collect$ #bedb eggs = ! w\nd$ soldi]s & made socks & muffl]s 9 addition4 ,9 ano!r small di/rict ea* ( ! s*ools specializ$ 9 "s k9d ( "w1 "o mak+ up p>cels = w> prison]s1 ano!r knitt+ sailors' gloves1 ano!r mak+ clo?+ = refugees1 & /ill ano!r provid+ c&les = troops 9 tr5*es4 ,a small c\ntry s*ool 9 ! ,midl&s ( ,engl&1 9 addition to weekly contributions ( vegetables to ! local hospital = w\nd$ soldi]s1 has made #bf b$ cradles & a doz5 crut*es1 :ile ! y\nge/ boys h made spl9ts4 ,a report f a nor!a/-coa/ di/rict ( ,engl& m5tions manual-tra9+ c5t]s :]e b$ tables1 toilet tables1 b$ re/s1 & cl9ical-*>t c>ri]s are made = ! local hospital4 ,ev5 ! girls h made spl9ts & b$ tables4 ,( c\rse hundr$s ( s& bags h be5 made 9 ! s*ools4 ,! report closes ) ^! significant words3 ,! effect ( all ?is "w has be5 mo/ rem>kable4 ,ev5 di/ricts :]e =m]ly little int]e/ 0 tak5 by ! *ildr5 seem sudd5ly to realize ! value ( x all4 ,?is is :at might h be5 expect$1 & :at we 9 ,am]ica may expect :5 we make our practical-arts "w socializ+1 useful1 & contributory to "s great cause t ! *ildr5 see is wor? :ile4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,"w ,,impulses ,,( ,,y\? ,s9ce ,augu/1 #aiad1 !re h be5 pres5t$ to u new aspects ( ! relation ( *ildr5 to indu/ry4 ,up to t "t ! only consid]ation = ^? :o _h ! welf>e ( *ildr5 at he>t 0 ! *ild himself2 b ) ! w>1 ! welf>e ( ! *ild became ti$ up ) ! problem ( ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry & its dem&s = s]vice on ! :ole population4 ,! endeavor to adju/ ^! two 9 nice balance has result$ 9 exp]im5tal legislation or 9 action )\t legislation1 bo? ( :i* h (t5 be5 ( no g5u9e or la/+ b5efit to ei!r int]e/ conc]n$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 9 ! fir/ half ( #aiag1 _m ( our /ates appe>$ to be foll[+ ! lead ( ,engl& 9 abrogat+ ! compulsory-att5dance law1 urg+ ! same reason = p]mitt+ *ildr5 )9 s*ool age to "w 9 fields & factories4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! facts pres5t$ by f>m] & indu/rial employ]4 ,9 sections ^: activity has be5 /imulat$ by ! production ( w> products1 su* z ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 o!r indu/ries & m]cantile e/abli%m5ts h f\nd x impossible to run z usual ow+ to ! pres5ce ( munition plants1 :i* attract an abnormal numb] ( work]s4 ,n only is neighborhood bus9ess affect$ by ! pres5ce ( w> indu/ries1 b ! f>m %ortage is aggravat$2 = ! supply ( int]mitt5t labor1 ! k9d dem&$ = b]ry pick+1 h>ve/+1 & cann+1 is n =?com+ :5 ! work]s are (f]$ /eady employm5t 9 munition & textile plants4 ,9 #aiag _m small cann]ies 7 ?reat5$ ) ! prospect ( clos+ & lett+ ! adjac5t crops spoil 9 ! fields2 h5ce _! call = s*oolboys to assi/ !m 9 cultivat+ & h>ve/+4 ,?is result$ 9 an unprec$5t$ ru% ( *ildr5 betwe5 #ad & #af to obta9 employm5t c]tificates1 & a clamor f ^? bel[ #ad to be all[$ to leave s*ool & g to "w4 ,) ! nation & ! /ate urg+ f>m]s & food produc]s to make e ex]tion to increase ! food supply1 legislatures mu/ r5d] assi/ance 9 solv+ ! labor-%ortage problem4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! f>m] _c be expect$ to plant additional acres unless he is reasonably sure t x w be possible = him to h 8 acres cultivat$ & h>ve/$4 ,engl& z e>ly z ,septemb] #a1 #aiad1 0 feel+ ! %ortage creat$ by ! numb]s ( m5 enli/+1 & e ,local ,education ,au?ority 0 be+ bes\ght by f>m]s & manufactur]s to obta9 modifications ( ! law :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 held *ildr5 9 s*ool up to #ad ye>s4 ,an ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education to ! ,local ,education ,au?ority 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 answ]+ su* a plea1 /at$3 ,:ile ! ,bo>d ( ,education h no p[] to give any g5]al directions ov]rid+ ! ord9>y law ) reg>d to s*ool att5dance & ! employm5t ( *ildr51444a ,local ,education ,au?ority is "u no obligation to take proce$+s 9 respect ( nonatt5dance ( a *ild at s*ool if !y are satisfi$ t !re is a reasonable excuse = nonatt5dance4 ,! reasonable excuse 0 f\nd 9 ! ov]p[]+ clamor ( f>m]s & munition mak]s :o 7 suff]+ f lack ( work]s1 z 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :]e ! petition s5t to ! ,education ,au?ority by ! bolt-&-nut manufactur]s at ,d>la/on /at$ t ow+ to ! enli/m5t ( m5 9 v>i\s bran*es ( 8 ,maje/y's =ces & because ( ! fact t ! firms conc]n$ 7 l>gely engag$ on "w ( great urg5cy = ! naval & milit>y s]vices1 x 0 desirable1 9 ord] to prev5t delay 9 ! execution ( ?is "w1 t ! s*ool-att5dance by-laws %\ld be relax$ = ! duration ( ! w> s z to p]mit ( ! employm5t ( boys ov] ! age ( #ac ye>s4#d ,x _c be /at$ too /rongly t ,engl& has realiz$ too late ! practical impossibility ( recov]y = s*ool ( ! *ildr5 ?us releas$1 & ! dang]s to ! nation ( all[+ ! junior population to g into indu/ry )\t sup]vision4 ,!re w be introduc$ into our legislatures 9 #aiah & lat] _m bills :i* w p>allel ,engli% action1 & ! v>i\s /ates mu/ wat* c>efully to see t 9 _! zeal\s attempts to increase food or necess>y manufactur$ supplies !y d n create & sanction disa/r\s conditions = ! heal? & morals ( ! "y4 ,n[ action 9 reg>d to our s*ools may be ( sev]al types4 ,fir/1 !re may be pass$ laws :i* abrogate ! exi/+ compulsory-att5dance law2 su* legislation w\ld be t p]mitt+ *ildr5 bel[ compulsory s*ool age to leave s*ool4 ,second1 x is possible to h ! exi/+ laws int]pret$ s z to excuse abs5ce f s*ool1 z 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 :]e ! attorney-g5]al 9 an op5 lett] to s*ool (fic]s1 ,april1 #aiag1 int]prets ! section ( ! s*ool law exempt+ *ildr5 f s*ool att5dance 9 cases ( necessity to apply to *ildr5 ( s*ool age actually engag$ 9 till+ ! soil4 ,a ?ird type ( action is t :i* susp5ds ! compulsory-att5dance law "u c]ta9 conditions2 su* a law is ! s-call$ ,br[n ,bill1 *apt] #fhi ( ! ,laws ( #aiag1 ,new ,york legislature1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,action may also be tak5 9 reg>d to %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! e/abli%$ s*ool ye>1 %ift+ vacations1 & *ang+ h\rs ( session4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,bureau ( ,education at ,wa%+ton has sugge/$ keep+ s*ool op5 twelve mon?s1 & ?is advice may be tak5 9 "s localities2 x is possible1 also1 t a cont9uation ( ! dem& = agricultural labor ( /ud5ts may result 9 a diff]5t allotm5t ( vacations 9 ! apple- & pea*-gr[+ sections1 s t /ud5ts employ$ 9 h>ve/+ may lose a m9imum ( s*ool att5dance4 #d ,quot$ f correspond5ce ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education to ! ,local ,education ,au?ority 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,ev5ts mov$ v rapidly 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag4 ,we 7 call$ ^u by national & /ate gov]nm5ts1 by *amb]s ( comm]ce & bo>ds ( trade1 by bank]s & railroads1 to raise crops4 ,we 7 told t ,am]ica mu/ be ! pantry = all ,europe & t1 d ! be/ t we might1 we %\ld n d ov]mu*4 ,obvi\sly1 ) su* au?ority back ( a movem5t = increas$ agricultural production1 x did n take v long = /ate bo>ds ( agriculture & /ate dep>tm5ts ( education to respond1 to say no?+ ab\t ! propag&a set =? by settlem5ts1 wom5's clubs1 ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ! ,boy ,sc\ts1 ! ,national ,security ,league1 ! ,wom5's ,patriotic ,s]vice ,league1 & a score ( o!r organizations1 t put a psy*ological p]suasion into ! situation :i* 0 h>d = s*ool au?orities & s*ool *ildr5 to resi/4 ,! foll[+ data relative to ! action ( a numb] ( ! /ates 7 compil$ by ! ,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee4 ,9 g5]al ! data %[$ no provision made = sup]vision1 = physical exam9ation1 = wages1 or = def9ition ( pass+ grade4 ,9 "s in/ances !re 7 ev5 no age limitations4 ,cali=nia4 ,dur+ cont9uance ( /ate ( w>1 /ate bo>d ( education ) approval ( gov]nor may r$uce s*ool t]m to six mon?s :5 necess>y = ! plant+ or h>ve/+ ( crops or = o!r agricultural or horticultural purposes4 ,indiana4 ,lett] f /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction to c\nty sup]9t5d5ts1 ,april #aj1 #aiag1 say+ 9 "p3 ,x is my wi% & ord] t y p]mit su* high-s*ool girls & boys1 & also su* eigh?-grade girls & boys z may c>e to engage 9 ,home ,projects "w look+ t[>d ! increase ( our agricultural output1 to engage 9 su* "w & to receive !re= full cr$it on ! s*ool records1 provid$ ?is "w is done to ! satisfaction ( ! c\nty ag5t & ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,plan =mulat$ lat] by pr9cipals & /ate sup]9t5d5ts = sup]vis+1 c]tify+1 & accr$it+ su* "w did some?+ to /op a g5]al exodus1 b came too late to d mu* good4 ,ill9ois4 ,/ate sup]9t5d5t wrote to local sup]9t5d5ts1 ,april #aj1 advis+ t all boys eligible = work+ c]tificates be excus$ f s*ool ,may #a & receive a work+ c]tificate ^u assurance t !y h employm5t on a f>m or 9 a g>d51 cr$it to be giv5 = "w ^u gu>antee t summ] mon?s h be5 sp5t 9 f>m+ or g>d5+4 ,kansas4 ,/ate bo>d ( education advis$ local s*ool (ficials1 ,april #ag1 t x w\ld approve grant+ a full ye>'s cr$it to pupils :o h pass+ grade & :o f9d x necess>y to )draw f s*ool be=e ! end ( ! s*ool ye> ei!r to enli/ 9 ! milit>y s]vice or actually to engage directly 9 food production4 ,ma9e4 ,boys #af & ov] excus$ f s*ool att5dance1 ,june #a to ,octob] #ca1 = "w on f>ms "u sup]vision ( ,y4,m4,c4,a4 (ficial4 7,see *apt] on ,f>m ,cadets47 ,m>yl&4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 ,baltimore ,c\nty1 9 op5 lett] to s*ool (ficials1 ,may #aa1 au?orizes ! employm5t on f>ms ( boys & girls :o are old en\gh to be ( real productive value4 ,on days :5 n s employ$ !y are requir$ to att5d s*ool4 ,*ildr5 ov] #ac :o h att5d$ s*ool "o hundr$ days dur+ ! ye> may be employ$ )\t p]mits2 ^? :o h n att5d$ "o hundr$ days mu/ h p]mits4 ,*ildr5 "u #ac mu/ h a p]mit1 :i* %\ld n be issu$ to a *ild :o is too immature to d "w = :i* ! p]mit is ask$4 ,p]mits issu$ = tw5ty days or less may be r5ew$ ^u application ( p>5t4 ,simil> plan 0 discuss$ by /ate bo>d ( education b n approv$ on gr\nd t x might lead to abrogation ( ! laws on *ild-labor & s*ool-att5dance4 ,miss\ri4 ,/ate sup]9t5d5t ( public s*ools wrote to local (ficials ,april #ac1 sugge/+ t !y excuse at once f high s*ool all boys ov] #ad ye>s ( age :o w g to f>ms & "w4 ,give !m full cr$it = _! ye>'s "w at ! end ( ! s*ool ye>1 ) ! /&+ !y h at pres5t4 ,h ! boy :o gets ! cr$it give evid5ce satisfactory to y z to 8 "w on ! f>m4 ,include boys :o live 9 ! c\ntry & boys :o w g to ! f>m to "w4 ,ext5d ! same privilege to girls :]e y deem x advisable4 ,new ,york4 7,ref]r$ to lat] 9 ?is *apt]47 ,nor? ,dakota4 ,attorney-g5]al 9 op5 lett] to s*ool (fic]s1 ,april1 #aiag1 int]prets section ( s*ool law exempt+ *ildr5 f s*ool att5dance 9 cases ( necessity to apply to *ildr5 ( s*ool age actually engag$ 9 till+ ! soil4 ,/ate sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 op5 lett] to s*ool (ficials1 ,april1 #aiag1 recomm5ds t s*ools %\ld n op5 e>li] ?an ,octob] #a1 ) a spr+ vacation ( f\r or five weeks1 & t ! s*ool be kept op5 ?r\gh ,june & ,july :5 !re is less & *eap] f>m "w to d4 ,?is w\ld make available1 & ) a m9imum loss ( s*ool "t1 "s #ejjj ( ! old] boys at a "t :5 labor is sc>ce & wages are high4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,/ate bo>d ( education1 ,april #ai1 issu$ circul> lett] /at+ t f>m & g>d5 "w %\ld be consid]$ valid excuse = abs5ce f s*ool1 & = *ildr5 #ab & ov] 9 good /&+ su* "w %\ld be cr$it$ 9 lieu ( s*ool att5dance4 ,new ,j]sey4 ,/ate bo>d ( education s5t out a circul> lett] to sup]9t5d5ts & pr9cipals 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t cr$it t[>ds graduation might be giv5 9 place ( s*ool "w dur+ ! "t a pupil 0 actually engag$ 9 f>m "w z a memb] ( ! ,junior ,indu/rial ,army1 or :ile call$ out 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate or ( ! nation z a memb] ( its organiz$ milit>y =ces4 7,boys & girls ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age are all[$ to enroll 9 ! ,indu/rial ,army 9 ! agricultural or home-g>d5 or ! girls' s]vice division47 ,possibly no great h>m 0 done by ! action ( ^! /ate (ficials & /ate bo>ds4 ,yet ! action af=ds food = ?\ght2 & p]haps ! be/ way to br+ ab\t reflection is to pass imm$iately1 )\t comm5t1 to a quotation tak5 f ! ,london ,times ( ,july #ai1 #aiag1--;a quotation :i* gives a picture ( ! end ( ! road on :i* "s ( u 9 ?is c\ntry />t$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag4 ,! reply1 la/ week1 ( ,h]b]t ,a4 ,l4 ,fi%]1 ,m9i/] ( ,education1 to a deputation ( ! ,committee on ,wage-e>n+ ,*ildr5 0 sympa!tic & n m]ely a common-=m %elv+ ( ! issue4 ,! deputation ask$ = legislation re/rict+ ! labor ( s*ool *ildr5 out ( s*ool h\rs4 ,! ext5t ( ! evil 0 indicat$ by ! deputation1 b x is d\btful if ev5 ! educational public "k h[ widespread & delet]i\s x is4 ,on ,octob] #e1 #aiae1 we po9t$ out t ne>ly half a million *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ab & #ad ye>s 7 receiv+ no education1 or no education wor? hav+1 & t all ( ^! 7 at "w :i* l$ n[hi!r at ! v age :5 _! moral & physical developm5t 0 at /ake4 ,s9ce !n ! conditions :i* we condemn$ h pass$ f bad to worse4 ,_m ?\s&s ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( #ab1 "u ! ages ( ev5 #aj & #aa1 are at "w1 & will+ly at "w1 s9ce ! y\ng] ! *ild1 ! m readily x responds to ! dem& = helpfulness4 ,mr4 ,fi%] _c b realize ! evil ( ?is exploitation ( "y *ildr5 by p>5ts & tradesm54 ,x is an evil affect+ n only ! effici5cy ( s*ool life b our :ole economic sy/em4 ,!re nev] 0 an economic ne$ = ?is *ild labor1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,education admitt$ 9 _! circul> to local au?orities la/ week t !re is no economic ne$ 9 rural di/ricts = su* labor ev5 n[4 ,?is circul> 0 a lett] f ! ,national ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t & dealt ) ! pressure on education au?orities 9 rural areas to release boys & girls "u #ab = s]vice on ! l&4 ,! lett] def9itely /ates t1 9 view ( ! labor releas$ f ! army & ! numb] ( wom5 n[ available1 x w\ld appe> t !re %\ld be no necessity = su* a s]i\s int]ruption z is contemplat$ ( ! education ( ! nation's *ildr54 ,?is %\ld suffice to det]m9e ! policy ( ! rural-education au?orities4 ,b ! position 9 t[ns is ev5 m urg5t1 & ,mr4 ,fi%] & ! gov]nm5t might give additional p[]s to local au?orities to deal ) ! labor ( *ildr5 9 full-"t s*ool att5dance4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a mi/ake 9 ! legislation ( #aiac to make x possible = ! /reet trad+ ( su* *ildr5 to receive (ficial recognition4 ,b /reet trad+ is n ! *ief cause ( anxiety4 ,ano!r is ! employm5t ( little *ildr5 by %opkeep]s & di/ribut+ ag5cies be=e s*ool1 9 ! d9n] int]val1 & aft] s*ool4 ,! local au?orities %\ld be emp[]$ to =bid all employm5t = wages ( *ildr5 "u #ab & to re/rict )9 v n>r[ limits ! employm5t ( *ildr5 at s*ool "u #ad4 ,naturally ,mr4 ,fi%] mu/ n ov]burd5 or imp]il 8 bill1 or int]f]e ) ! labor necess>y = ! w>4 ,he _c be expect$ to *ange ! face ( ,engl& 9 a mom5t4 ,b he c /rike deep )\t di/urb+ ! organization ( society4 ,he c trans=m f bel[ by ameliorat+ ! conditions ( v "y *ildr54 ,! c\ntry is ready n[ = *anges t seem$ ,utopian two ye>s ago4 ,by means ( nurs]y s*ools ! nation is deal+ at la/ ) ! raw mat]ial t is to be ! ,engl& ( to-morr[4 ,! same pr9ciple %\ld be foll[$ 9 ! case ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( #f & #ab ye>s4 ,! physical welf>e ( ^! *ildr5 is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,yet betwe5 ^! ages ?\s&s1 ?r\gh ! c>ry+ ( heavy weights & o!r means ( ov]-/ra91 are receiv+ life-long physical injury4 ,all ef=ts = educational re=m are be+ balk$ by _! employm5t4 ,! elaborate s*eme ( ! ,half-,"t ,c\ncil1 :i* 0 report$ 9 our la/ issue1 dep5ds1 z inde$ practically all ( ! re=m s*emes & ,mr4 ,fi%]'s own proposals dep5d1 on ! physical effici5cy ( ! *ildr54 ,! deputation ask$ t provision %\ld be made = ! education ( *ildr5 abnormally employ$ dur+ ! w>4 ,out ( all ! lit]ature :i* has be5 put =? on ! relation%ip ( *ildr5 to indu/ry 9 w> "t x w\ld appe> t ,dr4 ,claxton1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 mo/ adequately /ates ! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 9 8 circul> lett] to ! educational au?orities ( ! c\ntry issu$ 9 ,june1 #aiag4 ,portions ( 8 lett] be> directly ^u employm5t ( *ildr5 9 "t ( w>4 ,o!r portions are closely relat$ to /atem5ts 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,x is well wor? quot+ 9 full3 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t !re %all be no l[]+ 9 ! effici5cy ( our sy/ems ( education4 ,s*ools & o!r ag5cies ( education mu/ be ma9ta9$ at :atev] necess>y co/ & aga9/ all hurtful int]f]5ce ) _! regul> "w except z may be necess>y = ! national def5se1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 our imm$iate task & mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d & h "r ( way ev]y:]e & at all times4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( our p>ticipation 9 ! w> we %\ld avoid ! mi/akes :i* "s o!r c\ntries h made to _! hurt & :i* !y are n[ try+ to correct4 ,if ! w> %\ld be long & sev]e1 !re w be great ne$ 9 its lat] days = _m "y m5 & wom5 ( sci5tific k1 tra9+1 & skill2 & x may !n be mu* m difficult ?an x is n[ to support our s*ools1 to sp>e our *ildr5 & y\? f o!r s]vice1 & to p]mit !m to att5d s*ool4 ,!re=e no s*ool %\ld close its doors n[ or %ort5 its t]m unnecess>ily4 ,all "y m5 & wom5 9 college %\ld rema9 & use _! "t to ! v be/ advantage1 except su* z may f9d x necess>y to leave = imm$iate pr(itable employm5t 9 "s productive occupation or = ! acceptance ( "s position 9 "s bran* ( ! milit>y s]vice1 :i* position _c be s well fill$ by anyone else4 ,all *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools & z ne>ly z possible all high-s*ool pupils %\ld rema9 9 s*ool ?r\gh ! entire session4 ,:5 ! w> is ov]1 :e!r )9 a few mon?s or aft] _m ye>s1 !re w be su* dem&s ^u ?is c\ntry = m5 & wom5 ( sci5tific k1 te*nical skill1 & g5]al culture z h nev] be=e come to any c\ntry4 ,! _w mu/ be rebuilt4 ,?is c\ntry mu/ play a f> m important "p ?an x has 9 ! pa/ 9 agriculture1 manufactur+1 & comm]ce1 & also 9 ! ?+s ( cultural life--art1 lit]ature1 music1 sci5tific discov]y4 ,russia & ,*9a are awak5+ to new life & are on ! eve ( great indu/rial developm5t4 ,!y w ask ( u /eel1 eng9es1 & c>s = railroads1 agricultural implem5ts1 & ma*9]y = indu/rial plants4 ,!y w also ask = m5 to in/all ^! & to direct mu* ( _! developm5t 9 e l9e4 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 & ! c5tral empires h ?r[n into battle a v l>ge p] c5t ( _! educat$ & tra9$ m51 includ+ mo/ ( ! "y pr(essors & in/ructors 9 _! univ]sities1 colleges1 & gymnasia1 lyces1 & public s*ools4 ,_! colleges & univ]sities are almo/ empty4 ,! "y m5 :o w\ld "u normal conditions be receiv+ ! education & tra9+ necess>y to prep>e !m = lead]%ip 9 ! future developm5t ( ^! c\ntries are fight+ & dy+ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,all ^! c\ntries mu/ ne$s g ?r\gh a long p]iod ( recon/ruction1 indu/rially & 9 _m o!r respects4 ,our own tra9$ m5 & wom5 %\ld be able & ready to r5d] e possible assi/ance4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 our univ]sities1 colleges1 normal s*ools1 & te*nical s*ools is v small z comp>$ ) ! total numb] ( p]sons ( produc+ age--little m ?an "o half ( #a p] c5t4 ,! majority ( ^! /ud5ts are "y m5 & wom5 :o are becom+ m mature & fit = s]vice4 ,! old] ( ! #fj1jjj1jjj m5 & wom5 ( produc+ age are gr[+ m unfit & are pass+ beyond ! age ( s]vice4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! m mature ! "y m5 :o volunte] = s]vice 9 ! army1 ! m valuable _! s]vices w be4 ,!re=e a "r conception ( patriotism %\ld induce all /ud5ts :o _c r5d] "s imm$iate s]vice ( great value to rema9 9 college1 conc5trate _! en]gies on _! college "w1 & ?us be all ! m ready & fit :5 _! s]vices may be ne$$ ei!r = w> or = ! important "w ( recon/ruction & developm5t 9 our own & o!r c\ntries :5 ! w> %all h end$4 ,all s*ools1 ( :atev] grade1 %\ld rema9 op5 ) _! full quota ( (fic]s & tea*]s4 ,! sal>ies ( tea*]s %\ld n be l[]$ 9 ?is "t ( unusual high co/ ( liv+4 ,:5 possible1 sal>ies %\ld be increas$ 9 proportion to ! s]vices r5d]$4 ,s9ce ! p w be tax$ heavily by ! f$]al gov]nm5t = ! paym5t ( ! exp5ses ( ! w>1 tea*]s %\ld be will+ to cont9ue to d _! "w1 & d x z well z !y c1 z a patriotic s]vice1 ev5 if _! sal>ies _c n[ be increas$4 ,all equipm5t necess>y = ! be/ use ( ! "t ( tea*]s & /ud5ts %\ld be provid$1 z %\ld all necess>y increase ( room1 b co/ly build+ %\ld n be und]tak5 n[ :ile ! prices ( build+ mat]ial are excessively high & :ile !re are urg5t & unfill$ dem&s = labor 9 indu/ries p]ta9+ directly & imm$iately to ! national def5se4 ,s*ools %\ld be cont9u$ 9 full effici5cy1 b 9 mo/ in/ances co/ly build+ may well be po/pon$4 ,dur+ s*ool h\rs & out ( s*ool1 on morn+s1 aft]noons1 ,saturdays1 & dur+ vacation all old] *ildr5 & y\? %\ld be enc\rag$ & direct$ to d z mu* useful productive "w z !y c )\t int]f]+ ) _! m important s*ool duties4 ,?is productive "w %\ld be s direct$ z to give x ! highe/ possible value1 bo? economically & educationally4 ,= *ildr5 & y\? 9 s*ools ( all grades !re w be ne$ ( m effective moral tra9+1 & provision %\ld be made = ?is4 ,:ile ! w> = ! safety ( democracy is 9 progress1 & :5 x is ov]1 !re w be great] ne$ = effective ma*9]y = ! promotion ( intellig5t discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( democracy & all t p]ta9s to ! public welf>e ( local communities1 c\nties1 /ates1 & ! nation4 ,to ?is end e s*oolh\se %\ld be made a community c5t] & civic =um ) frequ5t meet+s = ! discussion ( matt]s ( public int]e/ & = social int]c\rse4 ,"o phrase 9 ,commission] ,claxton's lett] is especially significant4 ,x is ,?is productive "w %\ld be s direct$ z to give x ! highe/ possible value1 bo? economically & educationally4 ,9 ?is :ole "q ( *ildr5 & indu/ry 9 w> "t1 we are br\ght face to face ) sev]al facts4 ,! fir/ is t indu/ry1 bo? agricultural & manufactur+1 w dem& ! s]vices ( *ildr54 ,second1 t organizations l /ate & national *ild-labor committees1 :i* h f\ght = ! welf>e & developm5t ( ,am]ican *ildr51 w cont9ue to oppose all attempts to break d[n ! s*ool sy/em ?r\gh relaxation ( ! en=cem5t ( compulsory-education laws1 or to break d[n ! labor laws ei!r by giv+ "y *ildr5 special p]mits to "w or by exempt+ c]ta9 e/abli%m5ts f ! laws limit+ h\rs ( labor4 ,?ird1 t ! *ildr5 !mselves w desire to "w r ?an g to s*ool4 ,! comp>atively high wages :i* w exi/ dur+ a w> em]g5cy w call !m z c no c\rse ( /udy4 ,f\r?1 t families ^: e>n+ memb] or memb]s are (f to w>1 & :o feel 9 addition ! high] co/ ( liv+1 w look ^u _! *ildr5 z be+ a possible add$ s\rce ( income4 ,& fif?1 t s*ool au?orities w ?us /& amid/ half a doz5 fires4 ,"s w back aga9/ ! wall & say3 ,i don't believe 9 clos+ ! s*ools1 ,"u no conditions w ! *ild-labor laws 9 ?is /ate be relax$1 ,! w> hy/]ia makes me en=ce *ild-labor laws m vigor\sly ?an ev]1 ,*ildr5 h pl5ty ( "t to g>d5 aft] s*ool4 ,o!rs w1 "u pressure1 lose _! heads1 & %ut _! eyes to ! fact t *ildr5 are work+ illegally4 ,"s may seek = a reasonable excuse1 & !y c f9d pl5ty ( su* excuses by ref]r+ to ! action 9 ,engl&4 ,/ill o!rs w g on peacefully )\t ?\ght or action "o way or ! o!r4 ,b ! re/1 & x is to be hop$ t _! numb]s are legion1 w try to discov] "s means ( mak+ ?is em]g5cy c\nt 9 an educational way4 ,"h are "s ( ! factors :i* ent] into ! situation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 *ildr5 l to "w1 t is1 outside ( s*ool1 & ^! "w impulses ( y\? ought to be organiz$ to contribute to ! educative process4 ,x is readily en\gh grant$ t !y h n be5 9 ! pa/4 ,9 fact1 ^! "w impulses h be5 exploit$ = private ga94 ,n[1 on acc\nt ( ! w>1 !y are ar\s$ to a high pit*1 & we ought to be able to organize !m 9 connection ) ! new "w opportunities = high] economic effici5cy z well z = high] social effici5cy4 ,9 ! second place1 x is d\btful :e!r we c mu* long] cont9ue ! policy ( increas+ ! regul> att5dance ( y\? at s*ool )\t giv+ "s consid]ation to ! educative value ( labor4 ,! educative process tak5 9 its l>ge/ s5se goes on = tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day4 ,x conc]ns heal?1 "*1 m5tal capacity1 citiz5%ip1 & useful "w4 ,to mo/ p ! educative process m]ely c5t]s ar\nd ! s*oolh\se1 & su* ?9k ( education 9 t]ms ( s*ool+4 ,to !m1 to increase ! numb] ( ye>s t y\? is oblig$ to g to s*ool is to increase ! numb] ( ye>s giv5 ov] directly to ! educative process4 ,b ! *ild goes to s*ool = ab\t five h\rs a day = five days 9 ! week = ab\t ?irty-six weeks 9 ! ye>1 & 9 ?is "t he deals l>gely ) books2 & _m f9d x a reasonable excuse1 because !y are go+ to s*ool & gett+ an education1 to avoid any useful "w4 ,n[ "s k9ds ( "w are :olesome & educative4 ,mo/ f>m "w comes 9 ! class ( useful & pr(itable employm5t4 ,:5 ! h\rs are n too long & ! factories & /ores are sanit>y & ! pay is reasonable1 "w 9 ^! places may be pr(itable to y\?4 ,because ?is is n always ! case is no reason :y we %\ld n attempt to make x s4 ,x w\ld seem t educators n[ occupy a /rategic position f :i* !y may ex]t a trem5d\s influ5ce 9 ! direction ( /&>diz+ ! "w ( juv5iles 9 t]ms ( ! deepe/ social significance1 & a good />t 9 ?is direction may be made 9 meet+ ! w> em]g5cy4 ,! subject is s l>ge & ! previ\s discussion ( x s limit$ t we h n v mu* backgr\nd on :i* to "w1 & x is n advisable at ?is "t to d m ?an m]ely h9t at "s possible proc$ures4 ,fir/1 :y n h ! rural s*ools = *ildr5 up to #ab ye>s ( age op5 e>ly 9 ,septemb] & close ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 & make provision = /opp+ ! s*ool "w ( ! y\nge/ *ildr5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e x is difficult = !m to rea* s*ool8 ,:y n organize classes 9 d&elion digg+1 b]ry pick+1 currant pick+1 & ev51 once 9 a :ile1 we$+1 by hav+ a s]ies ( field & h>ve/+ days "u ! direction ( ! s*ool tea*] ) ! cop]ation ( ! p>5ts8 ,:y n h able-bodi$ boys 9 ^! rural s*ools releas$ f book "w 9 ,april & rema9 out ( s*ool until ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 & !n require !m to att5d s*ool fai?fully = six days a week dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>8 ,:y n h ! boys betwe5 #ad & #af drop out ( s*ool 9 ,june & ,july to pick small fruits & b]ries & to "w 9 vegetable g>d5s8 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 9 regions :]e su* s]vice c be us$1--:i* is n (t51--!y might /ay out 9 ,septemb] to pick fruits & ga!r small crops4 ,( c\rse x is to be expect$ t ! answ] to all ( ^! que/ions w be a mo/ emphatic ,no4 ,yet !y h n be5 set up prim>ily because ! f>m] tells u t he ne$s labor1 b r because x is felt t boys ne$ labor2 t is1 useful labor4 ,second1 :y n devise 9 cities a s*eme ( "p-"t education = y\?s betwe5 #ad & #ah ye>s ( age :o w be ne$$ 9 ! w> em]g5cy 9 factories & /ores1 z well z = y\?s :o ne$ useful labor z a "p ( ! educative process8 ,if ! w> falls heavily ^u u 9 ,am]ica1 we %all f9d t ^! *ildr5 w g anyway4 ,we %all f9d t ! male tea*]s :o tea* !m w be draft$4 ,we may ev5 f9d--al?\gh x is hop$ n--t ! s*ool build+s w be tak5 ov] = milit>y purposes4 ,b ,i am n ?9k+ p>ticul>ly ( w> ne$s4 ,i am ?9k+ ( *ild ne$s4 ,engl& proposes to re9troduce into ! s*ool sy/em *ildr5 :o are n[ abnormally employ$ 9 ! w>4 ,x fur!r proposes to develop out ( its w> exp]i5ce1 on a l>ge scale1 ! "p-"t & cont9uation-s*ool idea4 ,x is report$ t 9 ,france a "p-"t & cont9uation-s*ool bill w be introduc$ 9 #aiah4 ,n[ :y n take hold ( ?is :ole matt] ( juv5ile employm5t 9 a con/ructive way8 ,z long z w> is ^u u we h bett] opportunity ?an ev] ( pass+ ?r\gh ! legislature "p-"t & cont9uation-s*ool measures4 ,we h at ! same "t1 out ( all ! exp]i5ce ( ,engl&1 e opportunity to =mulate laws = ! employm5t ( juv5iles 9 a way :i* w n break d[n ! educative process1 b w r build x up2 & above ev]y?+ else we ought to en=ce /rictly all *ild-labor & compulsory-education laws :i* we h on ! /atute books4 ,we may modify !m1 if we w1 to meet w> em]g5cies1 if x appe>s absolutely necess>y1 b bett] ?an t1 we may recon/ruct !m 9 ! int]e/s ( ! educative value ( labor :5 comb9$ ) prop] rules & regulations relative to ! employm5t ( *ildr54 ,fur!rmore1 :y n f9d "s way ( br++ agriculture into ! educative process ( ! city boy8 ,w\ld x n be a good idea to e/abli% c\ntry bran*es = city s*ools1 provid+ = ! old] boys a w9t] c\rse ( /udy 9 ! sci5ce ( agriculture1 toge!r ) ! ord9>y academic bran*es ( second>y-s*ool education1 foll[$ 9 ! spr+ by practice 9 an agricultural tra9+ camp8 ,lat] on 9 ! season !y w\ld g out to "w individually or 9 gr\ps = f>m]s4 7,see *apt] on ,f>m ,cadets47 ,! old] ( ^! boys w\ld make admirable assi/ant tea*]s & sup]visors = ! y\ng] gr\p ( #ad-ye>-old to #ae-ye>-old boys :o w\ld be s5t to ^! camps aft] s*ools _h clos$4 ,we _c mu* long] avoid ! "q ( br++ agriculture to ! city boy or1 r1 tak+ ! city boy to agriculture2 & ! pa/ summ]'s exp]i5ce ) city boys work+ on f>ms br\ght =cibly to our att5tion ! advantages ( a clos] relation%ip betwe5 city *ildr5 & c\ntry life4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! modification 9 #aiag ( ! s*ool-att5dance law ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,?ree sections ( ! act by :i* ^! modifications 7 made are quot$ 9 full1 z !y repres5t legislative action z well z discretion>y p[]s ( ! /ate educational (ficial4 ,,section #a4 ,! provisions ( ,art4 ,,xxiii ( ! education law1 relative to ! compulsory education ( *ildr51 may1 9 ! discretion ( ! ,commission] ( ,education1 be susp5d$ = ! p]iod betwe5 ! fir/ day ( ,april & ! fir/ day ( ,novemb] ( ea* ye>1 or any portion !re(1 dur+ ! "t t ?is act %all rema9 9 effect1 = ! purpose ( aid+ & p]=m+ labor 9 ! cultivation1 production1 & c>e ( food products ^u f>ms & g>d5s )9 ! /ate4 ,su* susp5sion %all be subject to su* conditions1 re/rictions1 & limitations z may be impos$ by ! ,commission] ( ,education1 & %all be subject to rules & regulations to be prescrib$ by him4 ,9 case ( su* susp5sion1 provision %all be made = ! welf>e & protection ( ! *ildr5 affect$ !reby1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( su* susp5sion & :ile engag$ 9 su* "w1 !y %all be "u ! sup]vision & direction ( ! s*ool au?orities ( ! city or di/rict 9 :i* !y reside4444 ,,section #d4 ,a pupil 9 ! public s*ools or 9 any /ate s*ool or in/itution :o is reliev$ f s*ool "w & is engag$ satisfactorily 9 agricultural s]vice dur+ ! pres5t s*ool ye> %all be giv5 cr$it = ! "w ( ! pres5t t]m )\t exam9ation1 on ! c]tificate ( ! p]son 9 *>ge ( su* s*ool or in/itution t 8 "w !re9 up to ! "t ( engag+ 9 su* s]vice is satisfactory4 ,a pupil 9 su* s*ool or in/itution :o engages 9 su* s]vice dur+ ! pres5t s*ool ye> %all n incur any loss ( /&+ or cr$it on acc\nt ( su* s]vice4 ,all pupils 9 public s*ools :o are c&idates = college-entrance diplomas or o!r cr$5tials to be issu$ to !m at ! close ( ! pres5t s*ool ye> %all be grant$ su* diplomas or cr$5tials on ! c]tificate ( ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool t _! "w up to ! "t ( engag+ 9 su* s]vice is satisfactory4 ,! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity %all make rules = ! purpose ( giv+ cr$it to pupils 9 ! public s*ools :o h be5 9 att5dance at s*ool dur+ ! pres5t s*ool ye> & :o h left ! s*ools = ! purpose ( r5d]+ agricultural or indu/rial s]vice4 ,,section #e4 ,! ,commission] ( ,education %all cause appropriate c]tificates or badges to be prep>$ & issu$ to pupils 9 ! s*ools ( ! /ate :o %all p]=m satisfactory agricultural or indu/rial s]vice "u rules & regulations ( ! ,commission] ( ,education4 ,x w be not$ t ! compulsory-att5dance law 0 susp5d$ only betwe5 c]ta9 p]iods & at ! discretion ( ! ,commission] ( ,education1 & = ! sole purpose ( p]mitt+ *ildr5 to labor 9 ! cultivation1 production1 & c>e ( food products ^u f>ms & g>d5s )9 ! /ate4 ,?is bill did n au?orize ! employm5t ( girls 9 g5]al dome/ic s]vice4 ,no provision ( ! labor law 0 repeal$1 susp5d$1 or modifi$1 & ! provisions ( ! labor law relat+ to ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 cann]ies or 9 any factory or m]cantile e/abli%m5t /ill rema9 9 =ce4 ,x is true t a bill susp5d+ tempor>ily 9 :ole or 9 "p1 at ! discretion ( ! ,indu/rial ,commission1 provisions ( ! labor law 9 relation to any employm5t 9 ! /ate pass$ ! two legislative bodies1 b ?is 0 wisely veto$ by ,gov]nor ,:itman4 ,x w be fur!r notic$ t ! *ildr5 ?us employ$ )9 ! dates m5tion$ are to be "u ! sup]vision & direction ( ! s*ool au?orities 9 ! city or di/rict 9 :i* su* *ildr5 reside4 ,! ,commission] ( ,education !reupon issu$ c]ta9 regulations relat+ to *ildr5 :o might be employ$ )9 ! compulsory s*ool ages4 ,a brief summ>y foll[s3 ,boys only1 #ae ye>s ( age & above1 resid+ 9 cities4 ,boys only1 #ad ye>s ( age & above1 resid+ else:]e ?an 9 a city4 ,girls1 #ad ye>s ( age1 & above1 resid+ outside ( cities1 may "w at home 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* su* girls reside1 or at a place suffici5tly ne> su* girls' homes z to af=d sup]vision by _! p>5ts4 ,no *ild %all be employ$ or p]mitt$ to "w on f>ms & g>d5s until su* *ild %all obta9 a f>m-g>d5 p]mit4 ,no *ild %all receive a f>m-g>d5 p]mit :o does n pres5t to ! issu+ (fic] ! writt5 cons5t ( 8 p>5t or gu>dian & :o is n f\nd to be physically compet5t to p]=m ! labor propos$4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,our ,colleges & ,te*nical ,in/itutes ref]5ce 0 made to resolutions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts & to ! fact t ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t =mulat$ a plan = enli/+ & plac+ high-s*ool boys on ! f>ms1 = direct+ & sup]vis+ ! "w ( su* boys1 & = ! adju/m5t ( s*ool cr$its4 ,) ?is resolution 9 m9d ! ,commission] ( ,education s5t out1 on ,april #af1 ! foll[+ lett] to all s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & s*ool pr9cipals ( ! /ate4 ,to meet ! pres5t national em]g5cy1 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t1 aft] c>eful consid]ation1 issues ! foll[+ regulations conc]n+ matt]s t vitally affect ! int]e/s ( ! pupils ( ! second>y s*ools ( ! /ate4 #a4 ,! ,june ,reg5ts' exam9ations w be giv5 z previ\sly ann\nc$ = all pupils :o rema9 regul>ly 9 s*ool & also = pupils :o may enli/ = s]vice & :o wi% to take ! exam9ations & are situat$ s t !y c d s4 ,= ! latt] class ! "t requirem5t w be waiv$4 #b4 ,ann\ncem5t is made to all ! s*ools ( ! /ate t any pupil :o enli/s = milit>y s]vice or :o enli/s = & r5d]s satisfactory agricultural or indu/rial s]vice w be cr$it$ ) ! "w ( ! pres5t t]m )\t exam9ation on ! c]tificate ( ! s*ool t 8 "w up to ! "t ( enli/m5t is satisfactory4 #c4 ,c&idates = college-entrance diplomas :o are 9 ! graduat+ class ( #aiag w be grant$ ! diploma on c]tificate ( ! pr9cipal t _! "w up to ! "t ( enli/m5t is satisfactory4 ,! av]age /&+ w be comput$ on ! basis ( ! exam9ations already pass$4 #d4 ,appropriate c]tificates w be prep>$ to be issu$ to ^? pupils 9 ! s*ools :o %all enli/ = agricultural or indu/rial s]vice & :o %all pres5t satisfactory evid5ce ( su* s]vice4 #e4 ,t all o!r que/ions reg>d+ conditions affect+ ! #aiah high-s*ool class be held 9 abeyance to await developm5ts4 ,x is believ$ t pr9cipals1 tea*]s1 & pupils 9 all second>y s*ools ( ! /ate w appreciate ! vital importance ( prompt action 9 ! pres5t crisis & t ea* w e/eem x a privilege to d 8 bit = ! common good4 ,z soon z ! s*oolboys ( ! /ate knew ( ?is lett]1 !y all seem$ to he> v sudd5ly ( jobs on f>ms1 b "s1 r un=tunately1 fail$ to cont9ue to he> ?is call :5 ! end ( ! s*ool ye> came & !y c\ld no long] receive s*ool cr$it = "w on ! f>m because1 ( c\rse1 s*ool _h clos$4 ,x be+ likely t !re w\ld be ! same g5]al t5d5cy = ! boys to discov] "w on f>ms ab\t ! fir/ ( ,septemb] :5 ! s*ools op51 x 0 ?\ght well to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( release ( boys = f>m "w 9 ! fall4 ,( c\rse a great _m boys 7 out ( s*ool dur+ ,may & ,june & cont9u$ to "w all summ] on individual f>ms or 9 camps ) o!r boys1 b slack]s want$ to /op z soon z !y receiv$ _! s*ool cr$it1 & ! same slack]s might be j z slack 9 return+ to s*ool1 h5ce ! foll[+ lett] issu$ by ! ,commission] ( ,education on ,augu/ #aa1 #aiag3 ,to ,sup]9t5d5ts1 ,pr9cipals1 & ,bo>ds ( ,education3 ,9 answ] to _m inquiries z to releas+ boys = f>m s]vice ?is fall1 & 9 response to ! appeal ( ! ,food ,supply ,commission1 :i* /ates ! imp]ative ne$ ( su* labor z ! y\? ( ?is /ate c give 9 h>ve/+ ! crops1 ,i w\ld urge ! educational au?orities ( ! /ate 9 ^? sections :]e ! ne$ exi/s to make all possible provision = ! special tuition ( ^? pupils :o may1 "u ! labor laws ( ! /ate & ! compulsory-education laws1 legally engage 9 su* s]vice4 ,su* special in/ruction1 ei!r aft] h\rs or 9 holiday p]iods1 may be ! special patriotic contribution ( "s tea*]s to meet ! ne$ :i* seems at pres5t to dem& :atev] cop]ation ! s*ool au?orities c give4 ,?is w be mo/ easily arrang$ by limit+ ! enli/m5ts1 z f> z possible1 to ! upp] classes1 & by arrang+ = "w 9 relays1 s t ! p]iod ( abs5ces may n be unnecess>ily long4 ,we ought n to remit 9 ! slighte/ our educational requirem5ts & discipl9es1 nor take *ildr5 or y\? out ( ! educational processes1 b we ought to d all t we c1 on ! o!r h&1 to make x possible = ! boys ( prop] age & /r5g? to p]=m ?is s]vice :5 x is ( real public necessity4 ,! dep>tm5t1 wi%+ to cop]ate to ?is end1 makes ! foll[+ det]m9ation1 effective until ,novemb] #a1 #aiag3 ,! "t ( /udy requirem5ts = admission to ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations1 9 ,janu>y & ,june1 #aiah1 may be waiv$ 9 ! case ( any pupil :o pres5ts evid5ce t a4 ,he 0 regul>ly regi/]$ 9 s*ool at or ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! t]m 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag4 7,boys already at "w at a di/ance f ! s*ool may1 ) ! p]mission ( ! local pr9cipal1 regi/] by mail47 b4 ,he 0 releas$ by ! pr9cipal f s*ool = agricultural s]vice4 c4 ,he 0 actually & satisfactorily engag$ 9 ne$$ agricultural s]vice :ile abs5t f s*ool4 ,?is privilege %\ld be int]pret$ cons]vatively4 ,s*ool au?orities %\ld excuse pupils f ?is s]vice only :]e ! ne$ is urg5t & :]e x is possible to ma9ta9 su* sup]vision t c]tificate ( ! facts c be made f c]ta9 k4 ,dur+ ! summ] & fall ( #aiag1 s*oolboys f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia respond$ to ! nation's call = increas$ food production4 ,o!r seasons ( sc>city ( labor1 ) ! %ortage ( f>m & g>d5 products & resultant high prices1 are d\btless be=e u4 ,inde$1 we are told t = five ye>s at lea/ we are to cont9ue to feel ! /ress ( labor %ortage due to w> & o!r conditions4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve1 ?r\gh /ate c\ncils ( def5se & /ate & national dep>tm5ts ( labor & agriculture1 w cont9ue to issue proclamations call+ ^u y\? to s]ve ! nation4 ,legislatures w pass or am5d laws p]mitt+ abs5ces f s*ool = indu/rial & f>m s]vice4 ,/ate educational (ficials w issue edicts int]pret+ legislative action4 ,s*ools w devise me?ods ( giv+ s*ool cr$it = useful s]vice4 ,boys w aga9 leave s*ool to e>n & s]ve4 ,p>5ts w cont9ue to speak ) pride ( ! e>n+ ( _! lads or compla9 ab\t _! treatm5t4 ,f>m]s w recall _! fir/ exp]i5ces ) city boys4 ,ev]y?+ w c5t] ab\t products1 laws1 rules1 s*ool cr$its1 & doll>s4 ,few ( u w ?9k ( ! deep] significance ( :at is beh9d4 ,we %all h>dly realize t ! law-mak]s h ?\ght only ( a possible increase ( acreage "u cultivation1 or increas$ production 9 factories2 t ! f>m]s & ! manufactur]s _h visions m]ely ( good labor at a l[ figure2 t ! p>5ts saw only an opportunity = a *ange = ! boy2 t ! boy _h 9 m9d only a sp5d+ acc\nt & release f s*ool4 ,we %all =get our unsci5tific exp]im5ts1 ! light h&l+ & selfi% exploitation we h giv5 to t wond]ful possession ( y\?--! "w impulses4 ,& ! "q we %\ld ask ourselves is1 ,:at educational ju/ification h we = ?is s]vice :i* ! boys h r5d]$8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,organiz$ ,,boy ,,p[] ,,vs4 ,,milit>y ,,drill ,! w> has already br\ght ab\t dra/ic economic *anges 9 ,europe4 ,! recall ( m5 f ! tr5*es to p]=m a m useful pr(essional & indu/rial s]vice beh9d ! l9es has demon/rat$ ! importance ( ! support+ civilian army4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( ! individual1 no?+ c equal ! supreme sacrifice ( a life4 ,:at good1 wail$ a ,yiddi% woman on ! ,ea/ ,side ( ,new ,york ,city1 is a free c\ntry to me if my ,abie is kill$8 ,b 9 ! judgm5t ( ! nation ! g>m5t work]1 ,abie1 :o is draft$ into s]vice 9 ! army is ( no great] value ?an 8 fri5d ! skill$ ma*9i/ :o is all[$ to rema9 9 8 pres5t occupation4 ,! milit>y exemptions ( m5 9 ,european armies1 ! adoption ( ! selective draft 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ackn[l$gm5ts ( ! equality ( ! milit>y & ! civilian occupations indisp5sable to milit>y activity4 ,to include 9 our educational law su* a recognition1 adopt+ a measure p]mitt+ ! sub/itution ( types ( vocational tra9+ = milit>y tra9+1 is b to foll[ ! lead ( ! national gov]nm5t 9 decl>+ su* exemptions a milit>y necessity4 ,new ,york ,/ate has made a beg9n+ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 #aiaf ! legislature enact$ ! s-call$ ,wel%-,slat] bills1 mak+ milit>y & physical tra9+ compulsory 9 ! second>y s*ools ( ! /ate = boys above #af & "u #ai ye>s ( age4 ,su* milit>y tra9+ is to aggregate n m ?an ?ree h\rs ea* week betwe5 ,septemb] fir/ ( ea* ye> & ,june fifte5? ( ! next4 ,! law fur!r provides1 )9 ! limits ( appropriation1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( milit>y camps ) att5dance ( f two to f\r weeks4 ,:ile ! op]ation ( ^! camps &1 inde$1 ! introduction ( milit>y drill1 h be5 imp]fectly c>ri$ out1 ow+ to ! lack ( suitable /ate appropriation to c>ry on ! "w on ! necess>y & l>ge scale = a work+-boy & s*oolboy population ( #bdj1jjj1 x is ! int5tion ( ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission to insi/ on ! requirem5ts ( ! law4 ,! law z pass$ 9 #aiaf conta9$ a significant clause relative to ! excus+ ( boys exempt$ by ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission4 ,x 0 felt by ! critics ( ! bill t1 al?\gh ! law requir+ milit>y & physical tra9+ 0 a movem5t 9 ! "r direction1 x left mu* to be desir$4 ,! ambigu\s ^w exemptions is "o subject to f9e di/9ctions4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 felt t ! law 0 ess5tially "o ( discrim9ation4 ,! s*oolboy ( #af to #ai 0 9 an exclusive milit>y class1 set ap>t1 9 8 capacity to be tra9$ = national s]vice1 f ! employ$ boy ( ! same ye>s4 ,x is n easy to ju/ify ! selection ( ! high-s*ool pupils ( ! /ate z ! only "y p :o %all be ! recipi5ts ( milit>y tra9+4 ,! report ( ! ,new ,j]sey commission appo9t$ to /udy milit>y tra9+ 9 its relation to high s*ools cov]s ?is po9t admirably4 ,! duty ( ! common def5se is "o :i* belongs prop]ly to all :o are physically capable1 & none %\ld be depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( qualify+ himself1 if su* opportunity is (f]$ to any1 to p]=m ?is duty effectively4 ,x _c be claim$ t ! boys ( ! high s*ools are exceptional1 & t !y are ! only ones :o c receive ?is in/ruction pr(itably4 ,if !re is any advantage 9 x1 all boys equal 9 age & physique to high-s*ool boys c receive x ) equal probability ( pr(it4 ,if x is claim$ t ! reason = provid+ ?is in/ruction = ! high s*ools is t ! pupils c be/ af=d ! "t = x1 x mu/ be answ]$ t v _m ( ^! d]ive an income f labor out ( s*ool h\rs :i* enables !m to att5d s*ool4 ,^! are z wor?y ( exemption f milit>y in/ruction z ^? :o leave s*ool because !y lack ! ambition to cont9ue _! education1 or because !y are compell$ to d s by circum/ances4 ,:e!r ?is in/ruction is compulsory or optional ) pupils ( ! high s*ools1 if requir$ or (f]$ at all1 x %\ld apply to all boys1 out ( s*ool z well z 9 s*ool1 ( prescrib$ ages & /r5g?4 ,milit>y tra9+ & s]vice1 if !y are necess>y1 are obligations ( citiz5%ip1 n ( education alone4 ,x is difficult to contemplate ) satisfaction or ev5 complac5cy ! social cleavage :i* is b\nd to result f a sy/em ( milit>y in/ruction :i* is appli$ to high-s*ool pupils & n to o!r boys4 ,to assign or res]ve ! privilege1 or duty1 or obligation1 h[ev] x is reg>d$1 ( prep>+ to fight = ! c\ntry to ! bett]-educat$ class is j z repugnant to democratic ideals z 0 ! practice 9 days long gone by ( leav+ x to ! nobility4 ,to select high-s*ool pupils = ?is tra9+ is op5 to ! same objection z w\ld be a plan ( select+ adults = actual milit>y s]vice solely on ! basis ( _! occupations or pr(essions--a plan :i* w\ld receive no consid]ation4 ,milit>y au?orities admit t ! fundam5tal aim ( e =m ( milit>y tra9+ mu/ be to cultivate physical heal? & /r5g?4 ,z ,dr4 ,george ,fi%]1 secret>y ( ! ,physical ,dep>tm5t1 ,int]national ,committee1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 & a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission1 puts x1 ,9 ! tra9+ camps 9 ,engl& x takes a full ye> to get ! m5 9 condition aft] !y enli/4 ,engl&'s exp]i5ce 9 ?is w> indicates t ! big problem is n prim>ily ! tra9+ ( ! m5 on milit>y tactics or drill1 b condition+ ! m54 ,!re=e ! lesson to u %\ld be to discov] :at me?ods c be/ be us$ to put & keep m5 9 good physical condition4 ,if any evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( ?is op9ion 7 ne$$1 x is necess>y only to consult ! records ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( applicants = enli/m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army1 furni%$ by ! sev]al recruit+ di/ricts1 toge!r ) ! numb] accept$ or reject$ 9 said di/ricts1 fiscal ye>s end+ ,june #cj1 #aiaa to ,june #cj1 #aiae3 ,,accept$ ,,reject$ ,,total -------------------------------------- ,,numb] ,,( ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,,applicants ,numb] ( total ,numb] ( total applicants applicants ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total = five ye>s #gdg1gjd #aeg1jdc #ba #eij1ffa #gi ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t all citiz5s may be prop]ly tra9$ & prep>$ to p]=m effectively all _! duties1 no matt] :at !y may be1 we recomm5d & /rongly urge t ! necess>y /eps be tak5 to provide = all ! s*ools ( ! /ate a complete & ?or\gh sy/em ( physical tra9+4 ,?is sy/em %\ld be compulsory = all pupils1 & %\ld include c>efully select$ ex]cises adapt$ to ! diff]5t ages ( pupils1 & design$ to protect _! heal?1 /imulate bodily functions1 & promote physical /r5g?4 ,x %\ld apply to all girls z well z boys4 ,x %\ld aim to prev5t bodily abnormalities or de=mities1 or to correct !m if !y are f\nd to exi/4 ,x %\ld include p]sonal & community sanitation1 fir/ aid 9 em]g5cies1 b&ag+1 & all =ms ( in/ruction 9 p]sonal safety4 ,x %\ld enc\rage outdoor activities4 ,x %\ld provide abundant games = all pupils 9 :i* gr\p activities are prom95t1 & 9 :i* appeal may be made to ! _s ( competition4 ,x may include ^? features ( milit>y drill :i* prop]ly s]ve ! purposes ( physical tra9+1 b :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z subord9ate to ^! purposes4 ,x may ev5 include practice ) ! m9iature or ! s]vice rifle1 if su* practice is reg>d$ z necess>y to develop /ead9ess ( n]ve1 bodily control1 & accuracy ( sight4 ,9 ! case ( su* ex]cises ! educational error does n lie 9 _! use1 b 9 ! exagg]at$ milit>y purpose :i* !y are made to s]ve4 ,all ! features & ex]cises ( ! ?or\gh c\rse ( physical tra9+ :i* we recomm5d %\ld be intimately connect$ & int]relat$1 on ! "o h& ) ! moral or "*-=m+ in/ruction ( ! s*ools & on ! o!r ) ! complete provisions = m$ical inspection :i* h already be5 made compulsory by law4 ,n[ boy s]vice %\ld be democratic4 ,! exemptions1 :atev] !y are1 mu/ be made on a basis ( ! equality ( ! s*oolboy & ! boy engag$ 9 wage-e>n+4 ,a boy %\ld n be excus$ f 8 rightful prep>$ness tra9+ because he happ5s to be employ$ z a bell boy 9 a metropolitan hotel4 ,su* "w is n indu/rially productive1 nor c\ld any devis$ sy/em ( milit>y equival5ts make x a sub/itution = p]sonal contribution to national prep>$ness4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiag ! legislature am5d$ ! law to include all boys--a draft+ ( ! boy p[] ( ! /ate 9 mu* ! same way t ! ,european nations 9 conflict make provisions = ! full utilization ( man p[]4 ,an additional am5dm5t1 z /at$ 9 *apt] #di1 ,laws ( #aiag1 reads3 ,su* requirem5t z to milit>y tra9+ may1 9 ! discretion ( ! commission1 be met 9 "p by su* vocational tra9+ or vocational exp]i5ce z w1 9 ! op9ion ( ! commission1 specifically prep>e boys ( ! ages nam$ = s]vice useful to ! /ate1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( def5se1 9 ! promotion ( public safety1 9 ! cons]vation & developm5t ( ! /ate's res\rces1 or 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( public improvem5t4 ,! commission 0 giv5 p[] to e/abli% a bureau ( vocational tra9+4 ,?is1 ?r\gh c>eful inspection ( ! "w ( boys ( ! ages nam$ 9 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & agricultural pursuits1 w det]m9e ! types ( vocational tra9+ or vocational exp]i5ce :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! commission1 specifically prep>e boys = s]vice useful to ! /ate4 ,su* a bureau w\ld1 "u normal conditions1 appo9t a few inspectors & inve/igators to /udy conditions 9 ord] t c>efully laid plans might be made = c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ! am5dm5t4 ,b w> em]g5cy 9 ! matt] ( food supply gave ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission an opportunity to organize at %ort notice "o bran* ( milit>y-equival5t s]vice1 t is1 ! f>m-cadet unit1 & x ext5d$ an (f] ( assi/ance to ! ,food ,supply ,commission to organize f>m-cadet bureaus 9 ea* ( ! six milit>y zones ( ! /ate4 ,?r\gh ^! ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission has be5 useful 9 plac+ boys ^u f>ms1 & 9 foll[+ up su* f>m s]vice ) a view n only to det]m9+ its m]it z an equival5t or p>tial equival5t = milit>y s]vice b also 7) ! cop]ation ( *ur* & bus9ess organizations1 ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 & ! ,boy ,sc\ts7 to giv+ ! task :i* ^! boys h be5 do+ on ! f>ms its prop] place 9 relation to ! physical1 m5tal1 & social ideals :i* lie outside ! h>d & (t5 unfamili> r\nd ( field "w4 ,important z ?is f>m-cadet s]vice has be5 9 ! matt] ( look+ t[>d increas$ production1 a m significant "w to be develop$ by ! ,bureau ( ,vocational ,tra9+ is t ( int]pret+ ! _s & purpose ( ! am5dm5t already ref]r$ to1 :i* /ates t provisions = ! milit>y-tra9+ requirem5t may be met 9 "p by c]ta9 types ( vocational tra9+ or vocational exp]i5ce4 ,! :ole program ( physical1 milit>y1 & vocational tra9+ is mo/ significant1 :olesome1 & f>-rea*+4 ,x is a program ( univ]sal tra9+ :i* w be s]viceable = w> & peace alike--a program :i* w require e boy to prep>e himself to (f] "s s]vice 9 case ( ne$1 & :i* /amps t s]vice z equally patriotic ) ! n>r[] milit>y s]vice 9 :i* mo/ ( ! _w's supreme valors h be5 record$4 ,z ,john ,f9ley1 ,commission] ( ,education 9 ,new ,york ,/ate & "o ( ! memb]s ( its ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission1 puts x3 ,9 ?is am5d$ law we h a program provid+1 on ! "o h&1 = ! def5sive tra9+ ( ! soldi] &1 on ! o!r h&1 = ! effective mobilization ( ! res\rces ( ! nation 9 tra9+ boys = vocations--:i* tra9+ ( itself exalts & id5tifies z patriotic s]vice all ! effective activities ( our ev]yday life4 ,x is a con/ructive provision = :at w\ld h to be done o!rwise 9 "t ( ne$ ?r\gh exemptions4 ,engl& has _h to rea* su* a program ?r\gh an exempt+ provision 9 h] plan ( cop]ative s]vice4 ,france has _h to come to x by tak+ m5 f ! front = s]vice beh9d ! l9es4 ,g]many is f9d+ x necess>y1 9 ! mid/ ( w>1 to organize h] entire man p[]4 ,x is mo/ important t ?is vocational tra9+ or exp]i5ce %\ld be consci\s s]vice4 ,! boy :o (f]s x mu/ cle>ly und]/& :y x is accept$ 9 "p = ! requir$ milit>y drill4 ,to fail to in=m him is to take f 8 milit>y equival5t ! educational value giv5 x by ! law4 ,dr4 ,f9ley1 9 8 inimitable way1 expresses ?is consci\s s]vice z x might apply to an adult loyal citiz5%ip3 ,i make ?is idea graphic to myself by ?9k+ t e man has an imag9>y uni=m 7z e ,g]man soldi] & ,fr5* soldi] _h 9 wait+ 8 gre5-gray or 8 blue & r$ uni=m71 an imag9>y uni=m ( 8 own measurem5ts always 9 read9ess 9 home or %op or (fice or 9 "s public lock]1 t he may don at call ( 8 community1 /ate1 or nation1 or p]haps at _w ne$1 :5 "u compulsion he goes to vote1 to pay 8 taxes1 to fight aga9/ di%one/y1 ineffici5cy1 or wa/e1 to in=m himself ^u public que/ions1 or ^u 8 public duties1 j z "o /udies tactics 9 ord] to help 9 8 c\ntry's def5se1 or goes to s*ool z an ali5 to le>n ! language & in/itutions ( a new l&1 or jo9s 8 neighbors 9 promot+ ! heal? ( 8 community1 9 cons]v+ res\rces1 9 secur+ means ( heal?ful recreation = *ildr5 & y\?1 9 improv+ ! highways--:51 9 %ort1 he p]=ms any "o ( a hundr$ (fices t are requir$ ( him z an effici5t unit 9 an organiz$ society4 ,^? :o oppose milit>y tra9+ 9 ! s*ools w be less critical ( its requirem5ts :5 !y are op5 to ! broad] int]pretation sugge/$ 9 ! am5dm5t ( #aiag4 ,^? to :om ! ?\ght ( tra9+ ! "y 9 ! c>ry+ ( arms is repugnant may "h see ! educative value ( univ]sal s]vice4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ,g]many discov]$ t ! relation ( indu/rial to milit>y s]vice is #b4g p] c5t2 t is1 to keep "o man 9 ! field1 ne>ly ?ree m5 mu/ "w 9 ^? occupations1 indu/rial & agricultural1 :i* support ! nation at w>4#e ,x is ! "w ( ! ,new ,york ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission to select z a p>tial milit>y equival5t su* vocational tra9+ or vocational exp]i5ce z w1 9 ! pres5t or 9 ! future1 s]ve ! nation4 ,:at %all ! nature ( ?is "w be8 ,! decision is to be left to ! /ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission4 ,x is easy to we$ out ^? occupations :i* h no national productive or def5sive value1 b !re w be difficulty 9 select+ ^? vocations :i* may or may n be milit>y equival5ts1 :i* "u w> conditions may belong to ! "w ( an indu/rial or agricultural army1 :5 9 peace !y seem entirely sep>ate f national s]vice4 ,su* an occupation is t ( a junior telegraph op]ator1 :i* is n ( a productive nature1 & yet a v necess>y factor 9 w> equipm5t4 ,! case ( a pr9t]'s appr5tice is less equivocal4 ,only 9 r>e cases c\ld 8 "w be accept$ z a p>tial sub/itute = ! requir$ s]vice4 #e ,au?orities diff] widely2 "s ev5 /ate t ! ratio is n[ z high z "o to eight4 ,! problem is n to sep>ate ! useful f ! useless occupations1 b to discrim9ate betwe5 ^? :i* may be call$ ^u to s]ve ! /ate & ^? :i* h value only to ! individual4 ,all ! productive & useful occupations are n socializ$2 & 9 select+ ^? :i* are p>tial equival5ts = ! requir$ milit>y drill1 we h to make a di/9ction :i* has n be5 hi!rto consid]$ 9 economic classification ( occupations4 ,to ,rusk9's g5]ation 8 sugge/ion t ,ox=d & ,cambridge und]graduates %\ld s]ve %ort p]iods z build]s ( roads = ! empire seem$ little %ort ( fanta/ic4 ,& yet ! turn ( "t may ev5 br+ ab\t ! confirmation ( ?is anomaly4 ,!re is a p>allel betwe5 ! economic sub/itution = milit>y drill & :at ,william ,james 9 an a/oni%+ly p]t95t essay writt5 9 #aiaj calls ! ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>4 ,if !re 71 in/ead ( milit>y conscription1 a conscription ( ! :ole y\?ful population to =m = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s a "p ( ! army enli/$ aga9/ ,nature1444! milit>y ideals ( h>dihood & discipl9e w\ld be wr\ght into ! gr[+ fib] ( ! p4444 ,to coal & iron m9es1 to freight tra9s1 to fi%+ fleets 9 ,decemb]1 to di%wa%+1 clo!s-wa%+ & w9d[-wa%+1 to road-build+ & tunnel-mak+1 to f\ndries & /okeholes1 & to ! frames ( skyscrap]s1 w\ld our gild$ y\?s be draft$ (f1 accord+ to _! *oice1 to get ! *ildi%ness knock$ out ( !m1 & to come back into society ) heal?i] sympa?ies & sob]] ideas4444 ,su* a conscription1 ) ! /ate ( public op9ion t w\ld h requir$ x1 & ! _m moral fruits x w\ld be>1 w\ld pres]ve 9 ! mid/ ( a pacific civilization ! manly virtues :i* ! milit>y p>ty is s afraid ( see+ disappe> 9 peace4 ,illu/ration3 ,a f>m camp is n m]ely a recreational camp1 al?\gh x may re-create ! city y\? 9 t]ms ( c\ntry life4 ,a gr\p ( ,long ,isl& ,food ,res]ve ,battalion boys ) ! work+ impulse /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,ev5 hoe+ requires special tra9+ & 0 "o activity 9 ! pre-vocational c\rse 9 agriculture giv5 at ! conc5tration & tra9+ camp = ,junior ,volunte]s ( ,ma9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,in/ruction 9 me*anics1 electricity1 friction1 heat1 horsep[]1 etc4 n[adays c5t]s ab\t an automobile4 ,?is "w at ,w5twor? ,in/itute 7,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts7 has a milit>y-equival5t value4 ,illu/ration3 ,to le>n a trade 9 an ess5tial indu/ry is to enli/ 9 national prep>$ness4 ,a corn] ( a ,buffalo 7,new ,york7 vocational s*ool1 tea*+ plumb+ & /eam fitt+4 ,lib]ty ,hyde ,bailey1 au?or & f>m]1 =m]ly director ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 9 a *apt] ( a rec5t book on ,univ]sal ,s]vice expresses 9 concrete t]ms a simil> ?\ght f ! angle ( ! op5 c\ntry4 ,n ( all p]sons w be requir$ ! same duty4 ,:at "o is1 t %all "o give4 ,society w le>n ( e man & woman :at ^! gifts may be4 ,"s day x w be expect$ t e able p]son w report himself1 at det]m9$ occasions1 = def9ite s]vice1 )\t pay1 9 "o or m ( ! foll[+ privileges1 & o!r privileges1 "u ord]ly managem5t & recogniz$ public au?ority3 #a4 ,to clean up ! e>? & to keep x sweet1--/reets1 roads1 pa?s1 byways1 vacant lots1 /ream banks1 woods1 fields1 & all op51 or public1 prop]ties & public works4 ,! clean-up days n[ becom+ popul> are ! beg9n+s4 ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t ! "w ( /reet-clean+ dep>tm5ts & ! l is to be tak5 ov] or int]f]$ )2 b !re are times = special h\se clean+4 ,if e p]son felt x devolv+ on him to help 9 keep+ ! e>? dec5t1 he w\ld be likely to ex]cise a prop] re/ra9t 9 bef\l+ x2 & z *>ity beg9s at home1 s %\ld 8 re/ra9t beg9 on 8 own premises1 ev5 ext5d+ to ! p>ts out ( sight ( ! public4 #b4 ,to take "p 9 ! con/ruction ( halls & premises = community activities4 #c4 ,to aid 9 ! mak+ ( beautiful & public places accessible & to protect !m4 ,e community ) a rural environm5t1 & practically e small city1 has a ne>-by area t c\ld be res]v$ & op5$ by cop]ative action ( ! p1--days set aside :5 pa?s %\ld be made1 bridges built1 retreats discov]$1 trees & /reams put 9 %ape1 insects de/roy$4 ,su* res]vations are n really public until ! p volunte] to help 9 !m4 ,! f>!r places1 ! real backgr\nds ( ! race1 w "s day be op5$ z well z res]v$1 & made ( mu* use to v _m p besides casual visitors & sight-se]s4 ,we %all le>n h[ to project :ole c\nties & cities1 & ev5 l>g] units1 into ! mak+ & keep+ ( !m 9 a way t is n yet vision$4 ,?is c be accompli%$ z easily z armies c be s5t into ! field1 b x w require a type ( organization at :i* we h n yet arriv$4 ,x w be wor? :ile to develop public-s]vice armies4 #d4 ,to dem& ! fre$om ( ! e>? = its inhabitants1 "u prop] recognition ( ve/$ rights4 ,! conception ( ! fre$om ( ! sea has _h an int]e/+ evolution1--! escape f ! old sea fe>1 ! long ye>s ( piracy1 ! buccane]s1 lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 treaty ports1 smuggl+1 & all ! re/2 f9ally has come ! dem& ( equal opportunities = all & ! op5 door4 ,we mu/ h ! op5 door to fields & %ores1 to comm&+ hills t %\ld n be exclusive prop]ty2 f9d trails & walks & av5ues to places ! p ought to "k4 ,all ?is requires exploration1 tramps f> & ne>1 maps1 propag&a4 ,all sc5ic p>ts w be m>k$4 ,! public %all "k all good places4 #e4 ,to protect ! products ( ! e>?2 & to protect ! e>? itself4 ,! products to :i* ,i n[ ref] are ^? n ! prop]ty ( individuals1--! birds1 ! bea/s1 ! fi%1 ! vegetation4 ,! bird sanctu>ies n[ s well accept$ are good beg9n+s1 z also ! wild-fl[] pres]vation societies1 ! nature-/udy gr\ps1 & _m o!rs2 b ! individual is n yet suffici5tly impress$ ) ?is feel+ 9 8 own action4 ,to protect ! e>? is to save its f]tility4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal cons]vation4 ,n all p]sons c p>ticipate "h1 b e citiz5 c be m9dful ( ! necessity ( x & aid 9 creat+ public s5tim5t4 ,i wait = ! com+ toge!r ( new organizations or societies t %all h = _! purpose ! cons]vation ( f]tility4 ,^! w be mu* m ?an agricultural & rural organizations1 & _! "w ne$ n be te*nical or occupational4 ,!y may include all p]sons1 & ! discussions & int]e/s may run ! range ( man's relation to l&4 ,to leave 8 piece ( e>? m productive ?an :5 he took x is ! obligation ( ! good f>m]1 = !re are con/antly m p]sons to be support$4 ,9 ! l>ge s5se e "o ( u is a f>m]1 = ! keep+ ( ! e>? is giv5 to ! human race4 ,we beg9 to und]/& vaguely :at relation ! good keep+ ( ! l& be>s to national que/ions4 #f4 ,to keep ! public heal?1--to protect x by keep+ "o's body well1 by tak+ c>e to commit no nuisance1 to contam9ate no s\rce ( public infection1 & to l5d "o's self to p>ticipate 9 ! correct+ ( abuses4 ,to be physically fit & uncompla9+ is a public duty4 ,maybe we %all f9d ways to dem& physical tra9+ ( ! p z effective z t af=d$ by milit>y tra9+ b )\t its s9i/] int5tions4 ,society w take ov] unto itself ! ov]sight n only ( physical tra9+ & ( provid+ t *ildr5 %all be well born b also m & m ! ov]sight ( ! treatm5t ( disease1 z a public necessity4 ,we %all tra9 ! s\nd to c>e = ! uns\nd4 #g4 ,to come ) p]sonal succor z well z ) money & goods 9 "t ( flood & disa/]1 to visit ! sick & ! afflict$1 to relieve ! poor & un=tunate4 ,we %all le>n h[ to organize ! va/ res\rces 9 m5 & wom5 :o are will+ b d n "k h[1 :o are undiscov]$ & untra9$1 yet :o c\ld be %ap$ into a great army ( assi/ance4 #h4 ,to respond promptly to ! call ( societies or gr\ps t act 9 ! public int]e/2 to p>ticipate 9 ! _m neighborhood cop]ations4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* a milit>y equival5t may be det]m9$1 an illu/ration has be5 tak5 f "s agricultural activities4 ,be=e consid]+ ! milit>y equival5t 9 f>m "w x is necess>y to give a brief description ( ! basis ^u :i* ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission w probably "w 9 ?is matt]4 ,! basis1 9 brief1 is ! man "w unit idea z develop$ by ,dr4 ,george ,f4 ,w>r51 ,pr(essor ( ,f>m ,managem5t1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,a man "w unit is ! av]age am\nt ( "w accompli%$ by a man 9 t5 h\rs4 ,a horse "w unit is ! av]age am\nt ( "w accompli%$ by a horse 9 t5 h\rs4 ,= ,new ,york conditions1 an acre ( ! foll[+ crops repres5ts ! man & horse units indicat$ bel[4 ,9 a majority ( cases ! numb]s :i* foll[ are bas$ ^u co/ acc\nts4 ,9 "s in/ances1 :]e data 7 limit$1 ! results are m or less an e/imate4 ,,man ,,units ,,horse ,,units ,,crops ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #f #f ,corn = gra9 husk$ f %ock 7,new ,york me?od7 #c #e ,corn = gra9 husk$ f /&+ /alks 7,we/]n me?od7 #e #f ,corn = silage #c #e ,fodd] corn #f #f ,sweet corn #aj #aj ,potatoes #d #e ,field beans #aj #aj ,cabbage #bj #g ,tobacco #ej #h ,hops #ae #ab ,roots 7field beets1 mangels1 etc47 #b #c ,buck:eat1 oats1 b>ley1 :eat1 spelt1 rye1 field peas1 & mixtures ( ^! #a #a ,hay = cutt+1 alfalfa1 clov]1 timo?y #b #c ,oat hay1 millet1 & o!r gra9s cur$ = hay #ae #e ,apples1 be>+1 :5 c>$ = 9 a comm]cial way #c #a ,apples1 be>+1 :5 little or no c>e is giv5 #ae #e ,o!r tree fruits1 be>+ #b #a ,fruit n ( be>+ age #bj #e ,b]ries #c #e ,peas = cann+ factory #a #a ,se$s 7alfalfa1 clov]1 timo?y7 #c #e ,sorghum #ab #f ,cotton #aj to #ce #b to #aj ,truck crops ,= live /ock li/$ bel[1 ! man units & horse units are z indicat$4 ,,man ,,units ,,horse ,,units ,,live ,,/ock 7,basis ( ,"o7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ae #b ,c[s1 ord9>y dairy 7majority grades7 #bj #b ,c[s1 pure-br$ dairy 7majority pure-br$7 #ae #ae ,to be add$ p] c[ :5 milk is retail$ #b #j4a ,heif]s1 calves1 bulls1 /e]s1 & colts :5 runn+ loose #b #j4a ,/e]s or o!r cattle1 fatt5$ or only w9t]$ #j4e #j4je ,bre$+ ewes & bucks 7cov]s "w on lambs7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #j4b #j4jb ,o!r %eep or lambs1 fatt5$ or only w9t]$ #c #j4je ,brood s[s 7cov]s "w on pigs till wean$7 #j4e #j4a ,bo>s #j4e #j4a ,o!r hogs rais$ dur+ ! ye> #j4ae #j4jb ,h5s & o!r p\ltry #j4ae #j4jb ,pullets1 etc41 rais$ dur+ ! ye> 7cov]s "w on cock]els7 #a4j #j4je ,bees1 p] hive #f #j4j ,day-old *icks p] #ajjj ,9 ord] to int]pret ! man-"w-unit idea 9 t]ms ( ! milit>y requirem5ts ( ,new ,york ,/ate t #af-ye>-1 #ag-ye>-1 & #ah-ye>-old boys are to p>ticipate 9 su* milit>y tra9+ or z a p>tial equival5t may (f] f>m exp]i5ce or f>m tra9+1 x is necess>y to translate ! numb] ( h\rs requir$ = su* milit>y in/ruction into crop values or1 to use ! t]m already und]/ood1 man "w units4 ,s9ce !re are #bhh days or #da4a weeks 9 ! requir$ milit>y-tra9+ p]iod 7,septemb] fir/ to ! fifte5? day ( ,june next ensu+71 a boy mu/ drill #abc4c h\rs4 ,?is repres5ts on ! av]age #ab4cc man "w units4 ,= example1 if a boy gr[s #a4b acres ( potatoes or takes entire *>ge ( 4#f acres ( b]ries1 includ+ cultivation1 pick+1 m>ket+1 etc41 = a p]iod ( "o ye>1 he has sp5t 9 productive agricultural "w ! numb] ( h\rs requir$ = milit>y drill4 ,,man ,,units ,,milit>y ,,equival5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f #b4je acres corn = gra9 husk$ f %ock 7,new ,york me?od7 #e #b4df acres corn = silage #f #b4je acres sweet corn #aj #a4bcc acres potatoes #d #c4jh acres field beans #aj #a4bcc acres cabbage #bj 4#faf acres tobacco #ej 4#bdf acres hops #ae 4#hbb acres roots 7field beets1 mangels1 etc47 #b #f4af acres buck:eat1 oats1 b>ley1 :eat1 spelt1 rye 7field peas & mixtures ( ^!7 #a #ab4cc acres hay p] cutt+ 7alfalfa1 clov]1 timo?y7 #b #f4af acres oat hay1 millet1 & o!r gra9s cur$ = hay #ae 4#hbb acres apples1 be>+1 :5 c>$ = 9 comm]cial way #c #d4aa acres apples1 be>+1 :5 little or no c>e is giv5 #ae 4#hbb acres o!r tree fruits1 be>+ #b #f4af acres fruit n ( be>+ age #bj 4#faf acres b]ries #c #d4aa acres peas = cann+ factory #a #ab4cc acres se$ 7alfalfa1 clov]1 timo?y7 #c #d4aa acres sorghum #aj to #ce #a4bcc aces truck crops ,9 ! case ( live /ock a boy c d all ! man "w necess>y 9 c>+ = #f heif]s or #hb h5s or approximately "o ord9>y c[ 9 ! "t :i* ano!r boy may be giv+ to milit>y tra9+4 ,! exact milit>y equival5ts are %[n 9 ! second column4 ,,man ,,units ,,milit>y ,,equival5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ae 4#hb c[s1 ord9>y dairy 7majority grades7 #bj 4#faf c[s1 pure-br$ dairy 7majority pure-br$7 #b #f4af heif]1 calves1 bulls1 /e]s1 & colts #b #f4af /e]s or o!r cattle1 fatt5$ or only w9t]$ #j4e #bd4ff bre$+ ewes & bucks 7cov]s "w on lambs7 #j4b #fa4f o!r %eep or lambs1 fatt5$ or only w9t]$ #c #d4aa brood s[s 7cov]s "w on pigs till wean$7 #j4e #bd4ff o!r hogs rais$ dur+ ye> #j4e #bd4ff bo>s #j4ae #hb h5s & o!r p\ltry #j4ae #hb pullets1 etc1 rais$ dur+ ! ye> 7cov]s "w on cock]els7 #j4c #da4a hives ( bees #f #b4je ?\s& day-old *icks ,milit>y equival5ts z relat$ to f>m tra9+ or f>m exp]i5ce appe> to be mu* easi] to develop ?an ^? conc]n+ me*anical tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 especially :]e ! "w ( #af-ye>-old to #ai-ye>-old boys is conc]n$4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ !re seems to be on ! "p ( ! public no v cle> und]/&+ ( ! gov]nm5t's policy relative to exemption = p]sons :o are p]=m+ indu/rial & f>m s]vice4 ,if x is difficult to det]m9e an exemption policy = draft$ m51 x is v evid5t t :5 boys ( #af1 #ag1 & #ah ye>s ( age h become indu/rial drift]s & h n decid$ ^u a vocational c>e]1 ! det]m9ation ( a milit>y-equival5t policy = !m is a problem mu* h>d] ( solution4 ,aga91 a /udy ( boys' occupations reveals ! fact t only a v small proportion ( ^? above ! age ( #af ye>s & n ov] ! age ( #ai ye>s :o are at "w 9 our cities are engag$ 9 occupations t w specifically prep>e !m = s]vice t has productive or def5sive value4 ,"u ! auspices ( ! ,committee on ,vocational ,help to ,m9ors ! ,bureau ( ,att5dance ( ,new ,york ,city made an ext5d$ survey1 dur+ ! summ] ( #aiae1 ( #ejjj *ildr5 :o _h left s*ool betwe5 ! ages ( #ad & #af & ent]$ indu/ry4 ,because ( ! va/ am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 tabulat+ ! data t 7 collect$1 a r&om sampl+ 0 made ( #aej boys & ! same numb] ( girls f ea* ( #e att5dance di/ricts4 ,! #e di/ricts 7 select$ to repres5t z ne>ly z possible ! g5]al "* ( ! city4 ,ea* ( ^! #aejj cases1 #gej boys & #gej girls1 0 giv5 a key numb] s t :5 ! in=mation 0 tabulat$ x w\ld be possible to id5tify ea* case & v]ify ! in=mation4 ,( ! #gej boys #edf 7 )9 ! ages designat$ by ?is /atute1 #ahh 7 "u #af ye>s ( age & #af ( ! boys 7 #ai ye>s old4 ,half ( ! boys 7 ei!r err&-mess5g]s1 cl]ks1 or (fice boys4 ,!re 7 #bac 9 ! err&-mess5g] s]vice1 #ajg cl]ks1 & #ee (fice boys4 ,ano!r #ajj 7 ei!r /ock boys1 wagon boys1 or pack]s & wrapp]s4 ,! l>ge/ trade gr\p 0 made up ( #ad boys :o 7 class$ z ma*9i/s' appr5tices1 & ! second l>ge/ trade gr\p1 t ( electricians1 _h b #e boys4 ,! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* ^! #gej boys 7 work+ indicate ! nature ( ! employm5t4 ,!re 7 #bfe 9 (fices1 #acd 9 ! %op dep>tm5ts ( factories1 #afe 9 %ipp+ & deliv]y dep>tm5ts1 #ib 9 salesrooms1 #ce 9 /ock rooms1 #ca 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 & #bh cases :]e ! inve/igator _h fail$ to secure ?is in=mation4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! "w done by ea* ( ! #gej boys result$ 9 ! selection ( #cb :o seem$ to be do+ "w t might give !m ! specific tra9+ indicat$ z ess5tial4 ,! result ( ?is /udy c be summ>iz$ "u ! head+s ( ! trades ! boys 7 le>n+4 ,blacksmi?4 ,! "o boy appr5tic$ to ?is trade _h be5 work+ 9 ! %op = sev5te5 mon?s1 0 e>n+ #ac a week1 & 0 p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 "w4 ,s he 0 likely to cont9ue until he le>n$ ! trade4 ,brass work]4 ,( ! two boys ( ?is gr\p1 "o _h s]v$ twelve mon?s & ! o!r tw5ty-f\r mon?s at ! trade4 ,!y e>n$ respectively #e & #f4ej a week & bo? int5d$ to rema9 at ! trade until x 0 le>n$4 ,c>p5t]4 ,!re 7 two boys s]v+ z c>p5t]'s help]s4 ,) "o x 0 simply a tempor>y position4 ,! o!r _h be5 work+ at ! trade = a ye>1 & al?\gh he 0 receiv+ b #d a week1 he int5d$ to rema9 at ! trade4 ,electrician4 ,?ree ( ! five boys work+ at ?is trade _h be5 employ$ = ov] eighte5 mon?s z electricians' help]s4 ,! o!r two _h _h f\r mon?s & two mon?s respectively ( su* exp]i5ce4 ,! five all express$ a det]m9ation to rema9 long en\gh to le>n ! trade4 ,%ip fitt]4 ,! "o boy 9 ?is gr\p1 al?\gh out ( s*ool ov] a ye>1 _h be5 work+ at ! navy y>d b two mon?s4 ,locksmi?4 ,) only t5 days' exp]i5ce ?is boy 0 ready to quit4 ,ma*9i/4 ,! av]age "t sp5t by ! #ad boys classifi$ z ma*9i/s 0 less ?an ?ree & "o-half mon?s1 & n "o ( ! gr\p _h work$ z long z a ye>4 ,?ree 7 runn+ drill presses1 #a 0 clean+ ! :eels & pipes ( a fea!r-bone ma*9e1 #b 7 n employ$4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 dissatisfi$ & look+ = o!r "w4 ,a boy :o _h be5 work+ elev5 mon?s on a screw+ ma*9e1 #a :o _h work$ n9e mon?s repair+ autos1 & #a :o _h work$ eight mon?s z a ma*9i/'s help]--#c out ( ! #ad--;_h work$ long en\gh at ! trade to "k t !y lik$ x1 & express$ ! int5tion ( le>n+ ! trade4 ,plumb]4 ,?ree ( ! f\r boys classifi$ z plumb]s' help]s _h work$ ov] a ye> & a half at ! trade1 lik$ ! "w1 & expect$ to foll[ x4 ,! f\r? boy 0 us+ x z a tempor>y job4 ,sold]]4 ,! "o boy 9 ?is l9e 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! job & ) 8 pay4 ,%eet-metal work]4 ,! "o boy s]v+ z a t9-ro(]'s help] _h work$ = ! firm = a ye> & 0 p]fectly satisfi$ ) all conditions4 ,!re seem to be #ad ( ! #gej boys :o _h be5 work+ long en\gh at a trade & 7 suffici5tly pleas$ ) ! prospects = ! future to make "o safe 9 say+ t !y w\ld probably complete _! appr5tice%ip--al?\gh ?is conclusion may n be ju/ifi$4 ,^! #ad 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,blacksmi? #a ,brass work] #b ,c>p5t] #a ,electrician #c ,ma*9i/ #c ,plumb] #c ,%eet-metal work] #a --- ,total #ad ,?is /udy ( ,mr4 ,*atfield's %[s t n only 7 v few ( ! boys betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ai receiv+ vocational exp]i5ce t w\ld tra9 !m to be useful to ! /ate 9 ! ma9t5ance ( def5se or 9 ! o!r int]e/s ( ! /ate z outl9$ 9 ! bill1 b also boys ( ^! ages are likely to *ange _! "w r frequ5tly4 ,!re 7 #ahd ( ^! #gej boys :o _h be5 out ( s*ool betwe5 ?ree & f\r ye>s :5 ?is /udy 0 made4 ,( ^! #ahd boys #da 7 /ill work+ at ! job !y fir/ _h :5 !y left s*ool1 #dg 7 on ! second job1 #da 7 on ! ?ird job1 & #ac _h made eight or m *anges4 ,i "k ( no /udy :i* m cle>ly po9ts out ! bl9d alleyness ( ! employm5t ( *ildr54 ,h[ev]1 "s ( u1 includ+ ,dr4 ,david ,sn$d5 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 feel t a bett] t]m ?an bl9d-alley occupations w\ld be occupations involv+ juv5ile employm5t4 ,to u ! evil ( err&-mess5g]1 cl]k1 or (fice-boy s]vice is n t boys w&] into or are ?ru/ into a l9e ( "w :i* may be a bl9d alley1 b r t no provision is made 9 ! public-s*ool sy/em = giv+ ! boys a %ort prep>atory tra9+ helpful to !m 9 ?is tempor>y s]vice1 & t no tra9+ :i* w\ld help !m to get out ( su* "w is giv5 !m 9 ! (fice1 /ore1 or factory4 ,if society w\ld frankly recognize t !re are juv5ile employm5ts & t boys might well "w 9 !m :ile !y are juv5iles & yet be tra9$ ?r\gh su* "w1 & ap>t f su* "w 9 cont9uation s*ools1 to discov] !mselves & to prep>e !mselves = o!r "w1 we might develop a con/ructive educational program4 ,?is /udy c]ta9ly %[s ! wa/e ( ! boy p[] ( ! /ate & proves conclusively t !re is ne$ = ! /ate to grapple consci\sly ) ! problem ( cons]v+ its y\?2 & :5 "o reads ?is summ>y ( an accurate & previ\sly unpubli%$ report1 "o is l$ to believe t ,william ,james1 ,john ,dewey1 ,lib]ty ,hyde ,bailey1 & ,john ,f9ley are "r 9 _! cont5tion t !re %\ld be a mobilization ( ! boy =ce ( ! /ate look+ t[>d cons]vation ( ! boy p[] t x may lead into tra9+ = skill$ "w1 into citiz5%ip1 into /urdy heal?1 & into "r liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,r$ ,,cross ,,& ,,o!r ,,community ,,"w ,?\ghtful p are becom+ dispos$ to criticize ! pres5t me?ods employ$ 9 _m ( our sew+1 cook+1 & mill9]y classes4 ,x is felt t ! girls 9 ^! classes1 ?r\gh ! "w :i* !y d1 ?9k ( !mselves fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t4 ,!y sp5d "t on embroid]y to cat] fur!r to decorative in/9cts long e/abli%$ by cu/om )\t mu* ?\ght z to arti/ic values4 ,!y sp5d half a ye> mak+ graduation dresses :i* !y may we> be=e admir+ p>5ts4 ,!y copy ! late/ fa%ion 9 hats )\t ?\ght z to utility or beauty4 ,!y knit fea!ry neck pieces & neglect /ock+ d>n+4 ,!y labori\sly sew by h& articles :i* _h bett] be made on a ma*9e4 ,our girls mu/ le>n to ?9k ( o!rs ?an !mselves4 ,_! sew+ & mill9]y mu/ get away f ! individual-problem idea4 ,( c\rse girls mu/ le>n to sew by h&1 especially :5 ! home 9 ^! days tea*es s little 9 ! way ( h& sew+4 ,b aft] !y h le>n$ to sew by h&1 !y %\ld n cont9ue to use h& sew+ on "w t %\ld be done on a sew+ ma*9e4 ,( c\rse x is wise to tra9 girls to make "s ( _! own clo?+1 b to make ?is clo?+ )\t reg>d to /udy ( textiles or adaptation to p]sonal ne$s or ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s is n 9 accord ) ! educational purpose ( our s*ools1 :i* is to tra9 p]sonal "* z well z to develop skill 9 dome/ic arts4 ,:5 ! family hosi]y ne$s d>n+1 & ! small *ildr5 ( ! family ne$ clo!s1 & ! s*oolgirl ne$s a middy bl\se or a s*ool uni=m1 x is unwise to sp5d s mu* en]gy on cont9u+ a type ( dome/ic art :i* lacks ! socializ$ appeal necess>y to con=m ) mod]n social ne$s & mod]n indu/rial me?ods4 ,! tea*]s ( h\sehold arts are beg9n+ to see ! ne$ = re=m4 ,_m are br++ into ! s*ool life su* problems z ! m5d+ & d>n+ ( ! family clo!s2 cook+ s*ool lun*eons2 manag+ day nurs]ies = babies ( work+ mo!rs2 mak+ table & b$ l95 = hospitals2 mak+ jams & jellies = *>itable societies4 ,su* tea*]s h welcom$ ! opportunity (f]$ by ! pres5t w> to =w>d ! new idea ( socializ+ dome/ic-arts "w4 ,!y h be5 impati5t ( ! dilettante "w :i* !y =m]ly did :5 _! girls practically wa/$ h\rs ( s*ool "t 9 mak+ ?+s :i* c\ld be b\ght = less ?an ! co/ ( mat]ials1 to say no?+ ab\t ! co/ ( "t ( ! girls !mselves1 :o are 9 s*ool b a few ye>s at be/--ye>s :5 !y %\ld be receiv+ in/ruction 9 subjects :i* h real tra9+ values4 ,^! progressive tea*]s h desir$ t _! girls develop m spe$2 t !y receive tra9+ helpful 9 meet+ ! actual trade conditions 9 dressmak+ & mill9]y %ops2 t !y le>n to "w toge!r on "s common problem :i* all may see is wor? :ile & = a purpose :i* is l>g] ?an !mselves4 ,r$ ,cross "w has giv5 ^! tea*]s ! opportunity :i* !y s\ght4 ,!y believe t ! ,r$ ,cross "w dur+ ! w> may easily be conv]t$ into community "w aft] ! w> is ov]4 ,hospitals1 *>ity organizations1 orphan asylums1 & homes are always ) u4 ,! great appeal n[1 obvi\sly1 is ,r$ ,cross "w4 ,! p]man5t appeal is always ! ne$ ( ! home & ! community4 ,an activity :i* has be5 v g5]al ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,france & ,engl&1 has be5 ! volunt>y contribution ( ! "w ( wom5's organizations to ! ,r$ ,cross ,society4 ,! mak+ ( hospital supplies belongs m peculi>ly to wom5 ?an d _m =ms ( w> "w1 & x is easily incorporat$ into ! sew+ c\rses ( our elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 ,a feature t makes x especially adaptable to s*ools is ! /&>dization by ! pres5t bus9ess manag]1 "u ^: direction blue pr9ts1 photographs1 & writt5 & pictur$ specifications h be5 prep>$4 ,^? ( u :o are int]e/$ 9 ! me?ods employ$ 9 vocational s*ools to turn out /&>d products appreciate ! b5efit to ! girl ( le>n+ to "w f well-plann$ directions & ( turn+ out a product exactly correspond+ to specifications4 ,x is believ$ t ?is mann] ( do+ ! "w holds an educational value :i* entitles x to a place 9 ! sew+ c\rse ( e s*ool4 ,bo? te*nique & spe$ elem5ts are necess>y = ! condition ( ne$ :i* ! ,r$ ,cross is meet+4 ,z pupils are call$ ^u to respond to ?is dem& = quantities ( g>m5ts & hospital supplies1 z well z = accurately made articles1 !y w become tra9$ 9 spe$ & accuracy :ile r5d]+ a di/9ct s]vice to _! c\ntry4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york ab\t #cjjj girls 9 sew+ classes began "w = ! ,r$ ,cross on ,m>* #a1 #aiag1 "u ! direction ( ,anna ,h$ges ,talbot1 /ate speciali/ 9 girls' vocational "w2 ! "w be+ done volunt>ily by bo? s*ools & pupils4 ,to obta9 mat]ials1 arrangem5ts 7 fir/ made ) local ,r$ ,cross *apt]s2 b 9 _m places ! lack ( a *apt] or its lack ( funds prev5t$ ! cop]ation ) ! s*ools1 & mat]ial 0 suppli$ by lib]al contributions f wom5's clubs1 :i* realiz$ ! necessity ( mak+ use ( ! (f] ( ! girls' s]vices1 ?us caus+ m "w to be turn$ into ,r$ ,cross *annels ?an w\ld h be5 possible )\t ?is f9ancial aid4 ,9 organiz+ ! "w ! v>i\s localities s5t an au?oriz$ s*ool p]son1 g5]ally ! tea*] ( h\sehold arts1 to conf] ) ! ,r$ ,cross p z to :at articles 7 ne$$ & h[ !y %\ld be made1 & to br+ back to ! s*ool writt5 specifications1 pap] patt]ns1 & models4 ,9 _m places ! tea*]s took a c\rse ( in/ruction "u "s ,r$ ,cross nurse specifically qualifi$ to give sew+ in/ruction4 ,9 ?is c>eful way ! s*ools proce$$1 & )9 six weeks return$ reports to ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t %[+ t e k9d ( article :i* 0 ne$$1 f ! simple/ surgical dress+s to ! mo/ c>efully f9i%$ surgeon's g[n1 _h be5 made by ab\t #cjjj girls work+ on an av]age ( "o or two h\rs a week dur+ _! regul> s*ool "t4 ,t none ( ?is "w _h to be ripp$ or done ov] :5 x rea*$ ! ,r$ ,cross headqu>t]s reflects cr$it on bo? girls & in/ructors4 ,"o comp>atively small sew+ class 9 ! vocational s*ool at ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,new ,york1 fill$ a box = ! ,belgian ,relief1 accord+ to ,r$ ,cross specifications1 z foll[s3 #ah hot-wat]-bag cov]s #ed %eets #cf pill[ cases #bg wa% clo?s #bg pairs ( pajamas #cf hospital-b$ %eets #i pairs slipp]s #i convalesc5t g[ns #cf pairs socks #ah pairs b$ socks #ah ba? t[els #cf face t[els ,9 addition ?is class %ipp$ 9 a few mon?s ov] #bjjj sep>ate articles to ,r$ ,cross headqu>t]s2 z1 = example1 #ge *ildr5's dresses #adi tampon bags #bbd baby bootees #bai w>d %oes #gf hospital night%irts #fb cro*et$ tr5* caps #eig sl+s #ai petticoats #ad *emises #djc body b&ages #db eye b&ages #cgc ba?+ suits #ab air cu%ions #gg pneumonia jackets #ej ba? t[els ,all ! s*ools ( ! /ate inquir$ if !y might g on ) ?is "w :5 ! s*ools op5$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,s*ools :i* 7 n able to d ! "w 9 ! spr+ 7 ready to beg9 on ! fir/ day ( s*ool 9 ! fall4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 has hi!rto be5 neglect$ except 9 ! curriculum ( s*ools :i* h vocational c\rses1 s t only girls elect+ dome/ic arts h _h ! opportunity ( do+ x z a "p ( _! s*ool program1 b !re is no reason :y x %\ld be limit$ to ^! girls4 ,^? :o are tak+ academic c\rses 9 high s*ools--& !y greatly outnumb] ! vocational /ud5ts--%\ld h a *ance to r5d] s]vice ?r\gh ! s*ools4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to say t ! burd5 ( do+ productive "w 9 w> s]vice %\ld n be limit$ entirely to /ud5ts 9 vocational c\rses4 ,x w be a mi/ake to ?r[ ! burd5 ( useful s]vice ^u a special gr\p & 9 ?is way help develop ! notion t ^? :o take classical c\rses h no?+ to d b look on1 :ile ^? 9 vocational c\rses are to d ! "w4 ,volunt>y aft]-s*ool clubs 7 organiz$ 9 a great _m s*ools1 b no volunt>y "w c be sy/ematiz$ or direct$ s well z c\rses incorporat$ 9 ! curriculum1 & x is sugge/$ to ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry t special ,r$ ,cross c\rses be (f]$ & t all girls be expect$ to devote a few h\rs a week to ! "w4 ,! foll[+ quotation f d\>d ,petit's book ,de l' cole la gu]re on :at ! normal s*ools ( ,france are do+ ought to be en\gh to inspire our ,am]ican girls4 ,! girls ( ! normal s*ools ( ,france are work+ v h>d1 knitt+1 sew+1 mak+ hospital supplies1 9 ! int]vals ( _! s*ool "w2 also act+ z laundresses1 secret>ies1 bookkeep]s1 etc4 ,!y are n old en\gh to be nurses4 ,9 addition to ! "w = ! armies1 !y give a "p ( _! "t to "w = o!r /ud5ts4 ,!y are provid+ = ! girl /ud5ts ( ! normal s*ools 9 ! invad$ di/ricts1 _m ( :om 7 oblig$ to make long j\rneys on foot1 clad 9 summ] clo!s1 ) no *ance to c>ry ev5 a *ange ( clo?+ ) !m4 ,! s*ool at ,font5ay appeal$ to ! normal s*ools = aid = its /ud5ts2 o!r appeals foll[$1 "s f s*ools 9 ! di/ricts f :i* ! invad]s 7 driv5 out4 ,v soon 9 all ! normal s*ools ( ,france girls 7 cutt+ & sew+1 provid+ new g>m5ts1 or g>m5ts f _! own supply1 to be s5t to ! t[ns 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,"s ( ^! supplies are held 9 res]ve = ! t[ns t are /ill to be lib]at$4 ,"o tea*] writes3 ,our "y girls are glad to come to ! aid ( _! fell[ /ud5ts :o are n kn[n to !m b :o are com+ to seem ne>] z ,i h !m le>n ab\t ! s*ools1 read ! lett]s t are receiv$1 etc4 ,any?+ :i* makes real & tangible ! responsibility ( ?is fri5dly help ought to be enc\rag$4 ,z ! ne$ arises1 our second>y-s*ool girls w respond 9 l mann]4 ,! prep>ation ne$$ to initiate ,r$ ,cross "w 9 any l>ge way 9 ! s*ools ( a /ate is consid]able4 ,!re is a good deal ( organization & consequ5t detail connect$ ) x4 ,! dome/ic-arts tea*]s ( a s*ool di/rict or c\nty ought to be call$ toge!r & in/ruct$ 9 ! m9uti ( g>m5t-mak+ & surgical dress+s4 ,) ! blue pr9ts1 photographs1 & writt5 specifications already issu$ by ! ,r$ ,cross headqu>t]s at ,wa%+ton ^! tea*]s c\ld !n "w out a full set ( directions = ea* article :i* w\ld be specific & graphic4 ,^! c\ld be pr9t$ by ! /ate pr9t] or1 bett]1 by ! boys 9 a vocational s*ool4 ,9 addition1 mov+-picture reels ( processes c>ri$ on accord+ to ! mo/ mod]n me?ods ( workroom proc$ure c\ld be %[n to ^? :o h n be5 9 contact ) pres5t-day modes ( "w4 ,9 ord] to excite int]e/ on ! "p ( ! community 9 rural di/ricts :]e ?is "w has n z yet p5etrat$ to any ext5t1 mov+ pictures ( processes ( mak+ surgical dress+s1 pajamas1 surgeons' g[ns1 or *ildr5's dresses c\ld be exhibit$ z illu/rat+ :at o!r sections ( ! /ate are already do+4 ,^! mov+ pictures c\ld be tak5 ( girls at "w 9 an up-to-date ,new ,york ,city factory1 & ! reels c\ld be ei!r pur*as$ outright or r5t$ f an educational-film company4 ,9 ,wa%+ton ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has a numb] ( reels :i* h be5 put at ! disposal ( ! ,r$ ,cross1 & w make m if ! occasion dem&s4 ,slides too c\ld be made %[+ special op]ations1 special g>m5ts1 & special me?ods ( arrang+ "w4 ,:5 public int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ at a public meet+ 9 a small c5t]1 ! s*ool w f9d x easy to take up ! "w & pu% x =w>d4 ,! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! "w w\ld h to keep 9 con/ant t\* ) ! ,r$ ,cross headqu>t]s z to ! ne$s = g>m5ts & hospital supplies1 z well z to ! *anges t f "t to "t h to be made 9 ! k9d & quality ( supplies4 ,a *>t c\ld be made ( ! capacity z to equipm5t & numb] ( pupils1 & ! pres5t grade ( _! work+ ability1 = ea* place :]e a s*ool is locat$4 ,brief reports c\ld be s5t to a /ate director f ^! s*ools z to :at !y c\ld make1 :5 !y c\ld make x1 & :5 specifi$ articles c\ld be f9i%$4 ,?us !re w\ld be a l9e out f a c5tral sup]visor to ea* s*ool 9 ! /ate :]e pupils are old en\gh to d any "w ( ?is public-s]vice nature4 ,along ?is l9e w\ld travel ! in=mation z to :at 0 be+ done & :at w\ld be ! next ?+ to be done4 ,knitt+ by h& is "o ( ! occupations :i* _m girls & wom5 are tak+ up4 ,"o drawback to h&-knitt+ is t x takes a good deal ( "t1 & 9 ! case ( socks1 at lea/1 ! results ( amateur "w may be uncom=table to ! we>]4 ,x is sugge/$ t s*ools put 9 knitt+ ma*9es4 ,"o s*ool at ,yonk]s1 ,new ,york1 has su* a ma*9e4 ,x enables its op]ator to f9i% a sock e tw5ty m9utes1 or #ab pairs 9 an eight-h\r day4 ,x is possible to knit wri/lets & sleeveless sweat]s on ^! ma*9es4 ,! ,vacation ,w> ,relief ,committee ( ,new ,york ,city has be5 responsible = ! sale ( #ihj ( ^! ma*9es1 on :i* ov] #he1jjj pairs ( socks h be5 made dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,a lett] writt5 to me by ,mettie ,b4 ,hills1 ,director ( ,girls' ,"w 9 ,troy1 ,new ,york1 relative to h] ,r$ ,cross "w is s full ( human int]e/ & gives 9 su* detail ! excell5t me?ods :i* %e employ$ t ,i quote x 9 full4 ,x w s]ve z sugge/ive mat]ial = o!r equally en?usia/ic & compet5t tea*]s4 ,my (fice has be5 turn$ into a cutt+ room4 ,girls are n[ at a l>ge table cutt+ hospital b$ %irts ) j z little wa/e z possible4 ,small] girls are snipp+ ! few wa/e pieces1 & "o little girl at ! end ( ! table is fill+ a fracture pill[ ) ! snips4 ,9 my ma*9e-sew+ room ! girls are mak+ hospital b$ %irts4 ,ea* girl has a diff]5t op]ation4 ,! %irts move ?r\gh ! cutt+ room to ?is room & f "o ma*9e to ! next j z !y d 9 a factory4 ,!y f9ally rea* ! inspection table1 :]e !y are inspect$ z !y are fold$1 & an inspection c>d is plac$ 9 ! pocket4 ,!y are !n pil$ up = t f9al inspection :i* ,i give e article be=e x goes to our /ock room4 ,"h we hold all articles until we h en\gh to make ! mov+ wor? :ile1 & !n !y are tak5 to ,r$ ,cross headqu>t]s 9 ! city truck4 ,! *airm5 ( ea* ,r$ ,cross division ( our local *apt] are notifi$ be=eh& t ?+s are com+ & !y are at headqu>t]s to receive our "w & sign = x4 ,i tell y1 x is a big day = all :5 ! s*ool "w is turn$ 94 ,i he> ab\t x = weeks aft]w>d4 ,! girls d n /ay at "o op]ation4 ,z soon z !y are ready1 !y are promot$ to ! next4 ,& 9 ?is connection may ,i call ! read]'s att5tion to ! *apt] :i* br\ght out ! new _s ( tea*+ ! h\sehold arts8 ,! little jacket :i* is hang+ 9 my clo!spress is only ! beg9n+ ( a big piece ( "w :i* ,i expect to pu% dur+ ! w9t]1 a piece ( "w :i* ,i believe w d m to /&>dize ! girls' "w ?an any?+ we h yet done4 ,ano!r room is giv5 ov] to knitt+1 & ! girls pass f "o type ( "w to ano!r4 ,we h a tea*] f ! ,r$ ,cross rooms :o is %[+ ! old] girls h[ to make oakum pads4 ,! "w is really fasc9at+1 & =tunately we no long] h to ?9k ( ! money = ! mat]ials1 z ! "w done 9 ! s*ools has be5 ( s mu* high] /&>d t ! local *apt] has vot$ me #ejj 9 ord] t !re might be no dang] ( our /opp+ ! "w4 ,i am inclos+ a li/ ( :at our s*ools h done 9 ! pa/ ?ree mon?s4 ,i4 ,= ! ,r$ ,cross ,society #a4 ,hospital ,supplies ,hospital boots #dh ,hospital %\ld] wraps #cf ,hospital %irts #aef ,pajama suits #dh ,surgeons' op]at+ g[ns #f ,surgeons' op]at+ caps #ab ,surgeons' op]at+ helmets #dh ,sl+s #dib #a-;in* b&ages #ab #b-;in* b&ages #ac rolls #b4 ,surgical dress+s #bb ,oakum pads #bj ,fracture pill[s #bj ,,ii4 ,= ! ,soldi]s' ,welf>e ,league #a4 ,h\sewives = ,second ,new ,york ,regim5t #dh #b4 ,george ,wa%+ton kits = ,second ,new ,york ,regim5t #c4 ,neck]*iefs = ,second ,new ,york ,regim5t #abj #d4 ,pajama suits #cb ,,iii4 ,= ! ,national ,navy ,com=ts ,league #a4 ,knitt$ muffl]s = ! army & navy #cac #b4 ,knitt$ sleeveless jackets = ! army & navy #be #c4 ,knitt$ wri/lets = ! army & navy #dj pairs #d4 ,knitt$ caps = ! army1 navy1 & aviators #b #e4 ,knitt$ hospital socks #g pairs ,,iv4 ,= ! ,surgical ,dress+s ,committee 7,fr5*7 #a4 ,sl+s #b4 ,fracture pill[s #c4 ,eye b9d]s ,v4 ,= ,belgian ,relief ,committee #a4 ,kits = small *ildr5 7full set ( clo!s7 ,,vi4 ,= ,national ,league = ,woman's ,s]vice 7adults7 #a4 ,two commiss>iat classes #b4 ,motor classes ) #cj enroll$ ,( c\rse ! ,r$ ,cross "w ne$ n be limit$ to girls & wom54 ,boys "u #ad are able to pick ov] oakum & to d o!r "w t girls ( ! same age c d4 ,! old] boys c adju/ & t5d ! knitt+ ma*9es & pack & deliv] ! f9i%$ product4 ,m5 & wom5 9 _m ( ! /ate in/itutions w be glad to contribute a %>e 9 s]vice4 ,?omas ,mott ,osborne1 :ile w>d5 at ,s+ ,s+1 organiz$ ?r\gh ! ,mutual ,welf>e ,league a l>ge class ( m5 :o en?usia/ically gave up _! ev5+ p]iods ( recreation 9 ord] t !y might knit = soldi]s 9 =eign fields4 ,a numb] ( "y boys1 none ov] #ad1 f ,troy & ,albany orphan asylums 7 tak5 9 auto trucks #cj miles into ! c\ntry to a currant-produc+ section1 :]e !y pick$ #ejjj qu>ts ( currants :i* _h be5 donat$ to ! c\nty ,r$ ,cross organization4 ,^! currants 7 %ipp$ 9 a refrig]ator c> #ij miles d[n ! riv] to ,yonk]s1 ,new ,york1 :]e ! girls made !m into jelly & currant juice1 ! sug> be+ donat$ by a local ref9]y4 ,possibly ! l>ge/ s]vice t boys c r5d] w be ! mak+ ( ,r$ ,cross spl9ts4 ,z has already be5 /at$ 9 ano!r *apt] ! ,canadian s*oolboys are do+ a great deal ( ?is "w 9 connection ) _! manual tra9+4 ,an article 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e describes 9 detail ! "w ( ! manual-tra9+ c5t]s ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,^! spl9ts are made m]ely = fir/ aid1 & are us$ :]e x is n necess>y t !y con=m exactly to ! cont\r ( ! limbs or body4 ,!y are padd$ a little ) cotton or clo? & fitt$ on ! injur$ "p ( ! soldi]4 ,a g5]al conception prevails t ,r$ ,cross "w is limit$ to battle-field relief1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is organization also c>ries on civilian relief4 ,x is v likely1 z "t goes on1 t ! s*ools w come to realize t !re is probably no bett] ag5cy ?an ! ,r$ ,cross ) :i* !y c associate !mselves 9 allay+ ! suff]+ & reliev+ ! di/ress 9 ! community4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,r$ ,cross is spl5didly organiz$1 ) its great c5tral headqu>t]s at ,wa%+ton1 its division headqu>t]s 9 l>g] gr\ps ( /ates1 & its local *apt]s 9 e c\nty4 ,!re is no activity ( ! ,r$ ,cross :i* a *ild _c duplicate 9 its own sph]e ( life1 & ! ,am]ican s*ool may well become a c5t] ( int]e/ 9 ,r$ ,cross "w 9 "t ( w>4 ,"o ( ! dep>tm5ts already organiz$ is t ( ,home ,s]vice1 :i* exi/s to help families ma9ta9 _! /&>ds ( liv+4 ,s*ool-s]vice "w "u a ,junior ,r$ ,cross has be5 organiz$ 9 ord] to br+ ! s*ools into direct t\* ) ! "w4 ,! s*ools c give lessons 9 fir/ aid1 elem5t>y hygi5e1 & home c>e ( ! sick1 9 home dietetics1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( surgical dress+s4 ,x c make ! necess>y supplies = local soldi]s :o are 9 mobilization camps4 ,x c make supplies = ! soldi]s' families1 especially dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,x c raise money by means ( ent]ta9m5ts ( an educational nature1 & "h opportunities are (t5 pres5t$ to correlate ! "w ) hi/ory & ,engli%4 ,9 %ort1 dur+ ! /ress ( w>1 ) its ris+ co/ ( food1 its indu/rial *anges1 its unc]ta9ties 9 liv+ conditions1 ) ! home (t5 h&icapp$ by ! )drawal ( ! *ief wage e>n]1 !re w be an excell5t opportunity = ! s*ool to come 9 ) its aid4 ,! diet ( ! family1 bo? 9 quality & v>iety1 may be improv$ ?r\gh ! helpful advice ( ! tea*] ( home economics2 *ildr5 :o are 9 ne$ ( m$ical c>e may be s5t to ! disp5s>y4 ,! ,home ,s]vice ,dep>tm5t sugge/s t tea*]s may d helpful vocational-guidance "w2 = 9 ! abs5ce ( fa!r & old] bro!rs _m a boy & girl c be help$ by a tea*]'s enc\ragem5t to g into occupations :]e !re is a future1 :]e skill c be acquir$1 & :]e !re is a *ance = advancem5t4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ! ,london ,times ( "s ,r$ ,cross "w 9 ,france po9t$ly illu/rates :at home & s*ool s]vice 9 ! ,r$ ,cross movem5t may mean 9 ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ detail$ enum]ation w\ld h>dly exhau/ ! activities ( education 9 ! common cause--volunt>y contributions to ! national funds d$uct$ f ! sal>ies ( tea*]s2 lib]al subscriptions f pupils2 p>ticipation 9 ! collection ( gold2 ! dispat* ( packets to soldi]s1 & ( books to ! *ildr5 ( reconqu]$ ,alsace2 help giv5 to orphans :om a s*ool or class has tak5 "u its *>ge2 manual labor on behalf ( soldi]s at ! front1 ! w\nd$1 ! lame1 & prison]s2 mat]ial or moral assi/ance to refugees2 a welcome giv5 to all ab&on$ *ildr51 ,belgian or ,fr5*1 9 ! families ( ma/]s or ( fri5ds ( ! s*ool2 correspond5ce ) soldi]s at ! front1 w\nd$1 & prison]s2 att5dance at ! fun]al ( soldi]s :o h di$ ( _! w\nds2 ! public reception by s*ools1 lyces1 & univ]sities ( colleagues or old pupils w\nd$1 promot$1 or quot$ 9 dispat*es2 befri5d+ soldi]s :o h no family to look aft] !m2 ! in/itution ( workrooms = m5 & wom5 :o are out ( "w2 p>ticipation 9 ! celebration ( ,belgian ,day1 ! ,s]bian ,day1 ! ,fr5* ,day1 ! ,day ( ! #ge1 ! ,day ( ! ,orphans1 & s on1--tasks :i* w h to be cont9u$ dur+ ! com+ s*ool ye>1 because ! ne$ = !m w /ill be pres5t1 & d\btless1 = "s ( !m at lea/1 dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately aft] ! w>1 :5 ! s*ool w /ill h be=e x a spl5did opportunity = social s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,s]vice recognizes no s*ool grad+4 ,girls ( ! l[] grades are snipp+ wa/e pieces = fracture pill[s & work+ ) ! old] girls :o are cutt+ hospital b$ %irts1 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,! new _s ( h\sehold arts 9 ! s*ools is bas$ ^u ! project plan & community s]vice4 ,w> ne$s create new s*ool practices4 ,troy 7,new ,york7 girls at "w on ,r$ ,cross supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,a c\ntry s*ool ne$ n be idle dur+ ! summ]4 ,?is "o h\s$ a gr\p ( f>m cadets ,illu/ration3 ,fly+ squadron leav+ camp on an em]g5cy call = b]ry pick]s at ,highl&1 ,new ,york4 ,presid5t ,wilson has honor$ ! s*ool *ildr5 ( our c\ntry by a proclamation dat$ ,septemb] #ah1 #aiag1 9 :i* he calls ^u !m to d _! "p 9 ! w> by jo9+ ! ,junior ,r$ ,cross1 ?us assi/+ 9 ! m]cy "w ( ! s5ior organization4 ,a portion ( 8 message is quot$3 ,! s*ool is ! natural c5t] ( y\r life4 ,?r\gh x y c be/ "w 9 ! great cause ( fre$om to :i* we h all pl$g$ ourselves4 ,our ,junior ,r$ ,cross w br+ to y opportunities ( s]vice to y\r community & to o!r communities all ov] ! _w1 & guide y\r s]vice ) high & religi\s ideals4 ,x w tea* y h[ to save 9 ord] t suff]+ *ildr5 else:]e may h ! *ance to live4 ,x w tea* y h[ to prep>e "s ( ! supplies :i* w\nd$ soldi]s & homeless families lack4 ,x w s5d to y ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,cross bullet9s ! ?rill+ /ories ( relief & rescue4 ,&1 be/ ( all1 m p]fectly ?an ?r\gh any ( y\r o!r s*ool lessons1 y w le>n by do+ ^? k9d ?+s "u y\r tea*]'s direction to be ! future good citiz5s ( ?is great c\ntry :i* we all love4 ,our ,presid5t is a ma/] ( good p$agogy z well z a lead] ( m51 & he expresses ! v be/ 9 mod]n educational ?\ght4 ,he tells ! *ildr5 to ?9k ( _! s*ool z ! natural c5t] ( _! lives2 to s]ve ! community 9 :i* !y live2 to rea* out ?r\gh s]vice & /udy to ! l>g] _w outside2 to h beh9d all action high ideals2 to save t o!rs less =tunate may h2 to le>n h[ to d & ?r\gh do+ h[ to gr[2 to le>n directly ( ! _w ( action :ile x is 9 action2 to "w ) _! eld]s = a common purpose1--! common purpose ( be+ useful citiz5s ( our great c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,re,,ducation ,,( ,,! ,,disabl$ ,9 all probability n "o p]son 9 a hundr$ ev] he>d ! ^w reducation be=e read+ ! v rec5t newspap] acc\nts ( ! gov]nm5t's plans z ann\nc$ by ,surgeon-g5]al ,gorgas = rehabilitat+ & reducat+ ! disabl$ soldi]s4 ,we h be5 9 ! habit ( see+ bl9d$ & crippl$ m5 sell+ lead p5cils at /reet corn]s1 & we h giv5 our pity & our p5ny4 ,we h se5 ! wond]ful rugs wov5 by ! bl9d 7assi/$ 9 ! design+ & sett+ up by p :o c\ld see71 & we h b\ght !m1 impell$ by a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 a *>itable cause4 ,we h he>d "s exceptional p]son1 :o has ov]come trem5d\s physical disabilities1 describe h] me?ods ( /udy+ college subjects & compet+ successfully ) ^? :o are unh&icapp$1 & we h said ,h[ wond]ful6 & /opp$ ?9k+ at t po9t4 ,z a nation we h fail$ 9 our duty to make ! physically h&icapp$ economically self-support+ & normally /rong4 ,x is an educational problem z great z1 if n great] ?an1 t ( assi/+ ! m5tal defective4 ,only )9 two ye>s h ! vocational s*ools ( our c\ntry ev5 ?\ght ( in/ruct+ _! pupils 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( safety4 ,only s9ce work+m5's comp5sation laws & indu/rial insurance h come into ! =egr\nd 9 legislative halls h public m5 consid]$ ! appall+ ne$ = safety-fir/ in/ruction 9 factories & 9 te*nical s*ools4 ,= ! duration ( ! w> our ?\ght ( safety appliances = indu/rial life 9 peaceful times s9ks into ! backgr\nd1 & we ?9k only ( devices = prev5t+ suffocation by poison\s gases1 ( means ( )/&+ liquid fire1 ( deflectors = bullets & cam\flage = m>*+ troops4 ,b not)/&+ all ^! precautions1 ! inevitable results ( w> are be=e u4 ,! multitude ( m5 :o h be5 injur$ 9 ! pres5t w> is out ( all proportion to ! numb] injur$ 9 any w> ) :i* hi/ory or exp]i5ce makes u acqua9t$1 & ! fitt+ ( !m to be economically self-support+ is a task ( /up5d\s proportions4 ,= ! problem ( ! support ( ^! m5 _c be met entirely by p5sions2 ev5 if ?is 7 possible1 ! man w\ld ?us become a dead weight = ! re/ ( ! c\ntry to c>ry1 an un5viable position f all po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! case ( ! pr(essional man1 he may1 ev5 if h&icapp$1 c>ry on 8 "w2 b ! man ) a trade1 :5 maim$ or bl9d$1 mu/ be taught "s o!r vocation or be provid$ ) "s me*anical sub/itute = 8 loss 9 legs or arms & (t5 ) special tools & o!r app>atus :i* w enable him to c>ry on 8 =m] occupation or a new "o4 ,x w n be possible to place all ^! m5 z ticket sell]s1 news v5dors1 gatem51 & 9 o!r positions hi!rto appropriate = ! indu/rially disabl$2 & our vocational s*ools1 ! m$ical pr(ession1 & ! national gov]nm5t mu/ cop]ate 9 a /udy ( ! reducation ( injur$ soldi]s ) ! aim ( putt+ !m on ! pay roll4 ,on ,july #ca1 #aiag1 ann\ncem5t 0 made ?r\gh ! press ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t a gov]nm5t sy/em = ! rehabilitation & reducation ( m5 disabl$ 9 ! fight+ abroad w\ld be made an adjunct ( ! propos$ s*eme = ! f$]al insurance ( soldi]s & sailors1 & t ! plans = ! rehabilitation ( ^! m5 w\ld probably1 l ^? 9 ,canada1 be model$ aft] ! sy/ems 9 use 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 "p ( ! gov]nm5t's duty to provide = ! future ( m5 crippl$ 9 its s]vice4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ! sev]al philan?ropic ag5cies :i* 9 ! pa/ h comm5dably endeavor$ to c>e = ! bl9d & ! crippl$ by tea*+ !m ! h&iworks ( weav+1 bru%-mak+1 etc4 ,! "w mu/ be done on a s\nd & sci5tific basis1 & be adju/$ to economic conditions on a va/ scale su* z no philan?ropic society c hope to ma9ta92 t is1 x mu/ n be relief "w1 x mu/ be gov]nm5tal con/ructive "w 9 reducation :i* %all tea* ! disabl$ man h[ to ov]come ! disadvantage ( 8 infirmity 9 rent]+ ! indu/rial _w4 ,to le>n ! ext5t ( :at may be done 9 ?is "w ( rehabilitation1 ,engl&1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates look to ,france1--to ! municipal vocational-tra9+ s*ool = soldi]s at ,lyons kn[n z ,l'cole ,j(fre & ! _m s*ools patt]n$ aft] x 9 o!r cities2 to ! ,in/itution ( ,/4 ,maurice1 at ,p>is1 :i* has be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to be a model = o!r in/itutions2 to ! ,laboratory ( ,rese>* on ,vocational ,"w1 9 ,p>is1 direct$ by ,dr4 ,jules ,am>2 & to ! ,anglo-,belgian hospitals1 especially t at ,v]non4 ,x has be5 ann\nc$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w patt]n its tra9+ s*ool aft] ! ,in/itution ( ,/4 ,maurice1 :i* is a cle>+ h\se ( exp]im5ts & rese>* = ! cont95t4 ,!re are also 9 ,france1 z 9 ,engl& & ,canada1 convalesc5t homes = disabl$ soldi]s1--_m ( :i* are support$ by private b5evol5ce1--:]e trades are taught4 ,at ! ,in/itute ( ,les ,amis des ,soldats ,aveugles1 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 ! bl9d soldi]s are taught ! trades ( basket-mak+1 bootmak+1 bru%-mak+1 nett+1 h>ness-mak+1 & bookb9d+1 ! c\rse tak+ ab\t six mon?s be=e ! pupils become pr(ici5t4 ,! in/itution runs its own pr9t+ e/abli%m5t = lit]ature 9 ,braille 7! pr9t = ! bl9d74 ,! bl9d are peculi>ly incapacitat$1 & ! occupations op5 to !m are consequ5tly limit$4 ,private b5evol5ce has done mu* to less5 _! economic mis=tune1 & ! gov]nm5t mu/ d m4 ,"s ,fr5* doctors believe t tobacco manufactur+ & mat*mak+ are adapt$ to ! bl9d because ( _! well-kn[n delicacy ( t\*2 _m hospitals are giv+ !m lessons 9 ! art ( massage1 = ! same reason1 believ+ t ! bl9d man c qualify = ?is employm5t 9 a few mon?s4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,b ! mo/ progressive "w 9 ,france has be5 done 9 ! municipal & gov]nm5t tra9+ s*ools 9 equipp+ ! maim$ & crippl$ = "w1 & x is ?is ( :i* ?is *apt] w treat4 ,! gov]nm5t in/itution ( ,/4 ,maurice foll[s ! lead ( ! n[ fam\s ,l'cole ,j(fre1 :i* 9 turn le>n$ mu* f a s*ool at ,*>l]oi1 ma9ta9$ be=e ! w> = victims ( indu/rial accid5ts4 ,l'cole ,j(fre 0 ! pione] :i* has blaz$ ! way = ! te*nical in/ruction ( ! w\nd$4 ,x 0 f\nd$ "u ! direction ( ! city ( ,lyons1 ) ! mayor ( ! city1 ,ed\>d ,h]riot1 mo/ active 9 ! und]tak+1 & ,maurice ,b>rs to spread its fame ) w+$ words4 ,to h\se x1 an old disus$ *teau 9 a popul\s "p ( ! city 0 put 9 ord] late 9 #aiad1 & e>ly 9 #aiae ! m5 dis*>g$ f ! hospital & pron\nc$ suitable = tra9+ ent]$ ^u _! c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,! fir/ "o hundr$ cases receiv$ 7 re/rict$ to ^? disabl$ b cur$ ( w\nds1 ! p>tially p>alyz$1 & ^? recov]$ f amputation4 ,to direct ! te*nical "w1 ,monsieur ,basque1 a pr(essor 9 ! indu/rial-accid5t s*ool at ,*>l]oi1 0 *os54 ,! success ( ! s*ool 0 imm$iate1 & by ,septemb] ano!r 0 op5$ 9 ! outskirts ( ! city to accommodate #hj m54 ,naturally1 at fir/1 exp]im5ts 7 made1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ,l'cole ,j(fre is mo/ valuable to u4 ,?ree s*emes 7 inaugurat$3 "o1 call$ placem5t domicile1 :]e an all[ance 0 made ! man1 :o 0 to live 9 8 own home :ile he ent]$ a work%op to le>n a craft ( "s sort2 ano!r1 la mode de l'ext]nat1 :]e ! man pupil liv$ at 8 home or 9 lodg+s :ile att5d+ classes daily1 receiv+ at ! s*ool at noon a cante5 meal 9 ord] to save ! "t :i* w\ld o!rwise be tak5 9 go+ home2 & a ?ird1 le rgime de l'int]nat1 :]e he liv$ 9 ! in/itution z a pupil 9 a bo>d+ s*ool4 ,exp]i5ce develop$ t ?is la/ me?od 0 ! only "o :i* might be adopt$ ) any assurance ( success1 ! o!rs subject+ ! m5 to possible disc\ragem5t1 ?r\gh ! jeal\sy %[n by o!r %op work]s1 ! necess>ily sl[ progress1 ! inequality ( pay1 ! v>y+ degrees ( in/ruction1 & insuffici5t sup]vision4 ,canada too1 aft] inve/igation1 has f\nd t ! m5 ?r\gh\t _! tra9+ mu/ live at ! s*ool & be "u sup]vision1 9 ord] to avoid disc\ragem5t & ! =m+ ( bad habits ( idl5ess & alcoholism1 & to insure cont9uity ( int]e/ 9 _! "w4 ,! condition ( entrance to ,l'cole ,j(fre 9 ,lyons is t ! man mu/ be pron\nc$ p]man5tly unfit = milit>y s]vice4 ,next he is exam9$ to asc]ta9 8 fitness = indu/rial "w1 a matt] det]m9$ by 8 fre$om f disease1 8 previ\s "w1 8 g5]al education & ability1 ! employm5t pref]r$1 & ! occupations op54 ,:5ev] possible1 ! man is kept 9 8 =m] employm5t4 ,?is pr9ciple is s\nd economically & psy*ologically1 & mu/ be adh]$ to 9 our s*ools4 ,! employm5ts = :i* tra9+ is giv5 are bookkeep+1 %or?& & typewrit+1 pap]-/it*+1 bookb9d+1 toymak+1 %oemak+1 woodwork+ & draft+1 tailor+1 wood c>v+1 g>d5+1 & ma*9e adju/+4 ,(fice "w (f]s special opportunity to ! "o-h&$ & ! crippl$1 z /5ography & typewrit+ d to ! bl9d4 ,! c\rse ) comm]cial subjects1 x 0 f\nd1 _h to be c>efully re/rict$1 = _m )\t suffici5t education wi%$ to take x up1 & !re 0 dang] ( s5d+ too _m m5 into occupations already well suppli$ ) compet5t work]s4 ,l'cole ,j(fre is a municipal und]tak+1 a free s*ool1 ! m5 pupils pay+ no bo>d or tuition4 ,x is 9 a measure subsidiz$1 = ! s*ool receives f ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w> a grant ( #c francs #ej c5times = ea* pupil = ea* day's att5dance4 ,! o!r funds to support ! s*ool are provid$ 9 v>i\s ways--popul> subscriptions & grants by prov9cial organizations & o!r (ficial bodies4 ,z = ! m5 !mselves1 !y d n1 :ile 9 tra9+1 receive ! gov]nm5t p5sion ( #a franc #gj c5times a day1 b ! s*ool makes ea* man an all[ance ( #a franc #be c5times a day f its own funds1 s f> z !y p]mit ( su* lib]ality4 ,! "w done by ! city ( ,lyons has be5 foll[$ 9 _m localities1--,b\rges1 ,bordeaux1 ,m>seille1 ,r\51 & o!rs1 9 mo/ cases end[$ by ! municipalities4 ,at ,b\rges additional classes are held 9 silv]-engrav+1 hair-dress+1 & locksmi? "w4 ,9 ! simil> s*ool 9 ,m>seille1 t9smi?s1 f\ndry work]s1 jewel]s1 & metal work]s are tra9$4 ,at ,cluses1 9 #aiae1 sev5ty p>tially disabl$ m5 7 s]v+ an appr5tice%ip 9 clock-mak+4 ,?is is sitt+ "w1 b x dem&s ! possession ( "o h& & at lea/ two f+]s on ! o!r1 & an exceptionally good eye1 s x is n s g5]ally taught z o!r trades4 ,at ,cluny a c\rse ( tra9+ has be5 e/abli%$ = ! =m] workm5 :o wi% to become ma/] workm5 & design]s2 t is1 ! s*ool specializes 9 tra9+ ^? ^: ability is above ! av]age4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ,fr5* prov9ces !re are _m m h& processes 9 use ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,jo9]y & c>p5try1 = example1 employ tools to make p>ts :i* 9 ?is c\ntry are turn$ out 9 factories4 ,! indu/rial diff]5ce is evid5t 9 "s ( ! photographs ( ! rehabilitat$ ,fr5* workm5 :o are %[n +5i\sly at "w ) artificial h&s & arms on processes = :i* !re is no field "h4 ,_m ,fr5* soldi]s1 too1 f9d employm5t 9 toy mak+1 a real indu/ry = ,france & ,g]many1 b "o :i* is unlikely to be develop$ "h to any ext5t4 ,9 ,am]ica we mu/ fit our disabl$ m5 to t5d ma*9es1 & n make ! blund] ( prep>+ m5 = op]ations :i* are out ( date 9 our /&>diz$ ma*9e indu/ries4 ,9 a v mov+ little book1 ,les jeunes filles franaises et la gu]re 7,jules ,comb>ieu1 ,p>is1 #aiaf71 we read ( a man :o 0 employ$ 9 a jo9]y e/abli%m5t aft] suff]+ ! amputation ( bo? h&s4 ,8 left arm 0 furni%$ ) a lea!r glove to :i* 0 adapt$ an +5i\s in/rum5t = hold+ nails4 ,8 "r arm 0 fitt$ ) ano!r glove arrangem5t to :i* a hamm] 0 atta*$4 ,) ! left he took ! nails2 & ) ! "r he p\nd$ !m into a piece ( wood4 ,m>vel\s z ! a*ievem5t may be1 9 ,am]ica ?is workman w\ld belong to ! class = :om special relief work%ops mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,"w 9 reducation mu/ naturally be adapt$ to ! dem&s ( ! vic9ity2 ! ,fr5* t[ns ( ,nancy1 ,cl]mont1 & ,montpelli] h n ! indu/rial conditions ( ,pittsburgh1 ,worce/]1 or ,birm+ham4 ,9 ,p>is ! model gov]nm5t in/itution ( ,/4 ,maurice conta9s bo? a convalesc5t hospital & a tra9+ s*ool = dis*>g$ pati5ts4 ,x has ! advantage ov] ,l'cole ,j(fre ( unit+ hospital & s*ool1 giv+ an opportunity ( comb9+ physical ) indu/rial reducation4 ,x is !re=e possible to h at ,/4 ,maurice1 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,b\rillon1 physio!rapy by massage1 electricity1 m$ical gymna/ics1 & me*ano!rapy1 :i* prep>e ! man = 8 reducation4 ,dr4 ,b\rillon affirms t ?is prelim9>y m$ical c>e r$uces ! ef=t :i* ! pati5t mu/ make to le>n & ex]cise a trade4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t also ma9ta9s at ,p>is ! ,laboratoire des ,re*]*es sur le ,travail ,pr(essionel1--an e/abli%m5t = ! sci5tific exam9ation ( w\nd$ m51 p>ticul>ly to asc]ta9 ! p]c5tage ( _! disability 9 ! labor m>ket4 ,! "q ( h[ _m disabl$ m5 are capable ( reducation is "o n rigidly det]m9$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s hopeless cases :i* w h to be entirely dep5d5t on ! gov]nm5t = _! support1 :e!r by p5sion or o!r means "u discussion4 ,b ! figures ( ,dr4 ,jules ,am>1 director ( ?is laboratory ( indu/rial rese>*1 a man :o has devis$ me*anical app>atus = develop+ ! capacities ( injur$ limbs1 %[ t ( ! maim$ cases :i* h come "u 8 obs]vation at lea/ #hj p] c5t are capable ( vocational reducation4 ,( ?is proportion #de p] c5t succe$ 9 e>n+ normal sal>ies aft] a tra9+ includ+ "s specializ+2 #bj p] c5t are p>tially re/or$ to normal wage e>n+2 :ile ! rema9+ #ae p] c5t c only obta9 "w 9 %ops ma9ta9$ especially = ! disabl$1 su* z a toymak+ /udio4 ,( ! reducation ( ?is #hj p] c5t ,dr4 ,am> says3 ,x is a "q ( sci5ce & me?od2 x dem&s ! organization ( tra9+ s*ools4444 ,x unites m$ical & te*nical k to ! end t artificial limbs %all be adapt$ to satisfy physical & vocational capabilities4 ,! proportion ( m5 dep5d5t ^u relief is !n r$uc$2 & "o mu/ endeavor1 )\t ceas+1 to dim9i% x4#f ,! me?od 9 ! ,p>is s*ools is sci5tific4 ,9 ! tra9+ s*ools1 he cont9ues1 ! object ( ! in/ruction is to supplem5t ! dim9i%$ physical capacity ( ! disabl$ man ) a great] k ( 8 trade1 sup]ior te*nical in/ruction1 or bett] vocational adju/m5t4 #f ,special ,bullet9 ( ,milit>y ,hospitals ,commission1 ,canada1 ,april1 #aiaf4 ,! fir/ responsibility falls on ! m$ical exam9]4 ,to requip ! maim$ physically1 an indisp5sable pro/hesis 7an addition ( an artificial "p to supply ! miss+ memb] ( ! body7 is made1 ! dynamical pro/hesis--n ! k9d :i* replaces ! memb]1 b t :i* re/abli%es or repairs ! functions4 ,:at ! w\nd$ man ne$s is n an admirable imitation ( ! miss+ arm or leg1 +5i\s & (t5 fragile appliances1 b a practical work+ tool1--a socket into :i* a v>iety ( tools c be fitt$4 ,next1 9 ! laboratory ( ! s*ool an analysis ( ! workman's movem5ts is made 9 relation to _! regul>ity1 direction1 spe$1 & accord+ to ! =ce !y exp5d4 ,! measure ( ! man's physical incapacity is d$uc$ f impressions ga!r$ 9 ?is analysis1 & f x ! me?od ( tra9+ mu/ be devis$4 ,furni%$ ) 8 c>d ( qualifications1 ! man passes f ! hospital laboratory to ! work%op1 :]e exp]ts in/ruct him 9 !ory & practice4 ,! fir/ ?+ to det]m9e is :e!r a man _c p]=m ! op]ations ( 8 =m] trade4 ,9 _m cases a man imag9es t ! disability caus$ by amputation ( f+]s1 h&1 or arm makes him unfit = ! "w he did previ\s to ! w>4 ,b :]e ! s*ool is atta*$ to a hospital & ! man's disability c be accurately kn[n1 ! union ( m$ical skill & te*nical in/ruction makes x possible to re/ore him to usefulness ) ! m9imum ( ef=t & wa/e4 ,dr4 ,am> recomm5ds = special relief "w = ! #ae p] c5t :o are n capable ( any great degree ( reducation1 %ops :i* w execute ord]s = easily manufactur$ articles1 involv+ su* processes z light coop]age1 /amp+1 plait+1 toymak+1--"w su* z is (f]$ at ! %op 9 ,rue de la ,durance1 ,p>is4 ,ano!r in/itution ^: me?ods are simil> to ^? employ$ at ,/4 ,maurice & by ,dr4 ,am> is ! ,anglo-,belgian ,milit>y ,in/itute1 at ,port ,villez1 ,v]non1 "u ! te*nical director ,major ,hacc\rt4 ,x accommodates ov] #hjj m51 & is self-support+1 ! l& :]e x is situat$ hav+ be5 orig9ally cov]$ ) =e/s1 ! sale ( :i* f9anc$ ! und]tak+ at fir/4 ,=ty-?ree trades are taught "h1 & a l>ge f>m is ma9ta9$ on :i* horses w\nd$ 9 w> are c>$ = & made useful4 ,! work%ops provide = comm]cial c\rses1 telegraphy1 wall-pap] design+1 ! manufacture ( motor vehicles & electrical ma*9]y ( all k9ds1 plumb+ & t9smi?+1 rabbit & p\ltry f>m+1 fur cur+ & dye+1 etc4 ,! %ops make fuse boxes = munitions1 & v>i\s army supplies4 ,at ,v]non ! m5 pupils are reg>d$ z /ill 9 ! ,belgian army1 receiv+ milit>y pay2 !y h no option z to entrance1 s9ce !y are "u milit>y discipl9e1 b ent] z soon z !y are dis*>g$ f ! ,anglo-,belgian hospital at ,r\54 ,9 ?is s*ool ! s]vices ( ! be/ pr(essors 9 diff]5t trades are obta9$ )\t tr\ble1 = ! director c requisition any man 9 ! ,belgian army = any requir$ purpose4 ,be=e ! w> ,belgium _h a l>ge proportion ( highly tra9$ workm52 & ) compulsory reducation & milit>y discipl9e ! op]ation ( ?is in/itution is mu* simplifi$4 ,9 work+ out plans = reducation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we mu/ h 9 m9d c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,!re is ! necessity ( mak+ our tra9+ ?or\gh4 ,our problem w be n to f9d employm5t = ! p]iod ( ! w>1 dur+ :i* !re is a con/ant dem& = work]s1 b to tra9 ! disabl$ = an occupation 9 :i* !y c hold a place aft] ! tempor>y %ortage ( labor creat$ by ! w> conditions is ov]4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! m5 are incompet5t & ill-prep>$ = _! "w1 !y w be we$$ out z soon z skill$ m5 are available4 ,_! "w is b>r$ f t dem&+ manual /r5g?2 nor c x hope to belong to t highly specializ$ k9d :i* w\ld dem& an ardu\s & elaborate tra9+4 ,b !re is a wide range ( semiskill$ occupations :]e a h&icapp$ man c e>n m ?an if he %\ld ent] aft] a long c\rse ( tra9+ ! highly skill$ trade :]e he w\ld meet ! competition ( ! physically normal4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree k9ds ( disabilities our s*ools w h to deal )4 ,fir/1 !re is ! man :o has lo/ 8 "r arm4 ,?is man mu/1 :5ev] possible1 be taught to use 8 left h& 9 8 trade1 al?\gh x is sometimes easi] to le>n a new process ?an to *ange "r-h& to left-h& me?ods 9 ! old op]ation4 ,9 c>p5try1 turn+1 & ma*9e trades1 h[ev]1 ! "o-arm$ man may cont9ue to be employ$1 & our vocational s*ools %\ld incorporate c\rses 9 left-h& tra9+4 ,"h also we f9d ano!r ne$3 !re mu/ be built = ! disabl$ left-h& ma*9es4 ,next !re is ! case ( ! man :o mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 an alli$ trade because 8 =m] "o is pron\nc$ by m$ical exam9ation & ! te/s ( me*ano!rapy to be impossible4 ,& la/ !re is ! case ( ! man ^: injury makes necess>y ! fitt+ ( delicately adju/$ pro/hesis & a c\rse ( exp]t tra9+ be=e he c become a wage e>n]4 ,our *ief difficulty 9 our "w ( reducation w be to secure ! "r k9d ( tea*+ =ce1 & x is cle> t our gov]nm5t mu/ e/abli% s*ools to tra9 our te*nical in/ructors h[ to adapt _! k ( trade tea*+ to ! k9d ( "w dem&$ 9 giv+ in/ruction to ! physically disabl$4 ,! selection ( ! prop] type ( tea*] is vital to ! success ( any s*eme ( reducation4 ,! ideal in/ructor mu/ n only "k 8 trade b be able to suit 8 me?ods to ! individual case s z to get ! be/ response f ea* man "u 8 direction4 ,at pres5t x seems z if !re w\ld be no way ( tra9+ in/ructors except by s5d+ *os5 trade tea*]s to ,/4 ,maurice to /udy ! ,fr5* me?ods1 t !y may return to ?is c\ntry prop]ly equipp$ to select & in/ruct o!rs1 until su* "t z a gov]nm5t s*ool ( ! "r type is well e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,z = ! s*ools !mselves1 !y mu/ be und]tak5 by ! gov]nm5t1 ev5 if additional hospitals & laboratories = rese>* are ma9ta9$ by private b5evol5ce & beque/1 = !re %\ld be no limit to ! funds available = c>ry+ on ?is "w ( ! economic rehabilitation ( ! m5 injur$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! c\ntry1 & x mu/ keep pace ) ! progressive "w 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,bran* s*ools 9 municipalities may be organiz$ "u gov]nm5t control & subsidiz$ by f$]al money4 ,"s ( our trade & vocational s*ools & _! equipm5t may be tak5 ov] by ! gov]nm5t = ?is purpose4 ,our trade & te*nical s*ools mu/ also include c\rses 9 tra9+ tea*]s = ?is special "w1 ! c\rse to be supplem5t$ by a special prep>ation prescrib$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,canada ! ,milit>y ,hospitals ,commission has made a c>eful /udy ( ! ,fr5* & ,anglo-,belgian treatm5t 9 ! re/oration ( disabl$ soldi]s1 & has equipp$ ! ,c5tral ,milit>y ,convalesc5t ,hospital at ,toronto ) ! me*ano-app>atus simil> to t us$ 9 ,france by ,dr4 ,am> & ,dr4 ,b\rillon4 ,pr(it+ by _! obs]vation ( ! =eign hospital s*ools1 !y h det]m9$ to consid] ! m5 9 tra9+ z /ill 9 hospital & "u milit>y rule1 = 9 ,europe !re is absolute unanimity ( op9ion t ! influ5ce ( convalesc5t homes & b5evol5t support is bad1 conducive to lax discipl9e & idl5ess4 ,canada has agre$ t ! e>n+ p[] subsequ5tly acquir$ by a p5sion] 9 tra9+ w n less5 8 p5sion4 ,to pass ^u ! cases eligible = reducation1 ,canada has a bo>d ( ?ree3 a memb] ( ! ,prov9cial ,advisory ,committee1 a vocational (fic]1 & a m$ical man1 ?us comb9+ ) te*nical & m$ical aid advice 9 ! indu/rial *oice & placem5t ( ! man pupil4 ,realiz+ t reducation is a new idea to mo/ soldi]s &1 inde$1 to ! public g5]ally1 ,canada has put =? a propag&a ( mak+ popul> ! tra9+ c\rses4 ,a bullet9 has be5 po/$ conspicu\sly 9 public build+s & a pr9t$ c>d circulat$ be>+ ! same in=mation1 ,:at ,e ,disabl$ ,soldi] ,%\ld ,"k4 ,aside f enc\ragem5t & directions ( :]e to obta9 help1 etc41 we f9d ! foll[+3 ,t 8 /r5g? & e>n+ capacity w be re/or$ 9 ! highe/ degree possible4 ,t if 8 disability prev5ts him f return+ to 8 old "w1 he w receive free tra9+ = a new occupation4 ,t full consid]ation is giv5 to 8 own capacity & desires :5 a new occupation has to be *os54 ,t nei!r 8 treatm5t nor 8 tra9+ nor 8 transportation w co/ him a c5t4 ,t 8 ma9t5ance & 8 family's w be paid = dur+ 8 tra9+ & = a mon? aft]4 ,t 8 home prov9ce has a special commission to assi/ him 9 f9d+ employm5t on dis*>ge4 ,to fur!r ! publicity ( ! "w 9 ,canada1 mov+-picture films h be5 prep>$1 sy/ematically illu/rat+ ! treatm5t & reducation ( w\nd$ soldi]s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,canada1 & %[+ _! progress up to ! /age ( f9al recov]y4 ,^! films h be5 %[n 9 hundr$s ( !at]s ?r\gh\t ! ,dom9ion4 ,x is enc\rag+ t occasionally 9 ,france & ,canada ! vocational tra9+ 9 connection ) hospitals places a man 9 a bett] position f9ancially ?an be=e4 ,! foll[+ examples are giv5 out by ! ,canadian ,milit>y ,hospitals ,commission & are te/imonials ( ! possibilities ( rehabilitation4 ,lett] receiv$ is f an ex-private 9 ! #ac? ,battalion4 ,be=e enli/m5t he 0 gett+ #ab a week z driv] on a city milk r\nd4 ,i always _h a lik+ = draw+1 he says1 & ,i felt t if ,i ev] _h ! *ance ,i w\ld take up a c\rse 9 me*anical draw+4 ,?is opportunity came to him at "o ( ! commission's convalesc5t hospitals4 ,aft] six weeks' application to ! "w !re1 he 0 able to secure an appo9tm5t beg9n+ ) #ge a mon?1 ) good prospects ( advance4 ,a locomotive fireman _h enli/$1 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 & _h to h 8 left arm amputat$4 ,"u ! commission's s*eme ( reducation1 :i* is (f]$ to all m5 incapacitat$ = _! =m] "w by s]vice1 he receiv$ special tra9+ 9 telegraphy & railway r\t9e4 ,z a result he secur$ an appo9tm5t z /ation ag5t & dispat*] at #aaj a mon?4 ,9 ,engl& ! high %]iff ( ,lanca%ire has =mulat$ a s*eme = li/+ ! employm5ts op5 to ! disabl$4 ,fir/1 ! employ] is ask$1 :5ev] possible1 to give ! return$ soldi] 8 old job4 ,next1 c]ta9 employm5ts are li/$ z be+ )9 ! p[]s ( p>tially disabl$ m51 & ) ! help ( labor ex*anges & ( o!r ag5cies1 ^! are res]v$ = !m4 ,x is = ! economic int]e/ ( ! ,/ate to make possible ! employm5t ( ! disabl$4 ,! am\nt ( a p5sion is n ! measure ( ! co/ ( ! p5sion]4 ,! nation _c af=d to let any human p[] g to wa/e or lie idle4 ,to requip ! maim$ is to make him p>tly =get 8 infirmity1--an indisp5sable m5tal advantage4 ,france is n[ discuss+ :e!r reducation ( "o =m or ano!r %all be compulsory1 z 9 ! ,anglo-,belgian hospital4 ,b obligatory or n1 says ,a4 ,l4 ,bitt>d1#g ! indu/rial reducation mu/ be above all a national "w4 ,we %\ld reg>d x z a debt ow$ to ! w\nd$ & z an effective prep>ation = ! future ( ! nation4444 ,! ,/ate alone is capable ( giv+ all ! mutilat$ ! maximum equality ( treatm5t1 :]e private initiative w\ld be totally incapable ( realiz+ ! m9imum4 #g ,a4 ,l4 ,bitt>d1 ,les coles de ,blesss4 ,p>is1 #aiaf4 ,! w> simply makes ! "q ( reducat+ & rehabilitat+ ! disabl$ a /rik+ "o4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! problem ( ! injur$ is always ) u4 ,x may n be amiss to po9t out t #ed1jja m5 & wom5 7 actually kill$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> #aiac4 ,?is means "o kill$ e t5 m9utes4 ,ov] #b1jjj1jjj m5 & wom5 are injur$ 9 ! indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>4 ,?is means "o injur$ e sixte5 seconds4 ,! economic loss f accid5tal dea?s & injuries is ne>ly #ejj1jjj1jjj annually1 & ! loss f prev5table accid5ts & diseases w\ld m ?an pay ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ all ! public s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are appall+ figures4 ,at pres5t ! great fe> ( e boy :o goes to w> & ( e si/] & "m ( su* a boy is t he may g ?r\gh life maim$ & dep5d5t4 ,b we nev] ?9k ( ! ev]-pres5t dang] to ^! boys ( be+ h&icapp$ physically by m]ely go+ to "w2 & yet !re are m p]sons s disabl$ ?r\gh accid5ts 9 indu/rial life 9 normal times ?an are disabl$ by w>4 ,:5 our boys come back f ! w>1 physically disabl$1 & ?r\gh ! gov]nm5t "w 9 rehabilitation & reducation are made self-support+ & self-respect+ memb]s ( society1 we %all beg9 to appreciate t we h be5 extremely neglig5t 9 ! pa/ 9 limit+ our ef=ts to help ! crippl$ & bl9d$ to ! good (fices ( *>ity & philan?ropy4 ,x is a public matt]4 ,x is a problem ( education4 ,x is an opportunity = s]vice = ! tea*]s ( vocational tra9+1 = ! exp]ts 9 vocational guidance & direction1 = ! directors ( placem5t & employm5t bureaus1 & = ! design]s ( special tools & ma*9es = ! h&icapp$4 ,x is an imm$iate problem 9 ?is "t ( w>2 x is ev5 m significant 9 "t ( peace4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,f>m ,,cadets ,we c af=d only "o fad 9 w> "t1 & t fad is to be f>m+4 ,x w be useless = little ,william ,corn+ ,smi?1 ag$ #ab1 ( ,kankakee1 ,ill9ois1 to /ick 8 little spade into 8 back y>d be=e 8 admir+ p>5t4 ,individual1 unorganiz$ "w on l& n prop]ly prep>$ = agriculture may be worse ?an useless2 x may be wa/eful4 ,r&om ef=ts n cord9at$ 9 a g5]al s*eme = ! utilization ( s*ool *ildr5 9 l>ge units w be fooli%1 misdirect$ ef=t4 ,/ate1 c\nty1 & ev5 national organization are requir$ to make available ?is lat5t p[]4 ,purely isolat$ ef=t w be fruitless1 bo? z aids to ! nation & education = ! *ild4 ,organiz$ "w w br+ ! great] moral advantages ( develop+ ! p[] ( conc5tration along ) ! int]e/ 9 national & community s]vice4 ,x w evoke an esprit de corps :i* may be capitaliz$ = national use & %ift ! usual int]e/ 9 gangs & a?letics1 bo? normal & natural1 to "w :i* op5s ! way to loyal indu/rial educational tra9+4#h #h ,columbia ,univ]sity ,w> ,pap]s4 ,?is 0 writt5 by ,john ,dewey e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag 9 a message address$ to ! pr9cipals & tea*]s ( ,am]ica on h[ s*ool *ildr5 may be s organiz$ = f>m s]vice z to ,aid ! nation2 ,increase ! food supply ( ! c\ntry 9 w> "t & dur+ a _w-wide %ortage ( food2 ,conscript ! national en?usiasm = a?letics to national usefulness2 ,assure a vigor\s & heal?y ris+ g5]ation2 ,reap ! advantage ( organiz$ ef=t ) its moral & educational results2 ,develop con/ructive patriotism4 ,z may be ga!r$1 ,dewey's idea 0 n only to organize ! rural & village *ildr5 = f>m "w b also to s5d ! city *ildr5 into ! c\ntry 9 camps & t5t colonies4 ,he said fur!r t ! plan 0 n a dream & t x c\ld be done4 ,a fri5d 9 writ+ to me ( 8 attempts 9 ,massa*usetts to make ! dream a reality said1 ,x is l nail+ a jellyfi% to a bo>d4 ,ref]r+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ compet5t boys1 on ! "o h&1 & ( conv9c+ f>m]s ( ! value ( city-boy labor1 on ! o!r1 he fur!r /at$ t x 0 a difficult proposition to sell some?+ we did n h to somebody :o did n want x4 ,few1 if any1 ( u knew v mu* ( ! exp]i5ce1 9 ?is direction1 ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,to be sure1 we _h he>d t ,france _h attempt$ 9 a l>ge way to use *ildr5 at f>m labor1 b _h giv5 x up & _h replac$ !m ) old m51 wom51 & p>tially crippl$ return$ soldi]s2 & we knew t ) ! al>m ( ! sc>city ( labor & ! dim9i%+ numb] ( ! _w's acres "u cultivation ,engl& & ,g]many _h call$ ^u wom5 & boys bel[ milit>y age to help meet ! ne$s ( ! situation4 ,b we 9 ,am]ica did n realize1 to quote ,dewey aga91 t we c\ld enli/ ! s*ool *ildr5 9 ?is "w 9 su* a mann] t !y c\ld s]ve ) results z b5eficial to !mselves z to ! nation4 ,be=e consid]+ 9 "s detail ! idea ( us+ agricultural labor ( *ildr5 9 ,am]ica 7& x is a subject wor?y ( elaboration1 = ev5 if ! w> closes to-morr[1 we %all be %ort ( f>m labor = _m ye>s--p]haps always71 let u see :at ,engl& & ,g]many h done to utilize s*ool *ildr5 = f>m "w4 ,9 ,engl& _m ( ! boys ( #ad to #af 9 ! public s*ools h volunte]$ = vacation & holiday agricultural "w 9 hoe+1 plant+1 & h>ve/+2 "s ( ?is 0 gratuit\s labor1 ^! boys com+ f ! prosp]\s classes & !re=e be+ able to give _! s]vices4 ,9 ,july1 #aiaf1 ! ,education ,bo>d publi%$ a report %[+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 excus$ f att5dance at s*ool = ! purpose ( agricultural employm5t 9 ,engl& & ,wales on ,may #ca1 #aiaf4 ,! total numb] s excus$ 0 #ae1gec1 ( :i* numb] #edf 7 betwe5 ! ages ( #aa & #ab2 #hjah betwe5 #ab & #ac2 #eeba betwe5 #ac & #ad1 & ( ! rema9+ #affh cases ! ages 7 betwe5 #ab & #ad4 ,figures quot$ relate solely to agricultural employm5t & d n %[ ! full ext5t ( )drawals f s*ool4 ,!y also relate to )drawals ( *ildr5 :o are n qualifi$ = total exemption "u ! law4 ,! report also /ates t ! bo>d has no in=mation z to ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o h be5 excus$ f s*ool att5dance = purposes ( indu/rial employm5t or employm5t o!r ?an agriculture4 ,e>ly 9 #aiag sev]al ( ! c\nty education committees =mulat$ plans = us+ ! labor ( *ildr5 :o 7 to be excus$ only = holidays1 special p]iods1 & "p times1 ! g5]al s5tim5t be+1 ev5 9 ! em]g5cy1 t no m *ildr5 mu/ be p]man5tly excus$ = agricultural or indu/rial employm5t4 ,^! s*emes are wor?y ( att5tion z endeavors to reta9 *ildr5 9 s*ool1 at ! same "t modify+ ! arrangem5t ( ! educational requirem5ts to all[ !m to p]=m f>m & g>d5 "w4 ,! ,education ,committee = ! ,l9dsay division ( ,l9coln%ire consid]$1 at a meet+ held on ,april #ac1 #aiag1 ! desirability ( tak+ /eps to secure t ! s*ool holidays ?is ye> are fix$ at su* times z w enable ! *ildr5 to be ( mo/ assi/ance to ! f>m]s1 & x 0 resolv$ t ! f9ance committee %\ld be reque/$ to consid] ! prep>ation ( a s*eme enabl+ manag]s to am5d ! s*ool "t-tables 9 su* a way z w give ! maximum ( opportunity = ! old] *ildr5 to "w on ! l& dur+ ! spr+ & summ]4444 ,!y fur!r consid]$444t 9 view ( ! pres5t em]g5cy & ! ne$ ( additional labor1 especially 9 agricultural "w1 ! bo>d w give favorable consid]ations to proposals = ext5d$ or additional holidays 9 rural areas "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,two s*emes 7 pres5t$1 sett+ =? alt]native me?ods :i* manag]s might be au?oriz$ to adopt by :i* advantage c be tak5 ( ! concessions ( ! bo>d1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a s*eme to give a numb] up to eighty additional aft]noons on :i* ! old] *ildr5 c be employ$ on ! l&1 manag]s to be in=m$ t a s*ool ye> ( n less ?an #cbj att5dances w be accept$ z fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( ! bo>d1 in/ead ( a m9imum ( #djj z h]et(ore4 ,on up to eighty days1 old] *ildr51 above prescrib$ age1 may be releas$ at noon = employm5t on ! l&1 :il/ ! s*ool w be op5 z usual = ! y\ng] *ildr51 & _! att5dance record$1 ?\gh n 9 ! (ficial regi/]4 7#b7 ,a s*eme to all[ up to eight weeks extra dur+ :i* ! old] *ildr5 may be employ$ on ! l&1 manag]s to be in=m$ ( ! numb] ( att5dances requir$ z 9 s*eme "o4 ,old] *ildr51 above a prescrib$ age1 :o are to be employ$ on ! l&1 ne$ n att5d s*ool = a p]iod up to eight weeks 9 addition to ! ord9>y holidays4 ,! s*ool w be kept op5 z usual dur+ su* weeks = ! y\ng] *ildr51 & ^? att5d+ w h _! att5dance record$1 b n 9 ! (ficial regi/]4 ,"u ei!r s*eme x w be necess>y = ! manag]s to fix ! p]iod or p]iods = ! ye> dur+ :i* ! s*eme w\ld be 9 op]ation1 & 9 "s ( ! l>g] rural s*ools x might be possible to release a tea*] z well z ! old] *ildr54 ,at a meet+ held on ,april #bg x 0 resolv$ to issue ! s*emes to ! manag]s1 impress+ ^u !m ! fact t ! "o object is to secure increas$ production ( food4#i ,at ,grimsby a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! employm5t ( *ildr5 on g>d5s1 all[+ an acre plot to ea* s*ool1 & #be *ildr51 "u a tea*]1 to "w 9 cultivat+ x4 ,all ^! *ildr5 are requir$ to att5d s*ool 9 ! morn+1 & ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts mu/ be obta9$ by !m be=e !y are p]mitt$ to beg9 aft]noon "w4 ,s9ce1 z 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ! aim ( ! "w is increas$ food production1 ! crops d]iv$ f ! cultivation ( ! l& acquir$ by ! t[n are to be divid$ among tea*]s & s*ol>s engag$ 9 ! "w4 ,9 ,hull1 also1 ! ,educational ,committee1 besides enc\rag+ "w 9 s*ool g>d5s1 has au?oriz$ ! labor ( s*oolboys 9 cultivat+ sp>e l& 9 v>i\s places z a sub/itute = _! usual manual tra9+ 9 ! s*ool %ops4 #i ,london ,times1 ,educational ,supplem5t1 ,may #ag1 #aiag4 ,9 ,h]t=d%ire !re are s*ool g>d5s = ! production ( potatoes1 p>snips1 beets1 & onions1 ) s*ool in/ruction 9 g>d5+ giv5 ! pupils4 ,dur+ ! p]iod = plant+ !re is a s*$ule ( half-"t att5dance4 ,9 ,brad=d ! successful vegetable g>d5+ is correlat$ ) ! s*ool "w 9 nature /udy1 composition1 ari?metic1 & draw+1 & emphasis is plac$ on ! educational value ( ! productive "w4 ,x is difficult = ,am]ica to see ! food crisis z d ! nations :i* are ne> ! exhau/ion po9t4 ,:ile ev]yone mu/ deplore ! :olesale excus+ ( *ildr5 to "w )\t sup]vision1 we ought to wat* ) int]e/ all s*emes :i* w increase production & yet w keep y\ng] *ildr5 9 s*ool = full "t & w p]mit ^? old] to "w "p "t4 ,?is "p-"t "w %\ld be conf9$ to ! ye>s ( #ad to #ah1 except possibly 9 ! case ( "w 9 ! s*ool g>d51 :]e y\ng] *ildr5 may labor = %ort p]iods4 ,! appeal ( ,neville ,*amb]la91 ! ,director-g5]al ( ,national ,s]vice1 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag1 = volunte]s f su* boys z 7 able to make ! sacrifice1 connects ! ne$ = agricultural labor ) ! necessity = provid+ prop] sup]vision ( ! boys4 ,8 plan = utiliz+ ! labor ( ,engli% s*oolboys has _m features simil> to devices employ$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 & ,new ,j]sey4 ,x is well und]/ood t an abundant supply ( labor = ! l& dur+ ! com+ summ] mon?s is an urg5t national necessity4 ,_m s*emes h already be5 organiz$ = ! employm5t ( soldi]s1 wom51 & prison]s ( w>1 b x is desirable to =m a res]ve ( labor s organiz$ z to be available at %ort notice4 ,= ?is res]ve ,i turn to ! boys at our public & o!r second>y s*ools4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s _m ( !m h giv5 valuable help 9 hoe+1 h>ve/+1 & timb] cutt+1 & at ! pres5t crisis ,i confid5tly hope t all = :om x is possible w make _! s]vices available bo? 9 summ] holidays &1 if necess>y1 dur+ ! com+ t]m4 ,i h accept$ ! (f] ( ! ,cav5di% ,association to place at my disposal _! organization1 :i* w act 9 conjunction ) a committee--repres5tative ( s*ools & ma/]s--hav+ its headqu>t]s at ,/4 ,erm9's1 & work+ "u ! director ( ! agricultural section ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,full p>ticul>s ( ! arrangem5ts & proc$ure w %ortly be issu$ by ! committee4 ,! ma9 po9ts are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! age ( ! boys p]mitt$ to volunte] %\ld n be bel[ #af except 9 ! cases :]e ! s*ool au?orities consid] boys ( #ae suffici5tly /rong to und]take ! necess>y "w4 7#b7 ,! boys w be organiz$ 9 squads ( v>y+ sizes1 ea* 9 *>ge ( a ma/] or o!r responsible p]son4 7#c7 ,x is propos$ t dur+ t]m "t ! p]iod ( cont9u\s :ole-"t s]vice %\ld n exce$ two weeks4 ,e ef=t w be made to f9d "w = s*oolboy volunte]s 9 ! neighborhood ( ! s*ool1 b if ! "w lies at "s di/ance f ! s*ool1 railway f>es w be paid & c>eful provision w be made = bo>d & lodg+4 ,no boy w be expect$ to volunte] = s]vice dur+ t]m ^: s*ool "w is ( imm$iate importance2 = example1 a boy :o is prep>+ = a s*ol>%ip exam9ation4 ,i recognize t ?is "p ( ! s*eme may pres5t "s difficulties to all b ! l>ge public s*ools1 b ,i hope t "s ( ! l>g] /ate-aid$ second>y s*ools may be able to jo9 9 x4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld communicate ) ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 7#d7 ,9 ! holidays !y w "w = n less ?an ?ree or f\r weeks1 & x is hop$ t1 if necess>y1 !y may h leave ( abs5ce f s*ool until ! end ( ,septemb]4 7#e7 ,! :ole work+ h\rs w be c>efully proportion$ to ! av]age /r5g? ( ea* squad1 & ! wages adju/$ accord+ly4 ,if ! total sum e>n$ does n meet ! co/ ( liv+1 ! deficit w "u special conditions be made up4 ,i tru/ t :5 ! call = boys' help comes1 p>5ts w recognize its urg5cy & w n hesitate to all[ _! sons to r5d] ?is s]vice = _! c\ntry4 ,9 ,g]many !re has be5 a sy/ematic contribution f s*ools to agriculture s9ce ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,au?ority 0 giv5 to ! respective s*ool (ficials to grant ! necess>y leave ( abs5ce to old] *ildr5 = f>m & g>d5 cultivation4 ,) ! increas+ ne$ ( secur+ a suffici5t supply ( food = ! nation1 excuses ( pupils f s*ool increas$4 ,an additional s]vice ( pupils 0 requir$ by an ord] issu$ on ,may #ae1 #aiag1 relative to combat+ fruit & vegetable pe/s4 ,look+ =w>d to future sc>city1 ,g]many1 ) ! help ( ! tea*+ /aff & gov]nm5t leaflets1 next enli/$ s*ool *ildr5 9 ! "w ( collect+ field & =e/ edible products4 ,*ildr5 7 engag$ 9 ! "w ( glean+1 & 9 ! summ] ( #aiae ! glean+s am\nt$ to approximately #ej1jjj1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 turn$ ov] to ! ,r$ ,cross z ! *ildr5's contribution4 ,9 ! summ] & autumn ( #aiae ! *ildr5 aid$1 too1 9 ga!r+ fruits4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ w9t] ! s*ools gave in/ruction 9 ! sub/itution ( fruit products = fat & proteid4 ,^! 7 po9t$ lessons bo? 9 frugality & 9 public _s4 ,additional requirem5t ( ! *ildr5's s]vices 0 made :5 ! cont9u$ sc>city ( fats made x imp]ative to cons]ve acorns1 horse-*e/nuts1 & se$s conta9+ oil1 ! ga!r+ ( :i* 0 impossible )\t ! aid ( s*ool *ildr54 ,an ord] ( ,augu/ #ba1 #aiaf1 au?oriz$ ! employm5t ( *ildr5 to take "p 9 ! extraction f trees 9 ! /ate =e/s ( res9 ne$$ *iefly = ! pap] indu/ry2 & 9 ! same season *ildr5 7 call$ ^u to engage 9 ! collection ( k]nels ( *]ries1 plums1 & apricots 9 enorm\s quantities = oil extraction4 ,! s*ool adm9i/rators & tea*]s ( ,am]ica knew little1 if any?+1 ( ! f>m-placem5t v5tures ( ,european c\ntries4 ,b !y 7 told mo/ emphatically 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag t ! milit>y =ce 0 b "o factor 9 national organization1 & t ! ultimate decision z to victory might well be ) ! f>m]4 ,s 9 ,am]ican fa%ion we />t$ at x2 ,new ,j]sey ) its junior indu/rial army1 ,massa*usetts ) its bronze-badg$ boy f>m]s1 & ,new ,york ) its f>m cadets4 ,we all ?\ght we 7 orig9al1 & p]haps we 72 & yet x is c]ta9ly n new = s*oolboys to "w outside ! s*ool session :5 ( prop] age4 ,:e!r = ! fa!r or a neighborhood employ]1 boys #ad & ov] h work$ 9 /ores & g>d5s1 9 summ] hotels1 9 (fices1 g>ages1 & manufactur+ plants4 ,nor is x unusual1 = t matt]1 to h ! outside "w cord9at$ ) ! s*ool & receiv+ due cr$it 9 ! curriculum4 ,! cop]ative high-s*ool & vocational c\rses 9 _m cities--,fit*burg1 ,bev]ly1 ,provid5ce1 ,h>t=d1 ,indianapolis1 ,*icago1 & ,new ,york--are well kn[n to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ext5sion & cop]ative ef=ts ( our vocational s*ools4 ,fur!rmore we are famili> ) ! two types ( camps3 ! adult-labor & ! recreation camp4 ,! "w camp is mu* ! old]1 dat+ back to ! build+ ( railroads & ! op5+ ( lumb] di/ricts4 ,9 ! pa/ decade ! recreation summ] camps h become a pot5t factor 9 second>y-s*ool life1 mak+ a complem5t ( ! s*ool ye>'s "w by lay+ /ress on ! physical developm5t ( outdoor woodl& & c\ntry exp]i5ces4 ,"s ( ^! camps1 :ile prim>ily recreational1 h _h c\rses 9 manual tra9+1 college prep>ation1 arts & crafts1 & languages1 yet s cle>ly is _! play nature ( *ief importance t no "o ?9ks ( !m z "w camps4 ,n[ ! f>m-cadet movem5t involves ! f>m labor ( ! s*oolboy1 :o is s5t out & cr$it$ = 8 "w by 8 s*ool & is add$ to a camp life :]e 9 a squad ( 8 fell[ s*oolboys he is look$ aft] by an appo9t$ lead] z if 9 a ,y4,m4,c4,a4 camp4 ,?us we h1 out ( famili> +r$i5ts1 a new comp\nd1 br++ into relation ! boy1 ! p>5t1 ! sup]visor1 ! employ]1 & ! s*ool4 ,?is agricultural movem5t 9 connection ) ! s*ools _h its inception at ! ,philadelphia meet+ ( ! ,ea/]n ,arts & ,manual ,tra9+ ,tea*]s' ,association e>ly 9 #aiag4 ,at once ?ree ,ea/]n /ates--,massa*usetts1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,new ,york--began to =mulate plans = its op]ation4#aj ,= x 0 n to be ! simple exp$i5t ( excus+ boys f s*ool to "w on f>ms1 z has be5 ! practice 9 _m localities1 b a plan :]eby ! boy 0 to be reta9$ 9 ! s*ool sy/em1 sub/itut+ 9 8 c\rse dur+ a portion ( ! ye> agricultural "w = ! academic & vocational /udies ( ! regul> curriculum4 ,9 analyz+ ! problem x 0 f\nd t !re 7 ?ree types ( boys to be consid]$3 7#a7 ! boy 9 a f>m+ di/rict1 :o c\ld be employ$ on ! f>m ( 8 fa!r or a neighbor2 7#b7 ! boy 9 a t[n ne> an agricultural c5t]1 :o c\ld be employ$ )9 a radius ( a few miles ( 8 home & s*ool2 7#c7 ! boy f a city1 :o w\ld h to be s5t to di/ant f>ms & ^: welf>e w\ld n be 9 ! *>ge ( 8 s*ool pr9cipal & p>5ts4 ,! case ( ! fir/ boy is v simple2 ! second is also easy ( solution2 b if ! ?ird boy is to be us$1 !re w ne$ to be a c>efully work$-out plan = 8 placem5t1 record ( "w1 accommodations1 & g5]al welf>e4 ,x is = ! ?ird boy t ! camp mu/ be e/abli%$1 :]e he w be look$ aft] by a responsible p]son :o w see t he has ! prop] t5t1 bo>d1 "w1 & sanit>y arrangem5ts4 #aj ,cali=nia & ,indiana develop$ plans ab\t ! same "t4 ,be=e ! fir/ ( ,july1 #aiag1 ! movem5t became q g5]al 9 ,am]ica4 ,! plans ( ! diff]5t /ates = utiliz+ boy p[]1 :ile aim+ t[>d ! "o desirable end ( increas+ our food production1 h diff]$ widely 9 detail1 ow+ to ! v>iation 9 ! compulsory-att5dance laws1 to ! latitude ex]cis$ 9 "s /ates 9 excus+ boys prematurely1 & to ! v>y+ degrees ( inve/igation ( placem5t1 record ( "w1 & sup]vision4 ,all /ates agree 9 giv+ ! boy :o is excus$ = f>m "w cr$it 9 8 s*ool "w4 ,canada1 too1 excuses boys ov] #ad = f>m "w1 all[+ !m full s*ool cr$it = ?ree mon?s' labor4 ,:ile x may be urg$ t x is n p$agogically s\nd to give cr$it 9 "o subject = ! "w 9 ano!r1 a way out ( ! difficulty might be f\nd 9 a re>rangem5t ( ! s*ool ye> & vacations 9 di/ricts :]e !re is a l>ge p]c5tage ( excus$ boys2 or special classes c\ld be devis$ = ^! boys :5 !y return to s*ool4 ,9 ! l>ge high s*ools %ort] int5sive c\rses c\ld be includ$ 9 ! program s t ! boy :o 0 prep>+ = college w\ld n lose 8 "w 9 su* subjects z ,engli%1 hi/ory1 & ma!matics4 ,9 ! case ( language & sci5ce !re mu/ be a loss :i* x is difficult to repair4 ,if ! pres5t conditions p]si/1 adm9i/rative +5uity c solve ! "q ( "w & cr$its4 ,x is n "o ( ! s]i\s aspects ( ! problem1 provid$ always t !re is no release ( *ildr5 bel[ ! compulsory-att5dance age4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! "w ( mobiliz+ s*oolboys = f>m labor 0 9 *>ge ( ! /ate's ,committee on ,public ,safety4 ,_! pr9ciples 9 act+ 7 z foll[s3 ,mobilize ! s*oolboys2 keep ^? "u #af at home to "w on home1 s*ool1 & community g>d5s2 enli/ ! high-s*ool boys betwe5 #af & #ah1 too "y = milit>y or naval s]vice1 b old en\gh to r5d] real s]vice2 move !m :]e f>m labor is ne$$2 make !m und]/& t enli/m5t = f>m s]vice is 9 all ways z patriotic z any o!r s]vice = ! nation's def5se4 ,) ! appo9tm5t ( a subcommittee to =mulate ! detail$ s*eme ( placem5t & sup]vision1 hav+ ,frank ,v4 ,?ompson1 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bo/on s*ools1 z *airman1 ! plan = ! cop]ation ( s*ools ) agriculture is1 = boys #af & ov]1 z foll[s3 #a4 7a7 ,! f>m-labor s]vice is to be recogniz$ by a bronze badge conta9+ ! seal ( ! commonweal? & inscrib$ ,! ,nation's ,s]vice & ,food ,production4 7b7 ,an honorable dis*>ge1 simil> to a dis*>ge f ! army1 conta9+ ! signature ( ! gov]nor1 w be issu$ to boys :o successfully complete _! s]vice on f>ms4 7c7 ,tufts1 ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 & ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college h agre$ to give a trial t]m or ye> to su* c&idates z pres5t an honorable dis*>ge1 )\t fur!r entrance requirem5ts1 provid$ _! s*ool "w 0 satisfactory up to ! "t ( leav+ & ! pr9cipal s recomm5ds4 #b4 ,! exi/+ s*ool organization is us$ to conduct ! ent]prise4 ,= ea* #be boys enli/$ a sup]visor is appo9t$1 a male tea*] ( /rong ability 9 ! local s*ool1--9 t[ns :]e !re are sev]al sup]visors1 ei!r ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools or ! pr9cipal ( ! high s*ool4 ,a g5]al head sup]visor 9 *>ge ( ! /ate "w has an (fice 9 ! ,/ateh\se4 ,ea* local head sup]visor & ea* sup]visor ( #be boys receives ! same sum 7#ajj71 ! money be+ obta9$ f a local cont+5t fund1 f an additional appropriation1 or by subscription4 #c4 ,! m9imum wage ( ! boys is fix$ ?us3 fir/ week1 no wages1 b all[ance ( #b = exp5ses etc42 !reaft] 7a7 boy liv+ on f>m1 n less ?an #d a week & bo>d1 7b7 boy liv+ at home1 n less ?an #f a week4 ,six days con/itute a week4 #d4 ,! enli/m5t c>d & ! issuance ( honorable dis*>ge are controll$ by ! g5]al head sup]visor 7,committee on ,public ,safety74 #e4 ,! enrollm5t = ! p]iod ( ,may #a to ,octob] #a is made by ! boy1 ) ! p>5ts' cons5t & ! s*ool physician's endorsem5t4 ,:5 ! boy is enli/$1 a numb]$ badge is l5t to him1 = :i* he signs a receipt2 x is to be return$ 9 case ( unsatisfactory conduct or s]vice4 ,he receives full cr$it = ! ye>'s s*ool "w4 #f4 ,inspection ( ! physical & moral conditions ( ! place ( employm5t1 ! *oos+ ( ! boys f enrollm5t li/s1 & see+ t bo? boys & f>m]s are satisfi$1 are "p ( ! "w ( ! appo9t$ sup]visors4 #g4 ,camps = ! boys1 :5 local conditions require1 are e/abli%$ "u ! direction ( ! m$ical exp]t = ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,labor & ,indu/ries4 ,an exp]t on camps has sup]vision ( ! "w ( ! executive committee 9 /&>diz+ & inspect+ camps & obta9+ ! equipm5t1 lay\t1 & food supplies4 ,) ! cop]ation ( f>m bureaus ?\s&s ( circul>s & labor-contract =ms 7 s5t to ,massa*usetts f>m]s4 ,by ,june #af1 #aiag1 !re 7 camps e/abli%$ at #ah po9ts1 & arrangem5ts complet$ to employ #ejj to #fjj boys f ^! camps4 ,9 addition !re 7 at lea/ #ejj o!r boys releas$ f s*ool to "w on home f>ms1 or liv+ 9 f>m]s' homes4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! ,massa*usetts s*eme 0 ! work+ out ( camp plans by ! draft+ /ud5ts 9 ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 ) detail$ equipm5t ( d9+ t5t ) wood5-horse tables2 sleep+ t5t ) d\ble-deck bunk2 latr9e2 cook %ack2 etc4 ,9 its sy/em = h&l+ ! supply ( boy labor1 ! /ate requires ! f>m] to sign a def9ite application blank = ! am\nt ( boy labor :i* he requires4 ,x is und]/ood t :ile ! boys are enli/$ = ! entire p]iod up to ,octob] #a1 ! f>m] may take ^? boys = long or %ort p]iods ( n less ?an a week 9 duration1 to beg9 or end at any "t1 z ! f>m]'s necessity requires4 ,?is application made by ! f>m] is also an agreem5t to pay ! wages /ipulat$ by ! ,committee on ,public ,safety & also to employ ! boy on ra9y z well z fair days1 us+ 8 s]vices on ra9y days "u cov] if possible4 ,fur!r agreem5t is made1 9 case ! boy is unsatisfactory1 to give him "o week's notice or "o week's pay1 provid+ him ) a /atem5t 9 writ+ ( ! reason = 8 dis*>ge4 ,:5ev]1 9 ! op9ion ( ! local sup]visor1 ! conditions ( liv+ or ( labor are n satisfactory1 ! boy may be )drawn )\t prejudice to him4 ,^! arrangem5ts insure t !re %all be a cop]ative responsibility ( f>m] & /ate 9 c>+ = ! boy4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! camps 9 ,massa*usetts ! money to />t ! "w 0 *iefly suppli$ by individuals4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,new ,b$=d cont+5t 9 ,coonamesett camp1 on an e/ate ( #aa1jjj acres1 ! boys 7 h\s$ 9 militia t5ts1 l5t by ! /ate1--two boys to a t5t4 ,= _! t5t furni%+s ! boys suppli$ :atev] !y ne$$4 ,a mess h\se--a r\gh bo>d build+ #ge feet long by #ag feet wide1 provid+ eat+ qu>t]s = ! boys & at "o end a cook room--0 9 "p erect$ by ! ,new ,b$=d ,indu/rial ,s*ool boys1 work+ "u ! direction ( an exp]i5c$ c>p5t]4 ,! lay+ ( ! #bejj feet ( pipe to c>ry wat] to ! camp 0 also ! "w ( ! same s*ool4 ,! cat]+ = ! boys 0 "u ! direction ( an exp]i5c$ woman & two ,japanese cooks4 ,9 ! morn+ ! boys />t$ = ! v>i\s f>ms1 ^? at a di/ance be+ call$ = by an auto truck4 ,9 ?is camp1 = an eight-h\r day & a six-day week ea* boy receiv$ a maximum wage ( #d a week & bo>d1 ! weekly paym5t 9 *>ge ( ! sup]visor4 ,! camp 0 =tunate 9 hav+ z its directors ! city sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools & a physical in/ructor1 ! latt] liv+ 9 ! camp4 ,9 ,new ,york ! plac+ ( boys on f>ms has be5 ! jo9t "w ( ! ,food ,supply ,commission1 ! ,/ate ,education ,dep>tm5t1 & ! ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission4 ,:ile y\ng] boys h be5 releas$ = agricultural "w by o!r ag5cies1 ! /ate placem5t by ! commission is conc]n$ only ) ! boys ( milit>y tra9+ age--#af to #ai4 ,"o ( ! fir/ actions ( ! latt] commission 0 to divide ! /ate into #f milit>y-tra9+ zones3 ,new ,york ,city 7includ+ ,manhattan1 ,bronx1 & ,ri*mond72 ,long ,isl&1 includ+ ,brooklyn2 ,hudson ,valley1 ) c5t] at ,albany2 ,ea/ ,c5tral1 at ,syracuse2 ,we/ ,c5tral1 at ,ro*e/]2 & ,we/]n1 at ,buffalo4 ,next1 a description 0 obta9$ ( ! "* ( ! "w 9 ea* zone4 ,= example1 ! ,hudson ,valley ,zone z f> z ,albany requires labor 9 h>ve/+ small fruits & g5]al f>m "w1 :ile ! ,we/ ,c5tral ,zone "w is t ( muck f>m+1 l>ge-fruit f>m+1 & g5]al f>m+4 ,ea* zone c5t] has its individual (fice ?r\gh :i* placem5ts are made4 ,meet+s 7 held ! latt] "p ( ,april by zone sup]visors & f>m-bureau manag]s1 & att5d$ by f>m]s' & fruit gr[]s' associations :o /at$ :at !y ne$$ & :at !y w\ld contribute 9 wages & h\s+ = boy work]s4 ,! inducem5ts = enli/+ (f]$ by ! /ate to boys releas$ f s*ool "w 7 ! *evron giv5 by ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission1 to be aw>d$ aft] ?irty days' satisfactory "w2 ! milit>y-tra9+-equival5t value ( ! s]vice2 & ! promise ( prop] pay & c>e by ! employ]4 ,z to cr$its1 s important 9 ! ,new ,york sy/em1 f>m cadets 7 p]mitt$ to take ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations ?\gh ! c\rse lack$ a few weeks ( completion1 ! "t requirem5t be+ waiv$ 9 _! case4 ,any pupil 9 ! s*ools ( ! /ate :o enli/$ = milit>y s]vice 7?is appli$ to ! colleges7 or :o r5d]$ satisfactory agricultural s]vice 0 cr$it$ ) ! "w ( ! t]m )\t exam9ation1 on ! c]tificate ( ! s*ool t 8 "w up to ! "t ( enli/m5t 0 satisfactory4 ,new ,york is an agricultural /ate1 ) a great v>iety ( k9ds ( f>m+ & _m di/ricts remote f c5t]s ( ! supply ( labor4 ,! agricultural c5sus1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 suppli$ data = det]m9+ ! di/ricts :]e & :5 labor 0 mo/ ne$$ & :]e s*oolboys c\ld be mo/ useful4 ,= example1 9 ,orleans ,c\nty1 9 ! ,we/]n ,zone1 ! dem& v>i$ f #afc labor]s ne$$ e>ly 9 ,may to #aeba ne$$ 9 ,octob]1 an indication t !re 0 really m reason = excus+ boys 9 ,octob] ?an 9 ,may = "w 9 pea*- & apple-h>ve/+ di/ricts4#aa ,conspicu\s among ! types ( ,new ,york f>ms :]e labor 0 s\ght 7 ! great fruit f>ms1 su* z ! ,sodus ,fruit ,f>m1 ) a h\se on ! %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io able to accommodate #ajj boys1 :]e x 0 plann$ to h>ve/ ! entire pea* & apple crop ) s*oolboy labor2 ! va/ tracts own$ by ! cann+ companies1 ) ?\s&s ( acres ( tomatoes1 beans1 & corn "u cultivation2 & ! f>ms su* z ^? 9 ! ,s\? ,lima di/rict1 :]e !re 0 muck f>m+ & :]e ! "w includ$ ! cultivat+1 sort+1 & pack+ ( onions1 lettuce1 cel]y1 & sp9a*4 ,calls 7 sometimes made ^u ! /ate = z _m z #aejj boys to assi/ 9 h>ve/+4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = ! /ate to "w on a l>ge & def9itely plann$ scale4 #aa ,! foll[+ /ati/ics = ,orleans ,c\nty %[ h[ agricultural help is ne$$1 z indicat$ by ! c5sus tak5 by s*ool *ildr53 ,may #aj-bj #afc ,aug4 #ba-ca #egc ,may #ba-ca #afe ,sept4 #a-aj #aaeg ,june #a-aj #bbg ,sept4 #aa-bj #acjh ,june #aa-bj #beg ,sept4 #ba-cj #acag ,june #ba-cj #bga ,oct4 #a-aj #aeba ,july #a-aj #eah ,oct4 #aa-bj #aejj ,july #aa-bj #ebf ,oct4 #ba-cj #adce ,july #ba-ca #ebc ,nov4 #a-aj #ch ,aug4 #a-aj #dhf ,nov4 #aa-bj #ac ,aug4 #aa-bj #eed ,nov4 #bj-cj #a ,naturally ! fir/ boys to be plac$ 7 ^? resid+ 9 or ne> f>m+ di/ricts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! supply ( ^! boys 0 exhau/$1 ! call came1 ev5 f remote di/ricts1 = city boys4 ,9 ^! cases ! problem ( transportation becomes s]i\s1 z well z ! h\s+ & c>e ( ! boy 9 ! new environm5t1 :]e association ) o!r help is apt to be h>mful4 ,! foll[+ description ( a ,new ,york ,/ate camp is (f]$ n only because x has prov$ to be highly successful b also because x af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ! f>m-work+1 or labor-di/ribut+1 camp1 :i* is def9$ 9 ! *apt] foll[+4 ,x 0 call$ ,! ,erasmus ,hall ,high ,s*ool 7,new ,york ,city7 ,potato ,gr[]s' ,association1 & 0 organiz$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,rex=d1 a tea*] :o is mu* int]e/$ 9 agriculture & 9 boys4 ,illu/ration3 ,work+ & liv+ 9 ! b]ry fields4 ,"o ( tw5ty-five camps 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,agriculture on a ,we/]n basis br+s lessons 9 organization1 cop]ation1 & economy to ,ea/]n boys4 ,city boys work+ on a l>ge f>m ne> ,pho5ixville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/ration3 ,employ+ able-bodi$ boys ( city high s*ools = f>m production may become p]man5t4 ,x may lead to ! developm5t ( c\ntry annexes to our city s*ools4 ,camp ne> ,pho5ixville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! object ( ! association1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 ! s*ool1 0 orig9ally f\rfold3 7#a7 to tea* ! f>m] t ! al]t city boy c & w p]=m agricultural tasks2 7#b7 to increase ! food supply2 7#c7 to relieve ! help situation by organiz+ a gr\p ( boys to "w by ! h\r or day1 & to recruit boys to "w by ! mon? = individual f>m]s "u sup]vision2 7#d7 to fit boys = milit>y s]vice if ne$$4 ,t5 boys f ! s*ool left ,new ,york on ,may #e1 ea* arm$ ) ! money necess>y to pay su* exp5ses z c>f>e1 food1 laundry1 r5t ( an acre ( l&1 se$ potatoes1 phosphate1 team hire1 & spray+ mat]ials4 ,!y w5t to ,mr4 ,rex=d's f>m1 locat$ up-/ate4 ,! ,new ,york ,tribune contribut$ "s money1 & "o ( ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ool advanc$ #fj = ! boys to gr[ potatoes = him4 ,"s frail boys1 ^: p>5ts want$ !m to g = _! heal?1 7 refus$4 ,at fir/ ! f>m]s 7 skeptical4 ,! boys1 h[ev]1 w5t to "w on ! l& :i* !y _h r5t$ f ,rex=d4 ,9 a week !y began to attract att5tion & f>m]s began to hire !m4 ,rex=d knew "s ( ^! f>m]s by reputation4 ,he believ$ t m5 :o _c keep _! own boys at home _c succe$ ) boys f ! city4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( hav+ a /raight talk ) ! employ+ f>m]s1 tell+ !m t ! boys mu/ be treat$ squ>ely4 ,a l>ge milk-di/ribut+ corporation (f]$ to take e "o ( 8 boys1 b he argu$ t x c\ld af=d to hire m5 & did n ne$ boys1 z did ! f>m]s :o c\ld n obta9 o!r help4 ,x is evid5t t l>ge f>m]s h capital & back+1 :ile x is ! individual f>m] /ruggl+ ) h>d conditions :o mu/ h help4 ,mo/ ( ! boys :o are ) f>m]s by ! mon? come back to ! ma9 camp e ,sunday morn+ = physical exam9ation1 g5]al assembly1 & to g to *ur*4 ,?is com+ back to ! camp keeps be=e !m ! idea ( a camp = f>m cadets4 ,!y return to _! "w ,sunday night4 ,= ^? boys :o g out by ! week ! tea*] makes an arrangem5t :]eby ! f>m] br+s !m back to ! camp on ,saturday night & comes = !m ! foll[+ night4 ,! p 9 ! community 9 :i* ! camp is locat$ h e/abli%$ a nonsect>ian *ur* 9 an old *eese factory :i* has be5 pur*as$ = #bjj4 ,occasionally a m9i/] f a ne>-by t[n comes & speaks4 ,! camp has a pr(essional cook1 :o 0 obta9$ f a college frat]nity1 & ! boys pay pro rata4 ,! fir/ exp5se 0 ab\t #b4ej a week = ea* boy1 b prosp]ity has provid$ means = ! boys to sp5d m4 ,all vegetables :i* ! boys rais$ & :i* !y did n use on ! table 7 cann$ by ! cook & ,mrs4 ,rex=d1 & !y w be us$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( next ye>1 be=e ! fre% vegetables are available4 ,local /ore m5 h cop]at$ 9 giv+ ! l[e/ prices1 feel+ t o!rwise ! trade ( ! camp w\ld g to ! city1 & !re=e *oos+ ! opportunity ( l>ge bus9ess ) aggregate l>ge receipts on small pr(it4 ,breakfa/ consi/s ( fruit1 c]eal or eggs1 & milk1 cocoa1 or po/um1 & sometimes corn bread or griddle cakes4 ,! boys c>ry a cold lun* ) !m1 consi/+ ( a pail ( cold cocoa2 f\r good ?ick s&wi*es ( peanut butt]1 meat1 or jam2 a piece ( fro/$ cake2 & a banana4 ,sometimes !y take a pot ( jam1 :i* is dispos$ ( by ! gr\p4 ,= d9n] !y h a roa/ or /eak2 potatoes & o!r ord9>y vegetables 7beans1 peas1 lettuce1 c>rots72 %ortcake or pie or pudd+2 cocoa1 po/um1 or milk4 ,! boys take c>e ( _! own b$s1 wa% ! di%es1 & keep ! place clean4 ,!y h a /udy h\r e ev5+ f eight until n9e1 & ! same is true ( ! boys plac$ out ) f>m]s4 ,"o boy1 go+ to ,pr9ceton 9 ! fall1 kept up 8 /udies & took ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations at ! c\ntry s*ool1 pass+ !m ) z good a m>k z he w\ld h obta9$ at 8 home s*ool4 ,aft] drill on ,sunday morn+ ! boys at camp h a baseball game4 ,!y h _h ent]ta9m5ts = ! b5efit ( ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,9 ! gr\p at camp are ! gold-m$al orator ( ! s*ool1 two excell5t piani/s1 f\r m&ol9 play]s1 & a :i/l]4 ,all ! boys are good s+]s4 ,rex=d's application blank ask$ = ! weight1 age1 previ\s exp]i5ce 9 f>m+1 *ur* pref]5ce1 & habits z to smok+4 ,! tea*] _h ! cop]ation ( ! f>m bureau4 ,! f>m]s wrote to ! bureau = help2 ,mr4 ,rex=d & ! f>m-bureau manag] w5t to ea* f>m]1 look$ ov] ! situation1 & if ev]y?+ 0 satisfactory1 furni%$ ! work]s4 ,mr4 ,rex=d w n leave boys on any f>m )\t prop] sup]vision4 ,he visits ! boys once e week1 nei!r ! f>m] nor ! boy kn[+ :5 he is com+4 ,at fir/ no wage scale 0 set1 ! arrangem5t be+ t ! f>m] %\ld pay :at ! boy 0 wor?4 ,if he 0 wor? no?+1 !n x 0 all "r1 & ! boy ought to be ! fir/ "o to "k x4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! boys />t$ at #bj c5ts an h\r2 soon ?is 0 rais$ to #be c5ts1 & n[ ! pay is #cj c5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! f>m]s 9 ! vic9ity _h nev] done any spray+4 ,!y n[ apply to ,mr4 ,rex=d :5 !y want su* "w done & he s5ds out two boys & horses & 8 own spray+ outfit4 ,! "w is done at a co/ to ! f>m] ( ab\t #gj c5ts p] acre = spray+ potatoes1 9 addition to ! mat]ial2 t is1 #be c5ts p] acre = ea* boy's "w & #bj c5ts exp5se on ! spray+ outfit1 = nozzles etc4 ,!re 0 no illness among ! boys dur+ ! summ]1 n ev5 colds4 ,sometimes ! boys got wet ?r\gh1 b came home1 took a dip 9 a hole 9 ! creek1 & foll[$ x by a good rub4 ,mean:ile q a numb] ( ,new ,york ,city m5 tea*]s "u ! lead]%ip ( two camp sup]visors1 ,h4 ,w4 ,millspaugh & ,h4 ,j4 ,mc,creary1 & act+ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 />t$ out to sell some?+ !y did n h to somebody :o did n want x4 ,b ^! m5 _h ! c\rage ( _! convictions & ! results ( _! "w 7ov] tw5ty camps 9 two c\nties7 give ample evid5ce ( ! success ( _! v5ture4 ,imag9e ! surprise ( ! fruit gr[]s ( ! c\nties nam$ :5 !y receiv$ ! foll[+ circul> lett]3 ,x is propos$ to br+ a l>ge numb] ( boys f ! high s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city to pick fruit 9 ! fruit belt ( ,orange & ,ul/] c\nties4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is plan x w be necess>y to h ! full cop]ation ( fruit gr[]s1 s*ool au?orities1 p>5ts1 heal? au?orities1 & o!rs4 ,! "p ( ! fruit gr[] w be r\ghly z foll[s3 ,he w provide h\s+ facilities1 /ove1 fuel1 refrig]ation1 ei!r by ice box1 cell>1 or spr+1 conv5i5t wat] supply1 toilet facilities satisfactory to ! bo>d ( heal?1 /raw = mattresses1 cook+ ut5sils1 work+ conditions t w enable ! av]age boy to e>n a respectable wage1 & a sympa!tic attitude t[>d ! com=t & heal? ( ! boys4 ,ea* boy w provide 8 c>f>e to & f ! fruit section1 provide 8 own knife1 =k1 cup1 plate1 spoon1 wa% bas91 tick = mattress1 pill[1 blankets1 etc41 & pay = 8 food & cook+4 ,boys w mess 9 gr\ps ( #ab to #be or ev5 m4 ,ea* gr\p w h a capable boy cook & 9 camps ( ov] #bj1 two boys4 ,! fir/ boy w receive #d a week besides 8 meals1 ! second boy #b4ej a week & may e>n "s m by pick+ fruit4 ,a tea*] sup]visor w sup]vise "o l>ge or two or ?ree small camps & advise z to prep>ation ( food1 buy supplies1 & act z camp director4 ,reg>d+ cook+ outfit to be suppli$ by ! fruit gr[]1 x may be said t all except /ove & ice box c be pur*as$ new = ab\t #aj4 ,x is desirable t ^! be ord]$ by ! camp director1 :o w judge ! size & k9d & take advantage ( :olesale rates4 ,an oil /ove & ov5 is recomm5d$ unless a suitable /ove is on h&4 ,inexp]i5c$ boy cooks _c be expect$ to satisfy a score or m ( hungry boys ) equipm5t disc>d$ by ! skill$ h\sewife4 ,x is fur!r und]/ood t ^! boys w n "w on ,sunday nor w !y be locat$ on f>ms :]e f>m help is n treat$ ) consid]ation4 ,an illu/ration ( a conc5tration & tra9+ camp is t e/abli%$ by ! /ate ( ,ma9e4 ,?is /ate1 9 cop]ation ) ! /ate ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 develop$ a /ate camp = ! purpose ( enli/+ & tra9+ boys & "y m5 to supply ! extra dem& = f>m labor made necess>y ?r\gh ! increas$-acreage propag&a4 ,! boys 7 organiz$ "u ! title ( ,! ,junior ,volunte]s ( ,ma9e4 ,!y 7 virtually f>m soldi]s ( ! /ate1 & 7 sworn to obey all rules ( ! camp be=e & aft] leav+ x = ! f>ms on :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,! boys are s5t out 9 squads to "w 9 diff]5t sections ( ! /ate1 z opportunity may (f]1 "u ! direction ( compet5t adult lead]s4 ,^! lead]s h full *>ge ( ! boys until !y return to ! mobilization camp4 ,:5 a boy comes to ! camp he is exam9$ = 8 moral & physical qualifications1 & !n is assign$ to a company & to a t5t4 ,! adjutant g5]al provides necess>y t5ts1 uni=ms1 & camp ut5sils4 ,! boy is in/ruct$ ) o!rs 9 ! squad h[ to pit* a t5t & pack camp ut5sils1 & he is also giv5 lessons 9 sanitation & ! elem5ts ( milit>y drill4 ,he has a lecture e day giv5 by a pr(essor ( ! /ate agricultural college4 ,he also works on ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 f>m1 :i* is be+ us$ = ?is purpose1 & is taught ! use ( ma*9]y1 & h[ to manage & c>e = horses1 %>p5 tools1 & milk c[s4 ,x is n claim$ t a week ( ?is sort ( tra9+ makes ! boy a f9i%$ f>m]1 b x does g a long way 9 t prelim9>y education s ess5tial to f>m-m9d$ness4 ,by ! "t ! boy gets to ! f>m] he is 9 excell5t %ape to und]/& ! ord]s ( 8 employ]4 ,9 ! words ( ! director ( ! camp1 ,he is ready to beg9 actual s]vice z a tra9$ novice4 ,be=e ! boy is admitt$ to ! camp a se>*+ exam9ation is made into 8 "* & antec$5ts1 & "s responsible p]son mu/ answ] c]ta9 confid5tial que/ions relative to ! boy's physical1 m5tal1 & social habits4 ,aft] ! boy is admitt$ to ! camp he takes an oa? 9 :i* he /ates t he w s]ve z a junior volunte] = f>m s]vice 9 ,ma9e until ! la/ day ( ,octob]1 unless soon] releas$ by ! gov]nor ( ! /ate ( ,ma9e4 ,a *>ge is made on ! f>m] ( #a a day = ea* ( ! six work+ days1 & x is expect$ t if ! boys %[ !mselves wor?y ( m1 ! f>m] w recognize ?is & make a satisfactory adju/m5t ) ! lead]4 ,9 addition to ! m9imum *>ge ( #a a day ! f>m] is requir$ to furni% bo>d4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! boys sleep 9 ne>-by t5ts ) _! lead]s4 ,! f>m] is n requir$ to pay transportation or o!r *>ges4 ,! f>m]'s agreem5t is ) ! /ate & n ) ! boy1 z ! s*eme works on ! basis t ! "y m5 h be5 engag$ by ! /ate = f>m s]vice & z employees ( ! /ate receive _! pay ?r\gh ! regul> /ate *annels4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,july m ?an #dej boys _h be5 tra9$ & s5t out to v>i\s po9ts 9 ! /ate4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ! director-g5]al ( ! camp gives 9 a ^w 8 exp]i5ce ) ^! boys3 ,we feel t ?is movem5t c be ju/ifi$ f any "o ( a half-doz5 /&po9ts4 ,we are tak+ city boys & 9 a few weeks giv+ !m a few c>efully select$ fundam5tal pr9ciples relat+ to practical f>m activities1 :i* has enabl$ !m to g out to ! f>ms "u our lead]s & give satisfaction4 ,we h n _h a s+le complete failure yet4 ,only #c boys out ( #fjj employ$ = ! season h be5 *ang$ because !y c\ld n fill ! requirem5ts4 ,! way ^! city boys h tak5 hold ( f>m "w has be5 wond]fully gratify+4 ,9 connection ) ?is tra9+1 we are conduct+ our camp along l9es simil> to camps ( ,national ,gu>dsm54 ,! :ole organization is ne>ly id5tical ) ! regul> army camps4 ,:ile ! tra9+ is n s ext5sive1 ! boys are giv5 ! fundam5tals 9 correct =m4 ,! _s & g5]al tra9+ at ! camp w be ( great value if any ( ^! boys are ev] call$ into ! s]vice4 ,ano!r important possibility1 & f my exp]i5ce ) city boys1 a probability1 is t "s ( ^! boys w become suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 agriculture to *oose x z a vocation1 :ile o!rs w *oose x lat] 9 life z an avocation1 because ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,ano!r mobilization camp ( ! labor-di/ribution type1 ) "s tra9+ features1 0 t ( ! ,long ,isl& ,food ,res]ve ,battalion4 ,?is organization 0 initiat$ by ! ,nassau ,c\nty ,y4,m4,c4,a4 & support$ f9ancially & morally by ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad1 ! /ate agricultural s*ool at ,f>m+dale1 & by local resid5ts4 ,a detail$ description is unnecess>y4 ,!re 7 #f camps "u ?is organization scatt]$ ov] ! isl&1 9 ea* camp #dh boys "u a sup]visor1 a milit>y in/ructor1 & squad lead]s 7#a squad lead] to approximately e #g boys74 ,! la/ camp 0 develop$ at ! /ate s*ool ( agriculture ) a gr\p ( #if boys work+ 9 two %ifts1 "o beg9n+ at #f ,a4,m4 & /opp+ at #ab noon2 ! o!r beg9n+ at #ab noon & /opp+ at #f ,p4,m4 ,a regul> c\rse ( agricultural in/ruction 0 c>ri$ on at all ! camps4 ,lectures h be5 giv5 9 entomology1 f>m *emi/ry1 & m>ket+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( ! fir/ camp x 0 difficult to place ! boys4 ,! idea 0 n well receiv$ by ! f>m]s1 :o claim$ t ! pres5ce ( boys w\ld demoralize _! regul> help1 & t ! boys w\ld n recognize ! diff]5t vegetables & w\ld hoe out corn z quickly z !y w\ld pigwe$4 7,"o boy 9 a ,new ,york ,/ate camp did c>efully hoe out & pull up e corn plant = a half-day1 leav+ we$s47 ,dur+ ! height ( ! season ^! same f>m]s 7 driv+ to ! camps & (f]+ f #b to #b4ej a day = ! same boys t !y _h laugh$ at hir+ = #a4be a day at ! beg9n+ ( ! in/allation ( ! camps4 ,! fly+-squadron idea is unique4 ,an auto truck1 ) a trail] = t5tage & supplies1 is always ready to respond ) its load ( boys to an em]g5cy call to save "s p>ticul> crop4 ,! gr\p compos+ ?is squadron is made up ( h&-pick$ boys :o are qualify+ = squad-lead] positions4 ,an example ( a camp :i* 0 conduct$ 9 su* a mann] t ! boys lo/ ! m9imum ( s*ool "w is t ( ! ,bu%wick 7,brooklyn1 ,new ,york71 ,high ,s*ool ,camp ,squire ne> ,hicksville1 ,long ,isl&4 ,! organization ( ?is camp is int]e/+1 n s mu* because x 0 e/abli%$ ) ! purpose ( mak+ x self-support+1 b r because x provid$ def9ite opportunities = cont9u+ ) s*ool /udies4 ,! initial am\nt ( ab\t #age 0 subscrib$ by tea*]s1 & ! t5t & mess h\se1 int5d$ =m]ly = h>ve/]s1 0 l5t by ! f>m] on ^: gr\nds ! camp 0 plac$4 ,! lead] ( ?is camp1 a tea*] 9 ! same s*ool f :i* ! boys 7 recruit$1 plann$1 aft] ! s*ools op5$ 9 ,septemb]1 a day ( "w & /udy1 coa*+ ! boys 9 _! s*ool subjects1 s t ) at lea/ ?ree h\rs ( /udy p] day ! boys 7 enabl$ to keep up ) _! classes :ile at "w h>ve/+ until ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r successful camps1 ! boys =m$ a unit organization be=e go+ to camp1 & _h ! advantage ( a sympa!tic in/ructor ( academic & agricultural exp]i5ce to en=ce volunt>y s*ool discipl9e4 ,! boys 7 paid #bj to #be c5ts an h\r1 work+ = neighbor+ f>m]s f #g ,a4,m4 to #c ,p4,m4 ,! re/ ( ! day 0 divid$ into sil5t /udy1 consultation1 & recreation h\rs4 ,x is expect$ t ?is camp1 :i* w d\btless be p]man5t1 w become self-support+ 9 its second or ?ird ye> & ! initial outlay w be return$4 ,! f>m-camp idea is "h to /ay4 ,( t we are sure4 ,! purely recreational camp is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! days ( ! purely "w camp ( t5 to twelve h\rs a day ought to be ov]4 ,"w1 play1 & /udy 9 ! future w be br\ght toge!r 9 ! summ] "t z effectively z dur+ ! s-call$ regul> season4 ,next ye>1 & 9 ! ye>s aft]1 we %all organize ?is "w ar\nd "s educational ideal & n m]ely ar\nd a necessity = food-production4 ,! two are by no means incompatible4 ,?is ye> we h le>n$ h[ n to d x1 z "o camp lead] put x4 ,9 "s in/ances ! boys w5t home ) less money ?an !y _h at ! />t4 ,9 brief !y paid ! f>m] = ! privilege ( pick+ b]ries4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 b]ry pick+ !re 0 mu* piece "w1 & su* may c>ry ) x ne>ly all ! evils t x does 9 ! factory4 ,mr4 ,kell]1 a ?\ghtful lead] ( a ,new ,york camp1 says 9 ?is connection3 ,judg+ ! fair wage f ! e>n+s ( ! exp]t is manife/ly unfair4 ,x means t ! av]age boy mu/ be spe$$ up beyond 8 po9t ( endurance1 or t he mu/ receive less ?an a liv+ wage4 ,! possibilities ( spe$+ up are limit$1 & s ! alt]native is long] h\rs4 ,fur!rmore x is necess>y = ! gov]nm5t1 /ate or national1 to take a h& 9 ! di/ribution & ! sale ( f>m products4 ,x made me sick at he>t1 on a trip ( inspection to #be camps1 to see hundr$s ( boys at "w pick+ b]ries "u ! hot sun 9 a s]vice suppos$ly patriotic1 & !n to see ! same b]ries1 :i* _h be5 sold by ! gr[]s at a price n mu* above t ( o!r ye>s1 resold to ! consum] at d\ble ! price ( o!r ye>s1--& always ) ! rem>k3 ,y "k labor is sc>ce ?is ye>1 & ! f>m]s _c get help4 ,! result ( x all has be5 t ! consum]1 = :om ! "w 0 done1 has be5 disreg>d$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( social recon/ruction1 education1 food production1 & cons]vation only ! surface has be5 scrat*$4 ,! /ate mu/ take ! initiative1 assur+ ! consum] a mod]ate price = ! product1 & ! f>m]1 ! deal]1 & ! boy a fair return = _! s]vice4 ,! boy is n m]ely a labor unit 9 ! cons]vation ( food4 ,he is ! ess5tial feature ( an educational program4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ summ] proves t ) c5tralization1 organization1 & an educational vision z fundam5tal sub-divisions ( a f>-sight$ /ate policy ! plac+ ( boy labor on f>ms c\ld become a valuable & p]man5t by-product ( ! w>4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,cadet ,,camp ,9 organiz+ camps = supply+ cadet labor x is well to keep 9 m9d t !y are to be e/abli%$ on ! basis ( a bus9ess proposition2 t !y are n prim>ily play camps or recreational camps2 t !y are n to be locat$ on a riv] or lake because !re happ5s to be a good place = boys to swim1 if !re are n pay+ jobs ne> t riv] or lake on :i* ! boys may "w2 t !y are n to be e/abli%$ at r&om )\t ref]5ce to ! cont9uity ( "w dur+ ! season1 or )\t any real k ( ! local dem& = labor4 ,out ( consid]able exp]i5ce dur+ ! pa/ ye> x has be5 discov]$ t !re are ?ree great elem5ts3 fir/1 ! boy2 second1 ! f>m]2 & ?ird1 ! job4 ,9 addition !re are ! elem5ts ( lead]%ip1 ( h\s+1 & ( cook+4 ,( c\rse !re mu/ also be consid]$ ! elem5ts ( recreation1 religi\s obs]vances1 & ! g5]al social life ( ! camp4 ,) ref]5ce to ! boy x w\ld seem t he ought to be "o ( a gr\p :i* belongs to a public-s*ool sy/em1 or to an in/itution1 or to "s society or organization :i* is ready to cop]ate 9 plac+ him 9 a f>m camp4 ,we are h>dly prep>$ z yet to take individual boys1 unassociat$ ) any organization1 & br+ !m toge!r 9 a camp :]e ! lack ( unity w give ! lead] little hold4 ,a numb] ( boys f ,new ,york ,city 7 pick$ up at r&om & s5t out to a di/ant place up-/ate "u ! direction ( a lead] :o _h nev] se5 !m be=e4 ,! boys _h n met "o ano!r until !y 7 put on a tra9 9 ,new ,york4 ,n com+ f any s+le s*ool or organization1 !y felt no p>ticul> responsibility to anyone4 ,all !y knew ab\t ! proposition 0 t !y 7 to g to a c]ta9 place1 :]e !y w\ld be met by someone :o 0 to conduct !m to a camp4 ,!y 7 undiscipl9$ & lat] prov$ to be unmanageable4 ,at ! v />t ! plan lack$ t cord9at+ influ5ce :i* w\ld h exi/$ if ! lead] _h be5 a tea*] 9 a s*ool f :i* ^! boys _h come z "o gr\p1 or if a ,y4,m4,c4,a4 boys' secret>y _h organiz$ a gr\p f 8 association4 ,( c\rse1 "s day a way may be f\nd to br+ toge!r a gr\p ( boys indep5d5t ( previ\s association & place !m 9 a new environm5t 9 ab\t ! same way t adult labor is ga!r$ up 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,york & %ipp$ by employm5t ag5cies to "s di/ant po9t4 ,b boys are n m54 ,! responsibility ( s5d+ a m or less irresponsible y\? to a di/ant po9t by ! same me?ods t are us$ by employm5t ag5cies 9 s5d+ m5 is too great = any /ate or community to und]take4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! be/ boys = f>m "w are ^? :o are ov] #af ye>s ( age4 ,?is is true1 ( c\rse1 ( boys :o engage 9 g5]al f>m "w1 su* z pl[+1 milk+1 horse cultivat+1 hay+1 & h>ve/+ gra9s & potatoes4 ,_m su* boys 7 plac$ 9 ! dairy+ & g5]al-f>m+ regions ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,^! boys1 9 mo/ cases1 liv$ ) ! individual f>m] & 7 paid by ! mon?4 ,b x has be5 f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! #ad-ye>-old boy is (t5 bett] adapt$ to c]ta9 types ( f>m "w ?an is ! old] boy4 ,= example1 ! "y boy1 ) 8 adolesc5t en?usiasm1 8 nimbl] f+]s1 & 8 g5]al physical al]tness1 is m desirable = pick+ small fruits1 su* z /rawb]ries1 currants1 raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 & *]ries4 ,! #ad-ye>-old boy mu/1 h[ev]1 "w on a diff]5t basis f ! "o :o is ov] #af4 ,x is necess>y = ! boys to pass a physical exam9ation1 because no /ate au?orities c>e to assume ! responsibility ( tak+ ! physically unfit4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! boy is to fit into ! organization ( ! camp z a bus9ess proposition & t he is to /ick to 8 "w1 pay 8 %>e ( ! co/ ( ! food & its prep>ation1 respond to lead]%ip1 & 9 e way d 8 "p t[>d promot+ ! g5]al effici5cy ( ! camp4 ,! enli/m5t blank us$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission is %[n on page #bgf4 ,! f>m] is z important an elem5t z ! boy2 yes1 ev5 m important1 = ! boy gradually loses 8 individuality 9 ! camp consci5ce4 ,! individual f>m] rema9s an individual4 ,he has 8 notions ( :at boys c d2 he comp>es ! "w ( ! inexp]i5c$ boy ) ! adult =eign labor :i* he has previ\sly employ$4 ,! latt] has1 until v rec5tly1 be5 available4 ,wom5 ) _! *ildr5 came to 8 f>m & pick$ ! small fruits )\t mu* reg>d to ! l5g? ( ! day's "w or to liv+ conditions1 &1 ( c\rse1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! social life ( ! community4 ,?is labor w5t out z x came 94 ,if x did n l ! job because ! pay 0 insuffici5t1 x dem&$ high] wages & got !m or left ! job & mov$ on to ! next "o4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ ,,commission ,,bureau ,,( ,,vocational ,,tra9+ ,,enli/m5t ,,z ,,f>m ,,cadet ,"n ,resid5ce,/reet ,ageyr4 ,heightft494 ,weightlb4 ,place ( enli/m5t 7,"n ( in/itution1 club1 or association7 ,i desire to enli/ = f>m "w ,k9d ( "w desir$2 z & w report = s]vice3 pick+ fruit1 vegetable g>d5+1 g5]al f>m+1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,f mo4dayto mo4day ,f mo4dayto mo4day ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,c y drive a team8,c y milk8 ,c y drive an automobile8 ,/ate briefly any o!r f>m exp]i5ce y h _h4 ,i h exam9$ ! applicant & d ass]t t he is physically fit to d f>m "w4 7,physician's signature7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,i p]mit7to enli/ = f>m "w z /at$ above 7,p>5t or gu>dian7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,x did n m9d %acks :i* lodg$ v]m94 ,x 0 n p>ticul> ab\t sanit>y conv5i5ces2 x 0 n p>ticul> ab\t any?+ except wages4 ,9 %ift+ f adult =eign labor to boy labor1 ! f>m] 0 oblig$ to readju/ 8 m5tal attitude4 ,n only t1 b he (t5 _h to readju/ ! physical1 economic1 & social conditions on 8 f>m4 ,9 ,april1 at ! "t ! ,new ,york agricultural c5sus 0 tak51 ! f>m] said t he ne$$ labor4 ,he ev5 said he w\ld take boy labor1 b :5 x came actually to engag+ su* labor1 he 0 incl9$ to ridicule ! idea4 ,untra9$ city boys 7 n 9 great dem& 9 ,may1 b :5 ! =eign labor did n appe> on ! sc5e & /rawb]ries 7 rip5+ on ! v9es1 ! f>m] sudd5ly discov]$ t he c\ld use ! untra9$ city boy4 ,b he _h expect$ ! boys n only to "w z _m h\rs b also to pick z c>efully & z mu* z adults4 ,he expect$ ! boys to "w at ! same price z _h =eign]s = ye>s pa/1 reg>dless ( ! advance 9 price ( food & ! /&>ds ( liv+4 ,( c\rse he 0 disappo9t$1 & ?is is :]e ! lead] ( ! camp1 ?r\gh 8 au?ority1 repres5ts ! int]e/s ( ! boys & ! new] conditions ( f>m labor :i* h come out ( ! employm5t ( boys4 ,an in/ance ( :at happ5$ 9 ,highl&1 ,new ,york1 w illu/rate ! p[] ( lead]%ip on ! "p ( a camp lead] & ! cop]ative in/9ct ( a gr\p ( city boys :o h consid]able famili>ity ) ! pr9ciples ( /rikes1 lock\ts1 picket duty1 & /reet-corn] oratory4 ,! boys 7 be+ paid "o & "o-half c5ts a qu>t = currant pick+4 ,9 ye>s pa/ ?is _h be5 ! usual rate4 ,!y c\ld1 on ! av]age1 pick ab\t #dj qu>ts a day1 :i* br\ght !m #c4fj a week1 assum+ t !y work$ = six days 9 ! week & !re 0 no ra9 or o!r int]ruptions4 ,mean:ile ea* boy's proportion ( ! bo>d at camp am\nt$ to ab\t #c4ej a week4 ,at ?is po9t a comb9ation ( tra9+ 9 s*ool debat+1 li/5+ to spee*es ( indu/rial di/urb]s1 & a k ( trade-union me?ods came into play1 = ^! boys ga!r$ toge!r & det]m9$ to dem& two c5ts a qu>t4 ,!y held a meet+ & vot$ to /rike = two c5ts4 ,!y m>*$ ar\nd ! b]ry-/orage h\ses1 ea* we>+ an empty b]ry basket z a cap1 on :i* 0 m>k$ two c5ts & :i* 0 decorat$ m or less arti/ically ) bun*es ( currants4 ,a meet+ ( all f>m]s ( ! di/rict 0 call$ by ! g5]al camp sup]visor ( ! di/rict4 ,! boys _h pres5t$ _! argum5ts to ! individual camp lead]s1 & 9 turn ! sup]visor pres5t$ !m to ! f>m]s4 ,! f>m]s1 9 turn1 pres5t$ _! difficulties4 ,!y said !y c\ld n af=d to pay m2 talk$ ab\t middlem51 commission-m51 express rates1 great] co/ ( baskets & crates1 mortgage on ! f>m1 & ev]y?+1 9 fact1 except ! f$]al income tax4 ,b ! boys won out1 & ! meet+ result$ 9 a new price nev] be=e paid = pick+ currants4 ,& ! boys :o1 up to !n1 _h be5 able to pick only #dj qu>ts a day1 7 able to ga!r _m m aft] ! advance 9 rate1 pick+ #fj qu>ts a day in/ead ( #dj qu>ts4 ,!re are p :o c read into ?is %ort /ory an economic pr9ciple4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to h a cle> und]/&+ betwe5 ! boy-camp gr\p1 ?r\gh its lead] or ! organization s5d+ ! camp1 & ! individual f>m] or ! gr\p ( f>m]s employ+ ! boys1 z to fundam5tal po9ts ( remun]ation1 type ( "w expect$1 l5g? & p]man5cy ( s]vice4 ,! boy-camp-gr\p problem is :olly diff]5t f ! problem ( ! individual boy :o works = an individual f>m] & has no e/abli%$ relations ) any camp4 ,! latt] is a contract relation%ip betwe5 ! boy & ! f>m]4 ,! f>m] usually hires ! boy by ! mon? = g5]al f>m "w1 & ! duties incid5t to su* a job are famili> to ev]yone4 ,! h\rs may be long or %ort1 ! "w h>d or easy1 ! food good or bad1 ! boy's room clean or unsanit>y2 b !re is no?+ unusual 9 ?is problem4 ,! "o :i* is discuss$ "h is t ( ! labor camp1 :]e a gr\p ( boys are project$ into a /range community to "w at a job unfamili> to ! majority ( !m1--work+ = a f>m] or a gr\p ( f>m]s :o h nev] be=e employ$ su* a type ( labor4 ,any s+le employ] ( f>m labor :o is 9 a position to employ a gr\p ( boys may be assum$ ei!r to be conduct+ a l>ge f>m on :i* !re is a great div]sity ( crops ext5d+ ov] a wide range ( "t ( h>ve/+1 or to be a specializ+ f>m] work+ 9 an int5sive way on a comp>atively small area ) special crops :i* are h>ve/$ 9 %ort p]iods ( "t4 ,p]haps x may be bett] to ?9k ( ?ree types ( jobs1 or r1 ?ree types ( employ]s :o h jobs to be fill$ by gr\ps ( boys4 ,fir/1 !re is ! individual f>m] :o is a speciali/4 ,su* employ]s gr[ b]ries & o!r small fruits4 ,"h ! boys get v little f>m exp]i5ce4 ,!y d obta9 an idea ( c\ntry life1 & !y h excell5t camp exp]i5ce1 b 9 ord] to le>n mu* ab\t ! fruit & b]ry bus9ess !y ought to be on ! f>m dur+ ! "t ( spray+1 prun+1 & f]tiliz+4 ,9 reality ^! boys are b factory h&s "u f>m conditions4 ,( c\rse ?is type ( "w is extremely well adapt$ to ! inexp]i5c$ boy4 ,second1 !re is ! type ( employ] repres5t$ by ! vegetable gr[]4 ,9 ?is case x is readily se5 t crops are put into ! gr\nd z e>ly z ,april1 & se$+ may cont9ue until ! fifte5? ( ,augu/1 & ) we$+1 ?9n+1 & cultivat+1 ! "w may cont9ue practically ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,! h>ve/+ ( c]ta9 crops may />t late 9 ,june & cont9ue until ! gr\nd freezes4 ,9 ?is "w ! boys obta9 ! v be/ sort ( f>m exp]i5ce outside ( t obta9$ f g5]al f>m "w4 ,! "w :i* !y d is div]sifi$1 & !y le>n ab\t _m f>m op]ations4 ,?ird1 ano!r type ( employ] is ! bus9ess organization made up ( f>m]s2 z1 = example1 ! %ipp]s' or gr[]s' association1 :]e a gr\p ( f>m]s unite "u a m or less compact organization = ! purpose ( rais+ & mov+ crops4 ,ano!r illu/ration--some:at diff]5t = ! reason t ! organization is n made up ( f>m]s1 b r is alli$ ) f>m]s--is t ( a cann+ company4 ,9 work+ = su* a type ( employ] ! boy may or may n ga9 consid]able agricultural exp]i5ce1 dep5d+ entirely ^u :e!r he is work+ on div]sifi$ crops = long p]iods ( "t or do+ specializ$ h>ve/+4 ,x is necess>y to keep 9 m9d ^! diff]5t types ( "w z repres5t$ by diff]5t types ( employ]s4 ,x is cle> t 9 "s sections1 "u c]ta9 agricultural conditions already describ$1 ! job might be gu>ante$ a gr\p ( boys f ! middle ( ,april until ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 ) almo/ /eady "w = six days 9 ! week4 ,! nature ( crops & wea!r conditions det]m9e cont9uity ( "w4 ,a heavy ra9 means a good deal ( cultivat+ & we$+ imm$iately aft]w>d 9 ord] to cons]ve ! moi/ure4 ,a light ra9 means t ! boys c "w = "p ( ! day 9 ! fields1 :ile 9 ! case ( small-fruit f>m+ ev5 a slight ra9 prev5ts ! pick+ ( ! fruit4 ,aga91 9 vegetable f>m+ a boy may "w all day if ! fields are n too hot1 )\t any injury to 8 heal? or to ! crops1 because ! vegetable plants _c be injur$ by h&l+1 no matt] h[ hot x is4 ,9 ! case ( ! specializ$ f>m]1 !re is little or no gu>antee = "w beyond a %ort & def9ite p]iod2 t is1 ! p]iod is necess>ily %ort1 b :e!r or n x is def9ite dep5ds a great deal ^u ! wea!r & prices ( crops4 ,x is obvi\s t an abundant crop might cause a l[ m>ket price1--a price too l[ to pay = pick+1--& employ]s :o e>ly 9 ! season ?\ght t !y want$ a gr\p ( boys might decl9e to accept !m at ! la/ mom5t4 ,!y might ev5 contract = ! boy-labor camp & aft] ! boys _h pick$ = a few days desire to drop ! :ole ent]prise because ( a fall 9 ! m>ket price1--a fall :i* w\ld n be evid5t until ! crops comm5c$ to come4 ,or1 aga91 ! employ] might contract = a camp ( boys to pick /rawb]ries1 = example1 & complete arrangem5ts might be made = br++ ! boys to ! locality1 only to h ! camp project ab&on$ because a week ( ra9 _h absolutely ru9$ ! /rawb]ry crops4 ,su* an exp]i5ce 0 met 9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! pa/ season4 ,a hail/orm 9 ,*autauqua ,c\nty completely de/roy$ 9 a few m9utes ! prospects ( a camp = ! h>ve/+ ( tomatoes4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t x is a difficult matt] always to gu>antee a job4 ,! ,bureau ( ,vocational ,tra9+ ( ! ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission ( ,new ,york ,/ate reque/$ ! zone repres5tatives 9 ! f>m-placem5t bureaus to see to x t jobs 7 gu>ante$ to boys & t ! "t ( s]vice1 place ( s]vice1 & pay %\ld be cle>ly /at$4 ,x fur!rmore recomm5d$ t ! job %\ld be gu>ante$ 9 writ+ by a s+le f>m]1 by a gr\p ( f>m]s1 or by ! corporation desir+ ^! boys2 t ! employ+ p>ty %\ld /ate ! k9d ( "w1 ! pay1 ! numb] ( boys ne$$1 ! duration ( s]vice1 ! liv+ conditions1 ! provisions made = ! food supply = ! fir/ week1 & s on4 ,x made x cle> t !re %\ld be an assurance 9 writ+ ( :at ! boys 7 to expect1 & t someone %\ld be delegat$ to see t ! employ] liv$ up to 8 agreem5t4 ,out ( a !ory n bas$ ^u any previ\s exp]i5ce x 0 obvi\sly easy to write up su* a /atem5t1 b to expect x to be c>ri$ out )\t a hit* 9 all p>ts ( ! /ate & = all k9ds ( "w & all types ( employ]s1 n tak+ into consid]ation climatic & m>ket conditions1 to say no?+ ab\t ! prejudices & idiosyncrasies ( employ]s & boys1 0 to c\nt ! *ick5s be=e !y 7 hat*$4 ,ab\t all t c be said at ?is /age ( ?is movem5t is 9 illu/ration ( ! way ! job gu>antee 0 h&l$4 ,9 :at foll[s x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t mu* ( :at has be5 said or :at may be said ab\t ! proposition ( gu>antee+ ! job is n at all difficult to c>ry out 9 ! case ( g5]al f>m+ & is only mod]ately difficult 9 ! case ( vegetable gr[+4 ,e camp failure due to ! lack ( a workable contract ju/ifies ! orig9al cont5tion t gu>antee+ ! job is extremely important4 ,,memor&um ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,s\? ,,lima 7,,new ,,york7 ,,camp ,betwe5 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission ,f>m-,cadet ,bureau1 ,we/ ,c5tral ,zone 7,na?aniel ,g4 ,we/1 ,field ,inspector1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york7 & ! ,gr[]s' & ,%ipp]s' ,association ( ,s\? ,lima1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,f>m-,cadet ,bureau1 ,we/ ,c5tral ,zone1 agrees3 #a4 ,to furni% #be or m unskill$ f>m cadets1 #af to #ai ye>s ( age1 = labor on muck & upl& f>ms4 #b4 ,to furni% a camp lead]1 :o %all h g5]al *>ge ( ! camp ( boys1 :o %all hire out ! boys to ne>-by f>m]s1 collect all wages1 & pur*ase supplies4 #c4 ,t ! camp lead] %all keep an accurate acc\nt ( all wages paid to f>m cadets & p]c5tage collect$1 su* acc\nts to be op5 = inspection by committee designat$ by ! ,gr[]s' & ,%ipp]s' ,association4 #d4 ,to furni% a compet5t camp cook :o %all prep>e all meals = ! f>m cadets4 #e4 ,to pay ea* week1 ?r\gh ! camp lead]1 to ! ,gr[]s' & ,%ipp]s' ,association a sum = ov]head exp5ses1 z expla9$ bel[1--su* sum to be procur$ by add+ to all wages e>n$ by ! cadets a sum equal to five p] c5t ( su* wages4 ,! ,gr[]s' & ,%ipp]s' ,association agrees3 #a4 ,to provide "w1 z cont9u\sly z possible1 = ea* ( ! f>m cadets 9 ! above camp f ,june #aa1 #aiag1 to ,novemb] #c1 #aiag4 #b4 ,to pay wages = ea* f>m cadet at ! rate ( #b p] day's "w1 su* day's "w n to exce$ t5 h\rs4 #c4 ,to pay at ! end ( su* week to ! camp lead] all wages e>n$ by f>m cadets dur+ t week4 #d4 ,to pay 9 addition to ! above wages a sum equal to #e p] c5t ( ! wages1 su* sum to be turn$ ov] to treasur] ( ! ,gr[]s' & ,%ipp]s' ,association = paym5t ( ov]head exp5ses ( ! camp4 #e4 ,to arrange = r5tal ( suitable qu>t]s = ! cadets1 furni% two ranges & fuel = same1 furni% #bg or m cots1 tables1 b5*es1 & *airs = ! qu>t]s1 in/all a telephone1 & arrange ) local groc] = two weeks' cr$it = ! camp lead] = ! pur*ase ( supplies4 #f4 ,to pay = ! items m5tion$ "u #e1 above1 out ( ! #e p] c5t receiv$ f ! camp lead]1 z agre$ above4 ,,massa*usetts ,,plan ,,( ,,individual ,,agreem5t ,,) ,,f>m] ,to ! ,committee on ,food ,production & ,cons]vation 7,dep>tm5t ( ,mobilization ( ,s*oolboys = ,f>m ,s]vice7 ,de> ,sirs3 ,i h]eby apply = boys to be employ$ by me z g5]al f>m labor accord+ to ! t]ms & regulations on ! rev]se side ( ?is application4 ,i %all require ^! boys to beg9 "w ^u & probably require _! s]vices1 if satisfactory1 until ,i agree to pay ea* boy #d p] week = ! fir/ two weeks1 & #f p] week !reaft]2 su* paym5t to be made on ,saturday ( ea* week4 7,aft]w>ds *ang$1 see *apt] on ,f>m ,cadets1 p4 #bej47 ,if ! boy lives 9 a camp1 ,i agree to pay #d p] week = 8 bo>d1 & if he lives ) me1 ,i w furni% 8 bo>d2 ! above to be 9 addition to 8 wages4 ,i agree to employ ! boy on ra9y days z well z fair days1 & on ra9y days to use 8 s]vice z f> z possible "u cov]4 ,i agree1 if ! boy is unsatisfactory1 to give him "o week's notice or "o week's pay1 provid+ him ) a /atem5t 9 writ+ giv+ my reasons = 8 dis*>ge4 ,:5ev] 9 ! op9ion ( ! local sup]visor1 ! conditions ( liv+ or ( labor are n satisfactory1 ! boy may be )drawn )\t prejudice to him4 ,! nature ( ! "w = :i* ! boy is requir$ is ,sign "h 7,f>m]7 ,phone ,/reet address ,date ,t[n ,! "r lead]%ip 9 a camp is v ess5tial4 ,! camp1 aft] all1 is b ! l5g!n$ %ad[ ( its lead]4 ,x is n difficult to write ! qualifications ess5tial to lead]%ip 9 a boys' f>m camp1 b x is ano!r matt] to f9d any "o p]son :o w fill all ! conditions t are peculi> to a labor camp4 ,a hundr$-po9t man capable ( measur+ up to ! problems involv$ 9 camp lead]%ip mu/ h _h exp]i5ce 9 s*ool or ,association "w4 ,he w\ld h k ( cook+ ut5sils & p]sonal equipm5t necess>y to take to camp2 capacity to arrange = transportation = ! boys by ! mo/ direct1 conv5i5t1 & economical r\te2 ability to deal successfully ) ! problem ( ! fir/ night 9 camp1--a night :5 boys _c or w n sleep1 :5 !y are /irr$ up by ! novelty ( ! situation4 ,he w\ld be able to recognize good1 sub/antial1 n\ri%+ food1 & to see t ! boys _h prop] food 9 su* an em]g5cy z ! camp cook's sudd5ly be+ tak5 ill or des]t+ 8 job4 ,he w\ld h _h exp]i5ce 9 adju/+ work+ conditions1 w\ld "k h[ _m qu>ts ( fruit1 = example1 ! av]age boy c pick2 w\ld be able to help ^! boys get ! mo/ out ( _! "w by %[+ !m ! mo/ effective me?od ( h>ve/+2 w\ld und]/& h[ to use fir/-aid equipm5t4 ,he w\ld h to see t ! boys kept up correspond5ce ) _! homes4 ,he might h to sit up all night ) a boy :o _h eat5 m fruit ?an 0 good = him4 ,! "r lead] w also h to ?9k ( read+ matt] = ! camp & ( ! problem ( hav+ ! boys att5d *ur* s]vices on ,sunday :5 ! memb]%ip ( ! camp has v>i$ religi\s beliefs4 ,he may h "s or?odox ,jews 9 camp :5 ! c\ntry village has only a ,me?odi/ *ur*4 ,he mu/ satisfy ! boys :o want to h a m9/rel %[1 or ! t[nspeople :o (f] to ent]ta9 ! boys4 ,he may ev5 h to arbitrate 9 labor disputes4 ,he may be ! local placem5t bureau4 ,he %\ld be able to drive an automobile1 9 ord] t he may c>ry a fly+ squad five miles f camp = a day's "w = a f>m] :o is 9 imm$iate ne$4 ,he mu/ be able to answ] ! que/ions ask$ on blanks s5t out by ! /ate dep>tm5ts ( agriculture & education1 by city bo>ds ( education1 by /ate ,y4,m4,c4,a4's1 by *ild-labor bureaus1 & by all o!r organizations m or less directly int]e/$ 9 ! new aspects ( old problems4 ,if ! boys h be5 excus$ f s*ool1 he mu/ c]tify t _! labor-camp "w has be5 equival5t to ! s*ool "w :i* !y o!rwise w\ld h _h4 ,he mu/ be ! bank] ( ! camp & help ! boys cons]ve ! money :i* !y e>n4 ,he is acc\ntable to ! gr\p = ! exp5ses ( ! camp1 9 ord] t ^! may be divid$ pro rata4 ,he mu/ be able to buy supplies at ! lea/ co/4 ,x is ) delib]ate int5tion t ?is li/ has be5 made l5g?y & ( wide range1 9 ord] to %[ t no man exi/s :o c\ld meet adequately e condition impos$4 ,he is b\nd to be born %ort1 z ,william ,hawley ,smi? w\ld /ate x1 on "s ( ^! angles4 ,if he is a social-m9d$ man ( ! ,boy ,sc\t or ,y4,m4,c4,a4 type1 he w be long on ent]ta9m5ts1 recreation1 food requirem5ts1 k ( p]sonal equipm5t1 gr\p "w1 fir/ aid1 & sanitation4 ,if he is ( ! s*ool-tea*] type1 he w probably be /rong on discipl9e1 effici5t 9 look+ aft] details ( s*ool cr$its1 camp exp5ses1 records1 moral conditions1 lett] writ+1 & keep+ boys busy4 ,if he is a te*nical man 9 agriculture1 he may "k no?+ ab\t baseball on ,saturday aft]noon or h[ to organize a m9/rel %[1 b he w probably "k h[ to d m ?an keep boys busy4 ,he w keep !m effectively busy2 t is1 he w arrange to h c]ta9 boys d ! l9es ( "w adapt$ to _! skill & k4 ,he w discov] ways ( utiliz+ ! labor ( ! unskill$ boy4 ,he w be able to judge :e!r or n a boy is work+ to 8 full capacity1 & he may be some:at pitiless if ! boy does n measure up to a f>m-labor /&>d4 ,9 o!r words1 su* a man w be v l>gely int]e/$ 9 a work+ camp4 ,he w be int]e/$ 9 meet+ ! conditions impos$ by ! f>m]s4 ,he w "k t ! b]ries mu/ be express$ by f\r o'clock & t ! pick+ may h to /op promptly at two4 ,he w "k t a leaky crate ( raspb]ries means a l[ price = possibly a :ole c>load4 ,he w be less int]e/$1 p]haps1 9 ! balanc$ ration & m int]e/$ 9 us+ ! products ( ! community on ! camp table4 ,he w n be int]e/$ 9 ! records requir$ by s*ool (ficials s mu* z 9 ^? expect$ ( him by ! f>m-bureau ag5t4 ,9 %ort1 8 idea is to promote agriculture & n to promote ! c\nty ,y4,m4,c4,a4 movem5t1 ! back-to-!-f>m movem5t1 or any o!r movem5t :i* may be alli$ ) ! f>m-cadet s]vice4 ,x is n possible to f9d any "o man :o is socially1 p$agogically1 & agriculturally m9d$4 ,if he claims to be good 9 all ?ree fields he probably is m$iocre4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ ye>1 h[ev]1 %[s "s rem>kably f9e "w done by lead]s ( boy camps4 ,"s h be5 public-s*ool tea*]s :o h giv5 _! summ] s]vices = no?+ or = a nom9al fee4 ,"s h be5 releas$ f _! duties z ,y4,m4,c4,a4 secret>ies 9 ord] t ! association might make a contribution to ! f>m-cadet movem5t4 ,"s h be5 physical directors 9 public s*ools4 ,"s h be5 sc\t ma/]s among ! ,boy ,sc\ts4 ,o!rs h be5 agricultural tea*]s :o saw t ?is "w 01 aft] all1 9 ! l9e ( _! usual duties4 ,! foll[+ illu/rates "o ( ! hundr$ ?+s :i* a camp lead] mu/ "k ab\t3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,f>m ,,cadets ,,enli/$ ,,= ,,camp-,,squad ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,:at ,,to ,,take ,,necess>y ,,articles ,b$ sack #ge #cj in*es 7to be /uff$ ) /raw at camp7 or cot mattress2 enamel-w>e plate1 cup1 sauc]1 sauce di%1 also knife1 =k1 & spoon2 d9n] pail or box1 two heavy blankets1 small pill[1 work+ clo!s1 sweat]1 gymnasium %irt1 ra9coat or old ov]coat1 heavy %oes1 too?bru%1 too? p[d]1 small mirror1 t[els1 extra socks1 rubb]s or rubb] boots1 extra und]we>1 hairbru%1 comb1 soap1 h&k]*iefs1 pajamas1 a good disposition1 & a _s ( loyalty to ! camp & its aims4 ,,desirable ,,articles ,musical in/rum5ts1 cam]a1 baseball1 glove1 bat1 ne$les1 ?read1 safety p9s1 notebook1 p5cils1 writ+ pap]1 envelopes1 good books1 magaz9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! me?ods ( h\s+ ! boys diff] widely4 ,ord9>ily "o ?9ks ( t5ts z be+ ! mo/ feasible1 b ! sc>city & high co/ ( su* equipm5t dur+ ! pa/ ye> prev5t$ ! boys f liv+ "u canvas4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x w\ld be bett] to ?9k 9 t]ms ( some?+ m p]man5t ?an t5ts1 z ^! d n la/ m ?an ?ree ye>s1 & if ! camp idea ( h>ve/+ crops by ! use ( boys is to cont9ue1--& _m believe x w1--x is advisable to plan = a p]man5t & inexp5sive type ( build+4 ,a r\gh bo>d %ack ) a good ro( is highly desirable 9 ! e>ly spr+ days & 9 ! late fall4 ,_m ( ! cadets 9 ,new ,york ,/ate camps 7 qu>t]$ 9 b]ry h\ses 7:i* are really pack+ & /orage h\ses locat$ 9 ! b]ry fields71 9 vacant h\ses1 9 s*oolh\ses1 9 grange halls1 & 9 build+s locat$ on ! fair gr\nds4 ,mo/ ( ^! b]ry h\ses 7 two /ories high1 ! fir/ floor be+ us$ = ! commiss>y dep>tm5t & ! second floor = dormitories4 ,9 su* cases ! b]ries 7 pack$ 9 tempor>y %acks adjo9+ ! b]ry h\ses4 ,9 o!r cases ! boys h us$ ! fir/ floor = a sitt+ room & built a r\gh %ack back ( ! b]ry or /orage h\se = kit*5 & d9+ room4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant camp+ places 0 t ( a two-room s*oolh\se1 :]e cots = fifty boys 7 put into ! rooms1 & ! basem5t 0 us$ z a kit*54 ,! boys built a table outside & put up a canopy ov] x = a d9+ room4 ,!y next damm$ up a brook :i* ran back ( ! s*oolh\se & made :at !y t]m$ a ba?tub1 :i* 0 capable ( hold+ ab\t six boys at a "t4 ,!y also put into f9e condition ! r disreputable s*oolh\se latr9es4 ,^! boys made ! s*oolh\se r+ at night ) _! popul> s*ool songs2 ! old piano did its be/ to br+ toge!r ! h]itages ( ! ,ea/ ,side & ( ! ,highl&s ( ! ,hudson4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ provision = camp equipm5t4 ,"o is to develop1 "u /ate1 c\nty1 or local auspices1 a s]ies ( p]man5t camp qu>t]s locat$ 9 small-fruit1 l>ge-fruit1 & muck-l& di/ricts4 ,?is equipm5t ne$ n be exp5sive4 ,x w be locat$ v ne> ! s\rce ( labor dem& & c always be us$1 :e!r boy or adult labor is employ$4 ,fruit & produce gr[]s & k9dr$ e/abli%m5ts h 9 ! pa/ provid$1 m or less1 = su* an equipm5t4 ,ano!r plan is to use s*oolh\ses1 grange halls1 vacant f>m build+s1 & agricultural-fair equipm5t4 ,x is un=tunate t s mu* prop]ty ord9>ily us$ = public purposes lies idle = long p]iods ( "t4 ,"s may say t ! city boy w n leave c\ntry prop]ty 9 good %ape1 b exp]i5ce s f> has %[n t ! city boys h left ?+s bett] ?an !y f\nd !m4 ,/ill ano!r type already spok5 ( is t5tage1 & p]haps ! be/ way to provide su* an equipm5t is to h ! /ate furni% x ?r\gh ! adjutant g5]al's (fice4 ,! sanit>y aspects ( any type ( camp are highly important4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! committee ( public safety1 :i* e/abli%$ boy camps1 requir$ t ! sanit>y conditions ( ^! camps %\ld be inspect$ by ! bo>d ( heal?1 & ! committee furni%$ full directions & a blue pr9t = ! build+ ( a sanit>y latr9e4 ,"s ( ! camps burn _! g>bage 9 home-made inc9]ation plants4 ,ord9>y g>d5 hose ) a wat]+-pot spr9kl] atta*m5t1 or an elevat$ b>rel ) a spray] atta*$1 & fill$ by ! use ( a pail & ladd]1 7 %[]-ba? devices work$ out by ! boys 9 v>i\s camps4 ,all ! camps devis$ "s me?od ( keep+ food cool1 rang+ f ^? t _h a real city ice *e/ d[n to ^? t clean$ out a spr+ & set 9 x a bottomless1 cov]$ box4 ,! job ( fe$+ boys 9 camp is n a s9ecure4 ,e s*eme has be5 tri$1 f engag+ at a sal>y ( "o hundr$ doll>s a mon? a ,pullman d9+-c> *ef d[n to1 or %all x be said up to1 a boy cook4 ,! cook problem 9 a labor camp is z difficult to h&le z is ! s-call$ s]vant problem ( ! city4 ,! av]age cook kn[s m ab\t cook+ ?an he does ab\t dietetics4 ,he is v likely to lack adaptability4 ,he is usually untra9$ = camp cook+ & is n p>ticul>ly op5 to sugge/ions4 ,exp]i5ce seems to %[ t ! be/ cook is ! "o :o has done "w 9 a ,y4,m4,c4,a4 camp or 9 a ,boy ,sc\t camp4 ,( c\rse1 ?is ye> !re 0 a great sc>city ( ! latt] class to be f\nd1 z !y 7 ne$$ 9 _! own organizations1 & !re=e _m camps 7 oblig$ to employ a local woman ( ! matronly type to cook = ! boys2 sometimes an exp]i5c$ camp lead] has develop$ "s good cooks among ! boys 9 camp4 ,p]haps ! be/ results1 h[ev]1 7 obta9$ f boys :o be=e ! op5+ ( camps 7 giv5 f two to f\r weeks ( camp-cook+ in/ruction 9 ! s*ool sy/em f :i* !y came4 ,^! boys 7 ready to use ! products ( ! localities1 su* z peas1 beans1 tomatoes1 radi%es1 lettuce1 & corn1 :ile ! pr(essional cook (t5 seem$ m famili> ) ! use ( ! c op5]4 ,! quantity & v>iety ( food 0 practically 9 ! h&s ( ! boys !mselves1 assum+ t ! cook 0 a good "o4 ,if ! all[ance ( fruit = breakfa/1 = example1 consi/$ ( f\r prunes or "o banana or half an orange1 & ! gr\p z a :ole desir$ a l>g] portion1 x 0 p]fectly possible = !m to secure x by s vot+1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! food exp5se ( ! camps 0 divid$ pro rata among ! boys4 ,"u ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! boys 7 v economical & fr[n$ ^u ! few malcont5ts :o want$ to gorge !mselves4 ,! cafet]ia /yle ( s]v+ prevail$ g5]ally4 ,provid+ amusem5ts 9 recreation camps is always a problem1 b f>m cadets require little 9 ! way ( ent]ta9m5t aft] eight or t5 h\rs ( field s]vice4 ,camp-fire talks on agriculture1 corn roa/s1 toa/+ m>%mall[s1 giv+ musical ent]ta9m5ts & m9/rel %[s1 hold+ mock trials1 play+ baseball on ,saturday aft]noons or ,sundays1 con/itute ! *ief =ms ( recreation4 ,9 e in/ance ! lads h be5 well receiv$ 9 ! local communities4 ,!y 7 popul> features at *ur* ent]ta9m5ts1 ,r$ ,cross b5efits1 & c\ntry sociables4 ,(t5 ! boys1 especially 9 ! b]ry-pick+ regions1 w5t swimm+ ab\t #d ,p4,m41 aft] ! crates _h be5 s5t by ! aft]noon express4 ,9 e in/ance ! village *ur* & ! c\nty ,y4,m4,c4,a4 took an active int]e/ 9 ! f>m cadets4 ,_m ( ! boys play$ musical in/rum5ts1 & _! confid5ce 9 !mselves 0 contributory to _m supplem5t>y boy *oirs4 ,! c\ntry pa/ors evid5tly made x a po9t to d :at !y c\ld = ! pleasure ( all ! boys1 & )\t exception !re seem$ to be no religi\s di/9ctions4 ,9 "s camps ! ,ca?olic prie/ express$ 8 fa!rly feel+ = ! lads4 ,9 o!rs ! ,jewi% & ,ca?olic boys att5d$ ! union village *ur*4 ,9 brief1 ! boys ent]$ into ! _s ( ! rural life1 & bo? ! c\ntry folk & ! y\? ( ! city 7 ! bett] = x4 ,a /udy ( ! diff]5t camps 9 op]ation 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry seems to indicate t !y might be gr\p$ "u six heads z foll[s4 ,i4 ,conc5tration1 or tra9+1 camps4 ,^! are usually locat$ 9 agriculturally /rategic sections ( ! /ate1 :]e boys may receive prelim9>y tra9+ 9 camp life & 9 f>m "w "u discipl9>y & in/ructional conditions4 ,( c\rse su* a camp c d no?+ m ?an give ! boys a tra9+ 9 ! elem5ts ( f>m activities 7su* z h>ness+ a horse1 runn+ a h& cultivator1 us+ a hoe1 driv+ a team7 & s]ve z a try+-out p]iod = we$+ out boys :o are unsatisfactory4 ,^! camps _c be consid]$ places :i* w give a prelim9>y agricultural education1 = t is v diff]5t f giv+ a prelim9>y idea ( f>m op]ations4 ,aft] ^! boys h receiv$ a c\rse ( su* tra9+1 !y are s5t out "u lead]%ip to "w 9 a section ( ! /ate :]e a gr\p may "w = "o f>m] & live at ! camp mean:ile or may "w = individual f>m]s & live ) ! employ]4 ,obvi\sly x is tak5 = grant$ t su* a camp is locat$ 9 a good agricultural section & t its surr\nd+s h some?+ m ?an f9e swimm+ holes or beautiful sc5]y4 ,^! boys mu/ be tra9$ 9 an environm5t & "u conditions simil> to ! f>m life 9 :i* !y are to p>ticipate lat]4 ,x w\ld seem t ! agricultural colleges ( ! c\ntry & ! second>y s*ools ( agriculture w\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 (f] spl5did locations = e/abli%+ tra9+ camps4 ,"h w\ld be f\nd1 or ought to be f\nd1 good l&4 ,?is is n always true1 because occasionally an agricultural college has be5 locat$ irrespective ( good l&4 ,! te*nical & dormitory facilities1 h[ev]1 w\ld be available = ! boys 9 tra9+4 ,,ii4 ,f>m-work+1 or labor-di/ribut+1 camps4 ,^! are conc5tration camps 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 b !y are locat$ directly 9 ! f>m di/rict :]e ! boys1 aft] receiv+ _! prelim9>y tra9+1 are to f9d "w 9 ! community adjo9+ ! camp4 ,sev]al camps ( ?is ord] h />t$ out ) ! idea ( giv+ a prelim9>y tra9+ 9 agriculture 9 ! camp itself1 & h borr[$ or b\ght f>m+ implem5ts & teams & leas$ l& 9 ord] to give ! tra9+4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases ?is idea 0 ab&on$1 = x 0 f\nd t ^! boys c\ld receive all _! prelim9>y tra9+ ) ! f>m]s1 provid$ ! lead] ( ! camp c\ld e/abli% helpful relations betwe5 ! boy & ! employ+ f>m] & c\ld1 out ( 8 wisdom & exp]i5ce1 protect ! boy 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! "w & guide him 9 all its /ages4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ?is type ( camp a city man1 act+ z lead]1 comes into a community ) a gr\p ( boys :o live at ! camp b receive _! tra9+ ) ! ne>-by f>m]s4 ,a labor-supply camp1 compos$ ( able-bodi$ boys1 is a type :i* adequately meets ! ne$ at small exp5se4 ,,iii4 ,milit>y f>m-tra9+ camp4 ,?is is a type ( camp :]e city boys1 "u ! direction ( a s*ool or "s organization1 g into a f>m+ community & op5 up new l& :i* o!rwise w\ld n h be5 put "u cultivation4 ,^! boys /ay at ! camp dur+ ! season4 ,!y d n "w = ! f>m]s ne> by1 or1 at lea/1 n ord9>ily1--! int5tion be+ to e/abli% a self-support+ & self-ma9ta9+ camp = ! use ( ! boys :o att5d4 ,! l& is till$1 ! se$ plant$1 & ! h>ve/ ga!r$ = ! b5efit ( ! boys4 ,any pr(its are giv5 to ! boys or to ! s*ool1 & any exp5ses = conduct+ ! camp1 or ov]head *>ges1 usually come out ( ! organization or s*ool repres5t$4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r1 g5]ally speak+1 ?is type ( camp is on a s\nd economic & agricultural basis4 ,if su* a camp c\ld be c>ri$ on = a numb] ( ye>s ) a /rong s*ool or o!r organization beh9d x1 & pl5ty ( capital1 x is v likely t x w\ld succe$4 ,x takes capital to e/abli% good soil conditions & pur*ase tools1 f>m ma*9]y1 & /ock1 & to put up build+s4 ,x is a highly desirable type ( camp to consid] 9 t]ms ( _m ye>s or :]e a s*ool wi%es to give its boys a milit>y & f>m exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ! food em]g5cy ?r\gh :i* ! c\ntry is n[ pass+1 x is d\btful if ?is type ( camp %\ld ev] h be5 />t$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an excell5t type to e/abli% z a p]man5t adjunct to a city s*ool sy/em4 ,,iv4 ,cop]ative camp :]e ! boys %>e 9 proce$s4 ,?is type ( camp is practically l ,,iii1 & if ! f>m l& is new & ! camp lead] is untra9$ 9 agricultural op]ations & ! boys are unskill$1 x is ab\t z likely to be doom$ to failure z is ! o!r4 ,v4 ,! village- or c\ntry-s*ool type ( camp4 ,?is is a camp :]e ! s*oolboys1 "u ! lead]%ip ( a tea*]1 g to ! outskirts ( ! village & develop a g>d54 ,if ! l& is good & ! tea*] kn[s agriculture & ! boys att5d to bus9ess1 !y w mo/ c]ta9ly receive an excell5t practical tra9+ useful to !m 9 life4 ,!y w h le>n$ h[ to "w 9 ! soil1 h[ to "w toge!r = a common purpose1 h[ to /ick to a job until x is f9i%$1 h[ to look ahead f ! "t se$ is pur*as$ until ! crop is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! cu/om]4 ,all ^! ?+s are good & !y are useful to any boy1 b1 ( c\rse1 f ! /&po9t ( increas+ ! food supply 9 any l>ge way ?r\gh ! gr[+ ( :eat1 fe$ corn1 oats1 rye1 buck:eat1 potatoes1 & l>ge fruits !re is little to be said4 ,! "w is to be comm5d$ on ! basis ( its value to ! individual boy4 ,,vi4 ,%ort-t]m camp1 sometimes call$ fly+ squadron4 ,?is type ( camp is advisable only 9 an int5sive-f>m+ region :]e quick s]vice = ! h>ve/+ p]iod is ne$$4 ,! squad itself w s]ve to keep a balance betwe5 ! dem& = labor & ! supply4 ,x is easy to picture a fruit region ar\nd & ?r\gh :i* are a numb] ( camps4 ,ea* "o ought to be work+ to ! limit1 b1 ( c\rse1 z a matt] ( fact 9 "o section !re w\ld be a great] dem& = boys ?an c\ld be met by ! local camp4 ,x is at ?is "t t ! fly+ squadron comes 91 :51 9 response to ! ,,sos call1 a gr\p ( tempor>ily idle boys f "o camp may be s5t to ano!r camp :i* is %ort ( help4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,a ,,summ>iz$ ,,program ,,( ,,action ,out ( ?is w> we are go+ to h a new _s & me?od 9 education4 ,engl& has already begun to evaluate its pres5t sy/em4 ,x has issu$ a report on ! assi/ance :i* education1 if prop]ly direct$1 c give to indu/ry & comm]ce aft] ! w>4 ,! results ( a rec5t inve/igation af=d--s ! report /ates--a conv9c+ pro( ( ! necessity ( improv+ & ext5d+ ! provisions hi!rto made = in/ruction & tra9+ 9 sci5tific /udies z a necess>y f\ndation = fruitful rese>*4 ,! report goes on to say t1 9 a s5se unkn[n to =m] g5]ations1 ,engl& has become a "p ( ,europe2 & 9 ! int]e/ n m]ely ( comm]ce b ( ! intellig5t conduct ( national affairs an adequate k ( ! languages--&1 ?r\gh ! languages1 ( ! lit]atures1 hi/ories1 & civilizations ( ,european c\ntries--%\ld be 9 ! possession ( a f> l>g] proportion ( its population ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,x /ates t p>ticul> subjects ( in/ruction 9 ! high s*ools & in/itutes _c be divorc$ f ! consid]ation ( _! organization & ( _! curricula z a :ole1 if a prop] balance ( /udies is to be secur$ & if high] education is to be truly lib]al & humane 9 its _s & influ5ce4 ,x insi/s t access to ! s*ools mu/ be r5d]$ easi] = native ability :]ev] x is f\nd1 & affirms aga9 & aga9 t ! ne$s ( ! nation _c be satisfi$ m]ely by *anges affect+ high] education or by a provision ( educational facilities conf9$ to s*ol>s ( special gifts & abilities4 ,x closes by say+ t ! future w make new & increas$ dem&s1 especially 9 a democratic community1 on ! heal?1 "*1 & intellig5ce ( e citiz52 & ^! dem&s c only be met by compreh5sive & f>-rea*+ improvem5ts & developm5ts ( elem5t>y education4 ,illu/ration3 ,milit>y eng9e]+ w become a popul> & necess>y "p ( ! curricula ( our colleges & te*nical in/itutes4 ,a class 9 susp5sion-bridge "w at ,w5twor? ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,milit>y prep>$ness ( college boys & s*oolboys includes o!r activities ?an m]ely drill+4 ,tr5* dra9age1 "o ( a score ( w> em]g5cy c\rses1 at ,w5twor? ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,return$ convalesc5t soldi]s1 :o w\ld be idle b = ! opportunity (f]$ to bru% up _! education4 ,ogd5 ,milit>y ,convalesc5t ,hospital4 ,illu/ration3 ,a corn] ( ! pr9t+ & photo-engrav+ %op at ,manitoba ,milit>y ,convalesc5t ,hospital1 ,w9nipeg4 ,^! m5 h be5 assign$ to c\rses ( reducation because ( inability to return to _! =m] occupations4 ,! individual-indu/rial-effici5cy idea :i* we obta9$ f ,g]many w h to be int]pret$ 9 ,am]ica n = milit>y purposes1 b 9 t]ms ( p]sonal & vocational s]vice = ! nation4 ,j z ! academic milit>ism ( ! ,old ,_w has be5 f\nd want+ & has be5 gradually trans=m$ into ! mobilization ( all =ces beh9d ! l9es on an entirely new basis & conception ( :at may be done by a p 9 "t ( w>1 s we 9 ?is c\ntry %all le>n t we may 9 times ( peace1 ?r\gh effici5t & effective liv+1 prep>e = def5se4 ,9 ?is prep>ation we may le>n t improv$ elem5t>y education1 t vocational tra9+1 t br++ into ! s*ools ! ,boy ,sc\t _s1 t tea*+ ( sanitation & p]sonal hygi5e1 t organiz+ our c\rses on a unit & project basis1 t develop+ sy/ems ( /ud5t s]vice 9 s*ool life1 t ext5d+ s*ool facilities to adults1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s :i* h be5 ?\ght ( z fads & p$agogical idiosyncrasies w1 to quote ! ,new ,york ,/ate law relative to milit>y equival5ts1 specifically prep>e = s]vice useful to ! /ate 9 ! ma9t5ance ( def5se1 9 ! promotion ( public safety1 9 ! cons]vation & developm5t ( ! /ate's res\rces1 or 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( public improvem5ts4 ,truly1 a program = peace z well z = w>4 ,! s*ool bo>d & its executive (fic]1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 %\ld d ev]y?+ to save ! s*ool build+s = s*ool purposes4 ,!y are lit]ally factories turn+ out1 x is hop$1 h&made products2 & 9 "t ( w> _! s]vice %\ld be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$4 ,to use !m z hospitals w be a mi/ake1--bett] by f> confiscate dep>tm5t /ores4 ,br+ ! w> into ! s*ools 9 ! _s already int]pret$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 b d n take ! s*ools into ! w>4 ,d n elim9ate /udies indiscrim9ately4 ,evaluate if y w1--& ?is is always well1--b :olesale cutt+ out is to be avoid$4 ,x may be t ! co/ & value ( in/ruction 9 freeh& draw+ w h to be comp>$ ) ! p]man5t value ( ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,x may be t in/ead ( add+ to ! vocational dep>tm5t a ma*9e-%op equipm5t1 :i* is always exp5sive1 x w be discov]$ t a cop]ative c\rse c be develop$1 employ+ ! equipm5t ( a neighbor+ factory1 & t all ! s*ool ne$ furni% is a tea*] = blackbo>d "w 9 ma!matics1 draw+1 & sci5ce4 ,x is likely t a long] s*ool day w be advisable & also a long] s*ool ye>4 ,x is q probable t ! introduction ( ! me?ods ( ! ,boy ,sc\t movem5t into ! public s*ools w be f\nd sup]ior to "s ( ! pres5t tea*+ ( nature /udy1 recreational "w1 civics1 & conduct4 ,provision mu/ be made = fill+ ! places ( ! male tea*]s :o w be draft$4 ,_m ( ^! w be in/ructors 9 sci5ce & ma!matics4 ,x ought to be possible to secure ! s]vices ( retir$ civil or me*anical eng9e]s = tea*+ ^! subjects4 ,x is feasible to draft into s]vice m>ri$ wom5 :o h once taught4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! gov]nm5t w ev5tually recognize t educational ent]prise z well z indu/rial ent]prise ought to furni% gr\nds = exemption4 ,z w> comes clos] to u provision mu/ be made = keep+ ! s*ools op5 twelve mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & f eight 9 ! morn+ until t5 at night = six days 9 ! week4 ,e *ild up to ! age ( #ad mu/ be kept 9 s*ool4 ,x is ! be/ place = him1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 ! s*ool rises to its full height1--& x is tak5 = grant$ t x w4 ,! physical condition ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 especially %\ld be wat*$ v c>efully4 ,! tea*] %\ld discov] ! conditions at home4 ,x may be t "s pupils h _h no breakfa/ & are n likely to h a suitable lun* or ev5 a supp]4 ,"s w h to be f$ 9 ! s*ools1 & "h is an opportunity = ! old] girls 9 dome/ic-sci5ce classes4 ,"s w report c]ta9 home conditions t w require t ! s*ool make a report to ! local ,r$ ,cross *apt] or "s o!r relief ag5cy4 ,aga9 !re is opportunity = ! old] girls to s]ve ?r\gh _! k ( home nurs+1 infant fe$+1 & fir/ aid4 ,if ! w> /rikes u h>d1 we may h to ?9k ( "p-"t "w = *ildr5 above #ad1 b we mu/ nev] let ! *ildr5 get away f u z !y h 9 ,engl&4 ,we mu/ control ! exodus4 ,we mu/ n abrogate ! exi/+ compulsory-att5dance laws & ! exi/+ labor laws4 ,we mu/ n int]pret ^! laws ) laxity & %ut our eyes :ile ! *ildr5 g by u on _! way to "w4 ,we may d well to am5d ^! laws if 9 s do+ we c incorporate useful labor into ! educative process4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ be con/ructive 9 any "p-"t measures :i* are adopt$4 ,! educative value ( pr(itable labor ne$ n be lo/4 ,x w be well = u to look into ! real value ( milit>y tra9+ = s*oolboys be=e we adopt 9 a :olesale fa%ion obsolete milit>ism4 ,! value ( wood5-gunism is que/ionable4 ,physical tra9+1 vocational tra9+1 a?letics1 ,boy ,sc\t "w1 team play1 & discipl9e are f> m valuable4 ,milit>y drill giv5 9 addition to ^! activities may be advisable4 ,h[ev]1 on ?is po9t !re is /ill a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,b to give =mal milit>y in/ruction )\t consid]+ its adaptability to ! me?ods us$ 9 mod]n w>f>e & ! tra9+ incid5t to effective prep>ation = !m is nei!r milit>y prep>$ness on ! "o h& nor s5sible educational proc$ure on ! o!r4 ,s*ool bo>ds ought to organize at once vocational c\rses to secure /ate & national aid1 & seek f ! legislature /ate aid = directors ( community g>d5s1 z1 f n[ on1 ^! w be a p]man5t feature ( community life4 ,"s sort ( provision ought to be made relative to br++ agriculture into ! city s*ool or tak+ ! city boy to agriculture4 ,a c\ntry bran* ( a city s*ool is possible4 ,play & recreation c5t]s mu/ be develop$4 ,! increase ( juv5ile (f5ses 9 bo? ,engl& & ,france dur+ ?is w> has be5 trem5d\s4 ,_m ( ^! (f5ses are committ$ by *ildr5 :o are /ill at s*ool4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce t ow+ to ! abs5ce ( milit>y s]vice ( _! fa!rs1--&1 p]haps ev5 m1 ( _! eld] bro!rs1--! indu/rial employm5t ( _! mo!rs1 ! d>k5$ /reets1 & o!r circum/ances1 _m s*ool *ildr5 are suff]+ f ! lack ( prop] c>e & discipl9e & are expos$ to s]i\s risks ( det]ioration4 ,^! conditions h be5 mitigat$ ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( ev5+ play c5t]s1 :i* provide ! *ildr5 ) suitable occupation & amusem5t aft] s*ool h\rs4 ,! pr9cipal ( a s*ool c play a l>ge "p 9 a w>-em]g5cy program4 ,he c develop ! idea ( ,w> ,sav+s among ! *ildr5 9 8 s*ool4 ,ann\ncem5t has be5 made t ! gov]nm5t int5ds to develop ! ,w> ,sav+s ,c]tificate plan ( ,engl&4 ,^! c]tificates are p]haps bett] adapt$ to p]sons ( small means ?an a ,lib]ty ,bond4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t has set =? a plan = adv]tis+ & sell+ ^! c]tificates ?r\gh ! public s*ools ( ! nation4 ,! aim is to h e pupil an own] ( a little baby bond & a p>ticipant 9 a democratic plan ( gov]nm5t security4 ,a campaign = ?rift has be5 />t$4 ,! s*ools mu/ d _! "p4 ,! pr9cipal c organize patriotic meet+s at :i* he c expla9 ! purposes ( ! ,r$ ,cross1 ! ,lib]ty ,loan1 & ! g>d5 & cons]vation movem5ts4 ,he c di/ribute pamphlets relat+ to w> s]vice4 ,9 a small community he c be ! lead] ( ! ,r$ ,cross movem5t1 only he mu/ always rememb] t he is to "w ) /ate & national organizations & is n to write to ,wa%+ton :5 he c p]haps /ep across ! /reet to local headqu>t]s or write directly to /ate headqu>t]s4 ,( c\rse1 he w foll[ closely ! pr9t$ directions ) ref]5ce to b&ages1 %ipp+1 etc41 = ! g5]al organization has put m ?\ght into x & ga9$ m exp]i5ce ?an he c\ld possibly ga!r4 ,obvi\sly ! pr9cipal ought to all[ no competition betwe5 s*ool organizations & local organizations4 ,if ! local organization is /rong & effective1 he ought to "w "u x4 ,if x is n1 he may well "w ov] x4 ,by all means he %\ld in=m pupils ( ! mean+ ( ! w>1 t !y 9 turn may c>ry ^w to _! p>5ts2 & su* "w is n always limit$ to di/ricts :]e p are =eign born4 ,!re may be z mu* ne$ = su* "w 9 ! ,we/ z 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a ,we/]n f>m] is report$ z say+ t he did n c>e :o own$ ! c\ntry or :e!r ! ,g]mans took x or n s long z he sold 8 :eat crop4 ,! pr9cipal may direct a /ate c5sus on "s p>ticul> data = :i* /ate au?orities may call4 ,he %\ld br+ toge!r v>i\s bullet9s issu$ by /ate & national gov]nm5ts :i* conc]n food production & cons]vation1 sanitation1 public heal?1 nurs+1 dietetics1 etc41 & by publi%+ li/s ( su* mat]ial 9 newspap]s & po/+ !m on s*ool bullet9 bo>ds1 br+ ! in=mation )9 !m to ! p :o ne$ x mo/4 ,he %\ld make ! hall ex]cises 9 ! s*ool mean m ?an ev]4 ,let u hope t ,am]ica may be sung ) m vim1 & t ! pr9cipal w "k ! second /anza4 ,! ,m>seillaise & o!r national songs ( our allies may be sung4 ,( c\rse a s]vice flag made by ! girls 9 ! s*ool hangs prom95tly 9 ! assembly hall1 & ea* ( its />s speaks = a tea*]1 a /ud5t1 or a graduate :o repres5ts ! life-giv+ contribution ( ! s*ool to ! cause ( democracy4 ,! c\ntry-s*ool pr9cipal has a great deal to d4 ,8 "w diff]s f t ( ! city pr9cipal 9 t he may be a recogniz$ lead] 9 almo/ ev]y?+1 :ile ! city pr9cipal mu/ necess>ily cop]ate ) individuals & organizations4 ,! pr9cipal 9 ! op5 c\ntry c be ! local ag5t = se$ & f]tiliz] & = ! di/ribution ( f>m]s' bullet9s4 ,9 fact1 he may be ! local repres5tative = ! /ate dep>tm5ts ( education1 ( agriculture1 ( labor1 & ( heal?4 ,he ought to use judgm5t 9 excus+ boys f s*ool = f>m "w4 ,he w "k ! exact circum/ances "u :i* a boy goes to "w4 ,he w "k :e!r he is work+ on 8 fa!r's f>m or t ( a neighbor4 ,he c help t boy ) 8 lessons s t he c d "s /udy+ at home & keep up ) 8 classes4 ,& 9 ! late fall1 :5 ! boys return to s*ool f _! f>m "w1 he c organize a special class 9 ord] t !y may satisfactorily make up _! /udies4 ,?is extra "w on 8 "p & t ( 8 c[ork]s w make "o ( ! answ]s to ! call to ! colors :i* comes to e man & woman 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a city pr9cipal c organize an agricultural c\rse 9 8 city s*ool1 & obta9 a /ate-aid$ tea*] = giv+ agricultural !ory 9 ! w9t] 9 connection ) biological sci5ce1 & h ?is tea*] take a gr\p ( boys into ! c\ntry 9 ! spr+4 ,he c always ?9k ( 8 boys z go+ out to f>m "w on ! basis ( an organiz$ gr\p1 & on t basis only4 ,a tea*] f 8 s*ool might g ) ^! boys & s]ve z _! lead]4 ,x is probable t educational exp]im5ts ( ?is nature w lead ev5tually to c\ntry bran*es ( city s*ools4 ,x is cle> t ! indu/rial & trade s*ools1 because ( ! v nature ( _! purpose1 may r5d] unusual s]vice1 b !y mu/ />t out ) ! idea t !y are to take _! directions f ! /ate bo>ds ( control ( vocational education r ?an g (f at a tang5t indep5d5t ( any /ate or national movem5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t provision has be5 made = a national sy/em ( vocational education ) a ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education guid+ x1 & t e /ate bo>d hav+ *>ge ( vocational education is work+ 9 conjunction ) ! national bo>d4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d t ! ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education is 9 close t\* ) ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,def5se at ,wa%+ton1 & consequ5tly ) all dep>tm5ts ( ! national gov]nm5t :i* conc]n w> measures4 ,= a local s*ool to jeop>dize its *ances = national & /ate aid ?r\gh failure to foll[ a program provid$ by ^! au?orities1 or to develop types ( "w :i* are out ( accord ) national ne$s1 w n be ! "p ( wisdom or common s5se4 ,^! s*ools mu/ n =get t _! prim>y function is to make me*anics & n army supplies1 b if !y are call$ ^u to d ! latt] "w1 or if !y c d x effectively1 !y mu/ make x educational 9 its aim & n m]ely productive "w4 ,/ate (ficials ought to h inv5tories made ( ! equipm5t ( ! vocational s*ools1 ) a c5sus ( ! exp]i5ce & tra9+ ( ! in/ructors1 & a /ate /udy ought to be made ( plans to tra9 work]s = ! diff]5t bran*es ne$$4 ,su* a /udy w\ld po9t out h[ ! semiskill$ may become skill$1 h[ ! unskill$ may become semiskill$1 h[ ! necess>y tra9+ may be giv5 to speciali/ tool mak]s1 & h[ !re c be develop$ a type ( indu/rial "w suitable = wom5 & girls4 ,! directors ( trade s*ools w provide opportunities = ! tra9+ ( =em5 9 ev5+ classes1 or at o!r times if necess>y1 us+ me?ods ( in/ruction :i* w increase _! skill 9 deal+ ) gre5 help or unskill$ labor]s4 ,^! m5 w adju/ ! ev5+ s*ools to run ! ye> r\nd1 & also provide = (f-"t classes4 ,9 vocational s*ools ( ! comm]cial ord]1 ( :i* we h v few 9 ! c\ntry1 provision w be made = %ort-unit c\rses 9 comm]cial practice = wom5 & girls to fit !m to take ! place ( m5 draft$4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 x is v likely t ! day vocational s*ools w h comp>atively few pupils dur+ ! w> p]iod1 z "y p]sons :o ord9>ily g to ^! s*ools w h readily obta9$ "w 9 factories4 ,h[ev]1 su* y\? c /ill be in/ruct$ if ! s*ool w g to ! factory & !re e/abli% tra9+ c\rses4 ,! pres5t is a good "t to develop comm]cial c\rses :i* h a vocational purpose1 & :i* h me?ods m 9 accord ) ! def9ition ( vocational tra9+4 ,! comm]cial dep>tm5ts 9 ! majority ( our high s*ools r indiff]5tly tra9 /5ograph]s1 typi/s1 & cl]ks4 ,!y d n ev5 attempt to tra9 salesm5 & saleswom51 index & /ati/ical cl]ks1 comptomet] op]ators1 etc4 ,v few ( ! comm]cial c\rses h ei!r ! def9it5ess ( aim ( ! indu/rial & trade s*ools or ! practical contact ) actual comm]cial practice :i* w be necess>y if !y are to meet ! requirem5ts ( mod]n bus9ess4 ,comm]cial s*ools h n yet caught ! _s ( "p-"t1 (f-"t1 or %ort-unit programs4 ,! manual-tra9+ tea*] w f9d pl5ty to d2 t is1 if ! /ate dep>tm5ts ( education furni% him def9ite data & specifications = w>-em]g5cy "w4 ,x w be practically useless = him to c>ry on special "w 9 any l>ge way unless ! field ( s]vice ( ! boy work]s is organiz$ 9 "s su* way z is ! ,r$ ,cross "w4 ,if boxes are ne$$ = pack+ supplies1 a work+ draw+ ( ! same ought to be furni%$ by ! /ate dep>tm5t4 ,if hospital furniture1 su* z b$ racks & tables1 is ne$$1 ! articles %\ld be /&>diz$ 9 ord] t !y may be made 9 quantities & may be s]viceable :5 !y rea* ! s\rce ( ne$4 ,! same is true ( spl9ts4 ,! reason = ! great accompli%m5t ( ! ,fr5* & ,canadian boys 9 ! mak+ ( spl9ts us$ tempor>ily on ! field ( s]vice is t !y h be5 furni%$ ) v def9ite directions z to size1 mat]ial1 & me?od ( mak+4 ,x _c be too emphatically /at$ t ! w>-s]vice "w ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools ne$s def9ite direction f ! /ate dep>tm5ts ( education if ! unity ( ef=t bas$ ^u directions common to all are to result n only 9 effective "w b also 9 fulfill+ ! social & civic purposes :i* are beh9d ! s]vice4 ,?is is an opportune "t = ! manual-tra9+ tea*] to ab&on 8 set ( models4 ,!y %\ld h be5 set aside long ago4 ,8 w>-s]vice duties w give an additional motive = socializ+ 8 "w4 ,9 small cities & villages :]e !re is pl5ty ( l& available = cultivation ! director ( manual tra9+1 on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ought to *ange 8 title & assume 8 duties z director ( community g>d5s4 ,he %\ld h be5 prep>+ = ?is "w by giv+ in/ruction 9 g>d5 "w 9 ! manual-tra9+ room dur+ ,m>* & ,april4 ,mean:ile he %\ld h int]e/$ adults ( ! community 9 ! plan ( a g>d5 :]e bo? old & "y might "w1 & %\ld h br\ght toge!r civic =ces to accompli% ! purpose--a purpose :i* is educational1 social1 recreational1 & useful4 ,deal+ ) boys "u fifte51 z ! av]age manual-tra9+ tea*] w1 x is possible = him to develop a type ( manual arts :i* w s]ve to create or ar\se a set ( indu/rial int]e/s helpful to ! boy 9 det]m9+ 8 life c>e]4 ,) e temptation to a pupil to leave s*ool1 ! manual-tra9+ tea*] w n[ h an unusual opportunity to make 8 "w s attractive & economically s helpful t ! boy may see ! advantage ( pay+ no att5tion to indu/rial-s]vice inducem5ts4 ,?is is a "t = increas+ ! field ( usefulness ( ! indu/rial arts 9 connection ) ! problems involv$ 9 ! junior high s*ool4 ,?is type ( s*ool is c]ta9 to meet ) increas$ favor dur+ & aft] ! w>1 & ! reasons are bo? educational & adm9i/rative4 ,s mu* has already be5 said 9 sev]al places 9 ?is book ab\t ! s]vice :i* cook+ & sew+ tea*]s may r5d]1 t x is h>dly necess>y 9 ?is place to d m ?an give a v brief summ>y4 ,z supplies = cook+ lessons become m exp5sive1 ! cook+ tea*] mu/ make m ( demon/rations to pupils1 & less1 p]haps1 ( actual practice4 ,! w> recipes :i* %e uses mu/ be mimeograph$ or pr9t$ & giv5 ! pupils to take home4 ,%e mu/ organize classes = adults 9 unit c\rses & hold !m aft]noons & ev5+s4 ,9 fact1 %e might well h ! mo!rs come ) ! *ildr5 dur+ ! regul> session & receive "s special in/ructions :i* ! *ildr5 receive4 ,%e w be busy ! ye> r\nd2 h] l>g] "w w beg9 :5 ! s*ools close1 9 t %e w />t h] cann+ & community-club "w4 ,a situation c easily be conceiv$ :]e9 %e w h 9 reality v little tea*+ responsibility 9 ! classroom4 ,%e w be look$ ^u z ! community organiz] = all types ( food cons]vation1 & "s ( h] old] girls w1 9 all probability1 be tea*+ 9 ! regul> classes4 ,( c\rse1 %e w int]e/ all ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool 9 sav+ bottles1 j>s1 crocks1 l>ge-m\!d bottles1 tumbl]s1 small wood5 pails1 etc4 = conta9]s = ! jams1 pres]ves1 & fruit juices :i* w be put up4 ,%e w obta9 all ! new bullet9s on processes ( dry+ & dehydrat+4 ,p]haps %e may h initiative en\gh to discov] a fruit crop :i* w n be pick$ except ?r\gh h] ef=ts4 ,p]haps %e w f9d an orphan asylum 9 ! community fill$ ) boys & girls :o c pick ?is fruit crop4 ,! sew+ tea*] has m ?an en\gh to d4 ,if ! ,r$ ,cross *apt] does n keep h] busy1 !n %e c keep ! *apt] active4 ,) ! price ( mat]ials z high z x is n[ & ! quality z poor1 !re is pl5ty ( opportunity to look ov]1 9 e home1 ! la/ ye>'s w>drobe4 ,%e might organize a ,?rift ,club4 ,en?usia/ic y\? w d almo/ any?+ "u ! "n ( club4 ,x is to be hop$ t e girl 9 ! s*ool above ! age ( t5 w enroll 9 ! sew+ class & n sit idly by :ile a few d all ! "w4 ,v likely ! h\sehold-arts tea*] w organize a home-cadet unit1 j z ! boys w be organiz$ into f>m-cadet units4 ,! girls w h _! pl$ge ( loyalty & p]haps w we> _! *evrons1 badges1 or buttons1 & w enroll = specific "w 9 food1 clo?+1 or %elt] projects4 ,! agricultural tea*] w h m ?an he c d4 ,an effective tea*] 9 normal p]iods is always busy ) 8 sup]vision ( home-project "w1 prep>ation ( mat]ial = classroom tea*+1 ga!r+ ( laboratory exhibits1 etc4 ,b 9 w> "t he mu/ c>ry on 8 %\ld]s /ill l>g] burd5s4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ he w discont9ue 8 =mal agricultural tea*+ to ! special vocational gr\p & broad5 8 "w to include ^? :o h n regul>ly enroll$ 9 ! agricultural c\rse4 ,to ! latt] he w give "s v def9ite sugge/ions = imm$iate use on ! f>m2 :ile ! boys :o h be5 ) him all w9t] w be excus$ f s*ool to give _! entire "t to _! home projects4 ,to ^? :o h rec5tly come into ! class !re w be giv5 special "w 9 ! classroom :i* !y may practice outside ( s*ool h\rs & :i* !y c foll[ = full "t dur+ ! summ]4 ,he w h a good deal to d ) ! f>m-cadet idea1 & 9 ! w9t] he w d\btless be ?9k+ ( ! type ( camp :i* he w e/abli% or ) :i* he w be connect$4 ,he may decide t he c d be/ by organiz+ a labor-di/ribut+ camp on 8 own initiative1 or t he w s]ve z an assi/ant at ! /ate-f>m tra9+ camp1 or t he w take 8 boys1 if !y are village boys1 to ! outskirts ( ! village & e/abli% a cop]ative camp2 or he may get 9 t\* ) ! tea*] ( biology 9 a city s*ool & (f] ! c\ntry s*oolh\se & 8 s]vices = a tra9+ camp made up ( city boys4 ,x is assum$ t he is 9 close t\* ) ! c\nty f>m ag5t2 p]haps he is ! local repres5tative ( ! club "w :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is promot+2 &1 ( c\rse1 he is tak+ ! responsibility ( act+ z ag5t 9 8 t]ritory = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve1--a really wond]ful organization full ( imm5se possibilities4 ,?is ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve movem5t />t$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor 9 cop]ation ) ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se1 = ! purpose ( mobiliz+ "y m5 betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ba = productive labor 9 ! w> em]g5cy4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiag ! ,res]ve conf9$ its activities pr9cipally to giv+ f$]al recognition to ^? y\?s :o1 z memb]s ( /ate organizations1 _h work$ at lea/ ?ree weeks on f>ms or 9 food production4 ,at pres5t x is organiz$ 9 #dj /ates & 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,rec5tly x has ext5d$ its activities to include indu/rial occupations4 ,ea* boy :o is physically fit & :o1 ) ! cons5t ( 8 p>5ts1 has tak5 ! oa? ( s]vice1 is enroll$ z a recruit & giv5 an enrollm5t button & a c]tificate be>+ ! great seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 he has work$ fai?fully & capably = ! /at$ p]iod1 he is aw>d$ a f$]al bronze badge ( honor4 ,aft] ,janu>y #a1 #aiah1 ?irty-six days ( eight h\rs ea* are to be requir$ on ! f>m or 9 food production 9 ord] to e>n ! badge4 ,9 indu/rial occupations ! boy w be requir$ to "w at lea/ sixty days ( eight h\rs 9 "s occupation consid]$ ess5tial 9 help+ ! nation 9 ! conduct ( ! w>1 9 ord] to receive recognition4 ,! national director1 ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,hall1 enc\rages e boy to rema9 9 s*ool & 9 sp>e "t to pursue "s vocational tra9+ to make himself capable ( p]=m+ a productive w> s]vice1 9 ! expectation t he w be aw>d$ a badge ( honor :5 he has actually ent]$ an ess5tial occupation4 ,x is expect$ t we %all soon see a regi/]$ army ( "y m5 ord9>ily n available1 :i* may be us$ to fill ! gaps 9 ! labor ranks caus$ by w> activities4 ,! ,res]ve has be5 indors$ by ,presid5t ,wilson 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,p]mit me to express my great appreciation ( ! "w und]tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,to give to ! "y m5 betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ba ! privilege ( sp5d+ _! sp>e "t 9 productive ent]prise )\t int]rupt+ _! /udies at s*ool1 :ile _! old] bro!rs are battl+ 9 ! tr5*es & on ! seas1 mu/ greatly increase ! means ( provid+ = ! =ces at ! front & ! ma9t5ance ( ^? ^: s]vices are ne$$ "h4 ,x is a high privilege1 no less ?an a patriotic duty1 to help support ! nation by devot$ & intellig5t "w 9 ?is great crisis4 ,!odore ,roosevelt1 9 writ+ ( ! good "w :i* ! ,res]ve is do+1 says1 9 "p3 ,i am glad t y int5d to enc\rage ! tra9+ ( ! boys to prep>e = "s ess5tial indu/ry :]e !y c take ! place ( a man call$ to ! front4 ,"o ( ! great b5efits y conf] is t ( mak+ ! boy realize t he is "p ( ,uncle ,sam's team2 t he is do+ 8 %>e 9 ?is great w>2 t he holds 8 s]vices 9 tru/ = ! nation2 & t ?\gh x is prop] to consid] ! "q ( mat]ial ga9 & ! "q ( 8 own desires1 yet t :at he mu/ mo/ /rongly consid] at ?is "t is :]e 8 s]vices w d mo/ good to our p z a :ole4 ,! tea*]s ( ,am]ica1 z well z ! boys1 are mak+ !mselves a "p ( ,uncle ,sam's team2 & !y too hold _! s]vices 9 tru/ = ! nation4 ,! ,junior ,r$ ,cross movem5t 9 ! s*ools has swept ! c\ntry4 ,! s*ool *ildr5 h adv]tis$ & sold bonds ( ! second ,lib]ty ,loan4#ab ,! tea*]s ( cook+ are s]v+ z local repres5tatives = ! food adm9i/rator at ,wa%+ton4 ,agricultural tea*]s h pl$g$ !mselves z community work]s = ! summ] ( #aiah4 ,manual-tra9+ tea*]s are develop+ plans = sub/itut+ g>d5 projects 9 ! spr+ = ! manual-tra9+ models ( ! s*oolroom4 ,te*nical colleges & in/itutes are fill$ ) /ud5ts 9 uni=m4 ,indu/rial & trade s*ools on ! seacoa/ are plann+ to disc>d _! h\se c>p5try = %ipbuild+ c\rses4 ,c\nty sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools are /udy+ gov]nm5t bullet9s = ! la/ ^w 9 pres]v+ & dry+ f>m products on a l>ge scale1 9 ord] t !y may give directions to ! s*ools4 ,tea*]s 9 academic s*ools h enli/$ = s]vice on relief1 loan1 g>d51 ?rift1 & cons]vation committees4 ,m5 :o 7 lead]s & sup]visors ( f>m-cadet camps 9 #aiag are plann+ = simil> "w 9 ! future on a l>g] & improv$ basis4 ,programs = tea*]s' in/itutes & /ate associations ( tea*]s n[ include ! topics3 ,:at c our s*ools d 9 w> "t8 & ,our s*ools aft] ! w>4 #ab ,9 ,new ,york ,city #fc1ijj applications = bonds1 hav+ a total value ( #g1hha1ajj1 7 obta9$ directly by pr9cipals1 tea*]s1 & pupils1 & =w>d$ by ! pr9cipals to ! local ,bond committee or ! banks4 ,^! ef=ts ( ! tea*]s & ! pupils respond to our ,presid5t's appeal t ea* ( u mu/ d 8 %>e 9 mak+ ! _w safe = democracy4 ,at pres5t1 to be sure1 we c5t] our ?\ghts on h[ to make ! _w safe = democracy4 ,b :at ( ! future8 ,:at ( ! contribution ( ! s*ools aft] ! w>8 ,%\ld n ! s*ools !n c5t] _! aims & me?ods on mak+ democracy safe = ! _w8 ,if ! p !mselves are to be ma/]s1 mu/ !y n be provid$ ) an education mak+ = ma/]%ip8 ,is x n well = u to exam9e our pres5t s*ools to det]m9e :e!r !y are mak+ a democracy :i* w be safe = ! _w8 ,h we a sy/em ( education :i* actually gives an opportunity = e *ild to make ! mo/ ( himself8 ,h we a lib]aliz$ c\rse ( /udy :i* actually /imulates & develops intellectual & ae/hetic int]e/s 9 music1 art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 travel1 & hi/ory8 ,h we evolv$ a socializ$ education develop+ moral habits1 civic inc5tives1 possession & use ( e?ical ideals & /&>ds = a successful gr\p life8 ,has our =mative process be5 able to br+ ab\t ref9em5ts ( social behavior beyond ! po9t requir$ = gr\p p>ticipation8 ,h we arriv$ at ! po9t :]e we c say t our p h ev5 ! common culture :i* x is expect$ all memb]s ( a democracy %all possess1 to say no?+ ab\t ! developm5t ( individual culture1 :i* is a possession ( ! int]e/$ individual & 8 cong5ial fell[s8 ,h[ f> h we gone 9 recogniz+ t by-education :i* comes ?r\gh a *ild's self-direction ( 8 natural or spontane\s le>n+ in/9cts & impulses8 ,h[ mu* h we accompli%$ 9 giv+ educational & vocational guidance to *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ab & #af8 ,:at has be5 done 9 ! way ( fulfill+ ! national obligation to tea* ! /rang]s )9 our gates our language & ! pr9ciples & =ms ( our civic life8 ,:at has be5 our program = subnormals 9 ord] t !y may be prep>$ = indep5d5t liv+ 9 ! competitive social ord]8 ,h we e/abli%$ cle>-cut di/9ctions betwe5 subnormal & crippl$ cases t mu/ rema9 cu/odial & ^? t c be prep>$ = indep5d5t exi/5ce8 ,:at are we do+ 9 ! way ( education = del9qu5ts8 ,to :at ext5t h we utiliz$ ! discov]y t ^! antisocial manife/ations ( y\? are results ( h]$ity1 or ( inf]ior homes1 or ( a lack ( playgr\nds1 or ( poor s*ools8 ,h ! s*ools miss$ a great opportunity = giv+ moral1 civic1 & physical tra9+ to y\? by fail+ to absorb ! ,boy ,sc\t & ,camp ,fire ,girl movem5ts & ?us fail+ to grasp ! full educational significance ( ! me?ods adopt$ by ^? :o s well und]/& adolesc5t y\?8 ,are ! discipl9>y me?ods ( ! tea*]s & ! g5]al int]nal managem5t ( ! s*ools su* z w develop among pupils a democracy :i* is safe ev5 9 ! s*oolroom8 ,:at h we done 9 det]m9+ :at is desirable & feasible = ext5d+ g5]al education to av]age adults :o h e>ly ent]$ ^u specializ$ occupations8 ,h[ f> h we gone 9 our program ( vocational education to recognize & to provide = ! influ5ce ( automatic ma*9]y ^u ! physical1 m5tal1 & vocational welf>e ( work]s8 ,h we s ?or\ghly grasp$ ! idea ( an educational democracy t no *ild 9 our s*ools is disadvantag$ by ! section ( ! /ate or ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he happ5s to be born8 ,h we 9 our vocational tra9+ set up any program = ! indu/rial tra9+ ( wom5 :i* recognizes t ! mod]n problem ( wom5's "w conc]ns ! foll[+ ( "s productive vocation away f home8 ,h we ev5 begun to realize t e p]son %\ld h def9ite vocational tra9+ ) su* di/9ctive purpose back ( x t x w produce ! skill1 k1 ideals1 & g5]al exp]i5ce t function 9 di/9ct call+s8 ,h we ev5 ?\ght ( a program ( education = leisure :i* w develop endur+ ta/es & int]e/s e/abli%$ t[>d ! enri*m5t ( ! individual & indirectly ( social life8 ,d we fully und]/& t to make democracy safe = ! _w all p %\ld h "s leisure or "t ap>t f vocational1 civic1 & physical necessities ( life1 t su* leisure %\ld be fill$ ) sociability1 amusem5t1 recreation1 & satisfaction ( ! ae/hetic & physical desires1 & t ! public s*ools mu/ 9 "s measure provide = ^!8 ,w a democracy proclaim+ equality ( opportunity z its ideal require an education :i* unites f ! beg9n+ ( ! *ild's s*ool life1 & = all pupils ( ! s*ool1 le>n+ & social application1 ideas & practice1 "w & recognition ( ! mean+ ( :at is done8 ,or c a democracy be develop$ by divid+ ! public-s*ool sy/em into p>ts1 "o ( :i* pursues traditional me?ods ) incid5tal improvem5ts1 & ano!r 9 :i* *ildr5 le>n ?r\gh _! h&s & are giv5 only ! ess5tial features ( ! traditional bookwork8 ,all t ! s*ools are n[ do+ 9 w> "t1 & mu* m :i* !y are n yet do+1 to make ! _w safe = democracy1 may be effectively us$ aft] w> "t to make democracy safe = ! _w4 ,,index ,agricultural education1 e/abli%m5t (1 9 city s*ools1 #aef1 #cad2 home-project "w1 #cba2 relation (1 to f>m-cadet s]vice1 #cbb ,agricultural labor1 resolutions ( ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts 9 reg>d to1 #ie2 %ortage (1 #acf2 f>m-g>d5 p]mits =1 #aei2 release ( s*oolboys =1 #afa-afc2 ju/ification = employm5t ( boys =1 #afd2 ,g]man wom5 & *ildr5 91 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bdc2 ,engli% *ildr5 9 f>m "w1 #bcf-bdj2 organiz+ boys =1 #bdf-bef2 example ( di/ribution (1 #bee-bef2 social significance ( boys 91 #bgj-bga2 age di/9ctions ( boys1 #bgd2 types ( f>m employ]s1 #bhj-bhb ,att5dance laws1 abrogat+ (1 9 ,engl&1 #ace2 types ( action possible 9 reg>d to1 #ach-aci2 action ( v>i\s /ates 9 reg>d to1 #adj-adc2 lessons to be le>n$ f ,engl&1 #add-adf2 modification (1 #aee2 *anges 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aeg-aei2 enli/m5t = f>m s]vice 9 ,new ,york ,/ate & relation to1 #afj-afa2 relax+1 = agricultural "w1 #bcg-bci2 con/ructive policy 9 am5d+1 #cji ,aviation s*ools1 #ih ,bl9d1 !1 reducat+1 #baa-bac1 #bae ,boy ,sc\ts1 #hg1 #acj1 #adj1 #agb1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cbh ,camp ,fire ,girls1 #cbh ,canada1 convalesc5t homes = disabl$ soldi]s 91 #bae2 "w ( ,milit>y ,hospitals ,commission 91 #bbh-bca2 boys = f>m "w 91 #bdg ,c5sus1 agricultural1 by s*ools ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 #bd1 #bgg2 s*ool pr9cipal may direct1 #cab ,claxton1 ,p4 ,p41 #ib1 #adf-aej ,colleges1 cont9uance (1 dur+ w> "t1 #hj-hc1 #ib2 _s ( mobilization (1 #hc-hf2 w>-em]g5cy c\rses 91 #hf-ij1 #if-ajc2 ma9t5ance ( academic /atus (1 #ia1 #ic-id2 field ( s]vice = dep>tm5ts ( psy*ology 91 #aja-ajc2 contribution ( geological dep>tm5ts (1 #aje2 effect ( w> on curricula (1 #aaa2 dem& = graduates (1 #adg-adh ,comm]cial s*ools1 indef9it5ess ( aim 91 #caf-cag2 %ort-unit & "p-"t c\rses 91 #cag ,community cann+ clubs4 ,see ,cons]vation ( food ,cons]vation ( food1 ne$ (1 #be-bh2 sav+ ( wa/e 9 ,new ,york ,city1 #bi-ca2 ,columbia lectures on1 #hg-hh2 cann+ clubs1 #abe-abg1 #cbj2 dry+ & evaporat+1 #abf-abg1 #cbj2 c\nty sup]9t5d5ts' duties1 #cbf ,cont9uation s*ools1 enact+ ( laws =1 #aee ,c\ncil = ,national ,def5se1 #id1 #if1 #cae ,cripples1 reducat+ !1 #baa-bcc ,democracy1 tea*+ (1 #adi-aej2 mak+ safe = ! _w1 #cbf2 leisure necess>y =1 #cbi ,disabl$ soldi]s1 reducat+ !1 #baa-bcc ,dome/ic arts1 new _s ( tea*+1 #aah2 criticism ( exi/+ tea*+ (1 #aib2 improvem5ts 9 tea*+1 #aic-aid2 ,?rift ,club1 #cba ,dome/ic sci5ce1 new _s ( tea*+1 #aai2 tea*+ adults1 #abb1 #cai2 travel+ kit*5s1 #abd2 demon/ration tra91 #abd2 w> recipes1 #cai2 home cadets1 #cba ,education1 effect ( w> on1 #aac-aad2 equal opportunity =1 #cbg2 socializ$1 #cbg2 vocational guidance 91 #cbg2 = subnormals & cripples1 #cbh4 ,see also ,colleges1 ,comm]cial ,s*ools1 ,s*ools1 etc4 ,employm5t ( *ildr51 c>e ex]cis$ 91 #adf2 out ( s*ool h\rs1 #adi2 div]g5t po9ts ( view 9 reg>d to1 #aej-aea2 recogniz+ "w impulses 91 #aea-aeb2 occupational /udy ( a gr\p ( boys1 #ahf-aij2 bl9d-alley occupations1 #aij-aia2 wa/e ( boy p[]1 #aia ,engl&'s s*ools1 use ( build+s 9 w>1 #ah-bj2 z di/ribut+ ag5cies = in=mation1 #bc-bd2 compil+ ( ,national ,regi/] by1 #bd2 op5 days = p>5ts1 #bh2 travel+ kit*5s 91 #bi1 #abd2 ?rift tea*+ 91 #ca-cb2 tra9+ semiskill$ work]s 91 #ei-fj1 #ff1 #ge-gf2 productive "w ( te*nical s*ools1 #fj-fa2 c\rses 9 cantonm5ts1 #aja-ajb2 g>d5 "w z sub/itute = manual tra9+ 91 #aba-abb2 %ort c\rses 9 cook]y 91 #abc2 tra9+ cooks = army1 #abh2 furni%+ meals to *ildr5 91 #abi2 furni%+ soldi]s' kits & hospital equipm5t1 #acb-acd2 abrogat+ att5dance laws1 #ace1 #acg-ach2 re/rict+ labor ( s*ool *ildr51 #add-adf2 *ildr5 = f>m "w1 #bcf-bdj2 plans = sup]vision ( s*oolboy f>m labor1 #bdj-bdb2 reorganization (1 #cjd ,ev5+ s*ools1 trade-ext5sion "w 91 #gb2 tra9+ ( =em5 91 #caf ,f>m cadets1 organization (1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #agb2 reason = organiz+1 #bcd-bde2 plan = use (1 #bdf1 #bgb-bgd2 re>rangem5t ( s*ool program =1 #bdg-bdh1 #cac-cad2 wages (1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bec1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bgh2 agreem5ts & contracts1 #bea-beb1 #bgi-bhj1 #bhb-bhg2 ,new ,york ,/ate plan1 #bec-bed2 physical exam9ation1 #bfd1 #bgd-bge2 enli/m5t blanks1 #bgf ,f>m-labor camps1 explanation (1 #bde2 ,massa*usetts plan1 #bdh-bec2 agreem5ts & contracts1 #bea-beb1 #bfe2 illu/ration ( diff]5t types (1 #bef-bfa2 food co/ & prep>ation1 #beh1 #bie-big2 m5us1 #bei2 recreation1 #bfj1 #big2 wages1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bfg-bfi2 labor di/ribution1 #bfa-bfb1 #bff-bfh2 p]sonal equipm5t1 #bfb1 #bib2 camp equipm5t1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfh2 illu/ration ( tra9+ type1 #bfc-bff2 agricultural in/ruction 91 #bfg1 #big-bii2 fly+-squadron type1 #bfg-bfh1 #cjb-cjc2 lead]%ip1 #bgc1 #bhg-bib2 sanitation1 #bie2 def9itions ( v>i\s types1 #bih-cjc ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education1 #ed-ee1 #cad-cae ,france1 reducation ( disabl$ soldi]s 91 #bad-bbe ,fr5* s*ools1 use ( build+s 9 w>1 #bj-ba2 w> f9anc+ help$ by tea*]s (1 #ci-dj2 tea*+ ! mean+ ( ! w> 91 #da1 #dd-df2 *ang+ aspects (1 due to w>1 #da1 #ea-eb2 sew+ = soldi]s 91 #acc2 "p-"t1 #aee2 normal s*ools' contribution to w> s]vice1 #aii2 ,r$ ,cross "w1 #bjh ,g]man s*ools1 effici5cy _s (1 #ag1 #ajd2 contribution to agricultural labor1 #bdb-bdc2 cons]vation ( natural res\rces 91 #bdc-bdd2 indu/rial-effici5cy idea 91 #cje ,hi/ory1 tea*+ (1 #df-dg ,indu/rial & trade s*ools1 contribution (1 to manufactur+ ne$s1 #fj2 w>-em]g5cy c\rses 91 #fc1 #cad-cae2 "q ( production 91 #ff-fg2 readju/m5t 9 w> "t1 #ga2 op5 9 summ]1 #gb-gc2 "p-"t classes 91 #gd-gf2 tea*+ ( hygi5e 91 #gg2 produc+ f>m-camp equipm5t1 #beb2 inv5tories ( equipm5t1 #cae2 /ate /udy ( possible w> uses (1 #cae ,junior ,r$ ,cross1 #bjg1 #bji-baj ,labor1 w> dem&s =1 #eh2 indu/rial s*ools meet+ %ortage (1 #fa1 #fh-fi2 "o me?od ( tra9+1 #fa-fd2 educative value (1 #aeb-aec ,lib]ty ,loan bonds1 & ! s*ools1 #cg-ci1 #caa1 #cbe ,libr>y1 s]vice (1 9 w> "t1 #ajd-aje ,manual tra9+1 g>d5 "w 9 place (1 #acj-aca2 w>-s]vice "w 91 #aca-acb1 #cag-cai2 mak+ ,r$ ,cross spl9ts1 #bjf1 #cag2 ab&on+ models1 #cah2 9 connection ) junior high s*ools1 #cai ,milit>y equival5ts1 recognition (1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aga1 #cje2 exp]i5ce 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 #agc2 necessity ( consci\s s]vice1 #agd1 #agg-ahj2 types ( occupations hav+1 #age-agf2 ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>1 #agf2 an example (1 9 agriculture1 #aha-ahe2 an example (1 9 indu/ry1 #ahf-ahi2 f>m labor z a milit>y equival5t1 #bed ,milit>y tra9+1 exemptions f1 #afe1 #afg2 compulsory 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aff2 9 high s*ools1 #afg-agj2 includ+ employ$ boys1 #afh1 #agj-aga2 vocational tra9+ 9 relation to1 #agc2 adaptability (1 #cji ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>1 #agf ,national ,bo>d = ,hi/orical ,s]vice1 #df ,national ,c\ncil ( ,def5se1 #id1 #if1 #cae ,national ,security ,league1 #di-ej1 #adj ,national ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,indu/rial ,education1 #fd ,naval s*ools1 description (1 #gg-gi ,(f-"t classes1 importance (1 #gb ,"p-"t education1 opportunity =1 #gd-ge2 w>-em]g5cy c\rses 91 #aed-aee2 enact+ laws =1 #aee2 f>m "w &1 #bdj2 z an economy measure1 #cjh-cji ,patriotism1 tea*+ mean+ ( ! w>1 #db2 necessity = tea*+1 #db-dd1 #dh-di2 topics 9 relation to1 #ej-ea ,physical tra9+1 compulsory 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aff2 recomm5dations ( ,new ,j]sey ,commission 9 reg>d to1 #afg-agj2 importance (1 f milit>y /&po9t1 #afh-afi2 advantages (1 ov] milit>y tra9+1 #cji ,po/]s1 w>1 #abi-acj ,practical arts1 def9ition (1 #aaf2 project plan ( tea*+1 #aag-aah2 influ5ce ( w>-s]vice "w on1 #aag ,pr9cipal1 w> duties (1 #cc-cd1 #caj-cad ,r$ ,cross1 "w =1 9 s*ools1 #aid1 #aif-aih1 #caa2 a /ate plan ( s*ool s]vice to1 #bjj-bja2 use ( knitt+ ma*9es1 #bjb2 "w =1 9 ,troy1 ,n4,y41 #bjb-bje2 mak+ spl9ts1 #bjf2 ,home ,s]vice division (1 #bjg-bjh2 ,junior ,r$ ,cross1 #bjg1 #bji-baj2 :at c be done 9 s*ools =1 #bjg2 report+ home conditions to1 #cjh ,reducation1 ! problem ( ! physically h&icapp$1 #baa-bac2 relation to f$]al insurance1 #bac2 a gov]nm5t problem1 #bad2 in/ruction = ! bl9d 9 ,france1 #bae2 ,l'cole ,j(fre1 #baf-bai2 in/ruction 9 vocational subjects 9 ,france1 #bah-bba1 #bbd-bbe2 p]c5tage capable (1 9 ,france1 #bbb2 ! problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bbe-bbh2 indu/rial accid5ts &1 #bcb ,roosevelt1 ,!odore1 #aa1 #cbd-cbe ,rural s*ools1 agricultural labor "u direction (1 #aec-aed2 camp 9 connection )1 #cjb ,s*ool bo>ds1 9 relation to w> s]vice1 #cjf-cjg2 provisions (1 = draft$ tea*]s1 #cjg-cjh2 organization ( vocational c\rses by1 #caj2 plann+ = agriculture by1 #caj2 "w (1 = avoid+ juv5ile del9qu5cy1 #caj ,s*ool pr9cipals1 #cc-cd1 #caj-cad ,s*ools1 z di/ribut+ c5t]s = pamphlets1 etc41 #bb1 #caa2 furni%+ lun*es to *ildr5 91 #abh-abi1 #cjh2 opportunity = po/] "w 91 #abi-acj2 ma9ta9+ effici5cy (1 #adf2 keep+ *ildr5 91 #adg1 #cjh2 po/ponem5t ( con/ruction "w =1 #adi2 agricultural activities 9 rural1 #aec2 l5g!n+ t]ms & h\rs (1 #cjh4 ,see also ,comm]cial s*ools1 ,fr5* s*ools1 etc4 ,smi?-,hughes ,bill1 #ed1 #eg ,tea*]s1 "w (1 9 promot+ ,fr5* gov]nm5t loans1 #ci-dj2 opportunities (1 to tea* hi/ory1 #df-di2 ,new ,york ,/ate directions to1 #aai-aba2 s]vice (1 on committees1 #cbf2 w>-s]vice programs (1 #cbf ,te*nical in/itutes3 w>-s]vice c\rses 9 ,w5twor? ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 #ajf-ajg2 ,pratt ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn1 #ajg-ajh2 ,dunwoody ,in/itute1 ,m9neapolis1 #ajh-aaa ,?rift1 necessity =1 #ca-cc2 practice (1 9 ,engl&1 #ca-cb1 #cf-cg2 tea*+ (1 #ce2 campaign =1 #caa2 ,?rift ,club1 #cba ,trade s*ools4 ,see ,indu/rial & trade s*ools ,travel+ kit*5s1 #bi1 #abd ,unit c\rses1 organization (1 #gc-gd2 utility (1 #cjf ,unit$ ,/ates ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve1 #afc-afd1 #cbb-cbd ,vocational education1 def9ition (1 #ec2 f$]al grants =1 #ed-ee2 f$]al requirem5ts (1 #ef2 adju/m5t (1 to indu/rial ne$s1 #ei2 /&>dization ( products1 #aie2 safety-fir/ in/ruction 91 #bab2 opportunity = tea*]s 91 #bcc2 influ5ce ( automatic ma*9]y on1 #cbi2 = di/9ct call+s1 #cbi ,w> ,sav+s c]tificates1 9 ,engl&1 #cf-cg2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caa ,wilson1 ,woodr[1 #a1 #ed1 #gb-gc1 #ha-hb1 #bji1 #cbd ,,ann\ncem5ts ,,books ,,( ,,w>-,,"t ,,int]e/ ,^u ! s*ools falls 9 great measure ! responsibility ( tra9+ & fitt+ ! nation = s]vice4 ,to support ! s*ools 9 fulfill+ ?is trem5d\s duty is ! purpose ( ! two foll[+ books4 ,,our ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,w> ,,"t--,,& ,,aft] ,by ,,ar?ur ,d4 ,,dean1 ,pr(essor ( ,vocational ,education1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,sup]vis+ ,(fic]1 ,bureau ( ,vocational ,tra9+1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,commission4 #cce pages1 #a4be4 ,a book to *all5ge ! _s ( e loyal ,am]ican4 ,x describes ! w> "w be+ done by s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry & o!rs1 & gives practical sugge/ions = promot+ ! "w 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,cons]vation ( food & o!r lessons 9 ?rift1 vocational education1 ,r$ ,cross & o!r community "w1 & reducation ( ! disabl$ are only a few ( ! important topics emphasiz$4 ,eight ins]ts ( photographic illu/rations concretely visualize ! subject = ! read]4 ,,food ,,problems ,by ,a4 ,n4 ,,f>m]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,evan/on1 ,ill41 & ,,janet ,r4 ,,hunt+ton1 ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,wis4 #bg c5ts1 li/ price1 or #bj c5ts1 net1 to bo>ds ( education1 tea*]s1 & s*ools2 c>riage extra4 ,?is book aims to introduce lessons ( ?rift into ! home by utiliz+ ! enorm\s influ5ce ( ! s*ools ^u national ?\ght & habit4 ,x embodies 9 ari?metical problems ( ! mo/ practical nature pr9ciples upheld by ! ,food ,adm9i/ration4 ,:]e ! book has be5 /udi$ x has be5 f\nd to fulfill a two-fold purpose3 pupils h work$ ) great] en]gy & good w1 & bo? ! *ildr5 & _! p>5ts h attack$ ) m det]m9ation ! mo/ important1 ! und]ly+1 problem--food cons]vation4 ,to insure = ?is book ! imm$iate & wide di/ribution t x m]its1 ,g9n & ,company are (f]+ x at an unusually l[ price4 ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,examples ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,education ,by ,,frank ,,mit*ell ,,leavitt1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #ccj pages1 #a4be ,! movem5t = indu/rial education is a "p ( a rec5t great educational advance4 ,?is volume discusses ! hi/ory & practice ( ! movem5t to br+ ab\t univ]sal & appropriate education1 especially 9 its relation to exi/+ social1 economic1 & educational in/itutions4 ,! au?or outl9es a con/ructive plan = organization ( ?is type ( education by public s*ools & gives _m helpful sugge/ions = br++ su* organization into vital relation ) ! pres5t sy/em4 ,full descriptions ( exi/+ classes & s*ools s]ve z examples to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( _! classification4 ,,f9e ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,by ,,walt] ,,s>g5t1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #acb pages1 illu/rat$1 #ge c5ts ,! pres5t wide acceptance ( ! manual arts z an important "p ( g5]al education is rapidly remov+ !m f ! class ( special subjects4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to pres5t "s consid]ations ^u que/ions aris+ f ?is readju/m5t4 ,! di/9ctive functions ( ! v>i\s subjects taught "u ! head ( manual arts1 ! organization ( progressive in/ruction1 & reasonable /&>ds ( atta9m5t f ye> to ye> are among ! subjects giv5 c>eful consid]ation4 ,! book includes a survey ( ! progression ( "w 9 ! elem5t>y grades1 :i* =ms ! basis = ! m detail$ sugge/ions :i* foll[4 ,,h[ ,,*ildr5 ,,le>n ,,to ,,draw ,by ,,walt] ,,s>g5t & ,,elizabe? ,e4 ,,mill]1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #bfd pages1 illu/rat$1 #a4jj ,a new & decid$ly fre% viewpo9t is at once app>5t 9 ?is book1 :i* treats draw+ z a means ( self-expression1 z entirely natural z talk+ or writ+4 ,! book comb9es1 9 subject matt]1 !ory z to :at is to be accompli%$1 practical reports z to h[ ^! aims h be5 accompli%$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ( ! ,s*ool ( ,education 7,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago71 & def9ite sugge/ions = improvem5t ( me?ods4 ,x w be f\nd an excell5t volume = read+ circles z well z = use 9 normal-tra9+ classes & dep>tm5ts ( education4 ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,books ,,= ,,tea*]s ,all53 ,civics & ,heal? #a4be ,bloomfield3 ,read+s 9 ,vocational ,guidance #b4be ,brigham3 ,geographic ,influ5ces 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory #a4be ,curtis3 ,play & ,recreation = ! ,op5 ,c\ntry #a4af ,davis3 ,vocational & ,moral ,guidance #a4be ,f9lay-,johnson3 ,! ,dramatic ,me?od ( ,tea*+ #a4jj ,gesell3 ,! ,normal ,*ild & ,prim>y ,education #a4be ,hall3 ,aspects ( ,*ild ,life & ,education #a4ej ,hodge3 ,nature ,/udy & ,life #a4ej ,johnson3 ,education by ,plays & ,games 4#ij ,johnson3 ,:at to d at ,recess 4#be ,jones3 ,education z ,gr[? #a4be ,judd3 ,psy*ology ( ,high-,s*ool ,subjects #a4ej ,ka/man & ,khl]3 ,sw$i% ,song ,games 4#ge ,k]n3 ,among ,c\ntry ,s*ools #a4be ,leavitt3 ,examples ( ,indu/rial ,education #a4be ,leip]3 ,language ,"w 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools #a4be ,l9coln3 ,ev]yday ,p$agogy #a4jj ,moore3 ,:at is ,education8 #a4be ,moral ,tra9+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools #a4be ,palm]3 ,play ,life 9 ! ,fir/ ,eight ,ye>s #a4bj ,p>k]3 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,elem5t>y ,education #a4ej ,p>k]3 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ 9 ,high ,s*ools #a4ej ,phillips3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,psy*ology #a4bj ,pr9ce3 ,c\rses ( ,/udies & ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ 4#ge ,read3 ,an ,introductory ,psy*ology #a4jj ,s>g5t3 ,f9e & ,indu/rial ,arts 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 4#ge ,s>g5t & ,mill]3 ,h[ ,*ildr5 ,le>n to ,draw #a4jj ,scott3 ,social ,education #a4be ,smi?3 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,ari?metic #a4jj ,tompk9s3 ,philosophy ( ,s*ool ,managem5t 4#ge ,tompk9s3 ,philosophy ( ,tea*+ 4#ge ,williams3 ,g>d5s & _! ,mean+ #a4jj ,wiltse3 ,place ( ! ,/ory 9 ,e>ly ,education1 & ,o!r ,essays 4#ej ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,books ,,on ,,vocational ,,guidance ,,bus9ess ,,employm5ts ,by ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,all51 ,vocation ,bureau ( ,bo/on4 #bah pages1 #a4jj4 ,a compreh5sive & ?or\gh-go+ survey ( bus9ess 9 its ?ree typical divisions--manufacture1 trade1 f9ance4 ,?is /udy has be5 prep>$ f direct exam9ation ( ! mo/ mod]n & up-to-date mat]ial available on ! bus9ess organization & bus9ess me?ods ( to-day4 ,9 its absolute reliability & accuracy x w s]ve excell5tly well ! 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