,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ! ! ,google ,books ,libr>y ,project4 ,see http3_/_/www4google4com_/books8idex,n,p, a,a,a,a,m,a,a,j ,,! ,,social ,,contract ,,disc\rses by ,,jean ,,jacques ,,r\sseau ,london ,toronto ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t ,sons ,9 ,new ,york by ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co ,ev]yman's ,libr>y ,edit$ by ,erne/ ,rhys ,philosophy & ,!ology ,,r\sseau',s ,,social ,,contract1 ,,etc4 ,translat$ ) ,introduction by ,g4,d4,h4 ,cole1 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d ,,introduction ,= ! /udy ( ! great writ]s & ?9k]s ( ! pa/1 hi/orical imag9ation is ! fir/ necessity4 ,)\t m5tally ref]r+ to ! environm5t 9 :i* !y liv$1 we _c hope to p5etrate bel[ ! iness5tial & tempor>y to ! absolute & p]man5t value ( _! ?\ght4 ,!ory1 no less ?an action1 is subject to ^! necessities2 ! =m 9 :i* m5 ca/ _! speculations1 no less ?an ! ways 9 :i* !y behave1 are ! result ( ! habits ( ?\ght & action :i* !y f9d ar\nd !m4 ,great m5 make1 inde$1 individual contributions to ! k ( _! times2 b !y c nev] transc5d ! age 9 :i* !y live4 ,! que/ions !y try to answ] w always be ^? _! contempor>ies are ask+2 _! /atem5t ( fundam5tal problems w always be relative to ! traditional /atem5ts t h be5 h&$ d[n to !m4 ,:5 !y are /at+ :at is mo/ />tl+ly new1 !y w be mo/ likely to put x 9 an old-fa%ion$ =m1 & to use ! inadequate ideas & =mulae ( tradition to express ! deep] tru?s t[>ds :i* !y are feel+ _! way4 ,!y w be mo/ ! *ildr5 ( _! age1 :5 !y are ris+ mo/ above x4 ,r\sseau has suff]$ z mu* z any "o f critics )\t a s5se ( hi/ory4 ,he has be5 cri$ up & cri$ d[n by democrats & oppressors ) an equal lack ( und]/&+ & imag9ation4 ,8 "n1 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,social ,contract1 is /ill a controv]sial wat*word & a p>ty cry4 ,he is accept$ z "o ( ! greate/ writ]s ,france has produc$2 b ev5 n[ m5 are incl9$1 z political bias prompts !m1 to accept or reject 8 political doctr9es z a :ole1 )\t sift+ !m or attempt+ to und]/& & discrim9ate4 ,he is /ill rev]$ or hat$ z ! au?or :o1 above all o!rs1 inspir$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,at ! pres5t day1 8 works possess a d\ble significance4 ,!y are important hi/orically1 alike z giv+ u an insight into ! m9d ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & = ! actual influ5ce !y h _h on ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,europe4 ,c]ta9ly no o!r writ] ( ! "t has ex]cis$ su* an influ5ce z 84 ,he may fairly be call$ ! p>5t ( ! romantic movem5t 9 art1 lett]s & life2 he affect$ pr(\ndly ! ,g]man romantics & ,goe! himself2 he set ! fa%ion ( a new introspection :i* has p]meat$ n9ete5? c5tury lit]ature2 he began mod]n educational !ory2 &1 above all1 9 political ?\ght he repres5ts ! passage f a traditional !ory root$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! mod]n philosophy ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 influ5ce on ,kant's moral philosophy & on ,hegel's philosophy ( ,"r are two sides ( ! same fundam5tal contribution to mod]n ?\ght4 ,he is1 9 fact1 ! great =]unn] ( ,g]man & ,engli% ,idealism4 ,x w\ld n be possible1 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort introduction1 to deal bo? ) ! positive cont5t ( ,r\sseau's ?\ght & ) ! actual influ5ce he has _h on practical affairs4 ,! /atesm5 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 f ,robespi]re d[nw>ds1 7 ?r\gh\t pr(\ndly affect$ by ! /udy ( 8 works4 ,?\gh !y seem (t5 to h misund]/ood him1 !y _h on ! :ole /udi$ him ) ! att5tion he dem&s4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 m5 cont9u$ to appeal to ,r\sseau1 )\t1 z a rule1 kn[+ him well or p5etrat+ deeply into 8 mean+4 ,! ,social ,contract1 says ,m4 ,dreyfus-,brisac1 is ! book ( all books t is mo/ talk$ ( & lea/ read4 ,b ) ! great revival ( int]e/ 9 political philosophy !re has come a desire = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ,r\sseau's "w4 ,he is aga9 be+ /udi$ m z a ?9k] & less z an ally or an oppon5t2 !re is m eag]ness to sift ! true f ! false1 & to seek 9 ! ,social ,contract ! pr9ciples ( political "r1 r ?an ! great revolution>y's ipse dixit 9 fav\r ( "s view ab\t circum/ances :i* he c\ld nev] h contemplat$4 ,! ,social ,contract1 !n1 may be reg>d$ ei!r z a docum5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 or z "o ( ! greate/ books deal+ ) political philosophy4 ,x is 9 ! second capacity1 z a "w ( p]man5t value conta9+ tru?1 t x f9ds a place among ! _w's great books4 ,x is 9 t capacity also t x w be treat$ 9 ?is introduction4 ,tak+ x 9 ?is aspect1 we h no less ne$ ( hi/orical insight ?an if we came to x z hi/orians pure & simple4 ,to und]/& its value we mu/ grasp its limitations2 :5 ! que/ions x answ]s seem unnaturally put1 we mu/ n conclude t !y are mean+less2 we mu/ see if ! answ] /ill holds :5 ! "q is put 9 a m up-to-date =m4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ always rememb] t ,r\sseau is writ+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & = ! mo/ "p 9 ,france4 ,nei!r ! ,fr5* mon>*y nor ! ,g5evese ari/ocracy lov$ outspok5 criticism1 & ,r\sseau _h always to be v c>eful :at he said4 ,?is may seem a curi\s /atem5t to make ab\t a man :o suff]$ cont9ual p]secution on acc\nt ( 8 subv]sive doctr9es2 b1 al?\gh ,r\sseau 0 "o ( ! mo/ d>+ writ]s ( 8 "t1 he 0 =c$ cont9ually to mod]ate 8 language &1 z a rule1 to conf9e himself to g5]alisation in/ead ( attack+ p>ticul> abuses4 ,r\sseau's !ory has (t5 be5 decri$ z too ab/ract & metaphysical4 ,?is is 9 _m ways its great /r5g?2 b :]e x is excessively s1 ! accid5t ( "t is to blame4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 01 broadly speak+1 safe to g5]alise & unsafe to p>ticul>ise4 ,scepticism & discont5t 7 ! prevail+ temp] ( ! intellectual classes1 & a %ort-sight$ despotism held t1 z long z !y 7 conf9$ to ^!1 !y w\ld d little h>m4 ,subv]sive doctr9es 7 only reg>d$ z dang]\s :5 !y 7 s put z to appeal to ! masses2 philosophy 0 reg>d$ z impot5t4 ,! intellectuals ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re=e g5]alis$ to _! he>ts' cont5t1 & z a rule suff]$ little = _! lse-maje/3 ,voltaire is ! typical example ( su* g5]alisation4 ,! _s ( ! age fav\r$ su* me?ods1 & x 0 !re=e natural = ,r\sseau to pursue !m4 ,b 8 g5]al rem>ks _h su* a way ( be>+ v obvi\s p>ticul> applications1 & 7 s obvi\sly inspir$ by a p>ticul> attitude t[>ds ! gov]nm5t ( 8 day1 t ev5 philosophy became 9 8 h&s unsafe1 & he 0 attack$ = :at m5 read betwe5 ! l9es ( 8 works4 ,x is ow+ to ?is faculty ( giv+ 8 g5]alisations cont5t & actuality t ,r\sseau has become ! fa!r ( mod]n political philosophy4 ,he uses ! me?od ( 8 "t only to transc5d x2 out ( ! ab/ract & g5]al he creates ! concrete & univ]sal4 ,secondly1 we mu/ n =get t ,r\sseau's !ories are to be /udi$ 9 a wid] hi/orical environm5t4 ,if he is ! fir/ ( mod]n political !ori/s1 he is also ! la/ ( a long l9e ( ,r5aissance !ori/s1 :o 9 turn inh]it & trans=m ! concepts ( m$ival ?\ght4 ,s _m critics h sp5t s mu* wa/$ "t 9 prov+ t ,r\sseau 0 n orig9al only because !y began by id5tify+ orig9ality ) isolation3 !y /udi$ fir/ ! ,social ,contract by itself1 out ( relation to e>li] works1 & !n1 hav+ discov]$ t ^! e>li] works resembl$ x1 decid$ t ev]y?+ x _h to say 0 borr[$4 ,_h !y begun _! /udy 9 a truly hi/orical _s1 !y w\ld h se5 t ,r\sseau's importance lies j 9 ! new use he makes ( old ideas1 9 ! transition he makes f old to new 9 ! g5]al conception ( politics4 ,no m]e innovator c\ld h ex]cis$ su* an influ5ce or hit on s mu* tru?4 ,!ory makes no great leaps2 x proce$s to new concepts by ! adju/m5t & r5ovation ( old ones4 ,j z !ological writ]s on politics1 f ,hook] to ,bossuet1 make use ( ,biblical t]m9ology & ideas2 j z m mod]n writ]s1 f ,hegel to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 make use ( ! concept ( evolution1 ,r\sseau uses ! ideas & t]ms ( ! ,social ,contract !ory4 ,we %\ld feel1 ?r\gh\t 8 "w1 8 /ruggle to free himself f :at is lifeless & outworn 9 t !ory1 :ile he develops out ( x fruitful conceptions t g beyond its scope4 ,a too rigid lit]alism 9 ! int]pretation ( ,r\sseau's ?\ght may easily r$uce x to ! possession ( a m]ely hi/orical int]e/3 if we approa* x 9 a truly hi/orical _s1 we %all be able to appreciate at once its tempor>y & its la/+ value1 to see h[ x s]v$ 8 contempor>ies1 & at ! same "t to dis5tangle f x :at may be s]viceable to u & = all "t4 ,r\sseau's ,emile1 ! greate/ ( all works on education1 has already be5 issu$ 9 ?is s]ies4 ,9 ?is volume are conta9$ ! mo/ important ( 8 political works4 ,( ^! ! ,social ,contract1 by f> ! mo/ significant1 is ! late/ 9 date4 ,x repres5ts ! maturity ( 8 ?\ght1 :ile ! o!r works only illu/rate 8 developm5t4 ,born 9 #agab1 he issu$ no "w ( importance till #agej2 b he tells u1 9 ! ,confessions1 t 9 #agdc1 :5 he 0 atta*$ to ! ,embassy at ,v5ice1 he _h already conceiv$ ! idea ( a great "w on ,political ,in/itutions1 :i* 0 to put ! seal on 8 reputation4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h made little progress ) ?is "w1 until 9 #agdi he happ5$ to light on ! ann\ncem5t ( a prize (f]$ by ! ,academy ( ,dijon = an answ] to ! "q1 ,has ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces t5d$ to ! purification or to ! corruption ( morality8 ,8 old ideas came ?rong+ back1 & sick at he>t ( ! life he _h be5 lead+ among ! ,p>is lumires1 he compos$ a viol5t & rhetorical diatribe aga9/ civilisation g5]ally4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ?is "w1 hav+ be5 aw>d$ ! prize by ! ,academy1 0 publi%$ by its au?or4 ,8 success 0 in/antane\s2 he became at once a fam\s man1 ! lion ( ,p>isian lit]>y circles4 ,refutations ( 8 "w 7 issu$ by pr(essors1 scribbl]s1 outrag$ !ologians & ev5 by ! ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,r\sseau endeav\r$ to answ] !m all1 & 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t 8 ?\ght develop$4 ,f #agej to ! publication ( ! ,social ,contract & ,emile 9 #agfb he gradually evolv$ 8 views3 9 ^? twelve ye>s he made 8 unique contribution to political ?\ght4 ,! ,disc\rse on ! ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ! e>lie/ ( ! works reproduc$ 9 ?is volume1 is n 9 itself ( v great importance4 ,r\sseau has giv5 8 op9ion ( x 9 ! ,confessions4 ,full ( w>m? & =ce1 x is :olly )\t logic or ord]2 ( all my works x is ! weake/ 9 argum5t & ! lea/ h>moni\s4 ,b :atev] gifts a man may be born )1 he _c le>n ! art ( writ+ 9 a mom5t4 ,?is criticism is j4 ,! fir/ ,disc\rse nei!r is1 nor attempts to be1 a reason$ or a balanc$ production4 ,x is ! spee* ( an advocate1 :olly "o-sid$ & arbitr>y1 b s obvi\sly & naively "o-sid$1 t x is difficult = u to believe 9 its entire s]i\sness4 ,at ! mo/1 x is only a r brilliant b flimsy rhetorical ef=t1 a sophi/ical improvisation1 b n a s]i\s contribution to ?\ght4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ?is declamation made ,r\sseau's "n1 & e/abli%$ 8 position z a great writ] 9 ,p>isian circles4 ,d',alemb]t ev5 devot$ ! preface ( ! ,encyclopdia to a refutation4 ,! plan ( ! fir/ ,disc\rse is ess5tially simple3 x sets out f ! badness1 immorality & mis]y ( mod]n nations1 traces all ^! ills to ! dep>ture f a natural /ate1 & !n cr$its ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces ) be+ ! cause ( t dep>ture4 ,9 x1 ,r\sseau is already 9 possession ( 8 idea ( nature z an ideal2 b he has at pres5t made no attempt to discrim9ate1 9 :at is unnatural1 betwe5 good & bad4 ,he is m]ely us+ a s+le idea1 putt+ x z /rongly z he c1 & neglect+ all its limitations4 ,! fir/ ,disc\rse is important n = any positive doctr9e x conta9s1 b z a key to ! developm5t ( ,r\sseau's m9d4 ,"h we see him at ! beg9n+ ( ! long j\rney :i* 0 to lead on at la/ to ! !ory ( ! ,social ,contract4 ,9 #agee appe>$ ! ,disc\rse on ! ,orig9 & ,f\ndation ( ,inequality among ,m51 :i* is ! second ( ! works giv5 9 ?is volume4 ,) ?is essay1 ,r\sseau _h unsuccessfully compet$ 9 #agec = a second prize (f]$ by ! ,academy ( ,dijon1 & he n[ issu$ x prefac$ by a long ,d$ication to ! ,republic ( ,g5eva4 ,9 ?is "w1 :i* ,voltaire1 9 ?ank+ him = a pres5tation copy1 t]m$ 8 second book aga9/ ! human race1 8 /yle & 8 ideas h made a great advance2 he is no long] cont5t m]ely to pu% a s+le idea to extremes3 :ile pres]v+ ! broad opposition betwe5 ! /ate ( nature & ! /ate ( society1 :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 "w1 he is conc]n$ to pres5t a rational ju/ification ( 8 views & to admit t a little at any rate may be said on ! o!r side4 ,moreov]1 ! idea ( nature has already und]gone a great developm5t2 x is no long] an empty opposition to ! evils ( society2 x possesses a positive cont5t4 ,?us half ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality is occupi$ by an imag9>y description ( ! /ate ( nature1 9 :i* man is %[n ) ideas limit$ )9 ! n>r[e/ range1 ) little ne$ ( 8 fell[s1 & little c>e beyond provision = ! necessities ( ! mom5t4 ,r\sseau decl>es explicitly t he does n suppose ! /ate ( nature ev] to h exi/$3 x is a pure idea ( reason1 a work+ concept rea*$ by ab/raction f ! /ate ( society4 ,! natural man1 z oppos$ to man's man1 is man /ripp$ ( all t society conf]s ^u him1 a creature =m$ by a process ( ab/raction1 & nev] int5d$ = a hi/orical portrait4 ,! conclusion ( ! ,disc\rse fav\rs n ?is purely ab/ract be+1 b a /ate ( savag]y int]m$iate betwe5 ! natural & ! social conditions1 9 :i* m5 may pres]ve ! simplicity & ! advantages ( nature & at ! same "t secure ! rude com=ts & assurances ( e>ly society4 ,9 "o ( ! long notes app5d$ to ! ,disc\rse1 ,r\sseau fur!r expla9s 8 position4 ,he does n wi%1 he says1 t mod]n corrupt society %\ld return to a /ate ( nature3 corruption has gone too f> = t2 he only desires n[ t m5 %\ld palliate1 by wis] use ( ! fatal arts1 ! mi/ake ( _! introduction4 ,he recognises society z inevitable & is already feel+ 8 way t[>ds a ju/ification ( x4 ,! second ,disc\rse repres5ts a second /age 9 8 political ?\ght3 ! opposition betwe5 ! /ate ( nature & ! /ate ( society is /ill pres5t$ 9 nak$ contra/2 b ! picture ( ! =m] has already fill$ out1 & x only rema9s = ,r\sseau to take a ne>] view ( ! fundam5tal implications ( ! /ate ( society = 8 ?\ght to rea* maturity4 ,r\sseau is (t5 blam$1 by mod]n critics1 = pursu+ 9 ! ,disc\rses a me?od app>5tly t ( hi/ory1 b 9 reality :olly unhi/orical4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t he himself lays no /ress on ! hi/orical aspect ( 8 "w2 he gives himself out z con/ruct+ a purely ideal picture1 & n z depict+ any actual /ages 9 human hi/ory4 ,! use ( false hi/orical concepts is *>act]i/ic ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & ,r\sseau is m to be congratulat$ on hav+ escap$ f giv+ !m too mu* importance ?an criticis$ = employ+ !m at all4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,disc\rse on ,political ,economy1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! great ,encyclopdia 9 #agee1 0 compos$ be=e or aft] ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality4 ,at fir/ sight ! =m] seems to be f> m 9 ! mann] ( ! ,social ,contract & to conta9 views belong+ ess5tially to ,r\sseau's con/ructive p]iod4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be safe to conclude f ?is t its date is really lat]4 ,! ,disc\rse on ,inequality /ill has ab\t x mu* ( ! rhetorical loos5ess ( ! prize essay2 x aims n s mu* at close reason+ z at effective & popul> pres5tation ( a case4 ,b1 by read+ betwe5 ! l9es1 an att5tive /ud5t c detect 9 x a great deal ( ! positive doctr9e aft]w>ds incorporat$ 9 ! ,social ,contract4 ,especially 9 ! clos+ section1 :i* lays d[n ! plan ( a g5]al treatm5t ( ! fundam5tal que/ions ( politics1 we are already to "s ext5t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! lat] works4 ,x is inde$ almo/ c]ta9 t ,r\sseau nev] attempt$ to put into ei!r ( ! fir/ two ,disc\rses any ( ! positive cont5t ( 8 political !ory4 ,!y 7 int5d$1 n z f9al expositions ( 8 po9t ( view1 b z p>tial & prelim9>y /udies1 9 :i* 8 aim 0 f> m de/ructive ?an con/ructive4 ,x is cle> t 9 fir/ conceiv+ ! plan ( a "w on ,political ,in/itutions1 ,r\sseau _c h meant to reg>d all society z 9 ess5ce bad4 ,x is inde$ evid5t t he meant1 f ! fir/1 to /udy human society & in/itutions 9 _! rational aspect1 & t he 0 r div]t$ f 8 ma9 purpose by ! ,academy ( ,dijon's competition ?an fir/ induc$ by x to ?9k ab\t political que/ions4 ,x ne$1 !re=e1 cause no surprise t a "w probably writt5 be=e ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality %\ld conta9 ! g]ms ( ! !ory giv5 9 full 9 ! ,social ,contract4 ,! ,disc\rse on ,political ,economy is important z giv+ ! fir/ sket* ( ! !ory ( ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,x w readily be se5 t ,r\sseau does n mean by political economy exactly :at we mean n[adays4 ,he beg9s ) a discussion ( ! fundam5tal nature ( ! ,/ate1 & ! possibility ( reconcil+ its exi/5ce ) human lib]ty1 & goes on ) an admirable %ort /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( taxation4 ,he is ?9k+ ?r\gh\t ( political 9 ! s5se ( public economy1 ( ! ,/ate z ! public f9anci]1 & n ( ! conditions gov]n+ indu/ry4 ,he conceives ! ,/ate z a body aim+ at ! well-be+ ( all its memb]s & subord9ates all 8 views ( taxation to t end4 ,he :o has only necess>ies %\ld n be tax$ at all2 sup]fluities %\ld be sup]tax$2 !re %\ld be heavy impo/s on e sort ( luxury4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! article is /ill m int]e/+4 ,r\sseau beg9s by demoli%+ ! exagg]at$ p>allel s (t5 drawn betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! family2 he %[s t ! ,/ate is n1 & _c be1 patri>*al 9 nature1 & goes on to lay d[n 8 view t its real be+ consi/s 9 ! ,g5]al ,w ( its memb]s4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! ,social ,contract are pres5t 9 ?is ,disc\rse almo/ z if !y 7 commonplaces1 c]ta9ly n z if !y 7 new discov]ies on :i* ! au?or _h j hit by "s happy inspiration4 ,!re is e temptation1 aft] read+ ! ,political ,economy1 to suppose t ,r\sseau's political ideas really rea*$ maturity f> e>li] ?an has g5]ally be5 all[$4 ,! ,social ,contract f9ally appe>$1 along ) ,emile1 9 #agfb4 ,?is ye>1 !re=e1 repres5ts 9 e respect ! culm9ation ( ,r\sseau's c>e]4 ,h5ce=?1 he 0 to write only controv]sial & confessional works2 8 !ories 7 n[ develop$1 &1 simultane\sly1 he gave to ! _w 8 views on ! fundam5tal problems ( politics & education4 ,x is n[ "t to ask :at ,r\sseau's sy/em1 9 its maturity1 f9ally am\nt$ to4 ,! ,social ,contract conta9s practically ! :ole ( 8 con/ructive political !ory2 x requires to be read1 = full und]/&+1 9 connection ) 8 o!r works1 especially ,emile & ! ,lett]s on ! ,m\nt 7#agfd71 b 9 ! ma9 x is self-conta9$ & complete4 ,! title suffici5tly def9es its scope4 ,x is call$ ,! ,social ,contract or ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,"r1 & ! second title expla9s ! fir/4 ,r\sseau's object is n to deal1 9 a g5]al way1 l ,montesquieu1 ) ! actual in/itutions ( exi/+ ,/ates1 b to lay d[n ! ess5tial pr9ciples :i* mu/ =m ! basis ( e legitimate society4 ,r\sseau himself1 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,emile1 has /at$ ! diff]5ce cle>ly4 ,montesquieu1 he says1 did n int5d to treat ( ! pr9ciples ( political "r2 he 0 cont5t to treat ( ! positive "r 7or law7 ( e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts2 & no two /udies c\ld be m diff]5t ?an ^!4 ,r\sseau !n conceives 8 object z be+ some?+ v diff]5t f t ( ! ,_s ( ! ,laws1 & x is a wilful error to miscon/rue 8 purpose4 ,:5 he rem>ks t ! facts1 ! actual hi/ory ( political societies1 d n conc]n him1 he is n contemptu\s ( facts2 he is m]ely ass]t+ ! sure pr9ciple t a fact c 9 no case give rise to a "r4 ,8 desire is to e/abli% society on a basis ( pure "r1 s z at once to disprove 8 attack on society g5]ally & to re9=ce 8 criticism ( exi/+ societies4 ,r\nd ?is po9t c5tres ! :ole dispute ab\t ! me?ods prop] to political !ory4 ,!re are1 broadly speak+1 two s*ools ( political !ori/s1 if we set aside ! psy*ologi/s4 ,"o s*ool1 by collect+ facts1 aims at rea*+ broad g5]alisations ab\t :at actually happ5s 9 human societies6 ! o!r tries to p5etrate to ! univ]sal pr9ciples at ! root ( all human comb9ation4 ,= ! latt] purpose facts may be useful1 b 9 !mselves !y c prove no?+4 ,! "q is n "o ( fact1 b "o ( "r4 ,r\sseau belongs ess5tially to ?is philosophical s*ool4 ,he is n1 z 8 less philosophic critics seem to suppose1 a purely ab/ract ?9k] g5]alis+ f imag9>y hi/orical in/ances2 he is a concrete ?9k] try+ to get beyond !y iness5tial & *ang+ to ! p]man5t & inv>iable basis ( human society4 ,l ,gre51 he is 9 se>* ( ! pr9ciple ( political obligation1 & beside ?is que/ all o!rs fall into _! place z second>y & d]ivative4 ,x is requir$ to f9d a =m ( association able to def5d & protect ) ! :ole common =ce ! p]son & goods ( e associate1 & ( su* a nature1 t ea*1 unit+ himself ) all1 may /ill obey only himself1 & rema9 z free z be=e4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal problem ( :i* ! ,social ,contract provides ! solution4 ,! problem ( political obligation is se5 z includ+ all o!r political problems1 :i* fall into place 9 a sy/em bas$ ^u x4 ,h[1 ,r\sseau asks1 c ! w ( ! ,/ate help be+ = me a m]ely ext]nal w1 impos+ itself ^u my own8 ,h[ c ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate be reconcil$ ) human fre$om8 ,h[ c man1 :o is born free1 rightly come to be ev]y:]e 9 *a9s8 ,no-"o c\ld help und]/&+ ! c5tral problem ( ! ,social ,contract imm$iately1 7 x n t its doctr9es (t5 seem to be /rangely =mulat$4 ,we h se5 t ?is /rang5ess is due to ,r\sseau's hi/orical position1 to 8 use ( ! political concepts curr5t 9 8 own age1 & to 8 natural t5d5cy to build on ! f\ndations laid by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,!re are a great _m p ^: idea ( ,r\sseau consi/s solely ( ! fir/ words ( ! op5+ *apt] ( ! ,social ,contract1 ,man is born free1 & ev]y:]e he is 9 *a9s4 ,b1 !y tell y1 man is n born free1 ev5 if he is ev]y:]e 9 *a9s4 ,?us at ! v outset we are fac$ ) ! great difficulty 9 appreciat+ ,r\sseau4 ,:5 we %\ld naturally say man ought to be free1 or p]haps man is born = fre$om1 he pref]s to say man is born free1 by :i* he means exactly ! same ?+4 ,!re is d\btless1 9 8 way ( putt+ x1 an appeal to a gold5 age2 b ?is gold5 age is admitt$ly z imag9>y z ! fre$om to :i* m5 are born is b\nd1 = mo/ ( !m1 to be4 ,else:]e ,r\sseau puts ! po9t mu* z we might put x ourselves4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t e man born 9 slav]y is born = slav]y4444 ,b if !re are slaves by nature1 x is because !re h be5 slaves aga9/ nature 7,social ,contract1 ,book ,i1 *ap4 ii74 ,we h se5 t ! contra/ betwe5 ! /ate ( nature & ! /ate ( society runs ?r\gh all ,r\sseau's "w4 ,! ,emile is a plea = natural education2 ! ,disc\rses are a plea = a naturalisation ( society2 ! ,new ,hlose is ! romantic's appeal = m nature 9 human relation%ips4 ,:at !n is ! position ( ?is contra/ 9 ,r\sseau's mature political ?\ght8 ,x is cle> t ! position is n m]ely t ( ! ,disc\rses4 ,9 !m1 he envisag$ only ! faults ( actual societies2 n[1 he is conc]n$ ) ! possibility ( a rational society4 ,8 aim is to ju/ify ! *ange f nature to society1 al?\gh x has left m5 9 *a9s4 ,he is 9 se>* ( ! true society1 :i* leaves m5 z free z be=e4 ,altoge!r1 ! space occupi$ by ! idea ( nature 9 ! ,social ,contract is v small4 ,x is us$ ( necessity 9 ! controv]sial *apt]s1 9 :i* ,r\sseau is refut+ false !ories ( social obligation2 b :5 once he has bru%$ aside ! false prophets1 he lets ! idea ( nature g ) !m1 & conc]ns himself solely ) giv+ society ! rational sanction he has promis$4 ,x becomes cle> t1 9 political matt]s at any rate1 ! /ate ( nature is = him only a t]m ( controv]sy4 ,he has 9 effect ab&on$1 9 s f> z he ev] held x1 ! !ory ( a human gold5 age2 & :]e1 z 9 ! ,emile1 he makes use ( ! idea ( nature1 x is broad5$ & deep5$ out ( all recognition4 ,despite _m passages 9 :i* ! old t]m9ology cleaves to him1 he means by nature 9 ?is p]iod n ! orig9al /ate ( a ?+1 nor ev5 its r$uction to ! simple/ t]ms3 he is pass+ ov] to ! conception ( nature z id5tical ) ! full developm5t ( capacity1 ) ! high]6 idea ( human fre$om4 ,?is view may be se5 9 g]m ev5 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality1 :]e1 di/+ui%+ self-respect 7am\r de soi7 f egoism 7am\r-propre71 ,r\sseau makes ! =m]1 ! prop]ty ( ! natural man1 consi/ n 9 ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t1 b 9 ! seek+ ( satisfaction = reasonable desire accompani$ by b5evol5ce2 :]eas egoism is ! pref]5ce ( our own int]e/s to ^? ( o!rs1 self-respect m]ely puts u on an equal foot+ ) our fell[s4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,disc\rse ,r\sseau is plead+ aga9/ ! developm5t ( _m human faculties2 b he is equally advocat+ ! fulle/ developm5t ( ^? he reg>ds z natural1 by :i* he means m]ely good4 ,! /ate ( society1 z envisag$ 9 ! ,social ,contract1 is no long] 9 contradiction to ! /ate ( nature upheld 9 ! ,emile1 :]e inde$ ! social environm5t is ( ! greate/ importance1 &1 ?\gh ! pupil is scre5$ f x1 he is none ! less be+ tra9$ = x4 ,inde$ ! views giv5 9 ! ,social ,contract are summ>is$ 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,emile1 & by ?is summ>y ! ess5tial unity ( ,r\sseau's sy/em is emphasis$4 ,r\sseau's object1 !n1 9 ! fir/ words ( ! ,social ,contract1 is to inquire if1 9 ! civil ord]1 !re c be any sure & c]ta91 rule ( adm9i/ration1 tak+ m5 z !y are & laws z !y might be4 ,montesquieu took laws z !y 71 & saw :at sort ( m5 !y made3 ,r\sseau1 f\nd+ 8 :ole sy/em on human fre$om1 takes man z ! basis1 & reg>ds him z giv+ himself :at laws he pleases4 ,he takes 8 /& on ! nature ( human fre$om3 on ?is he bases 8 :ole sy/em1 mak+ ! w ( ! memb]s ! sole basis ( e society4 ,9 work+ out 8 !ory1 ,r\sseau makes use ?r\gh\t ( ?ree g5]al &1 to "s ext5t1 alt]native conceptions4 ,^! are ! ,social ,contract1 ,sov]eignty & ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,we %all n[ h to exam9e ea* ( ^! 9 turn4 ,! ,social ,contract !ory is z old z ! sophi/s ( ,greece 7see ,plato1 ,republic1 ,book ,,ii & ! ,gorgias71 & z ,i elusive4 ,x has be5 adapt$ to ! mo/ opposite po9ts ( view1 & us$1 9 diff]5t =ms1 on bo? sides ( e "q to :i* x c\ld conceivably be appli$4 ,x is frequ5t 9 m$ival writ]s1 a commonplace ) ! !ori/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury already ne>+ its fall be=e a wid] conception4 ,x w\ld be a long1 z well z a ?ankless1 task to trace its hi/ory ov] aga93 x may be foll[$ be/ 9 ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie's admirable essay on x 9 ,d>w9 & ,hegel & ,o!r ,/udies4 ,= u1 x is important only to reg>d x 9 its mo/ g5]al aspect1 be=e /udy+ ! special use made ( x by ,r\sseau4 ,obvi\sly1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 x is a !ory v easily arriv$ at4 ,:]ev] any =m ( gov]nm5t ap>t f ! m]e/ tyranny exi/s1 reflection on ! basis ( ! ,/ate _c b lead to ! notion t1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 x is bas$ on ! cons5t1 tacit or express$1 pa/ or pres5t1 ( its memb]s4 ,9 ?is alone1 ! great] "p ( ! ,social ,contract !ory is already lat5t4 ,add ! desire to f9d actual ju/ification = a !ory 9 facts1 &1 especially 9 an age possess$ only ( ! hazie/ hi/orical s5se1 ?is doctr9e ( cons5t w inevitably be giv5 a hi/orical sett+4 ,if 9 addition !re is a t5d5cy to reg>d society z some?+ unnatural to humanity1 ! t5d5cy w become irresi/ible4 ,by writ]s ( almo/ all s*ools1 ! ,/ate w be repres5t$ z hav+ aris51 9 "s remote age1 out ( a compact or1 9 m legal phrase1 contract betwe5 two or m p>ties4 ,! only class t w be able to resi/ ! doctr9e is t :i* ma9ta9s ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & holds t all exi/+ gov]nm5ts 7 7 impos$ on ! p by ! direct int]position ( ,god4 ,all :o are n prep>$ to ma9ta9 t w be p>tisans ( "s =m or o!r ( ! ,social ,contract !ory4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t we f9d among its advocates writ]s ( ! mo/ opposite po9ts ( view4 ,b>ely /at$1 x is a m]e =mula1 :i* may be fill$ 9 ) any cont5t f absolutism to pure republicanism4 ,&1 9 ! h&s ( "s at lea/ ( its support]s1 x turns out to be a weapon t cuts bo? ways4 ,we %all be 9 a bett] position to judge ( its usefulness :5 we h se5 its *ief v>ieties at "w4 ,all ,social ,contract !ories t are at all def9ite fall "u "o or o!r ( two heads4 ,!y repres5t society z bas$ on an orig9al contract ei!r betwe5 ! p & ! gov]nm5t1 or betwe5 all ! individuals compos+ ! ,/ate4 ,hi/orically1 mod]n !ory passes f ! fir/ to ! second ( ^! =ms4 ,! doctr9e t society is f\nd$ on a contract betwe5 ! p & ! gov]nm5t is ( m$ival orig94 ,x 0 (t5 support$ by ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* conta9s a simil> view 9 an unreflective =m4 ,x is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! great political writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 9 ,bu*anan1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,james ,i3 x p]si/s into ! sev5te5? 9 ! works ( ,grotius & ,puff5dorf4 ,grotius is sometimes held to h /at$ ! !ory s z to admit bo? =ms ( contract2 b x is cle> t he is only ?9k+ ( ! fir/ =m z admitt+ democratic z well z mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,we f9d x put v cle>ly by ! ,conv5tion ,p>liam5t ( #afhh1 :i* accuses ,james ,,ii ( hav+ endeav\r$ to subv]t ! con/itution ( ! k+dom by break+ ! orig9al contract betwe5 k+ & p4 ,:ile ,hobbes1 on ! side ( ! royali/s1 is ma9ta9+ ! contract !ory 9 its second =m1 ! ,p>liam5t>ian ,alg]non ,sidney adh]es to ! idea ( a contract betwe5 ! p & ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is =m1 ! !ory cle>ly admits ( opposite int]pretations4 ,x may be held t ! p1 hav+ giv5 itself up once = all to its rul]s1 has no?+ m to ask ( !m1 & is b\nd to submit to any usage !y may *oose to inflict4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! implication mo/ usually drawn f x4 ,! !ory1 9 ?is =m1 orig9at$ ) !ologians :o 7 also lawy]s4 ,_! view ( a contract impli$ mutual obligations2 !y reg>d$ ! rul] z b\nd1 by its t]ms1 to gov]n con/itutionally4 ,! old idea t a k+ mu/ n violate ! sacr$ cu/oms ( ! realm passes easily into ! doctr9e t he mu/ n violate ! t]ms ( ! orig9al contract betwe5 himself & 8 p4 ,j z 9 ! days ( ! ,norman k+s1 e appeal on ! "p ( ! p = m lib]ties 0 c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a dem& t ! cu/oms ( ! good old times ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor %\ld be respect$1 s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury e act ( popul> ass]tion or resi/ance 0 /at$ z an appeal to ! k+ n to violate ! contract4 ,! dem& 0 a good popul> cry1 & x seem$ to h ! !ori/s beh9d x4 ,r\sseau gives 8 refutation ( ?is view1 :i* he _h1 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality1 ma9ta9$ 9 pass+1 9 ! sixte5? *apt] ( ! ?ird book ( ! ,social ,contract4 7,see also ,book ,i1 *ap1 iv1 init47 ,8 attack is really conc]n$ also ) ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 :i* 9 "s respects resembles1 z we %all see1 ?is fir/ view2 b1 9 =m at lea/1 x is direct$ aga9/ ?is =m ( contract4 ,x w be possible to exam9e x m closely1 :5 ! second view has be5 consid]$4 ,! second view1 :i* may be call$ ! ,social ,contract !ory prop]1 reg>ds society z orig9at+ 91 or bas$ on1 an agreem5t betwe5 ! individuals compos+ x4 ,x seems to be f\nd fir/1 r vaguely1 9 ,ri*>d ,hook]'s ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 f :i* ,locke l>gely borr[$3 & x reappe>s1 9 v>y+ =ms1 9 ,milton's ,t5ure ( ,k+s & ,magi/rates1 9 ,hobbes's ,levia?an1 9 ,locke's ,treatises on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 & 9 ,r\sseau4 ,! be/-kn[n in/ance ( its actual use is by ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs on ! ,mayfl[] 9 #afbj1 9 ^: decl>ation occurs ! phrase1 ,we d solemnly & mutually1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & ( "o ano!r1 cov5ant & comb9e ourselves toge!r into a civil body politic4 ,! natural implication ( ?is view w\ld seem to be ! coroll>y ( complete popul> ,sov]eignty :i* ,r\sseau draws4 ,b be=e ,r\sseau's "t x _h be5 us$ to support views z div]se z ^? :i* re/$ on ! fir/ =m4 ,we saw t1 9 ,grotius's great "w1 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 x 0 already possible to d\bt :i* ( ! two !ories 0 be+ advocat$4 ,! fir/ !ory 01 hi/orically1 a means ( popul> prote/ aga9/ royal aggression4 ,z soon z popul> gov]nm5t 0 tak5 into acc\nt1 ! act ( contract betwe5 p & gov]nm5t became 9 effect m]ely a contract betwe5 ! individuals compos+ ! society1 & readily pass$ ov] into ! second =m4 ,! second !ory1 9 its ord9>y =m1 expresses only ! view t ! p is ev]y:]e ,sov]eign1 & t1 9 ! phrase ( ,milton's treatise1 ! p[] ( k+s & magi/rates is only d]ivative4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ?is view _h be5 work$ up into a philosophical !ory1 x _h already be5 us$ by ,hobbes to support precisely opposite pr9ciples4 ,hobbes agrees t ! orig9al contract is "o betwe5 all ! individuals compos+ ! ,/ate1 & t ! gov]nm5t is no p>ty to x2 b he reg>ds ! p z agree+1 n m]ely to =m a ,/ate1 b to inve/ a c]ta9 p]son or c]ta9 p]sons ) ! gov]nm5t ( x4 ,he agrees t ! p is naturally supreme1 b reg>ds x z ali5at+ its ,sov]eignty by ! contract itself1 & delegat+ its p[]1 :olly & = ev]1 to ! gov]nm5t4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! ,/ate is set up1 ! gov]nm5t becomes = ,hobbes ! ,sov]eign2 !re is no m "q ( popul> ,sov]eignty1 b only ( passive ob$i5ce3 ! p is b\nd1 by ! contract1 to obey its rul]1 no matt] :e!r he gov]ns well or ill4 ,x has ali5at$ all its rights to ! ,sov]eign1 :o is1 !re=e1 absolute ma/]4 ,hobbes1 liv+ 9 a "t ( civil w>s1 reg>ds ! wor/ gov]nm5t z bett] ?an an>*y1 & is1 !re=e1 at pa9s to f9d argum5ts 9 support ( any =m ( absolutism4 ,x is easy to pick holes 9 ?is sy/em1 & to see into :at difficulties a consci5ti\s ,hobbi/ might be l$ by a revolution4 ,= z soon z ! revolution>ies get ! upp] h&1 he w h to sacrifice "o ( 8 pr9ciples3 he w h to side aga9/ ei!r ! actual or ! legitimate ,sov]eign4 ,x is easy also to see t ali5ation ( lib]ty1 ev5 if possible = an individual1 :i* ,r\sseau d5ies1 _c b9d 8 po/]ity4 ,b1 ) all its faults1 ! view ( ,hobbes is on ! :ole admirably1 if ru?lessly1 logical1 & to x ,r\sseau owes a great deal4 ,! special %ape giv5 to ! second ,social ,contract !ory by ,hobbes looks1 at fir/ sight1 mu* l a comb9ation1 into a s+le act1 ( bo? ! contracts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! view he adopts4 ,! !ory ( a contract betwe5 gov]nm5t & p _h1 z we h se51 be5 us$ ma9ly z a support = popul> lib]ties1 a means ( ass]tion aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,hobbes1 ^: :ole aim is to make 8 gov]nm5t ,sov]eign1 c only d ?is by leav+ ! gov]nm5t outside ! contract3 he ?us avoids ! necessity ( submitt+ x to any obligation :atsoev]1 & leaves x absolute & irresponsible4 ,he secures1 9 fact1 n m]ely a ,/ate :i* has unb\nd$ rights aga9/ ! individual1 b a det]m9ate au?ority ) ! "r to en=ce ^? rights4 ,8 !ory is n m]ely ,/atism 7tatisme72 x is pure despotism4 ,x is cle> t1 if su* a !ory is to be upheld1 x c /& only by ! view1 :i* ,hobbes %>es ) ,grotius1 t a man c ali5ate n m]ely 8 own lib]ty1 b also t ( 8 desc5dants1 & t1 consequ5tly1 a p z a :ole c d ! same4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* bo? ,locke & ,r\sseau attack x4 ,locke1 ^: aim is l>gely to ju/ify ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 makes gov]nm5t dep5d1 n m]ely at its in/itution1 b always1 on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 & reg>ds all rul]s z liable to be displac$ if !y gov]n tyrannically4 ,he omits1 h[ev]1 to provide any ma*9]y %ort ( revolution = ! expression ( popul> op9ion1 &1 on ! :ole1 seems to reg>d ! popul> cons5t z some?+ ess5tially tacit & assum$4 ,he reg>ds ! ,/ate z exi/+ ma9ly to protect life & prop]ty1 & is1 9 all 8 ass]tions ( popul> rights1 s cauti\s z to r$uce !m almo/ to no?+4 ,x is n till we come to ,r\sseau t ! second =m ( ! contract !ory is /at$ 9 its pure/ & mo/ logical =m4 ,r\sseau sees cle>ly ! necessity1 if popul> cons5t 9 gov]nm5t is to be m ?an a "n1 ( giv+ x "s con/itutional means ( expression4 ,= ,locke's !ory ( tacit cons5t1 he sub/itutes an active agreem5t p]iodically r5ew$4 ,he looks back ) admiration to ! city-/ates ( anci5t ,greece &1 9 8 own day1 res]ves 8 admiration = ! ,swiss free cities1 ,b]ne &1 above all1 ,g5eva1 8 native place4 ,see+ 9 ! ,europe ( 8 day no case 9 :i* repres5tative gov]nm5t 0 work+ at all democratically1 he 0 unable to conceive t means might be f\nd ( giv+ effect to ?is active agreem5t 9 a nation-/ate2 he !re=e held t self-gov]nm5t 0 impossible except = a city4 ,he wi%$ to break up ! nation-/ates ( ,europe1 & create in/ead f$]ative leagues ( indep5d5t city-/ates4 ,x matt]s1 h[ev]1 comp>atively little1 = ! appreciation ( ,r\sseau's political !ory 9 g5]al1 t he fail$ to become ! !ori/ ( ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,by tak+ ! ,/ate1 :i* mu/ h1 9 ess5tials1 ev]y:]e ! same basis1 at its simple/1 he 0 able1 f> bett] ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 to br+ out ! real nature ( ! social tie1 an alt]native "n :i* he (t5 uses = ! ,social ,contract4 ,8 doctr9e ,i ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( political obligation is t ( all great mod]n writ]s1 f ,kant to ,mr4 ,bosanquet4 ,?is fundam5tal unity has be5 obscur$ only because critics h fail$ to put ! ,social ,contract !ory 9 its prop] place 9 ,r\sseau's sy/em4 ,?is !ory 01 we h se51 a commonplace4 ,! am\nt ( hi/orical au!nticity assign$ to ! contract almo/ univ]sally presuppos$ v>i$ enorm\sly4 ,g5]ally1 ! weak] a writ]'s rational basis1 ! m he appeal$ to hi/ory--& inv5t$ x4 ,x 01 !re=e1 almo/ inevitable t ,r\sseau %\ld ca/ 8 !ory into ! contractual =m4 ,!re 71 inde$1 writ]s ( 8 "t :o laugh$ at ! contract1 b !y 7 n writ]s :o con/ruct$ a g5]al sy/em ( political philosophy4 ,f ,cromwell to ,montesquieu & ,b5?am1 x 0 ! practically m9d$ man1 impati5t ( unactual hypo!ses1 :o refus$ to accept ! idea ( contract4 ,! !ori/s 7 z unanim\s 9 its fav\r z ! ,victorians 7 9 fav\r ( ! organic !ory4 ,b we1 criticis+ !m 9 ! light ( lat] ev5ts1 are 9 a bett] position = e/imat+ ! position ! ,social ,contract really took 9 _! political sy/em4 ,we see t ,locke's doctr9e ( tacit cons5t made popul> control s unreal t he 0 =c$1 if ! ,/ate 0 to h any hold1 to make 8 contract hi/orical & actual1 b9d+ po/]ity = all "t1 & t he 0 also l$ to admit a quasi-contract betwe5 p & gov]nm5t1 z a second v9dication ( popul> lib]ties4 ,r\sseau1 on ! o!r h&1 bases no vital argum5t on ! hi/orical nature ( ! contract1 9 :i*1 inde$1 he cle>ly does n believe4 ,h[1 he asks1 did ?is *ange f nature to society come ab\t8 ,& he answ]s t he does n "k4 ,moreov]1 8 aim is to f9d a sure & legitimate rule ( adm9i/ration1 tak+ m5 z !y are & laws z !y might be2 t is to say1 8 ,social ,contract is some?+ :i* w be f\nd at "w 9 e legitimate society1 b :i* w be 9 abeyance 9 all =ms ( despotism4 ,he cle>ly means by x no m & no less ?an ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( political association1 ! basis ( ! unity :i* enables u1 9 ! ,/ate1 to realise political lib]ty by giv+ up lawlessness & lic5se4 ,! pres5tation ( ?is doctr9e 9 ! quasi-hi/orical =m ( ! ,social ,contract !ory is due to ! accid5t ( ! "t & place 9 :i* ,r\sseau wrote4 ,at ! same "t1 ! importance ( ! conception is be/ to be se5 9 ! h>d dea? x dies4 ,?\gh no-"o1 = a hundr$ ye>s or s1 has ?\ght ( reg>d+ x z hi/orical1 x has be5 f\nd s h>d to secure any o!r phrase expla9+ z well or bett] ! basis ( political union t1 to ?is day1 ! phraseology ( ! contract !ory l>gely p]si/s4 ,a conception s vital _c h be5 b>r54 ,x is inde$1 9 ,r\sseau's own ?\ght1 only "o ( ! ?ree diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! basis ( political union is /at$1 accord+ to ! preoccupation ( 8 m9d4 ,:5 he is ?9k+ quasi-hi/orically1 he describes 8 doctr9e z t ( ! ,social ,contract4 ,mod]n an?ropology1 9 its attempts to expla9 ! complex by means ( ! simple1 (t5 /rays fur!r f ! /raight pa?s ( hi/ory & reason4 ,9 a semi-legal aspect1 us+ ! t]m9ology1 if n ! /&po9t1 ( jurisprud5ce1 he re/ates ! same doctr9e 9 ! =m ( popul> ,sov]eignty4 ,?is use t5ds cont9ually to pass ov] into ! m philosophical =m :i* comes ?ird4 ,sov]eignty is ! ex]cise ( ! g5]al w4 ,philosophically1 ,r\sseau's doctr9e f9ds its expression 9 ! view t ! ,/ate is bas$ n on any orig9al conv5tion1 n on1 any det]m9ate p[]1 b on ! liv+ & su/a9+ rational w ( its memb]s4 ,we h n[ to exam9e fir/ ,sov]eignty & !n ! ,g5]al ,w1 :i* is ultimately ,r\sseau's guid+ conception4 ,sov]eignty is1 fir/ & =emo/1 a legal t]m1 & x has (t5 be5 held t its use 9 political philosophy m]ely leads to confusion4 ,9 jurisprud5ce1 we are told1 x has ! p]fectly pla9 mean+ giv5 to x 9 ,au/9's fam\s def9ition4 ,! ,sov]eign is a det]m9ate human sup]ior1 n 9 a habit ( ob$i5ce to a l sup]ior1 b receiv+ habitual ob$i5ce f ! bulk ( a giv5 society4 ,:]e ,sov]eignty is plac$ is1 on ?is view1 a "q purely ( fact1 & nev] ( "r4 ,we h only to seek out ! det]m9ate human sup]ior 9 a giv5 society1 & we %all h ! ,sov]eign4 ,9 answ] to ?is !ory1 x is n en\gh1 ?\gh x is a valuable po9t1 to %[ t su* a det]m9ate sup]ior is r>ely to be f\nd4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 is ! ,sov]eign ( ,engl& or ( ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,is x ! ,k+1 :o is call$ ! ,sov]eign8 ,or is x ! ,p>liam5t1 :i* is ! legislature 7= ,au/9's ,sov]eign is reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( law78 ,or is x ! electorate1 or ! :ole mass ( ! population1 ) or )\t ! "r ( vot+8 ,cle>ly all ^! ex]cise a c]ta9 influ5ce 9 ! mak+ ( laws4 ,or f9ally1 is x n[ ! ,cab9et8 ,= ,au/91 "o ( ^! bodies w\ld be rul$ out z indet]m9ate 7! mass ( ! population7 & ano!r z responsible 7! ,cab9et74 ,b are we to reg>d ! ,h\se ( ,commons or ^? :o elect x z =m+ "p ( ! ,sov]eign8 ,! se>* = a det]m9ate ,sov]eign may be a valuable legal conception2 b x has evid5tly no?+ to d ) political !ory4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial to di/+ui% betwe5 ! legal ,sov]eign ( jurisprud5ce1 & ! political ,sov]eign ( political sci5ce & philosophy4 ,ev5 s1 x does n at once become cle> :at ?is political ,sov]eign may be4 ,is x ! body or bodies ( p]sons 9 :om political p[] 9 a ,/ate actually resides8 ,is x m]ely ! complex ( actual in/itutions reg>d$ z embody+ ! w ( ! society8 ,?is w\ld leave u /ill 9 ! realm ( m]e fact1 outside bo? "r & philosophy4 ,! ,sov]eign1 9 ! philosophical s5se1 is nei!r ! nom9al ,sov]eign1 nor ! legal ,sov]eign1 nor ! political ,sov]eign ( fact & common s5se3 x is ! consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal bond ( union1 ! re/atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,social ,contract1 ! =e%ad[+ ( t ( ,g5]al ,w4 ,! ,sov]eign is t body 9 ! ,/ate 9 :i* political p[] ought always to reside1 & 9 :i* ! "r to su* p[] does always reside4 ,! idea at ! back ( ! philosophical conception ( ,sov]eignty is1 !re=e1 ess5tially ! same z t we f\nd to und]lie ! ,social ,contract !ory4 ,x is ! view t ! p1 :e!r x c ali5ate its "r or n1 is ! ultimate director ( its own de/9ies1 ! f9al p[] f :i* !re is no appeal4 ,9 a s5se1 ?is is recognis$ ev5 by ,hobbes1 :o makes ! p[] ( 8 absolute ,sov]eign1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,au/9's det]m9ate human sup]ior1 issue fir/ ( all f ! ,social ,contract1 :i* is ess5tially a popul> act4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hobbes & ,r\sseau on ?is po9t is solely t ,r\sseau reg>ds z inali5able a supreme p[] :i* ,hobbes makes ! p ali5ate 9 its fir/ corporate action4 ,t is to say1 ,hobbes 9 fact accepts ! !ory ( popul> supremacy 9 "n only to de/roy x 9 fact2 ,r\sseau ass]ts ! !ory 9 its only logical =m1 & is "u no temptation to evade x by means ( false hi/orical assumptions4 ,9 ,locke1 a di/9ction is already drawn betwe5 ! legal & ! actual ,sov]eign1 :i* ,locke calls supreme p[]2 ,r\sseau unites ! absolute ,sov]eignty ( ,hobbes & ! popul> cons5t ( ,locke into ! philosophic doctr9e ( popul> ,sov]eignty1 :i* has s9ce be5 ! e/abli%$ =m ( ! !ory4 ,8 f9al view repres5ts a return f ! p]v]sions ( ,hobbes to a doctr9e already famili> to m$ival & ,r5aissance writ]s2 b x is n m]ely a return4 ,9 its passage ! view has fall5 into its place 9 a complete sy/em ( political philosophy4 ,9 a second important respect ,r\sseau diff]5tiates himself f ,hobbes4 ,= ,hobbes1 ! ,sov]eign is id5tical ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,he is s hot = absolutism l>gely because he reg>ds revolution1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5t1 z at ! same "t ! dissolution ( ! body politic1 & a return to complete an>*y or to ! /ate ( nature4 ,r\sseau &1 to "s ext5t1 ,locke meet ?is view by %>p division betwe5 ! supreme p[] & ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ,r\sseau1 !y are s cle>ly di/9ct t ev5 a completely democratic gov]nm5t is n at ! same "t ! ,sov]eign2 its memb]s are sov]eign only 9 a diff]5t capacity & z a diff]5t corporate body1 j z two diff]5t societies may exi/ = diff]5t purposes ) exactly ! same memb]s4 ,pure democracy1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate by all ! p 9 e detail1 is n1 z ,r\sseau says1 a possible human in/itution4 ,all gov]nm5ts are really mix$ 9 "*2 & :at we call a democracy is only a m or less democratic gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 w always be to "s ext5t 9 ! h&s ( select$ p]sons4 ,sov]eignty1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 8 view absolute1 inali5able1 indivisible1 & inde/ructible4 ,x _c be limit$1 ab&on$1 %>$ or de/roy$4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( all social life t ! "r to control ! de/9ies ( ! ,/ate belongs 9 ! la/ resort to ! :ole p4 ,!re cle>ly mu/ 9 ! end be some:]e 9 ! society an ultimate c\rt ( appeal1 :e!r det]m9ate or n2 b1 unless ,sov]eignty is di/+ui%$ f gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t1 pass+ "u ! "n ( ,sov]eign1 w inevitably be reg>d$ z absolute4 ,! only way to avoid ! conclusions ( ,hobbes is1 !re=e1 to e/abli% a cle> sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,r\sseau tries to d ?is by an adaptation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ?ree p[]s4 ,b in/ead ( ?ree indep5d5t p[]s %>+ ! supreme au?ority1 he gives only two1 & makes "o ( ^! :olly dep5d5t on ! o!r4 ,he sub/itutes = ! co-ord9ation ( ! legislative1 ! executive1 & ! judicial au?orities1 a sy/em 9 :i* ! legislative p[]1 or ,sov]eign1 is always supreme1 ! executive1 or gov]nm5t1 always second>y & d]ivative1 & ! judicial p[] m]ely a function ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is division he makes1 naturally1 "o ( w & p[]4 ,! gov]nm5t is m]ely to c>ry out ! decrees1 or acts ( w1 ( ! ,sov]eign p4 ,j z ! human w transf]s a comm& to its memb]s = execution1 s ! body politic may give its decisions =ce by sett+ up au?ority :i*1 l ! bra91 may comm& its memb]s4 ,9 delegat+ ! p[] necess>y = ! execution ( its w1 x is ab&on+ none ( its supreme au?ority4 ,x rema9s ,sov]eign1 & c at any mom5t recall ! grants x has made4 ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 exi/s only at ! ,sov]eign's pleasure1 & is always revocable by ! sov]eign w4 ,x w be se51 :5 we come to discuss ! nature ( ! ,g5]al ,w1 t ?is doctr9e really conta9s ! mo/ valuable "p ( ,r\sseau's !ory4 ,"h1 we are conc]n$ r ) its limitations4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 legislative & executive functions is 9 practice v h>d to draw4 ,9 ,r\sseau's case1 x is fur!r complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( a second di/9ction4 ,! legislative p[]1 ! ,sov]eign1 is conc]n$ only ) :at is g5]al1 ! executive only ) :at is p>ticul>4 ,?is di/9ction1 ! full =ce ( :i* c only be se5 9 connection ) ! ,g5]al ,w1 means r\ghly t a matt] is g5]al :5 x conc]ns ! :ole community equally1 & makes no m5tion ( any p>ticul> class2 z soon z x ref]s to any class or p]son1 x becomes p>ticul>1 & c no long] =m ! subject matt] ( an act ( ,sov]eignty4 ,h[ev] j ?is di/9ction may seem 9 ! ab/ract1 x is cle> t its effect is to place all ! p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! executive3 mod]n legislation is almo/ always conc]n$ ) p>ticul> classes & int]e/s4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 a long /ep f ! view ( ,r\sseau to ! mod]n !ory ( democratic gov]nm5t1 9 :i* ! p has little p[] beyond t ( remov+ its rul]s if !y displease x4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z we conf9e our view to ! city-/ate ( :i* ,r\sseau is ?9k+1 8 di/9ction is capable ( pres]v+ = ! p a great] actual ex]cise ( w4 ,a city c (t5 g5]alise :]e a nation mu/ p>ticul>ise4 ,x is 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,social ,contract1 :]e ,r\sseau is discuss+ ! problem ( gov]nm5t1 t x is mo/ ess5tial to rememb] t 8 discussion has 9 view ma9ly ! city-/ate & n ! nation4 ,broadly put1 8 pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t is t democracy is possible only 9 small ,/ates1 ari/ocracy 9 ^? ( m$ium ext5t1 & mon>*y 9 great ,/ates 7,book ,,iii1 *ap4 iii74 ,9 consid]+ ?is view1 we h to take into acc\nt two ?+s4 ,fir/1 he rejects repres5tative gov]nm5t2 w be+1 9 8 !ory1 inali5able1 repres5tative ,sov]eignty is impossible4 ,b1 z he reg>ds all g5]al acts z functions ( ,sov]eignty1 ?is means t no g5]al act c be )9 ! compet5ce ( a repres5tative assembly4 ,9 judg+ ?is !ory1 we mu/ take into acc\nt all ! circum/ances ( ,r\sseau's "t4 ,france1 ,g5eva & ,engl& 7 ! ?ree ,/ates he took mo/ into acc\nt4 ,9 ,france1 repres5tative gov]nm5t 0 practically non-exi/5t2 9 ,g5eva1 x 0 only p>tially necess>y2 9 ,engl&1 x 0 a mock]y1 us$ to support a corrupt olig>*y aga9/ a debas$ mon>*y4 ,r\sseau may well be p>don$ = n tak+ ! ord9>y mod]n view ( x4 ,nor inde$ is x1 ev5 9 ! mod]n _w1 s satisfactory an in/rum5t ( ! popul> w t we c af=d :olly to disc>d 8 criticism4 ,x is "o ( ! problems ( ! day to f9d "s means ( secur+ effective popul> control ov] a weak5$ ,p>liam5t & a despotic ,cab9et4 ,! second factor is ! imm5se developm5t ( local gov]nm5t4 ,x seem$ to ,r\sseau t1 9 ! nation-/ate1 all au?ority mu/ necess>ily pass1 z x _h 9 ,france1 to ! c5tral p[]4 ,devolution 0 h>dly dream$ (2 & ,r\sseau saw ! only means ( secur+ effective popul> gov]nm5t 9 a f$]al sy/em1 />t+ f ! small unit z ,sov]eign4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has prov$ ! falsehood ( mu* ( 8 !ory ( gov]nm5t2 b !re are /ill _m wise comm5ts & fruitful sugge/ions to be f\nd 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,social ,contract & 9 ! treatise on ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,pol&1 z well z 9 8 adaptation & criticism ( ! ,polysynodie ( ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 a s*eme ( local gov]nm5t = ,france1 born out ( its due "t4 ,! po9t 9 ,r\sseau's !ory ( ,sov]eignty t (f]s mo/ difficulty is 8 view 7,book ,,ii1 *ap1 vii7 t1 = e ,/ate1 a ,legislator is necess>y4 ,we %all und]/& ! section only by realis+ t ! legislator is1 9 fact1 9 ,r\sseau's sy/em1 ! _s ( in/itutions p]sonifi$2 8 place1 9 a develop$ society1 is tak5 by ! :ole complex ( social cu/om1 organisation & tradition t has gr[n up ) ! ,/ate4 ,?is is made cle>] by ! fact t ! legislator is n to ex]cise legislative p[]2 he is m]ely to submit 8 sugge/ions = popul> approval4 ,?us ,r\sseau recognises t1 9 ! case ( in/itutions & traditions z else:]e1 w1 & n =ce1 is ! basis ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is may be se5 9 8 treatm5t ( law z a :ole 7,book ,,ii1 *ap1 vi71 :i* des]ves v c>eful att5tion4 ,he def9es laws z acts ( ! g5]al w1 &1 agree+ ) ,montesquieu 9 mak+ law ! condition ( civil association1 goes beyond him only 9 trac+ x m def9itely to its orig9 9 an act ( w4 ,! ,social ,contract r5d]s law necess>y1 & at ! same "t makes x q cle> t laws c proce$ only f ! body ( citiz5s :o h con/itut$ ! ,/ate4 ,d\btless1 says ,r\sseau1 !re is a univ]sal ju/ice emanat+ f reason alone2 b ?is ju/ice1 to be admitt$ among u1 mu/ be mutual4 ,humbly speak+1 9 default ( natural sanctions1 ! laws ( ju/ice are ineffective among m54 ,( ! law :i* set up among m5 ?is reign ( mutual ju/ice ! ,g5]al ,w is ! s\rce4 ,we ?us come at la/ to ! ,g5]al ,w1 ! mo/ disput$1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ fundam5tal1 ( all ,r\sseau's political concepts4 ,no critic ( ! ,social ,contract has f\nd x easy to say ei!r :at precisely its au?or meant by x1 or :at is its f9al value = political philosophy4 ,! difficulty is increas$ because ,r\sseau himself sometimes halts 9 ! s5se :i* he assigns to x1 & ev5 seems to sugge/ by x two diff]5t ideas4 ,( its broad mean+1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! effect ( ! ,social ,contract is ! creation ( a new individual4 ,:5 x has tak5 place1 at once1 9 place ( ! individual p]sonality ( ea* contract+ p>ty1 ! act ( association creates a moral & collective body1 compos$ ( z _m memb]s z ! assembly conta9s vot]s1 & receiv+ f ! act its unity1 its common id5tity 7moi commun71 its life & its w 7,book ,i1 *ap4 vi74 ,! same doctr9e _h be5 /at$ e>li]1 9 ! ,political ,economy1 )\t ! hi/orical sett+4 ,! body politic is also a moral be+1 possess$ ( a w1 & ?is g5]al w1 :i* t5ds always to ! pres]vation & welf>e ( ! :ole & ( e "p1 & is ! s\rce ( ! laws1 con/itutes = all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 9 _! relations to "o ano!r & to x1 ! rule ( :at is j or unju/4 ,x w be se5 at once t ! second /atem5t1 :i* c\ld easily be =tifi$ by o!rs f ! ,social ,contract1 says m ?an ! fir/4 ,x is n app>5t t ! common w1 creat$ by ! in/itution ( society1 ne$ t5d always to ! welf>e ( ! :ole4 ,is n ! common w at lea/ z fallible z ! w ( a s+le individual8 ,may x n equally be l$ away f its true int]e/s to ! pursuit ( pleasure or ( some?+ :i* is really h>mful to x8 ,&1 if ! :ole society may vote :at conduces to ! mom5t>y pleasure ( all ! memb]s & at ! same "t to ! la/+ damage ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 is x n /ill m likely t "s ( ! memb]s w try to secure _! private int]e/s 9 opposition to ^? ( ! :ole & ( o!rs8 ,all ^! que/ions1 & o!rs l !m1 h be5 ask$ by critics ( ! conception ( ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,two ma9 po9ts are involv$1 to "o ( :i* ,r\sseau gives a cle> & def9ite answ]4 ,!re is (t51 he says1 a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! w ( all & ! g5]al w2 ! latt] takes acc\nt only ( ! common int]e/1 :ile ! =m] takes private int]e/ into acc\nt1 & is no m ?an a sum ( p>ticul> wills4 ,! agreem5t ( all int]e/s is =m$ by opposition to t ( ea* 7,book ,,ii1 *ap4 iii74 ,x is inde$ possible = a citiz51 :5 an issue is pres5t$ to him1 to vote n = ! good ( ! ,/ate1 b = 8 own good2 b1 9 su* a case1 8 vote1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,g5]al ,w1 is m]ely negligible4 ,b does x foll[ t ! g5]al w is ext]m9at$ or corrupt$8 ,n at all3 x is always con/ant1 unalt]able1 & pure2 b x is subord9at$ to o!r wills :i* encroa* ^u its sph]e4444 ,! fault ea* man commits 9 deta*+ 8 int]e/ f ! common int]e/ is t ( *ang+ ! /ate ( ! "q1 & answ]+ some?+ diff]5t f :at he is ask$4 ,in/ead ( say+ by 8 vote ',x is to ! advantage ( ! ,/ate1' he says1 ',x is to ! advantage ( ?is or t man or p>ty t ?is or t view %\ld prevail4' ,?us ! law ( public ord] 9 assemblies is n s mu* to ma9ta9 9 !m ! g5]al w z to secure t ! "q be always put to x1 & ! answ] always giv5 by x 7,book ,,iv1 *ap4 i74 ,^! passages1 ) _m o!rs t may be f\nd 9 ! text1 make x q cle> t by ! ,g5]al ,w ,r\sseau means some?+ q di/9ct f ! ,w ( ,all1 ) :i* x %\ld nev] h be5 confus$4 ,! only excuse = su* confusion lies 9 8 view t :51 9 a city-/ate1 all p>ticul> associations are avoid$1 votes guid$ by individual self-int]e/ w always cancel "o ano!r1 s t majority vot+ w always result 9 ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,?is is cle>ly n ! case1 & 9 ?is respect we may *>ge him ) pu%+ ! democratic argum5t too f>4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 c be bett] dealt ) at a lat] /age4 ,r\sseau makes no pret5ce t ! m]e voice ( a majority is infallible2 he only says1 at ! mo/1 t1 giv5 8 ideal conditions1 x w\ld be s4 ,! second ma9 po9t rais$ by critics ( ! ,g5]al ,w is :e!r 9 def9+ x z a w direct$ solely to ! common int]e/1 ,r\sseau means to exclude acts ( public immorality & %ort-sight$ness4 ,he answ]s ! que/ions 9 diff]5t ways4 ,fir/1 an act ( public immorality w\ld be m]ely an unanim\s in/ance ( selfi%ness1 diff]5t 9 no p>ticul>1 f simil> acts less unanim\s1 & !re=e =m+ no "p ( a ,g5]al ,w4 ,secondly1 a m]e ignorance ( our own & ! ,/ate's good1 entirely unprompt$ by selfi% desires1 does n make our w anti-social or individual4 ,! g5]al w is always "r & t5ds to ! public advantage2 b x does n foll[ t ! delib]ations ( ! p are always equally correct4 ,our w is always = our own good1 b we d n always see :at t is3 ! p is nev] corrupt$1 b x is (t5 deceiv$1 & on su* occasions only does x seem to w :at is bad 7,book ,,ii1 *ap4 iii74 ,x is impossible to acquit ,r\sseau 9 "s ( ! passages 9 :i* he treats ( ! ,g5]al ,w1 ( some?+ worse ?an obscurity--positive contradiction4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t he nev] q succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 view cle> 9 8 own m9d2 !re is ne>ly always1 9 8 treatm5t ( x1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( muddle & fluctuation4 ,^! difficulties ! /ud5t mu/ be left to worry out = himself2 x is only possible to pres5t1 9 outl9e1 :at ,r\sseau meant to convey4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,g5]al ,w 9 ! ,political ,economy is brief & lucid1 & furni%es ! be/ guide to 8 mean+4 ,! def9ition ( x 9 ?is "w1 :i* has already be5 quot$1 is foll[$ by a %ort acc\nt ( ! nature ( g5]al wills z a :ole4 ,e political society is compos$ ( o!r small] societies ( v>i\s k9ds1 ea* ( :i* has its int]e/ & rules ( conduct2 b ^? societies :i* ev]ybody p]ceives1 because !y h an ext]nal or au?oris$ =m1 are n ! only ones t actually exi/ 9 ! ,/ate3 all individuals :o are unit$ by a common int]e/ compose z _m o!rs1 ei!r tempor>y or p]man5t1 ^: influ5ce is none ! less real because x is less app>5t4444 ,! influ5ce ( all ^! tacit or =mal associations causes by ! influ5ce ( _! w z _m modifications ( ! public w4 ,! w ( ^! p>ticul> societies has always two relations2 = ! memb]s ( ! association1 x is a g5]al w2 = ! great society1 x is a p>ticul> w2 & x is (t5 "r ) reg>d to ! fir/ object & wrong z to ! second4 ,! mo/ g5]al w is always ! mo/ j1 & ! voice ( ! p is1 9 fact1 ! voice ( ,god4 ,! ,g5]al ,w1 ,r\sseau cont9ues 9 sub/ance1 is always = ! common good2 b x is sometimes divid$ into small] g5]al wills1 :i* are wrong 9 relation to x4 ,! supremacy ( ! great ,g5]al ,w is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( public economy & ! fundam5tal rule ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is passage1 :i* diff]s only 9 cle>ness & simplicity f o!rs 9 ! ,social ,contract itself1 x is easy to see h[ f> ,r\sseau _h 9 8 m9d a p]fectly def9ite idea4 ,e association ( sev]al p]sons creates a new common w2 e association ( a p]man5t "* has already a p]sonality ( its own1 & 9 consequ5ce a g5]al w2 ! ,/ate1 ! highe/ kn[n =m ( association1 is a fully develop$ moral & collective be+ ) a common w :i* is1 9 ! highe/ s5se yet kn[n to u1 g5]al4 ,all su* wills are g5]al only = ! memb]s ( ! associations ,:i* ex]cise !m2 = outsid]s1 or r = o!r associations1 !y are purely p>ticul> wills4 ,?is applies ev5 to ! ,/ate2 =1 9 relation to :at is outside x1 ! ,/ate becomes a simple be+1 an individual 7,social ,contract1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 vii74 ,9 c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,social ,contract1 9 8 criticism ( ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re's ,project ( ,p]petual ,peace1 & 9 ! second *apt] ( ! orig9al draft ( ! ,social ,contract1 ,r\sseau takes into acc\nt ! possibility ( a /ill high] individual1 ! f$]ation ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,political ,economy1 ?9k+ ( ! nation-/ate1 he affirms :at 9 ! ,social ,contract 7,book ,,ii1 *ap1 iii7 he d5ies ( ! city1 & recognises t ! life ( a nation is made up ( ! :ole complex ( its in/itutions1 & t ! exi/5ce ( less] g5]al wills is n necess>ily a m5ace to ! ,g5]al ,w ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! ,social ,contract1 he only treats ( ^! less] wills 9 relation to ! gov]nm5t1 :i*1 he %[s1 has a w ( its own1 g5]al = its memb]s1 b p>ticul> = ! ,/ate z a :ole 7,book ,,iii1 *ap4 ii74 ,?is gov]nm5tal w he !re pref]s to call corporate w1 & by ?is "n x w be conv5i5t to di/+ui% ! less] g5]al wills f ! ,g5]al ,w ( ! ,/ate t is ov] !m all4 ,s f>1 !re is no great difficulty2 b 9 discuss+ ! infallibility ( ! ,g5]al ,w we are on m dang]\s gr\nd4 ,r\sseau's treatm5t "h cle>ly oscillates betwe5 reg>d+ x z a purely ideal conception1 to :i* human in/itutions c only approximate1 & hold+ x to be realis$ actually 9 e republican ,/ate1 i4e4 :]ev] ! p is ! ,sov]eign 9 fact z well z 9 "r4 ,book ,,iv1 *ap1 ii is ! mo/ />tl+ passage express+ ! latt] view4 ,:5 9 ! popul> assembly a law is propos$1 :at ! p is ask$ is n exactly :e!r x accepts or rejects ! proposal1 b :e!r x is 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al w1 :i* is its w4444 ,:51 !re=e1 ! op9ion t is contr>y to my own prevails1 ?is proves nei!r m nor less ?an t ,i 0 mi/ak51 & t :at ,i ?\ght to be ! g5]al w 0 n s4 ,on 8 own pr9ciples laid d[n else:]e1 ,r\sseau w\ld h to admit t x proves no?+ ( ! sort1 except 9 s f> z ! o!r vot]s h be5 guid$ by ! g5]al int]e/4 ,?\gh he sometimes affirms ! opposite1 !re is no security on 8 pr9ciples t ! w ( ! majority w be ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,at ! mo/ x c only be said t !re is a great] *ance ( its be+ g5]al ?an ( ! w ( any select$ class ( p]sons n be+ l$ away by corporate int]e/s4 ,! ju/ification ( democracy is n t x is always "r1 ev5 9 int5tion1 b t x is m g5]al ?an any o!r k9d ( supreme p[]4 ,fundam5tally1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,g5]al ,w is indep5d5t ( ^! contradictions4 ,ap>t f ,kant's n>r[ & rigid logic1 x is ess5tially "o ) 8 doctr9e ( ! autonomy ( ! w4 ,kant takes ,r\sseau's political !ory1 & applies x to e?ics z a :ole4 ,! g]m ( mis application is already f\nd 9 ,r\sseau's own "w2 = he prote/s m ?an once aga9/ attempts to treat moral & political philosophy ap>t1 z di/9ct /udies1 & ass]ts _! absolute unity4 ,?is is br\ght out cle>ly 9 ! ,social ,contract 7,book ,i1 *ap1 viii71 :]e he is speak+ ( ! *ange br\ght ab\t by ! e/abli%m5t ( society4 ,! passage f ! /ate ( nature to ! civil /ate produces a v rem>kable *ange 9 man1 by sub/itut+ ju/ice = in/9ct 9 8 conduct1 & giv+ 8 actions ! morality !y _h hi!rto lack$4444 ,:at man loses by ! social contract is 8 natural lib]ty & an unlimit$ "r to ev]y?+ he tries to get & succe$s 9 gett+2 :at he ga9s is civil lib]ty 444 :i* is limit$ by ! g5]al w4444 ,we might1 ov] & above all ?is1 add to :at man acquires 9 ! civil /ate moral lib]ty1 :i* alone makes him truly ma/] ( himself2 = ! m]e impulse ( appetite is slav]y1 :ile ob$i5ce to a law :i* we prescribe to ourselves is lib]ty4 ,?is "o *apt] conta9s ! gi/ ( ! ,kantian moral philosophy1 & makes x q cle> t ,r\sseau p]ceiv$ its application to e?ics z well z to politics4 ,! morality ( our acts consi/s 9 _! be+ direct$ 9 accordance ) univ]sal law2 acts 9 :i* we are guid$ m]ely by our passions are n moral4 ,fur!r1 man c only possess fre$om :5 8 :ole be+ is unifi$ 9 ! pursuit ( a s+le end2 &1 z 8 :ole be+ c be unifi$ only 9 pursuit ( a rational end1 :i* alone excludes contradiction1 only moral acts1 only m5 direct+ _! lives by univ]sal law1 are free4 ,9 ,kantian language1 ! w is autonom\s 7i4e4 prescribes to itself its own law7 only :5 x is direct$ to a univ]sal end2 :5 x is guid$ by selfi% passions1 or p>ticul> consid]ations1 x is het]onom\s 7i4e4 receives its law f some?+ ext]nal to itself71 & 9 bondage4 ,r\sseau1 z he says 7,book ,i1 *ap1 viii71 0 n directly conc]n$ ) ! e?ical s5se ( ! ^w lib]ty1 & ,kant 01 !re=e1 left to develop ! doctr9e into a sy/em2 b ! phrases ( ?is *apt] prove false ! view t ! doctr9e ( a ,real ,w arises fir/ 9 connection ) politics1 & is only transf]r$ !nce to moral philosophy4 ,r\sseau bases 8 political doctr9e ?r\gh\t on 8 view ( human fre$om2 x is because man is a free ag5t capable ( be+ det]m9$ by a univ]sal law prescrib$ by himself t ! ,/ate is 9 l mann] capable ( realis+ ! ,g5]al ,w1 t is1 ( prescrib+ to itself & its memb]s a simil> univ]sal law4 ,! ,g5]al ,w1 !n1 is ! application ( human fre$om to political in/itutions4 ,be=e ! value ( ?is conception c be det]m9$1 !re is a criticism to be met4 ,! fre$om :i* is realis$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,w1 we are told1 is ! fre$om ( ! ,/ate z a :ole2 b ! ,/ate exi/s to secure individual fre$om = its memb]s4 ,a free ,/ate may be tyrannical2 a despot may all[ 8 subjects e fre$om4 ,:at gu>antee is !re t ! ,/ate1 9 free+ itself1 w n enslave its memb]s8 ,?is criticism has be5 made ) su* regul>ity t x has to be answ]$ 9 "s detail4 ,! problem is to f9d a =m ( association :i* w def5d & protect ) ! :ole common =ce ! p]son & goods ( ea* associate1 & 9 :i* ea*1 :ile unit+ himself ) all1 may /ill obey himself alone1 & rema9 z free z be=e4 ,! clauses ( ! contract 444 are ev]y:]e ! same & ev]y:]e tacitly admitt$ & recognis$4444 ,^! clauses1 prop]ly und]/ood1 may be r$uc$ to "o--! total ali5ation ( ea* associate1 toge!r ) all 8 rights1 to ! :ole community4442 =1 if ! individuals reta9$ c]ta9 rights1 z !re w\ld be no common sup]ior to decide betwe5 !m & ! public1 ea*1 be+ on "o po9t 8 own judge1 w\ld ask to be s on all1 & ! /ate ( nature w\ld cont9ue 7,book ,i1 *ap4 vi74 ,r\sseau sees cle>ly t x is impossible to place any limits ^u ! p[] ( ! ,/ate2 :5 ! p comb9e into a ,/ate1 !y mu/ 9 ! end submit to be guid$ 9 all ?+s by ! w ( ! effective majority4 ,limit$ ,sov]eignty is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 ! ,sov]eign has a "r to all t reason all[s x1 & z soon z reason dem&s t ! ,/ate %all int]f]e1 no appeal to individual rights c be made4 ,:at is be/ = ! ,/ate mu/ be suff]$ by ! individual4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v f> f mean+ t ! rul+ p[] ought1 or has ! moral "r1 to int]f]e 9 e p>ticul> case4 ,r\sseau has be5 subject$ to mu* fooli% criticism because1 aft] uphold+ ! ,/ate's absolute supremacy1 he goes on 7,book ,,ii1 *ap1 iv7 to speak ( ! limits ( ! sov]eign p[]4 ,!re is no contradiction :atsoev]4 ,:]ev] ,/ate int]v5tion is = ! be/1 ! ,/ate has a "r to int]v5e2 b x has no moral "r1 ?\gh x mu/ h a legal "r1 to int]v5e :]e x is n = ! be/4 ,! ,g5]al ,w1 be+ always 9 ! "r1 w int]v5e only :5 int]v5tion is prop]4 ,! ,sov]eign1 !re=e1 _c impose ^u its subjects any fett]s t are useless to ! community1 nor c x ev5 wi% to d s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! infallibility ( ! ,g5]al ,w is n en\gh to make ! ,/ate infallible1 !re /ill rema9s an objection4 ,s9ce ! ,g5]al ,w _c always be arriv$ at1 :o is to judge :e!r an act ( int]v5tion is ju/ifi$8 ,r\sseau's answ] fails to satisfy _m ( 8 critics4 ,ea* man ali5ates1 ,i admit1 by ! social compact1 only su* "p ( 8 p[]s1 goods & lib]ty z x is important = ! community to control2 b x mu/ also be grant$ t ! ,sov]eign is sole judge ( :at is important4 ,?is1 we are told1 is m]e ,/ate tyranny ov] aga94 ,b h[ is x possible to avoid su* a conclusion8 ,r\sseau has already giv5 8 reasons = object+ to a limit$ ,sov]eignty 7,book ,i1 *ap1 vi73 x foll[s absolutely t we mu/ take ! be/ ma*9]y we c f9d = ! execution ( ! ,/ate's functions4 ,no d\bt ! ma*9]y w be imp]fect2 b we c only try to get z ne> ! ,g5]al ,w z possible1 )\t hop+ to realise x fully4 ,! answ]1 !re=e1 to ! critics :o hold t1 9 secur+ civil lib]ty ,r\sseau has sacrific$ ! individual may be put aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,lib]ty is n a m]ely negative conception2 x does n consi/ solely 9 ! abs5ce ( re/ra9t4 ,! pure/ individuali/1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] = example1 w\ld grant t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,/ate int]f]5ce is necess>y to secure lib]ty2 b z soon z ?is idea ( secur+ lib]ty is admitt$ 9 ! smalle/ degree1 ! :ole idea has und]gone pr(\nd modification4 ,x c no long] be claim$ t e int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,/ate less5s ! lib]ty ( ! individual2 ! lib]ty-fund !ory is z unt5able z t ( ! wages-fund3 ! memb]s ( a ,/ate may be m free :5 all are re/ra9$ f do+ "o ano!r mutual damage ?an :5 any "o is left free to enslave ano!r or be himself enslav$4 ,?is pr9ciple once admitt$1 ! precise am\nt ( ,/ate int]f]5ce t is necess>y to secure fre$om w be always a matt] = p>ticul> discussion2 e case mu/ be decid$ on its own m]its1 &1 9 "r1 ! ,sov]eign w be omnipot5t1 or subject only to ! law ( reason4 ,x has (t5 be5 held t ,r\sseau _c really h inspir$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution because ?is view is totally inconsi/5t ) ! rights ( man1 :i* ! revolution>ies s f]v5tly proclaim$4 ,if e "r is ali5at$ 9 ! ,social ,contract1 :at s5se c !re be 9 talk+ ( natural rights aft]w>ds8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to misrepres5t ,r\sseau's position4 ,! rights ( man z !y are prea*$ by ! mod]n individuali/1 are n ! rights ( :i* ,r\sseau & ! revolution>ies 7 ?9k+4 ,we h se5 t ! !ory ( ! ,social ,contract is f\nd$ on human fre$om3 ?is fre$om c>ries ) x1 9 ,r\sseau's view1 ! gu>antee ( its own p]man5ce2 x is inali5able & inde/ructible4 ,:51 !re=e1 gov]nm5t becomes despotic1 x has no m "r ov] its subjects ?an ! ma/] has ov] 8 slave 7,book ,i1 *ap1 iv72 ! "q is !n purely "o ( might4 ,9 su* cases1 appeal may be made ei!r to ! t]ms ( ! ,social ,contract1 or1 putt+ ! same idea ano!r way1 to ! natural "r ( human fre$om4 ,?is natural "r is 9 no s5se inconsi/5t ) ! complete ali5ation suppos$ 9 ! ,contract2 = ! ,contract itself reposes on x & gu>antees its ma9t5ance4 ,! ,sov]eign mu/1 !re=e1 treat all its memb]s alike2 b1 s long z x does ?is1 x rema9s omnipot5t4 ,if x leaves ! g5]al = ! p>ticul>1 & treats "o man bett] ?an ano!r1 x ceases to be ,sov]eign2 b equality is already presuppos$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,contract4 ,x is m pr(itable to attack ,r\sseau = 8 facile id5tification ( ! int]e/s ( ea* ( ! citiz5s ) ^? ( all2 b "h1 too1 mo/ ( ! critics h abus$ _! opportunity4 ,he does n ma9ta9 t !re c be no opposition betwe5 a man's p>ticul> int]e/s & ! ,g5]al ,w z pres5t 9 him2 on ! contr>y1 he explicitly & consi/5tly affirms ! pres5ce ( su* opposition 7,book ,i1 *ap4 vii74 ,:at he ass]ts is1 fir/1 t ! ,sov]eign1 z su*1 _c h any int]e/ contr>y to ! int]e/ ( ! citiz5s z a :ole--t is obvi\s2 &1 secondly1 t x _c h an int]e/ contr>y to t ( any individual4 ,! second po9t ,r\sseau proves by %[+ t ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,sov]eign is ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( society1 :i* 9 turn is necess>y = ! individual4 ,8 argum5t1 h[ev]1 really re/s on ! fundam5tal "* ( ! ,g5]al ,w4 ,he w\ld admit t1 9 any actual ,/ate1 ! app>5t int]e/ ( ! _m might (t5 conflict ) t ( ! few2 b he w\ld cont5d t ! real int]e/ ( ,/ate & individual alike1 be+ subject to univ]sal law c\ld n be su* z to conflict ) any o!r real int]e/4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate1 9 s f> z x is direct$ by ! ,g5]al ,w1 mu/ be ! int]e/ ( e individual1 9 s f> z he is guid$ by 8 real w1 t is1 9 s f> z he is act+ univ]sally1 rationally & autonom\sly4 ,?us ! ju/ification ( ,r\sseau's !ory ( lib]ty returns to ! po9t f :i* x set out--! omnipot5ce ( ! real w 9 ,/ate & individual4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t he speaks ( man 9 ! ,/ate z =c$ to be free by ! ,g5]al ,w1 mu* z ,kant might speak ( a man's l[] nature z =c$ to be free by ! univ]sal m&ate ( 8 high]1 m real & m rational w4 ,x is 9 ?is recognition ( ! ,/ate z a moral be+1 ) p[]s ( det]m9ation simil> to ! p[]s ( ! individual m9d1 t ! significance ( ! ,g5]al ,w ultimately lies4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 among ^? :o h recognis$ its mean+1 !re are "s :o d5y its value z a conception ( political philosophy4 ,if1 !y say1 ! ,g5]al ,w is n ! ,w ( ,all1 if x _c be arriv$ at by a majority vote or by any sy/em ( vot+ :atsoev]1 !n x is no?+2 x is a m]e ab/raction1 nei!r g5]al1 nor a ,i w4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 precisely ! criticism to :i* ,kant's real w is (t5 subject$4 ,cle>ly1 x mu/ be grant$ at once t ! ,g5]al ,w does n =m ! :ole actual cont5t ( ! w ( e citiz54 ,reg>d$ z actual1 x mu/ always be qualifi$ by 9 s f> z or its equival5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s f> f de/roy+ ! value ( ! conception t !re9 lies its :ole value4 ,9 seek+ ! univ]sal basis ( society1 we are n seek+ any?+ t is :olly actualis$ 9 any ,/ate1 ?\gh we mu/ be seek+ some?+ :i* exi/s1 m or less p]fectly1 9 e ,/ate4 ,! po9t ( ! ,social ,contract !ory1 z ,r\sseau /ates x1 is t legitimate society exi/s by ! cons5t ( ! p1 & acts by popul> w4 ,active w1 & n =ce or ev5 m]e cons5t1 is ! basis ( ! republican ,/ate1 :i* c only possess ?is "* because individual wills are n really self-suffici5t & sep>ate1 b complem5t>y & int]-dep5d5t4 ,! answ] to ! "q ,:y ought ,i to obey ! ,g5]al ,w8 is t ! ,g5]al ,w exi/s 9 me & n outside me4 ,i am obey+ only myself1 z ,r\sseau says4 ,! ,/ate is n a m]e accid5t ( human hi/ory1 a m]e device = ! protection ( life & prop]ty2 x responds to a fundam5tal ne$ ( human nature1 & is root$ 9 ! "* ( ! individuals :o compose x4 ,! :ole complex ( human in/itutions is n a m]e artificial /ructure2 x is ! expression ( ! mutual dep5d5ce & fell[%ip ( m54 ,if x means any?+1 ! !ory ( ! ,g5]al ,w means t ! ,/ate is natural1 & ! /ate ( nature an ab/raction4 ,)\t ?is basis ( w & natural ne$1 no society c\ld = a mom5t subsi/2 ! ,/ate exi/s & claims our ob$i5ce because x is a natural ext5sion ( our p]sonality4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s ( mak+ ! ,g5]al ,w1 9 any p>ticul> ,/ate1 active & consci\s4 ,x is cle> t !re are ,/ates 9 :i* visible & recognis$ in/itutions h>dly answ] 9 any respect to its requirem5ts4 ,ev5 9 su* ,/ates1 h[ev]1 !re is a limit to tyranny2 deep d[n1 9 immemorial cu/oms ) :i* ! despot d>e n int]f]e1 ! ,g5]al ,w is /ill active & important4 ,x does n reside m]ely 9 ! outw>d & visible organisation ( social in/itutions1 9 t complex ( =mal associations :i* we may call ! ,/ate2 its roots g deep] & its bran*es spread fur!r4 ,x is realis$1 9 great] or less degree1 9 ! :ole life ( ! community1 9 ! entire complex ( private & public relations :i*1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 may be call$ ,society4 ,we may recognise x n only 9 a ,p>liam5t1 a ,*ur*1 a ,univ]sity or a ,trade ,union1 b also 9 ! mo/ intimate human relation%ips1 & ! mo/ trivial1 z well z ! mo/ vital1 social cu/oms4 ,b1 if all ^! ?+s g to ! mak+ ( ! ,g5]al ,w 9 e community1 ! ,g5]al ,w has1 = politics1 prim>ily a n>r[] s5se4 ,! problem "h is to secure its supremacy 9 ! (ficial in/itutions & public c\ncils ( ! nation4 ,?is is ! "q to :i* ,r\sseau *iefly address$ himself4 ,"h1 too1 we %all f9d ! ,g5]al ,w ! be/ possible conception = ! guidance ( political endeav\r ,= ! ,g5]al ,w is realis$ n :5 t is done :i* is be/ = ! community1 b :51 9 addition1 ! community z a :ole has will$ ! do+ ( x4 ,! ,g5]al ,w dem&s n only good gov]nm5t1 b also self-gov]nm5t--n only rational conduct1 b good-w4 ,?is is :at "s ( ,r\sseau's admir]s are apt to =get :5 !y use 8 argum5t1 z he himself 0 sometimes incl9$ to use x1 9 support ( pure ari/ocracy4 ,r\sseau said t ari/ocracy 0 ! be/ ( all gov]nm5ts1 b he said also t x 0 ! wor/ ( all usurp]s ( ,sov]eignty4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t he expressly specifi$ elective ari/ocracy4 ,!re is no ,g5]al ,w unless ! p wills ! good4 ,g5]al ,w may be embodi$ 9 "o man will+ univ]sally2 b x c only be embodi$ 9 ! ,/ate :5 ! mass ( ! citiz5s s wills4 ,! w mu/ be g5]al 9 two s5ses3 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,r\sseau us$ ! ^w1 x mu/ be g5]al 9 its object1 i4e4 univ]sal2 b x mu/ also be g5]ally held1 i4e4 common to all or to ! majority4#a ,! ,g5]al ,w is1 !n1 above all a univ]sal &1 9 ! ,kantian s5se1 a rational w4 ,x w\ld be possible to f9d 9 ,r\sseau _m m anticipations ( ! views ( ,kant2 b x is bett] "h to conf9e comm5t to an important diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d 9 ,kant1 ! orig9ator ( mod]n intellectualism1 & 9 ,r\sseau1 ! great apo/le ( s5tim5t1 an ess5tially simil> view on ! nature & function ( ! w4 ,_! views1 h[ev]1 pres5t a diff]5ce2 =1 :]eas ! mov+ =ce ( ,kant's moral imp]ative is purely rational1 ,r\sseau f9ds ! sanction ( 8 ,g5]al ,w 9 human feel+ itself4 ,z we c see f a passage 9 ! orig9al draft ( ! ,social ,contract1 ! ,g5]al ,w rema9s purely rational4 ,no-"o w dispute t ! ,g5]al ,w is 9 ea* individual a pure act ( ! und]/&+1 :i* reasons :ile ! passions are sil5t on :at a man may dem& ( 8 neighb\r & on :at 8 neighb\r has a "r to dem& ( him4 ,! w rema9s purely rational1 b ,r\sseau feels t x ne$s an ext]nal motive p[]4 ,if natural law1 he writes1 7 writt5 only on ! tablets ( human reason x w\ld be incapable ( guid+ ! great] "p ( our actions2 b x is also grav5 on ! he>t ( man 9 *>act]s t _c be effac$1 & x is !re x speaks to him m /rongly ?an all ! precepts ( ! philosoph]s 7f an unf9i%$ essay on ,! ,/ate ( ,w>74 ,! nature ( ?is guid+ s5tim5t is expla9$ 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality 7p4 #aig1 note #b71 :]e egoism 7am\r-propre7 is contra/$ ) self-respect 7am\r de soi74 ,naturally1 ,r\sseau holds1 man does n want ev]y?+ = himself1 & no?+ = o!rs4 ,egoism & altruism are bo? "o-sid$ qualities aris+ out ( ! p]v]sion ( man's1 natural goodness4 ,man is born good1 t is1 man's nature really makes him desire only to be treat$ z "o among o!rs1 to %>e equally4 ,?is natural love ( equality 7am\r de soi7 includes love ( o!rs z well z love ( self1 & egoism1 lov+ "o's self at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 is an unnatural & p]v]t$ condition4 ,! rational precepts ( ! ,g5]al ,w1 !re=e1 f9d an e*o 9 ! he>t ( ! natural man1 &1 if we c only secure ! human be+ aga9/ p]v]sion by exi/+ societies1 ! ,g5]al ,w c be made actual4 ,?is is ! meet+-po9t ( ,r\sseau's educational ) 8 political !ory4 ,8 view z a :ole c be /udi$ only by tak+ toge!r ! ,social ,contract & ! ,emile z expla9$ by ! ,lett]s on ! ,m\nt & o!r works4 ,! fundam5tal dogma ( ! natural goodness ( man f9ds no place directly 9 ! ,social ,contract2 b x lurks beh9d ! :ole ( 8 political !ory1 & is inde$1 ?r\gh\t1 8 ma/]-conception4 ,8 educational1 8 religi\s1 8 political & 8 e?ical ideas are all inspir$ by a s+le consi/5t attitude4 ,"h we h be5 att5d+ only to 8 political !ory2 9 ! volume :i* is to foll[1 conta9+ ! ,lett]s on ! ,m\nt & o!r works1 "s attempt w be made to draw ! v>i\s ?reads toge!r & e/imate 8 "w z a :ole4 ,! political works1 h[ev]1 c be read sep>ately1 & ! ,social ,contract itself is /ill by f> ! be/ ( all text-books ( political philosophy4 ,r\sseau's political influ5ce1 s f> f be+ dead1 is e day increas+2 & z new g5]ations & new classes ( m5 come to ! /udy ( 8 "w1 8 conceptions1 (t5 hazy & undevelop$1 b ne>ly always ( la/+ value1 w assur$ly =m ! basis ( a new political philosophy1 9 :i* !y w be tak5 up & trans=m$4 ,?is new philosophy is ! "w ( ! future2 b1 root$ ^u ! conception ( ,r\sseau1 x w /ret* f> back into ! pa/4 ,( our "t1 x w be = all "t2 its solutions w be at once relatively p]man5t & ceaselessly progressive4 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,cole4 #a ,! t]m g5]al w means1 9 ,r\sseau1 n s mu* w held by sev]al p]sons1 z w hav+ a g5]al 7univ]sal7 object4 ,?is is (t5 misund]/ood2 b ! mi/ake matt]s ! less1 because ! ,g5]al ,w mu/1 9 fact1 be bo?4 ,a ,,note ,,on ,,books ,!re are few good books 9 ,engli% on ,r\sseau's politics4 ,by f> ! be/ treatm5t is to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,bosanquet's ,philosophical ,!ory ( ! ,/ate4 ,visc\nt ,morley's ,r\sseau is a good life1 b is n ( mu* use z a criticism ( views2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,boyd's ,! ,educational ,!ory ( ,r\sseau conta9s "s fairly good *apt]s on ! political views4 ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie's ,d>w9 & ,hegel includes an admirable essay on ,! ,social ,contract ,!ory & ano!r on ,sov]eignty4 ,! ,engli% translation ( ,pr(essor ,gran's ,r\sseau is an int]e/+ biography4 ,9 ,fr5*1 !re is a good *eap edition ( ,r\sseau's complete works publi%$ by ,ha*ette 9 ?irte5 volumes4 ,m4 ,dreyfus-,brisac's great edition ( ! ,contrat ,social is indisp5sable1 & !re is a good small edition ) notes by ,m4 ,georges ,beaulavon4 ,m4 ,faguet's /udy ( ,r\sseau 9 8 ,dix-huitime sicle--tudes littraires & 8 ,politique comp>e de ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire et ,r\sseau are useful1 ?\gh ,i am seldom 9 agreem5t ) !m4 ,m4 ,h5ri ,rodet's ,le ,contrat ,social et les ides politiques de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau is useful1 if n inspir$1 & !re are int]e/+ works by ,,mm4 ,*uquet1 ,fabre & ,lematre4 ,! ,fr5* translation ( ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s little volume on ,r\sseau3 sa vie et sa philosophie is admirable4 ,miss ,foxley's translation ( ! ,emile1 especially ( ,book ,v1 %\ld be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! ,social ,contract4 ,a companion volume1 conta9+ ! ,lett]s on ! ,m\nt & o!r works1 w be issu$ %ortly4 ,g4,d4,h4,c4 ,,bibliography ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,article 9 ! ,m]cure 9 answ] to "o entitl$ ,si le monde que n\s habitons e/ une sphre ou une sphrode1 #agch2 ,le ,v]g] de ,mme4 de ,w>5s1 #agci2 ,sur la musique mod]ne1 #agdc2 ,si le rtablissem5t des ,sci5ces et des ,arts a contribu pur] les ,murs1 prize essay1 #agej1 translat$ by ,r4 ,wynne1 #ageb1 by anonym\s au?or1 #agfj1 by ,h4 ,smi!rs1 #ahah2 ,dev9 du ,village 7op]a71 #agec1 translat$ by ,c4 ,burney1 #agff2 ,n>cisse1 ou ,amant de lui-mme1 #agec2 ,lettre sur la musique ,francaise1 #agec2 ,sur l'orig9e de l'9galit p>mi les hommes1 #agee2 ,disc\rs sur deux pr9cipes avancs p> ,rameau1 #agee2 ,sur l'conomie politique1 #ageh2 ,lett] to d',alemb]t on 8 article ,g5ve 9 ! ,encyclopdie1 #ageh1 translat$ #ageie ,lettres ,voltaire1 #agei2 ,julie1 ou la n\velle ,hlose1 fir/ publi%$ "u ! title ( ,lettres de deux amants1 habitants d'une petite ville au pi$ des ,alpes1 etc1 #agfa2 ,contrat ,social1 or ,pr9cipes du droit politique1 #agfb2 ,emile1 ou ,de l',education1 #agfb2 ,lettre ,*ri/ophe de ,beaumont1 ,ar*evque de ,p>is1 #agfc2 ,alle de ,silvie 7poem71 #agfc2 ,lettres crites de la ,montagne1 #agfd2 ,de l'imitation ?trale1 #agfd2 ,dictionnaire de musique1 #agfg1 translat$ by ,w4 ,w>+1 #aggi2 ,lettres sur son exil du ,canton de ,b]ne1 #aggj4 ,,po/hum\s ,,works3 ,emile et ,sophie1 #aghj2 ,les consolations des misres de ma vie1 #agha2 ,considrations sur le g\v]nem5t de ,pologne1 #aghb2 ,les ,confessions1 & ,rv]ies du ,prom5eur ,solitaire1 #d vols41 #aghb-i2 ,n\veau ,ddale1 #ahja2 ,la ,botanique de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 #ahje2 translat$1 ) additional lett]s1 by ,t4 ,m>tyn1 #aghe1 #g? edition1 #ahjg2 ,te/am5t de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 #ahbj4 ,,translations3 ,hlose 7,eloisa71 #agfa1 ) a sequel f\nd aft] ! au?or's dea?1 #aghd1 #agie1 #ahaj2 ,emile1 by ,nug5t1 #agfc2 anonym\s translator ! same ye>2 abridg$ & annotat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne1 #ahic2 ,emile et ,sophie1 by ,nug5t1 #agfe 7871 by ! translator ( ,eloisa1 #agfg2 ,contrat ,social1 #agfd1 #agia1 9 vol4 iii4 ( ,political ,classics1 #agie2 #ahdj 7871 by ,r4 ,m4 ,h>r+ton1 ) ,introduction by ,e4 ,l4 ,walt]1 #ahic2 by ,h4 ,j4 ,toz] #ahie1 #aijb1 #aije2 ,confessions1 #b vols41 #aghc2 #agif-ij1 #ahfa1 #ahia 7,ma/]pieces ( ,=eign ,au?ors71 abridg$ f #ahif edition1 ) preface by ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake1 #aheg2 complete translation 7privately pr9t$71 #b vols41 #ahif2 ) ,introduction by ,heske? ,milis 7,sisley ,books71 #aijg2 ! second "p1 ) a new collection ( lett]s1 #c vols41 #agia4 ,,works3 #agfd 7#f vols472 #agfi 7#aa vols472 #aggd 7,london1 #i vols472 #aghb1 etc4 7#ag vols472 #agij 7#cc vols472 #agij 7#cj vols41 or #ce72 #aghh-ic 7#ci vols472 #agic-ahjj 7,didot1 #ah vols471 & lat] editions f ?is same firm2 ,musset-,pa?ay1 #ahbc-f4 ,,miscellane\s ,,works3 #e vols41 #agfg4 ,,po/hum\s ,,works3 #aghb1 #aghc2 uvres 9dites 7,musset-,pa?ay71 #ahbe1 #ahcc2 ,fragm5ts 9dits1 etc41 by ,a4 de ,b\gy1 #ahec2 uvres et ,correspond5ce 9dites 7,/reckeis5-,m\lt\71 #ahfa2 ,fragm5ts 9dits2 ,re*]*es biographiques et littraires1 ,a4 ,jans51 #ahhb4 ,works translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 #aj vols41 #aggc-gd4 ,,lett]s3 ,sur diffr5ts ,sujets1 #e vols41 #agdj-ec2 ,lettres n\velles sur le motif de sa retraite la ,campagne1 adresses ,m4 de ,male%]bes1 #aghj2 ,n\velles lettres1 #aghi2 ,lettres au citoy5 ,l5ieps1 etc1 #agic 7872 ,correspondance orig9ate et incite avec ,mme4 ,lat\r de ,tranqueville et ,m4 du ,peyr\1 #b vols41 #ahjc2 ,lettres 9dites ,mme4 d',ep9ay 7see ,memoirs ( ,mme4 d',ep9ay71 #ahah2 ,lettres de ,voltaire et de ,r\sseau ,c4 ,j4 ,panck\cke1 #ahbh2 ,lettres 9dites ,m4 ,m4 ,rey1 #aheh2 ,lettres ,mme4 ,dup9 79 ,le ,portefeuille de ,mme4 ,dup971 #ahhd2 ,lettres 9dites 7correspond5ce ) ,mme4 ,roy de ,lat\r71 publi%$ by ,h4 de ,ro?s*ild1 ) preface by ,l4 ,cl>etie1 #ahib2 ,lettres 7betwe5 ,r\sseau & ,h5riette71 publi%$ by ,h4 ,buff5oir1 #aijb2 ,correspondance avec ,lon>d ,u/]i1 #aiaj4 ,,translations3 ,orig9al lett]s to ,m4 de ,male%]bes1 d',alemb]t1 ,mme4 la ,m4 de ,luxemb\rg1 etc41 #agii1 #ahbj2 ,eighte5 lett]s to ,mme4 d',h\detot1 ,octob] #ageg-,m>* #ageh1 #aije4 ,,life1 etc43 ,j4 ,h4 ,fuessli1 ,rem>ks on ! ,writ+s & ,conduct ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 #agfg2 ,/al-,hol/e9 7,b>oness de ,rocco71 ,lett]s on ! ,"w & ,"* ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 7translation71 #aghi1 #ahad2 ,j4 ,morley1 ,r\sseau1 #ahgc1 #ahhf2 ,h4 ,g4 ,graham1 ,r\sseau 7,=eign ,classics = ,engli% ,read]s71 #ahhb2 ,t4 ,davidson1 ,r\sseau & ,education accord+ to ,nature 7,great ,educators71 vol4 ix41 #ahih2 ,j4 ,texte1 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s 9 ,lit]ature1 etc4 7translation71 #ahii2 ,h4 ,h4 ,hudson1 ,r\sseau & ,naturalism 9 ,life & ,?\ght 7,_w's ,epo* ,mak]s71 #aijc2 ,f4 ,macdonald1 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 a new criticism1 #aijf2 ,j4 ,c4 ,coll9s1 ,voltaire1 ,montesquieu1 & ,r\sseau 9 ,engl&1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,! ,,social ,,contract ,,book ,i ,,=eword ,9 :i* x is inquir$ :y man passes f ! /ate ( nature to ! /ate ( society & :at are ! ess5tial conditions ( ! compact4 ,i ,! ,subject ( ! fir/ ,book ,,ii ,! fir/ ,societies ,,iii ,! ,"r ( ! ,/ronge/ ,,iv ,slav]y ,v ,t we mu/ always g back to a fir/ ,conv5tion ,,vi ,! ,social ,compact ,,vii ,! ,sov]eign ,,viii ,! ,civil ,/ate ,,ix ,real ,prop]ty ,,book ,,ii ,:i* treats ( legislation4 ,i ,t ,sov]eignty is inali5able ,,ii ,t ,sov]eignty is indivisible ,,iii ,:e!r ! g5]al ,w is fallible ,,iv ,! ,limits ( ! ,sov]eign ,p[] ,v ,! ,"r ( ,life & ,dea? ,,vi ,law ,,vii ,! ,legislator ,,viii ,! ,p ,,ix ,! ,p 7cont9u$7 ,x ,! ,p 7cont9u$7 ,,xi ,! v>i\s ,sy/ems ( ,legislation ,,xii ,! ,division ( ! ,laws ,,book ,,iii ,:i* treats ( political laws1 t is to say1 ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,i ,gov]nm5t 9 ,g5]al ,,ii ,! con/itu5t ,pr9ciple 9 ! v>i\s ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t ,,iii ,! ,division ( ,gov]nm5ts ,,iv ,democracy ,v ,ari/ocracy ,,vi ,mon>*y ,,vii ,mix$ ,gov]nm5ts ,,viii ,t all ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t d n suit all ,c\ntries ,,ix ,! ,m>ks ( a good ,gov]nm5t ,x ,! ,abuse ( ,gov]nm5t & its ,t5d5cy to ,deg5]ate ,,xi ,! ,dea? ( ! ,body ,politic ,,xii ,h[ ! ,sov]eign ,au?ority ma9ta9s itself ,,xiii ,h[ ! ,sov]eign ,au?ority ma9ta9s itself 7cont9u$7 ,,xiv ,h[ ! ,sov]eign ,au?ority ma9ta9s itself 7cont9u$7 ,,xv ,deputies or ,repres5tatives ,,xvi ,t ! ,in/itution ( ,gov]nm5t is n a ,contract ,,xvii ,! ,in/itution ( ,gov]nm5t ,,xviii ,h[ to *eck ! ,usurpations ( ,gov]nm5t ,,book ,,iv ,:i* treats fur!r ( political laws & sets =? ! means ( /r5g!n+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate4 ,i ,t ! g5]al ,w is inde/ructible ,,ii ,vot+ ,,iii ,elections ,,iv ,! ,roman ,comitia ,v ,! ,tribunate ,,vi ,! ,dictator%ip ,,vii ,! ,c5sor%ip ,,viii ,civil ,religion ,,ix ,conclusion ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,inequality -- ,app5dix ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,political ,,economy ,,! ,,social ,,contract ,,or ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,political ,,"r ,fd]is quas ,dicamus leges4 7,v]gil1 neid ,,xi47 ,,=eword ,?is little treatise is "p ( a long] "w :i* ,i began ye>s ago )\t realis+ my limitations1 & long s9ce ab&on$4 ,( ! v>i\s fragm5ts t might h be5 extract$ f :at ,i wrote1 ?is is ! mo/ consid]able1 &1 ,i ?9k1 ! lea/ unwor?y ( be+ (f]$ to ! public4 ,! re/ no long] exi/s4 ,,book ,i ,i mean to inquire if1 9 ! civil ord]1 !re c be any sure & legitimate rule ( adm9i/ration1 m5 be+ tak5 z !y are & laws z !y might be4 ,9 ?is inquiry ,i %all endeav\r always to unite :at "r sanctions ) :at is prescrib$ by int]e/1 9 ord] t ju/ice & utility may 9 no case be divid$4 ,i ent] ^u my task )\t prov+ ! importance ( ! subject4 ,i %all be ask$ if ,i am a pr9ce or a legislator1 to write on politics4 ,i answ] t ,i am nei!r1 & t is :y ,i d s4 ,if ,i 7 a pr9ce or a legislator1 ,i %\ld n wa/e "t 9 say+ :at wants do+2 ,i %\ld d x1 or hold my peace4 ,z ,i 0 born a citiz5 ( a free ,/ate1 & a memb] ( ! ,sov]eign1 ,i feel t1 h[ev] feeble ! influ5ce my voice c h on public affairs1 ! "r ( vot+ on !m makes x my duty to /udy !m3 & ,i am happy1 :5 ,i reflect ^u gov]nm5ts1 to f9d my inquiries always furni% me ) new reasons = lov+ t ( my own c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,man is born free2 & ev]y:]e he is 9 *a9s4 ,"o ?9ks himself ! ma/] ( o!rs1 & /ill rema9s a great] slave ?an !y4 ,h[ did ?is *ange come ab\t8 ,i d n "k4 ,:at c make x legitimate8 ,t "q ,i ?9k ,i c answ]4 ,if ,i took into acc\nt only =ce1 & ! effects d]iv$ f x1 ,i %\ld say3 ,z long z a p is compell$ to obey1 & obeys1 x does well2 z soon z x c %ake (f ! yoke1 & %akes x (f1 x does /ill bett]2 =1 rega9+ its lib]ty by ! same "r z took x away1 ei!r x is ju/ifi$ 9 resum+ x1 or !re 0 no ju/ification = ^? :o took x away4 ,b ! social ord] is a sacr$ "r :i* is ! basis ( all o!r rights4 ,nev]!less1 ?is "r does n come f nature1 & mu/ !re=e be f\nd$ on conv5tions4 ,be=e com+ to t1 ,i h to prove :at ,i h j ass]t$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,societies ,! mo/ anci5t ( all societies1 & ! only "o t is natural is ! family3 & ev5 s ! *ildr5 rema9 atta*$ to ! fa!r only s long z !y ne$ him = _! pres]vation4 ,z soon z ?is ne$ ceases1 ! natural bond is dissolv$4 ,! *ildr51 releas$ f ! ob$i5ce !y ow$ to ! fa!r1 & ! fa!r1 releas$ f ! c>e he ow$ 8 *ildr51 return equally to indep5d5ce4 ,if !y rema9 unit$1 !y cont9ue s no long] naturally1 b volunt>ily2 & ! family itself is !n ma9ta9$ only by conv5tion4 ,?is common lib]ty results f ! nature ( man4 ,8 fir/ law is to provide = 8 own pres]vation1 8 fir/ c>es are ^? :i* he owes to himself2 &1 z soon z he rea*es ye>s ( discretion1 he is ! sole judge ( ! prop] means ( pres]v+ himself1 & consequ5tly becomes 8 own ma/]4 ,! family !n may be call$ ! fir/ model ( political societies3 ! rul] corresponds to ! fa!r1 & ! p to ! *ildr52 & all1 be+ born free & equal1 ali5ate _! lib]ty only = _! own advantage4 ,! :ole diff]5ce is t1 9 ! family1 ! love ( ! fa!r = 8 *ildr5 repays him = ! c>e he takes ( !m1 :ile1 9 ! ,/ate1 ! pleasure ( comm&+ takes ! place ( ! love :i* ! *ief _c h = ! peoples "u him4 ,grotius d5ies t all human p[] is e/abli%$ 9 fav\r ( ! gov]n$1 & quotes slav]y z an example4 ,8 usual me?od ( reason+ is con/antly to e/abli% "r by fact4#a ,x w\ld be possible to employ a m logical me?od1 b none c\ld be m fav\rable to tyrants4 ,x is !n1 accord+ to ,grotius1 d\btful :e!r ! human race belongs to a hundr$ m51 or t hundr$ m5 to ! human race3 &1 ?r\gh\t 8 book1 he seems to incl9e to ! =m] alt]native1 :i* is also ! view ( ,hobbes4 ,on ?is %[+1 ! human species is divid$ into s _m h]ds ( cattle1 ea* ) its rul]1 :o keeps gu>d ov] !m = ! purpose ( dev\r+ !m4 ,z a %eph]d is ( a nature sup]ior to t ( 8 flock1 ! %eph]ds ( m51 i4e4 _! rul]s1 are ( a nature sup]ior to t ( ! peoples "u !m4 ,?us1 ,philo tells u1 ! ,emp]or ,caligula reason$1 conclud+ equally well ei!r t k+s 7 gods1 or t m5 7 bea/s4 ,! reason+ ( ,caligula agrees ) t ( ,hobbes & ,grotius4 ,ari/otle1 be=e any ( !m1 _h said t m5 are by no means equal naturally1 b t "s are born = slav]y1 & o!rs = dom9ion4 ,ari/otle 0 "r2 b he took ! effect = ! cause4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t e man born 9 slav]y is born = slav]y4 ,slaves lose ev]y?+ 9 _! *a9s1 ev5 ! desire ( escap+ f !m3 !y love _! s]vitude1 z ! comrades ( ,ulysses lov$ _! bruti% condition4#b ,if !n !re are slaves by nature1 x is because !re h be5 slaves aga9/ nature4 ,=ce made ! fir/ slaves1 & _! c[>dice p]petuat$ ! condition4 ,i h said no?+ ( ,k+ ,adam1 or ,emp]or ,noah1 fa!r ( ! ?ree great mon>*s :o %>$ out ! univ]se1 l ! *ildr5 ( ,saturn1 :om "s s*ol>s h recognis$ 9 !m4 ,i tru/ to gett+ due ?anks = my mod]ation2 =1 be+ a direct desc5dant ( "o ( ^! pr9ces1 p]haps ( ! elde/ bran*1 h[ d ,i "k t a v]ification ( titles might n leave me ! legitimate k+ ( ! human race8 ,9 any case1 !re c be no d\bt t ,adam 0 sov]eign ( ! _w1 z ,rob9son ,crusoe 0 ( 8 isl&1 z long z he 0 its only inhabitant2 & ?is empire _h ! advantage t ! mon>*1 safe on 8 ?rone1 _h no rebellions1 w>s1 or conspirators to fe>4 #a ,le>n$ inquiries into public "r are (t5 only ! hi/ory ( pa/ abuses2 & tr\bl+ to /udy !m too deeply is a pr(itless infatuation 7,essay on ! ,int]e/s ( ,france 9 ,relation to its ,neighb\rs1 by ! ,m>quis d',arg5son74 ,?is is exactly :at ,grotius has done4 #b ,see a %ort treatise ( ,plut>*'s entitl$ ,t ,animals ,reason4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,/ronge/ ,! /ronge/ is nev] /rong en\gh to be always ! ma/]1 unless he trans=ms /r5g? into "r1 & ob$i5ce into duty4 ,h5ce ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 :i*1 ?\gh to all seem+ meant ironically1 is really laid d[n z a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,b are we nev] to h an explanation ( ?is phrase8 ,=ce is a physical p[]1 & ,i fail to see :at moral effect x c h4 ,to yield to =ce is an act ( necessity1 n ( w--at ! mo/1 an act ( prud5ce4 ,9 :at s5se c x be a duty8 ,suppose = a mom5t t ?is s-call$ "r exi/s4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! sole result is a mass ( inexplicable nons5se4 ,=1 if =ce creates "r1 ! effect *anges ) ! cause3 e =ce t is great] ?an ! fir/ succe$s to its "r4 ,z soon z x is possible to disobey ) impunity1 disob$i5ce is legitimate2 &1 ! /ronge/ be+ always 9 ! "r1 ! only ?+ t matt]s is to act s z to become ! /ronge/4 ,b :at k9d ( "r is t :i* p]i%es :5 =ce fails8 ,if we mu/ obey p]=ce1 !re is no ne$ to obey because we ought2 & if we are n =c$ to obey1 we are "u no obligation to d s4 ,cle>ly1 ! ^w "r adds no?+ to =ce3 9 ?is connection1 x means absolutely no?+4 ,obey ! p[]s t be4 ,if ?is means yield to =ce1 x is a good precept1 b sup]flu\s3 ,i c answ] = its nev] be+ violat$4 ,all p[] comes f ,god1 ,i admit2 b s does all sickness3 does t mean t we are =bidd5 to call 9 ! doctor8 ,a brig& surprises me at ! edge ( a wood3 mu/ ,i n m]ely surr5d] my purse on compulsion2 b1 ev5 if ,i c\ld )hold x1 am ,i 9 consci5ce b\nd to give x up8 ,= c]ta9ly ! pi/ol he holds is also a p[]4 ,let u !n admit t =ce does n create "r1 & t we are oblig$ to obey only legitimate p[]s4 ,9 t case1 my orig9al "q recurs4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,slav]y ,s9ce no man has a natural au?ority ov] 8 fell[1 & =ce creates no "r1 we mu/ conclude t conv5tions =m ! basis ( all legitimate au?ority among m54 ,if an individual1 says ,grotius1 c ali5ate 8 lib]ty & make himself ! slave ( a ma/]1 :y c\ld n a :ole p d ! same & make itself subject to a k+8 ,!re are 9 ?is passage pl5ty ( ambigu\s words :i* w\ld ne$ expla9+2 b let u conf9e ourselves to ! ^w ali5ate4 ,to ali5ate is to give or to sell4 ,n[1 a man :o becomes ! slave ( ano!r does n give himself2 he sells himself1 at ! lea/ = 8 subsi/5ce3 b = :at does a p sell itself8 ,a k+ is s f> f furni%+ 8 subjects ) _! subsi/5ce t he gets 8 own only f !m2 &1 accord+ to ,rabelais1 k+s d n live on no?+4 ,d subjects !n give _! p]sons on condition t ! k+ takes _! goods also8 ,i fail to see :at !y h left to pres]ve4 ,x w be said t ! despot assures 8 subjects civil tranquillity4 ,grant$2 b :at d !y ga91 if ! w>s 8 ambition br+s d[n ^u !m1 8 insatiable avidity1 & ! vexati\s conduct ( 8 m9i/]s press h>d] on !m ?an _! own diss5sions w\ld h done8 ,:at d !y ga91 if ! v tranquillity !y enjoy is "o ( _! mis]ies8 ,tranquillity is f\nd also 9 dungeons2 b is t en\gh to make !m desirable places to live 98 ,! ,greeks imprison$ 9 ! cave ( ! ,cyclops liv$ !re v tranquilly1 :ile !y 7 await+ _! turn to be dev\r$4 ,to say t a man gives himself gratuit\sly1 is to say :at is absurd & inconceivable2 su* an act is null & illegitimate1 f ! m]e fact t he :o does x is out ( 8 m9d4 ,to say ! same ( a :ole p is to suppose a p ( madm52 & madness creates no "r4 ,ev5 if ea* man c\ld ali5ate himself1 he c\ld n ali5ate 8 *ildr53 !y are born m5 & free2 _! lib]ty belongs to !m1 & no "o b !y has ! "r to dispose ( x4 ,be=e !y come to ye>s ( discretion1 ! fa!r c1 9 _! "n1 lay d[n conditions = _! pres]vation & well-be+1 b he _c give !m1 irrevocably & )\t conditions3 su* a gift is contr>y to ! ends ( nature1 & exce$s ! rights ( pat]nity4 ,x w\ld !re=e be necess>y1 9 ord] to legitimise an arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 t 9 e g5]ation ! p %\ld be 9 a position to accept or reject x2 b1 7 ?is s1 ! gov]nm5t w\ld be no long] arbitr>y4 ,to r5\nce lib]ty is to r5\nce be+ a man1 to surr5d] ! rights ( humanity & ev5 its duties4 ,= him :o r5\nces ev]y?+ no indemnity is possible4 ,su* a r5unciation is incompatible ) man's nature2 to remove all lib]ty f 8 w is to remove all morality f 8 acts4 ,f9ally1 x is an empty & contradictory conv5tion t sets up1 on ! "o side1 absolute au?ority1 &1 on ! o!r1 unlimit$ ob$i5ce4 ,is x n cle> t we c be "u no obligation to a p]son f :om we h ! "r to exact ev]y?+8 ,does n ?is condition alone1 9 ! abs5ce ( equival5ce or ex*ange1 9 itself involve ! nullity ( ! act8 ,= :at "r c my slave h aga9/ me1 :5 all t he has belongs to me1 &1 8 "r be+ m9e1 ?is "r ( m9e aga9/ myself is a phrase devoid ( mean+8 ,grotius & ! re/ f9d 9 w> ano!r orig9 = ! s-call$ "r ( slav]y4 ,! victor hav+1 z !y hold1 ! "r ( kill+ ! vanqui%$1 ! latt] c buy back 8 life at ! price ( 8 lib]ty2 & ?is conv5tion is ! m legitimate because x is to ! advantage ( bo? p>ties4 ,b x is cle> t ?is suppos$ "r to kill ! conqu]$ is by no means d$ucible f ! /ate ( w>4 ,m51 f ! m]e fact t1 :ile !y are liv+ 9 _! primitive indep5d5ce1 !y h no mutual relations /able en\gh to con/itute ei!r ! /ate ( peace or ! /ate ( w>1 _c be naturally enemies4 ,w> is con/itut$ by a relation betwe5 ?+s1 & n betwe5 p]sons2 &1 z ! /ate ( w> _c arise out ( simple p]sonal relations1 b only out ( real relations1 private w>1 or w> ( man ) man1 c exi/ nei!r 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e !re is no con/ant prop]ty1 nor 9 ! social /ate1 :]e ev]y?+ is "u ! au?ority ( ! laws4 ,individual combats1 duels & enc\nt]s1 are acts :i* _c con/itute a /ate2 :ile ! private w>s1 au?oris$ by ! ,e/abli%m5ts ( ,l\is ,,ix1 ,k+ ( ,france1 & susp5d$ by ! ,peace ( ,god1 are abuses ( feudalism1 9 itself an absurd sy/em if ev] !re 0 "o1 & contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( natural "r & to all good polity4 ,w> !n is a relation1 n betwe5 man & man1 b betwe5 ,/ate & ,/ate1 & individuals are enemies only accid5tally1 n z m51 nor ev5 z citiz5s1#a b z soldi]s2 n z memb]s ( _! c\ntry1 b z its def5d]s4 ,f9ally1 ea* ,/ate c h = enemies only o!r ,/ates1 & n m52 = betwe5 ?+s disp>ate 9 nature !re c be no real relation4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is pr9ciple is 9 con=mity ) ! e/abli%$ rules ( all times & ! con/ant practice ( all civilis$ peoples4 ,decl>ations ( w> are intimations less to p[]s ?an to _! subjects4 ,! =eign]1 :e!r k+1 individual1 or p1 :o robs1 kills or deta9s ! subjects1 )\t decl>+ w> on ! pr9ce1 is n an enemy1 b a brig&4 ,ev5 9 real w>1 a j pr9ce1 :ile lay+ h&s1 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 on all t belongs to ! public1 respects ! lives & goods ( individuals3 he respects rights on :i* 8 own are f\nd$4 ,! object ( ! w> be+ ! de/ruction ( ! ho/ile ,/ate1 ! o!r side has a "r to kill its def5d]s1 :ile !y are be>+ arms2 b z soon z !y lay !m d[n & surr5d]1 !y cease to be enemies or in/rum5ts ( ! enemy1 & become once m m]ely m51 ^: life no "o has any "r to take4 ,sometimes x is possible to kill ! ,/ate )\t kill+ a s+le "o ( its memb]s2 & w> gives no "r :i* is n necess>y to ! ga9+ ( its object4 ,^! pr9ciples are n ^? ( ,grotius3 !y are n bas$ on ! au?ority ( poets1 b d]iv$ f ! nature ( reality & bas$ on reason4 ,! "r ( conque/ has no f\ndation o!r ?an ! "r ( ! /ronge/4 ,if w> does n give ! conqu]or ! "r to massacre ! conqu]$ peoples1 ! "r to enslave !m _c be bas$ ^u a "r :i* does n exi/ ,no "o has a "r to kill an enemy except :5 he _c make him a slave1 & ! "r to enslave him _c !re=e be d]iv$ f ! "r to kill him4 ,x is accord+ly an unfair ex*ange to make him buy at ! price ( 8 lib]ty 8 life1 ov] :i* ! victor holds no "r4 ,is x n cle> t !re is a vici\s circle 9 f\nd+ ! "r ( life & dea? on ! "r ( slav]y1 & ! "r ( slav]y on ! "r ( life & dea?8 ,ev5 if we assume ?is t]rible "r to kill ev]ybody1 ,i ma9ta9 t a slave made 9 w>1 or a conqu]$ p1 is "u no obligation to a ma/]1 except to obey him z f> z he is compell$ to d s4 ,by tak+ an equival5t = 8 life1 ! victor has n done him a fav\r2 in/ead ( kill+ him )\t pr(it1 he has kill$ him usefully4 ,s f> !n is he f acquir+ ov] him any au?ority 9 addition to t ( =ce1 t ! /ate ( w> cont9ues to subsi/ betwe5 !m3 _! mutual relation is ! effect ( x1 & ! usage ( ! "r ( w> does n imply a treaty ( peace4 ,a conv5tion has inde$ be5 made2 b ?is conv5tion1 s f> f de/roy+ ! /ate ( w>1 presupposes its cont9uance4 ,s1 f :atev] aspect we reg>d ! "q1 ! "r ( slav]y is null & void1 n only z be+ illegitimate1 b also because x is absurd & mean+less4 ,! words slave & "r contradict ea* o!r1 & are mutually exclusive4 ,x w always be equally fooli% = a man to say to a man or to a p3 ,i make ) y a conv5tion :olly at y\r exp5se & :olly to my advantage2 ,i %all keep x z long z ,i l1 & y w keep x z long z ,i l4 #a ,! ,romans1 :o und]/ood & respect$ ! "r ( w> m ?an any o!r nation on e>?1 c>ri$ _! scruples on ?is head s f> t a citiz5 0 n all[$ to s]ve z a volunte] )\t engag+ himself expressly aga9/ ! enemy1 & aga9/ su* & su* an enemy by "n4 ,a legion 9 :i* ! y\ng] ,cato 0 see+ 8 fir/ s]vice "u ,popilius hav+ be5 recon/ruct$1 ! eld] ,cato wrote to ,popilius t1 if he wi%$ 8 son to cont9ue s]v+ "u him1 he mu/ adm9i/] to him a new milit>y oa?1 because1 ! fir/ hav+ be5 annull$1 he 0 no long] able to be> arms aga9/ ! enemy4 ,! same ,cato wrote to 8 son tell+ him to take great c>e n to g into battle be=e tak+ ?is new oa?4 ,i "k t ! siege ( ,clusium & o!r isolat$ ev5ts c be quot$ aga9/ me2 b ,i am cit+ laws & cu/oms4 ,! ,romans are ! p t lea/ (t5 transgress$ its laws2 & no o!r p has _h su* good ones4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,t ,,we ,,mu/ ,,always ,,g ,,back ,,to ,a ,,fir/ ,,conv5tion ,ev5 if ,i grant$ all t ,i h be5 refut+1 ! fri5ds ( despotism w\ld be no bett] (f4 ,!re w always be a great diff]5ce betwe5 subdu+ a multitude & rul+ a society4 ,ev5 if scatt]$ individuals 7 successively enslav$ by "o man1 h[ev] num]\s !y might be1 ,i /ill see no m ?an a ma/] & 8 slaves1 & c]ta9ly n a p & its rul]2 ,i see :at may be t]m$ an aggregation1 b n an association2 !re is z yet nei!r public good nor body politic4 ,! man 9 "q1 ev5 if he has enslav$ half ! _w1 is /ill only an individual2 8 int]e/1 ap>t f t ( o!rs1 is /ill a purely private int]e/4 ,if ?is same man comes to die1 8 empire1 aft] him1 rema9s scatt]$ & )\t unity1 z an oak falls & dissolves into a heap ( a%es :5 ! fire has consum$ x4 ,a p1 says ,grotius1 c give itself to a k+4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,grotius1 a p is a p be=e x gives itself4 ,! gift is itself a civil act1 & implies public delib]ation4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 be=e exam9+ ! act by :i* a p gives itself to a k+1 to exam9e t by :i* x has become a p2 = ?is act1 be+ necess>ily prior to ! o!r1 is ! true f\ndation ( society4 ,inde$1 if !re 7 no prior conv5tion1 :]e1 unless ! election 7 unanim\s1 w\ld be ! obligation on ! m9ority to submit to ! *oice ( ! majority8 ,h[ h a hundr$ m5 :o wi% = a ma/] ! "r to vote on behalf ( t5 :o d n8 ,! law ( majority vot+ is itself some?+ e/abli%$ by conv5tion1 & presupposes unanimity1 on "o occasion at lea/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,social ,,compact ,i suppose m5 to h rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( _! pres]vation 9 ! /ate ( nature %[ _! p[] ( resi/ance to be great] ?an ! res\rces at ! disposal ( ea* individual = 8 ma9t5ance 9 t /ate4 ,t primitive condition c !n subsi/ no long]2 & ! human race w\ld p]i% unless x *ang$ its mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,b1 z m5 _c eng5d] new =ces1 b only unite & direct exi/+ ones1 !y h no o!r means ( pres]v+ !mselves ?an ! =mation1 by aggregation1 ( a sum ( =ces great en\gh to ov]come ! resi/ance4 ,^! !y h to br+ into play by means ( a s+le motive p[]1 & cause to act 9 conc]t4 ,?is sum ( =ces c arise only :]e sev]al p]sons come toge!r3 b1 z ! =ce & lib]ty ( ea* man are ! *ief in/rum5ts ( 8 self-pres]vation1 h[ c he pl$ge !m )\t h>m+ 8 own int]e/s1 & neglect+ ! c>e he owes to himself8 ,?is difficulty1 9 its be>+ on my pres5t subject1 may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms-- ,! problem is to f9d a =m ( association :i* w def5d & protect ) ! :ole common =ce ! p]son & goods ( ea* associate1 & 9 :i* ea*1 :ile unit+ himself ) all1 may /ill obey himself alone1 & rema9 z free z be=e4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal problem ( :i* ! ,social ,contract provides ! solution4 ,! clauses ( ?is contract are s det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! act t ! slighte/ modification w\ld make !m va9 & ineffective2 s t1 al?\gh !y h p]haps nev] be5 =mally set =?1 !y are ev]y:]e ! same & ev]y:]e tacitly admitt$ & recognis$1 until1 on ! violation ( ! social compact1 ea* rega9s 8 orig9al rights & resumes 8 natural lib]ty1 :ile los+ ! conv5tional lib]ty 9 fav\r ( :i* he r5\nc$ x4 ,^! clauses1 prop]ly und]/ood1 may be r$uc$ to "o--! total ali5ation ( ea* associate1 toge!r ) all 8 rights1 to ! :ole community =1 9 ! fir/ place1 z ea* gives himself absolutely1 ! conditions are ! same = all2 &1 ?is be+ s1 no "o has any int]e/ 9 mak+ !m burd5some to o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! ali5ation be+ )\t res]ve1 ! union is z p]fect z x c be1 & no associate has any?+ m to dem&3 =1 if ! individuals reta9$ c]ta9 rights1 z !re w\ld be no common sup]ior to decide betwe5 !m & ! public1 ea*1 be+ on "o po9t 8 own judge1 w\ld ask to be s on all2 ! /ate ( nature w\ld ?us cont9ue1 & ! association w\ld necess>ily become inop]ative or tyrannical4 ,f9ally1 ea* man1 9 giv+ himself to all1 gives himself to nobody2 & z !re is no associate ov] :om he does n acquire ! same "r z he yields o!rs ov] himself1 he ga9s an equival5t = ev]y?+ he loses1 & an increase ( =ce = ! pres]vation ( :at he has4 ,if !n we disc>d f ! social compact :at is n ( its ess5ce1 we %all f9d t x r$uces itself to ! foll[+ t]ms-- ,ea* ( u puts 8 p]son & all 8 p[] 9 common "u ! supreme direction ( ! g5]al w1 &1 9 our corporate capacity1 we receive ea* memb] z an indivisible "p ( ! :ole4 ,at once1 9 place ( ! individual p]sonality ( ea* contract+ p>ty1 ?is act ( association creates a moral & collective body1 compos$ ( z _m memb]s z ! assembly conta9s votes1 & receiv+ f ?is act its unity1 its common id5tity1 its life & its w4 ,?is public p]son1 s =m$ by ! union ( all o!r p]sons1 =m]ly took ! "n ( city1#a & n[ takes t ( ,republic or body politic2 x is call$ by its memb]s ,/ate :5 passive1 ,sov]eign :5 active1 & ,p[] :5 comp>$ ) o!rs l itself4 ,^? :o are associat$ 9 x take collectively ! "n ( p1 & sev]ally are call$ citiz5s1 z %>+ 9 ! sov]eign p[]1 & subjects1 z be+ "u ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ^! t]ms are (t5 confus$ & tak5 "o = ano!r3 x is en\gh to "k h[ to di/+ui% !m :5 !y are be+ us$ ) precision4 #a ,! real mean+ ( ?is ^w has be5 almo/ :olly lo/ 9 mod]n times2 mo/ p mi/ake a t[n = a city1 & a t[nsman = a citiz54 ,!y d n "k t h\ses make a t[n1 b citiz5s a city4 ,! same mi/ake long ago co/ ! ,c>?ag9ians de>4 ,i h nev] read ( ! title ( citiz5s be+ giv5 to ! subjects ( any pr9ce1 n ev5 ! anci5t ,mac$onians or ! ,engli% ( to-day1 ?\gh !y are ne>] lib]ty ?an any "o else4 ,! ,fr5* alone ev]y:]e famili>ly adopt ! "n ( citiz5s1 because1 z c be se5 f _! diction>ies1 !y h no idea ( its mean+2 o!rwise !y w\ld be guilty 9 usurp+ x1 ( ! crime ( lse-maje/3 among !m1 ! "n expresses a virtue1 & n a "r4 ,:5 ,bod9 spoke ( our citiz5s & t[nsm51 he fell into a bad blund] 9 tak+ ! "o class = ! o!r4 ,m4 d',alemb]t has avoid$ ! error1 &1 9 8 article on ,g5eva1 has cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! f\r ord]s ( m5 7or ev5 five1 c\nt+ m]e =eign]s7 :o dwell 9 our t[n1 ( :i* two only compose ! ,republic4 ,no o!r ,fr5* writ]1 to my k1 has und]/ood ! real mean+ ( ! ^w citiz54 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,sov]eign ,?is =mula %[s u t ! act ( association comprises a mutual und]tak+ betwe5 ! public & ! individuals1 & t ea* individual1 9 mak+ a contract1 z we may say1 ) himself1 is b\nd 9 a d\ble capacity2 z a memb] ( ! ,sov]eign he is b\nd to ! individuals1 & z a memb] ( ! ,/ate to ! ,sov]eign4 ,b ! maxim ( civil "r1 t no "o is b\nd by und]tak+s made to himself1 does n apply 9 ?is case2 = !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 incurr+ an obligation to y\rself & incurr+ "o to a :ole ( :i* y =m a "p4 ,att5tion mu/ fur!r be call$ to ! fact t public delib]ation1 :ile compet5t to b9d all ! subjects to ! ,sov]eign1 because ( ! two diff]5t capacities 9 :i* ea* ( !m may be reg>d$1 _c1 = ! opposite reason1 b9d ! ,sov]eign to itself2 & t x is consequ5tly aga9/ ! nature ( ! body politic = ! ,sov]eign to impose on itself a law :i* x _c infr+e4 ,be+ able to reg>d itself 9 only "o capacity1 x is 9 ! position ( an individual :o makes a contract ) himself2 & ?is makes x cle> t !re nei!r is nor c be any k9d ( fundam5tal law b9d+ on ! body ( ! p--n ev5 ! social contract itself4 ,?is does n mean t ! body politic _c ent] into und]tak+s ) o!rs1 provid$ ! contract is n infr+$ by !m2 = 9 relation to :at is ext]nal to x1 x becomes a simple be+1 an individual4 ,b ! body politic or ! ,sov]eign1 draw+ its be+ :olly f ! sanctity ( ! contract1 c nev] b9d itself1 ev5 to an outsid]1 to d any?+ d]ogatory to ! orig9al act1 = in/ance1 to ali5ate any "p ( itself1 or to submit to ano!r ,sov]eign4 ,violation ( ! act by :i* x exi/s w\ld be self-annihilation2 & t :i* is itself no?+ c create no?+4 ,z soon z ?is multitude is s unit$ 9 "o body1 x is impossible to (f5d aga9/ "o ( ! memb]s )\t attack+ ! body1 & /ill m to (f5d aga9/ ! body )\t ! memb]s res5t+ x4 ,duty & int]e/ !re=e equally oblige ! two contract+ p>ties to give ea* o!r help2 & ! same m5 %\ld seek to comb9e1 9 _! d\ble capacity1 all ! advantages dep5d5t ^u t capacity4 ,aga91 ! ,sov]eign1 be+ =m$ :olly ( ! individuals :o compose x1 nei!r has nor c h any int]e/ contr>y to !irs2 & consequ5tly ! sov]eign p[] ne$ give no gu>antee to its subjects1 because x is impossible = ! body to wi% to hurt all its memb]s4 ,we %all also see lat] on t ,x _c hurt any 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,sov]eign1 m]ely by virtue ( :at x is1 is is always :at x %\ld be4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! relation ( ! subjects to ! ,sov]eign1 :i*1 despite ! common int]e/1 w\ld h no security t !y w\ld fulfil _! und]tak+s1 unless x f\nd means to assure itself ( _! fidelity4 ,9 fact1 ea* individual1 z a man1 may h a p>ticul> w contr>y or dissimil> to ! g5]al w :i* he has z a citiz54 ,8 p>ticul> int]e/ may speak to him q diff]5tly f ! common int]e/3 8 absolute & naturally indep5d5t exi/5ce may make him look ^u :at he owes to ! common cause z a gratuit\s contribution1 ! loss ( :i* w d less h>m to o!rs ?an ! paym5t ( x is burd5some to himself2 &1 reg>d+ ! moral p]son :i* con/itutes ! ,/ate z a p]sona ficta1 because n a man1 he may wi% to enjoy ! rights ( citiz5%ip )\t be+ ready to fulfil ! duties ( a subject4 ,! cont9uance ( su* an inju/ice c\ld n b prove ! undo+ ( ! body politic4 ,9 ord] !n t ! social compact may n be an empty =mula1 x tacitly includes ! und]tak+1 :i* alone c give =ce to ! re/1 t :oev] refuses to obey ! g5]al w %all be compell$ to d s by ! :ole body4 ,?is means no?+ less ?an t he w be =c$ to be free2 = ?is is ! condition :i*1 by giv+ ea* citiz5 to 8 c\ntry1 secures him aga9/ all p]sonal dep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is lies ! key to ! work+ ( ! political ma*9e2 ?is alone legitimizes civil und]tak+s1 :i*1 )\t x1 w\ld be absurd1 tyrannical1 & liable to ! mo/ frightful abuses4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,civil ,,/ate ,! passage f ! /ate ( nature to ! civil /ate produces a v rem>kable *ange 9 man1 by sub/itut+ ju/ice1 = in/9ct 9 8 conduct1 & giv+ 8 actions ! morality !y _h =m]ly lack$4 ,!n only1 :5 ! voice ( duty takes ! place ( physical impulses & "r ( appetite1 does man1 :o s f> _h consid]$ only himself1 f9d t he is =c$ to act on diff]5t pr9ciples1 & to consult 8 reason be=e li/5+ to 8 incl9ations4 ,al?\gh1 9 ?is /ate1 he deprives himself ( "s advantages :i* he got f nature1 he ga9s 9 return o!rs s great1 8 faculties are s /imulat$ & develop$1 8 ideas s ext5d$1 8 feel+s s ennobl$1 & 8 :ole s\l s uplift$1 t1 did n ! abuses ( ?is new condition (t5 degrade him bel[ t :i* he left1 he w\ld be b\nd to bless cont9ually ! happy mom5t :i* took him f x = ev]1 &1 in/ead ( a /upid & unimag9ative animal1 made him an intellig5t be+ & a man4 ,let u draw up ! :ole acc\nt 9 t]ms easily comm5surable4 ,:at man loses by ! social contract 9 8 natural lib]ty & an unlimit$ "r to ev]y?+ he tries to get & succe$s 9 gett+2 :at he ga9s is civil lib]ty & ! proprietor%ip ( all he possesses4 ,if we are to avoid mi/ake 9 weigh+ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 we mu/ cle>ly di/+ui% natural lib]ty1 :i* is b\nd$ only by ! /r5g? ( ! individual1 f civil lib]ty1 :i* is limit$ by ! g5]al w2 & possession1 :i* is m]ely ! effect ( =ce or ! "r ( ! fir/ occupi]1 f prop]ty1 :i* c be f\nd$ only on a positive title4 ,we might1 ov] & above all ?is1 add1 to :at man acquires 9 ! civil /ate1 moral lib]ty1 :i* alone makes him truly ma/] ( himself2 = ! m]e impulse ( appetite is slav]y1 :ile ob$i5ce to a law :i* we prescribe to ourselves is lib]ty4 ,b ,i h already said too mu* on ?is head1 & ! philosophical mean+ ( ! ^w lib]ty does n n[ conc]n u4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,real ,,prop]ty ,ea* memb] ( ! community gives himself to x1 at ! mom5t ( its f\ndation1 j z he is1 ) all ! res\rces at 8 comm&1 includ+ ! goods he possesses4 ,?is act does n make possession1 9 *ang+ h&s1 *ange its nature1 & becomes prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sov]eign2 b1 z ! =ces ( ! city are incomp>ably great] ?an ^? ( an individual1 public possession is also1 9 fact1 /rong] & m irrevocable1 )\t be+ any m legitimate1 at any rate f ! po9t ( view ( =eign]s4 ,= ! ,/ate1 9 relation to its memb]s1 is ma/] ( all _! goods by ! social contract1 :i*1 )9 ! ,/ate1 is ! basis ( all rights2 b1 9 relation to o!r p[]s1 x is s only by ! "r ( ! fir/ occupi]1 :i* x holds f its memb]s4 ,! "r ( ! fir/ occupi]1 ?\gh m real ?an ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 becomes a real "r only :5 ! "r ( prop]ty has already be5 e/abli%$4 ,e man has naturally a "r to ev]y?+ he ne$s2 b ! positive act :i* makes him proprietor ( "o ?+ excludes him f ev]y?+ else4 ,hav+ 8 %>e1 he ought to keep to x1 & c h no fur!r "r aga9/ ! community4 ,?is is :y ! "r ( ! fir/ occupi]1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( nature is s weak1 claims ! respect ( e man 9 civil society4 ,9 ?is "r we are respect+ n s mu* :at belongs to ano!r z :at does n belong to ourselves4 ,9 g5]al1 to e/abli% ! "r ( ! fir/ occupi] ov] a plot ( gr\nd1 ! foll[+ conditions are necess>y3 fir/1 ! l& mu/ n yet be inhabit$2 secondly1 a man mu/ occupy only ! am\nt he ne$s = 8 subsi/5ce2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 possession mu/ be tak51 n by an empty c]emony1 b by lab\r & cultivation1 ! only sign ( proprietor%ip t %\ld be respect$ by o!rs1 9 default ( a legal title4 ,9 grant+ ! "r ( fir/ occupancy to necessity & lab\r1 are we n really /ret*+ x z f> z x c g8 ,is x possible to leave su* a "r unlimit$8 ,is x to be en\gh to set foot on a plot ( common gr\nd1 9 ord] to be able to call y\rself at once ! ma/] ( x8 ,is x to be en\gh t a man has ! /r5g? to expel o!rs = a mom5t1 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 "r to prev5t !m f ev] return+8 ,h[ c a man or a p seize an imm5se t]ritory & keep x f ! re/ ( ! _w except by a puni%able usurpation1 s9ce all o!rs are be+ robb$1 by su* an act1 ( ! place ( habitation & ! means ( subsi/5ce :i* nature gave !m 9 common8 ,:5 ,nuez ,balbao1 /&+ on ! sea-%ore1 took possession ( ! ,s\? ,seas & ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! "n ( ! cr[n ( ,ca/ille1 0 t en\gh to dispossess all _! actual inhabitants1 & to %ut out f !m all ! pr9ces ( ! _w8 ,on su* a %[+1 ^! c]emonies are idly multipli$1 & ! ,ca?olic ,k+ ne$ only take possession all at once1 f 8 ap>tm5t1 ( ! :ole univ]se1 m]ely mak+ a subsequ5t res]vation ab\t :at 0 already 9 ! possession ( o!r pr9ces4 ,we c imag9e h[ ! l&s ( individuals1 :]e !y 7 contigu\s & came to be unit$1 became ! public t]ritory1 & h[ ! "r ( ,sov]eignty1 ext5d+ f ! subjects ov] ! l&s !y held1 became at once real & p]sonal4 ,! possessors 7 ?us made m dep5d5t1 & ! =ces at _! comm& us$ to gu>antee _! fidelity4 ,! advantage ( ?is does n seem to h be5 felt by anci5t mon>*s1 :o call$ !mselves ,k+ ( ! ,p]sians1 ,scy?ians1 or ,mac$onians1 & seem$ to reg>d !mselves m z rul]s ( m5 ?an z ma/]s ( a c\ntry4 ,^? ( ! pres5t day m clev]ly call !mselves ,k+s ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 etc43 ?us hold+ ! l&1 !y are q confid5t ( hold+ ! inhabitants4 ,! peculi> fact ab\t ?is ali5ation is t1 9 tak+ ov] ! goods ( individuals1 ! community1 s f> f despoil+ !m1 only assures !m legitimate possession1 & *anges usurpation into a true "r & enjoym5t into proprietor%ip4 ,?us ! possessors1 be+ reg>d$ z deposit>ies ( ! public good1 & hav+ _! rights1 respect$ by all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate & ma9ta9$ aga9/ =eign aggression by all its =ces1 h1 by a cession :i* b5efits bo? ! public & /ill m !mselves1 acquir$1 s to speak1 all t !y gave up4 ,?is p>adox may easily be expla9$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 ! rights :i* ! ,sov]eign & ! proprietor h ov] ! same e/ate1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,x may also happ5 t m5 beg9 to unite "o ) ano!r be=e !y possess any?+1 & t1 subsequ5tly occupy+ a tract ( c\ntry :i* is en\gh = all1 !y enjoy x 9 common1 or %>e x out among !mselves1 ei!r equally or accord+ to a scale fix$ by !y ,sov]eign4 ,h[ev] ! acquisition be made1 ! "r :i* ea* individual has to 8 own e/ate is always subord9ate to ! "r :i* ! community has ov] all3 )\t ?is1 !re w\ld be nei!r /ability 9 ! social tie1 nor real =ce 9 ! ex]cise ( ,sov]eignty4 ,i %all end ?is *apt] & ?is book by rem>k+ on a fact on :i* ! :ole social sy/em %\ld re/3 i4e4 t1 in/ead ( de/roy+ natural inequality1 ! fundam5tal compact sub/itutes1 = su* physical inequality z nature may h set up betwe5 m51 an equality t is moral & legitimate1 & t m51 :o may be unequal 9 /r5g? or intellig5ce1 become e "o equal by conv5tion & legal "r4#a ,,book ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i ,,t ,,sov]eignty ,,is ,,inali5able ,! fir/ & mo/ important d$uction f ! pr9ciples we h s f> laid d[n is t ! g5]al w alone c direct ! ,/ate accord+ to ! object = :i* x 0 in/itut$1 i4e4 ! common good3 = if ! cla%+ ( p>ticul> int]e/s made ! e/abli%m5t ( societies necess>y1 ! agreem5t ( ^! v int]e/s made x possible4 ,! common elem5t 9 ^! diff]5t int]e/s is :at =ms ! social tie2 &1 7 !re no po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 !m all1 no society c\ld exi/4 ,x is solely on ! basis ( ?is common int]e/ t e society %\ld be gov]n$4 ,i hold !n t ,sov]eignty1 be+ no?+ less ?an ! ex]cise ( ! g5]al w1 c nev] be ali5at$1 & t ! ,sov]eign1 :o is no less ?an a collective be+1 _c be repres5t$ except by himself3 ! p[] inde$ may be transmitt$1 b n ! w4 ,9 reality1 if x is n impossible = a p>ticul> w to agree on "s po9t ) ! g5]al w1 x is at lea/ impossible = ! agreem5t to be la/+ & con/ant2 = ! p>ticul> w t5ds1 by its v nature1 to p>tiality1 :ile ! g5]al w t5ds to equality4 ,x is ev5 m impossible to h any gu>antee ( ?is agreem5t2 = ev5 if x %\ld always exi/1 x w\ld be ! effect n ( art1 b ( *ance4 ,! ,sov]eign may inde$ say3 ,i n[ w actually :at ?is man wills1 or at lea/ :at he says he wills2 b x _c say3 ,:at he wills tomorr[1 ,i too %all w because x is absurd = ! w to b9d itself = ! future1 nor is x incumb5t on any w to cons5t to any?+ t is n = ! good ( ! be+ :o wills4 ,if !n ! p promises simply to obey1 by t v act x dissolves itself & loses :at makes x a p2 ! mom5t a ma/] exi/s1 !re is no long] a ,sov]eign1 & f t mom5t ! body politic has ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is does n mean t ! comm&s ( ! rul]s _c pass = g5]al wills1 s long z ! ,sov]eign1 be+ free to oppose !m1 (f]s no opposition4 ,9 su* a case1 univ]sal sil5ce is tak5 to imply ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,?is w be expla9$ lat] on4 #a ,"u bad gov]nm5ts1 ?is equality is only app>5t & illusory3 x s]ves only to keep ! paup] 9 8 pov]ty & ! ri* man 9 ! position he has usurp$4 ,9 fact1 laws are always ( use to ^? :o possess & h>mful to ^? :o h no?+3 f :i* x foll[s t ! social /ate is advantage\s to m5 only :5 all h some?+ & none too mu*4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,t ,,sov]eignty ,,is ,,indivisible ,sov]eignty1 = ! same reason z makes x inali5able1 is indivisible2 = w ei!r is1 or is n1 g5]al2#a x is ! w ei!r ( ! body ( ! p1 or only ( a "p ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! w1 :5 decl>$1 is an act ( ,sov]eignty & con/itutes law3 9 ! second1 x is m]ely a p>ticul> w1 or act ( magi/racy--at ! mo/ a decree4 ,b our political !ori/s1 unable to divide ,sov]eignty 9 pr9ciple1 divide x accord+ to its object3 into =ce & w2 into legislative p[] & executive p[]2 into rights ( taxation1 ju/ice & w>2 into int]nal adm9i/ration & p[] ( =eign treaty4 ,sometimes !y confuse all ^! sections1 & sometimes !y di/+ui% !m2 !y turn ! ,sov]eign into a fanta/ic be+ compos$ ( sev]al connect$ pieces3 x is z if !y 7 mak+ man ( sev]al bodies1 "o ) eyes1 "o ) arms1 ano!r ) feet1 & ea* ) no?+ besides4 ,we are told t ! juggl]s ( ,japan dismemb] a *ild be=e ! eyes ( ! spectators2 !n !y ?r[ all ! memb]s into ! air "o aft] ano!r1 & ! *ild falls d[n alive & :ole4 ,! conjur+ tricks ( our political !ori/s are v l t2 !y fir/ dismemb] ! body politic by an illusion wor?y ( a fair1 & !n jo9 x toge!r aga9 we "k n h[4 ,?is error is due to a lack ( exact notions conc]n+ ! ,sov]eign au?ority1 & to tak+ = p>ts ( x :at are only emanations f x4 ,?us1 = example1 ! acts ( decl>+ w> & mak+ peace h be5 reg>d$ z acts ( ,sov]eignty2 b ?is is n ! case1 z ^! acts d n con/itute law1 b m]ely ! application ( a law1 a p>ticul> act :i* decides h[ ! law applies1 z we %all see cle>ly :5 ! idea atta*$ to ! ^w law has be5 def9$4 ,if we exam9$ ! o!r divisions 9 ! same mann]1 we %\ld f9d t1 :5ev] ,sov]eignty seems to be divid$1 !re is an illusion3 ! rights :i* are tak5 z be+ "p ( ,sov]eignty are really all subord9ate1 & always imply supreme wills ( :i* !y only sanction ! execution4 ,x w\ld be impossible to e/imate ! obscurity ?is lack ( exactness has ?r[n ov] ! decisions ( writ]s :o h dealt ) political "r1 :5 !y h us$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n by !m to pass judgm5t on ! respective rights ( k+s & peoples4 ,e "o c see1 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,grotius1 h[ ! le>n$ man & 8 translator1 ,b>beyrac1 entangle & tie !mselves up 9 _! own sophi/ries1 = fe> ( say+ too little or too mu* ( :at !y ?9k1 & s (f5d+ ! int]e/s !y h to conciliate4 ,grotius1 a refugee 9 ,france1 ill-cont5t ) 8 own c\ntry1 & desir\s ( pay+ 8 c\rt to ,l\is ,,xiii1 to :om 8 book is d$icat$1 sp>es no pa9s to rob ! peoples ( all _! rights & inve/ k+s ) !m by e conceivable artifice4 ,?is w\ld also h be5 mu* to ! ta/e ( ,b>beyrac1 :o d$icat$ 8 translation to ,george ,i ( ,engl&4 ,b un=tunately ! expulsion ( ,james ,,ii1 :i* he call$ 8 abdication1 compell$ him to use all res]ve1 to %uffle & to t]giv]sate1 9 ord] to avoid mak+ ,william out a usurp]4 ,if ^! two writ]s _h adopt$ ! true pr9ciples1 all difficulties w\ld h be5 remov$1 & !y w\ld h be5 always consi/5t2 b x w\ld h be5 a sad tru? = !m to tell1 & w\ld h paid c\rt = !m to no-"o save ! p4 ,moreov]1 tru? is no road to =tune1 & ! p disp5ses nei!r ambassador%ips1 nor pr(essor%ips1 nor p5sions4 #a ,to be g5]al1 a w ne$ n always be unanim\s2 b e vote--mu/ be c\nt$3 any exclusion is a brea* ( g5]ality4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:e!r ,,! ,,g5]al ,,w ,,is ,,fallible ,x foll[s f :at has gone be=e t ! g5]al w is always "r & t5ds to ! public advantage2 b x does n foll[ t ! delib]ations ( ! p are always equally correct4 ,our w is always = our own good1 b we d n always see :at t is2 ! p is nev] corrupt$1 b x is (t5 deceiv$1 & on su* occasions only does x seem to w :at is bad4 ,!re is (t5 a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! w ( all & ! g5]al w2 ! latt] consid]s only ! common int]e/1 :ile ! =m] takes private int]e/ into acc\nt1 & is no m ?an a sum ( p>ticul> wills3 b take away f ^! same wills ! pluses & m9uses t cancel "o ano!r1#a & ! g5]al w rema9s z ! sum ( ! diff]5ces4 ,if1 :5 ! p1 be+ furni%$ ) adequate in=mation1 held its delib]ations1 ! citiz5s _h no communication "o ) ano!r1 ! gr& total ( ! small diff]5ces w\ld always give ! g5]al w1 & ! decision w\ld always be good4 ,b :5 factions arise1 & p>tial associations are =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! great association1 ! w ( ea* ( ^! associations becomes g5]al 9 relation to its memb]s1 :ile x rema9s p>ticul> 9 relation to ! ,/ate3 x may !n be said t !re are no long] z _m votes z !re are m51 b only z _m z !re are associations4 ,! diff]5ces become less num]\s & give a less g5]al result4 ,la/ly1 :5 "o ( ^! associations is s great z to prevail ov] all ! re/1 ! result is no long] a sum ( small diff]5ces1 b a s+le diff]5ce2 9 ?is case !re is no long] a g5]al w1 & ! op9ion :i* prevails is purely p>ticul>4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial1 if ! g5]al w is to be able to express itself1 t !re %\ld be no p>tial society )9 ! ,/ate1 & t ea* citiz5 %\ld ?9k only 8 own ?\ghts3#b :i* 0 inde$ ! sublime & unique sy/em e/abli%$ by ! great ,lycurgus4 ,b if !re are p>tial societies1 x is be/ to h z _m z possible & to prev5t !m f be+ unequal1 z 0 done by ,solon1 ,numa & ,s]vius4 ,^! precautions are ! only ones t c gu>antee t ! g5]al w %all be always enlight5$1 & t ! p %all 9 no way deceive itself4 #a ,e int]e/1 says ! ,m>quis d',arg5son1 has diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! agreem5t ( two p>ticul> int]e/s is =m$ by opposition to a ?ird4 ,he might h add$ t ! agreem5t ( all int]e/s is =m$ by opposition to t ( ea*4 ,if !re 7 no diff]5t int]e/s1 ! common int]e/ w\ld be b>ely felt1 z x w\ld enc\nt] no ob/acle2 all w\ld g on ( its own accord1 & politics w\ld cease to be an art4 #b ,9 fact1 says ,mac*iavelli1 !re are "s divisions t are h>mful to a ,republic & "s t are advantage\s4 ,^? :i* /ir up sects & p>ties are h>mful2 ^? att5d$ by nei!r are advantage\s4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! f\nd] ( a ,republic _c help enmities aris+1 he ought at lea/ to prev5t !m f gr[+ into sects 7,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 ,book vii74 ,r\sseau quotes ! ,italian4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,sov]eign ,,p[] ,if ! ,/ate is a moral p]son ^: life is 9 ! union ( its memb]s1 & if ! mo/ important ( its c>es is ! c>e = its own pres]vation1 x mu/ h a univ]sal & compell+ =ce1 9 ord] to move & dispose ea* "p z may be mo/ advantage\s to ! :ole4 ,z nature gives ea* man absolute p[] ov] all 8 memb]s1 ! social compact gives ! body politic absolute p[] ov] all its memb]s also2 & x is ?is p[] :i*1 "u ! direction ( ! g5]al w1 be>s1 z ,i h said1 ! "n ( ,sov]eignty4 ,b1 besides ! public p]son1 we h to consid] ! private p]sons compos+ x1 ^: life & lib]ty are naturally indep5d5t ( x4 ,we are b\nd !n to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! respective rights ( ! citiz5s & ! ,sov]eign1#a & betwe5 ! duties ! =m] h to fulfil z subjects1 & ! natural rights !y %\ld enjoy z m54 ,ea* man ali5ates1 ,i admit1 by ! social compact1 only su* "p ( 8 p[]s1 goods & lib]ty z x is important = ! community to control2 b x mu/ also be grant$ t ! ,sov]eign is sole judge ( :at is important4 ,e s]vice a citiz5 c r5d] ! ,/ate he ought to r5d] z soon z ! ,sov]eign dem&s x2 b ! ,sov]eign1 = its "p1 _c impose ^u its subjects any fett]s t are useless to ! community1 nor c x ev5 wi% to d s2 = no m by ! law ( reason ?an by ! law ( nature c any?+ occur )\t a cause4 ,! und]tak+s :i* b9d u to ! social body are obligatory only because !y are mutual2 & _! nature is su* t 9 fulfill+ !m we _c "w = o!rs )\t work+ = ourselves4 ,:y is x t ! g5]al w is always 9 ! "r1 & t all cont9ually w ! happ9ess ( ea* "o1 unless x is because !re is n a man :o does n ?9k ( ea* z mean+ him1 & consid] himself 9 vot+ = all8 ,?is proves t equality ( rights & ! idea ( ju/ice :i* su* equality creates orig9ate 9 ! pref]5ce ea* man gives to himself1 & accord+ly 9 ! v nature ( man4 ,x proves t ! g5]al w1 to be really su*1 mu/ be g5]al 9 its object z well z its ess5ce2 t x mu/ bo? come f all & apply to all2 & t x loses its natural rectitude :5 x is direct$ to "s p>ticul> & det]m9ate object1 because 9 su* a case we are judg+ ( some?+ =eign to u1 & h no true pr9ciple ( equity to guide u4 ,inde$1 z soon z a "q ( p>ticul> fact or "r arises on a po9t n previ\sly regulat$ by a g5]al conv5tion1 ! matt] becomes cont5ti\s4 ,x is a case 9 :i* ! individuals conc]n$ are "o p>ty1 & ! public ! o!r1 b 9 :i* ,i c see nei!r ! law t ought to be foll[$ nor ! judge :o ought to give ! decision4 ,9 su* a case1 x w\ld be absurd to propose to ref] ! "q to an express decision ( ! g5]al w1 :i* c be only ! conclusion rea*$ by "o ( ! p>ties & 9 consequ5ce w be1 = ! o!r p>ty1 m]ely an ext]nal & p>ticul> w1 incl9$ on ?is occasion to inju/ice & subject to error4 ,?us1 j z a p>ticul> w _c /& = ! g5]al w1 ! g5]al w1 9 turn1 *anges its nature1 :5 its object is p>ticul>1 &1 z g5]al1 _c pron\nce on a man or a fact4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! p ( ,a!ns nom9at$ or displac$ its rul]s1 decre$ hon\rs to "o1 & impos$ p5alties on ano!r1 &1 by a multitude ( p>ticul> decrees1 ex]cis$ all ! functions ( gov]nm5t indiscrim9ately1 x _h 9 su* cases no long] a g5]al w 9 ! /rict s5se2 x 0 act+ no long] z ,sov]eign1 b z magi/rate4 ,?is w seem contr>y to curr5t views2 b ,i mu/ be giv5 "t to exp\nd my own4 ,x %\ld be se5 f ! =ego+ t :at makes ! w g5]al is less ! numb] ( vot]s ?an ! common int]e/ unit+ !m2 = "u ?is sy/em1 ea* necess>ily submits to ! conditions he imposes on o!rs2 & ?is admirable agreem5t betwe5 int]e/ & ju/ice gives to ! common delib]ations an equitable "* :i* at once vani%es :5 any p>ticul> "q is discuss$1 9 ! abs5ce ( a common int]e/ to unite & id5tify ! rul+ ( ! judge ) t ( ! p>ty4 ,f :atev] side we approa* our pr9ciple1 we rea* ! same conclusion1 t ! social compact sets up among ! citiz5s an equality ( su* a k9d1 t !y all b9d !mselves to obs]ve ! same conditions & %\ld !re=e all enjoy ! same rights4 ,?us1 f ! v nature ( ! compact1 e act ( ,sov]eignty1 i4e4 e au!ntic act ( ! g5]al w1 b9ds or fav\rs all ! citiz5s equally2 s t ! ,sov]eign recognises only ! body ( ! nation1 & draws no di/9ctions betwe5 ^? ( :om x is made up4 ,:at1 !n1 /rictly speak+ is an act ( ,sov]eignty8 ,x is n a conv5tion betwe5 a sup]ior & an inf]ior1 b a conv5tion betwe5 ! body & ea* ( its memb]s4 ,x is legitimate1 because bas$ on ! social contract1 &1 equitable1 because common to all2 useful1 because x c h no o!r object ?an ! g5]al good1 & /able1 because gu>ante$ by ! public =ce & ! supreme p[]4 ,s long z ! subjects h to submit only to conv5tions ( ?is sort1 !y obey no-"o b _! own w2 & to ask h[ f> ! respective rights ( ! ,sov]eign & ! citiz5s ext5d1 is to ask up to :at po9t ! latt] c ent] into und]tak+s ) !mselves1 ea* ) all1 & all ) ea*4 ,we c see f ?is t ! sov]eign p[]1 absolute1 sacr$ & inviolable z x is1 does n & _c exce$ ! limits ( g5]al conv5tions1 & t e man may dispose at w ( su* goods & lib]ty z ^! conv5tions leave him2 s t ! ,sov]eign nev] has a "r to lay m *>ges on "o subject ?an on ano!r1 because1 9 t case1 ! "q becomes p>ticul>1 & ceases to be )9 its compet5cy4 ,:5 ^! di/9ctions h once be5 admitt$1 x is se5 to be s untrue t !re is1 9 ! social contract1 any real r5unciation on ! "p ( ! individuals1 t ! position 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves z a result ( ! contract is really pref]able to t 9 :i* !y 7 be=e4 ,in/ead ( a r5unciation1 !y h made an advantage\s ex*ange3 in/ead ( an unc]ta9 & prec>i\s way ( liv+ !y h got "o t is bett] & m secure2 in/ead ( natural indep5d5ce !y h got lib]ty1 in/ead ( ! p[] to h>m o!rs security = !mselves1 & in/ead ( _! /r5g?1 :i* o!rs might ov]come1 a "r :i* social union makes inv9cible4 ,_! v life1 :i* !y h devot$ to ! ,/ate1 is by x con/antly protect$2 & :5 !y risk x 9 ! ,/ate's def5ce1 :at m are !y do+ ?an giv+ back :at !y h receiv$ f x8 ,:at are !y do+ t !y w\ld n d m (t5 & ) great] dang] 9 ! /ate ( nature1 9 :i* !y w\ld inevitably h to fight battles at ! p]il ( _! lives 9 def5ce ( t :i* is ! means ( _! pres]vation8 ,all h inde$ to fight :5 _! c\ntry ne$s !m2 b !n no "o has ev] to fight = himself4 ,d we n ga9 some?+ by runn+1 on behalf ( :at gives u our security1 only "s ( ! risks we %\ld h to run = ourselves1 z soon z we lo/ x8 #a ,att5tive read]s1 d n1 ,i pray1 be 9 a hurry to *>ge me ) contradict+ myself4 ,! t]m9ology made x unavoidable1 consid]+ ! pov]ty ( ! language2 b wait & see4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,! "q is (t5 ask$ h[ individuals1 hav+ no "r to dispose ( _! own lives1 c transf] to ! ,sov]eign a "r :i* !y d n possess4 ,! difficulty ( answ]+ ?is "q seems to me to lie 9 its be+ wrongly /at$4 ,e man has a "r to risk 8 own life 9 ord] to pres]ve x4 ,has x ev]1 be5 said t a man :o ?r[s himself out ( ! w9d[ to escape f a fire is guilty ( suicide8 ,has su* a crime ev] be5 laid to ! *>ge ( him :o p]i%es 9 a /orm because1 :5 he w5t on bo>d1 he knew ( ! dang]8 ,! social treaty has = its end ! pres]vation ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,he :o wills ! end wills ! means also1 & ! means mu/ involve "s risks1 & ev5 "s losses4 ,he :o wi%es to pres]ve 8 life at o!rs exp5se %\ld also1 :5 x is necess>y1 be ready to give x up = _! sake4 ,fur!rmore1 ! citiz5 is no long] ! judge ( ! dang]s to :i* ! law desires him to expose himself2 & :5 ! pr9ce says to him3 ,x is exp$i5t = ! ,/ate t y %\ld die1 he ought to die1 because x is only on t condition t he has be5 liv+ 9 security up to ! pres5t1 & because 8 life is no long] a m]e b\nty ( nature1 b a gift made conditionally by ! ,/ate4 ,! dea?-p5alty inflict$ ^u crim9als may be look$ on 9 mu* ! same light3 x is 9 ord] t we may n fall victims to an assass9 t we cons5t to die if we ourselves turn assass9s4 ,9 ?is treaty1 s f> f dispos+ ( our own lives1 we ?9k only ( secur+ !m1 & x is n to be assum$ t any ( ! p>ties !n expects to get hang$4 ,aga91 e malefactor1 by attack+ social rights1 becomes on =feit a rebel & a traitor to 8 c\ntry2 by violat+ its laws he ceases to be a memb] ( x2 he ev5 makes w> ^u x4 ,9 su* a case ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate is inconsi/5t ) 8 own1 & "o or ! o!r mu/ p]i%2 9 putt+ ! guilty to dea?1 we slay n s mu* ! citiz5 z an enemy4 ,! trial & ! judgm5t are ! pro(s t he has brok5 ! social treaty1 & is 9 consequ5ce no long] a memb] ( ! ,/ate4 ,s9ce1 !n1 he has recognis$ himself to be su* by liv+ !re1 he mu/ be remov$ by exile z a violator ( ! compact1 or by dea? z a public enemy2 = su* an enemy is n a moral p]son1 b m]ely a man2 & 9 su* a case ! "r ( w> is to kill ! vanqui%$4 ,b1 x w be said1 ! condemnation ( a crim9al is a p>ticul> act4 ,i admit x3 b su* condemnation is n a function ( ! ,sov]eign2 x is a "r ! ,sov]eign c conf] )\t be+ able itself to ex]t x4 ,all my ideas are consi/5t1 b ,i _c exp\nd !m all at once4 ,we may add t frequ5t puni%m5ts are always a sign ( weakness or remissness on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re is n a s+le ill-do] :o c\ld n be turn$ to "s good4 ,! ,/ate has no "r to put to dea?1 ev5 = ! sake ( mak+ an example1 any "o :om x c leave alive )\t dang]4 ,! "r ( p>don+ or exempt+ ! guilty f a p5alty impos$ by ! law & pron\nc$ by ! judge belongs only to ! au?ority :i* is sup]ior to bo? judge & law1 i4e4 ! ,sov]eign2 ev5 its "r 9 ?is matt] is f> f cle>1 & ! cases = ex]cis+ x are extremely r>e4 ,9 a well-gov]n$ ,/ate1 !re are few puni%m5ts1 n because !re are _m p>dons1 b because crim9als are r>e2 x is :5 a ,/ate is 9 decay t ! multitude ( crimes is a gu>antee ( impunity4 ,"u ! ,roman ,republic1 nei!r ! ,s5ate nor ! ,consuls ev] attempt$ to p>don2 ev5 ! p nev] did s1 ?\gh x sometimes revok$ its own decision4 ,frequ5t p>dons mean t crime w soon ne$ !m no long]1 & no-"o c help see+ :i!r t leads4 ,b ,i feel my he>t prote/+ & re/ra9+ my p52 let u leave ^! que/ions to ! j man :o has nev] (f5d$1 & w\ld himself /& 9 no ne$ ( p>don4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,law ,by ! social compact we h giv5 ! body politic exi/5ce & life3 we h n[ by legislation to give x movem5t & w4 ,= ! orig9al act by :i* ! body is =m$ & unit$ /ill 9 no respect det]m9es :at x ought to d = its pres]vation4 ,:at is well & 9 con=mity ) ord] is s by ! nature ( ?+s & indep5d5tly ( human conv5tions4 ,all ju/ice comes f ,god1 :o is its sole s\rce2 b if we knew h[ to receive s high an inspiration1 we %\ld ne$ nei!r gov]nm5t nor laws4 ,d\btless1 !re is a univ]sal ju/ice emanat+ f reason alone2 b ?is ju/ice1 to be admitt$ among u1 mu/ be mutual4 ,humanly speak+1 9 default ( natural sanctions1 ! laws ( ju/ice are ineffective among m53 !y m]ely make = ! good ( ! wick$ & ! undo+ ( ! j1 :5 ! j man obs]ves !m t[>ds ev]ybody & nobody obs]ves !m t[>ds him4 ,conv5tions & laws are !re=e ne$$ to jo9 rights to duties & ref] ju/ice to its object4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e ev]y?+ is common1 ,i owe no?+ to him :om ,i nave promis$ no?+2 ,i recognise z belong+ to o!rs only :at is ( no use to me4 ,9 ! /ate ( society all rights are fix$ by law1 & ! case becomes diff]5t4 ,b :at1 aft] all1 is a law8 ,z long z we rema9 satisfi$ ) atta*+ purely metaphysical ideas to ! ^w1 we %all g on argu+ )\t arriv+ at an und]/&+2 & :5 we h def9$ a law ( nature1 we %all be no ne>] ! def9ition ( a law ( ! ,/ate4 ,i h already said t !re c be no g5]al w direct$ to a p>ticul> object4 ,su* an object mu/ be ei!r )9 or outside ! ,/ate4 ,if outside1 a w :i* is ali5 to x _c be1 9 relation to x1 g5]al2 if )91 x is "p ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 t case !re arises a relation betwe5 :ole & "p :i* makes !m two sep>ate be+s1 ( :i* ! "p is "o1 & ! :ole m9us ! "p ! o!r4 ,b ! :ole m9us a "p _c be ! :ole2 & :ile ?is relation p]si/s1 !re c be no :ole1 b only two unequal p>ts2 & x foll[s t ! w ( "o is no long] 9 any respect g5]al 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,b :5 ! :ole p decrees = ! :ole p1 x is consid]+ only itself2 & if a relation is !n =m$1 x is betwe5 two aspects ( ! entire object1 )\t !re be+ any division ( ! :ole4 ,9 t case ! matt] ab\t :i* ! decree is made is1 l ! decree+ w g5]al4 ,?is act is :at ,i call a law4 ,:5 ,i say t ! object ( laws is always g5]al1 ,i mean t law consid]s subjects en masse & actions 9 ! ab/ract1 & nev] a p>ticul> p]son or action4 ,?us ! law may inde$ decree t !re %all be privileges1 b _c conf] !m on anybody by "n4 ,x may set up sev]al classes ( citiz5s1 & ev5 lay d[n ! qualifications = memb]%ip ( ^! classes1 b x _c nom9ate su* & su* p]sons z belong+ to !m2 x may e/abli% a mon>*ical gov]nm5t & h]$it>y succession1 b x _c *oose a k+1 or nom9ate a royal family4 ,9 a ^w1 no function :i* has a p>ticul> object belongs to ! legislative p[]4 ,on ?is view1 we at once see t x c no long] be ask$ ^: bus9ess x is to make laws1 s9ce !y are acts ( ! g5]al w3 nor :e!r ! pr9ce is above ! law1 s9ce he is a memb] ( ! ,/ate2 nor :e!r ! law c be unju/1 s9ce no "o is unju/ to himself2 nor h[ we c be bo? free & subject to ! laws s9ce !y are b regi/]s ( our wills4 ,we see fur!r t1 z ! law unites univ]sality ( w ) univ]sality ( object1 :at a man1 :oev] he be1 comm&s ( 8 own motion _c be a law2 & ev5 :at ! ,sov]eign comm&s ) reg>d to a p>ticul> matt] is no ne>] be+ a law1 b is a decree1 an act1 n ( sov]eignty1 b ( magi/racy4 ,i !re=e give ! "n ',republic' to e ,/ate t is gov]n$ by laws1 no matt] :at ! =m ( its adm9i/ration may be3 = only 9 su* a case does ! public int]e/ gov]n1 & ! res publica rank z a reality4 ,e legitimate gov]nm5t is republican2#a :at gov]nm5t is ,i w expla9 lat] on4 ,laws are1 prop]ly speak+1 only ! conditions ( civil association4 ,! p1 be+ subject to ! laws1 ought to be _! au?or3 ! conditions ( ! society ought to be regulat$ solely by ^? :o come toge!r to =m x4 ,b h[ are !y to regulate !m8 ,is x to be by common agreem5t1 by a sudd5 inspiration8 ,has ! body politic an organ to decl>e its w8 ,:o c give x ! =esight to =mulate & ann\nce its acts 9 advance8 ,or h[ is x to ann\nce !m 9 ! h\r ( ne$8 ,h[ c a bl9d multitude1 :i* (t5 does n "k :at x wills1 because x r>ely kn[s :at is good = x1 c>ry out = itself s great & difficult an ent]prise z a sy/em ( legislation8 ,( itself ! p wills always ! good1 b ( itself x by no means always sees x4 ,! g5]al w is always 9 ! "r1 b ! judgm5t :i* guides x is n always enlight5$4 ,x mu/ be got to see objects z !y are1 & sometimes z !y ought to appe> to x2 x mu/ be %[n ! good road x is 9 se>* (1 secur$ f ! s$uctive influ5ces ( individual wills1 taught to see times & spaces z a s]ies1 & made to weigh ! attractions ( pres5t & s5sible advantages aga9/ ! dang] ( di/ant & hidd5 evils4 ,! individuals see ! good !y reject2 ! public wills ! good x does n see4 ,all /& equally 9 ne$ ( guidance4 ,! =m] mu/ be compell$ to br+ _! wills into con=mity ) _! reason2 ! latt] mu/ be taught to "k :at x wills4 ,if t is done1 public enlight5m5t leads to ! union ( und]/&+ & w 9 ! social body3 ! p>ts are made to "w exactly toge!r1 & ! :ole is rais$ to its highe/ p[]4 ,?is makes a legislator necess>y4 #a ,i und]/& by ?is ^w1 n m]ely an ari/ocracy or a democracy1 b g5]ally any gov]nm5t direct$ by ! g5]al w1 :i* is ! law4 ,to be legitimate1 ! gov]nm5t mu/ be1 n "o ) ! ,sov]eign1 b its m9i/]4 ,9 su* a case ev5 a mon>*y is a ,republic4 ,?is w be made cle>] 9 ! foll[+ book4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,legislator ,9 ord] to discov] ! rules ( society be/ suit$ to nations1 a sup]ior intellig5ce behold+ all ! passions ( m5 )\t exp]i5c+ any ( !m w\ld be ne$$4 ,?is intellig5ce w\ld h to be :olly unrelat$ to our nature1 :ile kn[+ x ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 its happ9ess w\ld h to be indep5d5t ( u1 & yet ready to occupy itself ) ours2 & la/ly1 x w\ld h1 9 ! m>* ( "t1 to look =w>d to a di/ant glory1 &1 work+ 9 "o c5tury1 to be able to enjoy 9 ! next4#a ,x w\ld take gods to give m5 laws4 ,:at ,caligula argu$ f ! facts1 ,plato1 9 ! dialogue call$ ! ,politicus1 argu$ 9 def9+ ! civil or k+ly man1 on ! basis ( "r4 ,b if great pr9ces are r>e1 h[ mu* m s are great legislators8 ,! =m] h only to foll[ ! patt]n :i* ! latt] h to lay d[n4 ,! legislator is ! eng9e] :o inv5ts ! ma*9e1 ! pr9ce m]ely ! me*anic :o sets x up & makes x g4 ,at ! bir? ( societies1 says ,montesquieu1 ! rul]s ( ,republics e/abli% in/itutions1 & aft]w>ds ! in/itutions m\ld ! rul]s4#b ,he :o d>es to und]take ! mak+ ( a p's in/itutions ought to feel himself capable1 s to speak1 ( *ang+ human nature1 ( trans=m+ ea* individual1 :o is by himself a complete & solit>y :ole1 into "p ( a great] :ole f :i* he 9 a mann] receives 8 life & be+2 ( alt]+ man's con/itution = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ x2 & ( sub/itut+ a p>tial & moral exi/5ce = ! physical & indep5d5t exi/5ce nature has conf]r$ on u all4 ,he mu/1 9 a ^w1 take away f man 8 own res\rces & give him in/ead new ones ali5 to him1 & incapable ( be+ made use ( )\t ! help ( o!r m54 ,! m completely ^! natural res\rces are annihilat$1 ! great] & ! m la/+ are ^? :i* he acquires1 & ! m /able & p]fect ! new in/itutions2 s t if ea* citiz5 is no?+ & c d no?+ )\t ! re/1 & ! res\rces acquir$ by ! :ole are equal or sup]ior to ! aggregate ( ! res\rces ( all ! individuals1 x may be said t legislation is at ! highe/ possible po9t ( p]fection4 ,! legislator occupies 9 e respect an extraord9>y position 9 ! ,/ate4 ,if he %\ld d s by reason ( 8 g5ius1 he does s no less by reason ( 8 (fice1 :i* is nei!r magi/racy1 nor ,sov]eignty4 ,?is (fice1 :i* sets up ! ,republic1 n[h]e ent]s into its con/itution2 x is an individual & sup]ior function1 :i* has no?+ 9 common ) human empire2 = if he :o holds comm& ov] m5 ought n to h comm& ov] ! laws1 he :o has comm& ov] ! laws ought n any m to h x ov] m52 or else 8 laws w\ld be ! m9i/]s ( 8 passions & w\ld (t5 m]ely s]ve to p]petuate 8 inju/ices3 8 private aims w\ld inevitably m> ! sanctity ( 8 "w4 ,:5 ,lycurgus gave laws to 8 c\ntry1 he began by resign+ ! ?rone4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( mo/ ,greek t[ns to entru/ ! e/abli%m5t ( _! laws to =eign]s4 ,! ,republics ( mod]n ,italy 9 _m cases foll[$ ?is example2 ,g5eva did ! same & pr(it$ by x4#c ,rome1 :5 x 0 mo/ prosp]\s1 suff]$ a revival ( all ! crimes ( tyranny1 & 0 br\ght to ! v]ge ( de/ruction1 because x put ! legislative au?ority & ! sov]eign p[] into ! same h&s4 ,nev]!less1 ! decemvirs !mselves nev] claim$ ! "r to pass any law m]ely on _! own au?ority4 ,no?+ we propose to y1 !y said to ! p1 c pass into law )\t y\r cons5t4 ,romans1 be y\rselves ! au?ors ( ! laws :i* are to make y happy4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o draws up ! laws has1 or %\ld h1 no "r ( legislation1 & ! p _c1 ev5 if x wi%es1 deprive itself ( ?is incommunicable "r1 because1 accord+ to ! fundam5tal compact1 only ! g5]al w c b9d ! individuals1 & !re c be no assurance t a p>ticul> w is 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al w1 until x has be5 put to ! free vote ( ! p4 ,?is ,i h said already2 b x is wor? :ile to repeat x4 ,?us 9 ! task ( legislation we f9d toge!r two ?+s :i* appe> to be incompatible3 an ent]prise too difficult = human p[]s1 &1 = its execution1 an au?ority t is no au?ority4 ,!re is a fur!r difficulty t des]ves att5tion4 ,wise m51 if !y try to speak _! language to ! common h]d in/ead ( its own1 _c possibly make !mselves und]/ood4 ,!re are a ?\s& k9ds ( ideas :i* x is impossible to translate into popul> language4 ,conceptions t are too g5]al & objects t are too remote are equally out ( its range3 ea* individual1 hav+ no ta/e = any o!r plan ( gov]nm5t ?an t :i* suits 8 p>ticul> int]e/1 f9ds x difficult to realise ! advantages he might hope to draw f ! cont9ual privations good laws impose4 ,= a "y p to be able to reli% s\nd pr9ciples ( political !ory & foll[ ! fundam5tal rules ( /atecraft1 ! effect w\ld h to become ! cause2 ! social _s1 :i* %\ld be creat$ by ^! in/itutions1 w\ld h to preside ov] _! v f\ndation2 & m5 w\ld h to be be=e law :at !y %\ld become by means ( law4 ,! legislator !re=e1 be+ unable to appeal to ei!r =ce or reason1 mu/ h rec\rse to an au?ority ( a diff]5t ord] capable ( con/ra9+ )\t viol5ce & p]suad+ )\t conv9c+4 ,?is is :at has1 9 all ages1 compell$ ! fa!rs ( nations to h rec\rse to div9e int]v5tion & cr$it ! gods ) _! own wisdom1 9 ord] t ! peoples1 submitt+ to ! laws ( ! ,/ate z to ^? ( nature1 & recognis+ ! same p[] 9 ! =mation ( ! city z 9 t ( man1 might obey freely1 & be> ) docility ! yoke ( ! public happ9ess4 ,?is sublime reason1 f> above ! range ( ! common h]d1 is t ^: decisions ! legislator puts into ! m\? ( ! immortals1 9 ord] to con/ra9 by div9e au?ority ^? :om human prud5ce c\ld n move4#d ,b x is n anybody :o c make ! gods speak1 or get himself believ$ :5 he proclaims himself _! int]pret]4 ,! great s\l ( ! legislator is ! only miracle t c prove 8 mission4 ,any man may grave tablets ( /one1 or buy an oracle2 or feign secret int]c\rse ) "s div9ity1 or tra9 a bird to :isp] 9 8 e>1 or f9d o!r vulg> ways ( impos+ on ! p4 ,he ^: k goes no fur!r may p]haps ga!r r\nd him a b& ( fools2 b he w nev] f\nd an empire1 & 8 extravagances w quickly p]i% ) him4 ,idle tricks =m a pass+ tie2 only wisdom c make x la/+4 ,! ,judaic law1 :i* /ill subsi/s1 & t ( ! *ild ( ,i%mael1 :i*1 = t5 c5turies1 has rul$ half ! _w1 /ill proclaim ! great m5 :o laid !m d[n2 &1 :ile ! pride ( philosophy or ! bl9d _s ( faction sees 9 !m no m ?an lucky impo/ures1 ! true political !ori/ admires1 9 ! in/itutions !y set up1 ! great & p[]ful g5ius :i* presides ov] ?+s made to endure4 ,we %\ld n1 ) ,w>burton1 conclude f ?is t politics & religion h among u a common object1 b t1 9 ! fir/ p]iods ( nations1 ! "o is us$ z an in/rum5t = ! o!r4 #a ,a p becomes fam\s only :5 its legislation beg9s to decl9e4 ,we d n "k = h[ _m c5turies ! sy/em ( ,lycurgus made ! ,sp>tans happy be=e ! re/ ( ,greece took any notice ( x4 #b ,montesquieu1 ,! ,greatness & ,decad5ce ( ! ,romans1 *4 i4 #c ,^? :o "k ,calv9 only z a !ologian mu* und]e/imate ! ext5t ( 8 g5ius4 ,! codification ( our wise edicts1 9 :i* he play$ a l>ge "p1 does him no less hon\r ?an 8 ,in/itute4 ,:atev] revolution "t may br+ 9 our religion1 s long z ! _s ( patriotism & lib]ty /ill lives among u1 ! memory ( ?is great man w be = ev] bless$4 #d ,9 tru?1 says ,mac*iavelli1 !re has nev] be51 9 any c\ntry1 an extraord9>y legislator :o has n _h rec\rse to ,god2 = o!rwise 8 laws w\ld n h be5 accept$3 !re are1 9 fact1 _m useful tru?s ( :i* a wise man may h k )\t _! hav+ 9 !mselves su* cle> reasons = _! be+ s z to be able to conv9ce o!rs 7,disc\rses on ,livy1 ,bk4 v1 *4 xi74 7,r\sseau quotes ! ,italian47 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,p ,z1 be=e putt+ up a l>ge build+1 ! ar*itect surveys & s\nds ! site to see if x w be> ! weight1 ! wise legislator does n beg9 by lay+ d[n laws good 9 !mselves1 b by inve/igat+ ! fitness ( ! p1 = :i* !y are de/9$1 to receive !m4 ,plato refus$ to legislate = ! ,arcadians & ! ,cyr5ans1 because he knew t bo? peoples 7 ri* & c\ld n put up ) equality2 & good laws & bad m5 7 f\nd toge!r 9 ,crete1 because ,m9os _h inflict$ discipl9e on a p already burd5$ ) vice4 ,a ?\s& nations h a*iev$ e>?ly greatness1 t c\ld nev] h endur$ good laws2 ev5 su* z c\ld h endur$ !m c\ld h done s only = a v brief p]iod ( _! long hi/ory4 ,mo/ peoples1 l mo/ m51 are docile only 9 y\?2 z !y gr[ old !y become incorrigible4 ,:5 once cu/oms h become e/abli%$ & prejudices invet]ate1 x is dang]\s & useless to attempt _! re=mation2 ! p1 l ! fooli% & c[>dly pati5ts :o rave at sight ( ! doctor1 c no long] be> t any "o %\ld lay h&s on its faults to rem$y !m4 ,!re are inde$ times 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/ates :51 j z "s k9ds ( illness turn m5's heads & make !m =get ! pa/1 p]iods ( viol5ce & revolutions d to peoples :at ^! crises d to individuals3 horror ( ! pa/ takes ! place ( =getfulness1 & ! ,/ate1 set on fire by civil w>s1 is born aga91 s to speak1 f its a%es1 & takes on anew1 fre% f ! jaws ( dea?1 ! vig\r ( y\?4 ,su* 7 ,sp>ta at ! "t ( ,lycurgus1 ,rome aft] ! ,t>qu9s1 &1 9 mod]n times1 ,holl& & ,switz]l& aft] ! expulsion ( ! tyrants4 ,b su* ev5ts are r>e2 !y are exceptions1 ! cause ( :i* is always to be f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> con/itution ( ! ,/ate conc]n$4 ,!y _c ev5 happ5 twice to ! same p1 = x c make itself free z long z x rema9s b>b>\s1 b n :5 ! civic impulse has lo/ its vig\r4 ,!n di/urbances may de/roy x1 b revolutions _c m5d x3 x ne$s a ma/]1 & n a lib]ator4 ,free peoples1 be m9dful ( maxim2 ,lib]ty may be ga9$1 b c nev] be recov]$4 ,y\? is n infancy4 ,!re is = nations1 z = m51 a p]iod ( y\?1 or1 %all we say1 maturity1 be=e :i* !y %\ld n be made subject to laws2 b ! maturity ( a p is n always easily recognisable1 &1 if x is anticipat$1 ! "w is spoilt4 ,"o p is am5able to discipl9e f ! beg9n+2 ano!r1 n aft] t5 c5turies4 ,russia w nev] be really civilis$1 because x 0 civilis$ too soon4 ,pet] _h a g5ius = imitation2 b he lack$ true g5ius1 :i* is creative & makes all f no?+4 ,he did "s good ?+s1 b mo/ ( :at he did 0 out ( place4 ,he saw t 8 p 0 b>b>\s1 b did n see t x 0 n ripe = civilisation3 he want$ to civilise x :5 x ne$$ only h>d5+4 ,8 fir/ wi% 0 to make ,g]mans or ,engli%m51 :5 he ought to h be5 mak+ ,russians2 & he prev5t$ 8 subjects f ev] becom+ :at !y might h be5 by p]suad+ !m t !y 7 :at !y are n4 ,9 ?is fa%ion too a ,fr5* tea*] turns out 8 pupil to be an infant prodigy1 & = ! re/ ( 8 life to be no?+ :atsoev]4 ,! empire ( ,russia w aspire to conqu] ,europe1 & w itself be conqu]$4 ,! ,t>t>s1 its subjects or neighb\rs1 w become its ma/]s & ours1 by a revolution :i* ,i reg>d z inevitable4 ,inde$1 all ! k+s ( ,europe are work+ 9 conc]t to ha/5 its com+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,p 7cont9u$7 ,z nature has set b\nds to ! /ature ( a well-made man1 &1 outside ^? limits1 makes no?+ b giants or dw>fs1 simil>ly1 = ! con/itution ( a ,/ate to be at its be/1 x is possible to fix limits t w make x nei!r too l>ge = good gov]nm5t1 nor too small = self-ma9t5ance4 ,9 e body politic !re is a maximum /r5g? :i* x _c exce$ & :i* x only loses by increas+ 9 size4 ,e ext5sion ( ! social tie means its relaxation2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 a small ,/ate is /rong] 9 proportion ?an a great "o4 ,a ?\s& argum5ts c\ld be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,fir/1 long di/ances make adm9i/ration m difficult1 j z a weight becomes heavi] at ! end ( a long] lev]4 ,adm9i/ration !re=e becomes m & m burd5some z ! di/ance gr[s great]2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ea* city has its own1 :i* is paid = by ! p3 ea* di/rict its own1 /ill paid = by ! p3 !n comes ea* prov9ce1 & !n ! great gov]nm5ts1 satrapies1 & vice-royalties1 always co/+ m ! high] y g1 & always at ! exp5se ( ! un=tunate p4 ,la/ ( all comes ! supreme adm9i/ration1 :i* eclipses all ! re/4 ,all ^! ov]*>ges are a cont9ual dra9 ^u ! subjects2 s f> f be+ bett] gov]n$ by all ^! diff]5t ord]s1 !y are worse gov]n$ ?an if !re 7 only a s+le au?ority ov] !m4 ,9 ! meantime1 !re sc>ce rema9 res\rces en\gh to meet em]g5cies2 &1 :5 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ^!1 ! ,/ate is always on ! eve ( de/ruction4 ,?is is n all2 n only has ! gov]nm5t less vig\r & promptitude = secur+ ! obs]vance ( ! laws1 prev5t+ nuisances1 correct+ abuses1 & gu>d+ aga9/ s$iti\s und]tak+s begun 9 di/ant places2 ! p has less affection = its rul]s1 :om x nev] sees1 = its c\ntry1 :i*1 to its eyes1 seems l ! _w1 & = its fell[-citiz5s1 mo/ ( :om are unkn[n to x4 ,! same laws _c suit s _m div]se prov9ces ) diff]5t cu/oms1 situat$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s climates1 & incapable ( endur+ a uni=m gov]nm5t4 ,diff]5t laws lead only to tr\ble & confusion among peoples :i*1 liv+ "u ! same rul]s & 9 con/ant communication "o ) ano!r1 int]m+le & int]m>ry1 &1 com+ "u ! sway ( new cu/oms1 nev] "k if !y c call _! v patrimony _! own4 ,tal5t is buri$1 virtue unkn[n & vice unpuni%$1 among su* a multitude ( m5 :o d n "k "o ano!r1 ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o place at ! seat ( ! c5tral adm9i/ration4 ,! lead]s1 ov]:elm$ ) bus9ess1 see no?+ = !mselves2 ! ,/ate is gov]n$ by cl]ks4 ,f9ally1 ! measures :i* h to be tak5 to1 ma9ta9 ! g5]al au?ority1 :i* all ^! di/ant (ficials wi% to escape or to impose ^u1 absorb all ! en]gy ( ! public1 s t !re is none left = ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,!re is h>dly en\gh to def5d x :5 ne$ arises1 & ?us a body :i* is too big = its con/itution gives way & falls cru%$ "u its own weight4 ,aga91 ! ,/ate mu/ assure itself a safe f\ndation1 if x is to h /ability1 & to be able to resi/ ! %ocks x _c help exp]i5c+1 z well z ! ef=ts x w be =c$ to make = its ma9t5ance2 = all peoples h a k9d ( c5trifugal =ce t makes !m cont9ually act "o aga9/ ano!r1 & t5d to aggr&ise !mselves at _! neighb\rs' exp5se1 l ! vortices ( ,desc>tes4 ,?us ! weak run ! risk ( be+ soon swall[$ up2 & x is almo/ impossible = any "o to pres]ve itself except by putt+ itself 9 a /ate ( equilibrium ) all1 s t ! pressure is on all sides practically equal4 ,x may !re=e be se5 t !re are reasons = expansion & reasons = contraction2 & x is no small "p ( ! /atesman's skill to hit betwe5 !m ! mean t is mo/ fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate4 ,x may be said t ! reason = expansion1 be+ m]ely ext]nal & relative1 ought to be subord9ate to ! reasons = contraction1 :i* are int]nal & absolute4 ,a /rong & heal?y con/itution is ! fir/ ?+ to look =2 & x is bett] to c\nt on ! vig\r :i* comes ( good gov]nm5t ?an on ! res\rces a great t]ritory furni%es4 ,x may be add$ t !re h be5 kn[n ,/ates s con/itut$ t ! necessity ( mak+ conque/s ent]$ into _! v con/itution1 & t1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 !mselves1 !y 7 =c$ to exp& ceaselessly4 ,x may be t !y congratulat$ !mselves greatly on ?is =tunate necessity1 :i* none ! less indicat$ to !m1 along ) ! limits ( _! greatness1 ! inevitable mom5t ( _! fall4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,p 7cont9u$7 ,a body politic may be measur$ 9 two ways--ei!r by ! ext5t ( its t]ritory1 or by ! numb] ( its p2 & !re is1 betwe5 ^! two measurem5ts1 a "r relation :i* makes ! ,/ate really great4 ,! m5 make ! ,/ate1 & ! t]ritory su/a9s ! m52 ! "r relation !re=e is t ! l& %\ld suffice = ! ma9t5ance ( ! inhabitants1 & t !re %\ld be z _m inhabitants z ! l& c ma9ta94 ,9 ?is proportion lies ! maximum /r5g? ( a giv5 numb] ( p2 = if !re is too mu* l&1 x is tr\blesome to gu>d & inadequately cultivat$1 produces m ?an is ne$$1 & soon gives rise to w>s ( def5ce2 if !re is n en\gh1 ! ,/ate dep5ds on its neighb\rs = :at x ne$s ov] & above1 & ?is soon gives rise to w>s ( (f5ce4 ,e p1 to :i* its situation gives no *oice save t betwe5 comm]ce & w>1 is weak 9 itself3 x dep5ds on its neighb\rs1 & on circum/ances2 its exi/5ce c nev] be m ?an %ort & unc]ta94 ,x ei!r conqu]s o!rs1 & *anges its situation1 or x is conqu]$ & becomes no?+4 ,only insignificance or greatness c keep x free4 ,no fix$ relation c be /at$ betwe5 ! ext5t ( ! t]ritory & ! population t are adequate "o to ! o!r1 bo? because ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( l&1 9 its f]tility1 9 ! nature ( its products1 & 9 ! influ5ce ( climate1 & because ( ! diff]5t temp]s ( ^? :o inhabit x2 = "s 9 a f]tile c\ntry consume little1 & o!rs on an ungrateful soil mu*4 ,! great] or less fecundity ( wom51 ! conditions t are m or less fav\rable 9 ea* c\ntry to ! gr[? ( population1 & ! influ5ce ! legislator c hope to ex]cise by 8 in/itutions1 mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! legislator !re=e %\ld n g by :at he sees1 b by :at he =esees2 he %\ld /op n s mu* at ! /ate 9 :i* he actually f9ds ! population1 z at t to :i* x ought naturally to atta94 ,la/ly1 !re are c\ntless cases 9 :i* ! p>ticul> local circum/ances dem& or all[ ! acquisition ( a great] t]ritory ?an seems necess>y4 ,?us1 expansion w be great 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 :]e ! natural products1 i4e4 woods & pa/ures1 ne$ less lab\r1 :]e we "k f exp]i5ce t wom5 are m f]tile ?an 9 ! pla9s1 & :]e a great expanse ( slope af=ds only a small level tract t c be c\nt$ on = vegetation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 contraction is possible on ! coa/1 ev5 9 l&s ( rocks & ne>ly b>r5 s&s1 because !re fi%+ makes up to a great ext5t = ! lack ( l&-produce1 because ! inhabitants h to congregate toge!r m 9 ord] to repel pirates1 & fur!r because x is easi] to unburd5 ! c\ntry ( its sup]flu\s inhabitants by means ( colonies4 ,to ^! conditions ( law-giv+ mu/ be add$ "o o!r :i*1 ?\gh x _c take ! place ( ! re/1 r5d]s !m all useless :5 x is abs5t4 ,?is is ! enjoym5t ( peace & pl5ty2 = ! mom5t at :i* a ,/ate sets its h\se 9 ord] is1 l ! mom5t :5 a battalion is =m+ up1 t :5 its body is lea/ capable ( (f]+ resi/ance & easie/ to de/roy4 ,a bett] resi/ance c\ld be made at a "t ( absolute disorganisation ?an at a mom5t ( f]m5tation1 :5 ea* is occupi$ ) 8 own position & n ) ! dang]4 ,if w>1 fam9e1 or s$ition arises at ?is "t ( crisis1 ! ,/ate w inevitably be ov]?r[n4 ,n t _m gov]nm5ts h n be5 set up dur+ su* /orms2 b 9 su* cases ^! gov]nm5ts are !mselves ! ,/ate's de/roy]s4 ,usurp]s always br+ ab\t or select tr\bl\s times to get pass$1 "u cov] ( ! public t]ror1 de/ructive laws1 :i* ! p w\ld nev] adopt 9 cold blood4 ,! mom5t *os5 is "o ( ! sure/ means ( di/+ui%+ ! "w ( ! legislator f t ( ! tyrant4 ,:at p1 !n1 is a fit subject = legislation8 ,"o :i*1 already b\nd by "s unity ( orig91 int]e/1 or conv5tion1 has nev] yet felt ! real yoke ( law2 "o t has nei!r cu/oms nor sup]/itions deeply +ra9$1 "o :i* /&s 9 no fe> ( be+ ov]:elm$ by sudd5 invasion2 "o :i*1 )\t ent]+ into its neighb\rs' qu>rels1 c resi/ ea* ( !m s+le-h&$1 or get ! help ( "o to repel ano!r2 "o 9 :i* e memb] may be kn[n by e o!r1 & !re is no ne$ to lay on any man burd5s too heavy = a man to be>2 "o :i* c d )\t o!r peoples1 & )\t :i* all o!rs c d2#a "o :i* is nei!r ri* nor poor1 b self-suffici5t2 &1 la/ly1 "o :i* unites ! consi/5cy ( an anci5t p ) ! docility ( a new "o4 ,legislation is made difficult less by :at x is necess>y to build up ?an by :at has to be de/roy$2 & :at makes success s r>e is ! impossibility ( f9d+ natural simplicity toge!r ) social requirem5ts4 ,all ^! conditions are inde$ r>ely f\nd unit$1 & !re=e few ,/ates h good con/itutions4 ,!re is /ill 9 ,europe "o c\ntry capable ( be+ giv5 laws--,corsica4 ,! val\r & p]si/5cy ) :i* t brave p has rega9$ & def5d$ its lib]ty well des]ves t "s wise man %\ld tea* x h[ to pres]ve :at x has won4 ,i h a feel+ t "s day t little isl& w a/oni% ,europe4 #a ,if !re 7 two neighb\r+ peoples1 "o ( :i* c\ld n d )\t ! o!r1 x w\ld be v h>d on ! =m]1 & v dang]\s = ! latt]4 ,e wise nation1 9 su* a case1 w\ld make ha/e to free ! o!r f dep5d5ce4 ,! ,republic ( ,?lascala1 enclos$ by ! ,mexican ,empire1 pref]r$ do+ )\t salt to buy+ f ! ,mexicans1 or ev5 gett+ x f !m z a gift ,! ,?lascalans 7 wise en\gh to see ! sn>e hidd5 "u su* lib]ality4 ,!y kept _! fre$om1 & t little ,/ate1 %ut up 9 t great ,empire1 0 f9ally ! in/rum5t ( its ru94 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,legislation ,if we ask 9 :at precisely consi/s ! greate/ good ( all1 :i* %\ld be ! end ( e sy/em ( legislation1 we %all f9d x r$uce itself to two ma9 objects1 lib]ty & equality--lib]ty1 because all p>ticul> dep5d5ce means s mu* =ce tak5 f ! body ( ! ,/ate1 & equality1 because lib]ty _c exi/ )\t x4 ,i h already def9$ civil lib]ty2 by equality1 we %\ld und]/&1 n t ! degrees ( p[] & ri*es are to be absolutely id5tical = ev]ybody2 b t p[] %all nev] be great en\gh = viol5ce1 & %all always be ex]cis$ by virtue ( rank & law2 & t1 9 respect ( ri*es1 no citiz5 %all ev] be weal?y en\gh to buy ano!r1 & none poor en\gh to be =c$ to sell himself3#a :i* implies1 on ! "p ( ! great1 mod]ation 9 goods & position1 &1 on ! side ( ! common sort1 mod]ation 9 av>ice & covet\sness4 ,su* equality1 we are told1 is an unpractical ideal t _c actually exi/4 ,b if its abuse is inevitable1 does x foll[ t we %\ld n at lea/ make regulations conc]n+ x8 ,x is precisely because ! =ce ( circum/ances t5ds cont9ually to de/roy equality t ! =ce ( legislation %\ld always t5d to its ma9t5ance4 ,b ^! g5]al objects ( e good legislative sy/em ne$ modify+ 9 e c\ntry 9 accordance ) ! local situation & ! temp] ( ! inhabitants2 & ^! circum/ances %\ld det]m9e1 9 ea* case1 ! p>ticul> sy/em ( in/itutions :i* is be/1 n p]haps 9 itself1 b = ! ,/ate = :i* x is de/9$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! soil is b>r5 & unproductive1 or ! l& too cr[d$ = its inhabitants1 ! p %\ld turn to indu/ry & ! crafts1 & ex*ange :at !y produce = ! commodities !y lack4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a p dwells 9 ri* pla9s & f]tile slopes1 or1 9 a good l&1 lacks inhabitants1 x %\ld give all its att5tion to agriculture1 :i* causes m5 to multiply1 & %\ld drive out ! crafts1 :i* w\ld only result 9 depopulation1 by gr\p+ 9 a few localities ! few inhabitants !re are4#b ,if a nation dwells on an ext5sive & conv5i5t coa/-l9e1 let x cov] ! sea ) %ips & fo/] comm]ce & navigation4 ,x w h a life t w be %ort & glori\s4 ,if1 on its coa/s1 ! sea wa%es no?+ b almo/ inaccessible rocks1 let x rema9 b>b>\s & i*?yophag\s3 x w h a quiet]1 p]haps a bett]1 & c]ta9ly a happi] life4 ,9 a ^w1 besides ! pr9ciples t are common to all1 e nation has 9 itself some?+ t gives !m a p>ticul> application1 & makes its legislation peculi>ly its own4 ,?us1 among ! ,jews long ago & m rec5tly among ! ,arabs1 ! *ief object 0 religion1 among ! ,a!nians lett]s1 at ,c>?age & ,tyre comm]ce1 at ,rhodes %ipp+1 at ,sp>ta w>1 at ,rome virtue4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws has %[n ) _m examples by :at art ! legislator directs ! con/itution t[>ds ea* ( ^! objects4 ,:at makes ! con/itution ( a ,/ate really solid & la/+ is ! due obs]vance ( :at is prop]1 s t ! natural relations are always 9 agreem5t ) ! laws on e po9t1 & law only s]ves1 s to speak1 to assure1 accompany & rectify !m4 ,b if ! legislator mi/akes 8 object & adopts a pr9ciple o!r ?an circum/ances naturally direct2 if 8 pr9ciple makes = s]vitude :ile !y make = lib]ty1 or if x makes = ri*es1 :ile !y make = popul\sness1 or if x makes = peace1 :ile !y make = conque/--! laws w ins5sibly lose _! influ5ce1 ! con/itution w alt]1 & ! ,/ate w h no re/ f tr\ble till x is ei!r de/roy$ or *ang$1 & nature has resum$ h] inv9cible sway4 #a ,if ! object is to give ! ,/ate consi/5cy1 br+ ! two extremes z ne> to ea* o!r z possible2 all[ nei!r ri* m5 nor begg>s4 ,^! two e/ates1 :i* are naturally insep>able1 are equally fatal to ! common good2 f ! "o come ! fri5ds ( tyranny1 & f ! o!r tyrants4 ,x is always betwe5 !m t public lib]ty is put up to auction2 ! "o buys1 & ! o!r sells4 #b ,any bran* ( =eign comm]ce1 says ,m4 d',arg5son1 creates on ! :ole only app>5t advantage = ! k+dom 9 g5]al2 x may enri* "s individuals1 or ev5 "s t[ns2 b ! nation z a :ole ga9s no?+ by x1 & ! p is no bett] (f4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,if ! :ole is to be set 9 ord]1 & ! commonweal? put into ! be/ possible %ape1 !re are v>i\s relations to be consid]$4 ,fir/1 !re is ! action ( ! complete body ^u itself1 ! relation ( ! :ole to ! :ole1 ( ! ,sov]eign to ! ,/ate2 & ?is relation1 z we %all see1 is made up ( ! relations ( ! int]m$iate t]ms4 ,! laws :i* regulate ?is relation be> ! "n ( political laws1 & are also call$ fundam5tal laws1 n )\t reason if !y are wise4 ,=1 if !re is1 9 ea* ,/ate1 only "o good sy/em1 ! p t is 9 possession ( x %\ld hold fa/ to ?is2 b if ! e/abli%$ ord] is bad1 :y %\ld laws t prev5t m5 f be+ good be reg>d$ z fundam5tal8 ,besides1 9 any case1 a p is always 9 a position to *ange its laws1 h[ev] good2 =1 if x *oose to d itself h>m1 :o c h a "r to /op x8 ,! second relation is t ( ! memb]s "o to ano!r1 or to ! body z a :ole2 & ?is relation %\ld be 9 ! fir/ respect z unimportant1 & 9 ! second z important1 z possible4 ,ea* citiz5 w\ld !n be p]fectly indep5d5t ( all ! re/1 & at ! same "t v dep5d5t on ! city2 :i* is br\ght ab\t always by ! same means1 z ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate c alone secure ! lib]ty ( its memb]s4 ,f ?is second relation arise civil laws4 ,we may consid] also a ?ird k9d ( relation betwe5 ! individual & ! law1 a relation ( disob$i5ce to its p5alty4 ,?is gives rise to ! sett+ up ( crim9al laws1 :i*1 at bottom1 are less a p>ticul> class ( law ?an ! sanction beh9d all ! re/4 ,along ) ^! ?ree k9ds ( law goes a f\r?1 mo/ important ( all1 :i* is n grav5 on tablets ( m>ble or brass1 b on ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is =ms ! real con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 takes on e day new p[]s1 :5 o!r laws decay or die out1 re/ores !m or takes _! place1 keeps a p 9 ! ways 9 :i* x 0 meant to g1 & ins5sibly replaces au?ority by ! =ce ( habit4 ,i am speak+ ( morality1 ( cu/om1 above all ( public op9ion2 a p[] unkn[n to political ?9k]s1 on :i* none ! less success 9 ev]y?+ else dep5ds4 ,) ?is ! great legislator conc]ns himself 9 secret1 ?\gh he seems to conf9e himself to p>ticul> regulations2 = ^! are only ! arc ( ! ar*1 :ile mann]s & morals1 sl[] to arise1 =m 9 ! end its immovable key/one4 ,among ! diff]5t classes ( laws1 ! political1 :i* det]m9e ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t1 are alone relevant to my subject4 ,,book ,,iii ,be=e speak+ ( ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 let u try to fix ! exact s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* has n yet be5 v cle>ly expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,g5]al ,i w>n ! read] t ?is *apt] requires c>eful read+1 & t ,i am unable to make myself cle> to ^? :o refuse to be att5tive4 ,e free action is produc$ by ! concurr5ce ( two causes2 "o moral1 i4e4 ! w :i* det]m9es ! act2 ! o!r physical1 i4e4 ! p[] :i* executes x4 ,:5 ,i walk t[>ds an object1 x is necess>y fir/ t ,i %\ld w to g !re1 &1 9 ! second place1 t my feet %\ld c>ry me4 ,if a p>alytic wills to run & an active man wills n to1 !y w bo? /ay :]e !y are4 ,! body politic has ! same motive p[]s2 "h too =ce & w are di/+ui%$1 w "u ! "n ( legislative p[] & =ce "u t ( executive p[]4 ,)\t _! concurr5ce1 no?+ is1 or %\ld be1 done4 ,we h se5 t ! legislative p[] belongs to ! p1 & c belong to x alone4 ,x may1 on ! o!r h&1 readily be se51 f ! pr9ciples laid d[n above1 t ! executive p[] _c belong to ! g5]ality z legislature or ,sov]eign1 because x consi/s :olly ( p>ticul> acts :i* fall outside ! compet5cy ( ! law1 & consequ5tly ( ! ,sov]eign1 ^: acts mu/ always be laws4 ,! public =ce !re=e ne$s an ag5t ( its own to b9d x toge!r & set x to "w "u ! direction ( ! g5]al w1 to s]ve z a means ( communication betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! ,sov]eign1 & to d = ! collective p]son m or less :at ! union ( s\l & body does = man4 ,"h we h :at is1 9 ! ,/ate1 ! basis ( gov]nm5t1 (t5 wrongly confus$ ) ! ,sov]eign1 ^: m9i/] x is4 ,:at !n is gov]nm5t8 ,an int]m$iate body set up betwe5 ! subjects & ! ,sov]eign1 to secure _! mutual correspond5ce1 *>g$ ) ! execution ( ! laws & ! ma9t5ance ( lib]ty1 bo? civil & political4 ,! memb]s ( ?is body are call$ magi/rates or k+s1 t is to say gov]nors1 & ! :ole body be>s ! "n pr9ce4#a ,?us ^? :o hold t ! act1 by :i* a p puts itself "u a pr9ce1 is n a contract1 are c]ta9ly "r4 ,x is simply & solely a commission1 an employm5t1 9 :i* ! rul]s1 m]e (ficials ( ! ,sov]eign1 ex]cise 9 _! own "n ! p[] ( :i* x makes !m deposit>ies4 ,?is p[] x c limit1 modify or recov] at pleasure2 = ! ali5ation ( su* a "r is incompatible ) ! nature ( ! social body1 & contr>y to ! end ( association4 ,i call !n gov]nm5t1 or supreme adm9i/ration1 ! legitimate ex]cise ( ! executive p[]1 & pr9ce or magi/rate ! man or ! body entru/$ ) t adm9i/ration4 ,9 gov]nm5t reside ! int]m$iate =ces ^: relations make up t ( ! :ole to ! :ole1 or ( ! ,sov]eign to ! ,/ate4 ,?is la/ relation may be repres5t$ z t betwe5 ! extreme t]ms ( a cont9u\s proportion1 :i* has gov]nm5t z its mean proportional4 ,! gov]nm5t gets f ! ,sov]eign ! ord]s x gives ! p1 &1 = ! ,/ate to be prop]ly balanc$1 !re mu/1 :5 ev]y?+ is reckon$ 91 be equality betwe5 ! product or p[] ( ! gov]nm5t tak5 9 itself1 & ! product or p[] ( ! citiz5s1 :o are on ! "o h& sov]eign & on ! o!r subject4 ,fur!rmore1 none ( ^! ?ree t]ms c be alt]$ )\t ! equality be+ in/antly de/roy$4 ,if ! ,sov]eign desires to gov]n1 or ! magi/rate to give laws1 or if ! subjects refuse to obey1 disord] takes ! place ( regul>ity1 =ce & w no long] act toge!r1 & ! ,/ate is dissolv$ & falls into despotism or an>*y4 ,la/ly1 z !re is only "o mean proportional betwe5 ea* relation1 !re is also only "o good gov]nm5t possible = a ,/ate4 ,b1 z c\ntless ev5ts may *ange ! relations ( a p1 n only may diff]5t gov]nm5ts be good = diff]5t peoples1 b also = ! same p at diff]5t times4 ,9 attempt+ to give "s idea ( ! v>i\s relations t may hold betwe5 ^! two extreme t]ms1 ,i %all take z an example ! numb] ( a p1 :i* is ! mo/ easily expressible4 ,suppose ! ,/ate is compos$ ( t5 ?\s& citiz5s4 ,! ,sov]eign c only be consid]$ collectively & z a body2 b ea* memb]1 z be+ a subject1 is reg>d$ z an individual3 ?us ! ,sov]eign is to ! subject z t5 ?\s& to "o1 i4e4 ea* memb] ( ! ,/ate has z 8 %>e only a t5-?\s&? "p ( ! sov]eign au?ority1 al?\gh he is :olly "u its control4 ,if ! p numb]s a hundr$ ?\s&1 ! condition ( ! subject und]goes no *ange1 & ea* equally is "u ! :ole au?ority ( ! laws1 :ile 8 vote1 be+ r$uc$ to "o hundr$ ?\s&? "p1 has t5 times less influ5ce 9 draw+ !m up4 ,! subject !re=e rema9+ always a unit1 ! relation betwe5 him & ! ,sov]eign increases ) ! numb] ( ! citiz5s4 ,f ?is x foll[s t1 ! l>g] ! ,/ate1 ! less ! lib]ty4 ,:5 ,i say ! relation increases1 ,i mean t x gr[s m unequal4 ,?us ! great] x is 9 ! geometrical s5se1 ! less relation !re is 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! =m] s5se1 ! relation1 consid]$ accord+ to quantity1 is express$ by ! quoti5t2 9 ! latt]1 consid]$ accord+ to id5tity1 x is reckon$ by simil>ity4 ,n[1 ! less relation ! p>ticul> wills h to ! g5]al w1 t is1 morals & mann]s to laws1 ! m %\ld ! repressive =ce be increas$4 ,! gov]nm5t1 !n1 to be good1 %\ld be proportionately /rong] z ! p is m num]\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! gr[? ( ! ,/ate gives ! deposit>ies ( ! public au?ority m temptations & *ances ( abus+ _! p[]1 ! great] ! =ce ) :i* ! gov]nm5t ought to be end[$ = keep+ ! p 9 h&1 ! great] too %\ld be ! =ce at ! disposal ( ! ,sov]eign = keep+ ! gov]nm5t 9 h&4 ,i am speak+1 n ( absolute =ce1 b ( ! relative =ce ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x foll[s f ?is d\ble relation t ! cont9u\s proportion betwe5 ! ,sov]eign1 ! pr9ce & ! p1 is by no means an arbitr>y idea1 b a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ! body politic4 ,x foll[s fur!r t1 "o ( ! extreme t]ms1 viz4 ! p1 z subject1 be+ fix$ & repres5t$ by unity1 :5ev] ! duplicate ratio increases or dim9i%es1 ! simple ratio does ! same1 & is *ang$ accord+ly4 ,f ?is we see t !re is n a s+le unique & absolute =m ( gov]nm5t1 b z _m gov]nm5ts diff]+ 9 nature z !re are ,/ates diff]+ 9 size4 ,if1 ridicul+ ?is sy/em1 any "o 7 to say t1 9 ord] to f9d ! mean proportional & give =m to ! body ( ! gov]nm5t1 x is only necess>y1 accord+ to me1 to f9d ! squ>e root ( ! numb] ( ! p1 ,i %\ld answ] t ,i am "h tak+ ?is numb] only z an in/ance2 t ! relations ( :i* ,i am speak+ are n measur$ by ! numb] ( m5 alone1 b g5]ally by ! am\nt ( action1 :i* is a comb9ation ( a multitude ( causes2 & t1 fur!r1 if1 to save words1 ,i borr[ = a mom5t ! t]ms ( geometry1 ,i am none ! less well aw>e t moral quantities d n all[ ( geometrical accuracy4 ,! gov]nm5t is on a small scale :at ! body politic :i* includes x is on a great "o4 ,x is a moral p]son end[$ ) c]ta9 faculties1 active l ! ,sov]eign & passive l ! ,/ate1 & capable ( be+ resolv$ into o!r simil> relations4 ,?is accord+ly gives rise to a new proportion1 )9 :i* !re is yet ano!r1 accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! magi/racies1 till an indivisible middle t]m is rea*$1 i4e4 a s+le rul] or supreme magi/rate1 :o may be repres5t$1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is progression1 z ! unity betwe5 ! fractional & ! ord9al s]ies4 ,)\t encumb]+ ourselves ) ?is multiplication ( t]ms1 let u re/ cont5t ) reg>d+ gov]nm5t z a new body )9 ! ,/ate1 di/9ct f ! p & ! ,sov]eign1 & int]m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,!re is betwe5 ^! two bodies ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t ! ,/ate exi/s by itself1 & ! gov]nm5t only ?r\gh ! ,sov]eign4 ,?us ! dom9ant w ( ! pr9ce is1 or %\ld be1 no?+ b ! g5]al w or ! law2 8 =ce is only ! public =ce conc5trat$ 9 8 h&s1 &1 z soon z he tries to base any absolute & indep5d5t act on 8 own au?ority1 ! tie t b9ds ! :ole toge!r beg9s to be loos5$4 ,if f9ally ! pr9ce %\ld come to h a p>ticul> w m active ?an ! w ( ! ,sov]eign1 & %\ld employ ! public =ce 9 8 h&s 9 ob$i5ce to ?is p>ticul> w1 !re w\ld be1 s to speak1 two ,sov]eigns1 "o rightful & ! o!r actual1 ! social union w\ld evaporate in/antly1 & ! body politic w\ld be dissolv$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t ! gov]nm5t may h a true exi/5ce & a real life di/+ui%+ x f ! body ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 ord] t all its memb]s may be able to act 9 conc]t & fulfil ! end = :i* x 0 set up1 x mu/ h a p>ticul> p]sonality1 a s5sibility common to its memb]s1 & a =ce & w ( its own mak+ = its pres]vation4 ,?is p>ticul> exi/5ce implies assemblies1 c\ncils1 p[] ( delib]ation & decision1 rights1 titles1 & privileges belong+ exclusively to ! pr9ce & mak+ ! (fice ( magi/rate m hon\rable 9 proportion z x is m tr\blesome4 ,! difficulties lie 9 ! mann] ( s ord]+ ?is subord9ate :ole )9 ! :ole1 t x 9 no way alt]s ! g5]al con/itution by affirmation ( its own1 & always di/+ui%es ! p>ticul> =ce x possesses1 :i* is de/9$ to aid 9 its pres]vation1 f ! public =ce1 :i* is de/9$ to ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate2 &1 9 a ^w1 is always ready to sacrifice ! gov]nm5t to ! p1 & nev] to sacrifice ! p to ! gov]nm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh ! artificial body ( ! gov]nm5t is ! "w ( ano!r artificial body1 & has1 we may say1 only a borr[$ & subord9ate life1 ?is does n prev5t x f be+ able to act ) m or less vig\r or promptitude1 or f be+1 s to speak1 9 m or less robu/ heal?4 ,f9ally1 )\t dep>t+ directly f ! end = :i* x 0 in/itut$1 x may deviate m or less f x1 accord+ to ! mann] ( its con/itution4 ,f all ^! diff]5ces arise ! v>i\s relations :i* ! gov]nm5t ought to be> to ! body ( ! ,/ate1 accord+ to ! accid5tal & p>ticul> relations by :i* ! ,/ate itself is modifi$1 = (t5 ! gov]nm5t t is be/ 9 itself w become ! mo/ p]nici\s1 if ! relations 9 :i* x /&s h alt]$ accord+ to ! defects ( ! body politic to :i* x belongs4 #a ,?us at ,v5ice ! ,college1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,doge1 is call$ ,mo/ ,s]5e ,pr9ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,con/itu5t ,,pr9ciple ,,9 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,to set =? ! g5]al cause ( ! above diff]5ces1 we mu/ "h di/+ui% betwe5 gov]nm5t & its pr9ciple1 z we did be=e betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! ,sov]eign4 ,! body ( ! magi/rate may be compos$ ( a great] or a less numb] ( memb]s4 ,we said t ! relation ( ! ,sov]eign to ! subjects 0 great] 9 proportion z ! p 0 m num]\s1 &1 by a cle> analogy1 we may say ! same ( ! relation ( ! gov]nm5t to ! magi/rates4 ,b ! total =ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 be+ always t ( ! ,/ate1 is inv>iable2 s t1 ! m ( ?is =ce x exp5ds on its own memb]s1 ! less x has left to employ on ! :ole p4 ,! m num]\s ! magi/rates1 !re=e1 ! weak] ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is pr9ciple be+ fundam5tal1 we mu/ d our be/ to make x cle>4 ,9 ! p]son ( ! magi/rate we c di/+ui% ?ree ess5tially diff]5t wills3 fir/1 ! private w ( ! individual1 t5d+ only to 8 p]sonal advantage2 secondly1 ! common w ( ! magi/rates1 :i* is relative solely to ! advantage ( ! pr9ce1 & may be call$ corporate w1 be+ g5]al 9 relation to ! gov]nm5t1 & p>ticul> 9 relation to ! ,/ate1 ( :i* ! gov]nm5t =ms "p2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! w ( ! p or ! sov]eign w1 :i* is g5]al bo? 9 relation to ! ,/ate reg>d$ z ! :ole1 & to ! gov]nm5t reg>d$ z a "p ( ! :ole4 ,9 a p]fect act ( legislation1 ! individual or p>ticul> w %\ld be at z]o2 ! corporate w belong+ to ! gov]nm5t %\ld occupy a v subord9ate position2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! g5]al or sov]eign w %\ld always pr$om9ate & %\ld be ! sole guide ( all ! re/4 ,accord+ to ! natural ord]1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! diff]5t wills become m active 9 proportion z !y are conc5trat$4 ,?us1 ! g5]al w is always ! weake/1 ! corporate w second1 & ! individual w /ronge/ ( all3 s t1 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ea* memb] is fir/ ( all himself1 !n a magi/rate1 & !n a citiz5 --9 an ord] exactly ! rev]se ( :at ! social sy/em requires4 ,?is grant$1 if ! :ole gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( "o man1 ! p>ticul> & ! corporate w are :olly unit$1 & consequ5tly ! latt] is at its highe/ possible degree ( int5sity4 ,b1 z ! use to :i* ! =ce is put dep5ds on ! degree rea*$ by ! w1 & z ! absolute =ce ( ! gov]nm5t is inv>iable1 x foll[s t ! mo/ active gov]nm5t is t ( "o man4 ,suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 we unite ! gov]nm5t ) ! legislative au?ority1 & make ! ,sov]eign pr9ce also1 & all ! citiz5s s _m magi/rates3 !n ! corporate w1 be+ conf\nd$ ) ! g5]al w1 c possess no great] activity ?an t w1 & mu/ leave ! p>ticul> w z /rong z x c possibly be4 ,?us1 ! gov]nm5t1 hav+ always ! same absolute =ce1 w be at ! l[e/ po9t ( its relative =ce or activity4 ,^! relations are inconte/able1 & !re are o!r consid]ations :i* /ill fur!r confirm !m4 ,we c see1 = in/ance1 t ea* magi/rate is m active 9 ! body to :i* he belongs ?an ea* citiz5 9 t to :i* he belongs1 & t consequ5tly ! p>ticul> w has mu* m influ5ce on ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t ?an on ^? ( ! ,sov]eign2 = ea* magi/rate is almo/ always *>g$ ) "s gov]nm5tal function1 :ile ea* citiz51 tak5 s+ly1 ex]cises no function ( ,sov]eignty4 ,fur!rmore1 ! bigg] ! ,/ate gr[s1 ! m its real =ce increases1 ?\gh n 9 direct proportion to its gr[?2 b1 ! ,/ate rema9+ ! same1 ! numb] ( magi/rates may increase to any ext5t1 )\t ! gov]nm5t ga9+ any great] real =ce2 = its =ce is t ( ! ,/ate1 ! dim5sion ( :i* rema9s equal4 ,?us ! relative =ce or activity ( ! gov]nm5t decreases1 :ile its absolute or real =ce _c increase4 ,moreov]1 x is a c]ta9ty t promptitude 9 execution dim9i%es z m p are put 9 *>ge ( x3 :]e prud5ce is made too mu* (1 n en\gh is made ( =tune2 opportunity is let slip1 & delib]ation results 9 ! loss ( its object4 ,i h j prov$ t ! gov]nm5t gr[s remiss 9 proportion z ! numb] ( ! magi/rates increases2 & ,i previ\sly prov$ t1 ! m num]\s ! p1 ! great] %\ld be ! repressive =ce4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! relation ( ! magi/rates to ! gov]nm5t %\ld v>y inv]sely to ! relation ( ! subjects to ! ,sov]eign2 t is to say1 ! l>g] ! ,/ate1 ! m %\ld ! gov]nm5t be tight5$1 s t ! numb] ( ! rul]s dim9i% 9 proportion to ! increase ( t ( ! p4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,i am "h speak+ ( ! relative /r5g? ( ! gov]nm5t1 & n ( its rectitude3 =1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m num]\s ! magi/racy1 ! ne>] ! corporate w comes to ! g5]al w2 :ile1 "u a s+le magi/rate1 ! corporate w is1 z ,i said1 m]ely a p>ticul> w4 ,?us1 :at may be ga9$ on "o side is lo/ on ! o!r1 & ! art ( ! legislator is to "k h[ to fix ! po9t at :i* ! =ce & ! w ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* are always 9 inv]se proportion1 meet 9 ! relation t is mo/ to ! advantage ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,gov]nm5ts ,we saw 9 ! la/ *apt] :at causes ! v>i\s k9ds or =ms ( gov]nm5t to be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! numb] ( ! memb]s compos+ !m3 x rema9s 9 ?is to discov] h[ ! division is made4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,sov]eign may commit ! *>ge ( ! gov]nm5t to ! :ole p or to ! majority ( ! p1 s t m citiz5s are magi/rates ?an are m]e private individuals4 ,?is =m ( gov]nm5t is call$ democracy4 ,or x may re/rict ! gov]nm5t to a small numb]2 s t !re are m private citiz5s ?an magi/rates2 & ?is is nam$ ari/ocracy4 ,la/ly1 x may conc5trate ! :ole gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( a s+le magi/rate f :om all o!rs hold _! p[]4 ,?is ?ird =m is ! mo/ usual1 & is call$ mon>*y1 or royal gov]nm5t4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t all ^! =ms1 or at lea/ ! fir/ two1 admit ( degree1 & ev5 ( v wide diff]5ces2 = democracy may include ! :ole p1 or may be re/rict$ to half4 ,ari/ocracy1 9 its turn1 may be re/rict$ indef9itely f half ! p d[n to ! smalle/ possible numb]4 ,ev5 royalty is susceptible ( a measure ( di/ribution4 ,sp>ta always _h two k+s1 z its con/itution provid$2 & ! ,roman ,empire saw z _m z eight emp]ors at once1 )\t x be+ possible to say t ! ,empire 0 split up4 ,?us !re is a po9t at :i* ea* =m ( gov]nm5t passes into ! next1 & x becomes cle> t1 "u ?ree compreh5sive d5om9ations1 gov]nm5t is really susceptible ( z _m div]se =ms z ! ,/ate has citiz5s4 ,!re are ev5 m3 =1 z ! gov]nm5t may also1 9 c]ta9 aspects1 be subdivid$ into o!r p>ts1 "o adm9i/]$ 9 "o fa%ion & "o 9 ano!r1 ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree =ms may result 9 a multitude ( mix$ =ms1 ea* ( :i* admits ( multiplication by all ! simple =ms4 ,!re has be5 at all times mu* dispute conc]n+ ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 )\t consid]ation ( ! fact t ea* is 9 "s cases ! be/1 & 9 o!rs ! wor/4 ,if1 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 ! numb] ( supreme magi/rates %\ld be 9 inv]se ratio to ! numb] ( citiz5s1 x foll[s t1 g5]ally1 democratic gov]nm5t suits small ,/ates1 ari/ocratic gov]nm5t ^? ( middle size1 & mon>*y great ones4 ,?is rule is imm$iately d$ucible f ! pr9ciple laid d[n4 ,b x is impossible to c\nt ! innum]able circum/ances :i* may furni% exceptions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,democracy ,he :o makes ! law kn[s bett] ?an any "o else h[ x %\ld be execut$ & int]pret$4 ,x seems !n impossible to h a bett] con/itution ?an t 9 :i* ! executive & legislative p[]s are unit$2 b ?is v fact r5d]s ! gov]nm5t 9 c]ta9 respects inadequate1 because ?+s :i* %\ld be di/+ui%$ are conf\nd$1 & ! pr9ce & ! ,sov]eign1 be+ ! same p]son1 =m1 s to speak1 no m ?an a gov]nm5t )\t gov]nm5t4 ,x is n good = him :o makes ! laws to execute !m1 or = ! body ( ! p to turn its att5tion away f a g5]al /&po9t & devote x to p>ticul> objects4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s ?an ! influ5ce ( private int]e/s 9 public affairs1 & ! abuse ( ! laws by ! gov]nm5t is a less evil ?an ! corruption ( ! legislator1 :i* is ! inevitable sequel to a p>ticul> /&po9t4 ,9 su* a case1 ! ,/ate be+ alt]$ 9 sub/ance1 all re=mation becomes impossible4 ,a p t w\ld nev] misuse gov]nm5tal p[]s w\ld nev] misuse indep5d5ce2 a p t w\ld always gov]n well w\ld n ne$ to be gov]n$4 ,if we take ! t]m 9 ! /rict s5se1 !re nev] has be5 a real democracy1 & !re nev] w be4 ,x is aga9/ ! natural ord] = ! _m to gov]n & ! few to be gov]n$4 ,x is unimag9able t ! p %\ld rema9 cont9ually assembl$ to devote _! "t to public affairs1 & x is cle> t !y _c set up commissions = t purpose )\t ! =m ( adm9i/ration be+ *ang$4 ,9 fact1 ,i c confid5tly lay d[n z a pr9ciple t1 :5 ! functions ( gov]nm5t are %>$ by sev]al tribunals1 ! less num]\s soon] or lat] acquire ! greate/ au?ority1 if only because !y are 9 a position to exp$ite affairs1 & p[] ?us naturally comes into _! h&s4 ,besides1 h[ _m conditions t are difficult to unite does su* a gov]nm5t presuppose6 ,fir/1 a v small ,/ate1 :]e ! p c readily be got toge!r & :]e ea* citiz5 c ) ease "k all ! re/2 secondly1 great simplicity ( mann]s1 to prev5t bus9ess f multiply+ & rais+ ?orny problems2 next1 a l>ge measure ( equality 9 rank & =tune1 )\t :i* equality ( rights & au?ority _c long subsi/2 la/ly1 little or no luxury--= luxury ei!r comes ( ri*es or makes !m necess>y2 x corrupts at once ri* & poor1 ! ri* by possession & ! poor by covet\sness2 x sells ! c\ntry to s(tness & vanity1 & takes away f ! ,/ate all its citiz5s1 to make !m slaves "o to ano!r1 & "o & all to public op9ion4 ,?is is :y a fam\s writ] has made virtue ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,republics2 = all ^! conditions c\ld n exi/ )\t virtue4 ,b1 = want ( ! necess>y di/9ctions1 t great ?9k] 0 (t5 inexact1 & sometimes obscure1 & did n see t1 ! sov]eign au?ority be+ ev]y:]e ! same1 ! same pr9ciple %\ld be f\nd 9 e well-con/itut$ ,/ate1 9 a great] or less degree1 x is true1 accord+ to ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x may be add$ t !re is no gov]nm5t s subject to civil w>s & inte/9e agitations z democratic or popul> gov]nm5t1 because !re is none :i* has s /rong & cont9ual a t5d5cy to *ange to ano!r =m1 or :i* dem&s m vigilance & c\rage = its ma9t5ance z x is4 ,"u su* a con/itution above all1 ! citiz5 %\ld arm himself ) /r5g? & con/ancy1 & say1 e day ( 8 life1 :at a virtu\s ,c\nt ,palat9e#a said 9 ! ,diet ( ,pol&3 ,malo p]iculosam lib]tatem quam quietum s]vitium4 ,7 !re a p ( gods1 _! gov]nm5t w\ld be democratic4 ,s p]fect a gov]nm5t is n = m54 #a ,! ,palat9e ( ,pos51 fa!r ( ! ,k+ ( ,pol&1 ,duke ( ,lorra9e4 ,i pref] lib]ty ) dang] to peace ) slav]y4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,ari/ocracy ,we h "h two q di/9ct moral p]sons1 ! gov]nm5t & ! ,sov]eign1 & 9 consequ5ce two g5]al wills1 "o g5]al 9 relation to all ! citiz5s1 ! o!r only = ! memb]s ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! gov]nm5t may regulate its int]nal policy z x pleases1 x c nev] speak to ! p save 9 ! "n ( ! ,sov]eign1 t is1 ( ! p itself1 a fact :i* mu/ n be =gott54 ,! fir/ societies gov]n$ !mselves ari/ocratically4 ,! heads ( families took c\nsel toge!r on public affairs4 ,! "y b[$ )\t "q to ! au?ority ( exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce su* names z prie/s1 eld]s1 s5ate1 & g]ontes4 ,! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica gov]n !mselves 9 ?is way ev5 n[1 & _! gov]nm5t is admirable4 ,b1 9 proportion z artificial inequality produc$ by in/itutions became pr$om9ant ov] natural inequality1 ri*es or p[]#a 7 put be=e age1 & ari/ocracy became elective4 ,f9ally1 ! transmission ( ! fa!r's p[] along ) 8 goods to 8 *ildr51 by creat+ patrician families1 made gov]nm5t h]$it>y1 & !re came to be s5ators ( tw5ty4 ,!re are !n ?ree sorts ( ari/ocracy--natural1 elective & h]$it>y4 ,! fir/ is only = simple peoples2 ! ?ird is ! wor/ ( all gov]nm5ts2 ! second is ! be/1 & is ari/ocracy prop]ly s call$4 ,besides ! advantage t lies 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two p[]s1 x pres5ts t ( its memb]s be+ *os52 =1 9 popul> gov]nm5t1 all ! citiz5s are born magi/rates2 b "h magi/racy is conf9$ to a few1 :o become su* only by election4#b ,by ?is means uprightness1 und]/&+1 exp]i5ce & all o!r claims to pre-em95ce & public e/eem become s _m fur!r gu>antees ( wise gov]nm5t4 ,moreov]1 assemblies are m easily held1 affairs bett] discuss$ & c>ri$ out ) m ord] & dilig5ce1 & ! cr$it ( ! ,/ate is bett] su/a9$ abroad by v5]able s5ators ?an by a multitude t is unkn[n or despis$4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! be/ & mo/ natural arrangem5t t ! wise/ %\ld gov]n ! _m1 :5 x is assur$ t !y w gov]n = its pr(it1 & n = _! own4 ,!re is no ne$ to multiply in/rum5ts1 or get tw5ty ?\s& m5 to d :at a hundr$ pick$ m5 c d ev5 bett]1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t corporate int]e/ "h beg9s to direct ! public p[] less "u ! regulation ( ! g5]al w1 & t a fur!r inevitable prop5sity takes away f ! laws "p ( ! executive p[]4 ,if we are to speak ( :at is individually desirable1 nei!r %\ld ! ,/ate be s small1 nor a p s simple & upright1 t ! execution ( ! laws foll[s imm$iately f ! public w1 z x does 9 a good democracy4 ,nor %\ld ! nation be s great t ! rul]s h to scatt] 9 ord] to gov]n x & are able to play ! ,sov]eign ea* 9 8 own dep>tm5t1 &1 beg9n+ by mak+ !mselves indep5d5t1 end by becom+ ma/]s4 ,b if ari/ocracy does n dem& all ! virtues ne$$ by popul> gov]nm5t1 x dem&s o!rs :i* are peculi> to itself2 = in/ance1 mod]ation on ! side ( ! ri* & cont5tm5t on t ( ! poor2 = x seems t ?or\gh-go+ equality w\ld be out ( place1 z x 0 n f\nd ev5 at ,sp>ta4 ,fur!rmore1 if ?is =m ( gov]nm5t c>ries ) x a c]ta9 inequality ( =tune1 ?is is ju/ifiable 9 ord] t z a rule ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs may be entru/$ to ^? :o are mo/ able to give !m _! :ole "t1 b n1 z ,ari/otle ma9ta9s1 9 ord] t ! ri* may always be put fir/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ( importance t an opposite *oice %\ld occasionally tea* ! p t ! des]ts ( m5 (f] claims to pre-em95ce m important ?an ^? ( ri*es4 #a ,x is cle> t ! ^w optimates meant1 among ! anci5ts1 n ! be/1 b ! mo/ p[]ful4 #b ,x is ( great importance t ! =m ( ! election ( magi/rates %\ld be regulat$ by law2 = if x is left at ! discretion ( ! pr9ce1 x is impossible to avoid fall+ into h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 z ! ,republics ( ,v5ice & ,b]ne actually did4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has !re=e long be5 a ,/ate dissolv$2 ! second1 h[ev]1 is ma9ta9$ by ! extreme wisdom ( ! s5ate1 & =ms an hon\rable & highly dang]\s exception4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mon>*y ,s f>1 we h consid]$ ! pr9ce z a moral & collective p]son1 unifi$ by ! =ce ( ! laws1 & ! deposit>y 9 ! ,/ate ( ! executive p[]4 ,we h n[ to consid] ?is p[] :5 x is ga!r$ toge!r into ! h&s ( a natural p]son1 a real man1 :o alone has ! "r to dispose ( x 9 accordance ) ! laws4 ,su* a p]son is call$ a mon>* or k+4 ,9 contra/ ) o!r =ms ( adm9i/ration1 9 :i* a collective be+ /&s = an individual1 9 ?is =m an individual /&s = a collective be+2 s t ! moral unity t con/itut$ ! pr9ce is at ! same "t a physical unity1 & all ! qualities1 :i* 9 ! o!r case are only ) difficulty br\ght toge!r by ! law1 are f\nd naturally unit$4 ,?us ! w ( ! p1 ! w ( ! pr9ce1 ! public =ce ( ! ,/ate1 & ! p>ticul> =ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 all answ] to a s+le motive p[]2 all ! spr+s ( ! ma*9e are 9 ! same h&s1 ! :ole moves t[>ds ! same end2 !re are no conflict+ movem5ts to cancel "o ano!r1 & no k9d ( con/itution c be imag9$ 9 :i* a less am\nt ( ef=t produces a m consid]able am\nt ( action4 ,ar*im$es1 seat$ quietly on ! bank & easily draw+ a great vessel afloat1 /&s to my m9d = a skilful mon>*1 gov]n+ va/ /ates f 8 /udy1 & mov+ ev]y?+ :ile he seems himself unmov$4 ,b if no gov]nm5t is m vigor\s ?an ?is1 !re is also none 9 :i* ! p>ticul> w holds m sway & rules ! re/ m easily4 ,ev]y?+ moves t[>ds ! same end inde$1 b ?is end is by no means t ( ! public happ9ess1 & ev5 ! =ce ( ! adm9i/ration con/antly %[s itself prejudicial to ! ,/ate4 ,k+s desire to be absolute1 & m5 are always cry+ out to !m f af> t ! be/ means ( be+ s is to get !mselves lov$ by _! p4 ,?is precept is all v well1 & ev5 9 "s respects v true4 ,un=tunately1 x w always be d]id$ at c\rt4 ,! p[] :i* comes ( a p's love is no d\bt ! greate/2 b x is prec>i\s & conditional1 & pr9ces w nev] re/ cont5t ) x4 ,! be/ k+s desire to be 9 a position to be wick$1 if !y please1 )\t =feit+ _! ma/]y3 political s]monis]s may tell !m to _! he>ts' cont5t t1 ! p's /r5g? be+ _! own1 _! fir/ int]e/ is t ! p %\ld be prosp]\s1 num]\s & =midable2 !y are well aw>e t ?is is ,untrue4 ,_! fir/ p]sonal int]e/ is t ! p %\ld be weak1 wret*$1 & unable to resi/ !m4 ,i admit t1 provid$ ! subjects rema9$ always 9 submission1 ! pr9ce's int]e/ w\ld inde$ be t x %\ld be p[]ful1 9 ord] t its p[]1 be+ 8 own1 might make him =midable to 8 neighb\rs2 b1 ?is int]e/ be+ m]ely second>y & subord9ate1 & /r5g? be+ incompatible ) submission1 pr9ces naturally give ! pref]5ce always to ! pr9ciple t is m to _! imm$iate advantage4 ,?is is :at ,samuel put /rongly be=e ! ,hebrews1 & :at ,mac*iavelli has cle>ly %[n4 ,he pr(ess$ to tea* k+s2 b x 0 ! p he really taught4 ,8 ,pr9ce is ! book ( ,republicans4#a ,we f\nd1 on g5]al gr\nds1 t mon>*y is suitable only = great ,/ates1 & ?is is confirm$ :5 we exam9e x 9 itself4 ,! m num]\s ! public adm9i/ration1 ! small] becomes ! relation betwe5 ! pr9ce & ! subjects1 & ! ne>] x comes to equality1 s t 9 democracy ! ratio is unity1 or absolute equality4 ,aga91 z ! gov]nm5t is re/rict$ 9 numb]s ! ratio increases & rea*es its maximum :5 ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( a s+le p]son4 ,!re is !n too great a di/ance betwe5 pr9ce & p & ! ,/ate lacks a bond ( union4 ,to =m su* a bond1 !re mu/ be int]m$iate ord]s1 & pr9ces1 p]sonages & nobility to compose !m4 ,b no su* ?+s suit a small ,/ate1 to :i* all class diff]5ces mean ru94 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is h>d = a great ,/ate to be well gov]n$1 x is mu* h>d] = x to be s by a s+le man2 & e "o kn[s :at happ5s :5 k+s sub/itute o!rs = !mselves4 ,an ess5tial & inevitable defect1 :i* w always rank mon>*ical bel[ republican gov]nm5t1 is t 9 a republic ! public voice h>dly ev] raises to ! highe/ positions m5 :o are n enlight5$ & capable1 & su* z to fill !m ) hon\r2 :ile 9 mon>*ies ^! :o rise to ! top are mo/ (t5 m]ely petty blund]]s petty sw9dl]s1 & petty intrigu]s1 ^: petty tal5ts cause !m to get into ! highe/ positions at ,c\rt1 b1 z soon z !y h got !re1 s]ve only to make _! ineptitude cle> to ! public4 ,! p is f> less (t5 mi/ak5 9 its *oice ?an ! pr9ce2 & a man ( real wor? among ! k+'s m9i/]s is almo/ z r>e z a fool at ! head ( a republican gov]nm5t4 ,?us1 :51 by "s =tunate *ance1 "o ( ^! born gov]nors takes ! helm ( ,/ate 9 "s mon>*y t has be5 ne>ly ov]:elm$ by sw>ms ( 'g5tlemanly' adm9i/rators1 !re is no?+ b amazem5t at ! res\rces he discov]s1 & 8 com+ m>ks an era 9 8 c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,= a mon>*ical ,/ate to h a *ance ( be+ well gov]n$1 its population & ext5t mu/ be proportionate to ! abilities ( its gov]nor4 ,if is easi] to conqu] ?an to rule4 ,) a long en\gh lev]1 ! _w c\ld be mov$ ) a s+le f+]2 to su/a9 x ne$s ! %\ld]s ( ,h]cules4 ,h[ev] small a ,/ate may be1 ! pr9ce is h>dly ev] big en\gh = x4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 x happ5s t ! ,/ate is too small = its rul]1 9 ^! r>e cases too x is ill gov]n$1 because ! rul]1 con/antly pursu+ 8 great designs1 =gets ! int]e/s ( ! p1 & makes x no less wret*$ by misus+ ! tal5ts he has1 ?an a rul] ( less capacity w\ld make x = want ( ^? he _h n4 ,a k+dom %\ld1 s to speak1 exp& or contract ) ea* reign1 accord+ to ! pr9ce's capabilities2 b1 ! abilities ( a s5ate be+ m con/ant 9 quantity1 ! ,/ate c !n h p]man5t fronti]s )\t ! adm9i/ration suff]+4 ,! disadvantage t is mo/ felt 9 mon>*ical gov]nm5t is ! want ( ! cont9u\s succession :i*1 9 bo? ! o!r =ms1 provides an unbrok5 bond ( union4 ,:5 "o k+ dies1 ano!r is ne$$2 elections leave dang]\s int]vals & are full ( /orms2 & unless ! citiz5s are dis9t]e/$ & upright to a degree :i* v seldom goes ) ?is k9d ( gov]nm5t1 intrigue & corruption ab\nd4 ,he to :om ! ,/ate has sold itself c h>dly help sell+ x 9 8 turn & repay+ himself1 at ! exp5se ( ! weak1 ! money ! p[]ful h wrung f him4 ,"u su* an adm9i/ration1 v5ality soon] or lat] spreads ?r\gh e "p1 & peace s enjoy$ "u a k+ is worse ?an ! disord]s ( an int]regnum4 ,:at has be5 done to prev5t ^! evils8 ,cr[ns h be5 made h]$it>y 9 c]ta9 families1 & an ord] ( succession has be5 set up1 to prev5t disputes f aris+ on ! dea? ( k+s4 ,t is to say1 ! disadvantages ( reg5cy h be5 put 9 place ( ^? ( election1 app>5t tranquillity has be5 pref]r$ to wise adm9i/ration1 & m5 h *os5 r to risk hav+ *ildr51 mon/rosities1 or imbeciles z rul]s to hav+ disputes ov] ! *oice ( good k+s4 ,x has n be5 tak5 into acc\nt t1 9 s expos+ ourselves to ! risks ?is possibility entails1 we are sett+ almo/ all ! *ances aga9/ u4 ,!re 0 s\nd s5se 9 :at ! y\ng] ,dionysius said to 8 fa!r1 :o reproa*$ him = do+ "s %ameful de$ by ask+1 ,did ,i set y ! example8 ,no1 answ]$ 8 son1 b y\r fa!r 0 n k+4 ,ev]y?+ conspires to take away f a man :o is set 9 au?ority ov] o!rs ! s5se ( ju/ice & reason4 ,mu* tr\ble1 we are told1 is tak5 to tea* "y pr9ces ! art ( reign+2 b _! education seems to d !m no good4 ,x w\ld be bett] to beg9 by tea*+ !m ! art ( obey+4 ,! greate/ k+s ^: praises hi/ory tells 7 n br\ght up to reign3 reign+ is a sci5ce we are nev] s f> f possess+ z :5 we h le>nt too mu* ( x1 & "o we acquire bett] by obey+ ?an by comm&+4 ,nam utilissimus idem ac brevissimus bon>um mal>umque r]um delectus cogit>e quid aut nolu]is sub alio pr9cipe1 aut volu]is4#b ,"o result ( ?is lack ( coh]5ce is ! incon/ancy ( royal gov]nm5t1 :i*1 regulat$ n[ on "o s*eme & n[ on ano!r1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! reign+ pr9ce or ^? :o reign = him1 _c = long h a fix$ object or a consi/5t policy--& ?is v>iability1 n f\nd 9 ! o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :]e ! pr9ce is always ! same1 causes ! ,/ate to be always %ift+ f pr9ciple to pr9ciple & f project to project4 ,?us we may say t g5]ally1 if a c\rt is m subtle 9 intrigue1 !re is m wisdom 9 a s5ate1 & ,republics advance t[>ds _! ends by m consi/5t & bett] consid]$ policies2 :ile e revolution 9 a royal m9i/ry creates a revolution 9 ! ,/ate2 = ! pr9ciple common to all m9i/]s & ne>ly all k+s is to d 9 e respect ! rev]se ( :at 0 done by _! pr$ecessors4 ,?is incoh]5ce fur!r cle>s up a sophism t is v famili> to royali/ political writ]s2 n only is civil gov]nm5t lik5$ to dome/ic gov]nm5t1 & ! pr9ce to ! fa!r ( a family--?is error has already be5 refut$--b ! pr9ce is also freely cr$it$ ) all ! virtues he ought to possess1 & is suppos$ to be always :at he %\ld be4 ,?is supposition once made1 royal gov]nm5t is cle>ly pref]able to all o!rs1 because x is inconte/ably ! /ronge/1 &1 to be ! be/ also1 wants only a corporate w m 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al w4 ,b if1 accord+ to ,plato1#c ! k+ by nature is su* a r>ity1 h[ (t5 w nature & =tune conspire to give him a cr[n8 ,&1 if royal education necess>ily corrupts ^? :o receive x1 :at is to be hop$ f a s]ies ( m5 br\ght up to reign8 ,x is1 !n1 wanton self-deception to confuse royal gov]nm5t ) gov]nm5t by a good k+4 ,to see su* gov]nm5t z x is 9 itself1 we mu/ consid] x z x is "u pr9ces :o are incompet5t or wick$3 = ei!r !y w come to ! ?rone wick$ or incompet5t1 or ! ?rone w make !m s4 ,^! difficulties h n escap$ our writ]s1 :o1 all ! same1 are n tr\bl$ by !m4 ,! rem$y1 !y say1 is to obey )\t a murmur3 ,god s5ds bad k+s 9 ,8 wra?1 & !y mu/ be borne z ! sc\rges ( ,heav54 ,su* talk is d\btless edify+2 b x w\ld be m 9 place 9 a pulpit ?an 9 a political book4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( a doctor :o promises miracles1 & ^: :ole art is to exhort ! suff]] to pati5ce8 ,we "k = ourselves t we mu/ put up ) a bad gov]nm5t :5 x is !re2 ! "q is h[ to f9d a good "o4 #a ,mac*iavelli 0 a prop] man & a good citiz52 b1 be+ atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,m$ici1 he c\ld n help veil+ 8 love ( lib]ty 9 ! mid/ ( 8 c\ntry's oppression4 ,! *oice ( 8 dete/able h]o1 ,cs> ,borgia1 cle>ly en\gh %[s 8 hidd5 aim2 & ! contradiction betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,pr9ce & t ( ! ,disc\rses on ,livy & ! ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce %[s t ?is pr(\nd political ?9k] has s f> be5 /udi$ only by sup]ficial or corrupt read]s4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,rome /]nly prohibit$ 8 book4 ,i c well believe x2 = x is t ,c\rt x mo/ cle>ly portrays4 #b ,tacitus1 ,hi/ories1 i4 #af4 ,= ! be/1 & also ! %orte/ way ( f9d+ out :at is good & :at is bad is to consid] :at y w\ld h wi%$ to happ5 or n to happ51 _h ano!r ?an y be5 ,emp]or4 #c ,9 ! ,politicus4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,mix$ ,,gov]nm5ts ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z a simple gov]nm5t4 ,an isolat$ rul] mu/ h subord9ate magi/rates2 a popul> gov]nm5t mu/ h a head4 ,!re is !re=e1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! executive p[]1 always a gradation f ! great] to ! less] numb]1 ) ! diff]5ce t sometimes ! great] numb] is dep5d5t on ! small]1 & sometimes ! small] on ! great]4 ,sometimes ! di/ribution is equal1 :5 ei!r ! con/itu5t p>ts are 9 mutual dep5d5ce1 z 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 or ! au?ority ( ea* section is indep5d5t1 b imp]fect1 z 9 ,pol&4 ,?is la/ =m is bad2 = x secures no unity 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & ! ,/ate is left )\t a bond ( union4 ,is a simple or a mix$ gov]nm5t ! bett]8 ,political writ]s are always debat+ ! "q1 :i* mu/ be answ]$ z we h already answ]$ a "q ab\t all =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,simple gov]nm5t is bett] 9 itself1 j because x is simple4 ,b :5 ! executive p[] is n suffici5tly dep5d5t ^u ! legislative p[]1 i4e4 :5 ! pr9ce is m closely relat$ to ! ,sov]eign ?an ! p to ! pr9ce1 ?is lack ( proportion mu/ be cur$ by ! division ( ! gov]nm5t2 = all ! p>ts h !n no less au?ority ov] ! subjects1 :ile _! division makes !m all toge!r less /rong aga9/ ! ,sov]eign4 ,! same disadvantage is also prev5t$ by ! appo9tm5t ( int]m$iate magi/rates1 :o leave ! gov]nm5t entire1 & h ! effect only ( balanc+ ! two p[]s & ma9ta9+ _! respective rights4 ,gov]nm5t is !n n mix$1 b mod]at$4 ,! opposite disadvantages may be simil>ly cur$1 &1 :5 ! gov]nm5t is too lax1 tribunals may be set up to conc5trate x4 ,?is is done 9 all democracies4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! gov]nm5t is divid$ to make x weak2 9 ! second1 to make x /rong3 = ! maxima ( bo? /r5g? & weakness are f\nd 9 simple gov]nm5ts1 :ile ! mix$ =ms result 9 a mean /r5g?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,t ,,all ,,=ms ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,d ,,n ,,suit ,,all ,,c\ntries ,lib]ty n be+ a fruit ( all climates1 is n )9 ! rea* ( all peoples4 ,! m ?is pr9ciple1 laid d[n by ,montesquieu1 is consid]$1 ! m its tru? is felt2 ! m x is combat$1 ! m *ance is giv5 to confirm x by new pro(s4 ,9 all ! gov]nm5ts t !re are1 ! public p]son consumes )\t produc+4 ,:5ce !n does x get :at x consumes8 ,f ! lab\r ( its memb]s4 ,! necessities ( ! public are suppli$ out ( ! sup]fluities ( individuals4 ,x foll[s t ! civil ,/ate c subsi/ only s long z m5's lab\r br+s !m a return great] ?an _! ne$s4 ,! am\nt ( ?is excess is n ! same 9 all c\ntries4 ,9 "s x is consid]able1 9 o!rs middl+1 9 yet o!rs nil1 9 "s ev5 negative4 ,! relation ( product to subsi/5ce dep5ds on ! f]tility ( ! climate1 on ! sort ( lab\r ! l& dem&s1 on ! nature ( its products1 on ! /r5g? ( its inhabitants1 on ! great] or less consumption !y f9d necess>y1 & on sev]al fur!r consid]ations ( :i* ! :ole relation is made up4 ,on ! o!r side1 all gov]nm5ts are n ( ! same nature3 "s are less voraci\s ?an o!rs1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are bas$ on ?is second pr9ciple1 t ! fur!r f _! s\rce ! public contributions are remov$1 ! m burd5some !y become4 ,! *>ge %\ld be measur$ n by ! am\nt ( ! impositions1 b by ! pa? !y h to travel 9 ord] to get back to ^? f :om !y came4 ,:5 ! circulation is prompt & well-e/abli%$1 x does n matt] :e!r mu* or little is paid2 ! p is always ri* &1 f9ancially speak+1 all is well4 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ev] little ! p gives1 if t little does n return to x1 x is soon exhau/$ by giv+ cont9ually3 ! ,/ate is !n nev] ri*1 & ! p is always a p ( begg>s4 ,x foll[s t1 ! m ! di/ance betwe5 p & gov]nm5t increases1 ! m burd5some tribute becomes3 ?us1 9 a democracy1 ! p be>s ! lea/ *>ge2 9 an ari/ocracy1 a great] *>ge2 &1 9 mon>*y1 ! weight becomes heavie/4 ,mon>*y !re=e suits only weal?y nations2 ari/ocracy1 ,/ates ( middl+ size & weal?2 & democracy1 ,/ates t are small & poor4 ,9 fact1 ! m we reflect1 ! m we f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 free & mon>*ical ,/ates to be ?is3 9 ! =m]1 ev]y?+ is us$ = ! public advantage2 9 ! latt]1 ! public =ces & ^? ( individuals are affect$ by ea* o!r1 & ei!r increases z ! o!r gr[s weak2 f9ally1 in/ead ( gov]n+ subjects to make !m happy1 despotism makes !m wret*$ 9 ord] to gov]n !m4 ,we f9d !n1 9 e climate1 natural causes accord+ to :i* ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* x requires c be assign$1 & we c ev5 say :at sort ( inhabitants x %\ld h4 ,unfri5dly & b>r5 l&s1 :]e ! product does2 n repay ! lab\r1 %\ld rema9 des]t & uncultivat$1 or peopl$ only by savages2 l&s :]e m5's lab\r br+s 9 no m ?an ! exact m9imum necess>y to subsi/5ce %\ld be inhabit$ by b>b>\s peoples3 9 su* places all polity is impossible4 ,l&s :]e ! surplus ( product ov] lab\r is only middl+ are suitable = free peoples2 ^? 9 :i* ! soil is abundant & f]tile & gives a great product = a little lab\r call = mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 9 ord] t ! surplus ( sup]fluities among ! subjects may be consum$ by ! luxury ( ! pr9ce3 = x is bett] = ?is excess to be absorb$ by ! gov]nm5t ?an dissipat$ among ! individuals4 ,i am aw>e t !re are exceptions2 b ^! exceptions !mselves confirm ! rule1 9 t soon] or lat] !y produce revolutions :i* re/ore ?+s to ! natural ord]4 ,g5]al laws %\ld always be di/+ui%$ f individual causes t may modify _! effects4 ,if all ! ,s\? 7 cov]$ ) ,republics & all ! ,nor? ) despotic ,/ates1 x w\ld be none ! less true t1 9 po9t ( climate1 despotism is suitable to hot c\ntries1 b>b>ism to cold c\ntries1 & good polity to temp]ate regions4 ,i see also t1 ! pr9ciple be+ grant$1 !re may be disputes on its application2 x may be said t !re are cold c\ntries t are v f]tile1 & tropical c\ntries t are v unproductive4 ,b ?is difficulty exi/s only = ^? :o d n consid] ! "q 9 all its aspects4 ,we mu/1 z ,i h already said1 take lab\r1 /r5g?1 consumption1 etc41 into acc\nt4 ,take two tracts ( equal ext5t1 "o ( :i* br+s 9 five & ! o!r t54 ,if ! inhabitants ( ! fir/ consume f\r & ^? ( ! second n9e1 ! surplus ( ! fir/ product w be a fif? & t ( ! second a t5?4 ,! ratio ( ^! two surpluses w !n be inv]se to t ( ! products1 & ! tract :i* produces only five w give a surplus d\ble t ( ! tract :i* produces t54 ,b !re is no "q ( a d\ble product1 & ,i ?9k no "o w\ld put ! f]tility ( cold c\ntries1 z a g5]al rule1 on an equality ) t ( hot ones4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 suppose ?is equality to exi/3 let u1 if y w1 reg>d ,engl& z on ! same level z ,sicily1 & ,pol& z ,egypt--fur!r s\?1 we %all h ,africa & ! ,indies2 fur!r nor?1 no?+ at all4 ,to get ?is equality ( product1 :at a diff]5ce !re mu/ be 9 tillage3 9 ,sicily1 !re is only ne$ to scrat* ! gr\nd2 9 ,engl&1 h[ m5 mu/ toil6 ,b1 :]e m h&s are ne$$ to get ! same product1 ! sup]fluity mu/ necess>ily be less4 ,consid]1 besides1 t ! same numb] ( m5 consume mu* less 9 hot c\ntries4 ,! climate requires sobriety = ! sake ( heal?2 & ,europeans :o try to live !re z !y w\ld at home all p]i% ( dys5t]y & indige/ion4 ,we are1 says ,*>d91 c>nivor\s animals1 wolves1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,asiatics4 ,"s attribute ! sobriety ( ! ,p]sians to ! fact t _! c\ntry is less cultivat$2 b x is my belief t _! c\ntry ab\nds less 9 commodities because ! inhabitants ne$ less4 ,if _! frugality1 he goes on1 7 ! effect ( ! nak$ness ( ! l&1 only ! poor w\ld eat little2 b ev]ybody does s4 ,aga91 less or m w\ld be eat5 9 v>i\s prov9ces1 accord+ to ! l&'s f]tility2 b ! same sobriety is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,!y are v pr\d ( _! mann] ( life1 say+ t y h only to look at _! hue to recognise h[ f> x excels t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 fact1 ! ,p]sians are ( an ev5 hue2 _! sk9s are fair1 f9e & smoo?2 :ile ! hue ( _! subjects1 ! ,arm5ians1 :o live aft] ! ,european fa%ion1 is r\gh & blot*y1 & _! bodies are gross & unwieldy4 ,! ne>] y get to ! equator1 ! less p live on4 ,meat !y h>dly t\*2 rice1 maize1 curcur1 millet & cassava are _! ord9>y food4 ,!re are 9 ! ,indies millions ( m5 ^: subsi/5ce does n co/ a halfp5ny a day4 ,ev5 9 ,europe we f9d consid]able diff]5ces ( appetite betwe5 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn peoples4 ,a ,spani>d w live = a week on a ,g]man's d9n]4 ,9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* m5 are m voraci\s1 luxury !re=e turns 9 ! direction ( consumption4 ,9 ,engl&1 luxury appe>s 9 a well-fill$ table2 9 ,italy1 y fea/ on sug> & fl[]s4 ,luxury 9 clo!s %[s simil> diff]5ces4 ,9 climates 9 :i* ! *anges ( season are prompt & viol5t1 m5 h bett] & simpl] clo!s2 :]e !y clo! !mselves only = adornm5t1 :at is /rik+ is m ?\ght ( ?an :at is useful2 clo!s !mselves are !n a luxury4 ,at ,naples1 y may see daily walk+ 9 ! ,pausilippeum m5 9 gold-embroid]$ upp] g>m5ts & no?+ else4 ,x is ! same ) build+s2 magnific5ce is ! sole consid]ation :]e !re is no?+ to fe> f ! air4 ,9 ,p>is & ,london1 y desire to be lodg$ w>mly & com=tably2 9 ,madrid1 y h sup]b salons1 b n a w9d[ t closes1 & y g to b$ 9 a m]e hole4 ,9 hot c\ntries foods are mu* m sub/antial & succul5t2 & ! ?ird diff]5ce _c b h an influ5ce on ! second4 ,:y are s _m vegetables eat5 9 ,italy8 ,because !re !y are good1 nutriti\s & excell5t 9 ta/e4 ,9 ,france1 :]e !y are n\ri%$ only on wat]1 !y are f> f nutriti\s & are ?\ght no?+ ( at table4 ,!y take up all ! same no less gr\nd1 & co/ at lea/ z mu* pa9s to cultivate4 ,x is a prov$ fact t ! :eat ( ,b>b>y1 9 o!r respects inf]ior to t ( ,france1 yields mu* m fl\r1 & t ! :eat ( ,france 9 turn yields m ?an t ( nor!rn c\ntries2 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t a l gradation 9 ! same direction1 f equator to pole1 is f\nd g5]ally4 ,b is x n an obvi\s disadvantage = an equal product to conta9 less n\ri%m5t8 ,to all ^! po9ts may be add$ ano!r1 :i* at once dep5ds on & /r5g!ns !m4 ,hot c\ntries ne$ inhabitants less ?an cold c\ntries1 & c support m ( !m4 ,!re is ?us a d\ble surplus1 :i* is all to ! advantage ( despotism4 ,! great] ! t]ritory occupi$ by a fix$ numb] ( inhabitants1 ! m difficult revolt becomes1 because rapid or secret conc]t$ action is impossible1 & ! gov]nm5t c easily unmask projects & cut communications2 b ! m a num]\s p is ga!r$ toge!r1 ! less c ! gov]nm5t usurp ! ,sov]eign's place3 ! p's lead]s c delib]ate z safely 9 _! h\ses z ! pr9ce 9 c\ncil1 & ! cr[d ga!rs z rapidly 9 ! squ>es z ! pr9ce's troops 9 _! qu>t]s4 ,! advantage ( tyrannical gov]nm5t !re=e lies 9 act+ at great di/ances4 ,) ! help ( ! rally+-po9ts x e/abli%es1 its /r5g?1 l t ( ! lev]1#a gr[s ) di/ance4 ,! /r5g? ( ! p1 on ! o!r h&1 acts only :5 conc5trat$3 :5 spread abroad1 x evaporates & is lo/1 l p[d] scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 :i* cat*es fire only gra9 by gra94 ,! lea/ popul\s c\ntries are ?us ! fitte/ = tyranny3 fi]ce animals reign only 9 des]ts4 #a ,?is does n contradict :at ,i said be=e 7,book ii1 *4 ix7 ab\t ! disadvantages ( great ,/ates2 = we 7 !n deal+ ) ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t ov] ! memb]s1 :ile "h we are deal+ ) its =ce aga9/ ! subjects4 ,its scatt]$ memb]s s]ve x z rally+-po9ts = action aga9/ ! p at a di/ance1 b x has no rally+-po9t = direct action on its memb]s !mselves4 ,?us ! l5g? ( ! lev] is its weakness 9 ! "o case1 & its /r5g? 9 ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,m>ks ,,( ,a ,,good ,,gov]nm5t ,! "q ,:at absolutely is ! be/ gov]nm5t8 is unansw]able z well z indet]m9ate2 or r1 !re are z _m good answ]s z !re are possible comb9ations 9 ! absolute & relative situations ( all nations4 ,b if x is ask$ by :at sign we may "k t a giv5 p is well or ill gov]n$1 t is ano!r matt]1 & ! "q1 be+ "o ( fact1 admits ( an answ]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 answ]$1 because e-"o wants to answ] x 9 8 own way4 ,subjects extol public tranquillity1 citiz5s individual lib]ty2 ! "o class pref]s security ( possessions1 ! o!r t ( p]son2 ! "o reg>ds z ! be/ gov]nm5t t :i* is mo/ sev]e1 ! o!r ma9ta9s t ! milde/ is ! be/2 ! "o wants crimes puni%$1 ! o!r wants !m prev5t$2 ! "o wants ! ,/ate to be fe>$ by its neighb\rs1 ! o!r pref]s t x %\ld be ignor$2 ! "o is cont5t if money circulates1 ! o!r dem&s t ! p %all h bread4 ,ev5 if an agreem5t 7 come to on ^! & simil> po9ts1 %\ld we h got any fur!r8 ,z moral qualities d n admit ( exact measurem5t1 agreem5t ab\t ! m>k does n mean agreem5t ab\t ! valuation4 ,= my "p1 ,i am cont9ually a/oni%$ t a m>k s simple is n recognis$1 or t m5 are ( s bad fai? z n to admit x4 ,:at is ! end ( political association8 ,! pres]vation & prosp]ity ( its memb]s4 ,& :at is ! sure/ m>k ( _! pres]vation & prosp]ity8 ,_! numb]s & population4 ,seek !n n[h]e else ?is m>k t is 9 dispute4 ,! re/ be+ equal1 ! gov]nm5t "u :i*1 )\t ext]nal aids1 )\t naturalisation or colonies1 ! citiz5s increase & multiply mo/1 is beyond "q ! be/4 ,! gov]nm5t "u :i* a p wanes & dim9i%es is wor/4 ,calculators1 x is left = y to c\nt1 to measure1 to comp>e4#a #a ,on ! same pr9ciple x %\ld be judg$ :at c5turies des]ve ! pref]5ce = human prosp]ity4 ,^? 9 :i* lett]s & arts h fl\ri%$ h be5 too mu* admir$1 because ! hidd5 object ( _! culture has n be5 fa?om$1 & _! fatal effects n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,idque apud imp]itos humanitas vocabatur1 cum p>s s]vitutis esset4 ,fools call$ 'humanity' :at 0 a "p ( slav]y1 ,tacitus1 ,agricola1 #ca4 ,%all we nev] see 9 ! maxims books lay d[n ! vulg> int]e/ t makes _! writ]s speak8 ,no1 :atev] !y may say1 :51 despite its r5[n1 a c\ntry is depopulat$1 x is n true t all is well1 & x is n en\gh t a poet %\ld h an income ( #ajj1jjj francs to make 8 age ! be/ ( all4 ,less att5tion %\ld be paid to ! app>5t repose & tranquillity ( ! rul]s ?an to ! well-be+ ( _! nations z :oles1 & above all ( ! mo/ num]\s ,/ates4 ,a hail-/orm lays sev]al cantons wa/e1 b x r>ely makes a fam9e4 ,outbreaks & civil w>s give rul]s rude %ocks1 b !y are n ! real ills ( peoples1 :o may ev5 get a respite1 :ile !re is a dispute z to :o %all tyrannise ov] !m4 ,_! true prosp]ity & calamities come f _! p]man5t condition3 x is :5 ! :ole rema9s cru%$ b5ea? ! yoke1 t decay sets 91 & t ! rul]s de/roy !m at w1 & ubi solitud9em faciunt1 pacem appellant ,:]e !y create solitude1 !y call x peace1 ,tacitus1 ,agricola1 #ca4 ,:5 ! bick]+s ( ! great di/urb$ ! k+dom ( ,france1 & ! ,coadjutor ( ,p>is took a dagg] 9 8 pocket to ! ,p>liam5t1 ^! ?+s did n prev5t ! p ( ,france f prosp]+ & multiply+ 9 dignity1 ease & fre$om4 ,long ago ,greece fl\ri%$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ savage w>s2 blood ran 9 torr5ts1 & yet ! :ole c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) inhabitants4 ,x appe>$1 says ,mac*iavelli1 t 9 ! mid/ ( murd]1 proscription & civil w>1 our republic only ?rove3 ! virtue1 morality & indep5d5ce ( ! citiz5s did m to /r5g!n x ?an all _! diss5sions _h done to enfeeble x ,a little di/urbance gives ! s\l ela/icity2 :at makes ! race truly prosp]\s is n s mu* peace z lib]ty4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,abuse ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,its ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,deg5]ate ,z ! p>ticul> w acts con/antly 9 opposition to ! g5]al w1 ! gov]nm5t cont9ually ex]ts itself aga9/ ! ,sov]eignty4 ,! great] ?is ex]tion becomes1 ! m ! con/itution *anges2 &1 z !re is 9 ?is case no o!r corporate w to create an equilibrium by resi/+ ! w ( ! pr9ce1 soon] or lat] ! pr9ce mu/ inevitably suppress ! ,sov]eign & break ! social treaty4 ,?is is ! unavoidable & inh]5t defect :i*1 f ! v bir? ( ! body politic1 t5ds ceaselessly to de/roy x1 z age & dea? end by de/roy+ ! human body4 ,!re are two g5]al c\rses by :i* gov]nm5t deg5]ates3 i4e4 :5 x und]goes contraction1 or :5 ! ,/ate is dissolv$4 ,gov]nm5t und]goes contraction :5 x passes f ! _m to ! few1 t is1 f democracy to ari/ocracy1 & f ari/ocracy to royalty4 ,to d s is its natural prop5sity4#a ,if x took ! backw>d c\rse f ! few to ! _m1 x c\ld be said t x 0 relax$2 by ?is inv]se sequ5ce is impossible4 ,inde$1 gov]nm5ts nev] *ange _! =m except :5 _! en]gy is exhau/$ & leaves !m too weak to keep :at !y h4 ,if a gov]nm5t at once ext5d$ its sph]e & relax$ its /r+5cy1 its =ce w\ld become absolutely nil1 & x w\ld p]si/ /ill less4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to w9d up ! spr+ & tight5 ! hold z x gives way3 or else ! ,/ate x su/a9s w come to grief4 ,! dissolution ( ! ,/ate may come ab\t 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 ! pr9ce ceases to adm9i/] ! ,/ate 9 accordance ) ! laws1 & usurps ! ,sov]eign p[]4 ,a rem>kable *ange !n occurs3 n ! gov]nm5t1 b ! ,/ate1 und]goes contraction2 ,i mean t ! great ,/ate is dissolv$1 & ano!r is =m$ )9 x1 compos$ solely ( ! memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* becomes = ! re/ ( ! p m]ely ma/] & tyrant4 ,s t ! mom5t ! gov]nm5t usurps ! ,sov]eignty1 ! social compact is brok5 & all private citiz5s recov] by "r _! natural lib]ty1 & are =c$1 b n b\nd1 to obey4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t sev]ally usurp ! p[] !y %\ld ex]cise only z a body2 ?is is z great an infraction ( ! laws1 & results 9 ev5 great] disord]s4 ,!re are !n1 s to speak1 z _m pr9ces z !re are magi/rates1 & ! ,/ate1 no less divid$ ?an ! gov]nm5t1 ei!r p]i%es or *anges its =m4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is dissolv$1 ! abuse ( gov]nm5t1 :atev] x is1 be>s ! common "n ( an>*y4 ,to di/+ui%1 democracy deg5]ates into o*locracy & ari/ocracy into olig>*y & ,i w\ld add t royalty deg5]ates into tyranny2 b ?is la/ ^w is ambigu\s & ne$s explanation4 ,9 vulg> usage1 a tyrant is a k+ :o gov]ns viol5tly & )\t reg>d = ju/ice & law4 ,9 ! exact s5se1 a tyrant is an individual :o arrogates to himself ! royal au?ority )\t hav+ a "r to x4 ,?is is h[ ! ,greeks und]/ood ! ^w tyrant3 !y appli$ x indiff]5tly to good & bad pr9ces ^: au?ority 0 n legitimate4#b ,tyrant & usurp] are ?us p]fectly synonym\s t]ms4 ,9 ord] t ,i may give diff]5t ?+s diff]5t names1 ,i call him :o usurps ! royal au?ority tyrant1 & him :o usurps ! sov]eign p[] a despot4 ,! tyrant is he :o ?ru/s himself 9 contr>y to ! laws to gov]n 9 accordance ) ! laws2 ! despot is he :o sets himself above ! laws !mselves4 ,?us ! tyrant _c be a despot1 b ! despot is always a tyrant4 #a ,! sl[ =mation & ! progress ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ice 9 its lagoons are a notable in/ance ( ?is sequ5ce2 & x is mo/ a/oni%+ t1 aft] m ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s' exi/5ce1 ! ,v5etians seem to be /ill at ! second /age1 :i* !y rea*$ ) ! ,s]r> di ,consiglio 9 #aaih4 ,z = ! anci5t ,dukes :o are br\ght up aga9/ !m1 x is prov$1 :atev] ! ,squitt9io della lib]t v5eta may say ( !m1 t !y 7 9 no s5se ,sov]eigns4 ,a case c]ta9 to be cit$ aga9/ my view is t ( ! ,roman ,republic1 :i*1 x w be said1 foll[$ exactly ! opposite c\rse1 & pass$ f mon>*y to ari/ocracy & f ari/ocracy to democracy4 ,i by no means take ?is view ( x4 ,:at ,romulus fir/ set up 0 a mix$ gov]nm5t1 :i* soon det]iorat$ into despotism4 ,f special causes1 ! ,/ate di$ an untimely dea?1 z new-born *ildr5 sometimes p]i% )\t rea*+ manhood4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s 0 ! real p]iod ( ! bir? ( ! ,republic4 ,b at fir/ x took on no con/ant =m1 because1 by n aboli%+ ! patriciate1 x left half its "w undone4 ,=1 by ?is means1 h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 ! wor/ ( all legitimate =ms ( adm9i/ration1 rema9$ 9 conflict ) democracy1 & ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t1 z ,mac*iavelli has prov$1 0 only fix$ on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tribunate3 only !n 0 !re a true gov]nm5t & a v]itable democracy4 ,9 fact1 ! p 0 !n n only ,sov]eign1 b also magi/rate & judge2 ! s5ate 0 only a subord9ate tribunal1 to temp] & conc5trate ! gov]nm5t1 & ! consuls !mselves1 ?\gh !y 7 patricians1 fir/ magi/rates1 & absolute g5]als 9 w>1 7 9 ,rome itself no m ?an presid5ts ( ! p4 ,f t po9t1 ! gov]nm5t foll[$ its natural t5d5cy1 & incl9$ /rongly to ari/ocracy4 ,! patriciate1 we may say1 aboli%$ itself1 & ! ari/ocracy 0 f\nd no long] 9 ! body ( patricians z at ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 b 9 ! body ( ! s5ate1 :i* 0 compos$ ( patricians & plebeians1 & ev5 9 ! body ( tribunes :5 !y began to usurp an active function3 = names d n affect facts1 &1 :5 ! p has rul]s :o gov]n = x1 :atev] "n !y be>1 ! gov]nm5t is an ari/ocracy4 ,! abuse ( ari/ocracy l$ to ! civil w>s & ! triumvirate4 ,sulla1 ,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us became 9 fact real mon>*s2 & f9ally1 "u ! despotism ( ,tib]ius1 ! ,/ate 0 dissolv$4 ,roman hi/ory !n confirms1 in/ead ( invalidat+1 ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n4 #b ,omnes enim et hab5tur et dicuntur tyranni1 qui pote/ate utuntur p]petua 9 ea civitate qu lib]tate usa e/ 7,cornelius ,nepos1 ,life ( ,miltiades74 ,= all ^? are call$ & consid]$ tyrants1 :o hold p]petual p[] 9 a ,/ate t has kn[n lib]ty4 ,x is true t ,ari/otle 7,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book viii1 *apt] x7 di/+ui%es ! tyrant f ! k+ by ! fact t ! =m] gov]ns 9 8 own int]e/1 & ! latt] only = ! good ( 8 subjects2 b n only did all ,greek au?ors 9 g5]al use ! ^w tyrant 9 a diff]5t s5se1 z appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 ,x5ophon's ,hi]o1 b also x w\ld foll[ f ,ari/otle's di/9ction t1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w1 !re has n yet be5 a s+le k+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,politic ,su* is ! natural & inevitable t5d5cy ( ! be/ con/itut$ gov]nm5ts4 ,if ,sp>ta & ,rome p]i%$1 :at ,/ate c hope to endure = ev]8 ,if we w\ld set up a long-liv$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 let u n ev5 dream ( mak+ x et]nal4 ,if we are to succe$1 we mu/ n attempt ! impossible1 or flatt] ourselves t we are end[+ ! "w ( man ) a /ability ( :i* human conditions d n p]mit4 ,! body politic1 z well z ! human body1 beg9s to die z soon z x is born1 & c>ries 9 itself ! causes ( its de/ruction4 ,b bo? may h a con/itution t is m or less robu/ & suit$ to pres]ve !m a long] or a %ort] "t4 ,! con/itution ( man is ! "w ( nature2 t ( ! ,/ate ! "w ( art4 ,x is n 9 m5's p[] to prolong _! own lives2 b x is = !m to prolong z mu* z possible ! life ( ! ,/ate1 by giv+ x ! be/ possible con/itution4 ,! be/ con/itut$ ,/ate w h an end2 b x w end lat] ?an any o!r1 unless "s un=ese5 accid5t br+s ab\t its untimely de/ruction4 ,! life-pr9ciple ( ! body politic lies 9 ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,! legislative p[] is ! he>t ( ! ,/ate2 ! executive p[] is its bra91 :i* causes ! movem5t ( all ! p>ts4 ,! bra9 may become p>alys$ & ! individual /ill live4 ,a man may rema9 an imbecile & live2 b z soon z ! he>t ceases to p]=m its functions1 ! animal is dead4 ,! ,/ate subsi/s by means n ( ! laws1 b ( ! legislative p[]4 ,ye/]day's law is n b9d+ to-day2 b sil5ce is tak5 = tacit cons5t1 & ! ,sov]eign is held to confirm incessantly ! laws x does n abrogate z x might4 ,all t x has once decl>$ itself to w x wills always1 unless x revokes its decl>ation4 ,:y !n is s mu* respect paid to old laws8 ,= ?is v reason4 ,we mu/ believe t no?+ b ! excell5ce ( old acts ( w c h pres]v$ !m s long3 if ! ,sov]eign _h n recognis$ !m z ?r\gh\t salut>y1 x w\ld h revok$ !m a ?\s& times4 ,?is is :y1 s f> f gr[+ weak1 ! laws cont9ually ga9 new /r5g? 9 any well con/itut$ ,/ate2 ! prec$5t ( antiquity makes !m daily m v5]able3 :ile :]ev] ! laws gr[ weak z !y become old1 ?is proves t !re is no long] a legislative p[]1 & t ! ,/ate is dead4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,! ,,sov]eign ,,au?ority ,,ma9ta9s ,,itself ,! ,sov]eign1 hav+ no =ce o!r ?an ! legislative p[]1 acts only by means ( ! laws2 & ! laws be+ solely ! au!ntic acts ( ! g5]al w1 ! ,sov]eign _c act save :5 ! p is assembl$4 ,! p 9 assembly1 ,i %all be told1 is a m]e *im]a4 ,x is s to-day1 b two ?\s& ye>s ago x 0 n s4 ,has man's nature *ang$8 ,! b\nds ( possibility1 9 moral matt]s1 are less n>r[ ?an we imag9e3 x is our weaknesses1 our vices & our prejudices t conf9e !m4 ,base s\ls h no belief 9 great m52 vile slaves smile 9 mock]y at ! "n ( lib]ty4 ,let u judge ( :at c be done by :at has be5 done4 ,i %all say no?+ ( ! ,republics ( anci5t ,greece2 b ! ,roman ,republic 01 to my m9d1 a great ,/ate1 & ! t[n ( ,rome a great t[n4 ,! la/ c5sus %[$ t !re 7 9 ,rome f\r hundr$ ?\s& citiz5s capable ( be>+ arms1 & ! la/ computation ( ! population ( ! ,empire %[$ ov] f\r million citiz5s1 exclud+ subjects1 =eign]s1 wom51 *ildr5 & slaves4 ,:at difficulties might n be suppos$ to /& 9 ! way ( ! frequ5t assemblage ( ! va/ population ( ?is capital & its neighb\rhood4 ,yet few weeks pass$ )\t ! ,roman p be+ 9 assembly1 & ev5 be+ s sev]al times4 ,x ex]cis$ n only ! rights ( ,sov]eignty1 b also a "p ( ^? ( gov]nm5t4 ,x dealt ) c]ta9 matt]s1 & judg$ c]ta9 cases1 & ?is :ole p 0 f\nd 9 ! public meet+-place h>dly less (t5 z magi/rates ?an z citiz5s4 ,if we w5t back to ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( nations1 we %\ld f9d t mo/ anci5t gov]nm5ts1 ev5 ^? ( mon>*ical =m1 su* z ! ,mac$onian & ! ,franki%1 _h simil> c\ncils4 ,9 any case1 ! "o inconte/able fact ,i h giv5 is an answ] to all difficulties2 x is good logic to reason f ! actual to ! possible4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,same 7cont9u$7 ,x is n en\gh = ! assembl$ p to h once fix$ ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate by giv+ its sanction to a body ( law2 x is n en\gh = x to h set up a p]petual gov]nm5t1 or provid$ once = all = ! election ( magi/rates4 ,besides ! extraord9>y assemblies un=ese5 circum/ances may dem&1 !re mu/ be fix$ p]iodical assemblies :i* _c be abrogat$ or prorogu$1 s t on ! prop] day ! p is legitimately call$ toge!r by law1 )\t ne$ ( any =mal summon+4 ,b1 ap>t f ^! assemblies au?oris$ by _! date alone1 e assembly ( ! p n summon$ by ! magi/rates appo9t$ = t purpose1 & 9 accordance ) ! prescrib$ =ms1 %\ld be reg>d$ z unlawful1 & all its acts z null & void1 because ! comm& to assemble %\ld itself proce$ f ! law4 ,! great] or less frequ5cy ) :i* lawful assemblies %\ld occur dep5ds on s _m consid]ations t no exact rules ab\t !m c be giv54 ,x c only be said g5]ally t ! /rong] ! gov]nm5t ! m (t5 %\ld ! ,sov]eign %[ itself4 ,?is1 ,i %all be told1 may d = a s+le t[n2 b :at is to be done :5 ! ,/ate includes sev]al8 ,is ! sov]eign au?ority to be divid$8 ,or is x to be conc5trat$ 9 a s+le t[n to :i* all ! re/ are made subject8 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 ,i reply4 ,fir/1 ! sov]eign au?ority is "o & simple1 & _c be divid$ )\t be+ de/roy$4 ,9 ? second place1 "o t[n _c1 any m ?an "o nation1 legitimately be made subject to ano!r1 because ! ess5ce ( ! body politic lies 9 ! reconciliation ( ob$i5ce & lib]ty1 & ! words subject & ,sov]eign are id5tical correlatives ! idea ( :i* meets 9 ! s+le ^w citiz54 ,i answ] fur!r t ! union ( sev]al t[ns 9 a s+le city is always bad1 & t1 if we wi% to make su* a union1 we %\ld n expect to avoid its natural disadvantages4 ,x is useless to br+ up abuses t belong to great ,/ates aga9/ "o :o desires to see only small ones2 b h[ c small ,/ates be giv5 ! /r5g? to resi/ great ones1 z =m]ly ! ,greek t[ns resi/$ ! ,great ,k+1 & m rec5tly ,holl& & ,switz]l& h resi/$ ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria8 ,nev]!less1 if ! ,/ate _c be r$uc$ to ! "r limits1 !re rema9s /ill "o res\rce2 ?is is1 to all[ no capital1 to make ! seat ( gov]nm5t move f t[n to t[n1 & to assemble by turn 9 ea* ! ,prov9cial ,e/ates ( ! c\ntry4 ,p ! t]ritory ev5ly1 ext5d ev]y:]e ! same rights1 be> to e place 9 x abundance & life3 by ^! means w ! ,/ate become at once z /rong & z well gov]n$ z possible4 ,rememb] t ! walls ( t[ns are built ( ! ru9s ( ! h\ses ( ! c\ntryside4 ,= e palace ,i see rais$ 9 ! capital1 my m9d's eye sees a :ole c\ntry made desolate4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,same 7cont9u$7 ,! mom5t ! p is legitimately assembl$ z a sov]eign body1 ! jurisdiction ( ! gov]nm5t :olly lapses1 ! executive p[] is susp5d$1 & ! p]son ( ! meane/ citiz5 is z sacr$ & inviolable z t ( ! fir/ magi/rate2 = 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]son repres5t$1 repres5tatives no long] exi/4 ,mo/ ( ! tumults t arose 9 ! comitia at ,rome 7 due to ignorance or neglect ( ?is rule4 ,! consuls 7 9 !m m]ely ! presid5ts ( ! p2 ! tribunes 7 m]e speak]s2#a ! s5ate 0 no?+ at all4 ,^! int]vals ( susp5sion1 dur+ :i* ! pr9ce recognises or ought to recognise an actual sup]ior1 h always be5 view$ by him ) al>m2 & ^! assemblies ( ! p1 :i* are ! aegis ( ! body politic & ! curb on ! gov]nm5t1 h at all times be5 ! horror ( rul]s3 :o !re=e nev] sp>e pa9s1 objections1 difficulties1 & promises1 to /op ! citiz5s f hav+ !m4 ,:5 ! citiz5s are gre$y1 c[>dly1 & pusillanim\s1 & love ease m ?an lib]ty1 !y d n long hold out aga9/ ! r$\bl$ ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t2 & ?us1 z ! resi/+ =ce incessantly gr[s1 ! sov]eign au?ority ends by disappe>+1 & mo/ cities fall & p]i% be=e _! "t4 ,b betwe5 ! sov]eign au?ority & arbitr>y gov]nm5t !re sometimes int]v5es a mean p[] ( :i* some?+ mu/ be said4 #a ,9 ne>ly ! same s5se z ?is ^w has 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t4 ,! simil>ity ( ^! functions w\ld h br\ght ! consuls & ! tribunes into conflict1 ev5 _h all jurisdiction be5 susp5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,deputies ,,or ,,repres5tatives ,z soon z public s]vice ceases to be ! *ief bus9ess ( ! citiz5s1 & !y w\ld r s]ve ) _! money ?an ) _! p]sons1 ! ,/ate is n f> f its fall4 ,:5 x is necess>y to m>* out to w>1 !y pay troops & /ay at home3 :5 x is necess>y to meet 9 c\ncil1 !y "n deputies & /ay at home4 ,by reason ( idl5ess & money1 !y end by hav+ soldi]s to enslave _! c\ntry & repres5tatives to sell x4 ,x is ?r\gh ! hu/le ( comm]ce & ! arts1 ?r\gh ! gre$y self-int]e/ ( pr(it1 & ?r\gh s(tness & love ( am5ities t p]sonal s]vices are replac$ by money paym5ts4 ,m5 surr5d] a "p ( _! pr(its 9 ord] to h "t to increase !m at leisure4 ,make gifts ( money1 & y w n be long )\t *a9s4 ,! ^w f9ance is a slavi% ^w1 unkn[n 9 ! city-/ate4 ,9 a c\ntry t is truly free1 ! citiz5s d ev]y?+ ) _! own arms & no?+ by means ( money2 s f> f pay+ to be exempt$ f _! duties1 !y w\ld ev5 pay = ! privilege ( fulfill+ !m !mselves4 ,i am f> f tak+ ! common view3 ,i hold en=c$ lab\r to be less oppos$ to lib]ty ?an taxes4 ,! bett] ! con/itution ( a ,/ate is1 ! m d public affairs encroa* on private 9 ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s4 ,private affairs are ev5 ( mu* less importance1 because ! aggregate ( ! common happ9ess furni%es a great] proportion ( t ( ea* individual1 s t !re is less = him to seek 9 p>ticul> c>es4 ,9 a well-ord]$ city e man flies to ! assemblies3 "u a bad gov]nm5t no "o c>es to /ir a /ep to get to !m1 because no "o is int]e/$ 9 :at happ5s !re1 because x is =ese5 t ! g5]al w w n prevail1 & la/ly because dome/ic c>es are all-absorb+4 ,good laws lead to ! mak+ ( bett] ones2 bad ones br+ ab\t worse4 ,z soon z any man says ( ! affairs ( ! ,/ate ,:at does x matt] to me8 ! ,/ate may be giv5 up = lo/4 ,! lukew>mness ( patriotism1 ! activity ( private int]e/1 ! va/ness ( ,/ates1 conque/ & ! abuse ( gov]nm5t sugge/$ ! me?od ( hav+ deputies or repres5tatives ( ! p 9 ! national assemblies4 ,^! are :at1 9 "s c\ntries1 m5 h presum$ to call ! ,?ird ,e/ate4 ,?us ! individual int]e/ ( two ord]s is put fir/ & second2 ! public int]e/ occupies only ! ?ird place4 ,sov]eignty1 = ! same reason z makes x inali5able1 _c be repres5t$2 x lies ess5tially 9 ! g5]al w1 & w does n admit ( repres5tation3 x is ei!r ! same1 or o!r2 !re is no int]m$iate possibility4 ,! deputies ( ! p1 !re=e1 are n & _c be its repres5tatives3 !y are m]ely its /ew>ds1 & c c>ry ?r\gh no def9itive acts4 ,e law ! p has n ratifi$ 9 p]son is null & void--is1 9 fact1 n a law4 ,! p ( ,engl& reg>ds itself z free2 b x is grossly mi/ak52 x is free only dur+ ! election ( memb]s ( p>liam5t4 ,z soon z !y are elect$1 slav]y ov]takes x1 & x is no?+4 ,! use x makes ( ! %ort mom5ts ( lib]ty x enjoys %[s inde$ t x des]ves to lose !m4 ,! idea ( repres5tation is mod]n2 x comes to u f feudal gov]nm5t1 f t iniquit\s & absurd sy/em :i* degrades humanity & di%on\rs ! "n ( man4 ,9 anci5t republics & ev5 9 mon>*ies1 ! p nev] _h repres5tatives2 ! ^w itself 0 unkn[n4 ,x is v s+ul> t 9 ,rome1 :]e ! tribunes 7 s sacrosanct1 x 0 nev] ev5 imag9$ t !y c\ld usurp ! functions ( ! p1 & t 9 ! mid/ ( s great a multitude !y nev] attempt$ to pass on _! own au?ority a s+le plebiscitum4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 =m an idea ( ! difficulties caus$ sometimes by ! p be+ s num]\s1 f :at happ5$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,grac*i1 :5 "s ( ! citiz5s _h to ca/ _! votes f ! ro(s ( build+s4 ,:]e "r & lib]ty are ev]y?+1 disadvantages c\nt = no?+4 ,among ?is wise p ev]y?+ 0 giv5 its j value1 its lictors 7 all[$ to d :at its tribunes w\ld nev] h d>$ to attempt2 = x _h no fe> t its lictors w\ld try to repres5t x4 ,to expla91 h[ev]1 9 :at way ! tribunes did sometimes repres5t x1 x is en\gh to conceive h[ ! gov]nm5t repres5ts ! ,sov]eign4 ,law be+ purely ! decl>ation ( ! g5]al w1 x is cle> t1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! legislative p[]1 ! p _c be repres5t$2 b 9 t ( ! executive p[]1 :i* is only ! =ce t is appli$ to give ! law effect1 x bo? c & %\ld be repres5t$4 ,we ?us see t if we look$ closely into ! matt] we %\ld f9d t v few nations h any laws4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! tribunes1 possess+ no executive p[]1 c\ld nev] repres5t ! ,roman p by "r ( ! p[]s entru/$ to !m1 b only by usurp+ ^? ( ! s5ate4 ,9 ,greece1 all t ! p _h to d1 x did = itself2 x 0 con/antly assembl$ 9 ! public squ>e4 ,! ,greeks liv$ 9 a mild climate2 !y _h no natural gre$2 slaves did _! "w = !m2 _! great conc]n 0 ) lib]ty4 ,lack+ ! same advantages1 h[ c y pres]ve ! same rights8 ,y\r sev]] climates add to y\r ne$s2#a = half ! ye> y\r public squ>es are un9habitable2 ! flatness ( y\r languages unfits !m = be+ he>d 9 ! op5 air2 y sacrifice m = pr(it ?an = lib]ty1 & fe> slav]y less ?an pov]ty4 ,:at !n8 ,is lib]ty ma9ta9$ only by ! help ( slav]y8 ,x may be s4 ,extremes meet4 ,ev]y?+ t is n 9 ! c\rse ( nature has its disadvantages1 civil society mo/ ( all4 ,!re are "s unhappy circum/ances 9 :i* we c only keep our lib]ty at o!rs' exp5se1 & :]e ! citiz5 c be p]fectly free only :5 ! slave is mo/ a slave4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ,sp>ta4 ,z = y1 mod]n peoples1 y h no slaves1 b y are slaves y\rselves2 y pay = _! lib]ty ) y\r own4 ,x is 9 va9 t y boa/ ( ?is pref]5ce2 ,i f9d 9 x m c[>dice ?an humanity4 ,i d n mean by all ?is t x is necess>y to h slaves1 or t ! "r ( slav]y is legitimate3 ,i am m]ely giv+ ! reasons :y mod]n peoples1 believ+ !mselves to be free1 h repres5tatives1 :ile anci5t peoples _h none4 ,9 any case1 ! mom5t a p all[s itself to be repres5t$1 x is no long] free3 x no long] exi/s4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ,i d n see t x is possible h5ce=? = ! ,sov]eign to pres]ve among u ! ex]cise ( its rights1 unless ! city is v small4 ,b if x is v small1 x w be conqu]$8 ,no4 ,i w %[ lat] on h[ ! ext]nal /r5g? ( a great p#b may be comb9$ ) ! conv5i5t polity & good ord] ( a small ,/ate4 #a ,to adopt 9 cold c\ntries ! luxury & effem9acy ( ! ,ea/ is to desire to submit to its *a9s2 x is inde$ to b[ to !m f> m inevitably 9 our case ?an 9 !irs4 #b ,i _h int5d$ to d ?is 9 ! sequel to ?is "w1 :5 9 deal+ ) ext]nal relations ,i came to ! subject ( conf$]ations4 ,! subject is q new1 & its pr9ciples h /ill to be laid d[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,t ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,is ,,n ,a ,,contract ,! legislative p[] once well e/abli%$1 ! next ?+ is to e/abli% simil>ly ! executive p[]2 = ?is latt]1 :i* op]ates only by p>ticul> acts1 n be+ ( ! ess5ce ( ! =m]1 is naturally sep>ate f x4 ,7 x possible = ! ,sov]eign1 z su*1 to possess ! executive p[]1 "r & fact w\ld be s conf\nd$ t no "o c\ld tell :at 0 law & :at 0 n2 & ! body politic1 ?us disfigur$1 w\ld soon fall a prey to ! viol5ce x 0 in/itut$ to prev5t4 ,z ! citiz5s1 by ! social contract1 are all equal1 all c prescribe :at all %\ld d1 b no "o has a "r to dem& t ano!r %all d :at he does n d himself4 ,x is /rictly ?is "r1 :i* is indisp5sable = giv+ ! body politic life & movem5t1 t ! ,sov]eign1 9 in/itut+ ! gov]nm5t1 conf]s ^u ! pr9ce4 ,x has be5 held t ?is act ( e/abli%m5t 0 a contract betwe5 ! p & ! rul]s x sets ov] itself4--a contract 9 :i* conditions 7 laid d[n betwe5 ! two p>ties b9d+ ! "o to comm& & ! o!r to obey4 ,x w be admitt$1 ,i am sure1 t ?is is an odd k9d ( contract to ent] into4 ,b let u see if ?is view c be upheld4 ,fir/1 ! supreme au?ority c no m be modifi$ ?an x c be ali5at$2 to limit x is to de/roy x4 ,x is absurd & contradictory = ! ,sov]eign to set a sup]ior ov] itself2 to b9d itself to obey a ma/] w\ld be to return to absolute lib]ty4 ,moreov]1 x is cle> t ?is contract betwe5 ! p & su* & su* p]sons w\ld be a p>ticul> act2 & f ?is x foll[s t x c be nei!r a law nor an act ( ,sov]eignty1 & t consequ5tly x w\ld be illegitimate4 ,x is pla9 too t ! contract+ p>ties 9 relation to ea* o!r w\ld be "u ! law ( nature alone & :olly )\t gu>antees ( _! mutual und]tak+s1 a position :olly at v>iance ) ! civil /ate4 ,he :o has =ce at 8 comm& be+ always 9 a position to control execution1 x w\ld come to ! same ?+ if ! "n contract 7 giv5 to ! act ( "o man :o said to ano!r2 ,i give y all my goods1 on condition t y give me back z mu* ( !m z y please4 ,!re is only "o contract 9 ! ,/ate1 & t is ! act ( association1 :i* 9 itself excludes ! exi/5ce ( a second4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( any public contract t w\ld n be a violation ( ! fir/4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,"u :at g5]al idea !n %\ld ! act by :i* gov]nm5t is in/itut$ be conceiv$ z fall+8 ,i w beg9 by /at+ t ! act is complex1 z be+ compos$ ( two o!rs--! e/abli%m5t' ( ! law & its execution4 ,by ! =m]1 ! ,sov]eign decrees t !re %all be a gov]n+ body e/abli%$ 9 ?is or t =m2 ?is act is cle>ly a law4 ,by ! latt]1 ! p nom9ates ! rul]s :o are to be entru/$ ) ! gov]nm5t t has be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is nom9ation1 be+ a p>ticul> act1 is cle>ly n a second law1 b m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! fir/ & a function ( gov]nm5t4 ,! difficulty is to und]/& h[ !re c be a gov]nm5tal act be=e gov]nm5t exi/s1 & h[ ! p1 :i* is only ,sov]eign or subject1 c1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 become a pr9ce or magi/rate4 ,x is at ?is po9t t !re is reveal$ "o ( ! a/oni%+ prop]ties ( ! body politic1 by means ( :i* x reconciles app>5tly contradictory op]ations2 = ?is is accompli%$ by a sudd5 conv]sion ( ,sov]eignty into democracy1 s t1 )\t s5sible *ange1 & m]ely by virtue ( a new relation ( all to all1 ! citiz5s become magi/rates & pass f g5]al to p>ticul> acts1 f legislation to ! execution ( ! law4 ,?is *ang$ relation is no speculative subtlety )\t in/ances 9 practice3 x happ5s e day 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 :]e1 on c]ta9 occasions1 ! ,l[] ,h\se resolves itself into ,gr& ,committee1 = ! bett] discussion ( affairs1 & ?us1 f be+ at "o mom5t a sov]eign c\rt1 becomes at ! next a m]e commission2 s t subsequ5tly x reports to itself1 z ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! result ( its proce$+s 9 ,gr& ,committee1 & debates ov] aga9 "u "o "n :at x has already settl$ "u ano!r4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! peculi> advantage ( democratic gov]nm5t t x c be e/abli%$ 9 actuality by a simple act ( ! g5]al w4 ,subsequ5tly1 ?is provisional gov]nm5t rema9s 9 p[]1 if ?is =m is adopt$1 or else e/abli%es 9 ! "n ( ! ,sov]eign ! gov]nm5t t is prescrib$ by law2 & ?us ! :ole proce$+ is regul>4 ,x is impossible to set up gov]nm5t 9 any o!r mann] legitimately & 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples s f> laid d[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,to ,,*eck ,,! ,,usurpations ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,:at we h j said confirms ,*apt] ,,xvi1 & makes x cle> t ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t is n a contract1 b a law2 t ! deposit>ies ( ! executive p[] are n ! p's ma/]s1 b its (fic]s2 t x c set !m up & pull !m d[n :5 x likes2 t = !m !re is no "q ( contract1 b ( ob$i5ce2 & t 9 tak+ *>ge ( ! functions ! ,/ate imposes on !m !y are do+ no m ?an fulfill+ _! duty z citiz5s1 )\t hav+ ! remote/ "r to argue ab\t ! conditions4 ,:5 !re=e ! p sets up an h]$it>y gov]nm5t1 :e!r x be mon>*ical & conf9$ to "o family1 or ari/ocratic & conf9$ to a class1 :at x ent]s into is n an und]tak+2 ! adm9i/ration is giv5 a provisional =m1 until ! p *ooses to ord] x o!rwise4 ,x is true t su* *anges are always dang]\s1 & t ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t %\ld nev] be t\*$ except :5 x comes to be incompatible ) ! public good2 b ! circumspection ?is involves is a maxim ( policy & n a rule ( "r1 & ! ,/ate is no m b\nd to leave civil au?ority 9 ! h&s ( its rul]s ?an milit>y au?ority 9 ! h&s ( its g5]als4 ,x is also true t x is impossible to be too c>eful to obs]ve1 9 su* cases1 all ! =malities necess>y to di/+ui% a regul> & legitimate act f a s$iti\s tumult1 & ! w ( a :ole p f ! clam\r ( a faction4 ,"h above all no fur!r concession %\ld be made to ! unt[>d possibility ?an _c1 9 ! /ricte/ logic1 be refus$ x4 ,f ?is obligation ! pr9ce d]ives a great advantage 9 pres]v+ 8 p[] despite ! p1 )\t x be+ possible to say he has usurp$ x2 =1 seem+ to avail himself only ( 8 rights1 he f9ds x v easy to ext5d !m1 & to prev5t1 "u ! pretext ( keep+ ! peace1 assemblies t are de/9$ to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ord]2 ) ! result t he takes advantage ( a sil5ce he does n all[ to be brok51 or ( irregul>ities he causes to be committ$1 to assume t he has ! support ( ^? :om fe> prev5ts f speak+1 & to puni% ^? :o d>e to speak4 ,?us x 0 t ! decemvirs1 fir/ elect$ = "o ye> & !n kept on 9 (fice = a second1 tri$ to p]petuate _! p[] by =bidd+ ! comitia to assemble2 & by ?is easy me?od e gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 once clo!d ) ! public p[]1 soon] or lat] usurps ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,! p]iodical assemblies ( :i* ,i h already spok5 are design$ to prev5t or po/pone ?is calamity1 above all :5 !y ne$ no =mal summon+2 = 9 t case1 ! pr9ce _c /op !m )\t op5ly decl>+ himself a law-break] & an enemy ( ! ,/ate4 ,! op5+ ( ^! assemblies1 ^: sole object is ! ma9t5ance ( ! social treaty1 %\ld always take ! =m ( putt+ two propositions t may n be suppress$1 :i* %\ld be vot$ on sep>ately4 ,! fir/ is3 ,does x please ! ,sov]eign to pres]ve ! pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,! second is3 ,does x please ! p to leave its adm9i/ration 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are actually 9 *>ge ( x8 ,i am "h assum+ :at ,i ?9k ,i h %[n2 t !re is 9 ! ,/ate no fundam5tal law t _c be revok$1 n exclud+ ! social compact itself2 = if all ! citiz5s assembl$ ( "o accord to break ! compact1 x is impossible to d\bt t x w\ld be v legitimately brok54 ,grotius ev5 ?9ks t ea* man c r5\nce 8 memb]%ip ( 8 own ,/ate1 & recov] 8 natural lib]ty & 8 goods on leav+ ! c\ntry4#a ,x w\ld be inde$ absurd if all ! citiz5s 9 assembly c\ld n d :at ea* c d by himself4 #a ,provid$1 ( c\rse1 he does n leave to escape 8 obligations & avoid hav+ to s]ve 8 c\ntry 9 ! h\r ( ne$4 ,flight 9 su* a case w\ld be crim9al & puni%able1 & w\ld be1 n )drawal1 b des]tion4 ,,book ,,iv ,,*apt] ,i ,,t ,,! ,,g5]al ,,w ,,is ,,inde/ructible ,z long z sev]al m5 9 assembly reg>d !mselves z a s+le body1 !y h only a s+le w :i* is conc]n$ ) _! common pres]vation & g5]al well-be+4 ,9 ?is case1 all ! spr+s ( ! ,/ate are vigor\s & simple & its rules cle> & lum9\s2 !re are no embroilm5ts or conflicts ( int]e/s2 ! common good is ev]y:]e cle>ly app>5t1 & only good s5se is ne$$ to p]ceive x4 ,peace1 unity & equality are ! enemies ( political subtleties4 ,m5 :o are upright & simple are difficult to deceive because ( _! simplicity2 lures & +5i\s pretexts fail to impose ^u !m1 & !y are n ev5 subtle en\gh to be dupes4 ,:51 among ! happie/ p 9 ! _w1 b&s ( peasants are se5 regulat+ affairs ( ,/ate "u an oak1 & always act+ wisely1 c we help scorn+ ! +5i\s me?ods ( o!r nations1 :i* make !mselves illu/ri\s & wret*$ ) s mu* art & my/]y8 ,a ,/ate s gov]n$ ne$s v few laws2 &1 z x becomes necess>y to issue new ones1 ! necessity is univ]sally se54 ,! fir/ man to propose !m m]ely says :at all h already felt1 & !re is no "q ( factions or intrigues or eloqu5ce 9 ord] to secure ! passage into law ( :at e "o has already decid$ to d1 z soon z he is sure t ! re/ w act ) him4 ,!ori/s are l$ into error because1 see+ only ,/ates t h be5 f ! beg9n+ wrongly con/itut$1 !y are /ruck by ! impossibility ( apply+ su* a policy to !m4 ,!y make great game ( all ! absurdities a clev] rascal or an ins9uat+ speak] might get ! p ( ,p>is or ,london to believe4 ,!y d n "k t ,cromwell w\ld h be5 put to ! bells by ! p ( ,b]ne1 & ! ,due de ,beau=t on ! treadmill by ! ,g5evese4 ,b :5 ! social bond beg9s to be relax$ & ! ,/ate to gr[ weak1 :5 p>ticul> int]e/s beg9 to make !mselves felt & ! small] societies to ex]cise an influ5ce ov] ! l>g]1 ! common int]e/ *anges & f9ds oppon5ts3 op9ion is no long] unanim\s2 ! g5]al w ceases to be ! w ( all2 contradictory views & debates arise2 & ! be/ advice is n tak5 )\t "q4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! ,/ate1 on ! eve ( ru91 ma9ta9s only a va91 illusory & =mal exi/5ce1 :5 9 e he>t ! social bond is brok51 & ! meane/ int]e/ braz5ly lays hold ( ! sacr$ "n ( public good1 ! g5]al w becomes mute3 all m51 guid$ by secret motives1 no m give _! views z citiz5s ?an if ! ,/ate _h nev] be52 & iniquit\s decrees direct$ solely to private int]e/ get pass$ "u ! "n ( laws4 ,does x foll[ f ?is t ! g5]al w is ext]m9at$ or corrupt$8 ,n at all3 x is always con/ant1 unalt]able & pure2 b x is subord9at$ to o!r wills :i* encroa* ^u its sph]e4 ,ea* man1 9 deta*+1 8 int]e/ f ! common int]e/1 sees cle>ly t he _c entirely sep>ate !m2 b 8 %>e 9 ! public mi%aps seems to him negligible beside ! exclusive good he aims at mak+ 8 own4 ,ap>t f ?is p>ticul> good1 he wills ! g5]al good 9 8 own int]e/1 z /rongly z any "o else4 ,ev5 9 sell+ 8 vote = money1 he does n ext+ui% 9 himself ! g5]al w1 b only eludes x4 ,! fault he commits is t ( *ang+ ! /ate ( ! "q1 & answ]+ some?+ diff]5t f :at he is ask$4 ,in/ead ( say+1 by 8 vote1 ,x is to ! advantage ( ! ,/ate1 he says1 ,x is ( advantage to ?is or t man or p>ty t ?is or t view %\ld prevail4 ,?us ! law ( public ord] 9 assemblies is n s mu* to ma9ta9 9 !m ! g5]al w z to secure t ! "q be always put to x1 & ! answ] always giv5 by x4 ,i c\ld "h set d[n _m reflections on ! simple "r ( vot+ 9 e act ( ,sov]eignty--a "r :i* no-"o c take f ! citiz5s--& also on ! "r ( /at+ views1 mak+ proposals1 divid+ & discuss+1 :i* ! gov]nm5t is always mo/ c>eful to leave solely to its memb]s2 b ?is important subject w\ld ne$ a treatise to itself1 & x is impossible to say ev]y?+ 9 a s+le "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,vot+ ,x may be se51 f ! la/ *apt]1 t ! way 9 :i* g5]al bus9ess is manag$ may give a cle> en\gh indication ( ! actual /ate ( morals & ! heal? ( ! body politic4 ,! m conc]t reigns 9 ! assemblies1 t is1 ! ne>] op9ion approa*es unanimity1 ! great] is ! dom9ance ( ! g5]al w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 long debates1 diss5sions & tumult proclaim ! asc5dancy ( p>ticul> int]e/s & ! decl9e ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is seems less cle> :5 two or m ord]s ent] into ! con/itution1 z patricians & plebeians did at ,rome2 = qu>rels betwe5 ^! two ord]s (t5 di/urb$ ! comitia1 ev5 9 ! be/ days ( ! ,republic4 ,b ! exception is r app>5t ?an real2 = !n1 ?r\gh ! defect t is inh]5t 9 ! body politic1 !re 71 s to speak1 two ,/ates 9 "o1 & :at is n true ( ! two toge!r is true ( ei!r sep>ately4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ /ormy times1 ! plebiscita ( ! p1 :5 ! ,s5ate did n int]f]e ) !m1 always w5t ?r\gh quietly & by l>ge majorities4 ,! citiz5s hav+ b "o int]e/1 ! p _h b a s+le w4 ,at ! o!r extremity ( ! circle1 unanimity recurs2 ?is is ! case :5 ! citiz5s1 hav+ fall5 into s]vitude1 h lo/ bo? lib]ty & w4 ,fe> & flatt]y !n *ange votes into acclamation2 delib]ation ceases1 & only wor%ip or mal$iction is left4 ,su* 0 ! vile mann] 9 :i* ! s5ate express$ its views "u ! ,emp]ors4 ,x did s sometimes ) absurd precautions4 ,tacitus obs]ves t1 "u ,o?o1 ! s5ators1 :ile !y heap$ curses on ,vitellius1 contriv$ at ! same "t to make a deaf5+ noise1 9 ord] t1 %\ld he ev] become _! ma/]1 he might n "k :at ea* ( !m _h said4 ,on ^! v>i\s consid]ations dep5d ! rules by :i* ! me?ods ( c\nt+ votes & comp>+ op9ions %\ld be regulat$1 accord+ z ! g5]al w is m or less easy to discov]1 & ! ,/ate m or less 9 its decl9e4 ,!re is b "o law :i*1 f its nature1 ne$s unanim\s cons5t4 ,?is is ! social compact2 = civil association is ! mo/ volunt>y ( all acts4 ,e man be+ born free & 8 own ma/]1 no-"o1 "u any pretext :atsoev]1 c make any man subject )\t 8 cons5t4 ,to decide t ! son ( a slave is born a slave is to decide t he is n born a man4 ,if !n !re are oppon5ts :5 ! social compact is made1 _! opposition does n invalidate ! contract1 b m]ely prev5ts !m f be+ includ$ 9 x4 ,!y are =eign]s among citiz5s4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is in/itut$1 resid5ce con/itutes cons5t2 to dwell )9 its t]ritory is to submit to ! ,sov]eign4#a ,ap>t f ?is primitive contract1 ! vote ( ! majority always b9ds all ! re/4 ,?is foll[s f ! contract itself4 ,b x is ask$ h[ a man c be bo? free & =c$ to con=m to wills t are n 8 own4 ,h[ are ! oppon5ts at once free & subject to laws !y h n agre$ to8 ,i retort t ! "q is wrongly put4 ,! citiz5 gives 8 cons5t to all ! laws1 includ+ ^? :i* are pass$ 9 spite ( 8 opposition1 & ev5 ^? :i* puni% him :5 he d>es to break any ( !m4 ,! con/ant w ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate is ! g5]al w2 by virtue ( x !y are citiz5s & free4#b ,:5 9 ! popul> assembly a law is propos$1 :at ! p is ask$ is n exactly :e!r x approves or rejects ! proposal1 b :e!r x is 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al w1 :i* is _! w4 ,ea* man1 9 giv+ 8 vote1 /ates 8 op9ion on t po9t2 & ! g5]al w is f\nd by c\nt+ votes4 ,:5 !re=e ! op9ion t is contr>y to my own prevails1 ?is proves nei!r m nor less ?an t ,i 0 mi/ak51 & t :at ,i ?\ght to be ! g5]al w 0 n s4 ,if my p>ticul> op9ion _h c>ri$ ! day ,i %\ld h a*iev$ ! opposite ( :at 0 my w & x is 9 t case t ,i %\ld n h be5 free4 ,?is presupposes1 inde$1 t all ! qualities ( ! g5]al w /ill reside 9 ! majority3 :5 !y cease to d s1 :atev] side a man may take1 lib]ty is no long] possible4 ,9 my e>li] demon/ration ( h[ p>ticul> wills are sub/itut$ = ! g5]al w 9 public delib]ation1 ,i h adequately po9t$ out ! practicable me?ods ( avoid+ ?is abuse2 & ,i %all h m to say ( !m lat] on4 ,i h also giv5 ! pr9ciples = det]m9+ ! proportional numb] ( votes = decl>+ t w4 ,a diff]5ce ( "o vote de/roys equality2 a s+le oppon5t de/roys unanimity2 b betwe5 equality & unanimity1 !re are sev]al grades ( unequal division1 at ea* ( :i* ?is proportion may be fix$ 9 accordance ) ! condition & ! ne$s ( ! body politic4 ,!re are two g5]al rules t may s]ve to regulate ?is relation4 ,fir/1 ! m grave & important ! que/ions discuss$1 ! ne>] %\ld ! op9ion t is to prevail approa* unanimity4 ,secondly1 ! m ! matt] 9 h& calls = spe$1 ! small] ! prescrib$ diff]5ce 9 ! numb]s ( votes may be all[$ to become3 :]e an in/ant decision has to be rea*$1 a majority ( "o vote %\ld be en\gh4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two rules seems m 9 h>mony ) ! laws1 & ! second ) practical affairs4 ,9 any case1 x is ! comb9ation ( !m t gives ! be/ proportions = det]m9+ ! majority necess>y4 #a ,?is %\ld ( c\rse be und]/ood z apply+ to a free ,/ate2 = else:]e family1 goods1 lack ( a refuge1 necessity1 or viol5ce may deta9 a man 9 a c\ntry aga9/ 8 w2 & !n 8 dwell+ !re no long] by itself implies 8 cons5t to ! contract or to its violation4 #b ,at ,g5oa1 ! ^w ,lib]ty may be read ov] ! front ( ! prisons & on ! *a9s ( ! galley-slaves4 ,?is application ( ! device is good & j4 ,x is inde$ only malefactors ( all e/ates :o prev5t ! citiz5 f be+ free4 ,9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* all su* m5 7 9 ! galleys1 ! mo/ p]fect lib]ty w\ld be enjoy$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,elections ,9 ! elections ( ! pr9ce & ! magi/rates1 :i* are1 z ,i h said1 complex acts1 !re are two possible me?ods ( proc$ure1 *oice & lot4 ,bo? h be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s republics1 & a highly complicat$ mixture ( ! two /ill survives 9 ! election ( ! ,doge at ,v5ice4 ,election by lot1 says ,montesquieu1 is democratic 9 nature4 ,i agree t x is s2 b 9 :at s5se8 ,! lot1 he goes on1 is a way ( mak+ *oice t is unfair to nobody2 x leaves ea* citiz5 a reasonable hope ( s]v+ 8 c\ntry4 ,^! are n reasons4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t ! election ( rul]s is a function ( gov]nm5t1 & n ( ,sov]eignty1 we %all see :y ! lot is ! me?od m natural to democracy1 9 :i* ! adm9i/ration is bett] 9 proportion z ! numb] ( its acts is small4 ,9 e real democracy1 magi/racy is n an advantage1 b a burd5some *>ge :i* _c ju/ly be impos$ on "o individual r ?an ano!r4 ,! law alone c lay ! *>ge on him on :om ! lot falls4 ,=1 ! conditions be+ !n ! same = all1 & ! *oice n dep5d+ on any human w1 !re is no p>ticul> application to alt] ! univ]sality ( ! law4 ,9 an ari/ocracy1 ! pr9ce *ooses ! pr9ce1 ! gov]nm5t is pres]v$ by itself1 & vot+ is rightly ord]$4 ,! in/ance ( ! election ( ! ,doge ( ,v5ice confirms1 in/ead ( de/roy+1 ?is di/9ction2 ! mix$ =m suits a mix$ gov]nm5t4 ,= x is an error to take ! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice = a real ari/ocracy4 ,if ! p has no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ! nobility is itself ! p4 ,a ho/ ( poor ,b>nabotes nev] gets ne> any magi/racy1 & its nobility consi/s m]ely 9 ! empty title ( ,excell5cy1 & 9 ! "r to sit 9 ! ,great ,c\ncil4 ,z ?is ,great ,c\ncil is z num]\s z our ,g5]al ,c\ncil at ,g5eva1 its illu/ri\s memb]s h no m privileges ?an our pla9 citiz5s4 ,x is indisputable t1 ap>t f ! extreme disp>ity betwe5 ! two republics1 ! b\rgeoisie ( ,g5eva is exactly equival5t to ! patriciate ( ,v5ice2 our natives & inhabitants correspond to ! t[nsm5 & ! p ( ,v5ice2 our peasants correspond to ! subjects on ! ma9l&2 &1 h[ev] t republic be reg>d$1 if its size be left out ( acc\nt1 its gov]nm5t is no m ari/ocratic ?an our own4 ,! :ole diff]5ce is t1 hav+ no life-rul]1 we d n1 l ,v5ice1 ne$ to use ! lot4 ,election by lot w\ld h few disadvantages 9 a real democracy1 9 :i*1 z equality w\ld ev]y:]e exi/ 9 morals & tal5ts z well z 9 pr9ciples & =tunes1 x w\ld become almo/ a matt] ( indiff]5ce :o 0 *os54 ,b ,i h already said t a real democracy is only an ideal4 ,:5 *oice & lot are comb9$1 positions t require special tal5ts1 su* z milit>y po/s1 %\ld be fill$ by ! =m]2 ! latt] does = cases1 su* z judicial (fices1 9 :i* good s5se1 ju/ice1 & integrity are en\gh1 because 9 a ,/ate t is well con/itut$1 ^! qualities are common to all ! citiz5s4 ,nei!r lot nor vote has any place 9 mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,! mon>* be+ by "r sole pr9ce & only magi/rate1 ! *oice ( 8 lieut5ants belongs to none b him4 ,:5 ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re propos$ t ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,k+ ( ,france %\ld be multipli$1 & _! memb]s elect$ by ballot1 he did n see t he 0 propos+ to *ange ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,i %\ld n[ speak ( ! me?ods ( giv+ & c\nt+ op9ions 9 ! assembly ( ! p2 b p]haps an acc\nt ( ?is aspect ( ! ,roman con/itution w m =cibly illu/rate all ! rules ,i c\ld lay d[n4 ,x is wor? ! :ile ( a judici\s read] to foll[ 9 "s detail ! work+ ( public & private affairs 9 a ,c\ncil consi/+ ( two hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,roman ,,comitia ,we are )\t well-c]tifi$ records ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,rome's exi/5ce2 x ev5 appe>s v probable t mo/ ( ! /ories told ab\t x are fables2 inde$1 g5]ally speak+1 ! mo/ in/ructive "p ( ! hi/ory ( peoples1 t :i* deals ) _! f\ndation1 is :at we h lea/ (4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u e day :at causes lead to ! revolutions ( empires2 b1 z no new peoples are n[ =m$1 we h almo/ no?+ beyond conjecture to g ^u 9 expla9+ h[ !y 7 creat$4 ,! cu/oms we f9d e/abli%$ %[ at lea/ t ^! cu/oms _h an orig94 ,! traditions t g back to ^? orig9s1 t h ! greate/ au?orities beh9d !m1 & t are confirm$ by ! /ronge/ pro(s1 %\ld pass = ! mo/ c]ta94 ,^! are ! rules ,i h tri$ to foll[ 9 inquir+ h[ ! free/ & mo/ p[]ful p on e>? ex]cis$ its supreme p[]4 ,aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! new-born republic1 t is1 ! army ( its f\nd]1 compos$ ( ,albans1 ,sab9es & =eign]s1 0 divid$ into ?ree classes1 :i*1 f ?is division1 took ! "n ( tribes4 ,ea* ( ^! tribes 0 subdivid$ into t5 curi1 & ea* curia into decuri1 head$ by lead]s call$ curiones & decuriones4 ,besides ?is1 out ( ea* tribe 0 tak5 a body ( "o hundr$ ,equites or ,knights1 call$ a c5tury1 :i* %[s t ^! divisions1 be+ unnecess>y 9 a t[n1 7 at fir/ m]ely milit>y4 ,b an in/9ct = greatness seems to h l$ ! little t[n%ip ( ,rome to provide itself 9 advance ) a political sy/em suitable = ! capital ( ! _w4 ,out ( ?is orig9al division an awkw>d situation soon arose4 ,! tribes ( ! ,albans 7,ramn5ses7 & ! ,sab9es 7,tati5ses7 rema9$ always 9 ! same condition1 :ile t ( ! =eign]s 7,luc]es7 cont9ually grew z m & m =eign]s came to live at ,rome1 s t x soon surpass$ ! o!rs 9 /r5g?4 ,s]vius rem$i$ ?is dang]\s fault by *ang+ ! pr9ciple ( cleavage1 & sub/itut+ = ! racial division1 :i* he aboli%$1 a new "o bas$ on ! qu>t] ( ! t[n inhabit$ by ea* tribe4 ,in/ead ( ?ree tribes he creat$ f\r1 ea* occupy+ & nam$ aft] "o ( ! hills ( ,rome4 ,?us1 :ile r$ress+ ! inequality ( ! mom5t1 he also provid$ = ! future2 & 9 ord] t ! division might be "o ( p]sons z well z localities1 he =bade ! inhabitants ( "o qu>t] to migrate to ano!r1 & s prev5t$ ! m+l+ ( ! races4 ,he also d\bl$ ! ?ree old c5turies ( ,knights & add$ twelve m1 /ill keep+ ! old names1 & by ?is simple & prud5t me?od1 succe$$ 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! body ( ,knights & ! p1 )\t a murmur f ! latt]4 ,to ! f\r urban tribes ,s]vius add$ fifte5 o!rs call$ rural tribes1 because !y consi/$ ( ^? :o liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 divid$ into fifte5 cantons4 ,subsequ5tly1 fifte5 m 7 creat$1 & ! ,roman p f9ally f\nd itself divid$ into ?irty-five tribes1 z x rema9$ d[n to ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 urban & rural tribes _h "o effect :i* is wor? m5tion1 bo? because x is )\t p>allel else:]e1 & because to x ,rome ow$ ! pres]vation ( h] morality & ! enl>gem5t ( h] empire4 ,we %\ld h expect$ t ! urban tribes w\ld soon monopolise p[] & hon\rs1 & lose no "t 9 br++ ! rural tribes into disrepute2 b :at happ5$ 0 exactly ! rev]se4 ,! ta/e ( ! e>ly ,romans = c\ntry life is well kn[n4 ,?is ta/e !y ow$ to _! wise f\nd]1 :o made rural & milit>y lab\rs g along ) lib]ty1 &1 s to speak1 relegat$ to ! t[n arts1 crafts1 intrigue1 =tune & slav]y4 ,s9ce !re=e all ,rome's mo/ illu/ri\s citiz5s liv$ 9 ! fields & till$ ! e>?1 m5 grew us$ to seek+ !re alone ! ma9/ays ( ! republic4 ,?is condition1 be+ t ( ! be/ patricians1 0 hon\r$ by all m52 ! simple & labori\s life ( ! villag] 0 pref]r$ to ! slo?ful & idle life ( ! b\rgeoisie ( ,rome2 & he :o1 9 ! t[n1 w\ld h be5 b a wret*$ prolet>ian1 became1 z a lab\r] 9 ! fields1 a respect$ citiz54 ,n )\t reason1 says ,v>ro1 did our great-s\l$ ance/ors e/abli% 9 ! village ! nurs]y ( ! /urdy & valiant m5 :o def5d$ !m 9 "t ( w> & provid$ = _! ,su/5ance 9 "t ( peace4 ,pl9y /ates positively t ! c\ntry tribes 7 hon\r$ because ( ! m5 ( :om !y 7 compos$2 :ile c[>ds m5 wi%$ to di%on\r 7 transf]r$1 z a public disgrace1 to ! t[n tribes4 ,! ,sab9e ,appius ,claudius1 :5 he _h come to settle 9 ,rome1 0 load$ ) hon\rs & enroll$ 9 a rural tribe1 :i* subsequ5tly took 8 family "n4 ,la/ly1 fre$m5 always ent]$ ! urban1 & nev] ! rural1 tribes3 nor is !re a s+le example1 ?r\gh\t ! ,republic1 ( a fre$man1 ?\gh he _h become a citiz51 rea*+ any magi/racy4 ,?is 0 an excell5t rule2 b x 0 c>ri$ s f> t 9 ! end x l$ to a *ange & c]ta9ly to an abuse 9 ! political sy/em4 ,fir/ ! c5sors1 aft] hav+ = a long "t claim$ ! "r ( transf]r+ citiz5s arbitr>ily f "o tribe to ano!r1 all[$ mo/ p]sons to enrol !mselves 9 :atev] tribe !y pleas$4 ,?is p]mission c]ta9ly did no good1 & fur!r robb$ ! c5sor%ip ( "o ( its greate/ res\rces4 ,moreov]1 z ! great & p[]ful all got !mselves enroll$ 9 ! c\ntry tribes1 :ile ! fre$m5 :o _h become citiz5s rema9$ ) ! populace 9 ! t[n tribes1 bo? soon ceas$ to h any local or t]ritorial mean+1 & all 7 s confus$ t ! memb]s ( "o c\ld n be told f ^? ( ano!r except by ! regi/]s2 s t ! idea ( ! ^w tribe became p]sonal in/ead ( real1 or r came to be little m ?an a *im]a4 ,x happ5$ 9 addition t ! t[n tribes1 be+ m on ! spot1 7 (t5 ! /rong] 9 ! comitia & sold ! ,/ate to ^? :o /oop$ to buy ! votes ( ! rabble compos+ !m4 ,z ! f\nd] _h set up t5 curi 9 ea* tribe1 ! :ole ,roman p1 :i* 0 !n conta9$ )9 ! walls1 consi/$ ( ?irty curia1 ea* ) its temples1 its gods1 its (fic]s1 its prie/s & its fe/ivals1 :i* 7 call$ compitalia & correspond$ to ! paganalia1 held 9 lat] times by ! rural tribes4 ,:5 ,s]vius made 8 new division1 z ! ?irty curi c\ld n be %>$ equally betwe5 8 f\r tribes1 & z he 0 unwill+ to int]f]e ) !m1 !y became a fur!r division ( ! inhabitants ( ,rome1 q indep5d5t ( ! tribes3 b 9 ! case ( ! rural tribes & _! memb]s !re 0 no "q ( curi z ! tribes _h !n become a purely civil in/itution1 &1 a new sy/em ( levy+ troops hav+ be5 introduc$1 ! milit>y divisions ( ,romulus 7 sup]flu\s4 ,?us1 al?\gh e citiz5 0 enroll$ 9 a tribe1 !re 7 v _m :o 7 n memb]s ( a curia4 ,s]vius made yet a ?ird division1 q di/9ct f ! two we h m5tion$1 :i* became1 9 its effects1 ! mo/ important ( all4 ,he di/ribut$ ! :ole ,roman p into six classes1 di/+ui%$ nei!r by place nor by p]son1 b by weal?2 ! fir/ classes includ$ ! ri*1 ! la/ ! poor1 & ^? betwe5 p]sons ( mod]ate means4 ,^! six classes 7 subdivid$ into "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree o!r bodies1 call$ c5turies1 :i* 7 s divid$ t ! fir/ class alone compris$ m ?an half ( !m1 :ile ! la/ compris$ only "o4 ,?us ! class t _h ! smalle/ numb] ( memb]s _h ! l>ge/ numb] ( c5turies1 & ! :ole ( ! la/ class only c\nt$ z a s+le subdivision1 al?\gh x alone includ$ m ?an half ! inhabitants ( ,rome4 ,9 ord] t ! p might h ! less insight into ! results ( ?is arrangem5t1 ,s]vius tri$ to give x a milit>y tone3 9 ! second class he ins]t$ two c5turies ( arm\r]s1 & 9 ! f\r? two ( mak]s ( in/rum5ts ( w>3 9 ea* class1 except ! la/1 he di/+ui%$ "y & old1 t is1 ^? :o 7 "u an obligation to be> arms & ^? ^: age gave !m legal exemption4 ,x 0 ?is di/9ction1 r ?an t ( weal?1 :i* requir$ frequ5t repetition ( ! c5sus or c\nt+4 ,la/ly1 he ord]$ t ! assembly %\ld be held 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & t all :o 7 ( age to s]ve %\ld come !re arm$4 ,! reason = 8 n mak+ 9 ! la/ class also ! division ( "y & old 0 t ! populace1 ( :om x 0 compos$1 0 n giv5 ! "r to be> arms = its c\ntry3 a man _h to possess a he>? to acquire ! "r to def5d x1 & ( all ! troops ( begg>s :o to-day l5d lu/re to ! armies ( k+s1 !re is p]haps n "o :o w\ld n h be5 driv5 ) scorn out ( a ,roman cohort1 at a "t :5 soldi]s 7 ! def5d]s ( lib]ty4 ,9 ?is la/ class1 h[ev]1 prolet>ians 7 di/+ui%$ f capite c5si4 ,! =m]1 n q r$uc$ to no?+1 at lea/ gave ! ,/ate citiz5s1 & sometimes1 :5 ! ne$ 0 press+1 ev5 soldi]s4 ,^? :o _h no?+ at all1 & c\ld be numb]$ only by c\nt+ heads1 7 reg>d$ z ( absolutely no acc\nt1 & ,m>ius 0 ! fir/ :o /oop$ to enrol !m4 ,)\t decid+ n[ :e!r ?is ?ird arrangem5t 0 good or bad 9 itself1 ,i ?9k ,i may ass]t t x c\ld h be5 made practicable only by ! simple morals1 ! dis9t]e/$ness1 ! lik+ = agriculture & ! scorn = comm]ce & = love ( ga9 :i* *>act]is$ ! e>ly ,romans4 ,:]e is ! mod]n p among :om consum+ gre$1 unre/1 intrigue1 cont9ual removals1 & p]petual *anges ( =tune1 c\ld let su* a sy/em la/ = tw5ty ye>s )\t turn+ ! ,/ate upside d[n8 ,we mu/ inde$ obs]ve t morality & ! c5sor%ip1 be+ /rong] ?an ?is in/itution1 correct$ its defects at ,rome1 & t ! ri* man f\nd himself degrad$ to ! class ( ! poor = mak+ too mu* display ( 8 ri*es4 ,f all ?is x is easy to und]/& :y only five classes are almo/ always m5tion$1 ?\gh !re 7 really six4 ,! six?1 z x furni%$ nei!r soldi]s to ! army nor votes 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1#a & 0 almo/ )\t function 9 ! ,/ate1 0 seldom reg>d$ z ( any acc\nt4 ,^! 7 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ,roman p 0 divid$4 ,let u n[ see ! effect on ! assemblies4 ,:5 lawfully summon$1 ^! 7 call$ comitia3 !y 7 usually held 9 ! public squ>e at ,rome or 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & 7 di/+ui%$ z ,comitia ,curiata1 ,comitia ,c5turiata1 & ,comitia ,tributa1 accord+ to ! =m "u :i* !y 7 convok$4 ,! ,comitia ,curiata 7 f\nd$ by ,romulus2 ! ,c5turiata by ,s]vius2 & ! ,tributa by ! tribunes ( ! p4 ,no law receiv$ its sanction & no magi/rate 0 elect$1 save 9 ! comitia2 & z e citiz5 0 enroll$ 9 a curia1 a c5tury1 or a tribe1 x foll[s t no citiz5 0 exclud$ f ! "r ( vot+1 & t ! ,roman p 0 truly sov]eign bo? de jure & de facto4 ,= ! comitia to be lawfully assembl$1 & = _! acts to h ! =ce ( law1 ?ree conditions 7 necess>y4 ,fir/1 ! body or magi/rate convok+ !m _h to possess ! necess>y au?ority2 secondly1 ! assembly _h to be held on a day all[$ by law2 & ?irdly1 ! auguries _h to be fav\rable4 ,! reason = ! fir/ regulation ne$s no explanation2 ! second is a matt] ( policy4 ,?us1 ! comitia might n be held on fe/ivals or m>ket-days1 :5 ! c\ntry-folk1 com+ to ,rome on bus9ess1 _h n "t to sp5d ! day 9 ! public squ>e4 ,by means ( ! ?ird1 ! s5ate held 9 *eck ! pr\d & re/ive p1 & meetly re/ra9$ ! ard\r ( s$iti\s tribunes1 :o1 h[ev]1 f\nd m ?an "o way ( escap+ ?is h9drance4 ,laws & ! election ( rul]s 7 n ! only que/ions submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ! comitia3 z ! ,roman p _h tak5 on itself ! mo/ important functions ( gov]nm5t1 x may be said t ! lot ( ,europe 0 regulat$ 9 its assemblies4 ,! v>iety ( _! objects gave rise to ! v>i\s =ms ^! took1 accord+ to ! matt]s on :i* !y _h to pron\nce4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ^! v>i\s =ms1 x is en\gh to comp>e !m4 ,romulus1 :5 he set up curi1 _h 9 view ! *eck+ ( ! s5ate by ! p1 & ( ! p by ! s5ate1 :ile ma9ta9+ 8 asc5dancy ov] bo? alike4 ,he !re=e gave ! p1 by means ( ?is assembly1 all ! au?ority ( numb]s to balance t ( p[] & ri*es1 :i* he left to ! patricians4 ,b1 aft] ! _s ( mon>*y1 he left all ! same a great] advantage to ! patricians 9 ! influ5ce ( _! cli5ts on ! majority ( votes4 ,?is excell5t in/itution ( patron & cli5t 0 a ma/]piece ( /atesman%ip & humanity )\t :i* ! patriciate1 be+ flagrantly 9 contradiction to ! republican _s1 c\ld n h surviv$4 ,rome alone has ! hon\r ( hav+ giv5 to ! _w ?is great example1 :i* nev] l$ to any abuse1 & yet has nev] be5 foll[$4 ,z ! assemblies by curi p]si/$ "u ! k+s till ! "t ( ,s]vius1 & ! reign ( ! lat] ,t>qu9 0 n reg>d$ z legitimate1 royal laws 7 call$ g5]ally leges curiat4 ,"u ! ,republic1 ! curi /ill conf9$ to ! f\r urban tribes1 & includ+ only ! populace ( ,rome1 suit$ nei!r ! s5ate1 :i* l$ ! patricians1 nor ! tribunes1 :o1 ?\gh plebeians1 7 at ! head ( ! well-to-d citiz5s4 ,!y !re=e fell into disrepute1 & _! degradation 0 su*1 t ?irty lictors us$ to assemble & d :at ! ,comitia ,curiata %\ld h done4 ,! division by c5turies 0 s fav\rable to ! ari/ocracy t x is h>d to see at fir/ h[ ! s5ate ev] fail$ to c>ry ! day 9 ! comitia be>+ _! "n1 by :i* ! consuls1 ! c5sors & ! o!r curule magi/rates 7 elect$4 ,inde$1 ( ! hundr$ & n9ety-?ree c5turies into :i* ! six classes ( ! :ole ,roman p 7 divid$1 ! fir/ class conta9$ n9ety-eight2 &1 z vot+ w5t solely by c5turies1 ?is class alone _h a majority ov] all ! re/4 ,:5 all ^! c5turies 7 9 agreem5t1 ! re/ ( ! votes 7 n ev5 tak52 ! decision ( ! smalle/ numb] pass$ = t ( ! multitude1 & x may be said t1 9 ! ,comitia ,c5turiata1 decisions 7 regulat$ f> m by dep? ( purses ?an by ! numb] ( votes4 ,b ?is extreme au?ority 0 modifi$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! tribunes z a rule1 & always a great numb] ( plebeians1 belong$ to ! class ( ! ri*1 & s c\nt]balanc$ ! influ5ce ( ! patricians 9 ! fir/ class4 ,! second way 0 ?is4 ,in/ead ( caus+ ! c5turies to vote ?r\gh\t 9 ord]1 :i* w\ld h meant beg9n+ always ) ! fir/1 ! ,romans always *ose "o by lot :i* proce$$ alone to ! election2 aft] ?is all ! c5turies 7 summon$ ano!r day accord+ to _! rank1 & ! same election 0 repeat$1 & z a rule confirm$4 ,?us ! au?ority ( example 0 tak5 away f rank1 & giv5 to ! lot on a democratic pr9ciple4 ,f ?is cu/om result$ a fur!r advantage4 ,! citiz5s f ! c\ntry _h "t1 betwe5 ! two elections1 to in=m !mselves ( ! m]its ( ! c&idate :o _h be5 provisionally nom9at$1 & did n h to vote )\t k ( ! case4 ,b1 "u ! pretext ( ha/5+ matt]s1 ! abolition ( ?is cu/om 0 a*iev$1 & bo? elections 7 held on ! same day4 ,! ,comitia ,tributa 7 prop]ly ! c\ncil ( ! ,roman p4 ,!y 7 convok$ by ! tribunes alone2 at !m ! tribunes 7 elect$ & pass$ _! plebiscita4 ,! s5ate n only _h no /&+ 9 !m1 b ev5 no "r to be pres5t2 & ! s5ators1 be+ =c$ to obey laws on :i* !y c\ld n vote1 7 9 ?is respect less free ?an ! meane/ citiz5s4 ,?is inju/ice 0 altoge!r ill-conceiv$1 & 0 alone en\gh to invalidate ! decrees ( a body to :i* all its memb]s 7 n admitt$4 ,_h all ! patricians att5d$ ! comitia by virtue ( ! "r !y _h z citiz5s1 !y w\ld n1 z m]e private individuals1 h _h any consid]able influ5ce on a vote reckon$ by c\nt+ heads1 :]e ! meane/ prolet>ian 0 z good z ! pr9ceps s5atus4 ,x may be se51 !re=e1 t besides ! ord] :i* 0 a*iev$ by ^! v>i\s ways ( di/ribut+ s great a p & tak+ its votes1 ! v>i\s me?ods 7 n r$ucible to =ms indiff]5t 9 !mselves1 b ! results ( ea* 7 relative to ! objects :i* caus$ x to be pref]r$4 ,)\t go+ "h into fur!r details1 we may ga!r f :at has be5 said above t ! ,comitia ,tributa 7 ! mo/ fav\rable to popul> gov]nm5t1 & ! ,comitia ,c5turiata to ari/ocracy4 ,! ,comitia ,curiata1 9 :i* ! populace ( ,rome =m$ ! majority1 be+ fitt$ only to fur!r tyranny & evil designs1 naturally fell into disrepute1 & ev5 s$iti\s p]sons ab/a9$ f us+ a me?od :i* too cle>ly reveal$ _! projects4 ,x is indisputable t ! :ole maje/y ( ! ,roman p lay solely 9 ! ,comitia ,c5turiata1 :i* alone includ$ all2 = ! ,comitia ,curiata exclud$ ! rural tribes1 & ! ,comitia ,tributa ! s5ate & ! patricians4 ,z = ! me?od ( tak+ ! vote1 x 0 among ! anci5t ,romans z simple z _! morals1 al?\gh n s simple z at ,sp>ta4 ,ea* man decl>$ 8 vote al\d1 & a cl]k duly wrote x d[n2 ! majority 9 ea* tribe det]m9$ ! vote ( ! tribe1 ! majority ( ! tribes t ( ! p1 & s ) curi & c5turies4 ,?is cu/om 0 good z long z hone/y 0 triumphant among ! citiz5s1 & ea* man 0 a%am$ to vote publicly 9 fav\r ( an unju/ proposal or an unwor?y subject2 b1 :5 ! p grew corrupt & votes 7 b\ght1 x 0 fitt+ t vot+ %\ld be secret 9 ord] t pur*as]s might be re/ra9$ by mi/ru/1 & rogues be giv5 ! means ( n be+ traitors4 ,i "k t ,cic]o attacks ?is *ange1 & attributes p>tly to x ! ru9 ( ! ,republic4 ,b ?\gh ,i feel ! weight ,cic]o's au?ority mu/ c>ry on su* a po9t1 ,i _c agree ) him2 ,i hold1 on ! contr>y1 t1 = want ( en\gh su* *anges1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate mu/ be ha/5$4 ,j z ! regim5 ( heal? does n suit ! sick1 we %\ld n wi% to gov]n a p t has be5 corrupt$ by ! laws t a good p requires4 ,!re is no bett] pro( ( ?is rule ?an ! long life ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 ( :i* ! %ad[ /ill exi/s1 solely because its laws are suitable only = m5 :o are wick$4 ,! citiz5s 7 provid$1 !re=e1 ) tablets by means ( :i* ea* man c\ld vote )\t any "o kn[+ h[ he vot$3 new me?ods 7 also introduc$ = collect+ ! tablets1 = c\nt+ voices1 = comp>+ numb]s1 etc42 b all ^! precautions did n prev5t ! good fai? ( ! (fic]s *>g$ ) ^! functions#b f be+ (t5 suspect4 ,f9ally1 to prev5t intrigues & traffick+ 9 votes1 edicts 7 issu$2 b _! v numb] proves h[ useless !y 74 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ,republic1 x 0 (t5 necess>y to h rec\rse to extraord9>y exp$i5ts 9 ord] to supplem5t ! inadequacy ( ! laws4 ,sometimes miracles 7 suppos$2 b ?is me?od1 :ile x might impose on ! p1 c\ld n impose on ^? :o gov]n$4 ,sometimes an assembly 0 ha/ily call$ toge!r1 be=e ! c&idates _h "t to =m _! factions3 sometimes a :ole sitt+ 0 occupi$ ) talk1 :5 x 0 se5 t ! p _h be5 won ov] & 0 on ! po9t ( tak+ up a wrong position4 ,b 9 ! end ambition elud$ all attempts to *eck x2 & ! mo/ incr$ible fact ( all is t1 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! abuses1 ! va/ p1 ?anks to its anci5t regulations1 nev] ceas$ to elect magi/rates1 to pass laws1 to judge cases1 & to c>ry ?r\gh bus9ess bo? public & private1 almo/ z easily z ! s5ate itself c\ld h done4 #a ,i say 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius because x 0 !re t ! comitia assembl$ by c5turies2 9 its two o!r =ms ! p assembl$ 9 ! =um or else:]e2 & !n ! capite c5si _h z mu* influ5ce & au?ority z ! =emo/ citiz5s4 #b ,cu/odes1 diribitores1 rogatores suffragiorum4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,tribunate ,:5 an exact proportion _c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 or :5 causes t _c be remov$ cont9ually alt] ! relation ( "o "p to ano!r1 rec\rse is _h to ! in/itution ( a peculi> magi/racy t ent]s into no corporate unity ) ! re/4 ,?is re/ores to ea* t]m its "r relation to ! o!rs1 & provides a l9k or middle t]m betwe5 ei!r pr9ce & p1 or pr9ce & ,sov]eign1 or1 if necess>y1 bo? at once4 ,?is body1 :i* ,i %all call ! tribunate1 is ! pres]v] ( ! laws & ( ! legislative p[]4 ,x s]ves sometimes to protect ! ,sov]eign aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 z ! tribunes ( ! p did at ,rome2 sometimes to uphold ! gov]nm5t aga9/ ! p1 z ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 n[ does at ,v5ice2 & sometimes to ma9ta9 ! balance betwe5 ! two1 z ! ,ephors did at ,sp>ta4 ,! tribunate is n a con/itu5t "p ( ! city1 & %\ld h no %>e 9 ei!r legislative or executive p[]2 b ?is v fact makes its own p[] ! great]3 =1 :ile x c d no?+1 x c prev5t any?+ f be+ done4 ,x is m sacr$ & m rev]$1 z ! def5d] ( ! laws1 ?an ! pr9ce :o executes !m1 or ?an ! ,sov]eign :i* orda9s !m4 ,?is 0 se5 v cle>ly at ,rome1 :5 ! pr\d patricians1 = all _! scorn ( ! p1 7 =c$ to b[ be=e "o ( its (fic]s1 :o _h nei!r auspices nor jurisdiction4 ,! tribunate1 wisely temp]$1 is ! /ronge/ support a good con/itution c h2 b if its /r5g? is ev] s little excessive1 x upsets ! :ole ,/ate4 ,weakness1 on ! o!r h&1 is n natural to x3 provid$ x is some?+1 x is nev] less ?an x %\ld be4 ,x deg5]ates into tyranny :5 x usurps ! executive p[]1 :i* x %\ld conf9e itself to re/ra9+1 & :5 x tries to disp5se ) ! laws1 :i* x %\ld conf9e itself to protect+4 ,! imm5se p[] ( ! ,ephors1 h>mless z long z ,sp>ta pres]v$ its morality1 ha/5$ corruption :5 once x _h begun4 ,! blood ( ,agis1 slaught]$ by ^! tyrants1 0 av5g$ by 8 successor2 ! crime & ! puni%m5t ( ! ,ephors alike ha/5$ ! de/ruction ( ! republic1 & aft] ,cleom5es ,sp>ta ceas$ to be ( any acc\nt4 ,rome p]i%$ 9 ! same way3 ! excessive p[] ( ! tribunes1 :i* !y _h usurp$ by degrees1 f9ally s]v$1 ) ! help ( laws made to secure lib]ty1 z a safegu>d = ! emp]ors :o de/roy$ x4 ,z = ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil ( ,t51 x is a tribunal ( blood1 an object ( horror to patricians & p alike2 &1 s f> f giv+ a l(ty protection to ! laws1 x does no?+1 n[ !y h become degrad$1 b /rike 9 ! d>kness bl[s ( :i* no "o d>e take note4 ,! tribunate1 l ! gov]nm5t1 gr[s weak z ! numb] ( its memb]s increases4 ,:5 ! tribunes ( ! ,roman p1 :o fir/ numb]$ only two1 & !n five1 wi%$ to d\ble t numb]1 ! s5ate let !m d s1 9 ! confid5ce t x c\ld use "o to *eck ano!r1 z inde$ x aft]w>ds freely did4 ,! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ usurpations by s =midable a body1 ?\gh no gov]nm5t has yet made use ( x1 w\ld be n to make x p]man5t1 b to regulate ! p]iods dur+ :i* x %\ld rema9 9 abeyance4 ,^! int]vals1 :i* %\ld n be long en\gh to give abuses "t to gr[ /rong1 may be s fix$ by law t !y c easily be %ort5$ at ne$ by extraord9>y commissions4 ,?is me?od seems to me to h no disadvantages1 because1 z ,i h said1 ! tribunate1 :i* =ms no "p ( ! con/itution1 c be remov$ )\t ! con/itution be+ affect$4 ,x seems to be also efficaci\s1 because a newly re/or$ magi/rate />ts n ) ! p[] 8 pr$ecessor ex]cis$1 b ) t :i* ! law all[s him4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,dictator%ip ,! inflexibility ( ! laws1 :i* prev5ts !m f adapt+ !mselves to circum/ances1 may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 r5d] !m disa/r\s1 & make !m br+ ab\t1 at a "t ( crisis1 ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ord] & sl[ness ( ! =ms !y enjo9 require a space ( "t :i* circum/ances sometimes )hold4 ,a ?\s& cases aga9/ :i* ! legislator has made no provision may pres5t !mselves1 & x is a highly necess>y "p ( =esight to be consci\s t ev]y?+ _c be =ese54 ,x is wrong !re=e to wi% to make political in/itutions s /rong z to r5d] x impossible to susp5d _! op]ation4 ,ev5 ,sp>ta all[$ its laws to lapse4 ,h[ev]1 none b ! greate/ dang]s c c\nt]-balance t ( *ang+ ! public ord]1 & ! sacr$ p[] ( ! laws %\ld nev] be arre/$ save :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! c\ntry is at /ake4 ,9 ^! r>e & obvi\s cases1 provision is made = ! public security by a p>ticul> act entru/+ x to him :o is mo/ wor?y4 ,?is commitm5t may be c>ri$ out 9 ei!r ( two ways1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! dang]4 ,if increas+ ! activity ( ! gov]nm5t is a suffici5t rem$y1 p[] is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( "o or two ( its memb]s3 9 ?is case ! *ange is n 9 ! au?ority ( ! laws1 b only 9 ! =m ( adm9i/]+ !m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]il is ( su* a k9d t ! p>aph]nalia ( ! laws are an ob/acle to _! pres]vation1 ! me?od is to nom9ate a supreme rul]1 :o %all sil5ce all ! laws & susp5d = a mom5t ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,9 su* a case1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! g5]al w1 & x is cle> t ! p's fir/ int5tion is t ! ,/ate %all n p]i%4 ,?us ! susp5sion ( ! legislative au?ority is 9 no s5se its abolition2 ! magi/rate :o sil5ces x _c make x speak2 he dom9ates x1 b _c repres5t x4 ,he c d any?+1 except make laws4 ,! fir/ me?od 0 us$ by ! ,roman s5ate :51 9 a consecrat$ =mula1 x *>g$ ! consuls to provide = ! safety ( ! ,republic4 ,! second 0 employ$ :5 "o ( ! two consuls nom9at$ a dictator3#a a cu/om ,rome borr[$ f ,alba4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,republic1 rec\rse 0 v (t5 _h to ! dictator%ip1 because ! ,/ate _h n yet a firm en\gh basis to be able to ma9ta9 itself by ! /r5g? ( its con/itution alone4 ,z ! /ate ( morality !n made sup]flu\s _m ( ! precautions :i* w\ld h be5 necess>y at o!r times1 !re 0 no fe> t a dictator w\ld abuse 8 au?ority1 or try to keep x beyond 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,on ! contr>y1 s mu* p[] appe>$ to be burd5some to him :o 0 clo!d ) x1 & he made all spe$ to lay x d[n1 z if tak+ ! place ( ! laws _h be5 too tr\blesome & too p]il\s a position to reta94 ,x is !re=e ! dang] n ( its abuse1 b ( its *eap5+1 t makes me attack ! indiscreet use ( ?is supreme magi/racy 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,= z long z x 0 freely employ$ at elections1 d$ications & purely =mal functions1 !re 0 dang] ( its becom+ less =midable 9 "t ( ne$1 & ( m5 gr[+ accu/om$ to reg>d+ z empty a title t 0 us$ only on occasions ( empty c]emonial4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,republic1 ! ,romans1 hav+ gr[n m circumspect1 7 z unreasonably sp>+ 9 ! use ( ! dictator%ip z !y _h =m]ly be5 lavi%4 ,x is easy to see t _! fe>s 7 )\t f\ndation1 t ! weakness ( ! capital secur$ x aga9/ ! magi/rates :o 7 9 its mid/2 t a dictator might1 9 c]ta9 cases1 def5d ! public lib]ty1 b c\ld nev] endang] x2 & t ! *a9s ( ,rome w\ld be =g$1 n 9 ,rome itself1 b 9 h] armies4 ,! weak resi/ance (f]$ by ,m>ius to ,sulla1 & by ,pompey to ,cs>1 cle>ly %[$ :at 0 to be expect$ f au?ority at home aga9/ =ce f abroad4 ,?is misconception l$ ! ,romans to make great mi/akes2 su*1 = example1 z ! failure to nom9ate a dictator 9 ! ,catil9>ian conspiracy4 ,=1 z only ! city itself1 ) at mo/ "s prov9ce 9 ,italy1 0 conc]n$1 ! unlimit$ au?ority ! laws gave to ! dictator w\ld h enabl$ him to make %ort "w ( ! conspiracy1 :i* 01 9 fact1 /ifl$ only by a comb9ation ( lucky *ances human prud5ce _h no "r to expect4 ,in/ead1 ! s5ate cont5t$ itself ) entru/+ its :ole p[] to ! consuls1 s t ,cic]o1 9 ord] to take effective action1 0 compell$ on a capital po9t to exce$ 8 p[]s2 & if1 9 ! fir/ transports ( joy1 8 conduct 0 approv$1 he 0 ju/ly call$1 lat] on1 to acc\nt = ! blood ( citiz5s spilt 9 violation ( ! laws4 ,su* a reproa* c\ld nev] h be5 levell$ at a dictator4 ,b ! consul's eloqu5ce c>ri$ ! day2 & he himself1 ,roman ?\gh he 01 lov$ 8 own glory bett] ?an 8 c\ntry1 & s\ght1 n s mu* ! mo/ lawful & secure means ( sav+ ! ,/ate1 z to get = himself ! :ole hon\r ( hav+ done s4#b ,he 0 !re=e ju/ly hon\r$ z ! lib]ator ( ,rome1 & also ju/ly puni%$ z a law-break]4 ,h[ev] brilliant 8 recall may h be51 x 0 und\bt$ly an act ( p>don4 ,h[ev] ?is important tru/ be conf]r$1 x is important t its duration %\ld be fix$ at a v brief p]iod1 incapable ( be+ ev] prolong$4 ,9 ! crises :i* lead to its adoption1 ! ,/ate is ei!r soon lo/1 or soon sav$2 &1 ! pres5t ne$ pass$1 ! dictator%ip becomes ei!r tyrannical or idle4 ,at ,rome1 :]e dictators held (fice = six mon?s only1 mo/ ( !m abdicat$ be=e _! "t 0 up4 ,if _! t]m _h be5 long]1 !y might well h tri$ to prolong x /ill fur!r1 z ! decemvirs did :5 *os5 = a ye>4 ,! dictator _h only "t to provide aga9/ ! ne$ t _h caus$ him to be *os52 he _h none to ?9k ( fur!r projects4 #a ,! nom9ation 0 made secretly by night1 z if !re 7 some?+ %ameful 9 sett+ a man above ! laws4 #b ,t is :at he c\ld n be sure (1 if he propos$ a dictator2 = he d>$ n nom9ate himself1 & c\ld n be c]ta9 t 8 colleague w\ld nom9ate him4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,c5sor%ip ,z ! law is ! decl>ation ( ! g5]al w1 ! c5sor%ip is ! decl>ation ( ! public judgm5t3 public op9ion is ! =m ( law :i* ! c5sor adm9i/]s1 &1 l ! pr9ce1 only applies to p>ticul> cases4 ,! c5sorial tribunal1 s f> f be+ ! arbit] ( ! p's op9ion1 only decl>es x1 &1 z soon z ! two "p company1 its decisions are null & void4 ,x is useless to di/+ui% ! morality ( a nation f ! objects ( its e/eem2 bo? dep5d on ! same pr9ciple & are necess>ily indi/+ui%able4 ,!re is no p on e>? ! *oice ( ^: pleasures is n decid$ by op9ion r ?an nature4 ,"r m5's op9ions1 & _! morality w purge itself4 ,m5 always love :at is good or :at !y f9d good2 x is 9 judg+ :at is good t !y g wrong4 ,?is judgm5t1 !re=e1 is :at mu/ be regulat$4 ,he :o judges ( morality judges ( hon\r2 & he :o judges ( hon\r f9ds 8 law 9 op9ion4 ,! op9ions ( a p are d]iv$ f its con/itution2 al?\gh ! law does n regulate morality1 x is legislation t gives x bir?4 ,:5 legislation gr[s weak1 morality deg5]ates2 b 9 su* cases ! judgm5t ( ! c5sors w n d :at ! =ce ( ! laws has fail$ to effect4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! c5sor%ip may be useful = ! pres]vation ( morality1 b c nev] be s = its re/oration4 ,set up c5sors :ile ! laws are vigor\s2 z soon z !y h lo/ _! vig\r1 all hope is gone2 no legitimate p[] c reta9 =ce :5 ! laws h lo/ x4 ,! c5sor%ip upholds morality by prev5t+ op9ion f gr[+ corrupt1 by pres]v+ its rectitude by means ( wise applications1 & sometimes ev5 by fix+ x :5 x is /ill unc]ta94 ,! employm5t ( seconds 9 duels1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ to wild extremes 9 ! k+dom ( ,france1 0 done away ) m]ely by ^! words 9 a royal edict3 ,z = ^? :o are c[>ds en\gh to call ^u seconds4 ,?is judgm5t1 9 anticipat+ t ( ! public1 sudd5ly decid$ x4 ,b :5 edicts f ! same s\rce tri$ to pron\nce duell+ itself an act ( c[>dice1 z inde$ x is1 !n1 s9ce common op9ion does n reg>d x z su*1 ! public took no notice ( a decision on a po9t on :i* its m9d 0 already made up4 ,i h /at$ else:]e#a t z public op9ion is n subject to any con/ra9t1 !re ne$ be no trace ( x 9 ! tribunal set up to repres5t x4 ,x is impossible to admire too mu* ! art ) :i* ?is res\rce1 :i* we mod]ns h :olly lo/1 0 employ$ by ! ,romans1 & /ill m by ! ,lac$monians4 ,a man ( bad morals hav+ made a good proposal 9 ! ,sp>tan ,c\ncil1 ! ,ephors neglect$ x1 & caus$ ! same proposal to be made by a virtu\s citiz54 ,:at an hon\r = ! "o1 & :at a disgrace = ! o!r1 )\t praise or blame ( ei!r6 ,c]ta9 drunk>ds f ,samos#b pollut$ ! tribunal ( ! ,ephors3 ! next day1 a public edict gave ,samians p]mission to be fil?y4 ,an actual puni%m5t w\ld n h be5 s sev]e z su* an impunity4 ,:5 ,sp>ta has pron\nc$ on :at is or is n "r1 ,greece makes no appeal f h] judgm5ts4 #a ,i m]ely call att5tion 9 ?is *apt] to a subject ) :i* ,i h dealt at great] l5g? 9 my ,lett] to ,m4 d',alemb]t4 #b ,!y 7 f ano!r isl&1 :i* ! delicacy ( our language =bids me to "n on ?is occasion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,civil ,,religion ,at fir/ m5 _h no k+s save ! gods1 & no gov]nm5t save !ocracy4 ,!y reason$ l ,caligula1 &1 at t p]iod1 reason$ aright4 ,x takes a long "t = feel+ s to *ange t m5 c make up _! m9ds to take _! equals z ma/]s1 9 ! hope t !y w pr(it by do+ s4 ,f ! m]e fact t ,god 0 set ov] e political society1 x foll[$ t !re 7 z _m gods z peoples4 ,two peoples t 7 /rang]s ! "o to ! o!r1 & almo/ always enemies1 c\ld n long recognise ! same ma/]3 two armies giv+ battle c\ld n obey ! same lead]4 ,national divisions ?us l$ to poly!ism1 & ?is 9 turn gave rise to !ological & civil intol]ance1 :i*1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 are by nature ! same4 ,! fancy ! ,greeks _h = r$iscov]+ _! gods among ! b>b>ians arose f ! way !y _h ( reg>d+ !mselves z ! natural ,sov]eigns ( su* peoples4 ,b !re is no?+ s absurd z ! erudition :i* 9 our days id5tifies & confuses gods ( diff]5t nations4 ,z if ,molo*1 ,saturn & ,*ronos c\ld be ! same god6 ,z if ! ,phnician ,baal1 ! ,greek ,zeus1 & ! ,lat9 ,jupit] c\ld be ! same6 ,z if !re c\ld /ill be any?+ common to imag9>y be+s ) diff]5t names6 ,if x is ask$ h[ 9 pagan times1 :]e ea* ,/ate _h its cult & its gods1 !re 7 no w>s ( religion1 ,i answ] t x 0 precisely because ea* ,/ate1 hav+ its own cult z well z its own gov]nm5t1 made no di/9ction betwe5 its gods & its laws4 ,political w> 0 also !ological2 ! prov9ces ( ! gods 71 s to speak1 fix$ by ! b\nd>ies ( nations4 ,! god ( "o p _h no "r ov] ano!r4 ,! gods ( ! pagans 7 n jeal\s gods2 !y %>$ among !mselves ! empire ( ! _w3 ev5 ,moses & ! ,hebrews sometimes l5t !mselves to ?is view by speak+ ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,x is true1 !y reg>d$ z p[]less ! gods ( ! ,canaanites1 a proscrib$ p condemn$ to de/ruction1 ^: place !y 7 to take2 b rememb] h[ !y spoke ( ! divisions ( ! neighb\r+ peoples !y 7 =bidd5 to attack6 ,is n ! possession ( :at belongs to y\r god ,*amos lawfully y\r due8 said ,jeph?ah to ! ,ammonites4 ,we h ! same title to ! l&s our conqu]+ ,god has made 8 own4#a ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 !re is a recognition t ! rights ( ,*amos & ^? ( ! ,god ( ,israel are ( ! same nature4 ,b :5 ! ,jews1 be+ subject to ! k+s ( ,babylon1 &1 subsequ5tly1 to ^? ( ,syria1 /ill ob/9ately refus$ to recognise any god save _! own1 _! refusal 0 reg>d$ z rebellion aga9/ _! conqu]or1 & drew d[n on !m ! p]secutions we read ( 9 _! hi/ory1 :i* are )\t p>allel till ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity4#b ,e religion1 !re=e1 be+ atta*$ solely to ! laws ( ! ,/ate :i* prescrib$ x1 !re 0 no way ( conv]t+ a p except by enslav+ x1 & !re c\ld be no mission>ies save conqu]ors4 ,! obligation to *ange cults be+ ! law to :i* ! vanqui%$ yield$1 x 0 necess>y to be victori\s be=e sugge/+ su* a *ange4 ,s f> f m5 fight+ = ! gods1 ! gods1 z 9 ,hom]1 f\ght = m52 ea* ask$ 8 god = victory1 & repay$ him ) new alt>s4 ,! ,romans1 be=e tak+ a city1 summon$ its gods to quit x2 &1 9 leav+ ! ,t>5t9es _! outrag$ gods1 !y reg>d$ !m z subject to _! own & compell$ to d !m homage4 ,!y left ! vanqui%$ _! gods z !y left !m _! laws4 ,a wrea? to ! ,jupit] ( ! ,capitol 0 (t5 ! only tribute !y impos$4 ,f9ally1 :51 along ) _! empire1 ! ,romans _h spread _! cult & _! gods1 & _h !mselves (t5 adopt$ ^? ( ! vanqui%$1 by grant+ to bo? alike ! rights ( ! city1 ! peoples ( t va/ empire ins5sibly f\nd !mselves ) multitudes ( gods & cults1 ev]y:]e almo/ ! same2 & ?us paganism ?r\gh\t ! kn[n _w f9ally came to be "o & ! same religion4 ,x 0 9 ^! circum/ances t ,jesus came to set up on e>? a spiritual k+dom1 :i*1 by sep>at+ ! !ological f ! political sy/em1 made ! ,/ate no long] "o1 & br\ght ab\t ! int]nal divisions :i* h nev] ceas$ to tr\ble ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,z ! new idea ( a k+dom ( ! o!r _w c\ld nev] h occurr$ to pagans1 !y always look$ on ! ,*ri/ians z really rebels1 :o1 :ile feign+ to submit1 7 only wait+ = ! *ance to make !mselves indep5d5t & _! ma/]s1 & to usurp by guile ! au?ority !y pret5d$ 9 _! weakness to respect4 ,?is 0 ! cause ( ! p]secutions4 ,:at ! pagans _h fe>$ took place4 ,!n ev]y?+ *ang$ its aspect3 ! humble ,*ri/ians *ang$ _! language1 & soon ?is s-call$ k+dom ( ! o!r _w turn$1 "u a visible lead]1 into ! mo/ viol5t ( e>?ly despotisms4 ,h[ev]1 z !re h always be5 a pr9ce & civil laws1 ?is d\ble p[] & conflict ( jurisdiction h made all good polity impossible 9 ,*ri/ian ,/ates2 & m5 h nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ out :e!r !y 7 b\nd to obey ! ma/] or ! prie/4 ,sev]al peoples1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ,europe & its neighb\rhood1 h desir$ )\t success to pres]ve or re/ore ! old sy/em3 b ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity has ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,! sacr$ cult has always rema9$ or aga9 become indep5d5t ( ! ,sov]eign1 & !re has be5 no necess>y l9k betwe5 x & ! body ( ! ,/ate4 ,mahomet held v sane views1 & l9k$ 8 political sy/em well toge!r2 &1 z long z ! =m ( 8 gov]nm5t cont9u$ "u ! caliphs :o succe$$ him1 t gov]nm5t 0 inde$ "o1 & s f> good4 ,b ! ,arabs1 hav+ gr[n prosp]\s1 lett]$1 civilis$1 slack & c[>dly1 7 conqu]$ by b>b>ians3 ! division betwe5 ! two p[]s began aga92 &1 al?\gh x is less app>5t among ! ,mahometans ?an among ! ,*ri/ians1 x none ! less exi/s1 especially 9 ! sect ( ,ali1 & !re are ,/ates1 su* z ,p]sia1 :]e x is cont9ually mak+ itself felt4 ,among u1 ! ,k+s ( ,engl& h made !mselves heads ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,cz>s h done ! same3 b ?is title has made !m less its ma/]s ?an its m9i/]s2 !y h ga9$ n s mu* ! "r to *ange x1 z ! p[] to ma9ta9 x3 !y are n its legislators1 b only its pr9ces4 ,:]ev] ! cl]gy is a corporate body1#c x is ma/] & legislator 9 its own c\ntry4 ,!re are ?us two p[]s1 two ,sov]eigns1 9 ,engl& & 9 ,russia1 z well z else:]e4 ,( all ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! philosoph] ,hobbes alone has se5 ! evil & h[ to rem$y x1 & has d>$ to propose ! reunion ( ! two heads ( ! eagle1 & ! re/oration ?r\gh\t ( political unity1 )\t :i* no ,/ate or gov]nm5t w ev] be rightly con/itut$4 ,b he %\ld h se5 t ! ma/]ful _s ( ,*ri/ianity is incompatible ) 8 sy/em1 & t ! prie/ly int]e/ w\ld always be /rong] ?an t ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is n s mu* :at is false & t]rible 9 8 political !ory1 z :at is j & true1 t has drawn d[n hatr$ on x4#d ,i believe t if ! /udy ( hi/ory 7 develop$ f ?is po9t ( view1 x w\ld be easy to refute ! contr>y op9ions ( ,bayle & ,w>burton1 "o ( :om holds t religion c be ( no use to ! body politic1 :ile ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9s t ,*ri/ianity is its /ronge/ support4 ,we %\ld demon/rate to ! =m] t no ,/ate has ev] be5 f\nd$ )\t a religi\s basis1 & to ! latt]1 t ! law ( ,*ri/ianity at bottom does m h>m by weak5+ ?an good by /r5g!n+ ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate4 ,to make myself und]/ood1 ,i h only to make a little m exact ! too vague ideas ( religion z relat+ to ?is subject4 ,religion1 consid]$ 9 relation to society1 :i* is ei!r g5]al or p>ticul>1 may also be divid$ into two k9ds3 ! religion ( man1 & t ( ! citiz54 ,! fir/1 :i* has nei!r temples1 nor alt>s1 nor rites1 & is conf9$ to ! purely int]nal cult ( ! supreme ,god & ! et]nal obligations ( morality1 is ! religion ( ! ,gospel pure & simple1 ! true !ism1 :at may be call$ natural div9e "r or law4 ,! o!r1 :i* is codifi$ 9 a s+le c\ntry1 gives x its gods1 its own tutel>y patrons2 x has its dogmas1 its rites1 & its ext]nal cult prescrib$ by law2 outside ! s+le nation t foll[s x1 all ! _w is 9 its sight infidel1 =eign & b>b>\s2 ! duties & rights ( man ext5d = x only z f> z its own alt>s4 ,( ?is k9d 7 all ! religions ( e>ly peoples1 :i* we may def9e z civil or positive div9e "r or law4 ,!re is a ?ird sort ( religion ( a m s+ul> k9d1 :i* gives m5 two codes ( legislation1 two rul]s1 & two c\ntries1 r5d]s !m subject to contradictory duties1 & makes x impossible = !m to be fai?ful bo? to religion & to citiz5%ip4 ,su* are ! religions ( ! ,lamas & ( ! ,japanese1 & su* is ,roman ,*ri/ianity1 :i* may be call$ ! religion ( ! prie/4 ,x leads to a sort ( mix$ & anti-social code :i* has no "n4 ,9 _! political aspect1 all ^! ?ree k9ds ( religion h _! defects4 ,! ?ird is s cle>ly bad1 t x is wa/e ( "t to /op to prove x su*4 ,all t de/roys social unity is wor?less2 all in/itutions t set man 9 contradiction to himself are wor?less4 ,! second is good 9 t x unites ! div9e cult ) love ( ! laws1 &1 mak+ c\ntry ! object ( ! citiz5s' adoration1 tea*es !m t s]vice done to ! ,/ate is s]vice done to its tutel>y god4 ,x is a =m ( !ocracy1 9 :i* !re c be no pontiff save ! pr9ce1 & no prie/s save ! magi/rates4 ,to die = "o's c\ntry !n becomes m>tyrdom2 violation ( its laws1 impiety2 & to subject "o :o is guilty to public execration is to condemn him to ! ang] ( ! gods3 ,sac] e/od4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is bad 9 t1 be+ f\nd$ on lies & error1 x deceives m51 makes !m cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s1 & dr[ns ! true cult ( ! ,div9ity 9 empty c]emonial4 ,x is bad1 aga91 :5 x becomes tyrann\s & exclusive1 & makes a p blood?ir/y & intol]ant1 s t x brea!s fire & slaught]1 & reg>ds z a sacr$ act ! kill+ ( e "o :o does n believe 9 its gods4 ,! result is to place su* a p 9 a natural /ate ( w> ) all o!rs1 s t its security is deeply endang]$4 ,!re rema9s !re=e ! religion ( man or ,*ri/ianity--n ! ,*ri/ianity ( to-day1 b t ( ! ,gospel1 :i* is entirely diff]5t4 ,by means ( ?is holy1 sublime1 & real religion all m51 be+ *ildr5 ( "o ,god1 recognise "o ano!r z bro!rs1 & ! society t unites !m is n dissolv$ ev5 at dea?4 ,b ?is religion1 hav+ no p>ticul> relation to ! body politic1 leaves ! laws 9 possession ( ! =ce !y h 9 !mselves )\t mak+ any addition to x2 & ?us "o ( ! great bonds t unite society consid]$ 9 sev]alty fails to op]ate4 ,nay1 m1 s f> f b9d+ ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s to ! ,/ate1 x has ! effect ( tak+ !m away f all e>?ly ?+s4 ,i "k ( no?+ m contr>y to ! social _s4 ,we are told t a p ( true ,*ri/ians w\ld =m ! mo/ p]fect society imag9able4 ,i see 9 ?is supposition only "o great difficulty3 t a society ( true ,*ri/ians w\ld n be a society ( m54 ,i say fur!r t su* a society1 ) all its p]fection1 w\ld be nei!r ! /ronge/ nor ! mo/ la/+3 ! v fact t x 0 p]fect w\ld rob x ( its bond ( union2 ! flaw t w\ld de/roy x w\ld lie 9 its v p]fection4 ,e "o w\ld d 8 duty2 ! p w\ld be law-abid+1 ! rul]s j & temp]ate2 ! magi/rates upright & incorruptible2 ! soldi]s w\ld scorn dea?2 !re w\ld be nei!r vanity nor luxury4 ,s f>1 s good2 b let u he> m4 ,*ri/ianity z a religion is entirely spiritual1 occupi$ solely ) heav5ly ?+s2 ! c\ntry ( ! ,*ri/ian is n ( ?is _w4 ,he does 8 duty1 inde$1 b does x ) pr(\nd indiff]5ce to ! good or ill success ( 8 c>es4 ,provid$ he has no?+ to reproa* himself )1 x matt]s little to him :e!r ?+s g well or ill "h on e>?4 ,if ! ,/ate is prosp]\s1 he h>dly d>es to %>e 9 ! public happ9ess1 = fe> he may gr[ pr\d ( 8 c\ntry's glory2 if ! ,/ate is langui%+1 he blesses ! h& ( ,god t is h>d ^u ,8 p4 ,= ! ,/ate to be peaceable & = h>mony to be ma9ta9$1 all ! citiz5s )\t exception w\ld h to be good ,*ri/ians2 if by ill hap !re %\ld be a s+le self-seek] or hypocrite1 a ,catil9e or a ,cromwell1 = in/ance1 he w\ld c]ta9ly get ! bett] ( 8 pi\s compatriots4 ,*ri/ian *>ity does n readily all[ a man to ?9k h>dly ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,z soon z1 by "s trick1 he has discov]$ ! art ( impos+ on !m & gett+ hold ( a %>e 9 ! public au?ority1 y h a man e/abli%$ 9 dignity2 x is ! w ( ,god t he be respect$3 v soon y h a p[]2 x is ,god's w t x be obey$3 & if ! p[] is abus$ by him :o wields x1 x is ! sc\rge :]e) ,god puni%es ,8 *ildr54 ,!re w\ld be scruples ab\t driv+ out ! usurp]3 public tranquillity w\ld h to be di/urb$1 viol5ce w\ld h to be employ$1 & blood spilt2 all ?is accords ill ) ,*ri/ian meekness2 & aft] all1 9 ?is vale ( sorr[s1 :at does x matt] :e!r we are free m5 or s]fs8 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to get to heav51 & resignation is only an additional means ( do+ s4 ,if w> breaks out ) ano!r ,/ate1 ! citiz5s m>* readily out to battle2 n "o ( !m ?9ks ( flight2 !y d _! duty1 b !y h no passion = victory2 !y "k bett] h[ to die ?an h[ to conqu]4 ,:at does x matt] :e!r !y w9 or lose8 ,does n ,provid5ce "k bett] ?an !y :at is meet = !m8 ,only ?9k to :at acc\nt a pr\d1 impetu\s & passionate enemy c\ld turn _! /oicism6 ,set ov] aga9/ !m ^? g5]\s peoples :o 7 dev\r$ by ard5t love ( glory & ( _! c\ntry1 imag9e y\r ,*ri/ian republic face to face ) ,sp>ta or ,rome3 ! pi\s ,*ri/ians w be beat51 cru%$ & de/roy$1 be=e !y "k :]e !y are1 or w owe _! safety only to ! contempt _! enemy w conceive = !m4 ,x 0 to my m9d a f9e oa? t 0 tak5 by ! soldi]s ( ,fabius1 :o swore1 n to conqu] or die1 b to come back victori\s--& kept _! oa?4 ,*ri/ians1 w\ld nev] h tak5 su* an oa?2 !y w\ld h look$ on x z tempt+ ,god4 ,b ,i am mi/ak5 9 speak+ ( a ,*ri/ian republic2 ! t]ms are mutually exclusive4 ,*ri/ianity prea*es only s]vitude & dep5d5ce4 ,its _s is s fav\rable to tyranny t x always pr(its by su* a rgime4 ,true ,*ri/ians are made to be slaves1 & !y "k x & d n mu* m9d3 ?is %ort life c\nts = too little 9 _! eyes4 ,i %all be told t ,*ri/ian troops are excell5t4 ,i d5y x4 ,%[ me an in/ance4 ,= my "p1 ,i "k ( no ,*ri/ian troops4 ,i %all be told ( ! ,crusades4 ,)\t disput+ ! val\r ( ! ,crusad]s1 ,i answ] t1 s f> f be+ ,*ri/ians1 !y 7 ! prie/s' soldi]y1 citiz5s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y f\ght = _! spiritual c\ntry1 :i* ! ,*ur* _h1 someh[ or o!r1 made temporal4 ,well und]/ood1 ?is goes back to paganism3 z ! ,gospel sets up no national religion1 a holy w> is impossible among ,*ri/ians4 ,"u ! pagan emp]ors1 ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s 7 brave2 e ,*ri/ian writ] affirms x1 & ,i believe x3 x 0 a case ( hon\rable emulation ( ! pagan troops4 ,z soon z ! emp]ors 7 ,*ri/ian1 ?is emulation no long] exi/$1 &1 :5 ! ,cross _h driv5 out ! eagle1 ,roman val\r :olly disappe>$4 ,b1 sett+ aside political consid]ations1 let u come back to :at is "r1 & settle our pr9ciples on ?is important po9t4 ,! "r :i* ! social compact gives ! ,sov]eign ov] ! subjects does n1 we h se51 exce$ ! limits ( public exp$i5cy4#e ,! subjects !n owe ! ,sov]eign an acc\nt ( _! op9ions only to su* an ext5t z !y matt] to ! community4 ,n[1 x matt]s v mu* to ! community t ea* citiz5 %\ld h a religion4 ,t w make him love 8 duty2 b ! dogmas ( t religion conc]n ! ,/ate & its memb]s only s f> z !y h ref]5ce to morality & to ! duties :i* he :o pr(esses !m is b\nd to d to o!rs4 ,ea* man may h1 ov] & above1 :at op9ions he pleases1 )\t x be+ ! ,sov]eign's bus9ess to take cognisance ( !m2 =1 z ! ,sov]eign has no au?ority 9 ! o!r _w1 :atev] ! lot ( its subjects may be 9 ! life to come1 t is n its bus9ess1 provid$ !y are good citiz5s 9 ?is life4 ,!re is !re=e a purely civil pr(ession ( fai? ( :i* ! ,sov]eign %\ld fix ! articles1 n exactly z religi\s dogmas1 b z social s5tim5ts )\t :i* a man _c be a good citiz5 or a fai?ful subject4#f ,:ile x c compel no "o to believe !m1 x c bani% f ! ,/ate :oev] does n believe !m--x c bani% him1 n = impiety1 b z an anti-social be+1 incapable ( truly lov+ ! laws & ju/ice1 & ( sacrific+1 at ne$1 8 life to 8 duty4 ,if any "o1 aft] publicly recognis+ ^! dogmas1 behaves z if he does n believe !m1 let him be puni%$ by dea?3 he has committ$ ! wor/ ( all crimes1 t ( ly+ be=e ! law4 ,! dogmas ( civil religion ought to be few1 simple1 & exactly word$1 )\t explanation or comm5t>y4 ,! exi/5ce ( a mighty1 intellig5t & b5efic5t ,div9ity1 possess$ ( =esight & provid5ce1 ! life to come1 ! happ9ess ( ! j1 ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 ! sanctity ( ! social contract & ! laws3 ^! are its positive dogmas4 ,its negative dogmas ,i conf9e to "o1 intol]ance1 :i* is a "p ( ! cults we h reject$4 ,^? :o di/+ui% civil f !ological intol]ance are1 to my m9d1 mi/ak54 ,! two =ms are insep>able4 ,x is impossible to live at peace ) ^? we reg>d z damn$2 to love !m w\ld be to hate ,god :o puni%es !m3 we positively mu/ ei!r reclaim or torm5t !m4 ,:]ev] !ological intol]ance is admitt$1 x mu/ inevitably h "s civil effect2#g & z soon z x has su* an effect1 ! ,sov]eign is no long] ,sov]eign ev5 9 ! temporal sph]e3 !nce=? prie/s are ! real ma/]s1 & k+s only _! m9i/]s4 ,n[ t !re is & c be no long] an exclusive national religion1 tol]ance %\ld be giv5 to all religions t tol]ate o!rs1 s long z _! dogmas conta9 no?+ contr>y to ! duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,b :oev] d>es to say3 ,outside ! ,*ur* is no salvation1 ought to be driv5 f ! ,/ate1 unless ! ,/ate is ! ,*ur*1 & ! pr9ce ! pontiff4 ,su* a dogma is good only 9 a !ocratic gov]nm5t2 9 any o!r1 x is fatal4 ,! reason = :i* ,h5ry ,,iv is said to h embrac$ ! ,roman religion ought to make e hone/ man leave x1 & /ill m any pr9ce :o kn[s h[ to reason4 #a ,nonne ea qu possidet ,*amos deus tuus1 tibi jure deb5tur8 7,judges xi4 #bd74 ,su* is ! text 9 ! ,vulgate4 ,fa!r de ,c>rires translates3 ,d y n reg>d y\rselves z hav+ a "r to :at y\r god possesses8 ,i d n "k ! =ce ( ! ,hebrew text3 b ,i p]ceive t1 9 ! ,vulgate1 ,jeph?ah positively recognises ! "r ( ! god ,*amos1 & t ! ,fr5* translator weak5$ ?is admission by ins]t+ an accord+ to y1 :i* is n 9 ! ,lat94 #b ,x is q cle> t ! ,phocian w>1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,sacr$ ,w>1 0 n a w> ( religion4 ,its object 0 ! puni%m5t ( acts ( sacrilege1 & n ! conque/ ( unbeliev]s4 #c ,x %\ld be not$ t ! cl]gy f9d _! bond ( union n s mu* 9 =mal assemblies1 z 9 ! communion ( ,*ur*es4 ,communion & ex-communication are ! social compact ( ! cl]gy1 a compact :i* w always make !m ma/]s ( peoples & k+s4 ,all prie/s :o communicate toge!r are fell[-citiz5s1 ev5 if !y come f opposite ends ( ! e>?4 ,?is inv5tion is a ma/]piece ( /atesman%ip3 !re is no?+ l x among pagan prie/s2 :o h !re=e nev] =m$ a cl]ical corporate body4 #d ,see1 = in/ance1 9 a lett] f ,grotius to 8 bro!r 7,april #aa1 #afdc71 :at t le>n$ man f\nd to praise & to blame 9 ! ,de ,cive4 ,x is true t1 ) a b5t = indulg5ce1 he seems to p>don ! writ] ! good = ! sake ( ! bad2 b all m5 are n s =giv+4 #e ,9 ! republic1 says ! ,m>quis d',arg5son1 ea* man is p]fectly free 9 :at does n h>m o!rs4 ,?is is ! inv>iable limitation1 :i* x is impossible to def9e m exactly4 ,i h n be5 able to d5y myself ! pleasure ( occasionally quot+ f ?is manuscript1 ?\gh x is unkn[n to ! public1 9 ord] to d hon\r to ! memory ( a good & illu/ri\s man1 :o _h kept ev5 9 ! ,m9i/ry ! he>t ( a good citiz51 & views on ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry t 7 sane & "r4 #f ,cs>1 plead+ = ,catil9e1 tri$ to e/abli% ! dogma t ! s\l is mortal3 ,cato & ,cic]o1 9 refutation1 did n wa/e "t 9 philosophis+4 ,!y 7 cont5t to %[ t ,cs> spoke l a bad citiz51 & br\ght =w>d a doctr9e t w\ld h a bad effect on ! ,/ate4 ,?is1 9 fact1 & n a problem ( !ology1 0 :at ! ,roman s5ate _h to judge4 #g ,m>riage1 = in/ance1 be+ a civil contract1 has civil effects )\t :i* society _c ev5 subsi/4 ,suppose a body ( cl]gy %\ld claim ! sole "r ( p]mitt+ ?is act1 a "r :i* e intol]ant religion mu/ ( necessity claim1 is x n cle> t 9 e/abli%+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is respect1 x w be de/roy+ t ( ! pr9ce1 :o w h !nce=? only z _m subjects z ! cl]gy *oose to all[ him8 ,be+ 9 a position to m>ry or n to m>ry p1 accord+ to _! acceptance ( su* & su* a doctr9e1 _! admission or rejection ( su* & su* a =mula1 _! great] or less piety1 ! ,*ur* alone1 by ! ex]cise ( prud5ce & firmness1 w dispose ( all inh]itances1 (fices & citiz5s1 & ev5 ( ! ,/ate itself1 :i* c\ld n subsi/ if x 7 compos$ entirely ( ba/>ds8 ,b1 ,i %all be told1 !re w be appeals on ! gr\nd ( abuse1 summonses & decrees2 ! temporalities w be seiz$4 ,h[ sad6 ,! cl]gy1 h[ev] little1 ,i w n say c\rage1 b s5se x has1 w take no notice & g its way3 x w quietly all[ appeals1 summonses1 decrees & seizures1 &1 9 ! end1 w rema9 ! ma/]4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 a great sacrifice to give up a "p1 :5 "o is sure ( secur+ all4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusion ,n[ t ,i h laid d[n ! true pr9ciples ( political "r1 & tri$ to give ! ,/ate a basis ( its own to re/ on1 ,i ought next to /r5g!n x by its ext]nal relations1 :i* w\ld include ! law ( nations1 comm]ce1 ! "r ( w> & conque/1 public "r1 leagues1 negotiations1 treaties1 etc4 ,b all ?is =ms a new subject t is f> too va/ = my n>r[ scope4 ,i ought ?r\gh\t to h kept to a m limit$ sph]e4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,:i* ,,won ,,! ,,prize ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,dijon ,,9 #agej1 ,,on ,,?is ,,"q ,,propos$ ,,by ,,! ,,academy3 ,,has ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces ,,_h ,a ,,purify+ ,,effect ,,^u ,,morals8 ,b>b>as 8 ego sum1 qui non intelligor illis4--,,ovid4#a #a ,"h ,i am1 a b>b>ian1 because m5 und]/& me n4 ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages conta9 a discussion ( "o ( ! mo/ sublime & int]e/+ ( all moral que/ions4 ,x is n conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ) ^? metaphysical subtleties1 :i* ( late h f\nd _! way into e dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 & f :i* ev5 our academic curricula are n always free4 ,we h n[ to d ) "o ( ^? tru?s on :i* ! happ9ess ( mank9d dep5ds4 ,i =esee t ,i %all n readily be =giv5 = hav+ tak5 up ! position ,i h adopt$4 ,sett+ myself up aga9/ all t is n[adays mo/ admir$1 ,i c expect no less ?an a univ]sal outcry aga9/ me3 nor is ! approbation ( a few s5sible m5 en\gh to make me c\nt on t ( ! public4 ,b ,i h tak5 my /&1 & ,i %all be at no pa9s to please ei!r intellectuals or m5 ( ! _w4 ,!re are 9 all ages m5 born to be 9 bondage to ! op9ions ( ! society 9 :i* !y live4 ,!re are n a few1 :o to-day play ! free-?9k] & ! philosoph]1 :o w\ld1 if !y _h liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,league1 h be5 no m ?an fanatics4 ,no au?or1 :o has a m9d to outlive 8 own age1 %\ld write = su* read]s4 ,a ^w m & ,i h done4 ,z ,i did n expect ! hon\r conf]r$ on me1 ,i _h1 s9ce s5d+ 9 my ,disc\rse1 s alt]$ & enl>g$ x z almo/ to make x a new "w2 b 9 ! circum/ances ,i h felt b\nd to publi% x j z x 0 :5 x receiv$ ! prize4 ,i h only add$ a few notes1 & left two alt]ations :i* are easily recognisable1 ( :i* ! ,academy possibly might n h approv$4 ,! respect1 gratitude & ev5 ju/ice ,i owe to t body seem$ to me to dem& ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,,moral ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces ,decipimur specie recti4--,,horace4 ,! "q be=e me is1 ,:e!r ! ,re/oration ( ! arts & sci5ces has _h ! effect ( purify+ or corrupt+ morals4 ,:i* side am ,i to take8 ,t1 g5tlem51 :i* becomes an hone/ man1 :o is s5sible ( 8 own ignorance1 & ?9ks himself none ! worse = x4 ,i feel ! difficulty ( treat+ ?is subject fitt+ly1 be=e ! tribunal :i* is to judge ( :at ,i advance4 ,h[ c ,i presume to belittle ! sci5ces be=e "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ assemblies 9 ,europe1 to comm5d ignorance 9 a fam\s ,academy1 & reconcile my contempt = /udy ) ! respect due to ! truly le>n$8 ,i 0 aw>e ( ^! inconsi/5cies1 b n disc\rag$ by !m4 ,x is n sci5ce1 ,i said to myself1 t ,i am attack+2 x is virtue t ,i am def5d+1 & t be=e virtu\s m5--& goodness is ev5 de>] to ! good ?an le>n+ to ! le>n$4 ,:at !n h ,i to fe>8 ,! sagacity ( ! assembly be=e :i* ,i am plead+8 ,t1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 is to be fe>$2 b r on acc\nt ( faults ( con/ruction ?an ( ! views ,i hold4 ,j sov]eigns h nev] hesitat$ to decide aga9/ !mselves 9 d\btful cases2 & inde$ ! mo/ advantage\s situation 9 :i* a j claim c be1 is t ( be+ laid be=e a j & enlight5$ arbitrator1 :o is judge 9 8 own case4 ,to ?is motive1 :i* enc\rag$ me1 ,i may add ano!r :i* f9ally decid$ me4 ,& ?is is1 t z ,i h upheld ! cause ( tru? to ! be/ ( my natural abilities1 :atev] my app>5t success1 !re is "o rew>d :i* _c fail me4 ,t rew>d ,i %all f9d 9 ! bottom ( my he>t4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p ,x is a noble & beautiful spectacle to see man rais+ himself1 s to speak1 f no?+ by 8 own ex]tions2 dissipat+1 by ! light ( reason1 all ! ?ick cl\ds 9 :i* he 0 by nature envelop$2 m\nt+ above himself2 so>+ 9 ?\ght ev5 to ! cele/ial regions2 l ! sun1 encompass+ ) giant /rides ! va/ ext5t ( ! univ]se2 &1 :at is /ill gr&] & m wond]ful1 go+ back into himself1 !re to /udy man & get to "k 8 own nature1 8 duties & 8 end4 ,all ^! miracles we h se5 r5ew$ )9 ! la/ few g5]ations4 ,europe _h relaps$ into ! b>b>ism ( ! e>lie/ ages2 ! inhabitants ( ?is "p ( ! _w1 :i* is at pres5t s highly enlight5$1 7 plung$1 "s c5turies ago1 9 a /ate /ill-worse ?an ignorance4 ,a sci5tific j>gon1 m despicable ?an m]e ignorance1 _h usurp$ ! "n ( k1 & oppos$ an almo/ inv9cible ob/acle to its re/oration4 ,?+s _h come to su* a pass1 t x requir$ a complete revolution to br+ m5 back to common s5se4 ,?is came at la/ f ! qu>t] f :i* x 0 lea/ to be expect$4 ,x 0 ! /upid ,mussulman1 ! et]nal sc\rge ( lett]s1 :o 0 ! imm$iate cause ( _! revival among u4 ,! fall ( ! ?rone ( ,con/ant9e br\ght to ,italy ! relics ( anci5t ,greece2 & ) ^! preci\s spoils ,france 9 turn 0 enri*$4 ,! sci5ces soon foll[$ lit]ature1 & ! art ( ?9k+ jo9$ t ( writ+3 an ord] :i* may seem /range1 b is p]haps only too natural4 ,! _w n[ began to p]ceive ! pr9cipal advantage ( an int]c\rse ) ! ,muses1 t ( r5d]+ mank9d m sociable by inspir+ !m ) ! desire to please "o ano!r ) p]=mances wor?y ( _! mutual approbation4 ,! m9d1 z well z ! body1 has its ne$s3 ^? ( ! body are ! basis ( society1 ^? ( ! m9d its ornam5ts4 ,s long z gov]nm5t & law provide = ! security & well-be+ ( m5 9 _! common life1 ! arts1 lit]ature & ! sci5ces1 less despotic ?\gh p]haps m p[]ful1 fl+ g>l&s ( fl[]s ov] ! *a9s :i* weigh !m d[n4 ,!y /ifle 9 m5's brea/s t s5se ( orig9al lib]ty1 = :i* !y seem to h be5 born2 cause !m to love _! own slav]y1 & s make ( !m :at is call$ a civilis$ p4 ,necessity rais$ up ?rones2 ! arts & sci5ces h made !m /rong4 ,p[]s ( ! e>?1 *]i% all tal5ts & protect ^? :o cultivate !m4#a ,civilis$ peoples1 cultivate su* pursuits3 to !m1 happy slaves1 y owe t delicacy & exquisit5ess ( ta/e1 :i* is s mu* y\r boa/1 t sweetness ( disposition & urbanity ( mann]s :i* make int]c\rse s easy & agreeable among y--9 a ^w1 ! appe>ance ( all ! virtues1 )\t be+ 9 possession ( "o ( !m4 ,x 0 = ?is sort ( accompli%m5t1 :i* is by s mu* ! m captivat+ z x seems less affect$1 t ,a!ns & ,rome 7 s mu* di/+ui%$ 9 ! boa/$ times ( _! spl5d\r & magnific5ce3 & x is d\btless 9 ! same respect t our own age & nation w excel all p]iods & peoples4 ,an air ( philosophy )\t p$antry2 an address at once natural & engag+1 di/ant equally f ,teutonic clums9ess & ,italian pantomime2 ^! are ! effects ( a ta/e acquir$ by lib]al /udies & improv$ by conv]sation ) ! _w4 ,:at happ9ess w\ld x be = ^? :o live among u1 if our ext]nal appe>ance 7 always a true mirror ( our he>ts2 if decorum 7 b virtue2 if ! maxims we pr(ess$ 7 ! rules ( our conduct2 & if real philosophy 7 insep>able f ! title ( a philosoph]6 ,b s _m good qualities too seldom g toge!r2 virtue r>ely appe>s 9 s mu* pomp & /ate4 ,ri*ness ( app>el may proclaim ! man ( =tune1 & elegance ! man ( ta/e2 b true heal? & manl9ess are kn[n by diff]5t signs4 ,x is "u ! home-spun ( ! lab\r]1 & n b5ea? ! gilt & t9sel ( ! c\rti]1 t we %\ld look = /r5g? & vig\r ( body4 ,ext]nal ornam5ts are no less =eign to virtue1 :i* is ! /r5g? & activity ( ! m9d4 ,! hone/ man is an a?lete1 :o loves to wre/le />k nak$2 he scorns all ^? vile trapp+s1 :i* prev5t ! ex]tion ( 8 /r5g?1 & 71 = ! mo/ "p1 inv5t$ only to conceal "s de=mity4 ,be=e art _h m\ld$ our behavi\r1 & taught our passions to speak an artificial language1 our morals 7 rude b natural2 & ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* we behav$ proclaim$ at ! fir/ glance ! diff]5ce ( our dispositions4 ,human nature 0 n at bottom bett] !n ?an n[2 b m5 f\nd _! security 9 ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld see ?r\gh "o ano!r1 & ?is advantage1 ( :i* we no long] feel ! value1 prev5t$ _! hav+ _m vices4 ,9 our day1 n[ t m subtle /udy & a m ref9$ ta/e h r$uc$ ! art ( pleas+ to a sy/em1 !re prevails 9 mod]n mann]s a s]vile & deceptive con=mity2 s t "o w\ld ?9k e m9d _h be5 ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,polit5ess requires ?is ?+2 decorum t2 c]emony has its =ms1 & fa%ion its laws1 & ^! we mu/ always foll[1 nev] ! prompt+s ( our own nature4 ,we no long] d>e seem :at we really are1 b lie "u a p]petual re/ra9t2 9 ! meantime ! h]d ( m51 :i* we call society1 all act "u ! same circum/ances exactly alike1 unless v p>ticul> & p[]ful motives prev5t !m4 ,?us we nev] "k ) :om we h to deal2 & ev5 to "k our fri5ds we mu/ wait = "s critical & press+ occasion2 t is1 till x is too late2 = x is on ^? v occasions t su* k is ( use to u4 ,:at a tra9 ( vices mu/ att5d ?is unc]ta9ty6 ,s9c]e fri5d%ip1 real e/eem1 & p]fect confid5ce are bani%$ f among m54 ,jeal\sy1 suspicion1 fe>1 coldness1 res]ve1 hate & fraud lie con/antly conceal$ "u t uni=m & deceitful veil ( polit5ess2 t boa/$ c&\r & urbanity1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! light & lead+ ( ?is age4 ,we %all no long] take 9 va9 by our oa?s ! "n ( our ,creator2 b we %all insult ,him ) our blasphemies1 & our scrupul\s e>s w take no (f5ce4 ,we h gr[n too mode/ to brag ( our own des]ts2 b we d n scruple to decry ^? ( o!rs4 ,we d n grossly outrage ev5 our enemies1 b artfully calumniate !m4 ,our hatr$ ( o!r nations dim9i%es1 b patriotism dies ) x4 ,ignorance is held 9 contempt2 b a dang]\s scepticism has succe$$ x4 ,"s vices inde$ are condemn$ & o!rs gr[n di%on\rable2 b we h /ill _m t are hon\r$ ) ! names ( virtues1 & x is become necess>y t we %\ld ei!r h1 or at lea/ pret5d to h !m4 ,let :o w extol ! mod]ation ( our mod]n sages1 ,i see no?+ 9 x b a ref9em5t ( intemp]ance z unwor?y ( my comm5dation z _! artificial simplicity4#b ,su* is ! purity to :i* our morals h atta9$2 ?is is ! virtue we h made our own4 ,let ! arts & sci5ces claim ! %>e !y h _h 9 ?is salut>y "w4 ,i %all add b "o reflection m2 suppose an inhabitant ( "s di/ant c\ntry %\ld endeav\r to =m an idea ( ,european morals f ! /ate ( ! sci5ces1 ! p]fection ( ! arts1 ! propriety ( our public ent]ta9m5ts1 ! polit5ess ( our behavi\r1 ! affability ( our conv]sation1 our con/ant pr(essions ( b5evol5ce1 & f ^? tumultu\s assemblies ( p ( all ranks1 :o seem1 f morn+ till night1 to h no o!r c>e ?an to oblige "o ano!r4 ,su* a /rang]1 ,i ma9ta91 w\ld arrive at a totally false view ( our morality4 ,:]e !re is no effect1 x is idle to look = a cause3 b "h ! effect is c]ta9 & ! depravity actual2 our m9ds h be5 corrupt$ 9 proportion z ! arts & sci5ces h improv$4 ,w x be said1 t ?is is a mis=tune peculi> to ! pres5t age8 ,no1 g5tlem51 ! evils result+ f our va9 curiosity are z old z ! _w4 ,! daily ebb & fl[ ( ! tides are n m regul>ly influ5c$ by ! moon1 ?an ! morals ( a p by ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,z _! light has ris5 above our horizon1 virtue has tak5 flight1 & ! same ph5om5on has be5 con/antly obs]v$ 9 all times & places4 ,take ,egypt1 ! fir/ s*ool ( mank9d1 t anci5t c\ntry1 fam\s = its f]tility "u a braz5 sky2 ! spot f :i* ,seso/ris once set out to conqu] ! _w4 ,egypt became ! "m ( philosophy & ! f9e arts2 soon %e 0 conqu]$ by ,cambyses1 & !n successively by ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,arabs1 & f9ally ! ,turks4 ,take ,greece1 once peopl$ by h]oes1 :o twice vanqui%$ ,asia4 ,lett]s1 z yet 9 _! infancy1 _h n corrupt$ ! disposition ( its inhabitants2 b ! progress ( ! sci5ces soon produc$ a dissolut5ess ( mann]s1 & ! imposition ( ! ,mac$onian yoke3 f :i* "t ,greece1 always le>n$1 always voluptu\s & always a slave1 has exp]i5c$ amid all its revolutions no m ?an a *ange ( ma/]s4 ,n all ! eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es c\ld brea! life into a body :i* luxury & ! arts _h once en]vat$4 ,x 0 n till ! days ( ,ennius & ,t]5ce t ,rome1 f\nd$ by a %eph]d1 & made illu/ri\s by ,i peasants1 began to deg5]ate4 ,b aft] ! appe>ance ( an ,ovid1 a ,catullus1 a ,m>tial1 & ! re/ ( ^? num]\s obsc5e au?ors1 ^: v names are en\gh to put mode/y to ! blu%1 ,rome1 once ! %r9e ( virtue1 became ! !atre ( vice1 a scorn among ! nations1 & an object ( d]ision ev5 to b>b>ians4 ,?us ! capital ( ! _w at l5g? submitt$ to ! yoke ( slav]y x _h impos$ on o!rs1 & ! v day ( its fall 0 ! eve ( t on :i* x conf]r$ on "o ( its citiz5s ! title ( ,arbit] ( ,good ,ta/e4 ,:at %all ,i say ( t metropolis ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 :i*1 by its situation1 seem$ de/9$ to be ! capital ( ! _w2 t refuge ( ! arts & sci5ces1 :5 !y 7 bani%$ f ! re/ ( ,europe1 m p]haps by wisdom ?an b>b>ism8 ,! mo/ pr(ligate debau*]ies1 ! mo/ ab&on$ villa9ies1 ! mo/ atroci\s crimes1 plots1 murd]s & assass9ations =m ! w>p & wo( ( ! hi/ory ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,su* is ! pure s\rce f :i* h fl[$ to u ! floods ( k on :i* ! pres5t age s prides itself4 ,b :]e=e %\ld we seek1 9 pa/ ages1 = pro(s ( a tru?1 ( :i* ! pres5t af=ds u ample evid5ce8 ,!re is 9 ,asia a va/ empire1 :]e le>n+ is held 9 hon\r1 & leads to ! highe/ dignities 9 ! /ate4 ,if ! sci5ces improv$ our morals1 if !y inspir$ u ) c\rage & taught u to lay d[n our lives = ! good ( our c\ntry1 ! ,*9ese %\ld be wise1 free & inv9cible4 ,b1 if !re be no vice !y d n practise1 no crime ) :i* !y are n famili>2 if ! sagacity ( _! m9i/]s1 ! suppos$ wisdom ( _! laws1 & ! multitude ( inhabitants :o p t va/ empire1 h alike fail$ to pres]ve !m f ! yoke ( ! rude & ignorant ,t>t>s1 ( :at use 7 _! m5 ( sci5ce & lit]ature8 ,:at advantage has t c\ntry reap$ f ! hon\rs be/[$ on its le>n$ m58 ,c x be t ( be+ peopl$ by a race ( sc\ndrels & slaves8 ,contra/ ) ^! in/ances ! morals ( ^? few nations :i*1 be+ pres]v$ f ! contagion ( useless k1 h by _! virtues become happy 9 !mselves & af=d$ an example to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,su* 7 ! fir/ inhabitants ( ,p]sia1 a nation s s+ul> t virtue 0 taught among !m 9 ! same mann] z ! sci5ces are ) u4 ,!y v easily subdu$ ,asia1 & possess ! exclusive glory ( hav+ _h ! hi/ory ( _! political in/itutions reg>d$ z a philosophical romance4 ,su* 7 ! ,scy?ians1 ( :om su* wond]ful eulogies h come d[n to u4 ,su* 7 ! ,g]mans1 ^: simplicity1 innoc5ce & virtue1 af=d$ a mo/ delightful contra/ to ! p5 ( an hi/orian1 we>y ( describ+ ! bas5ess & villa9ies ( an enlight5$1 opul5t & voluptu\s nation4 ,su* _h be5 ev5 ,rome 9 ! days ( its pov]ty & ignorance4 ,& su* has %[n itself to be1 ev5 9 our own times1 t ru/ic nation1 ^: ju/ly r5[n$ c\rage n ev5 adv]sity c\ld conqu]1 & ^: fidelity no example c\ld corrupt4#c ,x is n ?r\gh /upidity t ! p h pref]r$ o!r activities to ^? ( ! m9d4 ,!y 7 n ignorant t 9 o!r c\ntries !re 7 m5 :o sp5t _! "t 9 disput+ idly ab\t ! sov]eign good1 & ab\t vice & virtue4 ,!y knew t ^! useless ?9k]s 7 lavi% 9 _! own praises1 & /igmatis$ o!r nations contemptu\sly z b>b>ians4 ,b !y not$ ! morals ( ^! p1 & s le>nt :at to ?9k ( _! le>n+4#d ,c x be =gott5 t1 9 ! v he>t ( ,greece1 !re arose a city z fam\s = ! happy ignorance ( its inhabitants1 z = ! wisdom ( its laws2 a republic ( demi-gods r ?an ( m51 s greatly sup]ior _! virtues seem$ to ^? ( m]e humanity8 ,sp>ta1 et]nal pro( ( ! vanity ( sci5ce1 :ile ! vices1 "u ! conduct ( ! f9e arts1 7 be+ introduc$ into ,a!ns1 ev5 :ile its tyrant 0 c>efully collect+ toge!r ! works ( ! pr9ce ( poets1 0 driv+ f h] walls arti/s & ! arts1 ! le>n$ & _! le>n+6 ,! diff]5ce 0 se5 9 ! outcome4 ,a!ns became ! seat ( polit5ess & ta/e1 ! c\ntry ( orators & philosoph]s4 ,! elegance ( its build+s equall$ t ( its language2 on e side might be se5 m>ble & canvas1 animat$ by ! h&s ( ! mo/ skilful arti/s4 ,f ,a!ns we d]ive ^? a/oni%+ p]=mances1 :i* w s]ve z models to e corrupt age4 ,! picture ( ,lac$mon is n s highly col\r$4 ,!re1 ! neighb\r+ nations us$ to say1 m5 7 born virtu\s1 _! native air seem+ to inspire !m ) virtue4 ,b its inhabitants h left u no?+ b ! memory ( _! h]oic actions3 monum5ts t %\ld n c\nt = less 9 our eyes ?an ! mo/ curi\s relics ( ,a!nian m>ble4 ,x is true t1 among ! ,a!nians1 !re 7 "s few wise m5 :o )/ood ! g5]al torr5t1 & pres]v$ _! integrity ev5 9 ! company ( ! muses4 ,b he> ! judgm5t :i* ! pr9cipal1 & mo/ unhappy ( !m1 pass$ on ! arti/s & le>n$ m5 ( 8 day4 ,i h consid]$ ! poets1 says he1 & ,i look ^u !m z p ^: tal5ts impose bo? on !mselves & on o!rs2 !y give !mselves out = wise m51 & are tak5 = su*2 b 9 reality !y are any?+ soon] ?an t4 ,f ! poets1 cont9ues ,socrates1 ,i turn$ to ! arti/s4 ,nobody 0 m ignorant ( ! arts ?an myself2 nobody 0 m fully p]suad$ t ! arti/s 7 possess$ ( amaz+ k4 ,i soon discov]$1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 9 z bad a way z ! poets1 & t bo? _h fall5 into ! same misconception4 ,because ! mo/ skilful ( !m excel o!rs 9 _! p>ticul> jobs1 !y ?9k !mselves wis] ?an all ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,?is arrogance spoilt all _! skill 9 my eyes1 s t1 putt+ myself 9 ! place ( ! oracle1 & ask+ myself :e!r ,i w\ld r be :at ,i am or :at !y are1 "k :at !y "k1 or "k t ,i "k no?+1 ,i v readily answ]$1 = myself & ! god1 t ,i _h r rema9 z ,i am4 ,none ( u1 nei!r ! sophi/s1 nor ! poets1 nor ! orators1 nor ! arti/s1 nor ,i1 "k :at is ! nature ( ! true1 ! good1 or ! beautiful4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 u2 t1 ?\gh none ( ^! p "k any?+1 !y all ?9k !y "k some?+2 :]eas = my "p1 if ,i "k no?+1 ,i am at lea/ 9 no d\bt ( my ignorance4 ,s ! sup]iority ( wisdom1 imput$ to me by ! oracle1 is r$uc$ m]ely to my be+ fully conv9c$ t ,i am ignorant ( :at ,i d n "k4 ,?us we f9d ,socrates1 ! wise/ ( m5 9 ! judgm5t ( ! god1 & ! mo/ le>n$ ( all ! ,a!nians 9 ! op9ion ( all ,greece1 speak+ 9 praise ( ignorance4 ,7 he alive n[1 !re is little reason to ?9k t our mod]n s*ol>s & arti/s w\ld induce him to *ange 8 m9d4 ,no1 g5tlem51 t hone/ man w\ld /ill p]si/ 9 despis+ our va9 sci5ces4 ,he w\ld l5d no aid to swell ! flood ( books t fl[s f e qu>t]3 he w\ld leave to u1 z he did to 8 disciples1 only ! example & memory ( 8 virtues2 t is ! noble/ me?od ( in/ruct+ mank9d4 ,socrates _h begun at ,a!ns1 & ! eld] ,cato proce$$ at ,rome1 to inveigh aga9/ ^? s$uctive & subtle ,greeks1 :o corrupt$ ! virtue & de/roy$ ! c\rage ( _! fell[-citiz5s3 culture1 h[ev]1 prevail$4 ,rome 0 fill$ ) philosoph]s & orators1 milit>y discipl9e 0 neglect$1 agriculture 0 held 9 contempt1 m5 =m$ sects1 & =got _! c\ntry4 ,to ! sacr$ names ( lib]ty1 dis9t]e/$ness & ob$i5ce to law1 succe$$ ^? ( ,epicurus1 ,z5o & ,arcesilaus4 ,x 0 ev5 a say+ among _! own philosoph]s t s9ce le>n$ m5 appe>$ among !m1 hone/ m5 _h be5 9 eclipse4 ,be=e t "t ! ,romans 7 satisfi$ ) ! practice ( virtue2 !y 7 undone :5 !y began to /udy x4 ,:at w\ld ! great s\l ( ,fabricius h felt1 if x _h be5 8 mis=tune to be call$ back to life1 :5 he saw ! pomp & magnific5ce ( t ,rome1 :i* 8 arm _h sav$ f ru91 & 8 hon\rable "n made m illu/ri\s ?an all its conque/s4 ,ye gods6 he w\ld h said1 :at has become ( ^? ?at*$ ro(s & ru/ic he>?s1 :i* 7 =m]ly ! habitations ( temp]ance & virtue8 ,:at fatal spl5d\r has succe$$ ! anci5t ,roman simplicity8 ,:at is ?is =eign language1 ?is effem9acy ( mann]s8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! /atues1 pa9t+s & build+s8 ,fools1 :at h y done8 ,y1 ! lords ( ! e>?1 h made y\rselves ! slaves ( ! frivol\s nations y h subdu$4 ,y are gov]n$ by rhetoricians1 & x has be5 only to enri* ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 sculptors & /age-play]s t y h wat]$ ,greece & ,asia ) y\r blood4 ,ev5 ! spoils ( ,c>?age are ! prize ( a flute-play]4 ,romans6 ,romans6 make ha/e to demoli% ^? amphi!atres1 break to pieces ^? /atues1 burn ^? pa9t+s2 drive f among y ^? slaves :o keep y 9 subjection1 & ^: fatal arts are corrupt+ y\r morals4 ,let o!r h&s make !mselves illu/ri\s by su* va9 tal5ts2 ! only tal5t wor?y ( ,rome is t ( conqu]+ ! _w & mak+ virtue its rul]4 ,:5 ,cyneas took ! ,roman s5ate = an assembly ( k+s1 he 0 n /ruck by ei!r useless pomp or /udi$ elegance4 ,he he>d !re none ( t futile eloqu5ce1 :i* is n[ ! /udy & ! *>m ( frivol\s orators4 ,:at !n 0 ! maje/y t ,cyneas beheld8 ,fell[ citiz5s1 he saw ! noble/ sight t ev] exi/$ "u heav51 a sight :i* n all y\r ri*es or y\r arts c %[2 an assembly ( two hundr$ virtu\s m51 wor?y to comm& 9 ,rome1 & to gov]n ! _w4 ,b let pass ! di/ance ( "t & place1 & let u see :at has happ5$ 9 our own "t & c\ntry2 or r let u bani% odi\s descriptions t might (f5d our delicacy1 & sp>e ourselves ! pa9s ( repeat+ ! same til+s "u diff]5t names4 ,x 0 n = no?+ t ,i invok$ ! ,manes ( ,fabricius2 = :at h ,i put into 8 m\?1 t might n h come ) z mu* propriety f ,l\is ! ,twelf? or ,h5ry ! ,f\r?8 ,x is true t 9 ,france ,socrates w\ld n h drunk ! hemlock1 b he w\ld h drunk ( a potion inf9itely m bitt]1 ( insult1 mock]y & contempt a hundr$ times worse ?an dea?4 ,?us x is t luxury1 pr(ligacy & slav]y1 h be51 9 all ages1 ! sc\rge ( ! ef=ts ( our pride to em]ge f t happy /ate ( ignorance1 9 :i* ! wisdom ( provid5ce _h plac$ u4 ,t ?ick veil ) :i* x has cov]$ all its op]ations seems to be a suffici5t pro( t x nev] design$ u = su* fruitless rese>*es4 ,b is !re1 inde$1 "o lesson x has taught u1 by :i* we h rightly pr(it$1 or :i* we h neglect$ ) impunity8 ,let m5 le>n = once t nature w\ld h pres]v$ !m f sci5ce1 z a "m snat*es a dang]\s weapon f ! h&s ( h] *ild4 ,let !m "k t all ! secrets %e hides are s _m evils f :i* %e protects !m1 & t ! v difficulty !y f9d 9 acquir+ k is n ! lea/ ( h] b\nty t[>ds !m4 ,m5 are p]v]se2 b !y w\ld h be5 f> worse1 if !y _h _h ! mis=tune to be born le>n$4 ,h[ humiliat+ are ^! reflections to humanity1 & h[ mortifi$ by !m our pride %\ld be6 ,:at6 x w be ask$1 is uprightness ! *ild ( ignorance8 ,is virtue inconsi/5t ) le>n+8 ,:at consequ5ces might n be drawn f su* suppositions8 ,b to reconcile ^! app>5t contradictions1 we ne$ only exam9e closely ! empt9ess & vanity ( ^? pomp\s titles1 :i* are s lib]ally be/[$ on human k1 & :i* s bl9d our judgm5t4 ,let u consid]1 !re=e1 ! arts & sci5ces 9 !mselves4 ,let u see :at mu/ result f _! advancem5t1 & let u n hesitate to admit ! tru? ( all ^? po9ts on :i* our argum5ts co9cide ) ! inductions we c make f hi/ory4 #a ,sov]eigns always see )1 pleasure a ta/e = ! arts ( amusem5t & sup]fluity1 :i* d n result 9 ! exportation ( bullion1 increase among _! subjects4 ,!y v well "k t1 besides n\ri%+ t littl5ess ( m9d :i* is prop] to slav]y1 ! increase ( artificial wants only b9ds s _m m *a9s ^u ! p4 ,alex&]1 wi%+ to keep ! ,i*?yophages 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce1 compell$ !m to give up fi%+1 & subsi/ on ! cu/om>y food ( civilis$ nations4 ,! ,am]ican savages1 :o g nak$1 & live entirely on ! products ( ! *ase1 h be5 always impossible to subdue4 ,:at yoke1 inde$1 c be impos$ on m5 :o /& 9 ne$ ( no?+8 #b ,i love1 said ,montaigne1 to conv]se & hold an argum5t2 b only ) v few p1 & t = my own gratification4 ,= to d s1 by way ( af=d+ amusem5t = ! great1 or ( mak+ a p>ade ( "o's tal5ts1 is1 9 my op9ion1 a trade v ill-becom+ a man ( hon\r4 ,x is ! trade ( all our intellectuals1 save "o4 #c ,i d>e n speak ( ^? happy nations1 :o did n ev5 "k ! "n ( _m vices1 :i* we f9d x difficult to suppress2 ! savages ( ,am]ica1 ^: simple & natural mode ( gov]nm5t ,montaigne pref]r$1 )\t hesitation1 n only to ! laws ( ,plato1 b to ! mo/ p]fect visions ( gov]nm5t philosophy c ev] sugge/ ,he cites _m examples1 /rik+ = ^? :o are capable ( appreciat+ !m4 ,b1 :at ( all t1 says he1 !y c't run to a pair ( bree*es6 #d ,:at are we to ?9k 0 ! real op9ion ( ! ,a!nians !mselves ab\t eloqu5ce1 :5 !y 7 s v c>eful to bani% declamation f t upright tribunal1 aga9/ ^: decision ev5 _! gods made no appeal8 ,:at did ! ,romans ?9k ( physicians1 :5 !y expell$ m$ic9e f ! republic8 ,& :5 ! relics ( humanity left among ! ,spani>ds induc$ !m to =bid _! lawy]s to set foot 9 ,am]ica1 :at mu/ !y h ?\ght ( jurisprud5ce8 ,may x n be said t !y ?\ght1 by ?is s+le exp$i5t1 to make rep>ation = all ! outrages !y _h committ$ aga9/ ! unhappy ,indians8 ,,! ,,second ,,"p ,an anci5t tradition pass$ out ( ,egypt into ,greece1 t "s god1 :o 0 an enemy to ! repose ( mank9d1 0 ! inv5tor ( ! sci5ces4#a ,:at mu/ ! ,egyptians1 among :om ! sci5ces fir/ arose1 h ?\ght ( !m8 ,& !y beheld1 ne> at h&1 ! s\rces f :i* !y sprang4 ,9 fact1 :e!r we turn to ! annals ( ! _w1 or eke out ) philosophical inve/igations ! unc]ta9 *ronicles ( hi/ory1 we %all n f9d = human k an orig9 answ]+ to ! idea we are pleas$ to ent]ta9 ( x at pres5t4 ,a/ronomy 0 born ( sup]/ition1 eloqu5ce ( ambition1 hatr$1 falsehood & flatt]y2 geometry ( av>ice2 physics ( an idle curiosity2 & ev5 moral philosophy ( human pride4 ,?us ! arts & sci5ces owe _! bir? to our vices2 we %\ld be less d\btful ( _! advantages1 if !y _h sprung f our virtues4 ,_! evil orig9 is1 inde$1 b too pla9ly reproduc$ 9 _! objects4 ,:at w\ld become ( ! arts1 7 !y n *]i%$ by luxury8 ,if m5 7 n unju/1 ( :at use 7 jurisprud5ce8 ,:at w\ld become ( hi/ory1 if !re 7 no tyrants1 w>s1 or conspiracies8 ,9 a ^w1 :o w\ld pass 8 life 9 b>r5 speculations1 if ev]ybody1 att5tive only to ! obligations ( humanity & ! necessities ( nature1 sp5t 8 :ole life 9 s]v+ 8 c\ntry1 oblig+ 8 fri5ds1 & reliev+ ! unhappy8 ,are we !n made to live & die on ! br9k ( t well at ! bottom ( :i* ,tru? lies hid8 ,?is reflection alone is1 9 my op9ion1 en\gh to disc\rage at fir/ sett+ out e man :o s]i\sly endeav\rs to in/ruct himself by ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,:at a v>iety ( dang]s surr\nds u6 ,:at a numb] ( wrong pa?s pres5t !mselves 9 ! inve/igation ( ! sci5ces6 ,?r\gh h[ _m errors1 m p]il\s ?an tru? itself is useful1 mu/ we n pass to arrive at x8 ,! disadvantages we lie "u are evid5t2 = falsehood is capable ( an inf9ite v>iety ( comb9ations2 b ! tru? has only "o mann] ( be+4 ,besides1 :]e is ! man :o s9c]ely desires to f9d x8 ,or ev5 admitt+ 8 good w1 by :at *>act]i/ic m>ks is he sure ( kn[+ x8 ,amid ! inf9ite div]sity ( op9ions :]e is ! crit]ion#b by :i* we may c]ta9ly judge ( x8 ,aga91 :at is /ill m difficult1 %\ld we ev5 be =tunate en\gh to discov] x1 :o among u w "k h[ to make "r use ( x8 ,if our sci5ces are futile 9 ! objects !y propose1 !y are no less dang]\s 9 ! effects !y produce4 ,be+ ! effect ( idl5ess1 !y g5]ate idl5ess 9 _! turn2 & an irrep>able loss ( "t is ! fir/ prejudice :i* !y mu/ necess>ily cause to society4 ,to live )\t do+ "s good is a great evil z well 9 ! political z 9 ! moral _w2 & h5ce e useless citiz5 %\ld be reg>d$ z a p]nici\s p]son4 ,tell me !n1 illu/ri\s philosoph]s1 ( :om we le>n ! ratios 9 :i* attraction acts 9 vacuo2 & 9 ! revolution ( ! planets1 ! relations ( spaces trav]s$ 9 equal times2 by :om we are taught :at curves h conjugate po9ts1 po9ts ( inflexion1 & cusps2 h[ ! s\l & body correspond1 l two clocks1 )\t actual communication2 :at planets may be inhabit$2 & :at insects reproduce 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,answ] me1 ,i say1 y f :om we receive all ?is sublime in=mation1 :e!r we %\ld h be5 less num]\s1 worse gov]n$1 less =midable1 less fl\ri%+1 or m p]v]se1 suppos+ y _h taught u none ( all ^! f9e ?+s4 ,reconsid] !re=e ! importance ( y\r productions2 &1 s9ce ! lab\rs ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( our le>n$ m5 & ! be/ ( our citiz5s are ( s little utility1 tell u :at we ought to ?9k ( t num]\s h]d ( obscure writ]s & useless litt]ateurs1 :o dev\r )\t any return ! sub/ance ( ! ,/ate4 ,useless1 d ,i say8 ,w\ld ,god !y 76 ,society w\ld be m peaceful1 & morals less corrupt4 ,b ^! va9 & futile declaim]s g =? on all sides1 arm$ ) _! fatal p>adoxes1 to sap ! f\ndations ( our fai?1 & nullify virtue4 ,!y smile contemptu\sly at su* old names z patriotism & religion1 & consecrate _! tal5ts & philosophy to ! de/ruction2 & defamation ( all t m5 hold sacr$4 ,n t !y be> any real hatr$ to virtue or dogma2 !y are ! enemies ( public op9ion alone2 to br+ !m to ! foot ( ! alt>1 x w\ld be en\gh to bani% !m to a l& ( a!i/s4 ,:at extravagancies w n ! rage ( s+ul>ity induce m5 to commit6 ,! wa/e ( "t is c]ta9ly a great evil2 b /ill great] evils att5d ^u lit]ature & ! arts4 ,"o is luxury1 produc$ l !m by indol5ce & vanity4 ,luxury is seldom unatt5d$ by ! arts & sci5ces2 & !y are always att5d$ by luxury4 ,i "k t our philosophy1 f]tile 9 p>adoxes1 pret5ds1 9 contradiction to ! exp]i5ce ( all ages1 t luxury contributes to ! spl5d\r ( ,/ates4 ,b1 )\t insi/+ on ! necessity ( sumptu>y laws1 c x be d5i$ t rectitude ( morals is ess5tial to ! duration ( empires1 & t luxury is diametrically oppos$ to su* rectitude8 ,let x be admitt$ t luxury is a c]ta9 indication ( weal?2 t x ev5 s]ves1 if y w1 to increase su* weal?3 :at conclusion is to be drawn f ?is p>adox1 s wor?y ( ! times8 ,& :at w become ( virtue if ri*es are to be acquir$ at any co/8 ,! politicians ( ! anci5t _w 7 always talk+ ( morals & virtue2 ours speak ( no?+ b comm]ce & money4 ,"o ( !m w tell y t 9 su* a c\ntry a man is wor? j z mu* z he w sell = at ,algi]s3 ano!r1 pursu+ ! same mode ( calculation1 f9ds t 9 "s c\ntries a man is wor? no?+1 & 9 o!rs /ill less ?an no?+2 !y value m5 z !y d droves ( ox54 ,accord+ to !m1 a man is wor? no m to ! ,/ate1 ?an ! am\nt he consumes2 & ?us a ,syb>ite w\ld be wor? at lea/ ?irty ,lac$monians4 ,let ^! writ]s tell me1 h[ev]1 :i* ( ! two republics1 ,syb>is or ,sp>ta1 0 subdu$ by a h&ful ( peasants1 & :i* became ! t]ror ( ,asia4 ,! mon>*y ( ,cyrus 0 conqu]$ by ?irty ?\s& m51 l$ by a pr9ce poor] ?an ! meane/ ( ,p]sian ,satraps3 9 l mann] ! ,scy?ians1 ! poore/ ( all nations1 7 able to resi/ ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*s ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 two fam\s republics cont5d$ = ! empire ( ! _w1 ! "o ri* & ! o!r poor1 ! =m] 0 subdu$ by ! latt]4 ,! ,roman empire 9 its turn1 aft] hav+ engulf$ all ! ri*es ( ! univ]se1 fell a prey to peoples :o knew n ev5 :at ri*es 74 ,! ,franks conqu]$ ! ,gauls1 & ! ,saxons ,engl&1 )\t any o!r treasures ?an _! brav]y & _! pov]ty4 ,a b& ( poor m\nta9e]s1 ^: :ole cupidity 0 conf9$ to ! possession ( a few %eep-sk9s1 hav+ fir/ giv5 a *eck to ! arrogance ( ,au/ria1 w5t on to cru% ! opul5t & =midable h\se ( ,burgundy1 :i* at t "t made ! pot5tates ( ,europe tremble4 ,9 %ort1 all ! p[] & wisdom ( ! heir ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 back$ by all ! treasures ( ! ,indies1 broke be=e a few h]r+-fi%]s4 ,let our politicians condesc5d to lay aside _! calculations = a mom5t1 to reflect on ^! examples2 let !m le>n = once t money1 ?\gh x buys ev]y?+ else1 _c buy morals & citiz5s4 ,:at !n is ! precise po9t 9 dispute ab\t luxury8 ,x is to "k :i* is mo/ advantage\s to empires1 t _! exi/5ce %\ld be brilliant & mom5t>y1 or virtu\s & la/+8 ,i say brilliant1 b ) :at lu/re6 ,a ta/e = o/5tation nev] prevails 9 ! same m9ds z a ta/e = hone/y4 ,no1 x is impossible t und]/&+s1 degrad$ by a multitude ( futile c>es1 %\ld ev] rise to :at is truly great & noble2 ev5 if !y _h ! /r5g?1 !y w\ld want ! c\rage4 ,e arti/ loves applause4 ,! praise ( 8 contempor>ies is ! mo/ valuable "p ( 8 recomp5se4 ,:at !n w he d to obta9 x1 if he h ! mis=tune to be born among a p1 & at a "t1 :5 le>n+ is 9 vogue1 & ! sup]ficiality ( y\? is 9 a position to lead ! fa%ion2 :5 m5 h sacrific$ _! ta/e to ^? :o tyrannise ov] _! lib]ty1 & "o sex d>e n approve any?+ b :at is proportionate to ! pusillanimity ( ! o!r2#c :5 ! greate/ ma/]pieces ( dramatic poetry are condemn$1 & ! noble/ ( musical productions neglect$8 ,?is is :at he w d4 ,he w l[] 8 g5ius to ! level ( ! age1 & w r submit to compose m$iocre works1 t w be admir$ dur+ 8 life-"t1 ?an lab\r at sublime a*ievem5ts :i* w n be admir$ till long aft] he is dead4 ,let ! fam\s ,voltaire tell u h[ _m n]v\s & mascul9e beauties he has sacrific$ to our false delicacy1 & h[ mu* t is great & noble1 t _s ( gallantry1 :i* delights 9 :at is frivol\s & petty1 has co/ him4 ,x is ?us t ! dissolution ( morals1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( luxury1 br+s ) x 9 its turn ! corruption ( ta/e4 ,fur!r1 if by *ance !re be f\nd among m5 ( av]age ability1 an individual ) en\gh /r5g? ( m9d to refuse to comply ) ! _s ( ! age1 & to debase himself by pu]ile productions1 8 lot w be h>d4 ,he w die 9 indig5ce & oblivion4 ,?is is n s mu* a pr$iction1 z a fact already confirm$ by exp]i5ce6 ,yes1 ,c>le & ,pi]re ,vanloo1 ! "t is already come :5 y\r p5cils1 de/9$ to increase ! maje/y ( our temples by sublime & holy images1 mu/ fall f y\r h&s1 or else be pro/itut$ to adorn ! panels ( a coa* ) lascivi\s pa9t+s4 ,& y1 inimitable ,pigal1 rival ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles1 ^: *isel ! anci5ts w\ld h employ$ to c>ve !m gods1 ^: images almo/ excuse _! idolatry 9 our eyes2 ev5 y\r h& mu/ condesc5d to fa%ion ! belly ( an ape1 or else rema9 idle4 ,we _c reflect on ! morality ( mank9d )\t contemplat+ ) pleasure ! picture ( ! simplicity :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,?is image may be ju/ly comp>$ to a beautiful coa/1 adorn$ only by ! h&s ( nature2 t[>ds :i* our eyes are con/antly turn$1 & :i* we see rec$+ ) regret4 ,:ile m5 7 innoc5t & virtu\s & lov$ to h ! gods = witnesses ( _! actions1 !y dwelt toge!r 9 ! same huts2 b :5 !y became vici\s1 !y grew tir$ ( su* inconv5i5t onlook]s1 & bani%$ !m to magnific5t temples4 ,f9ally1 !y expell$ _! deities ev5 f ^!1 9 ord] to dwell !re !mselves2 or at lea/ ! temples ( ! gods 7 no long] m magnific5t ?an ! palaces ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is 0 ! height ( deg5]acy2 nor c\ld vice ev] be c>ri$ to great] l5g?s ?an :5 x 0 se51 support$1 z x 71 at ! doors ( ! great1 on columns ( m>ble1 & grav5 on ,cor9?ian capitals4 ,z ! conv5i5ces ( life increase1 z ! arts are br\ght to p]fection1 & luxury spreads1 true c\rage flags1 ! virtues disappe>2 & all ?is is ! effect ( ! sci5ces & ( ^? arts :i* are ex]cis$ 9 ! privacy ( m5's dwell+s4 ,:5 ! ,go?s ravag$ ,greece1 ! libr>ies only escap$ ! flames ow+ to an op9ion t 0 set on foot among !m1 t x 0 be/ to leave ! enemy ) a possession s calculat$ to div]t _! att5tion f milit>y ex]cises1 & keep !m engag$ 9 indol5t & s$5t>y occupations4 ,*>les ! ,eigh? f\nd himself ma/] ( ,tuscany & ! k+dom ( ,naples1 almo/ )\t draw+ sword2 & all 8 c\rt attribut$ ?is unexpect$ success to ! fact t ! pr9ces & nobles ( ,italy appli$ !mselves ) great] e>ne/ness to ! cultivation ( _! und]/&+s ?an to active & m>tial pursuits4 ,9 fact1 says ! s5sible p]son :o records ^! *>act]i/ics1 exp]i5ce pla9ly tells u1 t 9 milit>y matt]s & all t resemble !m application to ! sci5ces t5ds r to make m5 effem9ate & c[>dly ?an resolute & vigor\s4 ,! ,romans confess$ t milit>y virtue 0 ext+ui%$ among !m1 9 proportion z !y became connoisseurs 9 ! arts ( ! pa9t]1 ! engrav] & ! goldsmi?1 & began to cultivate ! f9e arts4 ,inde$1 z if ?is fam\s c\ntry 0 to be = ev] an example to o!r nations1 ! rise ( ! ,m$ici & ! revival ( lett]s has once m de/roy$1 ?is "t p]haps = ev]1 ! m>tial reputation :i* ,italy seem$ a few c5turies ago to h recov]$4 ,! anci5t republics ( ,greece1 ) t wisdom :i* 0 s conspicu\s 9 mo/ ( _! in/itutions1 =bade _! citiz5s to pursue all ^? inactive & s$5t>y occupations1 :i* by en]vat+ & corrupt+ ! body dim9i% also ! vig\r ( ! m9d4 ,) :at c\rage1 9 fact1 c x be ?\ght t hung] & ?ir/1 fatigues1 dang]s & dea?1 c be fac$ by m5 :om ! smalle/ want ov]:elms & ! slighte/ difficulty repels8 ,) :at resolution c soldi]s support ! excessive toils ( w>1 :5 !y are entirely unaccu/om$ to !m8 ,) :at spirits c !y make =c$ m>*es "u (fic]s :o h n ev5 ! /r5g? to travel on horseback8 ,x is no answ] to cite ! reput$ val\r ( all ! mod]n w>riors :o are s sci5tifically tra9$4 ,i he> mu* ( _! brav]y 9 a day's battle2 b ,i am told no?+ ( h[ !y support excessive fatigue1 h[ !y /& ! sev]ity ( ! seasons & ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,a little sun%9e or sn[1 or ! want ( a few sup]fluities1 is en\gh to cripple & de/roy "o ( our f9e/ armies 9 a few days4 ,intrepid w>riors ,i p]mit me = once to tell y ! tru?1 :i* y seldom he>4 ,( y\r brav]y ,i am fully satisfi$4 ,i h no d\bt t y w\ld h triumph$ ) ,hannibal at ,cann1 & at ,trasim5e3 t y w\ld h pass$ ! ,rubicon ) ,cs>1 & enabl$ him to enslave 8 c\ntry2 b y nev] w\ld h be5 able to cross ! ,alps ) ! =m]1 or ) ! latt] to subdue y\r own ance/ors1 ! ,gauls4 ,a w> does n always dep5d on ! ev5ts ( battle3 !re is 9 g5]al%ip an art sup]ior to t ( ga9+ victories4 ,a man may behave ) great intrepidity "u fire1 & yet be a v _h (fic]4 ,ev5 9 ! common soldi]1 a little m ,/r5g? & vig\r w\ld p]haps be m useful ?an s mu* c\rage1 :i* aft] all is no protection f dea?4 ,& :at does x matt] to ! ,/ate :e!r its troops p]i% by cold & fev]1 or by ! sword ( ! enemy8 ,if ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces is prejudicial to milit>y qualities1 x is /ill m s to moral qualities4 ,ev5 f our infancy an absurd sy/em ( education s]ves to adorn our wit & corrupt our judgm5t4 ,we see1 on e side1 huge in/itutions1 :]e our y\? are educat$ at great exp5se1 & in/ruct$ 9 ev]y?+ b _! duty4 ,y\r *ildr5 w be ignorant ( _! own language1 :5 !y c talk o!rs :i* are n spok5 any:]e4 ,!y w be able to compose v]ses :i* !y c h>dly und]/&2 &1 )\t be+ capable ( di/+ui%+ tru? f error1 !y w possess ! art ( mak+ !m unrecognisable by speci\s argum5ts4 ,b magnanimity1 equity1 temp]ance1 humanity & c\rage w be words ( :i* !y "k n ! mean+4 ,! de> "n ( c\ntry w nev] /rike on _! e>s2 & if !y ev] he> speak ( ,god1#d x w be less to fe>1 ?an to be fright5$ ( ,him4 ,i w\ld z soon1 said a wise man1 t my pupil _h sp5t 8 "t 9 ! t5nis c\rt z 9 ?is mann]2 = !re 8 body at lea/ w\ld h got ex]cise4 ,i well "k t *ildr5 ought to be kept employ$1 & t idl5ess is = !m ! dang] mo/ to be fe>$4 ,b :at %\ld !y be taught8 ,?is is und\bt$ly an important "q4 ,let !m be taught :at !y are to practise :5 !y come to be m52#e n :at !y ought to =get4 ,our g>d5s are adorn$ ) /atues & our gall]ies ) pictures4 ,:at w\ld y imag9e ^! ma/]pieces ( art1 ?us exhibit$ to public admiration1 repres5t8 ,! great m51 :o h def5d$ _! c\ntry1 or ! /ill great] m5 :o h enri*$ x by _! virtues8 ,f> f x4 ,!y are ! images ( e p]v]sion ( he>t & m9d1 c>efully select$ f anci5t my?ology1 & pres5t$ to ! e>ly curiosity ( our *ildr51 d\btless t !y may h be=e _! eyes ! repres5tations ( vici\s actions1 ev5 be=e !y are able to read4 ,:5ce arise all ^? abuses1 unless x be f t fatal inequality introduc$ among m5 by ! diff]5ce ( tal5ts & ! *eap5+ ( virtue8 ,?is is ! mo/ evid5t effect ( all our /udies1 & ! mo/ dang]\s ( all _! consequ5ces4 ,! "q is no long] :e!r a man is hone/1 b :e!r he is clev]4 ,we d n ask :e!r a book is useful1 b :e!r x is well-writt54 ,rew>ds are lavi%$ on wit & +5uity1 :ile virtue is left unhon\r$4 ,!re are a ?\s& prizes = f9e disc\rses1 & none = good actions4 ,i %\ld be glad1 h[ev]1 to "k :e!r ! hon\r atta*+ to ! be/ disc\rse t ev] w9s ! prize 9 ?is ,academy is comp>able ) ! m]it ( hav+ f\nd$ ! prize4 ,a wise man does n g 9 *ase ( =tune2 b he is by no means ins5sible to glory1 & :5 he sees x s ill di/ribut$1 8 virtue1 :i* might h be5 animat$ by a little emulation1 & turn$ to ! advantage ( society1 droops & dies away 9 obscurity & indig5ce4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! agreeable arts mu/ 9 "t ev]y:]e be pref]r$ to ! useful2 & ?is tru? has be5 b too mu* confirm$ s9ce ! revival ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,we h physici/s1 geometricians1 *emi/s1 a/ronom]s1 poets1 musicians1 & pa9t]s 9 pl5ty2 b we h no long] a citiz5 among u2 or if !re be f\nd a few scatt]$ ov] our ab&on$ c\ntryside1 !y are left to p]i% !re unnotic$ & neglect$4 ,su* is ! condition to :i* we are r$uc$1 & su* are our feel+s t[>ds ^? :o give u our daily bread1 & our *ildr5 milk4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ! evil is n s great z x might h become4 ,! et]nal provid5ce1 9 plac+ salut>y simples beside noxi\s plants1 & mak+ poison\s animals conta9 _! own antidote1 has taught ! sov]eigns ( ! e>?1 :o are its m9i/]s1 to imitate its wisdom4 ,x is by foll[+ ?is example t ! truly great mon>*1 to ^: glory e age w add new lu/re1 drew f ! v bosom ( ! arts & sci5ces1 ! v f\nta9s ( a ?\s& lapses f rectitude1 ^? fam\s societies1 :i*1 :ile !y are deposit>ies ( ! dang]\s tru/ ( human k1 are yet ! sacr$ gu>dians ( morals1 by ! att5tion !y pay to _! ma9t5ance among !mselves 9 all _! purity1 & by ! dem&s :i* !y make on e memb] :om !y admit4 ,^! wise in/itutions1 confirm$ by 8 augu/ successor & imitat$ by all ! k+s ( ,europe1 w s]ve at lea/ to re/ra9 m5 ( lett]s1 :o1 all aspir+ to ! hon\r ( be+ admitt$ into ^! ,academies1 w keep wat* ov] !mselves1 & endeav\r to make !mselves wor?y ( su* hon\r by useful p]=mances & irreproa*able morals4 ,^? ,academies also1 :i*1 9 propos+ prizes = lit]>y m]it1 make *oice ( su* subjects z are calculat$ to ar\se ! love ( virtue 9 ! he>ts ( citiz5s1 prove t x prevails 9 !mselves1 & mu/ give m5 ! r>e & real pleasure ( f9d+ le>n$ societies devot+ !mselves to ! enlight5m5t ( mank9d1 n only by agreeable ex]cises ( ! intellect1 b also by useful in/ructions4 ,an objection :i* may be made is1 9 fact1 only an additional pro( ( my argum5t4 ,s mu* precaution proves b too evid5tly ! ne$ = x4 ,we nev] seek rem$ies = evils t d n exi/4 ,:y1 inde$1 mu/ ^! be> all ! m>ks ( ord9>y rem$ies1 on acc\nt ( _! inefficacy8 ,! num]\s e/abli%m5ts 9 fav\r ( ! le>n$ are only adapt$ to make m5 mi/ake ! objects ( ! sci5ces1 & turn m5's att5tion to ! cultivation ( !m4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k1 f ! precautions ev]y:]e tak51 t we are ov]/ock$ ) husb&m51 & are afraid ( a %ortage ( philosoph]s4 ,i w n v5ture "h to ent] into a comp>ison betwe5 agriculture & philosophy1 z !y w\ld n be> x4 ,i %all only ask ,:at is philosophy8 ,:at is conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph]s8 ,:at are ! lessons ( ^! fri5ds ( wisdom4 ,to he> !m1 %\ld we n take !m = s _m m\ntebanks1 exhibit+ !mselves 9 public1 & cry+ out1 ,"h1 ,"h1 come to me1 ,i am ! only true doctor8 ,"o ( !m tea*es t !re is no su* ?+ z matt]1 b t ev]y?+ exi/s only 9 repres5tation4 ,ano!r decl>es t !re is no o!r sub/ance ?an matt]1 & no o!r ,god ?an ! _w itself4 ,a ?ird tells y t !re are no su* ?+s z virtue & vice1 & t moral good & evil are *im]as2 :ile a f\r? in=ms y t m5 are only bea/s ( prey1 & may consci5ti\sly dev\r "o ano!r4 ,:y1 my great philosoph]s1 d y n res]ve ^! wise & pr(itable lessons = y\r fri5ds & *ildr58 ,y w\ld soon reap ! b5efit ( !m1 nor %\ld we be "u any appreh5sion ( our own becom+ y\r disciples4 ,su* are ! wond]ful m51 :om _! contempor>ies held 9 ! highe/ e/eem dur+ _! lives1 & to :om immortality has be5 attribut$ s9ce _! decease4 ,su* are ! wise maxims we h receiv$ f !m1 & :i* are transmitt$1 f age to age1 to our desc5dants4 ,paganism1 ?\gh giv5 ov] to all ! extravagances ( human reason1 has left no?+ to comp>e ) ! %ameful monum5ts :i* h be5 prep>$ by ! art ( pr9t+1 dur+ ! reign ( ! gospel4 ,! impi\s writ+s ( ,leucippus & ,diagoras p]i%$ ) _! au?ors4 ,! _w1 9 _! days1 0 ignorant ( ! art ( immortalis+ ! errors & extravagancies ( ! human m9d4 ,b ?anks to ! art ( pr9t+#f & ! use we make ( x1 ! p]nici\s reflections ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza w la/ = ev]4 ,g1 fam\s writ+s1 ( :i* ! ignorance & ru/icity ( our =efa!rs w\ld h be5 incapable4 ,g to our desc5dants1 along ) ^? /ill m p]nici\s works :i* reek ( ! corrupt$ mann]s ( ! pres5t age6 ,let !m toge!r convey to po/]ity a fai?ful hi/ory ( ! progress & advantages ( our arts & sci5ces4 ,if !y are read1 !y w leave n a d\bt ab\t ! "q we are n[ discuss+1 & unless mank9d %\ld !n be /ill m fooli% ?an we1 !y w lift up _! h&s to ,heav5 & exclaim 9 bitt]ness ( he>t3 ,almighty ,god6 ?\ :o holde/ 9 ,?y h& ! m9ds ( m51 deliv] u f ! fatal arts & sci5ces ( our =efa!rs2 give u back ignorance1 innoc5ce & pov]ty1 :i* alone c make u happy & are preci\s 9 ,?y sight4 ,b if ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces has add$ no?+ to our real happ9ess2 if x has corrupt$ our morals1 & if t corruption has vitiat$ our ta/e1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! h]d ( text-book au?ors1 :o h remov$ ^? imp$im5ts :i* nature purposely laid 9 ! way to ! ,temple ( ! ,muses1 9 ord] to gu>d its approa* & try ! p[]s ( ^? :o might be tempt$ to seek k8 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ^? compil]s :o h indiscreetly brok5 op5 ! door ( ! sci5ces1 & introduc$ into _! sanctu>y a populace unwor?y to approa* x1 :5 x 0 greatly to be wi%$ t all :o %\ld be f\nd incapable ( mak+ a consid]able progress 9 ! c>e] ( le>n+ %\ld h be5 repuls$ at ! entrance1 & !reby ca/ ^u ^? arts :i* are useful to society4 ,a man :o w be all 8 life a bad v]sifi]1 or a ?ird-rate geometrician1 might h made nev]!less an excell5t clo?i]4 ,^? :om nature int5d$ = h] disciples h n ne$$ ma/]s4 ,bacon1 ,desc>tes & ,newton1 ^? tea*]s ( mank9d1 _h !mselves no tea*]s4 ,:at guide inde$ c\ld h tak5 !m s f> z _! sublime g5ius direct$ !m8 ,ord9>y ma/]s w\ld only h cramp$ _! intellig5ce1 by conf9+ x )9 ! n>r[ limits ( _! own capacity4 ,x 0 f ! ob/acles !y met ) at fir/1 t !y le>n$ to ex]t !mselves1 & be/irr$ !mselves to trav]se ! va/ field :i* !y cov]$4 ,if x be prop] to all[ "s m5 to apply !mselves to ! /udy ( ! arts & sci5ces1 x is only ^? :o feel !mselves able to walk alone 9 _! foot/eps & to out/rip !m4 ,x belongs only to ^! few to raise monum5ts to ! glory ( ! human und]/&+4 ,b if we are desir\s t no?+ %\ld be above _! g5ius1 no?+ %\ld be beyond _! hopes4 ,?is is ! only enc\ragem5t !y require4 ,! s\l ins5sibly adapts itself to ! objects on :i* x is employ$1 & ?us x is t great occasions produce great m54 ,! greate/ orator 9 ! _w 0 ,consul ( ,rome1 & p]haps ! greate/ ( philosoph]s ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&4 ,c x be conceiv$ t1 if ! =m] _h only be5 a pr(essor at "s ,univ]sity1 & ! latt] a p5sion] ( "s ,academy1 _! works w\ld n h suff]$ f _! situation4 ,let n pr9ces disda9 to admit into _! c\ncils ^? :o are mo/ capable ( giv+ !m good advice4 ,let !m r5\nce ! old prejudice1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! pride ( ! great1 t ! art ( gov]n+ mank9d is m difficult ?an t ( in/ruct+ !m2 z if x 0 easi] to induce m5 to d good volunt>ily1 ?an to compel !m to x by =ce4 ,let ! le>n$ ( ! fir/ rank f9d an hon\rable refuge 9 _! c\rts2 let !m !re enjoy ! only recomp5se wor?y ( !m1 t ( promot+ by _! influ5ce ! happ9ess ( ! peoples !y h enlight5$ by _! wisdom4 ,x is by ?is means only t we are likely to see :at virtue1 sci5ce & au?ority c d1 :5 animat$ by ! noble/ emulation1 & work+ unanim\sly = ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,b s long z p[] alone is on "o side1 & k & ,und]/&+ alone on ! o!r1 ! le>n$ w seldom make great objects _! /udy1 pr9ces w /ill m r>ely d great actions1 & ! peoples w cont9ue to be1 z !y are1 mean1 corrupt & mis]able4 ,z = u1 ord9>y m51 on :om ,heav5 has n be5 pleas$ to be/[ su* great tal5ts2 z we are n de/9$ to reap su* glory1 let u rema9 9 our obscurity4 ,let u n covet a reputation we %\ld nev] atta91 & :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 w\ld nev] make up to u = ! tr\ble x w\ld h co/ u1 ev5 if we 7 fully qualifi$ to obta9 x4 ,:y %\ld we build our happ9ess on ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :5 we c f9d x 9 our own he>ts8 ,let u leave to o!rs ! task ( in/ruct+ mank9d 9 _! duty1 & conf9e ourselves to ! dis*>ge ( our own4 ,we h no occasion = great] k ?an ?is4 ,virtue6 sublime sci5ce ( simple m9ds1 are su* indu/ry & prep>ation ne$$ if we are to "k y8 ,are n y\r pr9ciples grav5 on e he>t8 ,ne$ we d m1 to le>n y\r laws1 ?an exam9e ourselves1 & li/5 to ! voice ( consci5ce1 :5 ! passions are sil5t8 ,?is is ! true philosophy1 ) :i* we mu/ le>n to be cont5t1 )\t envy+ ! fame ( ^? celebrat$ m51 ^: names are immortal 9 ! republic ( lett]s4 ,let u1 in/ead ( envy+ !m1 endeav\r to make1 betwe5 !m & u1 t hon\rable di/9ction :i* 0 =m]ly se5 to exi/ betwe5 two great peoples1 t ! "o knew h[ to speak1 & ! o!r h[ to act1 aright4 #a ,x is easy to see ! allegory 9 ! fable ( ,prome!us3 & x does n appe> t ! ,greeks1 :o *a9$ him to ! ,caucasus1 _h a bett] op9ion ( him ?an ! ,egyptians _h ( _! god ,!utus4 ,! ,satyr1 says an anci5t fable1 ! fir/ "t he saw a fire1 0 go+ to kiss & embrace x2 b ,prome!us cri$ out to him to =be>1 or 8 be>d w\ld rue x4 ,x burns1 says he1 ev]y?+ t t\*es x4 #b ,! less we "k1 ! m we ?9k we "k4 ,! p]ipatetics d\bt$ ( no?+4 ,did n ,desc>tes con/ruct ! univ]se ) cubes & vortices8 ,& is !re 9 all ,europe "o s+le physici/ :o does n boldly expla9 ! inexplicable my/]ies ( electricity1 :i* w1 p]haps1 be = ev] ! despair ( real philosoph]s8 #c ,i am f> f ?9k+ t ! asc5dancy :i* wom5 h obta9$ ov] m5 is an evil 9 itself4 ,x is a pres5t :i* nature has made !m = ! good ( mank9d4 ,if bett] direct$1 x might be productive ( z mu* good1 z x is n[ ( evil4 ,we are n suffici5tly s5sible ( :at advantage x w\ld be to society to give a bett] education to t half ( our species :i* gov]ns ! o!r4 ,m5 w always be :at wom5 *oose to make !m4 ,if y wi% !n t !y %\ld be noble & virtu\s1 let wom5 be taught :at greatness ( s\l & virtue are4 ,! reflections :i* ?is subject ar\ses1 & :i* ,plato =m]ly made1 des]ve to be m fully develop$ by a p5 wor?y ( foll[+ s great a ma/]1 & def5d+ s great a cause4 #d ,p5ses philosophiques 7,did]ot74 #e ,su* 0 ! education ( ! ,sp>tans ) reg>d to "o ( ! greate/ ( _!-k+s4 ,x is well wor?y ( notice1 says ,montaigne1 t ! excell5t in/itutions ( ,lycurgus1 :i* 7 9 tru? miracul\sly p]fect1 paid z mu* att5tion to ! br++ up ( y\? z if ?is 7 _! pr9cipal object1 & yet1 at ! v seat ( ! ,muses1 !y make s little m5tion ( le>n+ t x seems z if _! g5]\s-spirit$ y\? disda9$ e o!r re/ra9t1 & requir$1 in/ead ( ma/]s ( ! sci5ces1 in/ructors 9 val\r1 prud5ce & ju/ice alone4 ,let u he> next :at ! same writ] says ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,plato1 says he1 relates t ! heir to ! ?rone 0 ?us br\ght up4 ,at 8 bir? he 0 committ$1 n to ! c>e ( wom51 b to eunu*s 9 ! highe/ au?ority & ne> ! p]son ( ! k+1 on acc\nt ( _! virtue4 ,^! und]took to r5d] 8 body beautiful & heal?y4 ,at sev5 ye>s ( age !y taught him to ride & g hunt+4 ,at f\rte5 he 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( f\r1 ! wise/1 ! mo/ j1 ! mo/ temp]ate & ! brave/ p]sons 9 ! k+dom4 ,! fir/ in/ruct$ him 9 religion1 ! second taught him to adh]e inviolably to tru?1 ! ?ird to conqu] 8 passions1 & ! f\r? to be afraid ( no?+4 ,all1 ,i may add1 taught him to be a good man2 b n "o taught him to be le>n$4 ,a/yages1 9 ,x5ophon1 desires ,cyrus to give him an acc\nt ( 8 la/ lesson4 ,x 0 ?is1 answ]$ ,cyrus1 "o ( ! big boys1 ( ! s*ool hav+ a small coat1 gave x to a little boy & took away f him 8 coat1 :i* 0 l>g]4 ,our ma/] hav+ appo9t$ me arbit] 9 ! dispute1 ,i ord]$ t matt]s %\ld /& z !y 71 z ea* boy seem$ to be bett] suit$ ?an be=e4 ,! ma/]1 h[ev]1 remon/rat$ ) me1 say+ t ,i consid]$ only conv5i5ce1 :]eas ju/ice ought to h be5 ! fir/ conc]n1 & ju/ice tea*es t no "o %\ld suff] =cible int]f]5ce ) :at belongs to him4 ,he add$ t he 0 puni%$ = 8 wrong decision1 j z boys are puni%$ 9 our c\ntry s*ools :5 !y =get ! fir/ aori/ ( 4 ,my tutor mu/ make me a f9e h>angue1 9 g5]e demon/rative1 be=e he w p]suade me t 8 s*ool is z good z ?is4 #f ,if we consid] ! frightful disord]s :i* pr9t+ has already caus$ 9 ,europe1 & judge ( ! future by ! progress ( its evils f day to day1 x is easy to =esee t sov]eigns w h]eaft] take z mu* pa9s to bani% ?is dreadful art f _! dom9ions1 z !y ev] took to enc\rage x ,! ,sultan ,a*met1 yield+ to ! importunities ( c]ta9 pret5d]s to ta/e1 cons5t$ to h a press erect$ at ,con/ant9ople2 b x 0 h>dly set to "w be=e !y 7 oblig$ to de/roy x1 & ?r[ ! plant into a well4 ,x is relat$ t ! ,caliph ,om>1 be+ ask$ :at %\ld be done ) ! libr>y at ,alex&ria1 answ]$ 9 ^! words4 ,if ! books 9 ! libr>y conta9 any?+ contr>y to ! ,alcoran1 !y are evil & ought to be burnt2 if !y conta9 only :at ! ,alcoran tea*es1 !y are sup]flu\s4 ,?is reason+ has be5 cit$ by o> m5 ( lett]s z ! height ( absurdity2 b if ,gregory ! ,great _h be5 9 ! place ( ,om>1 & ! ,gospel 9 ! place ( ! ,alcoran1 ! libr>y w\ld /ill h be5 burnt1 & x w\ld h be5 p]haps ! f9e/ action ( 8 life4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,a ,,subject ,,propos$ ,,by ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,dijon3 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,inequality ,,among ,,m51 ,,& ,,is ,,x ,,au?oris$ ,,by ,,natural ,,law8 ,non 9 depravatis1 s$ 9 8 qua b5e secundum naturam se hab5t1 consid]&um e/ quid sit naturale4 ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 ,bk4 i1 *4 #b4 ,we %\ld consid] :at is natural n 9 ?+s :i* are deprav$ b 9 ^? :i* are rightly ord]$ accord+ to nature4 ,,d$ication ,,to ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,g5eva ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable1 ,,magnific5t ,,& ,,sov]eign ,,lords1 conv9c$ t only a virtu\s citiz5 c conf] on 8 c\ntry hon\rs :i* x c accept1 ,i h be5 = ?irty ye>s pa/ work+ to make myself wor?y to (f] y "s public homage2 &1 ?is =tunate opportunity supplem5t+ 9 "s degree ! insuffici5cy ( my ef=ts1 ,i h ?\ght myself entitl$ to foll[ 9 embrac+ x ! dictates ( ! zeal :i* inspires me1 r ?an ! "r :i* %\ld h be5 my au?orisation4 ,hav+ _h ! happ9ess to be born among y1 h[ c\ld ,i reflect on ! equality :i* nature has orda9$ betwe5 m51 & ! inequality :i* !y h introduc$1 )\t reflect+ on ! pr(\nd wisdom by :i* bo? are 9 ?is ,/ate happily comb9$ & made to co9cide1 9 ! mann] t is mo/ 9 con=mity ) natural law1 & mo/ fav\rable to society1 to ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] & to ! happ9ess ( individuals8 ,9 my rese>*es aft] ! be/ rules common s5se c lay d[n = ! con/itution ( a gov]nm5t1 ,i h be5 s /ruck at f9d+ !m all 9 actuality 9 y\r own1 t ev5 _h ,i n be5 born )9 y\r walls ,i %\ld h ?\ght x indisp5sable = me to (f] ?is picture ( human society to t p1 :i* ( all o!rs seems to be possess$ ( its greate/ advantages1 & to h be/ gu>d$ aga9/ its abuses4 ,if ,i _h _h to make *oice ( ! place ( my bir?1 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ a society :i* _h an ext5t proportionate to ! limits ( ! human faculties2 t is1 to ! possibility ( be+ well gov]n$3 9 :i* e p]son be+ equal to 8 occupation1 no "o %\ld be oblig$ to commit to o!rs ! functions ) :i* he 0 entru/$3 a ,/ate1 9 :i* all ! individuals be+ well kn[n to "o ano!r1 nei!r ! secret ma*9ations ( vice1 nor ! mode/y ( virtue %\ld be able to escape ! notice & judgm5t ( ! public2 & 9 :i* ! pleasant cu/om ( see+ & kn[+ "o ano!r %\ld make ! love ( c\ntry r a love ( ! citiz5s ?an ( its soil4 ,i %\ld h wi%$ to be born 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( ! ,sov]eign & t ( ! p mu/ be s+le & id5tical2 to ! end t all ! movem5ts ( ! ma*9e might t5d always to ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,& z ?is c\ld n be ! case1 unless ! ,sov]eign & ! p 7 "o & ! same p]son1 x foll[s t ,i %\ld h wi%$ to be born "u a democratic gov]nm5t1 wisely temp]$4 ,i %\ld h wi%$ to live & die free3 t is1 s f> subject to ! laws t nei!r ,i1 nor anybody else1 %\ld be able to ca/ (f _! hon\rable yoke3 ! easy & salut>y yoke :i* ! haughtie/ necks be> ) ! great] docility1 z !y are made to be> no o!r4 ,i %\ld h wi%$ !n t no "o )9 ! ,/ate %\ld be able to say he 0 above ! law2 & t no "o )\t %\ld be able to dictate s t ! ,/ate %\ld be oblig$ to recognise 8 au?ority4 ,=1 be ! con/itution ( a gov]nm5t :at x may1 if !re be )9 its jurisdiction a s+le man :o is n subject to ! law1 all ! re/ are necess>ily at 8 discretion4 ,& if !re be a national rul] )91 & a =eign rul] )\t1 h[ev] !y may divide _! au?ority1 x is impossible t bo? %\ld be duly obey$1 or t ! ,/ate %\ld be well gov]n$4 ,i %\ld n h *os5 to live 9 a republic ( rec5t in/itution1 h[ev] excell5t its laws2 = fe> ! gov]nm5t1 be+ p]haps o!rwise fram$ ?an ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t might require1 might disagree ) ! new citiz5s1 or !y ) x1 & ! ,/ate run ! risk ( ov]?r[ & de/ruction almo/ z soon z x came into be+4 ,= x is ) lib]ty z x is ) ^? solid & succul5t foods1 or ) ^? g5]\s w9es :i* are well adapt$ to n\ri% & =tify robu/ con/itutions t are us$ to !m1 b ru9 & intoxicate weak & delicate con/itutions to :i* !y are n suit$4 ,peoples once accu/om$ to ma/]s are n 9 a condition to d )\t !m4 ,if !y attempt to %ake (f ! yoke1 !y /ill m e/range !mselves f fre$om1 z1 by mi/ak+ = x an unbridl$ lic5se to :i* x is diametrically oppos$1 !y ne>ly always manage1 by _! revolutions1 to h& !mselves ov] to s$uc]s1 :o only make _! *a9s heavi] ?an be=e4 ,! ,roman p itself1 a model = all free peoples1 0 :olly incapable ( gov]n+ itself :5 x escap$ f ! oppression ( ! ,t>qu9s4 ,debas$ by slav]y1 & ! ignom9i\s tasks :i* _h be5 impos$ ^u x1 x 0 at fir/ no bett] ?an a /upid mob1 :i* x 0 necess>y to control & gov]n ) ! greate/ wisdom2 9 ord] t1 be+ accu/om$ by degrees to brea! ! heal?-giv+ air ( lib]ty1 m9ds :i* _h be5 en]vat$ or r brutalis$ "u tyranny1 might gradually acquire t sev]ity ( morals & _s ( =titude :i* made x at l5g? ! p ( all mo/ wor?y ( respect4 ,i %\ld1 !n1 h s\ght out = my c\ntry "s peaceful & happy ,republic1 ( an antiquity t lo/ itself1 z x 71 9 ! night ( "t3 :i* _h exp]i5c$ only su* %ocks z s]v$ to manife/ & /r5g!n ! c\rage & patriotism ( its subjects2 & ^: citiz5s1 long accu/om$ to a wise indep5d5ce1 7 n only free1 b wor?y to be s4 ,i %\ld h wi%$ to *oose myself a c\ntry1 div]t$1 by a =tunate impot5ce1 f ! brutal love ( conque/1 & secur$1 by a /ill m =tunate situation1 f ! fe> ( becom+ itself ! conque/ ( o!r ,/ates3 a free city situat$ betwe5 sev]al nations1 none ( :i* %\ld h any int]e/ 9 attack+ x1 :ile ea* _h an int]e/ 9 prev5t+ x f be+ attack$ by ! o!rs2 9 %ort1 a ,republic :i* %\ld h no?+ to tempt ! ambition ( its neighb\rs1 b might reasonably dep5d on _! assi/ance 9 case ( ne$4 ,x foll[s t a republican ,/ate s happily situat$ c\ld h no?+ to fe> b f itself2 & t1 if its memb]s tra9$ !mselves to ! use ( arms1 x w\ld be r to keep alive t milit>y ard\r & c\rage\s _s :i* are s prop] among free-m51 & t5d to keep up _! ta/e = lib]ty1 ?an f ! necessity ( provid+ = _! def5ce4 ,i %\ld h s\ght a c\ntry1 9 :i* ! "r ( legislation 0 ve/$ 9 all ! citiz5s2 = :o c judge bett] ?an !y ( ! conditions "u :i* !y _h be/ dwell toge!r 9 ! same society8 ,n t ,i %\ld h approv$ ( ,plebiscita1 l ^? among ! ,romans2 9 :i* ! rul]s 9 ! ,/ate1 & ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 its pres]vation1 7 exclud$ f ! delib]ations on :i* 9 _m cases its security dep5d$2 & 9 :i*1 by ! mo/ absurd inconsi/5cy1 ! magi/rates 7 depriv$ ( rights :i* ! meane/ citiz5s enjoy$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld h desir$ t1 9 ord] to prev5t self-int]e/$ & ill-conceiv$ projects1 & all su* dang]\s innovations z f9ally ru9$ ! ,a!nians1 ea* man %\ld n be at lib]ty to propose new laws at pleasure2 b t ?is "r %\ld belong exclusively to ! magi/rates2 & t ev5 !y %\ld use x ) s mu* caution1 ! p1 on its side1 be s res]v$ 9 giv+ its cons5t to su* laws1 & ! promulgation ( !m be att5d$ ) s mu* solemnity1 t be=e ! con/itution c\ld be upset by !m1 !re might be "t en\gh = all to be conv9c$1 t x is above all ! great antiquity ( ! laws :i* makes !m sacr$ & v5]able1 t m5 soon le>n to despise laws :i* !y see daily alt]$1 & t ,/ates1 by accu/om+ !mselves to neglect _! anci5t cu/oms "u ! pretext ( improvem5t1 (t5 introduce great] evils ?an ^? !y endeav\r to remove4 ,i %\ld h p>ticul>ly avoid$1 z necess>ily ill-gov]n$1 a ,republic 9 :i* ! p1 imag9+ !mselves 9 a position to d )\t magi/rates1 or at lea/ to leave !m ) only a prec>i\s au?ority1 %\ld imprud5tly h kept = !mselves ! adm9i/ration ( civil affairs & ! execution ( _! own laws4 ,su* mu/ h be5 ! rude con/itution ( primitive gov]nm5ts1 directly em]g+ f a /ate ( nature2 & ?is 0 ano!r ( ! vices t contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( ! ,republic ( ,a!ns4 ,b ,i %\ld h *os5 a community 9 :i* ! individuals1 cont5t ) sanction+ _! laws1 & decid+ ! mo/ important public affairs 9 g5]al assembly & on ! motion ( ! rul]s1 _h e/abli%$ hon\r$ tribunals1 c>efully di/+ui%$ ! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 & elect$ ye> by ye> "s ( ! mo/ capable & upright ( _! fell[-citiz5s to adm9i/] ju/ice & gov]n ! ,/ate2 a community1 9 %ort1 9 :i* ! virtue ( ! magi/rates ?us be>+ witness to ! wisdom ( ! p1 ea* class reciprocally did ! o!r hon\r4 ,if 9 su* a case any fatal misund]/&+s arose to di/urb ! public peace1 ev5 ^! int]vals ( bl9dness & error w\ld be> ! m>ks ( mod]ation1 mutual e/eem1 & a common respect = ! laws2 :i* are sure signs & pl$ges ( a reconciliation z la/+ z s9c]e4 ,su* are ! advantages1 mo/ hon\rable1 magnific5t & sov]eign lords1 :i* ,i %\ld h s\ght 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ,i %\ld h *os5 to be born4 ,& if provid5ce _h add$ to all ^! a delightful situation1 a temp]ate climate1 a f]tile soil1 & ! mo/ beautiful c\ntryside "u ,heav51 ,i %\ld h desir$ only1 to complete my felicity1 ! peaceful enjoym5t ( all ^! bless+s1 9 ! bosom ( ?is happy c\ntry2 to live at peace 9 ! sweet society ( my fell[-citiz5s1 & practis+ t[>ds !m1 f _! own example1 ! duties ( fri5d%ip1 humanity1 & e o!r virtue1 to leave beh9d me ! hon\rable memory ( a good man1 & an upright & virtu\s patriot4 ,b1 if less =tunate or too late gr[n wise1 ,i _h se5 myself r$uc$ to end an infirm & langui%+ life 9 o!r climates1 va9ly regrett+ t peaceful repose :i* ,i _h =feit$ 9 ! imprud5ce ( y\?1 ,i %\ld at lea/ h ent]ta9$ ! same feel+s 9 my he>t1 ?\gh d5i$ ! opportunity ( mak+ use ( !m 9 my native c\ntry4 ,fill$ ) a t5d] & dis9t]e/$ love = my di/ant fell[-citiz5s1 ,i %\ld h address$ !m f my he>t1 mu* 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,my de> fell[-citiz5s1 or r my bro!rs1 s9ce ! ties ( blood1 z well z ! laws1 unite almo/ all ( u1 x gives me pleasure t ,i _c ?9k ( y1 )\t ?9k+1 at ! same "t1 ( all ! bless+s y enjoy1 & ( :i* none ( y1 p]haps1 m deeply feels ! value ?an ,i :o h lo/ !m4 ,! m ,i reflect on y\r civil & political condition1 ! less c ,i conceive t ! nature ( human affairs c\ld admit ( a bett]4 ,9 all o!r gov]nm5ts1 :5 !re is a "q ( ensur+ ! greate/ good ( ! ,/ate1 no?+ gets beyond projects & ideas1 or at be/ b>e possibilities4 ,b z = y1 y\r happ9ess is complete1 & y h no?+ to d b enjoy x2 y require no?+ m to be made p]fectly happy1 ?an to "k h[ to be satisfi$ ) be+ s4 ,y\r sov]eignty1 acquir$ or recov]$ by ! sword1 & ma9ta9$ = two c5turies pa/ by y\r val\r & wisdom1 is at l5g? fully & univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,y\r b\nd>ies are fix$1 y\r rights confirm$ & y\r repose secur$ by hon\rable treaties4 ,y\r con/itution is excell5t1 be+ n only dictat$ by ! pr(\nde/ wisdom1 b gu>ante$ by great & fri5dly p[]s4 ,y\r ,/ate enjoys p]fect tranquillity2 y h nei!r w>s nor conqu]ors to fe>2 y h no o!r ma/] ?an ! wise laws y h y\rselves made2 & ^! are adm9i/]$ by upright magi/rates ( y\r own *oos+4 ,y are nei!r s weal?y z to be en]vat$ by effem9acy1 & !nce to lose1 9 ! pursuit ( frivol\s pleasures1 ! ta/e = real happ9ess & solid virtue2 nor poor en\gh to require m assi/ance f abroad ?an y\r own indu/ry is suffici5t to procure y4 ,9 ! meantime ! preci\s privilege ( lib]ty1 :i* 9 great nations is ma9ta9$ only by submission to ! mo/ exorbitant impositions1 co/s y h>dly any?+ = its pres]vation4 ,may a ,republic1 s wisely & happily con/itut$1 la/ = ev]1 = an example to o!r nations1 & = ! felicity ( its own citiz5s6 ,?is is ! only pray] y h left to make1 ! only precaution t rema9s to be tak54 ,x dep5ds1 = ! future1 on y\rselves alone 7n to make y happy1 = y\r ance/ors h sav$ y t tr\ble71 b to r5d] t happ9ess la/+1 by y\r wisdom 9 its enjoym5t4 ,x is on y\r con/ant union1 y\r ob$i5ce to ! laws1 & y\r respect = _! m9i/]s1 t y\r pres]vation dep5ds4 ,if !re rema9s among y ! smalle/ trace ( bitt]ness or di/ru/1 ha/5 to de/roy x1 z an accurs$ leav5 :i* soon] or lat] mu/ br+ mis=tune & ru9 on ! ,/ate4 ,i conjure y all to look into y\r he>ts1 & to he>k5 to ! secret voice ( consci5ce4 ,is !re any among y :o c f9d1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 a m upright1 m enlight5$ & m hon\rable body ?an y\r magi/racy8 ,d n all its memb]s set y an example ( mod]ation1 ( simplicity ( mann]s1 ( respect = ! laws1 & ( ! mo/ s9c]e h>mony8 ,place1 !re=e1 )\t res]ve1 9 su* wise sup]iors1 t salut>y confid5ce :i* reason ev] owes to virtue4 ,consid] t !y are y\r own *oice1 t !y ju/ify t *oice1 & t ! hon\rs due to ^? :om y h dignifi$ are necess>ily y\rs by reflexion4 ,n "o ( y is s ignorant z n to "k t1 :5 ! laws lose _! =ce & ^? :o def5d !m _! au?ority1 security & lib]ty are univ]sally impossible4 ,:y1 !re=e1 %\ld y hesitate to d t *e]fully & ) j confid5ce :i* y w\ld all along h be5 b\nd to d by y\r true int]e/1 y\r duty & reason itself8 ,let n a culpable & p]nici\s indiff]5ce to ! ma9t5ance ( ! con/itution ev] induce y to neglect1 9 case ( ne$1 ! prud5t advice ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & zeal\s ( y\r fell[-citiz5s2 b let equity1 mod]ation & firmness ( resolution cont9ue to regulate all y\r proce$+s1 & to exhibit y to ! :ole univ]se z ! example ( a valiant & mode/ p1 jeal\s equally ( _! hon\r & ( _! lib]ty4 ,bew>e p>ticul>ly1 z ! la/ piece ( advice ,i %all give y1 ( s9i/] con/ructions & v5om\s rum\rs1 ! secret motives ( :i* are (t5 m dang]\s ?an ! actions at :i* !y are levell$4 ,a :ole h\se w be awake & take ! fir/ al>m giv5 by a good & tru/y wat*-dog1 :o b>ks only at ! approa* ( ?ieves2 b we hate ! importunity ( ^? noisy curs1 :i* are p]petually di/urb+ ! public repose1 & ^: cont9ual ill-tim$ w>n+s prev5t our att5d+ to !m1 :5 !y may p]haps be necess>y4 ,& y1 mo/ hon\rable & magnific5t lords1 ! wor?y & rev]$ magi/rates ( a free p1 p]mit me to (f] y 9 p>ticul> my duty & homage4 ,if !re is 9 ! _w a /ation capable ( conf]r+ hon\r on ^? :o fill x1 x is und\bt$ly t :i* virtue & tal5ts comb9e to be/[1 t ( :i* y h made y\rselves wor?y1 & to :i* y h be5 promot$ by y\r fell[-citiz5s4 ,_! wor? adds a new lu/re to y\r own2 :ile1 z y h be5 *os51 by m5 capable ( gov]n+ o!rs1 to gov]n !mselves1 ,i _c b hold y z mu* sup]ior to all o!r magi/rates1 z a free p1 & p>ticul>ly t ov] :i* y h ! hon\r to preside1 is by its wisdom & its reason sup]ior to ! populace ( o!r ,/ates4 ,be x p]mitt$ me to cite an example ( :i* !re ought to h exi/$ bett] records1 & "o :i* w be ev] ne> to my he>t4 ,i _c recall to m9d1 )\t ! sweete/ emotions1 ! memory ( t virtu\s citiz51 to :om ,i owe my be+1 & by :om ,i 0 (t5 in/ruct$1 9 my infancy1 9 ! respect :i* is due to y4 ,i see him /ill1 liv+ by ! "w ( 8 h&s1 & fe$+ 8 s\l on ! sublime/ tru?s4 ,i see ! works ( ,tacitus1 ,plut>* & ,grotius1 ly+ be=e him 9 ! mid/ ( ! tools ( 8 trade4 ,at 8 side /&s 8 de> son1 receiv+1 alas ) too little pr(it1 ! t5d] in/ructions ( ! be/ ( fa!rs4 ,b1 if ! follies ( y\? made me = a :ile =get 8 wise lessons1 ,i h at l5g? ! happ9ess to be consci\s t1 :atev] prop5sity "o may h to vice1 x is n easy = an education1 ) :i* love has m+l$1 to be entirely ?r[n away4 ,su*1 my mo/ hon\rable & magnific5t lords1 are ! citiz5s1 & ev5 ! common inhabitants ( ! ,/ate :i* y gov]n2 su* are ^? intellig5t & s5sible m51 ( :om1 "u ! "n ( workm5 & ! p1 x is usual1 9 o!r nations1 to h a l[ & false op9ion4 ,my fa!r1 ,i own ) pleasure1 0 9 no way di/+ui%$ among 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,he 0 only su* z !y all are2 & yet1 su* z he 01 !re is no c\ntry1 9 :i* 8 acqua9tance w\ld n h be5 covet$1 & cultivat$ ev5 ) advantage by m5 ( ! highe/ "*4 ,x w\ld n become me1 nor is x1 ?ank ,heav51 at all necess>y = me to rem9d y ( ! reg>d :i* su* m5 h a "r to expect ( _! magi/rates1 to :om !y are equal bo? by education & by ! rights ( nature & bir?1 & inf]ior only1 by _! own w1 by t pref]5ce :i* !y owe to y\r m]it1 &1 = giv+ y1 c claim "s sort ( ackn[l$gm5t on y\r side4 ,x is ) a lively satisfaction ,i und]/& t ! greate/ c&\r & condesc5sion att5d1 9 all y\r behavi\r t[>ds !m1 on t gravity :i* becomes ! m9i/]s ( ! law2 & t y s well repay !m1 by y\r e/eem & att5tion1 ! respect & ob$i5ce :i* !y owe to y4 ,?is conduct is n only j b prud5t2 z x happily t5ds to oblit]ate ! memory ( _m unhappy ev5ts1 :i* ought to be buri$ 9 et]nal oblivion4 ,x is also s mu* ! m judici\s1 z x t5ds to make ?is g5]\s & equitable p f9d a pleasure 9 _! duty2 to make !m naturally love to d y hon\r1 & to cause ^? :o are ! mo/ zeal\s 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! own rights to be at ! same "t ! mo/ dispos$ to respect y\rs4 ,x ought n to be ?\ght surpris+ t ! rul]s ( a civil society %\ld h ! welf>e & glory ( _! communities at he>t3 b x is uncommonly =tunate = ! peace ( m51 :5 ^? p]sons :o look ^u !mselves z ! magi/rates1 or r ! ma/]s ( a m holy & sublime c\ntry1 %[ "s love = ! e>?ly c\ntry :i* ma9ta9s !m4 ,i am happy 9 hav+ x 9 my p[] to make s s+ul> an exception 9 our fav\r1 & to be able to rank1 among its be/ citiz5s1 ^? zeal\s deposit>ies ( ! sacr$ articles ( fai? e/abli%$ by ! laws1 ^? v5]able %eph]ds ( s\ls ^: p[]ful & captivat+ eloqu5ce are s mu* ! bett] calculat$ to be> to m5's he>ts ! maxims ( ! gospel1 z !y are !mselves ! fir/ to put !m into practice4 ,all ! _w kn[s ( ! great success ) :i* ! art ( ! pulpit is cultivat$ at ,g5eva2 b m5 are s us$ to he>+ div9es prea* "o ?+ & practise ano!r1 t few h a *ance ( kn[+ h[ f> ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 hol9ess ( mann]s1 sev]ity t[>ds !mselves & indulg5ce t[>ds _! neighb\rs1 prevail ?r\gh\t ! :ole body ( our m9i/]s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 giv5 to ! city ( ,g5eva alone1 to produce ! edify+ example ( s p]fect a union betwe5 its cl]gy & m5 ( lett]s4 ,x is 9 great measure on _! wisdom1 _! kn[n mod]ation1 & _! zeal = ! prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate t ,i build my hopes ( its p]petual tranquillity4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i notice1 ) a pleasure m+l$ ) surprise & v5]ation1 h[ mu* !y dete/ ! frightful maxims ( ^? accurs$ & b>b>\s m51 ( :om hi/ory furni%es u ) m ?an "o example2 :o1 9 ord] to support ! pret5d$ rights ( ,god1 t is to say _! own int]e/s1 h be5 s mu* ! less gre$y ( human blood1 z !y 7 m hopeful _! own 9 p>ticul> w\ld be always respect$4 ,i mu/ n =get t preci\s half ( ! ,republic1 :i* makes ! happ9ess ( ! o!r2 & ^: sweetness & prud5ce pres]ve its tranquillity & virtue4 ,amiable & virtu\s daught]s ( ,g5eva1 x w be always ! lot ( y\r sex to gov]n ours4 ,happy are we1 s long z y\r *a/e influ5ce1 solely ex]cis$ )9 ! limits ( conjugal union1 is ex]t$ only = ! glory ( ! ,/ate & ! happ9ess ( ! public4 ,x 0 ?us ! female sex comm&$ at ,sp>ta2 & ?us y des]ve to comm& at ,g5eva4 ,:at man c be su* a b>b>ian z to resi/ ! voice ( hon\r & reason1 com+ f ! lips ( an affectionate wife8 ,:o w\ld n despise2 ! vanities ( luxury1 on behold+ ! simple & mode/ attire :i*1 f ! lu/re x d]ives f y1 seems ! mo/ fav\rable to beauty8 ,x is y\r task to p]petuate1 by y\r ins9uat+ influ5ce & y\r innoc5t & amiable rule1 a respect = ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & h>mony among ! citiz5s4 ,x is y\rs to reunite divid$ families by happy m>riages2 &1 above all ?+s1 to correct1 by ! p]suasive sweetness ( y\r lessons & ! mode/ graces ( y\r conv]sation1 ^? extravagancies :i* our "y p pick up 9 o!r c\ntries1 :5ce1 in/ead ( _m useful ?+s by :i* !y might pr(it1 !y br+ home h>dly any?+1 besides a pu]ile air & a ridicul\s mann]1 acquir$ among loose wom51 b an admiration = ,i "k n :at s-call$ gr&eur1 & paltry recomp5ses = be+ slaves1 :i* c nev] come ne> ! real greatness ( lib]ty4 ,cont9ue1 !re=e1 always to be :at y are1 ! *a/e gu>dians ( our morals1 & ! sweet security = our peace1 ex]t+ on e occasion ! privileges ( ! he>t & ( nature1 9 ! int]e/s ( duty & virtue4 ,i flatt] myself t ,i %all nev] be prov$ to h be5 mi/ak51 9 build+ on su* a f\ndation my hopes ( ! g5]al happ9ess ( ! citiz5s & ! glory ( ! ,republic4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ) all ^! advantages1 x w n %9e ) t lu/re1 by :i* ! eyes ( mo/ m5 are dazzl$2 a pu]ile & fatal ta/e = :i* is ! mo/ mortal enemy ( happ9ess & lib]ty4 ,let our dissolute y\? seek else:]e light pleasures & long rep5tances4 ,let our pret5d]s to ta/e admire else:]e ! gr&eur ( palaces1 ! beauty ( equipages1 sumptu\s furniture1 ! pomp ( public ent]ta9m5ts1 & all ! ref9em5ts ( luxury & effem9acy4 ,g5eva boa/s no?+ b m52 su* a sight has nev]!less a value ( its own1 & ^? :o h a ta/e = x are well wor? ! admir]s ( all ! re/4 ,deign1 mo/ hon\rable1 magnific5t & sov]eign lords1 to receive1 & ) equal goodness1 ?is respectful te/imony ( ! int]e/ ,i take 9 y\r common prosp]ity4 ,&1 if ,i h be5 s unhappy z to be guilty ( any indiscreet transport 9 ?is gl[+ effusion ( my he>t1 ,i besee* y to p>don me1 & to attribute x to ! t5d] affection ( a true patriot1 & to ! ard5t & legitimate zeal ( a man1 :o c imag9e = himself no great] felicity ?an to see y happy4 ,mo/ hon\rable1 magnific5t & sov]eign lords1 ,i am1 ) ! mo/ pr(\nd respect1 ,y\r mo/ humble & ob$i5t s]vant & fell[-citiz54 ,j4 ,j4 ,,r\sseau4 ,*ambry1 ,june #ab1 #aged4 ,,preface ,( all human sci5ces ! mo/ useful & mo/ imp]fect appe>s to me to be t ( mank9d3 & ,i w v5ture to say1 ! s+le inscription on ! ,temple ( ,delphi conta9$ a precept m difficult & m important ?an is to be f\nd 9 all ! huge volumes t morali/s h ev] writt54 ,i consid] ! subject ( ! foll[+ disc\rse z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions philosophy c propose1 & unhappily = u1 "o (1 ! mo/ ?orny t philosoph]s c h to solve4 ,= h[ %all we "k ! s\rce ( inequality betwe5 m51 if we d n beg9 by kn[+ mank9d8 ,& h[ %all man hope to see himself z nature made him1 across all ! *anges :i* ! succession ( place & "t mu/ h produc$ 9 8 orig9al con/itution8 ,h[ c he di/+ui% :at is fundam5tal 9 8 nature f ! *anges & additions :i* 8 circum/ances & ! advances he has made h introduc$ to modify 8 primitive condition8 ,l ! /atue ( ,glaucus1 :i* 0 s disfigur$ by "t1 seas & tempe/s1 t x look$ m l a wild bea/ ?an a god1 ! human s\l1 alt]$ 9 society by a ?\s& causes p]petually recurr+1 by ! acquisition ( a multitude ( tru?s & errors1 by ! *anges happ5+ to ! con/itution ( ! body1 & by ! cont9ual j>r+ ( ! passions1 has1 s to speak1 *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 s z to be h>dly recognisable4 ,in/ead ( a be+1 act+ con/antly f fix$ & inv>iable pr9ciples1 in/ead ( t cele/ial & maje/ic simplicity1 impress$ on x by its div9e ,au?or1 we f9d 9 x only ! frightful contra/ ( passion mi/ak+ itself = reason1 & ( und]/&+ gr[n deliri\s4 ,x is /ill m cruel t1 z e advance made by ! human species removes x /ill f>!r f its primitive /ate1 ! m discov]ies we make1 ! m we deprive ourselves ( ! means ( mak+ ! mo/ important ( all4 ,?us x is1 9 "o s5se1 by our v /udy ( man1 t ! k ( him is put out ( our p[]4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t x is 9 ^! successive *anges 9 ! con/itution ( man t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ^? diff]5ces :i* n[ di/+ui% m51 :o1 x is all[$1 are z equal among !mselves z 7 ! animals ( e k9d1 be=e physical causes _h introduc$ ^? v>ieties :i* are n[ obs]vable among "s ( !m4 ,x is1 9 fact1 n to be conceiv$ t ^! prim>y *anges1 h[ev] !y may h aris51 c\ld h alt]$1 all at once & 9 ! same mann]1 e individual ( ! species4 ,x is natural to ?9k t1 :ile ! condition ( "s ( !m grew bett] or worse1 & !y 7 acquir+ v>i\s good or bad qualities n inh]5t 9 _! nature1 !re 7 o!rs :o cont9u$ a long] "t 9 _! orig9al condition4 ,su* 0 d\btless ! fir/ s\rce ( ! inequality ( mank9d1 :i* x is mu* easi] to po9t out ?us 9 g5]al t]ms1 ?an to assign ) precision to its actual causes4 ,let n my read]s !re=e imag9e t ,i flatt] myself ) hav+ se5 :at x appe>s to me s difficult to discov]4 ,i h "h ent]$ ^u c]ta9 argum5ts1 & risk$ "s conjectures1 less 9 ! hope ( solv+ ! difficulty1 ?an ) a view to ?r[+ "s light ^u x1 & r$uc+ ! "q to its prop] =m4 ,o!rs may easily proce$ f>!r on ! same road1 & yet no "o f9d x v easy to get to ! end4 ,= x is by no means a light und]tak+ to di/+ui% prop]ly betwe5 :at is orig9al & :at is artificial 9 ! actual nature ( man1 or to =m a true idea ( a /ate :i* no long] exi/s1 p]haps nev] did exi/1 & probably nev] w exi/2 & ( :i*1 x is1 nev]!less1 necess>y to h true ideas1 9 ord] to =m a prop] judgm5t ( our pres5t /ate4 ,x requires1 inde$1 m philosophy ?an c be imag9$ to enable any "o to det]m9e exactly :at precautions he ought to take1 9 ord] to make solid obs]vations on ?is subject2 & x appe>s to me t a good solution ( ! foll[+ problem w\ld be n unwor?y ( ! ,ari/otles & ,pl9ys ( ! pres5t age4 ,:at exp]im5ts w\ld h to be made1 to discov] ! natural man8 ,& h[ are ^? exp]im5ts to be made 9 a /ate ( society8 ,s f> am ,i f und]tak+ to solve ?is problem1 t ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly1 consid]$ ! subject1 to v5ture to decl>e be=eh& t our greate/ philosoph]s w\ld n be too good to direct su* exp]im5ts1 & our mo/ p[]ful sov]eigns to make !m4 ,su* a comb9ation we h v little reason to expect1 especially att5d$ ) ! p]sev]ance1 or r succession ( intellig5ce & good-w necess>y on bo? sides to success4 ,^! inve/igations1 :i* are s difficult to make1 & h be5 hi!rto s little ?\ght (1 are1 nev]!less1 ! only means t rema9 ( obviat+ a multitude ( difficulties :i* deprive u ( ! k ( ! real f\ndations ( human society4 ,x is ?is ignorance ( ! nature ( man1 :i* ca/s s mu* unc]ta9ty & obscurity on ! true def9ition ( natural "r3 =1 ! idea ( "r1 says ,burlamaqui1 & m p>ticul>ly t ( natural "r1 are ideas manife/ly relative to ! nature ( man4 ,x is !n f ?is v nature itself1 he goes on1 f ! con/itution & /ate ( man1 t we mu/ d$uce ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce4 ,we _c see )\t surprise & disgu/ h[ little agreem5t !re is betwe5 ! diff]5t au?ors :o h treat$ ?is great subject4 ,among ! m important writ]s !re are sc>cely two ( ! same m9d ab\t x4 ,n to speak ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :o seem to h done _! be/ purposely to contradict "o ano!r on ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ! ,roman juri/s subject$ man & ! o!r animals indiscrim9ately to ! same natural law1 because !y consid]$1 "u t "n1 r ! law :i* nature imposes on h]self ?an t :i* %e prescribes to o!rs2 or r because ( ! p>ticul> acceptation ( ! t]m law among ^? juri/s2 :o seem on ?is occasion to h und]/ood no?+ m by x ?an ! g5]al relations e/abli%$ by nature betwe5 all animat$ be+s1 = _! common pres]vation4 ,! mod]ns1 und]/&+1 by ! t]m law1 m]ely a rule prescrib$ to a moral be+1 t is to say intellig5t1 free & consid]$ 9 8 relations to o!r be+s1 consequ5tly conf9e ! jurisdiction ( natural law to man1 an ! only animal end[$ ) reason4 ,b1 def9+ ?is law1 ea* aft] 8 own fa%ion1 !y h e/abli%$ x on su* metaphysical pr9ciples1 t !re are v few p]sons among u capable ( compreh5d+ !m1 mu* less ( discov]+ !m = !mselves4 ,s t ! def9itions ( ^! le>n$ m51 all diff]+ 9 ev]y?+ else1 agree only 9 ?is1 t x is impossible to compreh5d ! law ( nature1 & consequ5tly to obey x1 )\t be+ a v subtle casui/ & a pr(\nd metaphysician4 ,all :i* is z mu* z to say t mank9d mu/ h employ$1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 a capacity :i* is acquir$ only ) great difficulty1 & by v few p]sons1 ev5 9 a /ate ( society4 ,kn[+ s little ( nature1 & agree+ s ill ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ^w law1 x w\ld be difficult = u to fix on a good def9ition ( natural law4 ,?us all ! def9itions we meet ) 9 books1 sett+3 aside _! defect 9 po9t ( uni=mity1 h yet ano!r fault1 9 t !y are d]iv$ f _m k9ds ( k1 :i* m5 d n possess naturally1 & f advantages ( :i* !y c h no idea until !y h already dep>t$ f t /ate4 ,mod]n writ]s beg9 by inquir+ :at rules x w\ld be exp$i5t = m5 to agree on = _! common int]e/1 & !n give ! "n ( natural law to a collection ( ^! rules1 )\t any o!r pro( ?an ! good t w\ld result f _! be+ univ]sally practis$4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a simple way ( mak+ def9itions1 & ( expla9+ ! nature ( ?+s by almo/ arbitr>y conv5i5ces4 ,b z long z we are ignorant ( ! natural man1 x is 9 va9 = u to attempt to det]m9e ei!r ! law orig9ally prescrib$ to him1 or t :i* is be/ adapt$ to 8 con/itution4 ,all we c "k ) any c]ta9ty respect+ ?is law is t1 if x is to be a law1 n only ! wills ( ^? x obliges mu/ be s5sible ( _! submission to x2 b also1 to be natural1 x mu/ come directly f ! voice ( nature4 ,?r[+ aside1 !re=e1 all ^? sci5tific books1 :i* tea* u only to see m5 su* z !y h made !mselves1 & contemplat+ ! fir/ & mo/ simple op]ations ( ! human s\l1 ,i ?9k ,i c p]ceive 9 x two pr9ciples prior to reason1 "o ( !m deeply int]e/+ u 9 our own welf>e & pres]vation1 & ! o!r excit+ a natural repugnance at see+ any o!r s5sible be+1 & p>ticul>ly any ( our own species1 suff] pa9 or dea?4 ,x is f ! agreem5t & comb9ation :i* ! und]/&+ is 9 a position to e/abli% betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples1 )\t its be+ necess>y to introduce t ( sociability1 t all ! rules ( natural "r appe> to me to be d]iv$--rules :i* our reason is aft]w>ds oblig$ to e/abli% on o!r f\ndations1 :5 by its successive developm5ts x has be5 l$ to suppress nature itself4 ,9 proce$+ ?us1 we %all n be oblig$ to make man a philosoph] be=e he is a man4 ,8 duties t[>d o!rs are n dictat$ to him only by ! lat] lessons ( wisdom &1 s long z he does n resi/ ! int]nal impulse ( compassion1 he w nev] hurt any o!r man1 nor ev5 any s5ti5t be+2 except on ^? lawful occasions on :i* 8 own pres]vation is conc]n$ & he is oblig$ to give himself ! pref]5ce4 ,by ?is me?od also we put an end to ! "t-hon\r$ disputes conc]n+ ! p>ticipation ( animals 9 natural law3 = x is cle> t1 be+ de/itute ( intellig5ce & lib]ty1 !y _c recognise t law2 z !y p>take1 h[ev]1 9 "s measure ( our nature1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s5sibility ) :i* !y are end[$1 !y ought to p>take ( natural rights s t mank9d is subject$ to a k9d ( obligation ev5 t[>d ! brutes4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t if ,i am b\nd to d no injury to my fell[-creatures1 ?is is less because !y are rational ?an because !y are s5ti5t be+s3 & ?is quality1 be+ common bo? to m5 & bea/s1 ought to entitle ! latt] at lea/ to ! privilege ( n be+ wantonly ill-treat$ by ! =m]4 ,! v /udy ( ! orig9al man1 ( 8 real wants1 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 duty1 is besides ! only prop] me?od we c adopt to obviate all ! difficulties :i* ! orig9 ( moral inequality pres5ts1 on ! true f\ndations ( ! body politic1 on ! reciprocal rights ( its memb]s1 & on _m o!r simil> topics equally important & obscure4 ,if we look at human society ) a calm & dis9t]e/$ eye1 x seems1 at fir/1 to %[ u only ! viol5ce ( ! p[]ful & ! oppression ( ! weak4 ,! m9d is %ock$ at ! cruelty ( ! "o1 or is induc$ to lam5t ! bl9dness ( ! o!r2 & z no?+ is less p]man5t 9 life ?an ^? ext]nal relations1 :i* are m frequ5tly produc$ by accid5t ?an wisdom1 & :i* are call$ weakness or p[]1 ri*es or pov]ty1 all human in/itutions seem at fir/ glance to be f\nd$ m]ely on banks ( %ift+ s&4 ,x is only by tak+ a clos] look1 & remov+ ! du/ & s& t surr\nd ! edifice1 t we p]ceive ! immovable basis on :i* x is rais$1 & le>n to respect its f\ndations4 ,n[1 )\t a s]i\s /udy ( man1 8 natural faculties & _! successive developm5t1 we %all nev] be able to make ^! necess>y di/9ctions1 or to sep>ate1 9 ! actual con/itution ( ?+s1 t :i* is ! effect ( ! div9e w1 f ! innovations attempt$ by human art4 ,! political & moral inve/igations1 !re=e1 to :i* ! important "q be=e u leads1 are 9 e respect useful2 :ile ! hypo!tical hi/ory ( gov]nm5ts af=ds a lesson equally in/ructive to mank9d4 ,9 consid]+ :at we %\ld h become1 _h we be5 left to ourselves1 we %\ld le>n to bless ,him1 ^: graci\s h&1 correct+ our in/itutions1 & giv+ !m an immovable basis1 has prev5t$ ^? disord]s :i* w\ld o!rwise h aris5 f !m1 & caus$ our happ9ess to come f ^? v s\rces :i* seem$ likely to involve u 9 mis]y4 ,quem te deus esse ,jussit1 et human qu p>te locatus es 9 re1 ,disce4 ,p]sius1 ,satire iii1 #ga4 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,inequality ,,( ,,mank9d ,x is ( man t ,i h to speak2 & ! "q ,i am inve/igat+ %[s me t x is to m5 t ,i mu/ address myself3 = que/ions ( ?is sort are n ask$ by ^? :o are afraid to hon\r tru?4 ,i %all !n confid5tly uphold ! cause ( humanity be=e ! wise m5 :o invite me to d s1 & %all n be dissatisfi$ if ,i acquit myself 9 a mann] wor?y ( my subject & ( my judges4 ,i conceive t !re are two k9ds ( inequality among ! human species2 "o1 :i* ,i call natural or physical1 because x is e/abli%$ by nature1 & consi/s 9 a diff]5ce ( age1 heal?1 bodily /r5g?1 & ! qualities ( ! m9d or ( ! s\l3 & ano!r1 :i* may be call$ moral or political inequality1 because x dep5ds on a k9d ( conv5tion1 & is e/abli%$1 or at lea/ au?oris$ by ! cons5t ( m54 ,?is latt] consi/s ( ! diff]5t privileges1 :i* "s m5 enjoy to ! prejudice ( o!rs2 su* z t ( be+ m ri*1 m hon\r$1 m p[]ful or ev5 9 a position to exact ob$i5ce4 ,x is useless to ask :at is ! s\rce ( natural inequality1 because t "q is answ]$ by ! simple def9ition ( ! ^w4 ,aga91 x is /ill m useless to inquire :e!r !re is any ess5tial connection betwe5 ! two inequalities2 = ?is w\ld be only ask+1 9 o!r words1 :e!r ^? :o comm& are necess>ily bett] ?an ^? :o obey1 & if /r5g? ( body or ( m9d1 wisdom or virtue are always f\nd 9 p>ticul> individuals1 9 proportion to _! p[] or weal?3 a "q fit p]haps to be discuss$ by slaves 9 ! he>+ ( _! ma/]s1 b highly unbecom+ to reasonable & free m5 9 se>* ( ! tru?4 ,! subject ( ! pres5t disc\rse1 !re=e1 is m precisely ?is4 ,to m>k1 9 ! progress ( ?+s1 ! mom5t at :i* "r took ! place ( viol5ce & nature became subject to law1 & to expla9 by :at sequ5ce ( miracles ! /rong came to submit to s]ve ! weak1 & ! p to pur*ase imag9>y repose at ! exp5se ( real felicity4 ,! philosoph]s1 :o h inquir$ into ! f\ndations ( society1 h all felt ! necessity ( go+ back to a /ate ( nature2 b n "o ( !m has got !re4 ,"s ( !m h n hesitat$ to ascribe to man1 9 su* a /ate1 ! idea ( j & unju/1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves to %[ t he mu/ be possess$ ( su* an idea1 or t x c\ld be ( any use to him4 ,o!rs h spok5 ( ! natural "r ( e man to keep :at belongs to him1 )\t expla9+ :at !y meant by belongs4 ,o!rs aga91 beg9n+ by giv+ ! /rong au?ority ov] ! weak1 proce$$ directly to ! bir? ( gov]nm5t1 )\t reg>d to ! "t t mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! mean+ ( ! words au?ority & gov]nm5t c\ld h exi/$ among m54 ,e "o ( !m1 9 %ort1 con/antly dwell+ on wants1 avidity1 oppression1 desires & pride1 has transf]r$ to ! /ate ( nature ideas :i* 7 acquir$ 9 society2 s t1 9 speak+ ( ! savage1 !y describ$ ! social man4 ,x has n ev5 ent]$ into ! heads ( mo/ ( our writ]s to d\bt :e!r ! /ate ( nature ev] exi/$2 b x is cle> f ! ,holy ,scriptures t ! fir/ man1 hav+ receiv$ 8 und]/&+ & comm&m5ts imm$iately f ,god1 0 n himself 9 su* a /ate2 & t1 if we give su* cr$it to ! writ+s ( ,moses z e ,*ri/ian philosoph] ought to give1 we mu/ d5y t1 ev5 be=e ! deluge1 m5 7 ev] 9 ! pure /ate ( nature2 unless1 inde$1 !y fell back into x f "s v extraord9>y circum/ance2 a p>adox :i* x w\ld be v emb>rass+ to def5d1 & q impossible to prove4 ,let u beg9 !n by lay+ facts aside1 z !y d n affect ! "q4 ,! inve/igations we may ent] into1 9 treat+ ?is subject1 mu/ n be consid]$ z hi/orical tru?s1 b only z m]e conditional & hypo!tical reason+s1 r calculat$ to expla9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ?an to asc]ta9 _! actual orig92 j l ! hypo!ses :i* our physici/s daily =m respect+ ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,religion comm&s u to believe t1 ,god ,himself hav+ tak5 m5 out ( a /ate ( nature imm$iately aft] ! creation1 !y are unequal only because x is ,8 w !y %\ld be s3 b x does n =bid u to =m conjectures bas$ solely on ! nature ( man1 & ! be+s ar\nd him1 conc]n+ :at might h become ( ! human race1 if x _h be5 left to itself4 ,?is !n is ! "q ask$ me1 & t :i* ,i propose to discuss 9 ! foll[+ disc\rse4 ,z my subject int]e/s mank9d 9 g5]al1 ,i %all endeav\r to make use ( a /yle adapt$ to all nations1 or r1 =gett+ "t & place1 to att5d only to m5 to :om ,i am speak+4 ,i %all suppose myself 9 ! ,lyceum ( ,a!ns1 repeat+ ! lessons ( my ma/]s1 ) ,plato & ,x5ocrates = judges1 & ! :ole human race = audi5ce4 ,o man1 ( :atev] c\ntry y are1 & :atev] y\r op9ions may be1 behold y\r hi/ory1 su* z ,i h ?\ght to read x1 n 9 books writt5 by y\r fell[-creatures1 :o are li>s1 b 9 nature1 :i* nev] lies4 ,all t comes f h] w be true2 nor w y meet ) any?+ false1 unless ,i h involunt>ily put 9 some?+ ( my own4 ,! times ( :i* ,i am go+ to speak are v remote3 h[ mu* are y *ang$ f :at y once 76 ,x is s to speak1 ! life ( y\r species :i* ,i am go+ to write1 aft] ! qualities :i* y h receiv$1 :i* y\r education & habits may h deprav$1 b _c h entirely de/roy$4 ,!re is1 ,i feel1 an age at :i* ! individual man w\ld wi% to /op2 y are ab\t to inquire ab\t ! age at :i* y w\ld h lik$ y\r :ole species to /& /ill4 ,discont5t$ ) y\r pres5t /ate1 = reasons :i* ?reat5 y\r un=tunate desc5dants ) /ill great] discont5t1 y w p]haps wi% x 7 9 y\r p[] to g back2 & ?is feel+ %\ld be a panegyric on y\r fir/ ance/ors1 a criticism ( y\r contempor>ies1 & a t]ror to ! un=tunates :o w come aft] y4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p ,important z x may be1 9 ord] to judge rightly ( ! natural /ate ( man1 to consid] him f 8 orig91 & to exam9e him1 z x 71 9 ! embryo ( 8 species2 ,i %all n foll[ 8 organisation ?r\gh its successive developm5ts1 nor %all ,i /ay to inquire :at 8 animal sy/em mu/ h be5 at ! beg9n+1 9 ord] to become at l5g? :at x actually is4 ,i %all n ask :e!r 8 long nails 7 at fir/1 z ,ari/otle supposes1 only crook$ talons2 :e!r 8 :ole body1 l t ( a be>1 0 n cov]$ ) hair2 or :e!r ! fact t he walk$ ^u all f\rs1 ) 8 looks direct$ t[>d ! e>?1 conf9$ to a horizon ( a few paces1 did n at once po9t out ! nature & limits ( 8 ideas4 ,on ?is subject4 ,i c\ld =m none b vague & almo/ imag9>y conjectures4 ,comp>ative anatomy has z yet made too little progress1 & ! obs]vations ( naturali/s are too unc]ta91 to af=d an adequate basis = any solid reason+4 ,s t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! sup]natural in=mation giv5 u on ?is head1 or pay+ any reg>d to ! *anges :i* mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! int]nal1 z well z ! ext]nal1 con=mation ( man1 z he appli$ 8 limbs to new uses1 & f$ himself on new k9ds ( food1 ,i %all suppose 8 con=mation to h be5 at all times :at x appe>s to u at ?is day2 t he always walk$ on two legs1 made use ( 8 h&s z we d1 direct$ 8 looks ov] all nature1 & measur$ ) 8 eyes ! va/ expanse ( ,heav54 ,if we /rip ?is be+1 ?us con/itut$1 ( all ! sup]natural gifts he may h receiv$1 & all ! artificial faculties he c h acquir$ only by a long process2 if we consid] him1 9 a ^w1 j z he mu/ h come f ! h&s ( nature1 we behold 9 him an animal weak] ?an "s1 & less agile ?an o!rs2 b1 tak+ him all r\nd1 ! mo/ advantage\sly organis$ ( any4 ,i see him satisfy+ 8 hung] at ! fir/ oak1 & slak+ 8 ?ir/ at ! fir/ brook2 f9d+ 8 b$ at ! foot ( ! tree :i* af=d$ him a repa/2 &1 ) t1 all 8 wants suppli$4 ,:ile ! e>? 0 left to its natural f]tility & cov]$ ) imm5se =e/s1 ^: trees 7 nev] mutilat$ by ! axe1 x w\ld pres5t on e side bo? su/5ance & %elt] = e species ( animal4 ,m5 disp]s$ up & d[n among ! re/1 w\ld obs]ve & imitate _! indu/ry1 & ?us atta9 ev5 to ! in/9ct ( ! bea/s1 ) ! advantage t1 :]eas e species ( brutes 0 conf9$ to "o p>ticul> in/9ct1 man1 :o p]haps has n any "o peculi> to himself1 w\ld appropriate !m all1 & live ^u mo/ ( ^? diff]5t foods1 :i* o!r animals %>$ among !mselves2 & ?us w\ld f9d 8 subsi/5ce mu* m easily ?an any ( ! re/4 ,accu/om$ f _! infancy to ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r & ! rig\r ( ! seasons1 inur$ to fatigue1 & =c$1 nak$ & un>m$1 to def5d !mselves & _! prey f o!r f]oci\s animals1 or to escape !m by flight1 m5 w\ld acquire a robu/ & almo/ unalt]able con/itution4 ,! *ildr51 br++ ) !m into ! _w ! excell5t con/itution ( _! p>5ts1 & =tify+ x by ! v ex]cises :i* fir/ produc$ x1 w\ld ?us acquire all ! vig\r ( :i* ! human frame is capable4 ,nature 9 ?is case treats !m exactly z ,sp>ta treat$ ! *ildr5 ( h] citiz5s3 ^? :o come well =m$ into ! _w %e r5d]s /rong & robu/1 & all ! re/ %e de/roys2 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f our mod]n communities1 9 :i* ! ,/ate1 by mak+ *ildr5 a burd5 to _! p>5ts1 kills !m indiscrim9ately be=e !y are born4 ,! body ( a savage man be+ ! only in/rum5t he und]/&s1 he uses x = v>i\s purposes1 ( :i* ours1 = want ( practice1 are incapable3 = our indu/ry deprives u ( t =ce & agility1 :i* necessity obliges him to acquire4 ,if he _h _h an axe1 w\ld he h be5 able ) 8 nak$ arm to break s l>ge a bran* f a tree8 ,if he _h _h a sl+1 w\ld he h be5 able to ?r[ a /one ) s great velocity8 ,if he _h _h a ladd]1 w\ld he h be5 s nimble 9 climb+ a tree8 ,if he _h _h a horse1 w\ld he h be5 himself s swift ( foot8 ,give civilis$ man "t to ga!r all 8 ma*9es ab\t him1 & he w no d\bt easily beat ! savage2 b if y w\ld see a /ill m unequal conte/1 set !m toge!r nak$ & un>m$1 & y w soon see ! advantage ( hav+ all our =ces con/antly at our disposal1 ( be+ always prep>$ = e ev5t1 & ( c>ry+ "o's self1 z x 71 p]petually :ole & entire ab\t "o4 ,hobbes cont5ds t man is naturally intrepid1 & is int5t only ^u attack+ & fight+4 ,ano!r illu/ri\s philosoph] holds ! opposite1 & ,cumb]l& & ,puff5dorf also affirm t no?+ is m timid & fe>ful ?an man 9 ! /ate ( nature2 t he is always 9 a tremble1 & ready to fly at ! lea/ noise or ! slighte/ movem5t4 ,?is may be true ( ?+s he does n "k2 & ,i d n d\bt 8 be+ t]rifi$ by e novelty t pres5ts itself1 :5 he nei!r kn[s ! physical good or evil he may expect f x1 nor c make a comp>ison betwe5 8 own /r5g? & ! dang]s he is ab\t to enc\nt]4 ,su* circum/ances1 h[ev]1 r>ely occur 9 a /ate ( nature1 9 :i* all ?+s proce$ 9 a uni=m mann]1 & ! face ( ! e>? is n subject to ^? sudd5 & cont9ual *anges :i* arise f ! passions & caprices ( bodies ( m5 liv+ toge!r4 ,b savage man1 liv+ disp]s$ among o!r animals & f9d+ himself betimes 9 a situation to measure 8 /r5g? ) !irs1 soon comes to comp>e himself ) !m2 &1 p]ceiv+ t he surpasses !m m 9 adroitness ?an !y surpass him 9 /r5g?1 le>ns to be no long] afraid ( !m4 ,set a be>1 or a wolf1 aga9/ a robu/1 agile1 & resolute savage1 z !y all are1 arm$ ) /ones & a good cudgel1 & y w see t ! dang] w be at lea/ on bo? sides1 & t1 aft] a few trials ( ?is k9d1 wild bea/s1 :i* are n fond ( attack+ ea* o!r1 w n be at all ready to attack man1 :om !y w h f\nd to be z wild & f]oci\s z !mselves4 ,) reg>d to su* animals z h really m /r5g? ?an man has adroitness1 he is 9 ! same situation z all weak] animals1 :i* not)/&+ are /ill able to subsi/2 except inde$ t he has ! advantage t1 be+ equally swift ( foot1 & f9d+ an almo/ c]ta9 place ( refuge 9 e tree1 he is at lib]ty to take or leave x at e enc\nt]1 & ?us to fight or fly1 z he *ooses4 ,add to ?is t x does n appe> t any animal naturally makes w> on man1 except 9 case ( self-def5ce or excessive hung]1 or betrays any ( ^? viol5t antipa?ies1 :i* seem to indicate t "o species is int5d$ by nature = ! food ( ano!r4 ,?is is d\btless :y negroes & savages are s little afraid ( ! wild bea/s !y may meet 9 ! woods4 ,! ,c>aibs ( ,v5ezuela among o!rs live 9 ?is respect 9 absolute security & )\t ! smalle/ inconv5i5ce4 ,?\gh !y are almo/ nak$1 ,francis ,correal tells u1 !y expose !mselves freely 9 ! woods1 arm$ only ) b[s & arr[s2 b no "o has ev] he>d ( "o ( !m be+ dev\r$ by wild bea/s4 ,b man has o!r enemies m =midable1 aga9/ :i* he is n provid$ ) su* means ( def5ce3 ^! are ! natural infirmities ( infancy1 old age1 & illness ( e k9d1 melan*oly pro(s ( our weakness1 ( :i* ! two fir/ are common to all animals1 & ! la/ belongs *iefly to man 9 a /ate ( society4 ,) reg>d to infancy1 x is obs]vable t ! "m1 c>ry+ h] *ild always ) h]1 c nurse x ) mu* great] ease ?an ! females ( _m o!r animals1 :i* are =c$ to be p]petually go+ & com+1 ) great fatigue1 "o way to f9d subsi/5ce1 & ano!r to suckle or fe$ _! "y4 ,x is true t if ! woman happ5s to p]i%1 ! infant is 9 great dang] ( p]i%+ ) h]2 b ?is risk is common to _m o!r species ( animals1 ^: "y take a long "t be=e !y are able to provide = !mselves4 ,& if our infancy is long] ?an !irs1 our lives are long] 9 proportion2 s t all ?+s are 9 ?is respect fairly equal2 ?\gh !re are o!r rules to be consid]$ reg>d+ ! duration ( ! fir/ p]iod ( life1 & ! numb] ( "y1 :i* d n affect ! pres5t subject4 ,9 old age1 :5 m5 are less active & p]spire little1 ! ne$ = food dim9i%es ) ! ability to provide x4 ,z ! savage /ate also protects !m f g\t & rheumatism1 & old age is1 ( all ills1 t :i* human aid c lea/ alleviate1 !y cease to be1 )\t o!rs p]ceiv+ t !y are no m1 & almo/ )\t p]ceiv+ x !mselves4 ,) respect to sickness1 ,i %all n repeat ! va9 & false declamations :i* mo/ heal?y p pron\nce aga9/ m$ic9e2 b ,i %all ask if any solid obs]vations h be5 made f :i* x may be ju/ly conclud$ t1 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! art ( m$ic9e is mo/ neglect$1 ! mean duration ( man's life is less ?an 9 ^? :]e x is mo/ cultivat$4 ,h[ inde$ c ?is be ! case1 if we br+ on ourselves m diseases ?an m$ic9e c furni% rem$ies8 ,! great inequality 9 mann] ( liv+1 ! extreme idl5ess ( "s1 & ! excessive lab\r ( o!rs1 ! eas9ess ( excit+ & gratify+ our s5sual appetites1 ! too exquisite foods ( ! weal?y :i* ov]heat & fill !m ) indige/ion1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! un:olesome food ( ! poor1 (t51 bad z x is1 insuffici5t = _! ne$s1 :i* induces !m1 :5 opportunity (f]s1 to eat voraci\sly & ov]*>ge _! /oma*s2 all ^!1 toge!r ) sitt+ up late1 & excesses ( e k9d1 immod]ate transports ( e passion1 fatigue1 m5tal exhau/ion1 ! innum]able pa9s & anxieties insep>able f e condition ( life1 by :i* ! m9d ( man is incessantly torm5t$2 ^! are too fatal pro(s t ! great] "p ( our ills are ( our own mak+1 & t we might h avoid$ !m ne>ly all by adh]+ to t simple1 uni=m & solit>y mann] ( life :i* nature prescrib$4 ,if %e de/9$ man to be heal?y1 ,i v5ture to decl>e t a /ate ( reflection is a /ate contr>y to1 nature1 & t a ?9k+ man is a deprav$ animal4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! good con/itution ( ! savages1 at lea/ ( ^? :om we h n ru9$ ) our spiritu\s liquors1 & reflect t !y are tr\bl$ ) h>dly any disord]s1 save w\nds & old age1 we are tempt$ to believe t1 9 foll[+ ! hi/ory ( civil society1 we %all be tell+ also t ( human sickness4 ,su*1 at lea/1 0 ! op9ion ( ,plato1 :o inf]r$ f c]ta9 rem$ies prescrib$1 or approv$1 by ,podalirius & ,ma*aon at ! siege ( ,troy1 t sev]al sicknesses :i* ^! rem$ies gave rise to 9 8 "t1 7 n !n kn[n to mank9d3 & ,celsus tells u t diet1 :i* is n[ s necess>y1 0 fir/ inv5t$ by ,hippocrates4 ,be+ subject !re=e to s few causes ( sickness1 man1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 c h no ne$ ( rem$ies1 & /ill less ( physicians3 nor is ! human race 9 ?is respect worse (f ?an o!r animals1 & x is easy to le>n f hunt]s :e!r !y meet ) _m infirm animals 9 ! c\rse ( ! *ase4 ,x is c]ta9 !y frequ5tly meet ) su* z c>ry ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 consid]ably w\nd$1 ) _m t h _h bones or ev5 limbs brok51 yet h be5 heal$ )\t any ,o!r surgical assi/ance ?an t ( "t1 or any o!r regim5 ?an t ( _! ord9>y life4 ,at ! same "t _! cures seem n to h be5 less p]fect1 = _! n hav+ be5 tortur$ by incisions1 poison$ ) drugs1 or wa/$ by fa/+4 ,9 %ort1 h[ev] useful m$ic9e1 prop]ly adm9i/]$1 may be among u1 x is c]ta9 t1 if ! savage1 :5 he is sick & left to himself1 has no?+ to hope b f nature1 he has1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ to fe> b f 8 disease2 :i* r5d]s 8 situation (t5 pref]able to our own4 ,we %\ld bew>e1 !re=e1 ( conf\nd+ ! savage man ) ! m5 we h daily be=e our eyes4 ,nature treats all ! animals left to h] c>e ) a pr$ilection t seems to %[ h[ jeal\s %e is ( t "r4 ,! horse1 ! cat1 ! bull1 & ev5 ! ass are g5]ally ( great] /ature1 & always m robu/1 & h m vig\r1 /r5g? & c\rage1 :5 !y run wild 9 ! =e/s ?an :5 br$ 9 ! /all4 ,by becom+ dome/icat$1 !y lose half ^! advantages2 & x seems z if all our c>e to fe$ & treat !m well s]ves only to deprave !m4 ,x is ?us ) man also3 z he becomes sociable & a slave1 he gr[s weak1 timid & s]vile2 8 effem9ate way ( life totally en]vates 8 /r5g? & c\rage4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t !re is /ill a great] diff]5ce betwe5 savage & civilis$ man1 ?an betwe5 wild & tame bea/s3 = m5 & brutes hav+ be5 treat$ alike by nature1 ! sev]al conv5i5ces 9 :i* m5 indulge !mselves /ill m ?an !y d _! bea/s1 are s _m additional causes ( _! deep] deg5]acy4 ,x is n !re=e s great a mis=tune to ^! primitive m51 nor s great an ob/acle to _! pres]vation1 t !y g nak$1 h no dwell+s & lack all ! sup]fluities :i* we ?9k s necess>y4 ,if _! sk9s are n cov]$ ) hair1 !y h no ne$ ( su* cov]+ 9 w>m climates2 &1 9 cold c\ntries1 !y soon le>n to appropriate ! sk9s ( ! bea/s !y h ov]come4 ,if !y h b two legs to run )1 !y h two arms to def5d !mselves )1 & provide = _! wants4 ,_! *ildr5 are sl[ly & ) difficulty taught to walk2 b _! mo!rs are able to c>ry !m ) ease2 advantage :i* o!r animals lack1 z ! "m1 if pursu$1 is =c$ ei!r to ab&on h] "y1 or to regulate h] pace by !irs4 ,unless1 9 %ort1 we suppose a s+ul> & =tuit\s concurr5ce ( circum/ances ( :i* ,i %all speak lat]1 & :i* w\ld be unlikely to exi/1 x is pla9 9 e /ate ( ! case1 t ! man :o fir/ made himself clo!s or a dwell+ 0 furni%+ himself ) ?+s n at all necess>y2 = he _h till !n done )\t !m1 & !re is no reason :y he %\ld n h be5 able to put up 9 manhood ) ! same k9d ( life z _h be5 8 9 infancy4 ,solit>y1 indol5t1 & p]petually accompani$ by dang]1 ! savage _c b be fond ( sleep2 8 sleep too mu/ be light1 l t ( ! animals1 :i* ?9k b little & may be said to slumb] all ! "t !y d n ?9k4 ,self-pres]vation be+ 8 *ief & almo/ sole conc]n1 he mu/ ex]cise mo/ ^? faculties :i* are mo/ conc]n$ ) attack or def5ce1 ei!r = ov]com+ 8 prey1 or = prev5t+ him f becom+ ! prey ( o!r animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? organs :i* are p]fect$ only by s(tness & s5suality w rema9 9 a gross & imp]fect /ate1 incompatible ) any sort ( delicacy2 s t1 8 s5ses be+ divid$ on ?is head1 8 t\* & ta/e w be extremely co>se1 8 sight1 he>+ & smell exce$+ly f9e & subtle4 ,su* 9 g5]al is ! animal condition1 & su*1 accord+ to ! n>ratives ( travell]s1 is t ( mo/ savage nations4 ,x is !re=e no matt] = surprise t ! ,hott5tots ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope di/+ui% %ips at sea1 ) ! nak$ eye1 at z great a di/ance z ! ,dut* c d ) _! telescopes2 or t ! savages ( ,am]ica %\ld trace ! ,spani>ds1 by _! smell1 z well z ! be/ dogs c\ld h done2 or t ^! b>b>\s peoples feel no pa9 9 go+ nak$1 or t !y use l>ge quantities ( piem5to ) _! food1 & dr9k ! /ronge/ ,european liquors l wat]4 ,hi!rto ,i h consid]$ m]ely ! physical man2 let u n[ take a view ( him on 8 metaphysical & moral side4 ,i see no?+ 9 any animal b an +5i\s ma*9e1 to :i* nature ha? giv5 s5ses to w9d itself up1 & to gu>d itself1 to a c]ta9 degree1 aga9/ any?+ t might t5d to disord] or de/roy x4 ,i p]ceive exactly ! same ?+s 9 ! human ma*9e1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! op]ations ( ! brute1 nature is ! sole ag5t1 :]eas man has "s %>e 9 8 own op]ations1 9 8 "* z a free ag5t4 ,! "o *ooses & refuses by in/9ct1 ! o!r f an act ( free-w3 h5ce ! brute _c deviate f ! rule prescrib$ to x1 ev5 :5 x w\ld be advantage\s = x to d s2 &1 on ! contr>y1 man frequ5tly deviates f su* rules to 8 own prejudice4 ,?us a pigeon w\ld be />v$ to dea? by ! side ( a di% ( ! *oice/ meats1 & a cat on a heap ( fruit or gra92 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t ei!r might f9d n\ri%m5t 9 ! foods :i* x ?us rejects ) disda91 did x ?9k ( try+ !m4 ,h5ce x is t dissolute m5 run into excesses :i* br+ on fev]s & dea?2 because ! m9d depraves ! s5ses1 & ! w cont9ues to speak :5 nature is sil5t4 ,e animal has ideas1 s9ce x has s5ses2 x ev5 comb9es ^? ideas 9 a c]ta9 degree2 & x is only 9 degree t man diff]s1 9 ?is respect1 f ! brute4 ,"s philosoph]s h ev5 ma9ta9$ t !re is a great] diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r ?an betwe5 "s m5 & "s bea/s4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 s mu* ! und]/&+ t con/itutes ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! man & ! brute1 z ! human quality ( free-ag5cy4 ,nature lays h] comm&s on e animal1 & ! brute obeys h] voice4 ,man receives ! same impulsion1 b at ! same "t kn[s himself at lib]ty to acquiesce or resi/3 & x is p>ticul>ly 9 8 consci\sness ( ?is lib]ty t ! spirituality ( 8 s\l is display$4 ,= physics may expla91 9 "s measure1 ! me*anism ( ! s5ses & ! =mation ( ideas2 b 9 ! p[] ( will+ or r ( *oos+1 & 9 ! feel+ ( ?is p[]1 no?+ is to be f\nd b acts :i* are purely spiritual & :olly inexplicable by ! laws ( me*anism4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if ! difficulties att5d+ all ^! que/ions %\ld /ill leave room = diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 m5 & brutes1 !re is ano!r v specific quality :i* di/+ui%es !m1 & :i* w admit ( no dispute4 ,?is is ! faculty ( self-improvem5t1 :i*1 by ! help ( circum/ances1 gradually develops all ! re/ ( our faculties1 & is inh]5t 9 ! species z 9 ! individual3 :]eas a brute is1 at ! end ( a few mon?s1 all he w ev] be dur+ 8 :ole life1 & 8 species1 at ! end ( a ?\s& ye>s1 exactly :at x 0 ! fir/ ye> ( t ?\s&4 ,:y is man alone liable to gr[ into a dot>d8 ,is x n because he returns1 9 ?is1 to 8 primitive /ate2 & t1 :ile ! brute1 :i* has acquir$ no?+ & has !re=e no?+ to lose1 /ill reta9s ! =ce ( in/9ct1 man1 :o loses1 by age or accid5t1 all t 8 p]fectibility _h enabl$ him to ga91 falls by ?is means l[] ?an ! brutes !mselves8 ,x w\ld be melan*oly1 7 we =c$ to admit t ?is di/9ctive & almo/ unlimit$ faculty is ! s\rce ( all human mis=tunes2 t x is ?is :i*1 9 "t1 draws man out ( 8 orig9al /ate1 9 :i* he w\ld h sp5t 8 days ins5sibly 9 peace & innoc5ce2 t x is ?is faculty1 :i*1 successively produc+ 9 diff]5t ages 8 discov]ies & 8 errors1 8 vices & 8 virtues1 makes him at l5g? a tyrant bo? ov] himself & ov] nature4#a ,x w\ld be %ock+ to be oblig$ to reg>d z a b5efactor ! man :o fir/ sugge/$ to ! ,oroonoko ,indians ! use ( ! bo>ds !y apply to ! temples ( _! *ildr51 :i* secure to !m "s "p at lea/ ( _! imbecility & orig9al happ9ess4 ,savage man1 left by nature solely to ! direction ( in/9ct1 or r indemnifi$ = :at he may lack by faculties capable at fir/ ( supply+ its place1 & aft]w>ds ( rais+ him mu* above x1 mu/ accord+ly beg9 ) purely animal functions3 ?us see+ & feel+ mu/ be 8 fir/ condition1 :i* w\ld be common to him & all o!r animals4 ,to w1 & n to w1 to desire & to fe>1 mu/ be ! fir/1 & almo/ ! only op]ations ( 8 s\l1 till new circum/ances occasion new developm5ts ( 8 faculties4 ,:atev] morali/s may hold1 ! human und]/&+ is greatly indebt$ to ! passions1 :i*1 x is univ]sally all[$1 are also mu* indebt$ to ! und]/&+4 ,x is by ! activity ( ! passions t pur reason is improv$2 = we desire k only because we wi% to enjoy2 & x is impossible to conceive any reason :y a p]son :o has nei!r fe>s nor desires %\ld give himself ! tr\ble ( reason+4 ,! passions1 aga91 orig9ate 9 our wants1 & _! progress dep5ds on t ( our k2 = we _c desire or fe> any?+1 except f ! idea we h ( x1 or f ! simple impulse ( nature4 ,n[ savage man1 be+ de/itute ( e species ( intellig5ce1 c h no passions save ^? ( ! latt] k9d3 8 desires nev] g beyond 8 physical wants4 ,! only goods he recognises 9 ! univ]se are food1 a female1 & sleep3 ! only evils he fe>s are pa9 & hung]4 ,i say pa91 & n dea?3 = no animal c "k :at x is to die2 ! k ( dea? & its t]rors be+ "o ( ! fir/ acquisitions made by man 9 dep>t+ f an animal /ate4 ,x w\ld be easy1 7 x necess>y1 to support ?is op9ion by facts1 & to %[ t1 9 all ! nations ( ! _w1 ! progress ( ! und]/&+ has be5 exactly proportionate to ! wants :i* ! peoples _h receiv$ f nature1 or be5 subject$ to by circum/ances1 & 9 consequ5ce to ! passions t induc$ !m to provide = ^? necessities4 ,i might in/ance ! arts1 ris+ up 9 ,egypt & exp&+ ) ! inundation ( ! ,nile4 ,i might foll[ _! progress into ,greece1 :]e !y took root afre%1 grew up & t[]$ to ! skies1 among ! rocks & s&s ( ,attica1 )\t be+ able to g]m9ate on ! f]tile banks ( ! ,eurotas3 ,i might obs]ve t 9 g5]al1 ! p ( ! ,nor? are m indu/ri\s ?an ^? ( ! ,s\?1 because !y _c get on s well )\t be+ s3 z if nature want$ to equalise matt]s by giv+ _! und]/&+s ! f]tility %e _h refus$ to _! soil4 ,b :o does n see1 )\t recurr+ to ! unc]ta9 te/imony ( hi/ory1 t ev]y?+ seems to remove f savage man bo? ! temptation & ! means ( *ang+ 8 condition8 ,8 imag9ation pa9ts no pictures2 8 he>t makes no dem&s on him4 ,8 few wants are s readily suppli$1 & he is s f> f hav+ ! k :i* is ne$ful to make him want m1 t he c h nei!r =esight nor curiosity4 ,! face ( nature becomes indiff]5t to him z x gr[s famili>4 ,he sees 9 x always ! same ord]1 ! same successions3 he has n und]/&+ en\gh to wond] at ! greate/ miracles2 nor is x 9 8 m9d t we c expect to f9d t philosophy man ne$s1 if he is to "k h[ to notice = once :at he sees e day4 ,8 s\l1 :i* no?+ di/urbs1 is :olly wrapp$ up 9 ! feel+ ( its pres5t exi/5ce1 )\t any idea ( ! future1 h[ev] ne> at h&2 :ile 8 projects1 z limit$ z 8 views1 h>dly ext5d to ! close ( day4 ,su*1 ev5 at pres5t1 is ! ext5t ( ! native ,c>ibean's =esight3 he w improvid5tly sell y 8 cotton-b$ 9 ! morn+1 & come cry+ 9 ! ev5+ to buy x aga91 n hav+ =ese5 he w\ld want x aga9 ! next night4 ,! m we reflect on ?is subject1 ! great] appe>s ! di/ance betwe5 pure s5sation & ! mo/ simple k3 x is impossible inde$ to conceive h[ a man1 by 8 own p[]s alone1 )\t ! aid ( communication & ! spur ( necessity1 c\ld h bridg$ s great a gap4 ,h[ _m ages may h elaps$ be=e mank9d 7 9 a position to behold any o!r ,are ?an t ( ! heav5s4 ,:at a multiplicity ( *ances mu/ h happ5$ to tea* !m ! commone/ uses ( t elem5t6 ,h[ (t5 mu/ !y h let x out be=e !y acquir$ ! art ( reproduc+ x8 & h[ (t5 may n su* a secret h di$ ) him :o _h discov]$ x8 ,:at %all we say ( agriculture1 an art :i* requires s mu* lab\r & =esight1 :i* is s dep5d5t on o!rs t x is pla9 x c\ld only be practis$ 9 a society :i* _h at lea/ begun1 & :i* does n s]ve s mu* to draw ! means ( subsi/5ce f ! e>?--= ^! x w\ld produce ( itself--b to compel x to produce :at is mo/ to our ta/e8 ,b let u suppose t m5 _h s multipli$ t ! natural produce ( ! e>? 0 no long] suffici5t = _! support2 a supposition1 by ! way1 :i* w\ld prove su* a life to be v advantage\s = ! human race2 let u suppose t1 )\t =ges or work%ops1 ! in/rum5ts ( husb&ry _h dropp$ f ! sky into ! h&s ( savages2 t !y _h ov]come _! natural av]sion to cont9ual lab\r2 t !y _h le>nt s mu* =esight = _! ne$s2 t !y _h div9$ h[ to cultivate ! e>?1 to s[ gra9 & plant trees2 t !y _h discov]$ ! arts ( gr9d+ corn1 & ( sett+ ! grape to f]m5t--all be+ ?+s t mu/ h be5 taught !m by ! gods1 s9ce x is n to be conceiv$ h[ !y c\ld discov] !m = !mselves--yet aft] all ?is1 :at man among !m w\ld be s absurd z to take ! tr\ble ( cultivat+ a field1 :i* might be /ripp$ ( its crop by ! fir/ com]1 man or bea/1 t might take a lik+ to x2 & h[ %\ld ea* ( !m resolve to pass 8 life 9 we>isome lab\r1 :51 ! m necess>y to him ! rew>d ( 8 lab\r might be1 ! sur] he w\ld be ( n gett+ x8 ,9 a ^w1 h[ c\ld su* a situation induce m5 to cultivate ! e>?1 till x 0 regul>ly p>cell$ out among !m2 t is to say1 till ! /ate ( nature _h be5 aboli%$8 ,7 we to suppose savage man z tra9$ 9 ! art ( ?9k+ z philosoph]s make him2 7 we1 l !m1 to suppose him a v philosoph] capable ( inve/igat+ ! sublime/ tru?s1 & ( =m+1 by highly ab/ract *a9s ( reason+1 maxims ( reason & ju/ice1 d$uc$ f ! love ( ord] 9 g5]al1 or ! kn[n w ( 8 ,creator2 9 a ^w1 7 we to suppose him z intellig5t & enlight5$1 z he mu/ h be51 & is 9 fact f\nd to h be51 dull & /upid1 :at advantage ,w\ld accrue to ! species1 f all su* metaphysics1 :i* c\ld n be communicat$ by "o to ano!r1 b mu/ end ) him :o made !m8 ,:at progress c\ld be made by mank9d1 :ile disp]s$ 9 ! woods among o!r animals8 & h[ f> c\ld m5 improve or mutually enlight5 "o ano!r1 :51 hav+ no fix$ habitation1 & no ne$ ( "o ano!r's assi/ance1 ! same p]sons h>dly met twice 9 _! lives1 & p]haps !n1 )\t kn[+ "o ano!r or speak+ toge!r8 ,let x be consid]$ h[ _m ideas we owe to ! use ( spee*2 h[ f> gramm> ex]cises ! und]/&+ & facilitates its op]ations4 ,let u reflect on ! inconceivable pa9s & ! inf9ite space ( "t t ! fir/ inv5tion ( languages mu/ h co/4 ,to ^! reflections add :at prec$$1 & !n judge h[ _m ?\s& ages mu/ h elaps$ 9 ! successive developm5t 9 ! human m9d ( ^? op]ations ( :i* x is capable4 ,i %all "h take ! lib]ty = a mom5t1 ( consid]+ ! difficulties ( ! orig9 ( languages1 on :i* subject ,i might cont5t myself ) a simple repetition ( ! ,abb ,condillac's inve/igations1 z !y fully confirm my sy/em1 & p]haps ev5 fir/ sugge/$ x4 ,b x is pla91 f ! mann] 9 :i* ?is philosoph] solves ! difficulties he himself raises1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( arbitr>y signs1 t he assumes :at ,i "q1 viz4 t a k9d ( society1 mu/ already h exi/$ among ! fir/ inv5tors ( language4 ,:ile ,i ref]1 !re=e1 to 8 obs]vations on ?is head1 ,i ?9k x "r to give my own1 9 ord] to exhibit ! same difficulties 9 a light adapt$ to my subject4 ,! fir/ :i* pres5ts itself is to conceive h[ language c h become necess>y2 = z !re 0 no communication among m5 & no ne$ = any1 we c nei!r conceive ! necessity ( ?is inv5tion1 nor ! possibility ( x1 if x 0 n someh[ indisp5sable4 ,i might affirm1 ) _m o!rs1 t languages arose 9 ! dome/ic int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & _! *ildr54 ,b ?is exp$i5t w\ld n obviate ! difficulty1 & w\ld besides involve ! blund] made by ^? :o1 9 reason+ on ! /ate ( nature1 always import into x ideas ga!r$ 9 a /ate ( society4 ,?us !y con/antly consid] families z liv+ toge!r "u "o ro(1 & ! individuals ( ea* z obs]v+ among !mselves a union z intimate & p]man5t z t :i* exi/s among u1 :]e s _m common int]e/s unite !m3 :]eas1 9 ?is primitive /ate1 m5 _h nei!r h\ses1 nor huts1 nor any k9d ( prop]ty :atev]2 e "o liv$ :]e he c\ld1 seldom = m ?an a s+le night2 ! sexes unit$ )\t design1 z accid5t1 opportunity or incl9ation br\ght !m toge!r1 nor _h !y any great ne$ ( words to communicate _! designs to ea* o!r2 & !y p>t$ ) ! same indiff]5ce4 ,! "m gave suck to h] *ildr5 at fir/ = h] own sake2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 habit _h made !m de>1 = !irs3 b z soon z !y 7 /rong en\gh to g 9 se>* ( _! own food1 !y =sook h] ( _! own accord2 &1 z !y _h h>dly any o!r me?od ( n los+ "o ano!r ?an t ( rema9+ cont9ually )9 sight1 !y soon became q incapable ( recognis+ "o ano!r :5 !y happ5$ to meet aga94 ,x is f>!r to be obs]v$ t ! *ild1 hav+ all 8 wants to expla91 & ( c\rse m to say to 8 "m ?an ! "m c\ld h to say to him1 mu/ h borne ! brunt ( ! task ( inv5tion1 & ! language he us$ w\ld be ( 8 own device1 s t ! numb] ( languages w\ld be equal to t ( ! individuals speak+ !m1 & ! v>iety w\ld be increas$ by ! vagabond & rov+ life !y l$1 :i* w\ld n give "t = any idiom to become con/ant4 ,= to say t ! "m dictat$ to h] *ild ! words he 0 to use 9 ask+ h] = "o ?+ or ano!r1 is an explanation ( h[ languages already =m$ are taught1 b by no means expla9s h[ languages 7 orig9ally =m$4 ,we w suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is fir/ difficulty is obviat$4 ,let u = a mom5t !n take ourselves z be+ on ?is side ( ! va/ space :i* mu/ lie betwe5 a pure /ate ( nature & t 9 :i* languages _h become necess>y1 &1 admitt+ _! necessity1 let u inquire h[ !y c\ld fir/ be e/abli%$4 ,"h we h a new & worse difficulty to grapple )2 = if m5 ne$ spee* to le>n to ?9k1 !y mu/ h /ood 9 mu* great] ne$ ( ! art ( ?9k+1 to be able to inv5t t ( speak+4 ,& ?\gh we might conceive h[ ! articulate s\nds ( ! voice came to be tak5 z ! conv5tional int]pret]s ( our ideas1 x w\ld /ill rema9 = u to inquire :at c\ld h be5 ! int]pret]s ( ?is conv5tion = ^? ideas1 :i*1 answ]+ to no s5sible objects1 c\ld n be indicat$ ei!r by ge/ure or voice2 s t we c h>dly =m any tol]able conjectures ab\t ! orig9 ( ?is art ( communicat+ our ?\ghts & e/abli%+ a correspond5ce betwe5 m9ds3 an art s sublime1 t f> di/ant z x is f its orig91 philosoph]s /ill behold x at su* an immeasurable di/ance f p]fection1 t !re is none ra% en\gh to affirm x w ev] rea* x1 ev5 ?\gh ! revolutions "t necess>ily produces 7 susp5d$ 9 its fav\r1 ?\gh prejudice %\ld be bani%$ f our academies or condemn$ to sil5ce1 & ^? le>n$ societies %\ld devote !mselves un9t]rupt$ly = :ole ages to ?is ?orny "q4 ,! fir/ language ( mank9d1 ! mo/ univ]sal & vivid1 9 a ^w ! only language man ne$$1 be=e he _h occasion to ex]t 8 eloqu5ce to p]suade assembl$ multitudes1 0 ! simple cry ( nature4 ,b z ?is 0 excit$ only by a sort ( in/9ct on urg5t occasions1 to implore assi/ance 9 case ( dang]1 or relief 9 case ( suff]+1 x c\ld be ( little use 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life1 9 :i* m mod]ate feel+s prevail4 ,:5 ! ideas ( m5 began to exp& & multiply1 & clos] communication took place among !m1 !y /rove to inv5t m num]\s signs & a m copi\s language4 ,!y multipli$ ! inflections ( ! voice1 & add$ ge/ures1 :i* are 9 _! own nature m expressive1 & dep5d less = _! mean+ on a prior det]m9ation4 ,visible & movable objects 7 !re=e express$ by ge/ures1 & audible ones by imitative s\nds3 b1 z h>dly any?+ c be indicat$ by ge/ures1 except objects actually pres5t or easily describ$1 & visible actions2 z !y are n univ]sally useful--= d>kness or ! int]position ( a mat]ial object de/roys _! efficacy--& z besides !y r reque/ ?an secure our att5tion2 m5 at l5g? be?\ght !mselves ( sub/itut+ = !m ! articulate s\nds ( ! voice1 :i*1 )\t be>+ ! same relation to any p>ticul> ideas1 are bett] calculat$ to express !m all1 z conv5tional signs4 ,su* an in/itution c\ld only be made by common cons5t1 & mu/ h be5 effect$ 9 a mann] n v easy = m5 ^: gross organs _h n be5 accu/om$ to any su* ex]cise4 ,x is also 9 itself /ill m difficult to conceive1 s9ce su* a common agreem5t mu/ h _h motives1 & spee* seems to h be5 highly necess>y to e/abli% ! use ( x4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! words fir/ made use ( by mank9d _h a mu* m ext5sive signification ?an ^? us$ 9 languages already =m$1 & t ignorant z !y 7 ( ! division ( disc\rse into its con/itu5t p>ts1 !y at fir/ gave e s+le ^w ! s5se ( a :ole proposition4 ,:5 !y began to di/+ui% subject & attribute1 & n\n & v]b1 :i* 0 itself no common ef=t ( g5ius1 sub/antives 7 at fir/ only s _m prop] names2 ! pres5t inf9itive 0 ! only t5se ( v]bs2 & ! v idea ( adjectives mu/ h be5 develop$ ) great difficulty2 = e adjective is an ab/ract idea1 & ab/ractions are pa9ful & unnatural op]ations4 ,e object at fir/ receiv$ a p>ticul> "n )\t reg>d to g5us or species1 :i* ^! primitive orig9ators 7 n 9 a position to di/+ui%2 e individual pres5t$ itself to _! m9ds 9 isolation1 z !y are 9 ! picture ( nature4 ,if "o oak 0 call$ ,a1 ano!r 0 call$ ,b2 = ! primitive idea ( two ?+s is t !y are n ! same1 & x (t5 takes a long "t = :at !y h 9 common to be se53 s t1 ! n>r[] ! limits ( _! k ( ?+s1 ! m copi\s _! diction>y mu/ h be54 ,! difficulty ( us+ su* a vocabul>y c\ld n be easily remov$2 =1 to arrange be+s "u common & g5]ic d5om9ations1 x became necess>y to "k _! di/+ui%+ prop]ties3 ! ne$ arose = obs]vation & def9ition1 t is to say1 = natural hi/ory & metaphysics ( a f> m develop$ k9d ?an m5 c at t "t h possess$4 ,add to ?is1 t g5]al ideas _c be introduc$ into ! m9d )\t ! assi/ance ( words1 nor c ! und]/&+ seize !m except by means ( propositions4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y animals _c =m su* ideas1 or ev] acquire t capacity = self-improvem5t :i* dep5ds on !m4 ,:5 a monkey goes f "o nut to ano!r1 are we to conceive t he ent]ta9s any g5]al idea ( t k9d ( fruit1 & comp>es its ar*etype ) ! two individual nuts8 ,assur$ly he does n2 b ! sight ( "o ( ^! nuts recalls to 8 memory ! s5sations :i* he receiv$ f ! o!r1 & 8 eyes1 be+ modifi$ aft] a c]ta9 mann]1 give in=mation to ! palate ( ! modification x is ab\t to receive4 ,e g5]al idea is purely intellectual2 if ! imag9ation m$dles ) x ev] s little1 ! idea imm$iately becomes p>ticul>4 ,if y endeav\r to trace 9 y\r m9d ! image ( a tree 9 g5]al1 y nev] atta9 to y\r end4 ,9 spite ( all y c d1 y w h to see x z great or little1 b>e or leafy1 light or d>k1 & 7 y capable ( see+ no?+ 9 x b :at is common to all trees1 x w\ld no long] be l a tree at all4 ,purely ab/ract be+s are p]ceivable 9 ! same mann]1 or are only conceivable by ! help ( language4 ,! def9ition ( a triangle alone gives y a true idea ( x3 ! mom5t y imag9e a triangle 9 y\r m9d1 x is "s p>ticul> triangle & n ano!r1 & y _c avoid giv+ x s5sible l9es & a col\r$ area4 ,we mu/ !n make use ( propositions & ( language 9 ord] to =m g5]al ideas4 ,= no soon] does ! imag9ation cease to op]ate ?an ! und]/&+ proce$s only by ! help ( words4 ,if !n ! fir/ inv5tors ( spee* c\ld give names only to ideas !y already _h1 x foll[s t ! fir/ sub/antives c\ld be no?+ m ?an prop] names4 ,b :5 our new gramm>ians1 by means ( :i* ,i h no conception1 began to ext5d _! ideas & g5]alise _! t]ms1 ! ignorance ( ! inv5tors mu/ h conf9$ ?is me?od )9 v n>r[ limits2 &1 z !y _h at fir/ gone too f> 9 multiply+ ! names ( individuals1 f ignorance ( _! g5us & species1 !y made aft]w>ds too few ( ^!1 f n hav+ consid]$ be+s 9 all _! specific diff]5ces4 ,x w\ld inde$ h ne$$ m k & exp]i5ce ?an !y c\ld h1 & m pa9s & inquiry ?an !y w\ld h be/[$1 to c>ry ^! di/9ctions to _! prop] l5g?4 ,if1 ev5 to-day1 we are cont9ually discov]+ new species1 :i* h hi!rto escap$ obs]vation1 let u reflect h[ _m ( !m mu/ h escap$ m5 :o judg$ ?+s m]ely f _! fir/ appe>ance6 ,x is sup]flu\s to add t ! primitive classes & ! mo/ g5]al notions mu/ necess>ily h escap$ _! notice also4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 c\ld !y h und]/ood or ?\ght ( ! words matt]1 _s1 sub/ance1 mode1 figure1 motion1 :5 ev5 our philosoph]s1 :o h s long be5 mak+ use ( !m1 h !mselves ! greate/ difficulty 9 und]/&+ !m2 & :51 ! ideas atta*$ to !m be+ purely metaphysical1 !re are no models ( !m to be f\nd 9 nature8 ,b ,i /op at ?is po9t1 & ask my judges to susp5d _! read+ a :ile1 to consid]1 aft] ! inv5tion ( physical sub/antives1 :i* is ! easie/ "p ( language to inv5t1 t !re is /ill a great way to g1 be=e ! ?\ghts ( m5 w h f\nd p]fect expression & con/ant =m1 su* z w\ld answ] ! purposes ( public speak+1 & produce _! effect on society4 ,i beg ( !m to consid] h[ mu* "t mu/ h be5 sp5t1 & h[ mu* k ne$$1 to f9d out numb]s1 ab/ract t]ms1 aori/s & all ! t5ses ( v]bs1 p>ticles1 syntax1 ! me?od ( connect+ propositions1 ! =ms ( reason+1 & all ! logic ( spee*4 ,= myself1 ,i am s agha/ at ! increas+ difficulties :i* pres5t !mselves1 & s well conv9c$ ( ! almo/ demon/rable impossibility t languages %\ld owe _! orig9al in/itution to m]ely human means1 t ,i leave1 to any "o :o w und]take x1 ! discussion ( ! difficult problem1 :i* 0 mo/ necess>y1 ! exi/5ce ( society to ! inv5tion ( language1 or ! inv5tion ( language to ! e/abli%m5t ( society4 ,b be ! orig9 ( language & society :at !y may1 x may be at lea/ inf]r$1 f ! little c>e :i* nature has tak5 to unite mank9d by mutual wants1 & to facilitate ! use ( spee*1 t %e has contribut$ little to make !m sociable1 & has put little ( h] own into all !y h done to create su* bonds ( union4 ,x is 9 fact impossible to conceive :y1 9 a /ate ( nature1 "o man %\ld /& m 9 ne$ ( ! assi/ance ( ano!r1 ?an a monkey or a wolf ( ! assi/ance ( ano!r ( its k9d3 or1 grant+ t he did1 :at motives c\ld induce t o!r to assi/ him2 or1 ev5 !n1 by :at means !y c\ld agree ab\t ! conditions4 ,i "k x is incessantly repeat$ t man w\ld 9 su* a /ate h be5 ! mo/ mis]able ( creatures2 & inde$1 if x be true1 z ,i ?9k ,i h prov$1 t he mu/ h liv$ _m ages1 be=e he c\ld h ei!r desire or an opportunity ( em]g+ f x1 ?is w\ld only be an accusation aga9/ nature1 & n aga9/ ! be+ :i* %e _h ?us unhappily con/itut$4 ,b z ,i und]/& ! ^w mis]able1 x ei!r has no mean+ at all1 or else signifies only a pa9ful privation ( some?+1 or a /ate ( suff]+ ei!r 9 body or s\l4 ,i %\ld be glad to h expla9$ to me1 :at k9d ( mis]y a free be+1 ^: he>t is at ease & ^: body is 9 heal?1 c possibly suff]4 ,i w\ld ask also1 :e!r a social or a natural life is mo/ likely to become insupportable to ^? :o enjoy x4 ,we see ar\nd u h>dly a creature 9 civil society1 :o does n lam5t 8 exi/5ce3 we ev5 see _m deprive !mselves ( z mu* ( x z !y c1 & laws human & div9e toge!r c h>dly put a /op to ! disord]4 ,i ask1 if x 0 ev] kn[n t a savage took x into 8 head1 :5 at lib]ty1 to compla9 ( life or to make away ) himself4 ,let u !re=e judge1 ) less vanity1 on :i* side ! real mis]y is f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c\ld be m unhappy ?an savage man1 dazzl$ by sci5ce1 torm5t$ by 8 passions1 & reason+ ab\t a /ate diff]5t f 8 own4 ,x appe>s t ,provid5ce mo/ wisely det]m9$ t ! faculties1 :i* he pot5tially possess$1 %\ld develop !mselves only z occasion (f]$ to ex]cise !m1 9 ord] t !y might n be sup]flu\s or p]plex+ to him1 by appe>+ be=e _! "t1 nor sl[ & useless :5 ! ne$ = !m arose4 ,9 in/9ct alone1 he _h all he requir$ = liv+ 9 ! /ate ( nature2 & ) a develop$ und]/&+ he has only j en\gh to support life 9 society4 ,x appe>s1 at fir/ view1 t m5 9 a /ate ( nature1 hav+ no moral relations or det]m9ate obligations "o ) ano!r1 c\ld n be ei!r good nor bad1 virtu\s or vici\s2 unless we take ^! t]ms 9 a physical s5se1 & call1 9 an individual1 ^? qualities vices :i* may be injuri\s to 8 pres]vation1 & ^? virtues :i* contribute to x2 9 :i* case1 he w\ld h to be acc\nt$ mo/ virtu\s1 :o put lea/ *eck on ! pure impulses ( nature4 ,b )\t deviat+ f ! ord9>y s5se ( ! words1 x w be prop] to susp5d ! judgm5t we might be l$ to =m on su* a /ate1 & be on our gu>d aga9/ our prejudices1 till we h weigh$ ! matt] 9 ! scales ( imp>tiality1 & se5 :e!r virtues or vices prepond]ate among civilis$ m52 & :e!r _! virtues d !m m good ?an _! vices d h>m2 till we h discov]$1 :e!r ! progress ( ! sci5ces suffici5tly indemnifies !m = ! mis*iefs !y d "o ano!r1 9 proportion z !y are bett] in=m$ ( ! good !y ought to d2 or :e!r !y w\ld n be1 on ! :ole1 9 a mu* happi] condition if !y _h no?+ to fe> or to hope f any "o1 ?an z !y are1 subject$ to univ]sal dep5d5ce1 & oblig$ to take ev]y?+ f ^? :o engage to give !m no?+ 9 return4 ,above all1 let u n conclude1 ) ,hobbes1 t because man has no idea ( goodness1 he mu/ be naturally wick$2 t he is vici\s because he does n "k virtue2 t he always refuses to d 8 fell[-creatures s]vices :i* he does n ?9k !y h a "r to dem&2 or t by virtue ( ! "r he truly claims to ev]y?+ he ne$s1 he fooli%ly imag9es himself ! sole proprietor ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,hobbes _h se5 cle>ly ! defects ( all ! mod]n def9itions ( natural "r3 b ! consequ5ces :i* he d$uces f 8 own %[ t he und]/&s x 9 an equally false s5se4 ,9 reason+ on ! pr9ciples he lays d[n1 he ought to h said t ! /ate ( nature1 be+ t 9 :i* ! c>e = our own pres]vation is ! lea/ prejudicial to t ( o!rs1 0 consequ5tly ! be/ calculat$ to promote peace1 & ! mo/ suitable = mank9d4 ,he does say ! exact opposite1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ improp]ly admitt$1 z a "p ( savage man's c>e = self-pres]vation1 ! gratification ( a multitude ( passions :i* are ! "w ( society1 & h made laws necess>y4 ,a bad man1 he says1 is a robu/ *ild4 ,b x rema9s to be prov$ :e!r man 9 a /ate ( nature is ?is robu/ *ild3 &1 %\ld we grant t he is1 :at w\ld he inf]8 ,:y truly1 t if ?is man1 :5 robu/ & /rong1 7 dep5d5t on o!rs z he is :5 feeble1 !re is no extravagance he w\ld n be guilty (2 t he w\ld beat 8 "m :5 %e 0 too sl[ 9 giv+ him h] brea/2 t he w\ld /rangle "o ( 8 y\ng] bro!rs1 if he %\ld be tr\blesome to him1 or bite ! arm ( ano!r1 if he put him to any inconv5i5ce4 ,b t man 9 ! /ate ( nature is bo? /rong & dep5d5t involves two contr>y suppositions4 ,man is weak :5 he is dep5d5t1 & is 8 own ma/] be=e he comes to be /rong4 ,hobbes did n reflect t ! same cause1 :i* prev5ts a savage f mak+ use ( 8 reason1 z our juri/s hold1 prev5ts him also f abus+ 8 faculties1 z ,hobbes himself all[s3 s t x may be ju/ly said t savages are n bad m]ely because !y d n "k :at x is to be good3 = x is nei!r ! developm5t ( ! und]/&+ nor ! re/ra9t ( law t h9d]s !m f do+ ill2 b ! peacefulness ( _! passions1 & _! ignorance ( vice3 tanto plus 9 illis pr(icit vitiorum ignoratio1 quam 9 8 cognitio virtutis4#b ,!re is ano!r pr9ciple :i* has escap$ ,hobbes2 :i*1 hav+ be5 be/[$ on mank9d1 to mod]ate1 on c]ta9 occasions1 ! impetuosity ( egoism1 or1 be=e its bir?1 ! desire ( self-pres]vation1 temp]s ! ard\r ) :i* he pursues 8 own welf>e1 by an innate repugnance at see+ a fell[-creature suff]4#c ,i ?9k ,i ne$ n fe> contradiction 9 hold+ man to be possess$ ( ! only natural virtue1 :i* c\ld n be d5i$ him by ! mo/ viol5t detractor ( human virtue4 ,i am speak+ ( compassion :i* is a disposition suitable to creatures s weak & subject to s _m evils z we c]ta9ly are3 by s mu* ! m univ]sal & useful to mank9d1 z x comes be=e any k9d ( reflection2 & at ! same "t s natural1 t ! v brutes !mselves sometimes give evid5t pro(s ( x4 ,n to m5tion ! t5d]ness ( mo!rs = _! (fspr+ & ! p]ils !y enc\nt] to save !m f dang]1 x is well kn[n t horses %[ a reluctance to trample on liv+ bodies4 ,"o animal nev] passes by ! dead body ( ano!r ( its species3 !re are ev5 "s :i* give _! fell[s a sort ( burial2 :ile ! m\rnful l[+s ( ! cattle :5 !y ent] ! slaught]-h\se %[ ! impressions made on !m by ! horrible spectacle :i* meets !m4 ,we f9d1 ) pleasure1 ! au?or ( ! ,fable ( ! ,bees oblig$ to own t man is a compassionate & s5sible be+1 & lay+ aside 8 cold subtlety ( /yle1 9 ! example he gives1 to pres5t u ) ! pa!tic description ( a man :o1 f a place ( conf9em5t1 is compell$ to behold a wild bea/ te> a *ild f ! arms ( its "m1 gr9d+ its t5d] limbs ) its murd]\s tee?1 & te>+ its palpitat+ entrails ) its claws4 ,:at horrid agitation mu/ n ! eye-witness ( su* a sc5e exp]i5ce1 al?\gh he w\ld n be p]sonally conc]n$6 ,:at anxiety w\ld he n suff] at n be+ able to give any assi/ance to ! fa9t+ "m & ! dy+ infant6 ,su* is ! pure emotion ( nature1 prior to all k9ds ( reflection6 ,su* is ! =ce ( natural compassion1 :i* ! greate/ depravity ( morals has z yet h>dly be5 able to de/roy6 = we daily f9d at our !atres m5 affect$1 nay %$d+ te>s at ! suff]+s ( a wret* :o1 7 he 9 ! tyrant's place1 w\ld probably ev5 add to ! torm5ts ( 8 enemies2 l ! blood?ir/y ,sulla1 :o 0 s s5sitive to ills he _h n caus$1 or t ,alex&] ( ,ph]os :o did n d>e to g & see any trag$y act$1 = fe> ( be+ se5 weep+ ) ,&roma*e & ,priam1 ?\gh he c\ld li/5 )\t emotion to ! cries ( all ! citiz5s :o 7 daily /rangl$ at 8 comm&4 ,mollissima corda ,humano g5]i d>e se natura fatetur1 ,qua lacrimas d$it4 ,juv5al1 ,satire xv1 #aea4d ,m&eville well knew t1 9 spite ( all _! morality1 m5 w\ld h nev] be5 bett] ?an mon/]s1 _h n nature be/[$ on !m a s5se ( compassion1 to aid _! reason3 b he did n see t f ?is quality alone fl[ all ^? social virtues1 ( :i* he d5i$ man ! possession4 ,b :at is g5]osity1 clem5cy or humanity b compassion appli$ to ! weak1 to ! guilty1 or to mank9d 9 g5]al8 ,ev5 b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip are1 if we judge rightly1 only ! effects ( compassion1 con/antly set ^u a p>ticul> object3 = h[ is x diff]5t to wi% t ano!r p]son may n suff] pa9 & uneas9ess & to wi% him happy8 ,7 x ev5 true t pity is no m ?an a feel+1 :i* puts u 9 ! place ( ! suff]]1 a feel+1 obscure yet lively 9 a savage1 develop$ yet feeble 9 civilis$ man2 ?is tru? w\ld h no o!r consequ5ce ?an to confirm my argum5t4 ,compassion mu/1 9 fact1 be ! /rong]1 ! m ! animal behold+ any k9d ( di/ress id5tifies himself ) ! animal t suff]s4 ,n[1 x is pla9 t su* id5tification mu/ h be5 mu* m p]fect 9 a /ate ( nature ?an x is 9 a /ate ( reason4 ,x is reason t eng5d]s self-respect1 & reflection t confirms x3 x is reason :i* turns man's m9d back ^u itself1 & divides him f ev]y?+ t c\ld di/urb or afflict him4 ,x is philosophy t isolates him1 & bids him say1 at sight ( ! mis=tunes ( o!rs3 ,p]i% if y w1 ,i am secure4 ,no?+ b su* g5]al evils z ?reat5 ! :ole community c di/urb ! tranquil sleep ( ! philosoph]1 or te> him f 8 b$4 ,a murd] may ) impunity be committ$ "u 8 w9d[2 he has only to put 8 h&s to 8 e>s & argue a little ) himself1 to prev5t nature1 :i* is %ock$ )9 him1 f id5tify+ itself ) ! un=tunate suff]]4 ,uncivilis$ man has n ?is admirable tal5t2 & = want ( reason & wisdom1 is always fooli%ly ready to obey ! fir/ prompt+s ( humanity4 ,x is ! populace t flocks toge!r at riots & /reet-brawls1 :ile ! wise man prud5tly makes (f4 ,x is ! mob & ! m>ket-wom51 :o "p ! combatants1 & h9d] g5tle-folks f cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats4 ,x is !n c]ta9 t compassion is a natural feel+ :i*1 by mod]at+ ! viol5ce ( love ( self 9 ea* individual1 contributes to ! pres]vation ( ! :ole species4 ,x is ?is compassion t hurries u )\t reflection to ! relief ( ^? :o are 9 di/ress3 x is ?is :i* 9 a /ate ( nature supplies ! place ( laws1 morals & virtues1 ) ! advantage t none are tempt$ to disobey its g5tle voice3 x is ?is :i* w always prev5t a /urdy savage f robb+ a weak *ild or a feeble old man ( ! su/5ance !y may h ) pa9 & difficulty acquir$1 if he sees a possibility ( provid+ = himself by o!r means3 x is ?is :i*1 in/ead ( inculcat+ t sublime maxim ( rational ju/ice1 ,d to o!rs z y w\ld h !m d unto y1 inspires all m5 ) t o!r maxim ( natural goodness1 mu* less p]fect inde$1 b p]haps m useful2 ,d good to y\rself ) z little evil z possible to o!rs4 ,9 a ^w1 x is r 9 ?is natural feel+ ?an 9 any subtle argum5ts t we mu/ look = ! cause ( t repugnance1 :i* e man w\ld exp]i5ce 9 do+ evil1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! maxims ( education4 ,al?\gh x might belong to ,socrates & o!r m9ds ( ! l craft to acquire virtue by reason1 ! human race w\ld long s9ce h ceas$ to be1 _h its pres]vation dep5d$ only on ! reason+s ( ! individuals compos+ x4 ,) passions s little active1 & s good a curb1 m51 be+ r wild ?an wick$1 & m int5t to gu>d !mselves aga9/ ! mis*ief t might be done !m1 ?an to d mis*ief to o!rs1 7 by no means subject to v p]il\s diss5sions4 ,!y ma9ta9$ no k9d ( int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 & 7 consequ5tly /rang]s to vanity1 def]5ce1 e/eem & contempt2 !y _h n ! lea/ idea ( meum & tuum1 & no true conception ( ju/ice2 !y look$ ^u e viol5ce to :i* !y 7 subject$1 r z an injury t might easily be repair$ ?an z a crime t ought to be puni%$2 & !y nev] ?\ght ( tak+ rev5ge1 unless p]haps me*anically & on ! spot1 z a dog w sometimes bite ! /one :i* is ?r[n at him4 ,_! qu>rels !re=e w\ld seldom h v bloody consequ5ces2 = ! subject ( !m w\ld be m]ely ! "q ( subsi/5ce4 ,b ,i am aw>e ( "o great] dang]1 :i* rema9s to be notic$4 ,( ! passions t /ir ! he>t ( man1 !re is "o :i* makes ! sexes necess>y to ea* o!r1 & is extremely ard5t & impetu\s2 a t]rible passion t braves dang]1 surm\nts all ob/acles1 & 9 its transports seems calculat$ to br+ de/ruction on ! human race :i* x is really de/9$ to pres]ve4 ,:at mu/ become ( m5 :o are left to ?is brutal & b\ndless rage1 )\t mode/y1 )\t %ame1 & daily uphold+ _! am\rs at ! price ( _! blood8 ,x mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be all[$ t1 ! m viol5t ! passions are1 ! m are laws necess>y to keep !m "u re/ra9t4 ,b1 sett+ aside ! inadequacy ( laws to effect ?is purpose1 :i* is evid5t f ! crimes & disord]s to :i* ^! passions daily give rise among u1 we %\ld d well to inquire if ^! evils did n spr+ up ) ! laws !mselves2 = 9 ?is case1 ev5 if ! laws 7 capable ( repress+ su* evils1 x is ! lea/ t c\ld be expect$ f !m1 t !y %\ld *eck a mis*ief :i* w\ld n h aris5 )\t !m4 ,let u beg9 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! physical & moral +r$i5ts 9 ! feel+ ( love4 ,! physical "p ( love is t g5]al desire :i* urges ! sexes to union ) ea* o!r4 ,! moral "p is t :i* det]m9es & fixes ?is desire exclusively ^u "o p>ticul> object2 or at lea/ gives x a great] degree ( en]gy t[>d ! object ?us pref]r$4 ,x is easy to see t ! moral "p ( love is a factiti\s feel+1 born ( social usage1 & enhanc$ by ! wom5 ) mu* c>e & clev]ness1 to e/abli% _! empire1 & put 9 p[] ! sex :i* ought to obey4 ,?is feel+1 be+ f\nd$ on c]ta9 ideas ( beauty & m]it :i* a savage is n 9 a position to acquire1 & on comp>isons :i* he is incapable ( mak+1 mu/ be = him almo/ non-exi/5t2 =1 z 8 m9d _c =m ab/ract ideas ( proportion & regul>ity1 s 8 he>t is n susceptible ( ! feel+s ( love & admiration1 :i* are ev5 ins5sibly produc$ by ! application ( ^! ideas4 ,he foll[s solely ! "* nature has implant$ 9 him1 & n ta/es :i* he c\ld nev] h acquir$2 s t e woman equally answ]s 8 purpose4 ,m5 9 a /ate ( nature be+ conf9$ m]ely to :at is physical 9 love1 & =tunate en\gh to be ignorant ( ^? excell5ces1 :i* :et ! appetite :ile !y increase ! difficulty ( gratify+ x1 mu/ be subject to few] & less viol5t fits ( passion1 & consequ5tly fall into few] & less viol5t disputes4 ,! imag9ation1 :i* causes su* ravages among u1 nev] speaks to ! he>t ( savages1 :o quietly await ! impulses ( nature1 yield to !m involunt>ily1 ) m pleasure ?an ard\r1 &1 _! wants once satisfi$1 lose ! desire4 ,x is !re=e inconte/able t love1 z well z all o!r passions1 mu/ h acquir$ 9 society t gl[+ impetuosity1 :i* makes x s (t5 fatal to mank9d4 ,& x is ! m absurd to repres5t savages z cont9ually cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats to indulge _! brutality1 because ?is op9ion is directly contr>y to exp]i5ce2 ! ,c>ibeans1 :o h z yet lea/ ( all deviat$ f ! /ate ( nature1 be+ 9 fact ! mo/ peaceable ( p 9 _! am\rs1 & ! lea/ subject to jeal\sy1 ?\gh !y live 9 a hot climate :i* seems always to inflame ! passions4 ,) reg>d to ! inf]5ces t might be drawn1 9 ! case ( sev]al species ( animals1 ! males ( :i* fill our p\ltry-y>ds ) blood & slaught]1 or 9 spr+ make ! =e/s res\nd ) _! qu>rels ov] _! females2 we mu/ beg9 by exclud+ all ^? species1 9 :i* nature has pla9ly e/abli%$1 9 ! comp>ative p[] ( ! sexes1 relations diff]5t f ^? :i* exi/ among u3 ?us we c base no conclusion ab\t m5 on ! habits ( fight+ cocks4 ,9 ^? species :]e ! proportion is bett] obs]v$1 ^! battles mu/ be entirely due to ! sc>city ( females 9 comp>ison ) males2 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 to ! int]vals dur+ :i* ! female con/antly refuses ! advances ( ! male3 = if ea* female admits ! male b dur+ two mon?s 9 ! ye>1 x is ! same z if ! numb] ( females 7 five-six?s less4 ,n[1 nei!r ( ^! two cases is applicable to ! human species1 9 :i* ! numb] ( females usually exce$s t ( males1 & among :om x has nev] be5 obs]v$1 ev5 among savages1 t ! females h1 l ^? ( o!r animals1 _! /at$ times ( passion & indiff]5ce4 ,moreov]1 9 sev]al ( ^! species1 ! individuals all take fire at once1 & !re comes a fe>ful mom5t ( univ]sal passion1 tumult & disord] among !m2 a sc5e :i* is nev] beheld 9 ! human species1 ^: love is n ?us seasonal4 ,we mu/ n !n conclude f ! combats ( su* animals = ! enjoym5t ( ! females1 t ! case w\ld be ! same ) mank9d 9 a /ate ( nature3 &1 ev5 if we drew su* a conclusion1 we see t su* conte/s d n ext]m9ate o!r k9ds ( animals1 & we h no reason to ?9k !y w\ld be m fatal to ours4 ,x is inde$ cle> t !y w\ld d /ill less mis*ief ?an is ! case 9 a /ate ( society2 especially 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i*1 morals be+ /ill held 9 "s repute1 ! jeal\sy ( lov]s & ! v5geance ( husb&s are ! daily cause ( duels1 murd]s1 & ev5 worse crimes2 :]e ! obligation ( et]nal fidelity only occasions adult]y1 & ! v laws ( hon\r & cont95ce necess>ily increase debau*]y & lead to ! multiplication ( abortions4 ,let u conclude !n t man 9 a /ate ( nature1 w&]+ up & d[n ! =e/s1 )\t indu/ry1 )\t spee*1 & )\t home1 an equal /rang] to w> & to all ties1 nei!r /&+ 9 ne$ ( 8 fell[-creatures nor hav+ any desire to hurt !m1 & p]haps ev5 n di/+ui%+ !m "o f ano!r2 let u conclude t1 be+ self-suffici5t & subject to s few passions1 he c\ld h no feel+s or k b su* z befitt$ 8 situation2 t he felt only 8 actual necessities1 & disreg>d$ ev]y?+ he did n ?9k himself imm$iately conc]n$ to notice1 & t 8 und]/&+ made no great] progress ?an 8 vanity4 ,if by accid5t he made any discov]y1 he 0 ! less able to communicate x to o!rs1 z he did n "k ev5 8 own *ildr54 ,e art w\ld necess>ily p]i% ) its inv5tor1 :]e !re 0 no k9d ( education among m51 & g5]ations succe$$ g5]ations )\t ! lea/ advance2 :51 all sett+ out f ! same po9t1 c5turies mu/ h elaps$ 9 ! b>b>ism ( ! fir/ ages2 :5 ! race 0 already old1 & man rema9$ a *ild4 ,if ,i h expatiat$ at su* l5g? on ?is suppos$ primitive /ate1 x is because ,i _h s _m anci5t errors & invet]ate prejudices to eradicate1 & !re=e ?\ght x incumb5t on me to dig d[n to _! v root1 & %[1 by means ( a true picture ( ! /ate ( nature1 h[ f> ev5 ! natural inequalities ( mank9d are f hav+ t reality & influ5ce :i* mod]n writ]s suppose4 ,x is 9 fact easy to see t _m ( ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% m5 are m]ely ! effect ( habit & ! diff]5t me?ods ( life m5 adopt 9 society4 ,?us a robu/ or delicate con/itution1 & ! /r5g? or weakness atta*+ to x1 are m frequ5tly ! effects ( a h>dy or effem9ate me?od ( education ?an ( ! orig9al end[m5t ( ! body4 ,x is ! same ) ! p[]s ( ! m9d2 = education n only makes a diff]5ce betwe5 su* z are cultur$ & su* z are n1 b ev5 increases ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ among ! =m]1 9 proportion to _! respective degrees ( culture3 z ! di/ance betwe5 a giant & a dw>f on ! same road increases ) e /ep !y take4 ,if we comp>e ! prodigi\s div]sity1 :i* obta9s 9 ! education & mann] ( life ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( m5 9 ! /ate ( society1 ) ! uni=mity & simplicity ( animal & savage life1 9 :i* e "o lives on ! same k9d ( food & 9 exactly ! same mann]1 & does exactly ! same ?+s1 x is easy to conceive h[ mu* less ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & man mu/ be 9 a /ate ( nature ?an 9 a /ate ( society1 & h[ greatly ! natural inequality ( mank9d mu/ be increas$ by ! inequalities ( social in/itutions4 ,b ev5 if nature really affect$1 9 ! di/ribution ( h] gifts1 t p>tiality :i* is imput$ to h]1 :at advantage w\ld ! greate/ ( h] fav\rites d]ive f x1 to ! detrim5t ( o!rs1 9 a /ate t admits ( h>dly any k9d ( relation betwe5 !m8 ,:]e !re is no love1 ( :at advantage is beauty8 ,( :at use is wit to ^? :o d n conv]se1 or cunn+ to ^? :o h no bus9ess ) o!rs8 ,i he> x con/antly repeat$ t1 9 su* a /ate1 ! /rong w\ld oppress ! weak2 b :at is "h meant by oppression8 ,"s1 x is said1 w\ld viol5tly dom9e] ov] o!rs1 :o w\ld groan "u a s]vile submission to _! caprices4 ,?is inde$ is exactly :at ,i obs]ve to be ! case among u2 b ,i d n see h[ x c be inf]r$ ( m5 9 a /ate ( nature1 :o c\ld n easily be br\ght to conceive :at we mean by dom9ion & s]vitude4 ,"o man1 x is true1 might seize ! fruits :i* ano!r _h ga!r$1 ! game he _h kill$1 or ! cave he _h *os5 = %elt]2 b h[ w\ld he ev] be able to exact ob$i5ce1 & :at ties ( dep5d5ce c\ld !re be among m5 )\t possessions8 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i am driv5 f "o tree1 ,i c g to ! next2 if ,i am di/urb$ 9 "o place1 :at h9d]s me f go+ to ano!r8 ,aga91 %\ld ,i happ5 to meet ) a man s mu* /rong] ?an myself1 & at ! same "t s deprav$1 s indol5t1 & s b>b>\s1 z to compel me to provide = 8 su/5ance :ile he himself rema9s idle2 he mu/ take c>e n to h 8 eyes (f me = a s+le mom5t2 he mu/ b9d me fa/ be=e he goes to sleep1 or ,i %all c]ta9ly ei!r knock him on ! head or make my escape4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ 9 su* a case volunt>ily expose himself to mu* great] tr\ble ?an he seeks to avoid1 or c give me4 ,aft] all ?is1 let him be (f 8 gu>d ev] s little2 let him b turn 8 head aside at any sudd5 noise1 & ,i %all be in/antly tw5ty paces (f1 lo/ 9 ! =e/1 &1 my fett]s bur/ asund]1 he w\ld nev] see me aga94 ,)\t my expatiat+ ?us uselessly on ^! details1 e "o mu/ see t z ! bonds ( s]vitude are =m$ m]ely by ! mutual dep5d5ce ( m5 on "o ano!r & ! reciprocal ne$s t unite !m1 x is impossible to make any man a slave1 unless he be fir/ r$uc$ to a situation 9 :i* he _c d )\t ! help ( o!rs3 &1 s9ce su* a situation does n exi/ 9 a /ate ( nature1 e "o is !re 8 own ma/]1 & ! law ( ! /ronge/ is ( no effect4 ,hav+ prov$ t ! inequality ( mank9d is h>dly felt1 & t its influ5ce is next to no?+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 ,i mu/ next %[ its orig9 & trace its progress 9 ! successive developm5ts ( ! human m9d4 ,hav+ %[n t human p]fectibility1 ! social virtues1 & ! o!r faculties :i* natural man pot5tially possess$1 c\ld nev] develop ( !mselves1 b mu/ require ! =tuit\s concurr5ce ( _m =eign causes t might nev] arise1 & )\t :i* he w\ld h rema9$ = ev] 9 8 primitive condition1 ,i mu/ n[ collect & consid] ! diff]5t accid5ts :i* may h improv$ ! human und]/&+ :ile deprav+ ! species1 & made man wick$ :ile mak+ him sociable2 s z to br+ him & ! _w f t di/ant p]iod to ! po9t at :i* we n[ behold !m4 ,i confess t1 z ! ev5ts ,i am go+ to describe might h happ5$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ,i h no?+ to det]m9e my *oice b conjectures3 b su* conjectures become reasons1 :5 !y are ! mo/ probable t c be drawn f ! nature ( ?+s1 & ! only means ( discov]+ ! tru?4 ,! consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i mean to d$uce w n be b>ely conjectural2 z1 on ! pr9ciples j laid d[n1 x w\ld be impossible to =m any o!r !ory t w\ld n furni% ! same results1 & f :i* ,i c\ld n draw ! same conclusions4 ,?is w be a suffici5t apology = my n dwell+ on ! mann] 9 :i* ! lapse ( "t comp5sates = ! little probability 9 ! ev5ts2 on ! surpris+ p[] ( trivial causes1 :5 _! action is con/ant2 on ! impossibility1 on ! "o h&1 ( de/roy+ c]ta9 hypo!ses1 ?\gh on ! o!r we _c give !m ! c]ta9ty ( kn[n matt]s ( fact2 on its be+ )9 ! prov9ce ( hi/ory1 :5 two facts are giv5 z real1 & h to be connect$ by a s]ies ( int]m$iate facts1 :i* are unkn[n or suppos$ to be s1 to supply su* facts z may connect !m2 & on its be+ 9 ! prov9ce ( philosophy :5 hi/ory is sil5t1 to det]m9e simil> facts to s]ve ! same end2 & la/ly1 on ! influ5ce ( simil>ity1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ev5ts1 r$uces ! facts to a mu* small] numb] ( diff]5t classes ?an is commonly imag9$4 ,x is en\gh = me to (f] ^! h9ts to ! consid]ation ( my judges1 & to h s arrang$ t ! g5]al read] has no ne$ to consid] !m at all4 #a ,see ,app5dix4 #b ,ju/94 ,hi/1 ii1 #b4 ,s mu* m does ! ignorance ( vice pr(it ! "o sort ?an ! k ( virtue ! o!r4 #c ,egoism mu/ n be confus$ ) self-respect3 = !y diff] bo? 9 !mselves & 9 _! effects4 ,self-respect is a natural feel+ :i* leads e animal to look to its own pres]vation1 & :i*1 guid$ 9 man by reason & modifi$ by compassion1 creates humanity & virtue4 ,egoism is a purely relative & factiti\s feel+1 :i* arises 9 ! /ate ( society1 leads ea* individual to make m ( himself ?an ( any o!r1 causes all ! mutual damage m5 inflict "o on ano!r1 & is ! real s\rce ( ! s5se ( hon\r4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ,i ma9ta9 t1 9 our primitive condition1 9 ! true /ate ( nature1 egoism did n exi/2 = z ea* man reg>d$ himself z ! only obs]v] ( 8 actions1 ! only be+ 9 ! univ]se :o took any int]e/ 9 him1 & ! sole judge ( 8 des]ts1 no feel+ aris+ f comp>isons he c\ld n be l$ to make c\ld take root 9 8 s\l2 & = ! same reason1 he c\ld "k nei!r hatr$ nor ! desire = rev5ge1 s9ce ^! passions c spr+ only f a s5se ( injury3 & z x is ! contempt or ! int5tion to hurt1 & n ! h>m done1 :i* con/itutes ! injury1 m5 :o nei!r valu$ nor comp>$ !mselves c\ld d "o ano!r mu* viol5ce1 :5 x suit$ !m1 )\t feel+ any s5se ( injury4 ,9 a ^w1 ea* man1 reg>d+ 8 fell[s almo/ z he reg>d$ animals ( diff]5t species1 might seize ! prey ( a weak] or yield up 8 own to a /rong]1 & yet consid] ^! acts ( viol5ce z m]e natural occurr5ces1 )\t ! slighte/ emotion ( insol5ce or despite1 or any o!r feel+ ?an ! joy or grief ( success or failure4 #d ,nature av[s %e gave ! human race ! s(te/ he>ts1 :o gave !m te>s4 ,,! ,,second ,,"p ,! fir/ man :o1 hav+ enclos$ a piece ( gr\nd1 be?\ght himself ( say+ ,?is is m9e1 & f\nd p simple en\gh to believe him1 0 ! real f\nd] ( civil society4 ,f h[ _m crimes1 w>s & murd]s1 f h[ _m horrors & mis=tunes might n any "o h sav$ mank9d1 by pull+ up ! /akes1 or fill+ up ! dit*1 & cry+ to 8 fell[s1 ,bew>e ( li/5+ to ?is impo/or2 y are undone if y once =get t ! fruits ( ! e>?1 belong to u all1 & ! e>? itself to nobody4 ,b !re is great probability t ?+s _h !n already come to su* a pit*1 t !y c\ld no long] cont9ue z !y 72 = ! idea ( prop]ty dep5ds on _m prior ideas1 :i* c\ld only be acquir$ successively1 & _c h be5 =m$ all at once 9 ! human m9d4 ,mank9d mu/ h made v consid]able progress1 & acquir$ consid]able k & indu/ry :i* !y mu/ also h transmitt$ & increas$ f age to age1 be=e !y arriv$ at ?is la/ po9t ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,let u !n g f>!r back & endeav\r to unify "u a s+le po9t ( view t sl[ succession ( ev5ts & discov]ies 9 ! mo/ natural ord]4 ,man's fir/ feel+ 0 t ( 8 own exi/5ce1 & 8 fir/ c>e t ( self-pres]vation4 ,! produce ( ! e>? furni%$ him ) all he ne$$1 & in/9ct told him h[ to use x4 ,hung] & o!r appetites made him at v>i\s times exp]i5ce v>i\s modes ( exi/5ce2 & among ^! 0 "o :i* urg$ him to propagate 8 species--a bl9d prop5sity t1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! he>t1 produc$ a m]ely animal act4 ,! want once gratifi$1 ! two sexes knew ea* o!r no m2 & ev5 ! (fspr+ 0 no?+ to its "m1 z soon z x c\ld d )\t h]4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( infant man2 ! life ( an animal limit$ at fir/ to m]e s5sations1 & h>dly pr(it+ by ! gifts nature be/[$ on him1 mu* less capable ( ent]ta9+ a ?\ght ( =c+ any?+ f h]4 ,b difficulties soon pres5t$ !mselves1 & x became necess>y to le>n h[ to surm\nt !m3 ! height ( ! trees1 :i* prev5t$ him f ga!r+ _! fruits1 ! competition ( o!r animals desir\s ( ! same fruits1 & ! f]ocity ( ^? :o ne$$ !m = _! own pres]vation1 all oblig$ him to apply himself to bodily ex]cises4 ,he _h to be active1 swift ( foot1 & vigor\s 9 light4 ,natural weapons1 /ones & /icks1 7 easily f\nd3 he le>nt to surm\nt ! ob/acles ( nature1 to cont5d 9 case ( necessity ) o!r animals1 & to dispute = ! means ( subsi/5ce ev5 ) o!r m51 or to indemnify himself = :at he 0 =c$ to give up to a /rong]4 ,9 proportion z ! human race grew m num]\s1 m5's c>es increas$4 ,! diff]5ce ( soils1 climates & seasons1 mu/ h introduc$ "s diff]5ces into _! mann] ( liv+4 ,b>r5 ye>s1 long & %>p w9t]s1 scor*+ summ]s :i* p>*$ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 mu/ h dem&$ a new indu/ry4 ,on ! sea-%ore & ! banks ( riv]s1 !y inv5t$ ! hook & l9e1 & became fi%]m5 & eat]s ( fi%4 ,9 ! =e/s !y made b[s & arr[s1 & became huntsm5 & w>riors4 ,9 cold c\ntries !y clo!d !mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! bea/s !y _h sla94 ,! lightn+1 a volcano1 or "s lucky *ance acqua9t$ !m ) fire1 a new res\rce aga9/ ! rig\rs ( w9t]3 !y next le>n$ h[ to pres]ve ?is elem5t1 !n h[ to reproduce x1 & f9ally h[ to prep>e ) x ! fle% ( animals :i* be=e !y _h eat5 raw4 ,?is repeat$ relevance ( v>i\s be+s to himself1 & "o to ano!r1 w\ld naturally give rise 9 ! human m9d to ! p]ceptions ( c]ta9 relations betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! relations :i* we d5ote by ! t]ms1 great1 small1 /rong1 weak1 swift1 sl[1 fe>ful1 bold1 & ! l1 almo/ ins5sibly comp>$ at ne$1 mu/ h at l5g? produc$ 9 him a k9d ( reflection1 or r a me*anical prud5ce1 :i* w\ld indicate to him ! precautions mo/ necess>y to 8 security4 ,! new intellig5ce :i* result$ f ?is developm5t increas$ 8 sup]iority ov] o!r animals1 by mak+ him s5sible ( x4 ,he w\ld n[ endeav\r1 !re=e1 to ensn>e !m1 w\ld play !m a ?\s& tricks1 & ?\gh _m ( !m might surpass him 9 swiftness or 9 /r5g?1 w\ld 9 "t become ! ma/] ( "s & ! sc\rge ( o!rs4 ,?us1 ! fir/ "t he look$ into himself1 he felt ! fir/ emotion ( pride2 &1 at a "t :5 he sc>ce knew h[ to di/+ui% ! diff]5t ord]s ( be+s1 by look+ ^u 8 species z ( ! highe/ ord]1 he prep>$ ! way = assum+ pre-em95ce z an individual4 ,o!r m51 x is true1 7 n !n to him :at !y n[ are to u1 & he _h no great] int]c\rse ) !m ?an ) o!r animals2 yet !y 7 n neglect$ 9 8 obs]vations4 ,! con=mities1 :i* he w\ld 9 "t discov] betwe5 !m1 & betwe5 himself & 8 female1 l$ him to judge ( o!rs :i* 7 n !n p]ceptible2 & f9d+ t !y all behav$ z he himself w\ld h done 9 l circum/ances1 he naturally inf]r$ t _! mann] ( ?9k+ & act+ 0 altoge!r 9 con=mity ) 8 own4 ,?is important tru?1 once deeply impress$ on 8 m9d1 mu/ h induc$ him1 f an intuitive feel+ m c]ta9 & mu* m rapid ?an any k9d ( reason+1 to pursue ! rules ( conduct1 :i* he _h be/ obs]ve t[>ds !m1 = 8 own security & advantage4 ,taught by exp]i5ce t ! love ( well-be+ is ! sole motive ( human actions1 he f\nd himself 9 a position to di/+ui% ! few cases1 9 :i* mutual int]e/ might ju/ify him 9 rely+ ^u ! assi/ance ( 8 fell[s2 & also ! /ill few] cases 9 :i* a conflict ( int]e/s might give cause to suspect !m4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he jo9$ 9 ! same h]d ) !m1 or at mo/ 9 "s k9d ( loose association1 t laid no re/ra9t on its memb]s1 & la/$ no long] ?an ! transitory occasion t =m$ x4 ,9 ! latt] case1 e "o s\ght 8 own private advantage1 ei!r by op5 =ce1 if he ?\ght himself /rong en\gh1 or by address & cunn+1 if he felt himself ! weak]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 m5 may h ins5sibly acquir$ "s gross ideas ( mutual und]tak+s1 & ( ! advantages ( fulfill+ !m3 t is1 j s f> z _! pres5t & app>5t int]e/ 0 conc]n$3 = !y 7 p]fect /rang]s to =esight1 & 7 s f> f tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t ! di/ant future1 t !y h>dly ?\ght ( ! morr[4 ,if a de] 0 to be tak51 e "o saw t1 9 ord] to succe$1 he mu/ abide fai?fully by 8 po/3 b if a h>e happ5$ to come )9 ! rea* ( any "o ( !m1 x is n to be d\bt$ t he pursu$ x )\t scruple1 &1 hav+ seiz$ 8 prey1 c>$ v little1 if by s do+ he caus$ 8 companions to miss !irs4 ,x is easy to und]/& t su* int]c\rse w\ld n require a language mu* m ref9$ ?an t ( rooks or monkeys1 :o associate toge!r = mu* ! same1 purpose4 ,in>ticulate cries1 pl5ty ( ge/ures & "s imitative s\nds1 mu/ h be5 = a long "t ! univ]sal language2 & by ! addition1 9 e c\ntry1 ( "s conv5tional articulate s\nds 7( :i*1 z ,i h already intimat$1 ! fir/ in/itution is n too easy to expla97 p>ticul> languages 7 produc$2 b ^! 7 rude & imp]fect1 & ne>ly su* z n[ to be f\nd among "s savage nations4 ,hurri$ on by ! rapidity ( "t1 by ! abundance ( ?+s ,i h to say1 & by ! almo/ ins5sible progress ( ?+s 9 _! beg9n+s1 ,i pass ov] 9 an in/ant a multitude ( ages2 = ! sl[] ! ev5ts 7 9 _! succession1 ! m rapidly may !y be describ$4 ,^! fir/ advances enabl$ m5 to make o!rs ) great] rapidity4 ,9 proportion z !y grew enlight5$1 !y grew indu/ri\s4 ,!y ceas$ to fall asleep "u ! fir/ tree1 or 9 ! fir/ cave t af=d$ !m %elt]2 !y inv5t$ sev]al k9ds ( implem5ts ( h>d & %>p /ones1 :i* !y us$ to dig up ! e>?1 & to cut wood2 !y !n made huts out ( bran*es1 & aft]w>ds le>nt to pla/] !m ov] ) mud & clay4 ,?is 0 ! epo* ( a fir/ revolution1 :i* e/abli%$ & di/+ui%$ families1 & introduc$ a k9d ( prop]ty1 9 itself ! s\rce ( a ?\s& qu>rels & conflicts4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! /ronge/ 7 probably ! fir/ to build !mselves huts :i* !y felt !mselves able to def5d1 x may be conclud$ t ! weak f\nd x mu* easi] & saf] to imitate1 ?an to attempt to dislodge !m3 & ( ^? :o 7 once provid$ ) huts1 none c\ld h any inducem5t to appropriate t ( 8 neighb\r2 n inde$ s mu* because x did n belong to him1 z because x c\ld be ( no use1 & he c\ld n make himself ma/] ( x )\t expos+ himself to a desp]ate battle ) ! family :i* occupi$ x4 ,! fir/ expansions ( ! human he>t 7 ! effects ( a novel situation1 :i* unit$ husb&s & wives1 fa!rs & *ildr51 "u "o ro(4 ,! habit ( liv+ toge!r soon gave rise to ! f9e/ feel+s kn[n to humanity1 conjugal love & pat]nal affection4 ,e family became a little society1 ! m unit$ because lib]ty--& reciprocal atta*m5t 7 ! only bonds ( its union4 ,! sexes1 ^: mann] ( life _h be5 hi!rto ! same1 began n[ to adopt diff]5t ways ( liv+4 ,! wom5 became m s$5t>y1 & accu/om$ !mselves to m9d ! hut & _! *ildr51 :ile ! m5 w5t abroad 9 se>* ( _! common subsi/5ce4 ,f liv+ a s(t] life1 bo? sexes also began to lose some?+ ( _! /r5g? & f]ocity3 b1 if individuals became to "s ext5t less able to enc\nt] wild bea/s sep>ately1 !y f\nd x1 on ! o!r h&1 easi] to assemble & resi/ 9 common4 ,! simplicity & solitude ( man's life 9 ?is new condition1 ! paucity ( 8 wants1 & ! implem5ts he _h inv5t$ to satisfy !m1 left him a great deal ( leisure1 :i* he employ$ to furni% himself ) _m conv5i5ces unkn[n to 8 fa!rs3 & ?is 0 ! fir/ yoke he inadv]t5tly impos$ on himself1 & ! fir/ s\rce ( ! evils he prep>$ = 8 desc5dants4 ,=1 besides cont9u+ ?us to en]vate bo? body & m9d1 ^! conv5i5ces lo/ ) use almo/ all _! p[] to please1 & ev5 deg5]at$ into real ne$s1 till ! want ( !m became f> m disagreeable ?an ! possession ( !m _h be5 pleasant4 ,m5 w\ld h be5 unhappy at ! loss ( !m1 ?\gh ! possession did n make !m happy4 ,we c "h see a little bett] h[ ! use ( spee* became e/abli%$1 & ins5sibly improv$ 9 ea* family1 & we may =m a conjecture also conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* v>i\s causes may h ext5d$ & accel]at$ ! progress ( language1 by mak+ x m & m necess>y4 ,floods or e>?quakes surr\nd$ inhabit$ di/ricts ) precipices or wat]s3 revolutions ( ! globe tore (f portions f ! cont95t1 & made !m isl&s4 ,x is readily se5 t among m5 ?us collect$ & compell$ to live toge!r1 a common idiom mu/ h aris5 mu* m easily ?an among ^? :o /ill w&]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ! cont95t4 ,?us x is v possible t aft] _! fir/ essays 9 navigation ! isl&]s br\ght ov] ! use ( spee* to ! cont95t3 & x is at lea/ v probable t communities & languages 7 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 isl&s1 & ev5 came to p]fection !re be=e !y 7 kn[n on ! ma9l&4 ,ev]y?+ n[ beg9s to *ange its aspect4 ,m51 :o h up to n[ be5 rov+ 9 ! woods1 by tak+ to a m settl$ mann] ( life1 come gradually toge!r1 =m sep>ate bodies1 & at l5g? 9 e c\ntry arises a di/9ct nation1 unit$ 9 "* & mann]s1 n by regulations or laws1 b by uni=mity ( life & food1 & ! common influ5ce ( climate4 ,p]man5t neighb\rhood c\ld n fail to produce1 9 "t1 "s connection betwe5 diff]5t families4 ,among "y p ( opposite sexes1 liv+ 9 neighb\r+ huts1 ! transi5t comm]ce requir$ by nature soon l$1 ?r\gh mutual int]c\rse1 to ano!r k9d n less agreeable1 & m p]man5t4 ,m5 began n[ to take ! diff]5ce betwe5 objects into acc\nt1 & to make comp>isons2 !y acquir$ imp]ceptibly ! ideas ( beauty & m]it1 :i* soon gave rise to feel+s ( pref]5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( see+ ea* o!r (t51 !y c\ld n d )\t see+ ea* o!r con/antly4 ,a t5d] & pleasant feel+ ins9uat$ itself into _! s\ls1 & ! lea/ opposition turn$ x into an impetu\s fury3 ) love arose jeal\sy2 discord triumph$1 & human blood 0 sacrific$ to ! g5tle/ ( all passions4 ,z ideas & feel+s succe$$ "o ano!r1 & he>t & head 7 br\ght into play1 m5 cont9u$ to lay aside _! orig9al wildness2 _! private connections became e day m intimate z _! limits ext5d$4 ,!y accu/om$ !mselves to assemble be=e _! huts r\nd a l>ge tree2 s++ & danc+1 ! true (fspr+ ( love & leisure1 became ! amusem5t1 or r ! occupation1 ( m5 & wom5 ?us assembl$ toge!r ) no?+ else to d4 ,ea* "o began to consid] ! re/1 & to wi% to be consid]$ 9 turn2 & ?us a--value came to be atta*$ to public e/eem4 ,:oev] sang or danc$ be/1 :oev] 0 ! h&some/1 ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ dext]\s1 or ! mo/ eloqu5t1 came to be ( mo/ consid]ation2 & ?is 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds inequality1 & at ! same "t t[>ds vice4 ,f ^! fir/ di/9ctions arose on ! "o side vanity & contempt & on ! o!r %ame & envy3 & ! f]m5tation caus$ by ^! new leav5s end$ by produc+ comb9ations fatal to innoc5ce & happ9ess4 ,z soon z m5 began to value "o ano!r1 & ! idea ( consid]ation _h got a foot+ 9 ! m9d1 e "o put 9 8 claim to x1 & x became impossible to refuse x to any ) impunity4 ,h5ce arose ! fir/ obligations ( civility ev5 among savages2 & e int5d$ injury became an affront2 because1 besides ! hurt :i* might result f x1 ! p>ty injur$ 0 c]ta9 to f9d 9 x a contempt = 8 p]son1 :i* 0 (t5 m insupportable ?an ! hurt itself4 ,?us1 z e man puni%$ ! contempt %[n him by o!rs1 9 proportion to 8 op9ion ( himself1 rev5ge became t]rible1 & m5 bloody & cruel4 ,?is is precisely ! /ate rea*$ by mo/ ( ! savage nations kn[n to u3 & x is = want ( hav+ made a prop] di/9ction 9 our ideas1 & se5 h[ v f> !y already are f ! /ate ( nature1 t s _m writ]s h ha/ily conclud$ t man is naturally cruel1 & requires civil in/itutions to make him m mild2 :]eas no?+ is m g5tle ?an man 9 8 primitive /ate1 z he is plac$ by nature at an equal di/ance f ! /upidity ( brutes1 & ! fatal +5uity ( civilis$ man4 ,equally conf9$ by in/9ct & reason to ! sole c>e ( gu>d+ himself aga9/ ! mis*iefs :i* ?reat5 him1 he is re/ra9$ by natural compassion f do+ any injury to o!rs1 & is n l$ to d su* a ?+ ev5 9 return = injuries receiv$4 ,=1 accord+ to ! axiom ( ! wise ,locke1 ,!re c be no injury1 :]e !re is no prop]ty4 ,b x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! society ?us =m$1 & ! relations ?us e/abli%$ among m51 requir$ ( !m qualities diff]5t f ^? :i* !y possess$ f _! primitive con/itution4 ,morality began to appe> 9 human actions1 & e "o1 be=e ! in/itution ( law1 0 ! only judge & av5g] ( ! injuries done him1 s t ! goodness :i* 0 suitable 9 ! pure /ate ( nature 0 no long] prop] 9 ! new-born /ate ( society4 ,puni%m5ts _h to be made m sev]e1 z opportunities ( (f5d+ became m frequ5t1 & ! dread ( v5geance _h to take ! place ( ! rig\r ( ! law4 ,?us1 ?\gh m5 _h become less pati5t1 & _! natural compassion _h already suff]$ "s dim9ution1 ?is p]iod ( expansion ( ! human faculties1 keep+ a j mean betwe5 ! indol5ce ( ! primitive /ate & ! petulant activity ( our egoism1 mu/ h be5 ! happie/ & mo/ /able ( epo*s4 ,! m we reflect on x1 ! m we %all f9d t ?is /ate 0 ! lea/ subject to revolutions1 & altoge!r ! v be/ man c\ld exp]i5ce2 s t he c h dep>t$ f x only ?r\gh "s fatal accid5t1 :i*1 = ! public good1 %\ld nev] h happ5$4 ,! example ( savages1 mo/ ( :om h be5 f\nd 9 ?is /ate1 seems to prove t m5 7 meant to rema9 9 x1 t x is ! real y\? ( ! _w1 & t all subsequ5t advances h be5 app>5tly s _m /eps t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! individual1 b 9 reality t[>ds ! decrepitude ( ! species4 ,s long z m5 rema9$ cont5t ) _! ru/ic huts1 s long z !y 7 satisfi$ ) clo!s made ( ! sk9s ( animals & sewn toge!r ) ?orns & fi%-bones1 adorn$ !mselves only ) fea!rs & %ells1 & cont9u$ to pa9t _! bodies diff]5t col\rs1 to improve & beautify _! b[s & arr[s & to make ) %>p-edg$ /ones fi%+ boats or clumsy musical in/rum5ts2 9 a ^w1 s long z !y und]took only :at a s+le p]son c\ld accompli%1 & conf9$ !mselves to su* arts z did n require ! jo9t lab\r ( sev]al h&s1 !y liv$ free1 heal?y1 hone/ & happy lives1 s long z _! nature all[$1 & z !y cont9u$ to enjoy ! pleasures ( mutual & indep5d5t int]c\rse4 ,b f ! mom5t "o man began to /& 9 ne$ ( ! help ( ano!r2 f ! mom5t x appe>$ advantage\s to any "o man to h en\gh provisions = two1 equality disappe>$1 prop]ty 0 introduc$1 "w became indisp5sable1 & va/ =e/s became smil+ fields1 :i* man _h to wat] ) ! sweat ( 8 br[1 & :]e slav]y & mis]y 7 soon se5 to g]m9ate & gr[ up ) ! crops4 ,metallurgy & agriculture 7 ! two arts :i* produc$ ?is great revolution4 ,! poets tell u x 0 gold & silv]1 b1 = ! philosoph]s1 x 0 iron & corn1 :i* fir/ civilis$ m51 & ru9$ humanity4 ,?us bo? 7 unkn[n to ! savages ( ,am]ica1 :o = t reason are /ill savage2 ! o!r nations also seem to h cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism :ile !y practis$ only "o ( ^! arts4 ,"o ( ! be/ reasons1 p]haps1 :y ,europe has be51 if n long]1 at lea/ m con/antly & highly civilis$ ?an ! re/ ( ! _w1 is t x is at once ! mo/ abundant 9 iron & ! mo/ f]tile 9 corn4 ,x is difficult to conjecture h[ m5 fir/ came to "k & use iron2 = x is impossible to suppose !y w\ld ( !mselves ?9k ( digg+ ! ore out ( ! m9e1 & prep>+ x = smelt+1 be=e !y knew :at w\ld be ! result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! less reason to suppose ?is discov]y ! effect ( any accid5tal fire1 z m9es are only =m$ 9 b>r5 places1 b>e ( trees & plants2 s t x looks z if nature _h tak5 pa9s to keep ! fatal secret f u4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ! extraord9>y accid5t ( "s volcano :i*1 by eject+ metallic sub/ances already 9 fusion1 sugge/$ to ! spectators ! idea ( imitat+ ! natural op]ation4 ,& we mu/ fur!r conceive !m z possess$ ( uncommon c\rage & =esight1 to und]take s labori\s a "w1 ) s di/ant a prospect ( draw+ advantage f x2 yet ^! qualities are unit$ only 9 m9ds m advanc$ ?an we c suppose ^? ( ^! fir/ discov]]s to h be54 ,) reg>d to agriculture1 ! pr9ciples ( x 7 kn[n long be=e !y 7 put 9 practice2 & x is inde$ h>dly possible t m51 con/antly employ$ 9 draw+ _! subsi/5ce f plants & trees1 %\ld n readily acquire a k ( ! means made use ( by nature = ! propagation ( vegetables4 ,x 0 9 all probability v fang1 h[ev]1 be=e _! indu/ry took t turn1 ei!r because trees1 :i* toge!r ) hunt+ & fi%+ af=d$ !m food1 did n require _! att5tion2 or because !y 7 ignorant ( ! use ( corn1 or )\t in/rum5ts to cultivate x2 or because !y lack$ =esight to future ne$s2 or la/ly1 because !y 7 )\t means ( prev5t+ o!rs f robb+ !m ( ! fruit ( _! lab\r4 ,:5 !y grew m indu/ri\s1 x is natural to believe t !y began1 ) ! help ( %>p /ones & po9t$ /icks1 to cultivate a few vegetables or roots ar\nd _! huts2 ?\gh x 0 long be=e !y knew h[ to prep>e corn1 or 7 provid$ ) ! implem5ts necess>y = rais+ x 9 any l>ge quantity2 n to m5tion h[ ess5tial x is1 = husb&ry1 to cons5t to imm$iate loss1 9 ord] to reap a future ga9--a precaution v =eign to ! turn ( a savage's m9d2 =1 z ,i h said1 he h>dly =esees 9 ! morn+ :at he w ne$ at night4 ,! inv5tion ( ! o!r arts mu/ !re=e h be5 necess>y to compel mank9d to apply !mselves to agriculture4 ,no soon] 7 artific]s want$ to smelt & =ge iron1 ?an o!rs 7 requir$ to ma9ta9 !m2 ! m h&s t 7 employ$ 9 manufactures1 ! few] 7 left to provide = ! common subsi/5ce1 ?\gh ! numb] ( m\?s to be furni%$ ) food rema9$ ! same3 & z "s requir$ commodities 9 ex*ange = _! iron1 ! re/ at l5g? discov]$ ! me?od ( mak+ iron s]ve = ! multiplication ( commodities4 ,by ?is means ! arts ( husb&ry & agriculture 7 e/abli%$ on ! "o h&1 & ! art ( work+ metals & multiply+ _! uses on ! o!r4 ,! cultivation ( ! e>? necess>ily br\ght ab\t its di/ribution2 & prop]ty1 once recognis$1 gave rise to ! fir/ rules ( ju/ice2 =1 to secure ea* man 8 own1 x _h to be possible = ea* to h some?+4 ,besides1 z m5 began to look =w>d to ! future1 & all _h some?+ to lose1 e "o _h reason to appreh5d t reprisals w\ld foll[ any injury he might d to ano!r4 ,?is orig9 is s mu* ! m natural1 z x is impossible to conceive h[ prop]ty c come f any?+ b manual lab\r3 = :at else c a man add to ?+s :i* he does n orig9ally create1 s z to make !m 8 own prop]ty8 ,x is ! husb&man's lab\r alone t1 giv+ him a title to ! produce ( ! gr\nd he has till$1 gives him a claim also to ! l& itself1 at lea/ till h>ve/2 & s1 f ye> to ye>1 a con/ant possession :i* is easily trans=m$ into prop]ty4 ,:5 ! anci5ts1 says ,grotius1 gave to ,c]es ! title ( ,legislatrix1 & to a fe/ival celebrat$ 9 h] hon\r ! "n ( ,!smophoria1 !y meant by t t ! di/ribution ( l&s _h produc$ a new k9d ( "r3 t is to say1 ! "r ( prop]ty1 :i* is diff]5t f ! "r d$ucible f ! law ( nature4 ,9 ?is /ate ( affairs1 equality might h be5 su/a9$1 _h ! tal5ts ( individuals be5 equal1 & _h1 = example1 ! use ( iron & ! consumption ( commodities always exactly balanc$ ea* o!r2 b1 z !re 0 no?+ to pres]ve ?is balance1 x 0 soon di/urb$2 ! /ronge/ did mo/ "w2 ! mo/ skilful turn$ 8 lab\r to be/ acc\nt2 ! mo/ +5i\s devis$ me?ods ( dim9i%+ 8 lab\r3 ! husb&man want$ m iron1 or ! smi? m corn1 &1 :ile bo? lab\r$ equally1 ! "o ga9$ a great deal by 8 "w1 :ile ! o!r c\ld h>dly support himself4 ,?us natural inequality unfolds itself ins5sibly ) t ( comb9ation1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 m51 develop$ by _! diff]5t circum/ances1 becomes m s5sible & p]man5t 9 its effects1 & beg9s to h an influ5ce1 9 ! same proportion1 ov] ! lot ( individuals4 ,matt]s once at ?is pit*1 x is easy to imag9e ! re/4 ,i %all n deta9 ! read] ) a description ( ! successive inv5tion ( o!r arts1 ! developm5t ( language1 ! trial & utilisation ( tal5ts1 ! inequality ( =tunes1 ! use & abuse ( ri*es1 & all ! details connect$ ) !m :i* ! read] c easily supply = himself4 ,i %all conf9e myself to a glance at mank9d 9 ?is new situation4 ,behold !n all human faculties develop$1 memory & imag9ation 9 full play1 egoism int]e/$1 reason active1 & ! m9d almo/ at ! highe/ po9t ( its p]fection4 ,behold all ! natural qualities 9 action1 ! rank & condition ( e man assign$ him2 n m]ely 8 %>e ( prop]ty & 8 p[] to s]ve or injure o!rs1 b also 8 wit1 beauty1 /r5g? or skill1 m]it or tal5ts3 & ^! be+ ! only qualities capable ( comm&+ respect1 x soon became necess>y to possess or to affect !m4 ,x n[ became ! int]e/ ( m5 to appe> :at !y really 7 n4 ,to be & to seem became two totally diff]5t ?+s2 & f ?is di/9ction sprang insol5t pomp & *eat+ trick]y1 ) all ! num]\s vices t g 9 _! tra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 free & indep5d5t z m5 7 be=e1 !y 7 n[1 9 consequ5ce ( a multiplicity ( new wants1 br\ght into subjection1 z x 71 to all nature1 & p>ticul>ly to "o ano!r2 & ea* became 9 "s degree a slave ev5 9 becom+ ! ma/] ( o!r m53 if ri*1 !y /ood 9 ne$ ( ! s]vices ( o!rs2 if poor1 ( _! assi/ance2 & ev5 a middle condition did n enable !m to d )\t "o ano!r4 ,man mu/ n[1 !re=e1 h be5 p]petually employ$ 9 gett+ o!rs to int]e/ !mselves 9 8 lot1 & 9 mak+ !m1 app>5tly at lea/1 if n really1 f9d _! advantage 9 promot+ 8 own4 ,?us he mu/ h be5 sly & artful 9 8 behavi\r to "s1 & imp]i\s & cruel to o!rs2 be+ "u a k9d ( necessity to ill-use all ! p]sons ( :om he /ood 9 ne$1 :5 he c\ld n fright5 !m into compliance1 & did n judge x 8 int]e/ to be useful to !m4 ,insatiable ambition1 ! ?ir/ ( rais+ _! respective =tunes1 n s mu* f real want z f ! desire to surpass o!rs1 inspir$ all m5 ) a vile prop5sity to injure "o ano!r1 & ) a secret jeal\sy1 :i* is ! m dang]\s1 z x puts on ! mask ( b5evol5ce1 to c>ry its po9t ) great] security4 ,9 a ^w1 !re arose rivalry & competition on ! "o h&1 & conflict+ int]e/s on ! o!r1 toge!r ) a secret desire on bo? ( pr(it+ at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,all ^! evils 7 ! fir/ effects ( prop]ty1 & ! insep>able att5dants ( gr[+ inequality4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( signs to repres5t ri*es1 weal? c\ld h>dly consi/ 9 any?+ b l&s & cattle1 ! only real possessions m5 c h4 ,b1 :5 inh]itances s increas$ 9 numb] & ext5t z to occupy ! :ole ( ! l&1 & to bord] on "o ano!r1 "o man c\ld aggr&ise himself only at ! exp5se ( ano!r2 at ! same "t ! sup]num]>ies1 :o _h be5 too weak or too indol5t to make su* acquisitions1 & _h gr[n poor )\t su/a9+ any loss1 because1 :ile !y saw ev]y?+ *ange ar\nd !m1 !y rema9$ /ill ! same1 7 oblig$ to receive _! subsi/5ce1 or /eal x1 f ! ri*2 & ?is soon br$1 accord+ to _! diff]5t *>act]s1 dom9ion & slav]y1 or viol5ce & rap9e4 ,! weal?y1 on _! "p1 _h no soon] begun to ta/e ! pleasure ( comm&1 ?an !y disda9$ all o!rs1 &1 us+ _! old slaves to acquire new1 ?\ght ( no?+ b subdu+ & enslav+ _! neighb\rs2 l rav5\s wolves1 :i*1 hav+ once ta/$ human fle%1 despise e o!r food & !nce=? seek only m5 to dev\r4 ,?us1 z ! mo/ p[]ful or ! mo/ mis]able consid]$ _! might or mis]y z a k9d ( "r to ! possessions ( o!rs1 equival5t1 9 _! op9ion1 to t ( prop]ty1 ! de/ruction ( equality 0 att5d$ by ! mo/ t]rible disord]s4 ,usurpations by ! ri*1 robb]y by ! poor1 & ! unbridl$ passions ( bo?1 suppress$ ! cries ( natural compassion & ! /ill feeble voice ( ju/ice1 & fill$ m5 ) av>ice1 ambition & vice4 ,betwe5 ! title ( ! /ronge/ & t ( ! fir/ occupi]1 !re arose p]petual conflicts1 :i* nev] end$ b 9 battles & blood%$4 ,! new-born /ate ( society ?us gave rise to a horrible /ate ( w>2 m5 ?us h>ass$ & deprav$ 7 no long] capable ( retrac+ _! /eps or r5\nc+ ! fatal acquisitions !y _h made1 b1 lab\r+ by ! abuse ( ! faculties :i* d !m hon\r1 m]ely to _! own confusion1 br\ght !mselves to ! br9k ( ru94 ,attonitus novitate mali1 divesque mis]que1 ,effug]e optat opes2 et qu mod vov]at odit4#e ,x is impossible t m5 %\ld n at l5g? h reflect$ on s wret*$ a situation1 & on ! calamities t ov]:elm$ !m4 ,! ri*1 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ h felt h[ mu* !y suff]$ by a con/ant /ate ( w>1 ( :i* !y bore all ! exp5se2 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh all risk$ _! lives1 !y alone risk$ _! prop]ty4 ,besides1 h[ev] speci\sly !y might disguise _! usurpations1 !y knew t !y 7 f\nd$ on prec>i\s & false titles2 s t1 if o!rs took f !m by =ce :at !y !mselves _h ga9$ by =ce1 !y w\ld h no reason to compla94 ,ev5 ^? :o _h be5 enri*$ by _! own indu/ry1 c\ld h>dly base _! proprietor%ip on bett] claims4 ,x 0 9 va9 to repeat1 ,i built ?is well2 ,i ga9$ ?is spot by my indu/ry4 ,:o gave y y\r /&+1 x might be answ]$1 & :at "r h y to dem& paym5t ( u = do+ :at we nev] ask$ y to d8 ,d y n "k t numb]s ( y\r fell[-creatures are />v+1 = want ( :at y h too mu* (8 ,y ought to h _h ! express & univ]sal cons5t ( mank9d1 be=e appropriat+ m ( ! common subsi/5ce ?an y ne$$ = y\r own ma9t5ance4 ,de/itute ( valid reasons to ju/ify & suffici5t /r5g? to def5d himself1 able to cru% individuals ) ease1 b easily cru%$ himself by a troop ( b&its1 "o aga9/ all1 & incapable1 on acc\nt ( mutual jeal\sy1 ( jo9+ ) 8 equals aga9/ num]\s enemies unit$ by ! common hope ( plund]1 ! ri* man1 ?us urg$ by necessity1 conceiv$ at l5g? ! pr(\nde/ plan t ev] ent]$ ! m9d ( man3 ?is 0 to employ 9 8 fav\r ! =ces ( ^? :o attack$ him1 to make allies ( 8 adv]s>ies1 to inspire !m ) diff]5t maxims1 & to give !m o!r in/itutions z fav\rable to himself z ! law ( nature 0 unfav\rable4 ,) ?is view1 aft] hav+ repres5t$ to 8 neighb\rs ! horror ( a situation :i* arm$ e man aga9/ ! re/1 & made _! possessions z burd5some to !m z _! wants1 & 9 :i* no safety c\ld be expect$ ei!r 9 ri*es or 9 pov]ty1 he readily devis$ plausible argum5ts to make !m close ) 8 design4 ,let u jo91 said he1 to gu>d ! weak f oppression1 to re/ra9 ! ambiti\s1 & secure to e man ! possession ( :at belongs to him3 let u in/itute rules ( ju/ice & peace1 to :i* all )\t exception may be oblig$ to con=m2 rules t may 9 "s measure make am5ds = ! caprices ( =tune1 by subject+ equally ! p[]ful & ! weak to ! obs]vance ( reciprocal obligations4 ,let u1 9 a ^w1 in/ead ( turn+ our =ces aga9/ ourselves1 collect !m 9 a supreme p[] :i* may gov]n u by wise laws1 protect & def5d all ! memb]s ( ! association1 repulse _! common enemies1 & ma9ta9 et]nal h>mony among u4 ,f> few] words to ?is purpose w\ld h be5 en\gh to impose on m5 s b>b>\s & easily s$uc$2 especially z !y _h too _m disputes among !mselves to d )\t arbitrators1 & too mu* ambition & av>ice to g long )\t ma/]s4 ,all ran headlong to _! *a9s1 9 hopes ( secur+ _! lib]ty2 = !y _h j wit en\gh to p]ceive ! advantages ( political in/itutions1 )\t exp]i5ce en\gh to enable !m to =esee ! dang]s4 ,! mo/ capable ( =e-see+ ! dang]s 7 ! v p]sons :o expect$ to b5efit by !m2 & ev5 ! mo/ prud5t judg$ x n inexp$i5t to sacrifice "o "p ( _! fre$om to ensure ! re/2 z a w\nd$ man has 8 arm cut (f to save ! re/ ( 8 body4 ,su* 01 or may well h be51 ! orig9 ( society & law1 :i* b\nd new fett]s on ! poor1 & gave new p[]s to ! ri*2 :i* irretrievably de/roy$ natural lib]ty1 et]nally fix$ ! law ( prop]ty & inequality1 conv]t$ clev] usurpation into unalt]able "r1 &1 = ! advantage ( a few ambiti\s individuals1 subject$ all mank9d to p]petual lab\r1 slav]y & wret*$ness4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! e/abli%m5t ( "o community made t ( all ! re/ necess>y1 & h[1 9 ord] to make head aga9/ unit$ =ces1 ! re/ ( mank9d _h to unite 9 turn4 ,societies soon multipli$ & spread ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 till h>dly a corn] ( ! _w 0 left 9 :i* a man c\ld escape ! yoke1 & )draw 8 head f b5ea? ! sword :i* he saw p]petually hang+ ov] him by a ?read4 ,civil "r hav+ ?us become ! common rule among ! memb]s ( ea* community1 ! law ( nature ma9ta9$ its place only betwe5 diff]5t communities1 :]e1 "u ! "n ( ! "r ( nations1 x 0 qualifi$ by c]ta9 tacit conv5tions1 9 ord] to make comm]ce practicable1 & s]ve z a sub/itute = natural compassion1 :i* lo/1 :5 appli$ to societies1 almo/ all ! influ5ce x _h ov] individuals1 & surviv$ no long] except 9 "s great cosmopolitan spirits1 :o1 break+ d[n ! imag9>y b>ri]s t sep>ate diff]5t peoples1 foll[ ! example ( our ,sov]eign ,creator1 & include ! :ole human race 9 _! b5evol5ce4 ,b bodies politic1 rema9+ ?us 9 a /ate ( nature among !mselves1 pres5tly exp]i5c$ ! inconv5i5ces :i* _h oblig$ individuals to =sake x2 = ?is /ate became /ill m fatal to ^! great bodies ?an x _h be5 to ! individuals ( :om !y 7 compos$4 ,h5ce arose national w>s1 battles1 murd]s1 & reprisals1 :i* %ock nature & outrage reason2 toge!r ) all ^? horrible prejudices :i* class among ! virtues ! hon\r ( %$d+ human blood4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 h5ce le>n$ to consid] cutt+ ea* o!r's ?roats a duty2 at l5g? m5 massacr$ _! fell[-creatures by ?\s&s )\t s mu* z kn[+ :y1 & committ$ m murd]s 9 a s+le day's fight+1 & m viol5t outrages 9 ! sack ( a s+le t[n1 ?an 7 committ$ 9 ! /ate ( nature dur+ :ole ages ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,su* 7 ! fir/ effects :i* we c see to h foll[$ ! division ( mank9d into diff]5t communities4 ,b let u return to _! in/itutions4 ,i "k t "s writ]s h giv5 o!r explanations ( ! orig9 ( political societies1 su* z ! conque/ ( ! p[]ful1 or ! association ( ! weak4 ,x is1 inde$1 indiff]5t to my argum5t :i* ( ^! causes we *oose4 ,t :i* ,i h j laid d[n1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me ! mo/ natural = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,fir/3 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! "r ( conque/1 be+ no "r1 9 itself1 c\ld n s]ve z a f\ndation on :i* to build any o!r2 ! victor & ! vanqui%$ p /ill rema9$ ) respect to ea* o!r 9 ! /ate ( w>1 unless ! vanqui%$1 re/or$ to ! full possession ( _! lib]ty1 volunt>ily made *oice ( ! victor = _! *ief4 ,= till !n1 :atev] capitulation may h be5 made be+ f\nd$ on viol5ce1 & !re=e ipso facto void1 !re c\ld n h be5 on ?is hypo!sis ei!r a real society or body politic1 or any law o!r ?an t ( ! /ronge/4 ,secondly3 because ! words /rong & weak are1 9 ! second case1 ambigu\s2 = dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( a "r ( prop]ty1 or prior occupancy1 & t ( political gov]nm5t1 ! mean+ ( ^! words is bett] express$ by ! t]ms ri* & poor3 because1 9 fact1 be=e ! in/itution ( laws1 m5 _h no o!r way ( r$uc+ _! equals to submission1 ?an by attack+ _! goods1 or mak+ "s ( _! own ov] to !m4 ,?irdly3 because1 z ! poor _h no?+ b _! fre$om to lose1 x w\ld h be5 9 ! highe/ degree absurd = !m to resign volunt>ily ! only good !y /ill enjoy$1 )\t gett+ any?+ 9 ex*ange3 :]eas ! ri* hav+ feel+s1 if ,i may s express myself1 9 e "p ( _! possessions1 x 0 mu* easi] to h>m !m1 & !re=e m necess>y = !m to take precautions aga9/ x2 &1 9 %ort1 because x is m reasonable to suppose a ?+ to h be5 inv5t$ by ^? to :om x w\ld be ( s]vice1 ?an by ^? :om x mu/ h h>m$4 ,gov]nm5t _h1 9 its infancy1 no regul> & con/ant =m4 ,! want ( exp]i5ce & philosophy prev5t$ m5 f see+ any b pres5t inconv5i5ces1 & !y ?\ght ( provid+ aga9/ o!rs only z !y pres5t$ !mselves4 ,9 spite ( ! endeav\rs ( ! wise/ legislators1 ! political /ate rema9$ imp]fect1 because x 0 little m ?an ! "w ( *ance2 &1 z x _h begun ill1 ?\gh "t reveal$ its defects & sugge/$ rem$ies1 ! orig9al faults 7 nev] repair$4 ,x 0 cont9ually be+ pat*$ up1 :5 ! fir/ task %\ld h be5 to get ! site cle>$ & all ! old mat]ials remov$1 z 0 done by ,lycurgus at ,sp>ta1 if a /able & la/+ edifice 0 to be erect$4 ,society consi/$ at fir/ m]ely ( a few g5]al conv5tions1 :i* e memb] b\nd himself to obs]ve2 & = ! p]=mance ( cov5ants ! :ole body w5t security to ea* individual4 ,exp]i5ce only c\ld %[ ! weakness ( su* a con/itution1 & h[ easily x might be infr+$ ) impunity1 f ! difficulty ( convict+ m5 ( faults1 :]e ! public alone 0 to be witness & judge3 ! laws c\ld n b be elud$ 9 _m ways2 disord]s & inconv5i5ces c\ld n b multiply cont9ually1 till x became necess>y to commit ! dang]\s tru/ ( public au?ority to private p]sons1 & ! c>e ( en=c+ ob$i5ce to ! delib]ations ( ! p to ! magi/rate4 ,= to say t *iefs 7 *os5 be=e ! conf$]acy 0 =m$1 & t ! adm9i/rators ( ! laws 7 !re be=e ! laws !mselves1 is too absurd a supposition to consid] s]i\sly4 ,x w\ld be z unreasonable to suppose t m5 at fir/ ?rew !mselves irretrievably & unconditionally into ! arms ( an absolute ma/]1 & t ! fir/ exp$i5t :i* pr\d & unsubdu$ m5 hit ^u = _! common security 0 to run headlong into slav]y4 ,= :at reason1 9 fact1 did !y take to !mselves sup]iors1 if x 0 n 9 ord] t !y might be def5d$ f oppression1 & h protection = _! lives1 lib]ties & prop]ties1 :i* are1 s to speak1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( _! be+8 ,n[1 9 ! relations betwe5 man & man1 ! wor/ t c happ5 is = "o to f9d himself at ! m]cy ( ano!r1 & x w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) common-s5se to beg9 by be/[+ on a *ief ! only ?+s !y want$ 8 help to pres]ve4 ,:at equival5t c\ld he (f] !m = s great a "r8 ,& if he _h presum$ to exact x "u pretext ( def5d+ !m1 w\ld he n h receiv$ ! answ] record$ 9 ! fable3 ,:at m c ! enemy d to u8 ,x is !re=e beyond dispute1 & inde$ ! fundam5tal maxim ( all political "r1 t p h set up *iefs to protect _! lib]ty1 & n to enslave !m4 ,if we h a pr9ce1 said ,pl9y to ,trajan1 x is to save ourselves f hav+ a ma/]4 ,politicians indulge 9 ! same sophi/ry ab\t ! love ( lib]ty z philosoph]s ab\t ! /ate ( nature4 ,!y judge1 by :at !y see1 ( v diff]5t ?+s1 :i* !y h n se52 & attribute to man a natural prop5sity to s]vitude1 because ! slaves )9 _! obs]vation are se5 to be> ! yoke ) pati5ce2 !y fail to reflect t x is ) lib]ty z ) innoc5ce & virtue2 ! value is kn[n only to ^? :o possess !m1 & ! ta/e = !m is =feit$ :5 !y are =feit$ !mselves4 ,i "k ! *>ms ( y\r c\ntry1 said ,brasidas to a ,satrap1 :o 0 comp>+ ! life at ,sp>ta ) t at ,p]sepolis1 b y _c "k ! pleasures ( m9e4 ,an unbrok5 horse erects 8 mane1 paws ! gr\nd & />ts back impetu\sly at ! sight ( ! bridle2 :ile "o :i* is prop]ly tra9$ suff]s pati5tly ev5 :ip & spur3 s savage man w n b5d 8 neck to ! yoke to :i* civilis$ man submits )\t a murmur1 b pref]s ! mo/ turbul5t /ate ( lib]ty to ! mo/ peaceful slav]y4 ,we _c !re=e1 f ! s]vility ( nations already enslav$1 judge ( ! natural disposition ( mank9d = or aga9/ slav]y2 we %\ld g by ! prodigi\s ef=ts ( e free p to save itself f oppression4 ,i "k t ! =m] are = ev] hold+ =? 9 praise ( ! tranquillity !y enjoy 9 _! *a9s1 & t !y call a /ate ( wret*$ s]vitude a /ate ( peace3 mis]rimam s]vitutem pacem appellant4#f ,b :5 ,i obs]ve ! latt] sacrific+ pleasure1 peace1 weal?1 p[] & life itself to ! pres]vation ( t "o treasure1 :i* is s disda9$ by ^? :o h lo/ x2 :5 ,i see free-born animals da% _! bra9s out aga9/ ! b>s ( _! cage1 f an innate impati5ce ( captivity2 :5 ,i behold numb]s ( nak$ savages1 t despise ,european pleasures1 brav+ hung]1 fire1 ! sword & dea?1 to pres]ve no?+ b _! indep5d5ce1 ,i feel t x is n = slaves to argue ab\t lib]ty4 ,) reg>d to pat]nal au?ority1 f :i* "s writ]s h d]iv$ absolute gov]nm5t & all society1 x is en\gh1 )\t go+ back to ! contr>y argum5ts ( ,locke & ,sidney1 to rem>k t no?+ on e>? c be fur!r f ! f]oci\s _s ( despotism ?an ! mildness ( t au?ority :i* looks m to ! advantage ( him :o obeys ?an to t ( him :o comm&s2 t1 by ! law ( nature1 ! fa!r is ! *ild's ma/] no long] ?an 8 help is necess>y2 t f t "t !y are bo? equal1 ! son be+ p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! fa!r1 & ow+ him only respect & n ob$i5ce4 ,= gratitude is a duty :i* ought to be paid1 b n a "r to be exact$3 in/ead ( say+ t civil society is d]iv$ f pat]nal au?ority1 we ought to say r t ! latt] d]ives its pr9cipal =ce f ! =m]4 ,no individual 0 ev] ackn[l$g$ z ! fa!r ( _m1 till 8 sons & daught]s rema9$ settl$ ar\nd him4 ,! goods ( ! fa!r1 ( :i* he is really ! ma/]1 are ! ties :i* keep 8 *ildr5 9 dep5d5ce1 & he may be/[ on !m1 if he pleases1 no %>e ( 8 prop]ty1 unless !y m]it x by con/ant def]5ce to 8 w4 ,b ! subjects ( an arbitr>y despot are s f> f hav+ ! l fav\r to expect f _! *ief1 t !y !mselves & ev]y?+ !y possess are 8 prop]ty1 or at lea/ are consid]$ by him z su*2 s t !y are =c$ to receive1 z a fav\r1 ! little ( _! own he is pleas$ to leave !m4 ,:5 he despoils !m1 he does b ju/ice1 & m]cy 9 t he p]mits !m to live4 ,by proce$+ ?us to te/ fact by "r1 we %\ld discov] z little reason z tru? 9 ! volunt>y e/abli%m5t ( tyranny4 ,x w\ld also be no easy matt] to prove ! validity ( a contract b9d+ on only "o ( ! p>ties1 :]e all ! risk is on "o side1 & none on ! o!r2 s t no "o c\ld suff] b he :o b\nd himself4 ,?is hateful sy/em is inde$1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 v f> f be+ t ( wise & good mon>*s1 & especially ( ! k+s ( ,france2 z may be se5 f sev]al passages 9 _! edicts2 p>ticul>ly f ! foll[+ passage 9 a celebrat$ edict publi%$ 9 #affg 9 ! "n & by ord] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,let x n1 !re=e1 be said t ! ,sov]eign is n subject to ! laws ( 8 ,/ate2 s9ce ! contr>y is a true proposition ( ! "r ( nations1 :i* flatt]y has sometimes attack$ b good pr9ces h always def5d$ z ! tutel>y div9ity ( _! dom9ions4 ,h[ mu* m legitimate is x to say ) ! wise ,plato1 t ! p]fect felicity ( a k+dom consi/s 9 ! ob$i5ce ( subjects to _! pr9ce1 & ( ! pr9ce to ! laws1 & 9 ! laws be+ j & con/antly direct$ to ! public good6#g ,i %all n /ay "h to inquire :e!r1 z lib]ty is ! noble/ faculty ( man1 x is n degrad+ our v nature1 r$uc+ ourselves to ! level ( ! brutes1 :i* are m]e slaves ( in/9ct1 & ev5 an affront to ! ,au?or ( our be+1 to r5\nce )\t res]ve ! mo/ preci\s ( all ,8 gifts1 & to b[ to ! necessity ( committ+ all ! crimes ,he has =bidd51 m]ely to gratify a mad or a cruel ma/]2 or if ?is sublime craftsman ought n to be less ang]$ at see+ ,8 workman%ip entirely de/roy$ ?an ?us di%on\r$4 ,i w waive 7if my oppon5ts please7 ! au?ority ( ,b>beyrac1 :o1 foll[+ ,locke1 r\ndly decl>es t no man c s f> sell 8 lib]ty z to submit to an arbitr>y p[] :i* may use him z x likes4 ,=1 he adds1 ?is w\ld be to sell 8 own life1 ( :i* he is n ma/]4 ,i %all ask only :at "r ^? :o 7 n afraid ?us to debase !mselves c\ld h to subject _! po/]ity to ! same ignom9y1 & to r5\nce = !m ^? bless+s :i* !y d n owe to ! lib]ality ( _! prog5itors1 & )\t :i* life itself mu/ be a burd5 to all :o are wor?y ( x4 ,puff5dorf says t we may dive/ ourselves ( our lib]ty 9 fav\r ( o!r m51 j z we transf] our prop]ty f "o to ano!r by contracts & agreem5ts4 ,b ?is seems a v weak argum5t4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! prop]ty ,i ali5ate becomes q =eign to me1 nor c ,i suff] f ! abuse ( x2 b x v ne>ly conc]ns me t my lib]ty %\ld n be abus$1 & ,i _c )\t incurr+ ! guilt ( ! crimes ,i may be compell$ to commit1 expose myself to become an in/rum5t ( crime4 ,besides1 ! "r ( prop]ty be+ only a conv5tion ( human in/itution1 m5 may dispose ( :at !y possess z !y please3 b ?is is n ! case ) ! ess5tial gifts ( nature1 su* z life & lib]ty1 :i* e man is p]mitt$ to enjoy1 & ( :i* x is at lea/ d\btful :e!r any h a "r to dive/ !mselves4 ,by giv+ up ! "o1 we degrade our be+2 by giv+ up ! o!r1 we d our be/ to annul x2 &1 z no temporal good c indemnify u = ! loss ( ei!r1 x w\ld be an (f5ce aga9/ bo? reason & nature to r5\nce !m at any price :atsoev]4 ,b1 ev5 if we c\ld transf] our lib]ty1 z we d our prop]ty1 !re w\ld be a great diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! *ildr51 :o enjoy ! fa!r's sub/ance only by ! transmission ( 8 "r2 :]eas1 lib]ty be+ a gift :i* !y hold f nature z be+ m51 _! p>5ts h no "r :atev] to deprive !m ( x4 ,z !n1 to e/abli% slav]y1 x 0 necess>y to d viol5ce to nature1 s1 9 ord] to p]petuate su* a "r1 nature w\ld h to be *ang$4 ,juri/s1 :o h gravely det]m9$ t ! *ild ( a slave comes into ! _w a slave1 h decid$1 9 o!r words1 t a man %all come into ! _w n a man4 ,i reg>d x !n z c]ta91 t gov]nm5t did n beg9 ) arbitr>y p[]1 b t ?is is ! depravation1 ! extreme t]m1 ( gov]nm5t1 & br+s x back1 f9ally1 to j ! law ( ! /ronge/1 :i* x 0 orig9ally design$ to rem$y4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 x _h begun 9 ?is mann]1 su* p[]1 be+ 9 itself illegitimate1 c\ld n h s]v$ z a basis = ! laws ( society1 nor1 consequ5tly1 = ! inequality !y in/itut$4 ,)\t ent]+ at pres5t ^u ! inve/igations :i* /ill rema9 to be made into ! nature ( ! fundam5tal compact und]ly+ all gov]nm5t1 ,i cont5t myself ) adopt+ ! common op9ion conc]n+ x1 & reg>d ! e/abli%m5t ( ! political body z a real contract betwe5 ! p & ! *iefs *os5 by !m3 a contract by :i* bo? p>ties b9d !mselves to obs]ve ! laws !re9 express$1 :i* =m ! ties ( _! union4 ,! p hav+ 9 respect ( _! social relations conc5trat$ all _! wills 9 "o1 ! sev]al articles1 conc]n+ :i* ?is w is expla9$1 become s _m fundam5tal laws1 obligatory on all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate )\t exception1 & "o ( ^! articles regulates ! *oice & p[] ( ! magi/rates appo9t$ to wat* ov] ! execution ( ! re/4 ,?is p[] ext5ds to ev]y?+ :i* may ma9ta9 ! con/itution1 )\t go+ s f> z to alt] x4 ,x is accompani$ by hon\rs1 9 ord] to br+ ! laws & _! adm9i/rators into respect4 ,! m9i/]s are also di/+ui%$ by p]sonal pr]ogatives1 9 ord] to recomp5se !m = ! c>es & lab\r :i* good adm9i/ration involves4 ,! magi/rate1 on 8 side1 b9ds himself to use ! p[] he is entru/$ ) only 9 con=mity ) ! int5tion ( 8 con/itu5ts1 to ma9ta9 !m all 9 ! peaceable possession ( :at belongs to !m1 & to pref] on e occasion ! public int]e/ to 8 own4 ,be=e exp]i5ce _h %[n1 or k ( ! human he>t enabl$ m5 to =esee1 ! unavoidable abuses ( su* a con/itution1 x mu/ h appe>$ s mu* ! m excell5t1 z ^? :o 7 *>g$ ) ! c>e ( its pres]vation _h !mselves mo/ int]e/ 9 x2 = magi/racy & ! rights atta*+ to x be+ bas$ solely on ! fundam5tal laws1 ! magi/rates w\ld cease to be legitimate z soon z ^! ceas$ to exi/2 ! p w\ld no long] owe !m ob$i5ce2 & z n ! magi/rates1 b ! laws1 are ess5tial to ! be+ ( a ,/ate1 ! memb]s ( x w\ld rega9 ! "r to _! natural lib]ty4 ,if we reflect ) ev] s little att5tion on ?is subject1 we %all f9d new argum5ts to confirm ?is tru?1 & be conv9c$ f ! v nature ( ! contract t x _c be irrevocable3 =1 if !re 7 no sup]ior p[] capable ( ensur+ ! fidelity ( ! contract+ p>ties1 or compell+ !m to p]=m _! reciprocal engagem5ts1 ! p>ties w\ld be sole judges 9 _! own cause1 & ea* w\ld always h a "r to r5\nce ! contract1 z soon z he f\nd t ! o!r _h violat$ its t]ms1 or t !y no long] suit$ 8 conv5i5ce4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t ! "r ( abdication may possibly be f\nd$4 ,n[1 if1 z "h1 we consid] only :at is human 9 ?is in/itution1 x is c]ta9 t1 if ! magi/rate1 :o has all ! p[] 9 8 own h&s1 & appropriates to himself all ! advantages ( ! contract1 has none ! less a "r to r5\nce 8 au?ority1 ! p1 :o suff] = all ! faults ( _! *ief1 mu/ h a mu* bett] "r to r5\nce _! dep5d5ce4 ,b ! t]rible & innum]able qu>rels & disord]s t w\ld necess>ily arise f s dang]\s a privilege1 %[1 m ?an any?+ else1 h[ mu* human gov]nm5ts /ood 9 ne$ ( a m solid basis ?an m]e reason1 & h[ exp$i5t x 0 = ! public tranquillity t ! div9e w %\ld int]pose to inve/ ! sov]eign au?ority ) a sacr$ & inviolable "*1 :i* might deprive subjects ( ! fatal "r ( dispos+ ( x4 ,if ! _w _h receiv$ no o!r advantages f religion1 ?is w\ld be en\gh to impose on m5 ! duty ( adopt+ & cultivat+ x1 abuses & all1 s9ce x has be5 ! means ( sav+ m blood ?an fanaticism has ev] spilt4 ,b let u foll[ ! ?read ( our hypo!sis4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t owe _! orig9 to ! diff]+ degrees ( inequality :i* exi/$ betwe5 individuals at ! "t ( _! in/itution4 ,if !re happ5$ to be any "o man among !m pre-em95t 9 p[]1 virtue1 ri*es or p]sonal influ5ce1 he became sole magi/rate1 & ! ,/ate assum$ ! =m ( mon>*y4 ,if sev]al1 ne>ly equal 9 po9t ( em95ce1 /ood above ! re/1 !y 7 elect$ jo9tly1 & =m$ an ari/ocracy4 ,aga91 among a p :o _h deviat$ less f a /ate ( nature1 & betwe5 ^: =tune or tal5ts !re 0 less disproportion1 ! supreme adm9i/ration 0 reta9$ 9 common1 & a democracy 0 =m$4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 process ( "t :i* ( ^! =ms suit$ m5 ! be/4 ,"s peoples rema9$ altoge!r subject to ! laws2 o!rs soon came to obey _! magi/rates4 ,! citiz5s lab\r$ to pres]ve _! lib]ty2 ! subjects1 irritat$ at see+ o!rs enjoy+ a bless+ !y _h lo/1 ?\ght only ( mak+ slaves ( _! neighb\rs4 ,9 a ^w1 on ! "o side arose ri*es & conque/s1 & on ! o!r happ9ess & ,i virtue4 ,9 ^! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 all ! (fices 7 at fir/ elective2 & :5 ! influ5ce ( weal? 0 out ( ! "q1 ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to m]it1 :i* gives a natural asc5dancy1 & to age1 :i* is exp]i5c$ 9 bus9ess & delib]ate 9 c\ncil4 ,! ,eld]s ( ! ,hebrews1 ! ,g]ontes at ,sp>ta1 ! ,s5ate at ,rome1 & ! v etymology ( our ^w ,seigneur1 %[ h[ old age 0 once held 9 v5]ation4 ,b ! m (t5 ! *oice fell ^u old m51 ! m (t5 elections _h to be repeat$1 & ! m !y became a nuisance2 intrigues set 91 factions 7 =m$1 p>ty feel+ grew--bitt]1 civil w>s broke out2 ! lives ( individuals 7 sacrific$ to ! pret5d$ happ9ess ( ! ,/ate2 & at l5g? m5 7 on ! po9t ( relaps+ into _! primitive an>*y4 ,ambiti\s *iefs pr(it$ by ^! circum/ances to p]petuate _! (fices 9 _! own families3 at ! same "t ! p1 already us$ to dep5d5ce1 ease1 & ! conv5i5ces ( life1 & already incapable ( break+ its fett]s1 agre$ to an increase ( its slav]y1 9 ord] to secure its tranquillity4 ,?us magi/rates1 hav+ become h]$it>y1 contract$ ! habit ( consid]+ _! (fices z a family e/ate1 & !mselves z proprietors ( ! communities ( :i* !y 7 at fir/ only ! (fic]s1 ( reg>d+ _! fell[-citiz5s z _! slaves1 & numb]+ !m1 l cattle1 among _! belong+s1 & ( call+ !mselves ! equals ( ! gods & longs ( k+s4 ,if we foll[ ! progress ( inequality 9 ^! v>i\s revolutions1 we %all f9d t ! e/abli%m5t ( laws & ( ! "r ( prop]ty 0 its fir/ t]m1 ! in/itution ( magi/racy ! second1 & ! conv]sion ( legitimate into arbitr>y p[] ! ?ird & la/2 s t ! condition ( ri* & poor 0 au?oris$ by ! fir/ p]iod2 t ( p[]ful & weak by ! second2 & only by ! ?ird t ( ma/] & slave1 :i* is ! la/ degree ( inequality1 & ! t]m at :i* all ! re/ rema91 :5 !y h got s f>1 till ! gov]nm5t is ei!r entirely dissolv$ by new revolutions1 or br\ght back aga9 to legitimacy4 ,to und]/& ?is progress z necess>y we mu/ consid] n s mu* ! motives = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! body politic1 z ! =ms x assumes 9 actuality1 & ! faults t necess>ily att5d x3 = ! flaws :i* make social in/itutions necess>y are ! same z make ! abuse ( !m unavoidable4 ,if we except ,sp>ta1 :]e ! laws 7 ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! education ( *ildr51 & :]e ,lycurgus e/abli%$ su* morality z practically made laws ne$less--= laws z a rule1 be+ weak] ?an ! passions1 re/ra9 m5 )\t alt]+ !m--x w\ld n be difficult to prove t e gov]nm5t1 :i* scrupul\sly compli$ ) ! ends = :i* x 0 in/itut$1 & gu>d$ c>efully aga9/ *ange & corruption1 0 set up unnecess>ily4 ,= a c\ntry1 9 :i* no "o ei!r evad$ ! laws or made a bad use ( magi/]ial p[]1 c\ld require nei!r laws nor magi/rates4 ,political di/9ctions necess>ily produce civil di/9ctions4 ,! gr[+ equality betwe5 ! *iefs & ! p is soon felt by individuals1 & modifi$ 9 a ?\s& ways accord+ to passions1 tal5ts & circum/ances4 ,! magi/rate c\ld n usurp any illegitimate p[]1 )\t giv+ di/9ction to ! creatures ) :om he mu/ %>e x4 ,besides1 individuals only all[ !mselves to be oppress$ s f> z !y are hurri$ on by bl9d ambition1 &1 look+ r bel[ ?an above !m1 come to love au?ority m ?an indep5d5ce1 & submit to slav]y1 t !y may 9 turn enslave o!rs4 ,x is no easy matt] to r$uce to ob$i5ce a man :o has no ambition to comm&2 nor w\ld ! mo/ adroit politician f9d x possible to enslave a p ^: only desire 0 to be indep5d5t4 ,b inequality easily makes its way among c[>dly & ambiti\s m9ds1 :i* are ev] ready to run ! risks ( =tune1 & almo/ indiff]5t :e!r !y comm& or obey1 z x is fav\rable or adv]se4 ,?us1 !re mu/ h be52 a "t1 :5 ! eyes ( ! p 7 s fasc9at$1 t _! rul]s _h only to say to ! lea/ ( m51 ,be great1 y & all y\r po/]ity1 to make him imm$iately appe> great 9 ! eyes ( e "o z well z 9 8 own4 ,8 desc5dants took /ill m ^u !m1 9 proportion to _! di/ance f him2 ! m obscure2 & unc]ta9 ! cause1 ! great] ! effect3 ! great]--! numb] ( idl]s "o c\ld c\nt 9 a family1 ! m illu/ri\s x 0 held to be4 ,if ?is 7 ! place to g into details1 ,i c\ld readily expla9 h[1 ev5 )\t ! int]v5tion ( gov]nm5t1 inequality ( cr$it & au?ority became unavoidable among private p]sons1 z soon z _! union 9 a s+le society made !m comp>e !mselves "o ) ano!r1 & take into acc\nt ! diff]5ces :i* !y f\nd out f ! cont9ual int]c\rse e man _h to h ) 8 neighb\rs4#h ,^! diff]5ces are ( sev]al k9ds2 b ri*es1 nobility or rank1 p[] & p]sonal m]it be+ ! pr9cipal di/9ctions by :i* m5 =m an e/imate ( ea* o!r 9 society1 ,i c\ld prove t ! h>mony or conflict ( ^! diff]5t =ces is ! sure/ indication ( ! good or bad con/itution ( a ,/ate4 ,i c\ld %[ t among ^! f\r k9ds ( inequality1 p]sonal qualities be+ ! orig9 ( all ! o!rs1 weal? is ! "o to :i* !y are all r$uc$ 9 ! end2 =1 z ri*es t5d mo/ imm$iately to ! prosp]ity ( individuals1 & are easie/ to communicate1 !y are us$ to pur*ase e o!r di/9ction4 ,by ?is obs]vation we are enabl$ to judge pretty exactly h[ f> a p has dep>t$ f its primitive con/itution1 & ( its progress t[>ds ! extreme t]m ( corruption4 ,i c\ld expla9 h[ mu* ?is univ]sal desire = reputation1 hon\rs & advancem5t1 :i* inflames u all1 ex]cises & holds up to comp>ison our faculties & p[]s2 h[ x excites & multiplies our passions1 &1 by creat+ univ]sal competition & rivalry1 or r enmity1 among m51 occasions numb]less failures1 successes & di/urbances ( all k9ds by mak+ s _m aspirants run ! same c\rse4 ,i c\ld %[ t x is to ?is desire ( be+ talk$ ab\t1 & ?is unremitt+ rage ( di/+ui%+ ourselves1 t we owe ! be/ & ! wor/ ?+s we possess1 bo? our virtues & our vices1 our sci5ce & our errors1 our conqu]ors & our philosoph]s2 t is to say1 a great _m bad ?+s1 & a v few good ones4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i c\ld prove t1 if we h a few ri* & p[]ful m5 on ! p9nacle ( =tune & gr&eur1 :ile ! cr[d grovels 9 want & obscurity1 x is because ! =m] prize :at !y enjoy only 9 s f> z o!rs are de/itute ( x2 & because1 )\t *ang+ _! condition1 !y w\ld cease to be happy ! mom5t ! p ceas$ to be wret*$4 ,^! details alone1 h[ev]1 w\ld furni% matt] = a consid]able "w1 9 :i* ! advantages & disadvantages ( e k9d ( gov]nm5t might be weigh$1 z !y are relat$ to man 9 ! /ate ( nature1 & at ! same "t all ! diff]5t aspects1 "u :i* inequality has up to ! pres5t appe>$1 or may appe> 9 ages yet to come1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sev]al gov]nm5ts1 & ! alt]ations :i* "t mu/ unavoidably occasion 9 !m1 might be demon/rat$4 ,we %\ld !n see ! multitude oppress$ f )91 9 consequ5ce ( ! v precautions x _h tak5 to gu>d aga9/ =eign tyranny4 ,we %\ld see oppression cont9ually ga9 gr\nd )\t x be+ possible = ! oppress$ to "k :]e x w\ld /op1 or :at legitimate means 0 left !m ( *eck+ its progress4 ,we %\ld see ! rights ( citiz5s1 & ! fre$om ( nations sl[ly ext+ui%$1 & ! compla9ts1 prote/s & appeals ( ! weak treat$ z s$iti\s murmur+s4 ,we %\ld see ! hon\r ( def5d+ ! common cause conf9$ by /atecraft to a m]c5>y "p ( ! p4 ,we %\ld see taxes made necess>y by su* means1 & ! di%e>t5$ husb&man des]t+ 8 fields ev5 9 ! mid/ ( peace1 & leav+ ! pl\gh to gird on ! sword4 ,we %\ld see fatal & caprici\s codes ( hon\r e/abli%$2 & ! *ampions ( _! c\ntry soon] or lat] becom+ its enemies1 & = ev] hold+ _! dagg]s to ! brea/s ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,! "t w\ld come :5 !y w\ld be he>d say+ to ! oppressor ( _! c\ntry-- ,pectore si fratris gladium juguloque p>5tis ,cond]e me jubeas1 gravidque 9 visc]a p>tu ,conjugis1 invit p]agam tam5 omnia dextr4 ,lucan4 i1 #cgf4 ,f great inequality ( =tunes & conditions1 f ! va/ v>iety ( passions & ( tal5ts1 ( useless & p]nici\s arts1 ( va9 sci5ces1 w\ld arise a multitude ( prejudices equally contr>y to reason1 happ9ess & virtue4 ,we %\ld see ! magi/rates fom5t+ ev]y?+ t might weak5 m5 unit$ 9 society1 by promot+ diss5sion among !m2 ev]y?+ t might s[ 9 x ! se$s ( actual division1 :ile x gave society ! air ( h>mony2 ev]y?+ t might inspire ! diff]5t ranks ( p ) mutual hatr$ & di/ru/1 by sett+ ! rights & int]e/s ( "o aga9/ ^? ( ano!r1 & s /r5g!n ! p[] :i* compreh5d$ !m all4 ,x is f ! mid/ ( ?is disord] & ^! revolutions1 t despotism1 gradually rais+ up its hide\s head & dev\r+ ev]y?+ t rema9$ s\nd & unta9t$ 9 any "p ( ! ,/ate1 w\ld at l5g? trample on bo? ! laws & ! p1 & e/abli% itself on ! ru9s ( ! republic4 ,! times :i* imm$iately prec$$ ?is la/ *ange w\ld be times ( tr\ble & calamity2 b at l5g? ! mon/] w\ld swall[ up ev]y?+1 & ! p w\ld no long] h ei!r *iefs or laws1 b only tyrants4 ,f ?is mom5t !re w\ld be no "q ( virtue or morality2 = despotism cui ex hone/o nulla e/ spes1 :]ev] x prevails1 admits no o!r ma/]2 x no soon] speaks ?an probity & duty lose _! weight & bl9d ob$i5ce is ! only virtue :i* slaves c /ill practise4 ,?is is ! la/ t]m ( inequality1 ! extreme po9ts t closes ! circle1 & meets t f :i* we set out4 ,"h all private p]sons return to _! fir/ equality1 because !y are no?+2 &1 subjects hav+ no law b ! w ( _! ma/]1 & _! ma/] no re/ra9t b 8 passions1 all notions ( good & all pr9ciples ( equity aga9 vani%4 ,!re is "h a complete return to ! law ( ! /ronge/1 & s to a new /ate ( nature1 diff]+ f t we set out f2 = ! "o 0 a /ate ( nature 9 its fir/ purity1 :ile ?is is ! consequ5ce ( excessive corruption4 ,!re is s little diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /ates 9 o!r respects1 & ! contract ( gov]nm5t is s completely dissolv$ by despotism1 t ! despot is ma/] only s long z he rema9s ! /ronge/2 z soon z he c be expell$1 he has no "r to compla9 ( viol5ce4 ,! popul> insurrection t ends 9 ! dea? or deposition ( a ,sultan is z lawful an act z ^? by :i* he dispos$1 ! day be=e1 ( ! lives & =tunes ( 8 subjects4 ,z he 0 ma9ta9$ by =ce alone1 x is =ce alone t ov]?r[s him4 ,?us ev]y?+ takes place accord+ to ! natural ord]2 &1 :atev] may be ! result ( su* frequ5t & precipitate revolutions1 no "o man has reason to compla9 ( ! inju/ice ( ano!r1 b only ( 8 own ill-=tune or indiscretion4 ,if ! read] ?us discov]s & retraces ! lo/ & =gott5 road1 by :i* man mu/ h pass$ f ! /ate ( nature to ! /ate ( society2 if he c>efully re/ores1 along ) ! int]m$iate situations :i* ,i h j describ$1 ^? :i* want ( "t has compell$ me to suppress1 or my imag9ation has fail$ to sugge/1 he _c fail to be /ruck by ! va/ di/ance :i* sep>ates ! two /ates4 ,x is 9 trac+ ?is sl[ succession t he w f9d ! solution ( a numb] ( problems ( politics & morals1 :i* philosoph]s _c settle4 ,he w feel t1 m5 be+ diff]5t 9 diff]5t ages1 ! reason :y ,diog5es c\ld n f9d a man 0 t he s\ght among 8 contempor>ies a man ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,he w see t ,cato di$ ) ,rome & lib]ty1 because he did n fit ! age 9 :i* he liv$2 ! greate/ ( m5 s]v$ only to a/oni% a _w :i* he w\ld c]ta9ly h rul$1 _h he liv$ five hundr$ ye>s soon]4 ,9 a ^w1 he w expla9 h[ ! s\l & ! passions ( m5 ins5sibly *ange _! v nature2 :y our wants & pleasures 9 ! end seek new objects2 & :y1 ! orig9al man hav+ vani%$ by degrees1 society (f]s to u only an assembly ( artificial m5 & factiti\s passions1 :i* are ! "w ( all ^! new relations1 & )\t any real f\ndation 9 nature4 ,we are taught no?+ on ?is subject1 by reflection1 t is n entirely confirm$ by obs]vation4 ,! savage & ! civilis$ man diff] s mu* 9 ! bottom ( _! he>ts & 9 _! incl9ations1 t :at con/itutes ! supreme happ9ess ( "o w\ld r$uce ! o!r to despair4 ,! =m] brea!s only peace & lib]ty2 he desires only to live & be free f lab\r2 ev5 ! at>axia ( ! ,/oic falls f> %ort ( 8 pr(\nd indiff]5ce to e o!r object4 ,civilis$ man1 on ! o!r h&1 is always mov+1 sweat+1 toil+ & rack+ 8 bra9s to f9d /ill m labori\s occupations3 he goes on 9 drudg]y to 8 la/ mom5t1 & ev5 seeks dea? to put himself 9 a position to live1 or r5\nces life to acquire immortality4 ,he pays 8 c\rt to m5 9 p[]1 :om he hates1 & to ! weal?y1 :om he despises2 he /ops at no?+ to h ! hon\r ( s]v+ !m2 he is n a%am$ to value himself on 8 own meanness & _! protection2 &1 pr\d ( 8 slav]y1 he speaks ) disda9 ( ^?1 :o h n ! hon\r ( %>+ x4 ,:at a sight w\ld ! p]plex+ & envi$ lab\rs ( a ,european m9i/] ( ,/ate pres5t to ! eyes ( a ,c>ibean6 ,h[ _m cruel dea?s w\ld n ?is indol5t savage pref] to ! horrors ( su* a life1 :i* is seldom ev5 sweet5$ by ! pleasure ( do+ good6 ,b1 = him to see into ! motives ( all ?is solicitude1 ! words p[] & reputation1 w\ld h to be> "s mean+ 9 8 m9d2 he w\ld h to "k t !re are m5 :o set a value on ! op9ion ( ! re/ ( ! _w2 :o c be made happy & satisfi$ ) !mselves r on ! te/imony ( o!r p ?an on _! own4 ,9 reality1 ! s\rce1 ( all ^! diff]5ces is1 t ! savage lives )9 himself1 :ile social man lives con/antly outside himself1 & only kn[s h[ to live 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 s t he seems to receive ! consci\sness ( 8 own exi/5ce m]ely f ! judgm5t ( o!rs conc]n+ him4 ,x is n to my pres5t purpose to insi/ on ! indiff]5ce to good & evil :i* arises f ?is disposition1 9 spite ( our _m f9e works on morality1 or to %[ h[1 ev]y?+ be+ r$uc$ to appe>ances1 !re is b art & mumm]y 9 ev5 hon\r1 fri5d%ip1 virtue1 & (t5 vice itself1 ( :i* we at l5g? le>n ! secret ( boa/+2 to %[1 9 %ort1 h[1 always ask+ o!rs :at1 we are1 & nev] d>+ to ask ourselves1 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* philosophy1 humanity & civilisation1 & ( su* sublime codes ( morality1 we h no?+ to %[ = ourselves b a frivol\s & deceitful appe>ance1 hon\r )\t virtue1 reason )\t wisdom1 & pleasure )\t happ9ess4 ,x is suffici5t t ,i h prov$ t ?is is n by any means ! orig9al /ate ( man1 b t x is m]ely ! _s ( society1 & ! inequality :i* society produces1 t ?us trans=m & alt] all our natural incl9ations4 ,i h endeav\r$ to trace ! orig9 & progress ( inequality1 & ! in/itution & abuse ( political societies1 z f> z ^! are capable ( be+ d$uc$ f ! nature ( man m]ely by ! light ( reason1 & indep5d5tly ( ^? sacr$ dogmas :i* give ! sanction ( div9e "r to sov]eign au?ority4 ,x foll[s f ?is survey t1 z !re is h>dly any inequality 9 ! /ate ( nature1 all ! inequality :i* n[ prevails owes its /r5g? & gr[? to ! developm5t ( our faculties & ! advance ( ! human m9d1 & becomes at la/ p]man5t & legitimate by ! e/abli%m5t ( prop]ty & laws4 ,secondly1 x foll[s t moral inequality au?oris$ by positive "r alone1 cla%es ) natural "r1 :5ev] x is n proportionate to physical inequality2 a di/9ction :i* suffici5tly det]m9es :at we ought to ?9k ( t species ( inequality :i* prevails 9 all civilis$ c\ntries2 s9ce x is pla9ly contr>y to ! law ( nature1 h[ev] def9$1 t *ildr5 %\ld comm& old m51 fools wise m51 & t ! privileg$ few %\ld gorge !mselves ) sup]fluities1 :ile ! />v+ multitude are 9 want ( ! b>e necessities ( life4 #e ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses xi1 #abg4 ,bo? ri* & poor1 %ock$ at _! new-f\nd ills1 ,w\ld fly f weal?1 & lose :at !y _h s\ght4 #f ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 iv1 #ag4 ,! mo/ wret*$ slav]y !y call peace4 #g ,( ! ,rights ( ! ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,que5 ov] v>i\s ,/ates ( ! ,mon>*y ( ,spa91 #affg4 #h ,di/ributive ju/ice w\ld oppose ?is rigor\s equality ( ! /ate ( nature1 ev5 7 x practicable 9 civil society2 z all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate owe x _! s]vices 9 proportion to _! tal5ts & abilities1 !y ought1 on _! side1 to be di/+ui%$ & fav\r$ 9 proportion to ! s]vices !y h actually r5d]$4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se we mu/ und]/& t passage ( ,isocrates1 9 :i* he extols ! primitive ,a!nians1 = hav+ det]m9$ :i* ( ! two k9ds ( equality 0 ! mo/ useful1 viz4 t :i* consi/s 9 divid+ ! same advantages indiscrim9ately among all ! citiz5s1 or t :i* consi/s 9 di/ribut+ !m to ea* accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,^! able politicians1 adds ! orator1 bani%+ t unju/ inequality :i* makes no di/9ction betwe5 good & bad m51 adh]$ inviolably to t :i* rew>ds & puni%es e man accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 !re nev] exi/$ a society1 h[ev] corrupt "s may h become1 :]e no diff]5ce 0 made betwe5 ! good & ! bad2 & ) reg>d to morality1 :]e no measures c be prescrib$ by law exact en\gh to s]ve z a practical rule = a magi/rate1 x is ) great prud5ce t1 9 ord] n to leave ! =tune or quality ( ! citiz5s to 8 discretion1 x prohibits him f pass+ judgm5t on p]sons & conf9es 8 judgm5t to actions4 ,only morals su* z ^? ( ! anci5t ,romans c be> c5sors1 & su* a tribunal among u w\ld ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad m5 is det]m9$ by public e/eem2 ! magi/rate be+ /rictly a judge ( "r alone2 :]eas ! public is ! true/ judge ( morals1 & is ( su* integrity & p5etration on ?is head1 t al?\gh x may be sometimes deceiv$1 x c nev] be corrupt$4 ,! rank ( citiz5s ought1 !re=e1 to be regulat$1 n accord+ to _! p]sonal m]it--= ?is w\ld put x 9 ! p[] ( ! magi/rate to apply ! law almo/ arbitr>ily--b accord+ to ! actual s]vices done to ! ,/ate1 :i* are capable ( be+ m exactly e/imat$4 ,,app5dix#a ,a fam\s au?or1 reckon+ up ! good & evil ( human life1 & comp>+ ! aggregates1 f9ds t our pa9s greatly exce$ our pleasures3 s t1 all ?+s consid]$1 human life is n at all a valuable gift4 ,?is conclusion does n surprise me2 = ! writ] drew all 8 argum5ts f man 9 civilisation4 ,_h he gone back to ! /ate ( nature1 8 inquiries w\ld cle>ly h _h a diff]5t result1 & man w\ld h be5 se5 to be subject to v few evils n ( 8 own creation4 ,x has inde$ co/ u n a little tr\ble to make ourselves z wret*$ z we are4 ,:5 we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! imm5se lab\rs ( mank9d1 ! _m sci5ces br\ght to p]fection1 ! arts inv5t$1 ! p[]s employ$1 ! deeps fill$ up1 ! m\nta9s levell$1 ! rocks %att]$1 ! riv]s made navigable1 ! tracts ( l& cle>$1 ! lakes empti$1 ! m>%es dra9$1 ! enorm\s /ructures erect$ on l&1 & ! teem+ vessels t cov] ! sea2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 e/imate ) ev] s little ?\ght1 ! real advantages t h accru$ f all ^! works to mank9d1 we _c help be+ amaz$ at ! va/ disproportion !re is betwe5 ^! ?+s1 & deplor+ ! infatuation ( man1 :i*1 to gratify 8 silly pride & va9 self-admiration1 induces him eag]ly to pursue all ! mis]ies he is capable ( feel+1 ?\gh b5efic5t nature _h k9dly plac$ !m out ( 8 way4 ,t m5 are actually wick$1 a sad & cont9ual exp]i5ce ( !m proves beyond d\bt3 b all ! same1 ,i ?9k ,i've %[n t man is naturally good4 ,:at !n c h deprav$ him to su* an ext5t1 except ! *anges t h happ5$ 9 8 con/itution1 ! advances he has made1 & ! k he has acquir$8 ,we may admire human society z mu* z we please2 x w be none ! less true t x necess>ily leads m5 to hate ea* o!r 9 proportion z _! int]e/s cla%1 & to d "o ano!r app>5t s]vices1 :ile !y are really do+ e imag9able mis*ief4 ,:at c be ?\ght ( a relation1 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( e individual dictates rules directly opposite to ^? ! public reason dictates to ! community 9 g5]al--9 :i* e man f9ds 8 pr(it 9 ! mis=tunes ( 8 neighb\r8 ,!re is n p]haps any man 9 a com=table position :o has n gre$y heirs1 & p]haps ev5 *ildr51 secretly wi%+ = 8 dea?2 n a %ip at sea1 ( :i* ! loss w\ld n be good news to "s m]*ant or o!r2 n a h\se1 :i* "s debtor ( bad fai? w\ld n be glad to see r$uc$ to a%es ) all ! pap]s x conta9s2 n a nation :i* does n rejoice at ! disa/]s t befall its neighb\rs4 ,?us x is t we f9d our advantage 9 ! mis=tunes ( our fell[-creatures1 & t ! loss ( "o man almo/ always con/itutes ! prosp]ity ( ano!r4 ,b x is /ill m p]nici\s t public calamities are ! objects ( ! hopes & expectations ( innum]able individuals4 ,"s desire sickness1 "s mortality1 "s w>1 & "s fam9e4 ,i h se5 m5 wick$ en\gh to weep = sorr[ at ! prospect ( a pl5tiful season2 & ! great & fatal fire ( ,london1 :i* co/ s _m unhappy p]sons _! lives or _! =tunes1 made ! =tunes ( p]haps t5 ?\s& o!rs4 ,i "k t ,montaigne2 c5sures ,demades ! ,a!nian = hav+ caus$ to be ,i puni%$ a workman :o1 by sell+ 8 c(f9s v de>1 0 a great ga9] by ! dea?s ( 8 fell[-citiz5s2 b1 ! reason alleg$ by ,montaigne be+ t ev]ybody ought to be puni%$1 my po9t is cle>ly confirm$ by x4 ,let u p5etrate1 !re=e1 ! sup]ficial appe>ances ( b5evol5ce1 & survey :at passes 9 ! inmo/ recesses ( ! he>t4 ,let u reflect :at mu/ be ! /ate ( ?+s1 :5 m5 are =c$ to c>ess & de/roy "o ano!r at ! same "t2 :5 !y are born enemies by duty1 & knaves by int]e/4 ,x w p]haps be said t society is s =m$ t e man ga9s by s]v+ ! re/4 ,t w\ld be all v well1 if he did n ga9 /ill m by injur+ !m4 ,!re is no legitimate pr(it s great1 t x _c be greatly exce$$ by :at may be made illegitimately2 we always ga9 m by hurt+ our neighb\rs ?an by do+ !m good4 ,no?+ is requir$ b to "k h[ to act ) impunity2 & to ?is end ! p[]ful employ all _! /r5g?1 & ! weak all _! cunn+4 ,savage man1 :5 he has d9$1 is at peace ) all nature1 & ! fri5d ( all 8 fell[-creatures4 ,if a dispute arises ab\t a meal1 he r>ely comes to bl[s1 )\t hav+ fir/ comp>$ ! difficulty ( conqu]+ 8 antagoni/ ) ! tr\ble ( f9d+ subsi/5ce else:]e3 &1 z pride does n come 91 x all ends 9 a few bl[s2 ! victor eats1 & ! vanqui%$ seeks provision some:]e else1 & all is at peace4 ,! case is q diff]5t ) man 9 ! /ate ( society1 = :om fir/ necess>ies h to be provid$1 & !n sup]fluities2 delicacies foll[ next1 !n imm5se weal?1 !n subjects1 & !n slaves4 ,he enjoys n a mom5ts relaxation2 & :at is yet /rang]1 ! less natural & press+ 8 wants1 ! m head/rong are 8 passions1 &1 /ill worse1 ! m he has x 9 8 p[] to gratify !m2 s t aft] a long c\rse ( prosp]ity1 aft] hav+ swall[$ up treasures & ru9$ multitudes1 ! h]o ends up by cutt+ e ?roat till he f9ds himself1 at la/1 sole ma/] ( ! _w4 ,su* is 9 m9iature ! moral picture1 if n ( human life1 at lea/ ( ! secret pret5sions ( ! he>t ( civilis$ man4 ,comp>e )\t p>tiality ! /ate ( ! citiz5 ) t ( ! savage1 & trace out1 if y c1 h[ _m inlets ! =m] has op5$ to pa9 & dea?1 besides ^? ( 8 vices1 8 wants & 8 mis=tunes4 ,if y reflect on ! m5tal afflictions t prey on u1 ! viol5t passions t wa/e & exhau/ u1 ! excessive lab\r ) :i* ! poor are burd5$1 ! /ill m dang]\s indol5ce to :i* ! weal?y give !mselves up1 s t ! poor p]i% ( want1 & ! ri* ( surfeit2 if y reflect b a mom5t on ! het]og5e\s mixtures & p]nici\s season+s ( foods2 ! corrupt /ate 9 :i* !y are frequ5tly eat52 on ! adult]ation ( m$ic9es1 ! wiles ( ^? :o sell !m1 ! mi/akes ( ^? :o adm9i/] !m1 & ! poison\s vessels 9 :i* !y are prep>$2 on ! epidemics br$ by f\l air 9 consequ5ce ( great numb]s ( m5 be+ cr[d$ toge!r1 or ^? :i* are caus$ by our delicate way ( liv+1 by our pass+ f our h\ses into ! op5 air & back aga91 by ! putt+ on or ?r[+ (f our clo!s ) too little c>e1 & by all ! precautions :i* s5suality has conv]t$ into necess>y habits1 & ! neglect ( :i* sometimes co/s u our life or heal?2 if y take into acc\nt ! conflagrations & e>?quakes1 :i*1 dev\r+ or ov]:elm+ :ole cities1 de/roy ! inhabitants by ?\s&s2 9 a ^w1 if y add toge!r all ! dang]s ) :i* ^! causes are always ?reat5+ u1 y w see h[ de>ly nature makes u pay = ! contempt ) :i* we h treat$ h] lessons4 ,i %all n "h repeat1 :at ,i h else:]e said ( ! calamities ( w>2 b wi% t ^?1 :o h suffici5t k1 7 will+ or bold en\gh to make public ! details ( ! villa9ies committ$ 9 armies by ! contractors = commiss>iat1 & hospitals3 we %\ld see pla9ly t _! mon/r\s frauds1 already none too well conceal$1 :i* cripple ! f9e/ armies 9 less ?an no "t1 occasion great] de/ruction among ! soldi]s ?an ! swords ( ! enemy4 ,! numb] ( p :o p]i% annually at sea1 by fam9e1 ! scurvy1 pirates1 fire & %ipwrecks1 af=ds matt] = ano!r %ock+ calculation4 ,we mu/ also place to ! cr$it ( ! e/abli%m5t ( prop]ty1 & consequ5tly to ! in/itution ( society1 assass9ations1 poison+s1 highway robb]ies1 & ev5 ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on ! wret*es guilty ( ^! crimes2 :i*1 ?\gh exp$i5t to prev5t great] evils1 yet by mak+ ! murd] ( "o man co/ ! lives ( two or m1 d\ble ! loss to ! human race4 ,:at %ameful me?ods are sometimes practis$ to prev5t ! bir? ( m51 & *eat nature2 ei!r by brutal & deprav$ appetites :i* insult h] mo/ beautiful "w--appetites unkn[n to savages or m]e animals1 :i* c spr+ only f ! corrupt imag9ation ( mank9d 9 civilis$ c\ntries2 or by secret abortions1 ! fitt+ effects ( debau*]y & vitiat$ notions ( hon\r2 or by ! exposure or murd] ( multitudes ( infants1 :o fall victims to ! pov]ty ( _! p>5ts1 or ! cruel %ame ( _! mo!rs2 or1 f9ally1 by ! mutilation ( unhappy wret*es1 "p ( ^: life1 ) _! hope ( po/]ity1 is giv5 up to va9 s++1 or1 /ill worse1 ! brutal jeal\sy ( o!r m53 a mutilation :i*1 9 ! la/ case1 becomes a d\ble outrage aga9/ nature f ! treatm5t ( ^? :o suff] x1 & f ! use to :i* !y are de/9$4 ,b is x n a ?\s& times m common & m dang]\s = pat]nal rights op5ly to (f5d aga9/ humanity8 ,h[ _m tal5ts h n be5 ?r[n away1 & incl9ations =c$1 by ! unwise con/ra9t ( fa!rs8 ,h[ _m m51 :o w\ld h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 a fitt+ e/ate1 h di$ di%on\r$ & wret*$ 9 ano!r = :i* !y _h no ta/e6 ,h[ _m happy1 b unequal1 m>riages h be5 brok5 or di/urb$1 & h[ _m *a/e wives h be5 di%on\r$1 by an ord] ( ?+s cont9ually 9 contradiction ) t ( nature6 ,h[ _m good & virtu\s husb&s & wives are reciprocally puni%$ = hav+ be5 ill-assort$6 ,h[ _m "y & unhappy victims ( _! p>5ts' av>ice plunge into vice1 or pass _! melan*oly days 9 te>s1 groan+ 9 ! indissoluble bonds :i* _! he>ts repudiate & gold alone has =m$6 ,=tunate sometimes are ^? ^: c\rage & virtue remove !m f life be=e inhuman viol5ce makes !m sp5d x 9 crime or 9 despair4 ,=give me1 fa!r & "m1 :om ,i %all ev] regret3 my compla9t embitt]s y\r griefs2 b w\ld !y might be an et]nal & t]rible example to e "o :o d>es1 9 ! "n ( nature1 to violate h] mo/ sacr$ "r4 ,if ,i h spok5 only ( ^? ill-/>r$ unions :i* are ! result ( our sy/em1 is x to be ?\ght t ^? ov] :i* love & sympa?y preside are free f disadvantages8 ,:at if ,i %\ld und]take to %[ humanity attack$ 9 its v s\rce1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ sacr$ ( all ties1 9 :i* =tune is consult$ be=e nature1 &1 ! disord]s ( society conf\nd+ all virtue & vice1 cont95ce becomes a crim9al precaution1 & a refusal to give life to a fell[-creature1 an act ( humanity8 ,b1 )\t draw+ aside ! veil :i* hides all ^! horrors1 let u cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out ! evil :i* o!rs w h to rem$y4 ,to all ?is add ! multiplicity ( unheal?y trades1 :i* %ort5 m5's lives or de/roy _! bodies1 su* z work+ 9 ! m9es1 & ! prep>+ ( metals & m9]als1 p>ticul>ly lead1 copp]1 m]cury1 cobalt1 & ars5ic3 add ^? o!r dang]\s trades :i* are daily fatal to _m til]s1 c>p5t]s1 masons & m9]s3 put all ^! toge!r & we c see1 9 ! e/abli%m5t & p]fection ( societies1 ! reasons = t dim9ution ( our species1 :i* has be5 notic$ by _m philosoph]s4 ,luxury1 :i* _c be prev5t$ among m5 :o are t5aci\s ( _! own conv5i5ce & ( ! respect paid !m by o!rs1 soon completes ! evil society _h begun1 &1 "u ! pret5ce ( giv+ bread to ! poor1 :om x %\ld nev] h made su*1 impov]i%es all ! re/1 & soon] or lat] depopulates ! ,/ate4 ,luxury is a rem$y mu* worse ?an ! disease x sets up to cure2 or r x is 9 itself ! greate/ ( all evils1 = e ,/ate1 great or small3 =1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 all ! s]vants & vagabonds x creates1 x br+s oppression & ru9 on ! citiz5 & ! lab\r]2 x is l ^? scor*+ w9ds1 :i*1 cov]+ ! trees & plants ) dev\r+ insects1 deprive useful animals ( _! subsi/5ce & spread fam9e & dea? :]ev] !y bl[4 ,f society & ! luxury to :i* x gives bir? arise ! lib]al & me*anical arts1 comm]ce1 lett]s1 & all ^? sup]fluities :i* make indu/ry fl\ri%1 & enri* & ru9 nations4 ,! reason = su* de/ruction is pla94 ,x is easy to see1 f ! v nature ( agriculture1 t x mu/ be ! lea/ lucrative ( all ! arts2 =1 its produce be+ ! mo/ univ]sally necess>y1 ! price mu/ be proportionate to ! abilities ( ! v poore/ ( mank9d4 ,f ! same pr9ciple may be d$uc$ ?is rule1 t ! arts 9 g5]al are m lucrative 9 proportion z !y are less useful2 & t1 9 ! end1 ! mo/ useful becomes ! mo/ neglect$4 ,f ?is we may le>n :at to ?9k ( ! real advantages ( indu/ry & ! actual effects ( its progress4 ,su* are ! s5sible causes ( all ! mis]ies1 into :i* opul5ce at l5g? plunges ! mo/ celebrat$ nations4 ,9 proportion z arts & indu/ry fl\ri%1 ! despis$ husb&man1 burd5$ ) ! taxes necess>y = ! support ( luxury1 & condemn$ to pass 8 days betwe5 lab\r & hung]1 =sakes 8 native field1 to seek 9 t[ns ! bread he ought to c>ry ?i!r4 ,! m our capital cities /rike ! vulg> eye ) admiration1 ! great] reason is !re to lam5t ! sight ( ! ab&on$ c\ntryside1 ! l>ge tracts ( l& t lie uncultivat$1 ! roads cr[d$ ) un=tunate citiz5s turn$ begg>s or highwaym51 & doom$ to end _! wret*$ lives ei!r on a dunghill or on ! gall[s4 ,?us ! ,/ate gr[s ri* on ! "o h&1 & feeble & depopulat$ on ! o!r2 ! mightie/ mon>*ies1 aft] hav+ tak5 imm5se pa9s to enri* & depopulate !mselves1 fall at la/ a prey to "s poor nation1 :i* has yield$ to ! fatal temptation ( invad+ !m1 & !n1 gr[+ opul5t & weak 9 its turn1 is itself invad$ & ru9$ by "s o!r4 ,let any "o in=m u :at produc$ ! sw>ms ( b>b>ians1 :o ov]ran ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa = s _m ages4 ,0 _! prodigi\s increase due to _! indu/ry & arts1 to ! wisdom ( _! laws1 or to ! excell5ce ( _! political sy/em8 ,let ! le>n$ tell u :y1 in/ead ( multiply+ to su* a degree1 ^! fi]ce & brutal m51 )\t s5se or sci5ce1 )\t education1 )\t re/ra9t1 did n de/roy ea* o!r h\rly 9 qu>rell+ ov] ! productions ( _! fields & woods4 ,let !m tell u h[ ^! wret*es c\ld h ! presumption to oppose su* clev] p z we 71 s well tra9$ 9 milit>y discipl9e1 & possess$ ( su* excell5t laws & in/itutions3 & :y1 s9ce society has be5 br\ght to p]fection 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 & s mu* pa9s tak5 to in/ruct _! inhabitants 9 _! social duties & 9 ! art ( liv+ happily & peaceably toge!r1 we see !m no long] produce su* numb]less ho/s z !y us$ once to s5d =? to be ! plague & t]ror ( o!r nations4 ,i fe> "s "o may at la/ answ] me by say+1 t all ^! f9e ?+s1 arts1 sci5ces & laws1 7 wisely inv5t$ by m51 z a salut>y plague1 to prev5t ! too great multiplication ( mank9d1 le/ ! _w1 :i* 0 giv5 u = a habitation1 %\ld 9 "t be too small = its inhabitants4 ,:at1 !n1 is to be done8 ,mu/ societies be totally aboli%$8 ,mu/ meum & tuum be annihilat$1 & mu/ we return aga9 to ! =e/s to live among bea/s8 ,?is is a d$uction 9 ! mann] ( my adv]s>ies1 :i* ,i w\ld z soon anticipate z let !m h ! %ame ( draw+4 ,o y1 :o h nev] he>d ! voice ( heav51 :o ?9k man de/9$ only to live ?is little life & die 9 peace2 y1 :o c resign 9 ! mid/ ( popul\s cities y\r fatal acquisitions1 y\r re/less spirits1 y\r corrupt he>ts & endless desires2 resume1 s9ce x dep5ds entirely on y\rselves1 y\r anci5t & primitive innoc5ce3 retire to ! woods1 !re to lose ! sight & remembrance ( ! crimes ( y\r contempor>ies2 & be n appreh5sive ( degrad+ y\r species1 by r5\nc+ its advances 9 ord] to r5\nce its vices4 ,z = m5 l me ^: passions h de/roy$ _! orig9al simplicity1 :o c no long] subsi/ on plants or acorns1 or live )\t laws & magi/rates ^? :o 7 hon\r$ 9 _! fir/ fa!r ) sup]natural in/ructions2 ^? :o discov]1 9 ! design ( giv+ human actions at ! />t a morality :i* !y mu/ o!rwise h be5 s long 9 acquir+1 ! reason = a precept 9 itself indiff]5t & inexplicable on e o!r sy/em2 ^?1 9 %ort1 :o are p]suad$ t ! ,div9e ,be+ has call$ all mank9d to be p>tak]s 9 ! happ9ess & p]fection ( cele/ial intellig5ces1 all ^! w endeav\r to m]it ! et]nal prize !y are to expect f ! practice ( ^? virtues1 :i* !y make !mselves foll[ 9 le>n+ to "k !m4 ,!y w respect ! sacr$ bonds ( _! respective communities2 !y w love !ft fell[-citiz5s1 & s]ve !m ) all _! might3 !y w scrupul\sly obey ! laws1 & all ^? :o make or adm9i/] !m2 !y w p>ticul>ly hon\r ^? wise & good pr9ces1 :o f9d means ( prev5t+1 cur+ or ev5 palliat+ all ^! evils & abuses1 by :i* we are con/antly ?reat5$2 !y w animate ! zeal ( _! des]v+ rul]s1 by %[+ !m1 )\t flatt]y or fe>1 ! importance ( _! (fice & ! sev]ity ( _! duty4 ,b !y w n !re=e h less contempt = a con/itution t _c support itself )\t ! aid ( s _m spl5did *>act]s1 mu* (t5] wi%$ = ?an f\nd2 & f :i*1 not)/&+ all _! pa9s & solicitude1 !re always arise m real calamities ?an ev5 app>5t advantages4 #a ,see ! faculty ( self-improvem5t4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,political ,,economy ,! ^w ,economy1 or conomy1 is d]iv$ f 1 a h\se1 & 1 law1 & meant orig9ally only ! wise & legitimate gov]nm5t ( ! h\se = ! common good ( ! :ole family4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m 0 !n ext5d$ to ! gov]nm5t ( t great family1 ! ,/ate4 ,to di/+ui% ^! two s5ses ( ! ^w1 ! latt] is call$ g5]al or political economy1 & ! =m] dome/ic or p>ticul> economy4 ,! fir/ only is discuss$ 9 ! pres5t disc\rse4 ,ev5 if !re 7 z close an analogy z _m au?ors ma9ta9 betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! family1 x w\ld n foll[ t ! rules ( conduct prop] = "o ( ^! societies w\ld be also prop] = ! o!r4 ,!y diff] too mu* 9 ext5t to be regulat$ 9 ! same mann]2 & !re w always be a great diff]5ce betwe5 dome/ic gov]nm5t1 9 :i* a fa!r c see ev]y?+ = himself1 & civil gov]nm5t1 :]e ! *ief sees h>dly any?+ save ?r\gh ! eyes ( o!rs4 ,to put bo? on an equality 9 ?is respect1 ! tal5ts1 /r5g?1 & all ! faculties ( ! fa!r w\ld h to increase 9 proportion to ! size ( 8 family1 & ! s\l ( a p[]ful mon>* w\ld h to be1 to t ( an ord9>y man1 z ! ext5t ( 8 empire is to t ( a private p]son's e/ate4 ,b h[ c\ld ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate be l t ( ! family1 :5 ! basis on :i* !y re/ is s diff]5t8 ,! fa!r be+ physically /rong] ?an 8 *ildr51 8 pat]nal au?ority1 z long z !y ne$ 8 protection1 may be reasonably said to be e/abli%$ by nature4 ,b 9 ! great family1 all ! memb]s ( :i* are naturally equal1 ! political au?ority1 be+ purely arbitr>y z f> z its in/itution is conc]n$1 c be f\nd$ only on conv5tions1 & ! ,magi/rate c h no au?ority ov] ! re/1 except by virtue ( ! laws4 ,! duties ( a fa!r are dictat$ to him by natural feel+s1 & 9 a mann] t seldom all[s him to neglect !m4 ,= rul]s !re is no su* pr9ciple1 & !y are really oblig$ to ! p only by :at !y !mselves h promis$ to d1 & ! p h !re=e a "r to require ( !m4 ,ano!r m important diff]5ce is t s9ce ! *ildr5 h no?+ b :at !y receive f _! fa!r1 x is pla9 t all ! rights ( prop]ty belong to him1 or emanate f him2 b q ! opposite is ! case 9 ! great family1 :]e ! g5]al adm9i/ration is e/abli%$ only to secure individual prop]ty1 :i* is antec$5t to x4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! "w ( ! :ole h\se is to pres]ve & increase ! patrimony ( ! fa!r1 9 ord] t he may be able "s day to di/ribute x among 8 *ildr5 )\t impov]i%+ !m2 :]eas ! weal? ( ! ex*equ] is only a means1 (t5 ill und]/ood1 ( keep+ ! individuals 9 peace & pl5ty4 ,9 a ^w1 ! little family is de/9$ to be ext+ui%$1 & to resolve itself "s day into sev]al families ( a simil> nature2 b ! great family1 be+ con/itut$ to endure = ev] 9 ! same condition1 ne$ n1 l ! small "o1 increase = ! purpose ( multiply+1 b ne$ only ma9ta9 itself2 & x c easily be prov$ t any increase does x m h>m ?an good4 ,9 ! family1 x is cle>1 = sev]al reasons :i* lie 9 its v nature1 t ! fa!r ought to comm&4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! au?ority ought n to be equally divid$ betwe5 fa!r & "m2 ! gov]nm5t mu/ be s+le1 & 9 e division ( op9ion !re mu/ be "o prepond]ant voice to decide4 ,secondly1 h[ev] lightly we may reg>d ! disadvantages peculi> to wom51 yet1 z !y necess>ily occasion int]vals ( inaction1 ?is is a suffici5t reason = exclud+ !m f ?is supreme au?ority3 = :5 ! balance is p]fectly ev51 a /raw is en\gh to turn ! scale4 ,besides1 ! husb& ought to be able to sup]9t5d 8 wife's conduct1 because x is ( importance = him to be assur$ t ! *ildr51 :om he is oblig$ to ackn[l$ge & ma9ta91 belong to no-"o b himself4 ,?irdly1 *ildr5 %\ld be ob$i5t to _! fa!r1 at fir/ ( necessity1 & aft]w>ds f gratitude3 aft] hav+ _h _! wants satisfi$ by him dur+ "o half ( _! lives1 !y ought to consecrate ! o!r half to provid+ = 84 ,f\r?ly1 s]vants owe him _! s]vices 9 ex*ange = ! provision he makes = !m1 ?\gh !y may break (f ! b>ga9 z soon z x ceases to suit !m4 ,i say no?+ "h ( slav]y1 because x is contr>y to nature1 & _c be au?oris$ by any "r or law4 ,!re is no?+ ( all ?is 9 political society1 9 :i* ! *ief is s f> f hav+ any natural int]e/ 9 ! happ9ess ( ! individuals1 t x is n uncommon = him to seek 8 own 9 _! mis]y4 ,if ! magi/racy is h]$it>y1 a community ( m5 is (t5 gov]n$ by a *ild4 ,if x be elective1 innum]able inconv5i5ces arise f su* election2 :ile 9 bo? cases all ! advantages ( pat]nity are lo/4 ,if y h b a s+le rul]1 y lie at ! discretion ( a ma/] :o has no reason to love y3 & if y h sev]al1 y mu/ be> at once _! tyranny & _! divisions4 ,9 a ^w1 abuses are inevitable & _! consequ5ces fatal 9 e society :]e ! public int]e/ & ! laws h no natural =ce1 & are p]petually attack$ by p]sonal int]e/ & ! passions ( ! rul] & ! memb]s4 ,al?\gh ! functions ( ! fa!r ( a family & ^? ( ! *ief magi/rate ought to make = ! same object1 !y mu/ d s 9 su* diff]5t ways1 & _! duty & rights are s ess5tially di/9ct1 t we _c conf\nd !m )\t =m+ v false ideas ab\t ! fundam5tal laws ( society1 & fall+ into errors :i* are fatal to mank9d4 ,9 fact1 if ! voice ( nature is ! be/ c\nsellor to :i* a fa!r c li/5 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty1 = ! ,magi/rate x is a false guide1 :i* cont9ually prev5ts him f p]=m+ 81 & leads him on soon] or lat] to ! ru9 ( himself & ( ! ,/ate1 if he is n re/ra9$ by ! mo/ sublime virtue4 ,! only precaution necess>y = ! fa!r ( a family is to gu>d himself aga9/ depravity1 & prev5t 8 natural incl9ations f be+ corrupt$2 :]eas x is ^! !mselves :i* corrupt ! ,magi/rate4 ,9 ord] to act aright1 ! fir/ has only to consult 8 he>t2 ! o!r becomes a traitor ! mom5t he li/5s to 84 ,ev5 8 own reason %\ld be suspect to him1 nor %\ld he foll[ any rule o!r ?an ! public reason1 :i* is ! law4 ,?us nature has made a multitude ( good fa!rs ( families2 b x is d\btful :e!r1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w1 human wisdom has made t5 m5 capable ( gov]n+ _! pe]s4 ,f all t has j be5 said1 x foll[s t public economy1 :i* is my subject1 has be5 rightly di/+ui%$ f private economy1 & t1 ! ,/ate hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ! family except ! obligations :i* _! heads lie "u ( mak+ bo? ( !m happy1 ! same rules ( conduct _c apply to bo?4 ,i h consid]$ ^! few l9es en\gh to ov]?r[ ! dete/able sy/em :i* ,sir ,rob]t ,film] has endeav\r$ to e/abli% 9 8 ,patri>*a2 a "w to :i* two celebrat$ writ]s h done too mu* hon\r 9 writ+ books to refute x4 ,moreov]1 ?is error is ( v long /&+2 = ,ari/otle himself ?\ght prop] to combat x ) argum5ts :i* may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,politics4 ,i mu/ "h ask my read]s to di/+ui% also betwe5 public economy1 :i* is my subject & :i* ,i call gov]nm5t1 & ! supreme au?ority1 :i* ,i call ,sov]eignty2 a di/9ction :i* consi/s 9 ! fact t ! latt] has ! "r ( legislation1 & 9 c]ta9 cases b9ds ! body ( ! nation itself1 :ile ! =m] has only ! "r ( execution1 & is b9d+ only on individuals4 ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( mak+ use ( a v common1 & 9 "s respects inaccurate1 comp>ison1 :i* w s]ve to illu/rate my mean+4 ,! body politic1 tak5 individually1 may be consid]$ z an organis$1 liv+ body1 resembl+ t ( man4 ,! sov]eign p[] repres5ts ! head2 ! laws & cu/oms are ! bra91 ! s\rce ( ! n]ves & seat ( ! und]/&+1 w & s5ses1 ( :i* ! ,judges & ,magi/rates are ! organs3 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & agriculture are ! m\? & /oma* :i* prep>e ! common subsi/5ce2 ! public income is ! blood1 :i* a prud5t economy1 9 p]=m+ ! functions ( ! he>t1 causes to di/ribute ?r\gh ! :ole body nutrim5t & life3 ! citiz5s are ! body & ! memb]s1 :i* make ! ma*9e live1 move & "w2 & no "p ( ?is ma*9e c be damag$ )\t ! pa9ful impression be+ at once convey$ to ! bra91 if ! animal is 9 a /ate ( heal?4 ,! life ( bo? bodies is ! self common to ! :ole1 ! reciprocal s5sibility & int]nal correspond5ce ( all ! p>ts4 ,:]e ?is communication ceases1 :]e ! =mal unity disappe>s1 & ! contigu\s p>ts belong to "o ano!r only by juxtaposition1 ! man is dead1 or ! ,/ate is dissolv$4 ,! body politic1 !re=e1 is also a moral be+ possess$ ( a w2 & ?is g5]al w1 :i* t5ds always to ! pres]vation & welf>e ( ! :ole & ( e "p1 & is ! s\rce ( ! laws1 con/itutes = all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 9 _! relations to "o ano!r & to x1 ! rule ( :at is j or unju/3 a tru? :i* %[s1 by ! way1 h[ idly "s writ]s h treat$ z !ft ! subtlety prescrib$ to *ildr5 at ,sp>ta = obta9+ _! frugal repa/s1 z if ev]y?+ orda9$ by ! law 7 n lawful4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ?is rule ( ju/ice1 ?\gh c]ta9 ) reg>d to all citiz5s1 may be defective ) reg>d to =eign]s4 ,! reason is cle>4 ,! w ( ! ,/ate1 ?\gh g5]al 9 relation to its own memb]s1 is no long] s 9 relation to o!r ,/ates & _! memb]s1 b becomes1 = !m1 a p>ticul> & individual w1 :i* has its rule ( ju/ice 9 ! law ( nature4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ent]s equally into ! pr9ciple "h laid d[n2 = 9 su* a case1 ! great city ( ! _w becomes ! body politic1 ^: g5]al w is always ! law ( nature1 & ( :i* ! diff]5t ,/ates & peoples are individual memb]s4 ,f ^! di/9ctions1 appli$ to ea* political society & its memb]s1 are d]iv$ ! mo/ c]ta9 & univ]sal rules1 by :i* we c judge :e!r a gov]nm5t is good or bad1 & 9 g5]al ( ! morality ( all human actions4 ,e political society is compos$ ( o!r small] societies ( diff]5t k9ds1 ea* ( :i* has its int]e/s & its rules ( conduct3 b ^? societies :i* ev]ybody p]ceives1 because !y h an ext]nal & au?oris$ =m1 are n ! only ones t actually exi/ 9 ! ,/ate3 all individuals :o are unit$ by a common int]e/ compose z _m o!rs1 ei!r transitory or p]man5t1 ^: influ5ce is none ! less real because x is less app>5t1 & ! prop] obs]vation ( ^: v>i\s relations is ! true k ( public morals & mann]s4 ,! influ5ce ( all ^! tacit or =mal associations causes1 by ! influ5ce ( _! w1 z _m diff]5t modifications ( ! public w4 ,! w ( ^! p>ticul> societies has always two relations2 = ! memb]s ( ! association1 x is a g5]al w2 = ! great society1 x is a p>ticul> w2 & x is (t5 "r ) reg>d to ! fir/ object1 & wrong z to ! second4 ,an individual may be a dev\t prie/1 a brave soldi]1 or a zeal\s s5ator1 & yet a bad citiz54 ,a p>ticul> resolution may be advantage\s to ! small] community1 b p]nici\s to ! great]4 ,x is true t p>ticul> societies be+ always subord9ate to ! g5]al society 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 ! duty ( a citiz5 takes prec$5ce ( t ( a s5ator1 & a man's duty ( t ( a citiz53 b unhappily p]sonal int]e/ is always f\nd 9 inv]se ratio to duty1 & increases 9 proportion z ! association gr[s n>r[]1 & ! engagem5t less sacr$2 :i* irrefragably proves t ! mo/ g5]al w is always ! mu/ j also1 & t ! voice ( ! p is 9 fact ! voice ( ,god4 ,x does n foll[ t ! public decisions are always equitable2 !y may possibly1 = reasons :i* ,i h giv51 n be s :5 !y h to d ) =eign]s4 ,?us x is n impossible t a ,republic1 ?\gh 9 itself well gov]n$1 %\ld ent] ^u an unju/ w>4 ,nor is x less possible = ! ,c\ncil ( a ,democracy to pass unju/ decrees1 & condemn ! innoc5t2 b ?is nev] happ5s unless ! p is s$uc$ by private int]e/s1 :i* ! cr$it or eloqu5ce ( "s clev] p]sons sub/itutes = ^? ( ! ,/ate2 9 :i* case ! g5]al w w be "o ?+1 & ! result ( ! public delib]ation ano!r4 ,?is is n contradict$ by ! case ( ! ,a!nian ,democracy2 = ,a!ns 0 9 fact n a ,democracy1 b a v tyrannical ,ari/ocracy1 gov]n$ by philosoph]s & orators4 ,c>efully det]m9e :at happ5s 9 e public delib]ation1 & x w be se5 t ! g5]al w is always = ! common good2 b v (t5 !re is a secret division1 a tacit conf$]acy1 :i*1 = p>ticul> ends1 causes ! natural disposition ( ! assembly to be set at n\ght4 ,9 su* a case ! body ( society is really divid$ into o!r bodies1 ! memb]s ( :i* acquire a g5]al w1 :i* is good & j ) respect to ^! new bodies1 b unju/ & bad ) reg>d to ! :ole1 f :i* ea* is ?us dismemb]$4 ,we see !n h[ easy x is1 by ! help ( ^! pr9ciples1 to expla9 ^? app>5t contradictions1 :i* are notic$ 9 ! conduct ( _m p]sons :o are scrupul\sly hone/ 9 "s respects1 & *eats & sc\ndrels 9 o!rs1 :o trample "u foot ! mo/ sacr$ duties1 & yet are fai?ful to ! dea? to engagem5ts t are (t5 illegitimate4 ,?us ! mo/ deprav$ ( m5 always pay "s sort ( homage to public fai?2 & ev5 robb]s1 :o are ! enemies ( virtue 9 ! great society1 pay "s respect to ! %ad[ ( x 9 _! secret caves4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! g5]al w z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( public economy1 & ! fundam5tal rule ( gov]nm5t1 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to inquire s]i\sly :e!r ! ,magi/rates belong to ! p1 or ! p to ! ,magi/rates2 or :e!r 9 public affairs ! good ( ! ,/ate %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt1 or only t ( its rul]s4 ,t "q inde$ has long be5 decid$ "o way 9 !ory1 & ano!r 9 practice2 & 9 g5]al x w\ld be ridicul\s to expect t ^? :o are 9 fact ma/]s w pref] any o!r int]e/ to _! own4 ,x w\ld n be improp]1 !re=e1 fur!r to di/+ui% public economy z popul> or tyrannical4 ,! =m] is t ( e ,/ate1 9 :i* !re reigns betwe5 ! p & ! rul]s unity ( int]e/ & w3 ! latt] w necess>ily exi/ :]ev] ! gov]nm5t & ! p h diff]5t int]e/s1 &1 consequ5tly1 oppos+ wills4 ,! rules ( ! latt] are writt5 at l5g? 9 ! ar*ives ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! satires ( ,mac*iavelli4 ,! rules ( ! =m] are f\nd only 9 ! writ+s ( ^? philosoph]s :o v5ture to proclaim ! rights ( humanity4 ,i4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important rule ( legitimate or popul> gov]nm5t1 t is to say1 ( gov]nm5t ^: object is ! good ( ! p1 is !re=e1 z ,i h obs]v$1 to foll[ 9 ev]y?+ ! g5]al w4 ,b to foll[ ?is w x is necess>y to "k x1 & above all to di/+ui% x f ! p>ticul> w1 beg9n+ ) "o's self3 ?is di/9ction is always v difficult to make1 & only ! mo/ sublime virtue c af=d suffici5t illum9ation = x4 ,z1 9 ord] to w1 x is necess>y to be free1 a difficulty no less great ?an ! =m] arises--t ( pres]v+ at once ! public lib]ty & ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t4 ,look into ! motives :i* h induc$ m51 once unit$ by _! common ne$s 9 a g5]al society1 to unite !mselves /ill m intimately by means ( civil societies3 y w f9d no o!r motive ?an t ( assur+ ! prop]ty1 life & lib]ty ( ea* memb] by ! protection ( all4 ,b c m5 be =c$ to def5d ! lib]ty ( any "o among !m1 )\t trespass+ on t ( o!rs8 ,& h[ c !y provide = ! public ne$s1 )\t ali5at+ ! individual prop]ty ( ^? :o are =c$ to contribute to !m8 ,) :atev] sophi/ry all ?is may be cov]$ ov]1 x is c]ta9 t if any con/ra9t c be laid on my w1 ,i am no long] free1 & t ,i am no long] ma/] ( my own prop]ty1 if any "o else c lay a h& on x4 ,?is difficulty1 :i* w\ld h seem$ insurm\ntable1 has be5 remov$1 l ! fir/1 by ! mo/ sublime ( all human in/itutions1 or r by a div9e inspiration1 :i* tea*es mank9d to imitate "h bel[ ! un*angeable decrees ( ! ,deity4 ,by :at inconceivable art has a means be5 f\nd ( mak+ m5 free by mak+ !m subject2 ( us+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate ! prop]ties1 ! p]sons & ev5 ! lives ( all its memb]s1 )\t con/ra9+ & )\t consult+ !m2 ( conf9+ _! w by _! own admission2 ( ov]com+ _! refusal by t cons5t1 & =c+ !m to puni% !mselves1 :5 !y act aga9/ _! own w8 ,h[ c x be t all %\ld obey1 yet nobody take ^u him to comm&1 & t all %\ld s]ve1 & yet h no ma/]s1 b be ! m free1 z1 9 app>5t subjection1 ea* loses no "p ( 8 lib]ty b :at might be hurtful2 to t ( ano!r8 ,^! wond]s are ! "w ( law4 ,x is to law alone t m5 owe ju/ice & lib]ty4 ,x is ?is salut>y organ ( ! w ( all :i* e/abli%es1 9 civil "r1 ! natural equality betwe5 m54 ,x is ?is cele/ial voice :i* dictates to ea* citiz5 ! precepts ( public reason1 & tea*es him to act accord+ to ! rules ( 8 own judgm5t1 & n to behave inconsi/5tly ) himself4 ,x is ) ?is voice alone t political rul]s %\ld speak :5 !y comm&2 = no soon] does "o man1 sett+ aside ! law1 claim to subject ano!r to 8 private w1 ?an he dep>ts f ! /ate ( civil society1 & confronts him face to face 9 ! pure /ate ( nature1 9 :i* ob$i5ce is prescrib$ solely by necessity4 ,! mo/ press+ int]e/ ( ! rul]1 & ev5 8 mo/ indisp5sable duty1 !re=e1 is to wat* ov] ! obs]vation ( ! laws ( :i* he is ! m9i/]1 & on :i* 8 :ole au?ority is f\nd$4 ,at ! same "t1 if he exacts ! obs]vance ( !m f o!rs1 he is ! m /rongly b\nd to obs]ve !m himself1 s9ce he enjoys all _! fav\r4 ,= 8 example is ( su* =ce1 t ev5 if ! p 7 will+ to p]mit him to release himself f ! yoke ( ! law1 he ought to be cauti\s 9 avail+ himself ( s dang]\s a pr]ogative1 :i* o!rs might soon claim to usurp 9 _! turn1 & (t5 use to 8 prejudice4 ,at bottom1 z all social engagem5ts are mutual 9 nature1 x is impossible = any "o to set himself above ! law1 )\t r5\nc+ its advantages2 = nobody is b\nd by any obligation to "o :o claims t he is "u no obligations to o!rs4 ,= ?is reason no exemption f ! law w ev] be grant$1 on any gr\nd :atsoev]1 9 a well-regulat$ gov]nm5t4 ,^? citiz5s :o h des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry ought to be rew>d$ ) hon\rs1 b nev] ) privileges3 = ! ,republic is at ! eve ( its fall1 :5 any "o c ?9k x f9e n to obey ! laws4 ,if ! nobility or ! soldi]y %\ld ev] adopt su* a maxim1 all w\ld be lo/ beyond r$emption4 ,! p[] ( ! laws dep5ds /ill m on _! own wisdom ?an on ! sev]ity ( _! adm9i/rators1 & ! public w d]ives its greate/ weight f ! reason :i* has dictat$ x4 ,h5ce ,plato look$ ^u x z a v necess>y precaution to place at ! head ( all edicts a preamble1 sett+ =? _! ju/ice & utility4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ ( all laws is to respect ! laws3 ! sev]ity ( p5alties is only a va9 res\rce1 inv5t$ by little m9ds 9 ord] to sub/itute t]ror = t respect :i* !y h no means ( obta9+4 ,x has con/antly be5 obs]v$ t 9 ^? c\ntries :]e legal puni%m5ts are mo/ sev]e1 !y are also mo/ frequ5t2 s t ! cruelty ( su* puni%m5ts is a pro( only ( ! multitude ( crim9als1 &1 puni%+ ev]y?+ ) equal sev]ity1 induces ^? :o are guilty to commit crimes1 9 ord] to escape be+ puni%$ = _! faults4 ,b ?\gh ! gov]nm5t be n ma/] ( ! law1 x is mu* to be its gu>antor1 & to possess a ?\s& means ( inspir+ ! love ( x4 ,9 ?is alone ! tal5t ( reign+ consi/s4 ,) =ce 9 "o's h&s1 !re is no art requir$ to make ! :ole _w tremble1 nor inde$ mu* to ga9 m5's he>ts2 = exp]i5ce has long s9ce taught ! p to give its rul]s great cr$it = all ! evil !y ab/a9 f do+ x1 & to adore !m if !y d n absolutely hate x4 ,a fool1 if he be obey$1 may puni% crimes z well z ano!r3 b ! true /atesman is he :o kn[s h[ to prev5t !m3 x is ov] ! wills1 ev5 m ?an ! actions1 ( 8 subjects t 8 hon\rable rule is ext5d$4 ,if he c\ld secure t e "o %\ld act aright1 he w\ld no long] h any?+ to d2 & ! ma/]piece ( 8 lab\rs w\ld be to be able to rema9 unemploy$4 ,x is c]ta91 at lea/1 t ! greate/ tal5t a rul] c possess is to disguise 8 p[]1 9 ord] to r5d] x less odi\s1 & to conduct ! ,/ate s peaceably z to make x seem to h no ne$ ( conductors4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t1 z ! fir/ duty ( ! legislator is to make ! laws con=mable to ! g5]al w1 ! fir/ rule ( public economy is t ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice %\ld be con=mable to ! laws4 ,x w ev5 be en\gh to prev5t ! ,/ate f be+ ill gov]n$1 t ! ,legislator %all h provid$1 z he %\ld1 = e ne$ ( place1 climate1 soil1 cu/om1 neighb\rhood1 & all ! re/ ( ! relations peculi> to ! p he _h to in/itute4 ,n b :at !re /ill rema9s an inf9ity ( details ( adm9i/ration & economy1 :i* are left to ! wisdom ( ! gov]nm5t3 b !re are two infallible rules = its good conduct on ^! occasions2 "o is1 t ! _s ( ! law ought to decide 9 e p>ticul> case t c\ld n be =ese52 ! o!r is t ! g5]al w1 ! s\rce & supplem5t ( all laws1 %\ld be consult$ :]ev] !y fail4 ,b h[1 ,i %all be ask$1 c ! g5]al w be kn[n 9 cases 9 :i* x has n express$ itself8 ,mu/ ! :ole nation be assembl$ toge!r at e un=ese5 ev5t8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,x ought ! less to be assembl$1 because x is by no means c]ta9 t its decision w\ld be ! expression ( ! g5]al w2 besides1 ! me?od w\ld be impracticable 9 a great p1 & is h>dly ev] necess>y :]e ! gov]nm5t is well-int5tion$3 = ! rul]s well "k t ! g5]al w is always on ! side :i* is mo/ fav\rable to ! public int]e/1 t is to say1 mo/ equitable2 s t x is ne$ful only to act ju/ly1 to be c]ta9 ( foll[+ ! g5]al w4 ,:5 ?is is fl\t$ too op5ly1 x makes itself felt1 9 spite ( ! =midable re/ra9t ( ! public au?ority4 ,i %all cite ! ne>e/ possible examples t may be foll[$ 9 su* cases4 ,9 ,*9a1 x is ! con/ant maxim ( ! ,pr9ce to decide aga9/ 8 (fic]s1 9 e dispute t arises betwe5 !m & ! p4 ,if bread be too de> 9 any prov9ce1 ! ,int5dant ( t prov9ce is ?r[n into prison4 ,if !re be an insurrection 9 ano!r1 ! ,gov]nor is dismiss$1 & e ,m&>9 answ]s ) 8 head = all ! mis*ief t happ5s 9 8 dep>tm5t4 ,n t ^! affairs d n subsequ5tly und]go a regul> exam9ation2 b long exp]i5ce has caus$ ! judgm5t to be ?us anticipat$4 ,!re is seldom any inju/ice to be repair$2 9 ! meantime1 ! ,emp]or1 be+ satisfi$ t public outcry does n arise )\t cause1 always discov]s1 ?r\gh ! s$iti\s clam\rs :i* he puni%es1 j grievances to r$ress4 ,x is a great ?+ to pres]ve ! rule ( peace & ord] ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ! ,republic2 x is a great ?+ t ! ,/ate %\ld be tranquil1 & ! law respect$3 b if no?+ m is done1 !re w be 9 all ?is m appe>ance ?an reality2 = t gov]nm5t :i* conf9es itself to m]e ob$i5ce w f9d difficulty 9 gett+ itself obey$4 ,if x is good to "k h[ to deal ) m5 z !y are1 x is mu* bett] to make !m :at !re is ne$ t !y %\ld be4 ,! mo/ absolute au?ority is t :i* p5etrates into a man's inmo/ be+1 & conc]ns itself no less ) 8 w ?an ) 8 actions4 ,x is c]ta9 t all peoples become 9 ! long run :at ! gov]nm5t makes !m2 w>riors1 citiz5s1 m51 :5 x s pleases2 or m]ely populace & rabble1 :5 x *ooses to make !m s4 ,h5ce e pr9ce :o despises 8 subjects1 di%on\rs himself1 9 confess+ t he does n "k h[ to make !m wor?y ( respect4 ,make m51 !re=e1 if y w\ld comm& m53 if y w\ld h !m ob$i5t to ! laws1 make !m love ! laws1 & !n !y w ne$ only to "k :at is _! duty to d x4 ,?is 0 ! great art ( anci5t gov]nm5ts1 9 ^? di/ant times :5 philosoph]s gave laws to m51 & made use ( _! au?ority only to r5d] !m wise & happy4 ,!nce arose ! num]\s sumptu>y laws1 ! _m regulations ( morals1 & all ! public rules ( conduct :i* 7 admitt$ or reject$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,ev5 tyrants did n =get ?is important "p ( adm9i/ration1 b took z great pa9s to corrupt ! morals ( _! slaves1 z ,magi/rates took to correct ^? ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,b our mod]n gov]nm5ts1 :i* imag9e !y h done ev]y?+ :5 !y h rais$ money1 conceive t x is unnecess>y & ev5 impossible to g a /ep fur!r4 ,,ii4 ,! second ess5tial rule ( public economy is no less important ?an ! fir/4 ,if y w\ld h ! g5]al w accompli%$1 br+ all ! p>ticul> wills into con=mity ) x2 9 o!r words1 z virtue is no?+ m ?an ?is con=mity ( ! p>ticul> wills ) ! g5]al w1 e/abli% ! reign ( virtue4 ,if our politicians 7 less bl9d$ by _! ambition1 !y w\ld see h[ impossible x is = any e/abli%m5t :atev] to act 9 ! _s ( its in/itution1 unless x is guid$ 9 accordance ) ! law ( duty2 !y w\ld feel t ! greate/ support ( public au?ority lies 9 ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s1 & t no?+ c take ! place ( morality 9 ! ma9t5ance ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is n only upright m5 :o "k h[ to adm9i/] ! laws2 b at bottom only good m5 "k h[ to obey !m4 ,! man :o once gets ! bett] ( remorse1 w n %r9k be=e puni%m5ts :i* are less sev]e1 & less la/+1 & f :i* !re is at lea/ ! hope ( escap+3 :atev] precautions are tak51 ^? :o only require impunity 9 ord] to d wrong w n fail to f9d means ( elud+ ! law1 & avoid+ its p5alties4 ,9 ?is case1 z all p>ticul> int]e/s unite aga9/ ! g5]al int]e/1 :i* is no long] t ( any individual1 public vices h a great] effect 9 en]vat+ ! laws ?an ! laws 9 ! repression ( su* vices3 s t ! corruption ( ! p & ( _! rul]s w at l5g? ext5d to ! gov]nm5t1 h[ev] wise x may be4 ,! wor/ ( all abuses is to pay an app>5t ob$i5ce to ! laws1 only 9 ord] actually to break !m ) security4 ,= 9 ?is case ! be/ laws soon become ! mo/ p]nici\s2 & x w\ld be a hundr$ times bett] t !y %\ld n exi/4 ,9 su* a situation1 x is va9 to add edicts to edicts & regulations to regulations4 ,ev]y?+ s]ves only to introduce new abuses1 )\t correct+ ! old4 ,! m laws are multipli$1 ! m !y are despis$1 & all ! new (ficials appo9t$ to sup]vise !m are only s _m m p to break !m1 & ei!r to %>e ! plund] ) _! pr$ecessors1 or to plund] ap>t on _! own4 ,! rew>d ( virtue soon becomes t ( robb]y2 ! vile/ ( m5 rise to ! greate/ cr$it2 ! great] !y are ! m despicable !y become2 _! infamy appe>s ev5 9 _! dignities1 & _! v hon\rs di%on\r !m4 ,if !y buy ! influ5ce ( ! lead]s or ! protection ( wom51 x is only t !y may sell ju/ice1 duty1 & ! ,/ate 9 _! turn3 9 ! meantime1 ! p1 feel+ t its vices are n ! fir/ cause ( its mis=tunes1 murmurs & compla9s t all its mis=tunes come solely f ^? :om x pays to protect x f su* ?+s4 ,x is "u ^! circum/ances t ! voice ( duty no long] speaks 9 m5's he>ts1 & _! rul]s are oblig$ to sub/itute ! cry ( t]ror1 or ! lure ( an app>5t int]e/1 ( :i* !y subsequ5tly trick _! creatures4 ,9 ?is situation !y are compell$ to h rec\rse to all ! petty & despicable %ifts :i* !y call rules ( ,/ate & my/]ies ( ! cab9et4 ,all ! vig\r t is left 9 ! gov]nm5t is us$ by its memb]s 9 ru9+ & supplant+ "o ano!r1 :ile ! public bus9ess is neglect$1 or is transact$ only z p]sonal int]e/ requires & directs4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole art ( ^? great politicians lies 9 s mesm]is+ ^? !y /& 9 ne$ (1 t ea* may ?9k he is lab\r+ = 8 own int]e/ 9 work+ = !irs3 ,i say !irs on ! false supposition t x is ! real int]e/ ( rul]s to annihilate a p 9 ord] to make x subject1 & to2 ru9 _! own prop]ty 9 ord] to secure _! possession ( x4 ,b :5 ! citiz5s love _! duty1 & ! gu>dians ( ! public au?ority s9c]ely apply !mselves to ! fo/]+ ( t love by _! own example & assiduity1 e difficulty vani%es2 & gov]nm5t becomes s easy t x ne$s none ( t art ( d>kness1 ^: blackness is its only my/]y4 ,^? ent]pris+ spirits1 s dang]\s & s mu* admir$1 all ^? great m9i/]s1 ^: glory is insep>able f ! mis]ies ( ! p1 are no long] regrett$3 public morality supplies :at is want+ 9 ! g5ius ( ! rul]s2 & ! m virtue reigns1 ! less ne$ !re is = tal5t4 ,ev5 ambition is bett] s]v$ by duty ?an by usurpation3 :5 ! p is conv9c$ t its rul]s are lab\r+ only = its happ9ess1 its def]5ce saves !m ! tr\ble ( lab\r+ to /r5g!n _! p[]3 & hi/ory %[s u1 9 a ?\s& cases1 t ! au?ority ( "o :o is belov$ ov] ^? :om he loves is a hundr$ times m absolute ?an all ! tyranny ( usurp]s4 ,?is does n mean t ! gov]nm5t ought to be afraid to make use ( its p[]1 b t x ought to make use ( x only 9 a lawful mann]4 ,we f9d 9 hi/ory a ?\s& examples ( pusillanim\s or ambiti\s rul]s1 :o 7 ru9$ by _! slackness or _! pride2 n "o :o suff]$ = hav+ be5 /rictly j4 ,b we ought n to conf\nd neglig5ce ) mod]ation1 or clem5cy ) weakness4 ,to be j1 x is necess>y to be sev]e2 to p]mit vice1 :5 "o has ! "r & ! p[] to suppress x1 is to be oneself vici\s4 ,x is n en\gh to say to ! citiz5s1 be good2 !y mu/ be taught to be s2 & ev5 example1 :i* is 9 ?is respect ! fir/ lesson1 is n ! sole means to be employ$2 patriotism is ! mo/ efficaci\s3 =1 z ,i h said already1 e man is virtu\s :5 8 p>ticul> w is 9 all ?+s con=mable to ! g5]al w1 & we volunt>ily w :at is will$ by ^? :om we love4 ,x appe>s t ! feel+ ( humanity evaporates & gr[s feeble 9 embrac+ all mank9d1 & t we _c be affect$ by ! calamities ( ,t>t>y or ,japan1 9 ! same mann] z we are by ^? ( ,european nations4 ,x is necess>y 9 "s degree to conf9e & limit our int]e/ & compassion 9 ord] to make x active4 ,n[1 z ?is s5tim5t c be useful only to ^? ) :om we h to live1 x is prop] t our humanity %\ld conf9e itself to our fell[-citiz5s1 & %\ld receive a new =ce because we are 9 ! habit ( see+ !m1 & by reason ( ! common int]e/ :i* unites !m4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! greate/ miracles ( virtue h be5 produc$ by patriotism3 ?is f9e & lively feel+1 :i* gives to ! =ce ( self-love all ! beauty ( virtue1 l5ds x an en]gy :i*1 )\t disfigur+ x1 makes x ! mo/ h]oic ( all passions4 ,?is x is t produces s _m immortal actions1 ! glory ( :i* dazzles our feeble eyes2 & s _m great m51 ^: old-_w virtues pass = fables n[ t patriotism is made mock (4 ,?is is n surpris+2 ! transports ( susceptible he>ts appe> altoge!r fanciful to any "o :o has nev] felt !m2 & ! love ( "o's c\ntry1 :i* is a hundr$ times m lively & delightful ?an ! love ( a mi/ress1 _c be conceiv$ except by exp]i5c+ x4 ,b x is easy to p]ceive 9 e he>t t is w>m$ by x1 9 all ! actions x inspires1 a gl[+ & sublime ard\r :i* does n att5d ! pure/ virtue1 :5 sep>at$ f x4 ,contra/ ,socrates ev5 ) ,cato2 ! "o 0 ! great] philosoph]1 ! o!r m ( ! citiz54 ,a!ns 0 already ru9$ 9 ! "t ( ,socrates1 & he _h no o!r c\ntry ?an ! _w at l>ge4 ,cato _h ! cause ( 8 c\ntry always at he>t2 he liv$ = x alone1 & c\ld n be> to outlive x4 ,! virtue ( ,socrates 0 t ( ! wise/ ( m52 b1 comp>$ ) ,cs> & ,pompey1 ,cato seems a ,god among mortals4 ,socrates in/ruct$ a few individuals1 oppos$ ! ,sophi/s1 & di$ = tru?3 b ,cato def5d$ 8 c\ntry1 its lib]ty & its laws1 aga9/ ! conqu]ors ( ! _w1 & at l5g? dep>t$ f ! e>?1 :5 he _h no long] a c\ntry to s]ve4 ,a wor?y pupil ( ,socrates w\ld be ! mo/ virtu\s ( 8 contempor>ies2 b a wor?y foll[] ( ,cato w\ld be "o ( ! greate/4 ,! virtue ( ! =m] w\ld be 8 happ9ess2 ! latt] w\ld seek 8 happ9ess 9 t ( all4 ,we %\ld be taught by ! "o1 & l$ by ! o!r2 & ?is alone is en\gh to det]m9e :i* to pref]3 = no p has ev] be5 made into a nation ( philosoph]s1 b x is n impossible to make a p happy4 ,d we wi% m5 to be virtu\s8 ,!n let u beg9 by mak+ !m love _! c\ntry3 b h[ c !y love x1 if _! c\ntry be no?+ m to !m ?an to /rang]s1 & af=d !m no?+ b :at x c refuse nobody8 ,x w\ld be /ill worse1 if !y did n enjoy ev5 ! privilege ( social security1 & if _! lives1 lib]ties & prop]ty lay at ! m]cy ( p]sons 9 p[]1 )\t _! be+ p]mitt$1 or x be+ possible = !m1 to get relief f ! laws4 ,= 9 t case1 be+ subject$ to ! duties ( ! /ate ( civil society1 )\t enjoy+ ev5 ! common privileges ( ! /ate ( nature1 & )\t be+ able to use _! /r5g? 9 _! own def5ce1 !y w\ld be 9 ! wor/1 condition 9 :i* freem5 c\ld possibly f9d !mselves1 & ! ^w c\ntry w\ld mean = !m some?+ m]ely odi\s & ridicul\s4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t a man c break or lose an arm1 )\t ! pa9 be+ convey$ to 8 head3 nor is x any m cr$ible t ! g5]al w %\ld cons5t t any "o memb] ( ! ,/ate1 :oev] he might be1 %\ld w\nd or de/roy ano!r1 ?an x is t ! f+]s ( a man 9 8 s5ses %\ld wilfully scrat* 8 eyes out4 ,! security ( individuals is s intimately connect$ ) ! public conf$]ation t1 ap>t f ! reg>d t mu/ be paid to human weakness1 t conv5tion w\ld 9 po9t ( "r be dissolv$1 if 9 ! ,/ate a s+le citiz5 :o might h be5 reliev$ 7 all[$ to p]i%1 or if "o 7 wrongfully conf9$ 9 prison1 or if 9 "o case an obvi\sly unju/ s5t5ce 7 giv54 ,= ! fundam5tal conv5tions be+ brok51 x is impossible to conceive ( any "r or int]e/ t c\ld reta9 ! p 9 ! social union2 unless !y 7 re/ra9$ by =ce1 :i* alone causes ! dissolution ( ! /ate ( civil society4 ,9 fact1 does n ! und]tak+ ent]$ into by ! :ole body ( ! nation b9d x to provide = ! security ( ! lea/ ( its memb]s ) z mu* c>e z = t ( all ! re/8 ,is ! welf>e ( a s+le citiz5 any less ! common cause ?an t ( ! :ole ,/ate8 ,x may be said t x is good t "o %\ld p]i% = all4 ,i am ready to admire su* a say+ :5 x comes f ! lips ( a virtu\s & wor?y patriot1 volunt>ily & dutifully sacrific+ himself = ! good ( 8 c\ntry3 b if we are to und]/& by x1 t x is lawful = ! gov]nm5t to sacrifice an innoc5t man = ! good ( ! multitude1 ,i look ^u x z "o ( ! mo/ execrable rules tyranny ev] inv5t$1 ! greate/ falsehood t c be advanc$1 ! mo/ dang]\s admission t c be made1 & a direct contradiction ( ! fundam5tal laws ( society4 ,s little is x ! case t any "o p]son ought to p]i% = all1 t all h pl$g$ _! lives & prop]ties = ! def5ce ( ea*1 9 ord] t ! weakness ( individuals may always be protect$ by ! /r5g? ( ! public1 & ea* memb] by ! :ole ,/ate4 ,suppose we take f ! :ole p "o individual aft] ano!r1 & !n press ! advocates ( ?is rule to expla9 m exactly :at !y mean by ! body ( ! ,/ate1 & we %all see t x w at l5g? be r$uc$ to a small numb] ( p]sons1 :o are n ! p1 b ! (fic]s ( ! p1 & :o1 hav+ b\nd !mselves by p]sonal oa? to p]i% = ! welf>e ( ! p1 w\ld !nce inf] t ! p is to p]i% = _! own4 ,ne$ we look = examples ( ! protection :i* ! ,/ate owes to its memb]s1 & ! respect x owes to _! p]sons8 ,x is only among ! mo/ illu/ri\s & c\rage\s nations t !y are to be f\nd2 x is only among free peoples t ! dignity ( man is realis$4 ,x is well kn[n into :at p]plexity ! :ole republic ( ,sp>ta 0 ?r[n1 :5 ! "q ( puni%+ a guilty citiz5 arose4 ,9 ,mac$on1 ! life ( a man 0 a matt] ( su* importance1 t ,alex&] ! ,great1 at ! height ( 8 glory1 w\ld n h d>$ to put a ,mac$onian crim9al to dea? 9 cold blood1 till ! accus$ _h appe>$ to make 8 def5ce be=e 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & _h be5 condemn$ by !m4 ,b ! ,romans di/+ui%$ !mselves above all o!r peoples by ! reg>d :i* _! gov]nm5t paid to ! individual1 & by its scrupul\s att5tion to ! pres]vation ( ! inviolable rights ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,no?+ 0 s sacr$ among !m z ! life ( a citiz52 & no less ?an an assembly ( ! :ole p 0 ne$$ to condemn "o4 ,n ev5 ! ,s5ate1 nor ! ,consuls1 9 all _! maje/y1 possess$ ! "r2 b ! crime & puni%m5t ( a citiz5 7 reg>d$ z a public calamity among ! mo/ p[]ful p 9 ! _w4 ,s h>d inde$ did x seem to %$ blood = any crime :atsoev]1 t by ! ,lex ,porcia1 ! p5alty ( dea? 0 commut$ into t ( bani%m5t = all ^? :o 7 will+ to survive ! loss ( s great a c\ntry4 ,ev]y?+ bo? at ,rome1 & 9 ! ,roman armies1 brea!d t love ( fell[-citiz5s "o = ano!r1 & t respect = ! ,roman "n1 :i* rais$ ! c\rage & inspir$ ! virtue ( e "o :o _h ! hon\r to be> x4 ,! cap ( a citiz5 deliv]$ f slav]y1 ! civic cr[n ( him :o _h sav$ ! life ( ano!r1 7 look$ ^u ) ! greate/ pleasure amid ! pomp ( _! triumphs2 & x is rem>kable t among ! cr[ns :i* 7 be/[$ 9 hon\r ( spl5did actions 9 w>1 ! civic cr[n & t ( ! triumphant g5]al alone 7 ( laurel1 all ! o!rs be+ m]ely ( gold4 ,x 0 ?us t ,rome 0 virtu\s & became ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,ambiti\s rul]s6 ,a h]dsman gov]ns 8 dogs & cattle1 & yet is only ! meane/ ( mank9d4 ,if x be a f9e ?+ to comm&1 x is :5 ^? :o obey u are capable ( do+ u hon\r4 ,%[ respect1 !re=e1 to y\r fell[-citiz5s1 & y w r5d] y\rselves wor?y ( respect2 %[ respect to lib]ty1 & y\r p[] w increase daily4 ,nev] exce$ y\r rights1 & !y w soon become unlimit$4 ,let our c\ntry !n %[ itself ! common "m ( h] citiz5s2 let ! advantages !y enjoy 9 _! c\ntry ende> x to !m2 let ! gov]nm5t leave !m en\gh %>e 9 ! public adm9i/ration to make !m feel t !y are at home2 & let ! laws be 9 _! eyes only ! gu>antees ( ! common lib]ty4 ,^! rights1 great z !y are1 belong to all m53 b )\t seem+ to attack !m directly1 ! ill-w ( rul]s may 9 fact easily r$uce _! effect to no?+4 ,! law1 :i* !y ?us abuse1 s]ves ! p[]ful at once z a weapon ( (f5ce1 & z a %ield aga9/ ! weak2 & ! pretext ( ! public good is always ! mo/ dang]\s sc\rge ( ! p4 ,:at is mo/ necess>y1 & p]haps mo/ difficult1 9 gov]nm5t1 is rigid integrity 9 do+ /rict ju/ice to all1 & above all 9 protect+ ! poor aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! ri*4 ,! greate/ evil has already come ab\t1 :5 !re are poor m5 to be def5d$1 & ri* m5 to be re/ra9$4 ,x is on ! middle classes alone t ! :ole =ce ( ! law is ex]t$2 !y are equally p[]less aga9/ ! treasures ( ! ri* & ! p5ury ( ! poor4 ,! fir/ mocks !m1 ! second escapes !m4 ,! "o breaks ! me%es1 ! o!r passes ?r\gh !m4 ,x is !re=e "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( gov]nm5t to prev5t extreme inequality ( =tunes2 n by tak+ away weal? f its possessors1 b by depriv+ all m5 ( means to accumulate x2 n by build+ hospitals = ! poor1 b by secur+ ! citiz5s f becom+ poor4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( inhabitants ov] ! t]ritory1 :5 m5 are cr[d$ toge!r 9 "o place1 :ile o!r places are depopulat$2 ! enc\ragem5t ( ! arts t m9i/] to luxury & ( purely indu/rial arts at ! exp5se ( useful & labori\s crafts2 ! sacrifice ( agriculture to comm]ce2 ! necessitation ( ! tax-f>m] by ! mal-adm9i/ration ( ! funds ( ! ,/ate2 & 9 %ort1 v5ality pu%$ to su* an extreme t ev5 public e/eem is reckon$ at a ca% value1 & virtue rat$ at a m>ket price3 ^! are ! mo/ obvi\s causes ( opul5ce & ( pov]ty1 ( public int]e/1 ( mutual hatr$ among citiz5s1 ( indiff]5ce to ! common cause1 ( ! corruption ( ! p1 & ( ! weak5+ ( all ! spr+s ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* are ! evils1 :i* are ) difficulty cur$ :5 !y make !mselves felt1 b :i* a wise adm9i/ration ought to prev5t1 if x is to ma9ta91 along ) good morals1 respect = ! laws1 patriotism1 & ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al w4 ,b all ^! precautions w be inadequate1 unless rul]s g /ill m to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,i conclude ?is "p ( public economy :]e ,i ought to h begun x4 ,!re c be no patriotism )\t lib]ty1 no lib]ty )\t virtue1 no virtue )\t citiz5s2 create citiz5s1 & y h ev]y?+ y ne$2 )\t !m1 y w h no?+ b debas$ slaves1 f ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate d[nw>ds4 ,to =m citiz5s is n ! "w ( a day2 & 9 ord] to h m5 x is necess>y to educate !m :5 !y are *ildr54 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t :oev] has m5 to gov]n1 ought n to seek1 beyond _! nature1 a p]fection ( :i* !y are incapable2 t he ought n to desire to de/roy _! passions2 & t ! execution ( su* an attempt is no m desirable ?an x is possible4 ,i w agree1 fur!r1 t a man )\t passions w\ld c]ta9ly be a bad citiz52 b x mu/ be agre$ also t1 if m5 are n taught n to love "s ?+s1 x is impossible to tea* !m to love "o object m ?an ano!r--to pref] t :i* is truly beautiful to t :i* is de=m$4 ,if1 = example1 !y 7 e>ly accu/om$ to reg>d _! individuality only 9 its relation to ! body ( ! ,/ate1 & to be aw>e1 s to speak1 ( _! own exi/5ce m]ely z a "p ( t ( ! ,/ate1 !y might at l5g? come to id5tify !mselves 9 "s degree ) ?is great] :ole1 to feel !mselves memb]s ( _! c\ntry1 & to love x ) t exquisite feel+ :i* no isolat$ p]son has save = himself2 to lift up _! spirits p]petually to ?is great object1 & ?us to trans=m into a sublime virtue t dang]\s disposition :i* gives rise to all our vices4 ,n only does philosophy demon/rate ! possibility ( giv+ feel+ ^! new directions2 hi/ory furni%es u ) a ?\s& /rik+ examples4 ,if !y are s r>e among u mod]ns1 x is because nobody tr\bles himself :e!r citiz5s exi/ or n1 & /ill less does anybody ?9k ( att5d+ to ! matt] soon en\gh to make !m4 ,x is too late to *ange our natural incl9ations1 :5 !y h tak5 _! c\rse1 & egoism is confirm$ by habit3 x is too late to lead u out ( ourselves :5 once ! human ,ego1 conc5trat$ 9 our he>ts1 has acquir$ t contemptible activity :i* absorbs all virtue & con/itutes ! life & be+ ( little m9ds4 ,h[ c1 patriotism g]m9ate 9 ! mid/ ( s _m o!r passions :i* smo!r x8 ,& :at c rema91 = fell[-citiz5s1 ( a he>t already divid$ betwe5 av>ice1 a mi/ress1 & vanity8 ,f ! fir/ mom5t ( life1 m5 ought to beg9 le>n+ to des]ve to live2 &1 z at ! in/ant ( bir? we p>take ( ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 t in/ant ought to be ! beg9n+ ( ! ex]cise ( our duty4 ,if !re are laws = ! age ( maturity1 !re ought to be laws = infancy1 tea*+ ob$i5ce to o!rs3 & z ! reason ( ea* man is n left to be ! sole arbit] ( 8 duties1 gov]nm5t ought ! less indiscrim9ately to ab&on to ! intellig5ce & prejudices ( fa!rs ! education ( _! *ildr51 z t education is ( /ill great] importance to ! ,/ate ?an to ! fa!rs3 =1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( nature1 ! dea? ( ! fa!r (t5 deprives him ( ! f9al fruits ( education2 b 8 c\ntry soon] or lat] p]ceives its effects4 ,families dissolve1 b ! ,/ate rema9s4 ,%\ld ! public au?ority1 by tak+ ! place ( ! fa!r1 & *>g+ itself ) t important function1 acquire 8 rights by dis*>g+ 8 duties1 he w\ld h ! less cause to compla91 z he w\ld only be *ang+ 8 title1 & w\ld h 9 common1 "u ! "n ( citiz51 ! same au?ority ov] 8 *ildr51 z he 0 ex]cis+ sep>ately "u ! "n ( fa!r1 & w\ld n be less obey$ :5 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! law1 ?an :5 he spoke 9 t ( nature4 ,public education1 !re=e1 "u regulations prescrib$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & "u magi/rates e/abli%$ by ! ,sov]eign1 is "o ( ! fundam5tal rules ( popul> or legitimate gov]nm5t4 ,if *ildr5 are br\ght up 9 common 9 ! bosom ( equality2 if !y are imbu$ ) ! laws ( ! ,/ate & ! precepts ( ! g5]al w2 if !y are taught to respect ^! above all ?+s2 if !y are surr\nd$ by examples & objects :i* con/antly rem9d !m ( ! t5d] "m :o n\ri%es !m1 ( ! love %e be>s !m1 ( ! ine/imable b5efits !y receive f h]1 & ( ! return !y owe h]1 we _c d\bt t !y w le>n to *]i% "o ano!r mutually z bro!rs1 to w no?+ contr>y to ! w ( society1 to sub/itute ! actions ( m5 & citiz5s = ! futile & va9 babbl+ ( sophi/s1 & to become 9 "t def5d]s & fa!rs ( ! c\ntry ( :i* !y w h be5 s long ! *ildr54 ,i %all say no?+ ( ! ,magi/rates de/9$ to preside ov] su* an education1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! mo/ important bus9ess ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is easy to see t if su* m>ks ( public confid5ce 7 conf]r$ on slight gr\nds1 if ?is sublime function 7 n1 = ^? :o h wor?ily dis*>g$ all o!r (fices1 ! rew>d ( lab\r1 ! pleasant & hon\rable repose ( old age1 & ! cr[n ( all hon\rs1 ! :ole ent]prise w\ld be useless & ! education void ( success4 ,= :]e-ev] ! lesson is n support$ by au?ority1 & ! precept by example1 all in/ruction is fruitless2 & virtue itself loses its cr$it 9 ! m\? ( "o :o does n practise x4 ,b let illu/ri\s w>riors1 b5t "u ! weight ( _! laurels1 prea* c\rage3 let upright ,magi/rates1 gr[n :ite 9 ! purple & on ! b5* tea* ju/ice4 ,su* tea*]s z ^! w\ld ?us get !mselves virtu\s successors1 & transmit f age to age1 to g5]ations to come1 ! exp]i5ce & tal5ts ( rul]s1 ! c\rage & virtue ( citiz5s1 & common emulation 9 all to live & die = _! c\ntry4 ,i "k ( b ?ree peoples :i* once practis$ public education1 ! ,cretans1 ! ,lac$monians1 & ! anci5t ,p]sians3 among all ^! x 0 att5d$ ) ! greate/ success1 & inde$ x did wond]s among ! two la/4 ,s9ce ! _w has be5 divid$ into nations too great to admit ( be+ well gov]n$1 ?is me?od has be5 no long] practicable1 & ! read] w readily p]ceive o!r reasons :y su* a ?+ has nev] be5 attempt$ by any mod]n p4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! ,romans 7 able to disp5se ) x2 b ,rome 0 = five hundr$ ye>s "o cont9u$ miracle :i* ! _w _c hope to see aga94 ,! virtue ( ! ,romans1 eng5d]$ by _! horror ( tyranny & ! crimes ( tyrants1 & by an innate patriotism1 made all _! h\ses s _m s*ools ( citiz5%ip2 :ile ! unlimit$ p[] ( fa!rs ov] _! *ildr5 made ! individual au?ority s rigid t ! fa!r 0 m fe>$ ?an ! ,magi/rate1 & 0 9 8 family tribunal bo? c5sor ( morals & av5g] ( ! laws4 ,?us a c>eful & well-int5tion$ gov]nm5t1 vigilant incessantly to ma9ta9 or re/ore patriotism & morality among ! p1 provides be=eh& aga9/ ! evils :i* soon] or lat] result f ! indiff]5ce ( ! citiz5s to ! fate ( ! ,republic1 keep+ )9 n>r[ b\nds t p]sonal int]e/ :i* s isolates ! individual t ! ,/ate is enfeebl$ by 8 p[]1 & has no?+ to hope f 8 good-w4 ,:]ev] m5 love _! c\ntry1 respect ! laws1 & live simply1 little rema9s to be done 9 ord] to make !m happy2 & 9 public adm9i/ration1 :]e *ance has less influ5ce ?an 9 ! lot ( individuals1 wisdom is s ne>ly alli$ to happ9ess1 t ! two objects are conf\nd$4 ,,iii4 ,x is n en\gh to h citiz5s & to protect !m1 x is also necess>y to consid] _! subsi/5ce4 ,provision = ! public wants is an obvi\s inf]5ce f ! g5]al w1 & ! ?ird ess5tial duty ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is duty is n1 we %\ld feel1 to fill ! gran>ies ( individuals & !reby to grant !m a disp5sation f lab\r1 b to keep pl5ty s )9 _! rea* t lab\r is always necess>y & nev] useless = its acquisition4 ,x ext5ds also to ev]y?+ reg>d+ ! managem5t ( ! ex*equ]1 & ! exp5ses ( public adm9i/ration4 ,hav+ ?us treat$ ( g5]al economy ) ref]5ce to ! gov]nm5t ( p]sons1 we mu/ n[ consid] x ) ref]5ce to ! adm9i/ration ( prop]ty4 ,?is "p pres5ts no few] difficulties to solve1 & contradictions to remove1 ?an ! prec$+4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! "r ( prop]ty is ! mo/ sacr$ ( all ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 & ev5 m important 9 "s respects ?an lib]ty itself2 ei!r because x m ne>ly affects ! pres]vation ( life1 or because1 prop]ty be+ m easily usurp$ & m difficult to def5d ?an life1 ! law ought to pay a great] att5tion to :at is mo/ easily tak5 away2 or f9ally1 because prop]ty is ! true f\ndation ( civil society1 & ! real gu>antee ( ! und]tak+s ( citiz5s3 = if prop]ty 7 n answ]able = p]sonal actions1 no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to evade duties & laugh at ! laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is no less c]ta9 t ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,/ate & ! gov]nm5t involves co/s & out-go+s2 & z e "o :o agrees to ! end mu/ acquiesce 9 ! means1 x foll[s t ! memb]s ( a society ought to contribute f _! prop]ty to its support4 ,besides1 x is difficult to secure ! prop]ty ( individuals on "o side1 )\t attack+ x on ano!r2 & x is impossible t all ! regulations :i* gov]n ! ord] ( succession1 w1 contracts1 c4 %\ld n lay individuals "u "s con/ra9t z to ! disposition ( _! goods1 & %\ld n consequ5tly re/rict ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,b besides :at ,i h said above ( ! agreem5t betwe5 ! au?ority ( law & ! lib]ty ( ! citiz51 !re rema9s to be made1 ) respect to ! disposition ( goods1 an important obs]vation :i* removes _m difficulties4 ,z ,puff5dorf has %[n1 ! "r ( prop]ty1 by its v nature1 does n ext5d beyond ! life ( ! proprietor1 & ! mom5t a man is dead 8 goods cease to belong to him4 ,?us1 to prescribe ! conditions accord+ to :i* he c dispose ( !m1 is 9 reality less to alt] 8 "r z x appe>s1 ?an to ext5d x 9 fact4 ,9 g5]al1 al?\gh ! in/itution ( ! laws :i* regulate ! p[] ( individuals 9 ! disposition ( _! own goods belongs only to ! ,sov]eign1 ! _s ( ^! laws1 :i* ! gov]nm5t ought to foll[ 9 _! application1 is t1 f fa!r to son1 & f relation to relation1 ! goods ( a family %\ld g z little out ( x & be z little ali5at$ z possible4 ,!re is a s5sible reason = ?is 9 fav\r ( *ildr51 to :om ! "r ( prop]ty w\ld be q useless1 if ! fa!r left !m no?+1 & :o besides1 hav+ (t5 contribut$ by _! lab\r to ! acquisition ( _! fa!r's weal?1 are 9 _! own "r associates ) him 9 8 "r ( prop]ty4 ,b ano!r reason1 m di/ant1 ?\gh n less important1 is t no?+ is m fatal to morality & to ! ,republic ?an ! cont9ual %ift+ ( rank & =tune among ! citiz5s3 su* *anges are bo? ! pro( & ! s\rce ( a ?\s& disord]s1 & ov]turn & conf\nd ev]y?+2 = ^? :o 7 br\ght up to "o ?+ f9d !mselves de/9$ = ano!r2 & nei!r ^? :o rise nor ^? :o fall are able to assume ! rules ( conduct1 or to possess !mselves ( ! qualifications requisite = _! new condition1 /ill less to dis*>ge ! duties x entails4 ,i proce$ to ! object ( public f9ance4 ,if ! p gov]n$ itself & !re 7 no int]m$i>y betwe5 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate & ! citiz5s1 !y w\ld h no m to d ?an to assess !mselves occasionally1 9 proportion to ! public ne$s & ! abilities ( individuals3 & z !y w\ld all keep 9 sight ! recov]y & employm5t ( su* assessm5ts1 no fraud or abuse c\ld slip into ! managem5t ( !m2 ! ,/ate w\ld nev] be involv$ 9 debt1 or ! p ov]-burd5$ ) taxes2 or at lea/ ! k ( h[ ! money w\ld be us$ w\ld be a consolation ,= ! sev]ity ( ! tax4 ,b ?+s _c be c>ri$ an 9 ?is mann]3 on ! contr>y1 h[ev] small any ,/ate may be1 civil societies are always too popul\s to be "u ! imm$iate gov]nm5t ( all _! memb]s4 ,x is necess>y t ! public money %\ld g ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! rul]s1 all ( :om h1 besides ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 _! own individual int]e/s1 :i* are n ! la/ to be li/5$ to4 ,! p1 on its side1 p]ceiv+ r ! cupidity & ridicul\s exp5diture ( its rul]s ?an ! public ne$s1 murmurs at see+ itself /ripp$ ( necess>ies to furni% o!rs ) sup]fluities2 & :5 once ^! compla9ts h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( bitt]ness1 ! mo/ upright adm9i/ration w f9d x impossible to re/ore confid5ce4 ,9 su* a case1 volunt>y contributions br+ 9 no?+1 & =c$ contributions are illegitimate4 ,?is cruel alt]native ( lett+ ! ,/ate p]i%1 or ( violat+ ! sacr$ "r ( prop]ty1 :i* is its support1 con/itutes ! great difficulty ( j & prud5t economy4 ,! fir/ /ep :i* ! f\nd] ( a republic ought to take aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( laws1 is to settle a suffici5t fund = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,magi/rates & o!r ,(ficials1 & = o!r public exp5ses4 ,?is fund1 if x consi/ ( money1 is call$ r>ium or fisc1 & public demesne if x consi/ ( l&s4 ,?is1 = obvi\s reasons1 is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,:oev] has reflect$ on ?is matt] mu/ be ( ! op9ion ( ,bod91 :o looks ^u ! public demesne z ! mo/ reputable & c]ta9 means ( provid+ = ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is rem>kable also t ,romulus1 9 8 division ( l&s1 made x 8 fir/ c>e to set ap>t a ?ird = ! use ( ! ,/ate4 ,i confess x is n impossible = ! produce ( ! demesne1 if x be badly manag$1 to be r$uc$ to no?+2 b x is n ( ! ess5ce ( public demesnes to be badly adm9i/]$4 ,be=e any use is made ( ?is fund1 x %\ld be assign$ or accept$ by an assembly ( ! p1 or ( ! e/ates ( ! c\ntry1 :i* %\ld det]m9e its future use4 ,aft] ?is solemnity1 :i* makes su* funds inali5able1 _! v nature is1 9 a mann]1 *ang$1 & ! rev5ues become s sacr$1 t x is n only ! mo/ infam\s !ft1 b actual treason1 to misapply !m or p]v]t !m f ! purpose = :i* !y 7 de/9$4 ,x reflects great di%on\r on ,rome t ! integrity ( ,cato ! c5sor 0 some?+ s v rem>kable1 & t an ,emp]or1 on rew>d+ ! tal5ts ( a s+] ) a few cr[ns1 ?\ght x necess>y to obs]ve t ! money came f 8 own private purse1 & n f t ( ! ,/ate4 ,b if we f9d few ,galbas1 :]e are we to look = a ,cato8 ,= :5 vice is no long] di%on\rable1 :at *iefs w be s scrupul\s z to ab/a9 f t\*+ ! public rev5ues t are left to _! discretion1 & ev5 n 9 "t to impose on !mselves1 by pret5d+ to conf\nd _! own exp5sive & sc&al\s dissipations ) ! glory ( ! ,/ate1 & ! means ( ext5d+ _! own au?ority ) ! means ( augm5t+ its p[]8 ,x is p>ticul>ly 9 ?is delicate "p ( ! adm9i/ration t virtue is ! only effective in/rum5t1 & t ! integrity ( ! ,magi/rate is ! only real *eck ^u 8 av>ice4 ,books & audit+ ( acc\nts1 in/ead ( expos+ frauds1 only conceal !m2 = prud5ce is nev] s ready to conceive new precautions z knav]y is to elude !m4 ,nev] m9d1 !n1 ab\t acc\nt books & pap]s2 place ! managem5t ( f9ance 9 hone/ h&s3 t is ! only way to get x fai?fully conduct$4 ,:5 public funds are once e/abli%$1 ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate become ( "r ! adm9i/rators ( !m3 = ?is adm9i/ration con/itutes a "p ( gov]nm5t :i* is always ess5tial1 ?\gh n always equally s4 ,its influ5ce increases 9 proportion z t ( o!r res\rces is dim9i%$2 & x may ju/ly be said t a gov]nm5t has rea*$ ! la/ /age ( corruption1 :5 x has ceas$ to h s9ews o!r ?an money4 ,n[ z e gov]nm5t con/antly t5ds to become lax1 ?is is en\gh to %[ :y no ,/ate c subsi/ unless its rev5ues con/antly increase4 ,! fir/ s5se ( ! necessity ( ?is increase is also ! fir/ sign ( ! int]nal disord] ( ! ,/ate2 & ! prud5t adm9i/rator1 9 8 endeav\rs to f9d means to provide = ! pres5t necessity1 w neglect no?+ to f9d out ! di/ant cause ( ! new ne$2 j z a m>9] :5 he f9ds ! wat] ga9+ on 8 vessel1 does n neglect1 :ile he is work+ ! pumps1 to discov] & /op ! leak4 ,f ?is rule is d$uc$ ! mo/ important rule 9 ! adm9i/ration ( f9ance1 :i* is1 to take m pa9s to gu>d aga9/ ne$s ?an to increase rev5ues4 ,=1 :atev] dilig5ce be employ$1 ! relief :i* only comes aft]1 & m sl[ly ?an1 ! evil1 always leaves "s injury beh9d4 ,:ile a rem$y is be+ f\nd = "o evil1 ano!r is beg9n+ to make itself felt1 & ev5 ! rem$ies !mselves produce new difficulties3 s t at l5g? ! nation is involv$ 9 debt & ! p oppress$1 :ile ! gov]nm5t loses its influ5ce & c d v little ) a great deal ( money4 ,i imag9e x 0 ow+ to ! recognition ( ?is rule t su* wond]s 7 done by anci5t gov]nm5ts1 :i* did m ) _! p>simony ?an ours d ) all _! treasures2 & p]haps f ?is comes ! common use ( ! ^w economy1 :i* means r ! prud5t managem5t ( :at "o has ?an ways ( gett+ :at "o has n4 ,b ap>t f ! public demesne1 :i* is ( s]vice to ! ,/ate 9 proportion to ! uprightness ( ^? :o gov]n1 any "o suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! :ole =ce ( ! g5]al adm9i/ration1 especially :5 x conf9es itself to legitimate me?ods1 w\ld be a/oni%$ at ! res\rces ! rul]s c make use ( = gu>d+ aga9/ public ne$s1 )\t trespass+ on ! goods ( individuals4 ,z !y are ma/]s ( ! :ole comm]ce ( ! ,/ate1 no?+ is easi] = !m ?an to direct x into su* *annels z to provide = e ne$1 )\t appe>+ to int]f]e4 ,! di/ribution ( provisions1 money1 & m]*&ise 9 j proportions1 accord+ to times & places1 is ! true secret ( f9ance & ! s\rce ( weal?1 provid$ ^? :o adm9i/] x h =esight en\gh to suff] a pres5t app>5t loss1 9 ord] really to obta9 imm5se pr(its 9 ! future4 ,:5 we see a gov]nm5t pay+ b\nties1 in/ead ( receiv+ duties1 on ! exportation ( corn 9 "t ( pl5ty1 & on its importation 9 "t ( sc>city1 we mu/ h su* facts be=e our eyes if we are to be p]suad$ ( _! reality4 ,we %\ld hold su* facts to be idle tales1 if !y _h happ5$ 9 anci5t times4 ,let u suppose t1 9 ord] to prev5t a sc>city 9 bad ye>s1 a proposal 7 made to e/abli% public gran>ies2 w\ld n ! ma9t5ance ( s useful an in/itution s]ve 9 mo/ c\ntries z an excuse = new taxes8 ,at ,g5eva1 su* gran>ies1 e/abli%$ & kept up by a prud5t adm9i/ration1 are a public res\rce 9 bad ye>s1 & ! pr9cipal rev5ue ( ! ,/ate at all times4 ,alit et ditat is ! inscription :i* /&s1 rightly & prop]ly1 on ! front ( ! build+4 ,to set =? 9 ?is place ! economic sy/em ( a good gov]nm5t1 ,i h (t5 turn$ my eyes to t ( ?is ,republic1 rejoic+ to f9d 9 my own c\ntry an example ( t wisdom & happ9ess :i* ,i %\ld be glad to see prevail 9 e o!r4 ,if we ask h[ ! ne$s ( a ,/ate gr[1 we %all f9d !y g5]ally arise1 l ! wants ( individuals1 less f any real necessity ?an f ! increase ( useless desires1 & t exp5ses are (t5 augm5t$ only to give a pretext = rais+ receipts3 s t ! ,/ate w\ld sometimes ga9 by n be+ ri*1 & app>5t weal? is 9 reality m burd5some ?an pov]ty itself w\ld be4 ,rul]s may inde$ hope to keep ! peoples 9 /rict] dep5d5ce1 by ?us giv+ !m ) "o h& :at !y take f !m ) ! o!r2 & ?is 0 9 fact ! policy ( ,joseph t[>ds ! ,egyptians3 b ?is political sophi/ry is ! m fatal to ! ,/ate1 z ! money nev] returns into ! h&s x w5t out (4 ,su* pr9ciples only enri* ! idle at ! exp5se ( ! indu/ri\s4 ,a desire = conque/ is "o ( ! mo/ evid5t & dang]\s causes ( ?is increase4 ,?is desire1 occasion$ (t5 by a diff]5t species ( ambition f t :i*1 x seems to proclaim1 is n always :at x appe>s to be1 & has n s mu*1 = its real motive1 ! app>5t desire to aggr&ise ! ,nation z a secret desire to increase ! au?ority ( ! rul]s at home1 by increas+ ! numb] ( troops1 & by ! div]sion :i* ! objects ( w> occasion 9 ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta91 t no peoples are s oppress$ & wret*$ z conqu]+ nations1 & t _! successes only increase _! mis]y4 ,did n hi/ory in=m u ( ! fact1 reason w\ld suffice to tell u t1 ! great] a ,/ate gr[s1 ! heavi] & m burd5some 9 proportion its exp5ses become3 = e prov9ce has to furni% its %>e to ! g5]al exp5se ( gov]nm5t1 & besides has to be at ! exp5se ( its own adm9i/ration1 :i* is z great z if x 7 really indep5d5t4 ,add to ?is t great =tunes are always acquir$ 9 "o place & sp5t 9 ano!r4 ,production !re=e soon ceases to balance consumption1 & a :ole c\ntry is impov]i%$ m]ely to enri* a s+le t[n4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! increase ( public wants1 :i* dep5ds on ! =ego+1 is ?is4 ,!re may come a "t :5 ! citiz5s1 no long] look+ ^u !mselves z int]e/$ 9 ! common cause1 w cease to be ! def5d]s ( _! c\ntry1 & ! ,magi/rates w pref] ! comm& ( m]c5>ies to t ( free-m52 if = no o!r reason ?an t1 :5 ! "t comes1 !y may use !m to r$uce free-m5 to submission4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ,rome t[>ds ! end ( ! ,republic & "u ! ,emp]ors3 = all ! victories ( ! e>ly ,romans1 l ^? ( ,alex&]1 _h be5 won by brave citiz5s1 :o 7 ready1 at ne$1 to give _! blood 9 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 b w\ld nev] sell x4 ,only at ! siege ( ,veii did ! practice ( pay+ ! ,roman infantry beg94 ,m>ius1 9 ! ,jugur?9e w>1 di%on\r$ ! legions by introduc+ fre$m51 vagabonds & o!r m]c5>ies4 ,tyrants1 ! enemies ( ! v p x 0 _! duty to make happy1 ma9ta9$ regul> troops1 app>5tly to )/& ! =eign]1 b really to enslave _! c\ntrym54 ,to =m su* troops1 x 0 necess>y to take m5 f ! l&2 ! lack ( _! lab\r !n dim9i%$ ! am\nt ( provisions1 & _! ma9t5ance introduc$ ^? taxes :i* increas$ prices4 ,?is fir/ disord] gave rise to murmurs among ! p2 9 ord] to suppress !m1 ! numb] ( troops _h to be increas$1 & consequ5tly ! mis]y ( ! p also got worse2 & ! gr[+ despair l$ to /ill fur!r increases 9 ! cause 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ its effects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]c5>ies1 ^: m]it we may judge ( by ! price at :i* !y sold !mselves1 pr\d ( _! own meanness1 & despis+ ! laws t protect$ !m1 z well z _! fell[s ^: bread !y ate1 imag9$ !mselves m hon\r$ 9 be+ ,cs>'s satellites ?an 9 be+ def5d]s ( ,rome4 ,z !y 7 giv5 ov] to bl9d ob$i5ce1 _! swords 7 always at ! ?roats ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 & !y 7 prep>$ = g5]al but*]y at ! fir/ sign4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ?is 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! ru9 ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! inv5tion ( artill]y & =tifications has =c$ ! pr9ces ( ,europe1 9 mod]n times1 to return to ! use ( regul> troops1 9 ord] to g>rison _! t[ns2 b h[ev] lawful _! motives1 x is to be fe>$ ! effect may be no less fatal4 ,!re is no bett] reason n[ ?an =m]ly = depopulat+ ! c\ntry to =m armies & g>risons1 nor %\ld ! p be oppress$ to support1 !m2 9 a ^w1 ^! dang]\s e/abli%m5ts h increas$ ( late ye>s ) su* rapidity 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 t !y evid5tly ?reat5 to depopulate ,europe1 & soon] or lat] to ru9 its inhabitants4 ,be ?is z x may1 x ought to be se5 t su* in/itutions necess>ily subv]t ! true economic sy/em1 :i* draws ! pr9cipal rev5ue ( ! ,/ate f ! public demesne1 & leave only ! tr\blesome res\rce ( subsidies & impo/s2 ) :i* x rema9s to deal4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! f\ndation ( ! social compact is prop]ty2 & its fir/ condition1 t e "o %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! peaceful possession ( :at belongs to him4 ,x is true t1 by ! same treaty1 e "o b9ds himself1 at lea/ tacitly1 to be assess$ t[>d ! public wants3 b z ?is und]tak+ _c prejudice ! fundam5tal law1 & presupposes t ! ne$ is cle>ly recognis$ by all :o contribute to x1 x is pla9 t su* assessm5t1 9 ord] to be lawful1 mu/ be volunt>y2 x mu/ dep5d1 n inde$ on a p>ticul> w1 z if x 7 necess>y to h ! cons5t ( ea* individual1 & t he %\ld give no m ?an j :at he pleas$1 b on a g5]al w1 decid$ by vote ( a majority1 & on ! basis ( a proportional rat+ :i* leaves no?+ arbitr>y 9 ! imposition ( ! tax4 ,t taxes _c be legitimately e/abli%$ except by ! cons5t ( ! p or its repres5tatives1 is a tru? g5]ally admitt$ by all philosoph]s & juri/s ( any repute on que/ions ( public "r1 n ev5 except+ ,bod94 ,if any ( !m h laid d[n rules :i* seem to contradict ?is1 _! p>ticul> motives = do+ s may easily be se52 & !y introduce s _m conditions & re/rictions t ! argum5t comes at bottom to ! same ?+3 = :e!r ! p has x 9 its p[] to refuse1 or ! ,sov]eign ought n to exact1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce ) reg>d to "r2 & if ! po9t 9 "q conc]ns only p[]1 x is useless to inquire :e!r x is legitimate or n4 ,contributions levi$ on ! p are two k9ds2 real1 levi$ on commodities1 & p]sonal1 paid by ! head4 ,bo? are call$ taxes or subsidies3 :5 ! p fixes ! sum to be paid1 x is call$ subsidy2 b :5 x grants ! product ( an imposition1 x is call$ a tax4 ,we are told 9 ! ,_s ( ! ,laws t a capitation tax is mo/ suit$ to slav]y1 & a real tax mo/ 9 accordance ) lib]ty4 ,?is w\ld be inconte/able1 if ! circum/ances ( e p]son 7 equal2 = o!rwise no?+ c be m disproportionate ?an su* a tax2 & x is 9 ! obs]vations ( exact proportions t ! _s ( lib]ty consi/s4 ,b if a tax by heads 7 exactly proportion$ to ! circum/ances ( individuals1 z :at is call$ ! capitation tax 9 ,france might be1 is w\ld be ! mo/ equitable & consequ5tly ! mo/ prop] = free-m54 ,^! proportions appe> at fir/ v easy to note1 because1 be+ relative to ea* man's position 9 ! _w1 _! incid5ce is always public3 b prop] reg>d is seldom paid to all ! elem5ts t %\ld ent] into su* a calculation1 ev5 ap>t f deception aris+ f av>ice1 fraud & self-int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h to consid] ! relation ( quantities1 accord+ to :i*1 cet]is p>ibus1 ! p]son :o has t5 times ! prop]ty ( ano!r man ought to pay t5 times z mu* to ! ,/ate4 ,secondly1 ! relation ( ! use made1 t is to say1 ! di/9ction betwe5 necess>ies & sup]fluities4 ,he :o possesses only ! common necess>ies ( life %\ld pay no?+ at all1 :ile ! tax on him :o is 9 possession ( sup]fluities may ju/ly be ext5d$ to ev]y?+ he has ov] & above m]e necess>ies4 ,to ?is he w possibly object t1 :5 8 rank is tak5 into acc\nt1 :at may be sup]flu\s to a man ( inf]ior /ation is necess>y = him4 ,b ?is is false3 = a gr&ee has two legs j l a c[-h]d1 &1 l him aga91 b "o belly4 ,besides1 ^! pret5d$ necess>ies are really s little necess>y to 8 rank1 t if he %\ld r5\nce !m on any wor?y occasion1 he w\ld only be ! m hon\r$4 ,! populace w\ld be ready to adore a ,m9i/] :o w5t to ,c\ncil on foot1 because he _h sold (f 8 c>riages to supply a press+ ne$ ( ! ,/ate4 ,la/ly1 to no man does ! law prescribe magnific5ce2 & propriety is no argum5t aga9/ "r4 ,a ?ird relation1 :i* is nev] tak5 into acc\nt1 ?\gh x ought to be ! *ief consid]ation1 is ! advantage t e p]son d]ives f ! social conf$]acy2 = ?is provides a p[]ful protection = ! imm5se possessions ( ! ri*1 & h>dly leaves ! poor man 9 quiet possession ( ! cottage he builds ) 8 own h&s4 ,are n all ! advantages ( society = ! ri* & p[]ful8 ,are n all lucrative po/s 9 _! h&s8 ,are n all privileges & exemptions res]v$ = !m alone8 ,is n ! public au?ority always on _! side8 ,if a man ( em95ce robs 8 cr$itors1 or is guilty ( o!r knav]ies1 is he n always assur$ ( impunity8 ,are n ! assaults1 acts ( viol5ce1 assass9ations1 & ev5 murd]s committ$ by ! great1 matt]s t are hu%$ up 9 a few mon?s1 & ( :i* no?+ m is ?\ght8 ,b if a great man himself is robb$ or insult$1 ! :ole police =ce is imm$iately 9 motion1 & woe ev5 to innoc5t p]sons :o *ance to be suspect$4 ,if he has to pass ?r\gh any dang]\s road1 ! c\ntry is up 9 arms to escort him4 ,if ! axle-tree ( 8 *aise breaks1 ev]ybody flies to 8 assi/ance4 ,if !re is a noise at 8 door1 he speaks b a ^w1 & all is sil5t4 ,if he is incommod$ by ! cr[d1 he waves 8 h& & e "o makes way4 ,if 8 coa* is met on ! road by a wagon1 8 s]vants are ready to beat ! driv]'s bra9s out1 & fifty hone/ p$e/rians go+ quietly ab\t _! bus9ess _h bett] be knock$ on ! head ?an an idle jackanapes be delay$ 9 8 coa*4 ,yet all ?is respect co/s him n a f>?+3 x is ! ri* man's "r1 & n :at he buys ) 8 weal?4 ,h[ diff]5t ! case ( ! poor man6 ! m humanity owes him1 ! m society d5ies him4 ,e door is %ut aga9/ him1 ev5 :5 he has a "r to its be+ op5$3 & if ev] he obta9s ju/ice1 x is ) mu* great] difficulty ?an o!rs obta9 fav\rs4 ,if ! militia is to be rais$ or ! highway to be m5d$1 he is always giv5 ! pref]5ce2 he always be>s ! burd5 :i* 8 ri*] neighb\r has influ5ce en\gh to get exempt$ f4 ,on ! lea/ accid5t t happ5s to him1 ev]ybody avoids him3 if 8 c>t be ov]turn$ 9 ! road1 s f> is he f receiv+ any assi/ance1 t he is lucky if he does n get horse-:ipp$ by ! impud5t lackeys ( "s "y ,duke2 9 a ^w1 all gratuit\s assi/ance is d5i$ to ! poor :5 !y ne$ x1 j because !y _c pay = x4 ,i look ^u any poor man z totally undone1 if he has ! mis=tune to h an hone/ he>t1 a f9e daught]1 & a p[]ful neighb\r4 ,ano!r no less important fact is t ! losses ( ! poor are mu* h>d] to repair ?an ^? ( ! ri*1 & t ! difficulty ( acquisition is always great] 9 proportion z !re is m ne$ = x4 ,no?+ comes out ( no?+1 is z true ( life z 9 physics3 money is ! se$ ( money1 & ! fir/ gu9ea is sometimes m difficult to acquire ?an ! second million4 ,add to ?is t :at ! poor pay is lo/ to !m = ev]1 & rema9s 91 or returns to1 ! h&s ( ! ri*3 & z1 to ^? :o %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t or to _! dep5d5ts1 ! :ole produce ( ! taxes mu/ soon] or lat] pass1 al?\gh !y pay _! %>e1 ^! p]sons h always a s5sible int]e/ 9 increas+ !m4 ,! t]ms ( ! social compact betwe5 ^! two e/ates ( m5 may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,y h ne$ ( me1 because ,i am ri* & y are poor4 ,we w !re=e come to an agreem5t4 ,i w p]mit y to h ! hon\r ( s]v+ me1 on condition t y be/[ on me ! little y h left1 9 return = ! pa9s ,i %all take to comm& y4 ,putt+ all ^! consid]ations c>efully toge!r1 we %all f9d t1 9 ord] to levy taxes 9 a truly equitable & proportionate mann]1 ! imposition ought n to be 9 simple ratio to ! prop]ty ( ! contributors1 b 9 comp\nd ratio to ! diff]5ce ( _! conditions & ! sup]fluity ( _! possessions4 ,?is v important & difficult op]ation is daily made by numb]s ( hone/ cl]ks1 :o "k _! ari?metic2 b a ,plato or a ,montesquieu w\ld n v5ture to und]take x )\t ! greate/ diffid5ce1 or )\t pray+ to ,heav5 = und]/&+ & integrity4 ,ano!r disadvantage ( p]sonal taxes is t !y may be too mu* felt or rais$ ) too great sev]ity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t !m f be+ frequ5tly evad$2 = x is mu* easi] = p]sons to escape a tax ?an = _! possessions4 ,( all impositions1 t on l&1 or real taxation1 has always be5 reg>d$ z mo/ advantage\s 9 c\ntries :]e m att5tion is paid to :at ! tax w produce1 & to ! c]ta9ty ( recov]+ ! product1 ?an to secur+ ! lea/ discom=t = ! p4 ,x has be5 ev5 ma9ta9$ t x is necess>y to burd5 ! peasant 9 ord] to r\se him f indol5ce1 & t he w\ld nev] "w if he _h no taxes to pay4 ,b 9 all c\ntries exp]i5ce confutes ?is ridicul\s notion4 ,9 ,engl& & ,holl& ! f>m] pays v little1 & 9 ,*9a no?+3 yet ^! are ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! l& is be/ cultivat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! husb&man is tax$ 9 proportion to ! produce ( 8 l&s1 he leaves !m uncultivat$1 or reaps j z mu* f !m z suffices = b>e subsi/5ce4 ,= to him :o loses ! fruit ( 8 lab\r1 x is "s ga9 to d no?+4 ,to lay a tax on indu/ry is a v s+ul> exp$i5t = bani%+ idl5ess4 ,taxes on l& or corn1 especially :5 !y are excessive1 lead to two results s fatal 9 _! effect t !y _c b depopulate & ru91 9 ! long run1 all c\ntries 9 :i* !y are e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! arises f ! defective circulation ( specie2 = indu/ry & comm]ce draw all ! money f ! c\ntry into ! capitals3 & z ! tax de/roys ! proportion !re might o!rwise be betwe5 ! ne$s ( ! husb&man & ! price ( 8 corn1 money is always leav+ & nev] return+4 ,?us ! ri*] ! city ! poor] ! c\ntry4 ,! product ( ! taxes passes f ! h&s ( ! ,pr9ce or 8 f9ancial (fic]s into ^? ( arti/s & trad]s2 & ! husb&man1 :o receives1 only ! smalle/ "p ( x1 is at l5g? exhau/$ by pay+ always ! same1 & receiv+ con/antly less4 ,h[ c\ld a human body subsi/ if x _h ve9s & no art]ies1 or if its art]ies convey$ ! blood only )9 f\r in*es ( ! he>t8 ,*>d9 tells u t 9 ,p]sia ! royal dues on commodities are paid 9 k9d3 ?is cu/om1 :i*1 ,h]odotus in=ms u1 prevail$ long ago 9 ! same c\ntry d[n to ! "t ( ,d>ius1 might prev5t ! evil ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,b unless ,int5dants1 ,directors1 ,commission]s & ,w>eh\sem5 9 ,p]sia are a diff]5t k9d ( p f :at !y are else:]e1 ,i c h>dly believe t ! smalle/ "p ( ?is produce ev] rea*es ! k+1 or t ! corn is n spoilt 9 e gran>y1 & ! great] "p ( ! w>eh\ses n consum$ by fire4 ,! second evil effect arises f an app>5t advantage1 :i* aggravates ! evil be=e x c be p]ceiv$4 ,t is t corn is a commodity ^: price is n enhanc$ by taxes 9 ! c\ntry produc+ x1 & :i*1 9 spite ( its absolute necessity1 may be dim9i%$ 9 quantity )\t ! price be+ increas$4 ,h5ce1 _m p die ( hung]1 al?\gh corn rema9s *eap1 & ! husb&man be>s ! :ole *>ge ( a tax1 = :i* he _c indemnify himself by ! price ( 8 corn4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t we ought n to reason ab\t a l&-tax 9 ! same mann] z ab\t duties laid on v>i\s k9ds ( m]*&ise2 = ! effect ( su* duties is to raise ! price1 & !y are paid by ! buy]s r ?an ! sell]s4 ,= ^! duties1 h[ev] heavy1 are /ill volunt>y1 & are paid by ! m]*ant only 9 proportion to ! quantity he buys2 & z he buys only 9 proportion to 8 sale1 he himself gives ! law its p>ticul> application2 b ! f>m] :o is oblig$ to pay 8 r5t at /at$ times1 :e!r he sells or n1 _c wait till he c get 8 own price = 8 commodity3 ev5 if he is n =c$ to sell = m]e subsi/5ce1 he mu/ sell to pay ! taxes2 s t x is frequ5tly ! heav9ess ( ! tax t keeps ! price ( corn l[4 ,x is fur!r to be notic$ t ! res\rces ( comm]ce & indu/ry are s f> f r5d]+ ! tax m supportable ?r\gh abundance ( money1 t !y only r5d] x m burd5some4 ,i %all n insi/ on :at is v evid5t2 i4e4 t1 al?\gh a great] or less quantity ( money 9 a ,/ate may give x ! great] or less cr$it 9 ! eye ( ! =eign]1 x makes n ! lea/ diff]5ce to ! real =tune ( ! citiz5s1 & does n make _! condition any m or less com=table4 ,b ,i mu/ make ^! two important rem>ks3 fir/1 unless a ,/ate possesses sup]flu\s commodities1 & abundance ( money results f =eign trade1 only trad+ cities are s5sible ( ! abundance2 :ile ! peasant only becomes relatively poor]4 ,secondly1 z ! price ( ev]y?+ is enhanc$ by ! increase ( money1 taxes also mu/ be proportionately increas$2 s t ! f>m] w f9d himself /ill m burd5$ )\t hav+ m res\rces4 ,x ought to be obs]v$ t ! tax on l& is a real duty on ! produce4 ,x is univ]sally agre$1 h[ev]1 t no?+ is s dang]\s z a tax on corn paid by ! pur*as]3 b h[ comes x we d n see t x is a hundr$ times worse :5 ! duty is paid by ! cultivator himself8 ,is n ?is an attack on ! sub/ance ( ! ,/ate at its v s\rce8 ,is x n ! directe/ possible me?od ( depopulat+ a c\ntry1 & !re=e 9 ! end ru9+ x8 ,= ! wor/ k9d ( sc>city a nation c suff] f is lack ( inhabitants4 ,only ! real /atesman c rise1 9 impos+ taxes1 above ! m]e f9ancial object3 he alone c trans=m heavy burd5s into useful regulations1 & make ! p ev5 d\btful :e!r su* e/abli%m5ts 7 n calculat$ r = ! good ( ! nation 9 g5]al1 ?an m]ely = ! rais+ ( money4 ,duties on ! importation ( =eign commodities1 ( :i* ! natives are fond1 )\t ! c\ntry /&+ 9 ne$ ( !m2 on ! exportation ( ^? ( ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry :i* are n too pl5tiful1 & :i* =eign]s _c d )\t2 on ! productions ( frivol\s & all too lucrative arts2 on ! importation ( all pure luxuries2 & 9 g5]al on all objects ( luxury2 w answ] ! two-fold end 9 view4 ,x is by su* taxes1 inde$1 by :i* ! poor are eas$1 & ! burd5s ?r[n on ! ri*1 t x is possible to prev5t ! cont9ual increase ( inequality ( =tune2 ! subjection ( su* a multitude ( artisans & useless s]vants to ! ri*1 ! multiplication ( idle p]sons 9 our cities1 & ! depopulation ( ! c\ntry-side4 ,x is important t ! value ( any commodity & ! duties laid on x %\ld be s proportion$ t ! av>ice ( individuals may n be too /rongly tempt$ to fraud by ! greatness ( ! possible pr(it4 ,to make smuggl+ difficult1 ^? commodities %\ld be s+l$ out :i* are h>de/ to conceal4 ,all duties %\ld be r paid by ! consum] ( ! commodity tax$ ?an by him :o sells x3 z ! quantity ( duty he w\ld be oblig$ to pay w\ld lay him op5 to great] temptations1 & af=d him m opportunities = fraud4 ,?is is ! con/ant cu/om 9 ,*9a1 a c\ntry :]e ! taxes are great] & yet bett] paid ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! m]*ant himself !re pays no duty2 ! buy] alone1 )\t murmur+ or s$ition1 meets ! :ole *>ge2 = z ! necess>ies ( life1 su* z rice & corn1 are absolutely exempt f taxation1 ! common p is n oppress$1 & ! duty falls only on ^? :o are well-to-d4 ,precautions aga9/ smuggl+ ought n to be dictat$ s mu* by ! fe> ( x occurr+1 z by ! att5tion :i* ! gov]nm5t %\ld pay to secur+ individuals f be+ s$uc$ by illegitimate pr(its1 :i* fir/ make !m bad citiz5s1 & aft]w>ds soon turn !m into di%one/ m54 ,heavy taxes %\ld be laid on s]vants 9 liv]y1 on equipages1 ri* furniture1 f9e clo!s1 on spaci\s c\rts & g>d5s1 on public ent]ta9m5ts ( all k9ds1 on useless pr(essions1 su* z danc]s1 s+]s1 play]s1 & 9 a ^w1 on all t multiplicity ( objects ( luxury1 amusem5t & idl5ess1 :i* /rike ! eyes ( all1 & c ! less be hidd51 z _! :ole purpose is to be se51 )\t :i* !y w\ld be useless4 ,we ne$ be "u no appreh5sion ( ! produce ( ^! taxes be+ arbitr>y1 because !y are laid on ?+s n absolutely necess>y4 ,!y mu/ "k b little ( mank9d :o imag9e t1 aft] !y h be5 once s$uc$ by luxury1 !y c ev] r5\nce x3 !y w\ld a hundr$ times soon] r5\nce common necess>ies1 & _h mu* r die ( hung] ?an ( %ame4 ,! increase 9 _! exp5se is only an additional reason = support+ !m1 :5 ! vanity ( appe>+ weal?y reaps its pr(it f ! price ( ! ?+ & ! *>ge ( ! tax4 ,z long z !re are ri* p 9 ! _w1 !y w be desir\s ( di/+ui%+ !mselves f ! poor1 nor c ! ,/ate devise a rev5ue less burd5some or m c]ta9 ?an :at arises f ?is di/9ction4 ,= ! same reason1 indu/ry w\ld h no?+ to suff] f an economic sy/em :i* increas$ ! rev5ue1 enc\rag$ agriculture by reliev+ ! husb&man1 & ins5sibly t5d$ to br+ all =tunes ne>] to t middle condition :i* con/itutes ! g5u9e /r5g? ( ! ,/ate4 ,^! taxes might1 ,i admit1 br+ c]ta9 fa%ionable articles ( dress & amusem5t to an untimely end2 b x w\ld be only to sub/itute o!rs1 by :i* ! artific] w\ld ga91 & ! ex*equ] suff] no loss4 ,9 a ^w1 suppose ! _s ( gov]nm5t 0 con/antly to tax only ! sup]fluities ( ! ri*1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ happ53 ei!r ! ri* w\ld conv]t _! sup]flu\s exp5ses into useful ones1 :i* w\ld r$\nd to ! pr(it ( ! ,/ate1 & ?us ! imposition ( taxes w\ld h ! effect ( ! be/ sumptu>y laws1 ! exp5ses ( ! ,/ate w\ld necess>ily dim9i% ) ^? ( individuals1 & ! treasury w\ld n receive s mu* less z x w\ld ga9 by hav+ less to pay2 or1 if ! ri* did n become less extravagant1 ! ex*equ] w\ld h su* res\rces 9 ! product ( taxes on _! exp5diture z w\ld provide = ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! treasury w\ld be ! ri*] by :at x w\ld save1 f hav+ ! less to d ) its money2 & 9 ! second1 x w\ld be enri*$ by ! useless exp5ses ( individuals4 ,we may add to all ?is a v important di/9ction 9 matt]s ( political "r1 to :i* gov]nm5ts1 con/antly t5aci\s ( do+ ev]y?+ = !mselves1 ought to pay great att5tion4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t p]sonal taxes & duties on ! necess>ies ( life1 z !y directly trespass on ! "r ( prop]ty1 & consequ5tly on ! true f\ndation ( political society1 are always liable to h dang]\s results1 if !y are n e/abli%$ ) ! express cons5t ( ! p or its repres5tatives4 ,x is n ! same ) articles ! use ( :i* we c d5y ourselves2 = z ! individual is "u no absolute necessity to pay1 8 contribution may c\nt z volunt>y4 ,! p>ticul> cons5t ( ea* contributor !n takes ! place ( ! g5]al cons5t ( ! :ole p3 = :y %\ld a p oppose ! imposition ( a tax :i* falls only on ^? :o desire to pay x8 ,x appe>s to me c]ta9 t ev]y?+1 :i* is n proscrib$ by law1 or contr>y to morality1 & yet may be prohibit$ by ! gov]nm5t1 may also be p]mitt$ on paym5t ( a c]ta9 duty4 ,?us1 = example1 if ! gov]nm5t may prohibit ! use ( coa*es1 x may c]ta9ly impose a tax on !m2 & ?is is a prud5t & useful me?od ( c5sur+ _! use )\t absolutely =bidd+ x4 ,9 ?is case1 ! tax may be reg>d$ z a sort ( f9e1 ! product ( :i* comp5sates = ! abuse x puni%es4 ,x may p]haps be object$ t ^?1 :om ,bod9 calls impo/ors1 i4e4 ^? :o impose or contrive ! taxes1 be+ 9 ! class ( ! ri*1 w be f> f sp>+ !mselves to relieve ! poor4 ,b ?is is q beside ! po9t4 ,if1 9 e nation1 ^? to :om ! ,sov]eign commits ! gov]nm5t ( ! p1 71 f _! position1 its enemies1 x w\ld n be wor? :ile to inquire :at !y ought to d to make ! p happy4