,transcriber's ,note3 indicates superscript of the letter that follows4 ,underscores indicate italicized text4 ,this volume included the entire text of the ,dogmatic ,decree on ,catholic ,faith with its ,english translation4 ,the ,decree was not in the original contents list1 but appeared--out of normal pagination--after the ,new ,publications section at the end of the ,june #ahgj issue4 ,remaining notes are at the end of the text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xi4 ,,april1 #ahgj1 ,,to ,,september1 #ahgj4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgj4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,green1 ,,printer1 #af and #ah ,jacob ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,contents4 ,adam of ,andreini1 ,the1 #fjb4 ,brigand's ,god-child1 ,the1 #eb4 ,bridemaid's ,story1 ,a1 #bcb4 ,books1 ,old1 #bfj4 ,brittany2 its ,people and its ,poems1 #cij4 ,boys1 ,reformatories for1 #fif4 ,blanchard1 ,claude1 ,journal and ,campaign of1 #ghg4 ,council of the ,vatican1 ,the ,first cumenical1 #aae1 #bgj1 #dab1 #edf1 #gja1 #hch4 ,church and ,state1 #ade4 ,children1 ,the ,association for ,befriending1 #bej4 ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #cgg4 ,catholicity of the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,the1 #dcc4 ,copernicus1 ,nicolaus1 #hjf4 ,church beyond the ,rocky ,mountains1 ,the1 #hab4 ,church of ,christ1 ,dogmatic ,decree on1 #hdh4 ,dion and the ,sibyls1 #ae1 #afj1 #cjf1 #ddf1 #fbc1 #gcc4 ,development of ,religious ,belief1 ,gould's1 #gj4 ,dogmatic ,decree on the ,church of ,christ1 #hdh4 ,emerson's ,prose ,works1 #bjb4 ,england1 ,froude's ,history of1 #bhi1 #egg4 ,education1 ,religion in1 #ghb4 ,emigrant1 ,the1 #hjj4 ,fnelon1 #fac4 ,gould's ,origin and ,development of ,religious ,belief1 #gj4 ,gordian ,knots1 ,untying1 #gg4 ,griffin1 ,gerald1 #cih1 #ffg4 ,greenwood1 ,in the1 #ehi4 ,griffin1 ,gerald1 ,the works of1 #cih1 #ffg4 ,genius1 ,hereditary1 #gba4 ,girls1 ,the ,willian1 #gge4 ,havana1 ,holy ,week in1 #eh1 #bab4 ,iron ,mask1 ,the1 #hg4 ,ireland's ,mission1 #aic4 ,irish ,farmers and ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #bdb4 ,irish ,churches1 ,the ,ancient1 #dgb4 ,invitation ,heeded1 ,the1 #edb4 ,literary ,notes1 ,foreign1 #acj1 #dbd1 #gad4 ,lothair1 #ecg4 ,lourdes1 ,our ,lady of1 #geb4 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 #cb1 #bba4 ,mechanics1 ,molecular1 #ed4 ,moral ,results of the ,romish ,system1 ,the ,new ,englander on the1 #ajf4 ,maundeville1 ,sir ,john1 #age4 ,mary ,stuart1 #cb1 #bba4 ,matter and ,spirit in the ,light of ,modern ,science1 #fdb4 ,new ,englander1 ,the1 ,on the ,moral ,results of the ,romish ,system1 #ajf4 ,new ,england1 ,home ,scenes in1 #ahc4 ,nazareth1 #fec4 ,ochino1 ,fra ,bernardino1 #bec4 ,pope and the ,council1 by ,janus1 #cbg1 #ebj1 #fhj4 ,pole1 ,cardinal1 #cdf4 ,protestantism1 ,phases of ,english1 #dhb4 ,paradise ,lost of ,st4 ,avitus1 ,the1 #gga4 ,plutarch1 #hbf4 ,religious ,liberty1 #a4 ,rome1 ,ten ,years in1 #eah4 ,school ,question1 ,the1 #ia4 ,science1 ,matter and ,spirit in the ,light of ,modern1 #fdb4 ,st4 ,francis1 ,miracle of1 #hcd4 ,unbelief1 ,the ,superstition of1 #fia4 ,untying ,gordian ,knots1 #gg4 ,vatican ,council1 ,the1 #aae1 #bgj1 #edf1 #gja1 #hch4 ,vermonters1 ,the ,young1 #cfd1 #eji1 #feh4 ,wooden ,shoe1 ,the ,little1 #cdc4 ,wig1 ,the ,sagacious1 #die4 ,,poetry4 ,a ,may ,carol1 #agd1 #cgf4 ,exultent1 ,sion ,fili1 #bda4 ,hymn of ,st4 ,paul's ,christian ,doctrine ,society1 #ecf4 ,lines1 #cig4 ,legend of the ,infant ,jesus1 ,a1 #dhj4 ,mary1 #bja4 ,our ,lady's ,nativity1 #hbe4 ,prayer1 ,the ,unfinished1 #daa4 ,plange1 ,filia ,sion1 #gf4 ,rainbow1 ,to the1 #aae4 ,reading ,homer1 #fff4 ,stabat ,mater1 #di4 ,sonnet1 #aic4 ,thorns1 #bbj4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,alger's ,end of the ,world1 #acf4 ,assent1 ,grammar of1 #add1 #bhc1 #dbf4 ,arithmetics1 ,felter's1 #ege4 ,architecture1 ,wonders of1 #gjj4 ,brownson's ,conversations on ,liberalism and the ,church1 #ace4 ,borromeo1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,life of1 #dcj4 ,botany1 ,youman's ,first ,book of1 #dca4 ,beech ,bluff1 #gbj4 ,catholic ,church1 ,rhodes's ,visible ,unity of1 #adj4 ,charlestown ,convent1 ,the1 #dbi4 ,csar's ,commentaries1 #egb4 ,criminal ,abortion1 #egd4 ,catholic ,church1 ,history of1 #hfj4 ,clymer's ,notes on the ,nervous ,system1 #hei4 ,dickens1 ,dialogues from1 #bhh4 ,day ,sanctified1 ,the1 #egb4 ,dall's ,alaska1 #gai4 ,eclipse of #ahfi1 ,sands's ,reports on1 #adb4 ,economy1 ,bowen's ,american ,political1 #ega4 ,earth1 ,paradise of1 #gbj4 ,ferryman of the ,tiber1 ,the1 #add4 ,flemmings1 ,the1 ,mrs4 ,dorsey's1 #dca4 ,fasciculus ,rerum1 #egf4 ,geology and ,revelation1 ,molloy's1 #adb4 ,grammar of ,assent1 ,newman's1 #add1 #bhc1 #dbf4 ,geographical ,series1 ,guyot's1 #bhf4 ,glass-,making1 #bhh4 ,goodwin's ,out of the ,past1 #hfj4 ,health and ,good ,living1 ,hall's1 #adc4 ,holy ,influence1 #dcb4 ,home ,communion1 ,reflections and ,prayers for1 #egb4 ,hawthorne's ,note-,books1 ,passages from1 #gah4 ,hidden ,saints1 #gah4 ,italian ,art1 ,wonders of1 #dcb4 ,liberalism and the ,church1 ,brownson1 #ace4 ,lindsay's ,evidence for the ,papacy1 #ada4 ,lacordaire's ,conferences1 #egd4 ,lifting the ,veil1 #gah4 ,marcy's ,life ,duties1 #aci4 ,molloy's ,geology and ,revelation1 #adb4 ,medicine1 ,niemeyer's ,book of1 #adc4 ,modern ,europe1 ,shea's ,history of1 #adc4 ,missale ,romanum1 #dcb4 ,marriage1 ,evans's ,treatise of the ,christian ,doctrine of1 #egc4 ,marion1 #gai4 ,meagher1 ,thomas ,f41 ,life of1 #gai4 ,miles's ,loretto1 #gbj4 ,nature1 ,the ,sublime in1 #bhh4 ,natural ,history of ,animals1 ,tenney's1 #bhc4 ,noble ,lady1 ,a1 #egd4 ,noethen's ,history of the ,catholic ,church1 #hfj4 ,papacy1 ,lindsay's ,evidence for the1 #ada4 ,passion of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 ,veith's ,life ,pictures of1 #adc4 ,paradise1 ,morris's ,earthly1 #add4 ,pilgrimages in the ,pyrenees and ,landes1 #ege4 ,rhodes's ,visible ,unity of the ,catholic ,church1 #adj4 ,ramire's ,de l',unit dans l',enseignement de la ,philosophie1 etc41 #bhd4 ,sacrifice1 the ,double1 #add4 ,statutes of the ,second ,synod of ,albany1 #bhg4 ,stanislas ,kostka1 ,life of1 #ege4 ,stations of the ,cross1 ,album of1 #egf4 ,sacred ,heart1 ,devotion to1 #gbj4 ,the ,sun1 #bhh4 ,visible ,unity of the ,church1 #adj4 ,visitation1 ,history of the ,order of1 #gai4 ,vnard1 ,thophane1 ,life of1 #heh4 ,waldenses1 ,melia on the1 #dbh4 ,wise ,men1 and who they were1 ,upham's1 #dca4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #fa4--;,,april1 #ahgj4 ,,religious ,,liberty4#a ,,last ,,article4 ,in our third article on the ,abb ,martin's exhaustive work on the future of ,protestantism and ,catholicity1 we disposed of the pretension of ,protestants that the ,reformation created and has sustained civil and political liberty in modern society4 ,we proceed in the present and concluding article to dispose1 as far as we can1 of the pretension that it has founded and sustained religious liberty1 or the freedom of conscience4 ,no fact is more certain than that the ,reformation has the credit with non-,catholics1 if not even with some half-instructed ,catholics themselves1 of having originated religious liberty and vindicated the freedom of the mind4 ,here as elsewhere the formula of the age1 or what claims to be enlightened in it1 is1 ,protestantism and freedom1 or ,catholicity and slavery2 and it is to its prestige of having founded and sustained religious liberty that ,protestantism owes its chief ability in our times to carry on its war against the church4 ,protestantism1 like all false religions or systems1 having no foundation in truth and no vital energy of its own1 lives and prospers only by availing itself of the so-called spirit of the age1 or by appealing to the dominant public opinion of the time and the place4 ,in the sixteenth century1 the age tended to the revival of imperialism or csarism1 and ,protestantism favored monarchical absolutism1 and drew from it its life1 its force1 and its sustenance4 ,the spirit or dominant tendency of our age1 dating from the middle of the last century1 has been and is the revival of the pagan republic1 or1 as we call it1 democratic csarism1 which asserts for the people as the state the supremacy which under imperialism is asserted for the emperor4 ,protestantism lives and sustains itself now only by appealing to and representing this tendency1 as we may see in the contemporary objections to the church1 that she is behind the age1 does not conform to the age1 is hostile to the spirit of the age1 opposed to the spirit of the nineteenth century4 ,every age1 nation1 or community understands by liberty1 freedom to follow unrestrained its own dominant tendency2 we might say1 its own dominant passion4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 liberty meant the freedom of temporal sovereigns to govern according to their own good pleasure1 unrestrained by the church1 on the one hand1 and estates1 diets1 or parliaments1 on the other4 ,liberty means now the freedom of the people1 unrestrained either by the rights of ,god or the rights of princes1 to govern as they or the demagogues1 their masters1 judge proper4 ,hence1 liberty1 as the world understands it1 varies in its meaning from age to age1 and from nation to nation1 and1 indeed1 from individual to individual4 ,whatever favors or is in accordance with the dominant tendency or passion of an age1 nation1 community1 or individual1 favors or is in accordance with liberty2 and whatever opposes or impedes it is opposed to liberty--is civil1 political1 or spiritual despotism4 ,protestantism never resists1 but always follows1 and encourages and echoes the dominant tendency of the age or nation4 ,the church1 having a life and force derived from a source independent of the age or nation1 seeks not support in that dominant passion or tendency1 does not yield or conform to it1 but labors unceasingly and with all her energy to conform it to herself4 ,hence1 in the estimation of the world1 ,protestantism is always on the side of liberty1 and the church on the side of despotism and slavery4 ,the attempt to deny this1 and to prove that the church favors liberty in this sense1 is perfectly idle2 and to seek to modify her position and action1 so as to force her to accept and conform to the dominant or popular tendency or passion of the age or nation1 is to mistake her essential character and office1 and to forget that her precise mission is to govern all men and nations1 kings and peoples1 sovereigns and subjects1 and to conform them to the invariable and inflexible law of ,god1 which she is appointed by ,god himself to declare and apply1 and therefore to resist with all her might every passion or tendency of every age1 nation1 community1 or individual1 whenever and wherever it deviates from that law of which she is the guardian and judge4 ,the church is instituted1 as every ,catholic who understands his religion believes1 to guard and defend the rights of ,god on earth against any and every enemy1 at all times and in all places4 ,she therefore does not and cannot accept1 or in any degree favor1 liberty in the ,protestant sense of liberty1 and if liberty in that sense be the true sense1 the ,protestant pretension cannot be successfully denied4 ,but we have already seen that liberty in the ,protestant sense is no liberty at all1 or a liberty that in the civil and political order is identified with csarism--the absolutism of the prince in a monarchy1 the absolutism of the people or of the ruling majority for the time in a democracy4 ,this last might be inferred from the ostracism practised in democratic ,athens1 and is asserted and defended1 or rather taken for granted1 by almost the entire secular press in democratic ,america4 ,the most conservative politicians among us recognize the justice of no restrictions on the will of the people but such as are imposed by written constitutions1 and which a majority or three fourths of the voters may alter at will and as they will4 ,it is the boast of our popular orators and writers that there are with us no restrictions on the absolute will of the people but such as the people voluntarily impose on themselves1 which1 as self-imposed1 are simply no restrictions at all4 ,it is evident1 then1 if liberty means any thing1 if there is any difference between liberty and despotism1 freedom and slavery1 the ,protestant understanding of liberty is not the true one4 ,nor is the ,protestant understanding of religious liberty a whit more true4 ,we have found that the basis or principle of all civil and political liberty is religious liberty1 or the freedom and independence of religion--that is to say1 the spiritual order2 but from the point of view of ,protestantism there is no religion1 no spiritual order1 to be free and independent4 ,according to ,protestantism1 religion is a function1 not a substantive existence or an objective reality4 ,it is1 as we have seen1 on ,protestant principles1 a function of the state1 of the community1 or of the individual1 and whatever liberty there may be in the case1 must be predicated of one or another of these1 not of religion1 or the spiritual order4 ,with ,protestants the freedom and independence of religion or the spiritual order would be an absurdity1 for it is precisely that which they began by protesting against4 ,it is of the very essence of ,protestantism to deny and make unrelenting war on the freedom and independence of religion1 and the only liberty in the case it can assert is the freedom of the state1 the community1 or the individual from religion as law1 and the right of one or another of them to adopt or reject any religion or none at all as they choose1 which is irreligious or infidel1 not religious liberty4 ,protestantism1 under its most favorable aspect1 is not1 even in the estimation of ,protestants themselves1 religion1 or a religion2 but the view of religion which the reformers took1 or which men take or may take of religion4 ,at best it is not the objective truth or reality1 but a human doctrine or theory of it1 which has no existence out of the mind that forms or entertains it4 ,hence1 ,protestants assert1 as their cardinal doctrine1 justification by faith alone2 and which faith is not the truth1 but the mind's view of it4 ,hence1 too1 they deny that the sacraments are efficacious ex opere operato1 and maintain that1 if efficacious at all1 they are so ex opere suscipientis4 ,they reject the ,real ,presence as a fond imagination1 and make every thing in religion depend on the subjective faith1 conviction1 or persuasion of the recipient4 ,the church they recognize or assert is no living organism1 no kingdom of ,god on earth1 founded to teach and govern all men and nations in all things pertaining to eternal life or the spiritual end of man1 but a simple association of individuals1 with no life or authority except what it derives from the individuals associated1 and which is not hers1 but theirs4 ,some ,protestants go so far as to doubt or deny that there is any truth or reality independent of the mind1 and hold that man is himself his own teacher and his own law-giver2 but all concede1 nay1 maintain1 that what is known or is present to the mind is never the reality1 the truth1 or the divine law itself1 but the mind's own representation of it4 ,hence their ,protestantism is not something fixed and invariable1 the same in all times and places1 but varies as the mind of ,protestants itself varies1 or as their views1 convictions1 or feelings change1 and they change ever with the spirit of the age or country4 ,one of their gravest objections to the church was1 in the sixteenth century1 that she had altered the faith2 and in the nineteenth century is1 that she does not alter it1 that she remains inflexibly the same1 and absolutely refuses to change her faith to suit the times4 ,they hold their own faith and doctrine alterable at will1 and are continually changing it4 ,evidently1 then1 they do not hold it to be the truth2 for truth never changes3 nor to be the law of ,god1 which they are bound to obey2 for if the law of ,god is alterable at all1 it can be so only by ,god himself1 never by man1 any body of men1 or any creature of ,god4 ,there is no ,protestant ignorant or conceited enough to maintain the contrary4 ,this fact that ,protestantism is a theory1 a doctrine1 or a view of religion1 not the objective reality itself1 not the recognition and assertion of the rights of ,god1 but a human view or theory of them1 proves sufficiently that it is incompatible with the assertion of religious liberty4 ,all it can do is to assert the right or liberty of the state to adopt and ordain any view of religion it may take2 of the community to form and enforce its own views1 convictions1 or opinions2 or of the individual to make a religion to suit himself1 or to go without any religion at all1 as he pleases4 ,in none of these cases is there any religious liberty2 and in them all religion is subjected to a purely human authority--the authority of the state1 of the community1 or of the individual1 one as human as another4 ,protestantism is really in its very nature and essence an earnest and solemn protest against religious liberty1 and for it to assert the freedom and independence of religion1 or the spiritual order--that is1 of religion as law to which all men are bound to conform--would be to commit suicide4 ,even the supremacy of the spiritual order1 which our old ,puritans asserted1 was only the assertion of the authority of their interpretation of the written word against the divine authority to interpret it claimed by the church1 and against the human authority of the civil magistrate claimed by ,anglicanism1 from which they separated1 while it subjected it to the congregation1 the brotherhood1 or to the ministers and elders1 no more spiritual than the civil magistrate himself4 ,in the beginning ,protestantism made religion in nearly all ,protestant nations a function of the state1 as it is still in ,great ,britain1 ,prussia1 the several ,protestant ,german states1 in ,norway1 ,denmark1 ,sweden1 ,holland1 and the ,protestant cantons of ,switzerland4 ,the progress of events1 and the changes of opinion1 have produced a revolt among ,protestant nations against this order1 and ,protestants now make1 or are struggling to make1 it a function of the community or the sect1 and the more advanced party of them demand that it be made a function of the individual4 ,this advanced party do not demand the freedom of religion1 but the freedom of the individual from all religious restraints1 from all obligations of obedience to any religious law1 and indeed of any law at all1 except the law he imposes on himself4 ,dr4 ,bellows1 of this city1 a champion of this party1 proves that it is not the freedom of religion1 nor the freedom of the individual to be of any religion he chooses2 for he denies that he is free to be a ,catholic1 though he is free to be any thing else4 ,he tells ,catholics they are only tolerated2 and threatens them with extermination by the sword1 if they dare claim equal rights with ,protestants1 and insist on having their proportion of the public schools under their own control1 or on not being taxed to support schools to which they cannot with a good conscience send their children4 ,evidently1 then1 the pretension that the ,reformation has founded or favored religious liberty is as worthless as we have seen is the pretension that it has founded or favored civil and political liberty4 ,it has1 on the contrary1 uniformly opposed it1 and asserted only the liberty of its contradiction4 ,to assert the liberty of the state1 the people1 or the individual to control religion1 or to assert the liberty of infidelity or no-religion1 surely is not to assert the liberty of religion4 ,protestantism yields always to the spirit of the age1 and asserts the right of that spirit to modify1 alter1 or subject religion to itself4 ,there can be no religious liberty where religion must follow the spirit of the times1 and change as it changes4 ,religion1 if any thing1 is the supreme law of conscience1 and conscience is a mere name if obliged to obey as its supreme law the dominant passion or tendency of the age or nation4 ,the freedom of conscience is not in the emancipation of conscience from all law1 for that were its destruction2 but in its being subjected to no law but the law of ,god1 promulgated by divine authority1 and declared to the understanding by ,god himself1 or a court appointed1 enlightened1 and assisted by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,under ,protestantism there is and can be no freedom of conscience2 for under it conscience is either destroyed by being subjected to no law1 or enslaved by being subjected to another law than the law of ,god4 ,this conclusion1 which we obtain by a simple analysis of ,protestantism1 is confirmed by all the facts in the case4 ,every student of the history of ,protestantism knows that the reformers never made the pretension now put forth in their name4 ,no man was ever farther from proposing the emancipation of the mind from what is called spiritual thraldom than ,martin ,luther1 and no man ever showed less respect for human reason4 ,his aim was to emancipate the church from the authority of the pope2 and in this laudable work he engaged the princes of the empire1 who were ready to assist him1 because in doing so they could also emancipate themselves1 make themselves pontiffs as well as princes1 and enrich themselves with the spoils of the church4 ,but ,luther substituted for the authority of the pope and councils that of the written word1 as amended and interpreted by himself4 ,he never recognized the so-called right of private judgement1 and never asserted the right of every man to interpret the written word for himself4 ,the ,bible as interpreted by himself1 ,martin ,luther1 was to be taken in all cases as the supreme and only authority1 and he would tolerate no dissent from his interpretation4 ,he assumed for himself more than papal authority2 for he confessedly assumed authority to alter the written word1 which assuredly no pope ever did4 ,he never admitted any right of dissent from his dicta1 and wherever he could1 he suppressed it by the strong arm of power4 ,john ,calvin was not more tolerant1 as the burning of ,michael ,servetus over a slow fire made of green wood1 and his pamphlet justifying the burning of heretics1 amply prove4 ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england put to death ,catholics and ,lollards1 beheaded ,cardinal ,fisher and ,sir ,thomas ,more1 because they refused to take the oath of the royal supremacy1 except with the qualification1 as far as the law of ,christ permits4 ,in ,sweden1 the peasants were entrapped into the support of the ,reformation by the infamous ,gustavus ,vasa1 under pretence of recovering and restablishing the national independence2 and after the prince had regained by their aid his throne and been crowned king1 were massacred by thousands because they wished still to adhere to the ,catholic ,church1 and resisted its abolition4 ,in ,geneva1 ,protestantism gained a footing in much the same way4 ,protestants came from ,berne and other places to assist the citizens in a political rebellion against their prince1 who was also their bishop1 and afterward drove out the ,catholics who could not be forced to accept the ,reformation4 ,we need not pursue the history of the establishment of ,protestantism1 which is written in blood4 ,suffice it to say1 that in no country was the ,reformation introduced but by the aid of the civil power1 and in no state in which it gained the mastery did it fail to be established as the religion of the state1 and to obtain the suppression by force or civil pains and penalties of the old religion1 and of all forms even of ,protestant dissent4 ,the state religion was bound hand and foot1 and could move only by permission of the temporal sovereign1 and no other religion was tolerated4 ,we all know the penal laws against ,catholics in ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland1 renacted with additional severity under ,william and ,mary1 almost in the eighteenth century4 ,james ,,ii41 it is equally well known1 lost the crown of his three kingdoms by an edict of toleration1 which1 as it tolerated ,catholics1 was denounced as an act of outrageous tyranny4 ,the penal laws against ,catholics were adopted by the ,episcopalian colony of ,virginia1 and the ,puritan colony of ,massachusetts made it an offence punishable with banishment from the colony for a citizen to harbor a ,catholic priest for a single night1 or to give him a single meal of victuals4 ,it was only in #aghh that the ,presbyterian ,assembly of the ,united ,states expunged from their confession of faith the article which declares it the duty of the civil magistrate to extirpate heretics and idolaters--an article still retained by their brethren in ,scotland1 and by the ,united ,presbyterians in this country4 ,indeed1 toleration is quite a recent discovery4 ,old ,john ,cotton1 the first minister of ,boston1 took care to warn his hearers or readers that he did not defend that devil's doctrine1 toleration4 ,toleration to a limited extent first began to be practised among ,protestants on the acquisition of provinces whose religion was different from that of the state making the acquisition4 ,the example was followed of the pagan ,romans1 who tolerated the national religion of every conquered1 tributary1 or allied nation1 though they tolerated no religion which was not national1 and for three hundred years martyred ,christians because their religion was not national1 but ,catholic4 ,it is only since ,voltaire and the ,encyclopdists preached toleration as the most effective weapon in their arsenal1 as they supposed1 against ,christianity1 or the beginnings of the ,french ,revolution of #aghi1 that ,protestants have taken up the strain1 professed toleration1 and claimed to be1 and1 in the face and eyes of all history1 always to have been1 the champions of religious liberty and the freedom of conscience4 ,it was not till #ahbi that the very imperfect ,catholic ,relief ,bill passed in the ,british parliament1 and the complete disestablishment of ,congregationalism as the state religion in ,massachusetts did not take place till #ahce1 though dissenters had for some time previous been tolerated4 ,yet in no ,protestant state has complete liberty been extended to ,catholics4 ,the ,french ,revolution1 with its high-flown phrases of liberty1 equality1 brotherhood1 and religious freedom1 suppressed the ,catholic religion1 and imprisoned1 deported1 or massacred the bishops and priests who would not abandon it for the civil church it ordained4 ,we ourselves1 though very young at the time1 remember the exultation of our ,protestant neighbors when the first ,napoleon dragged the venerable and saintly ,pius ,,vii4 from his throne and held him a prisoner1 first at ,savona1 and afterward at ,fontainebleau4 ,babylon is fallen1 they cried2 the man-child has slain the beast with seven heads and ten horns4 ,the revolutions1 ostensibly social and political1 which have been going on in the ,catholic nations of ,europe1 and are still in process1 and which everywhere are hostile to the church1 have the warm sympathy of ,protestants of every nation1 and in ,italy and ,spain have been aided and abetted by ,protestant associations and contributions1 as part and parcel of the ,protestant programme for the abolition of the papacy and the destruction of our holy religion4 ,protestants now tolerate ,protestant dissenters1 and allow ,jews and infidels equal rights with themselves2 but they find great difficulty in regarding any outrage on the freedom of the church as an outrage on religious liberty4 ,she is ,catholic1 not national1 over all nations1 and subject to none2 therefore no nation should tolerate her4 ,even in this country ,protestants very reluctantly suffer her presence1 and the liberal ,dr4 ,bellows1 a ,protestant of ,protestants1 warns1 as we have seen1 ,catholics not to attempt to act as if they stood on an equality with ,protestants4 ,it is only a few years since the whole country was agitated by the ,know-,nothing movement1 got up in secret lodges1 for the purpose1 if not of outlawing or banishing ,catholics1 at least of depriving them of civil and political citizenship4 ,the movement professed to be a movement in part against naturalizing persons of foreign birth1 but really for the exclusion of such persons only in so far as they were ,catholics4 ,the controversy now raging on the school question proves that ,protestants are very far from feeling that ,catholics have equal rights with themselves1 or that the ,catholic conscience is entitled to any respect or consideration from the state4 ,public opinion proscribes us1 and no ,catholic could be chosen to represent a purely ,protestant constituency in any legislative body1 if known to be such and to be devoted to his religion4 ,our only protection1 under ,god1 is the fact that we have votes which the leaders of all parties want2 yet there is a movement now going on for female suffrage1 which1 if successful1 will1 it is hoped1 swamp our votes by bringing to the polls swarms of fanatical women1 the creatures of fanatical preachers1 together with other swarms of infidel1 lewd1 or shameless women1 who detest ,catholic marriage and wish to be relieved of its restraints1 as well as of their duties as mothers4 ,this may turn the scale against us2 for ,catholic women have too much delicacy1 and too much of that retiring modesty that becomes the sex1 to be seen at the polls4 ,but the imperfect toleration practised by ,protestants is by no means due to their ,protestantism1 but to their growing indifference to religion1 and to the conviction of ,protestant and non-,catholic governments1 that their supremacy over the spiritual order is so well established1 their victory so complete1 that all danger of its renewing the struggle to bring them again under its law is past4 ,let come what may1 the spiritual order can never regain its former supremacy1 or ,csar tremble again at the bar of ,peter4 ,csar fancies that he has shorn the church so completely of her ,catholicity1 except as an empty name1 and so fully subjected her to his own or the national authority1 that he has no longer any need to be intolerant4 ,why not1 indeed1 amnesty the poor ,catholics1 who can no longer be dangerous to the national sovereign1 or interfere with the policy of the state8 ,for ourselves1 we do not pretend that the church is or ever has been tolerant4 ,she is undeniably intolerant in her own order1 as the law1 as truth is intolerant1 though she does not necessarily require the state to be intolerant4 ,she certainly is opposed to what the nineteenth century calls religious liberty1 which1 we have seen1 is simply the liberty of infidelity or irreligion4 ,she does not teach views or opinions1 but presents the independent truth1 the reality itself2 proclaims1 declares1 and applies the law of ,god1 always and everywhere one and the same4 ,she cannot1 then1 while faithful to her trust1 allow the truth to be denied without censuring those who knowingly deny it1 or the law to be disobeyed without condemning those who disobey it4 ,but always and everywhere does the church assert1 and1 as far as she can1 maintain the full and perfect liberty of religion1 the entire freedom and independence of the spiritual order1 to be itself and to act according to its own laws--that is1 religious liberty in her sense1 and1 if the words mean any thing1 religious liberty in its only true and legitimate sense4 ,the nineteenth century may not be able to understand it1 or1 if understanding it1 to accept it2 yet it is true that the spiritual is the superior1 and the law of the temporal4 ,the supremacy belongs in all things of right to ,god1 represented on earth by the church or the spiritual order4 ,the temporal has no rights1 no legitimacy save as subordinated to the spiritual--that is1 to the end for which man is created and exists4 ,the end for which all creatures are made and exist is not temporal1 but spiritual and eternal2 for it is ,god himself who is the final cause as well as the first cause of creation4 ,the end1 or ,god as final cause1 prescribes the law which all men must obey1 or fail of attaining their end1 which is their supreme good4 ,this law all men and nations1 kings and peoples1 sovereigns and subjects1 are alike bound to obey2 it is for all men1 for states and empires1 no less than for individuals1 the supreme law1 the law and the only law that binds the conscience4 ,now1 religion is this law1 and includes all that it commands to be done1 all that it forbids to be done1 and all the means and conditions of its fulfilment4 ,the church1 as all ,catholics hold1 is the embodiment of this law1 and is therefore in her very nature and constitution teleological4 ,she speaks always and everywhere with the authority of ,god1 as the final cause of creation1 and therefore her words are law1 her commands are the commands of ,god4 ,christ1 who is ,god as well as man1 is her personality1 and therefore she lives1 teaches1 and governs in him1 and he in her4 ,this being so1 it is clear that religious liberty must consist in the unrestrained freedom and independence of the church to teach and govern all men and nations1 princes and people1 rulers and ruled1 in all things enjoined by the teleological law of man's existence1 and therefore in the recognition and maintenance for the church of that very supreme authority which the popes have always claimed1 and against which the ,reformation protested1 and which secular princes are generally disposed to resist when it crosses their pride1 their policy1 their ambition1 or their love of power4 ,manifestly1 then1 religious liberty and ,protestantism are mutually antagonistic1 each warring against the other4 ,the church asserts and vindicates the rights of ,god in the government of men1 and hence is she called the kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,the rights of ,god are the foundation of all human rights2 for man cannot create or originate rights1 since he is a creature1 not his own1 and belongs1 all he is and all he has1 to his ,creator4 ,god's rights being perfect and absolute1 extend to all his creatures2 and he has therefore the right that no one of his creatures oppress or wrong another1 and that justice be done alike by all men to all men4 ,we can wrong no man1 deprive no man of life1 liberty1 or the pursuit of happiness1 without violating the rights of ,god and offending our ,maker4 ,inasmuch as ye did it to the least of my brethren1 ye did it unto me4 ,hence1 the church in asserting and vindicating the rights of ,god1 asserts and protects in the fullest manner possible the so-called inalienable rights of man1 opposes with divine authority all tyranny1 all despotism1 all arbitrary power1 all wrong1 all oppression1 every species of slavery1 and asserts the fullest liberty1 political1 civil1 social1 and individual1 that is possible without confounding liberty with license4 ,the liberty she sustains is true liberty2 for it is that of which our ,lord speaks when he says1 ,if the ,son makes you free1 ye shall be free indeed4 ,the church keeps1 guards1 declares1 and applies the divine law1 of which human laws must be transcripts in order to have the force or vigor of laws4 ,man has in his own right no power to legislate for man1 and the state can rightfully govern only by virtue of authority from ,god4 ,hence1 ,st4 ,paul says1 ,non est potestas nisi a ,deo4 ,there is no power except from ,god4 ,the church in asserting the supremacy of the law of ,god or of the spiritual order1 asserts not only religious liberty1 but all true liberty1 civil1 political1 social1 and individual2 and we have seen that liberty1 the basis and condition of civilization1 was steadily advancing in all these respects during the middle ages till interrupted by the revival of paganism in the fifteenth century and the outbreak of ,protestantism in the sixteenth4 ,the ,reformation did not emancipate society from spiritual thraldom1 but raised it up in revolt against legitimate authority1 and deprived it of all protection1 on the one hand1 against arbitrary power1 and1 on the other1 against anarchy and unbounded lawlessness1 as the experience of more than three centuries has proved4 ,there is not a government in ,europe that is not daily conspired against1 and it requires five millions of armed soldiers even in time of peace to maintain internal order1 and give some little security to property and life4 ,to pretend that the authority of the church1 as the organ of the spiritual order1 is despotic1 is to use words without understanding their meaning4 ,her authority is only that of the law of ,god1 and she uses it only to maintain the rights of ,god1 the basis and condition of the rights of individuals and of society4 ,man's rights1 whether social or individual1 civil or political1 are the rights of ,god in and over man1 and they can be maintained only by maintaining the rights of ,god1 or1 what is the same thing1 the authority of the church of ,god in the government of human affairs4 ,atheism is the denial of liberty1 as also is pantheism1 which denies ,god as creator4 ,there is no liberty where there is no authority competent to assert and maintain it1 or where there is no authority derived from ,god1 who only hath dominion4 ,the men who seek to get rid of authority as the condition of asserting liberty are bereft of reason1 and more in need of physic and good regimen than of argument4 ,liberty is not in being exempt from obedience1 but in being held to obey only the rightful or legitimate authority4 ,god's right to govern his creatures is full and perfect1 and any authority he delegates or authorizes to be exercised in his name1 is legitimate1 and in no sense abridges or interferes with liberty--unless by liberty you mean license--but is the sole condition of its maintenance4 ,god's dominion over man is absolute1 but is not despotic or tyrannical1 since it is only his absolute right4 ,the authority of the church1 however extended it may be1 and she is the judge of its extent and its limitations1 as the court is the judge of its own jurisdiction1 is not despotic1 tyrannical1 or oppressive1 because it is the authority of ,god exercised through her4 ,the pretension of ,protestants that ,protestantism favors liberty1 and the church despotism1 is based on the supposition that authority negatives liberty and liberty negatives authority1 that whatever is given to the one is taken from the other2 a supposition refuted some time since1 in the magazine for ,october last1 in an article entitled ,an ,imaginary ,contradiction1 and need detain us no longer at present4 ,just or legitimate authority1 founded on the rights of ,god1 and instituted to assert and maintain them in human affairs1 confirms and protects liberty instead of impairing it4 ,yet there is no doubt that the church condemns liberty in the sense of the ,reformation1 and especially in that of the nineteenth century4 ,protestantism denies infallibility to the church and assumes it for the age1 for the state1 for public opinion--that is1 for the world4 ,the most shocking blasphemy in its eyes is to assert that the age is fallible and cannot be relied on as a safe or sure guide4 ,we differ from the ,protestant2 we attribute infallibility to the church1 and deny it to the age1 even though the age be this enlightened nineteenth century4 ,we do not believe it is always wise or prudent to suffer one's self to be carried away by the dominant tendency or passion of this or any other age4 ,it is characteristic of every age to fix upon one special object or class of objects1 and to pursue them with an exclusiveness and a concentrated passion and energy that render them practically evil1 even though good when taken in their place and wisely pursued4 ,even maternal affection becomes evil and destructive1 if not guided or restrained by wisdom and prudence4 ,philanthropy is a noble sentiment2 yet men and women in our own age1 carried away1 dazzled1 and blinded by it1 only produce evils they would avoid1 defeat the very good they would effect4 ,the spirit of our age is that of the production1 accumulation1 and possession of material goods4 ,material goods in their proper measure and place are needed2 but when their production and accumulation become with an individual or an age an engrossing passion that excludes the spiritual and the eternal1 they are evil1 and lead only to ruin1 both spiritual and material1 as daily experience proves4 ,the church1 then1 instituted to teach the truth and to secure obedience to the law of ,god1 directed always by her divine ideal1 is forced to resist always and everywhere the age1 that is1 the world1 instead of following its spirit1 and to labor for its correction1 not for its encouragement4 ,hence always is there more or less opposition between the church and what is called the spirit of the age1 and their mutual concordance is never to be looked for so long as the world stands4 ,hence the church in this world is the church militant1 and her normal life one of never-ending struggle with the world--spirit of the age1 der ,welt-,geist--the flesh1 and the devil4 ,it is only by this struggle that she makes conquests for heaven1 and prevents civil governments from degenerating into intolerable tyrannies1 and society from lapsing into pagan darkness and superstition4 ,we have1 we think1 sufficiently disposed of the ,protestant pretension1 and if any of our readers think we have not fully done it1 we refer them to the work before us4 ,there is no doubt that the boldness1 not to say impudence1 with which the ,protestant pretension is urged1 and the support it receives from the rationalistic journalism and literature which form contemporary public opinion in ,catholic nations1 coupled with the general ignorance of history and the shortness of men's memories1 accounts for the chief success of ,protestant missions in unmaking ,catholics1 which1 though very limited1 is yet much greater than it is pleasant to think4 ,yet gradually the truth will find its way to the public2 even ,protestants themselves will by and by tell it1 piece by piece1 as they are now doing4 ,they have already refuted many of the falsehoods and calumnies they began by inventing and publishing against the church1 and in due time they will refute the rest4 ,the abb shows very clearly that the toleration now accepted and to some extent practised1 and the liberty now allowed to the various sects1 will most likely have a disastrous effect on the future of ,protestantism4 ,it must sooner or later1 he thinks1 lead to the demolition of the ,protestant national establishments4 ,national churches cannot coexist with unlimited freedom of dissent4 ,the ,english ,church must soon follow the fate of the ,anglican ,church in ,ireland4 ,its disestablishment is only a question of time4 ,so it will be before long in all ,protestant nations that have a national church4 ,the doctrine of toleration and freedom for all sects and opinions not only tends to produce indifference to dogmatic theology1 but is itself a result of that indifference2 and indifference to dogmatic truth is a more formidable enemy to deal with than out-and-out disbelief or positive infidelity4 ,a soul breathing forth threatenings1 and filled with rage against ,christians1 can be converted1 and became ,paul the apostle and doctor of the ,gentiles2 but the conversion of a ,gallio1 who cares for none of these things1 is a rare event4 ,with the several sects1 doctrinal differences are daily becoming matters of less and less importance4 ,who hears now of controversies between ,calvinists and ,arminians8 ,even the ,new ,school and the ,old ,school ,presbyterians1 though separated by grave dogmatic differences1 unite and form one and the same ecclesiastical body2 ,presbyterians and ,methodists work together in harmony2 ,orthodox ,congregationalists show signs of fraternizing with ,unitarians1 and ,unitarians fraternize with ,radicals who reject the very name of ,christian1 and can hardly be said to believe even in ,god4 ,one need not any longer believe any thing1 except that ,catholicity is a gross superstition1 and the church a spiritual despotism1 the grand enemy of the human race1 in order to be a good and acceptable ,protestant4 ,a certain inward sentiment1 emotion1 or affection1 which even a pantheist or an atheist may experience1 suffices4 ,the dread presence of the church1 hatred of ,catholicity1 the zeal inspired by party attachment1 and the hope of finally arriving at some solid footing1 may keep up appearances for some time to come2 the eloquence1 the polished manners1 the personal influence1 and the demagogic arts and address of the preacher may continue for a while to fill a few fashionable meeting-houses2 but when success depends on the personal character and address of the minister1 as is rapidly becoming the fact in all ,protestant sects1 we may take it for granted that ,protestantism has seen its best days1 is going the way of all the earth1 and soon the place that has known it shall know it no more for ever4 ,protestantism1 with all deference to our author1 who pronounces it imperishable1 we venture to say1 has well-nigh run its course4 ,it began by divorcing the church from the papacy and subjecting religion to the national authority1 subordinating the spiritual to the temporal1 the priest to the magistrate1 the representative of heaven to the representative of earth4 ,it constituted the national sovereign the supreme head and governor1 the pontifex maximus1 after the manner of the ,gentiles1 of the national religion1 or the national church1 and punished dissent as treason against the prince4 ,it was at first1 and for over two centuries1 bitterly intolerant1 especially against ,catholics1 whom it persecuted with a refined cruelty which recalled1 if it did not surpass1 that practised by paganism on ,christians in the martyr ages4 ,tired of persecution1 or finding it impotent to prevent dissent1 ,protestantism tried after a while its hand at civil toleration4 ,the state tolerated1 to a greater or less extent1 at first only ,protestant dissenters from the established church2 but at last1 though with many restrictions1 and with the sword ever suspended over their heads1 even ,catholics themselves4 ,from civil toleration1 from ceasing to cut the throats and confiscate the goods of ,catholics1 and of ,protestant recusants1 it is passing now to theological tolerance1 or what it calls complete religious liberty1 though as yet only its advanced-guard have reached it4 ,the state1 unless in the ,american republic1 does not1 indeed1 disclaim its supremacy over the church2 but it leaves religion to take care of itself1 as a thing beneath the notice of the civil magistrate1 so long as it abstains from interfering with state policy1 or meddling with politics4 ,to-day ,protestantism divorces1 or is seeking to divorce1 the church from the state1 as it began by divorcing both her and the state from the papacy2 it divorces religion from the church and from morality1 ,christianity from ,christ1 faith from dogma1 piety from reason1 and it resolves into an affection of man's emotional or sentimental nature4 ,we find persons calling themselves ,christians who do not believe in ,christ1 or regard him as a myth1 and godly1 who do not even believe in ,god4 ,we have men1 and women too1 who demand the disruption of the marriage tie in the name of morality1 and free love in the name of purity4 ,words lose their meaning4 ,the churl is called liberal1 things bitter are called sweet1 and things profane are called holy4 ,not many years since1 there was published in ,england1 and republished here1 an earnest and ingenious poem1 designed to rehabilitate ,satan1 and chanting his merits as man's noblest1 best1 and truest friend4 ,in the mean time1 every thing regarded as religion loses its hold on the new generations2 moral corruption of all sorts in public1 domestic1 and private life is making fearful progress throughout the ,anglo-,saxon world1 the mainstay of ,protestantism2 and society seems tottering on the verge of dissolution4 ,such is the career ,protestantism has run1 is running1 or1 by the merciless logic to which it is subjected1 will be forced to run4 ,what hope1 then1 can ,protestants have for its future8 ,as to the future of ,catholicity1 we are under no apprehensions4 ,we know that never can the church be in this world the church triumphant1 and that she and the world will always be in a state of mutual hostility2 but the hostility can never harm her1 though it may cause the spiritual ruin of the individuals and nations that war against her4 ,the ,protestant world have for over three hundred years been trying to get on without her1 and have succeeded but indifferently4 ,sensible and earnest-minded men among ,protestants themselves boldly pronounce that the experiment has failed1 which most ,protestants inwardly feel1 and sadly deplore2 but like the poor man in ,balzac's novel1 who has spent his own patrimony1 his wife's dower1 the portion of his daughter1 with all he could borrow1 beg1 or steal1 and reduced his wife1 his children1 and himself to utter destitution1 in the recherche d'absolu1 they are buoyed up by the feeling that they are just a-going to succeed4 ,but even this feeling cannot last always4 ,hope too long deferred maketh the heart sick4 ,it may be long yet1 and many souls for whom ,christ has died be lost1 before the nations that have apostatized learn wisdom enough to abandon the delusive hope1 and turn again to ,him whom they have rejected1 or look again1 weeping1 on the face of ,him whom they have crucified4 ,but the church will stand1 whether they return or not2 for she is founded on a rock that cannot be shaken1 on the eternal truth of ,god1 that cannot fail4 ,the ,protestant experiment has demonstrated beyond question that the very things in the ,catholic ,church which are most offensive to this age1 and for which it wages unrelenting war against her1 are precisely those things it most needs for its own protection and safety4 ,it needs1 first of all1 the ,catholic ,church--nay1 the papacy itself--to declare and apply the law of ,god to states and empires1 to sovereigns and subjects1 kings and peoples1 that politics may no longer be divorced from religion1 but be rendered subsidiary to the spiritual1 the eternal end of man1 for which both individuals and society exist and civil governments are instituted4 ,it needs the church to declare and enforce the law1 by such means as she judges proper1 that should govern the relation of the sexes2 to hallow and protect marriage1 the basis of the family1 as the family is of society1 that great sacrament or mysterious union1 typical of the union of ,christ with the church1 which is indissoluble2 to take charge of education1 and to train up1 or cause to be trained up1 the young in the nurture and admonition of the ,lord1 or in the way they should go1 that when old they shall not depart from it2 to teach maidens modesty and reserve1 and wives and mothers due submission to their husbands and proper care of their children2 to assert and protect the rights of women2 to train them to be contented to be women1 and not to aspire to be men1 or to usurp the functions of men1 and to bid them stay at home1 and not be gadding abroad1 running over the country and spouting nonsense1 free love1 infidelity1 impiety1 and blasphemy1 at suffrage conventions and other gatherings1 at which it is a shame for a woman to open her mouth1 or even to be present2 and1 most of all1 to exercise a vigilant censorship over ideas1 whether vented in books1 journals1 or lectures1 and to keep from the public those which tend to mislead the mind or corrupt the heart1 as a prudent father strives to keep them from his children4 ,the age needs for this the ,catholic ,church4 ,a national church cannot do it2 far less can the sects do it4 ,these all depend on the public opinion of the age1 the nation1 or the sect1 and have no power to withstand that opinion4 ,this is perhaps better understood here than elsewhere4 ,the sects1 being creatures of opinion1 have no power to control it1 and their tendency is invariably to seize upon every opinion1 excitement1 or movement that is1 or is likely to be1 popular1 and help it on as the means of swelling1 when it is at flood-tide1 their own respective numbers4 ,a national church has undoubtedly more stability1 and is not so easily wrested from its moorings4 ,but it has only the stability of the government that ordains it1 and the most absolute government must sooner or later yield to the force of opinion4 ,opinion has disestablished and disendowed the state church in ,ireland1 and will1 as is most likely1 do it ere long in both ,england and ,scotland4 ,the ,protestant sects have no alternative2 they must either yield to the dominant opinion1 tendency1 or passion of the times and move on with it1 or be swept away by it4 ,it is only a church truly catholic1 that depends on no nation1 that extends to all1 and is over all1 that derives not its being or its strength from the opinion of courts or of peoples1 but rests on ,god for her being1 her law1 and her support1 that can maintain her integrity1 or have the courage to stand before an age or a nation1 denounce its errors1 and condemn its dominant passion or tendency1 or that would be heeded1 if she did4 ,it was only the visible head of the ,catholic ,church1 the vicar of ,christ1 that could perform the heroic act of publishing in this century the ,syllabus2 and if1 as we are confident they have1 the prelates assembled in the ,council of the ,vatican have some share of the courage of their chief1 their decrees will not only draw the attention of the world anew to the church1 but go far to prove to apostate nations and truculent governments that she takes counsel of ,god1 not of the weakness and timidity of men4 ,a few more such acts as the publication of the ,syllabus and the convocation of the council now sitting at ,rome1 joined to the manifest failure of ,protestantism1 will serve to open the eyes of the people1 disabuse non-,catholics of the delusions under which they are led away to their own destruction4 ,the very freedom1 though false in principle1 which is suffered in ,protestant nations1 while it removes all restraints from infidelity1 immorality1 and blasphemy1 aids the victory of the church over her enemies4 ,it ruins them by suffering them to run into all manner of excesses2 but she can use it without danger and with advantage where there are minds to be convinced or hearts to be won2 for she can abide the freest examination1 the most rigid investigation and scrutiny1 while the indwelling ,holy ,ghost cannot fail to protect her from all error on either side4 ,the present delusions of the loud-boasting nineteenth century must give way before her as she once more stands forth in her true light1 and her present enemies be vanquished4 ,,footnote3 #a ,de l',avenir du ,protestantisme et du ,catholicisme4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,f4 ,martin4 ,paris3 ,tobra et ,haton4 #ahfi4 #hvo1 pp4 #fjh4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding1 ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,dedication4 ,i dedicate the following work to ,edward ,bulwer1 ,lord ,lytton1 not only in appreciation of one of the most searching1 comprehensive1 independent1 and indefatigable thinkers1 and one of the truest and highest men of genius1 of whom it has ever been the lot of his own country and of the ,english-speaking races to be proud1 and the fate of contemporary nations to feel honorably jealous2 not only in admiration of a mind which nature made great1 and which study has to the last degree cultivated1 whose influence and authority have been steadily rising since he first began to labor in literary fields more varied than almost any into which ,,one person had previously dared to carry the efforts of the intellect2 but still more as an humble token of the grateful love which ,i feel in return for the faithful and consistent friendship and the innumerable services with which a great genius and a great man has honored me during twenty years4 ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon4 ,,paris1 ,jan4 #ah1 #ahgj4 ,,introduction4 ,the historical romance of ,mr4 ,keon1 now republished with the author's most cordial permission and his latest corrections1 was first printed in ,london1 in #ahff1 by ,mr4 ,bentley1 publisher in ordinary to the ,queen4 ,the edition was brought out in a very handsome style1 and sold at the high price of a guinea4 ,notwithstanding the heavy price at which the work was furnished to our transpontine kinsfolk1 7or at least to the upper ten thousand of them17 it is at this moment out of print1 and an effort made about two years ago to procure copies for sale in this country was unsuccessful4 ,the copy kindly sent us by the author was accidentally mislaid for several months1 and this circumstance1 together with the desire to give our readers the opportunity of perusing the work as soon as their attention should be directed to it by a notice such as its high merit demands1 caused us to delay the proper public acknowledgment to the author until the present moment4 ,its success in ,england1 in spite of the nationality and religion of the writer1 is no slight proof of its intrinsic excellence1 especially when we consider that he ventured into a field which the subject-matter of the book would turn into the very home and headquarters of ,english prejudice4 ,to every effect adequate cause2 and1 in this instance1 to those who take up the story of ,dion1 one cause of its success will1 before they have gone half way through its events and adventures1 speak for itself4 ,yet1 however light to read1 the work has1 we feel convinced1 been in the last degree laborious both to plan and to execute4 ,easy writing1 said ,thomas ,moore1 very often makes fearfully hard reading4 ,we believe the converse has often proved equally true4 ,we are glad to learn that ,mr4 ,keon has recently received a far more gratifying recognition of his distinguished merit than any other to which a ,catholic author can aspire4 ,at a private audience granted him by ,pius ,,ix41 ,his ,holiness complimented him on his services to literature and religion1 and gave him a beautiful rosary of pearl as a token of his august favor4 ,one word more1 and we shall let the story itself begin to be heard4 ,the epoch of ,dion was the turning-point of all human history--the hinge of the fateful gates1 the moment of the mightiest and most stupendous transition our world has ever known1 the transition of transitions2 the moment on this earth of a superplanetary1 supercosmic drama4 ,there were two suns in the heavens2 one rising1 never to set2 the other going down to rise no more4 ,at no epoch had human genius blazed so luminous1 or human pride poised itself on wings so wide1 in a sphere so sublime2 but this genius was for the first time confronted in its own sphere by divine inspiration and a supernatural authority4 ,the setting of a classic though pagan day saw the dawning day of ,christianity4 ,there were two suns in one sky at the same moment4 ,the doubtful cross-lights of two civilizations over-arched the world with a vault of shifting1 contending1 contrary1 and awful splendors--those of one order in the utmost intensity of their radiance1 those of the other in their first1 glimmering beginnings2 a seeming confusion2 an internecine war2 a hazy mingling of embattled glories as full of meaning as it was of mystery4 ,,ed4 ,,cath4 ,,world4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,it was a fair evening in autumn1 toward the end of the year eleven of our ,lord4 ,augustus ,csar was a white-haired1 olive-complexioned1 and somewhat frail-featured1 though stately man of more than seventy-three4 ,at the beginning of the century in which this was written1 the face of the first ,napoleon recalled to the minds of antiquaries and students of numismatic remains the lineaments1 engraved upon the extant coins of ,augustus4 ,indeed1 at this moment there is in the ,vatican a beautiful marble bust in excellent preservation1 representing one of these two emperors as he was while yet young2 and this bust almost invariably produces a curious effect upon the stranger who contemplates it for the first time4 ,that is certainly a beautiful artistic work1 he says1 but the likeness is hardly perfect4 ,likeness of whom8 replies some ,italian friend4 ,of the emperor1 says the stranger4 ,sicuro6 ,but which emperor8 asks the ,italian1 smiling4 ,of course1 the first1 says the visitor2 not this one4 ,but that represents ,augustus ,csar1 not ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 is the answer4 ,whereupon the stranger1 who1 a moment before had very justly pronounced the resemblance to ,bonaparte to be hardly perfect1 exclaims1 not less justly1 ,what an amazing likeness to ,napoleon6 ,that sort of admiring surprise is intelligible4 ,had the bust been designed as an image of the great modern conqueror1 there had been something to censure4 ,but the work which1 at one and the same time1 delineates the second ,csar1 and yet now after #ahjj years recalls to mind the first ,napoleon1 has become a curious monument indeed4 ,the second ,roman emperor1 however1 had not a forehead so broad and commanding nor so marble smooth as ,napoleon's1 and the whole countenance1 at the time when our narrative begins1 offered a more decisively aquiline curve1 with more numerous and much thinner lines about the mouth4 ,still1 even at the age which he had then reached--in the year eleven of our ,lord--he showed traces of that amazing beauty which had enchanted the whole classic world in the days of his youth4 ,three years more1 and his reign and life were to go down in a great1 broad1 calm1 treacherous sunset together4 ,after the senate had rewarded the histrionic and purely make-believe moderation of its master--and in truth its destroyer--by giving to one who had named himself ,princeps the greater name of ,augustus1 the former title1 like a left-off robe1 too good to be thrown away1 was carefully picked up1 brushed into all its gloss1 and appropriated by a second performer4 ,we allude1 of course1 to ,drusus ,tiberius ,claudius ,nero1 the future emperor1 best known by his second name of ,tiberius4 ,the first and third names had belonged to his brother also4 ,tiberius was then ,prince and ,csar1 as the new slang of flattery termed him2 he was stepson of ,augustus and already adopted heir1 solemnly designatus4 ,he was verging upon the close of his fifty-third year of cautious profligacy1 clandestine vindictiveness1 and strictly-regulated vices4 ,history has not accused him of murdering ,agrippa ,vespasianus2 but had ,agrippa survived1 he would have held all ,tiberius's present offices4 lius ,sejanus1 commander of the prtorian guards1 was occupied in watching the monthly1 watching even the daily1 decay of strength in the living emperor1 and was pandering to the passions of his probable successor4 ,up to this time ,sejanus had been1 and still was1 thus employed4 ,more dangerous hopes had not arisen in his bosom2 he had not yet indulged in the vision of becoming master of the known world--a dream which1 some twenty years afterward1 consigned him to cruel and sudden destruction4 ,no conspirator1 perhaps1 ever exercised more craft and patience in preparing1 or betrayed more stupidity at last in executing1 an attempt at treason on so great a scale4 ,it was forty-six years since ,sallust had expired amid the luxuries which cruelty and rapine accumulated1 after profligacy had first brought him acquainted with want4 ,ovid had just been sent into exile at ,temesvar in ,turkey--then called ,tomos in ,scythia4 ,cornelius ,nepos was ending his days in the personal privacy and literary notoriety in which he had lived4 ,virgil had been dead a whole generation2 so had ,tibullus2 ,catullus1 half a century2 ,propertius1 some twenty years2 ,horace and ,mcenas1 about as long4 ,the grateful master of the curiosa felicitas verborum had followed in three weeks to--not the grave1 indeed1 but--the urn1 the patron whom he had immortalized in the first of his odes1 the first of his epodes1 the first of his satires1 and the first of his epistles2 and the mighty sovereign upon whose youthful court those three characters--a wise1 mild1 clement1 yet firm minister1 a glorious epic poet1 and an unsurpassed lyrist--have reflected so much and such enduring lustre1 had faithfully and unceasingly lamented their irreparable loss4 ,lucius ,varius was the fashionable poet1 the laureate of the day2 and ,mcenas being removed1 ,tiberius sought to govern indirectly1 as minister1 all those matters which he did not control directly and immediately1 as one of the two ,csars whom ,augustus had appointed4 ,velleius ,paterculus1 the cavalry colonel1 or military tribune1 7chiliarch17 a prosperous and accomplished patrician1 was beginning to shine at once in letters and at the court4 ,the grandson of ,livia1 grandson also of ,augustus by his marriage with her1 but really grand-nephew of that emperor--we mean the son of ,antonia1 the celebrated ,germanicus1 second and more worthy bearer of that surname--a youth full of fire and genius1 and tingling with noble blood--was preparing to atone for the disgraces and to repair the disasters which ,quintilius ,varus1 one year before1 amidst the uncleared forests of ,germany1 had brought upon the imperial arms and the ,roman name4 ,germanicus1 indeed1 was about to fulfil the more important part of a celebrated classic injunction2 he was going to do things worthy to be written1 while the supple courtier of all ,csars1 ,paterculus1 was endeavoring to write something worthy to be read4 ,strabo had not long before commenced his system of geography1 which1 for about thirty years yet to come1 was to engage his attention and dictate his travels4 ,livy1 of the pictured page1 who doubtless may be called1 next to ,tacitus1 the most eloquent without being set down as quite the most credulous of classic historians--,i venture to say so1 pace ,niebuhr--was over sixty-eight years of age1 but scarcely looked sixty4 ,he was even then thoroughly and universally appreciated4 ,no man living had received more genuine marks of honor--not even the emperor4 ,his hundred and forty-two books of ,roman history had filled the known world with his praises1 a glory which length of days allowed him fully to enjoy4 ,modern readers appreciate and admire the thirty-five books which alone are left1 and linger over the beauties1 quasi stellis1 with which they shine4 ,yet who knows but these may be among the poorest productions of ,livy's genius8 ,a very simple sum in arithmetic would satisfy an actuary that we must have lost the most valuable emanations of the ,paduan's great mind4 ,given a salvage of five-and-thirty out of a hundred and forty-two1 and yet the whole of this wreck so marvellous in beauty6 surely that which is gone for ever must have included much that is equal1 probably something far superior to what time has spared4 ,there is a curious fact recorded by ,pliny the younger1 which speaks for itself4 ,a ,spaniard of ,cadiz had1 only some five months before the date of our story1 journeyed from the ends of the earth to ,rome merely to obtain a sight of ,livy4 ,there were imperial shows in the forum and hippodrome and circus at the time2 there were races on foot1 and on horseback1 and in chariots2 fights there were of all kinds--men against wild animals1 men against each other2 with the sword1 with the deadly cestus2 wrestling matches1 and the dreadful battles of gladiators1 five hundred a side2 in short1 all the glitter and the glories and the horrors of the old classic arena in its culminating days4 ,there was also a strange new ,greek fence1 since inherited by ,naples1 and preserved all through the middle ages down to this hour1 with the straight1 pliant1 three-edged rapier1 to witness which even ladies thronged with interest and partisanship4 ,but the ,spaniard from ,gades 7,cervantes might surely have had such an ancestor7 asked only to be shown ,titus ,livius4 ,which in yonder group is ,livy8 ,the wayfarer cared for nothing else that ,roman civilization or ,roman vanity could show him4 ,the great writer was pointed out1 and then the traveller1 having satisfied the motive which had brought him to ,rome1 went back to ,ostia1 where his lugger1 if ,i may so call it1 lay1 7,i picture it a kind of wing-and-wing rigged vessel27 and1 refusing to profane his eyes with any meaner spectacle1 set sail again for ,spain1 where his youth had been illumined with the visions presented to a sympathetic imagination by the most charming of classical historians4 ,the ,spaniards from an immemorial age are deemed to have been heroes and appreciators of heroes2 and no doubt this literary pilgrim1 once more at home1 recurred many a time1 long pondering1 to the glorious deeds of the ,fabia ,gens4 ,how many other similar examples ,livy may have recorded for him we moderns cannot say4 ,before his gaze arose the finished column from the fragments whereof we have gathered up some scattered bricks and marbles4 ,niebuhr had to deal with a ruin1 and he who ought to have guessed at and reconstructed the plan of it1 has contented himself with trying to demolish its form4 ,long previously to the date of our tale1 ,augustus1 trembling under the despotism of his wife ,livia1 had begun to repeat those lamentations 7with which scholars are familiar7 for the times when ,mcenas had guided his active day1 and ,virgil and ,horace had beguiled his lettered evenings4 ,virgil1 as is well known1 had been tormented with asthma1 and ought possibly to have lived much longer but for some unrecorded imprudence4 ,horace1 as is likewise well known1 had been tormented with sore eyelids--and with wine2 he was blear-eyed1 7lippus47 ,augustus1 therefore1 used to say wittily1 as he placed them on each hand of him at the symposium1 which had been recently borrowed in ,italy from the ,greeks1 but had not yet degenerated into the debauchery and extravagance into which they afterward sank more and more deeply during successive reigns1 ,i sit between sighs and tears4 ,in suspiriis sedeo et in lachrymis4 ,but he had long lost these so-called sighs and tears at either hand of him4 ,the sighs and tears were now his own4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,our chronicle commences in ,campania1 with the ,tyrrhenian ,sea 7now the southerly waters of the ,gulf of ,genoa7 on a traveller's left hand if he looks north4 ,it was a fair evening in autumn1 as we have remarked1 during that age and state of the world the broad outlines of which we have briefly given4 ,along the ,appian1 or1 as it long afterward came to be also called1 the ,trajan ,way1 the queen of roads1 a conveyance drawn by two horses1 a carriage of the common hackney description1 not unlike one species of the vettura used by the modern ,italians1 was rolling swiftly northward between the stage of ,minturn and the next stage1 which was a lonely post-house a few miles south of the interesting town of ,formi--not ,forum ,appii1 or the ,three ,taverns1 a place more than fifty miles away in the direction of ,rome1 and upon the same road4 ,inside the carriage were a lady in middle life1 whose face1 once lovely1 was still sweet and charming1 and a very pale1 beautiful female child1 each dressed in a black ricinium1#b or mourning robe1 drawn over the top of the head4 ,the girl was about twelve years old1 or a little more1 and seemed to be suffering much and grievously4 ,she faced the horses1 and on her side sat the lady fanning her and watching her with a look which always spoke love1 and now and again anguish4 ,opposite to them1 with his back to the horses1 wearing a sort of dark lacerna1 or thin1 light great-coat1 of costly material1 but of a fashion which was deemed in ,italy at that day either foreign or vulgar1 as the case might be1 sat a youth of about eighteen4 ,the child was leaning back with her eyes closed4 ,the youth1 as he watched her1 sighed now and then4 ,at last he put both hands to his face1 and1 leaning his head forward1 suffered tears to flow silently through his fingers4 ,the lacerna which he wore was fastened at the breast by two fibul1 or clasps of silver1 and girt round his waist with a broad1 brown1 sheeny leather belt1 stamped and traced after some ,asiatic mode4 ,in a loop of this belt1 at his left side1 was secured within its black scabbard an unfamiliar1 outlandish-looking1 long1 straight1 three-edged sword1 which he had pulled round so as to rest the point before his feet1 bringing the blade between his knees1 and the hilt1 which was gay with emeralds1 in front of his chest4 ,the ,romans still very generally went bare-headed1#c even out of doors1 except that those who continued to wear the toga drew it over their heads as the weather needed1 and those who wore the penula used the hood of it in the same way4 ,but upon the hilt of the sword we have described the youth had flung a sort of petasus1 or deep-rimmed hat1 with a flat top1 and one black feather at the side1 not stuck perpendicularly into the band1 but so trained half round it as to produce a reckless1 rakish effect1 of which the owner was unconscious4 ,agatha1 said the lady1 in a low1 tender voice1 the delicate ,greek ring of which was full of persuasion1 look up1 beloved child6 ,your brother and ,i1 at least1 are left4 ,think no more of the past4 ,the gods have taken your father1 after men had taken his and your inheritance4 ,but our part in life is not yet over4 ,did not your parents too1 in times past--did not we too1 ,i say1 lose ours8 ,did you not know you were probably to live longer than your poor father8 ,are you not to survive me also8 ,perhaps soon4 ,with a cry of dismay the young girl threw her arms round the lady's neck and sobbed4 ,the other1 while she shed tears1 exclaimed3 ,i thank that unknown power1 of whom ,dionysius the ,athenian1 my young countryman1 so sublimely speaks1 that the child weeps at last6 ,weep1 ,agatha1 weep2 but mourn not mute in the cowardice of despair6 ,mourn not for your father in a way unbecoming of his child and mine4 ,mourn not as though indeed you were not ours4 ,my husband is gone for ever1 but he went in honor4 ,the courageless grief1 that canker without voice or tears1 which would slay his child1 will not bring back to me the partner of my days1 nor to you your father4 ,we must not dishearten but cheer your brother ,paulus for the battle which is before him4 ,i wish to do so1 my mother1 said ,agatha4 ,when ,i recover my rights1 broke in the youth at this point1 my father will come and sit among the lares1 round the ever-burning fire in the atrium of our hereditary house1 ,agatha2 and therefore courage6 ,you are ill2 but ,charicles1 the great physician of ,tiberius ,csar1 is our countryman1 and he will attend you4 ,he can cure almost any thing1 they say4 ,and if you feel fatigued1 no wonder1 so help me6 ,minime mirum mehercle6 ,have we not travelled without intermission1 by land and by sea1 all the way from ,thrace8 ,but now1 one more change of horses brings us to ,formi1 and then we shall be at our journey's end4 ,meantime1 dear child1 look up2 see yonder woods1 and the garden-like shore4 ,and having first tried in vain to brighten the horn window at the side of the vehicle1 specular corneum1 7glass was used only in the private carriages of the rich17 he stood up1 and calling over the hide roof of the carriage1 which was open in front--the horses being driven from behind--he ordered the rhedarius1 or coachman1 to open the panels4 ,the man1 evidently a former slave of the family1 now their freedman1 quickly obeyed1 and descending from his bench1 pushed back into grooves contrived to receive them the coarsely-figured and gaudily colored sides of the travelling carruca4 ,is parvula better8 he then cried1 with the privileged freedom of an old and attached domestic1 or of one who1 in the far more endearing parlance of classic times1 was a faithful familiaris--that is1 a member of the family4 ,is the little one better8 ,the dust is laid now1 little one2 the evening comes2 the light slants2 the sun smiles not higher than yourself1 instead of burning overhead4 ,see1 the beautiful country6 ,see1 the sweet land6 ,let the breeze bring a bloom to your cheeks1 as it brings the perfumes to your mouth4 ,ah6 the parvula smiles4 ,fate is not always angry6 ,dear old ,philip6 said the child2 and then1 turning to her mother1 she added1 ,just now1 mother1 you waked me from a frightful dream4 ,i thought that the man who has our father's estates was dead2 but he came from the dead1 and was trying to kill ,paulus1 my brother there2 and for that purpose was striving to wrest the sword from ,paulus's hand2 and that the man1 or lar1 laughed in a hideous manner1 and cried out1 ',it is with his own sword we will slay him6 ,nothing but his own sword6' ,the old freedman turned pale1 and muttered something to himself1 as he stood by the side of the vehicle2 and while he kept the horses steady1 with the long reins in his left hand1 glanced awfully toward ,paulus4 ,brother1 continued the child1 ,i forget that man's name4 ,what is the name8 ,never mind the name now1 said ,paulus2 a dead person cannot kill a living one2 and that man is not in ,italy who will kill me with my own sword1 if ,i be not asleep4 ,look at the beautiful land6 ,see1 as ,philip tells you1 the beautiful land where you are going to be so happy4 ,the river ,liris1 now the ,garigliano1 flowed all gold in the western sun2 some dozen of meadows behind them1 between rows of linden-trees1 oleanders1 and pomegranates1 with laurel1 bay1 and long bamboo-like reeds of the arundo donax1 varying the rich beauty of its banks3 ,daphrones1 platanones1 et ari cyparissi4 ,a thin and irregular forest of great contemplative trees2 flowerless and sad beech1 cornel1 alder1 ash1 hornbeam1 and yew towered over savannahs of scented herbs1 and glades of many-tinted grasses4 ,some clumps of chestnut-trees1 hereafter to spread into forests1 but then rare1 and cultivated as we cultivate oranges and citrons1 stood proudly apart4 ,a vegetation1 which has partly vanished1 gave its own physical aspect to an ,italy the social conditions of which have vanished altogether2 and were even then passing1 and about to pass1 through their last appearances4 ,but much also that we in our days have seen1 both there and elsewhere1 was there then4 ,the flower or blossom of the pomegranate lifted its scarlet light amidst vines and olives2 miles of oleander trees waved their masses of flame under the tender green filigree of almond groves1 and seemed to laugh in scorn at the mourning groups of yew1 and the bowed head of the dark1 widow-like1 and inconsolable cypress4 ,all over the leaves of the woods autumn had strewn its innumerable hues4 ,in the west1 the sky was hung with those glories which no painter ever reproduced and no poet ever sang2 it was one of the sunsets which make all persons of sensibility who contemplate them dumb1 by making all that can be said of them worse than useless4 ,a magnificent and enormous villa1 or castellum1 or country mansion--palace it seemed--showed parts of its walls1 glass windows1 and ,ionic columns1 through the woods on the banks of the ,liris2 and upon the roof of this palace a great company of gilt1 tinted1 and white statues1 much larger than life1 in various groups and attitudes1 as they conversed1 lifted their arms1 knelt1 prayed1 stooped1 stood up1 threatened1 and acted1 were glittering above the tree-tops in the many-colored lights of the setting sun4 ,ah6 let us stop2 let us rest a few moments1 cried the child1 smiling through her tears at the smiles of nature and the enchanting beauty of the scene2 only a few moments under the great trees1 mother4 ,it was a group of chestnuts1 a few yards from the side of the road2 and beneath them came to join the highway through the meadows1 and vineyards1 and forest-land1 a broad beaten track from the direction of the splendid villa that stood on the ,liris4 ,paulus instantly sprang from the carruca1 and1 having first helped his mother to alight1 took his sister in his arms and placed her sitting under the green shade4 ,a ,thracian woman1 a slave1 descended meantime from the box1 and the driver drew his vehicle to the side of the highway4 ,while they thus reposed1 with no sound about them1 as they thought1 save the rustle of the leaves1 the distant ripple of the waters1 and the vehement shrill call of the cicala1 hidden in the grass somewhere near1 their destinies were coming4 ,the freedman suddenly held up his hand1 and drew their attention by that peculiar sound through the teeth1 7st17 which in all nations signifies listen6 ,and1 indeed1 a distant1 dull1 vague noise was now heard southward1 and seemed to increase and approach along the ,appian road4 ,every eye in our little group of travellers was turned in the direction mentioned1 and they could see a white cloud of dust coming swiftly northward4 ,soon they distinguished the tramp of many horses at the trot4 ,then1 over the top of a hill which had intercepted the view1 came the gleam of arms1 filling the whole width of the way1 and advancing like a torrent of light4 ,the ground trembled2 and1 headed by a troop or two of ,numidian riders1 and then a couple of troops or turm of ,batavian cavalry1 a thousand horse1 at least1 of the ,prtorian ,guards1 arrayed1 as usual1 magnificently1 swept along in a column two hundred deep1 with a rattle and ring of metal rising treble upon the ear over the continuous bass of the beating hoofs1 as the foam floats above the roll of the waves4 ,the young girl was at once startled from the sense of sickness and grief1 and gazed with big eyes at the pageant4 ,six hundred yards further on a trumpet-note1 clear and long1 gave some sudden signal1 and the whole body instantly halted4 ,from a detached group in the rear an officer now rode toward the front2 a loud word or two of command was heard1 a slight movement followed1 and then1 as if the column were some monstrous yellow-scaled serpent with an elastic neck and a black head1 the swarthy troops which had led the advance wheeled slowly backward1 two instead of five abreast1 while the main column simultaneously stretched itself forward on a narrower face1 and with a deeper file1 occupying thus less than half the width of the road1 which they had before nearly filled1 and extending much further onward4 ,meantime the squadrons which had led it continued to defile to the rear2 and when their last rank had passed the last of those fronting in the opposite direction1 they suddenly faced to their own right1 and1 standing like statues1 lined the way on the side opposite to that where our travellers were reposing1 but some forty or fifty yards higher up the road1 or more north4 ,in front of the line of horsemen1 who1 after wheeling back1 had been thus faced to their own right1 or the proper left of the line of march1 was now collected a small group of mounted officers4 ,one of them wore a steel corselet1 a casque of the same metal1 with a few short black feathers in its crest1 and the chlamys1 or a better sort of sagum1 the scarlet mantle of a military tribune1 over a black tunic1 upon which two broad red stripes or ribbons were diagonally sewn4 ,this costume denoted him one of the ,laticlavii1 or broad-ribboned tribunes2 in other words--although1 to judge by the massive gold ring which glittered on the forefinger of his bridle hand1 he might have been originally and personally only a knight--he had received either from the emperor1 or from one of the two ,csars then governing with and under ,augustus1 the senatorial rank4 ,the chlamys was fastened across the top of his chest with a silver clasp1 and the tunic a little lower down with another1 both being open below as far as the waist1 and disclosing a tight-fitting chain-mail corselet1 or shirt of steel rings4 ,the chlamys was otherwise thrown loose over his shoulders1 but the tunic was belted round the corselet at his waist by a buff girdle1 wherein hung the intricately-figured brass scabbard of a straight1 flat1 not very long cut-and-thrust sword1 which he now held drawn in his right hand4 ,in his belt were stuck a pair of manic or chirothec1 as gloves were called1 which seemed to be made of the same material as the girdle2 buffalo-skin greaves on his legs and half-boots 7the calcei1 not the sole or sandals7 completed his dress4 ,he was a handsome man1 about five-and-thirty years old1 brown hair1 an open but thoughtful face1 and an observant eye4 ,he it was who had ridden to the front1 and given those orders the execution of which we have noticed4 ,he had now returned1 and kept his horse a neck or so behind that of an officer far more splendidly attired1 who seemed to pay no attention whatever to the little operation that had occurred1 but1 shading his eyes with one hand from the rays of the setting sun1 gazed over the fields toward the villa or mansion on the ,liris4 ,he was clad in the paludamentum1 the long scarlet cloak of a legatus or general1 the borders being deeply fringed with twice-dyed ,tyrian purple1 7,tyria bis tincta1 or dibapha1 as it is called by ,pliny27 the long folds of which flowed over his charger's haunches4 ,this magnificent mantle was buckled round the wearer's neck with a jewel4 ,his corselet1 unlike that of the colonel or tribune already mentioned1 was of plate-steel1 7instead of rings17 and shone like a looking-glass1 except where it was inlaid with broad lines of gold4 ,he wore a chain of twisted gold round his neck1 and his belt as well as the hilt of his sword1 which remained undrawn by his side in a silver scabbard1 glittered with sardonyx and jasper stones4 ,he had no tunic4 ,his gloves happening1 like those of his subordinate1 to be thrust into the belt round his waist1 left visible a pair of hands so white and delicate as to be almost effeminate4 ,his helmet was thin steel1 and the crest was surmounted by a profuse plume of scarlet cock's feathers4 ,but perhaps the most curious particular of his costume was a pair of shoes or half-boots of red leather1 the points of the toes turned upward4 ,these boots were encrusted with gems1 which formed the patrician crescent1 or letter ,c1 on the top of each foot1 and then wandered into a fanciful tracery of sparkles up the leg4 ,the staped1 or stirrups1 in which his feet rested1 were either of gold or gilt4 ,the countenance of the evidently important personage whose dress has been stated was remarkable4 ,he had regular features1 a handsome straight nose1 eyes half closed with what seemed at first a languid look1 but yet a look which1 if observed more closely1 was almost startling from the extreme attention it evinced1 and from the contrast between such an expression and the indolent indifference or superciliousness upon the surface1 if ,i may so say1 of the physiognomy4 ,there was something sinister and cruel about the mouth4 ,he wore no whiskers or beard1 but a black1 carefully-trimmed moustache4 ,after a steady gaze across the fields in the direction we have already more than once mentioned1 he half turned his head toward the tribune1 and at the same time1 pointing to our travellers1 said something4 ,the tribune1 in his turn1 addressed the first centurion1 7dux legionis17 an officer whose sword1 like that of the legatus1 was undrawn1 but who carried in his right hand a thin wand made of vine-wood4 ,in an instant this officer turned his horse's head and trotted smartly toward our travellers1 upon reaching whom he addressed ,paulus thus3 ,tell me1 ,i pray you1 have you been long here8 ,not a quarter of an hour1 answered ,paulus1 wondering why such a question was asked4 ,and have any persons passed into the road by this pathway8 the centurion then inquired4 ,not since we came1 said ,paulus4 ,the officer thanked him and trotted back4 ,meanwhile1 ,paulus and his mother and the freedman ,philip had not been so absorbed in watching the occurrence and scene just described as to remove their eyes for more than a moment at a time from their dearly-loved charge1 the interesting little mourner who had begged to be allowed to rest under the chestnut-trees4 ,it was not so with ,agatha herself4 ,the child was at once astonished1 bewildered1 and enraptured4 ,had the spectacle and review before her been commanded by some monarch1 or rather some magician1 on purpose to snatch her from the possibility of dwelling longer amidst the gloom1 the regrets1 and the terrors under which she had appeared to be sinking1 neither the wonder of the spectacle1 nor the amenity of the evening when it occurred1 nor the loveliness of the landscape which formed its theatre1 could have been more opportunely combined4 ,she had not only never beheld any thing so magnificent1 but her curiosity was violently aroused4 ,paulus exchanged with his mother and the old freedman a glance of intelligence and of intense satisfaction1 as they both noted the parted lips and dilated eyes with which the child1 half an hour ago so alarmingly ill1 contemplated the drama at which she was accidentally assisting4 ,that's a rare doctor1 whispered ,philip1 pointing to the general of the ,prtorian ,guards4 ,no doctor1 replied ,paulus in the same low tones1 could have prescribed for our darling better4 ,paulus1 said ,agatha1 what are these mighty beings8 ,are these the genii1 and the demons of the mistress-land1 the gods of ,italy8 ,they are a handful of ,italy's troops1 dear1 he said4 ,she looked from her brother to the lady1 and then to the freedman1 and this last1 with a healing instinct which would have done honor to ,hippocrates1 began to stimulate her interest by the agency of suspense and mystery4 ,master ,paulus1 and ,lady ,aglais1 and my little one too1 he said1 in a most impressive and solemn voice1 these be the genii and these be the demons indeed2 but ,i tell you that you have not yet seen all the secret4 ,something is going to happen4 ,attend to me well6 ,you behold a most singular thing6 ,are you aware of what you behold8 ,yonder1 ,master ,paulus1 is the allotted portion of horse for more than three legions3 the justus equitatus1 ,i say1 for a ,roman army of twenty thousand men4 ,yes1 ,i attest all the gods1 continued ,philip in a low voice1 but with great earnestness1 and glancing from the brother to the sister as if his prospects in life were contingent upon his being believed in this4 ,i was at the battle of ,philippi1 and ,i aver that yonder is more than the right allotment of horse for three legions4 ,observe the squadrons1 the turm2 they do not consist of the same arm2 and instead of being distributed in bodies of three or four hundred each to a legion1 they are all together before you without their legions4 ,why is that1 ,master ,paulus8 ,i know not1 said ,paulus4 ,ah6 resumed the freedman1 you know not1 but you will know presently4 ,mark that1 little ,mistress ,agatha1 and bear in mind that ,philip the freedman has said to your brother that he will know all presently4 ,the child gazed wonderingly at the troops as she heard these mysterious words4 ,who are those8 asked she1 pointing to the squadrons of those still in column4 ,who are those in leather jerkins1 covered with the iron scales1 and riding the large1 heavy horses8 ,batavians from the mouths of the ,rhine and the ,scheldt1 answered the freedman1 with a mysterious shake of the head4 ,and those1 pursued she1 with increasing interest2 who are those whose faces shine like dusky copper1 and whose eyes glitter like the eyes of the wild animals in the arena1 when the proconsul of ,greece gives the shows8 ,i mean those who ride the small1 long-tailed horses without any ephippia 7saddle-cloths17 and even without bridles--the soldiers in flowing dress1 with rolls of linen round their heads8 ,they are the ,numidians1 replied ,philip4 ,ah6 ,rome dreaded those horsemen once1 when ,hannibal the ,carthaginian and his motley hordes had their will in these fair plains4 ,as he spoke1 a strange movement occurred4 ,the general or legatus dismounted1 and1 giving the bridle of his horse to a soldier1 began to walk slowly up and down the side of the road4 ,no sooner had his foot touched the ground than the whole of the ,numidian squadron seemed to rise like a covey out of a stubble field2 with little clang of arms1 but with one short1 sharp cry1 or whoop1 it burst from the high road into the meadow land4 ,there the evolutions which they performed seemed at first to be all confusion1 only for the fact that1 although the horsemen had the air of riding capriciously in every direction1 crossing1 intermingling1 separating1 galloping upon opposite curves1 and tracing every figure which the whim and fancy of each might dictate1 yet no two of them ever came into collision4 ,indeed1 fantastic and wild as that rhapsody of manuvres into which they had broken appeared to be1 some principle which was thoroughly understood by every one of them governed their mazy gallop4 ,it was as accurate and exact as some stately dance of slaves at the imperial court4 ,it was1 in short1 itself a wild dance of the ,numidian cavalry1 in which their reinless horses1 guided only by the flashing blades and the voices of their riders1 manifested the most vehement spirit and a sort of sympathetic frenzy4 ,these steeds1 which never knew the bridle1 and went thus mouth-free even into battle--these horses1 which their masters turned loose at night into the fields1 and which came back bounding and neighing at the first call1 were now madly plunging1 wheeling1 racing1 and charging1 like gigantic dogs at sport4 ,presently they began to play a strange species of leap-frog4 ,a ,numidian boy1 who carried a trumpet and rode a pony1 or at least a horse smaller and lower than the rest of the barbs1 7,berber horses17 suddenly halted upon the outside of the mad cavalry whirlpool which had been formed1 and flung himself flat at full length upon the back of the diminutive animal4 ,instantly the whirl1 as it circled toward him1 straightened itself into a column1 and every horseman rode full upon the stationary pony1 and cleared both steed and rider at a bound1 a torrent of cavalry rushing over the obstruction with wild shouts4 ,that is ,numidian sport1 ,master ,paulus1 said the freedman2 but there is not a rider among them to be compared to yourself4 ,certainly ,i can ride1 said the youth2 but ,i pretend not to be superior to these ,centaurs4 ,be these1 then1 the ,centaurs ,i have heard of8 asked ,agatha2 be these the wild powers8 ,the hubbub had prevented her1 and all with her1 from noticing something4 ,before an answer could be given1 the ,numidians had returned to the highway as suddenly as they had quitted it1 and the noise of their dance was succeeded by a pause of attention4 ,the general was again on horseback1 and our travellers perceived that two litters1 one of carved ivory and gold1 the other of sculptured bronze1 borne on the shoulders of slaves1 were beside them4 ,two gentlemen on foot had arrived with the litters along the broad pathway already noticed1 and a group of attendants at a little distance were following4 ,this new party were now halting with our travellers beneath the far-spreading shade of the same trees4 ,in the ivory litter reclined a girl of about seventeen1 dressed in a long palla of blue silk1 a material then only just introduced from ,india1 through ,arabia and ,egypt1 and so expensive as to be beyond the reach of any but the richest class4 ,her hair1 which was of a bright gold color1 was dressed in the fashionable form of a helmet1 7galerus17 and was inclosed behind in a gauze net4 ,she wore large inaures1 or ear-rings1 of some jewel1 a gold chain1 in every ring of which was set a gem1 and scarlet shoes embroidered with pearls4 ,the lady in the bronze litter was attired in the stola of a matron1 with a cyclas1 or circular robe1 thrown back from the neck1 and a tunic of dark purple which descended to her feet4 ,her brown hair was restrained by bands1 vitt1 which had an honorable significance among the ,roman ladies1 7,nil mihi cum vitta1 says the profligate author of the ,ars ,amandi47 ,she seemed somewhat past thirty years of age2 she had a very sweet1 calm1 and matronly air2 her countenance was as beautiful in features and general effect as it was modest in its tone and character4 ,her companion1#d in the litter of ivory and gold1 was not more than half her age1 was even more beautiful1 with an immense wreath of golden hair1 and with large blue eyes1 darkening to the likeness of black as she gazed earnestly upon any object4 ,but she had a less gentle physiognomical expression4 ,frequently her look was penetrating1 brief1 impatient1 sarcastic1 disdainful4 ,she had a bewitching smile1 however1 and her numerous admirers made ,italy echo with their ravings4 ,lucius ,varius1 said the fashionable world1 was at that very time engaged upon a kind of sapphic ode1 of which she was to be the subject4 ,scarcely had these litters or palanquins arrived and halted1 when the general officer dismounted once more1 and walked quickly toward the spot with his helmet in his hand4 ,at a few yards' distance he stopped1 and first bowed low to the elder of the two gentlemen who had accompanied the litters on foot1 and then1 almost entirely disregarding the other gentleman1 made an obeisance not quite so long or so deep to the ladies4 ,the man whom so splendid a personage as the legatus1 wearing his flaming paludamentum1 and at the head of his troops1 thus treated with so obsequious a veneration1 did not return the salute except by a slight nod and a momentary1 absent-minded smile4 ,his gaze had been riveted upon our travellers1 and chiefly upon the youth and his young1 suffering sister1 upon both of whom1 after it had quickly taken in ,philip the freedman1 the ,thracian woman1 and the ,athenian lady1 it rested long--longest and last upon ,agatha4 ,sejanus1 said he finally1 who are these8 ,i never saw them until just now1 my commander and ,csar2 they were here when we halted1 and while we waited for our master1 the favorite of the gods1 these travellers seemed to be resting where you behold them4 ,as those gods favor me1 said the other1 this is a fine youth4 ,can we not edit#e him8 ,and yonder girl--have you ever seen1 my ,sejanus1 such eyes8 ,but she is deadly pale4 ,are you always thus pale1 pretty one1 or are you merely ill8 ,if but ill1 as ,i guess1 ,charicles1 my ,greek physician1 shall cure you4 ,before this man had even spoken1 the moment1 indeed1 when first his eyes fell upon her1 ,agatha had sidled close to her mother2 and while he was expressing himself in that way to ,sejanus1 she returned his gaze with panic-stricken1 dilated eyes1 as the ,south ,american bird returns that of the reptile2 but when he directly questioned her1 she1 reaching out her hand to ,paulus1 clutched his arm with a woman's grasp1 and said in an affrighted voice1 ,my brother1 let us go4 ,paulus1 in a manner naturally easy1 and marked by the elegance and grace which the athletic training of ,athens had given to one so well endowed physically1 first1 merely saying to the stranger1 ,i crave your pardon1 7veniam posco17 lifted ,agatha with one arm1 and placed her in the travelling carriage4 ,then1 while the freedman and the ,thracian slave mounted to their bench1 he returned to where his mother stood1 signed to her to follow ,agatha1 and1 seeing her move calmly but quickly toward the vehicle1 he took the broad-rimmed petasus from his head1 and bowing slowly and lowly to the stranger1 said1 ,powerful sir1 for ,i observe you are a man of great authority1 my sister is too ill to converse4 ,you rightly guessed this2 permit us to take her to her destination4 ,the man whom he had thus balked1 and to whom he now thus spoke1 merits a word of description4 ,he appeared to be more than fifty years old4 ,the mask of his face and the frame of his head were large1 but not fat4 ,his complexion was vivid brick-red all over the cheeks1 with a deeper flush in one spot on each side1 just below the outer corners of the eyes4 ,the eyes were bloodshot1 large1 rather prominent1 and were closely set together4 ,the nose was large1 long1 bony1 somewhat aquiline4 ,the forehead was not high1 not low2 it was much developed above the eyes1 and it was broad4 ,a deep and perpetual dint just over the nose reached half-way up the forehead4 ,his hair was grizzled and close cut4 ,his lips were full and fleshy1 and the mouth was wide2 the jaws were large and massive4 ,his face was shaven of all hair4 ,the chin was very handsome and large1 and the whole head was set upon a thick1 strong throat1 not stunted1 however1 of its proper length4 ,in person this man was far from ungainly1 nor yet was he handsome4 ,in carriage and bearing1 without much majesty1 he had nevertheless something steadfast1 weighty1 unshrinking1 and commanding4 ,his outer garment1 not a toga1 was all one color and material2 it was a long1 thick wadded silk mantle1 of that purple dye which is nearly black--the hue1 indeed1 of clotted gore under a strong light4 ,he wore gloves1 and instead of the usual short sword of the ,romans1 had a long steel stylus#f for writing on wax thrust into a black leathern belt4 ,this instrument seemed to show that he lived much in ,rome1 where it was not the custom1 when otherwise in civilian dress1 to go armed4 ,as the reader will have guessed1 this man was to be the next emperor of the ,roman world4 ,permit you to take her to her destination8 he repeated slowly4 ,my ,greek physician1 ,i tell you1 shall cure her4 ,i will give directions about your destination4 ,a slight pause2 then1 ,are you a ,roman citizen8 ,i am a ,roman knight as well as citizen1 answered ,paulus proudly2 and my family is not only equestrian1 but patrician4 ,what is your name8 ,paulus milius ,lepidus4 ,the man in the black or gore-colored purple glanced at ,sejanus1 who1 still unconcerned1 stood with his splendid helmet in the left hand1 while he smoothed his moustache with the right2 otherwise perfectly still1 his handsome face1 cruel mouth1 and intelligent eyes all alive with the keenest attention4 ,and the destination to which you allude is--8 pursued the man in black purple4 ,formi1 said ,paulus4 ,what relation or kinship exists between you and ,marcus milius ,lepidus1 formerly the triumvir1 who still enjoys the life which he owes to the clemency of ,augustus8 ,paulus hesitated4 ,when he had given his name1 the younger of the two ladies had raised herself suddenly in the litter of ivory and gold1 and fastened upon him a searching gaze1 which she had not since removed4 ,the other lady had also at that instant looked at him fixedly4 ,we have already stated that1 when ,sejanus approached the group1 he had not deigned in any very cordial manner to salute or notice the second of the two gentlemen who had accompanied the litters on foot4 ,this gentleman was very sallow1 had hollow eyes1 and a habit of gnawing his under lip between his teeth4 ,he had unbuckled his sword1 and had given it1 calling out1 ,lygdus1 carry this1 to a man with an exceedingly sinister and repulsive countenance4 ,the man in question had now taken a step or two forward1 and was standing on the left of ,paulus1 fronting the ,csar1 his shoulders stooping1 his neck bent forward1 his eyes without any motion of the head rolling incessantly from person to person1 and face to face1 but at once falling before and avoiding any glance which happened to meet his4 ,he looked askant and furtively at every object with an eager1 unhappy1 and malign expression4 ,paulus did not need to turn his head to feel that this man was now intently peering at him4 ,behind the two courtly palanquins1 and beyond the shade of the trees1 was a third litter still more costly1 being covered in parts with plate gold4 ,here sat a woman with a face as white as alabaster1 and large prominent black eyes1 watching the scene1 and apparently trying to catch every word that was said4 ,paulus1 as we have observed1 hesitated4 ,the training of youth in the days of classic antiquity soon obliterated the inferiority of unreasoning1 nervous shyness4 ,but the strange catechism which ,paulus was now undergoing1 with all this gaze upon him from so many eyes1 began to be a nuisance1 and to tell upon a spirit singularly high4 ,have you heard my question8 inquired ,tiberius4 ,i have heard it1 replied ,paulus2 and have heard and answered several others1 without knowing who he is that asks them4 ,however1 the former triumvir1 now living at ,circi1 about forty thousand paces from here1 is my father's brother4 7,circi1 as the reader knows1 is now called ,monte ,circello1 a promontory just opposite ,gaeta47 ,when ,paulus had given his last answer1 the ladies glanced at each other1 and the younger looked long and hard at ,tiberius4 ,getting some momentary signal from him1 she threw herself back in her palanquin and smiled meaningly at the stooping1 sinister-faced man1 who had stationed himself in the manner already mentioned near ,paulus's left hand4 ,your father1 rejoined ,tiberius1 after a pause1 was a very distinguished soldier1 and1 as ,i always heard when a boy1 he contributed eminently to the victory of ,philippi4 ,but ,i knew not that he had children2 and1 moreover1 was he not slain1 pray1 at ,philippi1 toward the end of the battle1 which he certainly helped to gain8 ,i hope1 said ,paulus1 somewhat softened by the praise of his father1 ,i hope that ,augustus supposed him to have died of his wounds1 and that it was only under this delusion he gave our estates--which were situated somewhere in this very province of ,campania1 with a noble mansion like the castellum upon the river yonder--to that brave and able soldier ,agrippa ,vespasianus4 ,at this name a deep red flush over-spread the brow of ,tiberius1 and ,paulus innocently proceeded4 ,certainly1 the noble ,agrippa1 who was to have been ,csar1 had he lived1 never would have accepted so unfair a bounty had he known that my father really survived his wounds1 but that--despairing of the generosity1 or rather despairing of the equity of ,augustus--he was living a melancholy1 exheridated exile1 near that very battle-field of ,philippi1 in ,thrace1 where he had fought so well and had been left for dead4 ,you dare to term the act of ,augustus1 slowly said the man in the gore-colored purple cloak1 so unfair a bounty1 and ,augustus himself ungenerous1 or rather unjust8 ,at this terrible rejoinder from such a man1 the down-looking person whom we have mentioned passed his right hand stealthily to the hilt of the sword which he was carrying for his master1 and half drew it4 ,paulus1 who for some time had had this person standing at his left1 could observe the action without turning his head4 ,he was perfectly aware1 moreover1 that1 should the other draw his weapon upon him1 the very act of drawing it would itself become a blow1 on account of their respective places1 whereas to escape it required more distance between them1 and to parry it in a regular way would demand quite a different position1 besides the needful moment or two for disengaging his own rather long blade4 ,yet the youth stood completely still2 he never even turned his head4 ,however1 he just shifted the wide-rimmed hat from his left to his right hand 7the hand for the sword7 and thereby seemed to be only more encumbered1 unprepared1 and defenceless than before4 ,his left hand1 with the back inward1 fell also meantime in an easy and natural way upon the emerald haft of the outlandish-looking three-edged rapier1 which1 as he played with it1 became loose in the scabbard1 and came and went some fraction of an inch4 ,i never termed him so1 said ,paulus4 ,i said not this of ,augustus4 ,i am at this moment on my way to ,augustus himself1 who is1 ,i am told1 to be at ,formi with his court for a week or two4 ,i must1 therefore1 again ask your leave1 mighty office-bearer1 to continue my journey4 ,i know not so much as who you are4 ,i am ,tiberius ,csar1 said the other1 bending upon him those closely-set1 prominent1 bloodshot eyes with no very assuring expression4 ,i am ,tiberius ,csar1 and you will be pleased to wait one moment before you continue the journey in question4 ,the accusation against your father was this3 that1 after ,philippi1 he labored for the interests first of ,sextus1 the son of ,pompey1 and afterward of ,mark ,antony1 in their respective impious and parricidal struggles2 and the answer to this charge 7a charge to which witnesses neither were nor are wanting7 has always been1 that it was simply impossible1 seeing that ,paulus ,lepidus1 your father1 perished at ,philippi before the alleged treasons had occurred4 ,wherefore1 as your father had done good service1 especially in the great battle where he was thus supposed to have fallen1 not only was his innocence declared certain1 but1 for his memory's sake1 ,marcus ,lepidus1 the triumvir1 your uncle1 was forgiven4 ,yet now we learn from you1 the son of the accused1 that the only defence ever made for him is positively false2 that your father1 were he still living1 would probably merit to be put to death2 and that your uncle1 at the same time1 is stripped of the one protecting circumstance which has preserved his head4 ,i must order your arrest1 and that of all your party1 in order that these things may be at least fully investigated4 ,as this was said1 the lady in the litter of ivory and gold contemplated ,paulus with that bewitching smile which she was accustomed to bestow upon dying gladiators in the hippodrome2 while the other lady gazed at him with a compassionate1 forecasting and muse-like look4 ,i mean no disrespect whatever to so great a man as you1 sir2 but ,i will1 said ,paulus1 appeal from ,tiberius ,csar to ,csar ,augustus2 to whom1 ,i again remind you1 ,i am on my way4 ,no sooner had he uttered the words1 ,i appeal from ,tiberius1 than1 before he could finish the sentence1 the malign-faced man on his left with great suddenness drew the sword hew as carrying for ,cneius ,piso1 and1 availing himself of the first natural sweep of the weapon as it left the scabbard1 sought to bring the edge of it backward across the face of ,paulus1 exclaiming1 while he did so1 ,speak you thus to ,csar8 ,had this man1 who was the future assassin of ,drusus1 and slave to ,cneius ,piso1 who was the future assassin of ,germanicus1 succeeded in delivering that well-meant stroke1 the sentence which our hero was addressing to ,tiberius could never have been said out2 but said out1 as we see1 it was1 and said1 too1 with due propriety of emphasis1 although with a singular accompanying delivery4 ,in fact1 though not deigning to look round toward this man1 ,paulus had been vividly aware of his movements1 and1 swift as was the attack1 the defence was truly electrical4 ,paulus's rapier1 the hilt of which1 as we have remarked1 had been for some time in his left hand1 leapt from its sheath1 and being first held almost perpendicularly for one moment1 the point down and the hilt a little higher than his forehead1 met the murderous blow at right angles2 after which the delicate long blade flashed upward1 with graceful ease but irresistible violence1 bearing the assassin's weapon backward upon a small semi-circle1 and remaining inside of it1 or1 in other words1 nearer to ,lygdus's body than ,piso's own sword1 which he carried1 was4 ,it looked like a mere continuation of this dazzling parry1 but was1 in truth1 a vigorous deviation from it1 which none but a very pliant and powerful wrist could have executed2 when the emerald pommel fell like a hammer upon the forehead of ,lygdus the slave1 whom that disdainful blow stretched at his length upon the ground1 motionless1 and to all appearance dead4 ,as ,piso was standing close1 the steel guard of the hilt1 in passing1 tore open his brow and cheek4 ,the whole occurrence occupied only five or seven seconds1 and meanwhile the youth finished his sentence with the words already recorded1 ,from ,tiberius ,csar to ,csar ,augustus1 to whom1 ,i again remind you1 ,i am on my way4 ,an exclamation of astonishment1 and perhaps some other feeling1 escaped from ,tiberius4 ,sejanus smiled2 the woman with the pale face and black eyes1 who sat in the unadorned plate-of-gold palanquin1 screamed2 and the other ladies laughed loudly4 ,among the prtorian guards1 who from the road were watching with attention the group where they saw their general and the ,csar1 a long1 low murmur of approbation ran4 ,at this1 ,tiberius turned and looked steadily and musingly toward them4 ,paulus1 instantly sheathing his weapon1 said1 ,i ask ,csar's pardon1 but there was no time to obtain his permission for what ,i have just done4 ,my head must have been in two pieces had ,i waited but one moment4 ,just half a moment for each piece1 said ,tiberius2 but your left hand seems well able to keep your head4 ,are you left-handed8 ,no1 great ,csar1 said ,paulus2 ,i am what my ,greek teacher of fence used to call two-handed1 dimachrus2 he tried to make all his pupils so1 but my right remains far better than my left4 ,then ,i should like to see your right thoroughly exercised1 said ,tiberius4 ,paulus heard a sweet voice here say1 ,as a favor to me1 do not order the arrest of this brave youth2 and1 turning1 he beheld the beautiful creature in the litter of ivory and gold plead for him with ,tiberius4 ,the large blue eyes1 darkening as she supplicated1 smote the youth1 and he could hardly take away his gaze4 ,young man1 go forward with your mother and sister to ,formi1 under the charge of ,velleius ,paterculus1 the military tribune whom you see yonder upon the road4 ,remain in ,formi till ,i give you leave to quit it4 ,report your place of residence to the tribune4 ,go6 ,the last word was pronounced harshly4 ,tiberius made a signal with his hand to ,paterculus4 ,then passing his arm through that of ,sejanus1 and speaking to him in a low tone1 he led the general aside into the fields to a little distance2 while--with the exception of two mounted troopers1 7each leading a horse17 who remained behind1 but considerably out of hearing--the prtorian guards1 the three litters1 and the travelling biga began to move toward ,formi1 leaving the road to silence1 and the evening landscape to peace4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,cicero1 ,legg4 ii4 #bc4 #c ,plutarch in ,pompey4 ,seneca1 ,epis4 #fd4 #d ,mother of ,caligula1 and grandmother of ,nero1 by her daughter ,agrippina ,julia4 #e ,to produce a gladiator in the arena was to edit him4 #f ,pliny1 ,epis4 iii4 #ba4 ,,mary ,,queen ,,of ,,scots4#g ,there is1 after all1 but slight exaggeration in the old saying1 that a lie travels leagues while truth is putting on boots to pursue and overtake it4 ,and even when overtaken1 caught1 and choked1 how hard it dies6 ,in our daily experience1 how often does truthful exposure utterly extinguish false and evil report8 ,certainly not always1 and probably but very seldom4 ,in the intercourse of society1 one may partially crush out a calumny by going straight to those who should know the truth and compelling them to listen to it4 ,but the lie historical cannot be so met4 ,people in this busy world have no time to spend in reading long documents in vindication of men or women long since dead4 ,but they have read the calumny8 ,certainly4 ,the calumny is not so long as the refutation1 and is more readable4 ,it is attractive2 it is piquant4 ,mary ,stuart as an adulteress and a murderess is an interesting character4 ,people never tire of hearing of her4 ,but ,mary ,stuart1 the upright queen1 the noble and true woman1 the faithful spouse and affectionate mother1 has but slight attractions for the mass of readers4 ,to hear her so proven must be dull reading4 ,nevertheless1 with time comes truth2 for although ,the mills of the gods grind slowly1 ,they grind exceedingly fine2 which we take to be only a modern1 heathenish way of saying1 as we chant every ,sunday at vespers1 ,et justitia ejus manet in seculum seculi4 ,look at the ,galileo story4 ,galileo died more than two hundred years ago4 ,yet it is only within a lifetime that the truth concerning him began to dawn upon the ,english mind4 ,mary ,queen of ,scots surrendered her soul to ,god and her head to ,elizabeth nearly three centuries ago1 and the combat over her reputation to-day rages as hot as ever4 ,in the case of the ,florentine astronomer1 there has been no strongly decided hereditary transmission of the falsehood4 ,in that of the ,queen of ,scotland every inch of ground is obstinately fought1 because her innocence means the shame of ,england1 the disgrace of ,knox1 the condemnation of the ornaments of the ,anglican and ,puritan churches1 and the infamy of ,elizabeth4 ,these enemies of ,mary yet live in transmitted prejudices and powerful hereditary interests4 ,the very existence of all the boasting1 pride1 false reputation1 hypocritical piety1 and national vanity represented by the familiar catchwords of ,our ,noble ,harry1 ,glorious ,queen ,bess1 ,the ,virgin ,queen1 ,our ,sainted ,reformers1 has its inspiration and life-breath in the maintenance of every calumny against ,mary ,stuart and the ,catholic ,church of that day2 and we must do these supporters the credit of admitting that they are instant in season and out of season1 and never weary in their work4 ,but their case was long since made up4 ,they have said their last word1 and shot all the arrows of their quiver4 ,with each succeeding year ,elizabeth's reputation fails1 and is rapidly passing into disgrace4 ,with the same rapidity ,mary's fame grows brighter4 ,the books and pamphlets written in attack or defence of ,mary would of themselves form a library4 ,for the attack1 the key-note is to be found in ,cecil's avowed principle concerning the treatment of the dethroned queen1 that their purpose could not be obtained without disgracing her4 ,hence1 the silver-casket letters1 and the so-called confessions of ,paris4 ,hence1 the issue1 during every year of her long imprisonment of eighteen years1 of some vile pamphlet1 under ,cecil's instructions1 calculated to blast her character4 ,two men in particular powerfully contributed to defame the ,queen of ,scots--,john ,knox and ,george ,buchanan4 ,knox by his sermons1 in which1 says ,russel1 7,history of the ,reformation1 vol4 i4 p4 #bib17 lying strives with rage2 ,buchanan1 by his writings1 which have been made by ,mary's enemies one of the sources of history4 ,buchanan was an apostate monk1 saved from the gallows by ,mary1 and loaded with her favors4 ,an eye-witness of her dignity1 her goodness1 and her purity1 he afterward described her as the vilest of women4 ,he sold his pen to ,elizabeth1 and has been properly described as unrivalled in baseness1 peerless in falsehood1 supreme in ingratitude4 ,his ,detection was published 7#aegj7 in ,latin1 and copies were immediately sent by ,cecil to ,elizabeth's ambassador in ,paris with instructions to circulate them2 for they will come to good effect to disgrace her1 which must be done before other purposes can be obtained4 ,this shameful work has been the inspiration of most of the portraits drawn of ,mary4 ,de ,thou in ,france1 ,spotiswoode1 ,jebb1 and many others in ,england1 have all followed him4 ,holinshed too was deceived by ,buchanan2 but it is doubtful if he dared write otherwise than he did1 between the terrors of ,cecil's spies and ,elizabeth's mace4 ,an ,english translation of ,buchanan was first published in #afij1 being called forth by the revolution of #afhh4 ,jebb's two folio volumes appeared in #agbe4 ,two additional lives of ,mary1 by ,heywood 7#agbe7 and ,freebairn1 were little more than translations from the ,french4 ,in #agbf1 ,edward ,simmons published ,mary's forged letters as genuine4 ,anderson's voluminous collection of papers 7four large volumes7 appeared in #agbg and #agbh4 ,meantime1 from the accession of a new dynasty and the rebellion of #agae1 there arose in ,edinburgh a sort of society having for its principal object the work of supporting ,buchanan's credit and vilifying the ,scottish queen4 ,later came the well-known and widely published histories of ,scotland and of ,england by ,robertson and ,hume1 which1 read wherever the ,english language was known1 may be said to have popularized the culpability of ,mary4 ,until within comparatively few years1 ,hume's work was the only history of ,england generally read in the ,united ,states4 ,then came ,malcolm ,laing1 who imagined he had closed the controversy against ,mary in his bitter ,dissertation4 ,mignet1 in ,france1 went further than ,laing1 while ,froude1 in his history of ,england1 distancing all previous writers1 portrays ,mary in the blackest colors as one of the most criminal and devilish of women4 ,for his material there is no statement so absurd1 no invention so gross1 no lie so palpable1 no calumny so vile1 provided only that it be to the prejudice of ,mary ,stuart1 that does not find favor in his eyes4 ,in his blind hatred of the ,catholic queen1 forgetting all historic dignity and even personal decency1 he showers upon her such epithets as panther1 ferocious animal1 wild-cat1 brute2 her persecutors being white-robed saints1 such as the pious ,cecil1 and the noble and stainless ,murray1 and the virgin ,queen ,elizabeth appearing as a beneficent fairy coming out of the clouds to rescue an erring sister4 ,but ,mary's cause has not wanted defenders4 ,among the best known are1 ,john ,leslie1 ,bishop of ,ross2 ,camden and ,carte1 the ,english historians2 ,herrera1 the ,spanish bishop2 ,robert ,keith2 ,goodall1 7#aged17 who made the first searching analysis of the silver-casket letters1 showing that the ,french text of the pretended ,bothwell love-letters1 until then supposed to be original1 was a poor translation from the ,latin or ,scotch4 ,william ,tytler 7#agei7 and ,john ,whitaker 7#aghh7 proved that the letters were forged by those who produced them4 ,stuart1 in his history of ,scotland1 7#agfb17 and ,mademoiselle ,keraglio1 in her ,life of ,elizabeth1 7#aghf17 both protested against the conclusions of ,hume and ,robertson4 ,in #ahah1 ,george ,chalmers took up ,laing's book1 and proved conclusively1 with a mass of newly-discovered testimony1 that the accusers of ,mary were themselves the murderers of ,darnley4 ,then followed the learned ,dr4 ,lingard1 ,guthrie1 and ,h4 ,glassford ,bell4 ,but all these works were either too heavy and cumbrous for popular reading1 or too narrow in their scope2 most of them being better prepared for reference than for reading1 and of but slight effective service in the field occupied by ,hume and ,robertson4 ,miss ,strickland's work is well known to all our readers1 and has done much good4 ,in #ahff1 ,mr4 ,mc,neel ,caird published ,mary ,stuart1 her ,guilt or ,innocence1 in which he effectively defends ,mary and seriously damages ,mr4 ,froude's veracity4 ,a most valuable historical contribution is the late work 7#ahfi7 of ,m4 ,jules ,gauthier4 ,the first volume is out and the second will be issued in a few months4 ,m4 ,gauthier says that after reading the work of ,m4 ,mignet1 he had no doubt that ,queen ,mary had assassinated her husband in order to avenge the death of ,riccio4 ,i was1 therefore1 surprised1 he continues1 on arriving at ,edinburgh1 in #ahfa1 to hear ,mary warmly defended1 and reference made to documents recently discovered that were strongly in her favor4 ,i then formed the resolution to study for myself this historical problem and to discover the truth4 ,i had no idea of writing a book1 and no motive but that of satisfying my own curiosity4 ,i have devoted several years solely to this object in ,scotland1 ,england1 and ,spain4 ,m4 ,gauthier then gives a formidable list of authorities and manuscripts not usually quoted1 acknowledges the aid of the librarians of the legal library at ,edinburgh1 the learned ,mr4 ,robertson of the ,register ,house1 ,robert ,chambers1 and the archivist of ,simancas1 ,don ,emanuel ,gonzalez1 and announces the result to be a complete change of opinion4 ,he goes on to say that1 before examining all the documents of the trial1 he had no doubt of the guilt of ,mary ,stuart2 but after having scrutinized and compared them1 he remained and still remains convinced that it was solely to assure the fruit of their shameful victory that the barons1 who had dethroned their queen with ,england's help1 sought to throw upon her the crimes of which they themselves were the authors or the accomplices1 and in which their auxiliaries were ,elizabeth and her ministers4 ,but what is of far greater importance1 ,m4 ,gauthier announces the discovery among the ,simancas ,,mss4 of documents that prove beyond all question that the silver-casket letters were forgeries4 ,this important revelation he promises for the second volume4 ,preceding ,m4 ,gauthier in time1 ,m4 ,wiesener1 another ,french writer1 had1 in an admirable critique1 demolished the foundations on which rest most of the calumnies against ,mary ,stuart4 ,and now we have ,mr4 ,hosack's work4 ,there is a beautiful poetic justice in the fact that the most effective defences of ,mary ,stuart1 in the ,english language1 come from ,protestant pens1 and that in ,scotland among the sons of the ,puritans are found her most enthusiastic advocates4 ,mr4 ,hosack is an ,edinburgh lawyer1 and a ,protestant4 ,his book1 written in a tone of legal calmness and dignity1 stands in refreshing contrast with ,mr4 ,froude's savage bitterness and repulsive violence1 and seriously damages any credit that may be claimed for the latter as a historian4 ,entirely at home in the customs1 localities1 laws1 and history of ,scotland1 he throws unexpected light on a hundred interesting points heretofore left in obscurity by foreign1 and even ,english historians4 ,mr4 ,hosack also produces many valuable documents never before published4 ,among these are the specific charges preferred against ,mary at the conference at ,westminster in #aefh4 ,the ,articles produced by ,mary's accusers before they exhibited their proofs to the commissioners of ,queen ,elizabeth1 although constantly referred to by historians1 are nowhere to be found among all the voluminous collections heretofore published on the subject4 ,mr4 ,hosack discovered this valuable paper in the collection known as the ,hopetoun ,manuscripts1 which are now in the custody of the lord clerk register4 ,another most interesting document presented by ,mr4 ,hosack is one long supposed to be lost1 namely1 the journal of the proceedings at ,westminster on the day upon which the silver casket containing the alleged letters of ,queen ,mary to ,bothwell was produced4 ,then comes the inventory of the jewels of the ,queen of ,scots1 attached to her last will and testament1 made in #aeff1 when ,mary was supposed to be dying4 ,this paper has been but recently discovered in the ,register ,house1 ,edinburgh4 ,it is of high importance1 as throwing light on a disputed point concerning ,darnley4 ,finally1 with the aid of ,professor ,schiern1 of ,copenhagen1 ,mr4 ,hosack has succeeded in ascertaining the date of the capture of ,nicholas ,hubert1 commonly called ,french ,paris4 ,this point is also weighty in connection with the question of the authenticity of the deposition ascribed to him4 ,the ,english critics of ,mr4 ,hosack's book--many of them partisans of ,froude1 and armed in the triple steel of their national prejudice--are unanimous in praise of his research1 and the able presentation of his argument4 ,mr4 ,hosack distinctly charges ,mr4 ,froude with inventing fictions1 and1 moreover1 sustains the charge4 ,the aim of ,mr4 ,hosack's work is not so much to write the life of ,mary ,stuart as to demonstrate that her accusers were guilty of the very crime 7the murder of ,darnley7 of which they charge her1 and that she was innocent1 not only of that1 but of any intrigue with ,bothwell4 ,passing over in silence the period of ,mary's residence in ,france1 our author rapidly glances at the salient points in the administration of ,mary of ,lorraine1 the mother of ,mary ,stuart1 an admirable character1 whose energy1 integrity1 resolution1 and fortitude would have adorned the character of the greatest sovereign that ever reigned4 ,mr4 ,hosack thus speaks of her death3 ,the words of the dying princess1 at once so magnanimous and gentle1 were listened to with deep emotion by the ,protestant chiefs1 who1 though in arms against her authority1 all acknowledged and admired her private virtues4 ,amidst the tears of her enemies1 thus died the best and wisest woman of the age4 ,knox alone1 adds ,mr4 ,hosack1 sought by means of the most loathsome slanders to vilify the character of this excellent princess2 and it was no doubt at his instigation that the rites of ,christian burial were denied to her remains in ,scotland4 ,mr4 ,hosack then takes up the history of ,mary from the period of her arrival in ,scotland1 and ends with the commencement of her imprisonment in ,england4 ,mary came to reign over a country virtually in the power of a band of violent and rapacious lords1 long in rebellion against their king4 ,of the five royal ,jameses1 three had perished1 victims of their aristocratic anarchy4 ,the personal piety of these rebellious lords was infinitesimal2 but they had an enormous appreciation of ,henry ,,viii4's plunder of the monasteries and division of the church lands among the nobles1 and desired to see ,scotland submitted to the same regimen--they1 of course1 becoming ardent reformers4 ,the young queen soon won the hearts of the people of ,edinburgh by her sweetness and grace4 ,one of her first experiences was the remarkable interview with ,knox1 in which he bore himself as properly became the ruffian of the ,reformation1 while ,mary1 a girl of nineteen1 utterly overcame him in self-possession1 logic1 and command of citation from the ,old ,testament4 ,the man was brimful of vanity4 ,the wound rankled1 and from that moment he was ,mary ,stuart's personal enemy4 ,long before ,mary's arrival1 ,knox and his friends had obtained full sway4 ,the reformers had destroyed the monastic establishments in the central counties1 and1 under the influence of ,knox1 had an act passed for the total destruction of what they called monuments of superstition2 the monuments of superstition in question being all that ,scotland possessed of what was most valuable in art and venerable in architecture4 ,the registers of the church1 and the libraries1 says ,spotiswoode1 were cast into the fire4 ,in a word1 all was ruined2 and what had escaped in the time of the first tumult1 did now undergo the common calamity4 ,in his sermons1 ,knox openly denounced ,mary1 not only as an incorrigible idolatress1 but as an enemy whose death would be a public boon4 ,in equally savage style he fulminated against the amusements of the court1 and dwelt especially on the deadly sin of dancing4 ,and yet ,knox--we must in candor admit it--was not totally indifferent to some social amenities1 for he was then paying his addresses to a young girl of sixteen1 whom he afterward married4 ,mary had freely accorded to her ,protestant subjects the privilege of worshipping ,god according to their own creed2 but it did not enter into the views of ,knox and his co-religionists that the same privilege should be accorded to ,mary in the land of which she was sovereign1 and with great difficulty could she obtain the right to a private chapel at ,holyrood--even this being interfered with1 and the officiating priest afterward insulted1 beaten1 and driven away4 ,and these ,christian gentlemen did not stop here4 ,they had the insolence and inhumanity to present to the queen what they called a supplication1 in which they declared that the practice of idolatry could not be tolerated in the sovereign any more than in the subject1 and that the papistical and blasphemous mass should be wholly abolished4 ,to this1 ,mary's reply was that1 answering for herself1 she was noways persuaded that there was any impiety in the mass1 and trusted her subjects would not press her to act against her conscience2 for1 not to dissemble1 but to deal plainly with them1 she neither might nor would forsake the religion wherein she had been educated and brought up1 believing the same to be the true religion1 and grounded on the word of ,god4 ,she further advised her loving subjects that she1 neither in times past nor yet in time coming1 did intend to force the conscience of any person2 but to permit every one to serve ,god in such a manner as they are persuaded to be the best4 ,on this1 ,mr4 ,hosack remarks1 ,nothing could exceed the savage rudeness of the language of the assembly4 ,nothing could exceed the dignity and moderation of the queen's reply4 ,the enemies of ,mary ,stuart always seek to find excuse for the rebellious outrages of the lords and the kirk in the design attributed to ,mary ,stuart of introducing ,catholicity to the exclusion of ,protestantism4 ,mr4 ,hosack handles this portion of his subject with great ease and success1 showing conclusively the admirable spirit of toleration that animated ,mary throughout4 ,then follow the marriage of ,mary with ,darnley2 the rebellion of ,murray1 ,argyll1 and others to deprive the queen of her crown2 the energy1 ability1 and admirable judgment of ,mary in dealing with them1 and the consummate hypocrisy and falsehood of ,elizabeth in feigning good-will to ,mary while furnishing the rebels money and assistance4 ,the ,french ambassador in ,london had discovered that six thousand crowns had been sent from the ,english treasury to the ,scotch rebels4 ,the fact was positive4 ,he mentioned it to ,elizabeth in person2 but she solemnly assured him1 with an oath1 7elle nia avec serment17 that he was misinformed4 ,there were strong reasons why ,elizabeth would not have it believed that she had lent the rebel lords any countenance1 and she therefore got up a remarkable scene for the purpose4 ,the ,french and ,spanish ambassadors had charged her in plain terms with stirring up dissensions in ,scotland1 and she desired to reply to the imputation in the most public and emphatic manner4 ,murray and ,hamilton were summoned to appear1 and in presence of the ambassadors and her own ministers she asked them whether she had ever encouraged them in their rebellion4 ,murray began to reply in ,scotch1 when ,elizabeth stopped him1 bidding him speak in ,french1 which she better understood4 ,the scene was arranged beforehand4 ,murray fell on his knees and declared that her majesty had never moved them to any opposition or resistance against the queen's marriage4 ,now1 exclaimed ,elizabeth in her most triumphant tone1 you have told the truth2 for neither did ,i1 nor any one in my name1 stir you up against your queen2 for your abominable treason may serve for example to my own subjects to rebel against me4 ,therefore get you out of my presence2 ye are but unworthy traitors4 ,this astounding exhibition of meanness1 and falsehood1 and folly1 which it is certain1 says ,mr4 ,hosack1 imposed upon no one who witnessed it1 is without a parallel in history4 ,mary's energy and prudence in suppressing this dangerous rebellion sufficiently refute a prevalent notion that she was indebted to the counsels of ,murray for the previous success of her administration4 ,even ,robertson admits that at no period of her career were her abilities and address more conspicuous4 ,and more remarkable than her ability in gaining success was the moderation with which she used it4 ,not one of the rebels suffered death1 and her speedy pardon of the ,duke of ,chatelherault1 a conspirator against her crown1 of which he was the presumptive heir1 was an instance of generosity unexampled in the history of princes4 ,the accusation against ,mary of having signed the ,catholic ,league1 put forward by so many historians--,froude1 of course1 among them--is clearly shown by ,mr4 ,hosack to be utterly untrue4 ,she never joined it4 ,by this refusal she maintained her solemn promises to her ,protestant subjects--the chief of whom remained her staunchest friend in the days of her misfortune4 ,she averted religious discord from her dominions1 and posterity will applaud the wisdom as well as the magnitude of the sacrifice which she made at this momentous crisis4 ,then comes the murder of ,riccio1 which is generally attributed to the jealousy of ,darnley and the personal hatred of the nobles4 ,these motives1 if they ever existed at all1 were but secondary with the conspirators who contrived ,riccio's death4 ,their main objects were the restoration of the rebel lords1 the deposition of the queen1 and the elevation of ,darnley to the vacant throne1 on which he would have been their puppet4 ,mr4 ,hosack traces1 step by step1 the progress of the conspiracy1 and the bargaining and traffic among the conspirators for their several rewards4 ,there was a bond of the conspirators among themselves1 a bond with ,darnley1 and one with the rebel leaders who waited events at ,newcastle4 ,elizabeth's ministers in ,scotland were taken into their confidence and counsels1 as was also ,john ,knox1 while ,elizabeth was advised of and approved it4 ,many years ago1 a ,catholic convent was burned in ,boston--with what circumstances of atrocity we do not now desire to recall4 ,on the ,sunday preceding the outrage1 exciting sermons were delivered on the horrors of popery from more than one ,protestant pulpit4 ,so1 also1 on the ,sunday preceding the murder of ,riccio1 the denunciations of idolatry from the pulpits of ,edinburgh were more than usually violent1 and the texts were chosen from those portions of ,scripture which describe the vengeance incurred by the persecutors of ,god's people4 ,the #abth of ,march was the day fixed for the parliament before which the rebel lords were cited to appear1 under pain of the forfeiture of their titles and estates4 ,this forfeiture the conspirators were resolved to prevent1 and chose the #ith of ,march to kill ,riccio4 ,they could have assassinated him at any time on the street1 in the grounds1 in his own room2 but the lords selected the hour just after supper when ,riccio would be in attendance upon the queen1 in order to kill him in her presence1 doubtless with hope of the result of her death and that of her unborn babe from the agitation and affright that must ensue from such a scene4 ,the contingency of ,mary's death was provided for in the bond4 ,we need not here repeat the horrible details of the scene in which1 while a ruffian 7,ker of ,faudonside7 pressed a cocked pistol to her breast until she felt the cold iron through her dress1 the hapless victim of brutal prejudice and bigotry1 whose only crime was fidelity to his queen1 was dragged from her presence and instantly butchered4 ,nor need we describe the fiendish exultation and savage conduct of the assassins toward a sick1 defenceless woman4 ,machiavelli1 remarks ,mr4 ,hosack1 never conceived--he has certainly not described--a plot more devilish in its designs than that which was devised ostensibly for the death of ,riccio1 but in reality for the destruction both of ,mary ,stuart and her husband4 ,for two days the noble assassins appeared to have been entirely successful4 ,riccio was killed1 the parliament was dissolved1 the banished lords recalled1 and the queen a prisoner4 ,but her amazing spirit and resolution scattered all their plans to the winds4 ,the poor fool ,darnley began to see the treachery of the men who had made him their tool1 and ,mary fully opened his eyes to his danger4 ,at midnight on the ,tuesday after the murder1 the queen and ,darnley crept down through a secret passage to the cemetery of the royal chapel of ,holyrood and made their way through the charnel house1 among the bones and skulls of the ancient kings1 to where horses and a small escort stood waiting for them4 ,twenty miles away ,mary galloped to ,dunbar1 where1 within three days1 eight thousand border spears assembled to defend her4 ,the assassins1 ,morton1 ,ruthven1 and their associates1 fled to ,england1 where1 under ,elizabeth's wing1 they were of course safe4 ,maitland went to the ,highlands1 and ,knox1 grieving deeply over the discomfiture of his friends1 took his departure for the west4 ,the complicity of ,murray1 ,the head of many a felon plot1 ,but never once the arm1 was not known1 and he was pardoned his rebellion1 and again received by ,mary into her confidence4 ,this is the ,murray constantly referred to by ,mr4 ,froude in his ,history of ,england as the noble ,murray1 the stainless ,murray--a man who1 for systematic1 thorough-going villainy and treachery has not his superior in history4 ,darnley1 with an audacity and recklessness of consequences which seem hardly compatible with sanity1 made a solemn declaration to the effect that he was wholly innocent of the late murderous plot4 ,the indignation of his associates in the crime knew no bounds4 ,he alone1 they said1 had caused the failure of the enterprise2 he had deserted them1 and now sought to purchase his safety in their ruin4 ,from that moment his fate was sealed4 ,buchanan's famous lie concerning ,mary's visit to the ,castle of ,alloa1 which1 to his shame1 ,mr4 ,froude substantially repeats1 is disposed of effectually in a few words by ,mr4 ,hosack4 ,the ride from ,jedburg1 too1 as recounted by ,buchanan in his own peculiar style1 repeated by ,robertson and by ,froude1 as far as he dares1 in the teeth of the testimony on the subject1 also receives its quietus at ,mr4 ,hosack's hands4 ,then follow the dangerous illness of ,mary1 the aggravating and fatal misconduct of ,darnley1 the poor queen's mental suffering and anxiety1 the preliminary plotting by ,murray1 ,maitland1 ,argyll1 and ,huntly to put ,darnley out of the way1 the signing of the bond among them for the murder of the young fool and tyrant1 and the insidious attempt by these scoundrels to entrap the poor heart-broken ,mary into some such expression of impatience or violence against ,darnley as would enable them to set up the charge of guilty knowledge against her4 ,the conspirators themselves have put on record the noble and ,christian reply of ,mary ,stuart1 ,i will that ye do nothing through which any spot may be laid on my honor or conscience2 and therefore1 ,i pray you1 rather let the matter be in the state that it is1 abiding till ,god of his goodness put remedy thereto4 ,following upon the baptism of the infant prince1 who afterward became ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland1 came the unfortunately too successful endeavors of ,murray1 ,maitland1 ,bothwell1 and ,queen ,elizabeth to obtain the pardon of the ,riccio murderers4 ,poor ,mary's political success would have been assured if she had possessed but a small share of ,elizabeth's hardness of heart and vindictiveness4 ,always generous1 always noble1 always forgiving1 she allowed herself to be persuaded to grant a pardon to these villains--seventy-six in number--excepting only ,george ,douglas1 who stabbed ,riccio in presence of the queen1 and ,ker of ,faudonside1 who held his pistol at her breast during the perpetration of the murder4 ,this ruffian remained safely in ,england until ,mary's downfall1 when he returned to ,scotland and married the widow of ,john ,knox4 ,it was about this period that ,buchanan was extolling to the skies1 in such ,latin verses as those beginning ,virtute ingenio1 regina1 et munere form ,felicibus felicior majoribus1 the virtues of a sovereign whom he afterward told us every one knew at the time to be a monster of lust and cruelty6 ,his libel was written when ,mary was a fugitive in ,england1 to serve the purposes of his employers1 who had driven her from her native kingdom4 ,the most assiduous of her flatterers as long as she was on the throne1 he pursued her with the malice of a demon when she became a helpless prisoner4 ,his slanders were addressed not to his own countrymen1 for whom they would have been too gross1 but to ,englishmen1 for the great majority of whom ,scotland was a terra incognita4 ,his monstrous fictions were copied by ,knox and ,de ,thou1 and later by ,robertson1 ,laing1 and ,mignet1 who1 while using his material1 carefully abstained from quoting him as authority4 ,mr4 ,froude1 the author of that popular serial novel which he strangely entitles ,the ,history of ,england1 with delicious navet declares his belief in the truth of ,buchanan's ,detection1 and makes its transparent mendacity a leading feature of his work4 ,according to ,buchanan1 the ,queen of ,scots was1 at the period above referred to1 leading a life of the most notorious profligacy4 ,mr4 ,hosack1 in his calm1 lawyer-like manner1 shows conclusively that at that very time she never stood higher in the estimation both of her own subjects and of her partisans in ,england4 ,considering the difficulties of her position1 he adds1 ,mary had conducted the government of ,scotland with remarkable prudence and success2 and her moderation in matters of religion induced even the most powerful of the ,protestant nobility to regard her claims with favor4 ,and still the plotting went on4 ,motives enough1 for them1 had ,murray1 ,morton1 ,maitland1 and the rest to seek the destruction of ,darnley--revenge and greed of gain4 ,these men had imposed upon the generous nature of the queen in the disposal of the crown lands1 and they well knew that ,darnley had made no secret of his disapproval of the improvident bounty of his wife4 ,these grants of the crown lands1 under the law of ,scotland1 could be revoked at any time before the queen attained the age of twenty-five4 ,that period was now at hand1 and the danger of their losing their spoils under the influence of ,darnley was imminent4 ,he had just been taken down with the small-pox at ,glasgow1 and the conspirators1 well knowing ,mary's forgiving temper1 feared1 as well they might1 that his illness would lead to a reconciliation between them4 ,although ,bothwell had shared less in the bounty of the queen than the others1 his motive was no less powerful for seeking the death of ,darnley4 ,he aspired to ,darnley's place as the queen's husband1 and his ambition was no secret to ,murray and the others4 ,full willingly they lent themselves to aid him1 knowing that1 if successful1 his plans would be fatal both to the queen and to himself4 ,queen ,mary went from ,edinburgh to ,glasgow1 to visit ,darnley on his sick-bed4 ,on this visit hinges a mass of accusations against ,mary by her enemies4 ,we regret that the passages of ,mr4 ,hosack's book in which he dissects and analyzes all the evidence covering the period from the journey to ,glasgow down to the explosion at ,kirk-a-field are too long to be copied here4 ,they are masterly1 and more thoroughly dispose of the slanders than any statement we have seen4 ,he moreover demonstrates that the queen's journey to ,glasgow1 heretofore relied on as a proof of her duplicity because she went uninvited1 was undertaken at ,darnley's own urgent request4 ,it is during this visit to ,glasgow that ,mary is charged with having written the two casket letters1 which1 if genuine1 certainly would prove her to be accessory to the murder of her husband4 ,with thorough knowledge of ,scotch localities1 language1 customs1 and peculiarities1 and with a perfect mastery of all the details of testimony1 pro and con1 in existence on the subject--a mastery which ,mr4 ,froude is far from possessing--,mr4 ,hosack makes the examination of this question of the genuineness of the ,glasgow letters with an application of the laws of evidence that enables him--if we may be permitted the homely phrase--to turn them inside out4 ,contrasted with the sweet1 trusting1 child-like confidence with which the letters are received by ,mr4 ,froude1 ,mr4 ,hosack's treatment of them is shockingly cool4 ,in commenting upon ,hume's opinion that the style of the second ,glasgow letter was inelegant but natural1 ,mr4 ,hosack remarks that human depravity surely has its limits1 and the most hardened wretches do not boast1 and least of all in writing1 of their treachery and cruelty4 ,even in the realm of fiction we find no such revolting picture4 ,of the third letter1 the historian ,robertson long since remarked that1 if ,mary's adversaries forged her letters1 they were certainly employed very idly when they produced this4 ,and this remark may correctly be applied to the fourth letter4 ,the difference between the two first and the two last is the most striking4 ,the ,glasgow letters breathe only lust and murder2 but these are written1 to all appearance1 by a wife to her husband1 in very modest and becoming language4 ,she gently reproaches him with his forgetfulness1 and with the coldness of his writings1 sends him a gift in testimony of her unchangeable affection1 and finally describes herself as his obedient1 lawful wife4 ,this is not the language of a murderess1 and these simple and tender thoughts were not traced by the same hand that composed the ,glasgow letters4 ,they are the genuine letters of ,mary1 not to ,bothwell1 but to her husband ,darnley1 and they are here by result of an ingenious device to mix up a few genuine letters of ,mary with those intended to prove her guilty of the murder4 ,the only letters of importance as testimony against the queen are the two first1 and they were conclusively proven by ,goodall1 more than a century ago1 to have been written originally in ,scotch4 ,concerning ,paris1 whose testimony is strongly relied on by ,mary's enemies1 ,mr4 ,hosack has made a very important discovery4 ,according to a letter of ,murray to ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,paris arrived in ,leith 7a prisoner7 about the middle of ,june1 #aefi4 ,but ,professor ,schiern1 of ,copenhagen1 in compliance with a request made by ,mr4 ,hosack to search the ,danish archives for any papers relating to ,scotland1 found the receipt of ,clark1 ,murray's agent1 acknowledging the delivery to him of the prisoner ,paris on the #cjth of ,october1 #aefh4 ,so that ,paris was delivered up nearly a year before his so-called deposition was produced4 ,the authenticity of his deposition1 monstrous though it be1 has been stoutly maintained by several of ,mary's enemies4 ,even ,hume remarks upon it1 ,it is in vain at present to seek improbabilities in ,nicolas ,hubert's dying confession1 and to magnify the smallest difficulty into a contradiction4 ,it was certainly a regular judicial paper1 given in regularly and judicially1 and ought to have been canvassed at the time1 if the persons whom it concerned had been assured of their own innocence4 ,mr4 ,hume is an attractive writer1 but as a historian it is long since people ceased to rely upon him for facts4 ,the passage here quoted is a characteristic exemplification of his extraordinary carelessness4 ,according to ,mr4 ,hosack1 the short sentence cited contains three distinct and palpable mistakes4 ,in the first place1 the paper containing the depositions of ,paris was authenticated by no judicial authority4 ,secondly1 it was not given in regularly and judicially2 for it was secretly sent to ,london in ,october1 #aefi1 many months after the termination of the ,westminster conferences4 ,lastly1 it was impossible that it could have been canvassed at the time by those whom it concerned2 for it was not only kept a profound secret from the queen and her friends during her life1 but it was not made public for nearly a century and a half after her death4 ,the depositions of ,paris were first given to the world in the collections of ,anderson in #agbe4 ,it did not at all suit ,murray's purpose to produce ,paris in open court4 ,so1 after being tortured1 he was executed1 and in place of a witness who might have told what he saw and heard1 was produced a so-called deposition professedly written by a servant of ,murray1 and attested by two of his creatures1 ,buchanan and ,wood1 both pensioners of ,cecil1 and both enemies of the ,queen of ,scotland4 ,buchanan1 of course1 had full cognizance of the ,paris deposition1 for he subscribed it as a witness2 and yet we have the singular fact that1 although he appended to his ,detectio the depositions of ,hay1 ,hepburn1 and ,dalgleish1 that of ,paris is omitted4 ,again1 in his ,history of ,scotland1 published subsequently1 although he refers to ,paris in several passages1 he is still silent as to his deposition4 ,the solution of this seeming singularity is simple4 ,he rejected it for its manifest extravagance and absurdity1 which1 he wisely concluded1 could not impose on the worst enemies of the queen4 ,fable and fiction answering ,mr4 ,froude's purpose just as well as authentic history1 he of course accepts the ,paris paper as perfectly true4 ,a successful writer of the romance of history1 ,mr4 ,froude deserves great credit for his industry in gathering every variety of material for his novel without any absurd sentimental squeamishness as to its origin4 ,and now1 little by little1 the truth begins to come out4 ,for full two years after the murder of ,darnley1 no one was publicly charged with the crime but ,bothwell and the queen4 ,and this because it was the interest of the ruling faction in ,scotland1 7themselves the murderers17 to confine the accusation to these two persons4 ,but as in time events develop1 we find the leaders of this faction1 quarrelling among themselves1 begin to accuse each other of the crime1 until the principal nobility of ,scotland are implicated in it4 ,mr4 ,hosack's conclusion1 from a searching analysis of all the evidence on record1 is1 that the mysterious assassination of ,darnley was not a domestic but a political crime2 and it was one which for many a day secured political power to that faction which from the first had opposed his marriage1 and had never ceased from the time of his arrival in ,scotland to lay plots for his destruction4 ,as might be expected1 ,mary's enemies accuse her of a criminal degree of inactivity after the death of her husband4 ,but what could she do8 ,who were the murderers8 ,no one could tell4 ,the whole affair was then involved in impenetrable mystery4 ,her chief officers of justice1 ,huntly the chancellor1 and ,argyll the lord-justice1 were both in the plot2 ,bothwell1 the sheriff of the county1 on whom should devolve the pursuit and arrest of the criminal1 had taken an active share in the perpetration of the murder1 and ,maitland1 the secretary1 who had first proposed to get rid of ,darnley1 was probably the most guilty of all4 ,in a memorial afterward addressed by ,mary to the different ,european courts1 she thus describes the situation3 ,her majesty could not but marvel at the little diligence they used1 and that they looked at one another as men who wist not what they say or do4 ,and now calumny ran riot4 ,slanderous tongues and pens were busy4 ,since ,mary had dismissed the insolent ,randolph from her court1 ,elizabeth had maintained no ambassador there1 so that the usual official espionage could not be carried on4 ,instead thereof1 ,sir ,william ,drury1 stationed on the ,scotch border1 transmitted day by day a current of scandalous stories4 ,mary was a woman1 and her enemies might effect by slander what they could not accomplish by force4 ,then1 too1 a bigoted religious prejudice made the work easy4 ,no matter1 says our author1 what was the nature of the accusation against a ,catholic queen2 so long as it was boldly made and frequently repeated1 it was sure to gain a certain amount of credit in the end4 ,here follows1 in ,mr4 ,hosack's pages1 an able presentation of contemporary testimony going to show the falsehood of the accusations that the queen was at this time on a footing of intimate understanding with ,bothwell4 ,under the circumstances his trial was1 of course1 a farce4 ,the most powerful men in ,scotland were his associates in guilt4 ,one of his noble accomplices in the murder rode by his side to the ,talbooth4 ,another accomplice1 the ,earl of ,argyll1 hereditary lord-justice1 presided at the trial2 and the ,earl of ,caithness1 a near connection of ,bothwell by marriage1 was foreman of the jury4 ,the parliament which met soon after did little1 besides passing the ,act of ,toleration1 but enact statutes confirming ,maitland1 ,huntly1 ,morton1 and ,murray in their titles and estates4 ,as we have seen1 this was precisely the main object sought by these men in the murder of ,darnley1 an object passed over in silence by most historians1 and not understood by others4 ,their common interest in his death was the strongest bond of union among the noble assassins4 ,if ,darnley had lived1 he would have prevented the confirmation of these grants2 for he had made significant threats on that subject1 especially as to the gifts to ,murray4 ,murray and the others wanted the lands and titles4 ,they obtained them4 ,bothwell had his own designs1 and these were insolent in their ambition4 ,he wanted the queen's hand in marriage as a step to the throne4 ,it was but just that his companions should help him as he had aided them4 ,on the evening of the day on which parliament rose1 7,april #aith17 ,both well gave an entertainment at a tavern in ,edinburgh to a large party of the nobility4 ,after wine had circulated freely1 he laid before his guests a bond for their signatures4 ,this document recited that it was prejudicial to the realm that the queen should remain a widow2 and it recommended him1 7,bothwell17 a married man1 as the fittest husband she could obtain among her subjects4 ,with a solitary exception--the ,earl of ,eglinton--all the lords present signed this infamous bond1 and thereby bound themselves to further advance and set forward the said marriage1 and to risk their lives and goods against all who should seek to hinder or oppose it4 ,it is claimed by ,mr4 ,froude that his special saint1 the noble and stainless ,murray1 did not sign this bond2 but it is now made plain that he did4 ,meantime calumny had free scope1 and no invention was too gross for belief by many1 if it but carried with it some injury to ,mary's reputation4 ,thus1 she is accused of journeying to ,stirling for the express purpose of poisoning her infant son4 ,poor ,marie ,antoinette in after years1 as we know1 was accused of something worse than taking the life of her child4 ,the answer of these two ,catholic queens1 great in their sufferings1 and grand in their resignation1 was1 in each case1 an eloquent burst of nature and queenly dignity4 ,the natural love1 said ,mary ,stuart1 which the mother bears to her only bairn is sufficient to confound them1 and needs no other answer4 ,she afterward added1 that all the world knew that the very men who now charged her with this atrocious crime had wronged her son even before his birth2 for they would have slain him in her womb1 although they now pretended in his name to exercise their usurped authority4 ,on the #bc;d of ,april1 while travelling from ,linlithgow to ,edinburgh1 with a few attendants1 the queen was stopped by ,bothwell1 at the head of one thousand horse4 ,bothwell rode up1 caught her bridle-rein1 and assured her that she was in the greatest possible danger1 and forthwith escorted her to one of her own castles1 ,dunbar4 ,here she was kept a prisoner4 ,melville1 who accompanied her1 was sent away1 having heard ,bothwell boast that he would marry the queen1 even whether she would herself or not4 ,no woman was allowed near her but ,bothwell's sister4 ,although our readers are familiar with the horrible story1 the best account of it is1 after all1 ,mary's own simple and modest narrative of the abominable outrage4 ,it is found in ,keith1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eii1 and in ,hosack1 p4 #cac4 ,after referring to the great services and unshaken loyalty of ,bothwell1 she says that1 previous to her visit to ,stirling1 he had made certain advances1 to which her answer was in no degree correspondent to his desire2 but that1 having previously obtained the consent of the nobility to the marriage1 he did not hesitate to carry her off to the castle of ,dunbar2 that when she reproached him for his audacity1 he implored her to attribute his conduct to the ardor of his affection1 and to condescend to accept him as her husband1 in accordance with the wishes of his brother nobles2 that he then1 to her amazement1 laid before her the bond of the nobility1 declaring that it was essential to the peace and welfare of the kingdom that she should choose another husband1 and that1 of all her subjects1 ,bothwell was best deserving of that honor2 that she still1 notwithstanding1 refused to listen to his proposals1 believing that1 as on her former visit to ,dunbar1 an army of loyal subjects would speedily appear for her deliverance2 but that1 as day after day passed without a sword being drawn in her defence1 she was forced to conclude that the bond was genuine1 and that her chief nobility were all in league with ,bothwell2 and finally1 that1 finding her a helpless captive1 he assumed a bolder tone1 and so ceased he never till1 by persuasion and importunate suit1 accompanied not the less by force1 he has finally driven us to end the work begun4 ,forced to marry ,bothwell ,mary was1 to all who saw her1 an utterly wretched woman1 and longed only for death4 ,the testimony on this point is very ample1 and her behavior at this crisis of her history1 concludes ,mr4 ,hosack1 can only be explained by her rooted aversion to a marriage which was forced upon her by the daring ambition of ,bothwell and the matchless perfidy of his brother nobles4 ,but already a fresh plot was on foot4 ,melville wrote to ,cecil concerning it1 on the #gth of ,may2 and on the following day1 ,kirkaldy of ,grange sent to the ,earl of ,bedford a letter intended for ,elizabeth's eye4 ,kirkaldy1 the ,laird of ,grange1 an ardent ,protestant1 who1 at the age of nineteen1 was one of the men who murdered ,cardinal ,beaton1 enjoyed among his fellow-nobles the reputation of being a man of honor1 and the best and bravest soldier in ,scotland4 ,he advised ,bedford of the signing of a bond by the most part of the nobility1 one head of which was1 to seek the liberty of the queen1 who is ravished and detained by the ,earl of ,bothwell2 another1 to pursue them that murdered the king4 ,the letter concludes by asking ,elizabeth's aid and support for suppressing of the cruel murtherer ,bothwell4 ,but ,elizabeth had lost not only much money1 but all credit for veracity1 by her last interference in ,scottish affairs1 and refused to have any thing to do with this plot4 ,for three weeks after her marriage the queen remained at ,holyrood2 the prisoner1 to all appearance1 rather than the wife of ,bothwell4 ,she was continually surrounded with guards2 and the description of her situation given by ,melville1 who was at court at the time1 agrees entirely with that of the ,french ambassador4 ,not a day passed1 he says1 in which she did not shed tears2 and he adds that many1 even of ,bothwell's followers1 believed that her majesty would fain have been quit of him4 ,the insurgent leaders--,morton1 ,maitland1 and ,hume--were busy1 and soon in the field with their forces4 ,bothwell raised a small levy to oppose them1 and the two armies met at ,carberry ,hill on the #aeth of ,june1 #aefg1 exactly one month after the marriage4 ,there was no fighting4 ,dangerous as it was1 ,mary preferred to trust herself to the rebel lords than to remain with ,bothwell4 ,she received their pledge--that1 in case she would separate herself from ,bothwell1 they were ready to serve her upon their knees1 as her most humble and obedient subjects and servants--through ,kirkaldy of ,grange1 the only man among them whose word she would take4 ,they kept their pledge as they usually observed such obligations4 ,what followed is too horrible to dwell upon4 ,it is wonderful that any human being could have lived through the physical exhaustion1 the insults1 and the brutal treatment this poor woman was subjected to during the next two days4 ,the people of ,edinburgh grew indignant2 and ,kirkaldy of ,grange swore the lords should not violate their promises4 ,but they quieted him by showing a forged letter of the queen to ,bothwell4 ,it was not the first time some among them had forged ,mary's signature4 ,with every circumstance of force and brutality1 ,mary was then imprisoned in ,lochleven1 whose guardian was the mother of the bastard ,murray4 ,and now1 while the friends of ,mary1 numerous as they were1 remained irresolute and inactive1 the dominant faction made the most strenuous efforts to strengthen itself4 ,in the towns1 where its strength chiefly lay1 and especially in ,edinburgh1 says ,mr4 ,hosack1 the ,protestant preachers rendered the most valuable aid4 ,by indulging in furious invectives against the queen1 and charging her directly with the murder1 they prepared their hearers for the prospect of her speedy deposition1 and the establishment of a regency in the name of the infant prince4 ,it is clear that ,murray was not forgotten by his friends the preachers4 ,strange as it may appear1 there can be but little doubt that ,elizabeth was sincerely indignant on hearing of the outrageous treatment of ,mary by the lords4 ,in her whole history1 she never appeared to so much advantage as a woman and a queen4 ,she would not stand tamely by1 she said1 and see her cousin murdered2 and if remonstrances proved ineffectual1 she would send an army to chastise and reduce them to obedience4 ,such conduct1 and her messages to ,mary while a prisoner at ,lochleven1 no doubt inspired the ,scottish queen with the fatal confidence which induced her1 a few months afterward1 to seek refuge in ,england4 ,unfortunately for ,elizabeth1 and perhaps more unfortunately for ,mary1 the ,queen of ,england's reputation for duplicity was now so well established that no one but her own ministers believed she was now sincere4 ,maitland1 for the ,scotch nobles1 plainly told ,elizabeth's ambassador that1 after what had occurred in times past1 they could place no reliance on his mistress2 and the ,king of ,france said to ,sir ,henry ,norris1 ,i do not greatly trust her4 ,meantime1 the ministers daily denounced ,mary as a murderess in their sermons1 and demanded that she should be brought to justice like an ordinary criminal4 ,elizabeth's ambassador tried to induce the confederate lords to restrain the savage license of the preachers2 but we cannot doubt1 says ,mr4 ,hosack1 that they were secretly encouraged by their noble patrons to prepare the minds of the people for the deposition1 if not for the murder1 of the queen4 ,throgmorton's opinion was that1 but for his presence in ,scotland1 she would have been sacrificed to the ambition and the bigotry of her subjects4 ,still a prisoner at ,lochleven1 ,mary had to suffer the brutality of the ruffian ,lindsay1 and the infamous hypocrisy of ,mr4 ,froude's stainless ,murray1 who1 with money in both pockets from ,france and ,england1 now came1 with characteristic deceit1 to defraud his sister of her crown4 ,mr4 ,hosack thus estimates his performance3 ,first1 to terrify his sister with the prospect of immediate death1 then to soothe her with false promises of safety1 and finally1 with well-feigned reluctance1 to accept the dignity he was longing to grasp1 displayed a mixture of brutality and cunning of which he alone was capable4 ,murray was proclaimed regent on the #bb;d of ,august4 ,soon afterward began the machinations for accusing ,mary of ,darnley's murder2 and ,murray's first care was to put out of the way every witness whose testimony could be of any importance4 ,hay1 ,hepburn1 and ,powrie and ,dalgleish1 on whom the queen's letters were said to have been found1 were all tried1 convicted1 and executed on the same day4 ,it was remarked that the proceedings were conducted with extraordinary and indecent haste4 ,hay and ,hepburn1 from the scaffold1 denounced the nobles who had made a bond for the king's murder4 ,public confidence was shaken in the regent1 and the discontent of the people was expressed in plain speech and satirical ballads4 ,murray began to feel the need of ,elizabeth's assistance4 ,mary1 in her trusting confidence1 had voluntarily placed all her valuable jewels in ,murray's hands1 for safe keeping4 ,from among them he selected a set of rare pearls1 the most valuable in ,europe1 which he sent by an agent to ,elizabeth1 who agreed to purchase what she well knew he had no right to sell4 ,under such circumstances1 as is the custom among thieves and receivers1 she expected a bargain1 and got it4 ,it was a very pretty transaction4 ,in ,may1 #aefh1 ,mary escaped from ,lochleven castle1 and in a few days found herself at the head of an army of six thousand men4 ,of the ten earls and lords who flew to her support1 nine were ,protestants2 and our ,puritan historian finds it remarkable that1 in spite of all the efforts of ,murray and his faction1 and in spite of all the violence of the preachers1 she--the ,catholic ,queen of ,scotland1 the daughter of the hated house of ,guise1 the reputed mortal enemy of their religion--should now1 after being maligned as the most abandoned of her sex1 find her best friends among her own ,protestant subjects1 appears at first sight inexplicable4 ,a phenomenon so strange1 he adds1 admits of only one explanation4 ,if1 throughout her reign1 she had not loyally kept her promises of security and toleration to her ,protestant subjects1 they assuredly would not1 in her hour of need1 have risked their lives and fortunes in her defence4 ,against her better judgment1 ,mary was induced to fight the battle of ,langside1 and lost the field4 ,and now the queen made the great mistake of her life4 ,instead of trusting to the loyalty of the ,scotch borderers1 she determined to throw herself on the hospitality of the ,queen of ,england4 ,in vain did her trusty counsellors and strongest supporters seek to dissuade her4 ,the warm professions of friendship and attachment made to her by ,elizabeth1 when she was a prisoner at ,lochleven1 had completely captivated her2 and1 insisting on her project1 she crossed the ,solway1 in an open boat1 to the ,english shore4 ,she was received by ,mr4 ,lowther1 deputy warden1 with all the respect due to her rank and misfortunes4 ,although she did not yet know it1 ,mary was from this moment a prisoner4 ,here ,mr4 ,hosack1 in a few eloquent passages1 sets forth the reasons why the forcible detention of ,mary1 independently of all considerations of morality and justice1 was a political blunder of the first magnitude4 ,as the inmate of an ,english prison1 she proved a far more formidable enemy to ,elizabeth than when she wore the crowns both of ,france and ,scotland4 ,never did a political crime entail a heavier measure of retribution than the captivity and murder of the ,queen of ,scots entailed on ,england4 ,mary was first taken to the castle of ,carlisle4 ,here ,queen ,elizabeth was represented by ,lord ,scrope1 the warden of the marches1 and ,sir ,francis ,knollys1 the queen's vice-chamberlain4 ,these noblemen appear to have been more impressed with the mental and moral qualities of the ,scottish queen than with her external graces4 ,they describe her1 after their first interview1 as possessing an eloquent tongue and a discreet head1 with stout courage and a liberal heart2 and1 in a subsequent letter1 ,knollys says1 ,surely1 she is a rare woman2 for as no flattery can abuse her1 so no plain speech seems to offend her1 if she thinks the speaker an honest man4 ,all this was written to ,elizabeth1 to whom1 of course1 it was gall and wormwood4 ,a more remarkable passage of their letter is that in which1 speaking in simple candor as ,english gentlemen and men of honor1 they ask their royal mistress whether it were not honorable for you1 in the sight of your own subjects and of all foreign princes1 to put her grace to the choice1 whether she will depart freely back into her country without your highness's impeachment1 or whether she will remain at your highness's devotion within your realm here1 with her necessary servants only to attend her8 ,to a sovereign whose policy was synonymous with fraud1 the unconscious sarcasm of this honorable advice must have been biting4 ,elizabeth pledged her word to ,mary that she should be restored to her throne4 ,she at the same time pledged her word to ,murray that ,mary should never be permitted to return to ,scotland4 ,then began the long nineteen years' martyrdom of ,mary4 ,the conference at ,york and the commission at ,westminster were mockeries of justice4 ,it was pretended there were two parties present before them--,murray and his associates on one side1 ,mary on the other4 ,mary was kept a prisoner in a distant castle1 while ,murray1 received with honor at court1 held private and secret consultations with members of both these quasi-judicial bodies1 showed them the testimony he intended to produce1 and obtained their judgment as to the sufficiency of his proofs before he publicly produced them2 these proofs being the forged letters of the silver casket4 ,these letters were never seen by ,mary ,stuart1 and even copies of them were repeatedly and persistently refused her4 ,mr4 ,froude makes a lame attempt to show that some one secretly furnished her copies2 but even if his attempt were successful1 it does not affect the fact that the copies were officially refused her4 ,by the time the scales had fallen from ,mary's eyes1 ,elizabeth's art and duplicity had woven a web from which she could not be extricated4 ,her remaining years of life were one long1 heart-sickening struggle against treachery1 spies1 insult to her person1 her reputation1 and her faith2 confinement1 cold1 sickness1 neuralgic agony1 want2 deprivation of all luxuries1 of medical attendance1 and of the consolations of religion4 ,at every fresh spasm of alarm on the part of ,elizabeth1 ,mary's prison was changed2 frequently in dead of winter1 and generally without any provision for the commonest conveniences of life4 ,more than once1 taken into a naked1 cold castle1 ,mary's jailers had to rely on the charity of the neighbors for even a bed for their royal prisoner4 ,at ,tutbury1 her rooms were so dark and comfortless1 and the surroundings so filthy--there is no other word for it--that the ,english physician refused to charge himself with her health4 ,but enough4 ,we all know the sad story1 and we trustingly believe the poor martyred queen has her recompense in heaven4 ,mr4 ,hosack's treatment of the question of the authenticity of the silver-casket letters is exhaustive4 ,more than a century ago1 ,goodall fully exposed the forgery1 and he has never been satisfactorily answered4 ,mr4 ,froude1 of course1 accepts them without discussion4 ,the conferences at ,york and the proceedings at ,westminster are presented as only a lawyer can present them4 ,mary's cause gains by the most rigid scrutiny4 ,mr4 ,froude does not know enough to analyze and intelligibly present serious matters like these4 ,he prefers a series of sensational tableaux and highly-colored dissolving views1 producing for authorities garbled citations and his own fictions4 ,mr4 ,hosack's testimony1 independently of its great intrinsic merit1 is valuable because of his nationality and of his religion1 and we hope to see his work republished in the ,united ,states4 ,his closing page concludes thus3 ,in the darkest hours of her existence--even when she hailed the prospect of a scaffold as a blessed relief from her protracted sufferings--she never once expressed a doubt as to the verdict that would be finally pronounced between her and her enemies4 ',the theatre of the world1' she calmly reminded her judges at ,fotheringay1 'is wider than the realm of ,england4' ,she appealed from the tyranny of her persecutors to the whole human race2 and she has not appealed in vain4 ,the history of no woman that ever lived approaches in interest to that of ,mary ,stuart2 and so long as beauty and intellect1 a kindly spirit in prosperity1 and matchless heroism in misfortune attract the sympathies of men1 this illustrious victim of sectarian violence and barbarous statecraft will ever occupy the most prominent place in the annals of her sex4 ,,footnote3 #g ,mary ,queen of ,scots and her ,accusers4 ,embracing a ,narrative of ,events from the ,death of ,james ,v41 in #aedb1 until the ,death of the ,regent ,murray1 in #aegj4 ,by ,john ,hosack1 ,barrister-at law4 ,william ,blackwood ,sons1 ,edinburgh and ,london4 #ahfi4 ,histoire de ,marie ,stuart4 ,par ,jules ,gauthier4 ,vol4 i4 ,paris4 #ahfi4 ,,stabat ,,mater4 ,stabat ,mater dolorosa1 ,juxta crucem lacrymosa1 ,dum pendebat ,filius3 ,cujus animam gementem1 ,contristatam et dolentem1 ,pertransivit gladius4 ,,english ,,translation#h ,broken-hearted1 lo1 and tearful1 ,bowed before that ,cross so fearful1 ,stands the ,mother by the ,son6 ,through her bosom sympathizing ,in his mortal agonizing ,deep and keen the steel has gone4 ,,greek ,,translation4#i 1 1 1 4 ,o quam tristis et afflicta ,fuit illa benedicta ,mater ,unigeniti6 ,qu mrebat et dolebat1 ,pia ,mater1 dum videbat ,nati pnas inclyti4 ,how afflicted1 how distressed1 ,stands she now1 that ,virgin blessed1 ,by that tree of woe and scorn2 ,mark her tremble1 droop1 and languish1 ,gazing on that awful anguish ,of her ,child1 her ,only-,born6 1 1 ' 4 ,quis est homo qui non fleret1 ,matrem ,christi si videret ,in tanto supplicio8 ,quis non posset contristari1 ,christi ,matrem contemplari ,dolentem cum ,filio8 ,who may see1 nor share her weeping1 ,christ the ,saviour's mother keeping ,grief's wild watch1 so sad and lone8 ,who behold her bosom sharing ,every pang his soul is bearing1 ,nor receive them in his own8 1 ' ' 2 ' ' 2 ,pro peccatis su gentis1 ,vidit ,jesum in tormentis1 ,et flagellis subditum4 ,vidit suum dulcem ,natum ,moriendo desolatum1 ,dum emisit spiritum4 ,ransom for a world's offending1 ,lo1 her ,son and ,god is bending ,that dear head to wounds and blows2 ',mid the body's laceration1 ,and the spirit's desolation1 ,as his life-blood darkly flows4 '' 1 1 4 ,eia ,mater1 fons amoris1 ,me sentire vim doloris ,fac ut tecum lugeam2 ,fac ut ardeat cor meum ,in amando ,christum ,deum1 ,ut sibi complaceam4 ,fount of love1 in that dread hour1 ,teach me all thy sorrow's power1 ,bid me share its grievous load2 ,o'er my heart thy spirit pouring1 ,bid it burn in meet adoring ,of its martyred ,christ and ,god6 1 1 1 1 4 ,sancta ,mater6 istud agas1 ,crucifixi fige plagas ,cordi meo valide4 ,tui ,nati vulnerati1 ,tam dignati pro me pati1 ,pnas mecum divide4 ,be my prayer1 ,o ,mother6 granted1 ,and within my heart implanted ,every gash whose crimson tide1 ,from that spotless victim streaming1 ,deigns to flow for my redeeming1 ,mother of the crucified6 1 1 1 4 ,fac me tecum pie flere1 ,crucifixo condolere1 ,donec ego vixero4 ,juxta crucem tecum stare1 ,et me tibi sociare ,in planctu desidero4 ,every sigh of thy affliction1 ,every pang of crucifixion-- ,teach me all their agony6 ,at his cross for ever bending1 ,in thy grief for ever blending1 ,mother1 let me live and die6 ' 1 1 1 4 ,virgo virginum prclara1 ,mihi jam non sis amara1 ,fac me tecum plangere4 ,fac ut portem ,christi mortem1 ,passionis fac consortem1 ,et plagas recolere4 ,virgin of all virgins highest1 ,humble prayer who ne'er deniest1 ,teach me how to share thy woe6 ,all ,christ's ,passion's depth revealing1 ,quicken every quivering feeling ,all its bitterness to know6 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,fac me plagis vulnerari1 ,cruce hac inebriari1 ,et cruore ,filii4 ,flammis ne urar succensus1 ,per te1 ,virgo1 sim defensus1 ,in die judicii4 ,bid me drink that heavenly madness1 ,mingled bliss of grief and gladness1 ,of the ,cross of thy dear ,son6 ,with his love my soul inflaming1 ,plead for it1 ,o ,virgin6 claiming ,mercy at his judgment throne6 1 4 1 ' 4 ,christe1 cum sit hinc exire1 ,da per matrem me venire ,ad palmam victori4#aj ,quando corpus morietur1 ,fac ut anim donetur ,paradisi gloria4 ,shelter at that ,cross1 oh6 yield me6 ,by the death of ,christ1 oh6 shield me6 ,comfort with thy grace and aid6 ,and1 ,o ,mother6 bid my spirit ,joys of ,paradise inherit1 ,when its clay to rest is laid6 ' ' 1 1 1 1 4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,this translation1 which first appeared in the ,democratic ,magazine thirty years ago1 is now republished at the request of the author1 ,g4 ,j4 ,g4 #i ,by the late ,otto ,george ,mayer1 student of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul4 #aj ,instead of these three lines we sometimes find the following3 ,fac me cruce custodiri1 ,morte ,christi prmuniri1 ,confoveri gratia4 ,the former version of the ,latin is followed in the ,greek1 the latter in the ,english translation4 ,,the ,,brigand',s ,,god-,,child4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,spain4 ,once upon a time1 as the legends say1 there lived in good old ,spain a poor workman1 to whom destiny had given twelve children1 and nothing for them to live upon4 ,now his wife was expecting a thirteenth1 and perhaps with it would appear a fourteenth also1 to run about loved but unclothed and unfed1 as the others had before them4 ,the bread was almost gone1 work not to be had1 and the poor man1 to hide his sighs and his misery from the patient partner of his misfortunes1 wandered far from home and into the woods1 calling upon paradise to assist him1 until he came to the ill-reputed cavern and stronghold of the bandits4 ,he almost fell over their captain1 and came very near receiving a sabre-thrust for his pains2 but his extreme misery made him no object for a robbery1 so he was simply catechised as to his condition4 ,he told his story1 moved even the brigand heart to pity1 and was invited to supper2 a bag of gold and a fine horse were given him1 and he was sent home with the assurance that1 be the new-comer boy or girl1 the robber-chief would stand as god-father4 ,the poor man1 in ecstasy at such good fortune1 flew rather than rode to his well-filled dwelling1 and arrived there just in time to welcome number thirteen4 ,a boy6 ,he gave his wife the money and a caress1 and1 although the night was far advanced1 mounted his charger and galloped back to the cave4 ,the brigand was astonished at his speedy return2 but true to his word1 appeared with him in the neighboring church in disguise of a rich old gossip1 made every requisite promise for the new-born babe1 and disappeared1 leaving a bag of golden crowns and another purse of gold4 ,the angels1 however1 claimed the baby1 and the brigand's god-child flew to paradise on golden wings1 and in the splendid swaddling-clothes that his charity had provided for it4 ,st4 ,peter1 porter at the gates celestial1 stirred himself to welcome the little fellow to heaven2 but no6 he would not enter unless accompanied by his god-father4 ,and who may he be8 asked ,st4 ,peter4 ,who8 responded the god-child2 ,the chief of the brigands4 ,my poor little innocent1 said the saint1 you know not what you ask6 ,come in yourself2 but heaven was not made for such as he4 ,the child sat down by the door resolved not to enter1 and planning in his little head all sorts of schemes to accomplish his purpose1 when the ,blessed ,mary passed that way4 ,why do you not enter1 my angel8 she said4 ,i would be ungrateful1 he answered1 to partake of heavenly joys if my good god-father did not share them with me4 ,st4 ,peter interposed1 and appealed to the ,holy ,mother1 saying1 ,if he had only been a wax-carrier6 but this man1 ,satan's own emissary--impossible6 ,an incarnate demon2 a robber1 healthy and robust1 who has taken every opportunity to do mischief6 ,holy ,mother6 could such a thing be thought of8 ,but the god-child insisted1 bent his pretty blonde head1 joined his little hands1 fell on his knees1 prayed and wept4 ,the ,virgin had compassion on him and bringing a golden chalice from the heavenly inclosure1 said1 ,take this2 go and seek your god-father2 tell him that he may come with you to heaven2 but he must first fill this cup with repentant tears4 ,just then1 by the clear moonlight1 reposing on a rock1 and fully armed1 lay the brigand4 ,in his dream his dagger trembled in his hands4 ,as he awoke1 he saw near his couch a beautiful winged infant4 ,with no fear of the savage man1 it approached and presented the golden chalice4 ,he rubbed his eyes1 and thought he still dreamed2 but the infant angel reassured him1 saying1 ,no2 it is not a fancy4 ,i have come to invite thee to go with me4 ,leave this earth4 ,i am thy god-child1 and ,i will conduct thy steps4 ,then the little fellow related his marvellous story3 his arrival at heaven's gate1 ,st4 ,peter's refusal1 and how the ,blessed ,mother1 ever merciful1 had come to his assistance and granted his request4 ,the bandit listened1 and breathed with difficulty1 while1 bewildered he gazed on the angelic figure1 and held out his hand for the golden chalice4 ,suddenly his heart seemed to burst1 two fountains of tears gushed from his eyes4 ,the cup was filled1 and the radiant infant mounted with him to the skies4 ,into heaven the little one entered1 carrying the well-filled cup to ,st4 ,peter--who was astonished to see who followed him--and proceeded to offer it at the feet of the beautiful ,queen4 ,she smiled on the sinner who through her compassion had been saved1 while he threw himself in reverence at her feet4 ,god himself had acquitted the debt of the child4 ,besides1 we know that to the repentant there is always grace--and the infant had declared it would not enter alone4 ,,molecular ,,mechanics4 ,among the theories proposed to explain the constitution of material substance1 and to account for the facts relative to it disclosed by modern science1 one developed in a recent work with the above title1 by ,rev4 ,joseph ,bayma1 of ,stonyhurst1 is specially worthy of notice for its ingenuity and the field which it opens to the mathematician4 ,whether it be true or not1 it is at any rate such that its truth can be tested2 and though this may be somewhat difficult1 on account of the complexity of the necessary formulas and calculations1 still the difficulty can probably be overcome in course of time1 should the undertaking seem promising enough4 ,it is briefly as follows4 ,matter is not continuous1 even in very small parts of its volume1 but is composed of a definite number of ultimate elements1 each of which occupies a mere point1 and may be considered simply as a centre of force4 ,this force is actually exerted by each of them following the law of gravitation as to its change of intensity with the distance2 but is attractive for some elements and repulsive for others1 which is obviously necessary to preserve equilibrium4 ,these elements are arranged in regularly formed groups1 in which the balance of the attractive and repulsive forces is such that each group1 as well as the whole mass1 is preserved from collapse or indefinite expansion2 these are what are known chemically as molecules2 and in the simple substances they probably have the shape of one of the five regular polyhedrons4 ,the simplest possible construction of a molecule would be one of the polyhedrons1 with an element at each vertex1 and one at the centre1 whose action must be of an opposite character to that of those at the vertices2 for these last must all exert the same kind of action1 attractive or repulsive1 for any kind of equilibrium to be maintained1 and the centre must act in the opposite direction to prevent collapse or expansion of the mass4 ,furthermore1 the absolute attractive power1 or that which the molecule would have if all collected at one point1 must exceed the repulsive1 slightly at any rate1 since the force exerted at distances compared with which its dimensions are insignificant is known to have this former character4 ,this system admits of two varieties1 according as the centre is attractive or repulsive4 ,in either case1 for the maintenance of equilibrium the force of the centre must always be less than half that of the vertices combined1 as the author shows1 7giving the values for each polyhedron27 and it would seem that the first supposition would therefore be untenable1 since the attractive force in each molecule1 as just stated1 necessarily exceeds the repulsive4 ,equilibrium certainly cannot be maintained in this case2 but this will not involve the permanent collapse of the molecule1 but merely a continual vibration of its elements back and forward through the centre4 ,the second hypothesis1 on the other hand1 requires either a centre so weak as to produce very little repulsion outside of the molecule1 or else a continual tendency to expand under a central power too great for equilibrium4 ,both will tend to bring the molecular envelopes near to each other1 and produce adhesion or mixing among them2 also1 it may perhaps be added1 that the envelopes themselves will1 on account of the mutual attraction of their elements1 be unstable4 ,of these two constructions1 then1 the first would seem most probable2 but both are open to objection on account of there being no internal resistance in the individual molecules to a change of diameter proportional to a change produced by external action in that of a mass of them2 and if such a change should take place1 the mass would be in just the same statical conditions as before1 only differing in the relative dimensions of its parts1 and the resistance to pressure which is exhibited more or less by all matter would not be accounted for4 ,but it does not seem quite certain that pressure or traction of the mass would operate upon the separate molecules in the same sense4 ,we are not1 however1 restricted to such a simple structure2 for there may be several envelopes instead of only one1 and of these some may be attractive and others repulsive2 the centre also may be repulsive4 ,there would have to be an absolute predominance of attractivity1 of course1 as in the previous more simple supposition4 ,it seems probable that in this supposition the envelopes would be all tetrahedric1 or that either the cube and octahedron1 or the other two1 which are similarly counterparts of each other1 would alternate4 ,many of these forms are examined mathematically by the author1 as to their internal action4 ,the exact discussion of their external action1 however1 would be exceedingly intricate1 and would not be worth undertaking without a more definite idea than we yet have of the actual shapes presented by the molecules of the various known substances4 ,the forms of crystallization may throw some light upon this1 and they seem to indicate1 as the author acknowledges1 that the elements are not always grouped in regular polyhedrons2 if they are not1 they must have unequal powers1 and this may be sometimes the case4 ,but irregular crystalline forms are not impossible1 or even improbable1 with regular molecules4 ,he also suggests and applies a method for obtaining the forms of the simple chemical substances by considering what combinations with others each polyhedron is capable of1 and comparing these results with the actual combinations into which these various substances are known to enter1 and deduces the shapes1 with some plausibility1 of the molecules of oxygen1 nitrogen1 carbon1 hydrogen1 phosphorus1 chlorine1 sulphur1 arsenic1 and iodine4 ,whether we shall ever be able to obtain more positive proof of these interesting conclusions remains to be seen2 but if any molecules have really the number of envelopes that would be indicated by their chemical equivalents1 the perfect determination of their exact mechanical conditions of combination1 and even of their separate construction1 will probably1 as ,f4 ,bayma remarks1 be a problem always above the power of the human mind4 ,if mathematicians are at all inclined to plume themselves on having unravelled the complications of the solar system1 they can find sufficient matter for humiliation in not being able to understand the status of a material particle less than the hundred millionth of an inch in diameter2 for to this extent subdivision has actually been carried4 ,one of the most remarkable points in this theory is that part of it which relates to the ethereal medium which seems to pervade all space1 if the undulatory theory of light is true1 as is now perhaps universally believed4 ,instead of assuming it to be extremely rare1 as is usually done without hesitation1 the author regards it as excessively dense2 immensely denser than atmospheric air1 to use his own words4 ,of course this seems absurd at first sight1 as such a medium apparently would exert an immense resistance to the movements of the heavenly bodies1 and in fact to all movements on their surfaces or elsewhere4 ,this would certainly be the case if it were similar to ordinary matter2 and to avoid this difficulty1 it is assumed to be entirely attractive4 ,the reason for supposing a great density for this substance is its immense elasticity and power of transmitting vibrations2 which seems incompatible with great distances between its particles1 unless these particles are extremely energetic in their action1 which comes to the same thing2 and this argument has considerable force4 ,but it does not seem evident that an attractive medium would not also interfere with the passage of bodies through it1 though not in the same way as a repulsive one2 and the oscillation through its centre necessary for its preservation complicates the theory somewhat4 ,also1 any marked accumulation of a powerfully acting medium round the various celestial bodies would cause1 if varied in any way by their changes of relative position1 perturbations in their movements4 ,the very fact1 however1 that its own action was so energetic might make the disturbance in its arrangement produced by other masses small1 especially if it penetrates those masses1 as is probably generally maintained4 ,the subject is1 of course1 one of great difficulty1 and objections readily suggest themselves to any hypothesis regarding it2 still1 it would appear that on some accounts it might be better1 instead of assuming the medium to be wholly or predominantly attractive or repulsive1 to suppose it to have the two forces equally balanced in its constitution2 and if it be1 like other matter1 grouped in molecules1 the balance would naturally exist in each molecule1 making it inert at any but very small distances1 and exerting at these very small distances a force the character of which would vary according to the direction4 ,we have said that the discussion of the exterior action of the molecules--that is1 of their action on each other1 or on exterior points in general--would be exceedingly complicated4 ,the only way in which it seems practicable is that in which the mutual actions of the planets have been investigated1 namely1 a development of the force in the form of a series2 but this cannot be done advantageously unless the distances between the molecules are considerably greater than the molecular diameters4 ,if1 however1 we make the development of the ratio of the attraction 7or repulsion7 exerted by the vertices of a regular polyhedron in the direction of its centre1 to what it would exert if concentrated at that centre1 in a series of the powers of the ratio of the molecular radius to the distance of the point acted on from the centre1 it will be found that the coefficients of the first and second powers vanish in all cases2 and that in all1 except that of the tetrahedron1 those of all the odd powers also disappear1 as well as that of the fourth in the dodecahedron and icosahedron4 ,if1 then1 the absolute attractive or repulsive power of any envelope is very nearly compensated by that of an opposite character prevailing in the rest of the molecule1 7as seems probable17 the whole series can be reduced1 at any distance which is very great compared with the molecular diameter1 to two terms--one a constant with a very small value1 and the other containing the third1 fourth1 or sixth power of the small quantity which the ratio of the diameter to the distance has now become4 ,this should have a negative multiplier1 in order that the force should become zero2 and this it will have for a considerable distance around the vertices of all the polyhedrons1 the negative value always covering as much as two fifths of the spherical surface about the centre of the molecule1 and compensating even in this case for its less extent by a greater intensity1 as the mean of this coefficient over the whole surface is always exactly zero4 ,within this distance of no action1 for some space about the centre of the prevailing polyhedric face1 attraction would prevail till the higher powers became sensible1 and even 7as it would seem7 quite up to the centre in the case of a single envelope1 the repulsive action of which1 when combined with the slight force of the centre1 would apparently be limited to quasi-ellipsoidal spaces extending out from each vertex1 and having a longer axis equal to this outer distance of no action4 ,but this limitation of the repulsive action will be still greater if the excess of the absolute attractive power in the molecule is more considerable1 as long as the distribution of the force in the different envelopes remains unaltered2 and though the molecules can approach within tolerably short distances of each other in certain directions1 this is not objectionable1 since such an approach may even be required for chemical union and cohesion4 ,introsusception would hardly be probable1 unless they were very different in size4 ,the compound molecule once formed1 whether its components were of the same or of different substance1 might exercise a repulsive force at a considerable distance in all or nearly all directions2 nevertheless1 it might still admit of further increase or of disruption by an agitation among the molecules1 due to heat1 light1 or electricity4 ,of course1 even on this theory1 for the maintenance of physical equilibrium the mean distance of the molecules would have to be considerably less than that of no action1 in order that a repulsion should be produced to balance the attraction of those beyond this distance4 ,still1 if the excess of attractive force in each molecule1 and consequently the size of each1 be made small enough1 their dimensions may still be small compared even with this mean distance2 so that in no case1 except that of chemical union1 would it be necessary to take account of the higher powers4 ,any motion communicated from one molecule to another would then probably be by means of an actual relative movement of the centres of gravity1 instead of by internal vibrations4 ,it may be worth noticing that a regular polyhedron--the elements of which exert a force not varying at all with the distance1 and in which the absolute energy of the centre is precisely equal to that of the vertices combined--gives a resulting force following the law of gravitation1 at any distance compared with which its own dimensions can be neglected2 and within this distance the force will change its sign under the same conditions of direction as specified in the previous case4 ,but1 as the intensity of this force will change with the size of the molecule1 it does not appear that a system of this kind would be admissible1 since1 besides the periodical change due to its own internal vibration1 it would probably be changed in size1 or even in shape1 which would be worse1 by compression or expansion of the mass2 which would be the more likely1 as the molecules could approach much nearer than in the former supposition4 ,the law followed by gravitation also seems to be almost or quite necessary for forces radiating from a point4 ,the author's theory seems1 on the whole1 extremely plausible4 ,that each element of matter exerts a force following the law of gravitation1 is almost demonstrable priori2 that the elements are mere points1 will also generally be admitted2 that some of the actions should be repulsive1 is obviously necessary2 that each molecule is composed of a definite number of atoms1 is suggested by chemical laws2 and the polyhedric forms seem certainly the most reasonable1 though crystalline forms would indicate that others may be occasionally found4 ,the possibility of the construction of irregular molecules out of elements of unequal powers seems1 by the way1 to be worth examining4 ,further developments of the theory may have recently been made2 of course1 the author does not claim in this work to have laid down more than its first principles4 ,at present1 it seems1 to say the least1 to furnish the best basis for the mathematical investigation of the internal constitution of matter that has been suggested1 and such investigations would be almost certain to lead to valuable results1 whether confirmatory or otherwise4 ,,the ,,holy-,,week ,,of #ahfi ,,in ,,havana4 ,,palm-,,sunday4 ,,the ,,tenebr4 ,,maundy-,,thursday4 ,so much had been told me of the antiquated observances of the ,holy-,week in ,havana1 of the religious processions presenting to us of the nineteenth century an image of the naf faith of the middle ages1 of the rare spectacle of a whole city in mourning for the death of the ,saviour1 that even had my duty not called me to the church1 my curiosity would have carried me thither4 ,as it was1 ,i resolved this ,lent that1 although ,i resided at an inconvenient distance from town1 and ladies who have no carriage of their own find it sometimes unpleasant to go on foot in a country where walking is unfashionable1 and considered even unfeminine1 yet ,i would disregard disagreeables of every kind1 and attend all the impressive ceremonies of this great week in the cathedral4 ,,palm-,,sunday4 ,on ,palm-,sunday1 then1 at six o'clock in the morning1 ,i got into the nice1 clean1 well-managed cars that pass our door every few minutes all day long4 ,the blessing of the palm branches was not to commence until a quarter after eight2 but ,i like to take time by the forelock1 and ,i also feared that1 as the superior political governor of ,havana had invited the grandees of ,spain1 the titled of ,castile1 the knights grand crosses1 the gentlemen1 7gentiles hombres17 and civil and military functionaries to contribute their assistance to render the religious acts more solemn1 there might be somewhat of a crowd1 and so ,i determined to arrive betimes and secure for myself a seat where ,i could both see and hear well4 ,the early morning in ,cuba is always delightful1 and this #bast of ,march was very bright and lovely1 the sky intensely blue and without a cloud1 and a cool breeze gently waving the tall tops of the cocoa-nut trees1 and rustling the light1 feathery sprays of the graceful bamboos4 ,the white colonnaded houses of the ,cerro looked very pleasant among their palms and laurels4 ,la ,carolina was in full bloom in some of the gardens1 its spreading1 leafless branches covered with great plumy tufts of rose-colored filaments2 honeysuckle vines and the yellow jasmine climbed about the railings1 and the large1 brilliant flowers of the mar pacifico completed the floral landscape with that bright bit of scarlet so agreeable to the artistic eye4 ,as we approached the city1 however1 the pretty houses became fewer1 and the mean suburban shops and fondas appeared more grimy than ever in the bright sunlight2 their dirty awnings hanging in rags over the badly-paved1 broken sidewalk4 ,the houses1 all of one or two stories1 their exteriors washed with blue1 yellow1 lilac1 or apple-green1 wore a general look of never being repaired1 and their gay coloring was faded1 spotted1 stained1 and smeared by the exceeding dampness of the climate4 ,i had glimpses1 too1 as we passed1 into narrow streets so frightfully gullied and filthy that they made me shudder4 ,the population of this part of extra-mural ,havana was not more prepossessing in appearance than its haunt4 ,in about half an hour we reached the ,campo de ,marte1 7,field of ,mars17 a fine square which would be handsomer if it were bordered with shade-trees4 ,now it is an arid plain1 with a few straggling blades of grass in patches here and there4 ,on one of the sides of this place stands the magnificent mansion of the ,aldamas1 one of the richest families in the island2 on another side1 the principal railway station4 ,a great number of volunteers1 fine1 stout1 strong-looking men generally1 dressed in a blue and white striped drill uniform1 and armed with short swords and bayoneted muskets1 were mustering in the middle of the ,campo1 and a great rabble of little blackies surrounded them1 gaping with admiration4 ,at the eastern extremity of the square we cut across the commencement of what used to be called the ,parque de ,ysabel ,segunda2 but her statue has been pulled down from its pedestal1 and the promenade has now no name4 ,here again1 around the pretty fountain that represents ,havana under the form of an ,indian maiden supporting a shield that bears the arms of the city1 and surrounded by tropical fruits and graceful plants1 were plenty of flowers2 the blue1 crimson1 and purple morning-glories1 that had just opened their radiant petals to the sun1 were the most vividly-colored ,i have ever seen4 ,passing the ,tacon ,theatre1 we soon reached the breach in the city walls by which the cars enter4 ,these old fortifications1 built by the ,spaniards to keep out the ,indians and the ,english1 are being slowly demolished4 ,a very fine white stone church is in progress of erection close by4 ,the streets within the walls are well paved and clean2 the houses mostly large and very strongly built4 ,they usually form a hollow square1 the centre being an open yard1 containing a few shrubs4 ,the windows of all the rooms reach from the floor to the ceiling2 they are without glass and protected by iron bars2 thick inside shutters1 into which two or three glazed panes are inserted to admit the light1 close out any very bad weather1 wind or rain4 ,the sidewalks are usually not more than a foot and a half wide2 they look like ledges running along the sides of the houses1 and are exceedingly uncomfortable for pedestrians1 as ,i found when ,i descended from the car at its stopping-place in front of the church ,san ,juan de ,dios1 and proceeded on foot to the cathedral4 ,san ,cristbal de la ,habana1 the metropolitan cathedral1 is a large and handsome edifice2 it dates from #agbd1 and although it has at the present moment a very time-worn appearance1 it was repaired and beautified only a few years since4 ,two towers and three doors give an imposing air to the front2 the arched nave within is lofty and spacious1 and separated from the aisles by massive pillars of masonry4 ,the whole of the interior is painted in fresco1 but is much deteriorated by the excessive humidity of the climate4 ,the high altar1 constructed of beautiful jasper1 under a dome of porphyry1 supported by columns of the same material1 was built in ,rome4 ,on the gospel side of the chancel is the tomb of ,christopher ,columbus1 whose ashes1 inclosed in a leaden box1 rest within the very wall of the sacred edifice4 ,few persons had yet assembled in the church1 and ,i quickly obtained a seat on one of the benches that are placed along each side of the nave4 ,i was much pleased to find myself exactly opposite to the crimson velvet-covered arm-chair and reading-desk reserved for the captain-general1 and to the less imposing but handsome seats intended for the governor1 grandees1 and municipality4 ,i was also just behind a row of arm-chairs allotted to the civil and military functionaries4 ,in the chancel1 concealing from view the honored tomb1 was raised a purple velvet dais2 beneath it stood the purple velvet-covered throne and reading-desk of the bishop4 ,a great black flag with a blood-red cross in its centre leaned against the side of the altar1 on which was seen the emblem of our faith swathed in violet crape4 ,an immense white curtain1 very artistically draped1 was suspended across the southern transept4 ,as the time passed1 colored servants made their appearance every now and then1 bringing their mistresses' small low chairs and little carpets2 for the ,havana churches1 like the ,catholic churches of the ,european continent1 have no pews4 ,these servants wore the most brilliant liveries1 such as orange-tinted indispensables1 bright green waistcoat1 and red swallow-tail coat1 forcibly reminding one of the parrots of the ,cuban woods4 ,a complete canary-colored suit1 surmounted by a round1 woolly1 black head1 produced a very droll effect4 ,the little chairs were placed and the little carpets spread wherever it was possible1 so that the marble floor of the space between the official seats was soon nearly covered4 ,the greater number of ladies1 however1 had no chairs1 but knelt1 sometimes three on the same carpet1 during the whole of the ceremony2 that is1 from eight till twelve1 only changing their posture occasionally to sitting on the ground1 with their feet doubled up on one side4 ,a little before eight o'clock1 the ladies began to arrive4 ,each one1 after she had knelt down and arranged the folds of her voluminous train to her satisfaction1 dotted herself over rapidly with a great number of little crosses1 and ended by kissing her thumb4 ,this ungraceful performance is only a hasty1 careless way of making the three signs taught by the church1 which ought to be done thus3 ,the thumb of the right hand is placed across the middle of the index1 to represent the cross4 ,the first sign is then made with it on the forehead1 ,por la seal de la ,santa ,cruz--,by the sign of the holy cross2 the second on the mouth1 ,de nuestros enemigos--,from our enemies2 the third on the heart1 ,libra nos1 ,seor1 dios nuestro--,deliver us1 ,lord1 our ,god4 ,the sign as it is made usually with us1 and a kiss on the cross represented by the thumb and index1 terminate this ,spanish process of blessing one's self4 ,the toilettes of some of the fair ,spanish and ,cuban ladies present on this occasion were of rich black silk1 with a black lace mantilla over the head1 half shading the face and shoulders4 ,there was an elegant simplicity in this costume that seemed to me to make it fit to be adopted in all countries as a dress for public worship4 ,but the great majority were attired in showy1 expensive materials1 quite devoid of taste1 especially in the choice and harmony of colors4 ,black grenadine and lace dresses1 with light belts1 were numerous2 satin stripes of the deepest orange color were worn by tall1 slender1 sallow damsels2 vert d'eau1 that delicate water-green which demands so imperiously the contrast of lilies and roses1 was donned by a stout dame1 couleur de caf au lait2 and one lady displayed an ample1 sweeping robe of that bright hue the ,french call ,bismark content1 which imparted an unearthly lustre to her natural green tinge that made my flesh creep4 ,lace mantillas over the head were universal4 ,most were black2 but some young girls wore white ones1 fastened to their hair with a bunch of rose-buds4 ,there were a great many blue silk bodices1 of the style affected by ,swiss maidens2 and ,i remarked that the fat ladies were very partial to low dresses and short sleeves1 with handsome necklaces and bracelets4 ,no one wore gloves1 and every one carried a fan4 ,there was a great majority of expressive1 intelligent faces among these belles1 and there were plenty of large black eyes1 some very beautiful2 and there were pretty lips1 which disclosed with every smile two even rows of pearly teeth2 but there was also a total absence of that fresh1 healthy look which1 when united to youth1 constitutes beauty1 whatever be the shape of the features1 and without which no woman can be truly lovely4 ,as ,i contemplated1 from my somewhat high bench1 the colorless cheeks of the maidens1 and the sallow1 withered skins of the matrons kneeling on the marble floor before me1 ,i remembered the temperate zone with heart-sick longing4 ,it seems1 thought ,i1 very delightful1 when one reads of it1 to inhabit a clime where the trees are ever green1 and the flowers in perpetual bloom2 where snow and ice are unknown2 but look at these pallid girls and their faded mothers--poor1 enervated victims of continual heat6 ,and oh6 the many physical miseries arising from want of active exercise1 and the sluggish torpor that seems to invade the soul as well as the body4 ,and then the days long gone by came back to me2 the days when life went a-,maying with nature1 hope1 and poesy2 the days when ,i was young4 ,how ,i pity you1 ,i murmured1 pale ,cuban girls1 who have never run free in the daisied meadows to gather spring violets and primroses2 who have never rambled with laughing youths and maidens in the leafy woods of summer1 or sported among the dried fallen leaves in the cool1 bright days of autumn1 or made one in a merry evening party around the sparkling1 crackling1 glowing winter fire6 ,a startling yelp1 accompanied by the whistling sound of a well-applied whip1 recalled my wandering thoughts4 ,the perrero1 in the exercise of his duties1 was ejecting a recalcitrant dog1 which had contrived to reach the chancel unobserved4 ,this functionary1 the perrero--anglic1 dog-man--is peculiar to the cathedral4 ,in all the other churches of ,havana1 the faithful are constantly grieved by the unseemly spectacle of dogs roaming at will within the sacred precincts1 even on the very steps of the altar4 ,the perrero is distinguished by a dark blue serge robe1 descending to his feet1 and very much resembling a gentleman's dressing-gown in form4 ,around his neck he wears1 as a finish1 a wide white frill4 ,he carries1 concealed in the folds of this unpretending and rather unbecoming costume1 a serviceable cowhide1 which he uses with a will upon all canine intruders2 and if he can1 he concludes his admonishment with a kick1 it being generally believed that a dog which has received this final humiliation eschews the cathedral for the rest of his days4 ,in the mean time1 a considerable number of persons had assembled in the church1 and the preparations for the blessing of the palms were completed4 ,the highly ornamented branches had been brought in1 piled up on great trays2 the bishop's pastoral crook had been placed leaning against his throne1 and the wax tapers were lighted4 ,the clergy1 hastening in procession to the great central door1 which was presently thrown wide open1 letting in a flood of light and warm air1 announced the arrival of the prelate4 ,it was rather difficult to make a passage for him up to the altar2 for some good nuns had come with a shoal of little girls1 who had been arranged so as to fill up every interstice left by the occupants of the chairs and carpets2 but it was done at last1 and he advanced slowly and with great dignity up the nave1 blessing all as he passed4 ,the prelate had scarcely taken his seat under the dais1 when the doors1 opening wide again1 gave entrance to the grandees1 the municipality1 and a number of military and civil functionaries4 ,they were ushered to the places assigned to them by four mace-bearers1 habited in the ,spanish mace-bearing costume of three hundred years ago1 and much resembling in general appearance the tremendous ,queen ,elizabeth's beef-eaters1 who seemed to my childish eyes the most wonderful sight in the ,tower of ,london4 ,they wore loose red velvet tunics1 trimmed with gold lace and fringe2 the castles of ,castile were embroidered on the breast1 and the lions of ,leon adorned the sleeves2 an immense double ruff around the throat2 big1 high1 black boots and buckskin small-clothes1 and a wide-brimmed hat turned up on one side1 with a red and yellow feather1 completed the costume4 ,the military and civil officers were in full uniform1 wearing their orders and decorations2 the noblemen and gentlemen in evening dress1 and displaying on their breasts numerous ribbons and brilliant stars4 ,they were nearly all venerable-looking1 gray-haired men1 with that pensive1 dignified gravity of demeanor peculiar to the ,spaniard4 ,the religious ceremony now began4 ,the palm-branches blessed were all curiously plaited and lopped1 until they were but little more than a yard high1 only two or three small leaves being left at the top4 ,they were ornamented with bows of bright-colored ribbons1 bunches of artificial flowers1 and gold and silver tinsel butterflies4 ,that intended for the prelate was covered with elegant gold devices and arabesques4 ,each of the grandees in turn ascended the steps of the altar1 and1 kneeling1 received one from the bishop1 whose hand he kissed1 and then retired4 ,when all had been distributed1 the procession was formed2 but ,i must confess that it disappointed me exceedingly4 ,i had expected to see a grove of green1 waving palms moving along amidst the hosannas of the multitude2 but1 as it was1 all devotional and picturesque effect was totally wanting4 ,i have since been told that in the poorer churches1 which cannot afford to buy the plaited1 lopped1 and gilded sticks that the bad taste of the people prefer1 the simple branch1 so exquisitely graceful1 is perforce adopted1 and the procession1 consequently1 a very pretty sight4 ,in the cathedral1 the whole ceremony was cold and unimposing4 ,there was no summons from the outside1 with response from within4 ,there was no triumphal burst from the organ when the ,victor over sin and death made his entry2 no anthem to remind us how the chosen will be welcomed to heaven4 ,the procession descended by the southern wing1 and went out into the church porch1 where the psalms appointed were sung2 the great central door was then opened1 and it returned up the nave to the altar4 ,the mass followed1 and the bishop delivered a short sermon4 ,his voice was very agreeable1 and his manner impressive4 ,as soon as the service concluded1 every one hastened away4 ,there were no loiterers--not even to see the prelate leave the cathedral1 which he did on foot1 his violet silk train borne by one of the priests4 ,it is1 however1 but just to remark--if excuse be needed for the haste with which the church was cleared--that it was twelve o'clock1 and no one had breakfasted4 ,i was pleased to meet a friend at the door1 who insisted on my going home with her1 and ,i gratefully accepted the invitation2 for ,i felt tired and faint4 ,we accordingly got into her quitrin1 and in a few minutes reached the welcome door4 ,the quitrin1 the private conveyance of ,cuba1 and an improvement on the well-known volante1 is a carriage somewhat resembling the victoria1 but with two immense wheels2 it is swung1 too1 so easily that a person not accustomed to the vehicle finds it difficult to enter4 ,the shafts are exceedingly long1 and the horse in them trots1 while a second horse1 upon which the calesero rides1 canters4 ,this second horse is attached to the carriage by long traces at the left side1 and a little ahead of the shaft-horse4 ,the effect produced by the different paces of the animals is very curious4 ,the calesero1 or driver1 is always a colored man2 he is usually dressed in a blue jacket1 7though green1 yellow1 and red are not unfrequent17 white drill waistcoat and trowsers1 and high black leathern leggings1 hollowed out under the knee and standing up stiff above it1 resembling1 in fact1 the great boots worn by ,french postilions1 minus the feet4 ,these leggings are fastened down the sides with straps and silver buckles1 and ornamented with large silver plates4 ,no stockings1 but low-cut shoes1 leaving visible the naked instep1 heavy silver spurs and a stove-pipe hat1 and the calesero is considered an elegant turn-out4 ,the breakfast was waiting2 a ,creole one1 composed of soup made of the water in which beef-bones1 and especially beef knee-caps1 had been boiled1 flavored with onions fried in lard2 of vaca frita--fried cow--little pieces of beef of all shapes1 fried also in lard2 of ropa vieja--old clothes--slices of cold meat warmed up with sauce2 of aporeado--beef torn into shreds of an inch and a half long and stewed with a little tomato1 green peppers1 garlic1 and onions1 7this dish looks very like boiled twine27 of picadillo--meat minced as fine as possible and scrambled in eggs1 chopped onions and peppers2 of rice cooked with little pieces of fat pork and colored with saffron2 of very nice pork-chops1 the best meat in ,cuba1 and very different and far superior to ,northern pork2 of boiled yucca1 and ripe plantains1 very delicious to the taste1 resembling in flavor a well-made apple charlotte4 ,the bread was very good1 and more baked than it usually is in the ,united ,states4 ,claret and water was the general beverage1 and the meal finished with a cup of hot coffee enriched with creamy milk1 boiled without the salt and aniseed that ,creoles almost invariably put into it4 ,we were waited on at table by two admirably-trained ,chinese1 a people much and justly esteemed in ,havana as house-servants and cooks4 ,it was nearly three o'clock when ,i at last reached home2 but not until the next day did ,i hear of the four unfortunate men shot that afternoon in the streets1 during the embarkation of the two hundred and fifty political prisoners for ,fernando ,po4 ,,the ,,tenebr4 ,the following ,wednesday morning1 ,i reached the cathedral just as the gospel was commenced4 ,at the conclusion of the mass the service of the ,tenebr was very impressively chanted4 ,as ,i listened1 my heart realized all the grief and desolation of that sad time4 ,i could hear ,david bewailing his outraged ,lord and ,son2 ,jeremias lamenting over the ruins of ,jerusalem1 over the crucified ,victim2 dear mother church calling her children to repentance in supplicating1 tender strains2 and the three devoted ,marys sighing and weeping as they climbed the steep of ,calvary among the crowd that followed our blessed ,saviour to the cross4 ,at the termination of this mournful music1 just as the confused murmur that recalled the noise of the tumultuous masses who1 led on by ,judas1 came armed with sticks to seize ,jesus1 died away1 a number of priests1 completely enveloped in ample black silk robes with long pointed trains1 their faces entirely concealed beneath high-peaked black silk hoods1 advanced to the front of the altar and knelt in a row on the step before it4 ,after a short1 whispered prayer1 one of them arose1 and taking the black banner with the blood-red cross1 which ,i have already mentioned1 waved it for several minutes in silence over his companions1 while they prostrated themselves on their faces before the altar4 ,it is impossible to imagine a scene more lugubrious2 the black-robed figures lying motionless1 the mysterious hooded form that seemed to tower above them1 the sinister flag1 the deep silence--all contributed to inspire a sentiment of undefinable fear4 ,every one present knelt1 and in unbroken silence the black banner was waved over us4 ,when we raised our heads1 the sombre assembly had disappeared and the chancel was empty4 ,this1 ,i was told1 is a ceremony that has been handed down from the time of the primitive ,christians of ,rome2 but no one was able to explain the meaning of it to my satisfaction4 ,,maundy-,,thursday4 ,maundy-,thursday found me bright and early in the cathedral1 and well placed2 for ,i was again just opposite the seats reserved for the captain-general and the governor1 and just behind those intended for the military and civil officers4 ,with the exception of the bishop's dais1 throne1 reading-desk1 and cushion1 which were now of white damask and gold1 every thing was the same as on ,palm-,sunday4 ,but the great white curtain had been removed from before the southern transept1 and there was now to be seen a magnificent golden sepulchre1 under a white and gilded dome supported by columns4 ,the statue of a kneeling angel adorned each side of this monument1 to which the officiating priest ascended by six carpeted steps4 ,innumerable wax tapers in silver candlesticks were arranged on each side1 their soft light reflected by the silver and gold drapery that lined the vault4 ,as on ,palm-,sunday1 the floor of the nave was soon covered with carpets and little chairs1 all occupied an hour before the mass began by women and children1 white and colored1 of every social grade1 from the delicate marchioness to the coarse black cook4 ,not even the most elegant lady present seemed in the slightest degree annoyed by being elbowed1 and her satin dress rumpled1 by some pushing1 saucy morena1 7colored woman17 who planted her chair or stool just where she could contrive to squeeze it in1 with the most perfect assurance that no one would question her right to do so4 ,i remarked1 too1 that in the crowd of men who stood in the aisles1 the whites and blacks1 the rich and the poor1 were on the same terms and acting in precisely the same manner toward one another2 and ,i felt convinced that nowhere on earth was such social equality to be met with as ,i witnessed in the cathedral church of ,havana4 ,i was admiring this absence of all invidious distinctions in the house of ,god1 and rejoicing in the thought that here1 at least1 the master had to confess himself weak and humble as the slave1 the rich powerless as the poor1 when two men forced room for themselves on my bench and by my side4 ,one had the look of a low grog-shop keeper1 the other of a whining street-beggar2 both were shockingly1 disgustingly filthy2 both snorted and spat in the most frightful manner1 and in the discomfort they caused me1 ,i arrived at the conclusion that all men are equal--yes1 except the clean and the dirty2 and ,i fretted and fumed against the church officials who thus abandoned the faithful washed to the inroads of the faithless unwashed4 ,faithless unwashed6--it is written wittingly2 for ,i cannot credit that piety will exist with filthiness of its own free will4 ,no1 sin and dirt are too often bosom friends2 but cleanliness goes hand in hand with godliness4 ,i had1 however1 to bear and forbear with my unpleasant neighbors1 whose propinquity induced a train of thoughts somewhat at variance with the solemnity ,i had come to witness4 ,i remembered1 among other discrepant subjects1 the nickname given to the ,spaniards by the ,cubans1 ,patones--,big-,feet--which appellation has frequently been used in skirmishes between the insurgents and the ,spanish troops as a battle-cry4 ,viva ,cuba1 y mueren los ,patones6 ,long live ,cuba1 and death to the ,big-,feet6 the rebels would shout1 and the soldiers1 very naturally enraged at a personal defect being alluded to in such terms1 would fight like insulted heroes4 ,so ,i improved this opportunity1 having a long row of ,spaniards before me1 to examine their lower extremities and judge for myself what truth there was in the discourteous designation4 ,after a careful and impartial investigation1 ,i believe that ,i can say with justice that1 though they do not possess the exquisitely-formed1 fairy-like little feet with which every ,cuban1 male and female1 trips into this world1 they yet cannot be accused of having large or clumsy ones4 ,most of the ,spanish feet ,i saw were certainly much smaller than those of the ,english or ,germans1 resembling1 perhaps1 those of the ,french4 ,the toilettes of the ladies were even more ball-like than on ,palm-,sunday2 nearly every one wore low-necked dresses and short sleeves1 and many white kid gloves4 ,rose-colored1 pale blue1 yellow1 and white silk robes trimmed with lace and a multitude of bows1 and sometimes disfigured by preposterous paniers1 were general4 ,the hair was artistically dressed and adorned with flowers1 golden fillets1 and bright ribbons1 and the white or black lace mantilla thrown over the head was as small and transparent as possible4 ,at a quarter past eight1 the bishop arrived with a numerous suite of clergy3 as on ,sunday1 it was with difficulty he made his way through the sitting1 kneeling1 becrinolined1 and betrained crowd that encumbered the centre of the church4 ,very shortly after1 a flourish of trumpets outside announced the coming of the captain-general4 ,the great door was again thrown open1 and he entered1 preceded by the mace-bearers1 and attended by ,seor ,don ,dionisio ,lopez ,roberts1 superior political governor of ,havana1 and a brilliant cortge of noblemen1 gentlemen1 and military and civil chiefs4 ,when all were seated1 the scene as viewed from my bench was very striking4 ,the resplendent sepulchre2 the illuminated altar1 at which the mitred prelate and his assistant priests were officiating1 all robed in white and gold2 the long row of handsome uniforms on each side of the nave2 the gay parterre of fair ladies1 and the crowd of spectators of every shade of color from white to black that filled the spaces between the massive pillars and served as a background1 all contributed to form a whole most picturesque and unique4 ,the beautiful service of ,maundy-,thursday now commenced2 during the celebration of it1 the ceremony of blessing the holy oils was performed2 and when the ,gloria in excelsis was chanted1 the bell was rung for the last time until ,holy ,saturday4 ,at the elevation1 ,i heard the silver staff of the pertiguero resound several times upon the pavement4 ,the pertiguero is1 like the perrero1 a functionary peculiar to the cathedral2 his duty is to enforce kneeling at the elevation on all strangers visiting that church at the moment4 ,he carries a long silver staff1 called a pertiga1 which he strikes with a clang upon the marble floor when he perceives any one inattentive to the strict rule of the church--prostration in presence of the host4 ,after the mass1 the blessed sacrament was carried in solemn procession to the sepulchre1 the captain-general and the governor bearing the banner of the ,agnus ,dei1 and all the grandees and municipality joining in it4 ,the staves and cross-rods of the banner and of the magnificent dais held over the holy sacrament were all of silver1 and appeared to be very heavy4 ,the host was deposited in the sepulchre1 which was then locked1 and the golden key fastened to a chain suspended by the bishop around the neck of the captain-general1 to be brought back to the church by him on ,good-,friday4 ,the beautiful hymn1 ,pange lingua1 was sung very sweetly the whole time2 the ,latin1 which seems so hard and harsh in our ,english pronunciation1 sounding very grand and harmonious in these ,spanish mouths4 ,the church cleared very rapidly after the mass2 and when the last carriage had conveyed its last occupant home1 no vehicle of any kind was permitted to pass through the streets of ,havana4 ,the soldiers now carried their arms reversed1 and all ,spanish flags were at half-mast4 ,the city was in mourning4 ,i was taken possession of by some kind friends as ,i left the cathedral1 and accompanied them to their house close by1 where we found a welcome breakfast awaiting us4 ,it consisted of fish and vegetables4 ,we commenced with turtle-soup2 but not of the kind so loved by ,cockney aldermen1 redolent of spiced force-meat balls and luscious green fat2 this was an orthodox meagre soup1 incapable of doing harm4 ,then came a nice fried fish called rabi rubio--red tail1 and fried lobster1 all hot1 which1 however1 ,i did not like as well as boiled lobster cold with a mayonnaise sauce4 ,to these succeeded shrimp fritters1 roast turtle1 and a very delicate fish1 the pargo1 the best in these seas1 and sometimes caught as large as a large salmon1 which it is not unlike in form4 ,our vegetables were white rice1 eaten with black ,mexican beans stewed2 yam1 yucca1 and slices of green plantain fried of a fine gold color1 and very delicious4 ,good bread1 excellent claret1 and native coffee with an aroma resembling that of the best ,mocha1 completed this agreeable repast1 which had been enlivened by the pleasant conversation of an intelligent1 generous-hearted ,spaniard1 and the smiles and jests of his pretty ,cuban wife and children4 ,breakfast over1 my friend ,pepilla and ,i1 with the two eldest girls1 ,dolores and ,luisita1 sallied forth into the silent streets to visit some of the churches1 previous to attending the ceremony of the ,lavatorio--washing of feet--which was to be performed in the cathedral at three o'clock4 ,the quaint old church of ,san ,juan de ,dios was the first we entered4 ,its floor of hard-beaten earth was encumbered with kneeling worshippers1 mostly colored1 in earnest prayer before a figure as large as life1 representing our blessed ,saviour dressed in a dark purple velvet robe1 embroidered with gold2 his hands tied together with a rope2 his head crowned with a gilded crown of thorns4 ,long black ringlets of shiny hair shaded his emaciated cheeks and fell far down on his shoulders behind4 ,the high altar1 which is a curious work of bad taste1 decorated with little carved wooden angels wearing black ,hessian boots1 was screened by hangings of gold and silver tinsel2 and a gilded sepulchre1 surrounded by a great number of wax tapers1 to be lighted in the evening1 was placed in front of it4 ,as we came out of the poor little church1 a dirty negro boy1 followed by a dozen others1 ran by us in the street1 making a great noise with a matraca1 to the delight of his suite4 ,this matraca is a piece of wood about eighteen inches long and ten wide2 on each side of it are affixed one or two thick iron wires of the usual size and shape of those old-fashioned metal handles to drawers and trunks1 which always used to slip out of their sockets when one gave a strong pull4 ,when the instrument is shaken1 these rattle against the wood1 and in the hands of an adept1 and all colored boys are such1 made a terrible clatter4 ,from the ,gloria on ,maundy-,thursday until the ,gloria on ,holy ,saturday1 matracas are employed instead of bells and clocks1 and boys from the churches run through the streets with them1 to announce each hour of the day4 ,the sepulchre at ,san ,felipe1 a church whose interior is remarkable for its air of bright cleanliness1 was very tastefully arranged with flowers and tapers1 and promised to look very brilliant when lighted up4 ,there also was an image of our ,saviour similar to that we had just seen4 ,at ,santo ,domingo1 a large1 handsome edifice1 we found a magnificent sepulchre1 in severer taste than the two we had visited4 ,in one of the aisles1 also1 there was a group large as life1 and painfully life-like4 ,it represented our blessed ,lord on the cross1 the blood streaming from his nose and down his pale1 thin cheeks from the wounds inflicted by the cruel thorns of his crown2 a ghastly gash in his side2 his hands tom by the dreadful nails2 his wrists bruised and cut by the cords with which he had been bound2 his knees so horribly scarified by being dragged over the rough ground that the bones of the joints were visible2 his feet mangled1 his whole body cut and scratched and discolored by stones and blows4 ,at the foot of the cross stood the holy ,virgin1 tearless1 but with so heart-broken an expression that to look at her was to weep4 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 her face pale1 her eyes swollen and red1 was kneeling near her4 ,i could not bear the sight of this agony1 and turned away1 saying to myself1 ,yes1 it must have been like this6 ,in each of these three churches a nun was sitting at a small table with a tray before her1 to collect the charitable1 voluntary offerings of visitors4 ,this was the first time ,i had seen the slightest approach to money-asking in the ,cuban churches4 ,during the rest of the year there never are collections of any kind made in them4 ,nevertheless1 the ladies of ,havana are very ready to contribute1 and do contribute liberally toward all religious and charitable purposes2 but privately1 not publicly4 ,indeed1 both ,spaniards and ,cubans are remarkably compassionate and generous to the begging poor1 whom they gently style ,pordioseros--,for-,god-sakers2 and whom they never send harshly away when unpleasantly importuned or unable to give1 as we ,anglo-,saxons so often do2 but refuse with a soft ,perdone1 por ,dios1 hermano--,pardon me1 for ,god's sake1 brother2 or1 ,perdone1 por ,dios1 hermanita--,pardon me1 for ,god's sake1 little sister4 ,it was now time to return to the cathedral to secure places to see the ,lavatorio4 ,we found but few persons there yet1 and consequently had a choice of seats4 ,some colored men were busy placing an image of our ,saviour1 similar to that we had seen in the church of ,san ,juan de ,dios1 on one of the altars in the southern aisle1 and it was touching to see the veneration and love with which one or other of them would raise from time to time a ringlet of the shiny black hair and kiss it4 ,just before three o'clock two long benches were set on the epistle side of the altar1 and presently a large number of youths1 attired in dark red robes1 entered the chancel--students from the ,seminario de ,san ,carlos1 the theological college attached to the cathedral4 ,the beautiful anthem that is chanted during the ceremony of the washing of feet1 ,mandatum novum do vobis1 ,a new command ,i give unto you1 contains the distinctive precept of our pure and holy religion1 ,love one another2 and ,i could not help thinking1 when the ,bishop of ,havana girded himself with a linen napkin and knelt humbly to do his lowly task1 that he looked as if it were to him a real labor of love1 so charitable an expression was there in his eyes1 such venerable grace in his manner4 ,he was assisted by several priests1 one of whom carried a large silver basin1 another a silver ewer full of water4 ,the water was poured over one foot only2 the prelate knelt as he wiped it1 and then kissing it1 rose and passed to the foot of the next boy1 and so on4 ,when all were washed and wiped1 the bishop1 looking heated and tired1 resumed the white and gold chasuble he had laid aside1 and1 crowned with his mitre1 took his seat in front of the high altar1 surrounded by his clergy4 ,the sermon then commenced2 the subject was1 as always on this day1 the institution of the holy eucharist4 ,the preacher was a rather young man1 of agreeable aspect1 earnest in gesture and manner4 ,his voice was loud and clear1 and the magnificent ,spanish language resounded in harmonious and eloquent periods through the vaulted nave4 ,i remembered1 as ,i listened admiringly1 the old ,spanish boast that theirs is the tongue in which the ,almighty can be least unworthily addressed1 and it did not seem to me so vain and unmeaning as ,i once deemed it4 ,with the conclusion of the sermon1 all the joy and love that had marked the first part of the services of ,holy ,thursday disappeared1 and grief and mourning now began again4 ,vespers and the ,tenebr were chanted1 and then the faithful withdrew4 ,in the evening all the inhabitants of ,havana poured into the streets3 the captain-general1 attended by his staff2 the bishop1 followed by his clergy2 the governor and the municipality2 the various corporations2 large family parties1 and bands of young men and boys2 all went from one illuminated church to another1 seven being the prescribed number1 to kneel before the splendid sepulchres1 and pray with more or less devotion4 ,and having accomplished this duty1 all adjourned to the ,plaza de ,armas1 a handsome square1 on one side of which is the palace of the captain-general1 for the retreta2 that is1 to promenade while they listened to the military band1 which played some sacred music very finely1 and to eat ices1 the pious taking care that theirs were water-ices4 ,the brilliant moon of the tropics lighted up the scene1 making all visible as in the day1 but with softer tones2 beneath her beams the beautiful eyes of the ladies seemed of a more velvety black1 and their white teeth glistened whiter between their smiling lips4 ,a gentle breeze1 laden with the sweet odors peculiar to night in ,cuba1 sighed in the leafy boughs of the ,laurel de ,india1 and all seemed to me peace and good-will among men1 until ,i overheard one ,creole lady say to another1 ,your husband was a ,spaniard1 ,i believe8 ,i have been the wife of two ,spaniards1 replied the ,cubana2 but ,i am happy to say that ,i have buried them both6 ,so ,i returned to my home deeply meditating on the loveliness of nature and the perversity of mankind4 ,,gould',s ,,origin ,,and ,,development ,,of ,,religious ,,belief4#aa ,in this book the author considers what are the natural religious wants of man's soul2 he shows how these cravings have given birth to various religious systems2 he considers to what extent these systems are capable of satisfying man's moral nature1 including in this survey every ancient and modern belief except ,christianity2 and proves that they have all failed in a greater or less degree4 ,in a second volume he intends to show how that ,christianity by its fundamental postulate--the ,incarnation--assumes to meet all these instincts2 how it actually does so meet them2 and how failure is due to counteracting political or social causes4 7,p4 #f47 ,in other words1 we have here a treatise on religion from the priori1 rationalistic or philosophic stand-point4 ,the work is done as well as we could expect from a non-,catholic author4 ,but like most other books of the same stamp1 written by those outside of the church1 it contains many errors and false statements of facts4 ,as it has attracted no little attention1 and may be considered as a type of a large class1 we will give some quotations from it1 to show how cautiously these books are to be read1 and how little confidence can be placed in their assertions4 ,in his preface1 the author says that1 besides the historical revelation1 ,we have a revelation in our own nature4444 ,on this revelation the church of the future must establish its claims to acceptance4 7,p4 #f47 ,if ,christ was ,god1 as we firmly believe1 or even an inspired teacher sent by ,god1 the first and only thing necessary is to know what he taught4 ,we must examine extrinsic evidence which bears on the inspiration1 authenticity1 and genuineness of the historical documents in which his teaching is contained4 ,intrinsic evidence derived from the examination of that teaching1 and the consideration of its complete harmony with man's spiritual nature1 must be assigned a second1 not a first place4 ,in the following passages1 which are certainly not a little ridiculous1 we have naturalism and materialism3 ,mysticism is produced by the combustion of the gray vascular matter in the sensorium--the thalami optici and the corpora striata4 7,p4 #cee47 ,prayer is a liberation of force4 ,when the emotions are excited1 rapid combustion of nervous tissue ensues1 and the desire that inevitably follows to do something is the signal that an amount of power has been generated1 and equilibrium is disturbed4 7,p4 #chg47 ,pantheism1 we are told1 p4 #bib1 is the philosophy of reason--of reason1 it may be1 in its impotence1 7most assuredly67 but of such reason as man is gifted with here4 ,on page #cai1 speaking of ,kant1 he says1 ,all the arguments advanced by metaphysicians to prove the existence of ,god crumbled into dust beneath his touch4 ,the truth is precisely the opposite4 ,kant has crumbled into dust1 and all the arguments adduced by metaphysicians to prove the existence of ,god remain as unshaken as before he was born4 ,we are told1 on page #gi1 that the chief reason why all men have believed in the immortality of the soul1 is because they could not form even a conception of its annihilation4 ,on the contrary1 any one who has ever slept soundly can conceive its annihilation without any difficulty1 though he might experience a good deal in endeavoring to picture to himself an existence without end4 ,the doctrine of the immortality of the soul1 however1 even in philosophy1 does not rest on any such weak arguments4 ,that most wonderful fact of history1 in which the finger of ,god evidently appears1 namely1 the preservation of the ,jewish people and their belief for the past eighteen hundred years1 in the face of causes which1 according to every natural law1 ought long ago to have destroyed both creed and nation1 is accounted for 7p4 #bje7 simply by their possession of the ,talmud1 which is a minute rule of life1 etc4 ,credat ,judus ,apella4 ,a man of thought will not steal1 because he knows he is violating a law of sciology4 7,p4 #bgh47 ,were all the men in the world sciologists1 and men of thought1 we would not be in the least inclined to trust our property to the slender protection afforded by a law of sciology4 ,every native of the ,gem of the ,ocean will be delighted to learn that ,the suffering ,celt has his ,brian ,boroimhe1 444 who will come again 444 to inaugurate a ,fenian millennium1 7p4 #djg27 and students of history will be surprised to know that ,marie ,antoinette was informed of the execution of ,robespierre by a woman in the street below the prison putting stones in her apron1 and then1 with her hand falling on them1 scattering them on the ground4 7,p4 #ahg47 ,marie ,antoinette was not alive when ,robespierre was executed4 ,the above incident occurred in the life of ,josephine ,beauharnais4 ,on pages #acc-acd1 we are told substantially that for the first three or four centuries after ,christ1 ,god governed the ,christian world directly6 ,then1 for a time1 through the priests alone6 ,afterward1 for several centuries1 through kings alone6 ,now the whole ,christian world is ruled solely by the open ,bible6 ,this is a good example of how most non-,catholic writers1 when speaking of religion1 are always ready to sacrifice historical truth for the sake of a generalization or a rhetorical flourish4 ,its primitive organization 7that is1 of the church7 was purely democratic4 ,it recognized the right of the governed to choose their governor4 7,p4 #bja47 ,we never knew before that the people of ,ephesus elected ,timothy to be their ruler1 or the people of ,crete1 ,titus4 ,we thought ,st4 ,paul appointed both of them1 and that he told ,timothy1 ,the things which thou hast heard from me before many witnesses1 the same commend to faithful men who shall be fit to teach others also1 7,epis4 to ,timothy ii4 #b27 and that he wrote to ,titus1 444 ordain priests in every city1 as ,i also appointed thee4 7,epis4 to ,titus i4 #e47 ,when ,hildebrand gathered up the reins of government in his powerful hand to transmit them to his successors1 the ecclesiastical elective primacy became an absolute supremacy4 7,p4 #bja47 ,in the ,arabian ,nights1 if any difficulty occurs to interfere with the plot of a story1 genii or fairies are straightway introduced1 perform very coolly some astounding act1 and presto6 all goes smoothly again4 ,so1 when ,protestant authors1 in writing history1 come across any fact that stands in the way of their preconceived anti-,catholic theories1 and logic cannot remove it1 they introduce priestcraft1 ,hildebrand1 the cunning ,jesuits1 etc42 these prodigies shoulder the difficulty1 walk off with it1 and then it is all perfectly clear4 ,priestcraft1 for instance1 invented the whole sacramental system and foisted it on the church1 no one knows when1 where1 or how4 ,hildebrand created the papal power4 ,it did not exist before his time4 ,the cunning ,jesuits--ah6 it would require more than a ,thousand and ,one ,arabian ,nights to recount all the wondrous achievements of these mythological characters4 ,their latest act has been the convocation of the present cumenical council1 which they rule with an iron hand4 ,in fact1 the editor of this magazine1 who is a member of the council1 has written to us privately that now their power and tyranny have become so great that when the council is in full session you have to ask a special permission of the cunning ,jesuits if you desire to sneeze or even wink6 7,isn't it awful1 reader8 ,but this1 you know1 is strictly entre nous4 ,you mustn't mention it to any body on any consideration1 unless1 of course--as is not at all impossible--you should hereafter learn the same thing from the ,atlantic ,cable67 ,the saints of the ,catholic ,church in modern times1 we read1 7p4 #cfb17 are ecstatics1 crazy nuns1 and sentimental boys4 ,such1 therefore1 were ,sts4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 ,ignatius1 ,francis ,xavier1 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,charles ,borromeo1 ,francis of ,sales1 ,theresa1 ,jane de ,chantal1 and the two ,catherines6 ,well1 we live to learn6 ,mr4 ,gould1 in order1 it would appear1 to give an air of originality--or1 more correctly1 aboriginality--to his book1 chooses to employ the term idol as signifying any representation of the ,deity1 7whether it receive divine worship or not17 even the intellectual conception or purely philosophic idea6 ,idolatry1 then1 is the outward expression of the belief in a personal ,god4 7,p4 #agf47 ,according to this new nomenclature1 we must style all ,christians idolaters6 ,a fetish is a concentration of spirit or deity upon one point4 7,p4 #agg47 ,so with sticks1 stones1 and snakes1 he ranks the ,sacred ,host--the ,catholic fetish6 ,the attribution to the ,deity of wisdom and goodness is every whit as much anthropomorphosis as the attribution of limbs and passions4 7,p4 #age47 ,so all worshippers of the ,deity 7for the impersonal ,god of pantheism is simply no ,god at all7 are anthropomorphists as well as idolaters6 ,the last remark we have quoted from the author is not true4 ,the soul alone is not the man2 neither is the body alone2 but soul and body together4 ,whoever1 therefore1 attributes to ,god only the spiritual attributes of man1 cannot be properly termed an anthropomorphist4 ,in any case1 however1 we most decidedly object to any one's applying to sacred things terms rendered opprobrious by long and correct usage4 ,the effect of such an act is to confuse the reader1 and its tendency is to bring what is holy into contempt4 ,perhaps this was the author's intention4 ,as might easily be supposed from the foregoing examples1 the writer of this book is one of the nineteenth century illuminati1 and in favor of unrestrained freedom of thought1 etc41 7the chief enemies of which are historical facts1 sound logic1 and common-sense47 ,we will now listen for a moment while1 in good orthodox ,protestant fashion1 he is shouting the battle-cry of freedom4 ,sacerdotal despotism succeeded in the middle ages in concentrating all power over consciences and intelligences in the hands of an order whose centre was in ,rome4 7,p4 #ach47 ,the ,reformation was a revolt against that oppressive despotism of the ,roman theocracy which crushed the human intellect and paralyzed freedom of action4 7,p4 #aci47 ,under an infallible guide1 regulating every moral and theological item of his 7man's7 spiritual being1 his mental faculties are given him that they may be atrophied1 like the eyes of the oyster1 which1 being useless in the sludge of its bed1 are reabsorbed4 7,p4 #adj47 ,theocratic legislation hampers every man's action from the cradle to the grave4444 ,the ,israelites are a case in point4 ,they were tied down 444 lest they should desert monotheism for idolatry4 7,p4 #bjd47 ,in a theocracy there is neither individuality1 personality1 nor originality4444 ,it has restrained independence1 shackled commerce1 conventionalized art1 mummified science1 cramped literature1 and stifled thought1 etc4 7,pp4 #bjg1 #bjh47 ,what a pity that we poor ,romanists are so benighted1 etc41 etc41 that we don't in the least appreciate these modern ,solons1 who seem to think that every one should be progressive2 that is1 spend his life in dragging himself out of one humbug only to fall into another2 or1 as the wise critic of ,the ,nation put it a short time ago1 in speaking of a story in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 a young man ought to be like a ship1 and devote his existence to sailing about--on the boundless ocean1 we suppose1 of infidel nonsense6#ab ,finally1 we read1 7pp4 #ach1 #aci47 ',strange destiny1 that of theology1 to be condemned to be for ever attaching itself to those systems which are crumbling away1' writes ,m4 ,maury2 'to be essentially hostile to all science that is novel1 and to all progress6' ,we shall only remark that1 were religion to spend her time in pinning her faith to all the novel1 scientific1 progressive systems that spring up every day and straightway begin to crumble1 even while these learned sciologists are tossing high their caps in air and shouting out in impressive chorus1 ,where now is theology8--it would1 we think1 be even stranger still4 ,we have devoted this much space to showing up some of the falsehoods in this book because it is not all false nor all stupid2 it is a philosophic and1 to some extent1 a learned work2 it is written in a brilliant and attractive style4 ,this class of works dazzle2 but when written by non-,catholics1 they are not to be trusted4 ,the only deep1 and1 at the same time1 sound scholarship in the world is in the ,catholic ,church4 ,those who protest against her protest against the truth2 even the most learned among them1 on many most essential matters1 are surprisingly ignorant2 but what they want in knowledge they make up generally in flash rhetoric and humbug novelty1 and that suits this enlightened age just as well4 ,too many persons1 however1 when they see much that is true in a book1 are inclined to believe it all true2 and so with a considerable amount of food they will swallow a great deal of poison4 ,this is a mistake4 ,no author is ever wholly wrong4 ,the falsest say many things that are true4 ,to show how error and truth may be found side by side in the same work1 we will give some quotations from our author in which his ideas are sufficiently1 or even strikingly1 correct4 ,he thus speaks of asceticism3 ,from whatever motive an ascetic life is undertaken1 the result is accumulation of force4 ,the ascetic cuts himself off1 as much as possible1 from all means of liberating force4 ,his voluntary celibacy and abstinence from active work place at his disposal all that force which would be discharged by a man in the world in muscular action and in domestic affection4444 ,withdrawal from society intensifies his individuality1 and1 unless the ideas formed in his brain be such as can excite his emotion1 he becomes completely self-centred4 ,but if the object of his contemplation be one which is calculated to draw out his affections1 the result is a cordinate accumulation of mental and affectional power4 7,p4 #cdh47 ,luther1 a man of coarse and vigorous animalism1 was no ascetic4 7,p4 #cej47 ,the doctrine of ,zwinglius1 he tells us1 was simply pantheism1 and that of ,calvin he considers undeserving the name of ,christianity4 ,alongside of ,mohammedanism must be placed a parallel development in ,europe1 which1 though nominally ,christian1 is intrinsically deistic4 ,consciously it was not so1 but logically it was2 and in its evolution it proved a striking counterpart to ,islamism4 ,zwinglius had taught that ,god was infinite essence1 absolute being1 7 ,esse47 ,the being of creatures1 he said1 was not opposed to the being of ,god1 but was in and by him4 ,not man only1 but all creation1 was of divine race4 ,nature was the force of ,god in action1 and every thing is one4 ,sin he held to be the necessary consequence of the development of man1 and to be1 not a disturbance of moral order1 but the necessary process in the development of man1 who has no free-will4 ,calvin's idea of ,god was quite as absolute as that formed by ,zwinglius1 but it was not so pantheistic1 though he did not shrink from calling nature ,god4 ,the ,deity was to him the great autocrat1 whose absolute will allotted to man his place in time and in eternity4 ,beyond the pale of the church1 he taught1 there was no remission to be hoped for1 nor any chance of salvation2 for the church was the number of the predestined1 and ,god could not alter his decision without abrogating his divinity4 7,p4 #bff47 ,he swept away the sacramental system2 if he held to ,christianity1 it was in name1 not in theory1 for his doctrine excluded it as a necessary article4 ,he deprived the atonement of its efficacy and significance1 and he left the ,incarnation unaccounted for1 save by the absolute decree of the divine and arbitrary will which he worshipped as ,god4 7,p4 #bfg47 ,he thus speaks of the ,reformation and of its cardinal principle3 ,but what was the result of the ,reformation8 ,the establishment of a royal along side of a biblical theocracy4 ,the crown became the supreme head to order what religion is to consist of1 how worship is to be conducted1 and what articles of faith are to be believed4 7,p4 #aci47 ,the ,scriptures were then assumed to be the ultimate authority on doctrine and ethics2 they were supposed to contain 'all things necessary to salvation1 so that whatsoever is not read therein1 nor may be proved thereby1 is not to be required of any man1 that it be believed as an article of the faith1 or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation4' ,this mode of arresting modification is not1 however1 final1 and cannot in the nature of things be final2 for1 firstly1 the significance of the terms in which the revelation is couched must be subject to the most conflicting interpretations2 and secondly1 the authority of the revelation will be constantly exposed to be questioned1 and the genuineness of the documents to be disputed4 7,p4 #acd47 ,buddhism he calls the ,protestantism of the ,east4 ,its cold philosophy and thin abstractions1 however they might exercise the faculties of anchorites1 have proved insufficient of themselves to arrest man in his career of passion and pursuit2 and the bold experiment of influencing the heart and regulating the conduct of mankind by the external decencies and the mutual dependencies of morality1 unsustained by higher hopes1 has proved in this instance an unredeemed and hopeless failure4 7,p4 #cec47 ,in confiding all to the mere strength of the human intellect1 and the enthusiastic self-reliance and determination of the human heart1 it makes no provision for defence against those powerful temptations before which ordinary resolution must give way4 7,p4 #ced47 ,the mass of the population are profoundly ignorant of1 and utterly indifferent to1 the tenets of their creed4444 ',the same results appear in the phases of ,buddhism beyond ,india1' says ,m4 ,maupied2 'in the north of ,asia and in ,china it has arrived at a sort of speculative atheism1 which has not only arrested proselytism1 but which is self-destructive1 and which in the end will completely ruin it4' ,it is not a religion but a philosophy4 7,p4 #cee47 ,this close resemblance seems to have been felt on first contact of ,calvinism and ,buddhism2 for we find in #afhd the ,dutch government importing at its own expense ,buddhist missionaries from ,arracan to ,ceylon to oppose the progress of ,catholicism4 7,p4 #cec47 ,he is not in line with those1 so numerous in this age and country1 who hold to the ,chinese notion that intellectual and material progress is every thing4 ,on the whole1 it will be found that the amount of happiness in a race not highly civilized is far more general1 and its sum total far higher1 than that of an over-civilized race4 ,the rude and simple ,swiss peasantry are thoroughly happy1 while in a large city like ,london1 the upper stratum of society is engaged in nervous quest of pleasure which ever eludes them1 while the lower is plunged in misery4 ,besides1 what is really meant by the progress of the species8 ,the only tangible superiority of a generation over that which has preceded it1 appears to consist in its having within its reach a larger accumulation of scientific or literary materials for thought1 or a greater mastery over the forces of inanimate nature2 advantages not without their drawbacks1 and at any rate of a somewhat superficial kind4 ,genius is not progressive from age to age2 nor yet the practice1 however it may be with the science1 of moral excellence4 ,and1 as this progress of the species is only supposed1 after all1 to be an improvement of its condition during men's first lifetime1 the belief--call it1 if you will1 but a dream--of a prolonged existence after death reduces the whole progress to insignificance4 ,there is more1 even as regards quantity of sensation1 in the spiritual well-being of one single soul1 with an existence thus continuous1 than in the increased physical or intellectual prosperity1 during one lifetime1 of the entire human race4 7,p4 #ei-fj47 ,nor does he appear to believe in the ,protestant method of converting people1 and causing them to experience religion4 ,we read on page #ceh that1 while ,wesley was preaching at ,bristol1 'one1 and another1 and another1' we are told1 'sank to the earth4 ,they dropped on every side as thunderstruck4' ,men and women by 'scores were sometimes strewed on the ground at once1 insensible as dead men4' ,during a ,methodist revival in ,cornwall1 four thousand people1 it is computed1 fell into convulsions4 ',they remained during this condition so abstracted from every earthly thought1 that they staid two1 and sometimes three days and nights together in the chapels1 agitated all the time by spasmodic movements1 and taking neither repose nor refreshment4 ,the symptoms followed each other usually as follows3 ,a sense of faintness and oppression1 shrieks as if in the agony of death or the pains of labor1 convulsions of the muscles of the eyelids--the eyes being fixed and staring--and of the muscles of the neck1 trunk1 and arms2 sobbing respiration1 tremors1 and general agitation1 and all sorts of strange gestures4 ,when exhaustion came on1 patients usually fainted1 and remained stiff and motionless until their recovery4' 7,p4 #ceh47 ,finally1 in speaking of the diverse forms of ceremonial expression1 he says1 ,jacob leans on his staff to pray1 ,moses falls flat on his face1 the ,catholic bows his knee1 and the ,protestant settles himself into a seat4 7,p4 #aad47 ,we don't know whether to prefer ,protestant taste1 or ,feejee1 or ,hindoo4 ,thus1 out of love to a mother1 the ,feejee eats her1 and the ,european erects a mausoleum4 ,the sentiment is the same1 but the mode of exhibition is different4 7,p4 #aae47 ,the ,hindoo represents ,brahm1 the ,great ,absolute1 absorbed in self-contemplation1 as a man wrapped in a mantle1 with his foot in his mouth1 to symbolize his eternity and his self-satisfaction4 7,p4 #ahh47 ,we remarked before that the author of this book displays considerable learning4 ,here is a specimen which gives some pleasant information about the old ,saxon laws3 ,three shillings were deemed sufficient compensation for a broken rib1 while a fine of twenty shillings was inflicted for a dislocation of the shoulder4 ,if a man cut off the foot or struck out the eye of another1 he was compelled to make satisfaction with fifty shillings4 ,each tooth had its fixed price3 for a front tooth1 six shillings were demanded2 for a canine tooth1 four2 and for a molar1 only one shilling2 the pain incurred by a loss of a double tooth1 however1 led ,king ,alfred to alter this portion of the law1 as unjust1 and he raised the price of a molar to fifteen shillings4 7,p4 #cfd47 ,he thinks that the idea of compensation1 which is here certainly clearly set forth1 gave rise to the religious idea of sacrifice4 ,we will close with a favorable specimen of his style4 ,he thus describes ,greece3 ,under a blue sky1 in which the clouds lie tranquil like lodged avalanches1 in the midst of a twinkling sea1 strewed with fairy groups of islands1 is a little mulberry-leaf of land attached to a continental bough1 a little land ribbed with mountain-chains of rough-hewn marble1 veined with purple gorges1 pierced with winding gulfs2 a land of vineyards and olive-groves1 where roses bloom all the year1 and where the pomegranate holds its glowing cheek to a sun that is never shorn of its rays4 7,p4 #adh47 ,we have given these quotations at length1 partly because they are a little remarkable as coming from such a source1 but chiefly to show that a book may be excellent in some respects1 and nevertheless contain very many most false things4 ,our end will have been attained if we have shown that whatever comes from non-,catholic pens1 even the best1 is not to be trusted1 whenever1 directly or indirectly1 matters pertaining to philosophy1 theology1 or ecclesiastical history are treated of4 ,these books at best are half-blind guides2 and such are never desirable1 and generally dangerous4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,the ,origin and ,development of ,religious ,belief4 ,by ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4,a41 author of ,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages1 ,the ,silver ,store1 etc4 ,part ,i4 ,heathenism and ,mosaism4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ij1 #ib1 and #id ,grand street4 #ahgj4 #ab ,and some indeed he gave to be apostles1 and some prophets and others evangelists1 and others pastors and teachers4 ,that we may not now be ,,children1 tossed to and fro1 and carried about with every wind of doctrine1 in the wickedness of men1 in craftiness by which they lie in wait to deceive4 7,st4 ,paul to the ,ephesians1 iv4 #aa1 #ad47 ,,plange ,,filia ,,sion4 ,lone in the dreary wilderness1 ,meek1 by the ,spirit led1 ,for forty days and forty nights1 ,our ,saviour hungerd4 ,o night winds6 did ye fold your wings ,ere1 on that brow so pure1 ,ye roughly smote the uncovered head ,that all things did endure8 ,o rude winds6 did ye on those eves ,only the flowers fill2 ,or1 with the drops of night1 his locks ,and sacred body chill8 ,he1 the most lovely1 most divine1 ,so lost in love for us6 ,our evil-starred1 sin-stricken race1 ,by him redeemd thus6 ,we hear the audacious tempter's words-- ,amazed1 we hold our breath2 ,we follow him1 the ,holy ,one1 ,sorrowful unto death6 ,thus1 may we to the wilderness ,close follow thee1 dear ,lord1 ,these forty days and forty nights1 ,obedient to thy word3 ,renounce the world1 and ,satan's wiles1 ,in blest retreat of prayer1 ,self-abnegation1 vigilance1 ,and find our ,saviour there4 ,for vain the sackcloth1 ashes1 fast1 ,in vain retreat in prayer1 ,unless the sackcloth gird the heart1 ,true penitence be there2 ,sorrow for sins that helped to point ,the spear1 the thorn1 the nail4 ,o ,lord6 have mercy upon us1 ,while we those sins bewail4 ,and in the lonely wilderness1 ,from world and sin withdrawn1 ,our hearts shall cloistered be in thine ,till glows glad ,easter's dawn6 ,,sophia ,,may ,,eckley4 ,,untying ,,gordian ,,knots4 ,x4 ,,lady ,,sackvil',s ,,journal4 ,i have been playing the part of a peri at the gates of paradise4 ,i have been watching ,mary ,vane with her child4 ,my life looks to me unbearable4 ,i am a blunder on the part of nature4 ,i have the passions of a man and the follies of a woman4 ,this is the last entry ,i shall make in this book4 ,once for all ,i will put my agony into words1 and then throw this wretched record of three months into the canal1 to rot with the other impurities thrown daily into the sluggish flood4 ,when first ,i allowed myself to exercise my power over ,vane1 it was from mere coquetry and love of excitement4 ,i wished to reassert my sway and punish his former cruelty4 ,later ,i dreamed of a ,platonic love1 la ,rcamier and ,chateaubriand4 ,true1 one pities ,mesdames de ,chateaubriand1 viewing them as a class2 but they must suffer for their bad management4 ,i did not recognize1 ,i do not recognize the claims of so-called duty2 ,i lack motive4 ,virtue as virtue does not attract me2 neither does sin as sin attract me4 ,i want to have my own way4 ,gratified self-will has afforded me the only permanent enjoyment of my life2 but it has this disadvantage4 ,while you rule your will and indulge it for fancy's sake1 the pleasure is unquestionable4 ,when your will begins to rule you1 there is no slavery so galling4 ,i had not thought of this2 ,i know it now4 ,once for all1 ,i put my torture into words4 ,i love him4 ,ten years ago ,i buried my heart--in sand or sawdust1 or something else1 where grass and flowers cannot grow4 ,it has risen now in an awful resurrection1 and taken possession of me4 ,he might have been all mine4 ,i wish to hate his wife1 and am forced to honor her profoundly4 ,i cannot leave this place4 ,my will refuses to let me go4 ,oh6 if ,i stay here and do not say one word1 where is the harm8 ,and if he should utter the word ,i dare not say-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,amelia paused shuddering4 ,o subtle--,o inexorable horror6 she said4 ,then1 enveloping the book in paper1 she carried it out onto the balcony1 and dropped it into the canal1 and heard the splash1 and marked with satisfaction its disappearance beneath the dull green water4 ,there--that's gone6 she said1 and rentered the room4 ,her face1 which reflected every change of mood1 grew very white4 ,it is not gone6 she cried2 and pressing her hands to her breast exclaimed1 ,it is here2 it is my double--my bosom serpent6 ,o ,god6 how it gnaws6 ,she went to a press1 and pulling open drawers and slides1 sought something eagerly4 ,then1 as if forgetting the object of her search1 paused in deep thought1 and finally rang the bell violently4 ,josephine came promptly1 but unsurprised1 being used to vehemence on the part of her mistress4 ,you may pack my trunks4 ,i shall leave ,venice to-morrow4 ,the maid proceeded to take out dress after dress and fold them4 ,when one trunk was packed1 ,lady ,sackvil who had been standing on the balcony in the blazing sun1 looking down into the water1 glanced over her shoulder4 ,you may pack the other boxes another day1 she remarked calmly2 ,i shall not go to-morrow4 ,your dinner-bell is ringing2 you can go4 ,she locked the door behind ,josephine1 and then returned to her researches in the press4 ,at last she produced a small vial of laudanum1 and1 sitting down before the toilette-table1 poured a little into a glass and paused4 ,i wish ,i knew how much to take1 she said ponderingly2 it would be so tiresome to take too little or too much4 ,then she fell to considering herself in the mirror--looked anxiously at the faint commencement of a wrinkle between her eyebrows2 and pushing back her hair1 revealed a gray hair or two hidden beneath the dark locks so full of sunny gleams4 ,i will do it1 she said1 and then took a few drops2 then paused again4 ,i can't--,i won't6 she said violently4 ,i'm afraid2 ,i'm afraid of hell--,i'm afraid of that horrid1 clammy thing they call death6 ,i'm afraid of making poor1 good little ,flora miserable6 ,oh6 ,i'm afraid of myself1 dead or alive1 she moaned1 rocking herself to and fro1 in a passion of regret and pain4 ,at last the paroxysm passed4 ,she poured back the laudanum1 washed the glass1 replaced every thing accurately1 and threw herself on the couch4 ,there1 overcome by the drug1 to which her healthy frame was wholly unaccustomed1 she fell into a heavy sleep4 ,the plea of weariness afforded an excuse for going early to bed4 ,when she awoke the second time1 the ,campanile clock was striking two4 ,a rain was falling1 pattering on the canal1 dripping and trickling from the eaves and from the pointed traceries above the windows4 ,she got up1 put on a white wrapper1 and went out onto the balcony4 ,the rain felt cool on her burning head4 ,it drenched her to the skin1 and dripped from her hair4 ,yet still she stood there1 crying bitter tears that brought no relief1 shaken with sobs that she with difficulty prevented from becoming cries4 ,she wrung her hands with grief1 and passion1 and pain4 ,night added nothing to the darkness in her soul2 dawn brought neither light nor hope of change2 and when at last she went in from the cold1 gray morning light1 to change her wet clothes and creep into bed1 it was to a second dose of laudanum that she owed the temporary bliss of oblivion4 ,,xi4 ,if you're looking for ,mr4 ,nicholas1 ,miss ,vane1 he's gone down to the first floor1 said ,deborah1 the morning after ,lady ,sackvil's visit4 ,mary went to ,mr4 ,holston's writing-room2 no one was there2 passed on through drawing-rooms1 dining-room1 and ante-chambers1 without meeting a soul1 and at last found herself standing outside ,lady ,sackvil's music-room4 ,knocking and receiving no answer1 she opened the door1 which moved noiselessly on its hinges1 and lifted the heavy crimson curtain4 ,her husband was standing with his back to the door1 leaning against the mantel-piece4 ,lady ,sackvil stood before him1 her face buried in her hands4 ,he spoke1 but in a voice so hoarse and dissonant that ,mary fancied for an instant there was a third person with them4 ,be satisfied with your success1 ,amelia1 he said4 ,you have lighted the fire of hell in my heart4 ,you have turned my affections away from my wife1 who is too pure for things like you and me to love4 ,it may add to your satisfaction to know that there is one person on earth ,i despise more than ,lady ,sackvil1 and that person is myself4 ,he turned1 and saw his wife standing in the doorway4 ,how much have you heard8 he asked calmly1 without showing either surprise or annoyance4 ,enough to make me say1 ',god help us both1' she replied4 ,amen1 he said1 and left the room4 ,mary was about to follow him1 when a look of entreaty from ,lady ,sackvil checked her4 ,in another instant ,amelia was crouching on the ground1 her face buried in the folds of ,mary's gown4 ,there was dead silence in the room4 ,the ticking of the ,louis ,quatorze clock on the mantel and the flap of a window-curtain were the only sounds to be heard4 ,charity pleaded for the wretched woman kneeling at her feet4 ,nature cried1 ,follow him2 tear from him some consolation2 make him wake you from this nightmare1 and say he loves you6 ,charity conquered4 ,mary bent over ,lady ,sackvil to raise her from the ground2 but at the first touch1 ,amelia lifted her head1 exclaiming1 ,i will never rise2 ,i will die here unless you say you forgive me6 ,how can you ask pardon1 replied ,mary for an injury you have only just completed8 ,amelia crouched still nearer to the ground4 ,so help me heaven6 she said in a voice of agony1 ,i never meant to speak4 ,he came to-day--oh6 you who possess him1 can't you see how it happened2 how ,i forgot every thing--resolutions1 dignity1 decency--and spoke8 ,why do you say ,i possess him8 asked ,mary bitterly4 ,you heard him say that you had turned away his heart from me4 ,i have not turned it toward myself4 ,he repulsed me like a dog4 ,oh6 if there were a hole underground where ,i could hide1 ,i would crawl into it4 ,and she flung herself on her face with a despairing groan4 ,mary knelt down beside her4 ,we are both in the presence of ,god1 she said2 and ,i forgive you now even as ,i hope to be forgiven4 ,amelia rose with difficulty1 made an effort to reach the bedroom door1 tottered1 and would have fallen but for ,mary's assistance1 who unlocked the door and helped her to a sofa4 ,then1 looking round the room for some restorative1 her eye rested on a little vial standing in a crimson wine-glass4 ,she took it up and saw that it was labelled laudanum4 ,have you taken any of this8 she asked1 carrying it to the sofa4 ,only yesterday--never before1 ,lady ,sackvil answered feebly4 ,it would make me sleep now and do me good4 ,you might give me a few drops2 or rather1 no1 leave it with me1 she said1 holding out her trembling hand4 ,i can take it1 if necessary1 myself4 ,wait a moment1 said ,mary1 and going to the window1 she threw the bottle over the railing4 ,then sitting down beside ,amelia1 she took the feverish hand in both her own4 ,promise me1 swear to me1 that you will not take that or any other narcotic or stimulant4 ,you have prevented me from doing you the only kindness in my power1 said ,amelia1 sitting up and pushing the hair back from her crimson temples4 ,you have forgiven me2 you have treated me like the ,christian you profess to be4 ,i meant to repay you by taking myself out of this loathsome world4 ,repay me by living and repenting1 answered ,mary earnestly4 ,promise me not to make an eternity of this passing anguish4 ,there is work for you to do2 there is heaven for you to win4 ,promise me to live1 and to live for ,god4 ,lady ,sackvil looked at her silently for several minutes4 ,then she said1 ,i acknowledge one thing--,i acknowledge that you are good1 in spite of circumstances4 ,she lay down and turned her face to the wall4 ,i will live1 she said wearily1 if you will help me to live2 otherwise ,i shall die4 ,i will help you1 ,mary said4 ,now ,i must go4 ,shall ,i ring for your maid8 ,no4 ,if ,flora can come1 ,i will have her2 otherwise1 ,i would rather be alone4 ,i feel wretched and heavy1 and shall fall asleep presently4 ,mary found ,mrs4 ,holston in her sitting-room4 ,lady ,sackvil is ill1 and wants you1 she said breathlessly2 for1 now that her duty was done1 every minute seemed an age until she could see ,nicholas4 ,don't stop me1 please2 ,i must go4 ,as she put her hand on the hall door1 ,mr4 ,holston opened it from outside4 ,she brushed by him without a word2 but he saw her blanched face1 and followed her with his eyes as she ran up-stairs4 ,the blow has fallen1 he said to himself1 as he hung his hat in the hall4 ,poor1 poor child6 ,she went to the study door and turned the handle4 ,it was locked4 ,she paused a moment1 thinking her husband would admit her2 then walked on through the gallery to her own room1 shut the door1 and sat down in her little sewing-chair4 ,she was stunned2 mercifully stunned4 ,it all seemed a dream1 from which there would soon be an awakening4 ,of course1 it could not be true that her husband had shut her out from his confidence4 ,she felt too dull to understand all this4 ,god knows what it means1 she said half-aloud2 ,i don't4 ,how far from her eyes seemed the tears1 crowded back1 as it were1 to make the weight on her heart more unbearable4 ,some women faint or cry out when they are hurt1 she thought idly2 ,i wonder why ,i don't8 ,i feel so dumb1 so gray1 so smothered4 ,a knock came at the nursery door4 ,dragging one foot after the other1 she went and opened it4 ,deborah started at sight of her face1 but made no comment4 ,it is time to take baby1 she said cheerfully4 ,the cap'n's asking for you4 ,he can't think what's become of you4 ,mary darted past her and ran out into the gallery4 ,,xii4 ,nicholas was sitting at the study table1 looking over papers4 ,he rose and drew forward a chair for her1 and then sat down again4 ,the best thing that could happen1 under the circumstances1 he said1 has come to pass4 ,i am appointed to join the ,french army in the ,crimea1 for purposes of study4 ,here is the appointment4 ,these are letters from ,general ,scott and from the ,secretary of ,war4 ,just glance at them1 if you please4 ,she read them1 almost without comprehending their meaning4 ,when do you go8 ,to-morrow morning4 ,it is the best thing to do1 under the circumstances4 ,yes1 the best under the circumstances1 she repeated after him4 ,he looked at her anxiously1 but said nothing4 ,what are you to take with you8 she asked1 rising from her chair4 ,i must go and look over your clothes4 ,all the military traps ,i have here1 of course2 not much besides1 for ,i would rather buy what ,i want4 ,don't trouble yourself1 my-- ,he paused4 ,i will see to every thing4 ,no1 ,i want to do it myself1 she said4 ,i must go and speak to ,holston about your money matters while ,i am gone4 ,he will do every thing a brother could do4 ,every thing1 she said4 ,he looked at her again uneasily1 and seemed about to speak2 then left the room4 ,i've killed her1 he thought2 but words are mere insults now4 ,he was gone1 and without one word of explanation4 ,it was1 then1 no nightmare1 to be dispelled by a change of posture4 ,there was no awakening for her4 ,it was all true6 ,,xiii4 ,mary was alone with the baby4 ,georgina's tiny hand was clasped around her mother's finger2 rosy cheek and dewy lip invited many a loving maternal caress4 ,at least here was love1 without anxiety or heart-ache4 ,my love for this child1 to whom ,i have given life1 is faint in comparison to ,god's love for his creatures1 she thought4 ,my soul shall rest on him1 as ,georgie rests in my arms4 ,he knows the way out of this blackness4 ,i will follow him trustfully4 ,the day was hard to bear2 wife's work without wife's consolation4 ,sewing1 sorting1 packing1 filled the hours too closely to leave much time for active grief4 ,they were services that could easily have been performed by a servant2 but ,mary1 amid the perplexity which clouded her life1 kept one purpose clearly before her--to fulfil her duties thoroughly toward her husband1 and even toward the unhappy woman who had poisoned her happiness1 and thus prevent further entanglement4 ,the dinner hour1 whose claims prevail over every other external circumstance in life1 was lived through1 thanks to the presence of ,italian servants1 who do not expect friends to look happy on the eve of separation1 and are ready to melt into tears of sympathy at a moment's warning4 ,vane passed the evening in his study1 transacting business with ,mr4 ,holston and a lawyer2 ,mary in his dressing-room1 attending to last things4 ,at intervals through the weary night she heard him moving about in the library4 ,about five o'clock1 the peculiar click of the hall door told her that he had gone out4 ,then came two hours of sleep1 and memory's dreadful reckoning when she awoke4 ,breakfast was served at nine o'clock4 ,after going through the dismal form which represents eating on such occasions1 ,nicholas went to the window to watch for the gondola4 ,will you come here1 ,mary8 he said4 ,she went to him1 and measured despairingly1 as he talked to her1 the gulf which separated them spiritually while they stood side by side4 ,after giving various directions as to material arrangements during his absence1 he said1 ,i went to confession this morning1 and to your ,padre ,giulio4 ,she looked up eagerly into his sad face1 stern with the rigidity of repressed emotion4 ,after confession1 ,i saw him in his own room1 and told him all the circumstances of the last three months1 out of the confessional1 in order that you may feel free to seek from him the advice and consolation ,i have shown myself unfit to give you4 ,i don't want to speak of these things to any one1 ,mary answered4 ,i have no right to urge you1 he said2 but you will oblige me very much by speaking to him once1 at least1 upon the subject4 ,i cannot tell you the weight it added to my self-reproach to find him ignorant of the wrongs you have suffered1 knowing as ,i do the entire confidence you repose in him personally4 ,you have been very loyal to me1 ,mary2 ,i shall never forget it4 ,of course1 ,i told him nothing concerning any one but myself4 ,i have another favor to ask1 which ,i should not ask if you were like other women4 ,what is it8 ,he took a note from his desk1 and gave it to her unfolded4 ,after reading that1 ,i beg you to give it to ,lady ,sackvil4 ,she flushed1 and a slight trembling passed over her4 ,then she folded the note and put it into her pocket4 ,i will give it to her without reading it4 ,i trust you4 ,nicholas looked at her with an expression of reverence in his face4 ,i will earn the right to tell you how deeply ,i honor you1 he said4 ,any thing ,i could say now would appear like a new phase of moral weakness2 but ,i will earn the right to speak4 ,as ,mary met his eyes1 fixed upon her with a look of reverential tenderness1 her heart cried out for him4 ,she longed to throw herself upon his breast2 to urge him to put off this dreadful parting1 and treat the wretched delusion he had yielded to as a dream4 ,but something unanswerable within her soul warned her to let him leave her1 that his resolutions might grow strong in solitude2 that he might learn by aching experience the worth of the love and sympathy he had slighted4 ,therefore1 she only said1 ,all will be well2 ,i know it1 ,i feel it4 ,and he answered1 ,i accept your words as a prophecy1 and thank ,god for them4 ,one favor still ,i must ask4 ,mary1 you will write to me8 ,constantly4 ,god bless you4 ,holston will find out when the mails go4 ,it will be the one happiness of my life to look forward to your letters1 which must give me every detail about yourself and about our child4 ,mary1 it will be my one earthly hope to look forward to the time which shall end my exile4 ,the gondola was at the door1 and ,george ,holston had already taken his place in it4 ,vane clasped his wife's hands in his1 kissed them passionately1 and rushed from the room4 ,,xiv4 ,i never knew her to faint before1 ,deborah's voice was saying1 as ,mary emerged from an abyss of peaceful oblivion1 to find herself deluged with eau de ,cologne1 and lying on the bed in her own room4 ,poor little soul6 answered ,mrs4 ,holston's gentle voice4 ,it was a terrible shock1 his going so suddenly4 ,but1 hush now1 she is coming to herself4 ,no1 not to herself2 to a consciousness of nameless agony2 to a sense of restlessness1 without physical strength for action2 to a crushing weight of misery which she must ask no living soul to share4 ,after some minutes1 which seemed like hours of struggling to recover breath1 and voice1 and senses1 she succeeded in thanking her kind nurses1 and asking them to leave her alone for a little while4 ,an hour's solitude had restored her to complete consciousness1 when a servant knocked on the door and asked whether she had any further occasion for the gondola1 which had returned from carrying ,captain ,vane to the steamer4 ,her husband's request that she would see ,padre ,giulio occurred to her4 ,life must be taken up somewhere2 why not in the performance of that duty1 which would become harder with every day it should be deferred8 ,if she called upon ,deborah for assistance1 she would be prevented from leaving the house2 so her preparations must be made alone4 ,giving orders for the gondola to wait1 she put on hat and shawl with trembling hands1 and walked down the long flights of marble stairs1 holding on to the balustrade for support4 ,it was useless to attempt her mission in that condition2 perhaps an hour's row that soft1 gray1 overshadowed morning might restore her nerves to equilibrium4 ,put up the awning and row on the lagoon for an hour1 she said to the gondoliers4 ,then take me to the ,piazza ,san ,marco without my giving you any further directions4 ,through the open windows of the ducal palace she could see tourists wandering about1 ,murray in hand4 ,soldiers were lolling under the arcades2 sight-seers were hurrying through to and fro1 taking advantage of the cool day to get through a double amount of work4 ,a sacristan was cleaning down the steps of ,santa ,maria della ,salute1 flinging away the broom1 and sitting down to rest after the labor of sweeping each step4 ,then came a long period of quiet1 broken only by the steady dip of oars1 and an occasional remark in gondolier slang made by the two boatmen4 ,pearly sky and pearly sea1 a soft breeze and monotonous motion exercised a soothing influence over poor ,mary1 who never resisted comfort1 no matter in how homely a form it might come4 ,on the steps behind the ,armenian convent sat a monk1 looking over the lagoon4 ,he was a commonplace old man enough in appearance1 some insignificant lay brother resting from his labors in the garden4 ,he saw the boat approach1 and noticed probably the expression of suffering on ,mary's face2 for as she passed1 a look of kindness1 that was in itself a benediction1 came into his wrinkled1 brown face1 and sank into her poor wounded heart1 never to be forgotten4 ,from that day she remembered the old ,armenian in her prayers as one who had helped her in the sorest trial of her life4 ,,xv4 ,in the afternoon came ,mrs4 ,holston1 for once in her life in a hurry4 ,i am ashamed to disturb you1 she said to ,mary4 ,i am ashamed to say why ,i have come4 ,amelia is behaving in the most extraordinary manner4 ,she refuses to get up1 and refuses to see the doctor4 ,she says no one can do her any good except you4 ,i told her she was very selfish1 and she said she didn't care2 so now ,i can only ask you1 for charity's sake1 to come down and speak to her4 ,certainly1 said ,mary1 by a stupendous effort speaking in a natural tone2 ,i will come in a few minutes4 ,i have a little note for your sister from my husband that she may be glad to get4 ,did he find time to come and bid you good by8 ,yes1 indeed1 but he looked dreadfully worried and unhappy1 of course4 ,i think it extremely ill-natured of the ,war ,department to make him leave home so suddenly4 ,that must have been what made you look so frightfully ill yesterday morning4 ,i was very much alarmed about you4 ,i will follow you directly1 said ,mary1 escaping to her own room for a moment of preparation before facing the enemy of her peace4 ,but that her peace was hopelessly shaken1 she no longer feared4 ,the interview with ,padre ,giulio had been full of consolation2 for to this impartial listener ,vane had said many things that the fear of seeming insincere had prevented him from expressing to his wife4 ,it was plain that delicacy toward herself and compassion for ,lady ,sackvil had made him leave ,venice4 ,she now felt that it would show a lack of faith to doubt that the future would bring happiness to them both2 that their reunion would be one such as death itself confirms instead of severing4 ,she found ,lady ,sackvil looking enchantingly lovely4 ,her hair1 dark brown1 with golden red lights in it1 was plaited in two great braids2 her cheeks were flushed2 her eyes were closed1 showing their long lashes and large1 full lids to advantage4 ,by the quivering of her lips1 ,mary knew that she felt who was with her2 but it was some minutes before she opened her eyes4 ,it was kind in you to come1 she said at last1 looking up into ,mary's face4 ,i am very grateful4 ,flora says ,i'm horribly selfish to send for you1 and no doubt ,i am2 but it is better than going crazy1 ,i suppose4 ,mary laid her hand on the throbbing forehead1 and felt the quick pulses4 ,do you feel really ill8 she asked2 or is this merely a state of nervous excitement8 ,i'm not ill4 ,i was never seriously ill in my life4 ,i am only going distracted4 ,i had an idea you might do something for me4 ,the first thing to be done is to quiet your nerves and reduce the fever4 ,then we will think of other remedies4 ,i will get ,flora's little medicine-chest1 and see what its resources are4 ,the morning passed quietly in tending ,lady ,sackvil1 varied by occasional visits to the nursery4 ,it was hard to bear1 but no harder than any thing else would be now1 thought ,mary4 ,if ,i can save this poor soul1 it will be worth suffering great as this4 ,by two o'clock1 ,amelia was physically more tranquil4 ,her health had always been excellent1 and her temperament1 though utterly undisciplined1 by no means inclined to morbid excitability4 ,i have a note for you1 said ,mary2 will you read it8 ,from whom8 ,from my husband4 ,lady ,sackvil shuddered1 and turned away4 ,don't give it to me1 she said4 ,read it1 and tell me what it says4 ,mary read it through to herself2 then1 mastering her voice1 read aloud the following words3 ,i was unjust to you yesterday4 ,i treated you with cruelty4 ,for what has happened1 ,i am more responsible than you1 because ,i have been under better influences4 ,we shall never meet again4 ,god bless you1 and grant us both genuine repentance6 ,amelia made no comment or reply4 ,a quarter of an hour later1 she said1 ,you go to confession very often1 ,i suppose8 ,once a week4 ,who is your confessor8 ,padre ,giulio1 at ,st4 ,mark's4 ,is he old8 ,yes4 ,wise8 ,yes4 ,kind8 ,very kind4 ,i should like to see him4 ,i don't suppose that ,i intend going to confession1 but ,i want to talk with such a man4 ,has he had much to do with making you what you are8 ,he has given me good advice1 and ,i have tried to follow it1 if that is what you mean4 ,lady ,sackvil looked at ,mary fixedly for some time4 ,i made up my mind1 a short time ago1 she said1 that the thing most likely to convince me of the direct influence of ,god would be to see a ,christian whose character would bear scrutiny under the severest test4 ,i have seen such a ,christian in you4 ,most women would have spurned me away in disdain2 you have treated me like a sister4 ,i thank you for it1 and ,i should like to believe what you believe4 ,mary smiled at the reasoning1 but thanked ,god for the conclusion4 ,you would find ,padre ,giulio very sympathizing1 she said2 ,i think it would soothe you to see him4 ,shall ,i send for him to come here8 ,on no account4 ,i will go to him if you will come with me4 ,do come with me2 ,i will bless you all my life1 she added pleadingly4 ,of course ,i will go1 but not to-day4 ,if you were to take cold now1 it might be the death of you4 ,to-morrow morning we will go to ,st4 ,mark's1 and ,i will send him word1 that we may be sure of finding him at home4 ,lady ,sackvil looked disappointed4 ,i would rather go to-day4 ,i want to have it over4 ,there's no occasion to wish to have it over1 said ,mary soothingly4 ,an experienced confessor is too well used to dealing with mental suffering to wonder at it1 no matter in what shape it comes4 ,lady ,sackvil lay with her eyes shut a long time4 ,at last she said1 ,i've not been much of a ,bible reader1 but ,i remember well that it required only the sight of one miracle to convert sinners in those days4 ,i suppose sinners are very much the same in the nineteenth century that they were in the first4 ,no doubt1 said ,mary1 and waited to hear more4 ,your conduct toward me is1 in my opinion1 a greater miracle than the raising of the dead4 ,nothing but supernatural strength could have sustained you4 ,if ,i have done any thing remarkable1 it has certainly been ,god's doing1 not mine4 ,lady ,sackvil lay still some time longer4 ,then she said abruptly1 ,i am clever1 ,i know1 but ,i am not intellectual2 and intellectual satisfaction is not what ,i demand in order to become a ,christian4 ,if you were to lay before me all the tomes of all the theologians1 they would not convey to my mind one single definite idea4 ,you were educated a ,catholic1 weren't you8 ,yes1 after a fashion4 ,i was carefully prepared for confirmation in a convent school1 where ,i spent six months1 while my aunt was in ,europe4 ,then you feel more inclined toward ,catholicity than to any other form of religion8 ,certainly4 ,if ,i am going to be good1 ,i mean to be decidedly so4 ,the church demands more than any sect1 and ,i respect her for that reason4 ,like ,st4 ,christopher1 ,i wish to serve the strongest master4 ,then1 too1 the teaching at the convent made a deeper impression on me than ,i supposed2 and now that ,i need support1 it all comes back to me4 ,last1 and not least1 ,i wish to believe as you do4 ,you are the best ,christian ,i have ever seen4 ,your experience in ,christians must have been limited1 ,i think1 said ,mary1 smiling4 ,perhaps so2 but ,i am quite satisfied to have you for my standard4 ,why1 are you going8 ,oh6 please don't leave me4 ,i can't bear to be alone4 ,i must go now4 ,i will come to-morrow at eleven o'clock1 and if you feel equal to the effort1 we will go to ,san ,marco4 ,i shall feel equal to it physically1 said ,lady ,sackvil4 ,it's very provoking4 ,i meant to have a brain-fever and die1 and ,i feel better every minute4 ,i wish you had not come to take care of me4 ,this is the beginning of your heroic virtue1 ,i suppose1 said ,mary2 these are the first fruits of conversion4 ,good-by1 neophyte6 ,disturb yourself about nothing2 remember only that ,god loves us with a love too deep to be fathomed4 ,and then she went home1 and sat down by the ashes that ,lady ,sackvil had left on her domestic hearth4 ,,xvi4 ,in the morning1 she found ,lady ,sackvil taking breakfast in her own room1 looking pale and worn from the effects of reaction from fever and excitement4 ,how do you feel8 she asked4 ,horribly cross4 ,i think all other sensations are merged in ill-temper4 ,a certain sign of convalescence4 ,i am glad to see it4 ,amelia laid down her egg-spoon1 and sank back in her chair4 ,i wish1 she remarked1 that it had pleased ,heaven to make some variety in the shape of hen's eggs4 ,i am so tired of seeing them always oval4 ,you don't want any of these things1 do you8 asked ,mary1 surveying the rather solid repast on the table4 ,no--,i can't bear the sight of it1 said ,amelia wearily4 ,rest on the couch until ,i come back4 ,and ,mary arranged the cushions with a skilful hand1 and left the room noiselessly4 ,presently she returned1 bearing on a pretty little tray a glass filled with some frothy preparation1 and two transparent wafers4 ,amelia revived at the sight4 ,i have dreamed of such things1 she said4 ,this is the very apotheosis of breakfast6 ,,xvii4 ,mary left ,lady ,sackvil with ,padre ,giulio1 and went into the church to pray for the happy result of the interview4 ,she had passed some time at the ,lady chapel1 with its brazen gates and oriental lamps1 and before the jewel-incrusted high altar1 and was kneeling in the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 when she heard the door of the confessional behind her open4 ,she looked round4 ,padre ,giulio had entered the confessional2 ,lady ,sackvil was kneeling at the grating4 ,she was sitting within the railing of the chapel when ,amelia joined her4 ,mary looked at the beautiful creature2 there was a peaceful smile on her lips1 a holy light in her eyes2 the pride1 the caprice1 the egotism were not there2 she looked like a penitent child4 ,as they passed through one of the sombre side aisles1 ,amelia paused before the crucifix hanging on the wall4 ,i have confessed my sins and received absolution1 she said2 are you willing to kiss me8 ,and so the sign of peace was exchanged before the image of the great reconciler2 and they passed out from the shadows of those grand old arches into the sunshine of the ,piazza4 ,,the ,,iron ,,mask4 ,through an oversight1 the article on the ,iron ,mask in our ,march number1 which had been lying on hand several months1 was sent to the printer without its necessary complement1 which we now publish4 ,in ,january1 #ahfi1 it was announced in the ,moniteur ,universel that ,m4 ,marius ,topin1 a young author who had already distinguished himself by a work of remarkable historical research1 had succeeded1 by dint of laborious examination and the intelligent study of a mass of old official documents1 in unearthing the secret of that sphinx of history--the ,man with the ,iron ,mask4 ,m4 ,topin did not at once make known the result of what he claimed to be his entirely triumphant solution of the enigma1 and publish his work in book form4 ,he doubtless reflected that1 as the world had waited in patient expectation more than a hundred and fifty years for the revelation of the mystery1 it might readily summon up sufficient resignation to wait a few months longer4 ,he accordingly announced that the successive chapters of his work would appear from time to time in ,le ,correspondant1 a highly respectable ,paris semi-monthly4 ,the first number of his series was published on the #beth of ,february1 #ahfi1 and the last1 making seven in all1 on the #aath of ,november4 ,we have received1 as they appeared1 all the numbers of the ,correspondant1 and are therefore enabled to present from the author's own articles the following statement of the result of what he has written4 ,m4 ,topin could not deny himself that universal enjoyment of the story-teller--to hold his auditors in suspense and on tiptoe of expectation by proposing a varied succession of solutions of the mystery in hand1 and dismissing them in turn with a--,well1 that's not it4 ,he takes up1 one after the other1 the various prtendants to the honor of the ,iron ,mask's living martyrdom1 discusses all the claims in their favor1 presents the objections1 demonstrates that their position is untenable1 orders them off the stage1 and passes on to the next2 thus successively eliminating them until he reaches his objective point4 ,m4 ,topin's first article is preceded by a sort of device1 or motto1 in the shape of a short extract from an order of ,louis ,,xiv43 ,il faudra que personne ne sache ce que cet homme sera devenu1 7no one must know what has become of this man47 ,it was noticed that the date of the order is not given4 ,the article opens with a statement of the arrival of ,m4 ,saint ,mars at the ,bastille 7,paris7 at three ,p4,m41 on the #ahth of ,september1 #afih4 ,st4 ,mars was the newly-appointed governor of that prison1 and came accompanied by a prisoner whose face was concealed by a mask of black velvet4 ,this prisoner died1 and was buried on the #bjth of ,november1 #agjc1 under the name of ,marchialy4 ,the extraordinary precautions taken after the death of ,marchialy are narrated in our previous number4 ,the dates above given are important in determining the claims of other candidates1 inasmuch as the facts and dates connected with the arrival1 death1 and burial of a masked prisoner at the ,bastille are established beyond controversy by official documents1 and must be considered in any case presented4 ,our author then dilates upon the difficulties of the question1 the fact that it has been unsuccessfully treated by fifty-two authors1 and finally abandoned as hopeless by historians like ,michelet1 with the conclusion that the problem of the ,man with the ,iron ,mask will never be solved4 ,betraying no anxiety whatever to make haste1 ,m4 ,topin then discusses the merits of several of the most prominent theories and the manner in which they have been presented4 ,the claim that longest held its ground1 and enlisted in its advocacy the greatest number of writers1 was that made for a supposed and1 as has been shown1 entirely imaginary twin-brother of ,louis ,,xiv41 the son of ,anne of ,austria1 wife of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,it is easy to understand why1 in ,france1 such a version as this should be the favorite one4 ,it possessed every possible element of popularity1 intrigue1 mystery1 illegitimacy1 crime1 a rightful heir defrauded of his throne1 and the association of illustrious names4 ,all these lent their fascinations2 and from ,voltaire to ,alexander ,dumas1 from the ,dictionnaire ,philosophique to the ,vicomte de ,bragelonne1 all the resources of writers of their tendency and calibre were called into play to give it currency4 ,m4 ,topin devotes nearly the whole of his first article to the demonstration of the fact that the prisoner of the ,iron ,mask was not and could not have been a son of ,anne of ,austria4 ,the discussion is thorough1 and the demonstration complete4 ,outside of the question of the ,mask one good result is thus obtained4 ,the innocence of ,anne of ,austria is fully established4 ,time brings roses--and justice4 ,marie ,antoinette was first vindicated from the foul aspersions of the progeny of ,voltaire4 ,now1 ,anne of ,austria is acquitted2 and going further back in time--the most distant case being1 of course1 the most difficult--next comes the turn of ,mary ,stuart1 and her day1 we believe1 is not far distant4 ,the claim made for the ,count of ,vermandois1 a son of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,louise de la ,vallire1 is next taken up4 ,as all the details of the last illness1 death1 and burial of the ,count of ,vermandois are matters of profuse official record1 ,m4 ,topin has very little trouble in disposing of this case4 ,then we have the ,duke of ,monmouth1 a natural son of ,charles ,,ii4 of ,england4 ,defeated at the battle of ,sedgemoor1 where the forces under his command were arrayed in armed rebellion against ,james ,,ii41 and afterward taken prisoner1 he was beheaded in the ,tower of ,london ,july #aeth1 #afhe4 ,the dispatches of various foreign ministers in ,london at the time fully establish the fact of his death4 ,to ,monmouth succeeds ,francis of ,vendme1 ,duke of ,beaufort4 ,as grand admiral of ,france1 ,beaufort commanded the naval expedition sent out to aid the ,venetians in their defence of ,candia against the ,turks in #affi4 ,as in the cases of the two sons of ,louis ,,xiv41 and ,monmouth1 the surrounding circumstances give ,m4 ,topin the fullest opportunity of indulging in court anecdotes1 intrigues1 and festivities1 mingled with biographical sketches of distinguished personages1 so in the case of ,beaufort1 his history warrants our author in going into all the details of the siege and military and naval operations against the army of the sultan4 ,beaufort is believed to have been killed in an attack upon the enemy's works1 and was last seen in the thickest of a hand-to-hand struggle in the intrenchments4 ,as his body was never recovered1 this fact gave the mystery-mongers an advantageous margin4 ,but ,beaufort was born in #afaf1 and the ,iron ,mask was buried in #agjc4 ,supposing him to be the ,mask1 this would make him eighty-seven years old at his death1 which1 of itself1 puts him out of the question4 ,in his third number1 ,m4 ,topin introduces the so-called ,armenian ,patriarch1 ,avedick4 ,why he did so is best known to himself2 for the case of ,avedick has never been presented as one that would give him any right to rank among the claimants for the distinction of the ,iron ,mask4 ,taules1 and the ,german historian ,hammer1 are referred to as authorities for ,avedick's claim2 but on being examined1 they are found totally insufficient as warrants for such a theory4 ,the essential pivot of the question of identity of the ,iron ,mask is the death and burial of its wearer in #agjc4 ,now1 ,avedick was still in ,turkey in #agjf1 and that settles his claim beyond question4 ,avedick was seized by order of the ,marquis of ,ferriol in the ,grecian ,archipelago1 ,may1 #agjf1 carried forcibly to ,france1 retained in confinement in various places until ,september1 #agaj1 when he was liberated4 ,he died in ,paris in ,july1 #agaa4 ,this was most certainly a case of shameful violation of the law of nations1 of power1 and of humanity4 ,a case of abominable personal cruelty it also certainly was--but it was not a case of ,iron ,mask4 ,two such outrages as those on the persons of ,marchialy and ,avedick are quite enough of themselves2 to say nothing of certain diplomatic arrangements with the ,grand ,turk which endangered ,christianity and the public peace in ,europe--to settle one's opinion as to the genuineness of the glories of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 a ,grand ,monarque who was not great4 ,but to return1 ,m4 ,topin's chapter on the ,avedick case1 appearing in ,le ,correspondant of the #ajth ,june1 #ahfi1 was followed by an article from the pen of ,rev4 ,father ,turquand1 ,s4,j41 in the ,september 7#ajth7 number of the same periodical1 severely attacking the statements of ,avedick's case by ,m4 ,topin1 and vindicating his 7,turquand's7 society from certain imputations cast upon it in connection with the seizure of ,avedick4 ,in his fourth number1 7,oct4 #ajth17 ,m4 ,topin takes up the claim made for ,fouquet1 whose case differs from all the others in the fact that he was a prisoner of state by sentence of a judicial tribunal4 ,fouquet's claims were warmly pressed by a very able literary advocate1 ,paul ,lacroix1 7,bibliophile ,jacob17 in a work published in #ahcj4 ,but here again the difficulty of dates is insurmountable4 ,fouquet died in #afhj1 and there is no proof of the appearance of the ,man with the ,iron ,mask until after that period4 ,we pass on to another4 ,in the year #afgg1 the ,duke of ,mantua was ,charles ,,iv4 of the illustrious house of ,gonzaga4 ,he was young1 careless1 dissipated1 and extravagant4 ,spending most of his time in ,venice1 he seldom visited his duchy1 except for the purpose of raising money4 ,he gradually fell into the hands of usurious lenders1 and continued to obtain the sums he wanted by anticipating1 through them1 the receipt of the taxes and imposts of his duchy by several years4 ,the ,marquisate of ,montferrat was among his dependencies4 ,its little capital1 ,casal1 a fortified place on the ,po1 fifteen leagues east of ,turin1 was a point of great strategic importance1 and essential to the safety of ,piedmont4 ,the court of ,turin would not1 of course1 consent to its possession by ,france4 ,but to ,france it was of the highest value1 as with ,pignerol and ,casal it would be master of the situation4 ,this place ,louis ,,xiv4 wanted to buy1 and ,charles ,,iv4 was perfectly willing to sell it4 ,ercolo 7,hercules7 ,antonio ,mattioli1 a young nobleman of the court of ,mantua1 at this time thirty-seven years of age1 was high in favor with the reigning duke4 ,through ,giuliani1 an ,italian journalist1 ,d',estrades1 ,louis ,,xiv4's ambassador at ,venice1 sounded ,mattioli1 and finally1 through him1 succeeded in opening a negotiation with the duke for the sale of ,casal to ,france4 ,all three met at ,venice in ,march1 #afgh1 discussed terms1 and agreed upon one hundred thousand crowns as the price of the cession4 ,mattioli then went to ,paris to sign the treaty in the name of his master the duke4 ,the treaty was completed in ,december1 #afgh1 and after its signature1 ,mattioli was received by ,louis ,,xiv4 in secret audience1 presented by the king with a rich diamond ring and four hundred double ,louis d'or1 with the promise of a far greater amount of money1 the appointment of his son among the royal pages1 and a valuable endowment for his mother4 ,the intrigue and negotiation had been admirably managed and crowned with perfect success4 ,of all who had any interest opposed to the ,french possession of ,casal1 not one had the slightest suspicion1 and it would have been difficult to imagine the existence of the smallest element of failure in the enterprise4 ,but the best-laid schemes of men1 mice1 and monarchs here below oft come to naught4 ,two months after ,mattioli's visit to ,paris1 the courts of ,turin1 of ,madrid1 and of ,vienna1 the ,spanish governor of the ,milanese provinces1 and the state inquisitors of the ,venetian republic--that is to say1 all and every one most interested against the execution of the treaty--not only knew of its existence1 but were fully advised of every detail concerning it1 the names of the negotiators1 the date of the instruments1 the price of cession1 when it was to be made1 etc4 ,in short1 they knew every thing concerning it4 ,well they might4 ,mattioli himself had told them6 ,his motive is a subject of dispute4 ,one theory is1 interested motive2 another1 patriotism4 ,certain it is he had more to gain--as a mere question of interest--by keeping than by betraying the secret4 ,on this point1 though1 we do not undertake to judge him4 ,in ,february1 #afgi1 the ,duchess of ,savoy advised ,louis ,,xiv4 that she was in possession of ,mattioli's information4 ,the disappointment1 the mortification1 and the anger of the ,french king can easily be imagined4 ,he was placed in a position not only dangerous2 but what was almost worse1 ludicrous4 ,mattioli had the king's signature to the treaty in his possession1 and it was all-important to recover it4 ,the king in ,paris1 and his minister ,d',estrades1 both conceived the same idea for remedy in the matter4 ,on the #bhth of ,april1 #afgi1 ,louis sent the order to have ,mattioli arrested1 and on arrival of the order1 ,mattioli had already 7,may #b;d7 been carried off a prisoner4 ,d',estrades had managed to decoy him across the frontier1 at a point where he had a detachment of dragoons waiting1 and in a few hours the ,italian was a prisoner at ,pignerol1 the commencement of a captivity that was to endure four and twenty long years4 ,m4 ,topin then continues the discussion of ,mattioli's case1 and closes the article1 leaving the reader under the impression that he decides against the claim of ,mattioli4 ,indeed he goes further2 for he more than intimates that there is very little probability of ever penetrating the mystery surrounding the ,man with the ,iron ,mask4 ,the case made for ,mattioli has always been the strongest1 even before the publication of the work of ,mr4 ,j4 ,delort1 which was mostly appropriated by ,ellis in his ,true ,history of the ,state ,prisoner4 ,mr4 ,loiseleur has also discussed the ,mattioli claim with great force2 so successfully1 indeed1 that a very large number of critical scholars were satisfied with his adverse demonstration4 ,m4 ,topin discusses at great length the facts and the reasoning of ,mr4 ,loiseleur1 and1 as we have just stated1 concludes his sixth article by a decision against ,mattioli4 ,but in his concluding chapter 7,correspondant1 ,nov4 #ajth7 he comes to a right-about face1 takes up some of ,mr4 ,loiseleur's proofs1 adds some new dispatches1 and decides that--,mattioli is the ,french prisoner of state known as the ,man with the ,iron ,mask4 ,we fear that after all the solution of ,m4 ,topin is no solution1 and that the only result of his labor is to narrow the discussion down to the claims of ,mattioli and another prisoner of unknown name4 ,,the ,,school ,,question4#ac ,the number of ,the ,christian ,world1 the organ of the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union1 for ,february last is entirely taken up with the school question1 and professes to give a carefully digested summary of the views and reasonings of all parties to the controversy4 ,the views and reasonings of the ,catholic party are not misstated1 but are very inadequately presented2 those of the other parties are given more fully1 and1 we presume1 as correctly and as authoritatively as possible4 ,the number does not dispose of the subject2 but furnishes us a fitting occasion to make some observations which will at least set forth correctly our views of the school question as ,catholics and ,american citizens4 ,it is to the credit of the ,american people that they have1 at least the ,calvinistic portion of them1 from the earliest colonial times1 taken a deep interest in the education of the young1 and made considerable sacrifices to secure it4 ,the ,american ,congregationalists and ,presbyterians1 who were the only original settlers of the eastern and middle colonies1 have from the first taken the lead in education1 and founded1 sustained1 and conducted most of our institutions of learning4 ,the ,episcopalians1 following the ,anglican ,church1 have never taken much interest in the education of the people1 having been chiefly solicitous about the higher class of schools and seminaries4 ,the ,baptists and ,methodists have1 until recently1 been quite indifferent to education4 ,they have now some respectable schools2 but the writer of this was accustomed in his youth to hear both ,baptists and ,methodists preach against college-bred parsons1 and a larned ministry4 ,in those ,states which had as colonies proprietary governments1 and in which the ,episcopalians1 ,baptists1 and ,methodists have predominated1 universal education has been1 and still is1 more or less neglected4 ,even the ,presbyterians1 while they have insisted on a learned ministry and the education of the easy classes1 have not insisted so earnestly on the education of the children of all classes as have the ,congregationalists2 and1 indeed1 it is hardly too much to say that our present system of common schools at the public expense owes its origin to ,congregationalists and the influence they have exerted4 ,the system1 whatever may be thought of it1 has undeniably had a religious1 not a secular origin4 ,the system originated in ,new ,england2 strictly speaking1 in ,massachusetts4 ,as originally established in ,massachusetts1 it was simply a system of parochial schools4 ,the parish and the town were coincident1 and the schools of the several school-districts into which the parish was divided were supported by a tax on the population and property of the town1 levied according to the grand list or state assessment roll4 ,the parish1 at its annual town meeting1 voted the amount of money it would raise for schools during the ensuing year1 which was collected by the town collector1 and expended under the direction of a school committee chosen at the same meeting4 ,substantially the same system was adopted and followed in ,new ,hampshire and ,connecticut4 ,in ,vermont1 the towns were divided or divisible1 under a general law1 into school-districts1 and each school-district decided for itself the amount of money it would raise for its school1 and the mode of raising it4 ,it might raise it by tax levied on the property of the district1 or1 as it was said1 on the grand list1 or per capita on the scholars attending and according to the length of their attendance4 ,in this latter method1 which was generally followed1 only those who used the schools were taxed to support them4 ,this latter method was1 in its essential features1 adopted in all1 or nearly all1 the other ,states that had a common school system established by law4 ,in ,rhode ,island and most of the ,southern ,states1 the inhabitants were left to their own discretion1 to have schools or not as they saw proper1 and those who wanted them founded and supported them at their own expense4 ,in none of the ,states1 however1 was there developed at first a system of free public schools supported either by a school fund or by a general tax on property levied by the ,state1 though ,massachusetts contained such a system in germ4 ,gradually1 from the proceeds of public lands1 from lots of land reserved in each township1 especially in the new ,states1 for common schools1 and from various other sources1 several of the ,states accumulated a school fund1 the income of which1 in some instances1 sufficed1 or nearly sufficed1 for the support of free public schools for all the children in the ,state4 ,this gave a new impulse to the movement for free schools and universal education1 or schools founded and supported for all the children of the ,state at the public expense in whole or in part1 either from the income of the school fund or by a public tax4 ,this is not yet carried out universally1 but is that to which public sentiment in all the ,states is tending2 and now that slavery is abolished1 and the necessity of educating the freedmen is deeply felt1 there can be little doubt that it will soon become the policy of every ,state in the ,union4 ,the schools were originally founded by a religious people for a religious end1 not by seculars for a purely secular end4 ,the people at so early a day had not advanced so far as they have now1 and did not dream of divorcing secular education from religion4 ,the schools were intended to give both religious and secular education in their natural union1 and there was no thought of the feasibility of separating what ,god had joined together4 ,the ,bible was read as a class-book1 the catechism was taught as a regular school exercise1 and the pastor of the parish visited the schools and instructed them in religion as often as he saw proper4 ,indeed1 he was1 it might be said1 ex officio the superintendent of the parish schools2 and whether he was chosen as committee-man or not1 his voice was all potent in the management of the school1 in the selection of studies1 and in the appointment and dismissal of teachers4 ,the superiority in a religious and moral point of view to the schools as now developed may be seen by contrasting the present moral and religious state of ,new ,england with what it was then4 ,the religion1 as we ,catholics hold1 was defective1 and even false2 but the principle on which the schools were founded was sound1 and worked well in the beginning1 did no injustice to any one1 and violated no conscience2 for ,congregationalism was the established religion1 and the people were all ,congregationalists4 ,even where there was no established religion and different denominations obtained1 conscience was respected2 for the character of the school1 as well as the religion taught in it1 was determined by the inhabitants of the school district1 and nobody was obliged to send his children to it1 and those only who did send were taxed for its support4 ,but in none of the ,states is there now an established religion1 and in all there are a great variety of denominations1 all invested with equal rights before the state4 ,it is obvious1 then1 the ,massachusetts system cannot in any of them be adopted or continued1 and the other system of taxing only those who use the schools cannot be maintained1 if the schools are to be supported from the income of public funds1 or by a public tax levied alike on the whole population of the district1 town1 municipality1 or ,state4 ,here commences the difficulty--and a grave one it is1 too--which has as yet received no practical solution1 and which the legislatures of the several ,states are now called upon to solve4 ,hitherto the attempt has been made to meet the difficulty by excluding from the public schools what the state calls sectarianism--that is1 whatever is distinctive of any particular denomination or peculiar to it--and allowing to be introduced only what is common to all1 or1 as it is called1 our common ,christianity4 ,this would1 perhaps1 meet the difficulty1 if the several denominations were only different varieties of ,protestantism4 ,the several ,protestant denominations differ from one another only in details or particulars1 which can easily be supplied at home in the family1 or in the ,sunday-school4 ,but this solution is impracticable where the division is not one between ,protestant sects only1 but between ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,the difference between ,catholics and ,protestants is not a difference in details or particulars only1 but a difference in principle4 ,catholicity must be taught as a whole1 in its unity and its integrity1 or it is not taught at all4 ,it must everywhere be all or nothing4 ,it is not a simple theory of truth or a collection of doctrines2 it is an organism1 a living body1 living and operating from its own central life1 and is necessarily one and indivisible1 and cannot have any thing in common with any other body4 ,to exclude from the schools all that is distinctive or peculiar in ,catholicity1 is simply to exclude ,catholicity itself1 and to make the schools either purely ,protestant or purely secular1 and therefore hostile to our religion1 and such as we cannot in conscience support4 ,yet this is the system adopted1 and while the law enables non-,catholics to use the public schools with the approbation of their consciences1 it excludes the children of ,catholics1 unless their parents are willing to violate their ,catholic conscience1 to neglect their duty as fathers and mothers1 and expose their children to the danger of losing their faith1 and with it the chance of salvation4 ,we are not free to expose our children to so great a danger1 and are bound in conscience to do all in our power to guard them against it1 and to bring them up in the faith of the church1 to be good and exemplary ,catholics4 ,evidently1 then1 the rule of allowing only our supposed common ,christianity to be taught in schools does not solve the difficulty1 or secure to the ,catholic his freedom of conscience4 ,the exclusion of the ,bible would not help the matter4 ,this would only make the schools purely secular1 which were worse than making them purely ,protestant2 for1 as it regards the state1 society1 morality1 all the interests of this world1 ,protestantism we hold to be far better than no religion--unless you include under its name free-lovism1 free-religion1 woman's-rightsism1 and the various other similar isms struggling to get themselves recognized and adopted1 and to which the more respectable ,protestants1 we presume1 are hardly less opposed than we are4 ,if some ,catholics in particular localities have supposed that the exclusion of the ,protestant ,bible from the public schools would remove the objection to them as schools for ,catholic children1 they have1 in our opinion1 fallen into a very great mistake4 ,the question lies deeper than reading or not reading the ,bible in the schools1 in one version or another4 ,of course1 our church disapproves the ,protestant version of the ,bible1 as a faulty translation of a mutilated text2 but its exclusion from the public schools would by no means remove our objections to them4 ,we object to them not merely because they teach more or less of the ,protestant religion1 but also on the ground that we cannot freely and fully teach our religion and train up our children in them to be true and unwavering ,catholics2 and we deny the right of the ,state1 the city1 the town1 or the school district1 to tax us for schools in which we are not free to do so4 ,we value education1 and even universal education--which overlooks no class or child1 however rich or however poor1 however honored or however despised--as highly as any of our countrymen do or can2 but we value no education that is divorced from religion and religious culture4 ,religion is the supreme law1 the one thing to be lived for2 and all in life1 individual or social1 civil or political1 should be subordinated to it1 and esteemed only as means to the eternal end for which man was created and exists4 ,religious education is the chief thing1 and we wish our children to be accustomed1 from the first dawning of reason1 so to regard it1 and to regard whatever they learn or do as having a bearing on their religious character or their duty to ,god4 ,mr4 ,bulwer--now ,lord ,lytton--as well as many other literary men of eminence1 have written much on the danger of a purely intellectual culture1 or of the education of the intellect divorced from that of the heart1 or sentiments and affections4 ,we hold that education1 either of the intellect or of the heart1 or of both combined1 divorced from faith and religious discipline1 is dangerous alike to the individual and to society4 ,all education should be religious1 and intended to train the child for a religious end2 not for this life only1 but for eternal life2 for this life is nothing if severed from that which is to come4 ,even for this world1 for civilization itself1 the religious education which the church gives is far better than any so-called secular education without it4 ,the church has not always been able to secure universal secular education for all her children2 but there can be no question that the illiterate classes of ,catholic nations are far more civilized and better trained than are the corresponding classes of ,protestant nations4 ,there is no comparison in personal dignity1 manliness1 self-respect1 courtesy of manner1 refined feeling1 and delicate sentiment1 between an unlettered ,italian1 ,french1 ,spanish1 or ,irish peasant1 and an unlettered ,protestant ,german1 ,english1 or ,american4 ,the one is a cultivated1 a civilized man2 the other is a boor1 a clown1 coarse and brutal1 who perpetually mistakes impudence for independence1 and proves his self-respect by his indifference or insults to others4 ,the difference is due to the difference of religion and religious culture2 not1 as is sometimes pretended1 to difference of race4 ,the church civilizes the whole nation that accepts her2 only the upper classes in ,protestant nations are civilized4 ,of course1 we do not and can not expect1 in a state where ,protestants have equal rights with ,catholics before the state1 to carry our religion into public schools designed equally for all4 ,we have no right to do it4 ,but ,protestants have no more right to carry their religion into them than we have to carry ours2 and carry theirs they do1 when ours is excluded4 ,their rights are equal to ours1 and ours are equal to theirs2 and neither does nor can1 in the eyes of the state1 override the other4 ,as the question is a matter of conscience1 and therefore of the rights of ,god1 there can be no compromise1 no splitting of differences1 or yielding of the one party to the other4 ,here comes up the precise difficulty4 ,the state is bound equally to recognize and respect the conscience of ,protestants and of ,catholics1 and has no right to restrain the conscience of either4 ,there must1 then1 be a dead-lock1 unless some method can be discovered or devised by which the public schools can be saved without lesion either to the ,protestant or the ,catholic4 ,three solutions have been suggested3 #a4 ,the first is to exclude the ,bible and all religious teaching1 or recognition1 in any way1 shape1 or manner1 of religion1 from the public schools4 ,this is the infidel or secular solution1 and1 so far as ,catholics are concerned1 is no solution at all4 ,it is simple mockery4 ,what we demand is1 not that religion be excluded from the schools1 but schools in which we can teach freely and fully our own religion to our own children4 ,it is precisely these purely secular schools1 in which all education is divorced from religion--from the faith1 precepts1 services1 and discipline of the church1 as well as education combined with a false religion--that we oppose4 ,nor will this solution satisfy the more respectable ,protestant denominations1 as is evident from the tenacity with which they insist on reading the ,bible in the schools4 ,they do not believe any more than we do in the utility1 or even practicability1 of divorcing what is called secular learning from religion4 ,all education1 they hold1 as well as we1 that is not religious1 is necessarily anti-religious4 ,this is a case in which there is and can be no neutrality4 ,we find this conclusively shown by some remarks in ,the ,christian ,world before us1 credited to ,professor ,tayler ,lewis1 the most learned and able thinker we are acquainted with among our ,protestant contemporaries4 ,the professor's remarks are so true1 so sensible1 and so much to our purpose1 that1 though not so brief as we could wish1 our readers will hardly fail to thank us for transcribing them3 ,let us test this specious plea of neutrality4 ,what does it imply8 ,if carried strictly out to the exclusion of every thing religious1 or having a religious tendency1 it must consistently demand a like exclusion of every thing that in the least manifests the opposite tendency1 under whatever specious disguises it may be veiled4 ,it does not alter the case in the least that opinions1 regarded as irreligious1 or as undermining or in any way weakening the grounds of belief1 take to themselves the specious names of literature1 or politics1 or political economy1 or phrenology1 or the philosophy of history4 ,no such sham pass-words should give to ,buckle and ,combe admittance where ,butler and ,chalmers are shut out4 ,every thing that makes it less easy for the child to believe his catechism1 'taught at home1' as they say1 is a break of the supposed concordat4 ,the mere objection is to be heeded4 ,it is enough that things seem so to serious men1 as capable of correct reasoning as any on the other side2 or that it is the opinion1 the prejudice1 if any choose so to call it1 of a devout ignorance4 ,the thoughtful religious man might be willing to forego his objection if there were or could be real impartiality4 ,he might trust a true moral and religious training as fully able to counteract any thing of an opposite tendency4 ,but to let in the enemy1 and then take away the weapon of defence--this is a neutrality hard to be understood4 ,now1 there can be no doubt of the fact that there is admitted into our schools1 our colleges1 our educational libraries1 into the reading-rooms connected with them1 much that is thus deemed irreligious in its tendency--at least1 by the holders of our stricter creeds4 ,there is much that is silently alienating the minds of their children from the doctrines held sacred by their fathers4 ,we might go further3 there is much that tends to undermine all religious belief1 even of the freest cast4 ,what young man can have his mind filled with the atheistical speculations of ,mill and ,spencer1 or be exposed to the uncounteracted theories of ,darwin and ,huxley1 and yet retain unimpaired his belief in a providence as taught by ,christ--a providence that 'numbers the very hairs of our heads'--or listen as before to the prayer that ascends from the family altar8 ,these writers profess a kind of theism1 it is said2 but wherein1 as far as any moral power is concerned1 does it differ from a belief in quadratic equations1 or the dogmas of heat and magnetism8 ,the matter1 as we have stated it1 would be too plain for argument were it not for those magical words1 secular and sectarian1 that some are so fond of using4 ',the state knows no religion1' they say2 it is wholly 'a private concern' between the individual and his ,maker4 ',the state knows no ,god4' ,they wonder the zealous bigot cannot see how clear this makes every thing4 ,if he would only assent to propositions so easy1 so self-evident1 we should have peace4 ,but set these confident logicians to define what they mean by terms so fluently employed1 or ask them to show us how the state can keep clear of all action1 direct or indirect1 for or against an interest so vital as religion1 so all-pervading1 so intimately affecting every other1 and how soon they begin to stammer6 ,what is secular8 ,the one who attempts to define it would perhaps begin with a negative4 ,it is that which has no connection with religion2 no aspects1 no relations1 no tendencies1 no suggestions1 beyond this world1 or1 the narrowest view of it1 this age or seculum4 ,now1 let him apply it to particular branches of education4 ,there is the learning of the alphabet1 spelling1 reading4 ,but what shall the child read8 ,it would be very difficult to find a mere reading-book--unless its contents were an empty gabble1 like the nonsense ,latin verses of some schools--that would not somewhere1 and in some way1 betray moral or immoral1 religious or irreligious ideas1 according to the judgment of some minds4 ,but let us waive this1 and go on4 ,arithmetic is secular4 ,geography is secular2 though we have seen things under the head of physical geography that some classes of religionists might object to as betraying a spirit hostile to the idea of the earth's creation in any form4 ,but go on4 ,including the pure mathematics1 as being pure mathematics and nothing else1 we have about got to the end of our definition4 ,no thinking man would pretend that the departments of life and motion1 chemistry1 dynamics1 physiology1 could be studied apart from a higher class of ideas4 ,but secularity would interfere here in a very strange way4 ,when these roads of knowledge thus tend upward toward the eternal light1 it would shut down the gate and eject the book4 ,natural philosophy1 as taught by ,newton and ,kepler1 gets beyond secularity4 ,when1 on the other hand1 after the manner of ,humboldt1 ,lamarck1 and ,darwin1 its progress is in the direction of the eternal darkness1 the study of it becomes entirely unsectarian2 it violates no rights of conscience6 ,in other departments1 it is still more difficult to set the secular bound4 ,history1 the philosophy of history1 political philosophy1 psychology1 ethics1 however strong the effort to dereligionize them1 do all1 when left to their proper expansion1 spurn any such bounds4 ,art1 too1 when wholly secularized2 poetry stripped of its religious ideality2 how long would they resist such a narrowing1 suffocating process8 ,a lower dogma was never maintained than this of a wholly secular education1 or one more utterly impracticable4 ,the subject must inevitably die under the operation1 and religion must come back again into our schools and colleges1 to save them from inanity and extinction4 ,there may be stated here some reasons why this plea of neutrality1 though so false1 is yet so specious and misleading4 ,it arises from the fact that the statement of moral1 religious1 and theological ideas demands clear and positive language4 ,the hostile forms1 on the other hand1 are disguised under vague and endlessly varying negations4 ,they are ,protean1 too1 in their appellations4 ,they take to themselves the names of literature1 art1 philosophy1 reform4 ,this procedure shows itself in reading-books intended for our primary schools2 in text-books prepared for the higher institutions2 in essays and periodicals that strew the tables of reading-rooms attached to our colleges and academies2 and1 above all1 in the public lecturing1 male and female1 which may be said to have become a part of our educational system4 ,for example1 should the writer of this attempt to explain before such an audience 'the doctrines of grace1' as they are called1 or that unearthly system of ideas which can be traced through the whole line of the church--patristic1 ,roman1 and ,protestant--in their production of a strong unearthly character1 then would be immediately heard the cry of bigotry1 or the senseless yell of church and state4 ,and now for the opposing 'dogmas1' as they really are1 notwithstanding all their disguises4 ,they make their entrance under endlessly varied forms4 ,pantheism has free admittance2 but that is not dogmatic--it calls itself philosophy4 ,in some lecture on progress1 or history1 the most essential of these old 'doctrines of grace' may be sneeringly ignored or covertly assailed2 but that is literature4 ,darwinism is expounded1 with its virtual denial of any thing like creation2 or ,huxleyism1 which brings man out of the monkey1 and the monkey out of the fungus2 that is science4 ,or it may be the whining nonsense which glorifies the nineteenth century at the expense of the far honester eighteenth1 and talks so undogmatically of the deep 'yearning' for something better--that is1 the 'coming faith4' ,and so goes on this exhibition of impartiality1 with its exclusion of every thing dogmatic and theological4 ,neither ,catholics nor ,protestants who believe at all in religion will consent to be taxed to support infidel1 pantheistic1 or atheistic education2 and all so-called purely secular education is really nothing else4 ,the temporal separated from the eternal1 the universe from its ,creator1 is nothing1 and can be no object of science4 ,the first suggested solution must then be abandoned1 and not be entertained for a moment by the state1 unless it is bent on suicide2 for the basis of the state itself is religion1 and is excluded in excluding all religious ideas and principles4 #b4 ,the second solution suggested is to adopt in education the voluntary system1 as we do in religion1 and leave each denomination to maintain schools for its own children at its own expense4 ,we could accept this solution1 as ,catholics1 without any serious objection2 but we foresee some trouble in disposing of the educational funds held by several of the ,states in trust for common schools1 academies1 and colleges1 and in determining to whom shall belong the school-houses1 and academy and college buildings and fixtures1 erected1 in whole or in part1 at the public expense4 ,besides1 this would break up the whole public school system1 and defeat the chief end it contemplates--that of providing a good common education for all the children of the land1 especially the children of the poorer classes4 ,catholics1 ,presbyterians1 ,congregationalists1 and ,episcopalians would establish and support schools1 each respectively for their own children2 but some other denominations might not1 and the infidels1 and that large class called nothingarian1 most certainly would not4 ,only they who believe in some religion see enough of dignity in man1 or worth in the human soul1 to make the sacrifice of a penny for education4 ,the ,darwins1 the ,huxleys1 the ,lyells1 and other unbelieving scientists of the day1 were never educated in schools1 academies1 colleges1 or universities founded by infidels4 ,they graduated from schools founded by the faith and piety of those who believed in ,god1 in creation1 in ,christ1 in the life and immortality brought to light in the ,gospel2 and if they have devoted themselves to severe studies1 it has not been from love of science1 but in the ignoble hope of being able to dispense1 in the explanation of nature1 with ,god the ,creator1 and to prove that man is only a monkey developed1 a condensed gas1 or1 as ,dr4 ,cabanis defined him1 simply a digestive tube open at both ends4 ,moreover1 though we deny the competency of the state to act as educator1 we hold that its duty toward both religion and education is something more than negative4 ,we hold that it has positive duties to perform in regard to each4 ,it cannot decide what religion its citizens shall accept and obey2 but it is bound to protect its citizens in the free and full enjoyment of the religion they adopt for themselves4 ,we cannot1 for the sake of carrying a point which we hold to be true and certain to be of great importance1 ally ourselves with infidels1 or lay down as a universal principle what our church has never approved1 and what we may in the change of the tide be ourselves obliged to disavow4 ,the state1 with all its powers and functions1 exists for religion1 and is in all its action subordinated to the eternal end of man4 ,as the church teaches1 and as the ,new ,england ,puritans held1 this world is never the end2 it is only a means to an end infinitely above itself4 ,we will never dishonor truth so much as to concede for a moment that the state is independent of religion2 that it may treat religion1 as a cordinate power with itself1 with indifference1 or look down upon it with haughty contempt1 as beneath its notice1 or to be pushed aside if it comes in its way4 ,it is as much bound to consult the spiritual end of man1 and to obey the law of ,god1 which overrides all other laws1 as is the individual4 ,we1 of course1 deny the competency of the state to educate1 to say what shall or shall not be taught in the public schools1 as we deny its competency to say what shall or shall not be the religious belief and discipline of its citizens4 ,we1 of course1 utterly repudiate the popular doctrine that so-called secular education is the function of the state4 ,yet1 while we might accept this second solution as an expedient1 we do not approve it1 and cannot defend it as sound in principle4 ,it would break up and utterly destroy the free public school system1 what is good as well as what is evil in it2 and we wish to save the system by simply removing what it contains repugnant to the ,catholic conscience--not to destroy it or lessen its influence4 ,we are decidedly in favor of free public schools for all the children of the land1 and we hold that the property of the state should bear the burden of educating the children of the state--the two great and essential principles of the system1 and which endear it to the hearts of the ,american people4 ,universal suffrage is a mischievous absurdity without universal education2 and universal education is not practicable unless provided for at the public expense4 ,while1 then1 we insist that the action of the state shall be subordinated to the law of conscience1 we yet hold that it has an important part to perform1 and that it is its duty1 in view of the common weal1 and of its own security as well as that of its citizens1 to provide the means of a good common school education for all its children1 whatever their condition1 rich or poor1 ,catholics or ,protestants4 ,it has taken the ,american people over two hundred years to arrive at this conclusion1 and never by our advice shall they abandon it4 #c4 ,the first and second solutions must then be dismissed as unsatisfactory4 ,the first1 because it excludes religion1 and makes the public schools nurseries of infidelity and irreligion4 ,the second1 because it breaks up and destroys the whole system of free public schools1 and renders the universal education demanded by our institutions impracticable1 or unlikely to be given1 and in so far endangers the safety1 the life1 and prosperity of the republic4 ,we repeat it1 what we want is not the destruction of the system1 but simply its modification so far as necessary to protect the conscience of both ,catholics and ,protestants in its rightful freedom4 ,the modification necessary to do this is much slighter than is supposed1 and1 instead of destroying or weakening the system1 would really perfect it and render it alike acceptable to ,protestants and to ,catholics1 and combine both in the efforts necessary to sustain it4 ,it is simply to adopt the third solution that has been suggested1 namely1 that of dividing the schools between ,catholics and ,protestants1 and assigning to each the number proportioned to the number of children each has to educate4 ,this would leave ,catholics free to teach their religion and apply their discipline in the ,catholic schools1 and ,protestants free to teach their religion and apply their discipline in the ,protestant schools4 ,the system1 as a system of free schools at the public expense1 with its fixtures and present machinery1 would remain unimpaired2 and a religious education1 so necessary to society as well as to the soul1 could be given freely and fully to all1 without the slightest lesion to any one's conscience1 or interference with the full and entire religious freedom which is guaranteed by our constitution to every citizen4 ,the ,catholic will be restored to his rights1 and the ,protestant will retain his4 ,this division was not called for in ,new ,england in the beginning2 for then the people were all of one and the same religion2 nor when only those who used the schools were taxed for their support4 ,it was not needed even when there were only ,protestants in the country4 ,in demanding it now1 we cast no censure on the original founders of our public schools4 ,but now1 when the system is so enlarged as to include free schools for all the children of the state at the public expense1 and ,catholics have become and are likely to remain a notable part of the population of the country1 it becomes not only practicable1 but absolutely necessary1 if religious liberty or freedom of conscience for all citizens is to be maintained2 and it were an act of injustice to ,catholics1 whose conscience chiefly demands the division1 and a gross abuse of power1 to withhold it4 ,it may be an annoyance to ,protestants that ,catholics are here2 but they are here1 and here they will remain2 and it is never the part of wisdom to resist the inevitable4 ,our population is divided between ,catholics and ,protestants1 and the only sensible course is for each division to recognize and respect the equal rights of the other before the ,state4 ,one objection of a practical character has been brought against the division by the ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,that journal says that1 if the division could be made in cities and large towns1 it would still be impracticable in the sparsely settled districts of the country1 where the population is too small to admit1 without too great an expense1 of two separate schools1 one ,catholic and one ,protestant4 ,the objection is one that is likely to diminish in force with time4 ,in such districts let each school receive its pro rata amount of the public money3 if too little1 let ,catholic charity make up the deficiency for the ,catholic1 and ,protestant charity for the ,protestant school4 ,besides1 in these sparsely settled districts there are few ,catholics1 and their children are far less exposed than in cities1 large towns1 and villages4 ,the more common objection urged is1 that if separate schools are conceded to ,catholics1 they must not only be conceded to the ,israelites1 but also to each ,protestant denomination4 ,to the ,israelites1 we grant1 if they demand them4 ,to each ,protestant denomination1 not at all1 unless each denomination can put in an honest plea of conscience for such division4 ,all ,protestant denominations1 without a single exception1 unless it be the ,episcopalians1 unite in opposing the division we ask for1 and in defending the system as it is1 which proves that they have no conscientious objections to the public schools as they are now constituted and conducted4 ,the division to meet the demands of the ,catholic conscience would necessitate no change at all in the schools not set apart for ,catholic children2 and the several denominations that are not conscientiously opposed to them now could not be conscientiously opposed to them after the division4 ,we cannot suppose that any denomination of ,protestants would consent to support a system of education that offends its own conscience for the sake of doing violence to the conscience of ,catholics4 ,do not all ,american ,protestants profess to be the sturdy champions of freedom of conscience1 and maintain that where conscience begins there the secular authority ends8 ,if the present schools do violence to no ,protestant conscience1 as we presume from their defence of them they do not1 no ,protestant denomination can demand a division in its favor on the plea of conscience2 and to no other plea is the state or the public under any obligation to listen4 ,if1 however1 there be any denomination that can in good faith demand separate schools on the plea of conscience1 we say at once let it have them1 for such a plea1 when honest1 overrides every other consideration4 ,but we are asked what shall be done with the large body of citizens who are neither ,catholic nor ,protestant8 ,such citizens1 we reply1 have no religion2 and they who have no religion have no conscience that people who have religion are bound to respect4 ,if they refuse to send their children either to the ,hebrew schools or the ,catholic schools1 or1 in fine1 to the ,protestant schools1 let them found schools of their own1 at their own expense4 ,the constitutions of the several ,states guarantee to each and every citizen the right to worship ,god according to the dictates of his own conscience2 but this is not guaranteeing to any one the freedom of not worshipping ,god1 to deny his existence1 to reject his revelation1 or to worship a false ,god4 ,the liberty guaranteed is the liberty of religion1 not the liberty of infidelity4 ,the infidel has1 under our constitution and laws1 the right of protection in his civil and political equality2 but none to protection in his infidelity1 since that is not a religion1 but the denial of all religion4 ,he cannot plead conscience in its behalf1 for conscience presupposes religion2 and where there is no religious faith1 there is1 of course1 no conscience4 ,it would be eminently absurd to ask the state to protect infidelity1 or the denial of all religion2 for religion1 as we have said1 is the only basis of the state1 and for the state to protect infidelity would be to cut its own throat4 ,these are1 we believe1 all the plausible objections that can be urged against the division of the public schools we demand2 for we do not count as such the pretence of some over-zealous ,protestants that it is necessary to detach the children of ,catholics from the ,catholic ,church in order that they may grow up thorough ,americans2 and as the public schools are very effectual in so detaching them1 and weakening their respect for the religion of their parents1 and their reverence for their clergy1 they ought on all patriotic grounds to be maintained in full vigor as they are4 ,we have heard this objection from over-zealous ,evangelicals1 and still oftener from so-called ,liberal ,christians and infidels2 we have long been told that the church is anti-,american1 and can never thrive in the ,united ,states2 for she can never withstand the free and enlightened spirit of the country1 and the decatholicizing influence of our common schools2 and we can hardly doubt that some thought of the kind is at the bottom of much of the opposition the proposed division of the public schools has encountered4 ,but we cannot treat it as serious2 for it is evidently incompatible with the freedom of conscience which the state is bound by its constitution to recognize and protect1 for ,catholics as well as for ,protestants4 ,the state has no right to make itself a proselyting institution for or against ,protestantism1 for or against ,catholicity4 ,it is its business to protect us in the free and full enjoyment of our religion1 not to engage in the work of unmaking our children of their ,catholicity4 ,the case is one of conscience1 and conscience is accountable to no civil tribunal4 ,all secular authority and all secular considerations whatever must yield to conscience4 ,in questions of conscience the law of ,god governs1 not a plurality of votes4 ,the state abuses its authority if it sustains the common schools as they are with a view of detaching our children from their ,catholic faith and love4 ,if ,catholics cannot retain their ,catholic faith and practice and still be true1 loyal1 and exemplary ,american citizens1 it must be only because ,americanism is incompatible with the rights of conscience1 and that would be its condemnation1 not the condemnation of ,catholicity4 ,no nationality can override conscience2 for conscience is catholic1 not national1 and is accountable to ,god alone1 who is above and over all nations1 all principalities and powers1 ,king of kings and ,lord of lords4 ,but the assumption in the objection is not true4 ,it mistakes the opinion of the ,american people individually for the constitution of the ,american state4 ,the ,american state is as much ,catholic as it is ,protestant1 and really harmonizes far better with ,catholicity than with ,protestantism4 ,we hold that1 instead of decatholicizing ,catholic children1 it is far more necessary1 if we are to be governed by reasons of this sort1 to unmake the children of ,protestants of their ,protestantism4 ,we really believe that1 in order to train them up to be1 in the fullest sense1 true1 loyal1 and exemplary ,american citizens1 such as can alone arrest the present downward tendency of the republic1 and realize the hopes of its heroic and noble-hearted founders1 they must become good ,catholics4 ,but this is a question of which the state can take no cognizance4 ,we have under its constitution no right to call upon it to aid us1 directly or indirectly1 in unmaking ,protestant children of their ,protestantism4 ,of course1 before ,god1 or in the spiritual order1 we recognize no equality between ,catholicity and ,protestantism4 ,before ,god1 no man has any right to be of any religion but the ,catholic1 the only true religion1 the only religion by which men can be raised to union with ,god in the beatific vision4 ,but before the ,american state1 we recognize in ,protestants equal rights with our own4 ,they have the same right to be protected by the state in the freedom of their conscience that we have to be protected by it in the freedom of ours4 ,we should attack the very freedom of conscience the state guarantees to all her citizens1 were we to call upon it to found or to continue a system of public schools1 at the public expense1 intended or fitted to detach ,protestant children from the religion of their parents1 and turn them over to be brought up in the ,catholic religion4 ,we should prove ourselves decidedly un-,american in so doing4 ,yet1 we regret to say1 this is precisely what the non-catholic majority1 inconsiderately we trust1 are doing2 and1 if the popular ministers of the several sects1 like ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,clark1 ,dr4 ,sheldon1 ,dr4 ,bellows1 ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 and the sectarian and secular press have their way1 they will continue to do to the end of the chapter to us ,catholics4 ,they probably are not aware that they belie the ,americanism they profess1 and abuse the power their superiority of numbers gives them to tyrannize over the consciences of their fellow-citizens4 ,this strikes us as very un-,american1 as well as very unjust4 ,we place our demand for separate schools on the ground of conscience1 and therefore of right--the right of ,god as well as of man4 ,our conscience forbids us to support schools at the public expense from which our religion is excluded1 and in which our children are taught either what we hold to be a false or mutilated religion1 or no religion at all4 ,such schools are perilous to the souls of our children2 and we dare avow1 even in this age of secularism and infidelity1 that we place the salvation of the souls of our children above every other consideration4 ,this plea of conscience1 which we urge from the depth of our souls1 and under a fearful sense of our accountability to our ,maker1 ought to suffice1 especially in an appeal to a state bound by its own constitution to protect the rights of conscience for each and all of its citizens1 whether ,protestant or ,catholic4 ,one thing must be evident from past experience1 that our children can be brought up to be good and orderly citizens only as ,catholics1 and in schools under the supervision and control of their church1 in which her faith is freely and fully taught1 and her services1 discipline1 and influences are brought to bear in forming their characters1 restraining them from evil1 and training them to virtue4 ,we do not say that1 even if trained in ,catholic schools1 all will turn out to be good practical ,catholics and virtuous members of society2 for the church does not take away free-will1 nor eradicate all the evil propensities of the flesh2 but it is certain that they cannot be made such in schools in which the religion of their parents is reviled as a besotted superstition1 and the very text-books of history and geography are made to protest against it2 or in which they are accustomed to hear their priests spoken of without reverence1 ,protestant nations lauded as the only free and enlightened nations of the earth1 ,catholic nations sneered at as ignorant and enslaved1 and the church denounced as a spiritual despotism1 full of craft1 and crusted all over with corruption both of faith and morals4 ,such schools may weaken their reverence for their parents1 even detach them from their church1 obscure1 if not destroy their faith1 render them indifferent to religion1 indocile to their parents1 disobedient to the laws2 but they cannot inspire them with the love of virtue1 restrain their vicious or criminal propensities1 or prevent them from associating with the dangerous classes of our large towns and cities1 and furnishing subjects for the correctional police1 our jails1 penitentiaries1 state prisons1 and the gallows4 ,we are pointed to the vicious and criminal population of our cities1 of which we furnish more than our due proportion1 as a conclusive argument against the moral tendency of our religion1 and a savage howl of indignation1 that rings throughout the land1 is set up against the legislature or the municipality that ventures to grant us the slightest aid in our struggles to protect our children from the dangers that beset them1 though bearing no proportion to the aid granted to non-,catholics4 ,yet it is precisely to meet cases like ours that a public provision for education is needed and supposed to be made4 ,protestants make the great mistake of trying to cure the evil to which we refer by detaching our children from the church1 and bringing them up bad ,protestants1 or without any religion4 ,the thousand and one associations and institutions formed by ,protestant zeal and benevolence for the reformation or the bringing up of poor ,catholic children1 and some of which go so far as to kidnap little papist orphans or half orphans1 lock them up in their orphan asylums1 where no priest can enter1 change their names so that their relatives cannot trace them1 send them to a distance1 and place them in ,protestant families1 where it is hoped they will forget their ,catholic origin1 all proceed from the same mistake1 and all fail to arrest1 or even to lessen1 the growing evil4 ,they necessarily provoke the opposition and resistance of the ,catholic pastors1 and of all earnest ,catholics1 who regard the loss of their faith as the greatest calamity that can befall ,catholic children4 ,so long as faith remains1 however great the vice or the crime1 there is something to build on1 and room to hope for repentance1 though late1 for reformation and final salvation4 ,faith once gone1 all is gone4 ,it is necessary to understand that the children of ,catholics must be trained up in the ,catholic faith1 in the ,catholic ,church1 to be good exemplary ,catholics1 or they will grow up bad citizens1 the pests of society4 ,nothing can be done for them but through the approval and coperation of the ,catholic clergy and the ,catholic community4 ,the contrary rule1 till quite recently1 has been adopted1 and public and private benevolence has sought to benefit our children by disregarding1 or seeking to uproot1 their ,catholic faith1 and rejecting the coperation of the ,catholic clergy4 ,the results are apparent to all not absolutely blinded by their misdirected zeal4 ,the public has not sufficiently considered that by the law excluding our religion from the public schools1 the schools as established by law are ,protestant schools1 at least so far as they are not pagan or godless4 ,we do not suppose the state ever intended to establish ,protestantism as the exclusive religion of the schools2 but such is the necessary result of excluding1 no matter under what pretext1 the teaching of our religion in them4 ,exclude ,catholicity1 and what is left8 ,nothing of ,christianity but ,protestantism1 which is simply ,christianity minus the ,catholic ,church1 her faith1 precepts1 and sacraments4 ,at present the state makes ample provision for the children of ,protestants1 infidels1 or pagans2 but excludes the children of ,catholics1 unless we consent to let them be educated in ,protestant schools1 and brought up ,protestants1 so far as the schools can bring them up4 ,now1 we protest in the name of equal rights against this manifest injustice4 ,there is no class of the community more in need of free public schools than ,catholics1 and none are more entitled to their benefit2 for they constitute a large portion of the poorer and more destitute classes of the community4 ,we can conceive nothing more unjust than for the state to provide schools for ,protestants1 and even infidels1 and refuse to do it for ,catholics4 ,to say that ,catholics have as free access to the public schools as ,protestants1 is bitter mockery4 ,protestants can send their children to them without exposing them to lose their ,protestantism2 but ,catholics cannot send their children to them without exposing them to the loss of their ,catholicity4 ,the law protects their religion in the public schools by the simple fact of excluding ours4 ,how then say these schools are as free to us as they are to them8 ,is conscience of no account8 ,we take it for granted that the intention of the state is that the public schools should be accessible alike to ,catholics and ,protestants1 and on the same risks and conditions4 ,we presume it has had no more intention of favoring ,protestants at the expense of ,catholics1 than ,catholics at the expense of ,protestants4 ,but it can no longer fail to see that its intention is not1 and cannot be realized by providing schools which ,protestants can use without risk to their ,protestantism1 and none which ,catholics can use without risk to their ,catholicity4 ,as the case now stands1 the law sustains ,protestantism in the schools and excludes ,catholicity4 ,this is unjust to ,catholics1 and deprives us1 in so far as ,catholics1 of all benefit to be derived from the public schools supported at the public expense4 ,were the law to admit ,catholicity1 it would necessarily exclude ,protestantism1 which would be equally unjust to ,protestants4 ,since1 then1 ,catholicity and ,protestantism mutually exclude each other1 and as the state is bound to treat both with equal respect1 it is not possible for it to carry out its intention and do justice to both parties1 but by dividing the schools1 and setting apart for ,catholics their proportion of them1 in which the education shall be determined and controlled by their church1 though remaining public schools supported at the public expense1 under the provisions of a general law as now4 ,this would be doing for its ,catholic citizens only what it now does for its ,protestant citizens only2 in fact1 only what is done in ,france1 ,austria1 and ,prussia4 ,the division would enable us to bring all our children into schools under the influence and management of our pastors1 and to do whatever the church and a thoroughly religious education can do to train them up to be good ,catholics1 and therefore orderly and peaceful members of society1 and loyal and virtuous ,american citizens4 ,it would also remove some restraint from the ,protestant schools1 and allow them more freedom in insisting on whatever is doctrinal and positive in their religion than they now exercise4 ,the two classes of schools1 though operating separately1 would aid each other in stemming the tide of infidelity and immorality1 now setting in with such fearful rapidity1 and apparently resistless force1 threatening the very existence of our republic4 ,the division would operate in favor of religion1 both in a ,catholic sense and in a ,protestant sense1 and therefore tend to purify and preserve ,american society4 ,it would restore the schools to their original intention1 and make them1 what they should be1 religious schools4 ,the enemy which the state1 which ,catholics1 and which ,protestants have alike to resist and vanquish by education is the irreligion1 pantheism1 atheism1 and immorality1 disguised as secularism1 or under the specious names of science1 humanity1 free-religion1 and free-love1 which not only strike at all ,christian faith and ,christian morals1 but at the family1 the state1 and civilized society itself4 ,the state has no right to regard this enemy with indifference1 and on this point we accept the able arguments used by the serious ,protestant preachers and writers cited in the number of ,the ,christian ,world before us against the exclusion of the ,bible and all recognition of religion from the public schools4 ,the ,american state is not infidel or godless1 and is bound always to recognize and actively aid religion as far as in its power4 ,having no spiritual or theological competency1 it has no right to undertake to say what shall or shall not be the religion of its citizens2 it must accept1 protect1 and aid the religion its citizens see proper to adopt1 and without partiality for the religion of the majority any more than the religion of the minority2 for in regard to religion the rights and powers of minorities and majorities are equal4 ,the state is under the ,christian law1 and it is bound to protect and enforce ,christian morals and its laws1 whether assailed by ,mormonism1 spiritism1 free-lovism1 pantheism1 or atheism4 ,the modern world has strayed far from this doctrine1 which in the early history of this country nobody questioned4 ,the departure may be falsely called progress1 and boasted of as a result of the march of intellect2 but it must be arrested1 and men must be recalled to the truths they have left behind1 if republican government is to be maintained1 and ,christian society preserved4 ,protestants who see and deplore the departure from the old landmarks will find themselves unable to arrest the downward tendency without our aid1 and little aid shall we be able to render them unless the church be free to use the public schools--that is1 her portion of them--to bring up her children in her own faith1 and train them to be good ,catholics4 ,there is a recrudescence of paganism1 a growth of subtle and disguised infidelity1 which it will require all that both they and we can do to arrest4 ,fight1 therefore1 ,protestants1 no longer us1 but the public enemy4#ad ,,footnotes3 #ac ,the ,christian ,world4 ,the ,bible in the ,schools4 ,february1 #ahgj4 ,new ,york3 ,bible ,house4 #ad ,we desire to call attention to another point which could not be discussed in the foregoing article1 and to which we can at present only allude in the briefest manner4 ,large sums of money have been granted by legislatures to universities and colleges which are controlled by the clergy of different ,protestant denominations1 in which they teach their religious opinions without restraint1 and which they make1 as far as they can1 training-schools for their theological seminaries4 ,now1 if the outcry against any grant of public funds to schools in which the ,catholic religion is taught is taken up and sustained by ,protestants1 it follows that they must advocate the total secularization of all institutions1 without exception1 which enjoy any state subsidies1 and1 if they wish to keep control of religious instruction in any of the above-mentioned colleges1 must refund to the state every thing which they now possess by grant from the state1 and give up all claim to receive any further endowments4 ,catholics would never disendow or despoil these ,protestant institutions1 even if they had full power to do it2 but if the party of infidelity ever gains1 by the help of ,protestants1 full sway over our legislation1 the latter may prepare themselves for a wholesale spoliation4 ,,the ,,new ,,englander ,,on ,,the ,,moral ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,romish ,,system4#ae ,the reply of the ,new ,englander to our articles of ,september and ,october last is bristling with the most palpable and absurd mistakes4 ,we call them mistakes through the utmost stretch of ,christian charity1 for there is really no excuse to be made for them4 ,we cannot excuse them by allowing either their author or the editors of the ,new ,englander the benefit of the plea of ignorance2 for they were bound to inform themselves on a grave matter which they profess to treat of2 nor that of haste and carelessness4 ,they have had at least three months for a reply1 and were at liberty to take three months more1 if necessary2 and to plead carelessness in such a matter is equivalent to a confession of culpable negligence and want of moral principle4 ,they were bound by the principles of the ,christian religion not to exaggerate or convey in any way a worse impression of their fellow-,christians than the exact truth would warrant1 according to the words of ,st4 ,paul1 ,charity is kind1 thinketh no evil1 444 is not puffed up2 which we might paraphrase in this way3 ,is not pharisaically inclined to exalt one's self at the expense of one's neighbor1 or at the sacrifice of the truth4 ,the ,new ,englander has made use of every artifice2 and1 trusting to the unsuspecting ignorance or uncritical spirit of the community1 of a shameful perversion of the truth to effect this unworthy and unchristian object4 ,we speak severely because it is time the public1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 should frown upon such practices1 and endeavor to approach ,christian unity by the practice of the most ordinary ,christian virtues4 ,we shall now proceed to make good our allegations against the ,new ,englander4 #ast4 ,the ,new ,englander makes a comparison of the provinces of ,catholic and ,protestant countries1 prefaced by the following introduction3 ,the author of ,evenings with the ,romanists1 writing in #ahed1 gave the names and official returns of ten principal cities of ,protestant ,prussia and of ten principal cities of ,roman ,catholic ,austria4444 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world admits the statements1 444 and claims1 with that air of injured innocence1 which is so favorite a weapon in ,romish polemics1 that1 if the returns of the provinces were brought into the account1 they would more than redress the balance of the cities4 ,we proceed to put his proposition to experiment4 ,would our readers credit it1 that he has done nothing of the kind8 ,he has not compared the ,protestant and ,catholic provinces of ,protestant ,prussia and ,roman ,catholic ,austria1 between which1 and which alone1 the parallel comparison of cities was made2 but substituted another comparison1 entirely his own1 introducing provinces belonging to other countries to weigh down the ,catholic scale1 and excluding half the ,catholic provinces of ,austria for the same purpose4 ,this we will show to a demonstration4 ,here is the table of the ,new ,englander3 ,illegitimacy in ,german ,provinces4 ,,protestant4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,roman ,,catholic4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,brandenburg #ab ,austria 7,upper and ,lower7 #bi4c ,hanover #i4f ,bohemia #af4c ,pomerania #aj ,baden #af4b ,prussia #f4g ,bavaria #bb4e ,saxony #ae4i ,carinthia #aa4g ,wrtemberg #af4d ,carniola #de ,moravia #ae4a ,posen #f4h ,rhineland #c4d ,salzburg #bi4f ,styria #cj4f ,trieste1 ,gorz1 etc4 #i4i ,tyrol and ,vorarlberg #f ---- ---- ,average #aa4g ,average #ah4f ,we repeat1 the question as put by the ,new ,englander itself is not about ,german provinces1 but of the ,protestant and ,roman ,catholic provinces of ,prussia and ,austria4 ,moreover1 the table as it stands is grossly untrue4 ,the rate of illegitimacy of the province of ,prussia is #i instead of #f4g1 which materially alters the general average4 ,the averages of the table are falsely given as1 ,protestant #aa4g ,catholic #ah4f ,the true averages found by balancing the populations and the rates1 according to the rules of arithmetic1 are3 ,protestant #ab ,catholic #af4i ,besides these grave blunders1 the ,new ,englander1 professing to give a statement of the ,german provinces by taking ,germany1 province by province1 has omitted many ,german provinces1 which omission very materially affects the result4 ,we take the liberty of putting them in to show how economical of truth the ,new ,englander has been4 ,provinces omitted for which returns were given4 ,,protestant4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,catholic4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,saxon ,prussia #aj ,austrian ,silesia #ac4h ,brunswick #ah4i ,mecklenburg-,schwerin #bj4g ,saxe-,weimar-,eisenach #ae4f ,saxe ,altenburg #af4i ,hesse #ag4b ,bremen #g4b ,we shall now proceed to do what the ,new ,englander professed to do1 but merely shifting the question1 has not done1 namely1 compare the ,catholic and ,protestant provinces of ,protestant ,prussia and ,roman ,catholic ,austria1 province by province1 as they existed previous to the last war1 to correspond to the comparison of the cities of these countries which were contained within these limits4 ,milan1 as well as ,lemburg and ,zara1 are put down among the ,austrian cities4 ,we shall give the corresponding provinces3 ,illegitimacy in ,prussian and ,austrian ,provinces4 ,,population ,,protestant4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,brandenburg #b4fb #ab ,pomerania #a4dd #aj ,prussia #c4ja #i ,saxony 7province7 #b4jd #aj ---- ---- #i4aa #aj4b ,,population ,,catholic4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,austria 7,upper and ,lower7 #b4dg #bi4c ,bohemia #e4aa #af4c ,carinthia 4#cd #de ,carniola 4#dg #aa4g ,moravia #a4ii #ae4a ,posen #a4eb #f4h ,rhineland #c4ce #c4d ,austrian ,silesia 4#di #ac4h ,salzburg 4#ae #bi4f ,styria #a4ji #cj4f ,trieste1 etc4 4#ef #i4i ,tyrol 4#hh #f ,hungary #aj4fh #f ,galicia #e4aj #h ,dalmatia 4#dd #e ,croatia 4#ie #e4e ,lombardy and ,venice #e4ee #e4a ----- ---- #da4ad #aj4c ,we have thus shown1 by a mathematical demonstration1 that the words which the ,new ,englander found convenient to put in our mouths1 though we really said nothing of the kind1 that if the returns of the provinces were brought into the account1 they would more than redress the balance of the cities1 are sufficiently made good4 ,we are glad he proceeded to put our proposition to experiment1 and we caution him when he makes any more experiments of this kind to reflect that1 whatever may be the judgment of an uncritical public prepared to take his statements without examination1 his artifices1 misstatements1 and false conclusions are sure to be detected by any well-informed reader who will take the trouble of examining them4 ,the result of the comparison of the ,protestant and ,roman ,catholic provinces of ,austria and ,prussia sums up in this fashion3 ,false ,average of the ,new ,englander4 ,protestant #aa4g ,catholic #ah4f ,true ,average4 ,protestant #aj4b ,catholic #aj4c ,we have thus finished this part of our task1 strictly confining ourselves to the provinces in question2 but as it seems more complete to add the other ,german provinces on both sides1 of which returns are given1 we do so with the following result3 ,provinces already given4 ,,population ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,protestant #aj4b #i4aa ,wrtemberg #af4d #a4ge ,smaller ,german ,states#af #ad4h #f4dj ---- ----- #ab4e #ag4bf ,,population ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,catholic #aj4c #da4ad ,bavaria #bb4e #d4ha ,baden #af4b #a4dc ---- ----- #aa4g #dg4ch ,we dismiss the ,new ,englander from the examination of provinces with the conviction that he ought now to become a wiser if not a better man4 #b;dly4 ,the ,new ,englander gives us another division of his work1 entitled thus1 #c4 ,comparison of mixed populations1 the object of which seems to be two-fold3 #ast1 ,to show the wonderful effect of a little ,protestant salt in a mass of ,catholic corruption2 and #b;dly1 to push up the rate of ,catholic ,austria to a high figure by excluding the best half of it1 and thus to come out with flying colors in the grand tabular statement of all the ,european countries4 ,he commences with the following round but very novel statement3 ,the empire of ,austria includes a population of #ca1fee1gdf2 of these1 #ba1jhb1hja or two thirds1 are non-,romanists1 belonging to the ,protestant church or ,greek ,church4 ,the population of the empire of ,austria is really divided as follows3 ,catholics #bf1gbh1jbj ,all others #g1gjc1igf by which specimen we may form a good judgment of the general accuracy of the ,new ,englander4 ,he goes on1 ,in nine of the ,austrian provinces the population is almost exclusively ,roman ,catholic4 ,in seven1 the ,roman ,catholics are1 on an average1 in a minority of #df per cent4 ,he proves these assertions by a table of ,mixed ,provinces4 ,,romanists4 ,,illegitimate4 ,hungary #eb per cent4 #f per cent4 ,galicia #dd #h ,bukowina #i #i ,dalmatia #ha #e ,militrgrenze #db #a4d ,croatia1 etc4 #hb #e4e ,transylvania #aa #g -- --- ,average #df #f accompanied by the following remark3 ,this falling of the rate of illegitimacy from twenty-one to six1 when the proportion of ,romanists to the population falls off from ninety-seven to forty-six1 indicates the salutary effect of ,protestant ,christianity1 not only on its own followers1 but also on the working of ,romanism itself4 ,but suppose the population does not fall off from ninety-seven to forty-six per cent1 and that in most of these provinces1 and where the rate of illegitimacy is the lowest1 there are no ,protestants at all1 and a small proportion in the rest2 what is shown1 then1 unless it be the ignorance and bad faith of the ,new ,englander1 which professes to be the recognized exponent of those views of religious life which have given character to ,new ,england1 and its essays to be among the best fruits of thought and opinion which the education given at ,yale is adapted to foster8 ,alas6 ,messrs4 ,editors1 you have unceremoniously dropped nearly #d1jjj1jjj of ,roman ,catholics from your computation4 ,are you not aware that the ,united ,greeks are ,roman ,catholics8 ,if you are not1 we beg leave to enlighten you1 and correct the table you have so ostentatiously paraded before the public3 ,jews ,schismatic ,catholics4 ,protestants4 ,greeks4 ,,pop4 ,,in ,,pr4 ,,pop4 ,,in ,,pr4 ,,pop4 ,,in ,,pr4 ,,thous',,ds4 ,,ct4 ,,thous',,ds4 ,,ct4 ,,thous',,ds4 ,,ct4 ,hungary #eife #fa #bcdi #bd #addi #ae ,galicia #daej #ij #ca #a #ddi #i ,bukowina #dc #aj none #j #cha #ij ,dalmatia #cch #ha none #j #gg #ai ,militrgrenze #ded #dc #bj #b #ehg #ee ,croatia1 etc4 #gba #he none #j #acj #ae ,transylvania #gge #dj #eaj #bg #fcg #cc ------ -- ---- -- ---- -- ,total #ab1ddf #fe #biaj #ae #cgfj #bj ,the salutary effect of ,protestant ,christianity in ,galicia1 ,bukowina1 ,dalmatia1 ,militrgrenze1 ,croatia1 etc41 is wonderful1 and indeed little short of miraculous1 considering how exceedingly small the quantity of it is4 ,if the presence of one per cent of ,protestants can so ameliorate the condition of things in ,galicia1 what a land of heavenly purity ,connecticut must be6 ,but we arouse ourselves to finish our task1 or we shall become entirely absorbed in these sublime reflections4 ,the ,new ,englander's experiment with mixed populations is an entire failure4 ,we will give a much more reliable table1 to show the influence of the ,catholic and ,protestant religion among people of the same race1 and living together in the same communities1 and under the same laws4 ,the census of illegitimacy has been taken in ,prussia according to the religious faith of the people4 ,illegitimacy in ,prussia4 ,,among ,,among ,,protestants4 ,,catholics4 ,pop4 in ,pop4 in thous'ds4 pr4 ct4 thous'ds4 pr4 ct4 ,brandenburg #beji #ab4je #ff #h4dj ,silesia #agjd #ab4jc #agef #aj4jg ,saxony #aijc #aj4ce #acj #f4je ,pomerania #adja #aj4ce #ae #i4ca ,prussia #bacg #i4fg #hae #g4de ,posen #ejb #g4jf #iej #f4hb ,westphalia #gdj #d4ah #ijg #c4ce ,rhineland #hbf #c4ce #bdid #c4fg ------ ----- ---- ---- ,total #aa1gbb #aj4ja #gabc #f4d ,we take our leave of the comparison of mixed populations4 ,if the ,new ,englander is satisfied with our treatment of the subject1 we are sure we are with his2 for it enables us to put this matter once more before an enlightened public1 leaving them to form their own opinions about it4 ,we now come to the ,new ,englander's final division of the subject3 #d4 ,comparison of nations4 ,here is the grand extinguisher of all ,catholic pretensions4 ,the whole question is to be put in a nut-shell in the following table1 and that according to the very criterion proposed by ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,new-,englander's ,table of ,illegitimacy in ,european ,countries4 ,,protestant4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,catholic4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,denmark #aa ,baden #af4b ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,bavaria #bb4e ,wales #f4g ,belgium #g4b ,holland #d ,france #g4e ,prussia1 including ,german ,austria #ah4a ,saxony ,hanover #h4c 8 ,italy 7defective7 #e4a ,sweden1 with ,norway4 #i4f 8 ,spain 7defective7 #e4e ,switzerland #e4e ,wrtemberg #af4d ---- ---- ,average #h4h ,average #aa4g ,or rejecting ,italy and ,spain #ad4e ,what strikes us first of all is the richness of these averages4 ,dear ,new ,englander1 you will be the death of us with your averages4 ,not that we shall literally be killed off by them2 but when we think of the best fruits of the scholarship of ,yale ,college producing such averages1 by adding up a lot of rates of all sorts of countries1 big and little1 and dividing the sum by the number of countries1 the idea is absurd enough to kill any one with laughter4 ,exuberance of fancy has evidently exercised an unfavorable influence on the mathematical ability of the author of this article1 and neutralized the effect of the excellent mathematical course given at ,yale ,college4 ,we find in the table ,italy and ,spain marked with a note of interrogation1 as much as to say1 ,what business have you here with such low averages8 ,you ought to look a great deal worse than that1 being such black and benighted ,romanist countries as you are4 ,and after them the word defective in brackets4 ,no doubt the best of reasons will be given for this4 ,let us see4 ,the returns for ,italy and ,spain are utterly defective and untrustworthy4 ,assuming the ordinary birth-rate1 the returns show that in ,italy more than one fourth of the births fail to be registered4 ,why does not the ,new ,englander give the figures1 that we may judge for ourselves8 ,what he has not done we will do for him3 ,births in ,italy4 #ahfc #hha1cdb #ahfd #hei1ffc #ahfe #hgh1ieb ------- ,average #hgc1cai ,the population of ,italy is #bd1bca1hfj1 and the birth-rate of ,europe1 according to the ,new ,englander1 is #a to #bh4 ,dividing the number of the population by #bh1 we get #hfe1fjh4 ,the number of actual births exceeds the number expected1 instead of being defective by more than a fourth4 ,as the reason alleged proves to be utterly false1 we shall strike off the marks of interrogation from ,italy1 and leave out the defective in the brackets4 ,in like manner1 the returns for ,spain are treated4 ,as for ,spain1 its census returns1 if quoted at all among statistics1 are quoted at even a larger discount than its financial securities4 ,the sum of the ,spanish censuses for the last forty years has been up and down after the following zigzag fashion3 #ahbh #ac1fih1jbi #ahcg #ab1bbb1hgb #ahdb #ab1jed1jjj #ahdf #ab1afd1jjj #ahej #aj1idb1jjj #ahfa #af1jjj1jjj #ahfd #ae1geb1hjg ,not having found our friend of the ,new ,englander very precise heretofore in his figures1 we did not exactly take them on trust this time1 but looked in our ,handbuch1 and found the following ,table of ,censuses in ,spain4 #ahbb #aa1ffa1hfe #ahcb #aa1aeh1bfd #ahdf #ab1afb1hgb #aheg #ae1dfd1cdj #ahfj #ae1fgc1ecf which does not exhibit any great zigzag propensity4 ,the following table of births does not show any mark of being either untrustworthy or defective1 but is uncommonly complete and steady3 ,,legitimate4 ,,illegitimate4 #aheh #eaf1aah #cj1jdj #ahei #ebe1bdc #ca1jhj #ahfj #eda1bca #cb1bbb #ahfa #egg1dhd #cd1abe #ahfb #egc1fdf #cc1daf #ahfc #efe1add #cb1iig #ahfd #ehf1iic #cd1deh #ahfe #eha1fhf #cc1bbg ,so much for the romancing of the ,new ,englander1 which we might appropriately designate as building castles in ,spain4 ,we beg our readers' pardon for these long lists of figures1 but they are really necessary for the correct understanding of the matter4 ,as to ,austria1 we shall take the liberty to bring down her figure from #ah4a to #aa4a2 not that it would make so very much difference in the general average of the nations1 except in the clap-trap mode of calculation adopted by the ,new ,englander1 but because justice1 as we have amply shown1 demands it4 ,we shall now present a true table of the ,european countries1 slightly modifying some of the rates1 to correspond to later and better information1 and inserting all the omitted countries of which returns are given3 ,table of ,illegitimacy in ,european ,countries4 ,,population ,,protestant4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,denmark#ag #aa #b4gc ,england and ,wales #f4e #bj4jg ,scotland #aj4a #c4jf ,holland #d #c4ec ,prussia #h4f #ah4id ,sweden and ,norway #i4f #e4ha ,switzerland #e4e #b4ea ,wrtemberg #af4d #a4ge ,other ,german ,states#ah #ad4h #f4dj ---- ----- ,average #h4g #fd4hj ,,population ,,catholic4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,in ,,millions4 ,baden #af4b #a4dc ,bavaria #bb4e #d4ha ,belgium #g4b #d4ih ,france #g4b #ch4jg ,austria #aa4a #cd4ih ,italy #e4a #bd4bc ,spain #e4e #ae4fg ---- ------ ,average #h4d #abd4ag ,the ,new ,englander has been quite hard on us for classing ,holland and ,switzerland1 in which there are very large ,catholic minorities1 as mixed countries1 and remanded them with an air of injured innocence forthwith into the ,protestant column1 where it will be observed they present an uncommonly good appearance1 being the lowest on the list4 ,we have shown by documentary evidence that in ,prussia in #ahfd1 when there was a ,catholic minority of thirty-eight per cent1 the rate of illegitimacy was brought down by it from #aj to #h4df1 or1 in other words1 if all the ,catholics could be removed at once out of the land1 the rate of ,prussia would stand #aj1 whereas it appears now #h4f4 ,for this reason we thought fit to make some distinction1 lest there should be any strutting around in borrowed plumes1 and to form a table of mixed countries4 ,we shall1 therefore1 carefully avoiding any further wounding of the delicate susceptibilities of the ,new ,englander1 append a table1 making allowances for the minorities on both sides1 coming just as near to the exact truth as it is possible3 ,table of ,illegitimacy1 including ,majorities and ,minorities4 ,,prot4 ,,pop4 ,,cath4 ,,pop4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,in ,,mill',s4 ,,in ,,mill',s4 ,holland #d4j #b4ja #a4bc ,italy #e4a 4#cc #bc4ij ,spain #e4e 4#ab #ae4ee ,switzerland #e4e #a4dh #a4jb ,catholics in ,prussia #f4e -- #g4bj ,england and ,wales #f4e #ai4jj #a4bj ,france #g4b 4#gg #cd4ic ,belgium #g4b 4#jb #d4ig ,sweden and ,norway #i4f #e4ha -- ,protestants in ,prussia #aj4j #aa4gd -- ,scotland #aj4a #c4jj 4#af ,denmark #aa #b4gc -- ,austria #aa4a #c4de #bf4gc ,german ,states #ad4h #e4hh 4#eb ,wrtemberg #af4d #a4bj 4#ec ---- ----- ------ ,mean ,protestants #h4c #eg4ed #aag4id ,mean ,catholics #g4d ,to sum up1 we have for our final result3 ,new ,englander's ,averages4 ,protestant #h4h ,catholic #aa4g2 or1 omitting ,italy and ,spain #ad4e ,true ,averages4 ,protestant #h4c ,catholic #g4d ,here we are glad to end the general investigation1 and to show that1 if we are not very much better than our neighbors1 we are not any worse1 and are not to be hounded down with the cry of vice and immorality by a set of ,pharisees who are constantly lauding their own superiority1 and thanking ,god they are so much better than we poor ,catholics4 ,we must notice1 before we conclude1 some minor points of the ,new ,englander's reply to ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,he insists that it is highly improbable that any of the foundlings received into the hospital at ,rome come from the provinces1 and says we have not adduced a particle of proof to the contrary4 ,well1 as far as the readers of the ,new ,englander are concerned1 what is the use of adducing any proof8--for that very ,christian journal takes no notice of any refutations of its statements1 nor concedes any point1 however strongly proved1 but is solely occupied in showing1 by fair means or foul1 our total depravity1 as if the very life and breath of the ,protestant religion depended on maintaining a deep and bitter hatred and contempt of ,catholics4 ,to our own readers1 we do not think it worth while to adduce any particular proof of a self-evident proposition4 ,if there be a foundling hospital1 receiving infants left at its door1 it requires no proof that it will serve the adjacent country as well as the city4 ,we have documentary evidence to prove this point2 but the ,new ,englander contains so many errors which require our attention1 that we have not space for so trivial a matter4 ,we would like1 however1 to ask our friend of the ,new ,englander whether he believes any of the three thousand infants received in the foundling hospital of ,amsterdam come from the country4 #b;d4 ,the ,new ,englander says1 ,but where do the infants come from that are received in the multitudes of country nunneries that abound throughout the rural districts1 and commonly have each its crche1 or cradle1 in which the child of shame may be dropped in secret with a ring of the bell1 and left8 ,it is time enough to answer this question when any proof of its truth is brought forward2 but we can assure our friend that if any infants are so received1 they all find their way to the hospital in short order4 #c;d4 ,we find the following unique and highly gentlemanly insinuation in the ,new ,englander3 ',the ,civilta ,cattolica says1 ,this proportion of #bh4c of legitimate births for every one thousand of the population speaks very well for a capital city4 ,and so it does2 it shows1 what we have always understood them to be1 that the ,romans are as virtuous and moral as any people of the world4' ,thus ,,the ,,catholic ,,world2 to which it might safely add1 that it shows that the separation of an enormous mass of the most vigorous part of the people under vows of celibacy and continence does not necessarily check the multiplication of the population4 ,weakness in arithmetic and a prurient imagination have1 no doubt1 given rise to the above elegant extract2 but we rebut it by informing our friend of the ,new ,englander that there is a difference between #bh4c to the thousand and #a to #bh4c4 ,had he noticed this difference1 he would not have digged this pit for himself4 ,the figures prove nothing more than his own ignorance1 putting the most charitable construction on it4 ,we must give a specimen of the ,new ,englander's idea of fairness in controversy3 ,in his ,evenings with the ,romanists1 ,mr4 ,seymour1 anticipating the tu quoque retort of the ,roman ,catholics1 said1 ',if any man will name the worst of the ,protestant countries1 ,i care not which1 ,i will name a ,roman ,catholic country still worse4' ,in this way1 he proceeded to compare1 in #ahed1 ,saxony with ,carinthia and sundry other regions on either side1 whereupon ,,the ,,catholic ,,world has a violent outbreak of mingled indignation and erudition at the extreme trickiness of comparing ,styria1 ,upper and ,lower ,austria1 ,carinthia1 ,salzburg1 ,trieste1 which are not countries at all1 but simply the ,german provinces of the ,austrian ,empire1 and ,bavaria1 with countries so different and wide apart as ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,saxony1 ,hanover1 and ,wrtemburg2 the regions in question seem to have been selected for their approximate equality in population4 ,well1 as probably most people have not heard of the countries of ,carinthia1 ,styria1 etc41 we confess we were erudite enough to know and to point out that they were slices of ,austria carved for the occasion1 and we were a little indignant at the carving operation4 ,show me a bad ,protestant country where you please1 and ,i will show you a ,roman ,catholic country still worse4 ,hence1 we have1 according to ,mr4 ,seymour3 ,,protestant ,,roman ,,catholic ,,countries4 ,,countries4 ,norway1 ,austria1 ,sweden1 ,austria1 ,saxony1 ,austria1 ,denmark1 ,austria1 ,hanover1 ,austria1 ,we suppose this is all fair enough2 but we cannot see it1 our moral vision being so infirm4 ,but these regions seem to have been selected for their approximate equality in population4 ,so it seems1 and our friend1 ,mr4 ,s41 has made it seem so in this fashion3 ,we compare ,protestant ,norway with #a1aid1faj1 and ,roman ,catholic ,styria 7,austria7 with #a1jjf1iga4 ,again1 we compare ,protestant ,sweden with #b1ihc1add1 and ,roman ,catholic ,upper and ,lower 7,austria7 with #b1bdd1cfc4 ,all very good2 but now let us go on3 ,we compare ,protestant ,saxony with its population1 and ,roman ,catholic ,carinthia with its population4 ,and we compare ,hanover with its ,protestant population1 and ,salzburg with its ,roman ,catholic population4 ',of course these countries are selected for their approximate equality in population4' ,in order that our readers may see how much equality there is in the populations of these countries1 we give the following ,table of ,populations4 ,,protestant4 ,,catholic4 ,saxony #b1cdc1iid ,carinthia #cdb1dfi ,hanover #a1ibc1dib ,salzburg #adg1aia ,saxony is only seven times greater than ,carinthia4 ,hanover only twelve times greater than ,salzburg4 ,very excellent is ,mr4 ,seymour in anticipating the tu quoque of the ,roman ,catholics4 ,we now desire to call the attention of our readers to one very remarkable phenomenon of the statistics4 ,in ,protestant ,england the cities have a lower rate of illegitimacy than the country1 while in ,france the case is reversed1 the countries are low and the cities high4 ,the following table will show this3 ,rates of ,illegitimacy in ,city and ,country ,districts of ,england4 ,,city4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,,country4 ,,pr4 ,,ct4 ,london #d4b ,nottingham #h4i ,liverpool #d4i ,york1 ,n4 ,r4 #h4i ,birmingham #d4g ,salop #i4h ,manchester #f4g ,westmoreland #i4g ,sheffield #e4h ,norfolk #aj4g ,leeds #f4d ,cumberland #aa4d ,the rate for all ,england is #f4e4 ,in ,france4 ,rate in all ,france #g4b ,rate in cities #aa4d ,rate in the country #d4d ,from this we draw the conclusion that for ,protestants city life is decidedly the best1 and it will be the duty of ministers to crowd as many of their flocks as possible out of the polluted air of the country into the moral atmosphere of the cities1 and in ,england to endeavor to concentrate them particularly in the very virtuous communities of ,london and ,liverpool4 ,but we are sorry the gospel trumpet gives such a feeble sound in the country districts1 and we hope some of the city clergy will get a call to go into these benighted districts1 7abjuring the brown-stone fronts and high salaries17 and bring them back at least to the level of the city population1 where there are so many and varied temptations1 and such surprising purity4 ,our ,catholic people seem to flourish better in the country1 and we sincerely hope that those who come over from ,europe will get farms out ,west1 instead of settling down in ,new-,york or other cities4 ,we did have an idea that the influence of religion was best exerted in the country1 where the pastor knows each one of his flock1 and would rather have compared the country people in ,protestant lands with the country people in ,catholic lands1 to test the influence of religion upon them2 but as the ,new ,englander seems to think the comparison is best made in the cities1 we leave every reflective person to form his own judgment4 ,if the ,new ,englander is right1 we fear our ,lord was wrong in asking us to pray1 ,lead us not into temptation2 but ,protestants should rather pray1 ,lead us into temptation1 because it is precisely in temptation they are most virtuous4 ,we did not intend to say a single word on the subject of murders1 etc41 because we have not any complete statistics on the subject1 and because we do not like the labor of hunting them up1 just at present2 but as this thing is paraded before us like a red rag before a bull1 we will just make one dash at it1 and1 giving it a blow sufficient to dispatch it1 leave the rest of the matter until we find it convenient to take it up4 ,mr4 ,seymour gave the following items in his book3 ,ireland #ai homicides to the million4 ,france #ca ,england #d and we find the following table in the ,new ,englander3 ,to the ,million of ,population4 ,,england4 ,,france4 ,convictions of murder and attempts #a #ab ,convictions of infanticide in various degrees #e #aj ,we give the latest returns on the subject from the ,handbuch for ,france and from ,thom's ,official ,directory for ,england and ,ireland1 #ahfi4 ,,convictions ,,and ,,sentences ,,to ,,death4 ,,executions4 #ahfd4 ,france #i #e #ahfg4 ,england and ,wales #bg #aj #ahfg4 ,ireland #c #j ,it will not require much ingenuity to see where the truth lies4 ,ex uno disce omnes4 ,we advise the ,new ,englander to subject in future the articles of its unfortunate correspondent1 of whom it is evidently ashamed1 to the revision of a professor of mathematics4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,new ,englander1 ,january1 #ahgj4 ,article entitled1 ,moral ,results of the ,romish ,system4 ,handbuch der vergleichenden ,statistik4 ,leipzig4 #ahfh4 ,historisch-politische ,bltter4 ,neuntes ,heft1 ,munich4 #ahfg4 ,article entitled1 ,allgemeine und confessionelle ,statistik in ,preussen4 #af ,including kingdom of ,saxony1 ,brunswick1 ,hanover1 ,mecklenburg-,schwerin1 ,saxe-,weimar-,eisenach1 ,saxe-,altenburg1 ,hesse1 and ,bremen4 #ag ,including ,schleswig-,holstein4 #ah ,saxony1 ,brunswick1 ,hanover1 ,mecklenburg-,schwerin1 ,saxe-,weimar-,eisenach1 ,saxe-,altenburg1 ,hesse1 and the city of ,bremen4 ,,to ,,the ,,rainbow4 ,all-glorious shape that fleet'st1 wind-swept1 ,athwart the empurpled1 pine-girt steep1 ,that sinless1 from thy birth hast wept1 ,all-gladdening1 till thy death must weep2 ,that in eterne ablution still ,thine innocence in shame dost shroud1 ,and1 washed where stain was none1 dost fill ,with light thy penitential cloud2 ,illume with peace our glooming glen2 ,o'er-arch with hope yon distant sea1 ,to angels whispering1 and to men1 ,of her whose lowlier sanctity ,in ,god's all-cleansing freshness shrined1 ,disclaimed all pureness of her own1 ,and aye her lucent brow inclined1 ,god's handmaid meek1 before his throne4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,the ,,first ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,no4 ,,three4 ,the second month of the ,vatican ,council has seen no interruption of its labors1 nor of the intense interest which these labors seem to excite on every side4 ,in truth1 the intensity of this interest1 especially among those who are not friendly to the council1 would be inexplicable1 did we not feel that there is in reality a struggle involved therein between the cause of religion and the cause of irreligion4 ,the meetings of the prelates are private and quiet4 ,the subjects under discussion are1 at best1 only vaguely known outside4 ,the names of the speakers may be learned4 ,you may ascertain1 if you persist in the effort1 that one bishop has a fine voice1 and was well heard2 that another has an exceedingly polished delivery2 that a third is remarkable for the fluency1 and a fourth for the classic elegance with which he spoke in ,latin4 ,but all your efforts will fail to elicit a report of the substance of the speech of any prelate4 ,these speeches are for the council itself--for the assembled fathers to whom they are delivered--and are not for the public at large1 nor for ,buncombe4 ,they are under the guard of the honor of the bishops and the oath of the officials1 and are to be kept secret until the acts of the council are lawfully published4 ,and yet own correspondents1 occasional correspondents1 special correspondents1 and reliable correspondents from ,rome have failed not1 day after day1 to fill the columns of newspapers--,italian1 ,french1 ,english1 ,german1 ,belgian1 and ,spanish1 and doubtless others also1 if we saw them--with their guesses and suspicions1 their tiny grains of truth and bushels of fiction4 ,ponderous columns of editorial comments are often superadded1 as it were1 to increase the amount of mystery and the mass of errors4 ,even the brief telegraphic notices seem to be often controlled or made to work in this sense4 ,the telegrams from ,rome itself ought to be1 and we presume are1 correct4 ,the author of a flagrant misstatement sent from this city could be identified and held responsible4 ,but it is said that1 outside of the limits of the ,pontifical ,states1 there is a news-agent who culls from letters sent him for that purpose most of those wonderful statements about the council which the telegraph wires are made to flash over ,europe1 and even across the ,atlantic to ,america4 ,the result of all this on the mind of one in ,rome is ofttimes amusing4 ,during our civil war1 we once found ourselves in a railway car with an officer who had lost an arm4 ,colonel1 asked some one1 in what battle were you wounded8 ,the colonel laid down the papers he had been reading1 sighed heavily1 as if wearied1 at least in mind1 and answered1 ,at the time1 ,i thought it was at the battle of ,chancellorsville2 but since ,i have been reading these newspaper accounts of that battle1 ,i have come to the conclusion that ,i was not there at all4 ,the newspaper reporters of the council labor under far greater difficulties than did the army correspondents1 and are proportionately inaccurate4 ,meanwhile1 the council moves on in its direct course1 like a majestic steamer on the ocean1 undisturbed by these winds blowing alternately from every point of the compass1 and unheeding the wavelets they strive to raise4 ,within the council1 every thing is proceeding smoothly and harmoniously1 some think more slowly than was anticipated4 ,but the fathers of the council feel they have a great work to do conscientiously1 and they are engaged earnestly and in the fear of ,god in its performance4 ,as yet1 a third public session of the council has not been held1 nor has any public announcement been made of the day when it may be looked for4 ,but the time is busily employed4 ,we stated in our last number that a schema or draft on some doctrinal points had been given to the prelates early in ,december1 and had been learnedly discussed1 no less than thirty-five speakers having canvassed its merits4 ,at the conclusion of the discussion1 the schema was referred to the ,deputation1 or ,committee on ,faith4 ,all the discourses had been taken down and written out by stenographers1 with an accuracy which astonished and elicited the commendation of such bishops as examined the report of their own speeches4 ,these reports were likewise handed over to the committee1 that no remark might be overlooked or forgotten4 ,all will be taken into consideration and duly weighed1 together with further remarks before the committee1 by the theologians who drew up the schema in the ,preparatory ,committee4 ,the committee is charged to present the matured result to the assembled congregation at the proper time1 when it will again be considered1 perhaps discussed1 and finally voted on4 ,on ,january #adth1 the fathers again assembled in a general congregation in the council-hall1 altered and restricted as we have already described it4 ,mass was celebrated at nine ,a4,m41 as is always done1 by one of the senior prelates4 ,at its conclusion1 the five presiding cardinals took their place4 ,cardinal ,de ,angelis1 the chief one1 took his seat for the first time1 and recited the usual opening prayer4 ,at the previous congregations1 five of the deputations of the council had been filled by election4 ,the sixth--that on oriental rites and on missions--still remained to be filled4 ,twenty-four members were to be elected by ballot4 ,the election was held in the usual form4 ,the bishops had brought with them their ballots already written out4 ,several attendants passed1 two and two1 along the seats of the prelates1 one of them bearing a small wicker-work basket4 ,each prelate deposited therein his ballot4 ,in a few moments all had quietly voted4 ,the baskets were borne to the secretary's table in the middle1 in front of the presiding cardinals4 ,the ballots were placed in boxes prepared to receive them4 ,the boxes were closed and sealed1 to be opened afterward before the regular committee for this purpose1 when the votes would be counted1 and the result ascertained4 ,the following prelates were elected3 ,most ,rev4 ,peter ,bostani1 ,archbishop of ,tyre and ,sidon1 ,maronite1 ,asia4 ,most ,rev4 ,vincent ,spaccapietra1 ,archbishop of ,smyrna1 ,asia4 ,most ,rev4 ,charles ,lavigerie1 ,archbishop of ,algiers1 ,africa4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,cyril ,behnam-,benni1 ,bishop of ,moussoul1 7,syrian17 ,mesopotamia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,basil ,abdo1 7,greek ,melchite17 ,bishop of ,mariamne1 ,asia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,joseph ,papp-,szilagyi1 7,roumenian17 ,bishop of ,gross ,wardein4 ,most ,rev4 ,aloysius ,ciurcia1 ,archbishop of ,irenopolis1 ,egypt4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,aloysius ,gabriel de la ,place1 ,bishop of ,adrianople1 ,bulgaria4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,stephen ,louis ,charbonneaux1 ,bishop of ,mysore1 ,india4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,thomas ,grant1 ,bishop of ,southwark1 ,england4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,hilary ,alcazar1 ,bishop1 ,vicar ,apostolic of ,tonking4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,daniel ,mc,gettigan1 ,bishop of ,raphoe1 ,ireland4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,joseph ,pluym1 ,bishop of ,nicopolis1 ,bulgaria4 ,most ,rev4 ,melchior ,nazarian1 7,armenian17 ,archbishop of ,mardin1 ,asia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,stephen ,melchisedeckian1 7,armenian17 ,bishop of ,erzeroum1 ,asia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,augustin ,george ,bar-,scinu1 7,chaldean17 ,bishop of ,salmas1 ,asia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,lynch1 ,bishop of ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,marang ,bishop of ,tenos1 ,greece4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,francis ,john ,laouenan1 ,bishop1 ,v4,a4 of ,pondicherry1 ,india4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,anthony ,charles ,cousseau1 ,bishop of ,angoulme1 ,france4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,louis ,de ,goesbriand1 ,bishop of ,burlington1 ,united ,states4 ,most ,rev4 ,joseph ,valerga1 ,patriarch of ,jerusalem4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,james ,quin1 ,bishop of ,brisbane1 ,australia4 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,charles ,poirier1 ,bishop of ,roseau1 ,west ,indies4 ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,alexander ,barnab1 ,prefect of the ,propaganda1 was appropriately named chairman of this committee4 ,no one in ,rome1 or elsewhere1 could be found better qualified for this position than this eminent and well-known cardinal1 who has for so many years1 and so ably1 presided over the congregation specially charged with superintending the world-wide missions of the ,catholic ,church4 ,born in the year #agih1 he was in his early boyhood when ,napoleon annexed ,italy to his empire4 ,when the conqueror1 in order to bind the country to him1 ordered that a number of the sons of the noble and most respectable families of ,italy should be sent to the ,ecole ,polytechnique at ,paris1 to be educated1 as it were1 under his own eye1 the bright-eyed ,alessandro ,barnab was selected with others4 ,he continued in that school until the fall of ,napoleon restored ,pius ,,vii4 to ,rome4 ,the lad could soon return home likewise1 and devote himself1 according to the aspirations of earlier years1 to the service of ,god in the sanctuary4 ,he pursued his ecclesiastical studies with distinction under ,de ,rossi1 ,finotti1 ,graziosi1 ,palma1 and the giant professors of those years in ,rome2 became priest2 and naturally1 with his learning1 his energy1 his amiability1 was soon selected to give assistance in the congregations for the transaction of ecclesiastical business of the church in ,rome4 ,in due time he became secretary to the ,congregation of the ,propaganda1 and made himself familiar with the affairs and men of the church throughout the world4 ,subsequently raised to the cardinalate1 amid the applause of ,rome1 he succeeded ,cardinal ,fransoni in the prefectship of the same ,congregation of the ,propaganda where he had been secretary1 and over which he1 for many years1 presided with an executive ability not equalled since the days of ,cardinal ,capellar1 afterward ,gregory ,,xv4 ,this election having been finished1 the bishops then entered on the examination of matters of ecclesiastical discipline1 several schemata1 or draughts1 on which had been presented to them for private study some time before4 ,it is the ordinary usage of councils to examine matters of faith and matters of discipline as nearly pari passu as can conveniently be done4 ,it seems this usage will be observed in the ,vatican ,council4 ,there is a fundamental difference between matters of faith and matters of discipline4 ,the faith of the church is ever one--that originally delivered to her by the apostles4 ,a council cannot alter it4 ,the errors or heresies prevailing at any time1 the uncertainty in some minds1 or other needs of a period1 may render it proper or necessary to give a fuller1 clearer1 and more definite expression of that faith on points controverted or misunderstood4 ,the question always is1 ,what has really been the faith held in the past1 from the beginning1 by the church on these points8 ,the answer is sought in the words of ,holy ,writ1 in the past declarations of the church1 whether in the decrees of her councils or in the authoritative teachings of her sovereign pontiffs1 and in her traditions1 as shown in the liturgies and forms of prayer1 in the testimony of her ancient doctors and fathers1 and in the concurrent teachings of the general body of her pastors and her theologians4 ,the whole field of evidence is searched1 and the answer stands forth in noon-day light2 and the council declares what really and truly has been and is the belief and teaching of the ,catholic ,church on the question before it4 ,and that declaration is accepted by the ,catholic world1 not simply on the word of men1 however great their knowledge or accurate and scrutinizing their research--nor simply on account of their holiness of life1 their sincerity of heart1 or the impartiality of their decision4 ,these are1 indeed1 high motives1 such as the world must always respect1 and perhaps enough ordinarily to satisfy human minds4 ,but1 after all1 they are but human motives4 ,the ,catholic is taught to base his belief on a higher motive--the divine assurance of our ,saviour himself that he would always be with his church until the end of time1 that he would send the spirit of truth to teach her all truth and to abide with her for ever1 and that the gates of hell should never prevail against her4 ,our ears catch the words of the ,saviour1 ,whosoever heareth you1 heareth me2--whosoever despiseth you1 despiseth me2 and we know that the church is thus made the pillar and ground of truth1 and that he that will not hear the church is like the heathen and the publican4 ,hence on his divine word1 which must stand though the heavens and the earth pass away1 we accept the declarations and teachings of the church1 through her councils1 as the continuation of the teaching of ,christ himself4 ,such was the examination made in the ,council of ,nice1 ,a4,d4 #cbe2 such was the spirit of faith in which its words were received when it declared the original and true belief of the church on the doctrines of the trinity and incarnation1 and condemned the novelties of ,arius and his followers4 ,such was the examination made in the councils of ,ephesus1 ,constantinople first and second1 and of ,chalcedon2 such the filial faith in which their decrees were received as they declared more and more fully and explicitly the true ,catholic doctrine of the incarnation1 and condemned successively the errors of the ,nestorians1 the ,monophysites1 and the ,monothelites4 ,such was the course pursued in the various cumenical councils which followed1 down to and including the ,council of ,trent4 ,such was the spirit in which their declarations of the faith have ever been received4 ,to us1 the ,catholic ,church of ,christ is a living church1 possessing1 by the gift of her divine ,founder1 authority to teach in his name all that he taught1 and ever guarded by his divine power from so falling under the assaults of hell as to teach error to man in his name1 instead of the divine truth which he established and commissioned her to teach4 ,her authority is ever the same--the same in the first and second centuries as in the fourth and fifth1 in the tenth and twelfth1 in the sixteenth1 and in this nineteenth century2 and it will continue the same until time shall be no more4 ,it is thus that the ,vatican ,council takes up matters of faith1 not to add to the faith1 but to declare it and to establish it1 where it has been impugned or doubted or misunderstood4 ,the question is1 ,what are the points on which the errors and the needs of this age render it proper and necessary to give a renewed1 perhaps a fuller1 clearer1 and more emphatic declaration of the doctrine of the church2 and in what form of words shall such declarations be expressed8 ,to all these questions the bishops are bringing their calmest and maturest judgment4 ,there will be1 as there must and should be1 a free and frank interchange of views and arguments1 in all sincerity and charity1 even as in the council of the apostles at ,jerusalem there was a great discussion before the definitive result was declared with authority3 ,it hath seemed good to the ,holy ,ghost and to us4 ,when1 after such a discussion1 the council shall give forth its decisions and decrees1 they will be accepted by the children of the church4 ,they will not be new doctrines4 ,the ,catholic heart and conscience will recognize them as portions of that faith which has heretofore ever been held4 ,so true will this be1 that we feel certain that one of the points which many of the enemies of the church will bring against this council1 after its conclusion1 will be1 that it has done comparatively nothing1 that all that it taught was known and believed among ,catholics before it was convened4 ,but the same thing was said at the time of former councils1 even of those which proved to be the most important and influential in the history of ,christianity4 ,but if faith is one and unchangeable1 ecclesiastical discipline1 at least in most of its details1 is not4 ,the church has received power to bind and to loose1 and necessarily has authority to establish a discipline1 not simply for the purpose of securing order within her fold1 but to reach the further and higher purpose for which she herself has been established and exists4 ,men must not merely believe the truth speculatively and with a dead faith4 ,they must1 by practical obedience to the law of ,god1 by avoidance of sin through the assistance of divine grace1 by practice of virtue and by holiness of life1 be guided to keep the word which they have heard1 and so come to be saved4 ,this practical guidance is her discipline4 ,the general principles on which her action is based are the maxims and precepts of our divine ,lord himself1 the character of the holy sacraments which he established in his church to be the channels of grace1 the institutions which came to her from the apostles1 and which she will ever preserve1 and those principles of right and morality which ,god has planted in the heart of man1 and of which her divine commission makes her the highest and the most authoritative exponent4 ,these principles are sacred and unchangeable4 ,but in applying them to men there must be a large body of laws and regulations in detail4 ,these are of her own institution1 and form her ecclesiastical discipline4 ,she can revoke some1 amend or alter others1 and add still others1 as she judges such action to be best adapted1 under the ever-varying circumstances of the world1 to secure the great end for which she must ever labor--the salvation of souls4 ,as in all previous councils1 so in this ,vatican ,council1 these matters of discipline have naturally and unavoidably come up for consideration4 ,we said that1 in the ,general ,congregation1 held on the #adth of ,january1 immediately after the election of which we have spoken1 the discussion of them commenced4 ,it was continued in other congregations held on ,january #aeth1 #aith1 #bast1 #bb;d1 #bdth1 #beth1 #bgth1 #bhth1 #cast2 ,february #c;d1 #dth1 #gth1 #hth1 #ajth1 #adth1 and #aeth4 ,it is not yet closed4 ,so far1 ninety-five prelates have addressed the council on the various points of discipline that came under examination4 ,if the discussion on matters of faith1 of which we spoke in our last number1 was worthy of admiration for the vast learning it displayed1 and the intellectual powers of the speakers1 this one on discipline was even more interesting for its practical bearing and the personal experience1 so to speak1 which it recorded4 ,the questions came up whether this or that law of discipline1 established eight hundred or five hundred or three hundred years ago1 however wise and efficacious at the period of its institution1 could now be looked on as sufficiently accomplishing its original purpose2 or whether1 on the contrary1 some new law1 proposed for the consideration of the prelates1 might not now be wisely substituted for it4 ,bishops from every part of the world brought the light of their own experience to illustrate the subject4 ,they bore1 as it were1 personal testimony to the good effects and to the inconveniences of those rules and laws in their respective dioceses4 ,it was indeed most touching2 and it is said that the assembly was moved to tears as an eloquent bishop1 burning with zeal for the house of the ,lord1 told1 with accents of apostolic grief1 of the woes of religion1 and of disorders that almost broke his heart--disorders against which he struggled1 seemingly in vain1 because they arose from1 or were supported by1 the intermeddling and abuses1 and tyranny of the civil government1 which claims to be free and progressive1 but is ever grasping at things ecclesiastical1 ever striving to wield ecclesiastical power1 and at times pretending to uphold and defend such intrusion by pretext of the laws and privileges of other times1 when rulers and people alike professed to fear ,god and to respect his church4 ,every portion of the world was heard from4 ,the ,east1 through ,chaldeans1 ,maronites1 and ,armenians4 ,the ,west1 through ,italian1 ,french1 ,german1 ,hungarian1 ,spanish1 ,mexican1 ,peruvian1 ,brazilian1 ,english1 ,irish1 and ,american bishops4 ,the past was interrogated as to the reasons and motives on which the olden laws were based1 and the special purposes they were intended to effect2 and the present1 as to their actual observance and effects in this century4 ,even the future was examined1 so far as men may look into it1 to conjecture what course the world was taking2 and what1 on the other hand1 would be the most proper course for the church to pursue in her legislation1 in order to secure the fullest observance of the laws of ,god1 and the truest promotion of his glory4 ,we might well be assured that1 even humanly speaking1 such abundance of knowledge and experience1 such careful examination of all the past and present bearings of the subjects1 such a keen1 calm scrutiny of the future1 would secure to the church from such men an ecclesiastical legislation of the highest practical wisdom1 as well in what is retained as in what is changed or added as new4 ,but1 as ,catholics1 we should never lose sight of that higher wisdom with which the ,holy ,ghost1 according to the words of ,christ1 and in answer to the prayers of the ,catholic world1 will not fail to guide the fathers of the council4#ai ,it will thus be seen that during this month the council has steadily pursued the even tenor of its way1 without any public session4 ,in fact1 no day has as yet been assigned even as the proximate date of the third public session4 ,no one outside the council seems able to say precisely what progress has been made in discussing and disposing of matters4 ,still less can we say when the council will close4 ,there seems to be a feeling that the discussions will continue until ,june1 when the almost tropical heat of a ,roman summer must set in4 ,this will1 of course1 necessitate an adjournment until the close of ,october1 when the bishops would probably reassemble to continue their work4 ,time only can show whether there is any truth in this prognostication4 ,some of the bishops1 of a more practical turn of mind1 or more desirous of returning soon to their dioceses1 are striving to find a mode of conciliating the most perfect freedom of discussion with a more rapid progress in the matters before the council4 ,the most sacred right in a council is freedom to state one's views on matters in controversy1 and to uphold them by all the arguments in one's power4 ,this right has so far been most fully enjoyed and freely used4 ,no plan that would take it away would be entertained4 ,every day in ,rome now convinces a sojourner more and more strongly of the unity1 the catholicity1 and the sanctity of the church of ,christ4 ,faith that heretofore was almost extinct beneath the ashes of worldly thoughts1 here glows again and bursts into a bright flame4 ,elsewhere we believed these truths2 here we seem to behold with our eyes1 and to touch with our hands their reality4 ,no one can be privileged to mingle with the bishops here without being impressed with their perfect unity in all things declared and taught by the church1 and with the undisguised readiness or rather firm intention of all1 to accept and to hold and to teach all that1 under the light of the ,holy ,ghost1 shall be declared of faith in this ,vatican ,council4 ,if1 during the discussion and examination1 they may take different views1 this does not disturb the cordial affection among them4 ,they can array their strongest arguments without ever descending to personalities4 ,they are chary of indulging even in witticism calculated to relieve the solemnity of the debate by a smile4 ,in all the discussion there is not only the highest gentlemanly courtesy1 but also that true charity and union of hearts which must accompany that unity of faith which they solemnly professed to hold1 and which must1 if possible1 be confirmed and strengthened in this ,vatican ,council4 ,to be fully impressed with this perfect unity1 one must be privileged to mingle somewhat with the bishops4 ,but even the cursory glance of a stranger sees the evidence of the catholicity of the church presented by the gathering of so many bishops from so many portions of the world around the central chair of unity4 ,we have already spoken of this in our former articles4 ,we will now give a summary1 almost official1 which has just been made out1 classifying the prelates who have attended1 according to their nationalities and dioceses3 ,,europe4 ,austria and ,tyrol1 #aj ,bohemia and ,moravia1 #e ,illyria and ,dalmatia1 #ac ,hungary and ,gallicia1 #bj ,belgium1 #f ,france1 #hd ,germany1 ,north ,confederation1 #aj ,germany1 ,south ,confederation1 #i ,england1 #ad ,ireland1 #bj ,scotland1 #b ,greece1 #e ,holland1 #d ,lombardy1 #c ,venice1 #h ,naples1 ,kingdom of1 #fe ,sicily and ,malta1 #ac ,sardinia1 ,kingdom of1 #be ,tuscany and ,modena1 #ai ,states of the ,church1 including cardinals1 and also all the bishops from sees in those portions seized by ,victor ,emmanuel1 #adc ,portugal1 #b ,switzerland1 #h ,spain1 #da ,turkey in ,europe1 #ab ,russia1 an administrator of a diocese who has escaped1 #a ,,asia4 ,china and ,japan1 #ae ,hindostan and ,cochin ,china1 etc41 #ah ,persia1 #a ,turkey in ,asia1 #di ,,africa4 ,algeria1 #c ,canary ,islands and the ,azores1 #c ,egypt and ,tunis1 #c ,senegambia1 #a ,southern ,africa1 #d ,,oceanica4 ,australia and the ,islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 #ad ,,america4 ,dominion of ,canada1 and other ,british ,provinces of ,north ,america1 #af ,united ,states1 #di ,mexico1 #aj ,guatemala1 #d ,west ,indies1 #e ,new ,granada1 #d ,ecuador1 #d ,guyana1 #a ,venezuela1 #b ,peru1 #c ,brazil1 #f ,bolivia1 #b ,argentine ,republic1 #e ,chili1 #c ,that is1 ,europe1 #eda ,america1 #aad ,asia1 #hc ,africa1 #ad ,oceanica1 #ad --- #gff ,divided according to rites1 they stand as follows3 ,latin ,rite1 #gjf ,greek ,rite1 #c ,greek ,bulgarian1 #a ,greek ,melchite1 #aj ,greek ,roumenian1 #b ,greek ,ruthenian1 #a ,armenian1 #ba ,chaldean1 #aj ,syrian1 #g ,maronite1 #d ,coptic1 #a --- #gff ,truly1 it is such a gathering as no human power could assemble4 ,only the ,catholic ,church could effect it4 ,no wonder that strangers from every clime1 especially devout ,catholics1 have flocked to ,rome these months as they never flocked before4 ,the splendor of the ceremonies of our holy church1 as celebrated in ,rome1 especially in ,st4 ,peter's1 is unequalled in the whole world4 ,a gray-haired ambassador was present some years ago in ,st4 ,peter's at the celebration of high mass by the sovereign pontiff on ,easter-,sunday4 ,he had been present at two imperial and several royal coronations1 where every effort was made to give a national magnificence to the ceremony2 had witnessed several royal marriages1 and grand court celebrations of every character4 ,but he declared that every thing he had ever seen sank into insignificance before the grandeur and the sublime magnificence of that high mass4 ,never were the religious celebrations of ,rome so magnificent as they have been and are during this council1 when the sanctuary is filled with more than half a thousand prelates1 ,latin and oriental1 in their rich and varied vestments4 ,strangers and ,romans alike crowd the grand basilica4 ,yet the stranger often fails to see1 what the ,roman feels1 as it were1 by instinct1 that all this effort at splendor and magnificence is purely and wholly a tribute of man to honor the religion which ,god in his love and mercy has given1 and that no part of it is for man's own honor4 ,if the stranger would realize this truth1 which is the soul of the ceremonial of the church1 he has but to follow these prelates from the sanctuary to their homes1 and witness the simplicity and self-denial of their private lives4 ,perhaps he will be shocked at the unexpected discovery of what he would term discomfort and poverty4 ,in such personal simplicity and self-denial the sovereign pontiff himself gives the example in the ,vatican4 ,the palace is large--very large2 but the libraries1 the archives1 the various museums1 and the galleries and halls of paintings1 of statuary1 and of art1 occupy no small portion of it4 ,other portions of it are devoted to the vast workshops of the unrivalled ,roman mosaics1 others still to the mint4 ,the offices of the secretary of state1 and the bureaus of other departments are there4 ,the ,sixtine1 and ,pauline1 and other chapels are found in it2 and the various officers and attendants of the court have many of them their special apartments4 ,the pontiff has his suite of rooms1 as well those of state as those that are private4 ,you enter a large1 well-proportioned hall1 rich with gilding and arabesque and fresco paintings4 ,a company of soldiers might manuvre on its marble floor4 ,it is large enough to receive the fullest suite of a sovereign who would visit the pope4 ,just now1 eight or ten soldiers in a rich military uniform are lounging here1 as it were1 for form's sake4 ,in the next room--a smaller and less ornamented one1 yet in something of the same style1 and with a few benches for furniture--a servant will take your hat and cloak4 ,in a third room1 you find some ecclesiastical attendants4 ,you pass through a fourth room of considerable size4 ,it is now empty4 ,at times a consistory or meeting of the cardinals for business is held here2 at other times1 an ascetic ,capuchin father1 with his tonsured head1 his long beard1 his coarse brown woollen cassock fastened around the waist by a cord1 and with sandalled feet1 preaches to the cardinals and bishops and officials of the court1 and to the pope himself4 ,with the freedom and bravery of a man who1 to follow ,christ1 has given up the world1 and hopes for nothing from man1 and fears nothing save to fail in his duty1 he reminds those whom men honor of their duties and obligations1 and in plain1 ofttimes unvarnished language1 will not shrink from speaking the sternest1 strongest home truths of religion4 ,you pass through the silent hall in reverence4 ,a fourth hall1 with a better carpeting1 7for it is winter17 and tolerably warmed1 is the ante-chamber proper1 where those are waiting who are to be admitted to an audience of the pope4 ,in another smaller room1 opening from this one1 those are waiting whose turn it will be to enter next2 or perhaps a group is assembled1 if the pope will come out hither to receive them1 as he sometimes does1 when the audience is simply one not of business1 but simply for the honor of being presented to him and of receiving his blessing4 ,all these which we have enumerated are the state or ceremonial apartments4 ,from the last one1 you pass to the private office or sitting-room of the sovereign pontiff4 ,it is a plain room1 about fifteen feet by twenty1 not lofty1 lighted by a single window1 and without a fire-place4 ,two or three devotional paintings hang against the walls2 a stand supports a small and exquisitely chiselled statue of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,at one side of the room1 on a slight platform1 is the pope's arm-chair1 in which he is seated1 clothed in his white woollen soutane4 ,before him is his large writing-table1 with well-filled drawers and pigeon-holes4 ,on it you see pens1 ink1 sand1 and paper1 his breviary1 perhaps1 and one or two volumes1 and an ivory crucifix4 ,a small case in the corner of the room contains some other books1 some objects of vertu1 medals1 and such articles as he designs to give as mementoes4 ,there is a thin carpet on the floor1 and a couple of plain wooden chairs are near the table4 ,here ,pius ,,ix4 ordinarily spends many hours each day1 as hard worked as any bank clerk4 ,he is exceedingly regular in his habits4 ,he rises before five in summer1 at half-past five in winter4 ,in half an hour he passes to his private chapel and gives an hour and a half to his devotions1 and to the celebration of two masses2 the first by himself1 the second by one of his chaplains4 ,a cup of chocolate and a small roll of bread suffices for his breakfast4 ,he at once passes to his office1 and works for one hour alone and undisturbed4 ,then commence the business audiences of the heads or secretaries of the various departments1 civil and ecclesiastical2 a long and tedious work1 in which he gives a conscientious attention to every detail4 ,by half-past eleven ,a4,m41 he commences to receive bishops and ecclesiastics or strangers from abroad4 ,this usually ends by one ,p4,m41 when he retires for his midday devotions1 and for his dinner1 and repose4 ,this may be followed by more work1 alone in his office4 ,at half-past three in winter1 at half-past four in summer1 if the weather allows it1 he gives an hour and a half to a drive and a walk4 ,returning home1 he takes a slight repast1 and again the audiences for business or for strangers commence1 and last until after eight4 ,at nine punctually he retires1 to commence again the same routine the next day4 ,such are his regular days4 ,at other times he must be in church1 or must visit one institution or establishment or another in the city1 spend an hour or two in ceremony or business1 and hurry home4 ,near this sitting-room is a smaller room where he takes his meals alone2 for the pope neither gives nor accepts entertainments4 ,his table does not cost more than thirty cents a day4 ,not far off is his sleeping chamber1 small as the other1 with a narrow bed and hard couch4 ,truly1 his is no life of ease and pampered indulgence4 ,there is a stern meaning in his title1 ,servant of the ,servants of ,god4 ,the same simplicity and austereness marks the private life of the cardinals4 ,there is now1 indeed1 an outward show1 for they rank as princes of the blood royal4 ,there are the richly-ornamented carriages drawn by brilliantly-harnessed horses1 and attended by servants in livery4 ,there are the decorated state ante-chambers and halls4 ,all these things are for the public1 and are prescribed by rule4 ,if a cardinal has not himself the means to support them1 he would be entitled to a state salary for the purpose of keeping them up4 ,but back of all these may be found a plain1 almost unfurnished room1 in which he studies and writes1 and a bed-chamber--we have seen some not ten feet by twelve1 carpetless and fireless4 ,oftentimes1 too1 the cardinal lives in the religious house of some community1 and then much of the state can be dispensed with4 ,but for the red calotte which he wears on his head1 you often could not distinguish him from the other clergymen in the establishment4 ,the same spirit seems to characterize the bishops who are now gathered together in ,rome4 ,all their splendor is in the church and for religion4 ,in their private life they certainly do not belong to that class of strangers from whose lavish expenditures in fashionable life the ,romans will reap a rich harvest4 ,they live together in groups1 mostly in religious houses or colleges1 or in apartments1 which several club together to take at moderate rates4 ,thus the ,chaldean patriarch1 a venerable1 white-bearded prelate1 near eighty years of age1 with the other bishops of his rite1 and their attendant priests1 all live together in one monastery1 not far from ,st4 ,peter's4 ,whatever the weather1 they go on foot in their oriental dress to the council1 and when the meeting is over1 return on foot4 ,their stately1 oriental walk1 their calm1 thoughtful countenances1 the colored turbans on their heads1 the mixture of purple and black and green and red1 in their flowing robes1 set off by the gold of their massive episcopal chains1 and their rich crosses sparkling with diamonds1 never fail to attract attention4 ,but one should see them in their home1 which they have made as ,eastern as they could4 ,the orientals are exceedingly temperate in their meals1 and as regards wine1 are almost teetotalers4 ,but they do love to smoke4 ,as the visitor is ushered into a room1 where the only piece of furniture is a broad cushioned seat running round along the walls1 on which are seated a dozen or more of long-bearded men1 their feet gathered up under them in oriental fashion1 and each one smoking a pipe a yard long1 and filling the atmosphere with the clouds of ,latakia1 he almost thinks himself in ,mossoul4 ,the pipes are gravely withdrawn on his entrance1 that the right hand may go to the forehead1 and the heads may bow4 ,the welcome1 schalom1 peace1 is gravely spoken1 with perhaps a smile4 ,he takes a seat on the divan and is asked to take a pipe1 if so minded4 ,from time to time1 the silence is interrupted by some remark in a full1 sedate voice1 and intensely guttural words of ,chaldee or ,arabic1 whether on the last debate of the council or on some new phase of the ,eastern question1 it is probable the visitor will never learn4 ,but he has caught a glimpse of quiet ,chaldean life4 ,fourteen or fifteen of the ,armenian prelates1 with their patriarch1 live in a not very dissimilar manner4 ,but the ,armenians are much more akin to ,europeans in their education and character of thought4 ,they are good linguists4 ,all of them speak ,italian fluently1 many of them ,french1 and some a little ,english4 ,their society is agreeable and instructive1 and is much sought4 ,in like manner eighteen of the ,american bishops are domiciled in the ,american ,college4 ,some others are with the ,lazarists at their mother house1 others again are at ,st4 ,bridget's or ,st4 ,bartholomew's1 or with the ,dominicans4 ,those that have taken apartments have contrived with a very few exceptions to live together in groups4 ,the ,english1 the ,irish1 in fact1 nearly all the bishops1 have followed the same plan4 ,some laughingly say that their college days have come back to them1 with their regularity and their accommodations4 ,but these are not quite as agreeable at fifty or sixty as they were at the age of twenty4 ,yet all feel1 and none more thoroughly than the bishops themselves1 that this life of comparative retirement1 of quiet and study1 and of continued and closest intercourse with each other1 must tend to prepare them1 and to qualify them for the great work on which they are engaged4 ,another special feature of ,rome in this season1 dependent on the council1 is the frequency of sermons in various languages1 and of various religious services in the churches4 ,rome as the centre of ,catholicity is never without a certain number of clergymen from every nation of ,europe4 ,each winter1 too1 sees thousands of visitors1 ,catholics1 ,protestants1 and unbelievers1 crowding her streets1 drawn hither by motives of religion1 of science1 of curiosity1 or of fashion4 ,it was natural that visitors should be enabled to listen to the truths of our holy religion preached in their own languages4 ,this year it could be done much more fully1 and the opportunity has not been allowed to pass by unregarded4 ,for example1 ,the ,pious ,society for ,missions1 an excellent community of priests1 established in this city over thirty years ago by the saintly ,abbate ,pallotta1 has the custom of celebrating the festival and octave of ,epiphany each year by appropriate religious exercises1 and introducing sermons in several languages4 ,this year they selected the larger and noble church of ,san ,andrea della ,valle1 and continued their exercises for eleven days4 ,the following was the programme which they followed3 ,at #e4cj ,a4,m41 mass2 at #f ,a4,m41 ,italian sermon and benediction2 at #i ,a4,m41 high mass of the ,latin rite2 at #aj ,a4,m41 high mass in an oriental rite1 7,armenian1 ,greek1 ,copt1 ,chaldean1 ,roumenian1 ,melchite1 ,bulgarian1 ,maronite1 ,armenian again1 ,syrian1 ,ambrosian27 at #aa ,a4,m41 a sermon in some foreign language--that is1 ,polish once1 ,german twice1 ,spanish twice1 ,english six times1 7,archbishop ,spalding1 ,father ,hecker1 and ,bishop ,mc,gill1 ,bishop ,moriarty of ,kerry1 ,bishop ,ullathorne1 and ,archbishop ,manning were the ,english preachers47 ,at #a4cj ,p4,m4 each day1 a ,french sermon by a bishop2 at #c4cj ,p4,m41 an ,italian sermon and benediction2 at #f ,p4,m41 another sermon in ,italian with benediction4 ,the sermons were all1 of course1 of a high order of merit4 ,the church was crowded morning1 forenoon1 afternoon1 and evening4 ,french sermons have been continued ever since1 mostly by the eloquent ,bishop ,mermillod1 of ,geneva1 and ,english sermons on ,sundays and ,wednesdays by ,f4 ,burke1 an eloquent ,dominican of ,st4 ,clement's1 and by ,monsignor ,capel4 ,during ,lent there will be an additional series of ,english sermons1 to be delivered by the ,american bishops4 ,on the #bjth of ,january1 the ,american episcopate and the ,american ,college received from the ,holy ,father a very signal and agreeable mark of his good will4 ,it was meant1 one might almost think1 as a return visit on his part1 in the only way which court etiquette allows4 ,he chose the church of the college as the place where he would pronounce a decree in the cause of the venerable servant of ,god1 ,john ,juvenal ,ancina1 ,bishop of ,saluzzo1 in ,northern ,italy4 ,in that church he would1 of course1 be surrounded by the ,american prelates1 priests1 and students1 and from the church would pass to the college4 ,john ,juvenal ,ancina was born in ,fossano1 in ,piedmont1 in #aede4 ,having finished his course of collegiate studies1 he graduated in medicine1 and for years practised that profession with great ability1 and greater charity toward the poor1 to whom he devoted himself4 ,in course of time he lost every near relation except one brother4 ,both determined with common accord to enter the sanctuary1 and came to ,rome for that purpose1 and there joined the ,oratorians under ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,john spent years in the priesthood1 honored for his learning1 and still more for his piety and sweetness1 and zeal in the ministry1 which he exercised in ,rome1 in ,naples1 and in ,turin4 ,much against his will1 and only after repeated injunctions from the pope1 he was forced to accept the charge of the diocese of ,saluzzo4 ,he had been the intimate and dear friend of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales for years of his priesthood1 and their friendship continued until the close of his short and fruitful episcopacy4 ,he died in #afjd1 and ,st4 ,francis preached his funeral eulogy4 ,he is the one with whom the saint had the oft-cited exchange of puns complimentary1 ,tu vere ,sal es4 ,immo1 tu ,sal et ,lux4 ,the reputation of the virtues of such a man could not die with him4 ,not long after his death1 the episcopal authority of ,saluzzo allowed and directed that full testimony should be taken under oath1 from those who lived with him and knew him well1 as to the truth of his holy life4 ,this was fully and searchingly done throughout the diocess of ,saluzzo4 ,similar investigations were instituted1 under similar authority1 in ,rome1 in ,naples1 and in ,turin1 where at different times he had lived1 and wherever such testimony could be found4 ,the original depositions--and they are a large mass1 and are still extant--were sent to ,rome4 ,the pontiff directed that they should be laid before the proper tribunal--the ,congregation of ,rites4 ,they were found to fulfil the requirements of the canons1 and to present such a prim facie case as would authorize that congregation to proceed4 ,this meant that1 after a certain lapse of time1 during which affection and human feelings might die out1 and any hidden truth might work its way to the light1 the congregation should go over the ground a second time1 taking through other persons a second and independent mass of testimony4 ,this was done1 and its results were compared with those of the first mass of testimony4 ,there was no contradiction2 but on the contrary1 full and ample confirmation4 ,still1 the opinion and belief of the witnesses was not yet deemed of itself sufficient4 ,taking the facts of his life1 his words and writings1 and acts and habits1 as they were thus proved1 they were all studied out and carefully weighed in the scales of the sanctuary4 ,there was no hurry--there never is at ,rome1 as this council fully shows--and the decision of the congregation was not given until the year #agfg4 ,then came many political vicissitudes2 first of northern ,italy1 as it passed from the domination of one power to that of another1 and later1 the convulsions of all ,europe consequent on the ,french revolution4 ,the whole matter slumbered until #ahee1 when it was again taken up4 ,the examination of the life and acts was gone over again as before4 ,step by step matters advanced until last ,november1 at a general meeting of the ,congregation of ,rites1 held in the presence of his holiness1 it was decided ,that the servant of ,god1 ,john ,juvenal ,ancina1 had in his lifetime practised the theological virtues of faith1 hope1 and charity1 toward ,god and his neighbor1 and the cardinal virtues of prudence1 justice1 fortitude1 and temperance1 and their accessory virtues1 in an heroic degree4 ,it was to announce this decision1 in a formal decree1 that the pontiff came on the #bith ,january1 the festival of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 to the church of the ,american ,college4 ,he arrived at ten ,a4,m41 and was received at the portal of the college by the rector of the college1 and all the ,american bishops now at ,rome1 and by a dozen others1 ,irish1 ,english1 ,scotch1 and ,italian4 ,he proceeded at once to the church1 which1 though small1 is one of the handsomest in ,rome for its beautiful marbles and fine statuary4 ,the pontiff knelt1 while one of his chaplains celebrated mass4 ,the bishops1 all the ,american priests in the city1 the students of the college1 and many ,catholics from the ,united ,states1 and some other strangers1 filled the little church4 ,after the mass1 the pontiff ascended to the throne prepared for him4 ,cardinal ,patrizi1 prefect of the ,congregation of ,rites ,cardinal ,capalti1 who had special charge of this case1 and ,cardinal ,barnab1 protector of the college1 stood next to him4 ,the formal decree was read1 proclaiming the decision in virtue of which we shall henceforth say1 the ,,venerable ,john ,juvenal ,ancina4#bj ,the superior general of the ,oratorians1 to which community1 as we have said1 he belonged1 returned thanks in an eloquent and brief discourse in ,latin4 ,the pope then1 taking his theme from the life of the ,,venerable bishop1 addressed to the prelates present a short and feeling discourse1 in ,italian1 on the character and virtues which should adorn a bishop4 ,though he did not mention the council1 it was evident that the thought of it filled his heart4 ,he spoke of the servant of ,god whom he had just declared venerable as imitating the apostles4 ,they1 from being fishermen1 were called to be fishers of men2 and he too1 from being a physician of the body1 was called to be a physician of souls4 ,this holy man he showed to be a model of bishops1 and enlarged on the text of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 that a bishop should be in thought1 pure2 in deeds1 eminent2 in silence1 discreet2 in word1 useful2 in the contemplation of heavenly things1 elevated4 ,who will ascend to the mountain of the ,lord8 ,let him be of pure hands and clean heart4 ,let him be single-minded1 doing every thing for the glory of ,god1 without any admixture of human motives4 ,let him be first in all good works1 so as to be a pattern to his flock4 ,he did not speak of that silence which means cowardice1 or indifference to whatever evil goes on in the world4 ,there is a time to speak1 as well as a time to be silent4 ,the bishop must be useful in words1 speaking out boldly whenever it is for the advantage of the ,christian people4 ,he must be a man of prayer4 ,what is the origin of the evils which we see in the world8 ,the prophet answers1 ,because there is no one who thinketh in his heart4 ,the pontiff dwelt for a few moments on all these points1 and in conclusion quoted ,st4 ,gregory again1 who said1 ,i have given you a beautiful picture of a bishop1 though the painter be bad4 ,what the saint says out of humility1 ,i must say1 he added1 of myself in truth4 ,but pray for me that ,god may give me strength to bear the heavy weight he has laid upon me4 ,let us pray for each other4 ,do you pray for me2 and ,i call on the ,almighty to bless you1 and your dioceses1 and your people4 ,the words of the pontiff were simple1 because full of devotion and truth2 and the delivery was exquisitely perfect1 in the earnest1 heart-felt1 subdued tones of his voice1 and the chaste dignity of his gesture4 ,all felt that the pontiff spoke from his paternal heart4 ,the ,bishop of ,saluzzo1 the successor in this century of the ,,venerable ,ancina1 returned thanks2 and all proceeded from the church to the grand hall of the college4 ,the cloister of the court-yard and the broad stairways and corridors were adorned with drapery1 tapestry1 and evergreens4 ,a splendid life-size portrait of his holiness1 just painted by the ,american artist1 ,healy1 for the exhibition about to be opened1 had been sent to the college for the occasion1 and was placed in a prominent position4 ,in the hall1 the pontiff again spoke a few kind and paternal words1 and ,archbishop ,spalding1 in the name of the ,american church1 clergy and laity1 made an address to the pope in ,latin4 ,the discourse was excellent in language and happy in thought4 ,his grace referred to the fact that ,pius ,,vi4 had given us our first bishop1 7,dr4 ,carroll1 of ,baltimore27 ,pius ,,vii4 had multiplied dioceses1 and given us our first archiepiscopal see2 and he1 ,pius ,,ix41 had established six other archiepiscopal sees4 ,so that in a country where sixty years ago there was but one bishop1 there are now sixty1 three fourths of whom are here in ,rome to attend the general council4 ,toward the end of his discourse1 the good archbishop brought in a few touches of true ,american wit4 ,this is what ,italians would scarcely venture on1 on such an occasion1 and it was to them unexpected4 ,even the pope looked for a moment puzzled1 as if he could not conjecture what was coming2 but as he caught the point1 a smile spread over his countenance1 and the smile developed into a hearty laugh4 ,as for the ,italian prelates1 at first they wondered--as who would not1 at an ,american joke in the language of ,cicero8--but at last not all their stately dignity could resist its force1 and they laugh yet1 as they repeat it4 ,the bishops1 the superiors1 and students of the college1 the priests who were present1 and the laity1 approached to offer their homage to the pontiff and receive his blessing4 ,this over1 he departed1 but not until he had declared that he was delighted1 more than delighted1 with his visit4 ,,rome1 ,february #ag1 #ahgj4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,we have studiously avoided entering on the specific subjects of the debate among the fathers4 ,so far as they have come to our knowledge1 we are of course not allowed to speak of them1 at least at present4 ,but we trust we shall not be held as violating any confidence when we repeat a statement made to us on the best authority4 ,many of the fathers of the ,vatican ,council seem well acquainted with our ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore4 ,more than once it was referred to with special commendation as having thoroughly seized the character of this modern age in which we live4 ,and the desire was expressed that its special regulations on one or two points for the church in the ,united ,states could be made universal laws for the whole church4 #bj ,when it shall have been established with the evidence required by the ,congregation of ,rites that it has pleased ,god to work two miracles1 of the first class1 after the death of this venerable servant1 through his intercession1 a decree may be issued stating that fact1 and allowing his beatification4 ,when two other miracles of the same class shall have been proved with the same certainty to have occurred1 after his beatification1 the blessed servant of ,god may be canonized and enrolled among the saints of the church4 ,,foreign ,,literary ,,notes4 ,for the sake of making a point against the ,catholic ,church1 ,protestants and indifferents are frequently so poverty-stricken in authorities as to quote ,voltaire4 ,when told that they cite the authority of a man who was unprincipled1 cynical1 and impious1 they answer that such an estimate is simply the result of a bigoted and narrow-minded prejudice1 and that the great ,french philosopher was liberal1 honorable1 and conscientious4 ,an incident has lately occurred in ,france to call forth the deliberate opinion of a body of men eminently fitted from superior education1 elevated position1 and freedom from any possible suspicion of ,catholic bias1 to form an estimate which to our friends above referred to must be looked upon as authoritative and decisive1 although open to the objection of being too mild and qualified4 ,some fifteen years ago1 a proposition was started in a ,paris daily newspaper for the popular collection1 in small sums1 of a sufficient amount to erect a statue to ,voltaire in the ,french capital4 ,when the success of the subscription seemed sufficiently assured1 petition was made to the government to grant a site on some public square on which to place the statue4 ,after long delay1 and some appearance of unwillingness1 the petition was finally granted2 but the announcement of this fact was immediately followed by the presentation of a large number of protests against the erection of the statue1 which came in from all parts of the empire4 ,one of these protests1 signed by a thousand inhabitants of the departments of ,le ,gard and the ,drme1 and the city of ,nsmes1 and addressed to the senate1 was referred to a committee of senators for consideration and report4 ,the committee has made a report1 which is understood to be written by ,m4 ,silvestre de ,sacy1 well known as former chief editor of the ,journal des ,dbats1 and a distinguished member of the ,french ,academy4 ,from it we learn something of the petition1 but not as much as we would like to know4 ,after a recital of the facts we have stated1 the report goes on to say3 ,undoubtedly1 the government had authority to refuse the permission asked1 and still has the power to withdraw it4 ,the right of private persons to award statues to whomsoever they please1 and to meet and raise money to pay for them1 is certainly lawful4 ,but the public streets and squares are not their property4 ,the number of these persons does not increase their right4 ,they act1 in such a matter1 solely for themselves1 and not for the whole country1 of which they have no right to pretend to be the representatives4 ,among the serious considerations which might have made the government hesitate1 is the very name ,voltaire1 which has two significations3 the one glorious for the human intellect and for ,french literature2 the other for which ,voltaire himself would now blush1 dragging down as it does the great historian and great poet to the miserable calling of an impious and cynical pamphleteer4 ,but it appears that the subscribers have obtained the permission asked for4 ,the site has been selected1 and the statue will be erected in one of the squares of the new ,rue de ,rennes4 ,the petition before us protests against this permission1 and prays the intervention of the senate with the government to obtain the withdrawal of a permission which it characterizes in the strongest terms4 ,these petitioners see but one ,voltaire--an impious1 immoral ,voltaire1 hostile to all religion2 a ,voltaire who conspired with all the enemies of ,france for the humiliation and ruin of his country2 a ,voltaire who1 ,prussian at ,rosbach with ,king ,frederick1 ,russian with ,catherine ,,ii41 against unfortunate ,poland1 the violator of our purest glory in his poem ,jeanne d',arc1 the enemy of liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 as may be shown from a hundred passages in his correspondence and writings1 an abject courtier and a servile adulator of kings4 ,i ask1 says the first petitioner1 speaking for all the others--,i ask that the image of this man shall not appear upon our public squares1 to cast insult in the face of the country4 ,i ask that this disgrace be spared ,france4 ,the senatorial report then goes on to say that there are two ,voltaires--the ,voltaire described in the petition1 and the ,voltaire who wrote ,la ,henriade1 who1 by various masterpieces in poetry and the drama1 placed himself near ,horace1 ,corneille1 and ,boileau2 ,voltaire the historian1 to whom we are indebted for ,le ,sicle de ,louis ,,xiv41 the essay ,sur l',esprit et sur les ,murs des ,nations1 and that perfect model of rapid and lively narration1 ,l',histoire de ,charles ,,xii42 the ,voltaire1 in fine1 whose name could not be covered with oblivion without obscuring some of the glories of ,french literature4 ,no1 continues the report1 whatever may be asserted to the contrary1 all of ,voltaire is not in some shafts of satire which fell from the ill-humor of the partisan and the angry writer1 in pamphlets against religion1 as poor in good taste and good sense as in true science1 in a poem in which it is most sad to see wit and talent pressed into the disreputable service of ornamenting the wretched obscenity of the argument2 all of ,voltaire is not in single passages selected from a correspondence of sixty years4 ,if in these were the whole of ,voltaire1 his memory would long since have been accursed or dead1 his works long since have been without readers or publishers1 and the idea of raising a statue in his honor would have occurred to no one4 ,although the avowal is a painful one1 it must be confessed that ,voltaire has himself and the deplorable errors of his genius alone to blame for the bitterness of the recriminations which injure his brilliant fame4 ,he has too often been unjust to others not to expect that others should be unjust to him4 ,it is his own fault if his name recalls to pious thinkers1 to timid hearts1 to the faith of ardent souls1 only the writer who would not respect in others the noble hopes he himself had lost4 ,voltaire desired to be the leader of incredulity4 ,he was2 and now he pays the penalty for it4 ,something equivocal remains1 and will ever remain associated with his fame4 ,respectable people can consent to award him eulogies and statues only with distinctions and reserves4 ,the declared enemy of disorder and demagogism1 he is sometimes invoked as a seditious tribune1 as a burner of churches2 and one of the most elegant minds has left in his writings1 along with a great many marvellous works1 food for passions which1 in his better days1 his good taste and his good sense would energetically condemn4 ,the report concludes against asking the revocation of the permission granted by the government1 on the ground that it will be understood by all that the honor of a statue is conceded not to the ,voltaire with reason petitioned against1 but to the author whose works are subjects of legitimate national pride4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the year #djj1 a ,buddhist priest1 ,fah-,hian1 commenced the long journey from ,china to ,india and back1 and left a narrative of his travels4 ,a century later1 a similar journey was made by another ,buddhist priest1 ,sung-,yun1 who also left an account of his foreign experiences4 ,singularly enough1 these works have survived all these centuries1 and have long been objects of great interest to the oriental scholars of ,europe4 ,remusat and ,klaproth published a translation of ,fah-,hian at ,paris in #ahcf4 ,this work1 in quarto1 was soon followed by an ,english translation by ,laidley4 ,many serious errors1 especially in geography1 were pointed out in these translations by ,st4 ,julien1 and ,professor ,neumann also gave a translation of the two ,buddhist works1 in the ,zeitschrift fr historische ,theologie1 vol4 iii41 #ahcc4 ,meantime1 additional light had been thrown upon the subject by such publications as ,edkin's ,notice of ,buddhism in ,china1 and ,general ,cunningham's work2 and a full and amended version of the ,buddhist priests' travels1 together with an interesting treatise on ,buddhism1 is now published in ,london by ,trbner ,co4 ,its title is1 ,travels of ,fah-,hian and ,sung-,yun1 ,buddhist ,pilgrims1 from ,china to ,india1 7#djj-eah ,a4,d417 translated from the ,chinese by ,samuel ,beal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the completion of ,alfred von ,reumont's ,history of the ,city of ,rome1 7,geschichte der ,stadt ,rom17 which has now reached its third volume1 is looked for by ,european scholars with great interest4 ,it is universally praised as a work of remarkable research1 learning1 and unusual impartiality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,testamenta ,,xii ,patriarcharum1 ad fidem ,cantabrigiensis edita2 accedunt lectiones cod4 ,oxoniensis4 ,the ,testaments of the ,,xii4 ,patriarchs2 an ,attempt to estimate their ,historic and ,dogmatic ,worth4 ,by ,r4 ,sinker1 ,m4,a41 ,chaplain of ,trinity ,college4 ,cambridge3 ,deighton1 ,bell4 ,london3 ,bell ,daldy4 #ahfi4 ,an elegant edition of this apocryphal work1 carefully revised and annotated from manuscripts preserved at ,cambridge and ,oxford1 with a learned and judicious treatise4 ,ecclesiastical antiquity has left us but little positive information concerning these testaments4 ,we are certain that the testaments of the twelve patriarchs were known to ,tertullian and to ,origen1 but we do not know who wrote them4 ,was the author a ,jew1 a ,christian from among the ,gentiles1 or a ,christian of ,jewish race8 ,was he an ,ebionite or a ,nazarene8 ,is the work all from one hand1 or is it interpolated8 ,on all these points there is a difference of opinion4 ,equally in doubt are the points1 ,when was the book written8 for what class of readers was it specially intended8 and what was the author's object in writing it8 ,mr4 ,sinker discusses the subject with great firmness1 and concludes1 but without any dogmatism1 that the author was a ,jewish ,christian of the sect of the ,nazarenes1 and that the work was composed at a period between the taking of ,jerusalem by ,titus and the revolt of the ,jew ,barcochba in #ace4 ,one of the most important portions of ,mr4 ,sinker's work is on the ,christology of the ,testaments1 7pages #hh-aaf47 ,he is satisfied that the author expresses his belief in the mystery of the incarnation1 and he sets forth the doctrine of the ,testaments on the ,messiah1 king and pontiff1 descendant of ,juda and ,levi1 priest and victim1 ,lamb of ,god1 ,saviour of the world1 etc4 etc4 ,the work really merits a longer notice1 and should be in the hands of all who can profit by its perusal4 ,many important questions concerning the primitive history of ,christianity1 obscured by the fallacious conjectures of anti-,christian critics1 may have much light thrown upon them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some of the ,english periodicals are not especially brilliant or profound in their appreciation of and comments upon foreign literature4 ,take the ,london ,athenum1 for instance1 the same periodical which last year approved with such an air of wisdom the author who undertook to revive the old exploded fable of a female pope4 ,it informs its readers1 7number of #fth ,november last17 ,the ,man with the ,iron ,mask continues to occupy the learned in search of problematical questions4 ,m4 ,marius ,topin has come to the conclusion that ,lauzun was the man4 ,we believe this theory has already been advocated4 ,now1 from the most superficial reading of ,m4 ,topin's work1 7provided the reader knows a little more ,french than the ,athenum17 it is perfectly clear that1 although ,m4 ,topin speaks of ,lauzun as a prisoner at ,pignerol1 he expressly says that it is impossible to think seriously of him as a candidate for the iron mask1 for the simple reason that ,lauzun was set at liberty some years before the death of the masked prisoner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,scripture ,concordance1 prepared and written by a lawyer1 is something of a novelty in ,catholic ecclesiastical literature4 ,and the concordance is not an ordinary one of words and names4 ,it is exclusively of texts of ,scripture and words relating to our ideas and sentiments1 our virtues and our vices1 our duties to ,god and our neighbor1 our obligations to ourselves1 thus strikingly demonstrating the grandeur of its precepts1 the beauty of its teachings1 and the sublimity of its moral4 ,texts purely doctrinal are rigorously excluded1 and but one name is retained--the divine name of the ,saviour4 ,the book is entitled1 ,,ss4 ,scriptur ,concordanti ,nov1 seu ,doctrina moralis et dogmatica e sacris ,testamentorum ,codicibus ordine alphabetico desumpta1 in qua textus de qualibet materia facilius promptiusque quam in aliis concordantiis inveniri possunt1 auctore ,carolo ,mazeran1 ,advocato4 ,paris and ,brussels4 #ahfi4 #hvo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two distinguished ,catholic artists have lately died at ,rome1 ,overbeck the painter1 and ,tenerani the sculptor4 ,overbeck's graceful and inspired religious compositions are too well-known to need comment here4 ,tenerani was a pupil of ,canova and of ,thorwaldsen4 ,his ,descent from the ,cross1 in the church of ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 and his ,angel of the ,last ,judgment1 sculptured on a tomb in the church of ,st4 ,mary of ,rome1 have been often admired by many ,american travellers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,clement of ,rome1 the two ,epistles to the ,corinthians4 ,a revised ,text1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,hulsean ,professor of ,divinity and ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,london3 ,macmillan4 #ahfi4 #hvo4 ,professor ,lightfoot appears to have suspended the publication of his commentaries on the epistles of ,st4 ,paul1 and to have taken up the apostolic fathers4 ,the first epistle of ,st4 ,clement1 addressed to the ,corinthians1 is of well-settled authenticity from the testimony of ,hermas1 ,dionysius1 ,bishop of ,corinth1 ,hegesippus1 7cited by ,eusebius1 iv4 #bb17 and numerous others4 ,although not classed among the canonical books1 this epistle has always been highly prized as what may be called a liturgical document4 ,st4 ,jerome bears testimony that it was read publicly in the churches1 7in nonnullis locis publice legitur47 ,so also does ,eusebius4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's task is well performed4 ,in his preface he develops the statements above mentioned1 enumerates the various writings ascribed to ,st4 ,clement of ,rome1 and in speaking of the recognitiones1 relates the history of the false decretals4 ,in this work1 as in many others on very ancient manuscripts1 the art of topography has been of the greatest service4 ,the codex from which these two epistles of ,st4 ,clement are taken1 is the celebrated one presented by ,cyril ,lucar to ,charles ,i41 and now preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,the authorities of the museum had it carefully photographed1 so that the author could make use of it at his own pleasure1 and at his own house1 as1 of course1 no such manuscript would be allowed to leave the museum even for an hour4 ,a second volume of this work of ,professor ,lightfoot is promised1 which will contain the epistles of ,st4 ,ignatius and ,st4 ,polycarp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,comparative ,grammar of ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 and ,latin1 by ,william ,hugh ,ferrar1 ,fellow and ,tutor of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 ,longman4 #ahfi4 #hvo4 ,studies in philology and comparative grammar appear to be on the increase in ,great ,britain1 and are now pursued with great industry4 ,mr4 ,ferrar freely uses the labors of ,bopp1 ,schleicher1 ,corssen1 ,curtius1 and ,max ,mller1 but by no means slavishly4 ,he criticises their various systems with great freedom and intelligence1 and produces a really meritorious work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we remark the publication in ,paris of a ,french translation of the first volume of the ,history of the ,united ,provinces1 by our countryman1 ,john ,lothrop ,motley1 the work to be completed in eight volumes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we see announced1 and as soon to appear1 the first part of a work entitled1 ,alexandre ,,vi4 et les ,borgia4 ,the author is the reverend ,father ,ollivier1 of the order of ,frres ,prcheurs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l',histoire de la ,restauration1 vol4 vii41 is the last work of ,m4 ,alfred ,nettement1 a distinguished1 conscientious1 and talented journalist and historian1 who lately died in ,france1 regretted and honored by men of all parties4 ,he was sixty-four years of age1 and had been an industrious author for forty years4 ,count ,montalembert called him the type of the journalist and historian1 sans peur et sans reproche4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the result of the chronological researches of ,m4 ,zumpt concerning the year of the birth of our ,saviour 7,das ,geburtsjahr ,christi4 ,geschichtlich-chronologische ,untersuchungen7 is rather severely commented upon by the ,german critics1 notwithstanding his high historical reputation4 ,they claim that he has not solved the problems presented by himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,volume iii4 of the series of ,lives of the ,archbishops of ,canterbury1 by ,dr4 ,hook1 dean of the cathedral of ,chichester1 contains a biography of ,cardinal ,pole4 ,it is said to contain much new material on the subject1 from the ,,mss4 collections of ,simancas and the ,record ,office4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the readers of ,sir ,walter ,scott are aware that he made frequent use of an old poetical history of ,robert ,bruce4 ,traces of it are frequent in his ,lord of the ,isles1 and he gives an analysis of it in his ,tales of a ,grandfather4 ,the poem was written in the fifteenth century by ,john ,barbour1 ,archdeacon of ,aberdeen1 and is lately published in ,scotland1 ,the ,bruce2 or1 ,the ,metrical ,history of ,robert ,i41 ,king of ,scots4 ,by ,master ,john ,barbour1 ,archdeacon of ,aberdeen4 ,published from a ,,ms4 dated #adhi2 with notes and a memoir of the life of the author4 #hvo4 ,glasgow1 #ahfi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a very remarkable work is one lately published at ,milan1 ,della ,schiavit e del servaggio e specialmente dei servi agricoltori4 ,milano4 ,two vols4 in #hvo4 ,it is by the learned ,count ,cibrario1 and treats of slavery from the period of the ,romans down to that of the rebellion in the ,united ,states4 ,his researches among old collections of ,,mss4 at ,venice and ,genoa develop the fact that slaves were held in those cities down to a much later period than is generally supposed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,giovanni ,michiel was ambassador of ,venice at the court of ,england from #aeed to #aeeg1 that is to say1 during the reign of ,mary4 ,his dispatches were written in cipher1 and during all these years it has been impossible to copy or use them for want of a key to the cipher4 ,m4 ,pasini1 an employee in the ,venetian archives1 has long been engaged on a complete history of the different ciphers used by the ,venetian ambassadors1 and has succeeded in deciphering the letters of ,michiel1 which he has lately had published1 ,i dispacci di ,giovanni ,michiel1 ,ambasciator ,veneto in ,inghilterra4 ,venezia1 #ahfi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here is a work of remarkable erudition1 and unusual interest for the classical scholar3 ,notices sur ,rome4 ,les ,noms ,romains et les ,dignits mentionnes dans les ,lgendes des ,monnais ,impriales ,romaines4 ,par ,l',abb ,i4 ,marchant4 ,paris1 #ahfi4 ,imperial #hvo4 ,it is a learned dissertation upon the origin and signification of the titles1 dignities1 and offices mentioned in inscriptions on imperial ,roman coins1 the names1 surnames1 filiation1 adoption1 and dignities of emperor1 ,csar1 ,augustus1 censor1 pontiff1 grand pontiff1 princeps juventutis1 proconsul1 etc41 etc42 the surnames taken from vanquished nations1 ,britannicus1 ,germanicus1 ,dacicus1 ,pannonicus1 ,parthicus1 ,sarmaticus2 titles seldom merited1 and grossly exaggerated1 bestowed upon emperors by the servile flattery of senate or people1 such as ,pater ,patri1 ,dominus ,noster1 ,senior1 ,pius1 ,felix1 ,felicissimus1 ,beatissimus1 ,nobilissimus1 ,optimus1 ,maximus1 ,deus1 ,divus1 ternus1 ,invictus1 ,triumphator ,gentium1 ,barbararum1 etc4 ,for empresses1 ,augusta1 ,diva1 ,felix1 ,nobilissima1 ,fmina1 ,mater ,castrarum1 ,mater ,augustorum1 etc41 etc4 ,then follow the subordinate titles of ,questor1 ,triumvir1 ,prefect1 etc41 etc4 ,the work is by no means one of dry nomenclature1 and the author1 by his fulness of illustration and attractive style1 has produced an admirable work4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,conversations ,,on ,,liberalism ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,by ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,this is the first production of the pen of ,dr4 ,brownson which has appeared under his own name for several years4 ,during this time he has been a constant contributor to this magazine1 and has furnished a considerable number of valuable articles to other periodicals1 particularly the ,tablet1 of which he has for some time past had the principal editorial charge4 ,those who are familiar with the leonine style of the great publicist cannot have failed to recognize it even in his anonymous productions1 or to admit1 whether with good or with ill grace1 that he still remains facile princeps in that high domain which he has chosen for himself4 ,we welcome the venerable author most heartily on his reappearance upon the field of intellectual combat with his visor up1 and his own avowed recognizance upon his shield4 ,he appears as the champion of the encyclical of ,pius ,,ix4 against that conglomeration of absurd and destructive errors which its advocates have decorated with the name of liberalism1 and as the defender of the true1 genuine principles of liberty--that liberty which ,catholic training and ,christian civilization prepare the greatest possible number of men to enjoy1 to the greatest possible extent1 with the least possible danger to themselves and society4 ,the volume is small in size1 but weighty and precious in matter1 like a lump of gold4 ,there is enough precious metal in it to keep an ordinary review-writer a-going for three years4 ,the wretched1 flimsy sophistries and falsehoods with which we are bored to death every day by the writers for the daily papers1 screaming like macaws the few changes of their scanty vocabulary1 ,railroads1 railroads6 progress1 progress6 medival fossil6 nineteenth century6 are all summed up by ,dr4 ,brownson in a few sentences much better than one of themselves can do it4 ,these expressions of the maxims of our soi-disant liberal editors are put into the mouth of an imaginary representative of the class1 who is supposed to be conversing with a ,catholic priest at an unfashionable watering-place4 ,the author1 by the mouth of the priest1 answers him fully1 and makes an exposition of his own views and opinions4 ,the editor has nothing to say in rejoinder1 except to repeat over his tiresome1 oft-refuted platitudes1 ignoring all his antagonist has alleged and proved against him4 ,perhaps it will be said that the doctor has purposely put a weak defence into the editor's mouth4 ,not at all4 ,it is no sport to such an expert swordsman to run a tilt against any but an expert and doughty antagonist4 ,give him his choice1 and he would prefer to contend with one who would make the best possible fight for liberalism4 ,in this case1 as the doctor has been obliged to play both sides of the game1 one hand against the other1 he has carefully avoided the common fault of collusion between the right and left hand4 ,he has made his imaginary editor say all that the real editors can say1 and in better fashion than they can say it4 ,any person who has taken the trouble to read the comments of the writers for the press on the massive arguments of ,dr4 ,brownson's articles1 or their other lucubrations on the subjects treated in this book1 will perceive that its author has not diluted them at all1 but has rather infused some of his own strong tea into their tepid dish-water4 ,the errors of the liberalists have been to a certain extent already discussed in our pages1 and will be probably discussed more fully and to greater advantage after the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican are published4 ,we therefore confine ourselves at present to a particular notice of one point only in ,dr4 ,brownson's argument1 to which we desire to call special attention4 ,we allude to his exposition of his views in regard to the relation of the ,catholic religion to the principles of the ,american constitution4 ,dr4 ,brownson is a thorough ,catholic and a thorough ,american4 ,as a ,catholic1 he condemns all the errors condemned by the syllabus of ,pius ,,ix4 ,as an ,american1 he accepts all the principles of the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,as a philosopher1 he reconciles and harmonizes the two documents of the ecclesiastical and political sovereignties to which he owes allegiance4 ,if he were wavering or dubious in obeying the instructions of the encyclical1 his exposition of the relation between ,catholic and ,american principles would have no weight whatever2 for it would be merely an exposition of his own private version of ,catholicity and not of the authorized version4 ,if he were not thoroughly ,american1 his exposition of the ,catholic's ideal conception of the relations of the church and civil society might be very perfect1 but it would rather confirm than shake the common persuasion that there is a contrariety between the principles of our political order and those of the ,catholic ,church4 ,if he were not a philosopher1 he might present both his religious and his political doctrines1 separately1 in such a way as to satisfy the claims both of orthodoxy and of patriotism2 but he would not be able to show how these two hemispheres can be joined together in a complete whole4 ,it is one of his greatest merits that he is perpetually aiming at the construction of these synthetic harmonies of what we may call1 for the sake of the figure1 the different gospels of truth1 and is perpetually approximating nearer and nearer to that success which perhaps cannot be fully achieved by any human intellect4 ,we think he has substantially succeeded in the task undertaken in the present volume1 and we commend it to the perusal of all ,americans1 whether ,catholics or non-,catholics1 in the hope that it may strengthen both in the determination to do no injustice to each other1 and to remain always faithful to the allegiance we owe to the ,american republic4 ,we recommend it also to ,dr4 ,brownson's numerous admirers and friends in ,europe as a valuable aid to the understanding of what are commonly called ,american principles4 ,so far as the exterior is concerned1 this is one of the very finest books which the ,sadliers have yet published4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,world1 ,,and ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,judgment4 ,two ,discourses preached to the ,music ,hall ,society1 by their minister1 the ,rev4 ,william ,rounseville ,alger4 ,published by request4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,considering what are the contents of these discourses1 for which1 naturally1 the preacher failed to find any text1 their title seems like a dismal jest4 ,there is nothing1 however1 too absurd for the ,music ,hall of ,boston1 not even the amalgamation of puritanism and pantheism4 ,we have two palmary objections to the argument of these discourses1 which is1 of course1 intended to disprove the ,christian doctrine respecting the last judgment and the end of the world4 ,the first is1 the boundless credulity which underlies the whole series of assumptions on which it is founded2 the second is1 its total want of scientific method and accuracy4 ,mr4 ,alger has an extensive knowledge of certain departments of literature1 a vivid imagination1 a certain nobleness of sentiment1 and a considerable power of graphic delineation and combination of his intellectual conceptions2 but no logic or philosophy1 very little discriminative or analytic skill1 and nothing of the judicial faculty4 ,wherever his imagination leads1 his intellect follows1 and willingly lends itself to clothe all the visions which are met with on the aerial journey with the garb of real and rational discoveries4 ,therefore1 we say that his argument in these discourses rests on credulity1 a basis of vapor1 like that which supports a castle in the clouds4 ,we proceed to give some instances4 ,mr4 ,alger has fashioned to himself a conception of what our ,lord ,jesus ,christ ought to have been1 and ought to have said and done4 ,throughout these discourses1 and his other works1 he explains every thing recorded of the sayings and doings of our divine ,lord in the ,new ,testament according to this priori conception of his own1 without regard to common sense or sound criticism4 ,this is credulity1 and nothing more4 ,as well might we say1 ,mr4 ,alger is a man of sense and honesty1 and therefore he can never have meant any of the absurd things he seems to say against the ,catholic doctrine4 ,another extraordinary instance of credulity is the theory of accounting for the similarity to the principal ,catholic dogmas which is seen in the religious beliefs of heathen nations4 ,it is a fanciful conjecture1 and1 as a philosophical theory1 untenable1 that the same myths had an independent origin and development among distinct races4 ,there must have been a common cause and origin of religious traditions1 as well as of languages4 ,another instance of credulity is found in the following passage3 ,it is confidently believed that within twenty years the views adopted in the present writing will be established beyond all cavil from any fair-minded critic4 ,here is a heavy strain indeed on our faith1 worse than that which ,moses makes upon poor ,colenso6 ,worse than all is the following1 which we will not credit to the author's credulity any further than he himself warrants us in doing by his own language1 which we will quote entire1 that the reader may judge for himself of the extent to which it shows in the author a penchant for the marvellous1 provided that the marvellous is in no way connected with revelation4 ,a brilliant ,french writer has suggested that even if the natural course of evolution does of itself necessitate the final destruction of the world1 yet our race1 judging from the magnificent achievements of science and art already reached1 may1 within ten thousand centuries1 which will be long before the foreseen end approaches1 obtain such a knowledge and control of the forces of nature as to make collective humanity master of this planet1 able to shape and guide its destinies1 ward off every fatal crisis1 and perfect and immortalize the system as now sustained4 ,it is an audacious fancy4 ,but1 like many other incredible conceptions which have forerun their own still more incredible fulfilment1 the very thought electrifies us with hope and courage4 7,p4 #ah47 ,this is indeed brilliant6 ,it surpasses the famous moon-hoax of ,mr4 ,locke1 and the balloon-voyages of that wild genius ,edgar ,a4 ,poe1 from whom we have some recent and interesting intelligence1 contained in a volume which we recommend to the congregation of ,music ,hall2 the volume being entitled ,strange ,visitors1 by a ,clairvoyant4 ,in those days1 probably1 our ,congress will have a committee on comets1 and make appropriations for a railroad to the ,dog-star4 ,the second objection to ,mr4 ,alger's argument runs partly into the first4 ,it is1 we have said1 totally wanting in scientific method and accuracy4 ,this is true of the entire process by which the thesis of the discourses is sustained4 ,this thesis is1 that the present constitution of the world and the human race will endure for ever1 or at least for an indefinitely long period4 ,if there were no light to be had on this point except the light of nature1 the opinion maintained by the author would be at best only a conjecture4 ,it could not be made even solidly probable1 unless some rational theory were first established concerning the ultimate destiny of the human race1 and the end for which the present miserably imperfect constitution of the world had been decreed by the ,creator1 and the perpetuity of the existing order on the earth were shown to have a reason in this final cause of man's creation4 ,the author has not done this1 and we do not believe that it is possible to do it1 even prescinding all question of revelation4 ,even on scientific grounds--that is1 reasoning from all the analogies known to us1 and from purely rational and philosophical data--it is far more probable and reasonable to suppose that the present state of the world is merely preparatory to a far higher and more perfect state1 and will be swept away to make place for it4 ,but when we consider the universality and antiquity of this latter belief1 and the solid mountain of historical1 miraculous1 and moral evidence on which rests the demonstration that this belief proceeds from a divine revelation1 it is the most unscientific method that can be conceived to ignore it1 or leap over it by the aid of fanciful hypotheses1 as ,mr4 ,alger does4 ,the manner in which the ,catholic doctrine is distorted and misrepresented1 in extremely bad rhetoric1 is also unscientific4 ,nearly all the pith of this so-called argument consists in a violent invective against the notion of a partial1 unjust1 vindictive ,divinity1 who rewards and punishes like an ambitious tyrant1 without regard to necessary and eternal principles of truth1 right1 and moral laws4 ,so far as this invective is directed against ,calvinism1 considered in its logical entity1 and apart from the correctives of common sense and sound moral sentiment which practically modify it1 we give the author the right of the case4 ,but it is palpably false1 as the author has had ample opportunity of knowing1 as respects the ,catholic doctrine4 ,he is unscientific1 moreover1 in confusing the substance of the doctrine that the generation of the human race will cease1 all mankind be raised from the dead in their bodies immortal1 the ways of ,god to man be openly vindicated before the universe1 and each one assigned to an immutable state according to his deserts or fitness1 this visible earth also undergoing a corresponding change of condition2 with the scenic act of proclaiming judgment and inaugurating the new1 everlasting order1 which is commonly believed in1 according to the literal sense of the ,new ,testament4 ,if ,mr4 ,alger can show good reasons for substituting a figurative1 metaphorical interpretation of the passages depicting this last grand scene in the drama of human history for the literal sense1 he is welcome to do it2 but he has not touched the substance of the ,catholic dogma which he gratuitously denies4 ,mr4 ,alger tells us1 7p4 #df17 ,loyalty to truth is the first duty of every man4 ,it is also one in which he himself signally fails1 by a persistent misrepresentation of ,catholic doctrines1 by disregarding the evidence which has been clearly set before him of their truth1 subjecting his intellect to his imagination1 and preaching as truth opinions which he cannot possibly prove1 in the teeth of arguments which he cannot possibly refute4 ,one who wilfully sins against the first duty of man1 by rejecting the faith and law of his ,sovereign ,creator when sufficiently proposed to him1 must surely be condemned by divine justice2 and it is only such who1 the ,catholic ,church teaches1 will be condemned for infidelity or heresy at the tribunal of ,christ4 ,the judgment of ,god1 says the author1 is the return of the laws of being on all deeds1 actual or ideal4 7,p4 #ff47 ,god1 therefore1 will judge all men by acting toward them throughout eternity in accordance with that revealed law which is the transcript of his own immutable nature1 and which assures us that beatitude is gained or lost by the acts which every responsible creature performs during the time of probation1 and that every merit or demerit has its appropriate retribution in another life4 ,perhaps the most foolish thing in these discourses is the gleeful assurance to the congregation of ,music ,hall that the world will not come to an end because it has gone on so long already1 although many people expected the end before this4 ,a great pope has already cautioned us against this error1 in an encyclical of the first century1 beginning ,simon ,petrus1 ,servus et ,apostolus ,jesu ,christi4 ,in the last days there shall come scoffers with deceit1 walking according to their own lusts1 saying1 ,where is his promise1 or his coming8 ,for since the fathers slept1 all things continue so from the beginning of the creation1 7#b ,pet4 iii47 ,the good people of the ,boston ,music ,hall who requested the publication of these discourses1 no doubt because they were so much delighted to think that the world may stand for ever1 have been a little premature in their exultation4 ,the publication of ,mr4 ,alger's manifesto against ,st4 ,peter only gives another proof that the first of the popes was also a prophet4 ,who is more likely to be infallible1 ,mr4 ,alger or ,st4 ,peter8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,life ,,duties4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,marcy1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgj4 ,this book contains many good things1 and is written in a very pleasing1 literary style4 ,the portions of it which treat of moral and religious duties are likely to be useful to a certain class of persons who seldom or never read a book containing so much sound doctrine and wholesome advice4 ,the author1 no doubt1 wrote with a good intention1 and endeavored to teach what he sincerely thinks to be ,catholic doctrine1 and1 of course1 the publishers have issued the book in good faith1 without any suspicion that it contains any thing erroneous4 ,the author has1 however1 made a great mistake in supposing that he is sufficiently learned in theology to be able to distinguish1 in all cases1 sound ,catholic doctrine1 from his own imperfect1 and frequently incorrect1 opinions1 or that he is authorized to teach the faithful in doctrinal and spiritual matters1 without first submitting his book to revision by a competent authority4 ,he has1 in consequence1 made some very grave mistakes in doctrine1 or at least in his manner of expressing himself on matters of doctrine1 and also said a number of things which are very rash and unsuitable in a ,catholic writer4 ,on page #ac he says1 ,it is doubtful whether any human being has ever passed through a life of ordinary duration without an occasional violation of them--that is1 of the commandments of ,god4 ,if this refers to grievous sins1 it is contrary to the universal sentiment of ,catholics1 that very many persons have passed through even a long life without committing any grievous sin2 if it refers to venial sin1 it is false1 at least as respects the blessed ,virgin ,mary1 who was wholly sinless4 ,the phraseology employed respecting the sacraments of penance and extreme unction is altogether deficient1 diverse from that which is sanctioned by ecclesiastical usage1 and suggestive of errors4 ,the sacrament of penance is called1 repentance1 acknowledgment1 reformation1 without express mention of sacramental absolution1 and extreme unction is designated as prayer for the sick1 whereas the holy oil is the matter of the sacrament which was prescribed by the command of ,jesus ,christ4 ,the fathers1 doctors1 and scholastic theologians1 and the methods of scholastic theology1 are criticised with an air of superior wisdom unbefitting any ,catholic writer1 but especially a tyro in theological science4 ,after saying that the disbelief of the real presence is partly due to the neglect of religious teachers to make such clear and just explanations as the ,holy ,scriptures authorize them to make1 7p4 #bej17 the author undertakes to correct the method of ,st4 ,thomas1 ,suarez1 ,bellarmine1 and the other theologians who have hitherto been considered as our masters and teachers1 to supply for their defects1 and to explain the mystery of transubstantiation in such a clear manner as to remove all difficulty out of the way of believing it4 ,the good doctor has unfortunately1 however1 proposed a theory which subverts the ,catholic doctrine of the incarnation1 and that of the resurrection of the body4 ,so far as we can understand his meaning1 he holds that the spiritual or glorified body is the same thing with the spirit or soul4 ,in other words1 the spirit or soul is an ethereal substance which is called spirit1 inasmuch as it is intelligent2 and body1 inasmuch as it is visible and subsisting under a certain configuration4 ,this is the doctrine of the spiritists1 and not that of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,catholic doctrine is1 that soul and body are distinct1 diverse substances2 that the souls of the departed are existing now in a separate state1 and that they will receive again their bodies at the resurrection4 ,the author of course explains the resurrection and present state of our ,lord in harmony with this notion2 but in contradiction to the ,catholic doctrine that our ,lord raised up1 glorified1 and elevated to heaven that same flesh and blood which he took of the ,virgin in the incarnation4 ,he moreover confuses the human with the divine nature of ,christ1 by affirming1 with the ,lutherans1 the ubiquity of the sacred humanity of ,christ1 whom he calls the spirit ,christ1 and affirms to be everywhere by virtue of his divine omnipresence4 ,this again is erroneous doctrine4 ,the way is prepared by these statements for an explanation of the presence of ,christ in the eucharist1 and transubstantiation4 ,it is not difficult to believe that ,god annihilates the bread and wine1 but still causes a miraculous appearance to make the same impression on our senses which the bread and wine made before the consecration4 ,christ1 being everywhere present1 imparts the special effects of his grace at the time of consecration and communion4 ,the only trouble in the matter is1 that the theory is not true or orthodox4 ,the body and blood of ,christ are made present under the sacred species by the force of the consecrating words1 not his soul or divinity4 ,the soul and divinity of our blessed ,lord are present by concomitance2 but transubstantiation is the change of the substance of the bread into the body1 and of the wine into the blood of ,christ1 and here is the chief mystery of the dogma which the author1 in endeavoring to explain1 has explained away4 ,it is possible that the author's sense is more orthodox than his language1 and no doubt his intention is more orthodox than either4 ,his language1 however1 bears on the face of it the appearance of a sense which is1 in itself1 contrary in some points to definitions of faith1 and in others to the common doctrine of theologians4 ,it is very necessary that all ,catholics should understand that they are not at liberty to interpret either the scripture1 tradition1 or the definitions of councils in contradiction to the ,catholic sense and acceptation made known by the living voice of the pastors and teachers who are authorized by the church4 ,those who desire to feed on the pure milk of sound doctrine will find their best security against error in selecting for their theological or spiritual reading those books which they are well assured have the sanction and approbation of their pastors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,visible ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,maintained ,,against ,,opposite ,,theories4 ,with an explanation of certain passages in ,ecclesiastical ,history erroneously appealed to in their support4 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,rhodes1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,dedicated by permission to the ,right ,rev4 ,william ,delany1 ,d4,d41 ,lord ,bishop of ,cork4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the superb exterior of this book1 published in the best ,english style1 leads the reader to expect something unusually excellent in the contents4 ,nor will he be disappointed4 ,this work is no mere repetition of other books4 ,it is learned1 original1 carefully prepared1 well written1 and has undergone an examination by competent theologians1 not only in ,england1 but also at ,rome4 ,the genuine doctrine of ,catholic unity1 as opposed to the pseudo-catholicity of ,anglicans1 is exposed in it1 with a refutation of the objections of ,bishop ,forbes1 ,dr4 ,pusey1 and others4 ,the questions of the ,easter controversy1 the dispute between ,st4 ,cyprian and ,pope ,st4 ,stephen1 the dispute between ,paulinus and ,st4 ,meletius of ,antioch1 the ,celtic controversies1 etc41 are fully discussed4 ,the only criticism we have to make is concerning the manner of treating the question of the divided obediences at the epoch between the pontificate of ,urban ,,vi4 and that of ,martin ,v4 ,the author thinks that the adherents of ,peter de ,luna1 called ,benedict ,,xiii41 were really in schism1 although most of them were innocent of any sin4 ,we think otherwise1 and our opinion has been derived from the most approved ,catholic authors4 ,without doubt1 the authors of the division were formal schismatics4 ,yet they were able to make out such a plausible case against ,urban and in favor of ,benedict1 that for the time being ,urban's right was doubtful in a large portion of ,christendom4 ,those who refused to recognize him were not therefore guilty of rebellion against the ,roman pontiff as such1 any more than those would be who should refuse to obey a papal rescript of doubtful authenticity4 ,after the election of ,alexander ,v4 there was much greater reason to doubt which of the three rival claimants1 ,gregory ,,xii41 ,benedict ,,xiii41 or ,alexander ,v41 was the true pope4 ,it is now perfectly certain that ,gregory ,,xii4 was canonically elected1 and we suppose it is by far the more probable opinion that he remained in possession of his right as legitimate pope until his voluntary resignation at the ,council of ,constance4 ,nevertheless1 his claim1 at the time1 was a doubtful one1 and the majority of the cardinals and bishops adhered1 after the ,council of ,pisa1 to ,alexander ,v4 and his successor ,john ,,xxiii4 ,peter de ,luna was a schismatic in the fullest extent of the word4 ,but what shall we say of ,alexander and ,john8 ,their names still appear on the lists of popes1 and some maintain that they were true popes4 ,they undoubtedly believed that a council could depose doubtful popes1 and that therefore the ,council of ,pisa could deprive both ,gregory and ,benedict of whatever claim either of them might have to the papal throne4 ,they believed themselves lawfully elected1 and were not1 therefore1 schismatics1 even though they were not lawful popes4 ,if the author maintains that two of the three obediences which eventually concurred at ,constance in the election of ,martin ,v4 were in a state of schism until that time1 we cannot agree with him1 and we think we have the best authorities on our side4 ,for1 if these obediences were in schism1 they were no part of the true church1 the jurisdiction of their bishops and priests was forfeited1 and the ,catholic ,church was limited to the obedience of the legitimate pontiff4 ,this theory would involve the author in considerable difficulties1 and we wonder that it was allowed to escape the notice of his ,roman examiners4 ,the case is very plain1 to our thinking4 ,neither of these three parties rebelled against the ,roman see1 or refused to obey the laws of any pontiff whose legitimacy was unquestionable4 ,it was a dispute about the succession1 not a revolt against the principle of authority4 ,there was1 therefore1 no schism in the case2 all were equally members of the ,catholic ,church1 and jurisdiction remained in the bishops of all the contending parties4 ,those who wilfully promoted this dissension were grievously culpable1 but the rest were free from sin1 as long as they acted in good faith4 ,the author devotes only a short space to this question1 and with this exception his work is most admirable1 and worthy of a most extensive circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,evidence ,,for ,,the ,,papacy4 ,by the ,hon4 ,colin ,lindsay4 ,london3 ,longmans ,co4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,lindsay was president of the ,anglican ,union when1 after long study1 he submitted to the authority of the holy ,roman ,church4 ,his conversion made a great sensation1 and called out the usual amount of foolish1 ill-natured twaddle4 ,in this volume he has given a masterly1 lawyer-like1 and extensive summary1 richly furnished with evidences and authorities1 of the scriptural and historical argument for the supremacy of ,st4 ,peter and his successors4 ,we welcome and recommend this admirable work most cordially4 ,the author is a convert of the old stamp of ,newman1 ,wilberforce1 ,oakeley1 ,faber1 and ,manning2 that is1 a convert to genuine and thorough-going ,catholicity2 and not one of those who has been spoiled by the fatal influence of ,munich4 ,the spurious coin which dealers in counterfeit ,catholicism are seeking just now to palm off on the unwary is distinguished from the genuine by its faint delineation of the pope's effigy on its surface4 ,a primacy in the universal church similar to that of a metropolitan in a province is all they will admit the pope to possess jure divino4 ,the true ,catholicity brings out the divine supremacy of the successor of ,st4 ,peter into bold relief4 ,this is just now the great question1 the criterion of orthodox belief1 the touchstone of faith1 the one great fact and doctrine to be insisted on against every form of anti-,catholic error1 from that of the ,greeks to that of the atheists4 ,the pope is the visible representative of ,christ on the earth1 of ,god's law1 of revealed religion1 of the supernatural1 and of moral and political order4 ,the one question of his supremacy in the true and full sense of the word being settled1 every thing else follows as a necessary consequence1 and is established4 ,it is very important1 therefore1 that books should be multiplied on this topic1 and that the utmost pains should be taken by the clergy to indoctrinate the people and instruct fully converts concerning that loyal allegiance and unreserved obedience which all ,catholics owe to the vicar of ,christ4 ,this book will be found to be one of the best4 ,we have received also from ,london a very clever critique on ,janus1 by ,f4 ,keogh1 of the ,oratory1 and are glad to see that the learned ,dr4 ,hergenrther1 of ,wrzburg1 is preparing an elaborate refutation of that mischievous production4 ,the second part of ,f4 ,bottalla's work on the papacy is also announced as soon to appear4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geology ,,and ,,revelation2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,ancient ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,earth1 ,,considered ,,in ,,the ,,light ,,of ,,geological ,,facts ,,and ,,revealed ,,religion4 ,by the ,rev4 ,gerald ,molloy1 ,d4,d41 ,professor of ,theology in the ,royal ,college of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,maynooth4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green1 ,reader ,dyer4 #ahgj4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,the author discusses in this volume two interpretations of the ,mosaic account of creation3 #ast1 that a long interval may have elapsed between the creation and the work of the six days2 #b;d1 that the six days themselves may be long periods of time2 and shows that they are both admissible1 and that the last corresponds pretty well with the present state of geological science4 ,in a subsequent work1 he proposes to discuss the question of the antiquity of man4 ,though he does not claim to have written a manual of geology1 the first and larger part of the work is in fact an excellent compendium of the science1 and is written in a remarkably interesting and readable style4 ,a few such books would do much to remove the dislike and distrust of geology which still prevails to some extent among religious people1 and perhaps also to convince scientific unbelievers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reports ,,on ,,observations ,,of ,,the ,,total ,,eclipse ,,of ,,the ,,sun1 ,aug4 #g1 #ahfi4 ,conducted under the direction of ,commodore ,b4 ,f4 ,sands1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,superintendent of the ,united ,states ,naval ,observatory1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office4 #ahfi4 ,this volume contains the reports of the parties sent from the ,naval ,observatory to ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 ,plover ,bay1 ,siberia1 and ,bristol1 ,tennessee2 as well as those of ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,gilman1 ,jr41 and ,general ,albert ,j4 ,myer1 at ,st4 ,paul ,junction1 ,iowa1 and ,abingdon1 ,va41 respectively1 who also communicated their observations to the superintendent4 ,the latter saw the eclipse from the top of ,white ,top ,mountain1 #eecj feet high2 the effect was1 of course1 magnificent4 ,the papers of ,professor ,harkness on the spectrum1 and of ,dr4 ,curtis on the photographs which they obtained at ,des ,moines1 are specially interesting4 ,one hundred and twenty-two photographs were taken in all1 two during the totality1 fac-similes of which last are appended1 together with other representations of the total phase1 and copies of the spectra observed1 etc4 ,professor ,harkness observed what appears to be a very decided iron line in the spectrum of the corona1 which was otherwise continuous1 and he considers it quite probable that this mysterious halo is to a great extent or even perhaps principally composed of the vapor of this metal4 ,he saw magnesium and hydrogen in the prominences1 and the unknown substance which has been elsewhere observed4 ,professor ,hall1 who went to ,siberia1 was unfortunate1 the weather being cloudy during the eclipse1 though clear before and afterward2 but he made what observations were practicable under the circumstances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,practical ,,medicine4 ,by ,dr4 ,felix ,von ,niemeyer1 ,professor of ,pathology and ,therapeutics2 ,director of the ,medical ,clinic of the ,university of ,tbingen4 ,translated from the seventh ,german edition1 by special permission of the author1 by ,george ,h4 ,humphreys1 ,m4,d41 and ,charles ,e4 ,hackley1 ,m4,d4 ,in two volumes octavo1 #aejj pp4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,these books place at once before the ,american practitioner the most advanced scientific knowledge on the general practice of medicine possessed by the ,german school1 of which ,professor ,niemeyer is considered1 and justly1 one of the most erudite and brilliant ornaments4 ,each subject treated shows the profound and masterly manner in which its details have been garnered by him from the only reliable source of such knowledge1 the hospital clinic4 ,the rapidity with which it has passed through seven ,german editions1 the last two of triple size1 and the fact that it has been translated into most of the principal languages of the old continent1 afford ample proof of its appreciation in ,europe4 ,the medical student is here presented with a solid1 comprehensive1 and scientific foundation upon which to rear his future superstructure of learning1 while the over-worked practitioner will find a never-failing source of gratification in the work for casual reference and study4 ,nothing can so much advance truly ,catholic science and literature as the free interchange of national ideas and opinions1 expressed through the master minds of the various professions and pursuits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,life ,,pictures ,,of ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,translated from the ,german of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,emmanuel ,veith1 formerly ,preacher of ,st4 ,stephen's ,cathedral1 ,vienna4 ,by ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen1 ,pastor of the ,church of the ,holy ,cross1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,the various personages connected with the sufferings and death of our ,saviour--,judas ,iscariot1 ,caiaphas1 ,malchus1 ,simon ,peter1 etc4--receive each a chapter in this book1 in which their characters are portrayed with appropriate reflections and illustrations drawn from history1 religious and secular4 ,the author is one of the most distinguished preachers in ,europe4 ,the translator is a clergyman well and favorably known for the many excellent translations of ,german religious books which he has given to the ,american public4 ,life ,pictures will be found very suitable reading for this season of the year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,health ,,by ,,good ,,living4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,hall1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #bgg4 ,this work is intended to show that good health can be maintained1 and many diseases prevented1 by proper care in eating4 ,the doctor does not use the phrase good living in its ordinary meaning2 he defines it to be a good appetite followed by good digestion4 ,his rules for obtaining this two-fold blessing are generally sensible2 but a few of his statements are somewhat exaggerated4 ,we have no doubt that the health of the community would be improved by following the common-sense directions of ,dr4 ,hall2 but unfortunately1 as the doctor himself remarks1 not one person in a thousand of his readers will have sufficient control over his appetite to carry out these suggestions1 which require so much self-denial4 ,we are glad to see the doctor recommends a strict observance of ,lent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,modern ,,europe1 ,,from ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century ,,to ,,the ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,third edition1 revised and corrected4 ,by ,john ,g4 ,shea4 ,new ,york3 ,t4 ,w4 ,strong1 7late ,edward ,dunigan ,brother47 ,the merit of this history as a text-book has been long and widely recognized4 ,the correction1 revision1 and addenda do not call for any special notice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,ferryman ,,of ,,the ,,tiber4 ,an ,historical ,tale4 ,translated from the ,italian of ,madame ,a4 ,k4 ,de ,la ,grange4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #bg ,barclay street4 #ahgj4 ,this is a beautiful story of the early days of the church1 when the effeminacy and luxury of the pagans made the noble virtues of the ,christians shine with the greater splendor2 when ,st4 ,jerome lived in ,rome1 and the ,roman matrons and virgins1 following his instructions1 gave to the world such beautiful examples of virtue1 and to the church so many saints4 ,it is a book that should be read now2 for though we do not live in a pagan age1 we surely are not living in an age of faith2 and the example of a ,jerome1 a ,melania1 and a ,valeria are as necessary as when the light of ,christianity had but just begun to shine upon the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,assent4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,this is a treatise on the science1 not the art of logic1 with application to religious belief and faith in the divine revelation4 ,we have only had time to glance at its contents1 and must1 therefore1 postpone any critical judgment upon them4 ,what we have seen in looking over the leaves of the advanced sheets sent us by the kindness of the author is enough1 however1 to show that in this book ,dr4 ,newman has put thought and language under a condenser which has compressed a folio of sense into a duodecimo of size4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will issue the work in a few weeks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,earthly ,,paradise4 ,a ,poem by ,william ,morris4 ,part ,,iii4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,printed at the ,cambridge ,university ,press4 ,an extremely beautiful book1 which it is a luxury to handle and look at4 ,every body knows1 long before now1 that ,mr4 ,morris is a true poet1 and there is no need of our saying what will be no news to any one who loves poetry4 ,we will only say1 therefore1 that we like ,mr4 ,morris1 because he is antique1 classical1 and pure1 and it is refreshing to get away from the dusty1 hot highway of recent literature into his pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,double ,,sacrifice2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,pontifical ,,zouaves4 ,a ,tale of ,castelfidardo4 ,translated from the ,flemish of the ,rev4 ,s4 ,daems4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,pp4 #bdb4 ,a well-deserved tribute to those gallant youths who cheerfully offered up their all1 home1 friends1 life itself1 for ,peter's chair1 and in defence of holy church4 ,as a story it has no particular merit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,scribner1 ,,welford ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,sermons bearing on the ,subjects of the ,day4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,b4,d4 ,new edition4 ,rivingtons3 ,london1 ,oxford1 and ,cambridge4 #ahfi4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,a ,day by the ,fire2 and other papers hitherto uncollected4 ,by ,leigh ,hunt4 #ahgj4 ,from ,,carleton1 ,new ,york3 ,strange ,visitors4 ,from ,p4 ,,fox1 ,publisher1 #ad ,south ,fifth street1 ,st4 ,louis3 ,letters on ,public ,schools1 with special reference to the system as conducted in ,st4 ,louis4 ,by the ,hon4 ,charles ,r4 ,smythe4 #ahgj4 ,from the ,university1 ,ann ,arbor3 ,report on a ,department of ,hygiene and ,physical ,culture in the ,university of ,michigan1 by a ,committee of the ,university ,senate4 #ahgj4 ,from ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,general ,catechism of the ,christian ,doctrine2 for the ,use of the ,catholics of the ,diocese of ,savannah and ,vicariate ,apostolic of ,florida4 #ahfi4--,peabody ,memorial4 ,january1 #ahgj4 ,from ,,james ,,miller1 #fdg ,broadway1 ,new ,york3 ,history of ,american ,socialisms4 ,by ,john ,humphrey ,noyes4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #fb4--,,may1 #ahgj4 ,,church ,,and ,,state4#ba ,il ,signor ,cant is one of the ablest men and most distinguished contemporary authors of ,italy4 ,he is a layman1 and has usually been reckoned among the better class of so-called liberal ,catholics1 and certainly is a warm friend of liberty1 civil and religious1 a sincere and earnest ,italian patriot1 thoroughly devoted to the holy see1 and a firm and fearless defender of the rights1 freedom1 independence1 and authority of the spiritual order in its relation to the temporal4 ,we know not where to look for a truer1 fuller1 more loyal1 or more judicious treatment in so brief a compass of the great and absorbing question in regard to the relation of church and state1 than in his article from the ,rivista ,universale1 the title of which we give at the foot of the page4 ,he is an erudite rather than a philosopher1 a historian rather than a theologian2 yet his article is equally remarkable for its learning1 its history1 its philosophy1 its theology1 and its canon law1 and1 with slight reservation1 as to his interpretation of the bull ,unam ,sanctam of ,boniface ,,viii4 and some views hinted rather than expressed as to the origin and nature of the magisterium exercised by the popes over sovereigns in the middle ages1 we believe it as true and as exact as it is learned and profound1 full and conclusive1 and we recommend its careful study to all who would master the question it treats4 ,for ourselves1 we have treated the question of church and state so often1 so fully1 and so recently1 in its principle and in its several aspects1 especially in relation to our own government1 that we know not that we have any thing to add to what we have already said1 and we might dispense ourselves from its further discussion by simply referring to the articles1 ,independence of the ,church1 ,october1 #ahff2 ,church and ,state1 ,april1 #ahfg2 ,rome and the ,world1 ,october of the same year2 and to our more recent articles on ,the ,future of ,protestantism and ,catholicity1 especially the third and fourth1 ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 of the present year2 and also to the article on ,the ,school ,question1 in the very last number before the present4 ,we can do1 and we shall attempt1 in the present article1 to do1 little more than bring together and present as a whole what is scattered through these several articles1 and offer respectfully and even timidly such suggestions as we think will not be presumptuous in regard to the means1 in the present emergency1 of realizing more perfectly at home and abroad the ideal of ,christian society4 ,we assume in the outset that there really exist in human society two distinct orders1 the spiritual and the temporal1 each with its own distinctive functions1 laws1 and sphere of action4 ,in ,christian society1 the representative of the spiritual order is the church1 and the representative of the temporal is the state4 ,in the rudest stages of society the elements of the two orders exist1 but are not clearly apprehended as distinct orders1 nor as having each its distinct and proper representative4 ,it is only in ,christian society1 or society enlightened by the ,gospel1 that the two orders are duly distinguished1 and each in its own representative is placed in its normal relation with the other4 ,the type1 indeed the reason1 of this distinction of two orders in society is in the double nature of man1 or the fact that man exists only as soul and body1 and needs to be cared for in each4 ,the church1 representing the spiritual1 has charge of the souls of men1 and looks after their minds1 ideas1 intelligence1 motives1 consciences1 and consequently has the supervision of education1 morals1 literature1 science1 and art4 ,the state1 representing the temporal1 has charge of men's bodies1 and looks after the material wants and interests of individuals and society4 ,we take this illustration from the fathers and medival doctors4 ,it is perfect4 ,the analogy of church and state in the moral order1 with the soul and body in the physical order1 commends itself to the common sense of every one1 and carries in itself the evidence of its justness1 especially when it is seen to correspond strictly in the moral order1 to the distinction of soul and body in the physical order4 ,we shall take1 then1 the relation of soul and body as the type throughout of the ideal relation of church and state4 ,man lives not as body alone1 nor as soul alone1 but as the union of the two1 in reciprocal commerce4 ,soul and body are distinct1 but not separate4 ,each has its own distinctive properties and functions1 and neither can replace the other2 but their separation is death1 the death of the body only1 not of the soul indeed1 for that is immortal4 ,the body is material1 and1 separated from the soul1 is dust and ashes1 mere slime of the earth1 from which it was formed4 ,it is the same in the moral order with society1 which is not state alone1 nor church alone1 but the union of the two in reciprocal commerce4 ,the two are distinct1 each has its distinctive nature1 laws1 and functions1 and neither can perform the functions of the other1 or take the other's place4 ,but though distinct1 they cannot in the normal state of society be separated4 ,the separation of the state from the church is in the moral order what the separation of the body from the soul is in the physical order4 ,it is death1 the death of the state1 not indeed of the church2 for she1 like the soul1 nay1 like ,god himself1 is immortal4 ,the separation of the state from the church destroys its moral life1 and leaves society to become a mass of moral rottenness and corruption4 ,hence1 the holy father includes the proposition to separate church and state1 in his syllabus of condemned propositions4 ,the soul is defined by the church as the forma corporis1 the informing or vital principle of the body4 ,the church in the moral order is forma civitatis1 the informing1 the vital principle of the state or civil society1 which has no moral life of its own1 since all moral life1 by its very term1 proceeds from the spiritual order4 ,there is in the physical order no existence1 but from ,god through the medium of his creative act2 so is there no moral life in society1 but from the spiritual order which is founded by ,god as supreme law-giver1 and represented by the church1 the guardian and judge alike of the natural law and the revealed law4 ,the soul is the nobler and superior part of man1 and it belongs to it1 not to make away with the body1 or to assume its functions1 but to exercise the magisterium over it1 to direct and govern it according to the law of ,god2 not to the body to assume the mastery over the soul1 and to bring the law of the mind into captivity to law in the members4 ,so is the church1 as representing the spiritual order1 and charged with the care of souls1 the nobler and superior part of society1 and to her belongs the magisterium of entire human society2 and it is for her in the moral order to direct and control civil society1 by judicially declaring1 and applying to its action1 the law of ,god1 of which she is1 as we have just said1 the guardian and judge1 and to which it is bound by the ,supreme ,law-,giver to subordinate its entire official conduct4 ,we note here that this view condemns alike the absorption of the state in the church1 and the absorption of the church in the state1 and requires each to remain distinct from the other1 each with its own organization1 organs1 faculties1 and sphere of action4 ,it favors1 therefore1 neither what is called theocracy1 or clerocracy1 rather1 to which ,calvinistic ,protestantism is strongly inclined1 nor the supremacy of the state1 to which the age tends1 and which was assumed in all the states of ,gentile antiquity1 whence came the persecution of ,christians by the pagan emperors4 ,we note farther1 that the church does not make the law2 she only promulgates1 declares1 and applies it1 and is herself as much bound by it as is the state itself4 ,the law itself is prescribed for the government of all men and nations1 by ,god himself as supreme law-giver1 or the end or final cause of creation1 and binds equally states and individuals1 churchmen and statesmen1 sovereigns and subjects4 ,such1 as we have learned it1 is the ,catholic doctrine of the relation of church and state1 and such is the relation that in the divine order really exists between the two orders1 and which the church has always and everywhere labored with all her zeal and energy to introduce and maintain in society4 ,it is her ideal of catholic or truly ,christian society1 but which has never yet been perfectly realized1 though an approach to its realization1 the author thinks1 was made under the ,christian ,roman emperors4 ,the chronic condition of the two orders in society1 instead of union and coperation1 or reciprocal commerce1 has been that of mutual distrust or undisguised hostility4 ,during the first three centuries1 the relation between them was that of open antagonism1 and the blood of ,christians made the greater part of the world then known hallowed ground1 and the ,christians1 as ,lactantius remarks1 conquered the world1 not by slaughtering1 but by being slaughtered4 ,the pagan sovereign of ,rome claimed1 and was held to unite both powers in himself1 and was at once imperator1 pontifix maximus1 and divus1 or god4 ,the state1 even after the conversion of the empire and of the barbarians that overturned it and seated themselves on its ruins1 never fully disclaimed the spiritual faculties conceded it by ,grco-,roman or ,italo-,greek civilization4 ,all through the middle ages1 ,kenelm ,digby's ages of faith1 when it is pretended the church had every thing her own way1 and the haughty power of her supreme pontiffs and their tyranny over such meek and lamb-like temporal princes as ,henry ,,iv41 ,frederick ,barbarossa1 and ,frederick ,,ii4 of ,germany1 ,philip ,augustus of ,france1 ,henry ,,ii4 and ,john ,lackland of ,england1 have been the theme of many a school-boy declamation against her1 and adduced by grave statesmen as an excuse for depriving ,catholics of their liberty1 confiscating their goods1 and cutting their throats--all through those ages1 we say1 she enjoyed not a moment's peace1 hardly a truce1 and was obliged to sustain an unceasing struggle with the civil authority against its encroachments on the spiritual order1 and for her own independence and freedom of action as the church of ,god4 ,in this struggle1 the struggle of mind against matter1 of moral power against physical force1 the church was far from being1 at least to human eyes1 always victorious1 and she experienced more than one disastrous defeat4 ,in the sixteenth century1 ,csar carried away from her the north of ,europe1 as he had long since carried away the whole east1 and forced her1 in the nations that professed to recognize her as representing the spiritual order1 to make him such large concessions as left her little more than the shadow of independence2 and the people and their rulers are now almost everywhere conspiring to take away even that shadow1 and to render her completely subject to the state1 or representative of the temporal order4 ,there is no opinion more firmly fixed in the minds of the people of to-day1 at least according to the journals1 than that the union of church and state is execrable and ought not to be suffered to exist4 ,the words cannot be pronounced without sending a thrill of horror through society1 and calling forth the most vigorous and indignant protest from every self-appointed defender of modern civilization1 progress1 liberty1 equality1 and fraternity4 ,what is called the ,liberal party1 sometimes the movement party1 but what we call the revolution1 has everywhere for its primum mobile1 its impulse and its motive1 the dissolution of what remains of the union of church and state1 the total separation of the state from the church and its assertion as the supreme and only legitimate authority in society1 to which all orders and classes of men1 and all matters1 whether temporal or spiritual1 must be subjected4 ,the great words of the party1 as pronounced by its apostles and chiefs1 are people-king1 people-priest1 people-,god4 ,there is no denying the fact4 ,science1 or what passes for science1 denies the double nature of man1 the distinction between soul and body1 and makes the soul the product of material organization1 or a mere function of the body2 and the more popular philosophy suppresses the spiritual order in society1 and therefore rejects its pretended representative2 and the progress of intelligence suppresses ,god1 and leaves for society only political atheism pure and simple1 as is evident from the savage war-whoop set up throughout the civilized world against the syllabus of condemned propositions published by our holy father1 ,december1 #ahfd4 ,this syllabus touched the deep wound of modern society1 probed it to the quick1 and hence the writhings and contortions1 the groans and screechings it occasioned4 ,may ,god grant that it touched to heal1 exposed the wound only to apply the remedy4 ,but the remedy--what is it1 where shall we seek it1 and how shall it be applied8 ,the question is delicate as well as grave1 let it be answered as it may4 ,the principles of the church are inflexible and unalterable1 and must be preserved inviolate2 and even the susceptibilities of both statesmen and churchmen1 in regard to changes in old customs and usages1 even when not unchangeable in their nature1 are to be gently treated4 ,the church is not less bound by the law of ,god than is the state2 for she does not1 as we have said1 make the law1 she only administers it4 ,undoubtedly1 she has in a secondary sense legislative authority or power to enact canons or rules and regulations for preserving1 carrying out1 and applying the law1 as the court adopts its own rules and regulations1 or as does the executive authority1 even in a government like ours1 for executing the law enacted by the legislative power4 ,these may no doubt be changed from time to time by the church as she judges necessary1 proper1 or expedient in order the better to meet the changing circumstances in relation to which she is obliged to act4 ,but even in these respects1 changes must be made in strict conformity to law2 and although they may be so made and leave the law intact1 and affect only the modes or forms of its administration1 they are not without a certain danger4 ,the faithful may mistake them for changes or innovations in the law itself1 and enemies may represent them as such1 and sophistically adduce them against the church as disproving her immutability and infallibility4 ,there have been1 and no doubt are still1 abuses in the church growing out of its human side1 which need changes in discipline to reform them2 but these abuses have always been exaggerated by the best and holiest men in the church1 and the necessity of a change in discipline or ecclesiastical law1 as distinguished from the law of ,god1 is seldom1 if ever1 created by them4 ,when evils exist that menace both faith and society1 it is not the church that is in fault1 but the world that refuses to conform to the law as she declares and applies it4 ,it was not abuses in the church that were the chief cause of the revolt1 the heresy1 and schism of the reformers in the sixteenth century2 for they were far less then than they had been one1 two1 three1 or even four centuries previous4 ,the worst abuses and greatest scandals which had previously obtained had already been corrected1 and ,leo ,x4 had assembled the ,fifth ,council of the ,lateran for the purpose of restoring discipline and rendering it still more effective4 ,the evil originated in the temporal order as represented by the state1 and grew out of secular changes and abuses4 ,it was so then1 it is so now1 always was and always will be so4 ,why1 then1 demand changes or reform in the church1 which cannot reach them8 ,the church causes none of the evils at any time complained of1 and offers no obstacle to their removal1 or the redress of social grievances4 ,it is for the temporal to yield to the spiritual1 not for the spiritual to yield to the temporal4 ,very true2 and yet the church may condescend to the world in its weakness for the sake of elevating it to harmony with her own ideal4 ,god1 when he would take away sin1 and save the souls he had created and which he loved1 did not stand aloof1 or1 so to speak1 on his dignity1 and bid the sinner cease sinning and obey him1 without stretching forth his hand to help him2 but made himself man1 humbled himself1 took the form of a servant1 and came to the world lying in wickedness and festering in iniquity1 took it by the hand1 and sweetly and gently led the sinner away from sin to virtue and holiness4 ,for four hundred years1 the church has sought to maintain peace and concord between herself and the state by concordats1 as the wisest and best expedient she found practicable4 ,but concordats1 however useful or necessary1 do not realize the ideal of ,christian society4 ,they do not effect the true union of church and state1 and cannot be needed where that union exists4 ,they imply not the union1 but the separation of church and state1 and are neither necessary nor admissible1 except where the state claims to be separate from and independent of the church4 ,they are a compromise in which the church concedes the exercise of certain rights to the state in consideration of its pledge to secure her in the free and peaceable exercise of the rest1 and to render her the material force in the execution of her spiritual canons1 which she may need but does not herself possess4 ,they are defensible only as necessary expedients1 to save the church and the state from falling into the relation of direct and open antagonism4 ,yet even as expedients concordats have been at best only partially successful1 and now seem on the point of failing altogether4 ,while the church faithfully observes their stipulations so far as they bind her1 the state seldom observes them in the respect that they bind it1 and violates them as often as they interfere with its own ambitious projects or policy4 ,the church has concordats with the greater part of the ,european states1 and yet while in certain respects they trammel her freedom1 they afford her little or no protection4 ,the state everywhere claims the right to violate or abrogate them at will1 without consulting her1 the other party to the contract4 ,it has done so in ,spain1 in ,italy1 and in ,austria2 and if ,france at present observes the concordat of #ahja1 she does it only in the sense of the organic articles1 never inserted in it1 but added by the ,first ,consul on his authority alone1 and always protested against by the supreme pontiff and vicar of ,christ2 and there is no foreseeing what the present or a new ministry may do4 ,even if the governments were disposed to observe them1 their people would not suffer them to do so1 as we see in ,spain and ,austria4 ,times have changed1 and the governments no longer govern the people1 but the people1 or the demagogues who lead them1 now govern the governments4 ,the ,european governments sustain their power1 even their existence1 only by the physical force of five millions of armed soldiers4 ,there is evidently1 then1 little reliance to be placed on the governments2 for they are liable1 any day1 to be changed or overthrown4 ,the strongest of them hope to sustain themselves and keep the revolution in check only by concessions1 as we see in the extension of suffrage in ,england1 and the adoption of parliamentary government1 under a constitutional monarch1 in ,austria1 ,france1 ,north ,germany1 and elsewhere4 ,but as yet the concessions of the governments have nowhere strengthened them or weakened the revolution4 ,one concession becomes the precedent for another1 and one demand satisfied only leads to another and a greater demand1 while it diminishes the power of the government to resist4 ,what is more1 the closer the union of the church with the government the more helpless it becomes1 and the greater the hostility it incurs4 ,the primum mobile of the movement party1 as we now find it1 is not the love of honest liberty1 or a liberty compatible with stable government1 or the establishment of a democratic or republican constitution2 and it is not hostile to the church only because she exerts her power to sustain the governments it would reform or revolutionize1 but rather1 because it regards them as upholding the church1 which they detest and would annihilate4 ,the primum mobile is hatred of the church4 ,this is the reason why1 even when the governments are well disposed1 as sometimes they are1 the people will not suffer them to observe faithfully their engagements to the church4 ,here was the mistake of the brilliant but unhappy ,de la ,mennais4 ,he called upon the church to cut herself loose from her entangling alliance with the state1 and throw herself back on the people2 which would have been not bad counsel1 if the people were hostile to her only because they supposed her allied with despotic governments1 or if they were less hostile to her than the governments themselves4 ,but such is not the fact at present4 ,the people are to-day controlled by ,catholics who care little for any world but the present1 by ,protestants1 rationalists1 ,jews1 infidels1 and humanitarians2 and to act on the ,lamennaisian counsel would seem very much like abandoning weak1 timid1 and too exacting friends1 to throw one's self into the arms of powerful and implacable enemies4 ,when1 in the beginning of his reign1 the holy father adopted some popular measures1 he was universally applauded1 but he did not win those who applauded him to the church2 and his measures were applauded by the outside world only because believed to be such as would tend to undermine his own authority1 and pave the way for the downfall of ,catholicity4 ,the movement party applauded1 because they thought they could use him as an instrument for the destruction of the church4 ,in the ,french ,revolution of ,february1 #ahdh1 originating in deep-seated and inveterate hostility to the church1 the ready acceptance of the republic1 the next day after its proclamation1 by the ,french bishops and clergy1 did not for a moment conciliate the hostility in which the revolution had its origin4 ,they were applauded indeed1 but only in the hope of making use of them to democratize1 or secularize1 and therefore to destroy the church as the authoritative representative of the spiritual order4 ,the bishops and priests1 all but a very small minority1 showed that they understood and appreciated the applause they received1 by abandoning the revolution at the earliest practicable moment1 and lending their support to the movement for the ,establishment of imperialism2 for they felt that they could more safely rely on the emperor than on the republic4 ,these facts and the reminiscences of the old ,french ,revolution1 have created in the great majority of intelligent and earnest ,catholics1 wisely or unwisely1 we say not1 a profound distrust of the movement party1 which professes to be the party of liberty1 and which carries in its train1 if not the numerical majority1 at least the active1 energetic1 and leading minds of their respective nations1 those that form public opinion and give its direction1 and make them honestly believe that ,catholic interests1 which are not separable from the interests of society1 will be best protected and promoted by the church's standing by the governments and aiding them in their repressive measures4 ,perhaps they are right4 ,the church1 of course1 cannot abandon society2 but in times like ours1 it is not easy to say on which side lie the interests of society4 ,is it certain that they lie on either side1 either with the governments as they are1 or with the party opposed to them8 ,at present the church neither directs the governments nor controls the popular or so-called liberal movement2 and we confess it is difficult to say from which she and society have most to dread4 ,governments without her direction want morality1 and can govern only by force2 and popular movements not inspired or controlled by her are blind and lawless1 and tend only to anarchy1 and the destruction of liberty as well as of order1 of morality as well as of religion as a directing and governing power4 ,we distrust both4 ,for ourselves personally1 we are partial to our own ,american system1 which1 unless we are blinded by our national prejudices1 comes nearer to the realization of the true union as well as distinction of church and state than has heretofore or elsewhere been effected2 and we own we should like to see it1 if practicable there1 introduced--by lawful means only--into the nations of ,europe4 ,the ,american system may not be practicable in ,europe2 but1 if so1 we think it would be an improvement4 ,foreigners do not generally1 nor even do all ,americans themselves fully understand the relation of church and state1 as it really subsists in the fundamental constitution of ,american society4 ,abroad and at home there is a strong disposition to interpret it by the theory of ,european liberalism1 and both they who defend and they who oppose the union of church and state1 regard it as based on their total separation4 ,but the reverse of this1 as we understand it1 is the fact4 ,american society is based on the principle of their union2 and union1 while it implies distinction1 denies separation4 ,modern infidelity or secularism is1 no doubt1 at work here as elsewhere to effect their separation2 but as yet the two orders are distinct1 each with its distinct organization1 sphere of action1 representative1 and functions1 but not separate4 ,here the rights of neither are held to be grants from the other4 ,the rights of the church are not franchises or concessions from the state1 but are recognized by the state as held under a higher law than its own1 and therefore rights prior to and above itself1 which it is bound by the law constituting it to respect1 obey1 and1 whenever necessary1 to use its physical force to protect and vindicate4 ,the original settlers of the ,anglo-,american colonies were not infidels1 but1 for the most part1 sincerely religious and ,christian in their way1 and in organizing society aimed not simply to escape the oppression of conscience1 of which they had been the victims in the mother country1 but to found a truly ,christian commonwealth2 and such commonwealth they actually founded1 as perfect as was possible with their imperfect and often erroneous views of ,christianity4 ,the colonies of ,new ,england inclined1 no doubt1 to a theocracy1 and tended to absorb the state in the church2 in the ,southern colonies1 the tendency was1 as in ,england1 to establish the supremacy of the civil order1 and to make the church a function of the state4 ,these two opposite tendencies meeting in the formation of ,american society1 to a great extent1 counterbalanced each other1 and resulted in the assertion of the supremacy of the ,christian idea1 or the union and distinction under the law of ,god1 of the two orders4 ,in principle1 at least1 each order exists in ,american society in its normal relation to the other2 and also in its integrity1 with its own distinctive nature1 laws1 and functions1 and therefore the temporal in its proper subordination to the spiritual4 ,this subordination is1 indeed1 not always observed in practice1 nor always even theoretically admitted4 ,many ,americans1 at first thought1 when it is broadly stated1 will indignantly deny it4 ,we shall find even ,catholics who do not accept it1 and gravely tell us that their religion has nothing to do with their politics2 that is1 their politics are independent of their religion2 that is1 again1 politics are independent of ,god1 and there is no ,god in the political order2 as if a man could be an atheist in the state1 and a devout ,catholic in the church4 ,but too many ,catholics1 at home and abroad1 act as if this were indeed possible1 and very reasonable1 nay1 their duty2 and hence the political world is given over to the violence and corruption in which ,satan finds a rich harvest4 ,but let the state pass some act that openly and undisguisedly attacks the rights1 the freedom1 or independence of the church1 in a practical way1 it will be hard to find a single ,catholic1 in this country at least1 who would not denounce it as an outrage on his conscience1 which shows that the assertion of the separation of politics from religion so thoughtlessly made1 really means only the distinction1 not the separation of the two orders1 or that politics are independent1 so long as they do not run counter to the freedom and independence of religion1 or fail to respect and protect the rights of the church4 ,inexactness of expression1 and bad logic do not necessarily indicate unsound faith4 ,most non-,catholics will deny that the ,american state is founded on the recognition of the independence and superiority of the spiritual order1 and therefore1 of the church1 and the confession of its own subordination to the spiritual1 not only in the order of logic1 as ,il ,signor ,cant maintains1 but also in the order of authority2 yet a little reflection ought to satisfy every one that such is the fact1 and if it does not1 it will be owing to a misconception of what is spiritual4 ,the basis of the ,american state or constitution1 the real1 unwritten1 providential constitution1 we mean1 is what are called the natural and inalienable rights of man2 and we know no ,american citizen who does not hold that these rights are prior to civil society1 above it1 and held independently of it2 or that does not maintain that the great end for which civil society is instituted is to protect1 defend1 and vindicate1 if need be1 with its whole physical force1 these sacred and inviolable rights for each and every citizen1 however high1 however low4 ,this is our ,american boast1 our ,american conception of political justice1 glory4 ,these rights1 among which are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness1 are the higher1 the supreme law for civil society1 which the state1 however constituted1 is bound to recognize and obey4 ,they deny the absolutism of the state1 define its sphere1 restrict its power1 and prescribe its duty4 ,but whence come these rights8 and how can they bind the state1 and prescribe its duty8 ,we hold these rights by virtue1 of our manhood1 it is said2 they are inherent in it1 and constitute it4 ,but my rights bind you1 and yours bind me1 and yet you and ,i are equal2 our manhoods are equal4 ,how1 then1 can the manhood of either bind or morally oblige the other8 ,of things equal one cannot be superior to another4 ,they are in our nature as men1 it is said again1 or1 simply1 we hold them from nature4 ,they are said to be natural rights and inalienable1 and what is natural must be in or from nature4 ,nature is taken in two senses2 as the physical order or the physical laws constitutive of the physical universe1 and as the moral law under which all creatures endowed with reason and free-will are placed by the ,creator1 and which is cognizable by natural reason or the reason common to all men4 ,in the first sense1 these rights are not inherent in our nature as men1 nor from nature1 or in nature2 for they are not physical4 ,physical rights are a contradiction in terms4 ,they can be inherent in our nature only in the second sense1 and in our moral nature only1 and consequently are held under the law which founds and sustains moral nature1 or the moral order as distinct from the physical order4 ,but the moral law1 the so-called law of nature1 droit naturel1 which founds and sustains the moral order1 the order of right1 of justice1 is not a law founded or prescribed by nature1 but the law for the moral government of nature1 under which all moral natures are placed by the ,author of nature as supreme law-giver4 ,the law of nature is ,god's law2 and whatever rights it founds or are held from it are his rights1 and ours only because they are his4 ,my rights1 in relation to you1 are your duties1 what ,god prescribes as the law of your conduct to me2 and your rights are1 in relation to me1 my duties to you1 what ,god prescribes as the rule of my conduct to you4 ,but what ,god prescribes he has the right to prescribe1 and therefore can command me to respect no rights in you1 and you to respect no rights in me1 that are not his2 and being his1 civil society is bound by them1 and cannot alienate them or deny them without violating his law1 and robbing him of his rights4 ,hence1 he who does an injury to another wrongs not him only1 but wrongs his ,maker1 his ,sovereign1 and his ,judge4 ,take any of the rights enumerated as inalienable in the preamble to the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,among these is the right to life4 ,this right all men and civil society itself are bound to treat as sacred and inviolable4 ,but all men are created equal1 and under the law of nature have equal rights4 ,but how can equals bind one another8 ,by mutual compact4 ,but whence the obligation of the compact8 ,why am ,i obliged to keep my word8 ,certainly not by the word itself2 but because ,i should deprive him of his right to whom ,i have pledged it4 ,but ,i have given my word to assist in committing a murder4 ,am ,i bound to keep it8 ,not at all4 ,why not8 ,because ,i have pledged myself to commit a crime1 to do a wrong or unjust act4 ,evidently1 then1 compacts or pledged words do not create justice1 they presuppose it2 and it is only in virtue of the law of justice that compacts are obligatory1 and no compacts not conformable to that law can bind4 ,why1 then1 am ,i bound to respect your life8 ,it is not you who can bind me2 for you and ,i are equals1 and neither in his own name can bind the other4 ,to take your life would be an unjust act2 that is1 ,i should rob justice of its right to your life4 ,the right to life is then the right of justice4 ,but justice is not an abstraction2 it is not a mental conception1 but a reality1 and therefore ,god2 and hence the right for you or me to live is the right of him who hath made us and whose we are1 with all that we are1 all that we have1 and all that we can do4 ,hence1 the right to life is inalienable even by myself1 and suicide is not only a crime against society1 but a sin against ,god2 for ,god owns it as his right1 and therefore he has the right to command all men to hold it in every man sacred and inviolable1 and never to be taken by other men or even civil society1 but at his order4 ,so of all the other rights of man4 ,if the rights of man are the rights of ,god in and over man as his creature1 as they undeniably are1 they lie in the spiritual order1 are spiritual1 not temporal4 ,the ,american state1 then1 in recognizing the independence1 superiority1 and inviolability of the rights of man1 does recognize1 in principle1 the independence1 superiority1 and inviolability of the spiritual order1 and its own subordination to it1 and obligation to consult it and conform to it4 ,it then recognizes the church divinely appointed and commissioned by ,god with plenary authority to represent it1 and apply the law of ,god to the government of the people as the state no less than to the people as individuals4 ,this follows as a necessary consequence4 ,if ,god has made a supernatural revelation1 we are bound by the natural law to believe it2 and if he has instituted a church to represent the spiritual1 or concreted the spiritual in a visible organism1 with plenary authority to teach his word to all men and nations1 and to declare and apply his law in the government of human affairs1 we are bound to accept and obey her the moment the fact is brought sufficiently to our knowledge4 ,this shows that the true church1 if such church there be1 is sacred and inviolable1 and that what she declares to be the law of ,god is his law1 which binds every conscience2 and all sovereigns and subjects1 states and citizens are alike bound to obey her4 ,he who refuses to obey her refuses to obey ,god2 he who spurns her spurns ,god2 he who despises her despises ,god2 and he who despoils her of any of her rights or possessions despoils ,god4 ,kings and the great of the earth1 statesmen and courtiers1 demagogues and politicians are apt to forget this1 and because ,god does not instantly punish their sacrilege with a visible and material punishment1 conclude that they may outrage her to their heart's content with impunity4 ,but the punishment is sure to follow in due course1 and so far as it concerns states1 dynasties1 and society1 in the shape of moral weakness1 imbecility1 corruption1 and death4 ,that the ,american state is true to the order it acknowledges1 and never usurps any spiritual functions1 we do not pretend4 ,the ,american state copies in but too many instances the bad legislation of ,europe4 ,it from the outset showed the original vice of the ,american people2 for while they very justly subjected the state to the law of ,god1 they could subject it to that law only as they understood it1 and their understanding of it was in many respects faulty1 which was no wonder1 since they had no infallible1 no authoritative1 in fact1 no representative at all of the spiritual order1 and knew the law of ,god only so far as taught it by natural reason1 and spelled out by their imperfect light from an imperfect and mutilated text of the written word4 ,they had a good major proposition1 namely1 the spiritual order duly represented is supreme1 and should govern all men collectively and individually1 as states and as citizens2 but their minor was bad4 ,but we with our reading of the ,bible do duly represent that order4 ,therefore1 etc4 ,now1 we willingly admit that a people reverencing and reading the ,bible as the word of ,god1 will in most respects have a far truer and more adequate knowledge of the law of ,god than those who have neither church nor ,bible1 and only their reason and the mutilated1 perverted1 and even travestied traditions of the primitive revelation retained and transmitted by ,gentilism1 and therefore that ,protestantism as understood by the ,american colonists is much better for society than the liberalism asserted by the movement party either here or in ,europe2 but its knowledge will still be defective1 and leave many painful gaps on many important points2 and the state1 having no better knowledge1 will almost inevitably misconceive what on various matters the law of ,god actually prescribes or forbids4 ,the ,american state1 misled by public opinion1 usurps the functions of the church in some very grave matters4 ,it assumes the control of marriage and education1 therefore of all family relations1 of the family itself1 and of ideas1 intelligence1 opinions1 which we have seen are functions of the church1 and both are included in the two sacraments of marriage and orders4 ,it also fails to recognize the freedom and independence of the spiritual order in refusing to recognize the church as a corporation1 a moral person1 as capable of possessing property as any natural or private person1 and therefore denies to the spiritual order the inalienable right of property4 ,the ,american state denies to the church all possessory rights unless incorporated by itself4 ,this is all wrong2 but if no better1 it is no worse than what is assumed by the state in every ,european nation2 and the most that can be said is1 that in these matters the state forgets the ,christian commonwealth for the pagan1 as is done everywhere else4 ,but except in these instances1 the ,american state is1 we believe1 true to the ,christian principle on which it is based1 as true1 that is1 as it can be in a mixed community of ,catholics1 ,jews1 and ,protestants4 ,the state has no spiritual competency1 and cannot decide either for itself or for its citizens which is or is not the church that authoritatively represents the spiritual order4 ,the responsibility of that decision it does and must leave to its citizens1 who must decide for themselves1 and answer to ,god for the rectitude of their decision4 ,their decision is law for the state1 and it must respect and obey it in the case alike of majorities and minorities2 for it recognizes the equal rights of all its citizens1 and cannot discriminate between them4 ,the church that represents for the state the spiritual order is the church adopted by its citizens2 and as they adopt different churches1 it can recognize and enforce1 through the civil courts1 the canons and decrees of each only on its own members1 and on them only so far as they do not infringe on the equal rights of the others4 ,this is not all the state would do or ought to do in a perfect ,christian society1 but it is all that it can do where these different churches exist1 and exist for it with equal rights4 ,it can only recognize them1 and protect and vindicate the rights of each only in relation to those citizens who acknowledge its authority4 ,this recognizes and protects the ,catholic ,church in her entire freedom and independence and in teaching her faith1 and in governing and disciplining ,catholics according to her own canons and decrees1 which1 unless we are greatly misinformed1 is more than the state does for her1 in any old ,catholic nation in the world4 ,this is not tolerance or indifference2 it only means that the state does not arrogate to itself the right to decide which is the true church1 and holds itself bound to respect and protect equally the church or churches acknowledged as such by its citizens4 ,the doctrine that a man is free before ,god to be of any religion1 or of no religion as he pleases1 or the liberty of conscience1 as understood by the so-called liberals throughout the world1 and which was condemned by ,gregory ,,xvi4 of immortal memory1 in his encyclical of ,august #aeth1 #ahcb1 receives no countenance from the ,american state1 and is repugnant to its fundamental constitution4 ,heretical and schismatic sects have1 indeed1 no rights2 for they have no authority from ,god to represent the spiritual order1 and their existence is1 no doubt1 repugnant to the real interests of society as well as destructive to souls2 but in a community where they exist along with the true church1 the state must respect and protect in them the rights of the spiritual order1 not indeed because they claim to be the church1 but because they are held to be such by its citizens1 and all its citizens have equal rights in the civil order1 and the equal right to have their conscience1 if they have a conscience1 respected and protected4 ,the church of ,god exacts nothing more of it in this respect than to be protected in her freedom to combat and vanquish the adherents of false churches or false religions with her own spiritual weapons4 ,more she might exact of the state in perfect ,christian society2 but this is all that she can exact in an imperfect and divided ,christian society1 as is the case in nearly all modern nations4 ,this is the ,american system4 ,is it practicable in the old ,catholic nations of ,europe8 ,would it be a gain to religion1 if suffered to be introduced there8 ,would the government1 if it were accepted by the church1 understand it as implying its obligation to respect and protect all churches equally as representing the spiritual order1 or as asserting its freedom to govern and oppress all at will1 the true church as the false8 ,there is danger of the latter1 because ,european society is not based on the ,christian principle of the independence and inviolability of the rights of man1 that is1 the rights of ,god1 but on the pagan principle of the state1 that all rights1 even the rights of the church1 and society emanate from the state1 and are revocable at its will4 ,hence the reason why the church has found concordats with the secular powers so necessary4 ,in the sense of the secular authority1 these concordats are acts of incorporation1 and surrendering them by the church would be the surrender of its charter by a corporation4 ,it would be to abandon all her goods to the state1 leave her without a legal status1 and with no rights which the state holds itself bound to recognize1 protect1 or enforce through its courts1 any more than she had under the persecuting ,roman emperors4 ,this would be the farthest remove possible from the ,american system4 ,before the ,american system could be introduced into ,european states in the respect that it affords freedom and protection to the church in the discharge of her spiritual functions1 the whole structure of ,european society would need to be reconstructed on the ,christian foundation1 or the basis of the inherent rights and supremacy of the spiritual order1 instead of its present pagan or ,grco-,roman basis of the supremacy of the city or state4 ,undoubtedly1 the liberals1 or movement party1 are1 and have been1 for nearly a century1 struggling by all the means in their power1 fair or foul1 to overthrow ,european society1 and reconstruct it after what they suppose to be the ,american model1 but in reality on a basis1 if possible1 more pagan and less ,christian than its present basis4 ,they assert the absolute supremacy of the state in all things2 only1 instead of saying with ,louis ,,xiv41 ,l'tat1 c'est moi1 they say ,l'tat1 c'est le peuple1 but they make the people1 as the state1 as absolute as any king or kaiser-state ever pretended to be4 ,the church would1 in their reconstructed society1 not have secured to her the rights that she holds under our system1 by the fact that it is based on the equal and antecedent rights of all citizens1 really the rights of ,god1 which limit the power of state1 of the people in a democratic state1 and prescribe both its province and its duty4 ,even with us1 the ,american system has its enemies1 and perhaps only a minority of the people understand it as we do1 and some of the courts are beginning to render decisions which1 if in one part1 they sustain it1 in another part flatly contradict it4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,ohio1 in the recent case of the ,school ,board of ,cincinnati1 has decided very properly that the board could not exclude religion2 but1 on the other hand1 it maintains that a majority of the people in any locality may introduce what religion they please1 and teach it to the children of the minority as well as to their own1 which is manifestly wrong2 for it gives the majority of the people the power to establish their own religion1 and exclude that of the minority when1 in matters of religion1 that is1 in matters of conscience1 votes do not count4 ,my conscience1 though in a minority of one1 is as sacred and inviolable as it would be if all the rest of the community were with me4 ,as in the ,polish ,diet1 a single veto suffices to arrest the whole action of the state4 ,the ,american democracy is not what it was in #aggf4 ,it was then ,christian after a ,protestant fashion2 it is now infected with ,european liberalism1 or popular absolutism2 and if we had to introduce the ,american system now1 we should not be able to do it4 ,there are serious difficulties on both sides4 ,the church cannot confide in the revolution1 and the governments cannot or will not protect her1 save at the expense of her independence and freedom of action4 ,they1 if we may believe any thing the journals say1 threaten her with their vengeance1 if she dares to make and publish such or such a dogmatic decision1 or to define on certain points which they think touch them1 what her faith is and always has been4 ,this is a manifest invasion of her right to teach the word of ,god in its integrity1 and simply tells her1 with the sword suspended over her head1 that she shall teach only what is agreeable to them1 whether in ,god's word or not4 ,this insolence1 this arrogant assumption1 applauded by the universal sectarian and secular press1 if submitted to1 would make the church the mere tool of the secular authority1 and destroy all confidence in her teaching4 ,we know not how these difficulties on either side are to be overcome4 ,the church cannot continue to be shorn of her freedom by the secular governments1 and made to conform to their ambitious or timid politics1 without losing more and more her hold on the ,european populations4 ,nor can she side with the revolution without perilling the interests of society from which her own cannot be separated4 ,we see no way out of the dilemma but for her1 trusting in the divine protection1 to assert simply and energetically her independence of both parties alike1 and confide in the faithful1 as she did in the martyr ages1 and as she does now in every heathen land4 ,we do not assume the propriety or necessity of trying to introduce the ,american system into the old world1 nor do we urge the church to break either with the governments or with the people2 but we may1 we hope1 be permitted to say that what seems to us to be needed is1 for the church to assert her independence of both so far as either attempts to control her in the free discharge of her functions as the church of ,god2 and we think the faithful should be prepared for the consequences of such assertion1 whatever they may prove to be4 ,the church cannot fulfil her mission1 which is not confined to the ,catholic nations of ,europe1 but embraces the whole world1 if she is thus denied her independence and crippled in her freedom of action4 ,if the assertion of her independence in face of the temporal order deprives her of her legal status1 and places her out of the protection of the civil law1 it perhaps will1 in the end1 prove to be no serious calamity1 or at least a less evil than her present cramped and crippled condition4 ,she has held that position heretofore1 and1 aided by ,him whose spouse she is1 and who hath purchased her with his precious blood1 she in that very condition conquered and subdued the world against the hostility of the most powerful empire that ever existed4 ,what she has done once1 she is no less able to do again4 ,the worst that the state can do is to strip her of her temporalities1 and forbid her to preach in the name of ,jesus4 ,the worst the revolution can do is the same1 and in its fury to massacre bishops and priests1 monks and nuns1 men and women1 because they choose to obey ,god rather than men4 ,well1 all this has been more than once4 ,we have seen it in ,ireland1 where the church was despoiled of her revenues1 the people of their churches1 schools1 colleges1 and religious houses1 and only not of the use of the graveyard2 where ,catholic worship was prohibited under pain of death1 and armed soldiers hunted and shot down as a wild beast the priest who ventured to say mass in a private house1 in a remote morass1 or a cave in the mountain1 and the faithful were slaughtered as sheep by fiery zealots or the graceless myrmidons of power2 where not only the church was despoiled and left naked and destitute1 but her children were also despoiled of their estates and reduced to poverty1 while laws were devised with satanic ingenuity and enforced with savage ferocity to degrade and debase them1 and to prevent them from escaping from their poverty or their enforced secular ignorance4 ,yet we have seen the faith in spite of all live and gain on its enemies1 the church survive and even prosper2 and only the last year1 when offered freely a government subsidy for her clergy and her services1 we have seen the noble ,irish hierarchy1 without a dissenting voice1 refuse it1 and prefer to rely on the voluntary offerings of the faithful to coming under any obligation to the temporal power4 ,in this country the people were1 in the outset1 as hostile to the church as they could be anywhere or in any age1 and they are not even yet converted1 very generally1 into warm and eager friends2 yet without any public provision1 relying solely on the alms of the faithful at home and abroad1 principally at home1 the missionaries of the cross have been sustained1 the widow's handful of meal and cruse of oil have not failed2 and yet we have founded and sustained schools1 colleges1 universities1 erected convents for men and for women1 and are erecting throughout the whole country churches1 the finest in it1 and some of which may be regarded as architectural ornaments2 and nearly all this has been achieved within a single lifetime4 ,men who sit at their ease in ,zion1 and find their most engrossing occupation in solving an antiquarian problem1 or disserting on some heathen relic just dug up1 though the world is breaking up and falling to pieces around them1 may be frightened at the prospect of being deprived of comforts they are used to2 but let governments and peoples do their worst1 they cannot do worse than heathen ,rome did1 worse than ,france did in the revolution of #aghi1 or ,england has been doing in ,ireland for three hundred years4 ,fear6 ,what is there to fear8 ,if ,god be for us1 who can be against us8 ,the danger seems great1 no doubt1 to many2 but let ,catholics have the courage of their faith1 and they will no longer fear him who can kill the body1 and after that hath no more power4 ,the danger before men of ,christian courage will disappear as the morning mist before the rising sun4 ,can a ,catholic fear poverty1 want1 labor1 suffering1 torture1 or death in ,his cause who for our sakes became poor1 and had not where to lay his head2 who took the form of a servant1 and obeyed unto death1 even the death of the cross8 ,know we not that ,catholic faith and ,catholic charity can weary out the most cruel and envenomed persecutors1 and in the end gain the victory over them8 ,if the church finds it necessary1 then1 in order to maintain her independence1 to incur the hostility of kings or peoples1 and the loss of her goods1 there need be no fear2 ,god will not forsake her1 and the charity of the faithful never faileth4 ,,footnote3 #ba ,chiesa e ,stato3 ,rapsodie di ,c4 ,cant1 dalla ,rivista ,universale4 ,corretto e riveduto dall' ,autore4 #ahfg4 #hvo1 pp4 #id4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,tiberius1 when all had disappeared along the road1 suddenly stopped in his walk4 ,his companion1 toward whom he had turned1 did the same1 and looked at him with an air of expectation4 ,i leave all details to you1 said the ,csar2 but what has to be done is this--that youth who calls himself ,paulus ,lepidus milius must be produced as a gladiator either in the ,circus ,maximus or the ,statilian ,amphitheatre1#bb as the number of victims may dictate4 ,men of noble birth have been seen ere now upon the sand4 ,we will then make him show against the best swordsmen in the world--against ,gauls1 ,britons1 and ,cappadocians--what that ,greek fence is worth of which he seems a master4 ,the girl1 his sister1 must be carried off1 either beforehand or afterward1 as your skill may dictate1 and softly and safely lodged at ,rome in that two-storied brick house of ,cneius ,piso and his precious wife1 ,plancina1 which is not known to be mine2 7,i believe and hope1 and am given to understand1 that it is not known to be theirs neither47 ,tiberius paused1 and ,sejanus1 with an intent look1 slightly inclined his head4 ,he was a keen man1 a subtle man1 but not a very profound man4 ,he observed1 ,i have heard something of this ,greek widow and of her son and daughter4 ,they have 7it seems to me as if ,i had heard this7 friends near the person of ,augustus1 or1 at least1 in the court4 ,i can easily cause the girl to be so carried off that no rumor about the place of her residence will ever more sound among men4 ,but the very mystery of it will sound1 and that loudly2 and her mother and brother will never cease to pierce the ears of ,augustus with their cries4 ,but1 before ,i say a word more1 ,i wish to know two things--first1 whether this youth ,paulus is to be included in one of those great shows of gladiators which are rendering you1 my ,csar1 so beloved by the ,roman people8 ,am ,i beloved1 think you8 asked ,tiberius4 ,the master-passion of the people is for the shows1 and1 above all1 the fights of the amphitheatre1 answered ,sejanus4 ,whoever has1 for a hundred years and more1 obtained the mastery of the world1 has thus won the ,romans2 each succeeding dictator of the globe1 from ,caius ,marius1 and ,sylla1 and ,pompey1 and the invincible ,caius ,julius1 and ,mark ,antony1 to our present happy ,emperor ,augustus1 has surpassed his predecessors in the magnificence of these entertainments given to people1 populace1 common legionaries1 and prtorians2 and in exact proportion also1 it is remarkable1 has each surpassed his forerunners in permanent power1 until that power has at last become nearly absolute1 nearly unlimited4 ,you say true1 replied ,tiberius2 and ,i excel all former examples in the extent1 splendor1 and novelty of my shows4 ,augustus has abandoned that department2 but even when he was courting the ,romans1 he never edited like me4 ,people would now smile at the old-fashioned meanness of the spectacles which he formerly made acceptable to them4 ,he is breaking very fast in health too1 ,i fear1 my ,sejanus4 ,he is1 ,i fear1 drawing toward his end1 replied the commander of the prtorians4 ,as to your question concerning this youth1 resumed ,tiberius1 my object is partly to add a novel and curious feature to the fight--this strange sword-play4 ,yet1 why should he not afterward be included in some great slaughter-match1 three or four hundred a side1 care being taken that he should be finished8 ,we might first pit him fairly against six or a dozen single antagonists in succession4 ,if he conquer them all1 it will be unprecedentedly amusing2 the people will be in ecstasies1 and then the victor can be made to disappear in the general conflict4 ,i shall thus have the undisturbed management of his sister's education4 ,grave as a statue1 ,sejanus replied1 ,he is a proud youth1 an equestrian1 a patrician1 son of an eminent warrior1 nephew of one who once shared in the government of the whole globe4 ,well1 not being a slave1 if he found himself in the arena by virtue of having been violently seized and trepanned1 ,i firmly believe that1 either before or after fighting1 he would make a speech1 appealing to the justice of the emperor and the sympathy of the people1 not to say any thing about the soldiers4#bc ,the plan you propose1 my ,csar1 seems like furnishing him with an immense audience and a gigantic tribunal1 before which to tell that pathetic story about his father and the battle of ,philippi1 and those family estates which are now in the possession of the two beautiful ladies whose litters have just preceded us on the road to ,formi4 ,tiberius smiled1 as with his head bent down he looked at the speaker1 and thus he continued stooping1 looking1 and smiling for a moment or two1 after which he said1 ,the ,tuscans are subtle1 and you are the subtlest of ,tuscans2 what is best8 ,sejanus said1 ,let the girl first be carried away2 let the mother and brother break their hearts for her2 then let the ,lanista ,thellus1 who is not known to be one of your men1 but is supposed to hire out his gladiators on his own account1 invite the youth to join his familia1#bd or company1 and when ,paulus refuses1 as he will refuse1 let ,thellus say that he knows money would not bribe ,paulus1 but that he has seen ,paulus's sister2 that he can guide him to her1 if ,paulus consents to fight in the next great forthcoming shows4 ,and1 in short1 in order to make all this more specious1 let ,thellus have formed the acquaintance of the half-,greek family1 mother1 sister1 brother1 before the girl is abducted1 in order that ,paulus may think he speaks the truth when afterward saying that he has seen the sister and knows her1 and can guide ,paulus to where she is detained4 ,if this plan be adopted1 ,paulus will fight in the arena of his own accord1 and will make no speeches1 no disturbance1 but will disappear for ever in a decorous and legitimate manner4 ,you are a man of immense merit1 my ,sejanus1 replied the personage in gore-colored purple1 and ,i will some day reward you more than ,i can do while merely the ,csar of an ,augustus1 whom may the gods protect4 ,the mother perhaps we can let alone1 or she could be put on board a corsair as an offering to some god1 to procure me good fortune in other things4 ,we shall see4 ,meanwhile1 execute all the rest with as little delay as the order and priority of the several matters1 one before the other1 will allow1 and report to me punctually at every step4 ,beckoning to one of the troopers1 who approached with the spare horse1 ,tiberius now mounted4 ,the soldier immediately withdrew again1 and ,tiberius said to the prtorian commander1 ,be upon your guard with ,paterculus2 he is doubtless devoted to me1 but is a squeamish man2 clever1 indeed1 too4 ,still there are clever fools1 my ,sejanus4 ,then waving his hand1 he rode slowly away1 but came to a halt at a distance of twenty paces1 and turned his horse's head round4 ,sejanus strode quickly toward his master4 ,you know1 of course1 that the ,germans1 encouraged by the slaughter of ,varus and his legions1 are swarming over the ,julian ,alps into the north-east of ,italy from ,illyricum4#be ,how many legions are there available to meet them8 ,we have within reach1 at this moment1 twelve1 said ,sejanus1 besides my prtorians4 ,half the present forces of the whole empire1 replied the other4 ,germanicus is to drive back the barbarians4 ,he will become more popular than ever with the troops generally4 ,but the prtorians do not care for him1 ,i suppose8 ,even the prtorians revere him1 answered ,sejanus4 ,why1 how so8 ,they have so little to do with him4 ,they know a soldier-- began ,sejanus4 ,and am not ,i a soldier8 interrupted his master4 ,they love you too1 my ,csar1 and dearly4 ,peace6 ,tell me exactly2 what think the prtorians of ,germanicus8 ,they foolishly think that1 since the day when ,caius ,julius was murdered1 no such soldier-- ,enough6 ,foolishly1 say you8 ,remember my instructions4 ,vale6 ,and ,tiberius galloped north1 his face ablaze with a brick-red flush deeper than ordinary4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,sejanus1 when left alone1 motioned to the two troopers4 ,he who had brought ,tiberius his horse rode furiously after the ,csar2 the other attended the general1 who slowly mounted his own steed1 and1 pursuing the same direction1 began to trot leisurely toward ,formi4 ,the sun had gone down2 the short twilight had passed away2 clouds had gathered1 and the moon1 not having yet risen1 the night was very black4 ,in a few minutes ,sejanus slackened his horse's pace from a trot to a walk1 and the orderly1 as his military attendant would in modern times be called1 nearly rode against him in the dark4 ,the man made some natural excuse1 and fell back again about thirty paces4 ,sejanus hardly noticed him4 ,at present1 he muttered1 when again alone1 ,tiberius1 though a ,csar1 needs me2 ,germanicus is ,csar too1 and may become emperor4 ,if ,germanicus wished it1 right or wrong--if per fas et nefas--he would win4 ,he has much of the genius of ,caius ,julius and his defect of overtrustfulness2 but none of his many vices4 ,i doubt if he will ever be emperor2 he is too ,athenian1 and also too honorable1 too disinterested4 ,somehow ,i feel1 too1 as if he were going to be assassinated2 he believes readily in men4 ,tiberius has smaller abilities1 worse qualities1 and better chances4 ,he will rule the world1 and lius ,sejanus will rule him4 ,as ,sejanus said these things to himself in an indistinct murmur1 of which none could have heard the precise words1 a voice at his elbow astonished him4 ,said the voice1 ,how far is it1 illustrious general1 to ,formi8 ,the prtorian chief turned with a start1 and saw that the speaker was a mounted traveller1 attended by two servants1 also on horseback2 but there was so little light that he could not distinguish the stranger's features1 nor more of his dress and appointments than that they were not1 as it seemed1 ,italian4 ,about five thousand paces1 he answered4 ,however1 there is no inn at ,formi4 ,some eight hundred paces from here is a good wayside tavern1 7mansio47 ,but you call me general1 for ,i wear the dress4 ,you do not1 however1 know me4 ,not know the distinguished chief of the prtorians8 ,not know the happy and unhappy1 the fortunate and unfortunate ,sejanus8 ,happy and unhappy1 rechoed the latter1 fortunate and unfortunate6 ,what means this jargon8 ,you could use that language of every mortal4 ,what you say you unsay4 ,while thus replying1 he endeavored to discern the dim features of his new companion4 ,think you so8 said the man4 ,then1 pray1 would it be the same if ,i were to say1 for example1 unhappy and happy1 unfortunate and fortunate8 ,yes4 ,alas6 no4 ,what6 said ,sejanus4 ,the happiness is present1 the good fortune is present1 but the misfortune and unhappiness are to come4 ,is this your meaning8 ,as ,i always say what ,i mean1 rejoined the other1 so ,i never explain what ,i say4 ,then at least1 observed ,sejanus1 with great haughtiness of tone and manner1 you will be good enough to say who you are4 ,as the ,prtor ,peregrinus1#bf especially charged to look after foreigners1 ,i demand your name4 ,remember1 friend1 that six lictors1 as well as twenty thousand soldiers1 obey ,sejanus4 ,i am the god ,hermes1 replied the other1 riding suddenly ahead1 followed by both his attendants4 ,the movement was so unexpected that the figure of the stranger had become almost indistinguishable in the obscurity1 before ,sejanus urged his fleet ,numidian steed forward at a bound in pursuit4 ,take care1 said a voice in his front1 that your horse do not throw you1 impious man6 ,at the same time1 the prtorian leader heard something roll upon the paved road1 and immediately a vivid flash blazed under his horse's eyes1 and a sharp report followed4 ,nearly thrown1 indeed1 he was1 as the voice had warned him4 ,when he had recovered his balance and quieted the startled beast he was riding1 he halted to listen2 but the only sound he could now hear was that of the mounted trooper trotting after him along the ,appian ,way4 ,he waited for this man to come up1 and inquired what he had observed in the three strangers who had previously passed him on the road4 ,no stranger1 said the man1 had passed him2 he had seen no one4 ,then ,sejanus remembered what he had not at the moment adverted to1 that neither when first accosted by the stranger1 nor afterward while this person with his two attendants rode by his side1 nor finally when they all galloped forward and were lost in the darkness1 had any clatter of hoofs been audible4 ,he resumed his journey in silent thought1 and soon arrived1 without further adventure1 at the large and famous post-house1 standing in those days four or five miles south of ,formi4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,the post house1 or mansio1#bg to which allusion has been made1 situated about four or five miles south of ,formi1 on the ,appian road1 was a large1 rambling1 two-storied brick house1 capable of accommodating a vast number of travellers4 ,it was not1 therefore1 merely one of the many relay-houses where the imperial couriers1 as well as all who could produce a special warrant for the purpose1 from a consul1 or a prtor1 or even a qustor1 were allowed to obtain a change of horses2 still less was it one of the low canal-town taverns1 whose keepers ,horace abused2 but it was a regular country inn1 where man and beast found shelter for the apparently infinitesimal charge of one as1 7or not quite a penny17 and good cheer at proportionably moderate cost4 ,it was well supplied from its own farm-yards1 olive-groves1 orchards1 vineyards1 pastures1 and tilled fields1 with vegetables1 beef1 mutton1 poultry1 geese1 ducks1 attagens1 and other meats2 eggs1 wine1 butter1 cheese1 milk1 honey1 bread1 and fruit2 a delicious plate of fish occasionally1 an equally delicious array of quail1 produced upon table in a state aromatic and frothy with their own fat juices4 ,this excellent and celebrated house of entertainment for belated or way-worn travellers1 as well as for all who desired a change from the monotony of their usual life1 was kept by a remarkably worthy old couple1 formerly slaves1 a freedman and freedwoman of the illustrious milian family4 ,the reader will have noticed that the youth whom it is necessary1 we suppose1 to acknowledge in the capacity of our hero1 has been called ,paulus milius ,lepidus2 that his father had borne the same style2 and likewise that his father's brother1 the former sovereign magistrate or triumvir in the second and great triumvirate1 was named ,marcus milius ,lepidus4 ,in all these names1 that of milius occurs2 and milius was the noblest of the patronymics which once this great family boasted4 ,now1 theirs had been the house in which ,crispus and ,crispina1 the good innkeeper and his wife1 at present free and prosperous1 had been boy and girl slaves4 ,the wife1 indeed1 had been nurse to a son of ,marcus ,lepidus1 the triumvir4 ,that son1 some years before the date of our narrative1 had been engaged in a conspiracy against ,augustus2 and the conspiracy having been discovered by ,mcenas1 the youth had been put to death4 ,marcus milius ,lepidus1 the father1 was exculpated from all knowledge of this attempt on the part of his son1 but had ever since lived in profound retirement at a lonely sea-shore castle some twenty or thirty miles from ,crispus's inn1 near ,monte ,circello2 a silent1 brooding1 timid man1 no longer very wealthy1 entirely without weight in the society which he had abandoned1 and without any visible influence in the political world1 from which he had fled in some terror and immense disgust4 ,as ,sejanus rode slowly up to the inn-door1 a centurion came out of the porch with the air of one who had been waiting for him4 ,saluting the general1 this officer said that he had been left behind by ,velleius ,paterculus to say that the sister of the youth whom ,tiberius had placed under the charge of ,paterculus had fainted on the road2 that being unable to proceed1 she and her mother had taken a lodging in the inn2 that the youth had at once begged ,paterculus to allow him to remain instead of proceeding to ,formi1 in order that he might attend to his poor sister1 for whose life he was alarmed1 giving his promise that he would faithfully report himself1 and not attempt to escape2 that ,paterculus considered himself justified1 under the circumstances1 in acceding to so natural a request2 consequently1 that the young man was now in the inn1 along with his mother and sister2 and that he1 the centurion1 had been ordered to await ,sejanus's arrival1 and inform him of what had occurred1 so that he might either confirm his subordinate's decision1 or repair the mistake1 if it was one1 and cause the youth to go forward at once to ,formi according to the letter of ,tiberius's original command4 ,it is well1 said ,sejanus1 after a moment's reflection4 ,this is not the sort of lad who will break his word4 ,carthaginians1 and rubbish like them1 knew long ago how to believe a ,roman knight and patrician1 and this lad seems to be of the ,regulus breed4 ,does the ,csar himself1 however1 know of this8 ,i had no orders to tell him1 answered the centurion2 and if ,i had had1 it would have been difficult2 he passed at full gallop a quarter of an hour ago1 his head down1 not so much as looking aside4 ,sejanus then put the following question with a sneer1 ,has a god1 or a stranger1 with two attendants on horseback1 passed this way8 ,no god1 unless he be a god1 and he had no attendants1 said the astonished centurion4 ,you have not seen three figures on horseback1 nor a flash of bluish light8 ,i certainly thought ,i saw three figures on horseback1 but ,i could not be sure4 ,it was on the farther side of the way1 general1 which is broad1 continued the man apologetically1 and there was no sound of hoofs2 my impression1 too1 was gone in a moment4 ,as to a flash of bluish light1 there are several flashes of red and white light inside the inn kitchen1 and they make the road outside all the darker2 but there has been no flash in the road4 ,good6 now follow me4 ,and ,sejanus rode on in the direction of ,formi1 the centurion and the soldier behind him4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the inn1 it is well ascertained1 never became a common institution in classic antiquity4 ,it was utterly unknown in any thing like its modern shape among the ,greeks2 one cause being that the literary ,greeks gave less care to their roads and communications than the administrating1 fighting1 conquering1 and colonizing ,romans always did4 ,even among the ,romans the army trusted to its city-like encampments from stage to stage4 ,centuries passed away1 during which the private traveller found few indeed1 and far between1 any better public resting-houses along the magnificent and stupendous highways1 whose remains we still behold indestructible1 from ,england to ,asia ,minor1 than the half-day relay-posts1 or mutationes4 ,at these the wayfarer1 by producing#bh his diploma from the proper authorities1 obtained a change of horses4 ,travelling1 in short1 was a thousand-fold less practised than it is among us2 and those who did travel1 or who deemed it likely they ever should1 trusted to that hospitality which necessity had made universal1 and the poetry of daily life had raised by repute into one of the greatest virtues4 ,years before any member of your family1 supposing you to belong to the age through which the events of this narrative are carrying and to carry us1 years before any of your circle quitted your roof1 you knew to what house1 to what smoky hearth in each foreign land1 to what threshold in ,spain1 ,gaul1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 the wanderer would eventually resort4 ,a certain family in each of these and other lands was your hospes1 and you were theirs2 and very often you carried round your neck1 attached to a gold or silver chain1 a bit of elder or oak 7robur7 notched and marked by the natural breakage1 the corresponding half of which hung day and night round the neck of some friend living thousands of miles away1 beyond rivers1 mountains1 wild forests1 and raging seas4 ,these tokens were the cheap lodging-money of friendship4 ,very often they were interchanged and put on in boyhood1 and not presented till advanced age4 ,he who had thrown the sacred symbol round the curly head of his playmate on the banks of the ,tiber1 saw an old man with scanty white hair approach him1 half a century afterward1 at ,alexandria1 or ,numantia1 or ,athens1 and offer him a little bit of wood1 the fracture8 of which were found to fit into those of a similar piece worn upon his own bosom4 ,or the son brought the father's token2 or a son received what a father had given4 ,and the stranger was forthwith joyfully made welcome1 and took rank among dear friends4 ,forthwith the bath and the supper introduced him to his remote home amid foreign faces4 ,to be once unfaithful to these pledges1 was to become irreparably infamous4 ,the caitiff who thus sundered the lies of traditionary and necessity-caused and world-wide kindness1 became an object of scorn and reprobation to all4 ,it was enough to mention of him1#bi tesseram confregit hospitalem1 7that man has broken his token-word of hospitality27 with that all was said4 ,traces of this touching custom appear to survive in some of the ceremonials of rustic love1 amid many a population ignorant that the ancient ,romans ever reigned over ,europe4 ,but if inns1 in year eleven1 were not what they have been in medival and modern ,europe1 nevertheless a few existed even then1 7caupon27 and a more notable establishment of this kind never flourished in any part of the ,roman empire than that to which our story has now brought us4 ,it was the exception to manners then prevalent1 and the presage of manners to come long afterward4 ,it used to be commonly called the ,post-,house of the ,hundredth ,milestone1 or1 more briefly1 ,crispus's ,inn4 ,the public room of this place of entertainment was not unlike the coffee-room of a good modern inn1 except that it was necessarily far more full of incident and interest1 because the ancients were beyond comparison more addicted to living in public than any modern nation has ever been4 ,an ,englishman who makes a similar remark of the ,french1 in comparison with his own countrymen1 has only to remember that the modern ,french as much excel the ancient ,romans in fondness for retirement and privacy and domestic life as the ,english believe themselves to excel the ,french in the same particular4 ,an inn did not trouble itself much with the triclinium1 a chamber seldom used by its frequenters4 ,even the manners of the triclinium were out of vogue here4 ,in ,crispus's public room1 for instance1 there was one and only one table arranged with couches around it1 upon which some three or four customers1 while eating and drinking1 could recline according to the fashion adopted in the private houses of the rich and noble4 ,all the other tables stood round the walls of the apartment1 with benches and settees on each side1 offering seats for the guests4 ,the inner seats at these tables were generally preferred1 for two reasons2 the occupants saw all that passed in the room1 and besides1 had the wall1 against which they could lean back4 ,when ,velleius ,paterculus1 having left ,tiberius and ,sejanus in the meadows near the ,liris1 took charge of the prtorian squadrons and of ,paulus1 he directed a ,batavian trooper to dismount and give his horse to the prisoner4 ,paulus willingly sprung upon the big ,flemish beast1 and rode by the side of the obliging officer who had given him that conveyance4 ,thus they proceeded at an easy amble until they reached the post-house1 to the porch of which the noise of four thousand hoofs1 suddenly approaching along the paved road1 had brought a group of curious gazers4 ,among these was the landlord1 ,crispus himself4 ,a halt1 as the reader must have inferred from a former incident1 was occasioned at the door by the intimation conveyed to ,paterculus that ,paulus's sister had fainted1 that she and her mother intended to seek a lodging at the inn1 and that the mother and brother of the invalid would both feel grateful to the commanding officer if he could permit ,paulus1 upon pledging his word not to make any attempt to escape1 to remain there with them4 ,as to the ladies1 said the urbane literary soldier1 ,i have neither the wish nor any orders to interfere with their movements4 ,but you1 young sir1 what say you8 ,will you give me your word to regard yourself as being in my custody till ,i expressly release you8 ,will you promise not to abire1 evadere1 excedere1 or erumpere1 as our friend ,tully said8 ,tully6 ,who is that8 asked our hero4 ,what1 you a half ,greek and not know who ,tully was6 ,is this the manner in which ,greek youths1 or at least youths in ,greece1 are educated6 ,is it thus they are taught in ,greece1 to which we go ourselves for education6 ,in that ,greece which has forbidden gladiatorial shows1 and diminished the training of the body to have more time for that of the intellect6 ,paulus blushed1 seeing he must have betrayed some gross degree of rusticity1 and answered1 ,i know ,i am ignorant3 ,i have been so much occupied in athletic sports4 ,but ,i will give you the promise you ask1 and keep it most truly and faithfully4 ,i will trust you1 then4 ,go a little1 my friend1 into the athletic sports of the mind1 which are precisely those ,greece most cultivates4 ,you are of a great family now fallen down4 ,the muscles of the arm1 the strength of the body1 a blow from a cestus1 never yet raised that kind of burden off the ground4 ,you fence astonishingly well--,i noted your parry just now2 but the fence of the mind is every thing1 believe me4 ,by the way1 ,i see the excellent ,piso1 whom you hammered down after the parry1 as one puts a full stop to a pretty sentence1 is being carried into this same post-house4 ,by your leave1 illustrious sir1 interposed the innkeeper1 rather nervously1 it is scarcely the custom1 is it1 to drop guests at ,crispus's door1 without first asking ,crispus has he room for them8 ,the expected visit of the divine ,augustus to the neighboring palace of the most excellent and valiant knight ,mamurra1 in ,formi1 has choked and strangled this poor house4 ,there is no place where the multitude of guests can lodge in the town1 so they come hither1 as to a spot at a convenient distance4 ,troops of players1 troops of gladiators1 troops of fortune-tellers1 troops of geese1 pigs1 beeves1 attagens1 alive and dead1 night and day1 for the last week1 with mighty personages from a distance1 make the road noisy1 ,i assure you1 even after my house is full4 ,i believe they would wish me to put up the very oxen intended for sacrifice4 ,have you no chambers whatever vacant8 asked ,velleius4 ,i did not say that1 most excellent sir2 vacant is one thing1 disengaged is another4 ,i have received an express letter from ,brundusium1 to say that a certain queen out of the ,east1 with her son and her train1 are coming to pay their homage to the emperor3 and here we have already the servants of that ,jew king1 as they say1 one ,king ,alexander1 who wants his cause to be heard and his title settled by ,augustus himself1 and ,i am obliged to listen to loud outcries that he1 too1 must have apartments4 ,at this moment1 the travelling carriage carrying poor ,agatha and her mother had been drawn nearly opposite to the porch1 but a little in rear of the tribune1 so as not to intercept his conversation with the innkeeper4 ,paterculus threw a quick glance at the beautiful pallid face of the girl1 and the anxious and frightened look of her mother4 ,by what you tell me1 worthy ,crispus1 he replied1 you are so far from having your justly celebrated house full1 that you are keeping two sets of apartments still vacant1 in expectation1 first1 of some queen from the east1 with her son and train1 and secondly1 of this ,jewish king1 one ,alexander4 ,worthy ,libertinus1#cj the fair damsel whom you see so pale1 is very sick1 and has just swooned away from sheer fatigue4 ,will you turn such a daughter in such health1 with her noble mother1 from your door8 ,a queen can take care of herself1 it seems to me4 ,but what will become of these excellent ,roman ladies1 7your own countrywomen17 if you now bid them begone from your threshold8 ,you have assured me that they can obtain no shelter at all in ,formi4 ,look at the child6 ,she seems likely to faint again4 ,are you to let this daughter of a ,roman knight die in the fields1 in order that you may have room for a barbarian queen8 ,you have a daughter of your own1 ,i am told4 ,die6 groaned the innkeeper3 all this did not come into my mind1 most illustrious tribune and qustor4 ,come1 little lady1 let me help you down4 ,this lady and her daughter1 sir1 shall have the queen's own apartments--may all the gods destroy me otherwise6 ,here1 ,crispina4 ,velleius ,paterculus smiled1 and having whispered some order to a centurion1 who remained behind in watch for ,sejanus1 the tribune waved his hand1 crying out vale to whom it might concern1 and rode forward with the prtorians at a much smarter pace than they had come4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,meanwhile the innkeeper's wife1 ,crispina1 had appeared1 and had led ,aglais and her daughter through the group in the porch into the house1 and passing by a little zothecula1#ca behind the curtain of which they heard the sound of flutes1#cb as the carvers carved1 and many voices1 loud and low1 denoting the apartment called dieta or public room of the inn1 they soon arrived at the compluvium1 an open space or small court1 in the middle of which was a cistern1 and in the middle of the cistern a splashing fountain4 ,the cistern was railed by a circular wooden balustrade1 against which some creeping plants grew4 ,this cistern was supplied from the sky2 for the whole space or court in which it lay was open and unroofed4 ,between the circular wooden balustrade and the walls of the house was1 on every side1 a large quadrangular walk1 lightly gravelled1 and flashing back under the lantern which ,crispina carried1 an almost metallic glint and sparkle4 ,of course this walk presented its quadrangular form on the outer edge1 next the house only2 the inside1 next the cistern1 was rounded away4 ,this quadrangular walk was at one spot diminished in width by a staircase in the open air1 7but under an awning17 which led up to the second story of the large brick building4 ,around the whole compluvium1 or court1 the four inner faces of the inn1 which had four covered lights in sconces against the walls1 were marked at irregular intervals by windows1 some of which were mere holes1 with trap-doors 7in every case open at present27 others1 lattice-work1 like what1 many centuries later1 obtained the name of arabesque-work1 having a curtain inside that could be drawn or undrawn4 ,others again with perforated slides2 others stretched with linen which oil had rendered diaphanous2 others fitted with thin scraped horn2 one only1 a tolerably large window1 with some kind of mineral panes more translucent than transparent--a lapis laminata specularis4 ,at the back1 or west of the inn1 an irregular oblong wing extended1 which of course could not open upon this court1 but had its own means of light and ventilation north and south respectively4 ,crispus had followed the group of women1 and our friend ,paulus had followed ,crispus4 ,in the compluvium1 the innkeeper took the lantern from his wife1 and begged ,aglais and ,agatha to follow him up the awning-covered staircase4 ,as he began to ascend1 it happened that ,crispina1 looking around1 noticed ,paulus1 who had taken off his broad-rimmed hat1 under one of the sconces4 ,no sooner had her eyes rested on him than she started violently1 and grasped the balustrade as if she would have fallen but for that support4 ,who are you8 said the woman4 ,the brother of that young lady who is ill1 and the son of the other lady4 ,and you1 too1 must want lodgings8 ,certainly4 ,the woman seized his arm with a vehement grip1 and gazed at him4 ,are you ill8 said ,paulus1 or--or--out of your mind8 ,why do you clutch my arm and look at me in that fashion8 ,too young1 said she1 rather to herself than to him2 besides1 ,i saw the last act with these eyes4 ,truly this is wonderful4 ,then1 like one waking from a dream1 she added1 ,well1 if you want lodgings1 you shall have them4 ,you shall have the apartments of this king or pretender--the rooms prepared for the ,jew ,alexander4 ,come with me at once4 ,and she unfastened the lamp in the nearest sconce1 and led ,paulus up the staircase4 ,thus the wanderers1 ,aglais and her daughter1 had the queen's room1 with their ,thracian slave ,melana to wait upon them1 while the prisoner ,paulus had the king's1 to which ,crispina herself ordered old ,philip1 the freedman1 to carry his luggage4 ,a few moments later1 the innkeeper1 who had returned to the more public parts of the house to attend to his usual duties1 met ,philip laden with parcels in one of the passages1 and asked him what he was doing4 ,carrying young ,master ,paulus's things to his room4 ,you can carry1 said the innkeeper1 whatever the ladies require to their room2 but your young master has no room at all1 my man1 in this house4 ,and why8 ,for the same reason that will compel you to sleep in one of the lofts over the stables4 ,there is no space for him in the inn4 ,you must make him as comfortable as you can in the hay1 just like yourself4 ,humanity is something1 muttered ,crispus2 but to make a queen one's enemy on that score1 without adding a king1 where no humane consideration intervenes at all1 is enough for a poor innkeeper in a single night4 ,these tetrarchs and rich barbarians can do a poor man an ugly turn4 ,who knows but he might complain of my house to the emperor1 or to one of the consuls1 or the prtor1 or even the qustor1 and presto6 every thing is seized1 and ,i am banished to the ,tauric ,chersonese1 or to ,tomos in ,scythia1 to drink mare's milk with the poet ,ovid4#cc ,go on1 freedman1 with your luggage1 here said a peremptory voice1 and take it whither you have taken the rest4 ,and in the name of all the gods1 wife1 cried ,crispus1 whither may that be8 ,go on1 freedman1 she repeated2 and then taking her husband aside1 she spoke to him in a low tone4 ,have you remarked this youth's face8 she asked2 and have you any idea who he is8 ,i know not who any of them are1 replied ,crispus4 ,look at him then2 for here he comes4 ,crispus looked1 and as he looked his eyes grew bigger2 and again he looked until ,paulus noticed it1 and smiled4 ,do you know me8 says he4 ,no1 illustrious sir4 ,alas6 ,i am not illustrious1 good landlord1 7institor17 but hungry ,i am4 ,and ,i believe we all are1 except my poor sister1 who is not very strong1 and for whom1 by and by1 ,i should like to procure the advice of a physician4 ,the poor young thing1 said ,crispina1 is only tired with her journey2 it is nothing4 ,she will be well to-morrow4 ,supper you shall have presently in the ante-chamber of your mother's apartments2 and your freedman and the female slave shall be cared for after they have waited upon you4 ,all this is easy and shall be seen to forthwith1 added ,crispus2 but the doctor for your dear sister1 per omnes deos1 where shall we find him8 ,understand1 said ,paulus1 my sister is not in immediate danger1 such as would justify calling in any empiric at once rather than nobody4 ,she has been ailing for some time1 and it is of no use to send for the first common stupid practitioner that may be in the way4 ,is there not some famous doctor procurable in ,italy8 ,the most famous in ,italy is a ,greek physician not five thousand paces from here at this moment1 said the landlord4 ,but he would not come to every body2 he is ,tiberius ,csar's own doctor4 ,you mean ,charicles1 replied ,paulus2 ,i almost think he would come2 my mother is a ,greek lady1 and he will surely be glad to oblige his countrywoman4 ,then write you a note to him1 said ,crispina1 and ,i will send it instantly4 ,paulus thanked her1 said he would1 and withdrew4 ,when he proposed to his mother to dispatch this message to ,charicles1 she hesitated much4 ,agatha was better1 he found her in comparatively good spirits4 ,it would do to send for the doctor next day4 ,an urgent summons conveyed at night to the palace or residence of the ,csar1 where ,charicles would probably of necessity be1 would cause ,tiberius to inquire into the matter1 and would again draw his attention1 and draw it still more persistently to them4 ,he had already intimated that he would order his physician to attend ,agatha4 ,they did not desire to establish very close relations with the man in black purple4 ,it is wonderful even how that very intimation from ,tiberius had diminished both mother's and daughter's anxiety to consult the celebrated practitioner1 to whose advice and assistance they had previously looked forward4 ,there were parties in the court and cabals in the political world2 and among them1 as it happened1 was the ,greek faction1 at the head of which his ill-wishers alleged ,germanicus to be4 ,grculus1 or ,greek coxcomb1 was one of the names flung at him as a reproach by his enemies4 ,what the ,scotch1 and subsequently the ,irish interest may have been at various times in modern ,england1 that the ,greek interest was then in ,roman society4 ,of all men1 he who most needed to be cautious and discreet in such a case was an adventurer who1 being himself a ,greek1 owed to his personal merit and abilities the position of emolument and credit which he enjoyed2 who was tolerated for his individual qualities as a foreigner1 but who1 if suspected of using professional opportunities as a political partisan1 would be of no service to others1 and would merely lose his own advantages4 ,let ,tiberius send ,charicles to us1 continued ,aglais2 and our countryman and friend may be of service to us1 even in the suit which we have to urge at court4 ,but were we now to show the ,csar that we confide in ,charicles1 we should only injure our countryman and not benefit ourselves4 ,how injure him8 ,thus1 replied the ,greek lady4 ,if your claim for the restitution of your father's estates be not granted for justice sake1 ,i must make interest in order that it may be granted for favor's sake4 ,as a ,greek ,i shall be likely to induce no powerful person to take our claims under his protection except ,germanicus1 the friend of ,athenians4 ,now1 it is a fact which ,i have learned for certain that ,tiberius hates ,germanicus1 whom he regards as his rival2 and that whoever is patronized by ,germanicus1 him ,tiberius would gladly destroy4 ,behold us in a short while the clients and retainers of this same ,germanicus1 and let ,tiberius then remember that his own physician has been1 and continues to be1 intimate and confidential with this brood of the ,germanicus faction4 ,would not ,charicles be damaged1 perhaps endangered8 ,but if we wait until the ,csar himself sends us the doctor1 as he said he would1 we may then gain by it1 and our friend not lose4 ,mother1 you are indeed ,greek1 said ,paulus1 laughing2 and as ,agatha is in no actual danger1 be it as you say4 ,do you know1 sister1 there is nothing the matter with you but fatigue and fright8 ,i am sure of it4 ,you will recover rapidly now1 with rest1 peace1 and safety4 ,mother1 says ,agatha1 smiling1 we have forgotten1 amid all this consultation about my health1 to tell brother the curious discovery ,i have just made4 ,true1 said ,aglais2 your sister has explored a very odd fact indeed4 ,why1 brother1 says ,agatha1 we found you in this large sitting-room1 when we entered1 though we had left you below-stairs1 near the cistern4 ,found me8 said ,paulus4 ,yes1 added his mother2 found you concealed in this room by ,tiberius4 ,concealed by ,tiberius8 ,i will not leave you in suspense any longer1 said the young girl1 laughing4 ,look here4 ,and she led him to a table behind the bench on which she had been sitting1 and directed his attention to a bust1 or rather a head of ,tiberius1 modelled or moulded in some sort of pottery4 ,that1 said she1 when ,i first sat down1 stood upon yonder table opposite to us4 ,i recognized the face of the man who had spoken to me under the chestnut-trees1 just before you assisted me back to the carriage4 ,i abhor the wicked countenance2 and not choosing to let it stare at me like a dream where it was1 ,i rose and went to remove it to the stand where you now see it1 behind my bench4 ,well1 only think6 ,i took it1 so1 with my hands1 one under each ear1 and lifted it2 when1 lo6 it came away1 and left your own dear face looking at us1 thus6 ,as she spoke1 she again lifted the terra cotta face1 and beneath it a much smaller and more elegant piece of sculpture in white marble was disclosed1 presenting the lineaments and image of ,paulus himself4 ,he started1 and then his sister replaced the mask of ,tiberius with a laugh4 ,was ,i not speaking true when ,i said that ,tiberius had concealed you here8 said his mother4 ,the ,csar1 very true1 has me in his head1 and well secured1 said ,paulus4 ,at that moment the door opened1 and ,crispina entered to ask whether the letter for the physician was ready4 ,they told her they had changed their minds1 and would not1 at least that night1 send any letter1 ,agatha felt and looked so much better4 ,then ,i will at once order your supper to be brought1 said ,crispina2 and as you are evidently people of distinction1 would you like music while the meats are carved8 ,certainly not1 said the ,greek lady4 ,not a carver neither1 mother8 interposed ,agatha2 and1 turning to the hostess1 she begged that they might be treated as quietly and let alone as much as it was possible4 ,that is indeed our desire1 said the ,greek lady4 ,in that case1 replied the hostess1 my own daughter1 ,benigna1 shall attend to you4 ,nobody shall trouble you4 ,you are in the rear or west wing of the house1 far away from all the noise of our customers1 who are sometimes1 ,i confess1 sufficiently uproarious4 ,but ,crispus is not afraid of them4 ,when to-morrow's sun rises1 you will be glad to find what a beautiful country extends beneath your windows1 even to the waters of the ,tyrrhenian ,sea4 ,you will behold1 first1 a garden and bee-hive2 beyond these are orchards2 beyond them fields of husbandry and pleasant pasture lands1 with not a human figure to be seen except knots and dots of work-people1 a few shepherds1 and perhaps an angler amusing himself on the banks of the ,liris in the distance4 ,oh6 said ,agatha1 ,i wish soon to go to sleep1 that we may set out quickly toward that beautiful country to-morrow morning4 ,will you not like a little bit of something very nice for supper first1 my precious little lady8 quoth the good hostess2 and that will make you sleep all the better1 and from the moment when you close your pretty eyes in rest and comfort under poor ,crispina's roof1 to the moment when you open them upon those lovely scenes1 you won't be able to count one1 two1 three--but just only one--and presto6 there's to-morrow morning for you6 ,agatha declared that this was very nice2 and that supper would be nice2 and that every thing was comfortable2 the rooms particularly so4 ,then a delicious little supper shall be got ready at once1 said ,crispina4 ,i'll call my brisk ,benigna to help me4 ,before quitting the room1 however1 the landlady1 whose glance had rested chiefly upon ,paulus during the conversation1 threw up her hands a little way4 ,she then composed herself1 and addressing ,aglais1 asked1 ,what names1 lady1 shall ,i put down in my book8 ,i will tell you when you return1 replied ,aglais2 and the landlady retired4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,suetonius1 ,aug4 #ci4 ,the forum1 where gladiators had often bled1 was becoming less and less used for that purpose4 #bc ,it is well known that ,trajan exhibited shows in which ten thousand gladiators fought1 but this monstrous development of cruelty came long after our date4 #bd ,a school of gladiators4 ,suet ,jul4 #bf2 ,aug4 #db2 ,tacit4 ,hist4 ii4 #hh4 #be ,this ,german expedition took the same direction as that of the ,austrian armies which endeavored to dislodge ,bonaparte from the siege of ,mantua1 and came pouring down both sides of ,lake ,guarda4 #bf ,cic4 ,fam4 xiii4 #ei2 ,dion4 iii4 #bb2 ,csar4 ,bell4 ,cir4 iii4 #bj4 #bg ,the malignant innkeepers mentioned by ,horace1 ,sat4 lib4 #a1 ,sat4 #e1 kept a low class of houses in comparison with this notable hostelry4 #bh ,pliny1 ,ep4 x4 #ad1 #aba4 #bi ,cic4 ,qu4 ,fr4 ii4 #ad2 ,plautus1 ,pn4 v4 #a1 #bb1 #b1 #ib2 ,cist4 #b1 #a1 #bg4 #cj ,libertus1 freedman of such or such a family2 libertinus1 freedman in general1 or son of one4 #ca ,zothecula1 a small apartment1 one side of which was formed by a curtain4 ,pliny1 ,epis4 ii4 #ag2 v4 #f4 ,suetonius1 ,claud4 #aj4 #cb ,flutes1 etc4 ,juvenal v4 #aba2 xi4 #acg4 #cc ,something in this language may seem out of keeping4 ,i would therefore remind the reader that the most learned1 accomplished1 studious1 and highly-cultivated minds among the ,romans were very frequently found in the class of slaves and freedmen4 ,a ,,may ,,carol4 ,how many a lonely hermit maid ,hath brightened like a dawn-touched isle ,when--on her breast in vision laid-- ,that ,babe hath lit her with his smile6 ,how many an agd saint hath felt1 ,so graced1 a second spring renew ,her wintry breast2 with ,anna knelt1 ,and trembled like the matin dew6 ,how oft the unbending monk1 no thrall ,in youth of mortal smiles or tears1 ,hath felt that ,infant's touch through all ,the armor of his hundred years6 ,but ,mary's was no transient bliss2 ,nor hers a vision's phantom gleam2 ,the hourly need1 the voice1 the kiss-- ,that child was hers6 ',twas not a dream6 ,at morning hers1 and when the sheen ,of moonrise crept the cliffs along2 ,in silence hers1 and hers between ,the pulses of the night-bird's song4 ,and as the ,child1 the love4 ,its growth ,was1 hour by hour1 a growth in grace2 ,that ,child was ,god2 and love for both ,advanced perforce with equal pace4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,sir ,,john ,,maundeville4 ,of ,paradise ,i cannot speak properly1 for ,i was not there4 ,it is far beyond1 and ,i repent not going there2 but ,i was not worthy4 ,so wrote1 more than five hundred years ago1 an honest ,english knight who had spent some ten years journeying through that most worthy land1 most excellent and lady and sovereign of all other lands1 which was blessed and hallowed with the most precious body and blood of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 visiting portions of ,africa and ,asia2 and picking up from all accessible sources legends and marvels1 and scraps of the geography and history of distant countries4 ,for something like two centuries the travels of ,sir ,john ,maundeville enjoyed a tremendous popularity2 and though time can hardly be said to have improved the good gentleman's reputation for veracity and judgment1 it has perhaps heightened rather than diminished the interest of his narrative4 ,alas6 we can never know such travellers again4 ,men who go to ,palestine in a steamboat1 and are whirled by locomotives into the very presence of the ,sphinx1 bring us back no wonderful stories of the mysterious ,east1 with its dragons and enchanters1 and its sacred places miraculously barred against profane footsteps4 ,travel has no mysteries now4 ,what is the earthly paradise but a ,turkish pashalic8 ,what is ,prester ,john but a petty negro chieftain8 ,and for dragons and chimras dire1 has not any good museum of natural history specimens of them all1 nicely stuffed and labelled1 or bottled in alcohol8 ,in the days of ,sir ,john1 however1 wonders were plenty2 and if he did not see very many himself1 he heard of men who had seen no end of them1 and he described them all the same4 ,it was from hearsay1 and not from personal observation1 that he learned of the ,lady of the ,land1 in the island of ,cos1 then called ,lango4 ,this wonderful lady was the daughter of ,ypocras or ,hippocrates1 in form and likeness of a great dragon which is a hundred fathoms in length1 as they say1 adds ,sir ,john1 for ,i have not seen her4 ,she lies in an old castle in a cave1 appearing twice or thrice in a year1 and condemned by a goddess named ,diana to remain in that horrible shape until a knight shall come and kiss her on the mouth2 then she shall resume her natural form1 and the knight shall marry her and be lord of the isles4 ,many have tempted the adventure1 but fled in affright when they have seen her4 ,and every knight who once looks upon her and flees1 must die anon4 ,at ,ephesus the traveller beheld the tomb of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 and heard the familiar story that the apostle had entered the sepulchre alive1 and was still living1 in accordance with the saying of our ,lord1 ,so ,i will have him to remain till ,i come1 what is that to thee8 ,and men may see there the earth of the tomb many times openly stir and move1 as though there were living things under4 ,to say nothing else of this story1 it is not fully consistent with ,sir ,john's other statement1 that the tomb contains nothing but manna1 which is called angels' meat1 for the body was translated to paradise4 ,quite as great are the wonders of ,joppa1 which is one of the oldest towns in the world2 for it was founded before ,noah's flood4 ,strangely confusing the legend of ,perseus and ,andromeda1 our traveller relates that in a rock near ,joppa may still be seen marks of the iron chains wherewith ,andromeda1 a great giant1 was bound and put in prison before ,noah's flood2 a rib of whose side1 which is forty feet long1 is still shown4 ,sir ,john spent a long time in the service of the sultan of ,egypt1 where he seems to have anticipated modern researches into the source of the ,nile2 for he confidently assures us that it rises in the garden of ,eden1 and after descending upon earth1 flows through many extensive countries under ground1 coming out beneath a high hill called ,alothe1 between ,india and ,ethiopia1 and encircling the whole of ,ethiopia and ,mauritania1 before it enters the land of ,egypt4 ,to the best of our belief1 the travels of ,dr4 ,livingstone have not fully confirmed this interesting geographical statement4 ,the sultan dwells at a city called ,babylon1 which is not1 however1 the great ,babylon where the diversity of languages was first made by the miracle of ,god4 ,that ,babylon is forty days' journey across the desert1 in the territory of the king of ,persia4 ,the ,tower of ,babel was ten miles square1 and included many mansions and dwellings2 but it is full long since any man dare approach to the tower1 for it is all desert1 and full of dragons and great serpents1 and infested by divers venomous beasts4 ,sir ,john1 therefore1 is probably not responsible for the extraordinary measurement of its walls4 ,whether his account of the phoenix is based upon his personal observations1 we are not told2 but it is highly interesting4 ,there is only one phoenix in the world4 ,it is a very handsome and glorious bird1 with a yellow neck1 blue beak1 purple wings1 and a red and yellow tail1 and may often be seen flying about the country4 ,it lives five hundred years1 and at the end of that time comes to burn itself on the altar of the temple of ,heliopolis1 where the priests prepare for the occasion a fire of spices and sulphur4 ,the next day they find in the ashes a worm4 ,on the second day the worm becomes a live and perfect bird2 and the third day it flies away4 ,a plenty of fine things1 indeed1 ,egypt could boast of in those days1 far before any thing she has now4 ,there were gardens bearing fruit seven times a year4 ,there were the apples of paradise1 which1 cut them how you would1 or as often as you would1 always showed in the middle the figure of the holy cross4 ,there was the apple-tree of ,adam1 whose fruit invariably had a mouthful bitten out of one side4 ,there is a field containing seven wells1 which the child ,jesus made with one of his feet while at play with his companions4 ,there are the granaries in which ,joseph stored corn for the season of famine1 7probably the ,pyramids47 ,and passing out of ,egypt across the desert of ,arabia1 ,sir ,john tells of the wonderful monastery on ,mount ,sinai1 whither the ravens1 crows1 and choughs and other fowls of that country1 assembling in great flocks1 come every year on pilgrimage to the tomb of ,st4 ,catharine1 each bringing a branch of bays or olive1 so that from these offerings the monks have enough to keep themselves constantly supplied with oil4 ,there are no such foul venomous beasts as flies1 toads1 lizards1 lice1 or fleas in this monastery2 for once upon a time1 when the vermin had become too thick there to be endured1 the good brethren made preparations to move away1 whereupon our ,lady commanded them to remain and no pest of that sort should ever again come near them4 ,on ,mount ,mamre1 near ,hebron1 ,sir ,john saw an oak-tree which had been standing since the creation of the world4 ,oaks nowadays don't live to such a great age4 ,this tree had borne no leaves since the crucifixion1 7when all the trees in the world withered away17 but it had still so much virtue that a scrap of it healed the falling-sickness1 and prevented founder in horses4 ,armed with a letter under the sultan's great seal1 ,sir ,john went to ,jerusalem1 and was admitted to all the holy shrines from which ,christians and ,jews were usually excluded4 ,he saw1 or believed he saw1 the spots sanctified by almost all the great events narrated in the ,gospel2 and though his credulity1 as may be inferred from what we have already seen of his narrative1 often got the better of his judgment1 his piety1 at any rate1 deserves our genuine respect4 ,we pass over his legends of this holy city1 some of them poetical1 some merely grotesque1 and some really sanctioned by the general voice of the church1 and go with him eastward to the valley of ,jordan and the ,dead ,sea4 ,of this mysterious body of water he mentions that it casts out every day a thing that is called asphalt in pieces as large as a horse1 and neither man1 nor beast1 nor any thing that hath life may die in that sea1 which hath been proved many times by the experiment of criminals condemned to death who have been left therein three or four days1 and yet taken out alive4 ,if any man cast iron therein1 it will float2 but a feather will sink to the bottom2 and these things1 truly remarks ,sir ,john1 are contrary to nature4 ,not more so1 perhaps1 than an incident of which he speaks at the city of ,tiberias4 ,in that city an unbeliever hurled a burning dart at our ,lord1 and the head smote into the earth1 and waxed green1 and it grew to a great tree2 and it grows still1 and the bark thereof is all like coals4 ,then1 near ,damascus there is a church1 and behind the altar1 in the wall1 a table of black wood on which was formerly painted an image of our ,lady which turns into flesh2 but now the image appears but little4 ,as a compensation1 however1 for its loss1 a certain wonderful oil1 as ,sir ,john assures us1 drops continually from the wood and heals many kinds of sickness1 and if any one keep it cleanly for a year1 after that year it turns to flesh and blood4 ,in this same region of marvels he tells us of a river which runs only on ,saturday1 and stands still all the rest of the week1 and another which freezes wonderfully fast every night1 and is clear of ice in the morning4 ,these rivers are not known nowadays1 or at any rate must have changed their habits4 ,after finishing the description of the ,holy ,land and ,babylon1 and reporting a conversation with the sultan1 in which the vices of the ,christians1 such as drinking at taverns1 and fighting1 and perpetually changing the fashion of their clothes1 were sharply satirized1 and giving a synopsis of the ,mohammedan creed1 which we fear is not altogether authentic1 our worthy traveller adds that now is the time1 if it please us1 to tell of the borders1 and isles1 and divers beasts1 and of various peoples beyond these borders4 ,accepting his invitation1 we bear him company first to the land of ,lybia1 which must have been a most uncomfortable region in those days1 for the sea there was higher than the land1 and the sun was so hot that the waters were always boiling4 ,why the country was not1 therefore1 soused in a steaming1 hissing flood1 we do not know2 ',sir ,john himself evidently thinks it strange4 ,in ,little ,ermony which we take to be ,armenia1 he found something almost equally strange4 ,that was the ,castle of the ,sparrow-hawk1 where a sparrow-hawk perpetually sat upon a fair perch and a fair lady of fairie guarded it4 ,whoever will watch the bird seven days and seven nights without company and without sleep1 shall be granted by the fairy the first earthly wish that he shall wish2 but if sleep overcome him1 he will never more be seen of men4 ,this1 adds the careful traveller1 hath been proved oftentimes1 and he mentions several persons who performed the long task and got their wishes4 ,mount ,ararat is another marvellous feature in this wonderful region2 for it is seven miles high1 and ,noah's ark still rests upon it1 and in clear weather may be seen afar off4 ,some men say that they have been up and touched the ark1 and even put their fingers in the parts where the devil went out when ,noah said ,benedicite1 7unfortunately we do not know the legend to which this refers27 but our traveller warns us not to believe such things1 because they are not true6 ,no man ever got up the mountain except one good monk2 and he was miraculously favored1 and brought down with him a plank which is still preserved in the monastery at the foot of the mountain4 ,it is inexpressibly gratifying to observe that ,sir ,john did not accept all the stories that were told him1 but exercised a little judicious discrimination2 and we shall therefore pay more respectful attention to the extraordinary things he tells us about the diamonds of ,india4 ,they are found most commonly1 he says1 upon rocks of the sea1 or else in connection with gold4 ,they grow many together1 male and female1 and are nourished by the dew of heaven1 so that they engender and bring forth small children that multiply and grow all the year4 ,i have oftentimes tried the experiment1 he continues1 that if a man keep them with a little of the rock1 and wet them with ,may-dew often1 they shall grow every year1 and the small will grow great4444 ,and a man should carry the diamond on his left side1 for it is of greater virtue than on the right side2 for the strength of their growing is toward the north1 that is the left side of the world2 and the left part of man is1 when he turns his face toward the east4 ,sir ,john was not by any means singular in his views of the nature of diamonds in his day1 however much he may be at variance with modern authorities2 and he is only repeating a popular superstition of the middle ages when he ascribes many wonderful virtues to this gem1 which he says preserves the wearer from poison1 and wild beasts1 and the assaults of enemies1 and the machinations of enchanters1 gives courage to the heart and strength to the limbs1 heals lunatics1 and casts out devils4 ,but it loses its virtue by sin4 ,from stories of eels thirty feet long1 and people of an evil color1 green and yellow1 and the well of ,perpetual ,youth1 from which ,sir ,john avers that he drank1 and rats as great as dogs1 which they take with huge mastiffs1 because the cats feel unable to manage them1 we pass to a passage of a very different kind1 which1 considering the time when it was written1 is certainly curious4 ,one hundred and seventy years before the time of ,columbus we find ,sir ,john ,maundeville arguing that the land and sea are of round shape1 because the part of the firmament appears in one country which is not seen in another country1 and predicting that if a man found passages by ships1 he might go by ship all round the world1 above and beneath4 ,a rather elaborate essay is devoted to an estimate of the size of the world1 and to the story of an ,englishman--name unknown--who sailed around it once and never knew it2 but coming to a country where the people spoke his own language1 was so much amazed that he turned around and sailed all the way back again4 ,after this1 ,sir ,john gets back without unnecessary delay to the rosy realms of eastern fable4 ,we next find him in ,java and among the isles of the ,indian ,ocean1 where he tells us of rich kings1 and splendid palaces where all the steps are of gold and silver alternately1 and the walls covered with plates of precious metals1 and halls and chambers paved with the same2 of trees which bear meal1 and honey1 and wine1 and deadly poison wherewith the ,jews once tried to poison all ,christendom2 of snails so big that many persons may lodge in their shells2 of men who feed upon serpents1 so that they speak naught1 but hiss as serpents do2 of men and women who have dogs' heads2 and of a mountain in the island of ,silha where ,adam and ,eve went and cried for one hundred years after they were driven out of paradise--cried so hard that their tears formed a deep lake1 which may be seen there to this day1 if any body doubts the story4 ,he tells of giants having only one eye1 which is in the middle of the forehead2 people of foul stature and cursed nature who have no heads1 but their eyes are in their shoulders2 people who have neither noses nor mouths2 people who have mouths so big that when they sleep in the sun they cover the whole face with the upper lip2 people who have ears hanging down to their knees2 people who have horses' feet2 and feathered men who leap from tree to tree4 ,passing to ,india and ,china1 ,sir ,john describes the fair and fruitful land of ,albany1 where there are no poor people1 and the men are of very pale complexion and have only about fifty hairs in their beards4 ,he speaks of having personally visited these regions2 but we are sorry to say that his narrative is palpably borrowed in many places from ,pliny and ,marco ,polo4 ,as the great town called ,jamchay he seems to have found the prototype of ,delmonico1 and he gives an impressive account of the good custom that when a man will make a feast for his friends he goes to the host of a certain kind of inn1 and says to him1 ,array for me to-morrow a good dinner for so many people2 and says also1 ,thus much will ,i spend1 and no more4 ,and ,sir ,john adds1 ,anon the host arrays for him1 so fair1 and so well1 and so honestly that there shall lack nothing4 ,of the great ,chan of ,cathay1 7,emperor of ,china17 and his wealth and magnificence1 ,sir ,john writes at considerable length1 but with an evident expectation that men will not believe him4 ,my fellows and ,i1 he says1 with our yeomen1 served this emperor1 and were his soldiers fifteen months against the ,king of ,mancy1 who was at war with him1 because we had great desire to see his nobleness and the estate of his court1 and all his government1 to know if it were such as we heard say4 ,how many his fellows were1 or what route they followed in their eastern wanderings1 we cannot tell4 ,sir ,john gives us no particulars2 we only learn that he must have combined in curious perfection the characters of a pilgrim and a military adventurer2 and how much of the world he saw1 how much he described from hearsay1 we can only determine from the internal evidence of his book4 ,there is no reasonable doubt that he did spend some time in the dominions of the great chan2 for his description of the country1 the manners of the people1 the magnificence of the sovereign and the ceremonies of the court1 though exaggerated sometimes to the heights of the grotesque1 if not of the sublime1 keeps near enough to the probable truth4 ,we cannot say that we are glad of it2 for ,sir ,john is vastly more entertaining when he does not know what he is talking about4 ,he skips about with the most charming vivacity from ,tartary to ,persia1 to ,asia ,minor1 and back again to ,india1 and sometimes it is certain that he tells us of wonders which he did not see with his own eyes4 ,in ,georgia1 for instance1 there is a marvellous province called ,hanyson1 where once upon a time a cursed ,persian king named ,saures overtook a multitude of ,christians fleeing from persecution4 ,the fugitives prayed to ,god for deliverance1 and lo6 a great cloud arose1 covering the king's host with darkness1 out of which they could not pass1 and so the whole province remains dark to this hour1 and no light shall shine there and no man shall enter it till the day of judgment4 ,voices may sometimes be heard coming out of the darkness1 and the neighing of horses and crowing of cocks1 and a great river issues from it bearing tokens of human life4 ,somewhat similar to this story is the account of a region on the borders of the ,caspian ,sea1 where the ,jews of ten lineages who are called ,gog and ,magog--namely1 the lost tribes--have been shut up for ages behind impassable mountains4 ,the legend is that ,king ,alexander drove them in there1 and prevailed upon his gods to close the mountains with immense stone gates4 ,in the days of ,antichrist a fox shall burrow through where ,alexander made the gates1 and the imprisoned ,jews1 who have never seen a fox1 shall hunt him1 and following the burrow break down the gates and come out into the world4 ,then they shall make great slaughter of the ,christians2 wherefore ,jews all over the world learn the ,hebrew language1 so that in that day the ten tribes may recognize them by their speech4 ,somewhere in this part of the world ,sir ,john saw and tasted a kind of fruit like gourds1 which1 when they are ripe1 men cut in two1 and find within a little beast1 in flesh1 bone1 and blood1 as though it were a little lamb without wool4 ,both the fruit and the beast are good to eat4 ,sir ,john confesses that this was a great marvel2 but not to be outdone1 he told his entertainers that in ,england there were trees bearing a fruit which becomes flying birds1 right good for man's meat1 whereat1 he says1 his listeners had also great marvel1 and some even thought the thing impossible4 ,sir ,john1 however1 was not purposely cramming the ,persians2 he only repeated the popular fable of the barnacle-goose1 which was anciently believed to be hatched from the barnacles growing on ships' bottoms and logs of wood1 just as an ordinary goose is hatched from an egg4 ,the great mystery and marvel of the age in which ,sir ,john ,maundeville wrote was the ,christian empire of ,prester ,john1 supposed to extend over central ,india1 and to be in reality a vast island1 separated from other countries by great branching rivers which flowed out of ,paradise4 ,many a traveller went in search of this mythical and magnificent potentate2 many a doubtful story of his power and designs was brought back to ,europe2 and even a pretended letter from his majesty to the pope was widely published in ,latin1 ,french1 and other languages4 ,except the ,chan of ,cathay1 there was no other monarch in the world so great and so rich4 ,the chan1 therefore1 always married the daughter of ,prester ,john1 and ,prester ,john always married the daughter of the chan1 which naturally made confusion in the genealogical records of the reigning families4 ,of course1 ,sir ,john ,maundeville was too gallant a traveller to go home without a full account of the empire of ,prester ,john4 ,he says he went to it1 and the catalogue of things he saw and the history of things he did are wonderful enough to satisfy the most exacting reader4 ,as it is quite certain that no potentate ever existed who bore even a resemblence to the ,prester ,john of medival legend1 it is more than usually difficult to estimate the honesty of ,sir ,john in these particular portions of his narrative1 wherein fable and superstition seem to reach their climax4 ,the glories of the ,indian court are almost beyond enumeration4 ,the precious stones are so large that plates1 dishes1 and cups are made of them4 ,there is a river1 rising in paradise1 whose waves are entirely of jewels1 without a drop of water1 and it runs only three days of the week1 flowing to the ,gravelly ,sea1 where it is lost from sight4 ,the ,gravelly ,sea has billows of sand without a drop of water4 ,it ebbs and flows in great waves1 like other seas1 and contains very good fish2 but1 adds ,sir ,john1 men cannot pass it in ships4 ,the emperor lives in unspeakably gorgeous state1 in a palace of gems and gold1 and upon the top of the highest tower of the palace are two huge carbuncles which give great light by night to all people4 ,he is served by seven kings1 seventy-two dukes1 and three hundred and sixty earls4 ,every day he entertains at dinner twelve archbishops and twenty bishops2 and all the archbishops1 bishops1 and abbots in the country are kings4 ,there is a gorgeous artificial paradise in the dominions of ,prester ,john1 the legend of which seems to have been used by ,tasso long after ,sir ,john's time in his famous description of the enchanted gardens of ,armida4 ,in this false ,paradise a rich man named ,gatholonabes1 who was full of tricks and subtle deceits1 had placed the fairest trees1 and fruits1 and flowers1 constructed the most beautiful halls and palaces1 all painted with gold and azure1 with youths and fair damsels attired like angels1 birds which sung full delectably and moved by craft1 and artificial rivers of milk1 and wine1 and honey4 ,when he had brought good and noble knights into this place1 they were so captivated by the charming sights and sounds1 so deceived by the fair speeches of ,gatholonabes1 and so inflamed with a certain drink which he gave them to drink that they became his willing henchmen1 and at his bidding went out from the mountain where this garden stood and slew whomsoever the impostor marked out for slaughter4 ,to the knights who lost their lives in his service1 he promised a still fairer ,paradise and still more enticing pleasures4 ,our readers will not fail to trace the resemblance between this fable and the history of the ,old ,man of the ,mountain1 with whose extraordinary fanatical sect of ,assassins the crusaders had recently made ,europe acquainted4 ,sir ,john's story is probably founded upon exaggerated accounts of this famous personage4 ,to his description of the perilous ,vale of ,devils we fear no such respectable origin can be attributed4 ,this vale1 he says1 is full of devils1 and has been always2 and horrible noises are heard in it day and night1 as though ,satan and his crew were holding an infernal feast4 ,many daring men have entered in quest of the gold and silver which are known to abound therein2 but few have come out again1 for the devils strangle the misbelieving4 ,we regret to say that ,sir ,john assures us that he actually saw this vale and went through it with several of his company4 ,they heard mass first and confessed their sins1 and1 trusting in ,god1 fourteen men marched into the valley2 but when they came out at the other end they were only nine4 ,whether the five were strangled by devils or turned back1 ,sir ,john did not know2 he never saw them again4 ,the vale was full of horrible sights and sounds4 ,corpses covered the ground1 storms filled the air4 ,the face and shoulders of an appalling devil terrified them1 belching forth smoke and stench from beneath a huge rock1 and several times the travellers were cast down to the ground and buffeted by tempests4 ,our author unfortunately was afraid to pick up any of the treasures which strewed the way2 he did not know what they might really be2 for the devils are very cunning in getting up imitation gems and metals2 and besides1 he adds1 ,i would not be put out of my devotion2 for ,i was more devout then than ever ,i was before or after4 ,when one has passed through the ,vale of ,devils1 other marvels are encountered beyond4 ,there are giants twenty-eight or thirty feet in height1 and ,sir ,john heard of others whose stature was as much as fifty feet2 but he candidly avows that he had no lust to go into those parts1 because when the giants see a ship sailing by the island on which they live1 they wade out to seize it1 and bring the men to land1 two in each hand1 eating them all alive and raw as they walk4 ,in another island toward the north are people quite as dangerous1 but not quite so shocking2 these are women who have precious stones in their eyes1 and when they are angry they slay a man with a look4 ,still more marvellous and incredible than any of these tales is the account of that country1 unnamed and undescribed1 where kings are chosen for their virtue and ability alone1 and justice is done in every cause to rich and poor alike1 and no evil-doer1 be he the king1 himself1 ever escapes punishment4 ,there is an isle besides1 called ,bragman1 or the ,land of ,faith1 where all men eschew vice1 and care not for money2 where there is neither wrath1 envy1 lechery1 nor deceit2 where no man lies1 or steals1 or deceives his neighbor2 where never a murder has been done since the beginning of time2 where there is no poverty1 no drunkenness1 no pestilence1 tempest1 or sickness1 no war1 and no oppression4 ,all these fine countries are under the sway of the magnificent ,prester ,john4 ,here1 on the borders of that ,land of ,perpetual ,darkness1 which stretches away to the ,terrestrial ,paradise1 we take leave of our good knight1 now near the end of his travels4 ,rheumatic gouts began to torture his wandering limbs and warn him to go home4 ,he has1 indeed1 a few more stories to tell2 but they are dull in comparison with the wonders we have already recounted4 ,much more1 indeed1 he might have written2 but he gives a truly ingenuous reason for checking his pen3 ,and therefore1 now that ,i have devised you of certain countries which ,i have spoken of before1 ,i beseech your worthy and excellent nobleness that it suffice to you at this time2 for if ,i told you all that is beyond the sea1 another man perhaps1 who would labor to go into those parts to seek those countries1 might be blamed by my words in rehearsing many strange things2 for he might not say any thing new1 in which the hearers might have either solace or pleasure4 ,,home ,,scenes ,,in ,,new ,,england4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,my ,,aunt ,,and ,,the ,,catechism4 ,there sister6 ,i told you what would come of letting that dear child hear little ,mary ,ann recite the ,romanist catechism4 ,here we have our little ,kitty setting herself up as a judge in matters of religion1 and quoting the answers she has learned by hearing them repeated6 ,not but that she is as good a child as her auntie or her mother could desire2 but her brain is too thoroughly ,american1 too much given to going to the bottom of any subject it is once interested in1 to stop half-way in a matter of this kind4 ,i knew all the time how it would end4 ,here my maiden aunt paused1 more in sorrow than in anger1 and little ,kitty remarked playfully1 ,if truth lies at the bottom of a well1 as you once told me1 auntie1 how could we ever reach it without going to the bottom8 ,while ,kitty's mother replied to her sister in a half-apologizing manner1 ,why1 ,laura1 ,i consented to let her hear ,mary ,ann's catechism1 simply because ,kitty told me that the poor mother was so much occupied in striving to earn a living for her little fatherless ones that she could not hear it herself2 and then the priest was expected to come here soon1 to prepare the children for confirmation1 which is to be given shortly by the bishop4 ,so there was no time to lose4 ,i certainly did not think there could be any danger in a mere act of kindness4 ,danger6 exclaimed grandmamma1 in defence of her little pet4 ,if there's danger in a little knowledge of the ,catholic catechism1 it must be because our house is built on a sandy foundation1 and hence we fear it will be destroyed by a little outside religious information4 ,for my part1 ,i have no objection to full examination in these matters2 nor have ,i any fear for the result4 ,a long-drawn sigh and an ejaculation of grief from the corner of the room called our attention to where grandmamma's sister--,aunt ,ruby1 the widow of a ,congregational minister--sat knitting1 removed from the light of the evening lamps because of the weakness of her eyes4 ,o sister6 sister6 how can you talk so4 ,the old adversary goeth about everywhere like a roaring lion4 ,he lies hid even in that dish of meal4 ,if he can only get our folks to questioning and examining1 then the mischief is done2 and we shall have popish priests coming here1 carrying on their crossings and their blessings1 offering to sell pardons for our sins1 and making us all bow the knee to ,baal1 and pray to their graven images4 ,i shudder to think of it6 ,they do not pray to graven images1 ,aunt ,ruby2 the catechism expressly forbids it6 replied ,kitty4 ,there comes that old catechism again6 exclaimed ,aunt ,laura4 ,if ,mary ,ann's catechism forbids it1 then the book was trumped up to deceive ,american children1 and is entirely different from the catechisms used in ,ireland or ,france4 ,as for that1 auntie1 ,mary ,ann's mother has one she brought from ,ireland many years ago1 and it teaches just the same things4 ,but there is one thing in both that you will acknowledge as binding--',thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor2' and the catechism explains that it forbids 'all false testimonies1 rash judgments1 and lies4' ,it seems to me that good people should be careful not to accuse the ,catholic ,church-- ,romanist1 if you please6 ,well1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 of things they do not know to be true2 and ,i see no harm in inquiring what is true1 and what false1 in all that is brought against it4 ,here is our neighbor across the road1 a pious ,methodist1 will not let her little girl1 who was my best friend1 play with me any more1 because ,i said ,i thought lies about ,catholics were just as bad as lies about ,methodists4 ,but ,i shall always think so1 if ,i lose the friendship of every body4 ,a sigh and a groan were heard from the dark corner1 and a voice1 ,o poor child6 the poison is beginning to work1 and there's no knowing where it will end4 ,if things are to go on in this way1 it is just as likely as any thing in the world that we shall have the ,pope of ,rome and all his cardinals down among us before we know it1 letting folks out of purgatory1 selling indulgences to commit sin1 and doing so many other awful things6 ,ha6 ha6 laughed ,kitty's father1 who had just come in4 ,never mind1 ,aunt ,ruby1 the pope will never take you1 so you need not stand in fear of him4 ,you are too much in the dark1 and ,i fear never could bear the light sufficiently to become one of the children of holy church4 ,kitty's eldest brother1 who had been educated in a ,catholic college1 had come in with his father1 and now whispered slyly to grandmamma1 ,i don't know about that2 ,i have great hopes for ,aunt ,ruby yet4 ,when she left the ,episcopal ,church1 and was propounded for admission into the ,congregational1 before she married the minister1 you remember how the old deacons groaned in spirit over her because they could not get her to say she was 'willing to be damned4'#cd ,they insisted that the 'old carnal heart' was still too strong in her1 and they protested with one voice that it would never do for their minister to marry a woman who was not 'willing to be damned4' ,perhaps the dear old lady remains yet of the same mind4 ,if so1 she may escape1 after all4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,what ,,our ,,neighbors ,,thought ,,of ,,it4 ,so you have all heard of this affair6 ,then ,i suppose it must be true4 ,well1 for my part1 ,i never could have thought it possible here in ,new ,england1 and in the light of this nineteenth century6 exclaimed a grave-looking1 elderly lady1 who sat in the centre of a group of women who had met together to spend the afternoon in chatting and knitting4 ,i never could have believed that a woman so well-informed and so good as ,mrs4 ,s---- would allow her child to be ensnared and deceived by these wicked papists4 ,i was perfectly astonished when ,i heard of it4 ,and so was ,i1 rejoined another and younger individual of the group4 ,i called to inquire of ,mrs4 ,s---- herself1 to ask if the report was true4 ,she said it was true2 and1 what do you think8 she even went so far as to say that she hoped her ,kitty would never read a worse book than that awful ,romanist catechism6 ,what is to become of us when good people and professing ,christians talk in this way8 ,i am afraid the poor woman is in great danger herself4 ,of course she is1 said another2 but if she has a craving for error herself1 she has no right to expose her child to the influence of it4 ,i am told she openly maintains1 and in ,kitty's presence too1 that good works are necessary to salvation1 and even dares to talk about penance and all those popish abominations4 ,only the other day1 ,kitty told me she thought lies about ,catholics were just as bad as lies about ,methodists4 ,i informed the young lady that ,i should have no more visiting between her and my daughter4 ,i was sorry to grieve poor ,kitty1 she is such a good little girl2 but ,i could not have the mind of my child poisoned by such dangerous doctrines4 ,a little woman1 whose knitting-needles had been clicking with marvellous rapidity and energy1 and whose countenance had indicated the most earnest attention and interest during this colloquy1 here ventured to remark that she thought ,kitty's opinion was very just1 and she would really like to know what there was so very dangerous in the ,catholic catechism4 ,she had become acquainted with many ,catholics while visiting her friends in ,canada1 and they seemed to be as good people as there are anywhere4 ,she wished she could be informed as to the particular and alarming errors taught by this church4 ,all voices were raised at once in expressions of surprise at such astounding ignorance4 ,is it possible there is any one who does not know that the ,roman church is a mass of errors1 corruptions1 superstitious mummeries and idolatries8 that ,romanists pray to saints and graven images instead of praying to ,god8 that the priests keep the people in darkness and ignorance in order to domineer over them at their pleasure4 ,errors1 to be sure6 ,the minute individual whose remarks had raised this storm of indignation1 here interposed by saying emphatically1 ,i confess ,i do not know much about this church1 except that in this country it is everywhere denounced in the strongest terms4 ,but it is not necessarily as bad as its enemies represent it to be1 any more than the primitive church was4 ,i do not dare to condemn any body of ,christians-- ,christians6 interrupted an old lady with more acid than honey in her aspect and manner2 ,christians6 with an unmistakable sneer4 ,yes1 ,christians6 resumed the other2 for ,i am told they believe in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 and1 as ,i was saying1 ,i would not dare to condemn them without knowing from themselves1 instead of their enemies1 what their doctrines are4 ,the conversation was here interrupted by the entrance of ,kitty's mother1 who was received with a cold reserve that revealed to her at once what the subject of their discussion had been4 ,being of a frank and fearless disposition1 and possessing much of that ,american candor of soul which insists on fair play in every contest1 she opened the subject without hesitation1 by saying1 ,i have been informed1 ladies1 that my neighbors are greatly alarmed because ,i allowed my little girl to hear a ,catholic child recite the catechism4 ,i have examined the little book carefully1 and cannot find any thing in it to justify such fears4 ,i am not at all afraid it will hurt my child4 ,a solemn silence followed this declaration1 when an excited individual inquired with much vehemence1 ,what does it say about priests pardoning sins1 about praying to saints1 and praying souls out of purgatory8 ,as to the power of the priests to pardon sins1 it merely repeats the words of our ,lord1 ',whose sins ye shall forgive1 they are forgiven2' and ,i confess ,i never before noticed how very clear and decisive they were1 especially when he added1 ',and lo6 ,i am with you always1 even unto the end of the world4' ,as to praying to saints1 it asserts that the saints in glory pray to ,god for us1 and help us by their prayers1 and that the souls in purgatory are assisted by our prayers for them4 ,there's no such place as purgatory6 indignantly exclaimed an old lady4 ,i don't believe a word of it4 ,unfortunately for you1 my dear friend1 replied ,kitty's mother1 your believing or disbelieving does not make the least difference in this matter4 ,if there is a purgatory1 as was always held by the ,jewish church and has been by many ,protestants1 your opinion will not change the fact or abolish the institution4 ,i really think the ,catholic doctrine1 that the church triumphant prays for the church militant1 7for what is the true ,christian but a soldier of ,christ engaged in a life-long conflict with the world1 the flesh1 and the devil87 and that the church militant supplicates the mercy of ,god on behalf of the church suffering1 is a beautiful and a consoling one4 ,it is a golden chain that binds the souls of the redeemed in holy communion with each other4 ,the grave that has closed over the precious form of a dear friend no longer places an inseparable barrier between us and the departed soul1 but serves rather to bring us into closer and more tender sympathy with it4 ,whether true or not1 ,i think it is a beautiful idea4 ,and so do ,i1 added the energetic little knitter2 and ,i would like to know more about this doctrine4 ,the gentleman of the house1 an able lawyer of the place1 who had entered during this conversation1 here declared his intention of procuring from the priest on his next visit some books explaining ,catholic doctrines4 ,for1 he remarked1 it certainly is not just to hear all the accusing party has to say1 and then refuse to listen to the defence4 ,countenances expressive of indignation and alarm1 with sighs and groans from most of the party1 were the only remonstrances offered to this bold proposition4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,sewing-,,circle4 ,i am sure ,i don't know what will happen next in our village6 ,what would have been said thirty years ago of such outrageous performances8 ,these were the words that greeted my ears as ,i entered the sewing society at ,mrs4 ,b----'s1 on a fine afternoon in ,august1 #ah--4 ,the speaker1 who was an energetic middle-aged lady1 continued1 ,first there was the ,s---- family1 with their ,romish catechism and their inquiring into forbidden things1 all going on the broad road to destruction as rapidly as possible1 with ever so many more fascinated and entangled in the same net2 and now here ,mr4 ,w---- and his whole family have fairly rushed through the gate and joined those children of perdition1 the ,romanists4 ,it is too bad2 too much for human patience6 ,nothing more than might be expected of those ,episcopalians6 exclaimed a prim-looking young lady4 ,it is but a step from their church to ,rome4 ,i am not at all surprised4 ,i am not so sure of that1 remarked ,mrs4 ,j----4 ,i suspect the ,episcopalians differ just as much from the ,romanists1 after all1 as the ,congregationalists or any other ,protestant sect4 ,they are ,protestants1 you know1 as well as we4 ,you remember ,miss ,e----1 who was the principal of our female seminary for some time1 a lady of remarkable intelligence and rare culture1 and a very dear friend of mine in ,massachusetts1 before she came here4 ,she was always a devoted ,congregationalist from the time she first experienced religion2 but she has lately become1 ,i am sorry to say1 a ,romanist2 and1 what is still worse1 she is about to join their ,sisters of ,charity6 ,i received from her1 not long ago1 a letter explaining her reasons1 and speaking of what she calls our 'misapprehensions of ,catholic doctrine4' ,she says she has not laid aside any part of her former belief2 but has only made such additions as complete the system1 and render portions which before were dubious1 discordant1 and perplexing fragments the clear1 harmonious1 distinct1 and necessary members of a perfect whole4 ,i assure you she has more to say for herself than you would believe possible1 and she knows how to say it1 too1 in a most impressive manner4 ,she told me1 also1 of many others of our persuasion who will probably join the ,catholic ,church4 ,so the ,episcopalians are not alone1 you see1 in this movement4 ,true1 said ,mrs4 ,g----2 for there is ,mrs4 ,h---- and her daughter1 who were leading ,methodists4 ,they have joined this popish rabble1 and are so very happy in their new home that it is past belief1 and quite amusing to people of common sense4 ,i don't believe it makes any difference what body of ,protestant ,christians folks belong to2 if they once get to pondering on these things1 they are almost sure to follow their noses into the ,roman ,church before they stop4 ,when the mind gets fairly waked up1 it does not seem possible to quiet it in any other way4 ,and then1 as you say1 they are all so perfectly contented and joyous when they have once entered the 'fold1' as they call it1 that it is a puzzle to sober-minded ,christians6 ,i think this new priest who has lately come among us is doing immense mischief already4 ,of course he is6 chimed in another lady with much asperity4 ,he is so very agreeable and polite1 so gentle and easy to get acquainted with1 that every one is attracted by him4 ,then he is an ,american1 and knows so much better how to make himself acceptable to our people than the other one did1 that he is a great deal more dangerous on that account4 ,my son ,george1 who would not speak to ,kitty ,s----1 ,jennie ,h----1 and the ,w----s1 you know1 after they began to patronize ,romanism--though he thought every thing of them before--is already quite at home with this new priest2 takes long walks with him1 and even went to the church last ,sunday1 just to see how they get on over there4 ,oh6 yes1 he told me all about it1 said ,miss ,mary ,b----4 ,he said it was perfectly astonishing to see ,mr4 ,w---- singing and chanting with those shabby ,canadians2 and there were the ,w----s1 the ,h----s1 and the ,s----s1 kneeling right in the midst of that rabble1 and to all appearance as intent on their prayers1 and as much absorbed in what was going on1 as any one present4 ,they seemed quite at home1 and to understand every thing as well as if they had been accustomed to it all their lifetime4 ,george said he placed himself where they couldn't help seeing him2 but they were not disconcerted in the least4 ,even the girls never seemed to notice him at all4 ,he said they doubtless understood the service1 but he didn't4 ,i think1 ,mrs4 ,g----1 that it will not be very safe for ,george to go there often2 for he told me that there was a wonderful solemnity and fascination about the place--which is not much better than a mere shanty--and about the service1 though he didn't understand a word of it4 ,he never felt so solemn in all his life1 he said2 and that was a great deal for such a scatterbrain as ,george to say4 ,i have heard others older and wiser than he say the same1 remarked a thoughtful-looking widow with a sigh4 ,my brother1 who is a deacon1 and a man of very cool temperament and calm judgment1 says he never was in a ,catholic place of worship but once1 and then he was almost frightened at the sensation of awe that came over him4 ,he said it seemed to him that the impression it made was what one would naturally expect if their doctrine of the real presence were true1 and the sight of the solemn assurance which a great many apparently devout and good people evidently possessed of their near approach to their ,redeemer1 really present in that place1 affected him so sensibly that he could not shake the feeling off4 ,it was a very plain little chapel1 by no means equal to our churches2 but he said it seemed as if something whispered to him that he was standing on holy ground4 ,he has been very painfully exercised about these matters ever since1 and he says that the sixth chapter of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 which never troubled him before1 now appears to be all in favor of their doctrine4 ,for my part1 ,i don't see why ,protestants want to go near them at all6 exclaimed another indignantly4 ,it only brings about mischief2 and the only way to put down such things is to set our faces resolutely against every one that countenances any thing pertaining to ,romanism4 ,we must be determined that we will have nothing to do with such people in any way4 ,we must keep entirely aloof from ,romanists and from ,romanizers4 ,well1 ,i confess that ,i am very much puzzled about all these matters1 quietly observed a lady of very gentle manners1 in a low voice4 ,i cannot help having misgivings that a system which carries into its minutest circumstances and details such almost irresistible power may perhaps1 after all1 owe it to the force of truth4 ,it is certainly sustained and animated by some principle not possessed or exerted by ,protestantism in any of its branches4 ,it is a principle of evil1 then1 cried the former austere speaker4 ,the ,prince of ,darkness knows how to appear as an 'angel of light'6 ,ah6 resumed the other2 but you know our ,lord said1 ',if they have called the ,master of the house ,beelzebub1 how much more those of his household6' ,we ought to be careful how we bring such accusations against a church which certainly numbers some very good people among its members4 ,one thing may be said of it1 that the poor are tenderly cherished and cared for within its pale2 and ,i can never believe that the evil one is the dispenser or instigator of so many charities as are instituted and supported by this church4 ,all done for effect1 and to lead poor ,protestants astray6 ,take care1 my dear friend2 for these misgivings are the beginning of danger1 and if you follow them1 they will surely lead you into the ,romish ,church4 ,that is the way all those who have lost the light of ,protestantism have been ensnared4 ,if it should prove that they gave up an ignis fatuus for the light of the star that guided the wise men of old to the crib of the ,infant ,redeemer1 did they not do well rather than ill8 suggested the quiet speaker1 and was answered only by a murmur of indignation at her bold conjecture1 as the party withdrew to another room where the tea-table was spread for their refreshment4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,what ,,happened ,,at ,,the ,,donation-,,party4 ,did you go to the donation party at our minister's last night1 sister ,c----8 ,i was so sorry that ,i couldn't go6 ,my little girl had such a bad cold1 ,i did not dare to leave her4 ,yes1 ,i was there2 and1 don't you think6 ,mrs4 ,h---- was there too1 with her daughter4 ,would you have believed she would dare to show her face among the ,methodists1 after what has happened8 ,no1 indeed1 ,i should not6 ,but wonders will never cease4 ,how did she appear8 ,as pleasant and gentle as ever2 and just as much at home as if she had never left us to join the ,catholics4 ,sister ,j---- would not speak to her at first1 or look at her2 and our good old brother ,l----1 who used to be her class-leader1 you know1 quite turned the cold shoulder upon her2 but she was not to be put off so easily2 and after a little while1 her kind and winning ways had thawed all the ice1 and we couldn't help being pleasant with her4 ,well1 ,i always did love sister ,h----2 hence ,i don't want to meet her now4 ,i am glad ,i was not there6 ,did any one speak to her about her change8 ,yes2 brother ,l---- could not help telling her how sorry we were to lose her2 and she said1 ',you have not lost me1 brother ,l----2 ,i shall never forget my dear ,methodist friends1 and shall never cease to love and pray for them6' ',pray for them6' brother ,l---- said with great contempt2 'we don't thank people for praying to the saints for us2 we can pray to ,god for ourselves4 ,ah ,sister ,h----6 if you would only pray to him as you used to1 when you were a warm-hearted ,methodist1 that would do6' ,her answer to this was what puzzled me4 ,i remember every word of it1 she looked so grieved1 and so sweetly earnest1 while the tears fairly came to her eyes as she said1 ',pray to ,god as ,i used to1 ,brother ,l----6 ,why1 ,i never knew the meaning of the word prayer until ,i was a ,catholic6 ,i then entered the very atmosphere of prayer6 ,my life1 my breath1 my every thought1 my every action1 became one continual prayer to an ever-present ,god from that hour4 ,the saints united with me1 assisted me--at my request prayed for me--and for those for whom ,i desired their prayers in union with my own2 and of that perfect union and communion with them1 ,i can give you no idea4 ,o brother ,l----6 believe me1 there is no home for a 'warm-hearted ,methodist' but the ,catholic ,church6 ,don't you remember1 in our class conferences1 how ,i used to say ,i was happy1 but not satisfied2 ,i felt that ,i was still a seeker4 ,i had been first a ,congregationalist1 then an ,episcopalian1 and at last a ,methodist2 but had not found all ,i was seeking for4 ,you thought ,i never would until ,i reached heaven2 but'--and how ,i wish1 dear friend1 you could have seen and heard her as she said it1 for ,i cannot describe her impressive manner--'but brother1 ,i have found it all in the ,catholic ,church6 ,the blank is filled4 ,the yearning of my soul is satisfied so entirely that there is nothing left to desire6' ',all a delusion1 sister ,h----6' exclaimed brother ,l----4 ',you'll wake up some time and find it so1 and then you'll come back6' ,she looked perfectly dismayed at the very thought1 as she replied1 ',come back to what8 ,to content myself with the shadow1 when ,i have possessed the substance8 to satisfy my hunger with the husks of the stranger1 when ,i have feasted at the continual and overflowing banquet of my ,father's table6 ,o my ,methodist friends6 if you could but taste for once the sweetness and fulness of that banquet1 you would never cast one backward look upon what you had left1 except to mourn for those who remain contented there1 when they might be feasting on the bread of angels6' ,i confess to you1 ,mrs4 ,m----1 that ,i could not help being moved by her earnestness to wish that ,i was even as she is6 ,no one can doubt her entire sincerity who listens to her4 ,brother ,l---- asked her if it could be possible that she believed all the absurdities taught by the ,romish ,church8 ,she replied that she believed no absurdities1 and that he had not the slightest idea as to what the ,catholic ,church really did teach2 a tissue of absurdities had been invented by its enemies1 and palmed off upon the too credulous ,protestants as its teachings1 when they were entirely foreign to it1 and baseless misrepresentations4 ',but1' she added1 ',i believe all that my church really does offer to my belief1 as firmly as ,i believe that there is a sun in the firmament of heaven6' ,well1 how strange it all is1 to be sure6 ,now1 ,i met ,mrs4 ,l---- the other day1 and ,i was so provoked at the way they are going on1 that ,i could not for my life help asking her why1 in the name of common sense1 if they wanted to be ,romanists1 they didn't all go together like sensible people1 and not string along1 one to-day1 another to-morrow1 and so on1 as they do8 ,and what do you think was her reply8 ',why1 you know1 ,mrs4 ,m----1' she said2 'that we read of the olden time that1 ,the ,lord added daily unto the church of such as should be saved6' ,there is one thing1 as you say1 that cannot be doubted or denied3 right or wrong1 they are solemnly in earnest1 and heartily sincere4 ,you know little ,kitty ,s---- had a terrible fit of sickness before they became ,catholics1 7some think her sickness hastened that event17 and has been a great sufferer ever since4 ,sister ,w---- has taken care of her through it all1 and ,i should not wonder if she should go off on the same road4 ,she is all taken up with it now1 and justifies their course2 says all the evils we have been accustomed to hear of the ,catholic religion are slanders1 and that if the ,s----s1 and especially little ,kitty1 are not ,christians of the true stamp1 she does not rightly understand the gospel of ,christ4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,reminiscences ,,of ,,the ,,past4 ,after an absence of over twenty years1 we returned to the pleasant village in ,new ,england which had formerly exercised over us the charm that pertains to the magic name of ,,home4 ,seeking out one of the few old neighbors who were left1 on the morning after our arrival1 ,i was met with the surprised and joyful exclamation1 ,why1 my dear ,mrs4 ,j----6 can it be possible that this is your own self8 ,i had no hopes of ever seeing you again in this world4 ,it is indeed myself1 ,i replied4 ,we have long been wanderers by 'field and flood2' but have at length returned to remain a short time among the scenes of other years4 ,if you are at leisure1 ,i want to settle down into my own cosy corner of the dear old sitting-room1 just as if ,i had never been away1 and ask you as many questions about village affairs and those of the olden time as you will want to answer4 ,you could not furnish me with a greater pleasure1 ,i assure you6 ,but ,o my friend6 what changes have taken place since you left6 ,very few of those who were with us then still remain4 ,many have died1 some have gone ',west1' and some have found their way to ,san ,francisco and other parts of ,california4 ,where are the ,w----s8 ,i inquired4 ,they removed to another place some years ago1 and their family is widely scattered2 but they remain united in spirit1 and steadfast in the faith4 ,and the ,s----s8 ,only three of them are living4 ,one has gone to the far ,west1 and the others have left this place4 ,little ,kitty1 after years of patient suffering1 during which she never ceased to thank ,god for having permitted her to find in the holy ,catholic ,church 'the path over which so many saints and martyrs have passed to heaven'--as she expressed it--at length meekly and joyfully resigned her youthful spirit to her ,maker2 leaving the light of a beautiful example to shine around the lonely home1 and console the bereaved family4 ,her grandmother1 who embraced the faith soon after her granddaughter made profession of it1 followed her to the other world in a few months1 consoled by all the rites of the church1 in which1 though she entered its blessed inclosure late in life1 she had in a 'short space1' by her good words and works1 acquired the merit of many years4 ,then ',aunt ,laura' and ,kitty's younger sister joined them1 'rejoicing in hope4' ',aunt ,ruby' survived them some years1 and was often heard to wish1 with a sigh1 that she could be sure she was as well prepared to leave the world as her ,catholic sister2 but she never had the courage to brave the ill-opinion of her own little world of ,congregationalism--over the modern innovations and delinquencies of which she never ceased to mourn--by following that sister into the only 'ark of safety4' ,ah6 ,i exclaimed2 how many changes indeed4 ,then ,i shall never see those dear friends whom ,i had so fondly hoped to meet again4 ,and where is ,mrs4 ,l----1 our energetic little knitter1 who was so true to every impulse of divine grace and truth8 ,she has long slept in the village cemetery4 ',faithful unto death6' might well have been the inscription upon her grave4 ,she passed through severe and bitter trials1 and was made to feel that there are tortures as cruel as those of the rack or wheel1 to a sensitive spirit1 in the cold contempt and neglect of those who should have been her protectors1 as they were her only earthly support4 ,but she never wavered for a moment in her firm trust1 or ceased to rejoice that she had been called to the profession of the true faith1 which abundantly sustained her under all her griefs and sufferings4 ,and dear1 gentle ,mrs4 ,n----8 ,i felt sure she would forsake the ignis fatuus of ,protestantism at last for 'the light of the star that guided the wise men' of old1 though she was so long in making up her mind4 ,she did so2 and died rejoicing in its light1 by the crib of ,bethlehem6 ,do ,mrs4 ,h---- and her daughter still live8 ,the daughter died some years ago1 and was laid near little ,kitty ,s----1 whom she tenderly loved1 and regarded as the chief instrument of her conversion4 ,her mother has removed to some distance2 but is as fervently thankful to-day for the great gift of faith as she was on that memorable one when she first accepted it1 and turned from old and dear associations to find the 'only home for the warm-hearted ,methodist1' in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church4 ,i heard1 soon after ,i left1 that the ,g----s became ,catholics4 ,was it true8 ,yes2 and very faithful and fervent children of the church they were2 illustrating the beauty of ,catholic truths by the shining virtues of their lives4 ,but1 alas6 of the whole family--father1 mother1 and five children--but one survives4 ,they departed followed by the prayers and benedictions of the whole ,catholic congregation1 to whose service they had devoted their best efforts4 ,then there were the ,b----s1 the ,k----s1 and the ,c----s1 who were deeply interested in ,catholic truths when ,i left4 ,did they follow out their convictions8 ,no2 they were 'almost persuaded' to cast in their lot with the happy band of converts2 but the storm of obloquy and reproach which soon gathered around the devoted company--without in the least disturbing their peace--so appalled those outside1 that they did not dare to follow the inspiration1 or ever again to seek its aid4 ,some became ,spiritualists1 some ,second ,adventists1 and those who remain nominally as they were before1 have fallen into hopeless indifference to all religion1 and intense worldliness2 seeking in petty ambitions and trifling pursuits the comfort they are no longer able to find in the bosom of any sect4 ,the glimmering of ,catholic light which they accepted had served only to reveal to them the utter emptiness of ,protestantism1 when they steadfastly closed their eyes to any further illumination4 ,while life remains there is hope2 but such cases as these seem as nearly hopeless as any in this world can be4 ,we visited the cemetery1 where reposed the mortal remains of so many friends who had been the theme of our conversation2 and ,i found familiar names more numerous there than were familiar faces among the living4 ,we also sought together the spacious church which had been erected during my absence1 and which is a beautiful and enduring evidence of the active zeal of a congregation which is richer in holy memories1 and in faith1 hope1 and charity1 than in the goods of this world4 ,,footnote3 #cd ,a question that used to be urged as a test of fitness for membership1 and an affirmative answer required4 ,the custom has now become obsolete4 ,,sonnet4 ,,to ,,italy4 ,all-radiant region6 would that thou wert free6 ,free 'mid thine ,alpine realm of cloud and pine1 ,free 'mid the rich vales of thine ,apennine1 ,free to the ,adrian and the ,tyrrhene ,sea6 ,god with a two-fold freedom franchise thee6 ,freedom from alien bonds1 so often thine1 ,freedom from ,gentile hopes--death-fires that shine ,o'er the foul grave of pagan liberty1 ,with pagan empire side by side interred2 ,then round the fixed throne of their ,roman sire ,thy sister states should hang1 a pleiad choir1 ,with saintly beam unblunted and unblurred1 ,a splendor to the ,christian splendor clinging1 ,a lyre star-strung1 ever the new song singing6 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,ireland',s ,,mission4 ,,by ,w4 ,,maziere ,,brady1 ,d4,d41 ,,an ,,irish ,,protestant ,,clergyman4 ,few persons expected that the passing of ,mr4 ,gladstone's disestablishment bill would have immediately introduced a golden age into ,ireland4 ,the leading promoters of that measure never regarded it as one which was final and complete2 but rather as a necessary prelude to certain reconstructive measures more powerful and important than itself4 ,the abolition of the ascendency of an alien church did not restore--and did not affect to restore--to the ,catholic ,church its ancient status and endowments4 ,the attempt would be entirely vain to regather the disjecta membra of the great body of ,irish church temporalities long since dispersed and broken up by successive spoliations and alienations4 ,the property dealt with by the recent legislation is but a small fraction of what once belonged to the ,irish ,church4 ,restitution1 unhappily1 is often impossible to the statesman4 ,he may build up an edifice upon ruins1 and create new empires out of revolutions4 ,but he can no more give back to outraged nationalities their unsullied honor1 or to plundered kingdoms their squandered treasures1 than he can restore to those fallen from purity their virgin crown or rendow criminals with a conscience void of offence and free from sear of guilt4 ,and therefore the removal of the alien church led to no replacement of the old ,catholic ,church in the position vacated by its ,protestant rival2 but merely paved the way for the introduction of constructive measures upon the nature of which will depend the future1 not of ,ireland merely1 but of the ,british empire4 ,amidst these constructive measures the statesman will not reckon any provisions for the maintenance or aggrandisement of the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland4 ,a church which withstood calamity and survived the loss of its possessions1 and flourished under three hundred years of bitter persecution1 may safely be left to itself4 ,state patronage1 in any extended form1 might corrupt1 but could not strengthen1 ,irish ,catholicism4 ,catholics in many countries are beginning to feel that freedom of action and development is of far greater value than endowments to the church4 ,in ,ireland1 ,catholics have long since perceived and acknowledged that liberty--not the enervating influence of court favor--is the true bulwark of ,catholic worship4 ,legislators have1 in fact1 no occasion to take into their consideration the ,irish ,catholic ,church1 except in so far as its power and interests intermingle with the educational and other social and political problems which demand deep and impartial inquiry4 ,whoever examines1 without prejudice or passion1 the actual position of ,ireland as an integral part of the ,british empire must confess that ,ireland forms at this time1 more than at any other1 the cardinal point of ,english policy4 ,gibraltar was once the key to the ,mediterranean and to political supremacy in ,europe4 ,ireland is to ,england another ,gibraltar1 on whose rock ,british power must be either consolidated or riven4 ,the ,ireland of #ahgj is rapidly entering on a new phase of existence1 which is none the less worthy of the statesman's study because it is the result of causes altogether beyond his control4 ,ireland is no longer an island lying within a few hours' sail of the ,english navy1 inhabited by men whose interests may be disposed of without reference to the wishes of any save the inhabitants of ,great ,britain4 ,the people of ,ireland are by no means confined within the territorial limits of that country4 ,the ,irish nation has two homes4 ,the one is in ,ireland1 the other is in ,america4 ,misgovernment sent half ,ireland into exile1 and those exiles have prospered and multiplied to an extent far exceeding any known examples of similar transmigrations4 ,but although there are two homes1 there is but one nation of ,irishmen4 ,five millions of men occupy ,irish soil1 but far more than twice five millions of ,irishmen dwelling in foreign lands not only claim but exercise an ever-increasing influence on ,irish politics4 ,some few among the ultra-conservative statesmen of ,england--and among them one no less distinguished than the great chief of the late ,tory administration--looked with eyes of cruel satisfaction on the exodus which wiser men regarded with awe as a hemorrhage draining away the life-blood of their kingdom4 ,the famine was to these bigoted men a ,god-gift1 which swept off what they flippantly termed a superabundant population4 ,emigration was1 in their eyes1 a more tedious and costly process for the decimation of ,irish ,catholics4 ,protestants1 belonging chiefly to the dominant and richer class1 were in proportion to their numbers less exposed than ,catholics to the severity of the famine and the necessity of expatriation4 ,famine and emigration1 if only ,providence would prolong and intensify their action1 would alter--so they thought--the numerical proportions between ,catholics and ,protestants make ,ireland a ,protestant country and render the church establishment less anomalous4 ,let a few more years pass--so argued these reasoners--and instead of having to legislate for a ,catholic1 discontented1 ,ireland1 over-populated and half-pauperized1 we shall have to deal with one comparatively ,protestant1 which will be prosperous1 happy1 and loyal to the ,british crown4 ,it is recorded of an ,english statesman that he once expressed a wish--in jest1 no doubt--that ,ireland were for an hour submerged in the ,atlantic1 that it might rise again stripped of its inhabitants1 a fresh field for the importation of ,english ,protestant colonists4 ,the folly of wishing for either a flood or a famine to repair the defects of ,english legislation for ,ireland1 is now as apparent as the cruelty4 ,even though the island of ,ireland were reduced to such a tabula rasa as some bigots would desire1 ,england must take into account the thousands and millions of ,irishmen in various lands who constitute part of the ,irish nation1 and who think1 plan1 and pray for the happiness of their traditional fatherland4 ,and fortunately for the interests of ,england1 no less than of ,ireland1 a policy has of late been adopted by the leaders of the great liberal party which professes to deal with ,catholic ,ireland1 not as with a venomous thing to be guarded against1 kept down1 and1 if possible1 crushed1 but as a country to be tenderly regarded1 carefully cherished1 and legislated for with a view to the contentment and preservation of its ,catholic people4 ,the policy of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 ,mr4 ,bright1 and the party of which they are now the recognized chiefs1 is at present but partially developed1 yet has already produced good fruits4 ,righteousness exalteth a nation1 and ,england has risen immensely in the opinion of wise and good men in ,europe and ,america by that great though tardy--the greater1 perhaps1 because so tardy--act of righteousness1 namely1 the abolition of an ,english ,protestant church establishment for ,irish ,catholics4 ,the sympathies of all honest men in every quarter of the globe are with the ,english government in its endeavor to stay the tide of ,irish emigration1 and retain ,irishmen upon their native soil as contented occupiers and owners of farms4 ,but admiration and sympathy are not the only rewards which ,england may reap by steadily following out the policy begun by ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,the integrity of the ,british empire may be shown to depend upon the continued development of the principles which carried the ,irish church bill of #ahfi and introduced an ,irish land bill in #ahgj4 ,if it be too presumptuous to attempt to forecast a triumphant progress for those principles1 it will yet be not wholly profitless to denote the perils and obstructions which beset the way4 ,the disturbances and outrages which in ,ireland preceded and followed the passing of the disestablishment bill1 were the natural result of the violent harangues uttered by the fanatic debaters of the ,church ,defence ,association1 many of whom announced to their excited auditors that the land bill of ,mr4 ,gladstone would confiscate the property of ,protestant land-owners in ,ireland4 ,the evil passions of men thus deceived into a belief that a wrong was intended not only to their church but to their lands1 found vent not merely in hard words and cruel threats1 but in merciless deeds4 ,some ,protestant landlords withheld the accustomed local charitable contributions which1 as owners of property1 they had hitherto given to various institutions4 ,others issued notices of ejection against their tenants1 and these attempted ejections produced--as capricious injustice is certain to do--ill-will and resistance4 ,outrages1 even assassinations1 occurred4 ,but such offences against public order may be expected to cease when the causes of them are removed4 ,time will allay the heat of bygone party conflicts4 ,agrarian outrages will1 if the land bill be good for any thing1 occur as rarely in ,ireland as in ,america4 ,industrious laborers will1 it is to be hoped1 find it easy to rent or purchase small holdings on which they may expend their toil1 and in which they may invest their savings without fear of their being appropriated to the use of felonious landlords by means of notices to quit4 ,it is when the excitement of the land and church questions shall have yielded to the pressure of other momentous questions1 that the real danger will threaten the onward march of those principles which1 in the opinion of many1 can alone safely guide the mutual relations between ,england and ,ireland4 ,the education question will be a highly perilous one4 ,if the liberal party put forward a scheme for compulsory1 or secular1 or sectarian education1 which shall1 on whatever pretext1 either nominally or practically1 tend to withdraw the education of ,catholic children from the immediate control of the priests1 the result will be disappointment and disaster4 ,free education1 in the sense of an education independent of religion1 has great charms in the eyes of ,english and ,irish liberals4 ,some ,catholics are inclined to favor any scheme which would place a superior system of secular instruction within the reach of the great bulk of the poorer and middle class1 even though it should not provide for that religious training which is a characteristic of a strictly ,catholic education4 ,but the ,catholic clergy of ,ireland1 to a man1 and those members of ,parliament who represent ,irish ,catholic constituencies1 will give strenuous and effectual opposition to undenominational or secular education under its open guise1 although they may prove unable to resist the employment1 in a modified shape1 of the principle which they regard as pernicious4 ,it will be much to the advantage of ,great ,britain if the education of ,catholics in ,england1 as well as in ,ireland1 be made thoroughly ,catholic4 ,the vast1 and in many respects admirable system of national education in ,ireland1 which1 twenty or thirty years ago1 was favorably regarded by very many of the ,irish ,catholic bishops and clergy1 has long since been declared unsatisfactory by the ,catholic hierarchy4 ,the elementary national schools are now merely tolerated4 ,the national model schools are loudly denounced4 ,the national system aimed at giving to all children a combined secular instruction and at affording opportunities for separate religious instruction4 ,the priest and the parson were invited to become joint patrons of schools4 ,the board of education were to supply school-rooms1 teachers1 books1 and requisites for a secular instruction in which all the pupils were to share4 ,the ministers of various denominations were to supply1 either personally or by deputy1 a religious teaching to their respective pupils4 ,thus an hour or more was to be set apart for religious teaching4 ,during that hour the ,catholic children were to be taught the ,catholic religion by the priest1 or by one of the masters under the priest's direction1 and the ,protestant children were similarly to be taught the principles of ,protestantism in another room by the parson1 or by one of the teachers under his control4 ,it was supposed that all ministers of religion would join in carrying out a system which thus provided for the general education of the poor1 without interfering with the conscientious discharge of that part of the ministerial duty of clergymen which relates to the religious teaching of the young4 ,the idea of instructing ,catholic and ,protestant children together and bringing them up in habits of mutual affection and esteem1 was specious and captivating4 ,who could withhold his quota of aid toward realizing the prospect thus held out of future generations of educated ,irishmen of various creeds1 each respecting the religious principles of the others while strong in his own1 and all loyal to the impartial government of the ,british crown8 ,yet1 at its very outset1 the clergy and bishops of the ,protestant establishment held aloof from the national board4 ,they refused any partnership with ,catholic priests in the management of schools1 and declared that their consciences would not permit them to consent to support a system which set limits to the free use of the holy ,scriptures during secular instruction4 ,in vain was it shown that in ,protestant universities1 colleges1 and higher schools1 nay1 that in the very order for divine service according to the ritual of the establishment1 a limit was actually set to the use of the holy ,scriptures by the appointment of fixed times and places for the study and reading and exposition of the sacred word4 ,in vain was it demonstrated that neither insult nor disparagement was intended by regulations which might be looked on as scarcely different from those which prevented a lecturer in mathematics from giving his class a dissertation upon ,isaiah1 and denied a clergyman of the establishment the privilege of interpolating his reading of the litany with a chapter from the ,apocalypse4 ,the establishment clergy1 with a few notable exceptions1 asserted it as their right and duty to use the ,scriptures at all times in their schools1 and declared it to be a sin to consent to suspend1 even during the hours of combined secular instruction1 their office of teachers of divine truth4 ,by adopting this course they lost whatever claim to public estimation they might otherwise have had as helpers of education1 and hastened1 undoubtedly1 the fall of their establishment4 ,it has lately1 through the publication of ,archbishop ,whately's biography by his daughter and of the journals of ,mr4 ,senior1 been fully disclosed that a desire for proselytism1 although in his lifetime he publicly professed the contrary1 was at the bottom of that able prelate's energetic support of the national system4 ,the religious and moral teaching of the books used for combined secular instruction had1 so argued ,whately in private1 a strong tendency to implant truths which must lead to the reception of ,protestantism4 ,give free scope1 so reasoned the archbishop1 to the national system1 and1 although the priests may not perceive their danger1 ,ireland must cease to be a ,catholic country4 ,when publicly advocating the national system1 ,whately's language was1 of course1 far different4 ,then he maintained stoutly that the books were thoroughly impartial1 he repudiated with affected loathing any dishonorable desire to make converts to ,protestantism1 and he professed the most scrupulous respect for the consciences of those who differed from him in religion4 ,the posthumous publication of ,whately's real sentiments--destructive as that publication is of much of his reputation1 and especially of his character for straightforwardness--forms a valuable vindication1 not merely of the behaviour of those more honest commissioners of education whose refusal to adopt the ,whately tactics led to ,whately's retirement from the board1 but also of the conduct of the ,catholic bishops and clergy who have found it necessary emphatically to demand a radical change in the system of national instruction so far as ,catholics are concerned4 ,it is1 however1 for the interests of ,protestantism and of ,great ,britain1 as well as of ,catholicism1 that the education of ,catholics should be carried on more perfectly in accord with the desires of the ,catholic people4 ,the principle of religious neutrality in education has been tried in ,ireland1 and found wanting4 ,it has not resulted in bringing into the same school-rooms the young of various creeds1 and educating them in mutual love4 ,three or four ,protestants may be found in the same school with a hundred ,catholics2 or three or four ,catholics may attend a school frequented by a hundred ,protestants4 ,but nowhere in ,ireland is it possible to find a school where one half of the pupils are ,protestants and the other half ,catholics1 or where the ,protestant clergyman and the ,catholic priest1 as joint patrons1 superintend their respective classes4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that proselytism is discouraged by the rules of the board1 and that no favor is shown to one denomination more than to another4 ,but with all this endeavor after impartiality by its administrators1 the system inflicts a serious wound upon ,catholicity4 ,the authority of the board is substituted for that of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the national school teacher1 when in training for his office1 learns his duties from men of various religious denominations1 who are not permitted1 even were they desirous1 to impart a devotional color to what they teach4 ,the virtues must be commended on moral1 not on religious grounds4 ,patriotism may take root in ignorance2 for no book of ,irish history is to be found in the list of ,irish national school books4 ,when the trained teacher is set over a school1 he still regards himself as dependent upon the board which is his paymaster4 ,catholic teachers may1 and sometimes do1 hold opinions different from those of the priest1 and even upon occasions refuse to carry out the priest's directions in the matter of religious teaching4 ,the influence of the priest upon his flock is weakened by that very separation between secular and religious instruction which is the basis of the system of national education4 ,protestantism may flourish under the impartiality1 neutrality1 and secularization of education at which the originators of that system aimed2 but ,catholicism must inevitably become deteriorated4 ,it was in past years the almost universal belief of ,protestant governments1 that an ,irish ,catholic1 in proportion as he ceased to be loyal to his spiritual1 would advance in loyalty toward his temporal sovereign4 ,toleration was offered1 even under ,elizabeth and ,james1 to ,catholics who would abjure the spiritual supremacy of the pope4 ,in modern times the same spirit of distrust shows itself in the endeavor1 on the part of some ,protestant statesmen1 to offer to ,catholics educational and other advantages upon conditions inconsistent with ,catholic practices4 ,those greatly err who thus fancy that ,great ,britain will gain--either politically or religiously--by the undermining of the influence of the ,catholic priesthood1 or by leavening the education of ,catholics with the spirit of secularization4 ,the ,irish ,catholic may be taught to unlearn his faith1 to neglect confession1 and disobey the injunctions of his priest2 but no one will say that thereby he becomes1 necessarily1 either a better ,christian or a better subject to his sovereign4 ,such a one may1 or may not1 become a ,protestant or an infidel4 ,when the influence of the priest is weakened or destroyed1 the ,irish ,catholic becomes an easy victim to those who teach disloyalty and rebellion4 ,but his lapse into treason should be ascribed to the fact not of his being a ,catholic1 but of his being a bad one4 ,no good ,catholic who values the sacraments1 and respects the precepts of his church1 could possibly join the treasonable brotherhoods denounced by the ,catholic priest from the altar1 by the bishops in pastorals1 and by the pope himself4 ,there are1 however1 too many ,irish ,catholics whose obedience to their church is partial1 or but nominal4 ,perhaps these men first learnt in ,irish national schools the lesson that religion1 like every thing else1 has its appointed time and place2 that ,catholic devotion forms no indispensable portion of secular studies1 and that priestly intervention in affairs not strictly religious is intrusive and impertinent4 ,the want of a truly ,catholic training in early life doubtless has led many an adult ,catholic to hold that a priest out-steps the proper sphere of his office1 when he cautions his flock against revolutionary excesses4 ,if misdirected and uncatholic teaching occasions many ,irish ,catholics to become rebels in thought if not in deed1 their education has advanced and is advancing in another point1 so as to render their treason more dangerous4 ,irishmen in former years were prompt to seize occasions for the overthrow of ,british rule1 but lacked certain qualities requisite for permanent success4 ,they seemed incapable1 for any length of time1 of combined action and resolution in the field or the cabinet4 ,they carried into battle the dissensions and jealousies of their divided council-chambers4 ,brilliant displays of military valor served only to mark more distinctly the fatal effects of indecision and insubordination4 ,victory itself was often the prelude to that demoralization of forces which is the worst consequence of defeat4 ,but now the ,irish are swiftly learning to acquire those qualities of organization and self-government which will render their revolts more formidable and disastrous to ,england than hitherto they have proved4 ,irishmen have shown themselves in ,american campaigns not soldiers merely1 but generals1 and not merely skilful tacticians in handling masses of troops before the enemy1 but also able organizers1 clever in moulding and disciplining untrained materials into effective battalions4 ,habits of promptitude1 self-control1 and self-reliance belong to the ,irish-,american in perhaps even a higher degree than to the ,anglo-,saxon4 ,the number is rapidly increasing of ,irishmen who1 having acquired those habits in ,america1 repair to ,ireland and communicate them in some degree to their brethren at home4 ,the peasantry of ,ireland--already familiarized with trans-,atlantic ideas of independence and republicanism--are apt to become ,americanized4 ,their sympathies are with the ,united ,states rather than with ,england4 ,if war broke out between ,great ,britain and the ,states1 no one doubts but that the first ,american army flung upon ,irish shores would find ,ireland one vast recruiting field1 and that swarms of soldiers of ,irish descent would fly from distant lands to ,ireland to lend their aid in rendering it1 throughout its length and breadth1 a garrison impregnable to ,british attacks4 ,and no one doubts but that ,england--even though eventually victorious by land and sea--would depart from such a conflict crippled in half her strength4 ,ireland1 alienated irrevocably1 would be to ,england like a paralyzed limb to the combatant1 both a sign and a source of weakness4 ,at no very distant period from the termination of such a war1 ,ireland would virtually become an ,american outpost1 and would cease to be an integral part of ,great ,britain4 ,without ,ireland to rely upon1 ,england could scarcely be expected to maintain a position as a first-class power in the event of war among ,european nations4 ,mercenary troops might1 indeed1 for a time supply the want of ,irish soldiers and sailors4 ,but the nation which has to hire foreign troops to fight its battles is already in decay4 ,it is possible1 however1 that ,ireland1 instead of becoming the occasion of ruin and dismemberment to the ,british empire1 may prove its mainstay and the bond of its integrity4 ,if ,ireland shall become prosperous and contented under the changed policy of ,england1 if its population shall increase under prosperity1 and if its nationality shall be recognized and fostered--then no combination of ,european foes1 unaided by ,america1 can hope to prevail against the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,but why should ,america withhold her hand1 when opportunity shall have presented itself for dealing a blow in repayment of old wrongs aggravated by recent disputes8 ,france may demand the armed assistance of the ,states1 whose existence as an independent government she so powerfully helped to create4 ,he reads ill the face of nations who fails to perceive that the great body of ,americans desire to see the pride of ,england humbled1 and that they are treasuring up their wrath against the day of wrath4 ,the native-born ,americans are moved by the transmitted rancor of past injustice4 ,those of ,irish and ,catholic descent have the wrongs of ,ireland and of the ,catholic ,church to avenge4 ,all the traditions of faith and patriotism are now arrayed against ,england1 and the influence of the ,irish and ,catholic population of the ,states is sufficient to decide the political action of ,congress in the eventuality of the reasonableness of war with ,great ,britain becoming a subject for discussion4 ,yet the ,irish and ,catholic element in the ,american population might1 under circumstances to be created by ,english policy1 prove the means of restraining from an almost fratricidal contest the two great empires4 ,ireland may become so linked to ,england that any blow struck against ,england would equally harm ,ireland4 ,an enlightened legislation concerning the soil of ,ireland may lead to the break-up of absentee landlordism1 and substitute tens of thousands of owners and occupiers in place of the few hundred feudal proprietors who now exact rack-rents from an impoverished tenantry4 ,the multiplication of resident working farm-owners may afford remunerative and permanent occupation to numerous agricultural laborers for whom there now offers only an intermittent and precarious employment4 ,the agricultural prosperity of ,ireland is a powerful bond of union with ,england1 the nearest and best market for ,irish produce4 ,another bond of union may be found in the grant of legislative independence1 or such a modification of the present parliamentary system as may place the disposal of purely ,irish interests in the hands of ,irish representatives1 satisfy the just desires of the patriotic1 and leave no room for sentimental grievances to fester into international feuds4 ,the ,catholic religion1 subjected to no disabilities in either kingdom1 and overshadowed by no hostile establishment--for ,englishmen themselves in a few years will remove their present church establishment in the interests of their church and of ,protestantism--will form another tie between the countries4 ,english ,catholics have always been loyal to the ,british government4 ,irish ,catholics may become just as loyal4 ,education may render the rough ,irish laborers1 who frequent the centres of ,english commerce and manufacture1 as loyal as the most loyal in ,england1 and a valuable counterpoise to the ultra-democratic semi-infidels who form the dangerous mobs of ,london1 ,liverpool1 and other vast trading and industrial cities4 ,and if the social and political interests of ,catholic ,irishmen and of ,catholics in ,england become recognized as identical with those of ,english ,protestants1 then the union between ,great ,britain and ,ireland will be completely consolidated1 and the ,irish party in ,america will have neither excuse nor opportunity for joining any other party which may desire1 disregarding the welfare of ,ireland1 to inflict a wound upon ,great ,britain4 ,on the contrary1 the ,irish and ,catholic element in the ,states will be both able and willing to throw its effective influence into the scale upon the side of peace and good-will1 whenever the differences between the cabinets of ,london and ,washington demand settlement4 ,ireland will thus indirectly become the mediator between the contending empires--the arbiter to reconcile the angry parent and the aggrieved son4 ,but ,ireland1 to be enabled to act this part1 must be cherished as ,irish and ,catholic1 with its nationality unimpaired and its faith untrammelled4 ,and if the political interests of ,great ,britain shall be served by the flourishing condition of ,irish ,catholicism1 the religious interests of ,protestant ,england will not necessarily be damaged4 ,nay1 it may prove an advantage to ,protestantism to be brought upon equal terms into close and harmonious relations with the fervent faith of the ,catholic ,church1 which nowhere appears to greater advantage than in ,ireland4 ,rationalism and scepticism are on the increase in ,great ,britain and elsewhere1 and will prove far more dangerous neighbors than the ,church of ,rome to the ,church of ,england4 ,infidelity is an enemy against whom both would do well1 if not to unite their strength1 at least to direct their separate attacks4 ,as rivals in opposing vice and unbelief1 they may learn to respect each other1 and1 alas6 have before them a field only too ample for their most vigorous exertions4 ,,mary4 ,sweet name of ,mary1 name of names save ,one-- ,and that1 my ,queen1 so wedded unto thine ,our hearts hear both in either1 and enshrine ,instinctively the ,mother with the ,son-- ,the lisping child's new accent has begun1 ,heaven-taught1 with thee2 first-fervent happy youth ,makes thee the watchword of its maiden truth2 ,repentant age the hope of the undone4 ,to me1 known late but timely1 thou hast been ,the noon-day freshness of a wooded height2 ,a vale of soothing waters2 the delight ,of fadeless verdure in a desert scene2 ,and when1 ere long1 my day shall set serene1 ,be ,hesper#ce to an eve without a night4 ,b4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,footnote3 #ce ,the evening star4 ,,emerson',s ,,prose ,,works4#cf ,mr4 ,emerson's literary reputation is established1 and placed beyond the reach of criticism4 ,no living writer surpasses him in his mastery of pure and classic ,english1 or equals him in the exquisite delicacy and finish of his chiselled sentences1 or the metallic ring of his style4 ,it is only as a thinker and teacher that we can venture any inquiry into his merits2 and as such we cannot suffer ourselves to be imposed upon by his oracular manner1 nor by the apparent originality either of his views or his expressions4 ,mr4 ,emerson has had a swarm both of admirers and of detractors4 ,with many he is a philosopher and sage1 almost a god2 while with others he is regarded as an unintelligible mystic1 babbling nonsense just fitted to captivate beardless young men and silly maidens with pretty curls1 who constituted years ago the great body of his hearers and worshippers4 ,we rank ourselves in neither class1 though we regard him as no ordinary man1 and as one of the deepest thinkers1 as well as one of the first poets1 of our country4 ,we know him as a polished gentleman1 a genial companion1 and a warm-hearted friend1 whose kindness does not pass over individuals and waste itself in a vague philanthropy4 ,so much1 at least1 we can say of the man1 and from former personal acquaintance as well as from the study of his writings4 ,mr4 ,emerson is no theorist1 and is rather of a practical than of a speculative turn of mind4 ,what he has sought all his life1 and perhaps is still seeking1 is the real1 the universal1 and the permanent in the events of life and the objects of experience4 ,the son of a ,protestant minister1 brought up in a ,protestant community1 and himself for some years a ,protestant minister1 he early learned that the real1 the universal1 and permanent are not to be found in ,protestantism2 and assuming that ,protestantism1 in some or all its forms1 is the truest exponent of the ,christian religion1 he very naturally came to the conclusion that they are not to be found in ,christianity4 ,he saw that ,protestantism is narrow1 hollow1 unreal1 a sham1 a humbug1 and1 ignorant of the ,catholic ,church and her teaching1 he considered that she must have less of reality1 be even more of a sham or humbug1 than ,protestantism itself4 ,he passed then naturally to the conclusion that all pretensions to a supernaturally revealed religion are founded only in ignorance or craft1 and rejected all of all religions1 except what may be found in them that accords with the soul or the natural reason of all men4 ,this may be gathered from his brief essay1 entitled ,nature1 first published in #ahcf4 ,we quote a few paragraphs from the introduction3 ,our age is retrospective4 ,it builds the sepulchres of the fathers4 ,it writes biographies1 histories1 and criticism4 ,the foregoing generations beheld ,god and nature face to face2 we through their eyes4 ,why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe8 ,why should not we have a poetry and a philosophy of insight and not of tradition1 and a religion by revelation to us1 and not a history of theirs8444 ,the sun shines to-day also4 ,there is more wool and flax in the fields4 ,there are new lands1 new men1 new thoughts4 ,let us demand our own works1 and laws1 and worship4 ,undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable4 ,we must trust the perfection of creation so far as to believe that whatever curiosity the order of things has awakened in our minds1 the order of things can satisfy4 ,every man's condition is a solution in hieroglyphic to those inquiries he would put4 ,he acts it as life before he apprehends it as truth4 ,in like manner1 nature is already1 in its forms and tendencies1 describing its own design4 ,let us interrogate the great apparition that shines so peacefully around us4 ,let us inquire1 ,to what end is nature8 ,all science has one aim1 to find a theory of nature4 ,we have theories of races and of functions1 but scarcely yet a remote approach to an idea of creation4 ,we are now so far from the road to truth that religious teachers dispute and hate each other1 and speculative men are deemed unsound and frivolous4 ,but to a sound judgment1 the most abstract truth is the most practical4 ,whenever a true theory appears1 it will be its own evidence4 ,its test is1 that it will explain all phenomena4 ,now many are thought not only unexplained1 but inexplicable--as language1 sleep1 madness1 dreams1 beasts1 sex4 7,vol4 i4 pp4 #e1 #f47 ,these extracts give us the key to ,mr4 ,emerson's thought1 which runs through all his writings1 whether in prose or poetry2 though more fully mastered and better defined in his later productions1 essays1 and lectures1 than it was in his earliest production from which we have quoted4 ,in studying these volumes1 we are convinced that what the writer is after is reality1 of which this outward1 visible universe1 both as a whole and in all its parts1 symbolizes4 ,he seeks life1 not death2 the living present1 not the corpse of the past4 ,under this visible world1 its various and ever-varying phenomena1 lies the real world1 one1 identical1 universal1 and immutable1 which it copies1 mimics1 or symbolizes4 ,he agrees with ,plato that the real thing is in the methexis1 not in the mimesis2 that is1 in the idea1 not in the individual and the sensible1 the variable and the perishable4 ,he wants unity and catholicity1 and the science that does not attain to them is no real science at all4 ,but as the mimesis1 in his language the hieroglyphic1 copies or imitates the methexic1 we can1 by studying it1 arrive at the methexic1 the reality copied or imitated4 ,we do not pretend to understand ,plato throughout1 nor to reconcile him always with himself2 but as far as we do understand him1 the reality1 what must be known in order to have real science1 is the idea1 and it is only by ideas that real science is attained4 ,ideas are1 then1 both the object and the medium of knowledge4 ,as the medium of knowledge1 the idea may be regarded as the image it impresses on the mimetic1 or the individual and the sensible1 as the seal on the wax4 ,this image or impression is an exact fac-simile of the idea as object4 ,hence by studying it we arrive at the exact knowledge of the idea1 or what is real1 invariable1 universal1 and permanent in the object we would know4 ,the lower copies and reveals the next higher1 and thus we may rise1 step by step1 from the lowest to the highest1 to the first good and the first fair1 to the good1 the beautiful1 or ,being that is being in itself4 ,thus is it in science4 ,but the soul has two wings on which it soars to the empyrean1 intelligence and love4 ,the lowest form or stage of love is that of the sexes1 a love of the senses only2 but this lowest love symbolizes a higher or ideal love1 rising stage by stage to the pure ideal1 or the love of absolute beauty1 the beautiful in itself1 the love to which the sage aspires1 and the only love in which he can rest or find repose4 ,we do not say that ,mr4 ,emerson follows ,plato in all respects2 for he occasionally deviates from him1 sometimes for the better1 and sometimes for the worse2 but no one not tolerably well versed in the ,platonic philosophy can understand him4 ,in his two essays on ,plato1 in his second volume1 he calls him the ,philosopher1 and asserts that all who talk philosophy talk ,plato4 ,he also maintains that ,plato represented all the ages that went before him1 possessed all the science of his contemporaries1 and that none who have come after him have been able to add any thing new to what he taught4 ,he includes ,christianity1 ,judaism1 and ,mohammedanism in ,plato1 who is far broader and more comprehensive than them all4 ,plato of all men born of woman stood nearest the truth of things1 and in his intellectual and moral doctrines surpassed all who went before or have come after him4 ,we find many things in ,plato that we like1 and we entirely agree with him that the ideal is real2 but we do not agree with ,mr4 ,emerson1 that nothing in science has been added to the ,platonic doctrine4 ,we think ,aristotle made an important addition in his doctrine of entelechia2 ,leibnitz1 in his definition of substance1 making it a vis activa1 and thus exploding the notion of passive or inert substances2 and finally1 ,gioberti1 by his doctrine of creation as a doctrine1 or rather principle1 of science4 ,plato had no conception of the creative act asserted by ,moses in the first verse of ,genesis4 ,plato never rose above the conception of the production of existences by way of formation1 or the operation of the plastic force on a prexisting and often intractable matter4 ,he never conceived of the creation of existences from nothing by the sole energy or power of the creator4 ,he held to the eternal existence of spirit and matter1 and we owe to him principally the dualism and antagonism that have originated the false asceticism which many attribute to ,christian teaching2 but which ,christianity rejects1 as is evident from its doctrine of the ,incarnation and that of the resurrection of the flesh4 ,gioberti has shown1 as the writer thinks1 that creation is no less a scientific principle than a ,christian dogma4 ,he has shown that the creative act is the nexus between being and existences1 and that it enters as the copula into the primum philosophicum1 without which there could be no human mind1 and consequently no human science4 ,there are various other instances we might adduce in which people talk very good sense1 even profound philosophical and theological truth1 and yet do not talk ,plato4 ,we hardly think ,mr4 ,emerson himself will accept all the moral doctrines of ,plato's ,republic1 especially those relating to marriage and the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes2 for ,plato goes a little beyond what our free-lovers have as yet proposed4 ,aristotle gives us1 undoubtedly1 a philosophy1 such as it is1 and a philosophy that enters largely into modern modes of thought and expression2 but we can hardly say as much of ,plato4 ,he has profound thoughts1 no doubt1 and many glimpses of a high--if you will1 the highest order of truth2 but only when he avowedly follows tradition1 and speaks according to the wisdom of the ancients4 ,he seems to us to give us a method rather than a philosophy1 and very little of our modern philosophical language is derived from him4 ,several of the ,greek fathers1 and ,st4 ,augustine among the ,latins1 incline to ,platonism2 but none of them1 so far as we are acquainted with them1 followed him throughout4 ,the medival doctors1 though not ignorant of ,plato1 almost without an exception prefer ,aristotle4 ,the revival of ,platonism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought with it a revival of heathenism2 and ,plato has since been held in much higher esteem with the heterodox and makers of fanciful systems than with the orthodox and simple believers4 ,we trace his influence in what the romancers call chivalry1 which is of pagan origin1 though some people are ill-informed enough to accredit it to the church2 and we trace to his doctrine of love1 so attractive to many writers not in other respects without merit1 the modern babble about the heart1 the confusion of charity with philanthropy1 and the immoral doctrines of free love1 which strike at ,christian marriage and the ,christian family4 ,the heart1 in the language of the ,holy ,scriptures1 means the affections of the will1 and the love they enjoin as the fulfilment of the law and the bond of perfection is charity1 a supernatural virtue1 in which both the will and the understanding are operative1 not a simple1 natural sentiment1 or affection of the sensibility1 or the love of the beautiful1 and dependent on the imagination4 ,mr4 ,emerson is right enough in making the sensible copy or imitate the intelligible1 what there is true in ,swedenborg's doctrine of correspondences2 but wrong in making the mimetic purely phenomenal1 unreal1 a mere sense-show4 ,the mimetic1 the mimesis1 by which ,plato means the individual and the sensible1 the variable and the transitory1 is not the only real1 nor the highest real1 as sensists and materialists hold2 but is as real in its order and degree as the methexic or ideal4 ,hence1 ,st4 ,thomas is able to maintain that the sensible species1 or accidents1 as he calls them1 can subsist without their subject1 or1 as we would say1 the sensible body without the intelligible body2 and therefore1 that the doctrine of transubstantiation involves no contradiction2 for it is not pretended that the sensible body undergoes any change1 or that the sensible body of our ,lord is present in the blessed eucharist4 ,so ,st4 ,augustine distinguishes the visible--the sensible--body and the spiritual--intelligible--body1 and holds both to be real4 ,the individual is as real as the species--the socratitas1 in the language of the schoolmen1 as the humanitas--for neither is possible without the other4 ,the sort of idealism1 as it is called1 that resolves the individual into the species1 or the sensible into the intelligible1 and thus denies the external world1 is as unphilosophical as the opposite doctrine1 that resolves the species into the individual and the intelligible into the sensible4 ,even ,plato1 the supposed father of idealism1 does not make the mimesis absolutely unreal4 ,for1 to say nothing of the prexistent matter1 the image1 picture1 which is the exact copy of its ideal prototype1 is a real image1 picture1 or copy4 ,but ,mr4 ,emerson1 if he recognizes the methexis at all1 either confounds it with real and necessary being1 or makes it purely phenomenal1 and therefore unreal1 as distinguished from real and necessary being4 ,methexis is a ,greek word1 and means1 etymologically and as used by ,plato1 participation4 ,plato's doctrine is1 that all inferior existences exist by participation of the higher1 through the medium of what he calls the plastic soul1 whence the ,demiourgos of the ,gnostics4 ,his error was in making the plastic soul instead of the creative act of ,god the medium of the participation4 ,still1 ,plato made it the participation of ideas or the ideal1 and1 in the last analysis1 of ,him who is being in himself4 ,hence1 he made a distinction1 if not the proper distinction1 between the methexis and ,god1 or being by participation and the absolute underived being1 or being in itself4 ,mr4 ,emerson recognizes no real participation1 and either excludes the methexis or identifies it with ,god1 or absolute being4 ,he thus reduces the categories1 as does ,cousin1 to being and phenomenon1 or1 in the only barbarism in language he permits himself1 the ,,me--le moi--and the ,,not ,,me--le non moi--the root-error1 so to speak1 of ,fichte4 ,he takes himself as the central force1 and holds it to be the reality expressed in the ,,not ,,me4 ,the ,,not ,,me being purely phenomenal1 only the ,,me is real4 ,by the ,,me he1 of course1 does not mean his own personality1 but the reality which underlies and expresses itself in it4 ,the absolute ,,ich1 or ego1 of ,fichte is identical in all men1 is the real man1 the one man1 as ,mr4 ,emerson says2 and this one man is the reality1 the being1 the substance1 the force of the whole phenomenal universe4 ,there is1 then1 no methexis imitated1 copied1 or mimicked by the mimesis1 or the individual and sensible universe4 ,the mimesis copies not a participated or created intelligible1 but1 however it may be diversified by degrees1 it copies directly ,god himself1 the one real being and only substance of all things4 ,if we regard ourselves as phenomenal1 we are unreal1 and therefore nothing2 if as real1 as substantive1 as force1 we do not participate1 mediante the creative act1 of real being1 but are identically it1 or identical with it2 which makes the author not only a pantheist1 but a more unmitigated pantheist than ,plato himself4 ,neither ,plato nor ,mr4 ,emerson recognizes any causative force in the mimesis4 ,plato recognizes causative force only in ideas1 though he concedes a power of resistance to the prexistent matter1 and finds in its intractableness the cause of evil2 ,mr4 ,emerson recognizes causative or productive force only in the absolute1 and therefore denies the existence of second causes1 as he does all distinction between first cause and final cause2 which is the very essence of pantheism1 which ,gioberti rightly terms the supreme sophism4 ,we have used the ,greek terms methexis and mimesis after ,plato1 as ,gioberti has done in his posthumous works1 but not precisely in ,gioberti's sense4 ,gioberti identifies the methexis with the plastic soul asserted by ,plato1 and revived by old ,ralph ,cudworth1 an ,anglican divine of the seventeenth century2 but though we make the methexis causative in the order of second causes1 we do not make it productive of the mimesis4 ,it means what are called genera and species2 but even in the order of second causes1 genera are generative or productive only as specificated1 and species only as individualized4 ,god must have created the genus specificated and the species individualized before either could be active or productive as second cause4 ,the genus does not and cannot exist without specification1 nor the species without individualization1 any more than the individual can exist without the species1 or the species without the genus4 ,for instance1 man is the species1 according to the schoolmen1 the genus is animal1 the differentia is reason1 and hence man is defined a rational animal4 ,but the genus animal1 though necessary to its existence1 cannot generate the species man1 any more than it could have generated itself4 ,the species can exist only as immediately individuated by the first cause1 and hence the pretence of some scientists--more properly sciolists1--that new species are formed either by development or by natural selection1 is simply absurd1 as has been well shown by the ,duke of ,argyll4 ,god creates the species as well as the genera2 and it is fairly inferred from the ,scriptures that he creates all things in their genera and species after their kind4 ,furthermore1 if ,god had not created the human species individualized in ,adam1 male and female1 there could have been no men by natural generation1 any more than if there had been no human species at all4 ,this1 as we understand it1 excludes alike the plastic soul of the ,platonists and the ,demiourgos of the ,gnostics1 and teaches that the mimesis is as directly created by ,god himself as the methexis4 ,mr4 ,emerson1 indeed1 uses neither of these ,platonic terms1 though if he had1 he would1 with his knowledge of the ,christian doctrine of creation1 have detected the error of ,plato1 and most likely have escaped his own4 ,the term methexis--participation--excludes the old error that ,god generates the universe1 which is rather favored by the terms genera and species4 ,we use the term mimesis because it serves to us to express the fact that the lower copies or imitates the higher1 and therefore the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 that ,deus est similitudo rerum omnium1 or that ,god is himself the type or model after which the universe is created1 and which each and every existence in its own order and degree strives to copy or represent4 ,the error of ,plato is1 that he makes the methexis an emanation rather than a creature1 and the plastic power that produces the mimesis2 the error of ,mr4 ,emerson1 as we view the matter1 is1 that he makes the mimetic purely phenomenal1 therefore unreal1 sinks it in the methexic1 and the methexis itself in ,god1 as the one only being or substance1 the natura naturans of ,spinoza4 ,with ,plato1 the mimesis is the product of the methexic1 but is itself passive1 and the sooner the soul is emancipated from it the better2 though what is the soul in his system of ideas we understand not4 ,with ,mr4 ,emerson1 it is neither active nor passive1 for it is purely phenomenal1 therefore nothing4 ,with us it is real1 and1 like all real existences1 it is active1 and is not a simple image or copy of the methexic or the ideal1 but is in its order and degree a vis activa1 and copies or imitates actively the divine type or the idea exemplaris in the divine mind1 after which it is created4 ,mr4 ,emerson says1 in the introduction to his essay on ,nature1 ,philosophically considered1 the universe is composed of nature and soul4 ,but all activity is in the soul1 and what is distinguishable from the soul is purely phenomenal1 and1 if we may take his essay on the ,over-soul1 not republished in these volumes1 is but the soul's own projection of itself4 ,the soul alone is active1 productive1 and it is myself1 my own ego2 not indeed in its personal limitations and feebleness1 but in its absoluteness1 as the absolute or impersonal ,ich of ,fichte1 and identically ,god1 who is the great1 the absolute ,i ,,am4 ,the error is obvious4 ,it consists in the denial or in the overlooking of the fact that ,god creates substances1 and that every substance is1 as ,leibnitz defines it1 a force1 a vis activa1 acting always from its own centre outward4 ,whatever actually exists is active1 and there is and can be no passivity in nature4 ,hence1 ,aristotle and the schoolmen after him call ,god1 who is being and being in its plenitude1 actus purissimus1 or most pure act1 in whom there are no possibilities to be actualized4 ,mr4 ,emerson errs in his first principles1 in not recognizing the fact that ,god creates substances1 and that every substance is an activity1 therefore causative either ad intra or ad extra1 and that every created substance is causative in the order of second causes4 ,what we maintain in opposition both to him and ,plato is1 that these created substances are at once methexic and mimetic in their activity4 ,it were an easy task to show that whatever errors there may be1 or may be supposed to be1 in ,mr4 ,emerson's works grow out of the two fundamental errors we have indicated--the identification of soul1 freed from its personal limitations1 as in ,adam1 ,john1 and ,richard1 with ,god1 or the real being1 substance1 force1 or activity1 and the assumption that whatever is distinguishable from ,god is purely phenomenal1 an apparition1 a sense-show1 a mere bubble on the surface of the ocean of being1 as we pointed out in our comments on the proceedings of the ,free ,religionists1 in the magazine for last ,november1 and to which we beg leave to refer our readers4 ,yet1 though we have known ,mr4 ,emerson personally ever since #ahcf1 have held more than one conversation with him1 listened to several courses of lectures from him1 and read and even studied the greater part1 if not all of his works1 as they issued from the press1 we must confess that1 in reperusing them preparatory to writing this brief notice1 we have been struck1 as we never were before1 with the depth and breadth of his thought1 as well as with the singular force and beauty of his expression4 ,we appreciate him much higher both as a thinker and as an observer1 and we give him credit for a depth of feeling1 an honesty of purpose1 an earnest seeking after truth1 we had not previously awarded him in so great a degree1 either publicly or privately4 ,we are also struck with his near approach to the truth as we are taught it4 ,he seems to us to come as near to the truth as one can who is so unhappy as to miss it4 ,we regard it as ,mr4 ,emerson's great misfortune1 that his early ,protestant training led him to regard the ,catholic question as res adjucata1 and to take ,protestantism1 in some one or all of its forms1 as the truest and best exponent of ,christianity4 ,protestantism is narrow1 superficial1 unintellectual1 vague1 indefinite1 sectarian1 and it was easy for a mind like his to pierce through its hollow pretensions1 to discover its unspiritual character1 its want of life1 its formality1 and its emptiness4 ,it was not difficult to comprehend that it was only a dead corse1 and a mutilated corse at that4 ,the ,christian mysteries it professed to retain1 as it held them1 were lifeless dogmas1 with no practical bearing on life1 and no reason in the world for believing them4 ,such a system1 having no relation with the living and moving world1 and no reason in the nature or constitution of things1 could not satisfy a living and thinking man1 in downright earnest for a truth at least as broad and as living as his own soul4 ,it was too little1 too insignificant1 too mesquine1 too much of a dead and putrefying body to satisfy either his intellect or his heart4 ,if that is the true exponent of ,christianity1 and the most enlightened portion of mankind say it is1 why shall ,i belie my own understanding1 my own better nature1 by professing to believe and reverence it8 ,no2 let me be a man1 be true to myself1 to my own reason and instincts1 not a miserable time-server or a contemptible hypocrite4 ,if ,mr4 ,emerson had not been led to regard the ,catholic question as closed1 except to the dwellers among tombs1 and to the ignorant and superstitious1 and had studied the church with half the diligence he has ,plato1 ,mohammed1 or ,swedenborg1 it is possible that he would have found in ,christianity the life and truth1 the reality1 unity1 and catholicity he has so long and so earnestly sought elsewhere and found not4 ,certain it is1 that whatever affirmative truth he holds is held and taught by the church in its proper place1 its real relations1 and in its integrity4 ,the church does not live in the past nor dwell only among tombs2 she is an ever-present and ever-living church1 and presents to us not a dead historical ,christ1 but the ever-living and ever-present ,christ1 as really and truly present to us as he was to the disciples and apostles with whom he conversed when he went about in ,judea doing good1 without having where to lay his head1 and not more veiled from our sight now than he was then from theirs4 ,does she not hold the sublime mystery of the ,real ,presence1 which1 if an individual fact1 is also a universal principle8 ,the ,christian system1 if we may so speak1 is not an after-thought in creation1 or something superinduced on the ,creator's works4 ,it has its ground and reason in the very constitution of things4 ,all the mysteries taught or dogmas enjoined by the church are universal principles2 they are truly catholic1 the very principles according to which the universe1 visible or invisible1 is constructed1 and not one of them can be denied without denying a first principle of life and of science4 ,mr4 ,emerson says1 in a passage we have quoted1 ,all science has one aim1 namely1 to find a theory of nature1 and seems to concede that it has not yet succeeded in finding it4 ,the church goes beyond even the aim of science1 and gives1 at least professes to give1 not a theory of truth1 but the truth itself2 she is not a method1 but that to which the true method leads4 ,she is the body of ,him who is the way1 the truth1 and the life2 she gives us1 not as the philosophers1 her views of the truth1 but the truth itself1 in its reality1 its unity1 its integrity1 its universality1 its immutability4 ,at least such is her profession2 for the faith she teaches is the substance--hypostasis--of the things to be hoped for1 and the evidence of things not seen--substantia sperandarum1 argumentum non apparentium4 ,such being her profession1 made long before ,protestantism was born1 and continued to be made since with no stammering tongue or abatement of confidence1 the pretence that judgment has gone against her is unfounded4 ,many have condemned her1 as the ,jewish ,sanhedrim condemned our ,lord1 and called on the ,roman ,procurator to execute judgment against him2 but she has no more staid condemned than he staid confined in the new tomb hewn from the rock in which his body was laid1 and far more are they who admit her professions among the enlightened and civilized than they who deny them4 ,no man has a right to be regarded as a philosopher or sage who has not at least thoroughly examined her titles1 and made up his mind with a full knowledge of the cause4 ,in the ,catholic ,church we have found the real presence1 and unity1 and catholicity which we sought long and earnestly1 and could find nowhere else1 and which ,mr4 ,emerson1 after a still longer and equally earnest search1 has not found at all4 ,he looks not beyond nature1 and nature is not catholic1 universal1 or the whole4 ,it is not one1 but manifold and variable4 ,it cannot tell its origin1 medium1 or end4 ,with all the light ,mr4 ,emerson has derived from nature1 or from nature and soul united1 there is infinite darkness behind1 infinite darkness before1 and infinite darkness all around him4 ,he says1 ,every man's condition is a solution in hieroglyphic of those inquiries he would put4 ,suppose it is so1 what avail is that to him who has lost or never had the key to the hieroglyph8 ,knows he to interpret the hieroglyph in which the solution is concealed8 ,can he read the riddle of the sphinx8 ,he has tried his hand at it in his poem of the ,sphinx1 and has only been able to answer that ,each answer is a lie4 ,it avails us little to be told where the solution is1 if we are not told what it is1 or if only told that every solution is false as soon as told4 ,hear him2 to man he says1 ,thou art the unanswered question2 ,couldst see thy proper eye1 ,alway it asketh1 asketh2 ,and each answer is a lie3 ,so take thy quest through nature1 ,it through a thousand natures ply2 ,ask on1 thou clothed eternity2 ,time is the false reply4 ,the answer1 if it means any thing1 means that man is a clothed eternity1 whatever that may mean1 eternally seeking an answer to the mystery of his own being1 and each answer he can obtain is a lie2 for only eternity can comprehend eternity and tell what it is4 ,whence has he learned that man1 the man-child1 is a clothed eternity1 and therefore ,god1 who only is eternal8 ,now1 eternity is above time1 and above the world of time1 consequently above nature4 ,catholicity1 by the very force of the term1 must include all truth1 and therefore the truth of the supernatural as well as of the natural4 ,but ,mr4 ,emerson denies the supernatural1 and does not1 of course1 even profess to have any knowledge that transcends nature4 ,how1 then1 can he pretend to have attained to catholic truth8 ,he himself restricts nature to the external universe1 which is phenomenal1 and to soul1 by which he means himself4 ,but are there no phenomena without being or substance which appears or which shows itself in them8 ,is this being or substance the soul1 or1 in the barbarism he adopts1 the ,,me8 ,if so1 the ,,not-,,me is only the phenomena of the ,,me1 and of course identical with myself1 as he implies in what he says of the one man4 ,then in me1 and emanating from me1 are all men1 and the whole of nature4 ,how does he know this8 ,does he learn it from nature8 ,of course1 ,mr4 ,emerson means not this1 even if his various utterances imply it4 ,he uses the word creation1 and we suppose he intends1 notwithstanding his systematic views1 if such he has1 contradict it1 to use it in its proper sense4 ,then he must hold the universe1 including1 according to his division1 nature and soul1 has been created1 and if created1 it has a creator4 ,the creator must be superior1 above nature and soul1 and therefore in the strictest sense of the word supernatural2 and as reason is the highest faculty of the soul1 the supernatural must also be supra-rational4 ,does the creator create for a purpose1 for an end8 and if so1 what is that end or purpose1 and the medium or means of fulfilling it1 whether on his part or on the part of the creature8 ,here1 then1 we have the assertion of a whole order of truth1 very real and very important to be known1 which transcends the truth ,mr4 ,emerson professes to have1 and which is not included in it4 ,we say again1 then1 that he has not attained to catholicity1 and we also say that1 by the only method he admits1 he cannot attain to it4 ,how can he pretend to have attained to catholicity1 and that he has already a truth more universal than ,christianity reveals1 when he must confess that without the knowledge of a supernatural and supra-rational truth he cannot explain his origin or end1 or know the conditions of his existence1 or the means of gaining his end8 ,mr4 ,emerson says1 as we have quoted him1 ,undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable4 ,we must trust the perfection of the creation so far as to believe that whatever curiosity the order of things has awakened in our minds1 the order of things can satisfy4 ,alway it asketh1 asketh1 ,and each answer is a lie4 ,there is here a grand mistake4 ,if he had said the ,creator instead of creation1 there would have been truth and great propriety in the author's assertion4 ,nature--and we mean by nature the whole created order--excites us to ask many very troublesome questions1 which nature is quite incompetent to answer4 ,the fact that nature is created1 proves that she is1 both as a whole and in all her parts1 dependent1 not independent1 and therefore does not and cannot suffice for herself4 ,unable to suffice for herself1 she cannot suffice for the science of herself2 for science must be of that which is1 not of that which is not4 ,mr4 ,emerson1 we presume1 struck with the narrowness and inconsistencies of all the religions he had studied1 and finding that they are all variable and transitory in their forms1 yet thought that he also discovered something in them1 or underlying them all1 which is universal1 invariable1 and permanent1 and which they are all honest efforts of the great soul to realize4 ,he therefore came to the conclusion that the sage can accept none of these narrow1 variable1 and transitory forms1 and yet can reject none of them as to the great1 invariable1 and underlying principles1 which in fact is all they have that is real or profitable4 ,to distinguish between the transient and permanent in religion was the common aim of the ,boston movement from #ahcj to #ahda1 when we ourselves began to turn our own mind1 though very timidly and at a great distance1 toward the church4 ,mr4 ,emerson1 ,miss ,margaret ,fuller1 ,a4 ,bronson ,alcott1 and ,mr4 ,theodore ,parker regarded the permanent elements of all religions as the natural patrimony or products of human nature4 ,the present writer differed from them1 by ascribing their origin to supernatural revelation made to our first parents in the garden1 universally diffused by the dispersion of the race1 and transmitted to us by the traditions of all nations4 ,following out this view1 the grace of ,god moving and assisting1 we found our way to the ,catholic ,church1 in which the form and the invariable and permanent principle1 or rather1 the form growing out of the principle1 are inseparable1 and are fitted by the divine hand to each other4 ,the others1 falling back on a sort of transcendental illuminism1 sunk into pure naturalism1 where such of them as are still living1 and a whole brood of young disciples who have sprung up since1 remain1 and1 like the old ,gnostics1 suppose themselves spiritual men and women in possession of the secret of the universe4 ,there was much life1 mental activity1 and honest purpose in the movement2 but those who had the most influence in directing its course could not believe that any thing good could come out of ,nazareth1 and so turned their backs on the church4 ,they thought they could find something deeper1 broader1 and more living than ,christianity1 and have lost not only the transient1 but even the permanent in religion4 ,,footnote3 #cf ,the ,prose ,works of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 ,new and revised edition4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgj4 #b vols4 #afmo4 ,,the ,,holy-,,week ,,of #ahfi ,,in ,,havana4 ,,good-,,friday4 ,,holy-,,saturday4 ,,easter-,,sunday4 ,,good-,,friday4 ,sad indeed was the aspect of all things within the cathedral on ,good-,friday morning4 ,black draperies covered the pulpit1 reading-desks1 and seats reserved for the authorities1 and every one was attired in mourning4 ,instead of the rose-color and blue of ,holy-,thursday1 the ladies now wore black or violet silks and satins with jet ornaments4 ,all the personages of the preceding day were present1 and the religious services were in nowise different from those of the ,catholic ,church in other lands1 with the exception that1 in the reading of the passion1 at the words gave up the ghost1 all knelt1 but did not kiss the ground1 as is the custom in ,france4 ,during the adoration of the cross1 in which the captain-general1 apparently almost too ill to stand1 and the other gentlemen took part1 the choir sang the beautiful hymn ,pange lingua1 with its tender burden of ,crux fidelis4 ,never did it sound to me more touching4 ,sing1 ,o my tongue6 the ,victor's praise2 ,for him the noblest trophy raise1 ,the victory of his cross proclaim1 ,his glory and his laurelled fame2 ,sing of his conquests1 when he proved ,the ,saviour of the souls he loved4 ,o faithful cross6 thou stand'st alone2 ,none like thee in our woods is grown1 ,none can with thy rich growth compare1 ,or leaves like thine1 or flowerets bear4 ,sweet wood1 sweet nails1 both sweet and fair1 ,sweet is the precious weight ye bear4 ,the adoration terminated1 the procession was formed1 exactly as on the day before1 to bring back the ,blessed ,sacrament from the sepulchre4 ,on reaching the foot of the steps1 the captain-general delivered up to the bishop the key he had worn suspended from his neck since the preceding morning4 ,as the procession returned1 the noble strains of the ,vexilla regis resounded through the great church4 ,the standard of our ,king unfurled ,proclaims triumphant to the world ,the cross1 where ,life would suffer death ,to gain life with his dying breath6 ,my heart beat faster as ,i listened to the glorious hymn6 ,the communion made1 vespers were chanted in grave and mournful tones1 and the service was concluded4 ,as the bishop descended the nave to leave the cathedral1 the little girls of the nuns' schools crowded around him to kiss his hand2 and it was very pretty to see them clasp his fingers1 and look up in his kind face with a confiding smile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as it had been officially announced that the meditation on the seven words of ,jesus on the cross1 with the ceremony of the descent from the cross1 to be followed by the procession of the interment1 were to take place1 as is usual every year1 that afternoon in the church of ,san ,juan de ,dios1 ,i determined to be present4 ,at three o'clock1 accordingly1 ,i stationed myself in a shady corner1 not far from the principal entrance of ,san ,juan1 among a crowd of soldiers1 volunteers1 and colored people4 ,all gazed at me inquisitively4 ,i looked like a lady2 but my somewhat ,andalusian physiognomy1 shaded by the black lace mantilla1 put them out a little4 ,i heard them at last decide that ,i was an estranjera1 7stranger17 and consequently considered capable of1 and permitted1 any eccentricity1 without derogating from my claim to respect4 ,twenty minutes passed away thus2 a south wind was blowing1 and great water-laden clouds were fast covering the sky2 the heat was very oppressive1 and soon heavy drops of rain began to fall1 and every one rushed to shelter4 ,i ran back to the cathedral1 my nearest refuge4 ,the ,tenebr had just commenced1 and ,i sat there and listened to the doleful lamentations of ,jeremiah1 and the wails of the holy women1 mingling with the thunder-crashes and the noise of the pouring rain1 which fell as it only falls within the tropics4 ,it was a combination of sounds not easily to be forgotten4 ,at half-past four1 the storm was over1 and the sky clear and blue once more1 so ,i determined to hasten to ,san ,juan1 and1 though too late to hear the meditation1 still witness the descent from the cross4 ,to my surprise1 on going to the door ,i found it impossible to leave the church2 the whole place in front of the cathedral was knee-deep in water1 and all the streets leading from it looked like swift-flowing rivers6 ,not until five o'clock did the water subside sufficiently to permit me to cross the street conducting to ,san ,juan1 where1 however1 ,i fortunately arrived in time for the ceremony ,i so much wished to see4 ,the high altar had been removed1 and in its place1 on an elevated platform1 were erected three great crosses1 the centre one bearing the image1 large as life1 of our ,saviour1 the other two those of the thieves crucified with him2 the face of the repentant sinner was turned lovingly toward his ,lord1 that of the unrepentant looked away with a scowl4 ,the figure of the victim was fearfully natural--the pallor of death was on his blood-stained brow1 the gash in his side1 and his mangled hands and feet were livid4 ,two priests1 mounted on ladders placed against the arms of the cross1 were in the act of taking down the writing when ,i got near enough to see well4 ,at the command of the preacher1 who had just finished the meditation1 and who directed them from the pulpit1 they then proceeded to draw out the nail from the right hand2 when loosened from the tree1 the arm fell stiffly and as if dead2 before the other was freed1 long and wide linen bands were passed under both1 and around the body1 to sustain it and prevent it from falling forward4 ,llorad lagrimas de sangre--,weep tears of blood1 cried the preacher while this was being done amid the breathless silence of the spectators1 he died for you6 ,so solemnly1 so tenderly did the priests perform their office1 that it seemed no representation1 but dreadful reality1 and my cheeks grew cold1 and my heart throbbed painfully when the pale1 bruised body was gently lowered and borne to the bier waiting to receive it4 ,yes1 this cruel death ,he died for us2 but1 ,o true and loving women6 one sweet and proud remembrance will be ours for all eternity--our kiss betrayed him not1 nor our tongue denied-- ,while even the apostle left him to his doom1 ,we lingered round his cross1 and watched his tomb6 ,the preacher now descended from the pulpit1 and quitted the church in company with the other assistant priests2 and the direction seemed to be left in the hands of a fraternity called los ,hermanos de la ,soledad--the ,brethren of ,solitude--a set of tall1 fine-looking black men1 many with thin lips and almost ,roman noses4 ,they were dressed in robes of black glazed calico1 with white lace tippets4 ,a quarter of an hour elapsed2 the church remained crowded1 but there were no signs of preparation for the procession4 ,presently a handsome1 authoritative-mannered personage1 evidently a ,spaniard1 entered hastily1 and1 pushing his way unceremoniously through the people1 sought the members of the brotherhood1 to whom he evidently gave some orders1 and then went away4 ,a great silence prevailed1 and every one seemed to be waiting for something4 ,i at last mustered up courage to ask a brother when the procession would commence4 ,no hay procesion hasta el ao que viene--,there will be no procession until next year--he answered in a very loud voice4 ,pero1 seor1 en el diario--,but1 sir1 in the newspaper-- ,i began4 ,no hay procesion hasta el ao que viene1 he repeated louder still4 ,the women broke forth in murmurs2 but not a man spoke1 though compressed lips and scowling brows showed sufficiently what was passing within4 ,i must not omit to remark that the congregation consisted almost entirely of colored creoles4 ,by dint of soft but firmly continued pushing1 and a pleasant smile when the individual ,i elbowed looked grimly at me1 ,i forced my way out of the disagreeable pack of volunteers and negroes1 men and boys1 that surrounded me1 to the chancel1 where ,i found a number of well-dressed and respectable-looking colored ladies seated on the platform4 ,there the discontent was louder1 and ,i understood distinctly that the disappointment was attributed more to the ill-will of their rulers than to the bad state of the weather4 ,one woman1 particularly1 exclaimed angrily several times1 and sufficiently loud to be heard by all in that end of the building1 ,hay procesion para los ,espaoles1 pero no para nosotros--,there are processions for the ,spaniards1 but not for us4 ,however1 there was nothing to be done but to submit2 so a few persons went quietly away1 and ,i at last succeeded in obtaining a close view of the bier4 ,it was in the form of a sarcophagus with open sides1 placed on a trestle concealed by black velvet drapery spotted with silver stars2 the upper part very tastefully decorated with white and lilac flowers4 ,the image lying within was covered with a cloth of silver tissue1 the head and feet left bare4 ,close by stood another trestle1 also covered with ornamented black velvet1 and supporting a small platform1 on which stood the figures of the ,blessed ,virgin1 in deep grief1 holding in her hand a very handsome lace pocket-handkerchief1 and of ,st4 ,john1 with a profusion of fair ringlets1 sustaining her in his arms4 ,the bier1 followed by the ,virgin and ,st4 ,john1 carried by the members of the black ,hermandad1 escorted by soldiers and military music1 and accompanied by a vast number of people1 constitutes the procession of the interment1 which every ,good-,friday 7when permitted7 leaves the old church of ,san ,juan de ,dios1 passes through many streets of the city1 and before the palace of the captain-general1 and stops at the cathedral1 into which it enters1 and where the images are finally deposited with great solemnity4 ,this year1 as we have seen1 the procession did not take place4 ,while examining with interest these curious remains of the piety of the first settlers in the island1 ,i heard some one cry out1 ,no deja ninguno salir--,let no one go out--and at the same moment saw some soldiers lifting up and looking under the velvet draperies as if searching for some one4 ,five very uncomfortable minutes followed2 the door by which ,i had entered was blocked up with soldiers and volunteers1 every one was frightfully silent--and ,i am not a heroine6 ,at last the people were allowed to go out by one door1 while the soldiers and volunteers slowly filled up the church by the other4 ,exceedingly great was the relief ,i felt when ,i found myself safely seated in the cars1 7which in consequence of the rain had been permitted to enter the city and station themselves in their usual place17 and on my way home1 where ,i arrived very tired and almost disgusted with sight-seeing4 ,,holy-,,saturday4 ,at seven o'clock in the morning of the ,sabado de ,gloria1 the ,saturday of ,glory1 as the ,spaniards beautifully and expressively call this great day1 ,i was already established in my usual place in the nave of the cathedral1 though the religious ceremonies were not to commence until eight4 ,the attendance of the public generally was less than on ,maundy-,thursday and ,good-,friday1 and none of the superior authorities of ,havana1 nor military and civil functionaries1 were present4 ,the new fire was lighted and blessed precisely as is done with us1 and the five grains of incense placed on the paschal candle2 which1 however1 was not a tall1 thick taper1 as in other countries1 but a veritable pillar of wax1 about a yard high and six inches in diameter2 transmitting to us most probably an exact resemblance of that column of wax upon which the patriarch of ,alexandria used to inscribe the paschal epoch and the movable feasts1 and which in progress of time was employed as a torch during the paschal night1 and at last came to be regarded as the symbol of the resuscitated ,saviour1 the true light of the world4 ,after reading the prophecies1 the deacon1 preceded by the holy cross and the paschal candle1 and accompanied by the clergy and many of the faithful present1 went in procession to bless the new water and the baptismal fonts4 ,this ceremony also was performed exactly as it is with us4 ,at its conclusion the deacon returned to the high altar1 and after sprinkling it and the congregation with the newly-blessed water1 the short mass of the day commenced4 ,scarcely had the officiating priest begun to intone the ,gloria1 when the central door of the church burst open1 letting in a flood of golden light2 the cannon fired1 the drums beat1 the bells rang out1 and the loud organ pealed forth a triumphant strain1 while voices that seemed to come from heaven repeated high and clear1 with delicious harmony1 ,gloria in excelsis ,deo6 ,we all simultaneously fell on our knees2 for myself1 ,i can say that never in my life before had ,i experienced such rapturous emotion4 ,never before had ,i so perfectly realized the triumph of life over death6 ,never before1 ,o my ,god6 had ,i felt so deeply what it was to praise thee1 to bless thee1 to adore thee1 to glorify thee with my whole heart4 ,gloria in excelsis ,deo6 ,god the ,redeemer liveth6 ,he who took ,man's nature on him1 and in human shroud ,veiled his immortal glory6 ,he is risen-- ,god the ,redeemer liveth6 ,and behold ,the gates of life and immortality ,opened to all that breathe6 ,the ,alleluia was chanted in the same spirit of joy and exultation1 and the services concluded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,without the church all was now gayety and bustle4 ,the streets were crowded as if by magic with vehicles of every description4 ,the shops were all open2 the sweetmeat and fruit-sellers at their posts1 looking as if they had never been absent2 the lottery-ticket venders in full cry4 ,the horses and mules had their heads decorated with bows and rosettes and streamers of bright-colored ribbons1 and their tails elegantly plaited and tied up to one side of their saddle or harness1 with scarlet braid4 ,even the quiet1 patient oxen sported a bit of finery1 and wore flowers on the ponderous yoke that weighed down their gentle heads4 ,crowds of busy men hurried hither and thither2 gayly-dressed ladies drove about in their stylish quitrins2 loud talking and laughing was the order of the day among the colored population2 a riff-raff of little blackies pervaded the city1 happily without the squibs1 crackers1 and fire-arms permitted them until this year1 but quite sufficiently boisterous to be intolerable2 while the church-bells kept ringing out1 adding their clang to the noisy confusion1 and not with that merry musical chime we are accustomed to hear in ,england1 the land of the scientific1 well-trained bell-ringer4 ,but1 indeed1 nowhere since ,i listened years ago to the bells of ,saint ,mary's in dear old smoky ,manchester have ,i heard a regular triple bob-major6 ,,easter-,,sunday4 ,the sun was not yet up when ,i started for town on ,easter morning4 ,the procession of the resurrection--called1 to distinguish it from other processions of the resurrection1 del encuentro1 of the meeting--was to commence at six o'clock1 and ,i was determined that no tardiness on my part should prevent my seeing the whole of this singular relic of bygone ages4 ,the transition from darkness to light is so wonderfully sudden1 however1 in these latitudes1 that it was broad day when ,i reached the cathedral1 which ,i found brilliantly illuminated with wax tapers1 and hung with crimson damask draperies4 ,mass had just begun1 and there was a considerable number of persons present1 most of them ladies1 as is always the case in the churches of ,havana4 ,how the sight of the men-crowded churches of the ,united ,states would astonish these ,cubans1 who seem to believe that religion is made for ignorant women and children1 and that the less they profess to have1 the more enlightened they appear6 ,as if the really enlightened man were not he who most deeply feels the necessity of his ,maker's care and love--the consolation of addressing him in prayer6 ,as soon as the service was ended1 ,i hastened to the ,calle ,empedrado1 the street leading directly from the cathedral to ,san ,juan1 and took up my station on the edge of the sidewalk1 about half-way between the two churches4 ,the balconies of the houses and the sides of the great barred1 glassless windows were hung with red and yellow draperies2 and gayly-dressed ladies and children1 and crowds of colored people1 with the inevitable volunteers1 thronged the streets4 ,while thus waiting1 ,i was struck by the appearance of the dresses of the greater part of the colored creole women2 nearly all wore red1 white1 and blue1 the antagonistic colors to red and yellow4 ,their wearers1 in all probability1 intended by this show of their political opinions to revenge themselves upon the ,spaniards for the loss of their much-loved procession on ,good-,friday4 ,there was soon a murmur of expectation in the crowd around me1 and presently there appeared coming toward us from ,san ,juan the image1 large as life1 of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 dressed in a skirt of silver tinsel1 and an open dress of blue satin1 trimmed with silver lace4 ,a profusion of long auburn ringlets flowed down each side of the smiling face1 and a very elaborate gilded glory was affixed to the back of the head4 ,the arms were slightly raised1 and the hand held out4 ,this figure stood on a small platform supported on the shoulders of four of the ,brethren of ,solitude1 such tall men that the saint1 as she advanced rapidly1 her curls streaming out behind her1 seemed to be running over the heads of the spectators4 ,as she passed1 all the men took off their hats respectfully4 ,the bearers halted just in front of me1 the ,magdalen being supposed to look toward the sepulchre2 after a few minutes' pause1 she suddenly turned and ran back to the church of ,san ,juan4 ,in order1 probably1 to give a more natural appearance to the image1 the men who carried it1 and who evidently took extreme delight and pride in the duty1 waddled as they ran1 and so communicated a most ludicrous deportment to the saint4 ,every one laughed loud as they watched her roll from side to side1 plunging forward from time to time1 and then recovering herself with a jerk1 her hair flopping up and down or streaming out on the air4 ,que bien corre1 meneandose--,how well she runs1 shaking herself6--was the admiring exclamation of several persons near me1 and they laughed2 yes1 men1 women1 and children1 black and white1 roared with laughter1 and yet1 ,i verily believe1 not one among them all laughed in derision1 or felt the slightest sentiment of disrespect4 ,perfect love casteth out fear1 says the apostle2 and it never entered into their heads that the good saint could be displeased because1 like simple children1 they laughed at so artless a representation of her4 ,the grotesque movements excited their hilarity1 and they were hilarious on the impulse of the moment1 and without arrire pense4 ,the ,latin race is sometimes remarkable for a child-like simplicity in its actions which too often is mistaken by colder temperaments for a lack of veneration and propriety4 ,in a little while the saint came running down the street again1 saluted respectfully again by the merry crowd4 ,a halt of five minutes1 while she looked earnestly in the direction of the sepulchre1 and then she turned and rushed back1 more violently agitated than before1 and amidst reiterated shouts of laughter1 to ,san ,juan de ,dios1 to tell the ,blessed ,virgin the good tidings that her ,son was alive again4 ,and now the loud strains of martial music reached our ears1 and we saw emerging from the square in front of the cathedral1 and slowly advancing toward us1 a high1 handsome structure carried on the shoulders of a member of the black ,hermandad4 ,in the centre of it stood the image of the risen ,saviour1 crowned with a radiant glory2 his right hand extended as if to welcome1 his left grasping a white and gold banner1 which displayed1 when the breeze unfurled its folds1 a blood-red cross4 ,a little angel with outspread wings seemed to hover in front of the gorgeous fabric1 as if to herald the coming ,lord4 ,a regiment of colored soldiers1 wearing white drill uniforms with red facings1 escorted this triumphal car1 the band playing its gayest airs4 ,at the same moment the ,holy ,virgin1 attired in gold-colored silk damask1 with a magnificent halo around her head1 appeared at the opposite end of the street coming to meet him4 ,she was followed at a short distance by ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 now more subdued in manner4 ,the ,virgin's arms were raised as if about to clasp them around her beloved ,son1 and her face wore an expression of ecstatic joy4 ,the two processions met where ,i stood1 and after a short pause1 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 who was the nearest to the church of ,san ,juan de ,dios1 turned round and led the way thither1 the ,virgin turning also1 and the two processions now forming but one4 ,slowly1 but to the liveliest music1 in which mingled the strains of ,riesgo's hymn1 the whole mass of us--for we spectators fell into the ranks--moved onward1 every one looking glad and gay1 and so we at last reached the old church1 which was far too small to contain one half of us1 and the images entered one after the other with all the assistants who could force their way in4 ,we weaker vessels1 left outside1 seeing it hopeless to try to get in1 soon dispersed4 ,i have since learnt that no kind of religious ceremony took place2 the images were simply set down1 and after a while the church was cleared of the people and closed for an hour or two4 ,there are processions of the resurrection from a great number of churches perambulating the city every ,easter-,sunday2 but this one of the ,meeting1 is by far the most curious and interesting4 ,that of the church of the ,espiritu ,santo is considered one of the prettiest1 because of the children in fancy dresses that take part in it4 ,this year1 ,i was told1 a great majority of them wore volunteer or cantinera 7canteen-women1 or sutler7 costumes1 to the great disgust of ,cuban mothers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there was1 of course1 much festivity going on in the city and suburbs all that day4 ,there were family meetings and the pleasant retreta in the evening for some2 the theatre and public balls for others2 and1 ,i am sorry to say1 there was cock-fighting for that brutal minority which in all countries seems to seek its greatest enjoyment in the contemplation of bloody strife4 ,yet1 in sad truth1 there had been strife enough in the streets of ,havana during the past week to have contented the most sanguinary temper1 and sorrow enough to have softened the hardest4 ,palm-,sunday had witnessed the farewell to all that was dear to them of two hundred and fifty unfortunate men2 had witnessed1 also1 the wretched end of the two youths about to embark with the other prisoners1 and the noble death of the courageous commissary of police1 shot down while he sought to protect them from the vengeance of the volunteers1 whom their mad bravadoes1 as they were marched down to the ship1 had infuriated4 ,in the course of the week a colored man had been killed in the streets for seditious cries1 and several others stabbed at night by unknown hands4 ,and as if to keep up the constant anxiety and fear that overcast ,havana like a lurid cloud1 the ,cubans by every possible covert insult1 and only just avoiding the most terrible consequences1 had shown their hatred of their ,spanish rulers4 ,one trifling incident became a subject of interest and excitement that would have been absurd under any other circumstances than the present4 ,on ,good-,friday a gorrion 7sparrow7 was found dead in the ,plaza de ,armas by a volunteer4 ,some say1 though others contradict the report1 that the poor little bird had its eyes torn out1 its heart transfixed with pins1 and a paper attached to one of its feet containing the words1 ,asi mueran todos los gorriones--,may all sparrows die thus6 ,now1 it must be understood that gorrion is another of the appellations bestowed on the ,spaniards by the ,cubans4 ,a few sparrows having been brought from ,europe to the island by some ship-captain1 they prospered and multiplied in such a degree that they soon outnumbered and domineered over the ,bijirita1 a native bird somewhat smaller1 but much resembling the sparrow in form1 color1 and habits4 ,an analogy being imagined between the ,spaniards and the new-comer--the name of gorrion was given to all the natives of the peninsula of ,spain1 while the ,cubans adopted that of ,bijirita4 ,the little dead gorrion found on ,good-,friday was placed with much ceremony in a glass coffin1 and laid in state in a room of one of the barracks1 on a lofty catafalque1 with velvet pall and lighted tapers and a guard of honor4 ,crowns of fresh flowers1 and of red and yellow everlastings1 were suspended around and above the remains of the typical bird1 and two exquisite nosegays1 each more than three feet high1 and as much in circumference1 the gifts of the captain-general and of the generala his wife1 stood one at the head1 the other at the foot of the mimic tomb4 ,all the volunteers paid their respects with much ceremony to the little representative of their race1 and so many people crowded to visit it on ,holy-,saturday that it was at last determined to utilize public curiosity4 ,on ,easter-,sunday every person who wished to see the gorrion was obliged to pay ten cents1 which were to go to the fund destined to aid the volunteers disabled in the present terrible struggle4 ,on ,easter morning the sum received amounted to three hundred and fifty-one dollars6 ,a great number of songs1 sonnets1 and odes were composed in honor of the poor little bird1 and the manuscripts were tied by colored ribbons to the crowns suspended above it4 ,they have since been collected and printed1 and sold for the benefit of the same fund4 ,many of them were published in the ,diario de la ,marina1 the official daily paper of ,havana4 ,the following are specimens of the effusions3 ,,al ,,gorrion4 ,gloria al ,gorrion que aqu veis ,inanimado y marchito1 ,ya jamas de su piquito ,el dulce canto oireis4 ,pero en cambio no olvideis ,los que lo mireis con saa1 ,que si ya la muerte empaa ,su mirada inteligente1 ,de su raza prepotente ,hay millones in ,espaa6 ,la ,compaia de ,cazadores del #go ,batallon4 ,,to ,,the ,,sparrow4 ,glory to the ,sparrow that you see here ,lifeless and blighted1 ,never more from his little bill ,will you hear a sweet song4 ,but in exchange1 do not forget1 ,you who look at him with ill-will1 ,that if indeed death has dimmed ,his intelligent glance1 ,of his most powerful race ,there are millions in ,spain6 ,the ,company of ,cazadores of the #gth ,battalion4 ,aqui reposa un ,gorrion ,que esta tarde se le entierra ,y otros cien en pi de guerra ,la sirven de guarnicion1 ,bijiritas1 en tropel ,furiosas aleteais ,por ventura no observais ,que estais ya mas muertas que el8 ,descansa en paz1 oh gorrion1 ,y admite esta ofrenda fria ,de la cuarta compaia ,de este quinto batallon6 ,,translation4 ,here rests a ,sparrow1 ,to be buried this afternoon1 ,and a hundred more in warlike trim ,serve him as a guard4 ,you crowds of ,bijiritas ,who beat your wings with fury1 ,do you not by chance remark ,that you are already more dead than he is8 ,rest in peace1 ,o sparrow6 ,and accept this cold offering ,from the fourth company ,of the fifth battalion4 ,the gorrion was buried1 and ,havana left once more without other thought than that which had occupied ,spaniards and ,cubans for the several months previous4 ,it is said that in former days ships which approached the tropic of ,cancer1 knew when they were nearing the shores of ,cuba by the sweet odor of flowers and honey borne to them on the breeze2 now1 alas6 the beautiful island is recognized from afar rather by the light of her burning plantations--by the smell of gunpowder and of blood6 ,to all who have lived in ,havana and who have friends among both parties2 to all who know and appreciate the proud sense of honor and unshrinking courage of the one1 and the quick intelligence and high aspirations of the other1 the present struggle must and does give the deepest pain4 ,but while they sympathize sincerely with those who sorrow1 they believe that behind a frowning providence ,god hides a smiling face1 and that1 the strife ended1 ,cuba will rise again from her ashes1 purified and regenerated2 for it is written that they who sow in tears shall reap in joy6 ,,thorns4 ,,homage ,,to ,,the ,,cross1 ,,good-,,friday1 #ahgj4 ,here his head rested1 ,crimsoned with blood2 ,jesus' hard slumber-place1 ,pillow of wood6 ,here his eye clouded2 ,dwell there1 my gaze1 ,where the dear light of love ,dyingly plays6 ,here the nails rankled2 ,there the lance tore1 ,while strove the water-tide ,vainly with gore6 ,here the heart agonized1 ,hid from the glance2 ,pierced with ingratitude ,worse than the lance6 ,here his soul parted-- ,break not1 my heart6 ,oh6 what a deadly hurt1 ,sinning1 thou art4 ,here the feet turn to thee2 ,press them1 my lips6 ,while a love-agony ,through my heart creeps6 ,,richard ,,storrs ,,willis4 ,,mary ,,stuart4 ,it is at once a remarkable fact and a striking exemplification of the vitality of poetic justice in history that1 from among modern ,scotch ,puritans1 from the spiritual descendants of ,john ,knox1 should have come three of the noblest and most effective modern vindications of ,mary ,stuart4 ,we refer to the work by ,mr4 ,hosack noticed in our last number1 to that which we make the subject of the present article1#cg and to the poem of ,bothwell1#ch one of the finest in the entire range of ,english literature4 ,professor ,aytoun's poem is accompanied by a body of historical notes1 which are in themselves a model of legal argument and dialectic power1 covering the entire period of the history of ,mary ,stuart in ,scotland4 ,and yet these three writers are very far from being looked upon by their countrymen as the holders of singular opinions4 ,it may be news to many persons1 but it is1 nevertheless1 the fact that they merely reflect the prevailing feeling in ,scotland concerning its unfortunate queen of three centuries agone1 murdered in an ,english prison4 ,the sentiment of the great body of the ,scotch people1 gentle and simple1 ,puritan and ,catholic1 is to this day decidedly in her favor1 and the superficial reader who1 trusting to a superficial ,froude1 sneers at ,mary ,stuart1 is safer from reproof in ,new ,york than in ,edinburgh4 ,mr4 ,caird's work1 of which the second edition was published last year1 appears to be made up of the material of a series of lectures delivered by him in some of the ,scotch cities1 and1 like ,mr4 ,hosack's work1 is marked with evidences of great research1 ability1 and a thorough knowledge of the country1 the people1 and the times under discussion4 ,like ,mr4 ,hosack1 ,mr4 ,caird convicts the late ,english historian1 ,froude1 of numerous disgraceful blunders1 and several--well we can find no term properly to describe the performance but--palpable falsehoods4 ,mr4 ,caird does not undertake to write a full and connected history of ,mary ,stuart or of her reign in ,scotland4 ,he seeks mainly to unravel the mystery of the intrigues1 plots1 and conspirations by which that unfortunate queen was surrounded and pursued from the moment she set foot in her kingdom4 ,and he does it successfully4 ,in all history1 there is no record of a band of greater villains than the nobles who surrounded ,mary's throne1 or of more devilish abettors than their ,english allies4 ,the time is not far off when1 in spite of falsified history1 ,mary ,stuart must be held innocent of the crimes of which her very accusers themselves were alone guilty4 ,mr4 ,caird enters gracefully on his subject4 ,three centuries ago1 a ,french fleet sailed up the ,frith of ,clyde1 and cast anchor at ,dumbarton4 ,it took on board a little girl1 six years of age--a merry creature who had not a care in the world--hoisted the flag of ,scotland1 and bore her away to the coast of ,france4 ,there passed with her in the same ship a stripling of seventeen1 her illegitimate brother1 7afterward known as the ,earl of ,murray17 who1 though incapable of inheritance1 was brought up in the most intimate family intercourse with her2 young enough to engage the sisterly affection of her warm heart1 old enough to be already her trusted counsellor and guide4 ,his life was to be a continued betrayal of her confidence4 ,but whatever wild thoughts may have passed through his busy brain1 neither of them could have dreamed in those early days of the frightful tragedies in which they were to become the chief actors4 ,in the yet distant future he was to usurp her place and power1 she to become his miserable prisoner2 and it was all to end at last in his being shot down1 without law1 at the summit of his greatness1 and in her being doomed to die1 under the forms of law1 on an ,english scaffold4 ,yet1 though their hearts were light on this summer voyage1 it was not without its dangers4 ,twelve years later1 a fleet sailed from sunny ,france1 again bearing the same girl1 now budding toward womanhood4 ,it steered for the ,frith of ,forth4 ,there is no laughter now4 ,her first great sorrow has come upon her early4 ,she is deeply clothed in mourning--a widow at eighteen4 ,again an ,english fleet watched to intercept her4 ,again she escaped narrowly1 losing one of her vessels4 ,she has been queen of ,france4 ,one blow has deprived her of a husband and a crown4 ,she claims to be queen of ,england4 ,that claim rests on strong grounds of law4 ,it is to be the dream of her life1 and she is never to realize it4 ,she is the acknowledged queen of ,scotland2 but she lands on her native shore with sad forebodings and a heavy heart4 ,no one has ever charged her with having misconducted herself before that time2 yet such was the distracted state of her country1 such the weakness of her authority1 that she said before she set out on this voyage1 ,perhaps it were better for me to die than to live4 ,less than six busy years of troubled government and we see her again--on the ,frith of ,solway4 ,she has been despoiled of her ,scottish crown4 ,she is flying for her life in a fishing-boat4 ,for ninety miles1 she writes1 ,i rode across the country without lighting or drawing bridle2 slept on the bare floor2 no food but oatmeal2 without the company of a female2 not daring to travel except by stealth at night4 ,and now the die is cast1 and1 in spite of many warnings1 she this time throws herself on the generosity of ,england4 ,then follow nineteen years of bitter captivity3 ,now blooms the lily by the bank1 ,the primrose on the brae2 ,the hawthorn's budding in the glen1 ,and milk-white is the slae2 ,the meanest hind in fair ,scotland ,may rove their sweets amang2 ,but ,i1 the ,queen o' a' ,scotland1 ,maun lie in prison strang4 ,at last we see a long hall in the old castle of ,fotheringay2 a platform laid with black--the actors and spectators all clothed in black4 ,there comes in1 unsupported1 to die1 a lady of noble presence4 ,she has been wickedly denied the aid of her spiritual comforter1 and1 alone with ,god1 has administered to herself the last sacrament of her religion1 without the blessing or counsel of a minister4 ,even her latest moments are disturbed by theological dispute4 ,but she is calm1 and resigned to ,god's will4 ,she lays her head on the block4 ,the executioner strikes and makes a ghastly wound4 ,she does not even stir4 ,he strikes again1 but his work is incomplete2 and with a third blow the life and sorrows of ,mary ,stuart are brought to an end4 ,it is one of the great problems of history1 says ,mr4 ,caird1 whether these terrible calamities were brought upon her by her own wickedness or by the contrivance of others4 ,we have reason to believe that the child is now living who1 as man or woman1 will hear and see the last mention in history of ,good ,queen ,bess4 ,of all the humbugs of history1 the reputation manufactured for ,elizabeth1 the daughter of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,anne ,boleyn1 is at once the most insolent and the most disgusting4 ,we do not care to give a personal opinion of this woman1 and will accept1 for the present1 her character as mildly described by the historian ,robertson1 which is to the effect that she was an habitual and mean liar1 a peevish1 bad-tempered1 vacillating1 untrustworthy sovereign1 whose parsimony1 and variableness1 and small economy would have ruined herself and her kingdom but for the fact that she had a great statesman by her1 and that good luck continually picked her out of the imbroglios into which she had fallen4 ,she was a vain1 bad-tempered1 irresolute1 deceitful old woman4 ,and this is as lenient a view of ,elizabeth as could be taken of her with the historic lights possessed by ,robertson4 ,but1 compared with what we now know her to have been from the results of modern discoveries among official and state paper records1 ,robertson has here painted an angel of loveliness4 ,and just in proportion as ,elizabeth has fallen on the historic page1 ,mary ,stuart is elevated by every fresh discovery of original documentary evidence4 ,she was1 indeed1 as ,mr4 ,caird writes1 a winning1 gentle-hearted woman1 and the correspondence of her own time1 before men's hearts were hardened against her by passion1 bears much testimony to her virtues4 ,throckmorton1 the ,english ambassador in ,france1 even during her war with ,england1 wrote of her great wisdom for her years1 her modesty1 her judgment in the wise handling of herself and her matters4 ,and another of the ,english ambassadors1 who became one of her deadliest enemies1 says of her only a few months before her grievous calamities were brought upon her1 ,there is one cheer and one countenance always on the queen4 ,even after she was imprisoned in ,lochleven1 ,throckmorton wrote of her to ,elizabeth1 ,the lords speak of the queen with respect and reverence4 ,lord ,scrope said1 ,she has an eloquent tongue and a discreet head1 stout courage1 and a liberal heart4 ,and ,sir ,francis ,knollys reported of her1 ,she desireth much to hear of hardiness and valiancy1 commending by name all approved hardy men of her country1 although her enemies1 and she concealeth no cowardness1 even in her friends4 ,lethington wrote of her soon after her return to ,scotland1 ,she doth declare a wisdom far exceeding her age4 ,after she was uncrowned1 ,murray and his council recorded of her1 that ,god had endowed her with many good and excellent gifts and virtues2 and he spoke of her in the same way in private4 ,the ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 after having had the custody of the ,queen of ,scots during fifteen years of her imprisonment in ,england1 was consulted by ,elizabeth on the subject of a treaty for her liberation4 ,she desired especially to know from him for her guidance1 whether ,mary's promises could be relied on if she were free4 ,shrewsbury's answer was1 ,i believe that if the ,queen of ,scots promises any thing1 she will not break her word4 ,her frequent and earnest pleadings with foreign powers for justice and mercy to her subjects cannot be read without interest and admiration4 ,her letters have been gathered from every corner of the earth1 and every page of them marks the elegance and simplicity of her thoughts4 ,if any man who has a prejudice against her will sit down and read that correspondence1 in which she treats of all the incidents of life1 he will rise from the perusal with a different notion1 not of her mind only1 but her heart4 ,these are the records which we can read now1 exactly as they dropped from her pen1 untainted by the bitterness of party1 as so little else which concerns her was permitted to be4 ,and we can see her there as she disclosed herself to her most confidential friends1 whether in the highest business of state or in the trivial affairs of daily life4 ,mr4 ,caird's plan does not embrace a connected narrative of ,mary's reign1 and we regret that he has found it necessary to omit a narrative of the treacherous manner in which the destruction of the ,earl of ,huntly was brought about4 ,on ,mary's arrival in ,scotland1 every one was surprised that ,mary should select for her chief state councillor her half-brother1 the ,lord ,james1 instead of the ,earl of ,huntly4 ,no one knew that ,mary had been craftily persuaded by ,james that ,huntly was not loyal4 ,the plan of her brother was as wicked as it was deep4 ,it was at once to deprive ,mary of a loyal adviser and a powerful friend1 and to raise his own fortunes on ,huntly's ruin4 ,it is curious to see how all this affair is ingeniously misrepresented by ,mr4 ,froude in his so-called history4 ,yielding to ,james's solicitations1 begun years before1 ,mary1 after creating him ,earl of ,mar1 created him ,earl of ,murray4 ,but this latter title he did not wish to assert until he could obtain the lands appertaining to the title1 which he had procured while living in ostensible friendship with the man he had doomed to ruin4 ,the lands were in ,huntly's possession1 and ,murray made up his mind to have them4 ,but ,huntly1 says ,mr4 ,froude1 had refused to part with them4 ,who was ,huntly8 ,he was earl chancellor of the kingdom1 a man aged fifty-two1 a powerful ,catholic nobleman1 who could bring twenty thousand spears into the field4 ,he had done good service for ,mary's mother against the ,english4 ,english gold had not stained his palm4 ,he was a man marked for saying that he liked not the manner of ,henry ,,viii4's wooing4 ,he had wanted ,mary to land at ,aberdeen1 was at the head of the loyal party on ,mary's arrival1 and had sought to warn her of her brother's craft and ambition4 ,mr4 ,froude thus describes him1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #ded37 ,of all the reactionary noblemen in ,scotland the most powerful and dangerous#ci was notoriously the ,earl of ,huntly4 ,it was ,huntly who had proposed the landing at ,aberdeen4 ,in his own house the chief of the house of ,gordon had never so much as affected to comply with the change of religion1 etc4 ,what depravity6 ,would not change his religion1 nor even have the decency to affect to comply6 ,positively an atrocious character6 ,nevertheless1 so perfect is the command of a philosophical historian over his feelings that these dreadful facts are recorded without comment4 ,it is evident that the lands of such a wretch as ,huntly ought to be given to one so ,god-fearing as ,murray4 ,a number of causes combined at this moment to draw attention to ,huntly4 ,but1 all counted1 the number is just two--one of them utterly frivolous1 and the other1 he had refused to give up the lands4 ,mr4 ,froude is now candid1 and tells us that ,murray resolved to anticipate attack1 7none was dreamed of17 to carry the queen with him to visit the recusant lord in his own stronghold1 and either to drive him into a premature rebellion or force him to submit to the existing government4 ,murray's reasons for such a step1 continues ,mr4 ,froude1 are intelligible4 ,perfectly4 ,it is less easy1 he continues1 to understand why ,mary ,stuart consented to it4 ,and then ,mr4 ,froude proceeds to wonder over it with ,john ,knox's guesses1 and his own if1 perhaps1 and may be4 ,less easy indeed6 ,it is utterly impossible1 unless one consents to look at ,mary ,stuart as she was--a young woman easily influenced through her affections1 and with a sincere sisterly attachment for the man in whom she failed to recognize her worst enemy4 ,difficult indeed to understand the suicidal measure of ruining the most powerful ,catholic nobleman in ,scotland1 and strengthening the hands of the most powerful ,protestant leader4 ,huntly's family1 says ,mr4 ,froude1 affirmed that the trouble which happened to the ,gordons was for the sincere and loyal affection which they had to the queen's preservation1 7vii4 #def47 ,and they were right4 ,we leave ,mr4 ,froude to speculate on the malicious motive ,mary ,stuart must have had for thus lopping off her right hand4 ,murray now manages to draw the queen and her attendants over moor and mountain two hundred and fifty miles to ,tarnway1 within the lands of the earldom of ,murray4 ,she was entirely guided by him1 and he used her authority to compass his personal ends and weaken her throne4 ,alexander ,gordon at first refused to open the gates of ,inverness ,castle to the queen1 but complied the next day1 on the order of ,huntly4 ,murray had ,gordon immediately hung1 and his head set on the castle wall4 ,mr4 ,froude describes this brutal murder as strangling a wolf-cub in the heart of the den1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #deg17 all that ,murray does being of course lovely4 ,mary was now surrounded by ,murray and his friends1 who poisoned her mind against the ,huntlys with stories that the earl meant to force her into a marriage with his son1 and had other designs against her person and royal authority2 and ,mary believed them4 ,whereupon1 writes ,randolph to ,cecil--for ,murray had brought his ,english friend1 ,elizabeth's servant1 along with him--whereupon there was good pastime4 ,huntly yielded all that was demanded of him4 ,his castles and houses were seized1 plundered1 stripped1 and he was a ruined man4 ,lady ,huntly spoke sad truth when1 leading ,murray's messenger into the chapel of the house1 she said to him before the altar1 ,good friend1 you see here the envy that is borne unto my husband2 would he have forsaken ,god and his religion1 as those that are now about the queen1 my husband would never have been put as he now is1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #deh47 ,mr4 ,froude reports this incident1 and very properly spoils its effect by the statement that ,lady ,huntly was reported by the ,protestants to be a witch4 ,huntly was driven to take up arms4 ,swift as lightning1 says ,mr4 ,froude1 with yellow-cover tinge of phrase1 ,murray was on his track4 ,and now swift as lightning--sure sign of mischief meant--,mr4 ,froude moves on with his narrative1 omitting essential facts1 but not omitting a characteristic piece of handiwork4 ,news came from the south that ,bothwell had escaped out of ,edinburgh ,castle2 not1 glides in our philosophic historian--not1 it was supposed1 without the queen's knowledge1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #dei47 ,after a wonderful victory of his two thousand men over ,huntly's five hundred--a mere slaughter--,murray brought the queen certain letters of the ,earl of ,sutherland1 found1 he said1 in the pockets of the dead ,earl of ,huntly1 and showing treasonable correspondence4 ,they were forgeries2 but they answered his purpose4 ,lord ,john1 7,huntly's son17 after a full confession1 was beheaded in the market-place at ,aberdeen1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #dei47 ,there was no confession but that which ,murray told the queen he made1 and ,mr4 ,froude forgets to tell us that ,murray caused young ,gordon's scaffold to be erected in front of the queen's lodging1 and had her placed in a chair of state at an open window1 deluding her with some specious reason as to the necessity of her presence4 ,when the noble young man was brought out to die1 ,mary burst into a flood of tears2 and when the headsman did his work1 she swooned and was borne off insensible4 ,here is ,mr4 ,froude's short version of these facts3 ,her brother read her a cruel lesson by compelling her to be present at the execution4 ,mr4 ,froude also forgets to tell us that ,murray had six gentlemen of the house of ,gordon hung at ,aberdeen on the same day4 ,but a few pages further on1 he has the insolent coolness to tell us of a prize that ,mary trusted to have purchased with ,huntly's blood6 7vol4 vii4 p4 #dfc47 ,after all1 you thus perceive that it was not ,murray1 but ,mary1 who wrought all this ruin4 ,,the ,,riccio ,,murder4 ,mr4 ,caird presents with great force the result of modern discoveries in the ,state ,paper ,office touching the details of the ,riccio conspiracy1 and shows conclusively that ,murray was its real head1 and also the chief organ of communication between the conspirators and the ,english government4 ,the previous knowledge of the intent to murder ,riccio1 and the probable danger to ,mary's life1 is brought home to ,elizabeth4 ,she could not have been accounted guiltless1 even if she had remained passive1 merely concealing from her royal sister the bloody tragedy which was being prepared for her with the knowledge of her agent in ,scotland4 ,this agent 7,randolph7 she supported vehemently1 protected the assassins1 negotiated and trafficked until she got them restored1 supplied ,murray with large sums of money immediately before and immediately after ,riccio's death1 and took the first opportunity to gratify her vindictiveness against ,darnley by open insult4 ,in the conspiracy for the murder of ,riccio1 no one was more deeply implicated than ,darnley4 ,he had allowed himself to be flattered and tempted by ,murray1 ,maitland1 and the rest with the prospect of a royal crown4 ,but while these crafty men used him in this way for their own ends1 they had not the slightest idea of allowing him to be more than a puppet in their hands4 ,the knowledge of ,darnley's complicity in the murder had wrung ,mary's heart2 but after the first burst of grief1 she saw clearly that he was the dupe and tool of others4 ,her respect for him could not be otherwise than shaken2 but her affection preserved him from the punishment which he richly merited4 ,and for his sake she spared his father 7,lenox7 also1 whom she justly blamed most2 but she never permitted him to enter her presence again4 ,considering that she had released him from the consequences of treason only twelve months before1 and that he had now repeated the offence under such aggravated circumstances1 and had beguiled his son into the same evil course1 bringing misery upon her household1 her forbearance can be attributed only to surviving tenderness for her husband4 ,mr4 ,caird places in a very clear light the development of the contempt and hatred of the conspirators for ,darnley1 which gradually hardened and intensified into the conspiracy to murder him2 and as we watch its growth1 it is sad to witness the suffering1 sacrifices1 and self-denial of a noble-hearted woman all wasted in vain1 and upon a most unworthy object4 ,and yet more sad is it when we see1 in such falsifiers of history as ,mr4 ,froude1 the very clearest and highest proofs of womanly goodness and wifely devotion wrenched and perverted into evidence of crime and murder4 ,in connection with this subject1 ,mr4 ,caird draws attention to the record of the ,scotch ,privy ,council--an account the more valuable because the very men composing the council attempted at a later period to cast discredit on the queen4 ,here is their testimony3 ,so far as things could come to their knowledge1 the king 7,darnley7 had no ground of complaints2 but1 on the contrary1 that he had reason to look upon himself as one of the most fortunate princes in ,christendom1 could he but know his own happiness4 ,and they added1 ,that although they who did perpetrate the murder of her faithful servant had entered her chamber with his knowledge1 having followed him close at the back1 and had named him the chief of their enterprise1 yet would she never accuse him thereof1 but did always excuse him1 and willed to appear as if she believed it not2 and so far was she from ministering to him occasion of discontent1 that1 on the contrary1 he had all the reason in the world to thank ,god for giving him so wise and virtuous a person as she had showed herself in all her actions4 ,there are few points in the history of this period on which writers are so thoroughly agreed as the utter worthlessness and incapacity of ,darnley1 and there are also few cases which so completely as that of ,darnley exemplify the too common weakness of the superior woman for the inferior man who possesses her affection4 ,trafficking on her affection1 and seeking to wring from her a consent to his demands1 he came very tardily to what was by all supposed to be her dying-bed at ,jedburg4 ,his bearing shocked all beholders4 ,it was at this time ,mary made her will1 the inventory attached to which is a modern discovery4 ,she left ,darnley twenty-five jewels of great value1 and opposite one cherished ring wrote with her own hand1 ,it is the ring with which ,i was betrothed4 ,i leave it to the king who gave it to me4 ,and yet ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude informs us that ,mary was then planning this husband's murder6 ,the most admirable chapters of ,mr4 ,caird's work are those which treat of ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,darnley4 ,the author shows conclusively1 from an array of original testimony which cannot be disputed1 the precise nature1 extent1 and composition of the conspiracy to effect this assassination1 and presents the whole question in an entirely new light4 ,as revealed by ,mr4 ,caird1 the conspiracy1 by the time the moment was reached for execution1 had trebled itself4 ,that is to say1 there were in the field on the eventful night of the murder1 three separate and independent bands of assassins1 one of which most certainly acted independently of the other two4 ,bothwell and his party1 thrust forward to do the work by associates quite as guilty as he1 but possessed of more brains1 were1 materially1 innocent of ,darnley's killing1 although fully guilty in intent4 ,they blew up the house at ,kirk o' ,field1 supposing that ,darnley went with it4 ,there can now be but little doubt that when the explosion took place ,darnley was already a dead man1 smothered or burked by a special band4 ,for some hours after the explosion1 no trace of ,darnley's body could be found2 but as morning dawned1 it was discovered in a garden eighty yards from the house4 ,the attendant who slept in the room with him was lying dead at a short distance further away4 ,each had on a night-shirt4 ,there was not a fracture1 contusion1 or livid mark1 nor any trace of fire on their bodies1 and the king's clothes were lying folded beside him4 ,a fur pelisse1 open as if dropped1 was lying near him4 ,now1 if we are to suppose that ,darnley was blown up in the air1 we must believe it possible that a human body could be thrown a distance of eighty yards without any marks of violence2 that another body was thrown the same distance with the same results2 and--stranger than all--that ,darnley's fur pelisse and slippers were also blown uninjured to his side by the explosion1 while five other inmates of the house were buried in the ruins4 ,,elizabeth',s ,,guilty ,,knowledge4 ,one fact of equal importance and interest is well established by modern investigation4 ,it is the guilty knowledge1 and actual or implied association of ,queen ,elizabeth of ,england in all the secret plots set on foot by the nobility of ,scotland against ,mary and her interests4 ,she was fully advised of the murder of ,riccio three weeks before it took place1 and ,mr4 ,caird establishes1 we think1 conclusively1 that she was quite as well advised concerning the ,darnley murder4 ,fourteen years after the occurrence1 one of the first acts of ,king ,james1 on his freedom from tutelage1 was to commit the ,earl of ,morton to the ,castle of ,edinburgh1 charged with the murder of ,darnley4 ,morton was one of the very few surviving conspirators4 ,bothwell was dead in exile2 ,maitland had poisoned himself1 and ,murray had been shot down in the streets of ,linlithgow4 ,as soon as ,queen ,elizabeth heard of ,morton's arrest1 she made the most frantic efforts to prevent his trial4 ,she endeavored to stir up insurrection in ,scotland2 she threatened war2 she moved an army to the frontier2 she sent back to ,scotland as her ambassador1 ,randolph1 so thoroughly familiar with all its murderous plots4 ,leicester1 her lover1 wrote to ,randolph with a suggestion scantily veiled that the young king might follow his father--,he will not long tarry in that soil4 ,let the fate of his predecessor be his warning4 ,and close on the heels of that1 came official notice that ,elizabeth would assist and maintain the ,scots in protection of ,morton4 ,but ,james owed a debt to the memory of his murdered father1 to the name of his captive mother1 who was then pining in her ,english prison1 and1 in spite of ,elizabeth's threats and violence1 ,morton was brought to trial1 found guilty1 and sentenced to death4 ,mr4 ,caird cites and refers to a mass of dispatches connected with ,elizabeth's movements in this ,morton matter which we have never seen elsewhere alluded to1 and adds ,queen ,elizabeth's violence before ,morton's trial and execution was not more remarkable than her sudden attitude of acquiescence as soon as his mouth was shut4 ,did he hold some terrible secret whose disclosure she feared8 ,the murder of ,darnley occurred on the #ajth of ,february1 #aefg4 ,a full fortnight before1 ,mary's ambassador in ,paris wrote to her that he had received a hint from the ,spanish ambassador that the queen should take heed to herself1 for there was a plot on foot to her injury4 ,the letter reached ,mary twelve hours too late to be of any service as a warning4 ,but even if she had received it1 to whom could she have turned for aid or information8 ,all the lords were in the plot1 and she was surrounded by conspirators4 ,the question is asked1 ,why did she not bring to justice the murderers of ,darnley8 ,her situation was such that it was simply impossible for her to get at the knowledge of any fact dangerous to the conspirators4 ,denunciatory placards were issued in ,edinburgh4 ,but if shown1 she would there find herself charged with being an accomplice with ,bothwell and others in the murder4 ,knowing this to be an outrageous slander on herself1 she would naturally conclude that it was equally so on them4 ,and if herself innocent1 ,bothwell was the very last of her lords whom she could suspect of having cause of quarrel with the king4 ,he was almost the only man who had supported ,darnley1 and it is certain he was not of those to whom ,darnley had demonstrated antipathy4 ,the wild scheme of ambition which ,bothwell afterward pursued had probably not clearly developed itself even in his own mind till after ,darnley's death4 ,dreams he may have had4 ,but the scheme which he finally executed seems to have been the growth of opportunity4 ,after the murder1 ,mary shut herself up in a dark chamber1 and kept it until her physicians compelled her to go to ,seaton4 ,a month after the murder1 when ,killigrew1 the ,english ambassador1 saw her1 she was still in a dark chamber1 and seemed in profound grief4 ,two such tragedies as had befallen her within a twelve-month were more than enough to shatter the nerves of any woman4 ,and now came a fresh warning from ,paris that some new plot was in progress4 ,the ,spanish ambassador1 by whom the warning of the ,darnley murder had been given1 said1 ,apprise her majesty that ,i am informed1 by the same means as ,i was before1 that there is still some notable enterprise in hand against her1 whereof ,i wish her to beware in time4 ,no explanation was given1 and the poor queen was of course bewildered4 ,she had heart and nerve enough for her own risk2 but she at once took precautions for the safety of her child1 the heir to the crown4 ,she at once placed him in charge of the ,earl of ,mar1 and lodged him in the strong castle of ,stirling4 ,and this fact is more than answer to the assertion that ,mary was at this time under the influence of ,bothwell4 ,if any such influence had existed1 he would not have permitted the disposition that was made of the child4 ,his first effort on coming to power was to get the young prince into his hands4 ,the ,earl of ,mar justified ,mary's confidence1 and withstood the efforts not only of ,bothwell1 but of ,murray1 to get possession of the child4 ,then came the distribution of the crown lands among the conspirators by the ratification of parliament4 ,this matter was at once the main cause of ,darnley's murder and the bond of union among the murderers4 ,on the evening of the adjournment of parliament1 its members were entertained at a supper by ,bothwell4 ,after the feast1 a bond was produced by ,sir ,james ,balfour1 by which they bound themselves to sustain ,bothwell's acquittal1 recommended him as the fittest husband for the queen1 and engaged to support him with their whole power1 and to hold as enemies any who should presume to hinder the marriage4 ,they all signed but one1 the ,earl of ,eglinton4 ,it was at this time that ,bothwell began to manifest his intentions to ,mary1 and a letter of hers relates that he tried if he might by humble suit purchase our good-will1 but found our answer nothing correspondent to his desire4 ,mary then went to ,stirling to visit her child4 ,she probably wished1 says ,mr4 ,caird1 by leaving ,edinburgh at this juncture1 to indicate to ,bothwell that her rejection of his approaches was decisive2 and he acted as if he thought so4 ,his next step was that of a desperate man4 ,,bothwell ,,carries ,,off ,,the ,,queen4 ,on her return from ,stirling1 three days later1 he suddenly met her on the road with a large armed force1 seized her1 made her escort prisoners1 and carried her off to his castle at ,dunbar4 ,he kept her there for eleven or twelve days4 ,when she resisted his insolence1 he produced the bond granted to him by the nobility1 and she there found the signatures of every man from whom she could have expected help4 ,not one moved a finger in her defence4 ,huntly and ,lethington1 who were there with ,bothwell1 would not fail to remind her of the calamities which she had brought upon herself by opposing the policy of her nobles in her former marriage4 ,day after day she held out1 but no help came4 ,sir ,james ,melville1 who had been taken prisoner with her1 records that such violence was at last used that she no longer had a choice4 ,bothwell1 in his dying confession1 said that he accomplished his purpose by the use of sweet waters4 ,morton's proclamations charged him with using violence to the queen1 and other more unleisum means4 ,it seems not unlikely1 therefore1 that he employed some sweetened potion4 ,mary herself says that in the end1 when she saw no hope to be ridd of him1 never man in ,scotland ance making a mint for her deliverance1 she was driven to the conclusion1 from their hand-writes and silence1 that he had won them all4 ,he partly extorted and partly obtained her consent to marriage4 ,bothwell then conveyed the heart-broken queen1 surrounded by a great force1 to the ,castle of ,edinburgh4 ,he next carried her before the judges1 after lining the streets and crowding the courts and passages with his armed retainers4 ,she there submitted to make a declaration that she forgave him of all hatred conceived by her for taking and imprisoning her2 and also that she was now at liberty4 ,the necessity for such a declaration implies previous coercion4 ,mr4 ,caird explains that1 under the then existing law1 ,bothwell had committed an offence punishable with death if he had not obtained this declaration4 ,a marriage was formally solemnized1 and so little was her will consulted that it was in the ,protestant form4 ,fettered by their bond1 the nobles all looked on and lent no aid4 ,one honest man there was1 though1 the ,protestant minister ,craig1 who boldly told ,bothwell that he objected to the marriage because he 7,bothwell7 had forced the queen4 ,called upon to proclaim the banns1 ,craig denounced it from the pulpit1 and afterward publicly testified in the next general assembly that he was alone in opposing the marriage1 and that the best part of the realm did approve it1 either by flattery or by their silence4 ,the ,,silver ,,casket ,,letters are treated by ,mr4 ,caird as they must be by every fair-minded man4 ,he says1 ,these letters1 in truth1 were as gross and clumsy fabrications as ever were put forward4 ,his thorough analysis of the longest letter--a love-letter of fourteen quarto pages of print--is the most successful we have seen4 ,mr4 ,caird closes his work with two scenes so effectively portrayed that our readers will thank us for transcribing them3 ,after much earthly glory1 and a long reign1 the time came at last when the great ,queen ,elizabeth must die4 ,wealth1 grandeur1 power which none might question--all were hers4 ,but a cold hand was on her heart4 ,the shadow of death was creeping over her--slow1 very slow1 but deepening every hour4 ,there was not one left who loved her1 or whom she could love4 ,her most trusted servants trembled at her passions1 and longed for a change4 ,hume tells us she rejected all consolation4 ,she refused food4 ,she threw herself on the floor4 ,she remained sullen and immovable1 feeding her thoughts on her afflictions1 and declaring her existence an insufferable burden4 ,few words she uttered1 and they were all expressive of some inward grief which she did not reveal2 but sighs and groans were the chief vent of her despondency1 which discovered her sorrows without assuaging them4 ,oh6 the long and unutterable agony of such a time4 ,what is there on earth that could bribe one to bear it willingly8 ,how bitterly she must have realized the words addressed to her by ,mary ,stuart on the eve of her execution3 ',think me not presumptuous1 madam1 that now1 bidding farewell to this world1 and preparing for a better1 ,i remind you that you also must die and account to ,god for your stewardship as well as those who have been sent before you4 ,your sister and cousin1 prisoner of wrong1' ,,marie ,r4 ,ten days and nights ,queen ,elizabeth lay thus upon the carpet2 then her voice left her1 her senses failed1 and so she died4 ,mary ,stuart had gone long before1 destroyed and done to death by this woman2 sent to the scaffold in a land where she had been wrongfully kept a prisoner1 to whose law she owed no allegiance1 and by virtue of a law which was passed to compass her death4 ,on her way to execution1 she was met by her old servant1 ,andrew ,melville4 ,he threw himself on his knees before her1 wringing his hands in uncontrollable agony4 ,woe is me1 he cried1 that it should be my hard hap to carry back such tidings to ,scotland6 ,weep not1 ,melville1 my good and faithful servant1 she replied2 thou shouldst rather rejoice to see the end of the long troubles of ,mary ,stuart4 ,this world is vanity1 and full of sorrows4 ,i am ,catholic1 thou ,protestant2 but as there is but one ,christ1 ,i charge thee in his name to bear witness that ,i die firm in my religion4 ,commend me to my dearest son4 ,may ,god forgive them that have thirsted for my blood4 ,she then passed to the scaffold4 ,she surveyed it1 the block1 the axe1 the executioners1 and spectators undauntedly as she advanced4 ,she prayed to ,god to pardon her sins and forgive her enemies4 ,the two executioners knelt and prayed her forgiveness4 ,i forgive you and all the world with all my heart2 for ,i hope this death will give an end to all my troubles4 ,she then knelt down and commended her spirit into ,god's hands1 and the executioners did their work4 ,the sad tale is told4 ,all the actors have been nearly three centuries in their graves2 but their story shall stir the hearts of men till the world's end4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,mary ,stuart4 ,her ,guilt or ,innocence4 ,an ,inquiry into the ,secret ,history of her ,times4 ,by ,alexander ,mc,neel ,caird4 ,edinburgh3 ,adam ,charles ,black4 #ahfi4 #ch ,bothwell3 ,a ,poem in ,six ,parts4 ,by ,w4 ,edmonstoune ,aytoun1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,author of ,lays of the ,scottish ,cavaliers1 ,bon ,gaultier's ,ballads1 etc4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 #ci ,mr4 ,froude1 by reactionary1 means that he was not a disciple of ,john ,knox2 by dangerous1 that he was a man who would defend his religion4 ,a ,,bridemaid',s ,,story4 ,a bridemaid6 ,i had become a necessity4 ,a sense of such importance was novel to me4 ,it was a pleasant awakening to a consciousness that ,i had attained womanhood4 ,to have been a bride would not have filled me with such unmingled joy2 for then ,i might have been thinking over the possibilities of the future4 ,now ,i had only to play my part in the bright and bewildering present4 ,that there had been bridemaids before my time1 of the loftiest and of the lowliest degree1 from the jewelled princess to the humble dairy-maid1 rendered my position none the less novel and refreshing4 ,then1 too1 the circumstances of the case were not to be lightly passed over--,i had been chosen from among so many whose claims to consideration were far above mine4 ,an imaginative child always seeks and finds some object in which to concentrate its thoughts and its loves2 something real to serve as an embodiment of its ideal fancies4 ,hence1 all the wealth of my fervent nature had centred on ,marian ,howard4 ,from earliest childhood ,i had watched and wondered at her rare and high-born beauty4 ,every feature in her face seemed to have a distinct and separate fascination1 while every adornment of dress that could enhance her varied charms was brought into requisition4 ,to look upon her was a feast of pleasure to my eyes4 ,the quiet dignity of her manner kept a distance between us1 so that she was a sort of far-off idol1 after all4 ,in her company we never gave way to our outgushing school-girl nature4 ,i sometimes thought she would be happier if she were only more like us1 or if we should welcome her with a girl's free and fervent greeting4 ,but who dared try the experiment8 ,as we grew older1 our paths in life diverged4 ,soon after leaving school1 ,marian went to live and to love in a foreign land1 while ,i returned to the quiet pleasures of a rural home4 ,four years passed1 and then the fine old house which had so long remained silent again showed signs of life4 ,they had returned--the widowed aunt and her beautiful niece4 ,the preparations for the wedding were immediately commenced1 and ,marian repaid my early devotion by offering me the highest mark of her confidence and regard4 ,the old tenderness came rushing back when ,i again beheld her more stately and more beautiful than ever4 ,she told me it would be a quiet wedding--only a few friends1 and ,i her only bridemaid4 ,my arrangements were soon completed1 and ,i awaited anxiously the appointed time4 ,soon it was the day before the marriage4 ,i went over to assist in the final preparations1 and was to spend the night with ,marian4 ,the morrow would witness1 in the case of my friend1 the great event of a woman's life--to be given away in marriage4 ,i say of a woman's life1 because marriage can hardly have the same significance for men2 they are not given away4 ,the distinguished stranger who was so soon to call ,marian his wife was certainly unlike any of the men ,i had ever known2 but ,i had known so few1 and my knowledge of the world was so limited1 that ,i did not feel competent to pass judgment on him4 ,then there were such method1 such calmness and system about the man1 about the unbending aunt1 about ,marian1 and about the whole house1 that ,i felt cold with a chilling sense of not being able to get warm again1 though it was a lovely summer afternoon4 ,more of nature and less of art1 ,i thought1 might have warmed the approaching festivities4 ,the evening shadows were falling4 ,we had just finished arranging and rearranging the costly bridal gifts1 when ,marian was summoned to attend her aunt4 ,among the other presents was that grand conception1 ,gustave ,dor's ,wandering ,jew4 ,this work of human genius seemed a strange companion for the rare articles of luxury that surrounded it4 ,i took up the book and went out upon the balcony4 ,the softly-fading twilight1 the subdued spirit of the house1 the reflective turn my own mind had taken1 prepared me for impressions of the awful and sublime4 ,it is said that real genius always rises1 and in rising it finds ,god4 ,surely the force and truth of this thought were here exemplified2 for who could look upon these scenes1 so truthful and intense1 without a feeling of awe and reverence8 ,i was thus occupied1 ,i know not how long1 when suddenly ,mr4 ,gaston recalled me to myself4 ,how absorbed you are1 ,miss ,heartly6 ,i have been watching you with much interest4 ,pray1 has the book any bearing upon the coming events of to-morrow8 ,court beauties1 ,i suppose1 he continued carelessly1 as he came toward me4 ,why6 said ,i1 you have returned early1 ,mr4 ,gaston4 ,you cannot have taken that delightful drive ,marian proposed to you8 ,no1 he answered2 ,i have no inclination for solitude2 but you ladies are so occupied with these time-killing nothings1 these endless little arrangements so indispensable to your happiness1 that we lonely mortals are entirely ignored and forgotten4 ,i think1 sir1 that calamity seldom befalls you1 ,i replied1 thus adding1 perhaps1 to vanity already sufficiently great4 ,but the book8 he continued1 opening it listlessly4 ,oh6 the old fable in a new dress4 ,it is strange how women cling to the marvellous and impossible4 ,they seem to have but two absorbing ideas--love and religion4 ,extremes in either usually lead to the same pernicious result4 ,i suppose an idol is a necessity to them1 and it matters little in which they find it4 ,i do not understand you1 ,i replied4 ,are you in jest1 or are you seriously denouncing revealed religion8 ,revealed religion6 he repeated4 ,is it possible that1 at this stage of the world's advancement1 you still cling to that antiquated idea of ,christianity8 ,the modern methods of fashioning a god to suit the impious desires of vain and conceited mortals was then unknown to me4 ,i looked at the man with wonder and distrust4 ,he read my confusion and hastened to explain himself4 ,religion1 he said1 as you accept it1 makes us cowards instead of men4 ,my reason is my religion2 ,i acknowledge no other guide4 ,ah6 then1 ,i exclaimed1 how often must you stumble by the way4 ,i turned to the most effective picture in the book4 ,here is an instance of the vanity of human pride4 ,here we can see the end of man's boasted strength--the anguish of a lost soul hopelessly looking for repose and peace4 ,an imposing fable1 he replied1 wanting only a woman's faith to give it substance and reality4 ,i was rising to put an end to this unprofitable and distasteful conversation1 when ,marian joined us4 ,my disturbed manner plainly annoyed her1 and she evidently suspected its cause2 for she addressed ,mr4 ,gaston in ,german quite earnestly4 ,soon turning to me he said1 ,pray1 excuse me1 ,miss ,heartly2 ,i was not aware that you were a ,catholic4 ,i know your people feel most keenly what they profess4 ,of course you have already stamped me a condemned heretic4 ,it is not for me to pass judgment on you1 ,i replied2 and if ,i did1 my opinion could be of very little value4 ,come1 come6 said ,marian1 this is a most unapt and gloomy subject for my marriage eve2 and the sun1 too1 has gone down sullenly4 ,i hope there is nothing prophetic in all this4 ,what6 growing serious now8 ,i said1 as ,i drew her arm within mine1 and we went to look for the fiftieth time at the final arrangements for the morrow's festivities4 ,i could not1 however1 throw off the feeling of uneasiness that my interview with ,mr4 ,gaston had left4 ,he had a way of cheapening one1 so that1 without knowing why1 you fell immeasurably in your own estimation4 ,this is never a comfortable condition to find one's self in1 and it takes a good deal of nice logic to bring one back to one's normal state4 ,perhaps it was the loftiness of his style that awed me2 for he had a magnificent way of carelessly throwing the world behind him and walking forth in a sort of solitary dignity4 ,his manners are courtly1 ,marian's aunt said1 and certainly they possessed all the cold stiffness that characterized her particular circle2 still1 ,i felt ,i had no real grounds for this feeling of distrust and aversion to ,mr4 ,gaston1 and ,i began to think it was rather ungenerous to hold him in so unfavorable a light4 ,i could not shake off1 however1 an undefined dread of the approaching marriage4 ,the apathy and indifference which had always been peculiar to my young friend did not forsake her even now1 when apparently on the very threshold of happiness4 ,i thought that intensity of feeling perhaps kept her thus silent1 for overpowering happiness has this effect sometimes4 ,the delusion was1 however1 speedily dispelled4 ,that night a sealed chapter in ,marian's life was laid open to me1 and ,i saw her as ,i had never seen or thought of her before4 ,after locking the chamber-door1 she seated herself by my side1 and said1 ,this is the first time in my life that ,i have known perfect freedom2 ,i mean a liberty to do and say what ,i like with a feeling of security4 ,you remember the ',greek ,slave4' ,well1 ,i am not unlike that delicate girl chained in the market-place4 ,every inclination of my heart has been chained down and locked1 and my aunt has kept the key4 ,i was an uncomplaining1 passionless child4 ,in my cradle ,i received my first lessons in self-control4 ,as ,i grew older1 ,i learned another lesson1 too unnatural for even a thoughtful child like me to understand4 ,i was not needed here2 ,i was considered only as a desirable ornament for this great house4 ,i might as well have been placed upon a pinnacle and petrified at once1 for all the childhood that was allowed to take root within me4 ,my aunt's domestic misfortunes had embittered her1 and she had no children to soften the natural austerity of her soul4 ,my mother1 who was her only sister1 had1 contrary to my aunt's wishes1 married where her heart inclined4 ,this was never forgiven or forgotten until she lay dead1 and ,i was a wailing infant at her side4 ,my father soon afterward perished at sea1 and my aunt took me to her home4 ,she was not designedly cruel2 but she knew nothing of a child's requirements4 ,the freezing system seemed to her the most effectual method of crushing out a young1 impulsive nature4 ,there was danger ,i might become rebellious1 and hence she required the utmost meekness and submission4 ,as soon as ,i came to understand the power of beauty1 ,i saw that it was to mine ,i owed food and raiment2 for it fed the exhaustless vanity of my aunt1 with whom display was then1 and still is1 the moving spring of her existence4 ,i was a drawing-room child1 kept for exhibition at stated intervals4 ,the tiny jewels on my neck and arms were hateful to me4 ,my embroidered robe was a costly thing4 ,i had given a young life for it4 ,i had a mortal fear of losing my beauty4 ,our gardener's daughter--a comely1 cheerful-looking girl1 whom ,i was always glad to see1 for she made the morning brighter with her fresh young face--had caught that loathsome disease1 the small-pox4 ,when she recovered1 the change that had come upon her so terrified me1 that ,i was seized with a sensation as of coming danger4 ,i shrank from the girl1 as if she would be the cause of some future misery to me4 ,she had a mother to whom she seemed infinitely more dear now than she had ever been4 ,but ,i1 a lonely waif1 what would become of me if ,i should be transformed like her8 ,it was not altogether for my own gratification that ,i desired to retain this beauty4 ,it was not my own beauty4 ,it belonged to my aunt1 and was all ,i had to give her in return for what she gave me4 ,i was not a child that saw angels in the skies1 or that expected manna to come down from heaven to feed me4 ,artificial and unsatisfying as my life has always been1 ,i have a clinging desire to remain with it4 ,at times ,i have had a vaguely conceived notion of one day getting away from it and of being free2 but the bending and breaking system has so subdued me that ,i might lose myself if left to the guidance of my own free-will4 ,marriage is a solemn thing4 ,would you like to change places with me to-night1 ,mary8 ,i could not say yes1 and ,i dared not say no2 for ,i saw that she was losing courage1 and beginning to hesitate about the important event so soon to transpire4 ,that is a strange question1 ,marian dear1 ,i replied4 ,to-morrow ought to be1 and ,i hope will be1 the happiest day of your life4 ,surely you must love this man when you have promised to be his wife8 ,oh6 yes1 said she1 as well as ,i understand what it is to love4 ,i sometimes tremble for fear ,i have not the qualities that make woman lovable and attractive4 ,you forget how little ,i know of ,edward ,gaston4 ,our acquaintance began in a little ,german town1 where he was stopping1 for the purpose of establishing his claims to a disputed inheritance4 ,he is an ,american by birth and education4 ,he soon became a constant visitor with us4 ,my aunt and he were on the best of terms4 ,my own interest in him had never passed beyond the civilities of an ordinary acquaintance until he again joined us at ,naples1 where he lost no time in making known the state of his feelings4 ,my aunt seemed to have had some previous knowledge of his preference2 but its announcement was to me a complete surprise4 ,she was proud of her nice discrimination in the selection of her friends1 and ,mr4 ,gaston had come into our circle labelled and indorsed a gentleman4 ,her gracious consideration1 however1 of his offer1 in no wise obscured her caution4 ,satisfied as to his worldly affairs1 and well assured of his position at home1 there was nothing wanting but my consent1 which was really the most trifling part of the arrangement4 ,i accepted this marriage engagement as ,i would have accepted any other condition so mapped out for me4 ,business of a pressing nature which could be delayed no longer1 called ,mr4 ,gaston to ,america1 and ,i did not see him again until our return a month ago4 ,you see how little ,i know of him4 ,can you wonder that ,i am constrained in his presence8 ,of course1 every thing will be different when ,i come to know him better4 ,but ,i have one cause of feverish anxiety4 ,i am not above the petty subterfuges almost incidental to a life like mine4 ,a desire to hide mistakes committed through childish ignorance made me unscrupulous1 as any member of a household who is watched and suspected must naturally be4 ,habit may have made these little irregularities almost a second nature1 but my blood recoils from a wilful and deliberate deception4 ,i am afraid ,edward is misled with regard to my aunt's pecuniary condition4 ,this life of seeming affluence1 which has become as necessary to her as the air she breathes1 drains heavily on her slender resources4 ,such portion of her time as is not spent in her handsome carriage1 or in drawing-room entertainments1 is passed in a most frugal and even parsimonious mode of living1 and it is only by an economy painful to contemplate that she has kept things floating thus far4 ,i cannot acquaint ,edward with my aunt's existing embarrassments4 ,she is my only kinswoman2 and misguided as she is1 ,i have a tender affection for her4 ,i hope to be able to offer her a home with us1 when1 as soon must be the case1 the last act in this miserable farce shall have been played4 ,now1 perhaps1 you can understand why ,i thus passively submit to a marriage that ,i would turn from if ,i could4 ,i cannot openly say to ,mr4 ,gaston1 ',i have no fortune1 ,i hope you expect none2' even to covertly approach the subject would be to impugn his motives1 and ,i certainly have no right to suspect him of harboring mercenary ones4 ,still1 ,i wish he were acquainted with the truth2 for the world1 you know1 looks upon me as sole heiress of my rich aunt4 ,i have no knowledge of what passed between ,edward and my aunt at ,naples1 when our marriage was agreed upon2 but ,i have a constant dread least he may have been deceived4 ,i once mentioned to him1 in conversation1 that he would claim a portionless bride2 but he seemed to take no notice of what ,i said1 and ,i fear he still thinks my aunt's circumstances to be in reality what they seem4 ,in giving way1 ,i replied1 to such groundless fears1 dear ,marian1 you underrate your own worth4 ,think how many noble and honorable men would be proud to call you wife1 and in giving you a life of happiness make amends for the past4 ,yet as ,i looked in the silver starlight upon that lovely face1 which had so attracted me in my childhood1 ,i could not but regret deeply and sadly that she was not of my faith2 for then she might receive wiser counsel than ,i could give from one of those whom ,christ in his mercy has ordained to be a guide and a staff to weak and wavering souls4 ,the wedding breakfast was all that even ,marian's fastidious aunt could have desired4 ,the few favored guests were of the most approved type4 ,it would seem as if a judicious instructor had given each of them a select number of words1 which they used with exemplary caution1 and then retired to the contemplation of their own individual greatness4 ,as to ,marian1 the despondency of the night before had quite left her1 and there was a high and noble resolve in her manner that made me truly happy to behold1 while it calmed1 if it did not entirely dispel1 my own gloomy forebodings4 ,the serene expression of her sweet face would have drawn me nearer to her1 if that were possible4 ,how ,i loved her1 as she stood before me1 beautiful in the purity of her white robe1 and infinitely more beautiful in the chastened security of her firm and lofty purpose--to be a true and honorable wife to ,edward ,gaston2 to meet the conditions of her new life1 whatever they might be1 with a woman's trust and confidence1 and better still1 with a woman's hope in the never-failing reward of duty faithfully performed4 ,i could have been positively gay through desire to sustain ,marian1 and to let her know1 without telling her in words1 how thoroughly ,i appreciated and how heartily ,i approved her noble intentions1 her courage and confidence2 but as measured words and actions alone were allowed1 ,i had to restrain myself4 ,still1 the cooling process did not diminish my ardor1 and when ,i got ,marian all to myself1 in her room1 ,i kissed her so approvingly1 and was so extravagant in the expression of all that ,i felt1 that she folded me with loving tenderness to her breast1 and kept me there so long that ,i felt with the quick beating of her warm heart she was giving me some of her own newly-found courage4 ,whatever happens to me1 ,mary dear1 in the extremity of any darkness that may come upon me1 ,i shall always know that you are true to me1 that you are still my friend4 ,the tears that fell upon her hand as she gently raised my head1 were my only answer1 and she accepted them in the spirit in which they were shed4 ,in returning to my ordinary duties1 ,i had much to reflect upon1 much that made me still uneasy for ,marian and her future1 where so many doubts and fears seemed hanging on the will of one human being4 ,vague rumors of ,mr4 ,gaston had reached us1 that he was a man wholly without fortune1 drifting on the surface of events2 darker things1 too1 were whispered with an indirectness which gave them an uncertain coloring4 ,in my love for ,marian1 and in my fear for her1 ,i could not credit these suspicions2 yet my anxiety to again see her1 and discover for myself the truth or fallacy of these reports1 was intense4 ,indeed1 my state of anxious doubt was becoming intolerable when ,i received a letter from ,marian1 telling me she was already tired of travelling1 and would return soon to make a last visit to her old home before leaving for her future and distant one4 ,it was agreed that they should spend the day after their arrival with us4 ,i was so happy and so occupied in preparing for their reception1 that ,i had almost forgotten my previous anxiety in my present desire to have every thing ready and in perfect order4 ,the pleasure ,i felt in the prospect of having my darling with me so soon was dreadfully toned down by the consciousness of my own inability to satisfy her aunt's critical taste4 ,i trembled as ,i thought of her scrutinizing glance2 but ,i had a never-failing source of hope in my mother4 ,her good-natured hospitality was of such a melting kind that ,i dared hope that even the rigid aunt might thaw under it1 which she really did1 greatly to my relief and comfort4 ,the dinner passed off creditably4 ,my tranquillity was now entirely restored1 and ,i had time to devote to ,marian4 ,up to this moment ,i had viewed her through the medium of my excited condition2 now ,i was calmed1 and1 so far as the affairs of the day went1 contented4 ,marian's manner was restless and uneasy4 ,my perception was keenly alive to the slightest difference between what she did and said now and to what she did and said formerly4 ,so solicitous was ,i1 that ,i think the most trifling modulation in her voice had a significance for me4 ,much as ,i had looked forward to this reunion1 much as ,i had desired it1 now that ,marian was with me1 ,i shrank from being alone with her4 ,i think if we had been that summer evening even in the solitude of a mountain fastness1 an intuitive delicacy would have kept both of us from speaking one word upon the only subject that filled our hearts4 ,my mother's humanizing influence was having its effect on the stately old lady4 ,she was captured without knowing it4 ,mr4 ,gaston had gone out for a walk2 so ,marian and ,i were left alone4 ,i tried to talk about her new home1 and repeated some things ,mr4 ,gaston had told me before the wedding4 ,edward has changed his mind1 said ,marian1 and has found it necessary to make some different arrangements2 so ,i really cannot tell much about our home4 ,it is very far away2 don't you think so1 ,mary8 ,i saw that her feelings were beginning to get the upper hand1 and ,i did not dare trust myself to reply4 ,i turned from her immediately on the pretext of having forgotten some household duty4 ,she strolled out to the garden in a spiritless way4 ,every thing was revolving itself in my mind1 and ,i was beginning to reproach myself2 perhaps if ,i had encouraged her to speak1 it might have lifted the load from her heart2 another opportunity might not be permitted us2 and yet1 bowed down as the poor girl was1 it would not have raised her in my esteem had she even with me disparaged her husband4 ,to cover him with a wife's forbearance was now one of her hard but imperative duties1 and ,i knew she would not shrink from it4 ,this must be a check to our confidence1 a bridge over which my kindliest sympathy must never pass4 ,unmistakable evidences of a storm close at hand made me run to the arbor where ,i had last seen ,marian4 ,she was not there4 ,while deliberating where ,i should next go1 ,i heard ,mr4 ,gaston's impatient tread4 ,he stopped by a clump of trees near me1 and in tones of suppressed anger commenced upbraiding his defenceless wife4 ,what did you mean by suggesting such a thing as that8 he began2 have you any right to dispense hospitalities1 to propose or consider them in that grand style of yours8 ,in expressing the wish1 replied ,marian1 that my aunt would be able to spend the winter with us1 ,i had no intention of doing any thing beyond a natural act of gratitude2 and ,i was not aware1 ,edward1 that your feelings had so changed toward her4 ,i am sure she has done nothing to merit your displeasure4 ,nothing to merit my displeasure8 ,you are a most creditable disciple6 ,she has made you like herself1 truly4 ,is it nothing in your eyes that she has always lived a life of nicely-arranged deception8 ,your accomplished aunt has conducted a forlorn hope with a woman's tact1 and the victims of her trickery are expected to bow to her superior sagacity4 ,in a burst of universal sympathy you propose to take this wreck of decayed grandeur to my house4 ,this was a part of the plot1 ,i suppose4 ,edward1 interrupted ,marian1 how dare you speak in this way of my aunt1 who has shown you so many marks of sincere regard8 ,that she has not husbanded her resources1 ,i grant2 but that misfortune rests entirely with her1 she is the only sufferer4 ,she made you no promises1 gave you no reason to expect a fortune with me2 this ,i have learned since our marriage4 ,have no fear of the incumbrance4 ,dear as she is to me1 ,i would rather let her beg from door to door than see her a recipient of your bounty6 ,oh6 you are proud now1 he replied in a voice of withering scorn4 ,take care1 he continued2 you have not seen the end yet4 ,make yourself ready to depart4 ,i want to leave this house instantly4 ,edward1 she said1 however you choose to afflict me1 whatever tortures you have in store for me1 do not1 ,i beseech you1 subject me just yet to the pity of those ,i love1 of those who love me4 ,these people are my truest friends4 ,i would not make them sharers of my misery4 ,spare me a little longer4 ,your fine speeches and these people are alike objects of indifference to me4 ,make yourself ready2 ,i am going4 ,she made a movement to obey him2 but turning round again1 she said1 ,edward--the voice and tone ,i shall never forget2 it was as if all she had ever valued in life had whispered a last farewell--,edward1 as ,i had hoped to give you a wife's unfailing duty1 to be trustful1 loving1 and true2 so ,i had hoped you would give me a husband's protection1 and perhaps a husband's love4 ,i am not fond of scenes1 he interrupted2 your requirements are of so nice and delicate a nature that ,i would be quite incapable of gratifying them2 so ,i shall not trouble myself to make the attempt2 and for the future1 spare yourself any unnecessary display of sentiment4 ,i could not have left the arbor without being seen4 ,marian passed by slowly1 not to the house1 but in an opposite direction1 and ,mr4 ,gaston started for the lower end of the garden4 ,i caught a glimpse of him as he turned an angle of the walk4 ,a wicked look had settled on his handsome face1 as if dark spirits were urging him on4 ,a peal of thunder1 prolonged and terrible1 startled me4 ,i ran to the house4 ,the lightning was truly awful1 and peal following peal of thunder made one shudder and long for human companionship4 ,i had lost ,marian in the gloom and darkness4 ,she was not in the house2 ,i did not see her in the garden4 ,i went out into the storm in search of her4 ,i found her standing quite alone in sad and listless silence4 ,can it be1 ,i thought1 that death has no terrors for one so gifted and so young8 ,she seemed imploring that doom which the most abject and miserable would flee from if they could4 ,i knew then1 as well as ,i knew afterward1 that she would have welcomed death that night without one single regret4 ,marian1 dear1 ,i said1 approaching her1 how can you remain alone1 and exposed in this manner1 when every thing about you is quaking with fear8 ,i do not heed the storm1 she answered2 ,i like it1 it is so wonderful4 ,come1 come1 darling6 ,why1 the rain has drenched you1 ,i replied1 putting my arm about her and leading her to the house4 ,the storm had set in furiously4 ,there was no leaving the house that night4 ,i resolved that ,marian should sleep with me2 so ,i went to ,mr4 ,gaston and told him ,i regretted our limited accommodations obliged me to offer him a temporary bed in the parlor4 ,when ,i told ,marian of this arrangement1 she seemed relieved4 ,i am glad to spend the night here and with you1 ,mary1 she said4 ,all is so quiet and peaceful4 ,quiet and peaceful6 ,the greater storm in her own breast made her forget the contending elements without4 ,my aversion to ,mr4 ,gaston was1 ,i believe1 heartily reciprocated1 and he must have chafed at my influence over ,marian4 ,he took her away from her home1 never to return1 on the very next day4 ,they sailed for ,cuba shortly afterward4 ,the crisis ,marian had feared for her aunt soon came1 and she went1 with the remnant of her fortune1 to live in some western town4 ,seven years had rolled by since all this1 and ,marian was fast passing into the shadows we like to call up when the world is hushed around us and1 we are thinking--thinking4 ,i was married1 and laughing children were crowding out these earlier remembrances4 ,an affection of the throat1 from which my husband was suffering1 rendered the best medical advice necessary4 ,i accompanied him to ,new ,york1 where ,i found--let me pause in telling it1 to do reverence to the unseen hand that led me there--,marian4 ,in this lonely stranger how little do ,i behold of my childhood's earliest pride6 ,from ,clifton8 said the physician thoughtfully1 after examining my husband's case4 ,i have a patient1 a strange case2 she is paralyzed1 and her mental faculties are stunned4 ,a ,cuban family brought her here and placed her under my care4 ,her husband had committed a forgery1 and had fled the country to escape arrest4 ,she is an accomplished lady1 ,i should judge4 ,she was left in ,havana quite poor and friendless4 ,i have been led to speak to you about her because she is always writing two words--,mary and ,clifton4 ,the ,spanish lady who brought her here knew nothing of her former history4 ,i was silent during this recital1 and so white that the doctor offered me water4 ,i thanked him1 and expressed a wish to go to my friend immediately4 ,i cannot return to the hospital this morning1 he said2 but ,i will give you my card1 which will admit you to the lady at once4 ,there ,i found her1 a silent1 faded figure1 sitting still1 and for all purposes of life quite dead4 ,i was awed as ,i stood before her4 ,i sat down and took her poor1 neglected hand in mine4 ,she looked at me and made a feeble attempt to gather back her hair which had fallen in great disorder about her shoulders4 ,i rose to do this for her4 ,it was still glossy and beautiful as ever4 ,i began to arrange it in the fashion she had worn it seven years before4 ,she took my hand from her head1 laid it in her lap1 chafed it1 then reverently raised it to her lips4 ,i could restrain my tears no longer1 and ,i hid my face in the folds of her faded dress4 ,she turned me toward her and wiped the tears from my cheek4 ,you are going home with me1 ,marian darling1 ,i said2 to live always in our own old home4 ,i know it1 she whispered2 ,i have been waiting for you so long1 so very long4 ,this was the first time she had spoken to me4 ,the nurse had told me that she spoke occasionally1 but always in an absent and incoherent manner4 ,sea-bathing was recommended2 but the doctor was of the opinion that her mind would never recover its original vigor4 ,i would like him to see her as she left me this morning1 calm and beautiful1 when the bell of the convent1 where she is teaching ,german1 summoned attendance4 ,my religion is no longer strange to her4 ,she has accepted it as the crowning blessing of her life1 and with a thankful spirit she speaks of the chastening hand that led her to this security and peace4 ,,exultent ,,sion ,,fili4 ,who is this that cometh from the desert1 flowing with delights1 leaning on the arm of her ,beloved8 ,,canticles viii4 #e4 ,who is this from the wilderness coming1 ,from the desert so arid and bare1 ,on her own most ,beloved ,one leaning-- ,who is this so chaste and so fair8 ,yes1 out of a wilderness coming1 ,a desert of darkness and sin2 ,lo6 the ,bridegroom1 the promised1 the glorious1 ,lo6 a ,queen who is holy within6 ,see6 her veil is thrown back from her features1 ,arrayed in the lustre of light1 ,like silver clean washed from the dross of the mine1 ,like a lily she dawns on the sight-- ,like a lily whose fair leaves encompass her stalk1 ,with an odor so piercing and sweet1 ,that the world1 overpowered1 feels ashamed of its pride1 ,and vanquished kneels down at her feet4 ,in the desert had tarried the ,bridegroom of old ,forty days1 forty nights1 in his love1 ,alone1 while she who was dearest to him ,in grief like a silver-winged dove1 ,hid away in the deep1 secret clefts of the rock1 ,wailed his absence1 and brooded so long1 ,and pined for his countenance1 pined for his voice ,to answer again to her song-- ,now winter is past1 the rain over and gone2 ,the flowers1 too1 have their banners unfurled1 ,while she waits for his promise2 she knows he will come2 ,and he comes--the ,light of the world6 ,to lead back each wandering sheep to his fold1 ,who had waited so long in the porch2 ,to bring back to the dim world his darling1 his rose1 ,his bride in her beauty1 the church2 ,to open her gates that all may go in1 ,not a wanderer left out in the cold1 ,the supper awaiting1 the ,king's marriage feast1 ,with its ,host and its chalice of gold4 ,,sophia ,,may ,,eckley4 ,,mr4 ,,gladstone ,,and ,,the ,,irish ,,farmers4 ,the long-expected bill for the settlement of the land question in ,ireland was introduced into the ,british ,parliament a short time ago by ,mr4 ,gladstone in an explanatory speech of rare perspicuity and methodical statement4 ,so fascinating1 indeed1 is the premier's eloquence1 so candid his confessions of the injustice of ,english law as at present existing in ,ireland1 and of the baleful consequences which have flowed from its operations in the agricultural interests of the people of the sister island1 that for the time we forget how far short are the measures he now proposes1 in the form of an act of parliament1 of the necessities of the case before him1 and to which all his logic1 rhetoric1 and pathos form but the graceful prelude4 ,turning from the speech and carefully looking over the sixty-eight clauses of the proposed act1 we are forcibly struck by the inadequacy of the proposed remedy for the terrible and manifold evils which have so long afflicted the tillers of ,irish soil2 and if1 as ,mr4 ,gladstone asserts1 his object is not only to do justice to this long-oppressed people1 but to silence for ever the clamors and pacify at once the almost chronic discontent of the country1 it requires very little acumen to foresee that his scheme1 even if not modified for the worse in its passage through either house1 will be a failure1 particularly as regards the latter results4 ,the head of the ,british cabinet1 with all that ability and knowledge of public affairs which justly entitle him to be ranked foremost among living ,english statesmen1 seems to have failed alike to comprehend the magnitude of the abuses he would correct and to appreciate the wishes and expectations of the great majority of the ,irish people4 ,whether through that obliquity of mental vision which has always characterized ,english public men when attempting to deal with ,irish grievances1 or from a dread of failure if he attempted to inaugurate a more radical change in the present relations between landlord and tenant--and from a remark in his late speech1 the latter cause would seem to be the most probable--he has been led into a course of policy which1 while gaining him no allies in the opposition ranks1 will undoubtedly lessen his influence with a large portion of the liberal party in both kingdoms4 ,by fixity of tenure1 says ,dr4 ,taylor1 is now clearly understood1 in ,ireland1 that the right of the tenant to his land is to continue as long as the rent is paid1 and that the rent is to be adjusted at fixed periods1 according to the average price of produce2 a statement fully indorsed by the ,irish press and reiterated by the people at their recent numerous public meetings4 ,but the present bill contemplates no such thing1 either in expression or by implication2 and lest it might so be understood1 the premier in his speech devoted much of his time to demonstrate the fallacy and danger of such doctrines4 ,as ,i understand it1 he says1 the thing itself amounts to this--that every occupier1 as long as he pays the rent that he is now paying1 or a rent to be fixed by a public tribunal of valuation1 is to be assured1 for himself and his heirs1 an occupation of the land that he holds without limit of time1 subject only to this condition1 that with a variation in the value of produce--somewhat in the nature of the commutation of title act--the rent may vary somewhat slightly and at somewhat distant periods4 ,the effect of that is that the landlord would become a pensioner and rent-charger upon his own estate4 ,the legislature has a perfect right to reduce him to that condition1 giving him proper compensation for any loss he may sustain in money2 the state has a perfect right to deal with his social status1 and to reduce him to that condition1 if it thinks fit4 ,but then it is bound not to think fit unless it can be shown that this is for the public good4 ,now1 is it for the public good that the landlords of ,ireland1 in a body1 should be reduced by an act of parliament to the condition1 practically1 of fund-holders1 entitled to apply on a certain day from year to year for a certain sum of money1 but entitled to nothing more8 ,are you prepared to denude them of their interest in the land8 ,are you prepared to absolve them from their duties with regard to the land8 ,i for one confess that ,i am not2 nor is that the sentiment of my colleagues4 ,here then is the issue at once raised1 and as ,mr4 ,gladstone's views will receive the sanction of ,parliament1 we apprehend that the proposed act1 no matter how impartially executed1 will fail to satisfy the popular wants in ,ireland4 ,it cannot be denied that the great underlying principle of the tenant-right agitation is the conviction among the masses of the farmers and peasants of that country that the soil whereon they expend their labor1 that others may reap the profits1 was and is rightfully their own2 that it was forcibly and treacherously wrested from their ancestors by a foreign and hostile faction1 whose descendants now claim to possess it1 and who wring from them the fruits of their toil1 justly belonging to the cultivators and their families4 ,they do not1 however1 desire a reconfiscation of this property2 but they do demand a guarantee from the laws1 under which they are content to live1 that as long as they pay a fair rent they shall not be disturbed in their holdings4 ,the question of leases for a term of years and compensation for improvements1 though very important in itself1 is merely secondary to fixity of tenure4 ,that once guaranteed1 in the ,irish and not in ,mr4 ,gladstone's sense1 the impetus which would be given to the farming industry of the country would be so great that time and economy only would be required to establish a large class of small land owners in fee1 thus virtually undoing the spoliations of former days1 and dividing up the large estates now devoted principally to pleasure or pasturage1 and held by a few persons who neither reside in1 know1 or care for the nation from which they draw such exorbitant rents4 ,the entire land of ,ireland consists of nearly sixteen million acres of arable land1 and five millions more susceptible of cultivation1 owned absolutely by less than six thousand persons1 thus giving to each proprietary an average of thirty-five hundred acres1 independent of mountain1 bog1 and riparian lands1 all more or less useful for the sustenance of human life4 ,then the majority of those owners1 including the representatives of the very large estates almost without exception1 are absentees who in the aggregate draw from the soil an annual revenue estimated at forty millions of dollars2 not a tithe of it is ever returned to the country in any manner1 except in the form of receipts4 ,we find that the tenants from whom this large foreign tribute is exacted number over six hundred thousand heads of families1 representing at least three and a half million of souls1 only one in thirty of whom holds a lease of any sort1 the remainder being entirely dependent politically and socially on the will of the landlord1 or his agents and bailiffs4 ,this anomalous state of affairs in a country supposed to be at least comparatively free is heightened by the fact that the views and aims of the landlord class and those of the tenantry1 which ought to coincide on all matters affecting the national good1 are decidedly the reverse of each other4 ,as a whole1 the religion1 politics1 and traditions of the owners of the soil have always placed them in opposition to their tenants and dependents2 so firmly1 indeed1 that even the demands of patriotism and the allurements of pecuniary gain1 powerful for most men1 have failed to swerve the ,irish landlord from his blind and bigoted purpose of repressing the laudable enterprise1 and of ignoring the commonest rights1 of the people from whom he derives his wealth and position4 ,in countries like ,belgium1 ,scotland1 or ,switzerland1 where manufactures are encouraged and capital is abundant1 this slavish relationship between landlord and tenant would be a secondary grievance2 but in ,ireland1 which is essentially an agricultural country1 the enormity of the evil cannot well be over-estimated4 ,about two thirds of the population of ,england1 said the late ,w4 ,smith ,o',brien1 are dependent on manufactures and commerce1 directly or indirectly4 ,in this country 7,ireland7 about nine tenths of the population are dependent on agriculture1 directly or indirectly4 ,an ancient vassal1 said ,van ,raumer1 a distinguished ,german traveller1 who some years ago visited ,ireland1 is a lord compared with the present tenant at will1 to whom the law affords no defence2 and a recent decision in chancery declares that if a tenant holding from year to year makes permanent improvements in the lands which he holds1 this raises no equity as against the landlord1 though he may have looked on and not have given any warning to the tenant4 ,but we have a more recent authority on the condition of the ,irish farmers of to-day in the person of the special commissioner of the ,london ,times1 who certainly cannot be accused of over-partiality in describing the condition of that much oppressed class4 ,writing from ,mullingar under date ,september #adth1 #ahfi1 he says1 ,by far the largest portion of the country is still occupied by small farmers1 who legally are merely tenants at will1 though they have added much to the value of the soil by building1 draining1 fencing1 and tillage1 and though they have purchased their interests in numerous instances1 and it is probable they will long maintain their ground1 though the area they hold is being diminished4 ,the existing law is not a rule of right to this body of men in their actual position2 it exposes what in truth is their property1 the benefits they have added to the land1 to be confiscated by a summary process2 it sets at naught the equitable right acquired by a transfer for value with the assent of the landlord4 ,from ,cork1 after a month's further investigation1 he again writes1 ,as for the landed system of the country as a whole1 it is1 in its broadest outlines1 essentially the same as that which ,i have so often described1 except that its vices are very prominent4 ,speaking generally1 the same religious differences divide the owner and the occupier of the soil2 the absenteeism is too prevalent2 there is the same wide-spread insecurity of tenure2 the law in the same way upholds the power of the landlord1 and disregards the just claims of the tenant2 there is the same creation of vast rights of property in the form of improvements1 by the peasantry1 unprotected by the least legal sanction1 and liable1 nay1 exposed to confiscation2 vague usage similarly is the only safeguard against frequent and intolerable injustice4 ,conceding to ,mr4 ,gladstone and his colleagues the greatest honesty of intention in the introduction of the present bill1 and aware of the powerful and not over-scrupulous opposition which any remedial measure advocated by them must encounter from the tory and landed classes1 yet in view of such patent abuses as stated1 as well as from the assurances of ,mr4 ,bright and others--supposed to be in the confidence of the ministry1 we had a right to expect a measure more general1 emphatic1 and sweeping in its reforms4 ,still1 as the bill will be passed substantially as presented1 with perhaps the addition of a few unimportant amendments likely to be offered by the ,irish members1 it is important to examine in detail its main features as far as they relate to what is defined in the preamble as security of tenure4 ,the first subdivision of the bill provides for the loaning of public moneys to landlords and tenants on the following conditions3 ,where the landlord is willing to sell and the tenant to purchase a particular farm1 then in his actual occupancy1 at a price agreed upon between the parties1 the government will advance the tenant the necessary funds2 and when the landlord is only willing to part with his estate in bulk1 the actual occupiers of four fifths1 and any person or persons not occupiers joined with them1 may become purchasers of the whole1 and a similar advance will be made4 ,in other words1 the government takes the place of the selling landlord1 pays him indirectly the price agreed upon1 and reimburses itself by annual instalments from the tenant1 now become the owner1 until the entire purchase money is paid off4 ,this seems favorable enough for the enterprising tenant1 and to any other than ,irish landlords would offer strong inducements to dispose of a portion1 at least1 of their unwieldy and often heavily encumbered estates1 and would promote the multiplication of moderate sized and better cultivated farms2 but as we are aware of the hostility of that unpatriotic class to every thing tending to the elevation of their tenantry to a position of comparative equality1 we have little hope of the efficacy of this provision4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,gladstone seems also of this opinion2 for in his late speech in allusion to the subject1 he says1 ,i myself have not been one of those who have been disposed to take the most sanguine view of the extent to which a provision of that kind would operate4 ,purchasers of reclaimed land not occupied are to have the same privileges as occupiers of cultivated lands4 ,the landlord likewise is to have his share of the public money for the purpose of reclaiming waste lands adjoining his estate1 and in some instances1 for paying off the compensation claims of his out-going tenant4 ,all these loans1 securities1 repayments1 and annuities are to be under the direction of the ,irish ,board of ,works at ,dublin4 ,the legal machinery for carrying these and subsequent clauses of the bill into effect will consist of two classes of courts4 ,one of arbitration1 consisting of appointees of the parties interested1 whose decision shall have all the force of law1 and from which there shall be no appeal4 ,the other will be a regular court of law1 with very extensive equity jurisdiction1 composed1 in the first instance1 of a civil bill court1 presided over by an assistant barrister of sessions2 an appeal court1 composed of two judges of assize1 who may reserve important cases for trial before the court for land cess in ,dublin4 ,taking into consideration the relative wealth and personal influence of the parties litigant1 we might hope for a less expensive and complicated mode of procedure2 but as the law's delays are still as proverbial on the other side of the ,atlantic as on this1 it is perhaps the least objectionable plan that could be devised4 ,much certainly will depend on the independence and humanity of the courts2 for while they will be bound by the principles laid down in the bill1 it is authorized-- ,on hearing of any dispute between landlord and tenant in respect of compensation under this act1 either party may make any claim1 urge any objection to the claims of the other1 or plead any set-off such party may see fit1 and the court shall take into consideration any such claim1 objection1 or set-off1 and also any such default or unreasonable conduct of either party as may appear to the court to affect any matter in dispute between the parties1 etc41 and give judgment on the equities of the same4 ,the bill then proceeds to secure and define the tenure of all holders of agricultural land1 dividing them into four classes3 holders by the custom of ,ulster1 by customs analogous to that of ,ulster in the other provinces1 tenants from year to year and at will1 and lease-holders generally4 ,the custom of ,ulster1 derived strangely enough from the terms of ,james ,i4's charter to the undertakers in #afac1dj as well as from traditional usage1 consists mainly of the right of the out-going tenant to compensation from his landlord for all permanent improvements he may have made on the land1 or that he has actually paid for to his predecessor1 whether with or without the consent of his landlord2 or the tenant may elect to sell the same with his good-will of the farm to the best purchaser4 ,this custom1 covering about a moiety of the #c1djj1jjj acres of ,ulster1 is to be formally recognized as law only in that portion of the country1 and in each individual case where it now actually exists4 ,but when the landlord has1 by a deliberate and formal arrangement with an occupier1 bought up the ,ulster tenant right1 it shall not be pleaded against him2 and where the tenant has so sold to the landlord or to the incoming tenant his right1 he shall be debarred from all other compensation under the act4 ,the value of this custom1 though heretofore only partially recognized1 will be perceived from the fact that1 though ,ulster is by no means the most fertile section1 the average annual value of its lands is from four to four and a half dollars per acre greater than the other portions of the country4 ,why this custom1 so manifestly beneficial to all classes1 should only be made general in ,ulster1 but not throughout the island1 it is difficult to determine4 ,there are also customs in other parts of the country which have become traditional1 and are said to resemble somewhat that of ,ulster2 but to what extent they prevail1 or of their exact nature1 we are not informed4 ,they are commonly supposed to include the right of compensation for improvements of a certain sort1 and the sale of the good-will by the out-going tenant4 ,these1 however1 are not regarded with the same degree of fairness2 for they can only be pleaded when the landlord by his own act severs the relation between himself and tenant2 and when pleaded1 all arrears of rent or damages to the farm may be claimed as an off-set2 they are forfeited by ejectment for non-payment of rent1 or by sub-letting or subdividing the holding1 and are extinguished by the acceptance of a lease of thirty-one years or upward4 ,this is the first attempt we notice in the bill to induce the landlords to grant leases1 and we regret to find that throughout its entire length1 with the exception of one clause1 there is nothing at all prohibitory in its provisions4 ,what good reason can exist for the preservation of the custom of ,ulster under a lease1 while those of the other three sections are bartered away for that privilege8 ,is this not another evidence of the partiality of a reform which should be as comprehensive as the evils to be eradicated are wide-spread8 ,the most important part of the bill is that which relates to the yearly tenant and tenant at will2 for it affects by far the largest and most defenceless class of ,irish farmers4 ,out of six hundred thousand heads of families who derive their existence directly from the soil1 five hundred and eighty thousand1 or nearly ninety-seven per centum of the whole1 are of this class1 and are liable at any time to be thrown on the charity of the world by the edict of a landlord or his agent1 deprived not only of their sole means of livelihood1 but of whatever benefits they may have conferred on their little holdings by their hard labor and well-earned money4 ,it is useless now to dwell on the horrible calamities which have resulted from the wholesale evictions of these unfortunate people1 or on what famine1 pestilence1 death1 and too frequently agrarian crime1 have year after year flowed from the uncontrolled barbarities practised on them by ,irish landlords1 armed with the terrors of law4 ,the wailings and maledictions of the homeless and expatriated have so long resounded through both hemispheres1 that their very echoes have startled the ears of their persecutors into something like attention4 ,we have1 says ,mr4 ,gladstone from his place in the ,house of ,commons1 simplified the law against him1 the tenant1 and made ejectment cheap and easy4#da ,this large class1 therefore1 if not receiving that adequate protection to which they are justly entitled1 will1 under the operation of the proposed act1 have their interests placed beyond jeopardy in such a manner as1 compared with their present practical outlawry1 will commend ,mr4 ,gladstone to their gratitude4 ,having no custom to plead1 and consequently very little probability of obtaining leases1 the landlord can still eject them2 but he must do so on a year's notice1 duly stamped and dated from the previous gale day1 and for proper cause1 such as non-payment of rent or the refusal of the tenant to accept another holding equal in value to the one desired by the landlord4 ,if the landlord acts without such cause1 the tenant will be entitled to damages against him at the discretion of the court1 exclusive of compensation for improvements and reclamation of land4 ,the maximum measure of damages for wanton ejectment is set down in the bill as follows3 ,holdings valued at #aj #g years' rent4 #aj to #ej #e #ej to #ajj #c #ajj and upward #b ,in any case the tenant upon ejectment will be entitled to compensation for improvements1 from which arrears of rent may be deducted4 ,it is the wise and beneficent intent of the bill to place this helpless class under the special protection of the court1 and make it the object of large equity jurisdiction conferred2 and it even holds out a release to the landlord of these penalties1 providing he gives to his yearly tenant a lease of at least twenty-one years' duration4 ,the regulation of the tenure of lease-holders generally is most judicious1 and the only compulsory one in the bill4 ,in future all leases shall be submitted to1 and the terms1 as regards rents and covenants1 approved by1 the court1 before their validity will be recognized4 ,heretofore1 ,irish leases have been made exclusively for the benefit of one party1 and the ingenuity of the lower grade of the legal profession seems to have been taxed to the utmost to devise restrictions on husbandry4 ,we have copies of several of those instruments of recent execution before us1 and they certainly smack more of the pre-magna-charta era than of the present enlightened century4 ,a petition presented to the ,house of ,commons at its last session1 from the inhabitants of the parish of ,clonard1 county of ,meath1 set forth that tenants there are charged with a penalty of #e for every tree1 and every perch of hedge cut1 injured1 or destroyed2 they are to break no land without permission of the landlord1 and even then only such land and in such manner as the landlord specified2 a fine of #aj is exacted for each acre or part of acre assigned1 let1 underlet1 or let in con-acre or otherwise1 or meadowed without formal written permission2 they are not to remove or cause to be removed any top-dressing1 compost1 or manure of any sort1 nor any hay1 straw1 corn in the straw1 holm1 or fodder of any sort1 nor any turnips1 mangel-wurzel1 or other green crop of any kind1 under penalty of #e per load or part of load2 and the top-dressing1 manure1 etc41 are to remain on the land at the termination of the tenancy1 and are to be the property of the landlord4 ,the ,earl of ,leitrim1 a very large landed proprietor in the north1 probably not considering the above restrictions sufficiently onerous1 has had inserted in his numerous leases clauses whereby the tenants are required to preserve his fish and game2 and without his permission in writing they are not to make any new roads1 fences1 or drains1 nor to build up or alter houses or buildings1 nor to grow two white grain crops in succession1 nor to have beyond a certain maximum of tillage1 nor to break up permanent grass-fields1 nor to set potatoes where there has been grass the year before1#db nor to cut turf1 etc42 and to surrender their leases at any time at six months' notice1 or in case any of them be imprisoned by any civil or criminal process for a term exceeding fourteen days6 ,but ,edward ,henry ,cooper1 who is supposed sometimes to honor ,markie ,castle with his presence1 requires not only the observance of all the above conditions on the part of his serfs1 but binds them to become informers and prosecutors in their own names against any poachers who may be found in the leaseholds2 and they are also to procure evidence 7how is not stated7 against their neighbors who might kill a hare or spear a salmon on their premises4 ,the farmers who have the happiness of living under this philanthropist are required to submit all disputes and differences touching trespass or measuring to1 and abide by the final award of--,edward ,henry ,cooper or his agents2 a very impartial tribunal1 no doubt6 ,the above extracts may be taken as specimens of the restrictions which surround even the most favored class of ,irish farmers of the present day1 and which1 being made with all the forms of law1 backed by the certainty of the strict enforcement of the penalties1 must have a direct and ruinous tendency to check improvement and limit the scope of improved cultivation of lands4 ,the term improvements1 so frequently met with in the bill1 is defined to mean such as are suitable to the character of the holding and add to its letting value1 such as buildings1 reclaimed land1 manures1 and tillage1 and the old rule of law1 which presumed all improvements made by the landlord unless proved to the contrary1 is reversed in favor of the tenant4 ,no existing improvement will be paid for if not made within twenty years previous to the passage of the act1 except permanent buildings and reclaimed land1 nor where by the terms of a lease the holder agreed to make the improvements at his own expense4 ,in the future no claim will be allowed for improvements made contrary to the terms of the letting1 or for such as are not required for the due cultivation of the farm1 nor when the landlord agrees to make them and does not neglect to do so1 nor where the tenant1 as part of the consideration of the lease1 agrees to do them at his own charge4 ,but whatever the tenant pays to the out-going tenant for compensation1 with the sanction of his landlord1 he shall be reimbursed on the termination of his tenancy4 ,such1 in brief1 is an outline of the law under which the farmers of ,ireland will have to live for some years to come4 ,although not all they demand and have a right to expect1 it is nevertheless a great improvement on the present system1 if system it may be called1 under which they have so long tried to exist4 ,whatever is valuable in the local customs will be substantially preserved and legalized2 the tenant will have some remote prospect of becoming a purchaser1 and the tenant at will1 a leaseholder4 ,compensation for improvements is guaranteed to every one capable of paying his rent1 and the luxury of evictions1 if not destroyed1 is made an expensive one for landlords4 ,we cannot expect that this measure1 if passed in its best form1 will wholly stop agitation in ,ireland1 but we trust and believe that it will largely conduce to the wealth and industry of her people4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,the said undertakers shall not devise or lease any part of their lands at will1 but shall make certain estates for years1 for life1 in tail or in fee simple4--,art4 #abth1 charter of ,a4,d4 #afac4 #da ,in the number of farms1 from one to five acres1 the decrease has been #bd1adg2 from five to fifteen acres1 #bg1cgi2 from fifteen to thirty acres1 #dbgd2 while of farms above thirty acres1 the increase has been #cfgj4 ,seventy thousand occupiers with their families1 numbering about three hundred thousand1 were rooted out of the land4 ,in ,leinster1 the decrease in the number of holdings not exceeding one acre1 as compared with the decrease of #ahdg1 was #cgdi2 above one and not exceeding five1 was #djbf2 of five and not exceeding fifteen1 was #bedf2 of fifteen to thirty1 #cia2 making a total of #aj1fag4 ,in ,munster1 the decrease in the holdings under thirty acres is stated at #ah1had2 the increase over thirty acres1 #acii4 ,in ,ulster1 the decrease was #aejb2 the increase1 #aacd4 ,in ,connaught1 where the labor of extermination was least1 the clearance has been most extensive4 ,there in particular the roots of holders of the soil were never planted deep beneath the surface1 and consequently were exposed to every exterminator's hand4 ,there were in #ahdg1 #ce1fcd holders of from one to five acres4 ,in the following year there were less by #igjc2 there were #gf1gjg holders of from five to fifteen acres1 less in one year by #ab1hia2 those of from fifteen to thirty acres were reduced by #baba2 a total depopulation of #bf1dii holders of land1 exclusive of their families1 was effected in ,connaught in one year4--,captain ,larcom's report for #ahdh1 as quoted in ,mitchel's ,last ,conquest of ,ireland1 7,perhaps47 ,dublin1 #ahfa4 #db ,the productiveness of the land when properly tilled is four times greater than when under pasture4 ,,the ,,association ,,for ,,befriending ,,children4 ,a new association has entered the field of charitable labor in this city bearing the modest title at the head of this article4 ,it has been organized and is recommended to the public by ladies whose names are a guarantee of its success4 ,the sphere of its charitable work is among poor children of degraded parents4 ,it is not known1 except to the few practical workers among the poor1 that there exists in ,new ,york a pauper class nearly if not quite as destitute and degraded as that which is found in the great capitals of ,europe4 ,there are persons here who are born in this lowest social stratum1 and will never rise from it without help4 ,their lives begin1 are passed1 and end in what seems to be hopeless degradation4 ,the portions of the city where this class of its population will be found are those bordering on the rivers1 on either side1 extending as far north as ,fifty-ninth street4 ,children born in this class inherit the vices and diseases of their parents1 as well as their poverty4 ,they exhibit a precocity in debauchery which no one can appreciate who has not been brought into contact with them4 ,they inhale with their first respiration a fetid atmosphere4 ,they have an instinct for vice and crime4 ,many of them escape the penalties of the criminal code simply because they are so young that the law overlooks them4 ,they come into the world with the child's instinct to look to its parent as the source of authority1 and a model for imitation4 ,this authority is1 for the most part1 exerted to compel the commission of offences1 and the model is a finished example for the grossest sins4 ,with such influences from without1 coperating with natural and inherited tendencies to vice1 it is easy to see with what fearful rapidity the child will be driven along in evil courses4 ,if education begins1 as is claimed1 with the first outcry of the infant1 what a training is inaugurated here6 ,there is another class of our population1 not strictly a pauper class1 but which is raised but little above it4 ,the persons who compose it earn a scanty living by fitful labor1 and are exposed to all the temptations which beset extreme poverty4 ,they easily fall into vicious habits1 squander their earnings1 and their children are left without care1 to subsist as best they may4 ,these children1 equally with those of the class still lower1 are in need of every thing which a judicious charity can supply4 ,the section of the city where more of these little outcasts1 and their wretched parents1 may be found than in any other of equal dimensions1 is that bounded by ,bank street on the south1 ,sixteenth or ,seventeenth street on the north1 the ,ninth avenue and the river4 ,out of this section ,st4 ,bernard's parish has been carved1 and it was here that1 a few months ago1 the small beginning was made from which the new organization has sprung4 ,on the seventh day of ,september last1 a few ladies met at ,st4 ,bernard's church1 to open an industrial school for girls4 ,notice that the school would be commenced on that day had been given in the church on the ,sunday preceding4 ,no children came at the hour named1 and the ladies1 with one of the priests of the parish1 went out into the lanes and alleys to compel them to come in4 ,about twenty-five girls were gathered in the large upper room in the church edifice during the forenoon4 ,they presented a pitiful spectacle of extreme poverty and degradation4 ,they were clad in filthy rags1 and1 young as they were1 the faces of many of them bore traces of a course of vice and crime in which sad progress had already been made4 ,it was clear from this first day's experiment that there was an instant and urgent duty to be performed1 in reaching and reclaiming children of this class4 ,the ladies1 therefore1 resolved to hold the school on ,tuesday and ,friday mornings in each week1 from ten to twelve o'clock4 ,the large room in the church was placed at their disposal4 ,on the second school-day1 fifty girls attended1 and the number soon reached one hundred4 ,the character and magnitude of the work which these ladies had1 almost unconsciously1 undertaken began to dawn on them4 ,the school had filled up with hardly any effort on their part4 ,the children were in need of every thing4 ,they must be clothed and fed4 ,they must be gently led away from evil practices and taught the very alphabet of new and better lives4 ,a few dollars were collected at once and materials for clothing purchased4 ,garments were cut out1 and the children soon taught to assist in making them1 and the articles were distributed as they were needed4 ,this has been continued until every child who has attended the school has received a complete outfit1 including a new pair of shoes4 ,but the girls came hungry as well1 and must be fed4 ,at the close of the school on each day1 a substantial meal was served2 and on ,thanksgiving and ,christmas days1 generous dinners were given to two hundred children1 for which turkeys in abundance were provided4 ,the first step in any efficient charitable work among the destitute is1 of course1 to provide for physical wants4 ,we must begin with the body4 ,first the natural1 and afterward that which is spiritual1 is the divine order4 ,the soul is to be reached through the body1 or rather1 so closely united are the two1 that they are both acted upon by the care bestowed upon either4 ,the normal cravings of the body1 when unsatisfied1 become diseased and the fruitful source of vicious indulgences4 ,the hunger which demands but cannot get proper food1 will demand and get sustenance hurtful to body and soul4 ,the little child who leaves a miserable shelter in the morning1 cold and hungry1 will spend the first penny bestowed in charity by a careless giver at a rum-hole made familiar by errands for liquor at the command of a drunken parent1 where even a penny will buy what1 for the moment1 answers for both food and clothing4 ,little girls of twelve1 and even younger1 have come to this school in the morning whose only breakfast has been the liquor which they could buy for a cent1 and who had already contracted intemperate habits4 ,with children of this class1 then1 the first step toward moral improvement is the self-respect which they put on with their first warm1 clean dress1 and the satisfaction which follows a meal of wholesome food4 ,this first step1 however1 leads to the next1 direct religious instruction2 the line upon line and precept upon precept by which the child's soul is to be instructed and purified4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that these children are virtually heathen in the midst of a ,christian civilization4 ,they have received little or no religious instruction4 ,they are the offspring of parents who1 for the most part1 are ,catholics in name1 but who have long since lost grace and abandoned the sacraments of the church4 ,and yet they readily take religious impressions1 and are not without those first ,christian ideas which expand rapidly with patient teaching4 ,it has been the practice at the school to spend a little time each morning in instructing the girls in the catechism2 in repeating appropriate verses of ,scripture1 in committing simple hymns to memory and singing them in unison4 ,the ladies who opened1 and have conducted this school for the past six months1 have not been discouraged because they have not already achieved magnificent results4 ,they knew when they began that the salvation of these children1 for this world and the next1 was to be worked out2 that moral improvement comes by little and little2 that no sincere charitable effort is ever lost2 that nothing can be lost but opportunities2 and that even a cup of cold water given to one of these little ones will not fail1 either of its reward or of its effect for good4 ,so far from being discouraged1 what has already been accomplished with limited means and in a casual way has far exceeded their expectations4 ,the work has been growing under their hands from the start4 ,the little company of ragged girls1 who came reluctantly the first morning1 has expanded into a school numbering one hundred and fifty1 who are eager for the instruction offered to them4 ,they manifest the utmost affection for their teachers4 ,they show signs of improvement in every way4 ,many of them give unmistakable evidence of having commenced a new and useful career4 ,one girl who was found wandering in the street on the first day was asked by one of the ladies if she ever went to mass2 she said ,no4 ,why not8 said the lady4 ,she replied with a bold stare1 ,oh6 ,i am a bad girl4 ,on being told by the lady that she did not believe she was so bad1 the girl replied1 her eyes filling with tears1 ,well1 ,i would go if ,i had any thing to wear but these rags2 but we've been awfully knocked about since father died1 and mother says we're all going to hell1 soul and body4 ,this ,maggie is now one of the best and brightest in the school1 and an efficient assistant of the teachers4 ,others are emulating her example4 ,in fact1 so much has already been done1 that the ladies who commenced are irresistibly committed to a more efficient prosecution of the work4 ,they see in it possibilities for good which do not allow them to stop short of the more thorough organization which they have attempted in forming ,the ,association for ,befriending ,children4 ,they feel that a necessity is laid upon them to make secure the good already attained1 and that they would be recreant to their duty as ,christians if they did not go on to the more perfect results plainly within their reach4 ,the necessity of such an organized charity has been shown in the rough outline which has been given above of the destitution of these children4 ,notwithstanding all the charitable associations for children1 under the names of ,industrial ,schools1 ,protectories1 ,orphan ,asylums1 etc41 there are at least twenty thousand children in the city outside of any such institution1 whose necessities are even greater than those within them4 ,in its circular the association says that it does not intend to relieve parents from their just responsibility for their children1 simply because they are poor4 ,the possession of children1 and the duty of maintaining them1 are conducive among many parents1 contending with extreme poverty1 to habits of industry and sobriety4 ,but any one who knows even a little of the very degraded portion of our population1 is aware that there are multitudes of children in this city utterly abandoned by their parents1 and exposed to every form of vice1 or rather who are actually being trained1 by precept and example1 in habits of debauchery4 ,such children the association desires to bring under the influence of daily instruction1 to minister to their daily necessities1 to educate them for useful employments4 ,such1 then1 in brief1 are the aims of this association4 ,the first step toward realizing them has already been taken4 ,aided by the liberality of a few gentlemen1 the association has rented the building ,no4 #caf ,west ,fourteenth street1 which is admirably adapted to the purposes of a home for those who may be received as inmates1 for a longer or shorter term1 combined with a day-school for others4 ,there is room for fifty of these inmates1 and for at least three hundred more day-scholars4 ,the house is under the charge of a matron and assistants in every way fitted to care for1 control1 and teach the children1 who find their highest reward in this opportunity to rescue and elevate these little girls4 ,the new and most important feature of this charity is that it combines an asylum1 a protectory1 an industrial school1 and common school in one institution4 ,it encircles in its arms those who are so low that they are overlooked by all other charities4 ,it finds1 after all1 that the ninety and nine have gone astray1 and it seeks to bring them back to the fold4 ,it completely removes from evil influences those who are most exposed1 and shelters and fosters them till new habits are formed1 and seeds of good are implanted and germinate4 ,it gives to all food and clothing4 ,it instructs all in the rudiments of knowledge4 ,it gives the girls such industrial instruction as will enable them to enter on the various employments which society offers to their sex4 ,such a home-school the association plants in the midst of these utterly necessitous children4 ,there should be one or more of them established in every parish in the city2 and if the ,christian liberality of ,catholics be not found wanting1 such a result will be accomplished4 ,at present the association must be sustained in the immediate attempt which has been made4 ,responsibilities have been assumed which must be met by generous donations4 ,surely the ladies who are willing to give their best energies to this glorious work1 as well as their portion of the money needed1 will not appeal to the public in vain4 ,,fra ,,bernardino ,,ochino4 ,the blessed ,bernardine1 the glory of ,sienna and of the ,franciscan order1 had a sad counterpart in him who forms the subject of this sketch4 ,fra ,bernardino ,ochino1 one of the conspicuous scandals of the sixteenth century1 was a son of ,domenico ,tommassino1 of ,sienna4 ,he received his surname from the ,via del ,oca1 which contained the residence of his obscure parents4 ,having taken the habit of the ,observantines1 he left his convent to study medicine at ,perugia4 ,he there formed a friendship with ,giulio de' ,medici1 afterwards ,clement ,,vii4 ,returning to his order1 he received successive places of dignity2 but whether dissatisfied with these1 or really seeking a more perfect life1 he again left it to embrace the austere rule of the ,capuchins1 then for the first time established in ,sienna4 ,few details remain of this portion of the life of ,ochino1 and historians differ in explaining the motives of this change4 ,whatever they might have been1 it is certain that his fame as a preacher was acquired shortly after his entrance in the ,capuchin order4 ,his reputation grew daily4 ,the most exacting critics gave him unqualified praise4 ,sadoletus ranked him with the greatest orators of antiquity4 ,the ,bishop of ,fossombrone addressed him the most flattering sonnets1 and ,charles ,v4 was heard to exclaim that the spirit and unction of ,fra ,bernardino could melt the very stones4 ,the over-fastidious ,bembo had said of the preachers of his day1 ,why should ,i go to listen to their sermons8 ,one hears nothing but the subtle doctor disputing with the angelic1 and1 finally1 ,aristotle called in to settle the question4 ,nevertheless1 ,ochino stood even the test of ,bembo's criticism4 ,for the latter wrote from ,venice to the ,marquis of ,pescara1 ,april #bc;d1 #aecf3 ,i send inclosed to your illustrious lordship the letters of our reverend ,fra ,bernardino1 whom ,i have heard with inexpressible pleasure during the too short period of this ,lent4 ,to the parish priest he wrote3 ,do not neglect to force ,fra ,bernardino to eat meat4 ,for1 unless he suspend his ,lenten abstinence1 he cannot resist the fatigue of preaching4 ,this last remark of ,bembo reveals to us something of ,ochino's way of life at that time4 ,he had1 indeed1 adopted those severe austerities which1 according to the unanimous doctrine of the saints1 though often the means of advancement in the supernatural life1 yet1 when undertaken or persevered in from an ill-advised spirit1 generally lead to ruin1 and become at once food and clothing for the most diabolical pride4 ,the famous preacher travelled always on foot1 bare-headed and unshod4 ,he slept at night beneath the trees that grew on the wayside1 or1 if under the roof of some noble host1 on the pavement of the guest's chamber4 ,as he begged from door to door1 in the crowded cities1 the throng knelt1 awed by his wan features and fiery eye1 and the thin emaciated frame1 which seemed barely to support the coarse brown habit of his order4 ,at the tables of the nobility he did not vary the least detail of his penitential abstinence1 eating from only one dish1 and never even tasting wine4 ,when he preached1 says a contemporary1 the churches could not contain his hearers1 and a great crowd followed him wherever he went4 ,nor was his preaching without fruit4 ,the infamous ,aretino either underwent or feigned a conversion1 and wrote to the pope1 at the instance of ,ochino1 begging pardon for his libels against the papal court4 ,in the same letter1 dated from ,venice1 ,april #bast1 #aecg1 he says that ,bembo has sent a thousand souls to paradise by transferring from ,sienna to this ,catholic city ,fra ,bernardino1 a religious as humble as he is virtuous4 ,while at ,venice1 ,ochino procured a convent and installed there a community of ,capuchins4 ,in ,june1 #aeci1 by invitation of the municipal assembly1 he preached at ,sienna4 ,this he did again in the following year1 with great success and fruit4 ,it was on this occasion that he introduced the devotion of the ,quarant' ,ore4 ,it appears1 however1 that instead of the blessed sacrament1 the usual object of this devotion1 ,fra ,bernardino exposed for veneration the crucifix4 ,in a letter to the confraternity of ,st4 ,dominic1 preparatory to the introduction of this pious practice1 he writes3 ,you are asked in charity to join with many others in accomplishing two very pious and holy works--the first of which consists in inviting and encouraging one another1 with a holy love1 to do penance with a true contrition1 a sincere confession1 and entire satisfaction1 joining spiritual and corporal alms with fasts strictly kept and holy prayer1 in order to meditate on the transformation of the soul in ,christ1 her well beloved2 and1 humbly prostrate at his sacred feet1 to expose to him our particular spiritual wants and those of all our brethren1 encouraging and aiding our soul1 by good will1 to clothe herself with those divine virtues1 faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,the remainder of the letter sets forth in detail the arrangements for carrying out the public ceremonies of the ,quarant ,ore1 all breathing the fragrance of ,catholic piety4 ,yet it is more than probable that the first plague-spots had already become visible in his character4 ,boverio1 the ,capuchin annalist1 still praises him1 thus sketches this portion of our history1 and says that ,fra ,bernardino was endowed with sagacity1 good manners1 and practical skill in management gained by a long and varied experience1 gifted with a penetration and generosity of soul fit for the greatest enterprises1 of an exterior so modest and retiring that every one recognized in him a rare stamp of virtue and sanctity2 an admirable preacher1 whose eloquence won souls1 so that1 by unanimous approval1 in the third chapter of the entire order1 he was elected general1 in #aech4 ,he governed the order with such good sense1 prudence1 and zeal for the observance of the rules1 himself giving an example of every virtue1 that his brethren applauded the choice of such a man4 ,he visited all the convents1 nearly always on foot4 ,his exhortations to poverty1 to observance of the rule1 and other virtues were made with such admirable eloquence that the reputation which he had acquired both at home and abroad could not but increase2 he enjoyed such great confidence with kings and princes that they employed him in the most difficult undertakings2 the pope held him in the highest esteem2 so much so1 that it was necessary to have recourse to the pope in order to obtain him for preacher2 the largest churches did not suffice to hold the throng of his hearers1 so that temporary porticoes had to be erected1 many even raising the tiles of the roof and climbing into the church to hear him4 ,while preaching at ,perugia1 in #aedj1 he settled the most angry feuds4 ,at ,naples1 having recommended from the pulpit some pious work1 the alms collected amounted to five thousand sequins4 ,to this we may add that when three years1 his term of office1 had expired1 ,fra ,bernardino was relected4 ,yet1 despite all this fair appearance1 things had not gone well in his heart4 ,his passions1 restrained from sensual outbreaks and left more free in other things1 developed pride1 and confidence in his own judgment1 to the contempt of others4 ,the desire of gaining souls yielded slowly and almost imperceptibly to the ambition of the orator4 ,moreover1 he drew from the works of ,luther that fatal tendency to find in ,holy ,writ a response to the dictates of private passion and prejudice4 ,it is said that1 while preaching at ,naples1 in the church of ,san ,giovanni ,maggiore1 he had been incited by ,valdes to insult ,paul ,,iii41 because the holy father had not decorated him with the purple4 ,certain it seems to be1 that ,valdes was intimately associated with the friar1 and helped to fill his heart with ambition and his head with the doctrines of the ,swiss and ,german heretics4 ,the viceroy1 ,pedro de ,toledo1 being informed that he was teaching the ,lutheran novelties1 complained to the ecclesiastical authorities2 but ,ochino either fairly stood the test of inquiry1 or concealed his real opinions under astute forms of speech4 ,the latter is probably the case2 for the ,dominican ,caracciolo1 in his ,,ms4 life of ,paul ,,iv41 says1 ,since he--,ochino--concealed within himself the venom of his doctrines under the appearance of an austere life1 7a fair cloak17 and because he pretended to thunder against vice1 the number of persons was small who could detect the cunning of the fox4 ,nevertheless there were some who discovered it2 and among the first1 as ,i have learned from my elders1 could be cited our venerable fathers ,don ,gaetano and ,don ,giovanni2 but they saw it more clearly in #aeci1 when ,ochino1 preaching in the pulpit of the cathedral1 uttered many propositions against purgatory1 indulgences1 and the ecclesiastical laws about fasting1 etc42 and1 what is worse1 the impious monk was accustomed to present as an interrogation that which ,st4 ,augustine has said in a simply negative form1 as in the following passage3 ,qui fecit te sine te1 non salvabit te sine te8--thus giving his audience to understand that faith alone suffices1 and that ,god saves us without any good works on our part to coperate with his2 just the contrary of that which ,st4 ,augustine really teaches4 ,caracciolo further narrates that systematic means were secretly taken to spread these doctrines of ,ochino1 and that clandestine meetings of those infected contributed to this end4 ,yet ,fra ,bernardino still kept his fair fame1 and maintained perfectly his ,catholic exterior2 for the ensuing year witnessed the public devotions at ,sienna to which we have before alluded4 ,it was at ,venice1 in #aeda1 that he was for a time suspended from preaching4 ,this was not due to any plain and palpable errors of doctrine4 ,for1 although accusations against him had been made by several persons1 he had in a private interview relieved the nuncio's present suspicions1 if not his forebodings of the future4 ,the temporary prohibition to preach was caused by the distrust of the nuncio1 which was greatly aggravated by an allusion on the part of ,ochino to the arrest of ,giulio ,terenziano4 ,the latter was a theologian of ,milan1 an avowed and contumacious preacher of heresy1 whom the nuncio had silenced in the previous year4 ,from the pulpit ,ochino appealed to the ,venetians against such an exercise of authority4 ,he placed himself on the same footing with ,terenziano1 and cried1 ,what have we done1 ,o ,venetians8 ,what plots have we arranged against you8 ,o ,bride and ,queen of the ,sea6 if you cast into prison1 if you send to the gallows1 those who announce the truth to you1 how shall that truth prevail8 ,nevertheless1 in three days the nuncio restored to him his faculties1 owing to the pressure brought to bear by the friends and admirers of the monk4 ,after the close of ,lent in #aedb1 ,ochino gathered at ,verona many of the ,capuchins of the ,venetian province1 and taught them his errors with all that subtlety of argument and eloquence of persuasion which seems to have characterized both his private and public speaking4#dc ,he had now passed the zenith of his career and was fairly started on his downward course4 ,the luxury which he had ordered ,fra ,angelo to use in rebuilding the convent at ,sienna1 was so openly against the letter and spirit of his rule that many devout persons looked for his speedy punishment4 ,st4 ,cajetan ,tiene had prevented him from preaching at ,rome4 ,among the number of those greatly alarmed for his safety was ,angela ,negri de ,gallarate1 a friend of the ,marquis del ,vasto1 the latter at this time an intimate friend and private correspondent of ,ochino4 ,this excellent lady1 after hearing ,fra ,bernardino at ,verona1 where he commented on the epistles of ,st4 ,paul1 predicted that he would fall into heresy4 ,it soon became only too manifest4 ,his disgust for prayer1 his absence from the choir1 his weariness in assisting at the sacred mysteries shocked his brethren1 so long edified by his pious bearing and assiduity in these good works4 ,among others1 ,fra ,agustino1 of ,sienna1 gently reproved him1 saying1 ,when you go to administer the sacrament without prayer1 you remind me of a rider setting forth without stirrups2 take care that you do not fall4 ,fra ,bernardino1 whose soul was withering for want of that celestial dew which falls only in the calm evening stillness of prayer1 all worn and jaded as he was with earthly labors1 and1 alas6 success1 could only answer1 that he did not cease praying who kept on doing good4 ,he was now engrossed with secular things1 giving counsel in the affairs of princes2 and so completely was his time occupied1 that he requested the holy father to be relieved from the daily recitation of the divine office4 ,at this same period he entered into friendly relations with the heretics1 and eagerly read all their works4 ,the pope still had hopes of holding him back1 invited him to ,rome1 and even dreamed of giving him the purple4 ,this brought affairs to a crisis4 ,before accepting or rejecting the invitation1 ,ochino took council with his friends4 ,giberti1 the holy ,bishop of ,verona1 sent him to consult ,cardinal ,contarini1 at ,bologna4 ,the latter was too ill to hold a long conversation1 and ,ochino left him immediately to seek ,peter ,martyr ,vermigli1 at ,florence4 ,this visit to ,peter ,martyr1 who1 already rotten to the core1 was shortly to fall1 convinced the ,capuchin that his doctrines could not stand the censorship of ,rome1 and that1 if he went there1 he must be prepared to renounce them4 ,this conviction and the urgent advice of ,peter ,martyr decided him to leave ,italy immediately4 ,on the #bb;d of ,august1 #aedb1 he writes to the ,marquis of ,pescara1 detailing his anxieties and the causes of his flight4 ,i have learned1 he writes1 that ,farnese says ,i have been summoned to ,rome for having preached heresy and scandalous things4 ,the ,theatine ,puccio1 and others whom ,i do not wish to name1 have spoken so as to cause people to think that1 if ,i had crucified ,christ1 they could not have made more noise about it4 ,further on he shows consciousness of the sensation he is creating4 ,these men1 he says1 tremble before a poor monk4 ,flight being determined upon1 he took refuge1 first1 with ,catharine ,cibo1 ,duchess of ,camerino4 ,thence he fled to ,ferrara4 ,here he received letters of introduction to the principal heretics of ,geneva4 ,on his way across the ,apennines he had taken with him ,fra ,mariano1 a saintly lay-brother1 of whose dove-like tenderness and simplicity sweet anecdotes are told1 recalling the early memories of ,assisi4 ,mariano1 under the impression that they were going to preach to the heretics1 agreed to lay aside the religious habit2 but1 on learning the fraud which ,ochino had practised on him1 sought to recall his unfortunate superior4 ,the haughty orator was proof to the tears and entreaties of his humble brother1 and the latter finally turned back alone1 carrying the seal of the order1 which the apostate had kept to the last4 ,arrived at ,geneva1 ,ochino was welcomed by the heretics as a great accession4 ,calvin wrote to ,melancthon1 ,we have here ,fra ,bernardino1 the famous orator1 whose departure has stirred ,italy as it has never been moved before4 ,prayers for him1 indeed1 were offered throughout ,italy4 ,among the ,capuchins--who1 it is said1 came near being suppressed--great pains were taken to eradicate the evil germs sown by ,ochino2 and ,fra ,francesco1 vicar of ,milan1 renouncing his heresies1 expiated them by a severe penance4 ,cardinal ,caraffa1 who1 a few years later became ,paul ,,iv41 publicly lamented the apostasy of ,ochino in most eloquent terms1 contrasting the austere ,capuchin with the unfrocked preacher1 and calling on the erring son to return to his mother4 ,he promised in this case1 moreover1 kind treatment from the pope1 who had always shown great favor to ,ochino4 ,in a letter from ,geneva1 in ,april1 #aedc1 the apostate sought to justify his career and to explain his later course of action4 ,this letter1 addressed to ,muzio1 begins with that allusion to youthful enthusiasm1 which has since become the threadbare apology of those who fling away the cowl4 ,he describes his life among the ,observantines in the words of the apostle1 ,i made great progress in the ,jews' religion1 above many of my equals in my own nation1 being more zealous for the traditions of my fathers4 7,galat4 i4 #ad47 ,but very soon he was enlightened by the ,lord to the following effect3 ,that it is ,christ who has satisfied for the sins of his elect1 and has merited for them paradise1 and that he alone is their justification2 that the vows pronounced in the religious orders are not only invalid but impious2 and that the ,roman ,church1 although of an exterior splendid to carnal eyes1 is none the less an abomination in the sight of ,god4 ,this1 he would have us believe1 took place before his entering the ,capuchin order4 ,this doctrine of the vanity of good works1 of the sinfulness of monastic vows1 his excuse for abandoning both1 was rooted in his mind during those years of rugged asceticism1 while he still preached prayer and penance1 as we have seen at ,sienna6 ,a liar or a hypocrite8 ,perhaps neither4 ,for the remainder of the letter is full of that fanatical declamation against ,antichrist and the harlot of ,babylon1 and all that railing cant in which weak brains and over-excited imaginations have1 ever since1 found expression and relief4 ,the magistrates of ,sienna also received a pointed letter1 in which ,ochino set forth his doctrine on justification4 ,the letter is in very much the same style as that to ,muzio4 ,poor1 despised ,carlstadt1 when he saw his hopeful pupil upset 7as he then supposed7 the pope and cast the church to the winds1 thought that surely ,luther would not assume to himself infallible authority and supreme jurisdiction4 ,in this he was mistaken1 as he found to his cost4 ,for men who aid in rebellion against lawful authority too often find themselves a prey to usurpers2 and the ,bible1 torn from the anointed hands of its only rightful interpreter1 became simply a slave2 its sacred text an exordium for every fanatic and an accomplice to every scoundrel4 ,the position which ,ochino took was the same as that of all other heresiarchs1 from him whom ,st4 ,polycarp addressed as the first born of ,satan1 down to the very latest4 ,he constantly applied to himself the language which only one apostle dared to use4 ,although he did not profess to have seen the third heaven1 yet he did profess to be thoroughly competent to teach and determine the ,christian revelation4 ,under these circumstances1 it is not strange that he soon found himself in bad odor at ,geneva1 where an authority1 equally respectable1 and likewise acknowledging the right of private examination1 nevertheless burned alive poor wretches who were so unfortunate as not to agree with it4 ,after founding the ,italian ,church at ,geneva1 and there publishing several works1 so outrageous in their character as to draw condemnation even from some ,protestant historians1 ,ochino became embroiled with the ,calvinists4 ,the natural result of these quarrels was his excommunication and banishment by the latter4 ,he fled with a woman to whom he had been sacrilegiously married4 ,at ,basle1 he published his sermons4 ,thence he was called to preach at ,augsburg1 where he enjoyed great popularity and a salary1 until the invasion of ,charles ,v4 compelled him to flee with ,stancari of ,mantua4 ,having met1 at ,strasburg1 his old friend1 ,peter ,martyr1 who1 meanwhile1 had openly apostatized1 he journeyed with him to ,england1 and there preached to the ,italian refugees4 ,on the death of ,edward ,,vi41 he returned to ,switzerland1 and was chosen pastor of the exiles of ,locarno1 who had obtained from the ,senate the use of a church and their native language4 ,but as at ,geneva1 so at ,zurich1 the right of private judgment involved not merely the right to believe as one might list1 but also the right1 if one were able1 to force every body else to believe in like manner4 ,ochino was accused of anti-trinitarianism and also of sanctioning polygamy1 and obliged to swear that he would live and die in the faith of--what8 who8 ,the ,catholic ,church1 whose demand on the human intellect is at once a command to believe and a reason for believing1 backed by the pledged word of ,jesus ,christ8 ,no6 ,ochino had rejected her authority4 ,he now swore to live and die in the teaching of ,zwinglius4 ,this oath1 however1 seemed to lose its force in a few days4 ,for he shortly attacked what he had sworn to defend1 and1 in his ,laberinto1 denied almost every article of the ,christian faith4 ,banished from ,switzerland1 he fled1 in the dead of winter1 with his four children1 into ,poland1 where he soon afterward earned universal contempt1 by publicly countenancing ,king ,sigismund in a projected bigamy4 ,bullinger1 whom ,ochino had called the pope of ,zurich1 says of him1 ,he is far advanced in the science of perdition1 and an ungrateful wretch toward the senate and the ministers1 full of malice and impiety4 ,beza also characterizes him as ,bernardinum ,ochinum1 monachum magni nominis apud ,italos1 et auctorem ordinis ,capucinorum1 qui in fine se ostendit esse iniquum hypocritam4 ,bernardino ,ochino1 a monk of great name among the ,italians1 founder of the ,capuchins1 7this a mistake17 who finally showed himself to be a wicked hypocrite4 ,from these words of ,beza1 ,boverio has sought to infer that the apostate finally repented and was restored to the ,catholic communion4 ,he has also introduced testimony to prove that ,ochino was poniarded at ,geneva1 after professing the ,catholic faith and confessing to a priest4 ,but historians seem to favor the tradition recorded by ,graziani1 who says1 ,ochinus ,polonia excessit1 ac omnibus extorris ac profugus1 cum in vili ,moravi pago a vetere amico hospitio esset acceptus ibi senio fessus cum uxore ac duabus filiabus1 filioque una peste interiit4 ,ochino died in ,poland a universal outcast1 after having accepted the hospitality of an old friend1 in an obscure village of ,moravia4 ,here1 worn out with age1 he perished1 together with his wife1 two daughters and son1 in one pestilence4 ,to rehearse the various opinions of ,ochino would be a difficult and thankless task4 ,like most of the reformers1 he taught the total depravity of human nature and human reason1 and1 in order to establish the motives of faith1 appealed to private illumination1 assuming for the disciple what he denied to the teacher4 ,besides this miserable travesty of the ,christian distinction between the natural and supernatural orders1 there is in his doctrine scarcely one point of resemblance to the ,catholic faith4 ,having cast away the ballast that had steadied his earlier years1 the power which had carried him on such a brilliant course proved his ruin4 ,his ignominious death did not excite enough pity to cause itself to be remembered4 ,he disappeared a lonely and abandoned wreck4 ,,footnote3 #dc ,among those who yielded to his fatal and seductive influence was ,fra ,bartolomeo ,coni1 guardian of the monastery of ,verona1 who afterward became a heretic4 ,,old ,,books4 ,i4 ,let the world run after new books2 commend me to the enduring fascination of old ones--not old only in authorship1 but old in imprint1 in form and comeliness1 or perhaps uncomeliness6 ,what value is there in gilded edges and ,turkey leather1 which must be handled so gingerly1 compared with the sturdy calfskin1 ribbed and bevelled1 which has outlived generations of human calves8 and what is tinted hot-press to the page grown yellow in the atmosphere of centuries8 ,the quaintly spelt word1 the ornamented initial which begins each chapter1 and the more elaborate ornamentation of dedication and title-page--all so poor now as works of art1 yet in their day masterpieces of handicraft--there is a spell in them6 till from that olden time 444 a thousand fantasies1 ,begin to throng into my memory4 ,comus4 ,a heavy quarto lies here bearing impress on its exterior1 ,workes of ,lvcivs ,annvs ,seneca4 ,both ,morall and ,naturall4 ,translated by ,thomas ,lodge1 ,d4 of ,physicke2 and within is a long ,latin dedication to the ,illvstrissimo ,d4 ,thom ,egertono1 ,domino de ,ellismere1 etc41 etc4 ,london1 #afad4 ,not so very old either2 but within that time what changes have passed over the world6 ,how often has ambition or popular discontent1 or perchance honest resistance1 revolutionized nations1 and swept away the boundaries of kingdoms6 ,how often some power1 seemingly inadequate to the effect1 has changed the currents of human thought1 and exalted or degraded not only individuals1 but aggregate masses of humanity1 as effectively as the earthquake convulses1 and then depresses or upheaves the visible surface on which they dwell6 ,what changes also in the especial surroundings of this individual volume6 ,what improvements in the petty affairs of domestic life1 the little arrangements of the household2 in the union of science and mechanical art to produce necessaries and superfluities2 in refinements of sentiment and manners2 in a better relation between rulers and the ruled2 and1 to sum up all1 in a more just appreciation by each individual of what he owes to himself and to his fellow-creatures6 ,all through the wide extent of this past time history and legends stretch back their ramifications1 like paths through some vast extended landscape4 ,in some places clear and well defined1 and easily followed2 again1 leading through tangle and uncertainty1 and at more than one point brought to an abrupt termination1 beyond which all vestige of a way is lost4 ,we tread here in thought a space of time which has been passed over by millions and millions--that countless throng of the nameless whose steps have left no foot-print--and where to a few only has been accorded the privilege of marking1 by deed or word1 the spot whereon they stood4 ,it is the buried city of the immaterial world--where is uncovered to us noble deeds1 and lofty aspirations1 and holy purposes2 and in darker spots are wrecks of hopes1 and hearts1 and immortal souls1 to which all the wealth gone down in ocean counts as nothing4 ,to retrace again and again these paths1 so often indistinct and so often awakening an interest they fail to gratify2 to remove with patient toil here the doubt and there the untruth which encumber them1 and anon to clear away some obstacle and open to sight a new vista1 has been at all periods the occupation and the richest intellectual enjoyment of some of the most gifted minds1 who accepted their ample reward in the simple success of their labors4 ,even the more humble wanderer through the mazy labyrinth1 whose limited scope it is only to gaze and wonder1 finds a charm in such investigations widely different from any other mental pursuit4 ,it is the charm of a common humanity--the recognition and acknowledgment of a chain1 invisible and intangible1 and in a measure undefinable1 but too strong ever to be broken1 which unites each to the other the whole human family4 ,it is not religion--neither philosophy2 for in many a land1 despite the barbarous precepts of a so-called religion1 and where philosophy was never heard of1 it vibrates in the savage heart to the necessities of the stranger4 ,its first link is riveted in our common origin2 and its mysterious existence widely and wisely asserts itself in the interest with which1 for human creatures1 is ever invested the affairs of human kind4 ,furthermore1 it is this great social bond which attracts us to the personages of fiction1 and always precisely in proportion as they assimilate to real life2 and since even the most successful creations of fancy can hardly fail to fall short1 in some point1 of realities1 so truth itself1 properly presented1 will always possess attractions beyond any fiction4 ,but it is not in battle-fields and conquests1 nor yet in the impassioned eloquence or astute wisdom of senates and council chambers1 that we hold closest communion with the buried of long ago2 it is in that homely every-day life which we are ourselves living2 in the little pleasures1 regrets1 and loves2 in the annoyances1 successes1 and failures2 in the very mistakes and imprudences which made up the ego ipse so like our own that we find companionship4 ,how they return to life again in all these things6 and we enter into their most private chambers--the doors are all open now--and read their most private thoughts4 ,we know them better than did their contemporaries2 and they suffer a wrong sometimes in this ruthless unveiling which our heart resents4 ,now1 it is proper that truth should ultimately1 even on earth1 prevail2 and that the traitorous soldier and unscrupulous courtier1 after having lived their lives out in ill-gotten wealth and undeserved honor1 should wear in history their true colors2 that even a woman's misdeeds1 when they touch public interest1 should be brought to meet a public verdict2 but then these little private endurances--the life-long struggle with poverty here1 the unavailing concessions to unreasonable tyranny by home and hearth there1 the martyrdom of life1 as it may be called1 which they so carefully guarded from sight--how it is all paraded now to the world1 and passed from book to book6 ,and yet it takes all this to make up the entire truthful portrait4 ,indeed1 so very far does it go to modify our opinions of them1 that the judgments formed without it must be oftentimes very erroneous4 ,,ii4 ,had our old book but a tongue1 what tales it might tell of the life after life which has passed before it6 ,since the date of its printing1 #afad1 twelve sovereigns have worn the ,english crown2 for in that year ,james ,i4 was upon the throne of his mother's enemy4 ,eleven years before1 when a messenger was sent to him in ,scotland with an announcement of the death of ,elizabeth and his own accession1 the tidings found him so poor that he was obliged to apply to the ,english secretary1 ,cecil1 for money to pay his expenses to ,london4 ,his wants multiplied rapidly4 ,from his first stopping-place he sent a courier forward to demand the crown jewels for his wife2 and a little further on another messenger was dispatched for coaches1 horses1 litters1 and1 above all1 a chamberlain much needed4 ,this journey of ,james was a very unique affair4 ,honors were scattered so lavishingly that knighthood was to be had for the asking2 and a little pasquinade appeared in print1 advertising itself--,a ,help to ,memorie in learning ,names of ,english ,nobility4 ,at ,newark-upon-,trent 7says ,stow7 was taken a cut-purse1 a pilfering thief all gentleman outside1 with good stores of gold about him1 who confessed he had followed the court from ,berwick2 and the king1 hearing of this gallant1 did direct a warrant to have him hanged immediately4#dd ,and so began at the very outset the spirit which said afterward1 ,do ,i make the lords8 ,do ,i make the bishops8 ,then ,god's grace--,i make what likes me of law and gospel6 ,so outspoke the king2 who is described by those who went to meet him as ill-favored in appearance1 slovenly1 dirty1 and wearing always a wadded dagger-proof doublet4 ,these eleven years of his reign had been fruitful in troubles of all kinds4 ,the death of his son ,henry1 and the alleged1 but never proven schemes of ,lady ,arabella ,stuart to gain the throne1 made a portion of them2 and all were aggravated by that spectre1 conjured up by his reckless extravagance1 and which haunted him to the last moment of his life--an empty purse4 ,when his daughter ,elizabeth was married to the ,palatine of ,bohemia1 the fireworks alone of ,london cost seven thousand pounds2 and when my ,lord ,hargrave accompanied the bride to the ,rhine and brought back a bill of thirty thousand pounds1 the king1 having neither gold nor silver to pay with1 gave him a grant to coin base farthings in brass4 ,king ,james1 in a book which he wrote on ,sports1 advocates all active exercises1 and one of his own greatest pleasures had always been hunting4 ,when so engaged1 every thing else was forgotten1 and hence arose a grievance by no means trifling to his ,english subjects--he and his courtiers1 his companions in the chase1 not unfrequently quartered themselves in some district where game abounded1 until the provisions of the locality were absolutely exhausted4 ,there is a story told of him that1 while hunting at ,royston1 his favorite hound ,jowler was missed one day1 and the next he reappeared with a paper fastened on his neck1 upon which was written-- ,good ,mister ,jowler1 ,i pray you speak to the king1 for he hears you every day1 7and he doth not so us17 that it will please his majesty to go back to ,london1 for all our provision is spent4 444 however1 7says the courtier17 from ,royston he means to go to ,new-,market1 and from thence to ,thetford4#de ,how much further he might have been led to hunt1 is unknown2 for there ,lord ,hay1 who loved hounds1 and horns also1 promised no more to importune his majesty1 and his more sedate counsellors succeeded in getting him back to business4 ,in the mean time1 in the more weighty matters of politics and religion1 where the ambitious nobles of two countries intrigued and plotted for power over a monarch easily imposed upon1 discord and contention reigned1 until in #afad they seem to have reached their height4 ,and so stood the world1 old book6 into which thou wert launched4 ,guy ,fawkes and his crew had been swept from the earth2 but in the ,tower of ,london this year lay a more noble company1 accused of the same crime--treason4 ,there was ,earl ,grey1 and ,lord ,cobham1 and ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 besides some others4 ,these three had been tried1 convicted1 sentenced to die1 and taken to the scaffold2 and at the last moment reprieved and committed to the ,tower4 ,at the last moment it was1 and it came near being a minute too late2 for ,james wrote his order in such haste that he forgot to sign it1 and the messenger was called back2 then when this one man on horseback reached the place of execution1 the great crowd gathered there prevented his being seen or heard for a long time1 and the axe was just ready for the fatal stroke4 ,on what a chance hung three lives6 ,but what availed their added years8 ,earl ,grey is dying now in that ,tower2 and ,lord ,cobham1 never very strong in intellect1 has grown weaker still in captivity2 and so1 after a little time1 he is suffered to wander out2 and he goes to a miserable hovel in the ,minories1 and climbs a ladder to a loft1 and lies down on straw--to die of very destitution4 ,three years hence ,king ,james will want money even more than he does now2 and he will call ,sir ,walter ,raleigh from his cell1 and place him at the head of a fleet2 for ,sir ,walter--who has been to the new world in years long gone by--insinuates that there gold is to be had for the digging4 ,he fails to get it1 though2 and on his return to ,england1 he is seized1 and1 with only the shadow of a just trial1 executed2 partly on the old sentence1 but more to please the ,spaniards1 whom he came in conflict with abroad4 ,another life is this year pining itself away in that ,tower--the ,lady ,arabella ,stuart2 a woman descended from royalty1 ,henry ,,vii41 in the same degree as ,king ,james himself1 and therefore to be feared4 ,many years ago charges of conspiracy against the government were brought against her1 and she was placed in confinement4 ,she contrived to escape1 and with her husband1 ,lord ,seymour1 attempted to reach ,france4 ,by some mischance they were separated in their flight2 he reached the coast of ,flanders in safety1 but the little vessel in which she had embarked was pursued1 overtaken1 and the unhappy fugitive compelled to return4 ,love and hope bore her up bravely for a time2 but she is sinking at last1 and it is recorded that ,september #bgth1 #afae1 she died there4 ,high above all this misery merry notes were heard2 for in #afad1 was a grand marriage and banqueting such as ,london had not seen--no1 not even at the bridal of the king's own daughter4 ,the story is sadder than any fiction1 a sad o'er true tale--as follows3 ,some years before this1 the ,lady ,frances ,howard1 daughter of the ,earl of ,suffolk1 beautiful and accomplished1 though still a mere child of thirteen years1 was married to the ,earl of ,essex1 a few years older4 ,the ceremony was merely to secure the alliance2 for the young countess returned to her home and her embroidery1 and the earl to the university4 ,four years after1 he went to claim the bride whose image had doubtless oftentimes stolen between him and his books2 but 7says the chronicle7 his joy was overcast3 he found her cold and contemptuous1 and altogether averse to him4 ,a change had come over the lady4 ,she had met her evil genius in the unprincipled favorite of ,king ,james1 the ,lord ,rochester1 who on his side was vain of his conquest4 ,at this point ,lady ,frances is an object of pity2 for she was the victim of a usage of courts which makes and mars the most solemn of all contracts without the least regard to individual bias2 a usage which is responsible for some of the blackest crimes of history2 but1 ,o woman6 from thy first steps downward how rapid is the descent2 wandering thoughts1 folly--crime6 ,such was the story of ,lady ,frances4 ,pity changes to horror at her subsequent career1 and the unscrupulous vindictiveness which she displayed toward all those who strove to arrest her course4 ,most conspicuous among such was ,sir ,thomas ,overbury1 the bosom friend of ,lord ,rochester himself4 ,he had more than once aided their meetings1 and--so said gossip--had even penned the epistles which won her2 but he became alarmed at the length to which their ventures were carried2 and when the next step proposed was a divorce from the ,earl ,essex1 he gave ,rochester much good advice and solemn warning that he withdrew his aid in future4 ,this was reported to the countess1 and his doom was sealed4 ,she failed in several attempts to involve him in individual disputes1 whereby1 as she hoped1 a duel might have closed his life2 she failed in having him sent in a public capacity abroad2 she succeeded1 however1 in having him implicated in disloyalty and committed to the ,tower1 when shortly after he suddenly died4 ,a divorce was now sought on some trifling pretext2 and as no remonstrance was offered by ,earl ,essex1 it was soon obtained2 and in order that she might not lose rank1 ,king ,james created ,rochester ,earl of ,somerset4 ,and now1 with nothing to mar their felicities1 ,london was ablaze with bonfires over their marriage celebration4 ,the glorious days were seconded by as glorious nights1 when masques and dances had a continual motion2 the king affecting such high-flying festivities and banqueting as might wrap up his spirit and keep it from earthly things4444 ,upon the ,wednesday following was another grand masque1 got up by the gentlemen of ,prince ,charles's household2 and this so far surpassed the other1 that the king caused it to be acted again4 ,then1 ,january #dth1 the bride and bridegroom with a crowd of nobles were invited to a treat in the city1 where my lord mayor and aldermen entertained them in scarlet gowns4 ,after supper was a wassail1 a play1 and a dance4444 ,at three in the morning1 they returned to ,whitehall4 ,on ,twelfth-day the gentlemen of ,grey's ,inn invited the bride and bridegroom to masque4 7,roger ,coke47 ,a brilliant triumph1 soon to meet with a dark reverse4 ,scarcely a year had passed1 when a new candidate for the king's favor appeared in ,villiers1 afterward created ,duke of ,buckingham2 and the weak monarch1 readily attracted by a new face1 was very soon anxious to rid himself of ,somerset4 ,enemies of the still beautiful countess were not slow to avail themselves of the royal mood2 nor was it difficult to find in her questionable career a pretext for suspicion4 ,with consent of the king1 they were conjointly accused of having caused the death of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury by poison1 and sent to the ,tower4 ,it is recorded that ,earl ,somerset was hunting with the king at ,royston1 and actually sitting beside him when the warrant was served2 and when he appealed to his royal master to forbid the indignity1 ,king ,james only answered1 ,an' ye must go1 mon2 for if ,coke sent for me1 ,i must go4 ,after the examination of some three hundred witnesses1 ,sir ,edward ,coke reported that the countess had used unlawful arts to separate herself from ,earl ,essex1 and to win the love of ,rochester1 and that they had together plotted the death of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury4 ,some of the inferior actors in the tragedy were condemned and executed2 among them ,mrs4 ,turner1 who had in former years been governess to the countess1 and who had once persuaded her to consult a wizard or fortune-teller--from whence came the charge of unlawful arts4 ,the unhappy principals were repeatedly questioned1 and exhorted to confess2 but with no avail4 ,the countess at times made some admissions1 but none which implicated the earl or seriously convicted herself2 and we are fain to believe they arose rather from her unmitigated misery1 and the harassing importunities of her judges1 than from conscious guilt4 ,they were at length restored to liberty--at least to the liberty of banishment from court2 liberty to return to their country-seat and remain there2 and there1 a writer of that day tells us1 they lived in the same house many years without exchanging a word with each other4 ,king ,james seems to have devoted no small portion of his time to advancing the interests of ,cupid--if love it could be called1 where love there was none4 ,sir ,edward ,coke had himself an only daughter1 whom the king assigned to ,viscount ,purbeck1 brother of the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,the wife of ,coke1 ,lady ,hatton1 was a very ,xantippe2 and the eloquence of the great jurist1 which could sway multitudes1 and check or change the course of political events1 was totally powerless within the walls of his own castle4 ,lady ,hatton wisely opposed this match1 to which her daughter was averse2 but in this case the king as well as ,sir ,edward had decided1 and for once she was obliged to yield2 the king doing the matter 7says an old writer7 as if the safety of the nation depended on its completion4 ,lady ,hatton had one retaliation within her reach1 and she took it2 she gave orders that at the wedding neither ,sir ,edward ,coke nor any of his servants be admitted4#df ,how fared at last the hapless ,lady ,purbeck1 the heiress of thousands and thousands8 ,she had the misery to see the husband not of her choice become in a short time hopelessly insane2 while his brother1 under pretence of looking after his affairs1 left her1 at times1 almost penniless4 ,her letters to this unprincipled miscreant1 written oftentimes under bodily as well as mental suffering1 are truly touching4 ,in one of them she says1 ,think not to send me again to my mother4 ,i will beg my bread in the streets1 to all your dishonors1 rather than more trouble my friends4 7,letter in the ,caballa47 ,such were the tales of wretchedness within the precincts of a court4 ,,iii4 ,the career of ,king ,james and his son after the insolent and unscrupulous ,buckingham appeared to lead or drive them1 as the case might be1 seems scarcely the actual history of sane men4 ,when the downfall of ,somerset left him supreme master1 he seems to have taken possession of both king and palace4 ,he soon sent for his kindred from all parts of the country2 and their arrival is thus described3 444 the old countess1 his mother1 providing a place for them to learn to carry themselves in a court-like garb4 ,he desired to match them with wives and husbands1 inasmuch as his very female kindred were enough to stock a plantation4 ,so that ,king ,james1 who in former times so hated women1 had his lodgings replenished with them2 444 little children did run up and down the king's lodgings like little rabbits2 444 for the kindred had all the houses about ,whitehall1 like bulwarks and flankers to a citadel4 7,weldon47 _/ ,the most amusing event--or rather the most amusing absurdity in the annals of that period1 or one might say of any other period--was the expedition of ,prince ,charles to ,spain1 in #afbc1 to bring home a wife4 ,lord ,bristol was at the court of ,philip ,,iv41 negotiating a marriage between the infanta1 his sister1 and ,prince ,charles1 and endeavoring to secure for him her magnificent dower2 when ,buckingham1 thinking he was gaining too much credit by his labors1 felt desirous of going himself to the spot and taking a part in the matter4 ,how was this to be accomplished8 ,his wits never failed him4 ,he approached ,charles with a general lamentation over royal marriages1 where the parties meet first at the altar--too late to retreat--and suggested to him the advantages and romance of presenting himself in person to the infanta1 and bringing her home a bride4 ,charles was charmed with the quixotic notion1 and they adjourned to the palace to obtain the king's consent4 ,he at first flatly refused2 then consented4 ,the next day he fell into a passion of tears1 and prayed to be released from his promise2 for he feared the dangers of the journey1 and the false reports and suspicions it might give rise to among his subjects4 ,charles was persuasive1 the duke indignant and insolent1 and once more the king told them to go4 ,in the words of a historian-- 444 ,so he said he would send ,sir ,francis ,cottington and ,endymion ,porter with them2 and he called ,cottington in and told him that baby ,charles and ,stenie 7as he always called them7 had a mind to go to ,spain and bring the infanta2 and ,cottington being pressed to speak of it1 said it was both unsafe and unwise2 whereupon the king wept again1 and said1 ',i told you so6 ,i told you so6' ,then ,buckingham abused them all4 ,after another storm of words1 it was decided that they should go in disguise1 with only these two attendants4 ,their incognito was very poorly carried out2 for at ,gravesend they were suspected by giving gold coin1 and at ,canterbury they would have been arrested1 had not ,buckingham taken off his false wig and privately made himself known to the mayor4 ,finally they reached ,dover1 where they found ,cottington1 who had gone on before1 in readiness with a vessel1 and they set sail for the ,french coast4 ,in ,paris1 a ,scottish nobleman who had somehow received intimation of their being there1 called late one night on the ,english ambassador1 and asked if he had seen the prince4 ,what prince8 ,prince ,charles1 was the reply2 but it was too incredible for belief4 ,yet while in ,paris1 although not considering it worth their while to visit the ,british ambassador1 they contrived to gain admission1 without being recognized1 to a court dancing-party1 where ,charles saw for the first time the fascinating ,princess ,henrietta4#dg ,the consternation in ,england when their departure1 so unbefitting royalty1 was discovered1 can scarcely be imagined4 ,the king ordered prayers to be offered for their safe return2 but no allusion made to their destination4 ,a gentleman of that day1 named ,meade1 writing to a friend1 tells this story3 ,the ,bishop of ,london1 you know1 gave orders1 as from the king1 that they pray for the safe return of the prince to us2 and no more4 ,an honest1 plain preacher here prayed 'that ,god would return our noble prince to us1 and no more6' thinking it all a piece of the prayer4 ,meanwhile these two knights-errant1 or1 as the king said1 sweet boys and dear venturous knights1 worthy to be put in a new romanzo1#dh continued their journey4 ,at last1 at the close of an evening in ,march1 two mules stopped at the house of my ,lord ,bristol in ,madrid1 and the riders alighted4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,smith went in first with a portmanteau under his arm--then ,mr4 ,john ,smith was called in2 and before the amazed diplomatist stood the heir to the ,british crown and the ,marquis of ,buckingham4 ,he stared as if he had seen two ghosts2 but he presently took ,prince ,charles to a bed-chamber1 and dispatched a courier to inform his father of his safe arrival4 ,the ,spanish court took the matter in its most chivalrous light1 as the impulse of a lover2 although rather puzzled how to arrange a reception in a case which certainly had no precedent4 ,the ,spanish people were enthusiastic4 ,the infanta blushed charmingly at such unheard-of homage1 and began to study ,english4 ,king ,james sent over a troop of courtiers for a retinue1 who proved a rough set--jeering at the cookery and the religion1 and making themselves odious4#di ,the ,spanish prime minister was soon disgusted with ,buckingham1 and would have been still more so if he could have understood all his swearing words--which fortunately he cannot1 7says a contemporary17 because they are done in ,english4 ,the letters which passed between this precious couple and the king at home are amusing4 ,a want of money was his majesty's normal condition2 and the pitiless way in which they seemed to ignore it1 by making constant requisitions on his purse1 is surprising and amusing effrontery4 ,prince ,charles writes1 ,i confess you have sent me more jewels than ,i'd have use for but here1 seeing so many4 ,some that you have appointed me to give the infanta1 in ,stenie's opinion and mine are not fit for her4 ,i pray your majesty send more for my own wearing4 _/ ,then ,buckingham defines more precisely their necessities4 ,though your baby himself hath sent word what needs he hath1 yet will ,i give my poor and saucy opinion what will be fittest to send4 ,sire1 he hath neither chain1 or hat-band2 and pray you consider how rich they are here1 and since your chiefest jewel is here1 your son1 ,i pray you let loose these after him4 ,first1 your best hat-band of the ,portugal diamond1 and the rest of the pendants to make up a necklace to give his mistress4 ,also the best rope of pearls1 with a rich chain or two for himself1 and some other jewels1 not to deserve that name1 that will serve for presents and save your purse4 ,they never had so great occasion to get out of their boxes as now4 ,king ,james found consolation in believing that they would soon return with the infanta and her dower2 so he strove his best to supply them1 and touched on smaller matters4 ,he besought baby ,charles and ,stenie not to forget their dancing1 though they should whistle or sing1 one for the other1 for the lack of better music2 444 but you must be as sparing as you can in your spending1 for your officers are put to the height of their speed4444 ,i pray you1 my baby1 take care of being hurt if you run at tilt4 7,letters in ,ellis ,collec47 ,difficult as it was for the king to satisfy their pecuniary demands1 and desirous though he was to act on ,prince ,charles's frequent suggestion1 to consult no counsel1 but leave all to ,stenie and me1 he received from them some proposals which rather exceeded his powers of acceptance2 one of which was nothing less than that1 to please ,spain1 he should acknowledge the pope's spiritual supremacy6#ej ,probably at this point some little vision of the people of ,england flitted over him2 for he replied that he had made a great many concessions already1 and added-- ,now1 ,i cannot change my religion as a man changes his shirt at tennis4 ,the end of their expedition1 and of the negotiations with ,spain1 are well known4 ,after meeting the most honorable hospitality1 they raised objections which they never intended to have removed1 and made promises which they never meant to fulfil2 and returned home without the infanta1 and without her dower1 to reject with insult the ,spanish alliance and lay the blame on ,spain4 ,king ,james died like any common mortal1 in the most literal acceptation of the phrase4 ,the same slight cold passing into mortal sickness1 the household called up in alarm at day-dawn1 the same hugging on to the dear old life4 ,the countess1 mother of ,buckingham1 ran with a draught and a posset2 he took the draught and applied the posset1 but it was too late--and the prince1 as ,charles ,i41 succeeded him4 ,charles had married the sister of the ,french king1 the ,princess ,henrietta1 whose dancing had captivated his youthful fancy on his way to ,spain2 but some little discord and confusion had crept into the music and dancing of their ,english home4 ,he had promised religious freedom for herself and her household4 ,her retinue was very numerous1 and1 with different religious creeds and widely different social habits1 it is not surprising that year by year a sort of estrangement seemed to grow up between them4 ,his majesty ascribed this to foreign influence2 and he resolved to rule his own household1 and in that very expressive phrase--make a clean sweep4 ,one fine afternoon the king went unannounced to the queen's side of the house1 and finding some ,frenchmen dancing and curvetting in her presence1 took her hand and led her to his own lodgings2 444 then my ,lord ,conway called forth the ,french bishop and others1 and told them the king's pleasure was that all her majesty's servants of that nation1 men and women1 old and young1 with three or four exceptions1 should depart the kingdom4 ,the bishop stood on1 that he could not go unless the king his master commanded2 but he was told the king his master had nothing to do in ,england4444 ,the women howled and wept as if they were going to execution2 but it did no good1 they were thrust out and the doors locked4#ea ,buckingham was charged with their transportation and shipping at ,dover2 and his master wrote-- ,stick not long in disputing with them1 ,stenie2 but drive them away like wild beasts--and the devil go with them4 ,but an ambassador was dispatched to the ,french court with explanations4 ,the civil wars which desolated the kingdom under ,charles ,i41 and stained the soil of ,england with ,english blood1 are familiar to all4 ,buckingham fell by the knife of an assassin4 ,whether sadly unwise or fearfully criminal1 the king expiated his mistakes with his life4 ,he was seized and imprisoned2 and after a trial condemned and executed4 ,his queen1 ,henrietta1 with her children1 all except one1 were in ,france for safety4 ,his little daughter1 the ,princess ,elizabeth1 was in ,england1 and at his request was conducted to him the last evening of his life4 ,then1 says ,whitlock1 it was sad to see him--he took the princess in his arms and kissed her1 and gave her two diamonds2 and there was great weeping4 ,there is preserved1 in several collections of old poetry1 a long and pathetic elegy1 written by ,king ,charles at ,carisbrook ,castle1 where he was imprisoned2 it is entitled1 ,an ,imploration to the ,king of ,kings1 and he sadly says therein-- ,the fiercest furies that do daily tread ,upon my grief1 my gray1 discrowned head1 ,are those that owe my bounty for their bread4 ,but sacred ,saviour6 with thy words ,i woo ,thee to forgive1 and not be bitter to ,such as thou knowest do not know what they do4 ,the ,commonwealth of ,england1 whose first grand state seal dated #afdh1 came virtually to its end at the death of its founder in #afeh2 and a few years later ,charles ,,ii4 was called from exile to the throne of his fathers4 ,he is called the merrie monarch2 but very far from merrie was the nation under his rule--dissensions and discontent pervaded it in every direction4 ,the truth is1 that the prominence given in brief histories to this epithet1 the madcap frolics of his court1 the witty and unprincipled nobles1 and the uncommon array of female beauty which made up the surroundings of his own indolence and love of pleasure1 lead to a sort of general idea that all ,england was one grand carousal4 ,a nearer view changes the scene4 ,the religious contests between conformists and non-conformists1 which began in #affb and lasted some twenty-six years--the fruitful harvest planted in preceding years of anarchy and fanaticism--present pictures of persecution and suffering such as enter only into religious warfare2 and which1 perhaps1 it is most charity to refer to the importance which the opposing parties attach to their subject4 ,during these twenty-six years it is computed that the penalties which were inflicted amounted to between twelve and fourteen millions sterling1 and the sufferers for conscience' sake numbered #fj1jjj4 ,homeless1 and hungry1 and penniless1 they wandered about or were immured in jails2 and contemporary writers 7,defoe1 ,penn7 assert that from #ejjj to #hjjj perished like sheep1 in those noisome pest-houses4 ,surely that was not the day of merrie old ,england1 beyond the precincts of the court4 ,charles was succeeded by his brother1 ,james ,,ii41 who was soon deposed1 and ,william1 ,prince of ,orange1 who had married his daughter ,mary1 was invited to the throne4 ,next to these came another daughter of ,james1 ,queen ,anne2 and with her expired the line of the ,stuarts4 ,the dark fortunes of ,mary ,stuart rested in some form on all her descendants4 ,,iv4 ,in what quiet library1 in what lordly mansion1 was this old book safely stored away through all these changing scenes of pageantry and splendor1 of riot and bloodshed8 ,who was he that first received it1 new and comely1 from the hands of ,william ,stanly1 printer1 7who is saved to fame in a little corner of the title-page17 and what name is this1 written on the margin in ink1 embrowned now and almost obliterated1 which evidently was once intended to establish ownership8 ,the dedication to my ,lord of ,ellismere bespeaks for it a place with the noble and learned2 who among them found time then to seek how to liue wel and how to die wel1 from our ,seneca--whose diuine sentences1 wholesom counsailes1 serious exclamations against vices1 in being but a heathen1 may make us ashamed being ,christians4 7,translator's preface47 ,what statesman1 by lamplight perhaps1 when the toils of the day were over1 turned these very pages1 and drew a rule for his steps from the maxims of the ,roman8 ,hadst thou but a tongue1 old book1 what tales thou mightest tell6 ,where wert thou when that pestilence1 the plague1 swept from ,london #ajj1jjj of its inhabitants8 or where when its career was checked by that other horror1 the great conflagration8 when the bells from a hundred steeples tolled their own requiem1 and the number of houses in ,london was diminished by #ac1jjj4 ,one hundred years had passed over it when ,george ,i4 ascended the ,english throne2 then came ,georges ,,ii41 ,,iii41 and ,,iv41 ,king ,william and ,queen ,victoria4 ,under the two first1 no small portion of the troubles1 both at home and with foreign nations1 were traceable to the plots and intrigues of the last solitary scion of the house of ,stuart2 and with ,george ,,iii4 a new war boomed over the ,atlantic4 ,at last it was finished2 and at the somewhat mature age of two hundred and fifty-six years1 but still in good condition1 our time-honored volume has crossed the ocean to find a new home under the stripes and stars4 ,one more exponent1 in its silent eloquence1 of that ,vit summa brevis which the ,roman poet warns us is not to be counted on4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,letters in ,sir ,henry ,ellis's ,collec4 #de ,letter of ,lascelles to ,earl ,shrewsbury4 #df ,stratford4 #dg ,wotton ,reliq4 7,sir ,henry ,wotton1 once secretary to ,raleigh47 #dh ,ellis ,collec4 #di ,howell4 #ej ,hardwicke ,state ,papers4 #ea ,letter of ,john ,porry in ,ellis ,col4 ,,the ,,vatican ,,council4 ,,number ,,four4 ,another month of the ,vatican ,council has passed by without any public session4 ,there has not been a general congregation since ,february #bb;d1 when the twenty-ninth was held4 ,this absence of grand public ceremonials has driven some of the newspaper correspondents to turn elsewhere in search of sensational items4 ,we are no longer inundated1 and at times amused1 by column after column of newspaper accounts narrating speeches and events in the council that had scarcely any existence1 except in the fertile imaginations of the writers4 ,the outward calm in ,rome has produced its effect in no small extent in the newspaper world4 ,this calm1 however1 is by no means the calm of inaction4 ,quite the contrary4 ,at no time were the fathers so assiduously engaged in the deep study of the matters before them1 or more earnestly occupied with their conciliar labors4 ,we stated in our last number that they were then engaged in the discussion of the subjects of discipline1 on which several schemata1 or draughts1 had been drawn up by preparatory committees of theologians1 in anticipation of the council4 ,the discussion was continued1 on ,february #aith1 with six speakers1 on the #bast with seven speakers1 and was closed on the #bb;d with seven other speakers1 when the fourth schema1 or draught1 on discipline1 was referred1 as the preceding ones had been1 to the appropriate committee or deputation on matters of discipline4 ,thus1 within two months1 since the congregation of ,december #bhth1 when the discussion began1 one schema on faith and four on discipline had come up before the bishops2 and there had been in all one hundred and forty-five speeches delivered on them4 ,the experience of those two months had made several points very clear3 ,first1 the schemata1 or draughts1 as prepared by the theologians1 did not prove as acceptable to the bishops as perhaps their authors had expected4 ,on the contrary1 the bishops subjected them to a very searching examination and discussion1 criticising and weighing every point and every expression2 and seemed disposed1 in measure1 to recast some of them entirely4 ,secondly1 the mode in which this examination had so far been conducted might1 it was thought1 be improved1 both in its thoroughness and in the length of time it occupied4 ,so far1 all the prelates who wished had spoken one after another4 ,the sittings of the congregations usually lasted from nine ,a4,m4 to one ,p4,m41 and became a great trial of the physical endurance of many of these aged men4 ,the prelates could not refrain from asking each other1 ,what progress are we making8 ,how long will this series of speeches last8 ,again1 many of the speakers1 unwilling to occupy the attention of the congregation too long1 strove to condense what they wished to say1 and sometimes omitted much that might have thrown additional light on the subject1 or would be material for the support of their views4 ,yet how could this be avoided without extending the discussion beyond the limits of endurance4 ,still more1 many prelates1 whose mature and experienced judgments would have been most valuable1 would not speak2 some1 because they were unwilling to increase the already large number of speakers2 others1 because their organs of speech were too feeble to assure their being heard throughout a hall which held over a thousand persons in by no means crowded seats4 ,these points had gradually made themselves manifest1 and1 as we intimated in our last article1 the question had been raised1 how these difficulties could be met4 ,some suggested a division of the prelates into a number of sections1 in each and all of which the discussions might go on at the same time4 ,but1 after much consideration1 another method was resolved on1 and was announced in the congregation of the #bb;d of ,february as the one to be followed in the examination and discussion of the next schema1 or draught1 to be taken up by the council4 ,the main points of these additional regulations are the following3 ,when a schema comes before the council for examination1 instead of the viv voce discussion1 which according to the first system would take place in the congregations1 before sending it to the proper committee1 if necessary1 the cardinals presiding shall fix and announce a suitable time1 within which any and every one of the fathers1 who desires to do so1 may commit his views on it to writing1 and shall send in the same to the secretary of the council4 ,any amendments1 additions1 and corrections which he may wish to make must be fully and clearly written out4 ,the secretary must1 at the end of the appointed time1 transmit to the appropriate committee1 or deputation of bishops1 all the remarks on the schema4 ,the schema will be examined and remodelled1 if necessary1 by the committee1 under the light of these written statements1 precisely as would be done if the members had before them the full report of speeches made in the former style before the congregation4 ,the reformed schema is again presented to the congregation1 and with it a summary exposition of the substance of the remarks and of the amendments proposed4 ,when the schema1 together with the aforesaid summary1 has been distributed to the fathers of the council1 the said presidents shall appoint a day for its discussion in general congregation4 ,in parliamentary usage1 this corresponds to having the discussion1 not on the first1 but on the second reading of a bill4 ,this discussion must proceed in the strict order of topics1 first generally2 that is1 on the schema wholly or in part1 as it may have been brought before the congregation2 then on the several portions of it1 one by one4 ,the speakers who wish to take part in the discussion must1 in giving in their names as before1 state also whether they intend to speak on the schema as a whole1 or on some special parts of it1 and which ones4 ,the form of amendment1 should a speaker propose one1 must be handed in1 in writing1 at the conclusion of his speech4 ,of course1 the speakers must keep to the point in debate4 ,if any one wanders from it1 he will be called to order4 ,the members of the reporting committee or deputation will1 moreover1 be free to speak in reply1 during the debate1 as they judge it advisable4 ,the last four of these by-laws are the following3 ,,xi4 ,if the discussion be unreasonably protracted1 after the subject has been sufficiently debated1 the cardinals presiding1 on the written request of at least ten bishops1 shall be at liberty to put the question to the fathers whether the discussion shall continue4 ,the fathers shall vote by rising or retaining their seats2 and if a majority of the fathers present so decide1 they shall close the discussion4 ,,xii4 ,when the discussion on one part of a schema is closed1 and before proceeding to another1 the presiding cardinals shall take the votes of the general congregation1 first on the amendments proposed during the discussion itself1 and then on the whole context of the part under consideration4 ,,xiii4 ,the votes1 both as to the amendments and as to the context of such part1 will be given by the fathers in the following mode3 ,first1 the cardinals presiding shall require those who assent to the amendment or text to rise2 then1 by a second call1 shall require those who dissent to rise in their turn2 and after the votes have been counted1 the decision of the majority of the fathers will be recorded4 ,,xiv4 ,when all the several parts of a schema have been voted on in this mode1 the cardinals presiding shall take the judgment of the fathers on the entire schema under examination as a whole4 ,these votes shall be given viv voce1 by the words1 ,,placet or ,,non ,,placet4 ,but those who think it necessary to add any condition shall give their votes in writing4 ,it is already evident that the first provision of these by-laws or regulations is attaining its purpose4 ,at the congregation of ,february #bb;d1 when they went into force1 a certain portion of a new schema1 or draught1 on matters of faith1 was announced as the next matter regularly coming up for examination1 and the space of ten days was assigned within which the fathers might write out their criticisms1 and propose any emendations or amendments to it1 and send such written opinions to the secretary4 ,there was no limit to hamper the bishops in the fullest expression of their sentiments4 ,they might write briefly1 or at as great length as they deemed proper4 ,moreover1 in writing1 they would naturally be more exact and careful than perhaps they could be in speeches often made extempore4 ,there would also be less liability of being misunderstood4 ,moreover1 many more could and probably would write than would have spoken4 ,it is said over one hundred and fifty did so write on this first occasion2 so that1 in reality1 as much was done in those ten days as under the old system would have occupied two months4 ,the second portion1 touching the debate before the congregation1 will of course be effective and satisfactory4 ,and it is confidently hoped that the third portion1 as to the mode of closing the debate and taking the vote1 will1 when the time comes for testing it1 be found equally satisfactory4 ,in our previous numbers we have avoided falling into the very error of the correspondents which we have repeatedly blamed2 we have not pretended to have succeeded in getting a glimpse behind the curtain which veils the council1 and so to have qualified ourselves to speak without reserve of the matters treated by the fathers in their private debates4 ,even had circumstances brought some knowledge of this to us1 it would be under obligations which would effectually prevent our touching on it in these articles4 ,but we can be under no such obligation in regard to questions which1 if we are correctly informed1 have not come1 at least up to the present time1 before the congregations of the council4 ,there is one such question which excites universal attention1 perhaps we should rather say universal talk1 outside the council--the infallibility of the pope4 ,it has become in ,europe the question of the day4 ,books have been written on it1 pamphlets discussing it are issued every week1 and ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,spain have been deluged with newspaper articles upholding it or attacking it--articles written with every possible shade of learning and of ignorance1 and in every degree of temper1 from the best to the worst4 ,the articles are what might be expected when the writers are of every class1 from erudite theologians down to penny-a-liners1 and when1 if some are good and sincere ,catholics1 many are by no means such4 ,protestants have written on it1 some in favor of the doctrine 7671 most of them against it4 ,the bitterest and most unfair articles1 however1 have been and are those written by the political opponents of the church2 though how this precise question can come into politics1 any more than the existence of religion1 the divinity of the ,saviour1 the infallibility of the church1 or any other point of doctrine1 we cannot see4 ,but in ,europe1 if religion does not go into politics1 politics1 or at least politicians and political writers1 have no scruples in going into religious matters4 ,in fact1 the most advanced party of progress1 and enlightenment1 and liberty proclaim that there should be no religion at all1 that it narrows the intellect by hampering freedom of thought1 and enslaves man by forbidding him to do much that he desires2 and as they think mankind should1 on the contrary1 be free from all its trammels2 and as they hold it to be their special mission to effect this liberation1 they systematically omit no occasion of attacking religion4 ,for them1 one point is as good as another2 the infallibility of the pope will do as well as the discovery that a crazy nun1 subject to furious mania1 was confined in a room so small that the sides of it only measured twenty feet one way and twenty-three the other1 and so low that one had to stand on a step to reach the window4 ,any thing will serve this class of writers4 ,and1 unfortunately for religious news1 much of what appears in the press of ,europe1 and must gradually be infused1 in part at least1 into the press in the ,united ,states1 is from such pens1 and is imbued or is tinged with their spirit4 ,we would not do justice to ,rome and the council if we omitted to mention a very interesting event with which the council is connected1 if only as the occasion4 ,we mean the ,roman ,exposition of ,arts1 as applied to religious purposes4 ,it was opened by the pope three weeks ago4 ,the traveller arriving in ,rome by the railway cannot fail to be struck with wonder at the view which opens before him the instant he steps out of the door of the central station4 ,just across the square1 huge dark masses of rough masonry rise before him4 ,some are only twenty or thirty feet high1 and their tops are covered with the herbage or bushes that grow on the soil1 wafted thither by the winds of centuries4 ,others are still higher1 and are connected by walls equally old1 some broken1 some nearly entire4 ,here and there immense arches of masonry1 a hundred feet high in the air1 still span the space from pier to pier1 and bear a fringe of green herbage4 ,every thing tells you of the immensity of the building1 or group of buildings which men erected here in ages long gone by4 ,but even still1 as you see1 portions of these walls and arches are used4 ,not every pier is a mere isolated ruin2 not under every arch can you look and see through it a broad expanse of blue ,italian sky4 ,modern walls are joined to these piers2 the ancient walls too are turned to account2 irregular roofs1 some high1 some low1 come against them4 ,here1 through the high openings in the original wall1 men are busy taking in or delivering bundles of hay from the store-house they have constructed4 ,there1 through doorways and windows of more modern shape1 you see that another portion is made to serve as barracks for soldiers4 ,other buildings stretch away northward and westward1 schools1 orphanages1 and a reformatory1 as you see by their various inscriptions4 ,but though of more recent date1 they have not lost all connection with the ruins2 for the ground all along shows traces of the original constructions in the fragments of broken columns and in patches of the ancient masonry1 which between and beyond them continues ever and anon to rise in outlying masses4 ,but in the centre1 where the strong masonry rises higher than elsewhere and is best preserved1 there spreads a wide roof surmounted by crosses at the gables4 ,to the eastward1 the ruins seem to die away in a long and not very high line of buildings1 evidently cared for and inhabited4 ,the walls are covered with plaster1 and the windows are glazed1 and protected by shutters4 ,over the ridge of the roof you may see the lofty summits of some cedars that are growing in a court-yard or garden within4 ,these are the mighty remnants of the ,baths of ,diocletian1 commenced by that emperor in the year #cjb4 ,built at the period when ,rome was at the zenith of her wealth and luxury1 it far exceeded all other buildings of its class in the seven-hilled city1 both in vastness and in grandeur4 ,it was undertaken in a time of the most cruel persecution of the church1 and the ,christians who were condemned to imprisonment and hard labor1 because they would not deny their ,lord1 were brought here day after day from many a prison1 and fettered like convicts1 and were made to labor in erecting this pile devoted to pride1 and luxury1 and debauchery4 ,many an account of the martyr ,christians of that age tells of old and young men and women1 condemned for their faith1 and sent to die here a lingering death of martyrdom4 ,many a soul passed from this spot straight to heaven4 ,for who hath greater love than he who giveth his life for his friend8 ,many a prayer of ,christian faith1 of holy resignation1 of ardent hope of a better life1 was here uttered day after day1 and hour after hour1 all the years the work lasted4 ,the antiquarian still finds here and there the bricks which believing hands marked with a cross1 the outward expression of the prayer of their hearts1 offering their labors and sufferings1 endured for his sake1 to ,him who for their sakes labored and suffered on the cross4 ,it is estimated that more than forty thousand ,christians toiled at the work4 ,it was in these ruins1 if we mistake not1 that was found one of the marble tablets inscribed with an encomium of ,diocletian1 for having purged the world of that vile and hateful superstition called ,christianity4 ,in this vast pile of buildings1 thirteen hundred feet from east to west1 and twelve hundred from north to south1 there were halls1 court-yards surrounded by ample porticoes1 pools for swimmers1 thousands of baths1 libraries1 galleries of painting and sculpture1 portions set aside for philosophic discussion1 other portions for gymnastic exercises and games1 and every thing that ,roman luxury or ,roman debauchery called for1 and ,roman wealth could provide4 ,the first dismantling and partial destruction of the buildings seems to have occurred when ,alaric sacked ,rome4 ,yet even a century later portions of them were still used for the original purpose as baths4 ,it is needless to say how they suffered still more1 by alternate violence and neglect1 for many centuries afterward4 ,often it was occupied by soldiers as a stronghold1 and it suffered at their hands1 as by alterations here and there they strove to make the place more defensible4 ,often it was assailed and taken1 and then suffered still more1 as whatever could be was toppled over in anger4 ,and when the soldiers left it quiet1 rain and winds and storms continued the work of destruction4 ,in the sixteenth century all this property was owned by ,saint ,charles ,borromeo4 ,he gave it to the pope1 ,pius ,,iv41 who determined to construct a church1 if possible1 in the midst of these ruins1 and so put them under the guardianship of that very religion which gave so many martyrs toward their construction4 ,the pontiff committed the task to ,michael ,angelo1 who executed it in a manner which won an admiration next to that gained by his great work at ,st4 ,peter's4 ,amid the ruins there stood a vast hall1 three hundred and twenty-five feet long and sixty feet broad4 ,its massive walls were perfect1 and the vast arch of masonry that covered it1 at the height of over one hundred feet1 though weakened by the exposure of centuries1 still stood unbroken4 ,the ,caldarium stood near by on one side1 and the old natatio1 or swimming room1 joined it on the other4 ,both still preserved their vaulted roofs4 ,michael ,angelo united them1 and1 preserving the walls and the massive monolith columns of red ,egyptian granite1 which were all standing1 skilfully produced a noble church in the form of a ,greek cross1 which is known as ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels4 ,one loves to pass an hour in that vast1 quiet1 and attractive church1 under the olden arch1 now protected from the weather by an additional tiled roof1 viewing the exquisite statues of saints1 and the masterpieces of painting1 the originals1 some of them1 of the mosaics over the altars of ,st4 ,peter's1 or listening to the ,cistercian monks who serve the church as they slowly and reverently chant the divine office at their stated hours of day and night4 ,on the eastern side1 toward the ,pretorian ,camp1 war had done its most destructive work4 ,here ,michael ,angelo found the ruins so entirely beaten down that most of the space had been devoted to gardens1 though encumbered indeed by sundry picturesque mounds of masonry4 ,here1 using the materials at hand so far as they would serve1 he erected a monastery for the ,cistercians1 a plain quadrangular building1 inclosing an open space about four hundred feet square4 ,to each side of this the building presents a portico1 or arcade1 which thus forms a cloister1 supported by twenty-five columns of travertine4 ,no work of that great architect and artist exceeds this cloister in its simplicity1 and the exquisite beauty of form and proportion in all its parts4 ,in the centre of the yard is a majestic1 ever-flowing fountain1 throwing its stream of water aloft4 ,this falls into an ample marble reservoir beneath1 whose waters ripple and sparkle in the sunlight as the gold-fish are darting to and fro into the shade of water-lilies or out to court the beams of the sun4 ,by this basin the architect planted with his own hand four young cedars1 which throve apace4 ,three of them are still standing1 historic trees4 ,two are strong and vigorous1 though three centuries old2 a third is in the decrepitude of old age1 shattered and broken by the winds1 but still bravely struggling to the last to raise its topmost branches upward toward heaven4 ,the fourth perished some years ago1 and has been replaced by another1 younger one1 which a good ,cistercian1 they say1 obtained by securing in time and carefully nursing a young shoot of the old tree itself4 ,around the cloister are the cells of the brethren4 ,they seem to have a curious fancy of fastening placards on their doors4 ,you can see half a dozen of them of different sizes4 ,on some doors the sheet of paper is apparently fresh and clean1 and is still securely fastened by four tacks1 or by wafers under the corners4 ,on other doors some of the tacks have fallen out1 or the wafers have lost their hold1 and the paper hangs dangling by a single corner4 ,the winds have blown it until it is torn4 ,the rain has moistened and caused it to curl4 ,the upper portion hangs loosely over1 half hiding the writing on it4 ,you approach and stretch out your hand to lift it up1 that you may read what a ,cistercian had placarded on the door of his cell4 ,it is all a delusion6 ,there is no paper6 ,some painter1 quitting the world1 retreated to this community4 ,in its quietude and silence1 and in its penitential life1 he found again peace and tranquillity of soul1 and the gayety of his youth came back to him4 ,he took a boyish pleasure in playing this clever artistic practical joke on the strangers whom curiosity1 or other motives1 from time to time1 brought to look at the interior of a ,carthusian monastery4 ,he died peacefully and piously years ago1 but the brethren have not ceased to enjoy the joke he perpetrated4 ,what a practical lesson of the power with which ,god rules the world6 ,in this spot where a cruel and sanguinary emperor persecuted and martyred ,christians by the thousands1 and boasted that he had exterminated the ,christian church1 the ruins of his vast work owe their preservation to the sacred power of a ,christian church4 ,where luxury1 and the pride of the world1 and every form of sensuality were wont to seek their gratification1 now meek and humble white-robed ,cistercians who have renounced the world and its pomps and sins1 and are vowed to poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 work and study in silence1 fast austerely1 and make the hours of day and the hours of night holy by prayer and chanting of psalms4 ,the heathen empire of ,rome has passed away1 but the church it tried to destroy lives in perpetual youth4 ,rome has lost her heathen power of ruling with the sword the bodies of men from the ,pillars of ,hercules4 ,but through that very ,christianity ,rome has received and wields a far higher power than the sword could give4 ,she guides the consciences and minds of men1 not only through the provinces of her olden temporal empire1 but beyond their limit1 in lands where the eagle of a ,roman legion was never raised1 and in countries of whose existence the ,roman emperors never dreamed4 ,to the thoughtful mind the ,cistercian monastery and the noble church of ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels but typify the glory of ,christian ,rome1 built amid the ruins of her olden heathen power4 ,the proposal1 made originally by whom we know not1 of opening an exposition of religious art at ,rome during the sittings of the council1 was immediately taken up with enthusiasm4 ,his ,holiness assigned the garden of this noble cloister as the best adapted site to be found in ,rome1 except at a large expense4 ,the ,cistercians withdrew temporarily to other buildings close by1 and gave up their own beautiful place to architects and workmen4 ,the cloister1 or broad open arcade1 which runs round the square garden was chosen to form the outer gallery or halls1 altogether about twelve hundred feet long by twenty broad4 ,within this outer gallery1 and just touching each side in the middle1 is a series of sixteen rooms1 all of the same size1 and of the same irregular1 or rather rhomboidal1 shape1 forming1 as it were1 a broad polygon of sixteen sides4 ,within this polygon is the central portion of the garden1 still unoccupied1 with its gravelled walks1 its green sward1 its rose-trees and flowering plants1 its ever-gushing fountain1 the ample basin receiving the water1 the glistening gold-fish1 and the majestic cedars of ,michael ,angelo4 ,the arcade has1 of course1 its own covering4 ,the sixteen rooms of the polygon are roofed with glass1 to let in the flood of light1 and a few feet below the glass is another roofing1 or awning1 to soften its intensity and to mitigate the heat of the direct rays of the sun4 ,large openings in the partition walls allow free passage from room to room1 all around the polygon2 and where it touches the arcade or outer halls1 other doors allow you to pass to them1 or by opposite doors you may pass out to walk in the garden4 ,the exposition was opened on the #agth of ,february by the pope himself1 in the presence of the commission for the exposition1 a number of cardinals1 some three hundred of the bishops1 and a large concourse of clergy and laity4 ,he made an impromptu discourse1 touching chiefly on the true progress which art has made under the inspiration of religion and the patronage of the church1 and in illustration referred to some of those unrivalled works of religious painting and sculpture which are found in ,rome4 ,nothing could be more appropriate to the assembling of so many bishops and priests and pious laymen in ,rome1 drawn by the council1 than this exposition4 ,go when you will1 you will find many of all these classes spending hours in studying a collection of religious works of every kind1 such as most of them have never seen4 ,in size and extent this exposition cannot1 of course1 compare with those vast ones of ,london and ,paris4 ,they sought and received objects of every kind4 ,this admits nothing that is not devoted to1 or in some way connected with1 religion4 ,it would correspond1 therefore1 with one section of the ,paris ,exposition of #ahfg4 ,considered in this light1 it does not1 as a whole1 fall below it2 in several respects it is superior4 ,we have not the space now to enter into a detail of the many and multifarious objects offered for examination4 ,every art seems represented4 ,for what is there that cannot be made to give glory to ,god8 ,still1 we may glance at a few of the chief groups4 ,the exterior arcade is chiefly devoted to sculpture and paintings4 ,of the former there are here and elsewhere in the exhibition over two hundred and fifty pieces1 in marble1 in plaster1 or metal1 or wood4 ,i do not count the hundreds of sweet little things in terra cotta1 nor the many objects in ivory4 ,tadolini1 ,benzoni1 ,pettrich1 and a hundred other artists from ,rome1 and other parts of ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,france1 have sent the work of their chisels4 ,as a whole1 this group of subjects stands far higher in point of good art than was looked for4 ,some of the statues are of a high order4 ,we may instance a group of heroic size by ,tadolini1 representing the ,archangel ,michael overcoming ,lucifer1 after the painting by ,guido1 and two life-size ,madonnas by ,pettrich1 all of which1 we understand1 will be forwarded to the ,united ,states4 ,there is in one of the ,french rooms a plaster copy of the statue of the holy ,vianney1 curate of the village of ,ars1 near ,lyons1 in ,france1 who died a few years ago in the odor of sanctity1 and who1 the ,catholics of ,france are confident1 will in due time be canonized4 ,he is robed in soutane1 surplice1 and stole1 and is kneeling in prayer1 his face turned upward toward heaven4 ,i do not speak of the style and execution1 which are good2 but of the face1 which attracts every one4 ,it is said to be a perfect likeness4 ,thin1 gaunt1 with features sharp and exaggerated by the lack of flesh1 rather ugly than otherwise1 there is an expression of simplicity1 of piety1 of kindness1 of earnestness1 which makes it far more than beautiful1 a face that grows in sweetness as you look on it4 ,and yet study the individual features1 forehead1 eyebrows1 nose1 mouth1 chin1 cheek-bones1 the chief lines and wrinkles4 ,they are precisely the same as on the repulsive face of ,voltaire6 ,what different expressions were given to the same features by the calm piety1 the love of ,god and our neighbor1 the spiritual peace dwelling in the soul of the saintly priest1 and the pride1 and envy1 and passions1 and the bitter1 hopeless or despairing unbelief of the apostle of evil4 ,as we examine these statues1 so good in their execution and so truly religious in their type1 one cannot but feel a regret that in the ,united ,states we are such strangers to the use of them in our churches and chapels and oratories4 ,here and there are found1 indeed1 casts in plaster of ,paris1 sometimes in papier-mach4 ,but how few real works of merit in materials and in style6 ,if the clergy who are at work building our churches1 and some of the laymen who are seconding them in this work1 could only see those statues of our ,lord on the cross1 or bearing the cross and sinking under its weight1 or healing the blind1 or blessing little children2 or those sweet ones of the ,mother and ,divine ,child1 in various positions2 or of the ,blessed ,virgin1 of ,st4 ,joseph1 of ,saint ,cecilia1 ,saint ,agnes1 and of so many other saints and groups representing religious subjects2 surely among them1 in marble1 in iron1 bronzed1 silvered1 gilt1 or illuminated with polychrome1 and such a variety in size and in cost1 they would understand the void in our churches1 and would each do his part to supply it4 ,especially would this be the case with the stations of the way of the cross4 ,no devotion is more tender and consoling1 and at the same time none more strengthening to true piety and the practice of virtue1 than this pilgrimage of faith1 in which we accompany our ,lord1 and1 as it were1 stand by his side1 during the several scenes of his sufferings down to his death on the cross and his burial4 ,no devotion is more popular1 because none better suited to the faithful of every condition and class4 ,would it not be well if the engravings of those different scenes1 so often found--we had almost said1 disfiguring the walls of our churches1 could give way to some of those basso-relievos and alto-relievos of ,france1 of ,italy1 and of ,germany1 such as we see here8 ,the love of the beautiful and striking is innate in man4 ,even the child feels it2 and in manhood1 use and education but develop and increase the satisfaction it gives4 ,while we smiled1 we could not but sympathize in some measure with the ,italian sculptor who1 on his dying-bed1 pushed away a crucifix which a pious attendant wished to place in his hands4 ,not that1 not that6 it makes me angry1 he said2 it is horrid6 ,give me the other one2 it is well made4 ,that will excite devotion4 ,let children be taught1 in a way they will love1 to think often1 to know1 to realize1 even from their tenderest years1 what the loving and merciful ,saviour suffered for man4 ,lessons well learned at that tender and innocent age seldom fade from the mind and heart in after years4 ,and no way of teaching that lesson is more effectual than the one we indicate4 ,there are more than five hundred paintings in the exposition4 ,of these perhaps two hundred are by the old masters1 and have been placed here by their owners4 ,these embrace paintings by the divine ,raffaele1 as the ,italians call him1 ,domenichino1 ,annibale ,carracci1 ,correggio1 ,maratta1 ,carlo ,dolce1 ,salvator ,rosa1 ,murillo1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,guido ,reni1 ,rubens1 ,vandyke1 ,ribeyra1 ,del ,sarto1 and a host of other old masters1 ,italian1 ,german1 ,flemish1 and ,spanish1 whom we need not name4 ,there we may gaze with rapture on the excellence of art inspired by religious thought4 ,it is a fact not to be overlooked or forgotten1 in these days of irreligion1 that the best paintings which the best artists ever painted were all produced when they brought their powers to represent a religious subject4 ,in painting1 and in other things too1 he works best who works in the spirit of religion and the fear of ,god4 ,the larger number of the paintings are of later date1 many of them by living artists4 ,to our eye1 certainly not trained to criticism1 many of them appear worthy of high praise4 ,but we believe the general verdict is not so favorable to them as to the statuary4 ,still1 we must remember that here they have to compete side by side with those old paintings of the highest order4 ,the contrast between their freshly laid colors and the colors of older paintings1 toned down by age1 if not somewhat faded1 is so strong and striking that this very difference1 often no real difference on the part of the painters1 is set down as a defect to be censured4 ,the portrait of the pope1 by our ,american artist ,healy1 is undoubtedly the best likeness of the ,holy ,father in the exposition4 ,what we said of the statuary we may repeat with equal reason of religious paintings4 ,how easy it would be to adorn our churches and chapels with these books of the eye1 one glance at which often teaches more than a sermon4 ,the artists at home capable of producing a religious painting worthy of being placed in a church are few1 perhaps might be counted on one's fingers4 ,european painters capable of giving an original ask such prices for their work as generally to put them as far beyond our means as if they were to be painted at home4 ,even at that1 their conception and treatment of a subject will scarcely stand comparison with approved works of the best masters who have already treated the same subjects4 ,but there is a large class of painters here who devote themselves to copying and reproducing those old paintings1 on every scale as to size4 ,the execution of many of them is good1 and the prices for which the artists are willing to work seem very low4 ,it is wonderful how much painting1 and good painting1 five hundred dollars well laid out in ,rome will obtain4 ,several of our clerical friends1 who have visited ,rome this winter1 carry back with them evidences of this fact4 ,next to the paintings should come the stained glass1 which is superb1 and is offered at a price which seems really astonishing--about five dollars a square foot for the richest kind1 with life-size figures4 ,the large windows1 from several competing manufacturers1 are so mounted that the light shines through them1 and you can examine at full leisure and carefully the wondrous effects of united brilliancy and softness in these works of peculiarly ,christian art4 ,the art of painting on glass1 which many1 up to a recent period1 thought entirely lost1 has revived in this century1 and seems fast approaching the perfection which it attained in the middle ages4 ,there is one marked difference observable between the old windows and some of the work here4 ,the ancients displayed their skill in combining together thousands of minute pieces of glass of different colors1 so as to make up a picture in its proper colors and its lights and shadows4 ,the modern artists have attempted the task of producing the picture on a single large sheet of glass4 ,this would free it from the single defect almost unavoidable in this work--the stiffness of the figures4 ,but the earlier attempts presented such variation in the perfections of the several colors used as to be failures1 in point of that brilliancy and play of light which constitute the charm of this work4 ,the source of the defect was to be found in the laws of nature1 on which every work1 and this work directly1 depends4 ,the general mode of procedure in which glass is colored is this3 ,the subject is painted on the surface of a sheet of glass with metallic paints4 ,the glass is placed in an oven and slowly and carefully raised to that point of heat at which it grows soft4 ,the particles of metal constituting the colors sink into the glass and become portions of its substance4 ,the difficulty was found to spring from the great difference in the rate and manner in which the colors would sink into the softened substance4 ,what would give some colors perfectly1 would leave others imperfect2 and continuing the work until these were perfect1 would often destroy the first4 ,but patient study and careful work have overcome these difficulties to a degree which we did not expect4 ,there are full-size figures here in stained glass rivalling those of the middle ages in brilliancy1 and possessing the freedom of a painting on canvas4 ,the perfection of the ,gobelins tapestry is almost incredible4 ,a large canvas1 twenty-five feet by ten1 presents the ,assumption by ,titian1 and near it is a life-size figure of our ,lord in the tomb4 ,it is a sermon but to look on the cold1 rigid body of him who bore our transgressions4 ,there are specimens of photography1 some showing life-size figures1 of oleography1 lithography1 chromo-lithography1 engravings on copper1 for which ,rome cannot be excelled1 on steel1 and on wood4 ,in many of these branches ,france and ,germany rival1 if they do not surpass ,italy4 ,but ,rome stands unrivalled in mosaics1 of which there are here exquisite specimens4 ,in architecture1 we find plans of churches and colleges1 very full and clear1 but not striking2 designs for the interior of chapels and sanctuaries1 of a far higher order of art1 several miniatures of churches2 a fac-simile in white marble of the front of ,st4 ,peter's1 and another in wood1 on the scale of about one inch to ten feet1 showing the entire exterior of the church front and dome in all its details1 the colonnades1 fountains1 and square before it1 and so constructed that it can be opened in several ways1 in order to give an equally correct and minute view of the interior with all its ornamentation4 ,you may recognize every painting and statue in the basilica4 ,it took years of patient labor to make this model1 and it is said to have been sold to an ,italian prince for twenty thousand dollars4 ,what a pity such a work should be shut up in some palace in the city where every one can go to the real ,st4 ,peter's4 ,it should rather be sent to distant countries1 where thousands1 who will never go to ,rome1 might be able to obtain from it a far clearer conception than any books can give of the form and splendor of this great temple1 which is deservedly the pride and the glory of the ,christian world4 ,in music1 there are organs with the latest and best improvements1 harmoniums1 ,alexandre organs of various powers and many stops1 and chimes and church-bells hung on a new patent system1 by which a mere boy can swing easily and ring loudly a bell of nearly a ton weight4 ,as for texts of church music1 you may turn over the parchment leaves of huge folio graduals and antiphonaries1 in which the good old monks of past ages wrote the ,gregorian notes and the words so large and so clear as to be easily read in the choir1 even at the distance of ten feet4 ,there are later ones printed nearly as large1 and collections of modern church music from ,italy1 ,germany1 and from ,france4 ,ecclesiastical vestments abound in the exposition4 ,rome1 ,milan1 and other cities of ,italy are represented by the most celebrated of their manufacturers4 ,france has sent a multitude from ,paris1 ,lyons1 ,grenoble1 ,montpellier1 ,nismes1 and elsewhere4 ,others have come from ,germany and from ,spain4 ,here are copes and chasubles1 dalmatics1 antipendiums1 and veils1 of the richest material and exquisite workmanship4 ,you can examine the ample yet light and pliable vestments of ,italy1 the rich and stiffer ones of ,france1 the narrow and scantier form of ,austria1 and the heavier ones from ,spain1 that ought never to wear out4 ,in the matter of vestments you are taught a lesson of history4 ,for here1 carefully preserved in large glass wardrobes1 are shown the vestments used six hundred and eight hundred years ago1 if not a thousand years ago1 in ,st4 ,peter's1 in ,st4 ,mary ,major's1 in ,st4 ,john ,lateran's1 and in the cathedral of ,anagni4 ,the emperors of the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 as it was called1 which sprung into existence in the ninth century1 and died in the convulsions of ,europe consequent on the ,french revolution1 were bound to come1 if circumstances allowed it1 to ,rome1 to receive their royal consecration in ,st4 ,peter's at the hands of the pope4 ,on such occasions1 the emperor was admitted for that time into the sanctuary1 wore a deacon's dalmatic1 and chanted a gospel4 ,here you may look at the identical dalmatic which they wore a thousand years ago4 ,it is of silk1 and the figures which decorate it were worked with the needle1 in gold thread4 ,near by are copes1 and chasubles1 and mitres faded and worn2 which still give evidence of the art and care in making them1 the richness of the materials used1 and of the skill of the embroidery and painting which decorated them4 ,what will the modern chasubles and copes around us1 now so fresh and splendid1 look like in ,a4,d4 #bejj8 ,church vessels of every class are equally abundant4 ,chalices1 pixes1 cruets1 censers1 incense-cups1 crosses1 crucifixes1 ostensories1 croziers1 every thing that can be thought of1 are here1 often in their richest forms4 ,there are chapelles for priests1 and chapelles for bishops4 ,altar candlesticks and candelabra of every size and graceful form tempt you4 ,perhaps the most interesting in a scientific and also a pecuniary view1 is the large collection of all those vessels made of bronze aluminium1 of a light gold color1 and not liable to tarnish4 ,the weight is light1 and the prices low4 ,there are altars of marble1 of cast-iron1 of bronze gilt1 and of wood colored and illuminated1 the last-named truly beautiful1 and they would well replace some of those far more costly constructions sometimes to be met in our churches4 ,altars lead us to candelabra1 candlesticks1 and chandeliers2 and here they are displayed in every size1 from an immense chandelier to be suspended in a church1 of metal gilt1 ornamented with angels and religious emblems1 and bearing sixty-five lights1 down to the tasteful bongie1 or tiny candlestick which an acolyth holds in his hand when he attends a bishop at the altar4 ,altar candlesticks and candelabra seem a specialty with the ,french artists4 ,the graceful curve of the outlines1 the appropriateness and suggestiveness of the decoration1 and the ease with which all these pieces may be combined to produce on the altar a whole simple and tasteful1 or rich and splendid1 can scarcely be conceived4 ,they bring to their work the spirit of the children of ,israel in the desert1 offering their gold and jewels to ,moses for the ornamentation of the tabernacle of the ,most ,high4 ,man can never do too much to testify his homage and his loving obedience to ,god4 ,in ,christian bibliography the chief ,catholic publishers have done well4 ,the polyglott press of the ,propaganda exhibits many of its late publications2 among others an accurate fac-simile of the ,codex ,vaticanus of the ,scriptures1 and a volume containing the ,lord's ,prayer in two hundred and fifty languages1 in the proper characters of each language1 where it has any4 ,the volume presents one hundred and eighty different forms of type4 ,salviucci1 of ,rome2 ,pustet1 of ,ratisbon2 ,dessain1 of ,malines1 and many others exhibit well printed and richly bound copies of their chief publications4 ,vecco ,co41 of ,turin1 show the eighteen volumes they have already printed of the new edition of the ,magnum ,bullarium4 ,victor ,palm1 of ,paris1 displays an enormous line of folio volumes1 the ,acta ,sanctorum of the great ,bollandists1 the republication of which he has just finished in fifty-eight volumes4 ,to this he adds his edition of the ,ideologia1 by the professors of ,salamanca1 his ,gallia ,christiana1 his edition of ,annales ,baronii1 and the introductory volume of a new edition of the ,collectio ,maxima ,conciliorum1 which he has just commenced4 ,it was sad not to find the veteran ,migne here1 and to think of that sad conflagration which consumed the work of a lifetime4 ,he had undertaken1 and after fifty years of steady persevering labor1 was finishing the greatest bibliographical achievement of the publishers of this century4 ,the twelve or thirteen hundred large volumes he had published in his collection1 embracing all the fathers1 ,greek and ,latin1 ample courses of ,scripture1 theology1 and canon law1 encyclopdias1 history1 theologians1 preachers1 etc41 would have presented the largest and most imposing array of volumes--almost a complete theological library in itself4 ,great as was his loss1 that to the clergy was greater4 ,we mention last a collection which every visitor to the exposition hurries to see first1 as most deserving of his attention1 the collection of articles which the ,holy ,father himself directed should be sent here from the ,sixtine ,chapel3 #a4 ,the famous tiara presented to him by the ,queen of ,spain4 ,the three crowns on it are of brilliants and pearls1 the roses are rubies and emeralds1 the ball on the summit is of rubies1 and the cross above of diamonds4 ,as a work of art1 it is considered a chef-d'uvre of grace and elegance1 and does honor to the artists of ,spain4 #b4 ,a chalice of gold covered with brilliants and diamonds4 ,these diamonds and brilliants were a present from ,mehemet ,ali4 #c4 ,a large golden ostensory1 of ,byzantine style1 the rays of which are studded with brilliants1 from the same donor4 #d4 ,a large processional cross of gold1 the staff of silver gilt4 ,the cross is of an elegantly flowering ,gothic form1 and is adorned with precious stones and enamel4 ,it was made to order in ,france1 and is a present from the ,marquis of ,bute4 ,chalices1 mitres1 vestments1 cruets1 an ancient ,,ms4 missal1 exquisitely illuminated and richly bound1 with many other objects1 make up a large list of articles which ,his ,holiness has sent to give additional interest to the exposition4 ,others have acted in the same spirit2 and certainly1 if the number1 the richness1 and the exquisite taste and elegance of the articles displayed can effect it1 the exposition is a success4 ,the attendance has been pretty fair1 and as the governmental outlay has been but small1 may prove remunerative4 ,the exhibitors will certainly succeed in introducing their works to the religious world far more generally than they could have ordinarily looked for4 ,and the visitors seem all satisfied that each repeated visit to the exposition is a renewed and increased pleasure4 ,we may perhaps endeavor next month to be able to write more at length of the more prominent articles in the exposition1 with reference to the needs of our ,american churches4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,an ,,essay ,,in ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,grammar ,,of ,,assent4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgj4 ,it would be quite impossible without exceeding proper limits to give any thing more than an incomplete sketch of the plan of this able work2 it must1 of course1 be read in full to be appreciated4 ,at the outset three states of mind are distinguished1 assent1 inference1 and doubt1 corresponding to the external actions of assertion1 conclusion1 and interrogation1 though not necessarily accompanying them4 ,the subject of the essay is1 as its name implies1 principally the first of these2 doubt being merely alluded to1 and inference treated in its relation to assent1 and only that species being considered at length which is not strictly demonstrative4 ,the various modes in which assent exists1 and in which it is formed1 are the first objects of examination4 ,the division made here of assent1 and which recurs throughout the work1 is into real and notional1 the former relating to propositions whose terms1 in the words of the author1 stand for things external to us1 unit and individual1 the latter for what is abstract1 general1 and non-existing2 and this last is distinguished under the names of profession1 credence1 opinion1 presumption1 and speculation1 which terms are necessarily used in senses somewhat different from those ordinarily attached to them4 ,the strength of real assents in comparison to notional ones is shown1 and the difference in this point of view between assent and inference2 the latter being clearest in purely abstract matters4 ,not but that assent is always unconditional or absolute2 still1 its material1 when real1 is so much more vividly apprehended that the assent elicited is much more energetic and operative4 ,thus also when notional assents become real1 as they may in consequence of some special circumstances1 their hold upon the mind and control upon action is much increased4 ,this subject is illustrated by a discussion of religious assents1 with special reference to the being of ,god1 and to the ,holy ,trinity2 it is shown that the former truth1 and the constituent parts of the latter1 can be1 and usually are1 the objects of real assent1 though the latter in its completeness or unity can only be notionally apprehended2 and though the definition of the ,divine ,being may give only a notional idea4 ,the implicit assent which unlearned ,christians give to all the definitions of the church is also explained4 ,the absolute and unconditional character of assent is next treated1 and it is shown that it has this character even when given without good grounds1 or when those grounds are forgotten2 and that it is not necessarily conceded to convincing proofs1 and may disappear while the inference which led to it still remains4 ,without this character the act is not assent at all1 or at least is only that notional form of it called by the author opinion1 which he defines as assent to the probable truth of a proposition4 ,the possibility and continual occurrence of full assent without intuition or demonstration is defended against those who1 though really they have no doubt about some theoretically uncertain matters1 yet think it a duty to remind us that1 since the full etiquette of logical requirements has not been satisfied1 we must believe those truths at our peril4 ,the distinction is drawn between simple or unconscious assent and the conscious1 reflex1 or complex assent1 as the author calls it1 which1 when the thing believed is true1 has the name of certitude1 and is irreversible or indefectible4 ,in simple assent we do not give any place1 or in any way incline mentally to the opposite belief1 though we may examine the grounds of our own for various reasons2 but when we are certain1 we explicitly refuse to admit any thing opposed to it4 ,the occurrence of false or supposed certitudes does not suffice to prove the non-existence of real ones2 and certitude is not to be confounded with infallibility1 which is a faculty applicable to all possible propositions in a given subject matter1 while certitude is directed to this or that particular proposition4 ,the next part is the discussion of the act of inference4 ,in its most perfect or formal state it can be used without limitation only upon abstractions2 it comes short of proof in concrete matters1 because it has not a full command over the objects to which it relates1 but merely assumes its premises4 ,hence1 even when what we do assume is true1 as shown in an earlier part of the work1 processes of inference in concrete matters may easily end in mysteries4 ,in many cases it cannot profitably be used1 owing to the labor required for taking account of all the circumstances1 as well as the real difference of the first principles from which our syllogisms proceed4 ,we are1 therefore1 obliged to resort to informal inference1 in which arguments and probabilities are estimated in the mass1 and have a different force to different individuals1 according to the character in them of what ,dr4 ,newman calls the illative sense4 ,he concludes by treating of the exercise of this combining and directing faculty in its application to religious inferences1 both in natural and revealed religion1 and shows that by means of it we may fairly arrive at certitude regarding ,christianity1 and that such a method is at least as likely to succeed as more formal demonstrations4 ,the lawfulness and reasonableness of assent in religious matters1 as well as in others1 without such demonstrations1 may be regarded as one of the main objects of the work1 though by no means its only one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,de ,l',,unit ,,dans ,l',,enseignement ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie ,,au ,,sein ,,des ,,ecoles ,,catholiques ,d',,apr,s ,,les ,,recentes ,,decisions ,,des ,,congregations ,,romaines4 ,par le ,p4 ,h4 ,ramire1 ,s4,j4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,f4 ,ramire is well known as the head of the admirable confraternity of ,the ,apostleship of ,prayer1 and the author of a number of excellent works on spiritual subjects1 and also on the great religious questions of the day4 ,we have recently been indebted to him for some extremely able essays in defence of the rights of the ,holy ,see1 for which he has received the eulogium of the ,holy ,father himself4 ,the work whose title is given above has been sent to us by the reverend father himself1 we presume on account of the article translated1 with some preliminary observations of our own1 from ,f4 ,vercellone1 on the ideology of ,st4 ,augustine1 which appeared in a recent number2 and we beg to thank him for his kindness4 ,we had not before had the pleasure of reading it1 although it has been eight years published4 ,we have read it with attention1 and1 we are happy to say1 with much satisfaction4 ,the learning and logical force of the author command our respect1 and his calmness1 candor1 impartiality1 and truly ,christian charity win our esteem1 throughout the whole course of his argument4 ,the argument is divided into three parts4 ,in the first part1 the author sustains the possibility and the great importance of unity in philosophical instruction1 and lays down the conditions by which it can be obtained4 ,in all that he says under this head we fully and cordially concur with him4 ,in the second part1 he discusses traditionalism2 and here again we find ourselves in perfect agreement with all his positions4 ,in the third part1 he attacks the grand difficulty of the origin of rational cognition1 and1 of course1 discusses the vexed question of ontologism4 ,it would be a futile effort to attempt a critical appreciation of this part of ,f4 ,ramire's work in a brief critical notice1 and we will not attempt it4 ,an opinion on these very grave and much controverted topics1 in order to be worth attention1 must be supported by elaborate arguments1 and based on deep and patient study of all the principal authors1 ancient and modern1 whose works are the great sources of philosophical knowledge4 ,we agree perfectly with ,f4 ,ramire1 that thorough discussion1 carried on in the spirit of moderation1 directed by a pure love of truth1 and regulated by obedience to the authority of the church1 is the only road by which we can attain to that degree of unity in philosophical doctrines which prevails among all truly orthodox theologians in respect to dogmatic and moral theology4 ,we desire to see this discussion go on1 and hope for a good result from it2 and as a necessary preparation1 we cannot too earnestly insist on the necessity of a more thorough study of scholastic philosophy than has been common among those who have written on these subjects in the ,english language4 ,both in theology and philosophy1 we hold it as certain that we must follow the great fathers and doctors of the church as our guides and masters1 or go astray and lose our labor4 ,the essential truths of philosophy must be contained in that system which the church authorizes1 and in which she trains up her clergy4 ,as we understand them1 there is no difference between ,f4 ,vercellone and ,f4 ,ramire on this point4 ,we are not authorized to speak for ,dr4 ,brownson1 who is the great philosophical writer among ,american ,catholics2 but we think he would agree with us fully in this judgment2 and that the passage in a contrary sense1 quoted by ,f4 ,ramire1 is to be regarded as one of those obiter dicta which his mature1 deliberate wisdom would not ratify4 ,we cheerfully acknowledge that the doctrine which ,f4 ,ramire so lucidly exposes as the ,thomistic doctrine of the origin of cognition is sufficient as a basis of rational certitude and natural theology1 and we are perfectly agreed with him that this is the main point to be secured4 ,as for the profound and difficult1 and therefore intensely interesting and attractive1 questions which relate to the nature of the intellectual light itself1 and the objective truth seen by its aid1 it does not seem to us that they have yet been as thoroughly discussed as they need to be1 in order to bring the various schools into a closer agreement4 ,this is certainly so as respects philosophy in the ,english language1 which is yet in its cradle1 and we think it is true universally4 ,of course1 the great question to be settled at the outset is1 how far the boundary of philosophical doctrine1 as rendered certain by the consent of the great doctors1 intrinsic evidence1 and the decisions of the supreme ecclesiastical authority1 extends2 and where opinion begins4 ,the true understanding of the famous decisions of #ahfa is absolutely necessary to this end1 so far as ideology is concerned2 and ,f4 ,ramire has given an explanation of their sense and intention which perfectly agrees with that of ,f4 ,vercellone in a supplement to the article which we translated4 ,it is1 namely1 the intuition of the essence of ,god1 and created things in that essence1 as the natural1 intellectual light of reason1 which we are forbidden to affirm4 ,are we1 therefore1 required1 as an only alternative1 to adopt the ,peripatetic philosophy as taught by the ,thomists8 ,it would seem that this has not yet been sufficiently proved4 ,the works of ,gerdil1 ,vercellone1 and others1 who profess to find in ,plato1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 ,st4 ,anselm1 and other great authors1 a philosophical wisdom which supplies a want not fully satisfied by ,st4 ,thomas1 have not yet been marked by any note of disapprobation4 ,it is true that ,f4 ,ramire tells us that ,gerdil changed his opinions in his later years4 ,but ,f4 ,vercellone denies this1 on the authority of ,cardinal ,lambruschini4 ,f4 ,ramire is extremely tolerant of opinions differing from his own1 where he thinks he has only a greater probability on his side4 ,he does not censure the following of these great authors1 or discourage the study of them2 but he thinks they are misunderstood1 and that a better study of them would result in making us all ,peripatetics and ,thomists4 ,let us by all means1 then1 especially those who have youth1 strength1 and leisure1 study the old masters of philosophy more deeply than we have done1 and truth and unity will be the gainers4 ,f4 ,ramire protests strongly1 however1 against the high esteem which some ,catholic writers have expressed for ,gioberti4 ,as it happens that one of our correspondents has done the same in the present number1 we feel bound to assure ,f4 ,ramire1 and our readers generally1 that we detest1 as much as any one can1 the rebellious conduct of ,gioberti toward the sovereign pontiff1 that we have no sympathy with his hatred of the ,jesuits1 and condemn every thing in his works which the ,holy ,see intended to censure when they were placed on the ,index4 ,nevertheless1 as ,f4 ,perrone has had the generosity to place his name on the list of illustrious ,catholic writers1 we do not think it improper to give him credit for the genius he undoubtedly possessed1 or the true and elevated teachings which his works may contain4 ,even if the worst things said against him be true1 there is no reason why we should not make use of every thing good in his works1 as we do in those of ,tertullian1 ,photius1 and the ,port ,royal divines4 ,in conclusion1 we recommend and applaud ,f4 ,ramire's essay as a specimen of that kind of discussion which he so strongly advocates1 with the most ardent sympathy in his desire that sound philosophy may go hand in hand with theology1 to deliver the world from the destructive influence of scepticism1 sophistry1 and every species of error4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,guyot',s ,,geographical ,,series4 ,by ,professor ,arnold ,guyot4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 ,since ,humboldt gave his scientific facts to the world1 and ,ritter generalized upon them1 the study of geography has been converted from an exercise of the memory upon unrelated facts to a science whose laws of mutual dependence of cause and effect hold good in common with other physical sciences4 ,but it has remained for the ,american mind to generalize the later scientific discoveries of ,maury1 ,hugh ,miller1 ,livingstone1 ,kane1 and others1 and1 adding them to former achievements1 give the results in the modern school geographies4 ,the very number of these text-books presented by aspiring authors and publishers to the public is an encouraging symptom to the lover of improvement in knowledge1 though sadly annoying to the practical teacher1 who is so frequently urged to change the text-books in the hands of his pupils4 ,the series before us is evidently the result of the profoundest research united to a practical knowledge of the best manner of presenting facts to young minds4 ,none but an enthusiast in physical science1 a good expounder of original ideas1 and a polished ,english scholar could have given so complete a series of text-books to our schools and teachers4 ,the language in which the facts are presented is one of the chief recommendations of the books2 for nothing more certainly impresses itself upon the youthful mind than the language of the text-books used in schools1 affecting the habits of thought and expression in all after-life4 ,with a view also to the varied peoples among whom these books would be adopted1 and in answer to the demands of the age and period1 a world-wide and catholic spirit seemed to animate the author when treating the subject of the governments and religions of different sections and political divisions4 ,facts1 as generally understood1 are fairly stated4 ,opinions based upon those facts judiciously withheld4 ,some improvements might be made in the execution of the maps1 and also in the text of the primary book1 the style of which is weak and careless compared with the rest of the series4 ,but the illustrations1 and print1 and style of getting up are equal1 if not superior1 to any books of the kind published4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,statutes ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,synod ,,of ,,the ,,diocese ,,of ,,albany4 #ahfi4 ,troy3 ,scribner ,co4 ,received from ,p4 ,j4 ,dooley1 #ahb ,river street1 ,troy4 ,we have read this beautifully printed document with great pleasure1 and we will cite several of the statutes1 which have in our opinion a special importance1 giving1 however1 only their import in our own language1 without quoting verbatim the ,latin text1 which is easily accessible to those who are interested in ecclesiastical matters4 #a4 ,confessors and pastors are commanded to teach their spiritual children the evil and danger of attending the sermons and religious exercises of sectarians1 and not to permit it under any pretext4 #b4 ,the faithful1 especially heads of families1 are admonished to exclude non-,catholic versions of the ,bible1 and all kinds of noxious books and papers1 from their houses1 and to make use of good and ,catholic books and periodicals4 #c4 ,all who are concerned in the publication of books relating to religion and the divine worship are admonished not to venture to publish any thing without the license of the ordinary4 ,the desire is also expressed that clergymen will not publish any thing whatever without the previous consent of the bishop4 ,it is announced that several members of the episcopal council will be designated as censors of books4 ,in the recent bull of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 abrogating all previous laws inflicting the censure of excommunication reserved to the pope1 and promulgating anew the causes of incurring this censure1 the authors and publishers of books de rebus sacris1 who put forth such books without the permission of the ordinary1 are declared to incur the censure of excommunication lat sententi4 ,it is1 therefore1 of the utmost importance that regulations should be made and published in every diocese1 prescribing to authors and publishers the conditions under which the ordinary permits the publication of books de rebus sacris1 and the ,bishop of ,albany has given an excellent example1 which we hope will be universally followed4 #d4 ,the faithful are to be seasonably exhorted to sustain the sovereign pontiff in maintaining his temporal authority by their contributions4 #e4 ,pastors are earnestly exhorted to use earnest efforts to extirpate the vice of intemperance1 which is the cause of such immense scandals4 #f4 ,the necessity of sustaining ,catholic schools1 and the dangers of theatrical exhibitions1 immodest dances1 and festive amusements or exhibitions intended for the benefit of pious causes1 such as picnics1 fairs1 and excursions1 are noticed4 #g4 ,priests will be subjected to an annual examination in scriptis1 before theological examiners1 during the first five years after their ordination4 #h4 ,the faithful are to be sedulously warned and exhorted not to contract mixed marriages4 ,these are only a few of the great number of excellent statutes1 entirely in accordance with the decrees of general councils1 the plenary and provincial councils of the ,united ,states1 and the decrees of the ,apostolic ,see1 enacted by this admirable synod1 which is indeed worthy of the best days of the church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,sun4 ,by ,anedee ,guillemin4 ,from the ,french1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,phipson1 ,ph4,d4 ,with fifty-eight illustrations4 ,,wonders ,,of ,,glass-,,making ,,in ,,all ,,ages4 ,by ,a4 ,sanzay4 ,illustrated with sixty-three engravings on wood4 ,,the ,,sublime ,,in ,,nature2 compiled from the descriptions of travellers and celebrated writers4 ,by ,ferdinand de ,lanoye2 with large additions4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,the above are the titles of three beautiful volumes1 the latest additions to the ,illustrated ,library of ,wonders1 now being published by ,messrs4 ,scribner4 ,these little books must prove highly interesting1 especially to the young1 and are very well adapted for premiums4 ,the illustrations are well executed1 and give additional value to the books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,animals4 ,by ,sanborn ,tenney and ,alby ,a4 ,tenney4 ,illustrated by five hundred wood engravings1 chiefly of ,north ,american animals4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,a very useful book1 well adapted to aid parents and teachers in interesting the young in the delightful and important study of natural history4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dialogues ,,from ,,dickens4 ,for ,school and ,home ,amusement4 ,arranged by ,w4 ,eliot ,fette1 ,a4,m4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,the dialogues contained in this volume have been selected for the most part1 and we think very judiciously1 with a view to thorough1 unalloyed amusement4 ,there are1 doubtless1 other portions of ,dickens's works no less characteristic1 full of tenderness and pathos1 over which we fain would linger1 and to which we gladly return again and again2 these1 however1 we prefer to peruse alone1 and at leisure4 ,but for an evening's entertainment in company1 commend us to the good fellowship the compiler has here selected for us--the ,wellers1 ,dick ,swiveller1 ,bob ,sawyer1 ,mark ,tapley1 ,sairey ,gamp1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,patrick ,,donohue1 ,boston3 ,the ,charlestown ,convent2 its ,destruction by a ,mob1 on the night of ,august #aath1 #ahcd2 with a history of the excitement before the burning1 and the strange and exaggerated reports relating thereto2 the feeling of regret and indignation afterward2 the proceedings of meetings1 and expressions of the contemporary press4 ,also1 the ,trials of the ,rioters1 the testimony1 and the speeches of counsel2 with a review of the incidents1 and sketches and record of the principal actors2 and a contemporary appendix4 ,compiled from authentic sources4 ,pamphlet3 ,price1 #cj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrigenda4 ,in our last number1 the ,english translation of the ,stabat ,mater was ascribed to our unknown correspondent1 ,g4 ,j4 ,g41 at whose request it was published4 ,a note since received from the same correspondent informs us that ,g4 ,j4 ,g4 is not the author1 as we inferred incorrectly from his previous communication1 but some other person unknown to him4 ,two errors were also inadvertently passed over in the article in reply to ,the ,new ,englander4 ,the first was the omission of ,baden and ,bavaria from the table at the top of page #aab4 ,the populations of these countries in millions are1 respectively1 ,protestant1 #j4dg2 and #a4bc2 ,catholic1 #j4ic and #c4ah1 and their rates #af4b and #bb4e1 as given in the previous tables4 ,the addition of these would increase the ,catholic average more than the ,protestant2 but the second error1 namely1 a wrong placing of the decimal point in the product for ,sweden and ,norway1 when corrected1 more than compensates for this1 making the true result of this table-- ,protestant #i4e ,catholic #g4i ,the sums of the ,catholic and ,protestant populations in the above cases1 as in others also1 do not exactly equal the totals elsewhere given1 on account of the difference of date between the latest censuses available1 as well as the existence of other religious bodies4 ,a review of ,janus1 which we had expected to publish in our last number1 but which was delayed by the illness of the writer1 will be given in our next4 ,we are also expecting to receive soon the ,english translation of ,dr4 ,hergenroether's ,anti-,janus1 by ,mr4 ,robertson4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #fc4--;,,june1 #ahgj4 ,,mr4 ,,froude',s ,,history ,,of ,,england4#eb ,if we accept general encomium and popular demand as criteria of excellence1 it is evident that ,mr4 ,froude must be the first historian of the period4 ,that1 with a vivid pen1 he possesses a style at once clear and graphic2 that his fulness of knowledge and skill in description are exceptional2 that his phrase is brilliant1 his analysis keen1 and that with ease and spirit1 grace and energy1 pictorial and passionate power1 he combines consummate art in imagery and diction1 we have been told so often and by so many writers that it would seem churlish not to accord him very high merit4 ,then1 too1 ,mr4 ,froude is very much in earnest4 ,whatever he does he does with all his might1 and in his enthusiasm often fairly carries his reader along with him4 ,but1 in common with those who seek1 not literary excitement1 but the facts of history1 we go at once to the vital question1 ,is the work truthful8 ,is it impartial8 ,if not1 its author's gifts are perverted1 his attainments abused1 and their fruits1 so bright and attractive to the eye1 are filled with ashes4 ,impartial6 ,difficult indeed1 is the attainment of that admirable equilibrium of judgment which secures perfect fairness of decision1 and whose essential condition precedent is the thorough elimination of personal preference and party prejudice4 ,and here is the serious obstacle in writing a history of ,england2 for there are few1 very few1 of the great historical questions of the sixteenth century that have not left to us living men of to-day a large legacy of hopes1 doubts1 and prejudices--nowhere so full of vitality as in ,england1 and in countries of ,english tongue4 ,not that we mean to limit such a difficulty to one nation or to one period2 for it is not certain that we free ourselves from the spell of prejudice by taking refuge in a more remote age4 ,it might be thought that1 in proportion as we go back toward antiquity1 leaving behind us to-day's interests1 the historian's impartiality would become perfect4 ,and yet1 there are few writers of whom even this is true4 ,reverting historically to the cradle of ,christianity1 it cannot be asserted of ,gibbon4 ,nor can it be said even of modern historians of nations long extinct1 in common with which one might suppose the people of this century had not a single prejudice4 ,take1 for instance1 all the ,english historians of ancient ,greece1 whose works 7that of ,grote being an honorable exception7 are so many political pamphlets arguing for oligarchy against democracy1 elevating ,sparta at the sacrifice of ,athens1 and thrusting at a modern republic through the greatest of the ,hellenic commonwealths4 ,if ,merivale is thought to treat ,roman history with impartiality1 the same cannot be said of many modern ,european writers1 who1 disguising modern politics in the ancient toga and helmet1 cannot discuss the ,roman imperial period without attacking the ,csars of ,paris1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 and ,berlin4 ,the great religious questions which agitated ,england in the sixteenth century are not dead4 ,they still live1 and for the ,anglican1 the ,puritan1 and the ,catholic have all the deep interest of a family history4 ,it might1 therefore1 be unreasonable to demand from ,mr4 ,froude a greater degree of dispassionate inquiry and calm treatment of subjects that were burning questions in the days of ,henry and ,elizabeth1 than we find in ,milman and ,gillies1 when they discuss the political life of ,athens and ,lacedmon4 ,so far from exacting it1 we should be disposed to be most liberal in the allowance of even a strongly expressed bias4 ,but after granting all this1 and even more1 we might yet not unreasonably demand a system which is not a paradox1 a show at least of fairness1 and a due regard for the proprieties of historical treatment4 ,mr4 ,froude's first four volumes present the history of half the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 a prince chosen by ,providence to conduct the ,reformation1 and abolish the iniquities of the papal system4 ,the historical ,tudor king known of all men before the advent of ,mr4 ,froude with his modern appliances of hero-worship and muscular ,christianity1 melted so completely in our new historian's hands that his despotism1 persecution1 diplomatic assassinations1 confiscations1 divorces1 legalized murders1 bloody vagrancy laws1 tyranny over conscience1 and the blasphemous assumption of spiritual supremacy are made to appear as the praiseworthy measures of an ascetic monarch striving to regenerate his country and save the world4 ,there was such a sublimity of impudence in a paradox presented with so much apparently sincere vehemence that most readers were struck with dumb astonishment4 ,a fascinated few declared the deodorized infamy perfectly pure4 ,some1 pleased with pretty writing1 were delighted with poetic passages about daisies1 and destiny1 wild spirits and ,august suns that shone in autumn4 ,many liked its novelty1 some admired its daring1 and some there were who looked upon the thing as an enormous joke4 ,all these formed the great body of readers4 ,others there were1 though1 who declined to accept results which were violations of morality1 and verdicts against evidence obtained by systematic vilification of some of the best1 and the elevation of some of the worst men who ever lived1 and by a blind idolatry incapable of discerning flaw or stain in the unworthy object of its worship2 who saw ,mr4 ,froude's multifarious ignorance of matters essential for a historian to know1 and his total want of that judicial quality of mind1 without which no one1 even though possessed of all knowledge1 can ever be an historian4 ,they resolved that such an historical system as this was a nuisance to be abated1 and that the new and unworthy man-worship should be put an end to4 ,accordingly the idol was smashed2#ec and in the process1 the idol's historian left so badly damaged as to render his future availability highly problematical4 ,the ,scotch treatment was of instant efficacy2 for we find ,mr4 ,froude coming to his work on the fifth volume in chastened frame of mind and an evidently corrected demeanor4 ,he narrates the reigns of ,mary and ,edward ,,vi4 with style and tone subdued1 and in what musicians designate as tempo moderato4 ,with the seventh volume we reach the accession of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,we opened it with some curiosity2 for it was understood from ,mr4 ,froude1 at the outset of his historical career1 that he intended to present ,elizabeth as a great nature destined to remould the world1 and that he was prepared to visit with something like astonishment and unknown pangs all who should dare question the immaculate purity of her virtue4 ,it is not improbable that the contemplation of the strewn and broken fragments of the paternal idol materially modified this purpose--a change on which ,mr4 ,froude must more than once have fervently congratulated himself as he gradually penetrated deeper into the treasures of the ,state paper collections1 and stared with stiffened jaw at the astounding revelations of ,simancas4 ,we need not wonder that the historian altered his programme2 and that instead of going on to the death of ,elizabeth1 to record the horrors of that most horrible of death-bed scenes1 he should close his work with the wreck of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,the researches of our ,american historian1 ,motley1 were terribly damaging to ,elizabeth2 and in the preparation of his seventh volume1 ,mr4 ,froude comes upon discoveries so fatal to her that he is evidently glad to drop his showy narrative and fill his pages with letters of the ,spanish ambassador1 who gives simple but wonderfully vivid pictures of scenes at the ,english court4 ,future historians will doubtless take heed how they associate with the reputation of the sovereign any glory they may claim for ,england under ,elizabeth1 remembering that she was ready to marry ,leicester notwithstanding her strong suspicion1 too probably assurance1 of his crime1 7,amy ,robsart's murder17 and that in the language of one of ,mr4 ,froude's ,english critics1 ,she was thus in the eye of heaven1 which judges by the intent and not the act1 nearer than ,englishmen would like to believe to the guilt of an adulteress and a murderess4 ,but ,mr4 ,froude plucks up courage1 and1 true to his first love1 while appearing to handle ,elizabeth with cruel condemnation1 treats her with real kindness4 ,we have all heard of ,alcibiades and his dog1 and of what befell that animal4 ,mr4 ,froude assumes an air of stern severity for those faults of ,elizabeth for which concealment is out of the question--her mean parsimony1 her insincerity1 her cruelty1 her matchless mendacity--while industriously concealing or artistically draping her more repulsive offences4 ,but we have not started out to treat ,mr4 ,froude's work as a whole4 ,a chorus of repudiation from the most opposite schools of criticism has so effectually covered his attempted apotheosis of a bad man with ridicule and contempt that no further remark need be made on that subject4 ,as to ,elizabeth1 the less said the better1 if we are friendly to her memory4 ,careful perusal of ,mr4 ,froude's first six volumes will convince any competent judge that he is not a historian1 but1 as yet1 only in training to become one4 ,he plunged into a great historical subject without the requisite knowledge or the necessary preparation4 ,in his earlier volumes his very defective knowledge of all history before the sixteenth century led him into the most grotesque blunders--errors in general and in details1 in geography1 jurisprudence1 titles1 offices1 and military affairs4 ,so far from meriting the compliment paid him1 of accurate knowledge1 acquired in the course of his devious theological career1 of the tenets and peculiar observances of the leading religious sects1 it is precisely in such matters that he seriously fails in accuracy4 ,with a half-grasp of his material1 ,mr4 ,froude totally fails to make it up into an interesting consecutive narrative4 ,he lacks1 too1 the all-important power of generalization1 and1 as has been aptly remarked1 handles a microscope skilfully1 but is apparently unable to see through a telescope4 ,heroic and muscular1 his over haste to produce some startling result came near wrecking him in the morning of his career4 ,while his work was in course of publication1 our historian wrote from ,simancas a sensational article for ,fraser's ,magazine1 in which he announced some astounding historical discoveries1 which only a few weeks later he was only too glad to recall4 ,the trouble was that he had totally misunderstood the ,spanish documents on which his discovery was grounded4 ,along with his apparent incapacity for sound and impartial judgment1 there is an evident inability in ,mr4 ,froude to distinguish the relative value of different state papers1 and the most striking proof that he is still in his apprenticeship as a writer of history1 is his indiscriminate acceptance of written authorities of a certain class4 ,historical results long since settled by the unanimous testimony of ,camden1 ,carte1 and ,lingard1 the three great ,english historians of the seventeenth1 eighteenth1 and nineteenth centuries respectively1 are thrust aside by ,mr4 ,froude and made to give way to some ,,ms4 of doubtful value or questionable authenticity4 ,the term original document magically invests every writing falling into his hands with all the attributes of truth4 ,when he finds a paper three hundred years old1 he gives it speech and sets it up as an oracle4 ,nor can the simile be arrested here2 for1 treating his oracle with the tyrannic familiarity of a heathen priest1 the paper ,mumbo ,jumbo must speak as ordered1 or else be sadly cuffed4 ,it is a puerile idea to imagine that when the historian has found a mass of original historical papers1 his labor of investigation is ended1 and he has but to transcribe1 to put his personages on the stage1 let them act and declaim as these writings relate1 and thus place before the reader the truthful portrait of bygone times4 ,far from it4 ,it is at this point that his work really begins4 ,he must ascertain by comparison1 by sifting of evidence1 by many precautions1 who lies and who speaks truth4 ,in matters of ,elizabethan diplomacy1 for instance1 the truth floats not on the surface4 ,a royal dispatch gives orders1 but it does not give motives4 ,and even if the motives are stated1 is it certain they are truly stated8 ,a minister is explicit as to what he wishes done2 but he does not say why he wants it done1 nor what results he looks for4 ,cases numberless will suggest themselves as to the difficulties of such documents4 ,very few of these difficulties have any terrors for ,mr4 ,froude4 ,commencing his investigation with his theory perfected1 it is with him a mere choice of papers4 ,swift is the fate of facts not suiting his theory4 ,so much the worse for them1 if they are not what he would have them to be2 they are cast forth into outer darkness4 ,mr4 ,froude has fine perceptive and imaginative faculties--admirable gifts for literature1 but not for history4 ,precious1 if history depended on fiction1 not on fact4 ,invaluable1 if historic truth were subjective4 ,above all price1 where the literary artist has the privilege of evolving from the inner depths of his own consciousness the virtues or the vices wherewith it suits him to endow his characters4 ,but alas6 otherwise utterly fatal1 because historic truth is eminently objective4 ,it is well said that to be a good historical student1 a man should not find it in him to desire that any historical fact should be otherwise than it is4 ,now1 we cannot consent to a lower standard in logic and morality for the historian than for the student2 and thus testing ,mr4 ,froude1 it is not pleasant to contemplate his sentence when judged by stern votaries of truth4 ,for we have a well-grounded belief that not only is it possible for ,mr4 ,froude to desire an historical fact to be otherwise than it is1 but that he is capable of carrying that desire into effect4 ,it is idle to talk of the judicial quality of an historian who scarcely puts on a semblance of impartiality4 ,in matters of state1 ,mr4 ,froude is a pamphleteer2 in personal questions he is an advocate4 ,he holds a brief for ,henry4 ,he holds a brief against ,mary ,stuart4 ,he is the most effective of advocates1 for he fairly throws himself into his case4 ,he is the friend or the enemy of all the personages in his history4 ,their failure and their success affect his spirits and his style4 ,he rejoices with them or weeps with them4 ,there are some whose misfortunes uniformly make him sad4 ,there are others over whose calamities he becomes radiant4 ,he has no unerring standard of justice1 no ethical principle which estimates actions as they are in themselves1 and not in the light of sympathy or repulsion4 ,it must be admitted1 nevertheless1 that ,mr4 ,froude makes up an attractive-looking page4 ,foot-notes and citations in quantity1 imposing capitals and inverted commas1 like little flags gayly flying1 all combine to give it a typographical vivacity truly charming4 ,great as are his rhetorical resources1 he does not despise the cunning devices of print4 ,quotation-marks are usually supposed to convey to the reader the conventional assurance that they include the precise words of the text4 ,but ,mr4 ,froude's system is not so commonplace4 ,he inserts therein language of his own1 and in all these cases his use of authorities is not only dangerous but deceptive4 ,he has a way of placing some of the actual words of a document in his narrative in such a manner as totally to pervert their sense4 ,the historian who truthfully condenses a page into a paragraph saves labor for the reader2 but ,mr4 ,froude has a trick of giving long passages in quotation-marks without sign of alteration or omission1 which we may or may not discover from a note to be abridged4 ,other objectionable manipulations of ,mr4 ,froude are the joining together of two distinct passages of a document1 and entirely changing their original sense2 the connection of two phrases from two different authorities and connecting them as one2 and the tacking of irresponsible or anonymous authorities to one that is responsible1 concealing the first1 and avowing the last4 ,then his texts1 and the rapid boldness with which he disposes of them2 cutting1 trimming1 clipping1 provided only that he produce an animated dialogue or picturesque effect which may cause the reader to exclaim1 ,how beautifully ,mr4 ,froude writes6 ,what a painter6 ,his book is as interesting as a novel6 ,and so it is2 for the excellent reason that it is written precisely as novels are written1 and mainly depends for its interest upon the study of motives4 ,a superior novelist brings characters before us in startling naturalness--his treatment1 of course1 being subjective1 not objective2 arbitrary1 not historical4 ,mr4 ,froude1 with his great skill in depicting individual character and particular events1 follows the novel-writer's method1 and may be said to be the originator of what we may designate as the psychological school of history4 ,this power gives him an immense advantage over all other historians4 ,while they are burning the midnight lamp in the endeavor to detect the springs of action by the study of every thing that can throw light upon the action itself1 he has only to look through the window which1 like unto other novelists1 he has constructed in the bosom of every one of his characters1 to show us their most secret thoughts and aspirations4 ,one may open any of ,mr4 ,froude's volumes at random and find an exemplification of what is here stated4 ,here is one3 ,it was not thus that ,mary ,stuart had hoped to meet her brother4 ,his head sent home from the border1 or himself brought back a living prisoner1 with the dungeon1 the scaffold1 and the bloody axe--these were the images which a few weeks or days before she had associated with the next appearance of her father's son4 ,her feelings had undergone no change2 she hated him with the hate of hell2 but the more deep-set passion paled for the moment before a thirst for revenge4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #bfg47 ,here are depicted the tumultuous workings of a wicked heart2 its hopes1 fears1 passions--nay1 even the very images that float before the mind's eye4 ,and this ,mr4 ,froude asks us to accept for history--ascertained fact4 ,our historian takes unprecedented liberties with texts and citations4 ,now he totally ignores what a given person says on an important occasion4 ,now he puts a speech of his own into the mouth of the same character4 ,passages cited from certain documents cannot be found there1 and other documents referred to have no existence4 ,in a word1 ,mr4 ,froude trifles with his readers and plays with his authorities1 as some people play with cards4 ,there are not many passages of ,mr4 ,froude's work free from some one of these serious objections4 ,to specify them would require at least as much matter as he uses2 for he offends as often in suppression as in assertion4 ,nevertheless1 to the extent of our limited space we will point out a few1 and as ,mr4 ,froude's early volumes have been so amply commented upon1 we will confine our examination to the latter half of the work1 with special reference to his treatment of ,,mary ,,stuart4 ,most historians begin at the beginning4 ,but our latest historical school has resources heretofore unknown1 and quietly anticipates that ordinary point of departure4 ,mary ,stuart is formally brought on to ,mr4 ,froude's historical stage in the middle of the seventh volume1 and the reader might be supposed to take up her story without a single preconceived opinion4 ,doubtless1 the average reader does so take it up1 unsuspicious of the fact that his judgment is already fettered and led captive4 ,in volume iv4 p4 #bjh1 ,mary of ,guise is described as lifting her baby out of the cradle1 in order that ,sir ,ralph ,sadlier might admire its health and loveliness4 ,alas6 for the child1 says ,mr4 ,froude2 born in sorrow and nurtured in treachery6 ,it grew to be ,mary ,stuart2 and ,sir ,ralph ,sadlier lived to sit on the commission which investigated the murder of ,darnley4 ,there is nothing very startling in this4 ,the reader's mind absorbs the statement1 and goes on4 ,in the next volume1 7vol4 v4 p4 #eg17 while deeply interested in the military operations of the ,duke of ,somerset1 we are told en passant3 ,thursday he again advanced over the ground where1 fourteen years later1 ,mary ,stuart1 the object of his enterprise1 practiced archery with ,bothwell ten days after her husband's murder4 ,consummately artistic6 ,the reader has not yet reached ,mary ,stuart2 her history is not yet commenced2 he supposes his mind1 as regards her1 to be a mere blank page1 and yet our historian has already contrived to inscribe upon the blank page two facts1 namely1 she was the murderess of ,darnley1 and she was guilty of adultery with ,bothwell4 ,no evidence has been offered1 no argument presented4 ,with graceful and almost careless disinvoltura1 ,mr4 ,froude has merely alluded to two incidents1 one of which is a fable1 and lo6 the case against ,mary ,stuart is complete4 ,for these are the two great accusations upon which the entire controversy hinges1 a controversy that has raged for three centuries4 ,very clever6 ,very clever indeed6 ,give but slight attention to ,mr4 ,froude's system and you will find that his treatment of the historical characters he dislikes is after the recipe of ,figaro3 ,calomniez1 calomniez1 il en reste toujours quelque chose2 and that under the sentimentality of his summer seas1 pleasant mountain breezes1 murmuring streams1 autumnal suns1 patriotic longings1 and pious reveries1 there is a vein of persistent and industrious cunning much resembling that of ,mr4 ,harold ,skimpole1 who is a perfect child in all matters concerning money1 who knows nothing of its value1 who loves to see the sunshine1 loves to hear the wind blow2 loves to watch the changing lights and shadows2 loves to hear the birds1 those choristers in nature's great cathedral--but1 meantime1 keeps a sharp look-out for the main chance4 ,indirection and insinuation are effective weapons never out of ,mr4 ,froude's hands4 ,in an allusion or remark1 dropped apparently in the most careless manner1 he will1 as we see1 lay the foundation of a system of attack one or two volumes off and many years in historical advance of his objective point4 ,in like manner1 at page #bgb1 vol4 i41 we are told three years later1 when the stake recommenced its hateful activity under the auspices of ,sir ,thomas ,more's fanaticism4 ,thus the way is prepared for the accusation of personal cruelty1 which ,mr4 ,froude strives1 in vol4 ii41 to lay at ,more's door4 ,more's greatness and beautiful elevation of character are evidently unpleasant subjects for our historian1 and he grudgingly yields him a credit which he seeks to sweep away in the charge of religious persecution1 specifying four particular cases3 those of ,philipps1 ,field1 ,bilney1 and ,bainham4 ,these cases have been taken up seriatim by a competent critic1 7the reader curious to see them may consult the appendix to the ,october number ,edinburgh ,review #aheh17 who demonstrates that ,mr4 ,froude's pretended authorities do not tell the story he undertakes to put in their mouth1 and that he is guilty of such perversions as are exceedingly damaging to his reputation4 ,in introducing ,mary ,stuart1 ,mr4 ,froude vouchsafes no information whatever concerning her mind1 manners1 disposition1 or education4 ,it is certainly desirable to know something of the early years and mental development of a character destined to fill so prominent a part in the great events of the period1 and to become one of the most interesting personages in history4 ,she is thus presented3 ,she was not yet nineteen years old2 but mind and body had matured amidst the scenes in which she passed her girlhood4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #bfh47 ,this is at once a very remarkable statement and a mild specimen of ,mr4 ,froude's command of ambiguous language4 ,very close and philosophical observers have1 we think1 already noticed the phenomenon indicated2 and although it might not at once occur to every one that young girls usually mature amidst the scenes of their girlhood1 yet it was hardly worth the effort of a philosophic historian to give us information so trite4 ,but we suspect ,mr4 ,froude of a deeper meaning1 namely1 that mind and body were then--at eighteen years--matured1 and had attained their full growth4 ,it means that1 or it is mere twaddle4 ,thus1 we are to understand that ,mary ,stuart1 at the tender age of eighteen1 was abnormal and monstrous4 ,mr4 ,froude drives his entering wedge so noiselessly that you are scarce aware of it1 and in the development of the story he strains all his faculties to paint the ,queen of ,scots1 not only as the worst and most abandoned of women1 but as absolutely destitute of human semblance in her superhuman wickedness4 ,that such is the effect of his portraiture1 is well expressed by an ,english critic--a friend of ,mr4 ,froude1 but not of ,mary3 ,a being so earthly1 sensual1 and devilish seems almost beyond the proportions of human nature4 7,london ,times1 ,september #bfth1 #ahff47 ,mr4 ,froude then gives us a portrait of the young ,scottish queen1 in which he says1 ,in the deeper and nobler emotions she had neither share nor sympathy2 and herein1 ,mr4 ,froude explains1 lay the difference between the ,queen of ,scots and ,elizabeth4 ,again we must regret that our author has told us nothing of ,mary ,stuart's youth1 so that we might judge this matter for ourselves4 ,her life in ,france was by no means devoid of interest4 ,she was admired and beloved by all4 ,she had reigned there as queen1 and young as she was1 her opinions were respected in high councils4 ,throckmorton1 a clever and experienced diplomatist1 was near ,mary in ,france1 for many years1 and1 with the fullest means of information1 advised ,elizabeth day by day concerning her4 ,she is the subject of scores of his dispatches1 with none of which1 however1 are we favored by ,mr4 ,froude4 ,throckmorton thus announces to ,cecil ,mary's condition after the death of ,king ,francis3 ,he departed to ,god1 leaving as heavy and dolorous a wife as of good right she had reason to be1 who1 by long watching with him during his sickness1 and by painful diligence about him1 especially the issue thereof1 is not in the best time of her body1 but without danger4 ,but ,mr4 ,froude1 who is ready to reveal for our entertainment the inmost thoughts of this dolorous wife1 enlightens us with the sole information that ,mary was speculating before the body was cold on her next choice4 ,throckmorton1 all unconscious of the annoyance he must give a nineteenth century historian1 again writes to ,cecil3 ,since her husband's death she hath shown1 and so continueth1 that she is of great wisdom for her years1 modesty1 and also of great judgment in the wise handling herself and her matters1 which1 increasing in her with her years1 cannot but turn to her commendation1 reputation1 honor1 and great profit to her country4 ,he continues3 ,i see her behavior to be such1 and her wisdom and queenly modesty so great1 in that she thinketh herself not too wise1 but is content to be ruled by good counsel and wise men4 ,as a general rule1 ,mr4 ,froude is not economical of birth1 parentage1 and education essays4 ,yet1 while managing to bestow them on very secondary personages1 he has none for ,mary ,stuart4 ,latimer and ,john ,knox are favored in this respect1 and even to the bastard son of ,henry ,,viii4--the young ,marcellus1 as ,mr4 ,froude proudly calls him--are devoted nearly three full pages of gushing enthusiasm concerning his youthful dispositions and early studies4 ,he was1 alas6 illegitimate1 unfortunately2 but of beauty and noble promise4 7,vol4 i4 #cfd-f47 ,soon we see the resources of the psychological school4 ,mr4 ,froude informs us 7vol4 vii4 p4 #cfi7 that ,mary was going to ,scotland to use her charms as a spell2 to weave the fibres of a conspiracy2 to hide her purpose until the moment came1 and with a purpose as fixed as the stars to trample down the reformation4 ,had it been possible for ,mr4 ,froude to produce one word of testimony from ,france concerning ,mary ,stuart's youth that was not of respect1 praise1 and admiration1 from friend or foe1 he surely would not have failed to cite it4 ,in this dilemma1 he quotes ,randolph1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #cfi17 to show her craft and deceit2 adding1 ,such was ,mary ,stuart when1 on the #adth of ,august1 she embarked for ,scotland4 ,but ,randolph at that time had never seen ,mary ,stuart1 and the date of his letter cited by ,mr4 ,froude is ,october #bgth4 ,under these circumstances it becomes interesting to know what ,randolph's opinion of ,mary really was before she left ,france4 ,randolph writes to ,cecil1 ,august #ith1 referring to ,mary's preparations for departure1 ,that will be a stout adventure for a sick1 crazed woman4 ,even for a sea voyage1 ,mr4 ,froude continues to prefer a microscope to a telescope4 ,the consequence is1 that out of an escort of ,mary's three uncles1 all her ladies1 including the four ,marys1 more than a hundred ,french noblemen1 the ,mareschal d',amville1 ,brantme the historian1 and other distinguished men1 a doctor of theology1 two physicians1 and all her household retinue1 he can discern no one but ,chatelar1 who was1 as a retainer of d',amville1 in that nobleman's suite4 ,and so we read1 ,with adieu1 belle ,france1 sentimental verses1 and a passionate ,chatelar sighing at her feet in melodious music1 she sailed away over the summer seas4 ,which we must in candor admit to be a sweetly pretty passage4 ,but in the next paragraph ,mr4 ,froude puts away sentimentality1 means business1 and throws a bright light on a previous line3 ,elizabeth could feel like a man an unselfish interest in a great cause4 ,here is the paragraph1 it is admirable in every respect4 ,the ,english fleet was on her track4 ,there was no command to arrest her2 yet there was the thought that 'she might be met withal2' and if the admiral had sent her ship with its freight to the bottom of the ,north ,sea1 'being done unknown1' ,elizabeth1 and perhaps ,catharine de' ,medicis as well1 'would have found it afterward well done4' 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #cgj47 ,of course1 it would have been well done2 because in the deeper and nobler emotions ,mary had neither share nor sympathy2 whereas ,elizabeth and ,catharine de' ,medicis had4 ,the undisputed record of ,mary's arrival in ,edinburgh is1 that her surpassing beauty and charm of address1 arising not so much from her courtly training as her kindly heart1 created a profound impression on a people who already reverenced in her the daughter of a popular king1 and of one of the noblest and best of women4 ,mr4 ,froude thus renders this record3 ,the dreaded harlot of ,babylon seemed only a graceful and innocent girl4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #cgd47 ,in common fairness1 ,mr4 ,froude should have given some adequate idea of the condition of the country this inexperienced young queen was called to rule4 ,this he fails to do4 ,it was such that the ablest sovereign1 with full supply of money and of soldiers--and ,mary ,stuart had neither--would have found its successful government almost impossible4 ,the power of the feudal aristocracy had declined in ,europe everywhere but in ,scotland2 and everywhere but in ,scotland royal power had been increased4 ,for centuries the ,scottish kings had striven to break down the power of the nobles1 which overshadowed that of the crown4 ,one of the results of this struggle is quaintly recorded in the opening entry of ,birrel's ,diurnal of ,occurrents3 ,there has been in this realm of ,scotland one hundred and five kings1 of whilk there was slaine fyftie-six4 ,another result was greater aristocratic power and increased anarchy4 ,the ,scotch feudal nobles had never known what it was to be under the rule of law1 and there was as yet no middle class to aid the sovereign4 ,among their recognized practices and privileges were private war and armed conspiracy2 and the established means of ridding themselves of personal or public enemies was assassination4 ,in all history we find few bands of worse men than those who surrounded the throne of ,mary ,stuart4 ,cruelty1 treachery1 and cunning were their leading characteristics4 ,some of them were ,protestants in their own peculiar way1 and1 as ,john ,knox says1 referring to the disposition of the church lands1 for their own commoditie4 ,personally1 they are thus described by ,burton1 the latest historian of ,scotland1 a bitter opponent of ,mary ,stuart3 ,their dress was that of the camp or stable2 they were dirty in person1 and abrupt and disrespectful in manner1 carrying on their disputes1 and even fighting out their fierce quarrels1 in the presence of royalty4 ,in view of the picturesque statement that ,mary ,stuart went to ,scotland with a resolution as fixed as the stars to trample down the ,reformation1 her first public acts are of great interest4 ,mr4 ,froude states them so imperfectly 7vol4 vii4 p4 #cgd7 that they make but slight impression4 ,the friends of her mother and the ,catholic nobles expected to be called into her councils4 ,instead of them1 she selected the ,lord ,james 7her half-brother7 and ,maitland as her chief ministers1 with a large majority of ,protestant lords in her council4 ,she threw herself upon the loyalty of her people1 and issued a proclamation forbidding any attempt to interfere with the ,protestant religion which she found established in her realm4 ,she did not plead1 as ,mr4 ,froude states1 that she might have her own service in the royal chapel1 but claimed it as a right expressly guaranteed4 ,the ,lord ,lindsay might croak out texts that the idolater should die the death4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #cge47 ,that was a truly energetic croak6 ,listen to it1 7not in ,froude47 ,when service in the queen's chapel was about to begin1 ,lindsay1 clad in full armor and brandishing his sword1 rushed forward shouting1 ,the idolater priest shall die the death6 ,the almoner fortunately1 for himself1 heard the croak1 took refuge1 and after the service was protected to his home by two lords2 and then1 says ,knox1 the godly departed with great grief of heart4 ,the interview between ,queen ,mary and ,john ,knox is narrated by ,mr4 ,froude in such a manner as to tone down the coarseness of ,knox's conduct1 and lessen the brilliancy of the dialectic victory of the young ,scotch girl over the old priest and minister4 ,she first inquired about his ,blast against the ,regiment of ,women1 in which he declares-- ,this monstriferous empire of women1 among all the enormities that do this day abound upon the face of the whole earth1 is most detestable and damnable4 ,even men subject to the counsel or empire of their wives are unworthy of all public office4 ,mr4 ,froude describes ,knox as saying1 ,daniel and ,st4 ,paul4 ,he ought to know that a ,scotch ,puritan could not have said ,saint ,paul4 ,macaulay never makes such mistakes4 ,daniel and ,st4 ,paul were not of the religion of ,nebuchadnezzar and ,nero4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #cgf47 ,incorrect4 ,knox having first modestly likened himself unto ,plato1 thus states his own language3 ,i shall be alse weall content to lyve under your grace as ,paull was to lyve under ,nero4 ,it is hard to say which is greater1 the man's vanity in comparing himself to ,st4 ,paul1 or his intolerable insolence in likening1 to her face1 the young queen to the bloodiest of all ,roman tyrants4 ,william ,cobbett1 a writer of sturdy and unadulterated ,english1 in referring to some such performance as this on the part of ,knox1 calls him the ,ruffian of the ,reformation4 ,we strongly suspect1 though1 that ,knox did not use language so gratuitously offensive4 ,his account of the interview was written years afterward4 ,he was self-complacent and boastful1 and in other places says that he caused the queen to weep so bitterly that a page could scarce get her enough handkerchiefs to dry her eyes4 ,before ,mary1 ,knox claimed that ,daniel and his fellows1 although subjects to ,nebuchadnezzar and to ,darius1 would not yet be of the religion of the one nor the other4 ,mary was ready with her answer1 and retorted1 ,yea2 but none of these men raised the sword against their princes4 ,mr4 ,froude1 of course1 reports this reply in such a manner as to spoil it2 adding1 ,but ,knox answered merely that ',god had not given them the power4' ,not so2 for ,knox strove by logical play1 which he himself records1 to show that resistance and non-compliance were one and the same thing4 ,throughout the whole dialogue1 says ,burton1 he does not yield the faintest shred of liberty of conscience4 ,but ,mary kept him to his text1 repeating1 ,but yet they resisted not with the sword4 ,and then1 this young woman1 who1 ,mr4 ,froude assures us1 came to ,scotland with spells to weave conspiracies1 to control herself and to hide her purpose1 blunderingly tells ,knox that she believed the ,church of ,rome was the true church of ,god4 ,one would think it no very difficult task for a man of age and experience to see through an impulsive girl of nineteen1 whose face mirrored her soul4 ,and yet1 ,mr4 ,froude informs us triumphantly1 three separate times1 that ,knox had looked ,mary through and through4 ,in this connection we have one of our historian's best efforts1 to which we ask special attention4 ,knox had labored to save ,murray from the spell which his sister had flung over him2 but ,murray had only been angry at his interference1 and1 'they spake not familiarly for more than a year and a half4' 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #edb47ed ,pray notice the cause of this estrangement4 ,mr4 ,froude is very explicit here4 ,look at it4 ,this innocent ,murray is under a spell4 ,all heart himself1 he saw no guile in his sister4 ,but ,knox warned him against the sorceress1 and that was the cause of the coolness between them4 ,on this point there can be no mistake1 and we now propose to place ,john ,knox on the stand and with his eyes to look ,mr4 ,froude through and through4 ,in the parliament of #aefc1 ,murray had the ,act of ,oblivion passed1 in which he managed to reserve for himself and his friends the power to say who should or should not profit by its provisions4 ,with this act he was dangerous to all who opposed him1 and was consequently all-powerful4 ,under these circumstances1 ,john ,knox pressed ,murray1 now that he had the power1 to establish the religion1 namely1 pass in a constitutional manner the informal act of #aefj1 and legalize the confession of faith as the doctrine of the ,church of ,scotland4 ,now call the witness1 ,john ,knox3 ,but the erledom of ,murray needed confirmation1 and many things were to be ratified that concerned the help of friends and servants--and the matter fell so hote betwix the ,erle of ,murray and ,john ,knox1 that familiarlie after that time they spack nott together more than a year and a half4#ee ,thus1 if we may believe ,knox himself1 it was ,murray's preference for his own singular commoditie over the interests of the kirk of ,god which caused that they spake not familiarly together for more than a year and a half4 ,of spell and enchantress no word4 ,we refrain from comment4 ,one remark as to the spell ,mary had flung over ,murray4 ,even from ,mr4 ,froude's pages may be wrung the unwilling admission that the stainless ,murray was neither more nor less than the paid and pensioned spy of ,elizabeth4 ,here is another dispatch of ,throckmorton1 7,elizabeth's ambassador at ,paris17 not referred to by ,mr4 ,froude3 ,the ,lord ,james came to my lodgings secretly unto me1 and declared unto me at good length all that had passed between the queen1 his sister1 and him1 and between the ,cardinal ,lorraine and him1 the circumstances whereof he will declare to your majesty particularly when he cometh to your presence4 ,this business call of ,lord ,james was made during ,mary's preparations to leave ,france for ,scotland4 ,he followed it up with a confidential visit of some days to ,elizabeth1 who allowed him not to depart empty-handed4 ,unsuspicious of his treachery1 ,mary heaped honors and riches upon him1 made him her first lord of council1 and created him successively ,earl of ,mar and ,earl of ,murray4 ,and we are asked by ,mr4 ,froude to believe that over such a personage as this spells might be successfully flung by the victim of his treachery4 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,riccio4 ,the introduction of ,riccio by ,mr4 ,froude 7vol4 viii4 p4 #abj7 is a good specimen of his best art4 ,there is an accusation in every line1 an insinuation in every word2 yet when he is through1 the reader is left in total ignorance of the ,italian's real position4 ,mr4 ,froude calls him ,ritzio1 which is a piece of affectation4 ,the name has heretofore been written ,rizzio and ,riccio4 ,ritzio1 to the ,english eye1 it is true1 very nearly represents the ,italian pronunciation of ,rizzio4 ,the man's name was ,riccio1 as is well determined by one letter of his1 and two of his brother ,joseph1 all still in existence and perfectly accessible to ,mr4 ,froude4 ,his age1 variously stated from thirty to forty1 is never put at less than thirty4 ,mr4 ,froude gives no figure1 and calls him the youth2 by which you may1 if you choose1 understand eighteen or twenty4 ,his real employment is concealed1 and at p4 #bdg1 vol4 viii41 he is called a wandering musician4 ,riccio was a man of solid acquirements1 able and accomplished4 ,he succeeded to the post formerly held by ,raulet--that of secretary for the queen's ,french correspondence--and was thoroughly versed in the languages as well as in the troubled politics of the day4 ,he was1 moreover1 devotedly loyal1 and inspired ,mary with entire confidence in his integrity4 ,sir ,walter ,scott 7,history of ,scotland7 says that a person like him1 skilled in languages and in business1 was essential to the queen1 and adds1 ,no such agent was likely to be found in ,scotland1 unless she had chosen a ,catholic priest1 which would have given more offence to her ,protestant subjects1 etc4 ,the queen1 says ,knox1 usit him for secretary in things that appertainit to her secret affairs in ,france and elsewhere4 ,that he was old1 deformed1 and strikingly ugly1 has been generally accepted by historians1 says ,burton4 ,having1 it appears1 no access to these three ,scotch historians1 ,mr4 ,froude is thrown on his own resources and evolves1 ,he became a favorite of ,mary--he was an accomplished musician2 he soothed her hours of solitude with love-songs1 etc41 etc4 ,in his statement of the circumstances of the plot for the murder1 ,mr4 ,froude dwells complacently on every injurious insinuation against ,mary ,stuart4 ,referring to a calumnious invention1 falsely attributed to ,darnley1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bdh17 he is of opinion that ,darnley's word was not a good one2 he was capable of inventing such a story2 that ,mary's treatment of him went1 it is likely1 no further than coldness or contempt2 but nevertheless he strives to convey the worst impression against her4 ,if ,mr4 ,froude has a vivid pen1 he also has a light one4 ,he glides delicately over the character of the conspiracy to kill ,riccio1 and manages to veil the real motives4 ,riccio was assassinated on the ninth of ,march4 ,nearly a month previous1 on the thirteenth of ,february1 ,randolph writes to ,leicester1 for ,elizabeth's eye1 7the letter need not be sought for in ,froude17 ,i know that there are practices in hand1 contrived between father and son1 7,lennox and ,darnley17 to come to the crown against her 7,mary ,stuart's7 will4 ,i know that if that take effect which is intended1 ,david1 7,riccio17 with the consent of the king1 shall have his throat cut within these ten days4 ,many things grievouser and worse than these are brought to my ears2 yea1 of things intended against her own person1 which1 because ,i think better to keep secret than to write to ,mr4 ,secretary1 ,i speak of them but now to your lordship4 ,and yet all this was but a part of the conspiracy4 ,randolph is an authority against whom objection from ,mr4 ,froude is impossible4 ,nevertheless1 he ignores this letter and many others fully confirming it1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bed17 thrusts out of sight the real motives1 which were political1 and industriously works up notorious inventions aimed at ,mary ,stuart's character4 ,looking at it as a mere work of art1 and without reference to the facts1 the murder scene is admirably described by ,mr4 ,froude4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #beg1 et seq47 ,one serious drawback is his insatiable desire for embellishment4 ,for the mere purpose of description none is needed4 ,the subject is full to overflowing of the finest dramatic material4 ,the result of ,mr4 ,froude's narration is very remarkable4 ,he skilfully manages to centre the reader's sympathy and admiration on the assassin ,ruthven1 and1 with device of phrase and glamour of type1 places the sufferer and victim of an infamous brutality in the light of a woman who is merely undergoing some well-merited chastisement4 ,the whole scene as pictured rests on the testimony of the leading assassin1 7,ruthven17 from a ,london editio expurgata2 for ,chalmers shows 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ceb7 that the account given by ,ruthven and ,morton1 dated ,april #cjth1 is the revised and corrected copy of what they sent to ,cecil on the #b;d of ,april1 asking him to make such changes as he saw fit before circulating it in ,scotland and ,england4 ,their note of ,april #b;d still exists2 but ,mr4 ,froude does not allude to it4 ,thus we have the story from the chief murderer1 corrected by ,cecil and embellished by ,mr4 ,froude1 who1 while admitting that the recollection of a person who had just been concerned in so tremendous a scene was not likely to be very exact1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bfa17 nevertheless adopts the version of that person in preference to all others4 ,why not exercise the most rudimentary prudence and plainest judgment by controlling ,ruthven's recital by that of another8--for there are several4 ,and if1 after all1 we must perforce have ,ruthven's1 why not give it as it is1 sparing us such inventions as turning on ,darnley as on a snake1 and could she have trampled him into dust upon the spot1 she would have done it4 ,mr4 ,froude is all himself here4 ,catching sight of the empty scabbard at his side1 she asked him where his dagger was4 ,he said he did not know4 ',it will be known hereafter2 it shall be dear blood to some of you if ,david's be spilt4' ,this is a specimen of able workmanship4 ,according to ,keith1 ,mary's answer was1 ,it will be known hereafter4 ,according to ,ellis1 ,mary had previously said to ,ruthven1 ,it shall be dear blood to some of you if ,david's be spilt4 ,now1 let the reader observe that ,mr4 ,froude takes these two phrases1 found in two different authors1 addressed separately to two different persons1 reverses the order in which they are spoken1 and puts them into one sentence1 which he makes ,mary address to ,darnley6 ,do you see why so much industry and ingenuity should be exerted8 ,because in this form the phrase is a threat of murder2 and thus the foundation is laid broad and deep in the reader's mind for the belief that from that moment ,mary has a design upon ,darnley's life4#ef ,one thing ,mr4 ,froude does state correctly4 ,we mean ,mary's words when told that ,riccio was dead4 ,in her fright1 anguish1 and horror she ejaculated1 ,poor ,david6 good and faithful servant6 ,may ,god have mercy on your soul6 ,to those who know the human heart1 this involuntary description of the precise place poor ,david occupied in ,mary's esteem is more than answer to ,mr4 ,froude's indecent note at page #bfa1 and his malevolent insinuations on all his pages4 ,mary struggled to the window to speak to armed citizens who had flocked to her assistance4 ,sit down6 cried one of the ruffian lords to her4 ,if you stir1 you shall be cut into collops1 and flung over the walls4 ,a prisoner in the hands of these brutal assassins1 after the unspeakable outrages to which she had been subjected1 ,mr4 ,froude yet has the admirable art of placing her before his readers in the light of a wicked woman deprived of her liberty for her own good4 ,when night came1 ,ruthven called ,darnley away1 and the queen was left to her rest in the scene of the late tragedy2 and1 adds ,mr4 ,froude with beautiful equanimity1 ,the ladies of her court were forbidden to enter1 and ,mary ,stuart was locked alone into her room1 amidst the traces of the fray1 to seek such repose as she could find4 ,this is true1 and in that blood-stained place she passed the night alone4 ,they had caged their bird1 goes festively on our historian2 but they knew little of the temper which they had undertaken to control4 7,undertaken to control is here positively delicious67 ,behind that grace of form there lay a nature like a panther's1 merciless and beautiful4 7,vol4 viii4 #bfe47 ,we have seen a panther's skin admired1 but we never before heard that the animal had a beautiful nature4 ,such are the reflections suggested to ,mr4 ,froude's sympathetic mind by the horrible scenes he has just described4#eg ,one instinctively trembles for those lambs1 the lords1 with such a panther near them4 ,all this time ,mr4 ,froude takes no further notice of ,mary's physical condition than to treat the necessary results1 which1 almost miraculously1 were not fatal1 as trick and policy4 7,vol4 viii4 #bff47 ,the queen was then in the sixth month of her pregnancy1 and the possible consequences of the horrible tragedy thus thrust suddenly before her eyes were not unforeseen4 ,the conspirators in their bonds had expressly provided for the contingency of her death4 ,when ,mary escapes from the band of assassins1 ,mr4 ,froude would have been utterly inconsolable but for the fact that her midnight ride gives him 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bgj7 the opportunity of executing 7tempo agitato7 a spirited fantasia on his historic lyre in his description of the gallop of the fleeing cavalcade4#eh ,it sounds like a faint echo of ,brger's ,lenore4 ,then he gives credit without stint to ,mary's iron fortitude and intellectual address4 ,he is entirely too liberal in this regard4 ,instead of riding away1 away1 past ,seton1 she stopped there for refreshments and the escort of two hundred armed cavaliers under ,lord ,seton1 who was advised of her coming4 ,then1 too1 the letter she wrote with her own hand1 fierce1 dauntless1 and haughty1 to ,elizabeth1 and which ,mr4 ,froude so minutely describes--,the strokes thick1 and slightly uneven from excitement1 but strong1 firm1 and without sign of trembling6 ,this insanity for the picturesque and romantic would wreck a far better historian4 ,the prosaic fact is1 that although1 as ,mr4 ,froude states1 the letter may be seen in the ,rolls ,house1 ,mary ,stuart did not write it4 ,it was written by an amanuensis1 the salutation and signature alone being in her hand4 ,this question was the subject of some controversy1 during the past year1 in ,paris and ,london1 and ,mr4 ,wiesener1 a distinguished ,french historical writer1 requested ,messrs4 ,joseph ,stevenson and ,a4 ,crosby1 of the ,record ,office1 to examine the letter and give their opinion4 ,their reply was1 ,the body of the document is most certainly not in ,mary's handwriting4 ,but1 after all1 there was no occasion for controversy1 and still less for ,mr4 ,froude's blunder4 ,if he had ever read the letter1 he would have seen that ,mary wrote1 ,nous pensions vous crire cette lettre de notre propre main afin de vous faire mieux comprendre1 etc4 ,mais de fait nous sommes si fatigue et si mal l'aise1 tant pour avoir couru vingt milles en cinq heures de nuit etc41 que nous ne sommes pas en tat de le faire comme nous l'aurions souhait4 ,it was her intention to have written this letter with her own hand1 but on account of fatigue and illness could not as she would have desired4 ,twenty miles in two hours1 says ,mr4 ,froude4 ,twenty miles in five hours1 modestly writes ,mary ,stuart4 ,fortunately1 we have been warned by ,mr4 ,froude against testimony from that suspected source6 ,we close1 for the present1 with one specimen 7not by any means the worst7 of ,mr4 ,froude's historical handicraft1 which exemplifies his peculiar system of citation4 ,he professes to give the substance of a letter of ,mary ,stuart published in ,labanoff4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #cjj47 ,here is the letter1 side by side with ,mr4 ,froude's version of it4 ,we select this out of numerous cases1 for the reason that ,labanoff is here more readily accessible than other authorities treated in like manner by ,mr4 ,froude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,froude',s ,,statement of the contents of a letter of ,april #dth1 #aeff1 from ,mary ,stuart to ,queen ,elizabeth4 7,see vol4 viii4 p4 #bhb47 ,in an autograph letter of passionate gratitude1 ,mary ,stuart placed herself1 as it were1 under her sister's protection2 she told her that1 in tracing the history of the late conspiracy1 she had found that the lords had intended to imprison her for life2 and if ,england or ,france came to her assistance1 they had meant to kill her4 ,she implored ,elizabeth to shut her ears to the calumnies which they would spread against her1 and with engaging frankness she begged that the past might be forgotten2 she had experienced too deeply the ingratitude of those by whom she was surrounded to allow herself to be tempted any more into dangerous enterprises2 for her own part1 she was resolved never to give offence to her good sister again2 nothing should be wanting to restore the happy relations which had once existed between them2 and should she recover safely from her confinement1 she hoped that in the summer ,elizabeth would make a progress to the north1 and that at last she might have an opportunity of thanking her in person for her kindness and forbearance4 ,this letter was sent by the hands of a certain ,thornton1 a confidential agent of ,mary ,stuart1 who had been employed on messages to ,rome4 ',a very evil and naughty person1 whom ,i pray you not to believe1' was ,bedford's credential for him in a letter of the #ast of ,april to ,cecil4 ,he was on his way to ,rome again on this present occasion4 ,the public in ,scotland supposed that he was sent to consult the pope on the possibility of divorcing ,darnley1 and it is remarkable that the ,queen of ,scots at the close of her own letter desired ,elizabeth to give credit to him on some secret matter which he would communicate to her4 ,she perhaps hoped that ,elizabeth would now assist her in the dissolution of a marriage which she had been so anxious to prevent4 ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,letter4 ,,edinburgh1 ,april #d1 #aeff4 ,the opening paragraph of formal compliment acknowledges reception of ,elizabeth's favorable dispatch by ,melville4 ,when ,melville arrived1 he found me but lately escaped from the hands of the greatest traitors on earth1 in the manner in which the bearer will communicate1 with a true account of their most secret plot1 which was1 that even in case the escaped lords and other nobles1 aided by you or by any other prince1 undertook to rescue me1 they would cut me in pieces and throw me over the wall4 ,judge for yourself the cruel undertakings of subjects against her who can sincerely boast that she never did them harm4 ,since then1 however1 our good subjects have counselled with us1 ready to offer their lives in support of justice2 and we have1 therefore1 returned to this city to chastise some of its people guilty of this great crime4 ,meantime1 we remain in this castle1 as our messenger will more fully give you to understand4 ,above all other things1 ,i would especially pray you carefully to see that your agents on the ,border comply with your good intentions toward me1 and1 abiding by our treaty of peace1 expel those who have sought my life from their territory1 where the leaders in this noted act are as well received as if your intention were the worst possible1 7la pire du monde17 and the very reverse of what ,i know it to be4 ,i have also heard that the ,count 7,earl7 of ,morton is with you4 ,i beg of you to arrest and send him to me1 or at least compel him to return to ,scotland1 by depriving him of safeguard in ,england4 ,doubtless he will not fail to make false statements to excuse himself2 statements which you will find neither true nor probable4 ,i ask of you1 my good sister1 to oblige me in all these matters1 with the assurance that ,i have experienced so much ingratitude from my own people that ,i shall never offend by a similar fault4 ,and to fully affirm our original friendship1 ,i would ask of you in any event 7quoique ,dieu m'envoie7 to add the favor of standing as godmother for my child4 ,i moreover hope that1 if ,i should recover by the month of ,july1 and you should make your progress as near to my territory as ,i am informed you will1 to go1 if agreeable1 and thank you myself1 which above all things ,i desire to do4 7,then follow apologies for bad writing1 for which1 she says1 her condition must excuse her1 the usual compliments in closing a letter1 and wishes for ,elizabeth's health and prosperity47 ,postscript4 ,i beseech your kindness in a matter ,i have charged the bearer to ask you for me2 and furthermore1 ,i will soon write you specially1 7et au reste je vous depcherai bientt exprs17 to thank you and to know your intention1 if it pleases you1 to send me some other minister1 whom ,i may receive as resident1 who would be more desirous of promoting our friendship than ,randal#ei has been found to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we leave the reader to form his own estimate of this method of writing history4 ,instead of a letter of passionate gratitude1 written spontaneously1 as insinuated1 it turns out to be the answer to a dispatch 7whether written or verbal1 it matters not7 transmitted by ,elizabeth through ,melville4 ,mary's attitude and language are dignified and independent1 and the missive1 so far from having any prayer for forbearance in its tone1 is plainly one of complaint and warning to ,elizabeth1 couched1 it is true1 in terms of politeness4 ,the main subject1 above all other things1 is the hospitable reception accorded to ,riccio's murderers in ,england1 and ,elizabeth is delicately but emphatically reminded of her duty and of the violation of it by her border agents4 ,the passages of ,mr4 ,froude's version marked in italics have no existence in ,mary's letter1 and are of his own invention4 ,mary ,stuart says that she has experienced so much ingratitude from her own 7people7 that she would never offend any one by similarly sinning4 7,j'ai tant eprouv l'ingratitude des miens que je n'offenserai jamais de semblable pch47 ,mr4 ,froude makes of this that she had experienced too deeply the ingratitude1 etc41 to allow herself to be tempted anymore into dangerous enterprises4 ,what dangerous enterprises8 ,the murder of ,riccio8 ,was she guilty of that too8 ,was it her midnight escape8 ,mr4 ,froude alone has the secret6 ,and then the postscript8 ,randolph had not only offended1 but deeply injured her1 and she wishes ,elizabeth to understand that he must not be sent back to ,scotland4 ,it is found remarkable that ,mary1 in her postscript1 desires ,elizabeth to receive communication of some verbal matter 7not secret1 as ,mr4 ,froude states7 from the messenger4 ,but the same request occurs twice in the body of the letter4 ,mr4 ,froude is1 of course1 accurately informed as to the hidden meaning of the postscript1 and settles the matter with what public opinion supposed1 and his usual perhaps4 ,this is also an invention of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,he supposes the supposition6 ,then1 too1 his evil and naughty person is uncalled for2 for we know that it was ,bedford's business1 as it is ,mr4 ,froude's calling1 to judge any messenger of ,mary ,stuart to be evil and naughty4 ,in all this1 the intelligent reader will see that1 as at page #bfa1 vol4 viii41 ,mr4 ,froude lays the foundation of a plan of revenge by ,mary against ,darnley1 so he here strives to fasten upon her the resolution of obtaining a divorce1 all going to make cumulative evidence to be used when we come to the ,darnley murder4 ,deep1 sir1 deep6 ,but there is a more serious aspect to this matter4 ,for three centuries this ,mary ,stuart question has been a vexed one among historians1 and the never-ending theme of acrimonious controversy4 ,what prospect is there of reaching any solution if the subject continues to be treated as we find it in the work before us8 ,so far from settling any question in dispute1 or even solving any of the numerous secondary problems underlying the main issue1 ,mr4 ,froude1 by his violent partisanship1 tortured citation1 paltering with the sense while tampering with the text of authorities1 attribution of false motives and a scandalous wealth of abusive epithets1 greatly grieves the most judicious of those who condemn ,mary ,stuart1 inspires with renewed confidence those who believe that she was a woman more sinned against than sinning1 and begets the conviction that the cause must be bad indeed which needs such handling4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,history of ,england from the ,fall of ,wolsey to the ,death of ,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 #ab vols4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ec ,see ,edinburgh ,review for ,january and ,october1 #aheh4 #ed ,mr4 ,froude's reference for this citation is ,knox's ,history of the ,reformation1 which is somewhat too general4 ,the reader is advised to look for it in vol4 ii4 p4 #chb4 #ee ,we regret that we have not room for the short discourse ,knox made to ,murray on the occasion of their parting4 #ef ,the reader may see at p4 #cgf1 vol4 viii41 where he tells of the murder of ,darnley1 how effectually ,mr4 ,froude cites his own invention as an historical fact3 ,so at last came ,sunday1 eleven months exactly from the day of ,ritzio's murder2 and ,mary ,stuart's words1 that she would never rest until that dark business was revenged1 were about to be fulfilled4 #eg ,his style is never so sparkling with bright enjoyment as when recounting some insult or outrage to ,mary ,stuart4 #eh ,the moon was clear and full4 ,the queen with incredible animosity was mounted en croup behind ,sir ,arthur ,erskine1 upon a beautiful ,english double gelding1 the king on a courser of ,naples2 and then away1 away--past ,restalriug1 past ,arthur's ,seat1 across the bridge and across the field of ,musselburgh1 past ,seton1 past ,prestonpans1 fast as their horses could speed2 six in all--their majesties1 ,erskine1 ,traquair1 and a chamberer of the queen4 ,in two hours the heavy gates of ,dunbar had closed behind them1 and ,mary ,stuart was safe4 #ei ,his name was ,randall--not ,randolph1 as he was1 and is1 usually called4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,let us show her the marble likeness1 suggested ,paulus1 in an eager whisper1 with the air of a child devising mischief4 ,while they were discussing this topic1 a gentle knock was heard at the door1 and then a very pretty girl of about fifteen1 with an open1 sweet countenance1 and a remarkably modest1 cheerful bearing1 presented herself1 carrying a sort of tray with various articles for supper arranged thereon4 ,may ,i come in8 ,i am ,benigna1 said the girl1 courtesying4 ,come in1 ,benigna1 said the ,greek lady4 ,come in1 added ,agatha1 in ,latin1 but by no means with so good an accent as her mother's4 ,you seem like your name2 you seem to be ,benigna4 ,the girl looked at the beautiful child with a sweet1 grateful smile1 and immediately proceeded to prepare a table and three covers for supper4 ,do you know ,greek8#fj asked ,aglais4 ,no1 lady1 replied the daughter of the house4 ,my father is quite a scholar2 he was one of the secretary slaves in the great house before he got his freedom1 and my mother has learnt much from him2 but ,i have been brought up to help mother in the inn1 and never had time to learn high things4 ,agatha clapped her hands1 and exclaimed1 ,then ,i'll talk my bad ,latin to ,benigna1 and she shall make it good4 ,the girl paused in her operations at the table1 and said1 ,i thought ,latin came naturally to one1 like the rain1 and that it was ,greek which had to be worked out1 and made1 just as wine is4 ,the landlady1 carrying various articles1 entered as her daughter uttered this valuable observation1 and she joined heartily in the laugh with which it was greeted4 ,benigna gazed round for a moment in amazement1 and then resumed her work1 laughing through sympathy1 but very red from the forehead to the dimples round her pretty mouth4 ,the supper-table was soon ready4 ,paulus1 at whom the hostess had frequently looked wistfully1 now remarked that they all felt much gratitude for the kindness they were receiving1 and never could forget it4 ,crispina1 who was going out at the moment1 did not reply1 but lingered with her hand upon the door2 the other hand she passed once across her eyes4 ,then the ,greek lady observed1 ,good hostess1 these are the apartments you intended for some barbarian queen1 ,i believe8 ,yes1 my lady2 for ,queen ,berenice1 daughter-in-law of ,king ,herod the ,iduman1 called ,herod the ,great1 with her son ,herod ,agrippa1 a wild youth1 ,i understand1 about eighteen years old1 and her daughter ,herodias4 ,i heard the tribune qustor1 who commands the prtorians1 plead for us with your husband1 continued ,aglais2 and ,i suppose that the qustor's generous eloquence is the cause of our being received into your house at all4 ,but this does not account for your extraordinary kindness to us4 ,we expected to be barely tolerated as inconvenient and unwelcome guests1 who kept better customers away4 ,inconvenient and unwelcome6 said ,crispina1 who seemed ready to cry1 as1 looking around the little group1 her glance rested again upon ,paulus4 ,whereas1 resumed ,aglais1 you treat my dear children as if you were their mother4 ,why are we so fortunate as to find these feelings in a stranger8 ,the hostess paused a moment4 ,honored lady1 said she1 the reason is1 that ,i once was the nurse of a youth whom ,i loved as if he were my own child2 and it seemed to me as if ,i saw my brave1 beautiful1 affectionate nursling again when ,i saw your son2 but so long a time had passed1 ,i nearly fell with fright and astonishment4 ,agatha went to the bust of ,tiberius1 lifted it1 and1 pointing to the marble image1 said in a low1 tender voice1 ,you nursed him8 ,a little cry of dismay escaped the lips of our hostess4 ,no one ever thought of looking beneath1 said she4 ,my daughter and ,i arrange and dust the room4 ,i must remove my poor boy's image4 ,he is indeed forgotten by most people now2 but it might harm us1 and alas6 alas6 could not help him1 if this silent face1 that never smiles at me1 never talks to me any more1 were to be discovered4 ,do not speak of this to any body1 ,i beg of you1 good lady1 and my pretty one4 ,you will not8 added she1 smiling1 but with tears in her eyes as she looked at ,paulus4 ,i feel as though ,i had reared you4 ,they said they would take care not to allude to the subject at all1 except among themselves1 and then ,aglais remarked1 ,you speak in sorrow of the youth whom you nursed4 ,is he then dead8 ,eheu6 lady1 he is dead nearly twenty years2 but he was just about your son's age when they put him to death4 ,put him to death8 ,why was he put to death1 and by whom8 asked ,aglais4 ,hush6 ,mcenas and the emperor ordered it to be done4 ,oh6 do take care4 ,the whole world swarms with spies1 and you may be sure an inn is not free from them4 ,things have been more quiet of late years4 ,when ,i was young1 ,i felt as if my head was but glued to my shoulders1 and would fall off every day4 ,as for ,crispus1 did ,i not make him cautious how he spake8 ,but your foster-son8 ,ah poor boy6 ,poor young knight6 ,he was mad about the ancient ,roman liberties2 a great student1 always reading ,tully4 ,was that his crime8 demanded ,aglais4 ,the hostess wiped her eyes with the sleeve of her stola manicata1 and said1 in a tone little above a whisper1 looking round timidly1 and closing the door fast1 ,why1 ,augustus came suddenly one day into a triclinium1 where he caught a nephew of his trying to hide under a cushion some book which he had been reading4 ,augustus took the book1 and found that it was one of ,tully's4 ,the nephew thought he was lost1 remembering that it was ,augustus who had given up ,cicero to ,mark ,antony to be murdered4 ,there the emperor stood1 fastened to the page1 and continued reading and reading till at last he heaved a great breath1 and1 rolling up the book on its roller1 laid it softly down1 and said1 ',a great mind1 a very great mind1 my nephew2' and so he left the room4 ,then it was not your foster-son's admiration of ,cicero that caused his death8 ,my foster-son was not ,augustus's nephew1 you see2 but eheu6 how different a case6--the nephew of a former rival of ,augustus4 ,nor used the emperor's nephew to talk as my poor child would talk4 ,my foster-son used to say that for ,augustus to have given up ,tully1 his friend and benefactor1 to be murdered by ,mark ,antony1 in order that he1 ,augustus1 might be allowed to murder somebody else1 and then to discover that neither he nor the human race could enjoy justice1 nor see peace1 nor have safety1 till this very same ,antony should be himself destroyed1 was not a pretty tale4 ,cicero had sided against1 and had resisted ,julius ,csar2 yet ,julius had given back his life to a man of whom ,rome and the civilized world were proud4 ,the same ,tully had sided with1 not against1 ,augustus1 and had been the making of him2 yet the life which a noble enemy had spared and left shining like a star1 a base friend stole1 and suffered to be quenched2 and this for the sake of a monster who1 for the sake of mankind1 had to be very soon himself destroyed4 ,this was not a nice tale1 my poor ,paulus used to say4 ,nor was it2 but your ,paulus8 cried ,aglais4 ,the travellers all held their breath in surprise and suspense4 ,yes4 ,what6 the youth whom that bust represents1 and whom ,augustus put to death1 was called ,paulus8 ,yes4 ,they said he had engaged in some conspiracy1 the foolish dear6 ,but now1 lady1 ,i have been led1 bit by bit1 into many disclosures1 and ,i beseech you-- ,fear not1 interrupted ,aglais2 ,i cannot but cherish a fellow-feeling with you2 for1 although ,i have something to ask of the emperor1 it is justice only4 ,i1 too1 look back to experiences which are akin to yours4 ,my son yonder1 whom the marble image of your foster-son so strikingly resembles1 bears the same name1 ,paulus2 and the name of his father was that which headed the first list of those who1 the ,triumvirate agreed1 should die4 ,permit me1 now1 to ask once more who you are1 lady8 said ,crispina4 ,i know well the names upon that list4 ,my husband1 replied the ,greek widow1 was brother of the triumvir ,lepidus4 ,the triumvir was our master1 answered the landlady2 and alas6 it is too true that he1 the triumvir1 was timid and weak1 and his son1 about whose image you have asked me1 knew not1 poor youth1 when he so bitterly blamed ,augustus for sacrificing ,tully to ,mark ,antony1 that his own father had given up a brother--that brother whom you married--in the same terrible days1 and just in the same kind of way4 ,whose bust1 then1 do you say is this which is so like my son8 asked ,aglais4 ,the bust of your son's first cousin1 lady4 ,my foster-son's father was your husband's brother4 ,no wonder1 cried ,agatha1 that my brother should be like his own first cousin6 ,no1 said ,aglais2 but it is as surprising as it is fortunate that we should have come to this house1 and have fallen among kind persons disposed to be friends1 like our hostess1 her good husband1 and little ,benigna yonder4 ,there is nothing which my husband and ,i would not do1 said ,crispina1 for the welfare of all belonging to the great milian family1 in whose service we both were born and spent our childhood2 the family which gave us our freedom in youth1 and our launch in life as a married couple4 ,as for me1 you know now how ,i must feel when ,i look upon the face of your son4 ,a pause ensued1 and then ,aglais said1 ,your former master1 the triumvir1 wrote to my husband asking forgiveness for having consented to let his name appear in the list of the proscribed1 and explaining how he got it erased4 ,therefore1 let not that subject trouble you4 ,i happen1 on my side1 to know for a fact1 answered the hostess1 that the one circumstance to which you refer has been the great remorse of the triumvir's life4 ,the old man still mumbles and maunders1 complaining that he never received a reply to that letter4 ,he would die happy if he could but see you1 and learn that all had been forgiven4 ,before ,aglais had time to make any answer1 the landlord appeared1 carrying a small cadus1 or cask1 marked in large black letters-- ,l4 ,,carnificio ,s4 ,,pompeio ,,cos4 ,benigna had previously set upon a separate mensa1 or table1 according to custom1 fruits1 and fictile or earthen cups4 ,i thought so6 cried good ,crispus4 ,women 7excuse me1 lady1 ,i mean my wife and daughter7 will jabber and cackle even when ladies may be tired1 and1 as ,i sincerely hope1 hungry4 ,do1 ,crispina1 let me see the ladies and this young knight enjoy their little supper4 ,this ,alban wine1 my lady1 is nearly fifty years old1 ,i do assure you2 look at the consul's name on the cask4 ,benigna1 young as she is1 might drink ten cyathi of it without hurt4 ,by the by1 ,i have forgotten the measure4 ,run1 ,benigna1 and fetch a cyathus 7a ladle-cup7 to help out the wine4 ,jabber and cackle6 said the hostess4 ,crispus1 this lady is the widow1 and these are the son and daughter of ,paulus milius ,lepidus4 ,the landlord1 in the full career of his own jabber1 was stricken mute for a moment4 ,he gazed at each of our three travellers in turn1 looking very fixedly at ,paulus4 ,at last he said1 ,this1 then1 accounts for the wonderful likeness4 ,my lady1 ,i will never take one brass coin from you or yours2 not an as1 so help me6 ,you must command in this house4 ,do not think otherwise4 ,and1 apparently to prevent ,aglais from answering him1 he drew his wife hastily out of the room1 and closed the door4 ,benigna was left behind1 and1 with winning smiles and a flutter of attentions1 the young girl now placed the chairs1 and began to cackle1 as ,crispus would have expressed himself1 and to entreat the wanderers to take that refreshment of which they stood so much in need4 ,they all had the delicate and graceful tact to feel that compliance with the kindness which they had so providentially found was the only way to return it which they at present possessed4 ,it is historical to add that appetite gave the same advice4 ,their hunger was as keen as their tact4 ,during supper the mother and son spoke little2 but ,agatha1 both during the repast and for some time afterward1 kept up a brisk conversation with ,benigna1 for whom the child had taken an inexpressible liking1 and from whom she drew1 with unconscious adroitness1 the fact that she was engaged to be married4 ,that sudden affection of sympathy which knit the soul of ,david to that of ,jonathan seemed to have bound these two together4 ,the landlady's considerate daughter at length advised ,agatha to defer further communications until she should have a good night's rest4 ,paulus seconded the recommendation1 and left his mother and sister with their ,greek slave ,melena and with ,benigna1 and retired to his own bedroom4 ,this chamber overlooked the impluvium1 or inner court1 whence the incessant plash of the fountain was heard soothingly through his lattice-window1 the horn slide of which he left open4 ,the bedroom of the ladies1 on the other hand1 overlooked the garden and bee-hives1 to which ,crispina had alluded4 ,the sitting apartments1 opening into each other1 in one of which they had supped1 stood between2 all these rooms being situated in the projecting west wing1 which they entirely filled4 ,thus closed the day which had carried to their destination the travellers from ,thrace4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,next morning when they met at the jentaculum1 or breakfast1 there was a marvellous improvement in ,agatha's looks4 ,she had been the earliest out of bed2 had seen from her window1 under a brilliant sunshine1 the beautiful landscape unroll itself in the various forms which the landlady had truly though inadequately described2 and she then had run down into the garden4 ,in due time--that is1 very soon afterward--she had been chased by the bees1 had fled1 screaming and laughing1 with the hood of her ricinium drawn completely over the head by way of helmet against the terrible darts of her indignant pursuers1 and had been received in the arms of ,benigna1 who had heard the cry of distress and had flown to the rescue1 brandishing a long1 reedy brush1 like the mosquito brushes of modern times4 ,rallying in a bower of trellis-work covered with ivy1 whence a wooden staircase led up to the first floor of the house1 by way of a landing or platform1 over which rose another bower clad in the same ivy mantle--facing round1 ,i say1 upon her enemy at the foot of this staircase1 she had soon ventured once more into the garden with ,benigna1 and the two girls1 jabbering and cackling much1 had gathered a large nosegay of autumnal flowers4 ,with this booty1 which ,benigna had made so big that ,agatha could hardly hold it in her small and elegant hands1 the latter damsel had returned to the bower1 had seated herself upon a bench1 and had begun to sort the flowers in the relative positions which best showed their tints4 ,here she relied upon gradation1 there upon contrast4 ,her delicate ,greek taste in the performance of this task drew exclamations of delight from ,benigna4 ,there6 the innkeeper's daughter would cry2 how pretty6 ,that is the way6 ,that so1 and then that1 and that6 ,they look quite different now6 ,exactly6 ,i never imagined it6 ,when ,agatha had finished the arrangement to her own satisfaction1 an exploit which was nimbly achieved1 ,now1 ,benigna1 said she1 with her pretty foreign accent1 sit down here2 just do1 and tell me all about every thing4 ,benigna stared1 and ,agatha proceeded1 ,so you are engaged to become the wife of a very good and handsome youth1 who in himself is every thing that can be admired1 except that1 poor young man6 he is not very courageous1 ,i understood you to say4 ,now1 that is not his fault1 ,i suppose4 ,how can he help feeling afraid if he does feel afraid8 ,at this moment the voice of ,crispina was heard calling her daughter to help in preparing the breakfast1 and ,benigna1 whom ,agatha's last words had thrown into some confusion1 as the same topic had done the previous evening1 made an excuse and ran away1 with the light of roses vivid in her cheeks4 ,agatha remained1 and looked out upon the garden1 and beyond it upon the sweet country1 with its varied beauty4 ,she remained listening peacefully and dreamingly to the hum of bees1 the twittering of birds1 the voices and footsteps in the inn1 and inhaling the perfumes of the nosegay which she had arranged1 and the cool freshness of that pleasant morning hour1 when the sun behind her and behind the house was throwing the shadows of buildings1 sheds1 trees1 and cattle in long lines toward the ,tyrrhenian ,sea4 ,while thus calmly resting1 admiring1 and musing1 a lady in a dark robe of poil1 7gausapa17 with a very pallid face and large black eyes1 stood suddenly in the doorway of the bower1 and blocked out the lovely prospect4 ,the stranger smiled1 and1 holding out a bunch of flowers1 said1 ,my pretty young lady1 ,i see that the offering ,i have been culling for you has lost its value4 ,you are rich already4 ,may ,i sit down in this pleasant shady place a moment to rest8 ,yes1 you may1 certainly1 said ,agatha4 ,i suppose1 resumed the stranger1 that you belong to this house1 my little friend8 ,i am a stranger1 and merely lodging-- ,we are lodging1 too1 and strangers1 answered ,agatha4 ,from your accent1 continued the other1 ,i judge you to be ,greek4 ,mother is1 replied ,agatha2 but brother calls himself a ,roman knight1 and even noble4 ,i knew it6 cried the lady2 you have it written in your countenance4 ,i1 too1 am a noble lady2 my name is ,plancina4 ,have you ever seen ,rome8 ,never4 ,ah6 how you will be enchanted4 ,you must come to see me4 ,i have a house in ,rome2 such a pretty house1 full of such curious things6 ,ah6 when you see ,rome1 you will hold your breath with wonder and delight4 ,i will make you so happy when you come to see me in my pretty house4 ,you are a very kind1 good lady1 ,i should think1 quoth ,agatha1 looking up from her flowers1 and gazing long at the pallid face and the large black eyes2 and if we go to ,rome1 ,i and my mother will visit you1 perhaps4 ,my house is among the willows and beeches of the ,viminal ,hill1 said the lady4 ,remember two things--,viminal ,hill1 with its beeches and its willows1 and the ,calpurnian ,house1 where the ,piso family have lived for generations4 ,my husband1 ,piso1 has had great losses at dice4 ,i am rich enough to spend a fortune every year for half a century1 and we have still at our house all the pleasures that can be thought of4 ,what pains ,i will take to amuse you6 ,you cannot conceive the splendors1 dresses1 games1 sports1 shows1 and beauties of ,rome2 the theatres1 the circus1 the combats1 the great wild beasts of all sorts from all countries1 the dances-- ,as she pronounced the word dances1 a youthful male voice was heard at a little distance1 saying1 ,while they change horses here1 we will stretch our limbs by a stroll in the garden behind the inn4 ,make haste1 worthy innkeeper2 order your servants to be brisk4 ,and almost at the same moment a brilliantly beautiful1 dark1 eastern-looking girl1 in a ,syrian costume1 appeared at the entrance of the bower4 ,behind her came sauntering the youth whose voice had been heard4 ,he was of about ,paulus's age1 had an olive complexion1 was sumptuously dressed1 and exhibited a strong family likeness in face to the girl4 ,last followed a woman in middle life1 appareled in costly robes1 suited to travel1 haughty1 languid1 and scornful of mien4 ,plancina and ,agatha looked up and surveyed the new-comers4 ,the brilliant damsel remained at the entrance of the bower examining its occupants with a hardy1 unabashed glance2 whereupon ,plancina1 after a moment's pause1 occasioned by the interruption1 resumed and concluded her sentence thus1 ,no1 you can form no idea of the gayeties of ,rome2 the games1 the shows1 the theatres1 the glories1 the pleasures1 the jests1 the dances4 ,but all your good dances come from foreign lands--from the east1 indeed1 interrupted the damsel1 nodding her head repeatedly and sneeringly2 you must admit that4 ,not all our good alone1 answered ,plancina sternly1 noticing that the woman in middle life smiled approvingly at the girl who had obtruded the remark2 not all our good alone1 but all4 ,the office of the outside world is to try and amuse ,rome4 ,and what is ,rome's office8 asked the damsel4 ,to be amused by them1 if she can1 answered the ,roman4 ,come away1 ,herodias1 said the haughty1 languid1 and scornful-looking woman2 and the two strolled down the middle walk of the garden4 ,the youth who had come with them lingered a moment or two behind1 standing in the middle of the gravel-walk and gazing straight into the bower1 while he flirted a sort of horse-whip around the heads of one or two tall flowers which were growing outside along the border of the walk4 ,plancina looked steadily at him1 and he at her4 ,the lad withdrew after a few moments1 without a change of feature4 ,what starers6 muttered ,agatha4 ,they have a talent for it1 indeed1 said ,plancina4 ,a hardy family1 putting one thing with another4 ,i think ,i know who they are4 ,the mother1 if she were the mother1 called the daughter1 if she were the daughter1 ,herodias4 ,my husband thinks of going to ,syria1 and indeed ,tiberius has offered him the procuratorship of ,judea2 but he would not condescend to go in any smaller capacity than as prefect of ,syria4 ,an acquaintance of ours1 young ,pontius ,pilate1 wants to get the procuratorship4 ,the minor office would be a great thing for him4 ,but my husband1 ,piso of the ,calpurnians1 cannot stoop to that4 ,i may meet yonder family again4 ,those people are looking back1 observed ,agatha1 who had paid very little attention to her companion's speech4 ,plancina rose1 and1 going to the entrance of the bower1 honored the strangers with a steady glance4 ,the scornful-looking foreign woman in sumptuous apparel met it for a moment1 and then turned away4 ,her son and daughter turned away at the same time4 ,ah6 they are gone1 murmured ,agatha2 they do not like you to gaze so at them4 ,it is but a ,roman1 returned ,plancina1 looking at barbarians4 ,they always shrink in that curious manner4 ,and why this ,greek lunacy8 muttered she2 and why this ,attic mania8 ,attic what8 asked the half-,greek girl4 ,nothing1 my dear1 replied ,plancina2 only you are not ,greek1 you know2 your father's race and the name you bear settle that question2 your very mother is now1 and has long since become1 a ,roman citizen2 you must always prefer ,rome to ,greece2 never forget that rule1 or you and yours will perish4 ,agatha opened wide the ingenuous young eyes1 and seemed to be most seriously alarmed4 ,plancina smoothed her pale brows1 which had been frowning2 and continued with a stern smile1 ,i am only giving you a friend's warning4 ,your mother and brother have a suit to urge at court4 ,there exists a pestilent ,greek faction which are all doomed to destruction2 tell your mother that you must all beware of being mixed up with them1 and you will escape their perdition4 ,a ,greek1 like your mother1 with something to ask1 is peculiarly liable to make the mistake of seeking ,greek friends4 ,if she do1 she is utterly lost1 however powerful may seem the prince who patronizes the accursed cabal4 ,agatha shrank and trembled1 murmuring like an echo ,plancina's last adjective--exitiabilis4 ,do not stare at me so1 my little dear1 continued ,plancina4 ,there is the ,prince ,germanicus4 ,only for him--every body knows it1 and every body says it2 the thing is no secret--,piso1 my husband1 would be now prefect of ,syria2 and like ,crispus ,sallust1 when ,i was a little girl1 would have recovered ten times the fortune out of which he has been cheated at dice4 ,i am called a rash1 violent1 and an untamable woman4 ,the moment1 however1 that any body gives you any information about court parties and political factions1 every thing ,i am saying will be mentioned4 ,i do not hide my disgust4 ,foreign barbarians of all sorts swarm2 they creep through postern doors2 they privately influence all the destinies of that world of which ,romans have the name publicly of being masters4 ,we are trodden under the feet of ,greeks1 ,jews1 and ,chaldeans2 the first beat us by genius1 by eloquence1 and artistic skill1 by general intellectual force and subtlety2 the second by superstition-inspired obstinacy1 by incredible and unspeakable importunity1 by steadfastness in sordid servility1 by sorcery1 divination1 necromancy1 and delusion2 not all delusion1 ,i grant you2 for ,i myself have seen the demons of ,thrasyllus1 the ,babylonish ,greek4 ,what6 cried ,agatha1 seen demons8 ,and what does a ,babylonish ,greek mean8 ,a ,greek initiated in the ,babylonish mysteries4 ,and who is ,thrasyllus8 ,a magician4 ,what is that8 ,a man who calls demons and spirits of the air1 as you would call your pet birds1 and they come to him4 ,may the unknown ,god love me6 cried ,agatha1 shuddering4 ,what are the demons like8 ,not like our sculptures1 believe me1 answered ,plancina4 ,i dare not tell you2 ,i have seen what no words can say4 ,she paused1 shrugged her shoulders1 and then added1 ,some forms were like the human1 with red fire in the veins instead of blood1 and white fire in the bones instead of marrow2 eyes they possessed that had no comfort in them4 ,they had the air of being utterly without interest in any thing1 only that their eyes were filled with fear2 yet it seemed to me with knowledge1 too3 unspeakable fear1 immense knowledge2 wells and pools they appeared1 full of fear and knowledge4 ,when they glanced upon you1 there were pale rays of hatred strangely combined with an expression of indifference1 fear1 knowledge1 and hatred4 ,if you looked at the eyes1 when they looked not at you1 you saw nothing but an expression of fear and knowledge2 but when they did look at you1 you saw fear1 knowledge1 and hatred too4 ,all these faces mocked without smiling1 and scoffed without enjoyment4 ,something1 ,i thought1 was dripping down the wan cheeks1 and there was a look of fixed surprise long ago1 of long-past astonishment--the trace left1 and the feeling gone4 ,the emotion of boundless amazement had once been there2 the signs of it were left all over the countenance1 but1 if ,i may so speak1 petrified--an immedicable scar1 an ineffaceable vestige4 ,the character of the countenance was that of a dead astonishment--the astonishment was dead2 it was no longer an active sentiment4 ,it had been some boundless wonder2 the greatest which that creature had ever experienced1 and the event which had caused it had apparently been the most serious which that being had ever known4 ,what a truly tremendous description6 exclaimed ,agatha4 ,the other made no reply2 and before any further conversation could occur between them1 a young man1 in the dark-brown habiliments of a slave1 entered the garden from the inn1 and after a hasty glance in various directions1 approached the bower4 ,his features were very good2 he was well made1 of a pleasing address1 and had a look of uncommon intelligence4 ,he possessed1 in a small degree1 and a humble way1 that undefinable air of elegance which mental culture sheds over the countenance2 but with this advantage he betrayed certain symptoms of awkwardness and timidity4 ,standing at a little distance from the door of the arbor1 he made a low bow to ,plancina1 and said he was the bearer of some commands4 ,commands from whom8 she demanded4 ,he answered1 bowing low again1 by merely stating that his name was ,claudius4 ,plancina instantly rose1 and took leave of ,agatha1 enjoining her not to forget the warnings and counsels she had given4 ,agatha then saw her hastily renter the hotel1 followed by the handsome slave4 ,thereupon1 buoyantly recovering her spirits1 which the presence and the words of this woman had depressed1 she ascended the staircase to the landing overhead1 where she was joined by her mother from the room within4 ,agatha immediately told ,aglais every thing which had passed between her and ,plancina4 ,i don't think1 my dear child1 we shall be likely to trouble her in her nice house among the willows and beeches of the ,viminal ,hill1 said ,aglais2 and as ,paulus now came out upon the landing1 a second edition of the narrative was produced for his information4 ,germanicus1 said he1 is more like the last of the ,romans than in any sense reprehensible or degenerate in his tastes4 ,his love for ,greece and his admiration for ,athens are an honor to his understanding4 ,they are nothing else4 ,this has nothing to do with preferring barbarians and barbarous influences4 ,my education1 edepol6 has to be completed2 but ,i am educated enough to know that ,rome goes for schooling to ,greece as much as ever she did4 ,was not ,julius ,csar himself what they call a ,grculus8 ,i rather think he was even deeper than ,germanicus in ,greek lore2 but1 therefore1 all the more fitted for ,roman command4 ,the ,romans continued to be barbarians long after the ,greeks had become the teachers of the world2 and were it not for ,greece1 they would be barbarians still4 ,as for warning us not to dare to make friends for ourselves of this person or that1 or of any who appreciate intellect--for this means to appreciate ,greeks--it is like warning us to remain friendless1 in order that we may the more easily be crushed4 ,it is the wolf's advice to the sheep1 to send away her dogs2 but ,i am more dog than that myself4 ,this pale1 beetle-browed lady ought to have enjoined those to be timid who know how4 ,dare do this6 ,dare do that6 ,for my part1 ,i am not afraid to do any thing that ,i think right4 ,his mother pressed ,paulus's hand affectionately1 and his sister's high spirit1 which had cowered under the dreadful conversation of ,plancina1 shone in her eyes as she smiled at him4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,meanwhile1 in the large room within1 breakfast had been prepared for the wanderers on a table drawn opposite to and near the open folding-doors of the arbor where they were conversing2 and the landlady now summoned them to partake of that repast4 ,after breakfast1 at which ,crispina herself waited on them1 ,agatha asked where ,benigna was4 ,the landlady smiled1 and stated that a friend of her daughter's had called1 and was doubtless detaining her1 but she would go at once and bring the girl4 ,on no account1 interposed ,aglais2 ,benigna1 ,i dare say1 will unfold to my daughter all about it by and by4 ,unless you have some pressing business to take you immediately away1 will you kindly inform us of the news1 if there be any1 and let us sit in the arbor while you tell us8 ,accordingly they went into the bower on the landing overlooking the garden1 and ,crispina told them the news4 ,in the first place1 she told them that the emperor's expected visit to ,formi was delayed on account of the state of his health4 ,it was now thought he would not arrive for two or three days more1 whereas he was to have entered ,formi that very morning4 ,crispina added1 that it would not surprise her if he did not come for a week yet4 ,in the second place1 ,queen ,berenice with her son1 ,herod ,agrippa1 and her daughter ,herodias1 who were to have occupied those very apartments1 had arrived at the inn1 but had now gone forward4 ,mother1 said ,agatha1 those must have been the persons who1 an hour ago1 looked into the arbor below this one1 when that pale woman was talking to me4 ,the elder called the younger ,herodias4 ,the same1 continued the landlady4 ,finding that they cannot be accommodated in my house1 young ,herod has proposed to proceed with all their train to ,formi1 where--royal though they be--they will be nobody's guests2 and as there is not a place of public entertainment in that town1 and the weather is delightful1 he says they will pitch two or three tents1 and one splendid pavilion of silk1 on the verge of the green space outside of ,formi1 where the games are to be held4 ,only fancy6 cried ,agatha1 clapping her little hands4 ,thirdly1 ,crispina told them1 with fifty gossiping details1 that the entertainments to be given in honor of the emperor and the opulent knight ,mamurra1 from whom the town took its name1 would be stupendous4 ,formi1 we may mention1 was frequently called ,mamurrarum1 or urbs mamurrana1 from the colonel or chiliarch ,mamurra4 ,this gentleman had devoted his boyhood and youth to the cause of ,julius ,csar1 and afterward of ,augustus in the civil wars2 had gained considerable military reputation1 and1 above all1 had amassed enormous wealth4 ,he had long since returned to his native ,formi1 where he had built a superb palace of marble1 good enough for an emperor4 ,in that palace the emperor was now to be his guest4 ,he and ,agrippa ,vipsanius1 the founder of the ,pantheon1 had long before been among those by whom1 in compliance with the often-announced wish of ,augustus1 not peculiarly addressed to them1 but generally to all his wealthy countrymen1 ,augustus had expended incalculable sums in adorning ,rome with public edifices1 for which costly materials1 and the science and taste of the best architects1 had alike been employed4 ,as ,augustus himself said1 7for himself17 ,they had found it of bricks1 and were leaving it of marble4 ,i have read verses by ,catullus upon this knight ,mamurra1 said ,aglais4 ,so you have1 my lady1 replied ,crispina4 ,well1 he has just knocked up a circus in the fields adjoining ,formi1 and is preparing to exhibit magnificent shows to his neighbors and to all comers1 in honor of the emperor's visit to the town of the ,mamurras and the ,mamurran palace4 ,tiberius ,csar1 who is also to be the knight's guest1 promises to use this same circus1 and to give entertainments of his own there1 and ,germanicus ,csar1 before marching north to fight the ,germans1 and drive them out of north-eastern ,italy1 is to review at ,formi the troops destined for that expedition1 as well as the great bulk of the prtorian guards under ,sejanus4 ,the guards are uncertain what portion of them the ,csar may take with him northward4 ,mother1 we shall see the shows1 we shall see the shows6 cried ,agatha4 ,oh6 and ,i am so slow4 ,there is another ingredient yet in my wallet of tidings1 exclaimed ,crispina2 and only think of my almost forgetting to remember it4 ,remember not to forget it1 said the ,greek girl1 holding up her finger with an admonishing and censorious look at the landlady4 ,what is this particular which you have1 after all1 not forgotten to remember8 ,my charming little lady1 it is a particular which concerns the land of your mother1 and the people of ,greece2 for seldom1 say they1 has that land or people sent to ,rome any body like him4 ,you accused yourself of being slow2 but now you gallop4 ,like whom8 ,like this noble young ,athenian4 ,galloping still faster1 rejoined ,agatha4 ,what noble young ,athenian8 ,this ,athenian1 gifted as his countryman ,alcibiades1 eloquent as our own ,tully1 acute and profound as ,aristotle1 honorable as ,fabricius1 truthful as ,regulus1 and ,o ladies6 with all these other excellencies1 beautiful as a poem1 a picture1 a statue1 or a dream6 ,there's a description1 quoth ,agatha1 laughing4 ,more eloquent than precise1 ,i think1 said ,paulus4 ,yet sufficiently precise1 added ,aglais1 to leave us in no doubt at all who is meant by it4 ,it must be young ,dionysius2 it must be ,dion4 ,that is the very name6 exclaimed the hostess4 ,my mother knows him1 said ,paulus4 ,my sister and ,i have often heard of him2 so have thousands2 but we have not seen him4 ,it is he who carried away all the honors of the great ,lyceum at ,athens on the left bank of the ,ilissus4 ,the right bank1 brother1 said ,agatha2 don't you remember1 the day we embarked at the ,pirus somebody showed it to us1 just opposite ,diana ,agrotera1 which is on the left bank8 ,it is all the same1 said ,paulus4 ,mother1 just tell ,paulus if left and right are all the same1 said ,agatha4 ,that is like ,paulus4 ,they are not the same2 they never were the same4 ,all the ladies at the ,mamurran palace1 resumed the hostess1 make toilets against him4 ,toils1 you mean1 said ,paulus4 ,yes1 toils1 continued the hostess4 ,they are intended as toils for him2 they are great toils and labors for the poor girls2 the ornatrius and they are toilers for the fair dames themselves4 ,it is all the same1 again quoth ,paulus4 ,and how do these toilets prosper against ,dionysius the ,athenian8 ,they tell me he is not aware of the admiration he excites--is totally indifferent to it4 ,base1 miserable youth6 cried ,paulus1 laughing4 ,these ,roman dames and damsels ought to punish him4 ,you mean by letting him alone8 asked the landlady4 ,no2 that would kill him1 returned ,paulus with a sneer1 being what he is4 ,then how punish him8 asked she4 ,by pursuing him with their blandishments1 answered ,paulus2 that is1 if they can muster sufficient ferocity4 ,but ,i fear the women are too kind here in ,italy4 ,i am told that even in the midst of the most furious passions1 and while the deadliest agonies are felt by others around them1 their natural sweetness is so invincible that they smile and send soft glances to and fro2 they look more bewitching at misery 7such is their goodness7 than when they see no suffering at all4 ,yes1 indeed6 and as the gladiators fight1 they have a lovely smile for each gash2 and when the gladiator dies1 their eyes glisten enchantingly4 ,we have not these entertainments in ,greece1 and the ,greek ,dion must soon feel the superiority of the ,roman to the ,greek woman4 ,pity is a beautiful quality in a woman2 and the ,greek ladies do not seek the same frequent opportunities of exercising it as the ,italian ladies possess1 and1 eheu6 enjoy4 ,is ,paulus bitter8 asked ,aglais4 ,is ,paulus witty8 ,talking of wit1 my lady1 pursued the hostess1 none but our dear old ,plautus could have matched this young ,athenian1 as ,antistius ,labio1 the great author of five hundred volumes1 has found to his cost4 ,labio6 ,why1 that must be the son of one of those who murdered ,csar1 exclaimed ,paulus4 ,my father met his father foot to foot at the battle of ,philippi2 but he escaped1 and slew himself when ,brutus did so4 ,that was indeed this man's father1 said ,crispina4 ,the son is a very clever man1 and a most successful practitioner in the law courts4 ,wishing to mortify ,dionysius1 he said in his presence1 at a review of the troops at ,formi yesterday1 that he was grateful to the gods he had not been born at ,athens1 and was no ,greek--not he6 ',the ,athenians also entertain1' replied ,dionysius1 'the idea which you have just expressed4' ',what idea8' asked ,antistius ,labio4 ',that their gods watch over them1' replied ,dionysius4 ,ah my lady6 you should have heard the laughter at ,labio2 the very centurions turned away to conceal their grins4 ,some one high at court then took the ,athenian's arm on one side1 and ,titus ,livius's on the other1 and walked off with them4 ,labio did not say a word4 ,pray can you tell us1 good ,crispina1 whether ,germanicus ,csar is to be a guest of the knight ,mamurra8 asked ,paulus4 ,the landlady said she believed he would be for a day or two1 and that she thought it was even he who had taken ,dion's and ,livy's arm1 and walked with them apart4 ,it is some time1 said ,aglais1 since ,catullus indited those epigrammatic verses against the hospitable and opulent knight4 ,this ,mamurra must be very old4 ,yet1 my lady1 replied ,crispina1 he has a ruddy face1 a clear complexion1 and downright black eyebrows4 ,there is a wash called lixirium1 said ,aglais with a meaning smile4 ,ah6 but1 cried ,crispina1 laughing with no less knowing a look1 that makes the hair yellow2 and the brows of the knight are as black as the jet ornaments in your daughter's hair4 ,you can tell us1 no doubt1 said ,paulus1 who those ladies must be that came with ,tiberius ,csar yesterday from that splendid mansion on the ,liris4 ,they were in beautiful litters2 one of sculptured bronze1 the other of ivory1 embossed with gold reliefs4 ,i know who they are1 of course1 said the landlady2 they are half-sisters1 the daughters of the late renowned warrior and statesman1 the builder of the ,pantheon1 ,agrippa ,vipsanius1 but by different mothers4 ,one of them was the wife of ,tiberius ,csar4 ,was6 exclaimed ,paulus2 why1 she's not a ghost8 ,she is1 nevertheless2 her husband has another wife1 said the landlady2 adding1 in a low voice1 a precious one1 too2 the emperor has required him to marry the august ,julia4 ,the august6 murmured ,aglais contemptuously1 with a shrug of the shoulders2 getting old1 too4 ,i am sure1 resumed the landlady1 no one can describe the relationships of that family4 ,agrippa ,vipsanius1 you must know1 married three times4 ,his second wife was ,marcella1 daughter of ,augustus's sister1 ,octavia2 and this ,marcella became the mother of the elder of the two ladies whom you saw4 ,well1 while this ,marcella was still living1 but after she had had a daughter called ,vipsania1 ,augustus made ,agrippa put her away to marry1 mind you1 this very same august ,julia1 ,augustus's own daughter1 and therefore ,marcella's first cousin4 ,this ,julia1 who had just become a widow1 having lost her first husband ,marcellus1 is the mother of the other lady whom you saw1 who is called ,julia ,agrippina1 and who thus came into the world the second cousin of her own half-sister4 ,well1 ,agrippa1 the father of both girls1 leaving the august ,julia a widow for the second time1 ,tiberius ,csar marries ,agrippa's eldest daughter ,vipsania1 and has a son by her1 called ,drusus2 and now1 while ,vipsania is still living1 ,augustus makes ,tiberius put her away to marry the aforesaid august ,julia1 the mother of the younger daughter1 ,julia ,agrippina1 who is ,tiberius's first and likewise second cousin4 ,i can hardly follow you in the labyrinth1 said ,aglais4 ,no one can1 my lady1 except those who make a study of it1 said the landlady1 laughing2 but it's all true4 ,julia1 ,augustus's daughter1 is the wife of the father of both these girls1 first cousin to the eldest of them1 mother and cousin-in-law of the younger1 and has now also been made wife to the husband of the elder1 her own first cousin1 and become the sister-in-law of her own daughter and cousin-in-law to the younger4 ,medius fidius6 cried ,paulus1 staring stupidly1 what a tremendous twisted knot6 ,julia's daughter1 half-sister1 and second cousin is put away1 that the half-sister's husband may marry the half-sister's stepmother and second cousin1 or something like that4 ,or something like that1 continued ,crispina2 but there is no end to it4 ,tiberius ,csar is now father-in-law and brother-in-law to one woman1 and the husband and stepfather-in-law to another1 while the mother of the younger half-sister becomes the sister-in-law of her own daughter4 ,at this moment ,agatha1 who was opposite the outer door of the embowered landing1 leading down by a flight of stairs into the garden1 through the other arbor before mentioned1 suddenly exclaimed1 ,there's ,benigna walking in the garden with a man6 ,they all looked1 and saw ,benigna and a young man1 wearing a brown tunic and slippers1 in a distant alley of fig-trees1 talking earnestly as they strolled together4 ,crispina smiled and said1 ,i must really tell you that my ,benigna's betrothed lover came here unexpectedly at daybreak4 ,he has obtained a week's holiday1 and will spend it1 he vows1 in the inn4 ,we have had to use some skill1 ,i promise you1 in finding room for him4 ,he is to sleep in a big trunk with the lid off1 stowed away in the angle of a corridor behind a curtain4 ,he is a very good and well-instructed youth1 knows ,greek1 and is severely worked as one of the secretaries of ,tiberius ,csar1 whose slave he is1 as ,i think ,benigna has mentioned to my little ,lady ,agatha yonder4 ,when is the marriage of dear ,benigna to take place8 asked ,agatha4 ,of course the poor young man1 replied ,crispina1 cannot marry until he gets his freedom4 ,whenever ,tiberius ,csar allows him to shave his head1 and put on the pileus1 7cap of liberty17 we shall have a merry wedding4 ,what sort of master is ,tiberius ,csar8 asked ,paulus4 ,the landlady said she was thankful she did not personally know him2 but she had never heard any complaint of him made by ,claudius1 her future son-in-law4 ,your future son-in-law1 ,claudius6 exclaimed ,agatha in amazement4 ,then it was your future son-in-law who had something to say to that ,dame ,plancina1 with the pale face and black eyebrows8 ,not that ,i know of1 my little lady1 returned the hostess4 ,ah6 but he had1 though1 persisted ,agatha4 ,he came to the arbor door1 and distinctly stated1 with a low bow1 that he had commands for that lady2 and then she said from whom2 and he said1 my name is ,claudius2 that is what he said2 and then she jumped up in a remarkable fluster and went into the house1 and he followed her4 ,but then why she should jump up in a fluster1 because a slave said his name was ,claudius1 ,i can't imagine1 concluded ,agatha1 pondering4 ,the hostess looked surprised4 ,i think it could not be because a slave's name was ,claudius1 she said2 nor do ,i understand it4 ,is that your demon-seeing dame1 ,agatha8 asked ,paulus1 stretching himself2 for ,i have a notion that when ,i parried the fellow's blow who wanted to cut me down in so cowardly a fashion1 you know-- ,yes4 ,there was a female scream2 do you remember it8 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i have been thinking the woman who screamed was a woman whom your description of that fierce dame in the arbor exactly fits4 ,if so1 she was in the train of ,tiberius1 and of those ladies of whom our good hostess has just given us such an interesting genealogical and matrimonial account4 ,then perhaps the commands for ,plancina were from ,tiberius ,csar1 quoth ,agatha4 ,crispina shook her head1 but appeared a little serious4 ,a short silence followed4 ,paulus broke it by asking the landlady to get a letter forwarded for him to the military tribune1 ,velleius ,paterculus1 at ,formi4 ,i wish1 he said1 to take advantage of the delay in the emperor's visit1 and to see the country1 to fish in the river1 to move about far and near2 provided ,paterculus1 to whom ,i have given a promise to report myself1 has no objection4 ,the hostess brought him some liviana1 or second-class paper1 the best she had1 some cuttle-fish ink1 and a reed pen1 told him to write his letter1 and undertook to transmit it at once by a runner belonging to the hostelry4 ,she then left the room4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the letter was sent1 and in the course of the forenoon the tabellarius1 or letter-carrier of the inn1 returned from ,formi4 ,crispina brought him to ,paulus1 who was in an avenue of the garden watching some players as they contested a game of quoits or discus4 ,this avenue connected the garden proper with the open country westward1 terminating in a cross-hedge of myrtle1 through which a little wicket or trellis gate opened4 ,the man has brought no letter back1 the hostess said1 signing at the same time to the messenger to deliver the particulars of his errand4 ,he had found the tribune1 he said1 and had given him the letter and asked for an answer4 ,the tribune was at the moment inspecting a body of troops4 ,he read the note1 however1 and immediately took out of his belt both his stylus and pugillaria1 or hand-tablets2 when the prtorian prefect ,sejanus1 happening to pass1 entered into conversation with him1 and the messenger then saw ,velleius ,paterculus hand to ,sejanus ,paulus's letter4 ,after reading it1 the general gave it back1 said something in ,greek1 and went away4 ,the tribune thereupon told the bearer that he would send an answer during the day by a messenger of his own4 ,paulus thanked the man1 who then withdrew4 ,our hero1 who had prepared his fishing-tackle1 a portion of which he had in his hand1 remarked that it was vexatious to lose so fine and favorable a day4 ,moreover1 why should ,i be a prisoner8 he suddenly exclaimed4 ,i have a triple right to my personal liberty1 as ,roman citizen1 knight1 and noble4 ,and what have ,i done to forfeit it8 ,what have ,i done except parry the blow of an assassin whom ,i neither injured nor provoked8 ,hush6 murmured ,crispina2 and just then ,cneius ,piso1 having a bandage round his head1 and leaning on the arm of ,plancina1 was seen passing into the inn before them from another part of the garden4 ,the landlady stood still a moment1 till the two figures had disappeared1 when she said1 with a slight motion of the thumb in the direction of ,piso1 ,he reports himself quite well now except for a headache4 ,he and his lady leave us in an hour for ,rome1 and ,i hope ,i may say both vale and salve4 ,you ask what you have done4 ,have you not come to ,italy to claim rights which are indisputable8 ,is that reason8 ,it is a thousand reasons1 and another thousand1 too4 ,alas6 do not deceive yourself1 as your namesake and cousin did1 about the character of the world4 ,at the door of the inn they separated1 she to attend to the multifarious business of her household1 and he to loiter purposelessly4 ,after a little reflection1 he went quite through the house by the impluvium1 and the central corridor beyond it1 and looked into the public room1 or atrium4 ,at one table a couple of centurions sat playing dice with the tesser1 and shouting the names of half a dozen gods and goddesses1 as their luck fluctuated4 ,at another table a powerfully built1 dark1 middle-aged man1 having a long1 ruddy beard streaked with gray1 upon whom ,asiatic slaves waited1 was taking a traveller's repast2 his slaves helping him to costly wine1 which he drank with a grimace of dissatisfaction1 but in formidable quantities4 ,other groups were dotted round the large apartment4 ,in order not to draw needless notice1 for all eyes turned to him for a moment1 except those of the two dice-throwing and bellowing centurions1 ,paulus seated himself behind an unoccupied table near the door4 ,while idly watching the scenes around him1 he thought he heard his name pronounced in the passage outside4 ,he listened1 but the noise in the room made him uncertain1 and the voice outside was already less audible1 as of one who had passed the door while speaking4 ,presently he heard1 in a much louder tone1 the words1 ,why1 it is not our carriage1 after all4 ,let us return and wait where we can sit down4 ,and the speaker again passed the public room1 coming back1 apparently1 from the porch4 ,paulus happened to be sitting close to the door1 which was open2 a curtain1 as was common1 hanging over the entrance4 ,this time1 in spite of the noise in the dieta1 a word or two1 and a name1 though not his own1 struck him4 ,he fancied some one said1 ,no harm to her2 but still1 not the brother--the sister1 my trusty ,claudius4 ,where had ,paulus heard those tones before8 ,in itself1 what he had overheard was a sufficiently harmless fragment of a sentence4 ,nevertheless1 ,paulus rose1 left his table1 lifted aside the door-curtain1 and went into the corridor1 where he saw ,cneius ,piso and ,plancina1 with their backs to him1 walking toward the end of the passage opposite the porch1 but he nearly stumbled against a young man going the other way4 ,this person1 who was good-looking1 in both senses of the word1 wore the sober-colored exomis1 or tunic1 the long hair1 and the slippers of a slave4 ,he had in his right hand a stylus2 in his left1 tablets of citron-wood1 open and covered with blue wax1 on which he was reading1 with his head bent1 some note which he had made there4 ,it is my fault1 noble sir1 said he2 ,i was stooping over these and did not observe you2 ,i beg you to pardon my awkwardness4 ,and he bowed with an air of humility4 ,it is ,i1 rather1 who am to blame1 said ,paulus1 scanning steadily the features of the slave1 who had made his apology with a look of alarm1 and in exaggerated accents of deprecation4 ,shortly after this incident1 while ,paulus1 who had not returned to the atrium1 was leaning dreamily over the balustrade of the inn's central court1 and watching the fountain in the impluvium there1 he was struck heavily on the shoulder from behind by an open hand4 ,turning round slowly1 he beheld a man in the very prime of life1 who was entirely a stranger to him4 ,i was told ,i should find you here1 excellent sir1 said the stranger4 ,paulus took in1 at a glance1 his dress and general appearance4 ,he had a thick brown beard1 neatly trimmed1 and open1 daring1 large blue eyes1 in which there was nothing whatever sullen or morose2 yet a sort of wildness and fierceness1 with a slight but constant gleam of vigilance1 if not subtlety4 ,on the whole1 his face was handsome2 it was conspicuously manful1 and1 perhaps1 somewhat obdurate and pitiless4 ,his stature was good without being very lofty4 ,he had broad shoulders1 rather long1 sinewy arms1 a deep chest1 and1 altogether1 a figure and person not lacking any token of agility1 but more indicative of huge strength4 ,he wore sandals1 the laces of which crossed each other up his mighty legs1 which were otherwise bare1 and a white woollen diphera covered his shoulders1 and was belted round his waist4 ,and who told you that you would find me here8 asked ,paulus2 for a few minutes ago ,i did not know ,i should find myself here4 ,there goes the youth who told me1 answered the other pointing1 and at the same moment ,paulus saw the slave1 against whom he had walked in the passage1 cross on tiptoe an angle of the court-yard1 and vanish through a door on the opposite side4 ,claudius1 continued the stranger1 is an acquaintance of mine1 and chancing to meet him as ,i entered the hostelry1 ,i asked for you4 ,and pray who are you1 and what do you want with me8 asked ,paulus1 after the slave1 who must1 he now felt sure1 be the ,claudius to whom ,benigna was betrothed1 had disappeared4 ,who am ,i8 returned the stranger2 a good many people know my name1 and my person1 too4 ,but that matters not for the present4 ,your second question is more immediately important4 ',what do ,i want with you8' ,to deliver to you a letter2 nothing more4 ,understanding that ,i meant to stroll out in this direction1 the distinguished tribune1 ,velleius ,paterculus1 requested me to hand you this4 ,and he produced from a fold in the breast of his white woollen tunic a letter1 having a written address on one side1 and a thread round its four ends1 which thread was knotted on the side opposite to that bearing the superscription4 ,the knot was secured by a waxen seal1 upon which the scholarly writer had1 in imitation of the deceased minister ,mcenas1 impressed the engraving of a frog4 ,paulus opened it and read what follows3 ,to the noble ,paulus milius ,lepidus1 the younger1 ,velleius ,paterculus sends greeting3 ,go where you like1 amuse yourself as you like1 do as you like--fish1 ride1 walk1 read1 play1 sing--provided you sleep each night at the ,post ,house of the ,hundredth ,milestone1 under the excellent ,crispina's roof4 ,be careful of your health and welfare4 ,so far so good1 said ,paulus2 ,i am a prisoner1 indeed1 but with a tolerable long tether1 at least4 ,i am much obliged to you for bringing me the letter4 ,imprisonment6 observed the other4 ,i have heard a knot of centurions1 and also soldiers unnumbered1 talk of your imprisonment1 and of the blow with which it seems to be connected4 ,you are a favorite1 without knowing it1 among the troops at ,formi4 ,one fierce fellow swore1 by quite a crowd of gods1 that your blow deserved to have freed a slave1 instead of enslaving a knight2 that is1 to have freed you had you been a slave1 instead of enslaving you1 who are already a knight4 ,i feel grateful to the soldiers1 said ,paulus4 ,you are doubtless an officer--a centurion1 perhaps8 ,well1 they do speak freely1 replied the stranger1 and so do ,i2 therefore you have made a fair guess2 but you are wrong4 ,ah6 well1 said ,paulus2 thanks for your trouble1 and farewell4 ,i must go4 ,one word1 persisted the other4 ,i am a famous man1 though you do not seem to know it4 ,the conqueror in thirty-nine single combats at ,rome1 all of them mortal1 and all against the best gladiators that ever fought in circus or in forum1 stands before you4 ,at present ,i am no longer obliged to fight in person4 ,i keep the most invincible familia of gladiators that ,rome has hitherto known4 ,you are aware of the change of morals and fashions2 you are aware that even a senator has been seen in the arena4 ,some day an emperor will descend into our lists4 7,this1 as the reader knows1 really happened in the course of time47 ,join my family1 my school2 ,i am ,thellus1 the lanista4 ,what6 cried ,paulus1 his nostrils dilated1 and his eyes flashing4 ,in ,greece1 where ,i have been bred1 gladiatorial shows are not so much as allowed by law1 even though the gladiators should be all slaves2 and because some senator has forgotten the respect due to the senate and to himself1 and has no sense either of decency or humanity1 you dare to propose to me1 the nephew of a triumvir1 the son of an honorable and a famous soldier--to me1 the last of the milians1 to descend as a gladiator into the arena1 and to join your school1 mehercle6 of uneducated1 base-born1 and mercenary cut-throats6 ,the lanista was so astounded by this unexpected burst of lofty indignation1 and felt himself thrust morally to such a sudden distance from the stripling1 at least in the appearance of things1 that he uttered not one word for several instants4 ,he glared in speechless fury at the speaker1 and when at length he found voice and ideas he said1 ,do you know that ,i could take you in these unarmed hands1 and tear you limb from limb where you stand1 as you would rend a chicken--do you know that8 ,i do not1 said ,paulus1 in slow and significant accents1 facing round at the same time upon the lanista with deliberate steadiness1 and looking him fixedly in the face2 but if you even could1 it would suit my humor better to be murdered where ,i am by a gladiator than to be one4 ,by the ,capitoline ,jove6 cried ,thellus1 after another rather long1 doubtful pause1 laughing vehemently1 when ,i place your skill of fence1 about which ,i have heard a particular account1 by the side of your high spirit1 you really do make my mouth water to number you among my pupils4 ,i have not a man in my familia whom you would not1 when a little addition to your years shall have perfected your bodily vigor1 stretch upon the sand in ten minutes4 ,but what mean you1 after all8 ,you do not wish to hurt my feelings1 because ,i make you a friendly offer in the best shape that my unlucky destiny and state of life afford me the means of doing8 ,do you1 then1 so utterly despise the gladiator8 ,have you reflected on it so deeply8 ,who1 nevertheless1 displays in a greater degree many of the severest and highest virtues8 ,do you despise the man who despises life itself1 when compared with honor in the only form in which honor is for him accessible8 ,answer that4 ,do you despise abstemiousness1 fortitude1 self-control1 self-sacrifice1 chastity1 courage1 endurance8 ,answer that4 ,who is more dauntless in the combat1 more sublimely unruffled when defeated1 more invincibly silent under the agony of a violent death1 accompanied by the hootings of pitiless derision1 and whose derision1 whose mockery1 is the last sound in his ears8 ,let that pass4 ,but who pays a dearer price for the applause of his fellow-men when it is his8 ,who serves them more desperately in the way in which they desire to be1 and will needs be1 served8 ,who gives them the safe and cruel pleasures they demand more ungrudgingly1 or under such awful conditions8 ,who comes forward to be mangled and destroyed with a more smiling face1 or a more indifferent mien8 ,who spurns ease1 and sloth1 and pleasure1 and pain1 and the sweet things of life1 and the bitter things of death1 in order to show what manhood can dare and what manfulness can do1 and in order to be thoroughly the man to the last1 with the same constant and unconquerable mind1 as the very gladiator whom you thus insult8 ,women can often show heroism in pain while shrinking from danger2 and1 on the other hand1 amidst the general excitement and the contagious enthusiasm of an army in battle1 to fight pretty well1 and then to howl without restraint in the surgeon's hands1 is the property of nearly all men4 ,some who face danger badly endure anguish well2 and many1 again1 who cannot support pain will confront danger4 ,but if you wish to name him who does both in perfection1 and who practises that perfection habitually1 you will name the gladiator4 ,nor is it pain of body alone1 nor loss of life alone1 which his calling trains him to undergo with alacrity4 ,are you sure that our motives are simply and solely that grovelling lust of gain which you imply8 ,mercenary you dare to term us8 ,mercenary6 ,the gambler is mercenary4 ,is the gladiator like your high-born voluntary gambler8 ,is the gladiator deaf to praise8 ,indifferent to admiration8 ,reckless of your sympathy8 ,is he without other men's human ties and affections1 as the gambler is8 ,has the gladiator no parents whom he feeds with that blood which flows from his gashes8 ,no wife whom he is all the time protecting with that lacerated and fearless breast8 ,no children whom his toils1 efforts1 and sufferings are keeping out of degradation1 out of want1 and out of that very arena which he treads with a spirit that nothing can subdue1 in order that those whom he loves may never enter it8 ,while ,thellus thus thundered with increasing and increasing vehemence1 the clear-faced youth whom he addressed1 and who had confronted his words of menace without any emotion except that of instinctive and settled defiance1 was and appeared to be quite overwhelmed4 ,had ,paulus been struck bodily1 he could not have felt any thing like the pain he suffered4 ,the words of the gladiator smote the lad full to the heart1 like stones shot from a catapult4 ,thellus gazed thoughtfully at him during the pause which ensued1 and then resumed by exclaiming1 ,mercenary6 that is1 he takes pay4 ,does the author take pay8 answer that4 ,do the lawyer and soldier take pay8 ,does the magistrate take pay8 ,does1 or does not1 the emperor take pay8 ,does the vestal virgin herself take pay8 ,if the gladiator did1 and suffered1 and was all he does1 all he suffers1 all he is1 in mere sport1 and at his own personal expense1 ,i suppose you would respect him4 ,but ,i1 ,thellus--,i1 the gladiator--,i1 the lanista--would scorn him1 and spurn him1 and spit upon him4 ,blame the community who go to these sports1 and sit in shameless safety2 blame the hundreds of thousands who succeed other hundreds of thousands to applaud us when we kill our beloved comrades1 and1 at the same time1 to howl and hoot over those same brave friends whom we kill2 blame those who1 having cheered us when we slew our faithful companions1 yell at us in our own turn when we are slain2 blame men for taking us when we are little children1 and rearing us expressly to be fit for nothing else2 blame men for taking the little ones of captured warriors who have in vain defended their native lands against the discipline and skill of ,rome2 blame men for mingling these poor infants in one college with the foundlings and the slaves to whom law and positive necessity bequeath but one lot in this life2 blame those who thus provide for the deadly arena4 ,blame your customs1 blame your laws1 blame your tyrannous institutions1 against which the simplicity and trustfulness of boyish years can neither physically nor mentally struggle2 blame1 above all1 your fine dames1 more degraded--ay1 far more degraded and more abased than the famishing prostitutes who must perish of starvation1 or be what they are2 blame your fine dames1 ,i say1 who when1 like the august ,julia1 they import the thick silks of ,india1 are not satisfied till they pick them thin and transparent before wearing them1 lest their garments should conceal their shame2 and thus attired1 pampered with delicacies1 gorged with food1 heated with wine1 surfeited with every luxury1 reeking and horrible1 know not what else to do to beguile the languid intervals of systematic wickedness1 than to come to the arena and indulge in sweet emotions over the valiant and virtuous fathers of homes and hopes of families1 who perish there in torture and in ignominy for their pleasure4 ,o ,god6 cried young ,paulus4 ,well may you1 cried ,thellus1 be filled with horror4 ,ah6 then1 when will a god descend from heaven1 and give us a new world8 ,i have one child in my home1 a sweet1 peaceful1 natural-hearted1 conscience-governed1 loving little daughter4 ,her mother has gone away from me for ever to some world beyond death where more justice and more mercy prevail4 ,the day when ,i lost her ,i had to fight in the arena4 ,eheu6 ,she was anxious for me1 she could not control her suspense2 she saw the execrable ,tiberius4 ,bah6 do you think ,i'm afraid to speak8 ,of what should ,i be afraid8 ,thellus has been at the funeral of fear2 yes1 this many a day1 continued ,thellus1 raising his voice2 she came to the ,statilian amphitheatre against my express command2 she saw the execrable ,tiberius1 contrary to every custom1 after ,i had been victor in four fatal encounters1 when ,i was worn out with fatigue1 order me to meet a fresh antagonist2 and looking up among the hundred thousand spectators1 ,i beheld the sweet1 loving face4 ,i beheld the clasped and convulsive fingers4 ,but1 lo1 who came forth to fight against me8 ,whom had the accursed man provided as my next antagonist8 ,her only brother1 poor ,statius1 whom ,tiberius knew to be a gladiator1 and whom he had thus selected for the more refined excitement of the spectators to fight against ,thellus2 but1 above all1 for his own more refined enjoyment1 for the monster had tried and found my poor ,alba incorruptible2 and this was his revenge against a wretched gladiator and his faithful wife4 ,statius was no match for me2 ,i tried to disarm him2 after a while ,i succeeded1 wounding him at the same time slightly4 ,he fell1 and his blood colored the sand4 ,i looked to the people2 they looked to ,tiberius1 waiting for the sign of mercy or execution4 ,i was resolved in any case not to be the slayer of ,statius4 ,the prince turned up his thumb1 to intimate that ,i was to kill my wounded opponent4 ,the amphitheatre then rang with a woman's scream1 and the people1 with one impulse1 turned down their hands4 ,i bore ,statius in my own arms out of the arena2 but when ,i reached home1 ,i found my wife was near childbirth1 delirious1 and raving against me as the murderer of her brother4 ,she died so1 in my arms and in her brother's4 ,she left me my poor little ,prudentia1 who is dearer to me than all this globe4 ,after taking breath1 he added1 quoting ,paulus's words1 ,but we are a gang of base-born1 uneducated1 and mercenary cut-throats4 ,oh6 forgive1 forgive1 forgive my words1 exclaimed ,paulus1 stretching out both hands toward the gladiator4 ,thellus took those hands and said1 ,why1 ,i love you1 lad4 ,i love you like a son4 ,i am not high-born enough to be father to the like of you2 but it is not forbidden me to love a noble youth who hates baseness and is ignorant of fear4 ,i'll tell you more2 but first answer me--are you of opinion1 from what has passed between us1 that ,thellus is an uneducated man8 ,i am afraid that you are better educated than ,i am4 ,in any case1 replied ,thellus1 ,i am ready to confess that the qualities and virtues exercised by gladiators are exercised for a wrong purpose1 and in a wrong way4 ,but tell me1 why is bread made8 ,you will not say because bakers bake it4 ,that would be a girl's answer2 it would be saying that a thing is because it is1 or is made because it is made4 ,why is it made8 ,because it is wanted4 ,would bakers bake it if nobody ate it8 ,if nobody wanted to live in a house1 would masons build any8 or would there even be any masons8 ,you could not1 ,i grant1 have music if there were no musicians1 if none wanted music4 ,it is the gladiator1 unquestionably1 who does the fighting in the arena2 but if none wanted the fighting1 you would have no gladiators4 ,i have told you how we are trepanned in helpless infancy2 and not only reared1 prepared1 and fitted for this calling1 but hopelessly unfitted for every other4 ,we supply the spectacle--but who desires the spectacle8 ,it is not we2 we are the only sufferers by it2 we detest it4 ,but whatever in so dreadful and wicked a pastime can be noble1 courageous1 unselfish1 heroic1 we the same1 we the victims1 give and exhibit2 and all the selfishness of it1 all that is cowardly in it1 all that is cruel1 base1 despicable1 execrable1 and accursed1 sits on the benches1 and applauds or yells in the wedges2#fa this you1 you1 who go thither1 and bring thither us1 your victims1 this you produce1 this is your contribution to it4 ,ours is honor1 valor1 skill1 and dauntless death2 yours1 inhumanity1 cowardice1 baseness1 luxurious ease1 and a safe1 lazy1 and besotted life4 ,it is true1 said ,paulus4 ,hideous are the pleasures1 detestable the glories of this gigantic empire2 but unless1 as you say1 a ,god himself were to come down from heaven1 how will it ever be reformed8 ,how1 indeed8 answered ,thellus4 ,little did they dream who a certain ,child in ,syria was1 who had then entered his eleventh year6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #fj ,greek1 we may observe1 was to the ,romans of that age about as familiar as1 and far more necessary than1 ,french is to us4 ,it was the vehicle of all philosophy1 and the condition of all higher education4 ,the fashionable ,romans used ,greek phrases in conversation through vanity4 #fa ,juvenal1 vi4 #fa4 ,,the ,,pope ,,and ,,the ,,council1 ,,by ,,janus4 ,since the apostolic bull convoking the ,general ,council of the ,vatican1 now in session1 has been issued by ,pius ,,ix41 an immense literary activity has manifested itself in most countries about the great and important questions which are supposed to claim the attention of that august assembly of the ,catholic ,church4 ,not only ,catholic1 but also ,protestant reviews have engaged in various ways in the discussion of matters relating to the council4 ,very numerous1 indeed1 are the pamphlets--nay1 books and volumes of greater import--that have been published within the last ten months in ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,england1 and ,germany4 ,it is particularly in this latter country that publications concerning more or less the present council have been most numerous1 and prominent reviews have given able and elaborate notices of most of them4 ,several publications1 of this character have been rendered accessible to ,italian1 ,french1 and ,english readers1 thus exhibiting the importance attached to them outside of ,germany4 ,it is our present purpose to enter upon a closer examination of a work which we have already briefly noticed in a former number1 we mean the book1 ,the ,pope and the ,council1 by ,janus1 of which an authorized translation appeared both in ,england and in this country4 ,we adduce this fact as a very peculiar one1 which will cause still greater surprise to the reader when he is informed that an authorized ,french translation appeared but a short time after the original itself4 ,the reader has already been told what he is to think of the orthodoxy of ,janus1 when his doctrines are judged by the criterion established by the church4 ,but let us state here at once that we have a right to apply the ,catholic test to the doctrine set forth by ,janus4 ,for they1 namely1 the authors 7p4 #ad17 expressly profess to be in communion with the ,catholic ,church1 though inwardly separated by a great gulf from those whose ideal of the church is an universal empire4 ,the translator1 too1 presents ,janus as a work of ,catholic authorship1 and declares the authors members of a school1 morally if not numerically strong1 who yield to none in their loyal devotion to ,catholic truth6 ,in view of such declarations1 we may proceed to inquire1 ,what is the aim of ,janus8 ,the authors can best answer this question2 for1 in their opinion1 since the forgery of the ,isidorian ,decretals1 about the year #hde1 the primacy has been distorted and transformed4 ,the papacy1 such as it has become1 presents the appearance of a disfiguring1 sickly1 and choking excrescence on the organization of the church1 hindering and decomposing the action of its vital powers1 and bringing manifold diseases in its train4 ,moreover1 ,janus boldly asserts priori that the approaching council will not enjoy that freedom of deliberation necessary to make it truly cumenical4 ,the recently proclaimed council is to be held not only in ,italy1 but in ,rome itself2 and already it has been announced that1 as the sixth ,lateran ,council1 it will adhere faithfully to the fifth4 ,that is quite enough2 it means this3 that whatever course the synod may take1 one quality can never be predicated of it1 namely1 that it has been a really free council4 7,pp4 #cde1 #cdf47 ,these extracts would be quite sufficient to show the aim of ,janus1 and his view of the pope and the council4 ,how such harsh and preposterous language may be reconciled with loyal devotion to ,catholic truth1 and that commendable piety which the authors of ,janus profess1 we ask candid and impartial readers to decide4 ,janus considers it to be true piety to expose the weak points of the papacy1 denounce its faults1 and purposely exhibit their mischievous results2 appealing to a saying of ,st4 ,bernard1 ,melius est ut scandalum oriatur1 quam ut veritas relinquatur4 ,it is this intense love of truth which prompts ,janus to oppose1 frankly and decisively1 every disfigurement 7p4 #bj7 which the church has undergone for nearly a thousand years4 ,to ward off so fatal a catastrophe1 with which the church is now threatened by the council1 the authors have attempted in this work to contribute to the awakening and direction of public opinion1 7p4 #bg17 and have entered this protest1 based on history1 and appeal to the thinkers among believing ,christians1 and are modest enough to hope that their labors will attract attention in scientific circles1 and serve as a contribution to ecclesiastical history4 7,preface47 ,we cannot1 therefore1 be surprised that a work with such a scientific programme should have caused some sensation1 even among ,catholic theologians1 many of whom were not slow to unmask the historical representations1 and direct reference to original authorities1 of which ,janus makes such great parade4 ,that ,janus was hailed with great delight1 not only abroad but also in this country1 by an anti-,catholic press1 and nearly all reviews or periodicals1 cannot be a matter of wonder1 when we know that such allies as ,janus within our own pale are welcome to the enemies of the church4 ,in ,england1 ,janus was heralded by a grand preliminary and concomitant flourish of trumpets4 ,every thing was done by a certain very small but very zealous clique to give this book as great a publicity as possible4#fb ,the ,north ,british ,review1 the ,saturday ,review1 and the ,academy1 have joined in one chorus of eulogy1 exulting over the victory which they think ,janus has achieved4 ,among the many admirers of ,janus in our country1 suffice it to say that one writer has been so fascinated by this work1 so entirely made up of facts1 that he triumphantly exclaims1 ,no one can help feeling convinced of its veracity4 ,nay1 more than this1 the same reviewer pays a compliment to ,janus which1 considering the source it comes from1 involves a strange contradiction4 ,it runs thus1 ,the author 7,janus7 shows himself throughout a thorough ,catholic1 but an earnest and liberal ,christian1 a learned canonist1 a faithful and discriminating historian4 ,without further comments1 we propose to meet ,janus and his admirers upon equal grounds1 since it is their earnest wish that the reader's attention should be exclusively concentrated on the matter itself1 and that1 in the event of its evoking controversy1 no opportunity should be given for transferring the dispute from the sphere of objective and scientific investigation of the weighty questions under review4 7,p4 #bh47 ,we have no reason to dread that facts and original authorities must and can speak for themselves1 and we too shall hope to see where the saying of ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 is verified1 ,falsitas sub velamine sanctitatis tolerari non debet4 ,in presence of such a vast amount of matter as ,janus gives to his readers1 and we might say en passant with such little semblance of order and system1 it becomes necessary to confine our examination to three leading points3 #a4 ,to the manner in which the investigation is conducted1 or the scientific character of the work2 #b4 ,to the orthodoxy which the authors profess2 #c4 ,to the historical and critical parts of the book4 #a4 ,as is correctly stated in the ,translator's ,notice1 the substance of the volume already appeared in a series of articles in the ,allgemeine ,zeitung1 or ,gazette of ,augsburg1 in ,march1 #ahfi1 under the heading of ,the ,council and the ,civilta4 ,in these articles1 historical facts were brought forward1 which called forth prompt and sharp answers from the ,catholic reviews of ,germany1 where several falsehoods were exposed and denounced as gross misrepresentations4 ,when these articles were issued in their present form1 the authors of ,janus took no notice of the exposure1 but quietly dropped from their book these three mendacious statements4 ,not a word of apology or retractation was offered4 ,an able theologian#fc has pointed out these tactics of ,janus2 but1 to our knowledge1 no reply was given4 ,our ,janus1 says the same critic1 may feel quite at ease2 he will not be brought to the stake either for his historical criticism1 or even for his heresies2 but he has branded himself as a forger by the very act of spiriting away these lies1 only to come forward with a look of perfect innocence and palm off upon the world others more numerous4 ,indeed1 the new name of ,janus1 assumed by the authors1 has also a figurative meaning1 inasmuch as a different face may be exhibited1 just as the case may demand4 ,janus declares his love and attachment to the church and the primacy1 and regards it as a complete misapplication of the term piety to conceal or color historical facts and faulty institutions4 7,p4 #bj47 ,hence the inference will be legitimate to stigmatize as impious a mode of investigation which misstates and distorts historical facts1 shaking at the very foundation both the church and the primacy4 ,and this is precisely what ,janus would accomplish1 even contrary to his own avowed intention4 ,for1 according to him1 ,the primacy rests on divine appointment2 and still it has been transformed1 and has become destructive to the church1 rending asunder that unity which to uphold and represent it had been instituted4 7,pp4 #ah1 #ba47 ,since the ninth century1 a transformation of the primacy1 artificial and sickly1 the consequences of which have been the splitting up of the previously united church into three great ecclesiastical bodies1 divided and at enmity with each other4 ,if such is the case1 where1 may we ask1 is that primacy of divine institution to be found8--that primacy ever-living and indefectible as the church herself4 ,and yet1 we have the word of ,janus for it1 the primacy1 divinely instituted as the centre of unity1 has virtually become extinct1 and has failed to be the source and centre of unity4 ,did ,janus himself dare to face this inevitable and logical conclusion8 ,the ,roman bishops not only believed themselves to be in possession of a divine right1 and acted accordingly1 but this right was actually recognized by others4 7,p4 #bb47 ,how is this profession to be reconciled with the following one1 that the form which this primacy took depended on the concessions of the particular local churches8 ,what the privileges were which ,christ himself bestowed on the primacy1 ,janus nowhere attempts to state4 ,where1 then1 is his reason for asserting that the form which the primacy took depended on concessions8 ,wherein consist the privileges inherent in the primacy by divine right1 and which are those conceded by the local churches8 ,until ,janus has distinctly defined these respective limits1 with what show of logic and scientific process can he pronounce that for eight centuries the primacy was legitimately developed1 and since the ninth century so fatally transformed and totally disfigured8 ,truly1 if he had committed himself to any precise theory1#fd he would have exposed himself to an inglorious refutation2 as it is now1 he has taken refuge in silence4 ,and yet1 in justice to himself1 and in order to save his scientific reputation1 ,janus was obliged to define these divine rights of the primacy before he could venture to say that they had been fatally transformed2 thus he is able to bring forward a very dark side of the history of the papacy4 ,superficial minds may be ensnared by this deceitful procedure1 but fair and scientific thinkers will rise indignantly and enter their solemn protest against such an abuse of logic and history4 ,moreover1 it is obvious that a primacy whose form1 that is1 rights inherent to it1 are made dependent upon the consent of those over whom it is to be exercised1 is illusory1 and is a mere shadow4 ,it is very difficult to understand how such a novel mode of reasoning should have escaped our authors1 who have written under a deep sense of anxiety1 and we fear that1 by pledging their faith to such dogmas as the infallibility of the church1 and the divinely appointed primacy of ,st4 ,peter and his successors1 in the person of the bishops of ,rome1 they have either deluded themselves or hoped to delude others by hollow professions of faith and a hypocritical show of piety4 ,the authors1 having thus left a wide and open field in which to lead astray and bewilder the minds of their readers1 do not hesitate to assert1 ,no one acquainted with church history will choose to affirm that the popes ever exercised a fixed primatial right in the same way over the churches in different countries4 ,quite a captious and vague affirmation in each and every particular4 ,are we to understand that1 because the same primatial rights were not everywhere and uniformly exercised1 there were no acknowledged rights of the primacy8 ,and yet to this conclusion1 however illogical1 such a proposition would lead4 ,if the ,roman bishops have not at all times exercised the same rights over the churches in ,egypt as over those of ,africa or ,gaul1 it is simply owing to the different condition of the various churches1 where the exercise of such rights was not necessary1 and by the very nature of things varied to meet the exigencies of the churches4 ,what opinion would we form of a writer--we may be permitted to use a familiar illustration--who1 from the fact that ,congress did not at one time enforce the same article of our constitution in the ,state of ,ohio as it did in ,virginia1 concluded that this legislative body possessed not1 or was not conscious of possessing1 the same rights and power granted by the constitution in ,ohio as in ,virginia8 ,this is precisely what ,janus would induce his readers to believe regarding the rights of the primacy4 ,that the popes throughout the first centuries of the church exercised primatial rights1 ,janus readily grants1 and must grant from the position he assumes4 ,now1 if the exercise of such rights over the various churches at different periods of the ancient church1 taken collectively1 involve all those prerogatives which the papacy has since claimed and enjoyed1 we must of necessity infer that the rights of the primacy1 as understood and exercised at the present period1 are identical with those of the first eight centuries4 ,this we could prove by a work entirely made up of facts1 and supporting all statements by reference to the original authorities4 ,yes1 this has already been done by able and judicious historians2 among the more modern ones we may appropriately challenge a careful perusal of the history of ,dr4 ,dllinger1#fe in which a complete enumeration of the prerogatives exercised by the bishops of ,rome over the whole church1 both in the east and in the west1 may be found1 together with a direct reference to many and unexceptionable historical facts4 ,under the present head we merely refer to the action of ,pope ,st4 ,victor1 in the second century1 against the churches of ,asia ,minor concerning the question of paschal celebration against the ,quartodecimans2 ,st4 ,stephen1 against the ,anabaptists in ,africa2 ,st4 ,cornelius1 against ,novatus and ,felicissimus2 ,st4 ,dionysius1 in the case of ,paul of ,samosata1 ,bishop of ,antioch1 when the ,emperor ,aurelian himself would not sustain him1 and referred to the ,bishop of ,rome for a final decision2 all these statements attested by such writers as ,eusebius1#ff ,socrates1#fg and ,theodoret4#fh ,how about the appeal of the ,montanists to the ,bishop of ,rome1 mentioned by ,tertullian#fi himself8 ,did not ,marcion repair to ,rome to obtain a reversal of the sentence passed against him8#gj ,did not that illustrious champion of faith1 ,st4 ,athanasius of ,alexandria1 appeal to ,pope ,julius ,i4 against the ,arians1 when the ,council of ,sardica was convoked at the request of the pope in the year #cdc1 and the supremacy of the ,roman bishop solemnly acknowledged1 to whom all must appeal for final sentence8#ga ,janus1 however1 with this most conspicuous incident of history before him1 says1 ,there is no mention of papal rights1 or any reference to a legally defined action of the ,bishop of ,rome in other churches1 with the single exception of the canon of ,sardica1 which never obtained universally even in the west4 7,p4 #bc47 ,having produced one most remarkable instance of the application of this canon of ,sardica1 we now must inform our readers that this same canon of the ,synod of ,sardica was inserted in a ,latin version of a collection of canons known by the name of ,prisca ,collectio1#gb as early as the fifth century1 and regarded as a code of laws attesting the tradition of the ancient church1 according to the maxim of ,st4 ,vincent of ,lerins1 ,quod semper1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus creditum est4 ,in like manner did ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 that great doctor of the eastern church1 appeal to ,pope ,innocent ,i41 although his adversary1 the usurper ,theophilus1 had sent delegates to ,rome to gain the pontiff1 who annulled all the acts of ,theophilus and his party against the illustrious patriarch4 ,the letter which ,st4 ,chrysostom#gc wrote to the pope adds great strength to our argument4 ,st4 ,cyprian1 too1 by whose authority our adversaries would fain triumph1 sent the acts of synods held by himself to the ,bishop of ,rome for confirmation1 and also asked ,st4 ,stephen to depose ,marcion1 ,bishop of ,arles1 as being a partisan of ,novatian1 and to appoint another in his place4 ,but we must ask pardon of the reader for having already been too long in these references--though as yet we have said nothing of the many acts and letters of ,pope ,st4 ,leo the ,great--all of which demonstrate beyond the shadow of doubt that the most ample exercise of all primatial prerogatives was made in nearly all the churches of the ,christian world4 ,a rapid glance over the discourses and letters of the distinguished pontiff1 in the voluminous work of ,ballerini1 will corroborate our assertion in its whole extent4 ,what are we to think of these words of ,janus1 ,no one acquainted with church history will choose to affirm that the popes ever exercised a fixed primatial right8 ,to us1 it would seem nothing less than an appeal to the ignorance of his readers4 ,a similar proceeding we notice in the following paragraph3 ,the well-known fact speaks clearly enough for itself1 that throughout the whole ancient canon law1 whether in the collections preserved in the eastern or the western church1 there is no mention made of papal rights4 ,we do not attribute such a confused and inaccurate knowledge to ,janus1 that he is not fully aware what all these collections comprise4 ,these collections or codes of law are pretty numerous1#gd both in the ,greek and in the ,latin churches1 and some of them contain besides the ,canones ,apostolorum1 not only many decrees of the councils1 both particular and cumenical1 that were held during the third1 fourth1 and fifth centuries1 but also the decretals of the early popes4 ,thus1 for instance1 the collection made by the monk ,dionysius#ge comprises1 in a chronological order1 the decretals or decrees of all the popes from ,st4 ,siricius1 in the year #cie1 to ,st4 ,anastasius ,,ii4 in #dhf4 ,another ,spanish collection of canons1 called the ,liber ,canonum1 is very comprehensive1#gf embracing the decrees of all the synods that were held in the eastern and western churches1 together with the decretal letters of twenty popes from ,st4 ,damasus to ,gregory the ,great4 ,a similar collection of canons in ,africa was approved by the ,synod of ,carthage in #dai4 ,now1 according to our authors1 in all these collections no mention is made of papal rights1 or any reference to a legally defined action of the ,bishop of ,rome in other churches4 ,truly6 we need but challenge an examination of many decrees of synods1 and of the official letters of the popes contained in these collections1 and we shall find all primatial rights fully exercised and universally acknowledged4 ,who does not know the splendid testimonies of the fathers in the councils of ,ephesus and ,chalcedon1 both of which acknowledged in their acts the supremacy of the see of ,rome6 ,as to the many decretal letters of the popes1 there are no more celebrated documents in early history than the professions of faith given by ,pope ,celestine ,i4 to the bishops of ,gaul against ,semipelagianism1#gg ,st4 ,boniface to the bishops of ,illyria1 ,st4 ,gelasius in a decree on canonical ,scripture and the well-known formula of ,pope ,st4 ,hormisdas1#gh subscribed to by the eastern bishops4 ,by far the greater number of these pontifical letters constituting those collections imply one or another prerogative exercised by the bishops of ,rome1 who were ever conscious1 even in those early ages1 of being the supreme teachers and guardians of faith appointed by ,christ himself4 ,with what mien of self-sufficiency and confidence ,janus can style a well-known fact1 something of which just the very opposite results from an inspection of historical records1 is more than unintelligible in authors who make such ado about their scientific fairness4 ,with a desire to save ,janus's reputation as a learned canonist and faithful historian1 we must presume such a grave misstatement wilful1 and naturally enough he must have reckoned on readers who have little or no knowledge of the ancient collections of the canons4 ,yet we must not fail to enter an energetic protest against these self-proclaimed scientific labors and contributions to ecclesiastical history4 ,is it by such unblushing assertions1 without proof to sustain them1 that the authors show their love and honor for an institution which forms an essential part of the constitution of the church8 ,the whole introduction of this work1 covering nearly thirty pages1 exhibits a programme with summary indications1 whence ,janus infers that with the present council the system of absolutism is to be crowned1 and the church to come within the grasp of a powerful coalition4 ,this great danger to the church the anonymous authors feel in duty bound to avert1 and to oppose this advancing flood-tide1 in which we may discover another characteristic mode of warfare1 since ,janus deems it necessary to assail a powerful party1 with clearly ascertained objects1 which has gained a firm footing through the wide ramifications of the ,jesuit order4 ,and this party he can only attack by bringing forward a very dark side of the history of the papacy4 ,indeed1 a singular mode of warfare1 but one which presents no feature of novelty4 ,have not the ,reformers of the sixteenth century1 like most of their forerunners1 concealed their true aim by attacking ostensibly the ,curia1 or some religious body1 as ,luther did the ,dominicans1 and in the seventeenth century did not the ,jansenists resort to a similar stratagem8 ,now1 with such a clear profession before us1 why these assaults on the hierarchy and the church in general for the last thousand years8 ,why make the whole church accountable for the misdeeds and menacing coalition of a party8 ,why1 as faithful ,catholics1 appeal1 not to the council nor to the hierarchy1 but to the thinkers among believing ,christians8 ,reformers before ,janus usually appealed from the popes to general councils1 but he surpasses them all by appealing neither to the one nor to the other1 but to the laity1 who may even pronounce on the reception or rejection of the council or its decisions4 ,assuredly no further arguments need be brought forward to satisfy candid and discriminating minds that ,janus has ill succeeded in masking his true purpose2 nor can his professions of loving truth and justice stand the test of criticism1 or the dignity of scientific investigation tolerate the insolent treatment it has suffered at the hands of ,janus and his school4 ,for those among our readers who must be shocked at seeing names of men distinguished for their learning and piety at a very critical period in ,germany1 quoted in support of the opinions of this school of traitors1 7pp4 #af1 #ag17 we can say that ,janus1 by attributing to such men a similarity of views with himself1 makes a gratuitous and bold assertion1 corroborated by no reliable authority2 only one name1 that of the eccentric ,baader1 lends any probability to this impudent statement4 ,but such names as ,walter1 ,philipps1 ,hefele1 ,hagemann1 ,gfrrer1 and even ,dllinger up to a certain time1 renowned for their profound researches and contributions to ecclesiastical history and jurisprudence1 are studiously omitted by ,janus2 nor would it have served his purpose1 since the eminent theologians just mentioned have undermined and exploded whatever scientific or historical basis ,febronianism and ,gallicanism could boast of1 and which ,janus would restablish4 ,in summing up our considerations on this point1 we fully concur in the remarks of an able writer1 that ,janus does his utmost to overthrow what is at present by far man's strongest barrier against the rapid and violent inflowing atheistic tide1 without attempting to substitute another in its place4 ,if his book could exercise any real power1 that power would be put forth in favor of those whom the author agrees with us in regarding as the most dangerous enemies of every highest human interest4 ,this serious apprehension has been fully verified by the many admirers ,janus has found in the hostile camp2 nay1 the apostate ,froschhamer has even complimented ,janus publicly1#gi with only one restriction1 namely1 that he has only gone half-way1 and finds fault with this inconsistency4 #b4 ,we did not propose to content ourselves with the gratuitous assertion that ,janus is not throughout a thorough ,catholic and earnest ,christian2 but we shall make it clear that he has already seceded from well-established points of doctrine1 and even rendered his scheme of reforming the church an impossible hypothesis4 ,as we have already stated1 ,janus directs his attacks against a party--ultramontanism--which1 he says1 is essentially papalism4 7,p4 #cd47 ,but while professing to oppose an ultramontane scheme1 he finally arrives1 by a very promiscuous array of historical facts and scientific investigations1 at the conclusion that the entire church1 led by the popes during the last thousand years1 has been dragged into this gross error and devastating torrent of ultramontanism4 ,by means of a huge forgery the whole constitution and government of the church has been changed--that is1 has become a human institution1 and lost its divine character4 ,what1 then1 is the result the writers of ,janus arrive at as to their own position8 ,inwardly a great gulf separates them from such a church and its chief pastor--that is1 from ,pius ,,ix4 and the episcopacy4 ,for in another place 7p4 #c7 he affirms that the doctrines he attacks are identical with those of the chief head4 ,does it not follow from these premises that ,janus excludes himself from this centre of unity1 as the see of ,rome has been called by ,st4 ,cyprian1 ,bishop of ,carthage8 ,likewise ,st4 ,jerome1 in his book against ,rufinus1 asks the latter1 ,is your faith the faith of the ,church of ,rome8 ,if so1 he adds1 we are both ,catholics4 ,during the pontificate of ,st4 ,hormisdas1 from the year #ead to #ebc1 two hundred and fifty bishops signed a formulary sent them by the pope1 in which they declared that they who were not in all things in union with the apostolic see were cut off from communion with the ,catholic ,church4#hj ,sequentes in omnibus1 says the text so forcibly1 ,apostolicam ,sedem et prdicantes ejus omnia constituta1 spero ut in una communione vobiscum1 quam ,sedes ,apostolica prdicat1 esse merear1 in qua est integra et verax ,christian religionis soliditas4 ,etiam sequestratos a communione ,ecclesi ,catholic1 id est1 non consentientes ,sedi ,apostolic4#ha ,by what right1 then1 or by what interpretation1 we demand1 can ,janus be called a thorough ,catholic8 ,the unity and indefectibility of the church of ,christ are essential doctrines1 most clearly and distinctly embodied in the sacred ,scriptures4 ,but ,janus no longer admits them1 as the following passages will show3 ,the previously united church has been split up into three great ecclesiastical bodies1 divided and at enmity with each other4444 ,when the presidency in the church became an empire1 444 then the unity of the church1 so firmly secured before1 was broken up4 7,p4 #ba47 ,according to ,janus1 a great and searching reformation of the church is necessary2 and1 let it be understood1 not in matters of discipline1 which can vary1 but in matters of faith--yes6 in the most important points touching the divine constitution of the church4 ,the popes possessed none of the three powers which are the proper attributes of sovereignty2 neither the legislative1 the administrative1 nor the judicial4 ,for a long time nothing was known in ,rome of definite rights bequeathed by ,peter to his successors4 ,the bishops of ,rome could neither exclude individuals nor churches from the church universal4 7,pp4 #fd1 #ff47 ,confront these assertions with the few but remarkable facts already given from history1 and what becomes of them8 ,there are many national churches which were never under ,rome1 and never even had any intercourse with ,rome4 7,p4 #fh47 ,janus then proceeds to give examples of such autonomous churches1 and we confess that it has seldom been our lot to see any thing more vague and evasive4 ,in the first place1 we refer to the letter of the ,syrian bishops1 which was read in the fifth session of the synod held in ,constantinople in the year #ecf1 by the ,patriarch ,mennas2 moreover1 the profession which the ,archimandrites and other ,syrian monks sent to ,pope ,hormisdas1 in which they plainly acknowledge and invoke the ,bishop of ,rome as supreme guardian of the entire flock of ,christ4 ,if the churches in ,persia1 in ,armenia1 and in ,abyssinia1 before they were commingled and entangled with the different ,gnostic sects and ,monophysites1 or ,jacobites1 were in union with the churches of ,alexandria1 of ,antioch1 and ,constantinople1 who1 in their turn1 recognized the supremacy of the see of ,rome1 in what possible sense can they be called autonomous8 ,frumentius had been ordained ,bishop of ,axuma1 in ,abyssinia1 by ,st4 ,athanasius1 ,archbishop of ,alexandria1 toward the year #cbf4hb ,will ,janus claim ,st4 ,athanasius as his partisan respecting this autonomy8 ,his attempt to claim the same autonomy for the early ,irish and ,british churches is no less hazardous1 and we refer to ,dr4 ,dllinger's history#hc for a refutation of such claims4 ,in this connection1 however1 it was only our purpose to prove from ,janus's own admission that the unity of the church was broken up4 ,quite natural1 too1 since the centre of unity no longer preserved its divine mission and character6 ,we hasten to another grave charge against the orthodoxy of ,janus1 namely1 that he denies the primacy both in its divine institution and in its rights4 ,the true primacy he reviles as papalism1 and would substitute a mere primacy of honor or presidency4 ,for it was only during a few centuries that the primacy had a sound and natural development2 since then it has become disfigured by human fabrications1 and consequently exists no longer4 ,such being the case1 we are unable to discover even a supremacy of honor1 lawfully exercised by the pope4 ,we solicit a careful examination of the primacy as it appears in the ,ancient ,constitution of the ,church1 and in the ,teachings of the ,fathers1 7pp4 #fc-ge17 and the inevitable conclusion derived from those assumptions1 sounding like oracles of ,delphi1 will be this1 the plenitude of power assumed and exercised by the ,bishop of ,rome over the whole church has no foundation whatsoever1 neither in the ,scriptures1 as interpreted by the fathers1 nor in ancient tradition1 but has been and still is an encroachment on the privileges of the particular churches1 a usurpation exercised by force and oppression--in fine1 an innovation on the divine constitution given to the church by ,christ4 ,every thing that is advanced by ,janus purporting to trace historically the origin and causes of papal power and its unnatural development1 even with that illustrious pontiff ,st4 ,leo the ,great1 7p4 #fg17 taking up nearly two thirds of the volume1 proves1 if any thing1 that no special prerogative was given to ,st4 ,peter by ,christ1 and hence could not1 of course1 be hereditary in the line of ,roman bishops4 7,p4 #gd47 ,the great nightmare of ,janus is1 indeed1 the pope's infallibility1 or the supremacy of the ,roman see in doctrinal decisions2 but while assaulting the former in a ple-mle warfare1 he utterly destroys the primacy itself2 though it would seem that infallibility properly understood is but a corollary of the primacy itself4 ,while professing to reject the doctrine of the papacy1 ,janus discards a truly apostolic doctrine of the ,catholic ,church1 and we cannot but suspect him of well-calculated dissimulation when he says that the authors of the book profess their adherence to the conviction that the primacy rests on divine appointment4 ,contrast this with the statements quoted1 and we can hardly refrain from sentiments of abhorrence and indignation at such duplicity1 as1 on the one hand1 we find it stated that the ancient church found the need of a bishop possessed of primatial authority1 and1 on the other hand1 nothing was known of definite rights1 and the same powers were exercised by the bishop of ,antioch1 ,jerusalem1 or ,alexandria4 ,the orthodoxy of ,janus and his abettors is impeachable in another no less serious point4 ,the church has ever been conscious of her own infallibility1 whereby she is protected from all error in teaching all truth to the nations2 in other words1 it has ever been firmly believed among ,catholics that the ecclesia docens1 or teaching church1 succeeded to the divinely bestowed privilege of apostolic infallibility1 and1 whether congregated in council or dispersed throughout the world1 is a true exponent of unity in faith and grace with her divine ,founder4 ,if this were not so1 in what possible sense could the church be called a pillar and ground of truth8 ,where would the assistance and guidance of the ,holy ,spirit have any visible action or influence1 if it be not to preserve her immaculate1 holy1 and pure8 ,hence1 those beautiful images employed by the ,apostle ,st4 ,paul1 of the union of the body with the head1 of this truly spiritual alliance of ,christ with his spouse1 that is1 the church1 through whose ministry the life of ,christ descends from the head to the members1 ,christ's life being nothing else but truth and grace4 ,but if we adopt ,janus's idea of the church1 she has become as the harlot of ,babylon1 a depositary of falsehood and iniquity4 ,for he denies the unerring authority of cumenical councils under the conditions in which it has always been received as a dogma by ,catholic theologians4 ,the oath of the bishops toward the apostolic see1 prescribed for many past centuries1 is pronounced by ,janus as incompatible with that freedom of deliberation and voting which are essential to such an assembly4 ,but1 we may ask1 does this oath interfere in the least with the strict obligation of keeping the faith intact and inviolable8 ,does this oath imply any violation of ,catholic conscience8 ,you might as well assert that the oath taken by a member of ,congress1 or of a particular legislature1 to support and abide by the constitution1 interferes with his liberty of speaking and voting4 ,in keeping with this hypothesis of ,janus1 all the councils that were held in the west1 and universally acknowledged as cumenical1 were perverted1 and mere tools of papal domination--shadows of the councils of the ancient church4 7,p4 #aed47 ,but the councils held in the east were truly cumenical1 because the popes had nothing to do with them1 7pp4 #fc1 #fd27 but the emperors1 on the contrary1 exercised all those prerogatives which the popes afterward usurped2 hence the councils in the west were but a sham and mockery when compared to the genuine cumenical councils held by the emperors1 who sometimes trenched too closely on this freedom4 7,p4 #ced47 ,yet the weight of imperial power and domination does not do away with that essential condition of an cumenical council4 ,but with the popes the case is quite the reverse6 ,truly admirable logic of our ,janus6 ,he is not content with unprincipled expositions and illogical hypotheses1 but resorts to positive falsification of history when he says1 ,neither the dogmatic nor the disciplinary decisions of these councils 7held in the east7 required papal confirmation2 for their force and authority depended on the consent of the church1 as expressed in the synod1 and afterward in the fact of its being generally received4 ,and again1 ,the popes took no part in convoking councils4 ,all great councils were convoked by the emperors2 nor were the popes ever consulted about it beforehand4 7,pp4 #fc1 #fd47 ,what is the verdict of history on these points8 ,that very ,latrocinium of ,ephesus1 in #ddi1 which ,janus so adroitly would put among those councils that were regarded as cumenical1 called forth a protest not only from ,pope ,leo the ,great1 but also from the eastern bishops1 because the ambitious ,dioscorus assumed to himself the right of presiding1 and1 as ,prosper and ,victor remark in their chronicles1 usurped the prerogative of the supremacy4 ,the most ancient historians1 ,socrates1 ,sozomenus1 and ,theodoret1 who continued the church history of ,eusebius1 attest unanimously those prerogatives of the ,roman bishop1 which our authors would so boldly deny4 ,thus1 ,sozomenus1 in the third book of his history1 chapter #aj1 says1 ,it is a pontifical law 7 7 that whatever has been done without the judgment of the ,roman bishop1 be null and void4 ,socrates1 alluding to the ,arian ,synod of ,antioch in ,encniis1 in #dca1 by the adherents of ,eusebius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 and which pronounced the deposition of ,st4 ,athanasius1 observes1 ,neither ,julius1 the ,bishop of ,rome1 was present1 nor did he send any one thither to take his place2 though it is prohibited by ecclesiastical law that any thing be decreed in the church without the consent of the ,roman pontiff4#hd ,when1 therefore1 ,st4 ,athanasius1 together with ,paul of ,constantinople1 ,marcellus of ,ancyra1 and ,asclepas of ,gaza1 sought the protection of ,pope ,julius1 the latter had their cause examined in a council held at ,rome in #cdc1 at which a great number of eastern bishops were present4 ,whereupon the pope declared the accused bishops innocent1 restored them to their sees1 and severely censured those who had concurred in the sentence of deposition against ,athanasius and the other bishops4 ,let it be understood that the ,arian bishops1 too1 on their part1 had appealed to the same pope4 ,the action taken by the ,pontiff ,julius in this grave affair is designated by the historian ,socrates#he as a prerogative of the ,roman ,church4 ,in like manner1 ,pelagius appealed to ,pope ,innocent ,i42 ,nestorius1 to ,pope ,celestine1 to whom ,st4 ,cyril of ,alexandria had already reported4 ,clestius1 a disciple of ,pelagius1 already condemned by the ,synod of ,carthage1 invoked the arbitration of ,pope ,zosimus2#hf ,eutyches1 having been excluded from the communion of the church by ,flavian1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 appeals to ,pope ,st4 ,leo1 who in his turn calls upon ,flavian to give an account1 which the latter does without delay4 ,the correspondence between ,leo and ,flavian on this point shows the falsehood of ,janus's assertion1 that the fathers had given the see of ,rome the privilege of final decision in appeals1 7p4 #ff17 and that the bishops of ,rome could exclude neither individuals nor churches from the communion of the church universal4 ,who does not know the remarkable words of ,st4 ,augustine1 when ,pelagius had been condemned by the synods of ,milevis and ,carthage in #daf1 and still persisted to hold communion with the church8 ,pope ,innocent ratified the decrees of the synods1 and the illustrious champion against ,pelagianism exclaims1 ,two councils have already been sent to the apostolic see2 thence answer has been received2 the case is terminated2 may the error too be ended4#hg ,vain1 too1 is the attempt of our authors to give dark colors to the transactions between the fathers of the ,council of ,chalcedon and ,pope ,st4 ,leo ,i4 7,p4 #fg47 ,let us see what the fathers of this council say to the pope1 when they request him to sanction that famous twenty-eighth canon1 which the legates of ,leo had refused to sanction4 ,they say1 ,knowing that your holiness hearing 7what has been decreed7 will approve and confirm this synod and close their petition thus1 ,we therefore pray that by thy decrees thou wilt honor our judgment1 and we having in all things meet manifested our accordance with the head1 so also may thy highness fulfil what is just4 7 47#hh ,leo ,i4 did not sanction this twenty-eighth canon1 for the very reason that it implied1 though in equivocal terms1 that ,rome obtained the primacy on account of its political dignity4 ,nor is it true that the fathers by this canon claimed equal rights for the see of ,constantinople2 but merely patriarchal rights and exemption from subordination to ,alexandria and ,antioch1 as the sixth ,nicene canon had ordained4 ,pope ,leo ,i4 in his letter#hi to the ,emperor ,marcian affirmed that ,constantinople was indeed an imperial1 but no apostolic city4 ,compare this with the words of ,janus1 ,but when ,leo had to deal with ,byzantium and the east1 he no longer dared to plead this argument4 ,anatolius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople at that period1 previous to the ,council of ,chalcedon was obliged to hold a synod in the presence of the papal legates1 in which ,leo's letter to ,flavian was read and signed1 and ,eutyches sentenced and deposed4 ,even at the ,council of ,ephesus1 in #dca1 ,st4 ,cyril presided as plenipotentiary of ,pope ,celestine1 who1 upon a report sent him by ,st4 ,cyril1 had condemned the ,nestorian errors in a synod held at ,rome in #dcj1 and summoned ,nestorius to retract within ten days under pain of excommunication4 ,how trivial1 then1 and calculated to confuse the reader1 must this remark of ,janus seem1 ,at the two councils of ,ephesus others presided4 ,it is a well-known fact that the papal legates at the ,council of ,chalcedon declared that it was a high misdemeanor of the second assembly of ,ephesus1 in #ddi1 and a crime in ,dioscorus of ,alexandria1 that it was presumed to hold a general council without the authority of the apostolic see2 and ,dioscorus was accordingly deposed4 ,the ,council of ,chalcedon was not convoked before ,pulcheria and ,marcian had requested and obtained the consent of ,pope ,leo ,i41 and at its termination the fathers said in their letter to the pope that he had presided over them by his legates as the head over the members2 and that the emperor had been present for the maintenance of decorum4 ,why1 then1 allege such examples as the despotic actions of ,constantius1 against whom such great and distinguished bishops as ,st4 ,athanasius1 ,st4 ,hilary of ,poitiers1 and ,lucifer1 raised their pastoral voice1 when this same emperor so harassed the bishops at ,rimini and ,seleucia in #cei1 aided by the cunning of ,ursacius and ,valens1 that they subscribed to an ambiguous but not heretical formulary4 ,wherefore1 ,st4 ,jerome exclaims1 ,ingemuit totus orbis et ,arianum se esse miratus est4 ,the purpose of ,janus in placing these assemblies among other councils universally regarded as cumenical1 appears1 to say the least1 suspicious6 7,p4 #ced1 and ,translator's ,notice47 ,we might yet quote many examples to exhibit what must be styled gross misrepresentation and falsification of history on the part of ,janus1 when he thus plainly states that the popes were never consulted when councils were convoked1 nor allowed to preside1 personally or by deputy--and it is clear that the popes did not claim this as their exclusive right1 7p4 #fc47 ,if any thing were wanting to corroborate our argument1 we need but allude to the declaration of the ,patriarch ,mennas of ,constantinople1 and many other eastern bishops4 ,when the ,emperor ,justinian would continue the council which was convoked with the express consent of ,pope ,vigilius1 who withdrew his permission after the emperor issued an edict on the three articles1 7tria capitula17 the pope fled to ,chalcedon1 whence he directed a letter to the whole church1#ij giving an account of the deplorable state of things1 adding that he had deposed the haughty bishop1 ,theodorus of ,csarea1 and suspended ,mennas of ,constantinople1 with the bishops who took his part4 ,the declaration made by ,mennas and other bishops1 professing their entire submission1 affords a most striking example of the supreme authority of the apostolic see in the midst of such turmoil and religious disputes1 the pope being an exile and the bishops enjoying the protection of the emperor2 and hence not a vestige of coercion in their unqualified declaration1 which we may be pardoned for subjoining here4 ,it is as follows1 ,following the apostolic doctrine1 and anxious to maintain ecclesiastical unity1 we are about to frame the present declaration1#ia ,we receive and acknowledge the four holy synods1 444 and all other things that were decreed and written in these same synods by common consent with the legates and representatives of the apostolic see1 not only in matters of faith1 but every thing that was so defined and enacted in all other causes1 judgments1 constitutions1 and ordinances we promise hereby faithfully and inviolably to observe4#ib ,a circumstance which gives greater weight to this whole exposition is1 that these councils were chiefly attended by eastern bishops1 among them the patriarchs of ,constantinople2 and that the ,roman pontiffs1 though not personally present1 still by their representatives1 who were not all bishops1 exercised such high prerogatives4 ,the emperors themselves recognized these rights of the see of ,rome both by their laws and public acts4#ic ,we have been rather prolix1 and have carried our examination further than we intended2 but it seemed necessary to sustain our charges against ,janus and his admirers by various and most unexceptionable authorities from history1 and the canons of the early councils4 ,the supremacy of the ,bishop of ,rome in teaching and governing the universal church1 could not be exhibited in a more resplendent light than in connection with general councils1 those grand assemblies of the hierarchy of the church4 ,nothing1 therefore1 was better calculated than the futile essays of the anonymous authors of ,janus to depreciate and obliterate1 if possible1 these prerogatives of the ,roman pontiffs in connection with cumenical councils1 in order to lay the foundation of their hypothesis1 that since the ninth century papal usurpation and ambition held high sway in the church1 hindering and decomposing the action of its vital powers4 ,how far ,janus has succeeded in finding such a basis for his edifice in history and in ancient canonical collections1 how far his statements are supported by reference to original authorities1 the candid and judicious reader of church history will have been able to decide4 ,if ,janus asks the verdict of history for his ,ancient ,constitution of the ,church1 that verdict cries aloud against such a miserable caricature1 and his appeal to past tradition is an appeal to ignorance or wilful prejudice4 ,we have impeached his orthodoxy on points of the very first importance1 and in vain do we look for those original authorities which should verify his hypothesis of the ancient church4 ,before summing up our arguments on this head1 we will be allowed to point out another serious and most pernicious error of ,janus4 ,he says1 ,the force and authority of the decisions of councils depended on the consent of the church1 and on the fact of being generally received4 7,pp4 #fc1 #fd47 ,yet we must examine what is meant by this consent of the church2 here is his theory3 ,when a council passes sentence on doctrine1 it thereby gives testimony to its truth4 ,the bishops attest1 each for his own portion of the church1 that a certain defined doctrine has hitherto been taught and believed there2 or they bear witness that the doctrines hitherto believed1 involve1 as their necessary consequence1 some truth which may not yet have been expressly formalized4 ,as to whether this testimony has been rightly given1 whether freedom and unbiassed truthfulness have prevailed among the assembled bishops--on that point the church herself is the ultimate judge1 by her acceptance or rejection of the council or its decisions4 7,p4 #ccd47 ,what a precious theory indeed of our authors6 ,the teaching body in the church1 or the hierarchy1 are mere witnesses in giving testimony to the truth4 ,but this testimony may ultimately be rejected2 for whether such a testimony has been rightly rendered or not1 is left to the decision of the church--consisting of the clergy and laity4 ,whence by a rigid conclusion it follows that the highest tribunal of acceptance or rejection of the decisions of a general council1 is with the great mass of the faithful or thinkers among believing ,christians4 ,in view of such plain propositions1 we should like to be informed how inerrancy or infallibility can be attributed to an cumenical council8 ,we may then select any council and doubt1 as thinking ,christians1 whether freedom and unbiassed truthfulness have prevailed among the assembled bishops4 ,all certainty is excluded by such a theory1 where the decisions of a general council are only binding when accepted by the church outside of the council4 ,this is nothing less than a complete negation of traditional and sound ,catholic doctrine--it is simply proclaiming the broad ,protestant dogma which grants the widest scope to the private judgment of the individual4 ,in one direction have the authors of ,janus been consistent2 for they purpose by their labors to contribute to the awakening and direction of public opinion1 which is the tribunal charged by ,janus to reject in advance the decrees of this council4 7,p4 #cde47 ,he himself makes an extensive use of this great privilege2 for1 according to him1 since the ninth century there were no truly cumenical councils2 the whole church has been forced and cajoled into giving a wrong testimony4 ,all councils since the period just named have proclaimed the views and tenets of a party as the constant belief of all ,catholic ,christendom4 ,such an issue ,janus would fain declare impossible4 ,alas6 for his beautiful theory1 destroying with one hand what he would build up with the other4 ,the church in its totality is secured against false doctrine4 ,there is precisely the dilemma in which ,janus has involved himself4 ,the whole work from beginning to end is intended to show that the church has sunk into a labyrinth of errors1 that she has radically changed her ancient and divine constitution1 that her centre of unity has become disfigured and sickly1 that her vital powers are in a state of decomposition4 ,does all this not imply false doctrine8 ,has the church not thereby fallen away from ,christ and the apostles8 ,perhaps ,janus will say that it is only the hierarchy that erred1 not the thinkers among believing ,christians1 himself1 of course1 among the latter4 ,well may we inquire of ,janus and his admirers1 ,what has become of the promises made to the church by her divine ,founder8 ,where is that spirit of truth to guide her through her pastors1 the bishops united with the supreme ,head8 ,where is that firm rock against which the gates of hell shall not prevail8 ,these questions are so intimately connected with the whole divinely reared edifice of the church of ,christ1 that to deny what the authors of ,janus have done is heresy in its worst form1 as much as ,arianism1 ,pelagianism1 or ,nestorianism4 ,we cannot withhold from our readers the appreciation of a candid and thoughtful outsider on the position ,janus has followed throughout his work3 ,if the liberal ,catholicism of ,janus and his friends is an infallible system1 it is an infallible system which has succumbed at once to a false pretence of infallibility on one side and an openly-admitted fallibility on the other4 ,now1 infallibility which is beaten for centuries1 both by a sham infallibility and by admitted incapacity for true infallibility1 is infallibility of a very novel kind1 very difficult to imagine4 ,it looks1 at first glance1 very like a rather specially fallible kind of fallibility with a taste for calling itself grand names4 ,if ,janus and his friends are right1 no paradox of the ,christian faith is half as great as theirs1 which maintains that the true infallibility of the church has not only lain perdu for centuries1 but has been impersonated by a growth of falsehood without any interposition on the part of the divine source of infallibility4 ,that1 we confess--with all our respect for the wish of ,janus to enter a protest on behalf of liberty and civilization--we do find a hypothesis somewhat hard even to listen to4 ,a dumb infallibility that cannot find its voice for centuries1 even to contradict the potent and ostentatious error that takes its name in vain--is that the sort of divine authority to which human reason will willingly go into captivity8 ,but we might sympathize with the authors of ,janus1 in spite of their utterly untenable intellectual position1 if they seemed to us to have any clear advantage in moral earnestness and simplicity over their opponents4 ,but1 while there is a certain school of ultramontanes that simply and profoundly believes in the infallibility of the pope1 in spite of all the critical and historical difficulties which the liberals ably parade and sometimes even overstate1 we find it hard to believe that the latter believe cordially in any church infallibility at all4 7,quoted by the ,dublin ,review1 ,january1 from the ,spectator1 ,november #f1 #ahfi47 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,see ,dublin ,review for ,january4 #fc ,rev4 ,dr4 ,scheeben in his pamphlet4 ,part iii4 #fd ,the negative account given in pp4 #fc-fi as the ancient constitution of the church takes nothing from our argument4 #fe ,london edition1 #ahdj1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjd1 #bbj4 #ff ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bd1 #be4 #fg ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bb4 #fh ,hret4 fab41 ii4 #h1 edit4 ,mansi1 tom4 i4 p4 #ajjc sqq4 #fi ,adv4 ,prax4 i4 #gj ,epiph4 ,hres4 #db4 #ga ,socrat4 ,h4 ,e4 ii4 #ae4 #gb ,see ,philipps's ,compend4 of ,can4 ,law1 vol4 i4 p4 #de4 #gc ,galland1 ,bibl4 t4 viii4 p4 #efi sq4 #gd ,see ,ballerini1 ,de ,antiq4 ,collect4 and ,biblioth4 ,juris-,can4 tom4 ii4 #ge ,died #ecf ,a4,d4 #gf ,migne1 ,patrol4 tom4 #hd1 gives this collection4 #gg ,denziger's ,enchiridion1 p4 #bi4 #gh ,see ,denziger1 p4 #dg4 #gi ,in the ,augsburg ,gazette1 and in a separate pamphlet since issued4 #hj ,see ,dllinger's ,history of the ,church1 vol4 ii4 sect4 iii4 p4 #bba4 #ha ,denzig4 ,enchir4 p4 #dh4 #hb ,athanas4 ,apol4 ad ,constant4 n4 #ca4 ,le ,quien1 ,oriens ,christian4 tom4 ii4 p4 #fdb4 #hc ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #bi1 #ce sq4 #hd ,h4 ,e4 #h4 edit4 ,vales4 tom4 ii4 p4 #gj1 ch4 #dae4 #he ,h4 ,e4 ii4 #ae4 #hf ,cl4 ,symbol4 ad ,zosim4 ,mansi1 tom4 iv4 pp4 #cbe1 #cgj4 #hg ,august4 ,serm4 #acb1 n4 #aj4 #hh ,ep4 ad4 ,leon4 #ih1 c4 i4 iv4 ,ball4 edit4 ,harduin1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #fee-ffj4 #hi ,ep4 #ajd1 ad4 ,marc4 c4 iii4 #ij 7,vigil4 ,epist4 ad ,univ4 ,eccles4 apud ,mansi1 tom4 ix4 pp4 #ej-fa47 #ia ,or petition1 libellus4 #ib ,mansi1 tom4 ix4 p4 #fb4 #ic ,see ,dlling4 ,ch4 ,h4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjd1 #bje4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,,the ,,little ,,wooden ,,shoe4 ,jacques was a fisherman--a lucky one too4 ,he had a little house1 all his own1 and1 in it ,jeanne who had been for seven years his wife1 and ,ange1 the jolliest little scamp that ever romped about a fisherman's cottage4 ,but these are not all his treasures4 ,he has1 besides1 a store of nets and a boat called the ,fine-,anguille4 ,the sea was never yet too rough for either4 ,for it never stormed until the ,fine-,anguille had come with her crew1 snug and dry1 to her mooring4 ,the captain of this frigate was ,jacques2 the mate--and what a mate he was6--was ,fanor1 a ,newfoundland1 peer and prince of all dogs4 ,every body knew the ,fine-,anguille4 ,every body knew ,fanor4 ,and well it was for many of them that they did4 ,they had made his acquaintance under memorable circumstances4 ,for1 when ,fanor looked from his kennel at night along the dark coast1 he could see the glow of many a fireside which would have long been dark and cheerless if he had not rescued from the waves the strong arms that earned its fuel4 ,many a mother felt something queer in her throat and in the corners of her eyes when she saw the great shaggy brute1 and thought of a certain little head that might long ago have been pillowed in the sea-weeds4 ,but when the feast of our ,lady of ,larmor came1 ah6 then ,fanor was in his glory4 ,did he walk in the procession8 ,of course he did6 ,did he not know what was the proper thing for a respectable dog to do and where his right place was1 after the banners8 ,ah6 said ,jacques1 he's a ,christian4 ,he's no dog2 he is almost a man4 ,after ,jacques1 and ,fine-,anguille1 and the sea1 ,ange was the dearest friend of this dog4 ,fanor paid the most delicate attentions to this little fellow4 ,he kept back his strength and refrained from those boisterous leaps2 he gave ,ange a thousand tender caresses with his great cold nose and with his paw2 and1 when he licked his hands1 he scarcely moistened them4 ,it was plain that he was in love with this baby4 ,and as for ,jeanne1 she loved nothing in the world besides ,jacques and ,ange and the dog4 ,for you and me1 and the thoughtless or busy world1 what a grand sight to watch the sea in ,september6 so deep1 so dark1 it falls and rises with ever-increasing majesty4 ,there is a menace in its ceaseless roll1 its beauty is terribly grand1 and from the shore we admire its strength and its immensity4 ,but how differently it appears to the poor fisher's wife6 ,for her there is nothing to admire in the ocean4 ,for her it is only a source of anxiety and dread4 ,how gloomy to her is the evening as it settles over this ever-tossing plain2 how her heart starts at the vague threats of the wind6 ,this blue and white-crested mass is perhaps a shroud4 ,is there no moaning save that which the listless water makes8 ,and1 when the horizon lowers1 is the wild call of the sea-bird the only strange cry that can be heard8 ,and1 as the wind sweeps from the stormy offing1 we perhaps think it beautiful4 ,but to the fisher's wife it is dreadful4 ,she fears for him who toils in the abyss4 ,what can a little shell like ,fine-,anguille and a man and a dog do against the ocean8 ,we may say1 ,how beautiful6 ,but she cries1 ,holy ,virgin6 the sea is too high6 ,sweet ,jesus6 it blows too1 too hard4 ,one day ,jeanne was with ,ange on the beach and ,jacques was preparing ,fine-,anguille for fishing4 ,jeanne sat1 knitting1 by the water's side4 ,ange had kicked off one of his little wooden shoes1 and with his rosy little foot was playing in the water4 ,he laughed1 he shouted1 he splashed the little waves that ran softly upon the sand4 ,ah6 what grand fun he was having4 ,it was evening4 ,the setting sun bathed the entire coast in purple1 and the water1 still and peaceful1 reflected this scene of splendor4 ,ange had tied a string to his little shoe and had thrown it out on the water4 ,mamma1 said he1 look6 see my ,fine-,anguille6 ,in a minute ,i am going to make a storm4 ,and he splashed away with his bare foot4 ,the little shoe tossed from one side to another2 finally it filled with water4 ,jeanne looked up and said4 ,naughty boy6 put on your shoe4 ,quick6 ,just then1 somebody touched her shoulder4 ,it was a stranger1 from ,paris1 perhaps4 ,this seemed probable from the haughty air1 which people from the city always have1 and also from his cold1 harsh look and his pale countenance4 ,jeanne was frightened4 ,i want a boat1 said this strange person1 to go out into the offing4 ,jacques approached4 ,if you like1 sir1 ,i am ready4 ,here1 ,fanor6 ,what6 take that brute along with us8 ,horrid cur6 ,he is filthy and smells of old fish4 ,i can't bear him for a companion4 ,i will not go without my dog1 said ,jacques4 ,come6 said the stranger1 this beast is of no use4 ,i will give you a louis to leave the dog4 ,jacque looked at his wife hesitatingly4 ,jeanne was pale4 ,the stranger tossed the louis in his hand4 ,just then ,ange cried1 ,my shoe has gone to the bottom6 ,and ,jeanne said1 ,don't go without the dog4 ,soon the ,fine-,anguille left the shore1 and1 breaking through the rosy water1 disappeared in the distance1 like a faint cloud4 ,jeanne turned again toward the house1 carrying her child1 whose little foot hung bare over her dress4 ,when she reached the heights1 she turned to scan the horizon4 ,she saw a thick gray band stretched along it4 ,seized with anxious foreboding1 she paused4 ,will it be fair8 she asked of ,father ,lucas1 the cow-herd4 ,what sort of a night will they have over by the ,thunder ,rocks and the ,white ,mare1 and in the offing8 ,father ,lucas1 in turn1 scanned the horizon4 ,fine-,anguille is a good sea boat6 said he2 and passed on with his cows4 ,it is the wind6 thought ,jeanne1 as ,ange by an unconscious movement covered his foot with her apron4 ,it is the wind6 ,god be merciful to us6 ,then she entered the house4 ,at ten o'clock gusts began to blow4 ,the waves moaned piteously4 ,jeanne could not sleep4 ,but neither the moaning of wind nor wave could disturb ,ange as he lay wrapped snugly in his cradle4 ,his mother struck a light4 ,one is not so much frightened when one can see clearly4 ,then it seems as if one could do any thing2 but what can one do against the wind8 ,the wind6 ,o my ,god6 the wind1 cried ,jeanne4 ,but1 at any rate1 ,fanor is with him6 ,then1 as every thing creaked and moaned around her1 she fell into a light slumber4 ,she saw the great sea with its frightful gulfs1 its white yawning mouth and threatening rocks1 and its deceitful shoals4 ,she saw her child on the beach1 splashing the water with his naked foot4 ,she saw the little wooden shoe which had been ship-wrecked4 ,then she heard the voice of ,ange murmuring1 ,i'll make a storm6 ,jeanne trembled4 ,then1 as the roof of the cottage moved and creaked1 she remembered how the waves had entered the little shoe4 ,all at once she rose up and took ,ange1 fast asleep1 in her arms4 ,she threw her cape over her shoulders4 ,it was raining hard and the wind blew strongly4 ,she lit a lantern2 a sudden gust put it out1 and she was left in the black darkness4 ,but the surf made so much noise that it served as a guide4 ,she reached the beach in safety4 ,ange6 ,o ,ange6 if ,fine-,anguille has perished6 ,the belfry of ,larmor stood black in the sombre night1 and the sea dashed its white foam at the very steps of the church4 ,jeanne seated herself on the damp sill1 and1 wrapping ,ange in her cloak1 waited with longing eyes1 counting every wave4 ,slowly the day broke1 and the storm abated as the sun rose4 ,it shone first on the fortress of ,port-,louis1 then along the rest of the coast2 and ,jeanne saw the little wooden shoe broken among the pebbles--,broken6 and yet so light6 ,it ought to have floated6 ,then ,jeanne saw the ,fine-,anguille4 ,her sail was rent and tattered4 ,her broken mast hung half in the water4 ,all that could be hoped was that she might come in with the tide1 and that ,jacques would be able to avoid the rocks4 ,perhaps they still preserved their oars6 ,as she listened1 she thought she heard them striking on the row-locks2 but no1 it was the wind4 ,the broken mast might still serve to hold them off the rocks4 ,already she could hear ,fanor's voice4 ,but on the heaving plain her glance could barely follow the little craft4 ,finally1 as a sudden gust blew afresh1 it disappeared altogether4 ,jeanne closed her eyes4 ,and1 when they reopened1 ,jacques and ,fanor were beside her4 ,jacques was pale2 ,fanor with red1 distended nostrils1 and panting1 shook the water from his shaggy coat4 ,wife1 said ,jacques1 we have been very unlucky6 ,we beat all night against the wind4 ,i wished to come in last evening after we had doubled the citadel2 ,i knew it would blow4 ,but that fool of a ,parisian would see the offing6 ,he is dead now4 ,god have mercy on him6 ,i have never worked so hard in all my life6 ,to lighten the boat he wanted to drown ,fanor4 ,and when he saw the breakers1 he would jump overboard to swim4 ,fanor went after him and brought him to the gunwale2 and1 while ,i was lending him a hand1 puff6 we were all in the water together4 ,holy ,mother6 how ,i did lay about me4 ,i caught a plank4 ',hold on1 ,fanor6' said ,i4 ,but ,fanor had left the stranger and had seized me by the collar4 ,and so ,i made the shore4 ,o the brave beast6 he's no dog2 he is almost a man6 ,and ,fine-,anguille8 said ,jeanne4 ,she will come in with the tide4 ,she is as light as a wooden shoe4 ,,cardinal ,,pole4 ,cardinal ,pole was a representative man4 ,as ,archbishop of ,canterbury he stands in direct contrast to ,cranmer4 ,each of these primates was at the head of a host during a period of mortal conflict4 ,they led respectively the forces of the old and of the new faith4 ,pole represented the ,catholics of ,england1 especially the wiser and better part of them4 ,cranmer was one of the feeblest and worst specimens of the reformers4 ,he had not even the unenviable merit of being true to his own principles4 ,he could not stand the shock of battle1 and though a standard-bearer1 he surrendered his colors in the hope of saving his life4 ,pole1 on the contrary1 suffered persecution for righteousness' sake1 and the cruel fate of his mother and his near relatives warned him but too plainly of the end that awaited him if he should ever come within reach of the tyrant4 ,let us trace his history1 though but in outline2 for we shall find it full of interesting matter1 food for reflection1 and lessons of piety4 ,there are many men of less importance and less merit whose lives are better known than his4 ,one who enjoyed his friendship during many years--,ludovico ,beccatelli1 ,archbishop of ,ragusa--has left us a record of his acts1 and painted his character with a faithful hand4 ,to him principally1 and to ,cardinal ,pole's own writings1 we are indebted for what we have learned respecting him2 for though much is to be found on the subject of his career in the pages of ,lingard1 ,strype1 ,flanagan1 ,hume1 ,strickland1 and ,froude1 it is to those higher sources especially1 together with the state papers of the time1 that every one must remount who would obtain reliable information4 ,it was when ,henry ,,vii4 had passed the middle of his reign1 and ,alexander ,,vi4 filled the papal chair1 that ,reginald ,pole was born at ,stowerton ,castle in ,staffordshire4 ,his father was ,sir ,richard ,pole1 7afterward ,lord ,montacute1 or ,montague17 a ,welsh knight1 and his mother was ,mary1 ,countess of ,salisbury1 daughter of that ,duke of ,clarence whom ,edward ,,iv4 drowned in a butt of ,malmsey4 ,he was the cousin also of ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,henry ,,vii4 and mother of ,henry ,,viii4 ,he had thus all the advantages which people attach to high descent1 and no pains were spared to give him an education suited to his rank and prospects4 ,the monasteries were then schools for the instruction of boys of good family1 and to one of these ,reginald was sent when a child4 ,it was the ,carthusian monastery at ,shene1 from whence he was removed in time to ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 where he laid the foundation of his future learning1 and was taught by the celebrated ,linacre1 the preceptor of ,prince ,arthur1 and physician to ,henry ,,viii4 and the ,princess ,mary4#id ,his education was carried on at the cost of ,henry2 for which reason he often in after life spoke of the king with gratitude4 ,he was but a boy when he obtained his degree of ,b4,a41 and might 7like ,wolsey1 who graduated at ,oxford when fourteen years old7 have been called the ,boy ,bachelor4 ,he was also admitted very early into deacons' orders2 at seventeen he was made ,prebendary of ,salisbury2 and at nineteen ,dean of ,wimborne and ,exeter4 ,the reformation had not yet broken out4 ,england was ruled without a parliament by the all-powerful minister ,cardinal ,wolsey2 and ,henry ,,viii41 who had in #aeac1 when ,pole was at ,oxford1 won the battle of the ,spurs and taken ,tournay1 appeared for a moment as a competitor for the imperial crown on the death of ,maximilian4 ,it was part of his good pleasure that ,reginald ,pole should be highly educated1 and accordingly about the year #aebj1 when the youth was twenty years old1 he caused him to repair to the ,university of ,padua to complete his studies4 ,reginald resided in that seat of learning in great splendor4 ,a numerous retinue attended him1 and he enjoyed the society and esteem of many eminent persons1 such as ,bembo#ie and ,sadolet4#if ,his morals were pure1 his manners graceful1 and his amiability made him much beloved4 ,after five years of university life1 he returned to ,england1 and was received by ,henry with many marks of royal favor4 ,but he shunned the splendors and seductions of the court1 and retired to a house that had belonged to ,dean ,colet within the ,carthusian monastery at ,shene4 ,henry's erratic career had begun2 and he was seeking to obtain a divorce from his faithful and virtuous wife1 ,catharine of ,aragon4 ,reginald earnestly desired to escape the complications that were likely to ensue4 ,he knew that a storm was gathering2 and after two years of retirement at ,shene1 he obtained ,henry's permission to pursue his studies at the ,university of ,paris4#ig ,he was not yet priests' orders1 neither had he taken monastic vows4 ,for this a curious reason was assigned4 ,all the contemporaries of ,queen ,catharine affirm that she earnestly desired a union in marriage between her daughter1 the ,princess ,mary and ,reginald ,pole4 ,his mother1 the ,countess of ,salisbury1 had always resided with ,mary1 and the biographers of ,pole with one voice declare that ,mary had regarded him with favor from earliest childhood4 ,we ought not1 however1 to lay too much stress on this fact1 since the disparity of their ages was too great to admit of their being lovers at an early period of life4 ,reginald was sixteen years older than ,mary1 yet it is not surprising that1 when her proposed marriage with the ,emperor of ,germany was broken off1 and ,reginald1 having returned to ,england1 appeared at court in his twenty-fifth year conspicuous for the culture of his mind and the beauty of his person1 the queen should wish to see him become the husband of her child4 ,he was of royal blood1 and very nearly resembled his ancestor ,edward ,,iii4 and his great-uncle ,edward ,,iv4 ,his portrait was taken by ,michael ,angelo for that of the ,saviour of men in the grand painting of the ,raising of ,lazarus4 ,he revived1 therefore1 in his carriage and features the memory of the heroic ,plantagenets from whom he descended4 ,already renowned for learning1 and with a mind enriched with travel and residence in foreign lands1 he had frequent opportunities of seeing the lovely ,mary who would probably one day be ,queen of ,england4 ,lady ,salisbury still lived with her1 and she was both her relative and friend4 ,the princess showed great partiality for the noble and accomplished ,reginald2 and at a much later period a marriage was proposed between them as a matter of state convenience1 but without its being very long or seriously entertained4#ih ,reginald was not suffered to remain long in peace at the ,university of ,paris4 ,an order arrived requiring him to procure opinions favorable to the divorce1 in concert with ,langet1 the brother of the ,bishop of ,bayonne4 ,the task was ungrateful to him1 full of danger1 and hardly to be executed with a clear conscience4 ,he resigned it to his colleague1 and was soon recalled4 ,he might have succeeded ,wolsey in the see of ,york1 and possibly ,warham in that of ,canterbury1 had he been willing to pander to the vicious inclinations of his royal master4 ,he wavered1 indeed1 for a moment1 and fancied he had found an expedient by which he might satisfy ,henry without wounding his own conscience4 ,he repaired to ,whitehall ,palace1 and there1 in the stately gallery1 he stood before the anti-christian king4 ,he loved that king in spite of his wickedness2 for he owed to him his education1 together with many dignities and splendors4 ,he loved him too well to deceive him4 ,the truth could not be suppressed4 ,it wrought within him like a pent-up fire4 ,his feelings overcame him1 and he burst into tears4 ,it was enough to stir the king's displeasure4 ,it revealed the secret workings of ,reginald's mind4 ,the divorce would be a crime--a horrible crime4 ,the reasons assigned in its favor were flimsy deceits4 ,the helpless queen and her daughter would be victims moving all hearts to pity4 ,henry frowned1 and his hand often sought the dagger's hilt2 but though ,reginald wept1 it was not likely a ,plantagenet should fear4 ,upon quitting the gallery1 ,reginald was loaded with the bitterest reproaches by his brothers1 and especially by ,lord ,montague4 ,he was induced to write to the king4 ,he explained his motives in language equally firm and temperate2 and ,henry1 into whom the demons had not yet fully entered1 took the letter1 or professed to take it1 in good part4 ,he declared that he loved ,pole in spite of his obstinacy1 and that1 if his opinion were only favorable to the divorce1 he should love him more than any man in the kingdom4 ,history has taught us how much his love was worth2 for his embraces were sure pledges of ruin and destruction4 ,he did not1 however1 withdraw ,reginald's pension of five hundred crowns1 but allowed him to leave ,england again4 ,having emphatically declared his dissent from the resolutions of parliament and convocation1 ,pole found his position more and more uneasy4 ,he turned his face again to the south1 and in #aecb took up his residence for a time at ,avignon4 ,during his absence the fatal divorce was completed1 and the doom of ,england as a ,catholic country was sealed4 ,the thought of returning to it became distasteful2 and he retired to the monastery of ,carpentras1 and subsequently to his old quarters at ,padua4 ,his leave of absence was extended4 ,he was enabled to visit ,venice4 ,his pension was duly paid2 he received the revenues of the deanery of ,exeter1 and was specially exempted from the obligation of swearing allegiance to the children of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,so far forbearance was shown toward him1 and he was not insensible to the indulgence4 ,he always in after life retained the same feelings1 and even his bitterest invectives were softened with notes of love4 ,in the year #aece1 when he was in his thirty-fifth year1 7for1 being born in #aejj1 his years run with the century17 ,pole was requested to send in his opinion on the authority claimed in ,england by the see of ,rome4 ,a similar request was made to all other ,english noblemen and gentlemen2 for ,henry in his worst deeds endeavored to fortify himself by public opinion2 and when doctors at the universities resisted his will1 he overcame their scruples by the help of menacing letters4#ii ,mr4 ,starkey1 a personal acquaintance1 was commissioned to correspond with ,pole1 and he advised him to avoid his previous errors4 ,he was to say distinctly and honestly whether he approved the divorce and the separation from ,rome--whether they were1 in his opinion1 right or wrong in the abstract1 and not whether they might be defended on grounds of expediency4 ,he insisted the more on this distinction1 because1 as we have seen1 when ,pole was first consulted by ,henry about the separation from ,catharine1 he had hesitated1 requested time for consideration1 and tried to discover reasons for complying with his sovereign's wishes4 ,but years had passed since that trying occasion4 ,the germs of evils had rapidly developed4 ,henry's character had unfolded2 ,pole's had matured4 ,their divergence had become antagonism2 and ,pole was in no way disposed to let the opportunity now afforded him escape4 ,it was the time to write what contemporaries widely scattered1 and even posterity1 might read4 ,brief answers to brief questions would do for the king2 but a volume would do better for ,rome1 the courts of ,europe1 the people of ,england1 and the angry glances of the lawless prince himself4 ,he intended it1 no doubt1 for ,henry's perusal in the first instance2 but he could hardly doubt that what he might speak in secret chambers would be proclaimed from the house-tops4 ,he showed the manuscript in parts to ,cardinal ,contarini4 ,the language was impassioned and almost violent4 ,the cardinal advised discretion1 and ended by protesting against what he considered fruitless invective4 ,to this ,reginald replied that he knew the king's character well4 ,he had been too much flattered4 ,no one had durst tell him the truth4 ,he could not be moved by gentleness4 ,his eyes ought to be opened by the plainest speaking1 and the censures of the church ought long ago to have fallen upon him4 ,it was not for his sake only that ,pole wrote2 he had the welfare of the flock of ,christ in his heart4 ,he was determined to expose the matter fully1 that king and people might be thoroughly warned4 ,in the mean time the emperor's designs on ,england were abandoned2 and the quarrel between him and ,henry seemed likely to be brought to a peaceful issue4 ,thus one hope which ,pole entertained of seeing divine judgments fall on the king of ,england was blighted4 ,yet his book must be completed4 ,the king must have the first reading of it4 ,he would not even submit it to ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 through ,cardinal ,contarini4 ,perhaps he feared that his holiness would think it ill-timed or intemperate4 ,we certainly find him lamenting that the pope did not convince the emperor how much more blessed it would be to fight with ,henry than with the ,turks--to be the champion of the ,christian faith in ,europe1 and drive back the fearful encroachments of heresy4#ajj ,at length1 in ,may1 #aecf1 ,pole's ,de ,unitate ,ecclesi1 was completed4 ,his ardent disposition and his indignant piety found vent in this composition1 and it rolled along like a river swollen by rains4 ,the very passages in it which ,mr4 ,froude holds up to reprobation and scorn are those which ,catholics in general will regard with the most pleasure2 they will strike upon their ears as the voice of one crying in the wilderness1 and denouncing in just and measured terms the crimes of a royal heresiarch4 ,it will appear to them instinct with affection rather than hatred4 ,i will cry in your ears1 he says1 as in the ears of a dead man--dead in your sins4 ,i love you--wicked as you are1 ,i love you4 ,i hope for you1 and may ,god hear my prayer4 ,i should be a traitor did ,i conceal from you the truth4 ,i owe my learning to your care4 ,he draws a hideous picture of ,henry's guilt and presumption1 and then proceeds to dissect a book which ,henry had sent him on the supremacy by ,dr4 ,sampson1 ,bishop of ,chichester4 ,he inveighs against the abuse which ,henry made of his regal power1 maintaining that the king exists for the people1 not the people for the king4 ,he makes the people the source of kingly power2 and his words1 populus regem procreat1 the people make the king1 involve a distinct denial of ,the right divine of kings to govern wrong4 ,he subordinates the regal office to that of the priest1 and in language singularly modern1 he asserts that sovereigns are responsible to their people1 and that ,henry1 by breaking his coronation oath1 has forfeited his right to the crown1 and justified the rebellion of his subjects4 ,the third and most important section follows4 ,it is addressed to ,henry ,,viii41 to ,england1 to the emperor1 and to the ,spanish army4 ,he accuses the king of intriguing with ,mary ,boleyn before his marriage with ,anne1 and brands the supreme head of the church as the vilest of plunderers1 a thief1 and a robber4 ,he relates in forcible language the story of the martyrdom of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,bishop ,fisher1 and the ,charterhouse monks4 ,he calls on ,england loudly to rebel4 ,o my country6 he says1 if any memory remains to you of your ancient liberties1 remember--remember the time when kings who ruled over you unjustly were called to account by the authority of your laws4 ,they tell you that all is the king's4 ,i tell you that all is the commonwealth's4 ,you my country1 are all4 ,the king is but your servant and minister4 ,no trumpet of revolt could blow louder1 yet ,pole did not stop even here4 ,he proclaimed his intention of exciting the ,emperor ,charles to invade ,england1 and to assemble under his banner all those ,english who remained true to ,god and his holy church4 ,this part of the treatise1 when printed1 was circulated as a pamphlet in the ,german ,states4 ,it protested that ,pole acted in the love of his country1 and in that love of the church which was given him by the ,son of ,god4 ,the ,spaniards above all men were bound in his view to vindicate the honor of the noble daughter of ,isabella of ,castile1 whom ,henry had divorced4 ,the king of ,france1 he believed1 would make peace with the emperor1 and at the pope's bidding undertake the chastisement of the towering enemy of ,god and man4 ,but the address is not all rebuke and menace2 the tones of wrath melt into tenderness at the last1 and die away in exhortation to repentance and promises of mercy4 ,it effected little4 ,catharine of ,aragon died in ,kimbolton ,castle in the same year in which it came to hand1 and ,anne ,boleyn1 four months later1 passed from the bridal-chamber to the scaffold4 ,henry had broken for ever with the holy see1 and ,england1 torn from the centre of unity1 sank and wandered in an abyss4 ,the book was sent to ,england from ,venice on the #bgth of ,may1 #aecf4 ,it was accompanied by two letters1 one to the king1 the other to ,tunstall1 ,bishop of ,durham4 ,the bishop was to read for the king what was intended for his majesty only4 ,by which we must understand that1 if the treatise produced the desired effect on ,henry's mind1 it would be considered as a secret communication2 but if it failed1 the author would then be at liberty to publish it to the world4 ,it is not certain that ,henry ever read it4 ,he heard reports of it1 however1 from ,tunstall and ,starkey1 and made no mystery of his displeasure to those around him4 ,to ,pole himself he wrote briefly1 requiring him to return to ,england and explain his ideas more fully4 ,starkey and ,tunstall wrote also1 pointing out ,reginald's presumption1 which1 they said1 if persevered in would become a crime1 and urging him to return to ,england1 and seek the king's pardon4 ,pole was far too astute to obey this summons4 ,other letters were addressed to him1 and finding that he would not venture on the ,english shore1 ,henry's agents tried to persuade him not to publish the work1 and to give up or burn any copies of it which he might have retained4 ,but this request was as fruitless as the former4 ,pole continued for a time to receive his pension1 and his book1 the effects of which were likely to be formidable1 was reserved in manuscript till a fitting occasion for publishing it should arise4 ,being an ,english subject1 in the enjoyment of certain emoluments and dignities1 ,reginald ,pole was not altogether free in his movements abroad4 ,he could not accept an invitation from the pope to visit him at ,rome without first obtaining ,henry's permission1 or without1 at least1 expressing a hope that his majesty would not be offended if he repaired to the eternal city4 ,henry did not deign to reply1 but he induced ,reginald's mother and brothers1 ,cromwell1 and his friends at home1 together with some members of both houses of parliament1 to endeavor to deter him from the journey and from accepting any office that might be offered him in ,rome4 ,for a time1 therefore1 he resisted the importunities of his friend ,contarini1 and declined the purple held out to him by ,pope ,paul ,,iii42 for he knew that in accepting it he should make the king his implacable enemy and expose his family to cruel persecution4 ,but other circumstances arose1 which made the cardinalate appear desirable2 and he accepted it about ,christmas1 #aecf1aja and trusted that it might in the issue aid him in accomplishing the main purpose of his life4 ,that purpose was the recovery of ,england1 in part at least1 if not entirely1 to the ,catholic faith4 ,the rising in ,england which he had predicted had taken place4 ,the suppression of the monasteries had filled the faithful in the north with indignation1 and from the ,wash to the borders of ,scotland the people in general flew to arms4 ,they bore on their standards the emblems of faith1 and the image of ,christ crucified was carried in their front4 ,the revolt was styled the ,pilgrimage of ,grace1 and its object was not the overthrow of the throne or the sovereign1 but the removal from him of all evil counsellors and villein's blood4 ,it is deeply to the disgrace of ,englishmen that they did not rise to a man and support the cause of freedom and religion against the worst of tyrants4 ,pole was anxious to afford the insurgents all the assistance in his power1 and to remove from them and from the ,english in general any pretext for acquiescence in the changes forced upon them4 ,a legate's commission was granted him1 and he was instructed to land in ,england1 or to hover over its coasts in ,france or ,flanders as circumstances might require4#ajb ,he knew not whether the insurrection were crushed1 or whether ,henry1 on the contrary1 were in the power of the rebels4 ,he therefore manuvred with the ,english government till things should take a decisive turn1 and executed his commission with delicacy and dexterity4 ,his professed object was to receive in ,flanders such commissioners from the king as he might think proper to send for the purpose of discussing the points at issue between the government and the pope4 ,he brought with him as credentials five letters2 one to the ,catholic people of ,england2 a second to ,james of ,scotland2 a third to ,francis ,king of ,france2 a fourth to the ,regent of the ,netherlands2 and a fifth to the ,prince ,bishop of ,liege4 ,he was ready to treat with ,henry on any reasonable terms1 and hopes were still entertained at ,rome of ,england's being reconciled to the holy see4 ,he was instructed to exhort the emperor and the ,king of ,france to cease hostilities against each other1 and to turn their arms against the ,turks4 ,by this means they would forward the supreme pastor's design of convening a general council for the reformation of manners and the reconcilement of nations which had fallen from the faith to the unity of ,christendom4 ,no sooner had ,pole entered ,france than the ,english ambassador there required that he should be delivered up1 and sent as a prisoner to ,england4 ,the lengths to which ,henry ,,viii4 had gone altered the position of his ,catholic subjects1 and to be faithful to ,god and the holy see was to be nothing less than a traitor4 ,reginald ,pole especially had incurred this charge1 and as soon as it suited ,henry's purpose1 he preferred it against him without scruple4 ,the king of ,france refused to deliver him up1 but he requested ,pole not to ask for an audience1 and to prosecute his journey as speedily as possible4 ,a treaty with ,england obliged the ,french government to give no shelter to political offenders1 and ,pole was compelled to turn aside from ,paris and repair to ,cambray4 ,his welcome there was no warmer than in ,france4 ,the ,regent of the ,netherlands had been terrified by ,henry1 and ,pole was conveyed under an escort to ,liege4 ,a price of fifty thousand crowns was put on his head by the king of ,england1 and four thousand auxiliaries were offered to the emperor to aid him in his campaign against ,france1 provided he would deliver up the person of the cardinal into ,henry's hands4 ,the hatred of the king became implacable1 and he pursued ,pole ever after with the most murderous intentions4 ,from his watch-tower at ,liege1 ,reginald beheld with bitter regret the failure of every attempt at insurrection in ,england4 ,alternate hopes and fears preyed on his mind4 ,conspiracy against the king seemed to offer the only chance of averting the triumph of ,protestantism in ,england4 ,rebellion assumed in his eyes a sacred character1 and every insurgent who fell wore the glory of martyrdom4 ,he would willingly have seen his relations plotting against the author of untold evils to mankind4 ,but a rumor was spread abroad of his life being in danger2 that assassins were employed by ,henry to murder him2 and the holy father1 anxious to preserve so valuable a life1 recalled him to ,italy4 ,he was bent on publishing his book in defence of the church's unity1 and desired to do so under the pope's auspices4 ,in a letter to his secretary1 ,michael ,throgmorton1 ,cromwell1 who was then ,henry's chief adviser1 heaped reproaches upon ,pole for his treason1 dared him to publish his book if he thought fit1 defended his master's resistance of papal authority1 and intimated that ,henry could find means to avenge himself on ,cardinal ,pole1 even though he should be tied to the pope's girdle4 ,the times1 it must be confessed1 were most painful and trying2 wickedness in high places forced many persons from their allegiance against their will who would have been1 under happier circumstances1 the most loyal and devoted of subjects4 ,the mind of ,cardinal ,pole was deeply imbued with a love of the ,catholic religion1 and wherever he might be1 whatever he might be doing1 his unique object was its restablishment in his beloved and native land4 ,in ,june1 #aech1 we catch a glimpse of ,cardinal ,pole among the orange-groves that skirt the water's edge on the beautiful bay of ,nice4 ,hither he came as attendant on the pope in a congress which resulted in a truce between ,france and ,spain4 ,but the name of ,henry ,,viii4 was not mentioned in the treaty on which the sovereigns agreed4 ,the pope and the princes were left free to act toward him or against him as they might think fit4 ,in the beginning of the year #aeci ,pole's book was printed1 and sown broadcast over ,europe4 ,many additions had been made to it1 and the excesses into which ,king ,henry had rushed increased the vehement indignation of the author4 ,the pope1 also1 at the same time1 issued his bull of deposition against the apostate prince4 ,his crimes could no longer be endured2 the putrid member must be lopped off from the body of the church4 ,cardinal ,pole himself was despatched on another mission1 the object of which was to arouse the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 to an invasion of ,england4 ,he addressed an apology to the emperor explaining his conduct1 lest his majesty should fail to see how fealty to the ,king of kings may sometimes oblige a subject to disown allegiance to an earthly sovereign4 ,meanwhile1 another rising was meditated in ,england4 ,the ,pilgrimage of ,grace had failed1 but the moment was propitious for another attempt4 ,the ,catholic forces of the empire would be stirred against ,henry by the pope and ,cardinal ,pole1 and the pacification of ,nice had brought ,europe into the condition most adverse to the schismatic king4 ,the plot was discovered by the government1 and suspicions fell on the relatives of ,pole4 ,he was believed to have been in correspondence with them1 and to have excited them to conspire and rebel4 ,his brother1 ,sir ,geoffrey ,pole1 turned king's evidence1 and his accusations were accepted as truthful2 though the word of a traitor to his own party is as much to be despised as himself4 ,knowing1 as we do1 that the heart of ,cardinal ,pole was burning with a desire of ,henry's overthrow1 it will be to us a question of small interest whether he really instigated his friends to revolt or not4 ,neither shall we be very careful to inquire into the validity or invalidity of the charges against his kinsfolk4 ,if faithful to the king1 they were unfaithful to ,god2 if rebels against his authority1 they were valiant for the truth4 ,the evidence obtained in their disfavor was presumptive only2 it proved1 indeed1 something as to their general tendencies2 but it was not sufficient for their just condemnation4 ,they had one crime which could not be pardoned2 they were near relations of ,reginald ,pole4 ,the king had not a more dangerous enemy than he beyond the seas2 and the accused persons were all of them more or less of royal blood2 all capable1 on occasion1 of setting up a rival claim to the throne1 and making their descent1 titles1 property1 and influence means of supplanting the reigning prince4 ,the ,marquis of ,exeter1 ,lord ,montague1 and ,sir ,edward ,neville were beheaded on ,tower ,hill1 ,december #ith1 #aech4ajc ,lady ,salisbury was made to endure a cruel imprisonment1 and deprived of all her property2 nor could she even purchase a warm garment to protect her aged limbs4#ajd ,when more than seventy years of age1 she was brought to the block4 ,blessed are they that suffer for righteousness' sake1 were her last words4 ,the effect of these judicial murders on ,cardinal ,pole's mind may easily be conceived4 ,other injuries may be forgotten or forgiven1 but this shedding of the blood of innocent and beloved relatives is a crime that never ceases to cry to heaven for vengeance4 ,pole's mission to ,charles ,v4 produced little effect4 ,some warlike demonstrations were made against ,henry1 but the emperor soon assured the legate that it was impossible for him at that time to proceed further4 ,reginald ,pole was bitterly disappointed4 ,again his hope of the church's triumph and ,henry's discomfiture was blasted4 ,he saw the wicked in great prosperity and flourishing like a green bay tree4 ,but his strength and consolation was in the inner life4 ,for me1 he wrote1 the heavier the load of my affliction for ,god and the church1 the higher do ,i mount upon the ladder of felicity4#aje ,there were those who accused him of nourishing a hope that he should one day be king of ,england2 but perhaps they have ascribed to him what was only the foolish dream of some fond admirers4 ,this legation was a mockery and a cross4 ,he was bandied about from ,toledo to ,avignon2 from ,charles ,v4 to ,francis4 ,neither sovereign could be induced to unite against the king of ,england4 ,francis refused to receive the legate unless he brought with him some written pledge of the emperor's sincerity1 and ,charles refused to give that pledge unless the cardinal had first been received by ,francis4 ,pole saw that he was cajoled by both4 ,once more he vacated diplomatic functions4 ,once more he retired within the cloister at ,carpentras1#ajf to hide his face in mourning and prayer1 to ponder the torments of his saintly mother1 and fix his weeping eyes in solitude on the image of his crucified ,lord4 ,the emperor had tamely declined to fight the battles of ,jehovah1 and his supineness added wormwood to ,pole's bitter cup4 ,paul ,,iii4 had compassion on his distress1 and need of his counsels4 ,he recalled him from his retreat near ,avignon--from the ruins of the ,temple of ,diana at ,carpentras1 to the life and energy of ,christian ,rome4 ,the hatred of ,henry toward ,cardinal ,pole was increased by this last attempt to band the most powerful princes of ,europe against him4 ,judgment of treason was pronounced on him in ,england2 and efforts were made to induce foreign governments to deliver him up4 ,his steps were tracked by spies2 his goings in and out were watched2 and he believed the poniards of assassins to be often brandished near him4 ,his aged mother1 the venerable ,countess of ,salisbury1 was brought to the block1#ajg as we have already mentioned4 ,no examination had extracted evidence of her guilt2 no ground for a criminal prosecution could be discovered4 ,she was attainted without previous trial or confession2 for ,henry and his abject minion1 ,cromwell1 were as indifferent to the forms of law as to the substance of justice4 ,her name1 together with that of ,pole's nephew1 the son of ,lord ,montague1 and that of ,gertrude the ,marchioness of ,exeter1 was introduced into a bill of attainder1 though neither of them had confessed any crime or had been placed upon trial with means of defence4 ,the marchioness was pardoned in six months2 of the fate of the young man no record remains2 but the aged countess1 who was the last in a direct line of the ,plantagenets1 who was the nearest relation in blood that ,henry had1 and of whom in former days the king had often said that she was the holiest woman in ,christendom1 was dragged from the tower to the scaffold after a confinement of two years1 and commanded to lay her head on the block4 ,my head1 she replied1 never committed treason4 ,if you will have it1 you must take it as you can4 ,the executioner performed his office while the head was held down by force4 ,reginald ,pole ever after regarded himself as the son of a martyr1 and accounted that a higher honor than to be born of a royal line4#ajh ,his long residence abroad after his mother's death was not marked by events of sufficient importance to require very special record4 ,at ,rome1 the pope granted him a guard1 that he might be protected from plots against his life contrived by the revengeful ,henry4 ,he corresponded largely with persons of distinction in various countries1 and his letters1 which were published at ,brescia 7,brixia7 in five volumes quarto1 in #aged-eg1 under the editorship of ,cardinal ,quirinus1 are highly circumstantial1 and contain abundant matter of historical interest and closely connected with the lives of ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 the ,king of ,scots1 ,edward ,,vi41 ,mary1 and ,elizabeth4 ,in #aefb1 a work of his appeared1 entitled1 ,de ,concilio ,liber2 and in the same year1 at ,rome1 edited by ,p4 ,manutius1 ,reformatio ,angli1 ex decretis ,reginaldi ,poli ,cardinalis4 ,two volumes1 quarto4 ,the book on councils was written by ,pole as president of the ,council of ,trent in #aede2 and ,phillips1 in his life of him1#aji speaks of it as ,a treatise which1 for perspicuity1 good sense1 and solid reasoning1 is equal to the importance of the occasion on which it was written1 and shows at once the reach and ease of the author's genius1 and the goodness of his heart4 ,the preface by ,manutius is long1 and one of the most elegant compositions in the ,latin language4 ,cardinal ,pole's life of exile1 therefore1 was neither idle nor fruitless4 ,the labors which his hand then wrought remain to this day1 and are highly prized by all who love to trace the stream of history to its fountain head4 ,the year after ,cromwell's disgrace and death 7#aeda7 ,pole was appointed ,governor of the ,province of the ,patrimony of ,st4 ,peter--the only part of the ,states of the ,church which is now left to the ,bishop of ,rome4 ,by this kindness on the part of ,paul ,,iii41 the cardinal was relieved of a disagreeable dependence on foreign princes for his daily expenses4 ,his government was marked by wisdom1 gentleness1 and moderation4 ,he always discouraged severity1 though he held firmly the right of the church to punish offenders4 ,his leisure hours were devoted to literature1 and in the writings of ancient and modern poets and sages he often forgot1 for a time1 the miseries of his country1 and the dangers which1 even in ,italy1 beset his own person4#aaj ,disorders among the clergy1 a general corruption of morals1 the schism of ,luther1 and the excesses of ,calvin conspired to make a general council the obvious and only remedy that could be applied4 ,cardinal ,pole and two other legates were nominated by ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 to preside at the ,council of ,trent in the year #aedb4 ,but the sittings were suspended amid the din of arms1 and renewed three years later in the same city4 ,cardinal ,pole then presided again1 having on his journey been tracked from place to place by ruffians employed by ,henry ,,viii4 to dispatch him at all hazards4 ,such atrocity1 however1 did not exasperate ,pole unduly1 nor cause him to forfeit his character for clemency and moderation4 ,it was1 on the contrary1 objected to him in ,italy1 as afterward in ,england1 that he was too lenient4 ,it was even laid to his charge1 and made an argument against his being raised to the popedom1 that during his administration as governor two persons only had been put to death4 ,he lived1 alas6 in an age when laws were sanguinary1 and human life was comparatively of trifling account4 ,cardinal ,pole rendered valuable assistance in the early stages of the ,council of ,trent2 but in #aedf1 he was obliged to discontinue his sittings and retire1 first to ,padua1 and afterward to ,rome1 in consequence of ill health4 ,the decree of the council concerning justification1#aaa as it now stands1 was revised and completed by him4 ,it is a monument of luminous and concise statement of scriptural truth1 and perfectly reconciles passages at first sight discrepant in the epistles of ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,james4 ,when ,henry ,,viii4 was gone to his account1 and the young ,edward mounted the vacant throne1 ,cardinal ,pole made two unsuccessful efforts to incline the thoughts of that young prince favorably toward the true and ancient religion4 ,but ,edward ,,vi4 in his tender years was surrounded by persons who made it their business to misrepresent every thing connected with the ,catholic ,church4 ,the boy-king was thus made the tool and victim of crafty and ambitious men1 who reared the structure of their own fortunes out of a pile of sacrilege4 ,when ,paul ,,iii4 died in ,november1 #aedi1 ,cardinal ,pole was at the head of his council1 and governor of ,viterbo4 ,the larger part of the cardinals were desirous of electing him to the vacant chair2 but the number of votes required being two thirds1 the choice did not ultimately fall on him4 ,it was not the design of ,providence that he should either be pope of ,rome or king of ,england2 yet he was very near being the successor of ,paul ,,iii4 on one occasion1 and the husband of ,mary1 ,queen of ,england1 on others4 ,during the sitting of the conclave he wrote an essay1 which was afterward published1 on the duties of the papacy4 ,but the period was not without its trials4 ,envious detractors arose1 and charged him not only with being too lenient in the government of ,viterbo1 but also with favoring the modern errors4 ,it often happens that when good men avoid severity1 their clemency is blamed2 when they are gentle and charitable toward heretics1 their orthodoxy is impugned4 ,there was near the lake ,benacus1 7now ,garda17 in the neighborhood of ,verona1 a spot named ,maguzano1 where stood1 in ,cardinal ,pole's time1 a monastery of ,benedictine monks4 ,to this retreat the cardinal turned when1 in #aeec1 he obtained the pope's consent to resign his government of the province of ,viterbo4 ,his duties as governor had compelled him frequently to visit ,rome1 and that city1 which should have been the abode of peace and piety1 was filled with tumult and discord1 in consequence of the dissensions between ,julius and ,henry ,,ii4 of ,france4 ,many of the cardinal's dearest friends were no more4 ,contarini1 ,bembo1 ,sadolet1 ,cortesius1 ,badia1 and ,giberti1 ,bishop of ,verona1 slept the sleep of death1 while ,flaminius and ,victoria ,colonna1 ,marchioness of ,pescara1 had also gone down to the grave4 ,cardinal ,pole1 therefore1 was fain to retire beforehand from a transitory world1 and seek once more in the shade of the cloister the peace that passes all understanding and the prospect of a heaven near at hand4 ,but it was with him as with so many others who have betaken themselves to a spiritual retreat1 and bidden farewell to the busy world at the very moment when ,providence intended to call them into greater publicity and more active service than ever4 ,edward ,,vi4 died on the #fth of ,july1 #aeec1 the same day of the same month on which his father had stained his hands in the blood of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,the ,princess ,mary ascended the throne4 ,she was a zealous ,catholic1 and if she had only understood the temper of her subjects2 if she had not attempted to annihilate a too powerful minority2 if she had been content to encourage the ancient faith without persecuting the adherents of the new religion2 if she had married an ,englishman1 or indeed any one but a ,spaniard1 to whom1 on account of his nationality1 her people were unalterably averse1 she might have prolonged her life and made her reign happy2 she might have been one of the greatest sovereigns of her age2 she might have established ,catholicity in ,england on a permanent footing2 she might have bequeathed to her sister ,elizabeth a system of tolerant government1 and have taken it out of her power to persecute ,catholics in her turn1 and to supplant and vitiate entirely the old religion of the land4 ,no time was lost by the holy father1 ,julius ,,iii41 in sending ,cardinal ,pole to ,england as legate4 ,before setting out on his journey1 he entered into correspondence with the queen1 in order to be certified of her good dispositions1 and received from her the warmest assurances of welcome and support4#aab ,she was1 in fact1 in the early part of her reign1 too eager to announce her future policy1 and would have done more wisely if she had followed the counsel of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 who warned her not to declare herself too openly while the issue of affairs was yet uncertain4 ,the successive rebellions of ,northumberland in favor of ,lady ,jane ,grey1 and that of ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt1 ought to have made her be prudent1 and avoid above all things pressing matters to extremity4 ,she knew how deeply the nobles and rich men of her realm were implicated in the crime of sacrilege1 and how tenaciously they clung to the spoils of abbeys and church lands of which they had become possessed4 ,scarcely a day passed without some indication of the insecurity of her tenure of power--without some warning of the necessity of ruling with impartiality and moderation4#aac ,cardinal ,pole was on his way to ,england1 when he dispatched from the ,tyrol two messengers1 one to the ,king of ,france1 and the other to the emperor1 informing them of his instructions to negotiate1 if possible1 a peace between them in the name of the pope4 ,charles ,v41 however1 was by no means disposed to let ,pole proceed quietly on his journey4 ,he was bent on marrying his son ,philip to ,mary1 and he feared that the cardinal might be either a rival of his son or an adversary of the match4 ,he refused1 therefore1 to see the legate1 stopped him in the heart of ,germany1 and caused him to return to ,dillingen1 on the ,danube4 ,here he received instructions from ,rome to wait until circumstances should clear his path2 and here too he learned that the articles of the queen's marriage had been agreed to1 and the rebellion of ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt suppressed4 ,but the chief obstacle to ,pole's presence in ,england being removed1 the emperor consented to receive him at ,brussels1#aad and ,mary consulted him by letter as to the bishops whom she should appoint to fill the sees of those whom she had removed4 ,the new prelates were carefully selected2 and when the ,catholic religion was again proscribed in the succeeding reign1 one of them only1 ,kitchin of ,llandaff--the calamity of his see--who had changed with every change of the court1 abjured the faith of ,christ and adopted that of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,pole was still unable to obtain the emperor's permission to cross over to ,england1 because the marriage of ,mary with ,philip had not yet been celebrated4 ,the delay was truly afflictive to the cardinal and the queen1 and the negotiations carried on by ,pole between the emperor and the king of ,france produced little effect4 ,at last the emperor yielded to ,mary's entreaties2 ,pole's legatine powers1 though already very ample1 were enlarged2 and he was permitted to accept the invitation of the ,lords ,paget and ,hastings1 with a train of gentlemen1 sent to ,brussels for the purpose of escorting him to his native country4 ,he was empowered to reconcile ,england to the holy see on such conditions as he should think proper and feasible1 particular faculties being given to him to dispense with the restitution of church property and ecclesiastical revenues4 ,his agreeable manners and amiable address pointed him out as the fittest man in the world to execute so difficult a commission2 and the ,english ambassador at ,brussels1 writing of him to ,mary1 said1 ,his conversation is much above that of ordinary men1 and adorned with such qualities that ,i wish the man who likes him the least in the kingdom were to converse with him but one half-hour2 it must be a stony heart which he does not soften4#aae ,the bill required for the reversal of ,cardinal ,pole's attainder was passed in ,november1 #aeed4 ,it stated that the only reason for the attainder had been the cardinal's refusal to consent to the unlawful divorce of ,queen ,mary's father and mother1 and its repeal restored him to all the rights which he had forfeited through his probity4 ,the legate having taken leave of the emperor1 set out the next day in princely style1 accompanied by one hundred and twenty horse4 ,a royal yacht and six men of war were in readiness to receive him at ,calais4 ,the wind itself was propitious to his voyage1 and1 having been rough and contrary for several days1 suddenly changed its direction1 and wafted the apostolic messenger safely to the ,british shore4 ,the legate1 when he landed at ,dover1 was received and welcomed by his nephew1 ,lord ,montague4 ,he was treated as one of the royal family1 and on his arrival at ,gravesend1 he was met by the ,earl of ,shrewsbury and the ,bishop of ,durham4 ,they presented him with the act by which his attainder was reversed2 and in his character as legate he proceeded with them up the ,thames in a royal barge1 at the head of which shone conspicuously his silver cross4 ,masses of spectators lined the banks1 and a large number of smaller barges followed him up the river till he arrived at ,whitehall1 then the residence of the court4 ,the chancellor with many lords1 the king1 and the queen with the ladies of her court1 welcomed him with affectionate joy4 ,the palace of ,lambeth1 which ,cranmer had exchanged for a prison1 was richly furnished for his use1 and on the morrow1 the #bhth of ,november1 the lords and commons assembled expressly to hear from the legate's own lips the object of his coming4 ,the address which he delivered was long and impressive2 it dwelt on the dismal condition of nations cut off from the unity of the church2 and it set forth the abundant blessings which would follow from the purpose of the holy see and the queen being accomplished in the formal reconciliation of ,england to the communion of the ,bishop of ,rome4 ,on the next day1 which was the feast of ,st4 ,andrew1 the parliament met again1 together with the king1 the queen1 and the legate4 ,the nation1 like a scattered and harried flock1 was received once more into the fold of the church by general consent1 amid deep emotion1 praises1 and tears of joy4 ,yet many who were present had misgivings about the permanence and solidity of the union thus affected4 ,they remembered the recent rebellion in favor of ,lady ,jane ,grey1 the rising of ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt1 the countenance supposed to be given to the rebels by the ,princess ,elizabeth1 the extreme unpopularity of the ,spanish alliance1 and the haughty1 violent character of ,gardiner1 the chancellor1 and of ,bonner1 the ,bishop of ,london4#aaf ,events unfortunately justified these apprehensions1 and made the short reign of ,mary1 for reasons which we shall presently enumerate1 a dismal failure and an instalment of endless disaster4 ,the day after the reconciliation1 the lord mayor and other civic authorities waited on the legate1 and requested him to honor the city with a visit4 ,accordingly1 on the first ,sunday in ,advent he went by water from ,lambeth1 landed at ,st4 ,paul's wharf1 and proceeded in great pomp to the cathedral1 where high mass was celebrated in presence of their majesties and the court4 ,the sermon was preached by ,gardiner1 the ,bishop of ,winchester1 who took occasion to confess the share which he had in the national guilt1 and to implore his hearers1 who had been influenced by him when he went astray1 to follow him now that he had recovered the right path4 ,it was certainly asking a good deal1 since ,gardiner himself had sat with ,cranmer and pronounced the sentence of divorce between the king and ,catharine4 ,he had also maintained the royal supremacy1 and sold his pen to ,henry's caprice4#aag ,the bill which was framed to effect the restoration of the ,catholic religion in ,england was very comprehensive and carefully worded4 ,it distinguished minutely between the civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions1 and guarded against what legists are accustomed to consider the encroachments of the latter4#aah ,it secured to the owners of church lands the undisturbed possession of their property wherever it had been legally conveyanced2 and without this concession the legate's mission would have proved fruitless4 ,it was followed by a release of state prisoners1 and by an embassy being sent to the ,roman see4 ,before it had reached its destination1 ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 died1#aai after a pontificate of five years4 ,he was succeeded by ,marcellus1 who reigned only three weeks1 and by his decease opened the door for renewed exertions to raise ,cardinal ,pole to the papal chair4 ,it was the third time that ,pole's friends had used all their influence in his behalf4 ,in the conclave which elected ,julius ,,iii41 ,cardinal ,farnese had nearly succeeded in procuring his election2 in the proceedings which issued in the choice of ,marcellus1 the same cardinal had obtained letters from the king of ,france in ,pole's favor2 and now again1 when ,caraffa was chosen and took the name of ,paul ,,iv41 it was not the fault of ,philip1 ,mary1 or ,gardiner that the tiara did not light on the head of ,reginald ,pole4 ,having mediated a peace successfully between ,france and the emperor1 ,pole was appointed1 by ,philip's special request1 chief of the privy council4 ,he was to be absent from the queen as little as possible1 and nothing of importance was to be undertaken without his concurrence4 ,pope ,paul ,,iv41 however1 did not look favorably on ,cardinal ,pole1 and had1 even at this time1 some thought of recalling him to ,rome4 ,meanwhile the legate with ,gardiner made a slight attempt to arouse the ,university of ,oxford from its lethargy in respect to human learning1 and a short time afterward1 before the end of the year #aeee1 ,gardiner being dead1 the cardinal convoked a national synod to consider the disorders of the period1 and the best means of stemming the torrent of depraved morals and strange forms of unbelief4 ,it is not our purpose to enter into the history of the severe measures which were adopted for the extirpation of heresy in ,england1 and which we may1 with the light which subsequent events have cast upon them1 with reason suspect to have been extreme and injudicious4 ,we are concerned only with the history of ,cardinal ,pole1 and every thing goes to prove that he always preferred lenient to severe measures1 so far as he considered it compatible with the welfare of religion and the safety of the throne4 ,as for ,cranmer1 ,latimer1 ,ridley1 and other principal personages who were put to death1 they deserved their fate on account of the numerous treasons and crimes which they had committed1 or to which they had been accessory2 and ,elizabeth herself might with perfect justice have been brought to the block1 from which she was saved only by the influence of ,gardiner1 for conspiring against the crown of her sister4 ,the whole number of victims brought to the scaffold was only from two to four hundred1 and numbers of those who escaped into ,ireland were sheltered and concealed from legal pursuit by the ,irish ,catholics1 who have suffered death by thousands for the sake of religion1 but have scarcely ever inflicted it on others4 ,the fanatics and demagogues1 who with the cowardly and blood-thirsty instincts of their species are seeking to stir up the ,american people1 who will not rise1 in spite of their prayers and their prophecies1 against the ,irish ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 will do well to remember this fact1 or rather1 as such persons always forget what does not suit their purpose1 the intelligent and honest citizens of this republic will do well to remember it1 when these mischief-makers attribute to their ,catholic fellow-citizens any ulterior design or hope of ever seeking to propagate their religion in this country by violent means4 ,as for ,cardinal ,pole himself1 even ,mr4 ,froude acknowledges that he was not cruel4 ,burnet testifies that he rescued the inhabitants of his own district who were condemned to death from the hand of ,bonner4#abj ,his secretary1 ,beccatelli1 informs us that he used his best endeavors that the sectaries might be treated with lenity1 and no capital punishment inflicted on them2#aba and he himself declares that he approved of putting heretics to death only in extreme cases4#abb ,rigorous and severe punishments upon all classes of offenders1 coercive measures and the stern exercise of authority were1 however1 according to the spirit of that age in every country1 and it is not strange that the milder counsels of the gentle ,pole were over-ruled1 and that he was unable to hinder the executions desired by those who had the supreme power of the law in their hands4 ,the administration of ,mary was severe and despotic4 ,yet it is false to say that in her spirit and intentions she was cruel or tyrannical4 ,what appears to us like an unnecessary and even impolitic rigor and vindictiveness against those who1 by the laws of ,england1 were rebels against both the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of the realm1 was to a great extent due to the importunate counsels of the lay-lords4 ,even ,bonner and ,gardiner would gladly have pursued a milder policy1 and the majority of the bishops and ecclesiastics1 notwithstanding the atrocious persecutions to which they had been subjected under ,henry and ,edward1 would have cordially sustained their primate if he had been left free to exercise his authority unimpeded by the interference of the civil power4 ,yet1 though ,mary's policy was severe1 it was mercy itself compared to that of ,henry1 ,elizabeth1 and their ,protestant successors4 ,it is not only an atrocious calumny2 it is a grim and dismal jest for the panegyrists of ,elizabeth1 and the exculpators of the hideous massacres of ,cromwell1 to affix the epithet of bloody to ,queen ,mary4#abc ,moreover1 it is not a mere question of a greater or lesser amount of bloodshed which should govern our award of justice in respect to the two cases4 ,there is a difference of principle in the case1 which an impartial ,jew1 ,mohammedan1 infidel1 or even ,protestant can and ought to admit1 as some have admitted4 ,those persons who1 in ,england or elsewhere1 have been put to death by the civil power for the crime of heresy under the ,catholic law1 have been condemned for abjuring that religion in which they had been brought up1 and which had been part of the law of the land1 as well as the universal and traditional belief of the nation1 from the beginning of its formation1 or at least for centuries4 ,even if the principles of law by which they were condemned are pronounced tyrannical and unjust1 it is plain that there is no parity between the case of a ruler acting on such principles1 in common with other rulers of the time and of past ages1 and according to maxims universally approved by jurists and statesmen1 and one who compels his subjects to renounce their ancient laws and religion1 and to abjure the faith in which they have been educated1 at his individual whim and caprice4 ,but although we are not disposed to abandon ,queen ,mary to her calumniators1 we may give to ,cardinal ,pole the high honor of having been wiser than she was1 or than her other counsellors were1 and of having been in advance of the general spirit of his age in regard to the wisest and best method of treating religious errors1 which had taken too deep a root to be summarily plucked up by a violent effort2 and with these few remarks upon a topic which requires much greater space for a satisfactory discussion1 we proceed with the personal history of the cardinal4 ,after ,cranmer's execution1 ,cardinal ,pole1 who had hitherto been in deacons' orders1 was ordained priest1 consecrated bishop1 and invested with the pallium as ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,his works of piety were numerous2 he founded religious houses1 preached1 prayed1 and watched for souls in all respects as one that must give account4 ,he was made chancellor of the ,university of ,oxford1 by the resignation of ,sir ,john ,mason1 and chancellor of that of ,cambridge also1 on the death of ,gardiner4 ,to a sensitive mind there is no greater anguish than that which springs from the hostility of those whom it has faithfully served4 ,this suffering it was ,cardinal ,pole's lot to incur4 ,his whole life had been devoted to ,god1 the church1 and the holy see4 ,for these he had endured exile1 persecution1 and the loss of all things4 ,for their sakes he had seen his mother and his dearest relatives dragged to the scaffold4 ,in their cause he had studied1 written1 toiled1 prayed1 and wept till his hairs were gray4 ,as their defender and champion he had been welcomed to ,england by his cousin and sovereign1 raised to the head of the ,english church1 and made the chief instrument in bringing back the ancient religion4 ,but having done so1 having given every proof a prelate could give of his devoted attachment to his religion1 having twice been on the very steps of the papal throne1 with what agony must his spirit have been tortured when he found1 as he did find1 that he was in disfavor with ,paul ,,iv42 that he was superseded as legate2 that he was recalled to ,rome2 and that1 to crown the cup of bitterness1 he and his friend1 ,cardinal ,morone1 were to answer to a charge of heterodoxy before the ,inquisition4#abd ,does ,almighty ,god1 therefore1 he wrote to the pontiff1#abe require that a parent should slay his child8 ,once1 indeed1 he gave this precept when he commanded ,abraham to offer in sacrifice his son ,isaac1 whom he tenderly loved1 and through whom all the promises made to the father were to be accomplished4 ,and what are now the preparations your holiness is making but so many forerunners of the sacrifice of my better life1 that is1 of my reputation8 ,for in how wretched a sense must that pastor be said to live who has lost with his flock the credit of an upright belief8444 ,is this sword of anguish1 with which you are about to pierce my soul1 the return ,i am to receive for all my services8 ,happily for the cardinal1 ,mary and ,philip took his part4 ,they remonstrated with the pope on the loss which they and their subjects would sustain if ,pole were recalled1 and they prevailed with the holy father so far that he consented to the cardinal's retaining the see of ,canterbury1 while he appointed ,peto1 the ,greenwich friar1 to supersede him as legate4 ,quite in the spirit of her father1 ,mary caused the nuncio who brought this decision to ,england to be arrested1 and interdicted ,peto from accepting the legatine office4 ,he never received any official notice of his appointment1 nor ,pole of the papal decision4 ,he was1 however1 too loyal a subject of the pope to avail himself of this regal interference4 ,he ceased to act as legate1 and sent his chancellor to ,rome with entreaties and protests4 ,again the pope required that ,pole should appear in ,rome to clear himself from the charge of heresy2 and ,peto was summoned there also to assist the pontiff with his advice4 ,proceedings against the ,english cardinal were already commenced1 and the distressing state of things was set at rest only by the death of some of the principal actors4 ,peto1 the rival legate1 died1 and while the affair was still in suspense the grave closed over the disappointed1 despairing queen1 and the broken-hearted#abf cardinal4 ,he was attacked by a quartan ague1 and1 feeling conscious of his approaching end1 he made a will1 in which he protested his attachment to the ,church of ,rome and especially to ,pope ,paul ,,iv41 from whom he had experienced treatment which seemed equally inexplicable and unkind4 ,his last hours were passed in acts of devotion1 and it was probably with supreme satisfaction that he laid his aching head on the pillow of death on the morning of the #ahth of ,november1 #aeeh4 ,his friend1 cousin1 and sovereign had preceded him in the dark valley by only twenty-two hours1 and he felt1 no doubt1 that his most powerful if not his best friend was no more4 ,elizabeth was already queen1 and her ,protestant tendencies were well known4 ,there was every reason to suspect that she would reverse the religious system restored by her sister1 and take advantage of the general unpopularity which ,mary by her severity had incurred4 ,there was one object only for which ,cardinal ,pole could reasonably wish to prolong his life1 and that was to clear himself from the extraordinary charge which had been brought against him by calumniators4 ,but it was the will of ,providence that his fair and unspotted fame should be vindicated only after his death4 ,during forty days the palace at ,lambeth was hung with black4 ,an altar was placed in the apartment of the deceased cardinal1 and masses were said constantly for the repose of his soul4 ,his body was then conveyed to ,canterbury with great pomp1 and his funeral was followed by large numbers of citizens and clergy4 ,the exalted rank of ,cardinal ,pole1 the important part he had played in the history of his time1 and the high offices he had filled made him an object of reverence to the multitude1 who knew not1 and did not even suspect1 the intrigues of which he was the victim and the humiliating charge under which he lay4 ,we shall not endeavor in this place to follow the example of his indiscriminating panegyrists4 ,suffice it to say that he was a devoted son of the church1 and that he did all in his power to resist the impious will of the tyrant with whom ,providence had brought him face to face4 ,his zeal for the conversion of ,england was laudable1 though not crowned with the success which it deserved4 ,in his youth he had written a commentary on ,cicero's works2 but this was never printed1 and the manuscript was lost4 ,he excelled in exposition of the ,scriptures1 which were his constant study and delight4 ,his character1 ,mr4 ,froude allows1 was irreproachable2 in all the virtues of the ,catholic ,church he walked without spot or stain4#abg ,he was honored with the friendship of men of great distinction1 such as ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,erasmus1 ,sadolet1 ,bishop of ,carpentras1 ,bembo1 ,friuli1 ,paul ,,iii41 and ,ignatius ,loyola4 ,his forgiving disposition may be gathered from the fact that when three ,english ruffians came to ,capranica to murder him1 were arrested on suspicion1 and confessed that they were emissaries of ,henry ,,viii41 he would only allow them to be condemned to the galleys for a few days4 ,his clemency1 as we have seen1 in a relentless age1 caused him to be suspected2 and we have the testimony of ,bishop ,burnet1 the ,protestant historian of the ,reformation1#abh to assure us that such qualities and such a temper as his1 could he have brought others into the same measures1 would probably have gone far toward bringing back this nation to the ,church of ,rome2 as he was a man of as great probity and virtue as any of the age he lived in4 ,,footnotes3 #id ,he died #aebd4 ,agnes ,strickland's ,lives of the ,queens of ,england1 vol4 v4 #adc4 #ie ,cardinal ,bembo1 ,secretary of ,leo ,x4 and ,librarian of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice2 author of various pieces in ,latin and ,italian4 ,born #adgj4 ,died #aedg4 #if ,cardinal ,sadolet1 ,bishop of ,carpentras1 ,secretary of ,leo ,x42 author of several works in ,latin prose and verse4 ,born #adgg4 ,died #aedg4 #ig ,lingard's ,history of ,england1 ,a4,d4 #aeca4 #ih ,froude1 ,history of ,england from the ,fall of ,wolsey to the ,death of ,elizabeth4 ,vol4 vi4 #hh4 #ii ,lingard1 vol4 iv4 appendix1 note #h1 #c4 ,poli ,defensio1 fol4 #gg1 #gh4 #ajj ,pole to ,prioli4 ,epist4 vol4 #a4 p4 #ddf4 #aja ,december #bj1 #aecf4 ,froude1 iii4 #ahg4 #ajb ,lingard1 v4 #de4 #ajc ,froude vi4 #ccc4 #ajd ,miss ,strickland's ,lives1 v4 #bjh4 #aje ,epist4 ,reg4 ,pol4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cg-ci4 #ajf ,april1 #aeci4 #ajg ,may #bg1 #aeda4 7#cc ,henry ,,viii47 #ajh ,pole to the ,cardinal of ,burgos4 ,epist4 iii4 #cf1 #gf4 #aji ,vol4 i4 p4 #djb4 #aaj ,life of ,pole4 ,london1 #agfg1 i4 #ced4 #aaa ,conc4 ,trident4 ,sessio ,,vi4 #aab ,flanagan1 ,history of the ,church in ,england1 vol4 ii4 #abb1 #abg-h4 #aac ,see ,lingard1 vol4 v4 #aih4 #aad ,february #fth1 #aeed4 #aae ,mason to ,queen ,mary1 ,october #eth1 #aeed4 #aaf ,froude1 vol4 vi4 #cie and #eag4 #aag ,phillips's ,life of ,pole1 vol4 ii4 #agb1 note4 #aah ,lingard1 vol4 v4 #bbd4 #aai ,march #bc;d1 #aeee4 #abj ,hist4 ,ref4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aef4 #aba ,vita ,poli1 fol4 #cc4 #abb ,poli ,epist4 ,phillips's ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 #abc ,the number of persons put to death in ,queen ,mary's reign was1 as stated above1 not over #djj4 ,from the year #afda to #afei1 #hbf1jjj persons perished1 were exiled or sold as slaves in ,ireland1 through the religious persecution of the ,english ,protestant government4 7,o',reilly's ,memorials1 p4 #cde47 #abd ,lingard1 v4 #bed4 ,phillips1 ii4 #bef-g4 ,froude1 vi4 #dgg1 #dha4 #abe ,greenwich4 ,march #cjth1 #aeeh4 #abf ,without straining too far the license of imagination1 we may believe that the disease which was destroying him was chiefly a broken heart4 7,froude1 vi4 #ebf47 #abg ,history of ,england1 vol4 vi4 #eca4 #abh ,vol4 ii4 ,,the ,,young ,,vermonters4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,duty ,,and ,,temptation4 ,hollo6 ,george and ,henry1 where are you going in such a hurry8 ,can't you stop to speak to a fellow8 cried ,frank ,blair to his two school-mates1 ,george ,wingate and ,henry ,howe1 whom he was trying to overtake in their walk on a fine afternoon in ,june4 ,yes1 said ,george4 ,we can stop to speak1 but not to stay long1 for we are on our way to the church4 ,what are you going to church for8 ,you'd better come with me2 for ,i can tell you there's lots of fun going on that you'll be sorry to lose6 ,what is it8 eagerly inquired ,henry4 ,oh6 ,i can't tell you unless you join us2 all the fellows have agreed not to tell any thing about it1 only to those who promise beforehand to go in and keep the whole secret4 ,ah6 then1 said ,george1 we could not agree to any such thing2 for it would be wrong for us to make a promise like that beforehand4 ,so we couldn't go with you1 if we were not bound for the church4 ,why are you bound for church on a week-day8 ,because1 answered ,george1 to-morrow will be a festival1 and we are going to help prepare the church1 and then prepare ourselves for celebrating it4 ,well1 ,i declare6 ,i never did see any thing like you ,catholic boys6 ,you're a real puzzle to me2 as pious as deacons1 and take to religion as naturally as a duck does to water1 and yet ,i know you love fun just as well as any of us4 ,what are you going to do to prepare for this festival8 ,oh6 we shall help the sacristan1 who is an infirm old man1 to make the church neat and tidy1 in the first place4 ,then we shall assist in getting evergreens ready for the decoration2 and we expect our mothers and sisters with flowers to be arranged in vases for the altar1 while we are twining and putting up wreaths4 ,we hope to make the church very beautiful for the great feast of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,after we get this all done1 we shall prepare for holy communion1 which we hope to receive to-morrow4 ,and how do you prepare for that8 ,first of all1 we make our examination of conscience1 and say our prayers in preparation for confession4 ,you go to confession6 ,why1 ,i thought none but sinners confessed to the priest4 ,and don't you think we are sinners8 said ,george4 ,of course not6 ,how can we boys be sinners8 ,i never thought of such a thing4 ,i don't believe ,i'm a sinner at all6 ,i only love a frolic once in a while2 and ,i hate religion1 because it's such a gloomy kind of business4 ,so you think you won't join us1 eh8 ,no2 we have other matters to attend to4 ,well1 then1 good-by2 but you'll be sorry you didn't go with us1 ,i can tell you6 ,he left them1 and the two boys walked on in silence for some time4 ,at length ,henry said with a sigh1 ,don't you wish we could have gone with them1 ,george8 ,i'll warrant you there's some grand fun up4 ,i wonder what it is8 ,no matter what it is1 ,henry4 ,we have only to do what is right1 and what we know we ought to do first1 and then we shall find ways enough to enjoy ourselves2 and have more enjoyment1 too1 than we should if we neglected duty for pleasure4 ,i suppose you are right1 said ,henry sadly2 but ,i can't help thinking there's more sport in going off with a lot of boys for a frolic than there is in being good1 and helping the women fix up the church4 ,it don't seem to me like boys' work1 to be fussing with wreaths and bouquets4 ,ah my fine fellow6 you are really getting very smart4 ,what do you think of our fathers1 and of ,mr4 ,a---- and ,mr4 ,s----1 two of the most active business men in the place--and yet they take as much interest in having the church made beautiful for the divine offices as the women do4 ,don't you remember how ,mr4 ,a----1 when he couldn't leave court during the trial of an important case1 sent one of his students1 and his man with a ladder1 to help put up the wreaths last ,christmas8 ,mighty smart for us boys to think it is too small business for us1 to be sure6 ,then1 as to the fun1 we'll wait and see how the boys come out with their frolic4 ,i have my own notion that there'll be more mischief than sport1 and that we may hereafter be glad we had no part in it4 ,frank ,blair is a pleasant1 good-natured fellow2 but he is a reckless chap too4 ,he had learned a great many city tricks before they came here to live1 and will do any thing for fun1 without thinking of the consequences4 ,any way1 we know there's nothing like duty first and play afterwards to make boys happy4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,rural ,,pleasures4 ,the church was situated in the very shadow of a wood that skirts the pretty village of ,m----1 in northern ,vermont4 ,when the two boys reached it1 they found quite an assemblage of their school-fellows awaiting the arrival of the sacristan1 who soon appeared1 and sent some into the woods with axes and hatchets to cut the evergreens1 dispatched others with pails for water1 and kept ,george and ,henry to help him in the church4 ,they had just finished arranging all in order and dusting the sanctuary1 when their mothers and sisters arrived with the flowers1 which they took to a little room adjoining the sacristy1 where the pails of water were left4 ,very soon some of the boys came in with the evergreen trees2 the beautiful trailing pines of several varieties1 and graceful feathery foliage of brilliant green1 together with a profusion of other wild-wood treasures1 which they had collected4 ,the village girls also came bringing wild flowers and other contributions for the decoration4 ,young ,catholics in country places need not be told how pleasantly the time passed with this company in the varied occupations of tying wreaths1 arranging bouquets in the vases1 putting up the festooned garlands1 winding the pillars1 and executing other devices1 with which they are already so familiar as to need no information4 ,but it is certain that the young people of cities1 losing all these true and natural enjoyments1 as well as the developments of taste and ingenuity to which they lead1 lose a valuable aid to devotion4 ,they who cannot participate in the adornment of the material temple for the worship of ,god1 by bringing the simple offerings of the woodlands and the valleys for its embellishment1 lose a very important incentive to the due preparation of the spiritual temple for his reception4 ,before the arrival of the priest1 the work of decoration was completed1 and each pious heart was gladdened to see how beautiful the altar looked1 smiling through a profusion of flowers1 whose fragrance hovered around the tabernacle of the ,lord like a breath from paradise1 and embowered in wreaths prepared from the glory of ,libanus1 together with tributes from the fir-tree1 the box-tree1 and the pine1 which youthful hands had collected to beautify the place of his sanctuary1 and to make the place of his feet glorious4 ,when all was finished1 the cheerful crowd quietly sought their places in the church1 to prepare for the holy sacrament of reconciliation4 ,while these busy performances were in progress1 ,george had looked in vain among the young people assembled to discover two lads who were near his own age1 and in whom he felt a special interest--,michael ,hennessy and ,dennis ,sullivan4 ,he feared they had been drawn away into the expedition of their school-mates mentioned by ,frank ,blair4 ,on the following morning1 the priest announced during the mass that there would be no vespers that afternoon1 as he was going to visit another parish4 ,after mass1 ,mr4 ,wingate and ,mr4 ,howe told ,george and ,henry that they intended taking the two families out to ,mr4 ,howe's farm1 a few miles distant1 that afternoon1 and that they might invite some of their young friends to accompany them4 ,they were delighted2 for there was nothing they enjoyed so much as their occasional visits to the farm4 ,so they sought among the crowd at the church door their friends ,mike and ,dennis2 but they were not to be found4 ,they invited ,patrick ,casey1 and a few other boys1 to come to their homes after dinner and join the excursion4 ,soon after dinner the large family carriages were brought up1 and such a bustle ensued1 stowing away in the vehicles baskets filled with buttered biscuits1 cold ham and tongue1 sandwiches1 cakes1 and sundry other delicacies1 with a package of table-cloths and napkins1 as betokened a grand supper in the woods1 which was of all things the most delightful to the boys4 ,the party were soon comfortably packed into the capacious carriages1 and set off in high glee4 ,when they arrived at the farm-house1 ,mrs4 ,howe made arrangements for a plentiful supply of milk1 fresh strawberries and cream1 and other things1 to be taken to a certain place in the woods at a time appointed1 and the merry company set out in quest of the quiet nooks and shady dells of the forest4 ,there was no end to the pleasant incidents that here met our young people at every turn4 ,they had scarcely entered the shadowy domain1 when a partridge whirred up from their very feet into a tree over their heads1 and they soon discovered she had left a brood of her young below4 ,such a scramble as took place in pursuit of the shy little beauties6--the girls holding their aprons1 that the captives might be deposited in them as fast as caught4 ,it was funny to see how the wise little creatures would hide under every chip1 bit of bark1 or dead leaf1 and1 when these were lifted1 how still they would lie1 as if lifeless--so near the color of the ground that it was hard to distinguish them--and allow themselves to be taken4 ,after sufficiently admiring their tiny prisoners1 they set them at liberty1 and resumed their exploration of the forest4 ,very soon one of them came across a night-hawk's nest on the ground1 and called all the party to admire it1 with its treasure of curious brown eggs4 ,then they discovered a blue-bird's nest built with rare skill in a hole in the trunk of a tree4 ,and now a splendid gray squirrel attracted their attention2 he ran up a tree and out to the end of a limb1 where he sat calmly defying all their efforts to frighten or knock him off4 ,a discussion upon squirrels and their habits ensued1 and ,grandma ,howe told them she once saw a large gray squirrel by a small sheet of water1 where a dashing mountain brook had subsided into a quiet basin1 which he wanted to cross4 ,he stood on the margin for some time1 as if considering the matter--turning himself to ascertain the direction of the wind1 which happened to be favorable--then1 seizing a chip that lay near him1 threw it into the water1 and springing aboard of his little craft1 raised his tail to catch the wind1 and sailed across swiftly and safely4 ,when he gained the other shore1 he jumped off1 and did not even have the politeness to pull his boat ashore after him4 ,all this time ,mr4 ,squirrel sat eying his guests of the green-wood very composedly1 occasionally stamping his little foot with pretty pettishness1 and at length fell to nibbling a last year's beech-nut which he had carried up to his perch for a lunch with so much coolness that his young observers were quite charmed1 and determined to leave him to munch his nut in peace4 ,they now sought a bright little brook that danced gayly over shining pebbles near by1 and the murmur of whose waters1 mingling with the rustle of leaves stirred by the breath of ,june1 whispered in sweet harmony the song of the woods4 ,they soon reached a fringe of graceful willows marking its course1 and dipping their pendent limbs to kiss the crystal flood4 ,just then ,mr4 ,howe overtook the party and called out1 ,boys1 who would like to try some trout-fishing in the brook8 ,of course the boys were all eager for the sport2 but where was the necessary fishing-tackle8 ,ah6 said ,mr4 ,howe1 you see ,i have provided for that1 producing a case filled with jointed rods1 flies1 lines1 and all needful appliances for trout-fishing4 ,each boy was soon supplied1 and started off in search of the deep pools and sequestered waters favorable for their sport2 while the girls rambled on1 delighting themselves with the beautiful ,june flowers1 peeping into each shaded recess for the modest feathered orchis--queen of its tribe1 and most fragrant flower of the woods--and exploring the more open spaces near the brook1 for the several varieties of elegant and fantastic ladies' slippers1 which abound in the woodlands of northern ,vermont4 ,then the splendid lichens and ferns attracted their admiring notice2 and before the hour for their repast arrived1 they had accumulated a wealth of sylvan treasures wherewith to embellish their homes1 and keep alive pleasant recollections of their brief sojourn in those woody solitudes4 ,at length an envoy from the farm-house arrived laden with refreshments--cards of pure white honey-comb filled with transparent sweets1 cream of the richest1 field strawberries in profusion1 and milk fresh and abundant ,the girls soon spread the snow-white cloths on the turf at the foot of an ancient oak by the brook-side1 and1 under the direction of the elder ladies1 emptied the baskets and prepared an ambrosial banquet1 while ,mr4 ,wingate called in the stragglers1 and the young fishers of the party1 to partake of it4 ,they were reluctant to leave sports which they were enjoying so much1 and saw the day drawing to a close with regret4 ,each boy brought a fine string of trout for the ,friday morning's breakfast1 and appetites sharpened by their green wood scramble to the luxurious and plentiful repast4 ,at the close of their meal they prepared to return1 and were soon on their homeward course2 the young people all declaring that they had never passed an afternoon more delightful4 ,george and ,henry were very sure1 as they remarked to each other1 that ,frank ,blair and his companions could not have had so pleasant a time on their frolic of the evening before4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,tempter ,,and ,,his ,,victims4 ,on the eve of the festival1 as ,frank ,blair was sauntering down the street1 after he had left ,george and ,henry1 he met ,michael ,hennessy and ,dennis ,sullivan4 ,hurrah boys6 you're the very chaps ,i wanted to find1 said he4 ,i say1 don't you want to go in with a lot of us for a real tip-top time8 ,what is it8 they both inquired eagerly1 when ,frank said something in a low voice1 to which they responded1 ,yes1 yes6 we promise2 and he went on in the same tone to explain the plan4 ,but we can't1 said ,michael2 our pockets are as empty as a last year's bird's nest1 and this requires money4 ,oh6 never mind that1 was ,frank's reply1 ,i'll plank the tin2 which announcement was met by a merry shout and1 ,we'll go6 from them both4 ,well1 then1 said ,frank1 meet us at the depot within the hour1 and passed on4 ,now these boys had been on their way to the church2 but after they parted with ,frank1 they turned their course toward the depot4 ,as they were walking silently and leisurely along in that direction1 ,dennis spoke3 ,i say1 ,mike1 it seems to me that this is not just the right thing we are doing2 our mothers think we are at the church1 and ,i'm afraid no good will come of our turning away in this fashion4 ,o you fool6 said ,mike1 they'll never know but we are at the church1 and fun's better than religion any day4 ,i hate such humdrum ways1 going along every day alike1 and never a scrape of any sort2 and so do all the boys4 ,not all of them2 for there's ,george ,wingate loves fun as well as any of us1 and a grand hand to help it on too2 but he never leaves better things for it1 said ,dennis sadly4 ,george is a regular brick and no mistake4 ,he takes to fun and religion1 each in its own time1 as if there were nothing else in the world2 but we can't all be like him1 and there's no use in trying4 ,i warrant you now that1 if he could only have the chance1 there's ,henry ,howe would a great sight rather pitch in for fun in a scrape like this1 than go ,george's roads4 ,perhaps he would1 and ,dennis paused a moment sighing2 but ,i'm afraid it isn't right1 especially for catholic boys4 ,it's a poor preparation for to-morrow4 ,nonsense6 boys can't be saints4 ,we'll leave that to our mothers1 they can say prayers enough for us and themselves too2 so we may enjoy ourselves while we can4 ,but ,i wonder where ,frank gets all his money2 his father is a stingy old curmudgeon1 they say1 and ,i don't understand it4 ,don't you know that his father's maiden sister1 who lives with him1 is rich1 and she fills ,frank's pockets4 ,he told me so4 ,he said that when he could get his father's permission1 as he did to go to these shows this afternoon1 his aunt furnished all the money he wanted4 ,in this way they chatted until they reached the depot1 where a multitude of wildly excited boys soon absorbed their attention1 and drowned the whispers of conscience for poor ,dennis4 ,meantime1 as ,frank was on his way home to replenish his purse for the evening1 he met ,patrick ,casey and ,johnny ,hart1 and accosted them much as he had ,michael and ,dennis4 ,they objected that they were going to the church and could not join his party4 ,o fol-de-rol6 said he2 there'll be chances enough to go to church1 but you won't often have such a chance as this for a frolic4 ,mike ,hennessy and ,dennis ,sullivan are going-- ,are they8 eagerly exclaimed ,johnny4 ,then ,i'll go too4 ,won't you1 ,pat8 ,no1 ,i won't6 said ,pat resolutely4 ,if ,mike and ,dennis choose to do wrong1 is that any reason why we should8 ,come along ,johnny1 and don't be a fool6 ,johnny hesitated as ,patrick passed on1 and ,frank said the fools were those who'd lose all the sport for the sake of being as dull as beetles1 and making old women of themselves2 adding1 ,there'll be time enough to be pious after you have done being jolly6 ,this artful speech decided poor ,johnny1 who turned and went to the depot4 ,but why did ,frank ,blair say nothing of those who refused to go1 while he baited his snare with the names of those who consented8 ,it was because boys understand fully the force of example1 and can wield it with great power to secure their ends4 ,when we consent to act contrary to the still small voice of conscience1 we never know how far the consequences of that act may extend4 ,evil examples attract more imitators than good ones--but woe to him who furnishes them2 while firm adherence to the right may win some wavering soul to the path of duty1 which will shine as one of the brightest jewels in our crown of rejoicing hereafter6 ,johnny had hardly reached the depot before ,frank arrived1 and presently a train of cars came thundering up1 the boys hastening to secure seats for the little village of ,h----1 a short distance from ,m----1 where they soon arrived1 and upon leaving the cars found a great crowd gathered around an immense tent1 awaiting the opening of the exhibition4 ,this was announced in astounding illustrated hand-bills as the most remarkable one ever witnessed1 embracing more unheard-of enormities in the brute creation1 and wonders of the human race1 than were ever before congregated in one assemblage4 ,when the tent was opened1 the rush that ensued baffles description2 during the progress of which ,mike's elbows came in closer contact with the ribs of a boy near him than was at all comfortable1 while ,dennis ,sullivan's fist went very innocently into the face of a lad who was pushing his way more sharply than was agreeable to his neighbors1 leaving1 in its unconscious energy1 a black eye in his visage4 ,while the crowd was slowly entering the tent1 the boys from ,m---- indulged themselves in dealing out a series of these little jokes1 more to their own satisfaction than to that of the recipients4 ,at length it was suspected they were not wholly accidental or unintentional1 when a general row ensued1 and cries of ,hustle them out6 ,give them fits6 ,pitch into the boys from ,m----6 were wildly shouted from all sides4 ,our heroes stood their ground with a coolness worthy of a better cause1 giving as many hard blows as they received and shouting1 ,don't you ,h---- boys want to come to ,m---- to see the elephant again8 ,don't you wish you could1 now8 ,we'll show you we know how to return small compliments1 we will6 ,in truth1 as it turned out1 the ,m---- boys were in so much better training1 as the pugilists say1 that those of ,h---- were in a fair way to get soundly pommelled1 when some men interfered to stop the fight and inquire the cause4 ,frank spoke for his party4 ,well1 gentlemen1 these youngsters came to ,m---- the last time we had a menagerie and circus there1 and behaved themselves so outrageously that a company of us determined we would pay them the first chance we had4 ,and ,i think we have2 grand fun it has been too6 ,precious fun it must have been6 said a plain1 farmer-like man2 and a beautiful pack you've made of one another out and out6 ,torn clothes1 broken shins1 bleeding noses1 black eyes1 and more bumps on your tarnal heads than the old frenologer feller that goes round lectering with a skull ever thought of6 ,a pretty lookin' set of picters you are1 an't you8 ,you bet6 said ,frank2 then turning to his companions1 but boys1 ,i say1 didn't we pepper them1 though8 ,i don't believe they'll want to come to ,m---- the next show-day4 ,if they do1 we'll be ready for them1 eh1 boys8 ,a wild hurrah was the reply1 and they sought a neighboring brook to wash off such traces of the conflict as water could efface4 ,at ,frank's invitation they then gathered around a booth where pies1 cakes1 gingerbread1 lemonade1 candies1 and a variety of other delicacies were dispensed1 where they refreshed themselves heartily after their exertions4 ,before they had concluded their repast1 the crowd had all disappeared within the capacious tent1 and the shadows of evening were gathering fast4 ,not caring to go in directly1 our young adventurers amused themselves by performing numerous pranks in which mischief was more conspicuous than sense or wit4 ,a young lawyer of the place1 being quite devoted in his attentions to the merchant's daughter1 they took the sign from his office and placed it on the front door of the merchant's residence4 ,they removed a sign from one of the shops1 on which was marked1 ,codfish1 salt and fresh2 herrings1 pickled and smoked2 ,boston cured hams--for sale here4 ,n4,b4 ,deacon's skins taken in exchange1#abi and fastened it over the meeting-house door1 writing under it with chalk1 in large letters1 ,inquire within4 ,seeing a donkey quietly munching his nettles in a corner of the village green1 they captured him1 and with great exertion succeeded in imprisoning him within a back shed attached to a cottage where a maiden lady resided alone4 ,when they tired of these and similar foolish exploits1 too numerous to mention1 they entered the tent4 ,unfortunately1 their mischievous propensities entered with them4 ,frank soon began to amuse himself by tweaking the whiskers of a peevish old monkey1 which forthwith sprang to the top of his head1 and1 holding on by his hair1 planted its teeth so firmly in his ear that the young gentleman was fain to cry out for the keeper4 ,at the same moment1 ,dennis had placed a piece of tobacco on the extremity of the elephant's trunk1 and not dodging instantly1 as he intended1 was seized by the enraged animal and tossed to the top of the tent1 coming down upon the bald head of an elderly gentleman1 who1 catching him with one hand1 shook him until his teeth chattered1 at the same time administering telling blows with the disengaged hand upon the sorely bruised urchin within his grasp4 ,while this was going on in one part of the tent1 another of the enterprising company had ventured to cross the forbidden inclosure before the lion's cage1 and was glad to escape from the claws of the animal with a coat badly torn1 and scratches upon his face which he carried for many a day4 ,after a series of similar mishaps1 the party took the down-train for home1 each bearing unmistakable marks of the fun1 and protesting they never before had such a tip-top time1 though ,frank's misgivings found utterance in a low voice to ,mike1 ,my father's awfully severe1 and ,i don't know what the old trump will say to all this when he hears of it2 but it can't be helped now6 ,he was not the only one of the company who was haunted by secret fears as to how the proofs of the affray1 which each one carried on his person1 would be regarded by their home circles4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,consequences4 ,very quietly did the party of young pleasure-seekers retire to their beds1 after they arrived at their homes that evening1 fatigued and exhausted with the excitement of the past few hours4 ,nor were they in any haste to make themselves visible on the following morning4 ,mrs4 ,sullivan called ,dennis early to bring some water and assist her1 that they might go to church in good season2 but her calls were unheeded4 ,so she sought his room1 exclaiming1 ,why1 what ails you1 ,dinnie1 my boy1 that you cannot awaken for my calling8 ,the mother's eye was quick to detect that something was wrong the moment it rested on the countenance of her hopeful son1 and she added1 ,for goodness' sake1 ,dinnie1 darling1 what has happened you1 any how8 ,dennis made an awkward and blundering apology which entirely failed to satisfy his mother1 who soon drew the whole story from him4 ,it's all along of that dirty ,frank ,blair6 said she4 ,i wish to goodness he was across the sea1 with his rogue's tricks and monkey pranks6 ,it's no use trying to rear ,catholic children to respect their religion1 and attend to their duties1 among these ,yankees6 ,they'd entice the very priest at the altar6 ,a pretty shindy you've cut up now6 ,but get up1 and let us see how you are entirely4 ,poor ,dennis attempted to obey2 but his head ached so cruelly1 he was so lame and bruised and sore1 that he became faint the moment he tried to sit up2 and one of his eyes was swollen to such a degree that he could not open it4 ,bad luck to the mischief of these boys6 said his mother4 ,i see he'll never be able to go with me to church this day2 so he may as well keep to his bed4 ,glad enough was ,dennis to creep back to his nest4 ,mike ,hennessy and ,johnny ,hart were not in so bad a plight1 but they were unable to go to church4 ,as the boys were lying through the long hours oppressed with the languor that follows such wild excitement1 and with aching bones1 their reflections upon the frolic and its consequences were by no means consoling4 ,nor did the comparisons they drew between the lawful sports of the play-ground and the reckless turbulence of tip-top times fail to decide the question in favor of the more quiet enjoyments4 ,was it a pale phantom that sat by the bedside of each during those hours--while the joyful bells of the great feast were sending forth their jubilant peals--and searching his very soul with reproachful eyes pointed an uplifted finger from the painful realities of the now to the calm vision of what might have been1 had he followed the voice of conscience and the requirements of duty1 until he shrunk affrighted from the picture8 ,ah6 no1 my boys2 it was no phantom2 it was the only reality in the sight of which these mortal frames of ours subside to dust1 and in comparison with the permanence of which they become--with all their importunate sensibilities1 their worldly ambitions1 their earthly cravings1 and their fleeting pleasures--but the baseless fabrics of a dream6 ,it was the tender1 vigilant1 and ever-present friend of the sinner2 his best friend1 his other self--his conscience6 destined to be the crowning joy of his home in heaven1 or to be exchanged at the portals of death for remorse1 the gnawing worm that never dies1 in the regions of eternal despair6 ,woe to that boy who sins1 and who fails to receive1 in his first solitary hours1 a visit from the reproving monitor1 or to profit by its awakening and warning voice6 ,the next morning they were so much better that they could go to school1 and meeting ,george ,wingate in the yard1 he exclaimed1 ,why1 boys1 where were you yesterday1 that you did not come to church8 ,henry and ,i looked for you through the whole crowd1 to invite you to go with us to the farm4 ,pat ,casey went1 and we had the best kind of a time2 we were so sorry you were not with us6 ,they replied that they were not well1 and had to stay at home4 ,george noticed their embarrassment1 and that the face of ,dennis betrayed bruises about the eye1 while ,mike's forehead and ,johnny's nose displayed traces of a similar nature1 and he conjectured the cause of their absence from church4 ,after school1 as he and ,henry were walking home1 ,henry remarked1 ,i suspect1 ,george1 that wherever the boys went that afternoon1 they had a rousing fight1 for ever so many of them show the marks of it4 ,i heard a man telling that there was a great row among the boys at the show in ,h---- that night2 and ,i shouldn't wonder if our fellows were among them4 ,we need not trouble ourselves about it1 ,george replied2 but ,i thought at the time it was very likely we might be thankful we were called another way1 and had nothing to do with their frolic4 ,i've noticed that when boys go off by themselves in pursuit of fun1 they seldom come out the better for it2 and as for enjoyment1 there is just none at all4 ,i wouldn't give one hour of such pleasure as we found in the woods for the wildest frolic they can get up4 ,nor ,i either1 said ,henry2 ,i'm determined ,i won't have any part in their scrapes hereafter4 ,if no other trouble followed1 the shame of going to confession after a wild row is enough to destroy all the pleasure4 ,yes1 ,george rejoined2 and ,i don't see how our boys who mean to go regularly to their confession can join heartily in these mad pranks4 ,as for those who have no such intention1 why1 the less we have to do with them the better4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,an ,,outside ,,glimpse4 ,as ,frank ,blair had expected1 his father was very much offended at the share he had taken in the performances at ,h----1 and the assault upon the boys1 of which he was informed the next morning by a man from ,h----1 who told him all about the fright1 and the tricks that had been played at that place3 also1 that the maiden lady1 ,miss ,merton1 whose bedroom happened to be in a part of the house adjoining the shed where the donkey was imprisoned1 had been frightened almost to death by the braying of the animal in the night4 ,under the firm impression that the lion had escaped and was attacking her house1 she rushed out in her night-dress1 and1 espying a light in a small shop near by1 broke in upon three little ,french shoemakers1 who were sitting up to finish some job-work that must be ready for morning4 ,now1 one of these had been whiling away the time by stories of a ghost in a ,canadian village1 that had visited several families1 and could assume the guise of different persons1 living and dead4 ,he was just reciting one of the most harrowing of these incidents when the sudden apparition of the lady in a long white dress1 with a face of ghastly pallor1 and eyes distended with affright1 burst upon their astounded vision6 ,not for a moment doubting its unearthly nature1 one of them jumped through an open window1 another sprung up a ladder and out upon the roof1 while the third took refuge under a dry-goods box in the cellar4 ,the unfortunate lady1 thinking that the lion was in close pursuit1 and that a glimpse of it through the open door had caused the sudden stampede of the shoemakers1 dared not turn back2 but betook herself to screaming at the top of her voice1 in which she was joined by the affrighted sons of ,crispin in so vigorous a chorus that the whole village was soon aroused4 ,when the cause of all the disturbance was revealed1 and the harmless animal released from captivity1 it was almost impossible to persuade the lady that her life was not in danger2 and there was such serious question of sending to ,m---- and arresting the juvenile offenders1 that ,mr4 ,blair was advised to go immediately to ,h---- and settle the matter4 ,as for the shoemakers1 we may be permitted to add--somewhat in advance of our story--the fact that their terrified imaginations had so far misled their reason that they could never again be persuaded to work in the shop after night-fall1 or be led to believe fully in the identity of ,miss ,merton with their ghastly midnight visitant4 ,the man who communicated these details gave ,mr4 ,blair the names of all the boys of the party whom he knew1 among them those of ,michael1 ,dennis1 and ,johnny4 ,those pestilent ,irish boys6 ,mr4 ,blair exclaimed indignantly4 ,they are always drawing our ,yankee boys into fights and mischief6 ,some measures ought to be taken to make examples of them1 and prevent these outbreaks4 ,he intimated the same to ,frank that day while lecturing him severely for following such ringleaders into disgraceful riots4 ,frank had too much honor to permit his father to remain in this error1 and protested stoutly that it was himself who persuaded them into it2 but it was evident enough that he failed to convince his father of that fact4 ,mr4 ,blair was not an ill-natured man1 and did not intend to be unjust2 but he unfortunately indulged the prejudices against foreigners into which too many ,americans fall without pausing to examine whether they are just4 ,they take a few bad specimens upon which to found a sweeping sentence against the whole class1 not reflecting that the vices of the wicked serve to render them conspicuous1 while the modest virtues of the good only withdraw them from public notice4 ,after he had given ,frank a very stern admonition1 ,mr4 ,blair proceeded to inform him that a certain fowling-piece which had long been the object of his most ardent desire1 and of which he had hoped to gain possession before the ,fourth of ,july1 would not now be purchased for him1 on account of his misconduct2 and that immediate steps would be taken to secure a place for him in the naval school at ,a----1 in the fall4 ,these were severe blows to ,frank4 ,the disappointment of his cherished hopes in connection with the much-coveted fowling-piece1 and his dread of the naval school1 where he knew the discipline was so strict as to prevent the possibility of mischief1 combined to make him take a very desponding view of life in general1 and of what he regarded as the bondage to old fogyism1 in particular4 ,he resolved1 however1 to behave in so exemplary a manner from that time as to induce his father to relent1 if possible2 for he knew present remonstrance or pleading would be in vain4 ,he became so very quiet and regular in his deportment that he soon won golden opinions on all hands1 much to the delight of his aunt1 with whom he was a special pet1 and who hoped her brother might yet allow him to remain at home4 ,it was an unusually warm summer1 and a ,mrs4 ,plimpton1 a friend of the ,blairs from the city where they had formerly resided1 came to pass the warm season with them1 bringing her family--a son about the age of ,frank1 and two daughters younger4 ,soon after she came1 ,mrs4 ,wingate and ,mrs4 ,howe called to see her1 and brought ,george and ,henry to call upon the young strangers and ,frank4 ,when they left1 ,mrs4 ,plimpton remarked1 ,what very agreeable people6 ,and those young lads--so sociable1 modest1 and gentlemanly6 ,i do not wonder that ,frank's manners are so genial and quiet1 since he has such associates4 ,frank does not associate much with them2 and though ,mrs4 ,wingate and ,mrs4 ,howe are very agreeable1 as you say1 yet we have but little intercourse with them1 ,mrs4 ,blair replied1 dryly and frigidly4 ,and why not1 let me beg to know8 inquired ,mrs4 ,plimpton with evident surprise4 ,in so small a place ,i should think you would want to cultivate sociability with all people of intelligence and refinement6 ,we would be glad to1 and they would be a valuable acquisition to any society1 if they were not ,romanists4 ,but when enlightened ,americans1 who should and do know better1 see fit to plunge themselves into that abyss of superstition and exploded absurdities1 they ought to be avoided by all sensible people4 ,and is that all8 said ,mrs4 ,plimpton1 laughing4 ,why1 my dear friend1 ,i had hoped better things of you6 ,i supposed by your solemn manner that there was some serious moral delinquency on their part4 ,really1 ,i must be permitted to dissent entirely from your theory and practice in this matter4 ,i am sure you cannot be aware of all that is going on in our cities4 ,many of my dearest friends are ,catholics2 some ,americans and some foreigners2 and the dear ,sisters--now1 don't look so shocked6 ,i entreat of you--are my special favorites1 and best counsellors4 ,i have quite taken them into my entire confidence on some most important affairs4 ',romanists1' indeed6 ,why1 if we were to proscribe all the ,catholics1 we should lose a charming portion of our society4 ,we 'liberal ,christians' do not feel disposed to carry religious prejudices into the social circle1 or to avoid pleasant people on account of their preferences or peculiarities in this respect4 ,i shall only seek the acquaintance of these ladies the more earnestly for this reason4 ,do you know how their change of faith was brought about8 ,i never troubled myself to ask1 ,mrs4 ,blair said languidly4 ,i can tell you6 said ,miss ,blair4 ,i heard the whole story from one of their particular friends1 who has followed their example4 ,it seems ,mr4 ,wingate1 who is a gentleman of wealth and leisure1 had amused himself by devoting much time and attention to studying the principles of architecture--especially the ecclesiastical branch1 for which he had a great taste4 ,when it was proposed to build a ,catholic church in the place1 he begged permission to furnish a plan1 which was accorded4 ,this was so entirely satisfactory--combining exquisite artistic proportions with the close attention to economy in all the details1 which is indispensable where the resources are limited--that he was urged to superintend the progress of the building1 which he consented to do4 ,soon after operations were commenced1 one ,patrick ,hennessy1 an excellent mechanic1 came to the place1 having recently emigrated from ,ireland1 and was employed to aid in the work4 ,mr4 ,wingate had frequent conversations--controversies1 if you will--with him on religious subjects1 and was surprised to find1 not only that ,hennessy was perfectly acquainted with all the points at issue between ,catholics and ,protestants1 but that his own preconceived opinions in relation to these questions were many of them false4 ,he borrowed and read ,hennessy's books1 and the result you know4 ,his wife1 a highly cultivated and thoughtful woman1 went with him heart and hand4 ,their children were then quite young4 ,mrs4 ,howe was a very different person from her sister1 ,mrs4 ,wingate4 ,she was a fashionable lady1 and1 though not as wealthy as her sister1 aspired to lead the ton in our little village4 ,she assumed many airs1 established intimacies and exchanged visits with stylish city ladies1 which were more gratifying to her vanity than creditable to her good sense4 ,when ,mrs4 ,wingate became a ,catholic1 she entirely discontinued all intercourse with her1 and uttered many sharp remarks upon the subject4 ,she had never been as much beloved as her sister1 and her course had provoked many envious and ill-natured comments1 to which was now added the remark that she had not so much religion herself that she need be disturbed by the religious preferences of others4 ,to tell the story in few words1 she was finally taken suddenly very ill4 ,the first person she called for was her discarded sister1 who came and watched over her early and late with devoted tenderness--never leaving her bedside4 ,when the physician pronounced her case all but utterly hopeless1 she begged that the priest might be sent for2 this had been the object of her sister's most fervent and constant prayers1 but she had not dared even to mention it4 ,mr4 ,howe1 after great hesitation1 at length yielded to the wish of his idolized and dying wife4 ,the priest came1 baptized and received her into the ,catholic ,church4 ,she lingered a long time1 as it were1 between life and death2 but a strong natural constitution prevailed1 and she recovered4 ,after her recovery1 the change in her character was so marked and entire as to be apparent to all1 and she came to be regarded as even more lovely than her sister4 ,mr4 ,howe soon followed her example1 and their circle has since been increased by the addition of converts from time to time4 ,i entirely agree with you as to the folly of abstaining from intercourse with them1 and have become quite familiar with that coterie--a delightful one it is1 too6 ,and is that all8 ,mrs4 ,blair pointedly asked4 ,all for the present1 ,miss ,blair replied1 smiling4 ,how long will it be before you follow such interesting examples8 ,it strikes me1 ,i have seen a lady reading books lately that ,i should not once have thought could claim a moment's attention from her2 but wonders will never cease1 ,i believe6 ,i am not so tied to any set of opinions as to refuse to read the other side4 ,well1 said ,mrs4 ,plimpton1 ,i have never thought it worth while to trouble myself much about these matters2 but ,i always read whatever ,i choose on any subject1 and ,i think every one has a right to do so4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #abi ,the skins of young calves are so named by ,new-,england dairy-men4 ,a ,,may ,,carol4 ,he looked on her humility4 ,ah6 humbler thrice that breast was made ,when ,jesus watched his mother's eye1 ,when ,god each ,god-born wish obeyed6 ,in her with seraph seraph strove1 ,and each the other's purpose crossed3 ,and now 'twas reverence1 now 'twas love ,the peaceful strife that won or lost4 ,now to that ,infant she extends ,those hands that mutely say1 ,mine own6 ,now shrinks abashed1 or swerves and bends1 ,as bends a willow backward blown4 ,and ofttimes1 like a rose leaf caught ,by eddying airs from fairyland1 ,the kiss a sleeping brow that sought ,descends upon the unsceptred hand6 ,o tenderest awe6 whose sweet excess ,had ended in a fond despair1 ,had not the all-pitying helplessness ,constrained the boldness of her care6 ,o holiest strife6 the angelic hosts ,that watched it hid their dazzled eyes1 ,and lingered from the heavenly coasts ,to bless that heavenlier paradise4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,catholicity ,,and ,,pantheism4 ,,number ,,nine4 ,,union ,,between ,,the ,,infinite ,,and ,,the ,,finite--,,continued4 ,in the preceding article we unfolded the nature of the hypostatic moment1 the solution which the ,catholic ,church gives to the problem of the highest sublimation of the cosmos4 ,in the present article we shall point out the consequences which flow from that moment1 in order to put in bolder relief the nature of the exaltation which has thereby accrued to the cosmos4 ,for the sake of perspicuity1 we shall bring those consequences under the following heads3 #a4 ,consequences of the hypostatic moment1 viewed in reference to the external action1 as the effective typical and final cause of the cosmos4 #b4 ,consequences of the hypostatic moment1 considered respectively to the nature1 properties1 and action of the cosmos1 as abridged in the human nature of the ,theanthropos4 #c4 ,those which relate to the other moments and persons of the cosmos4 #d4 ,those which affect the ,theanthropos himself1 in relation to the other moments and persons of the cosmos4 ,with respect to the consequences of the first class1 it is evident that the efficient typical and final cause of the external works is absolutely and simply infinite4 ,no real distinction can be made between ,god's essence and his action1 between his interior and exterior action4 ,any distinction between these things would imply potentiality and imperfection1 and would throw us back into pantheism4 ,god's essence therefore1 his interior and external action1 are1 ontologically speaking1 one and the same4 ,now1 ,god is absolutely infinite2 the effective typical and final cause of the cosmos is thereby absolutely infinite4 ,in other words1 the cause which calls the cosmos to being is endowed with infinite energy2 the cause which serves as its exemplar and pattern1 and which the cosmos must delineate and express1 is the infinite perfections of ,god2 the cause which inclines ,god to effect it is the infinite and transcendental excellence of his being1 as capable of being communicated4 ,now1 a cause infinite in every respect would naturally claim a term corresponding to the intensity of the action4 ,it is upon this principle that pantheism has been framed4 ,an infinite cause claims a term also infinite4 ,now1 an effect infinite in its nature is a contradiction in terms2 therefore the work is and can be nothing more but a phenomenon of the infinite4 ,if pantheists had paid attention to the ,catholic theory1 that the action of ,god1 because infinite1 is distinct in two moments1 the one immanent and interior1 the other transient and exterior2 that the same action in the first moment is absolute and necessary1 and gives rise to the eternal originations which constitute infinite life2 that the same action in the second moment is absolutely free1 and consequently master of the intensity of its energy1 free to apply as much of that energy as it chooses2 they would have seen that the above principle applies to the first but not to the second moment1 and that therefore their theory rests on a false assumption4 ,however1 though pantheism rests on a false assumption1 it cannot be denied that there is a certain fitness between an infinite cause and an effect1 as much as possible corresponding to the infinite energy of the cause2 and that consequently the external action of ,god1 because infinite1 is for that very reason inclined to effect the best possible cosmos1 a cosmos almost infinite in its perfection2 an infinite energy has a tendency to effect an infinite term2 an infinite typical perfection1 to realize an infinite expression2 an infinite yearning of communication1 to impart itself in a manner the most exhaustive possible4 ,this fitness of proportion between cause and effect is so evident as to baffle all doubt2 yet the necessary distinction implied by the very nature of cause and effect1 a distinction of infinite superiority on the part of the one and infinite dependence and inferiority on the part of the other1 in the present case is that which gives rise to the problem which may be formulated as follows3 given the infinite superiority of the cause of the cosmos1 and admitting the essential inferiority of the effect1 how to exalt the effect to a perfection almost absolute1 and draw it as near the perfection of the cause as possible1 without destroying the absolute and necessary finiteness of the effect4 ,the hypostatic moment is the sublime and transcendental answer which ,god has given to the problem4 ,for in that mystery the cosmos1 as abridged and recapitulated in human nature1 without ceasing to be what it is1 without losing its essence and nature1 is exalted to the highest possible perfection1 by a union of subsistence with the ,infinite himself4 ,nay1 the infinite subsistence and personality of the ,word is the subsistence and personality of the human nature assumed2 so that the human nature1 though real and finite1 is at the same time the nature of the person of the ,word1 and consequently partaking of all the dignity1 perfection1 and excellence of the ,word4 ,in other terms1 the cosmos1 as abridged in the human nature of ,christ1 is deified1 not indeed by a change of its ontological being1 but by the highest1 strictest1 and closest communication and union with the ,godhead4 ,for1 next to the identity of nature1 we can conceive of no closer union or communication than that which exists between two distinct natures completed and actualized by the same identical subsistence4 ,now1 this identity of subsistence communicates to the inferior nature all the worth and dignity of the superior2 and consequently the human nature of ,christ1 and hence the cosmos which it abridges1 are1 as it were1 deified in such a manner as to exchange the denomination of attributes1 and we can call man ,god1 and ,god man4#acj ,thus the tendency of the infinite cause of the external works is fully satisfied4 ,the infinite energy of the efficient cause has for its term an object perfectly corresponding to the intensity of its energy2 since it terminates in an object absolutely infinite--the ,word completing the two natures1 the divine and the human2 an individual who is very ,god as well as very man4 ,the typical cause is even better satisfied1 so to speak4 ,it tends to express itself exteriorly1 as perfectly as it exists interiorly4 ,by the hypostatic moment1 the same identical type of the cosmos1 its intelligible and objective life enters to form part of the cosmos1 the interior logos or schema is wedded to its exterior expression in the bond of one subsistence1 and is at the same time type and expression1 objective and subjective life4 ,unlike other artists1 who must necessarily regret the impossibility of their impressing on the external work1 be it marble or canvas1 the interior conceptions of the mind1 as fully and as perfectly as they conceive them interiorly1 the divine artist of the cosmos found a means whereby to unite1 to bring together type and expression1 the intelligible and the subjective1 the original and the copy1 in one identical person2 so that in the person of the ,theanthropos1 as you admire the art so exquisitely divine in the copy1 you are dazzled by the effulgence of the type which dwells and shines forth in it2 as you wonder at the exactness of the created expression1 you can see the original conception also1 blended together in one common subsistence4 ,the end also of the external work is fully attained4 ,for in the hypostatic moment the infinite and transcendental excellence of ,god is communicated in a manner beyond which you could not go2 ,god in this moment yielding himself so far as to make his own subsistence common to human nature1 and thus making it share in his infinite dignity1 attributes1 and the very name of ,god4 ,we shall allude to one consequence only of the second class2 those having reference to the sublimation of the cosmos2 and that is the life of the cosmos4 ,life is action and movement4 ,those beings which act not exist but do not live4 ,if1 therefore1 the action of the cosmos has been elevated to the highest possible perfection by the hypostatic moment1 it follows that its life also has been exalted4 ,now1 though action originates in the nature1 which is the first principle of action in a being1 yet its ontological worth and dignity it receives from the subsistence or person1 because the nature would be an abstraction1 a possibility1 without the subsistence4 ,in the case1 therefore1 of an individual in whom the nature is inferior1 and the subsistence1 which actualizes and completes the nature1 is superior1 in the scale of being1 the actions primarily originating from nature as their first root have all the ontological worth of the subsistence1 and not of the nature4 ,consequently1 all the human actions of ,christ1 primarily originating in his human nature1 partake of the ontological dignity and value of his person1 and not of his human nature2 just because his human nature is completed by and subsists in the personality of the ,word4 ,now1 this personality is infinite2 infinite1 therefore1 is the ontological worth of the human actions of ,christ4 ,and if we consider1 as we have already remarked1 that human nature is a recapitulation of all the elements of the cosmos1 since it shares spirit1 intelligence1 and will with the angelic nature1 sensible apprehension with animal nature1 life with the vegetable nature1 and locomotion with inorganic nature1 it follows that all the actions of the cosmos are recapitulated in human nature1 and that consequently they are exalted to an infinite worth and dignity in the human nature of ,christ1 which is completed by his infinite personality4 ,the consequences of the third class will better explain and develop this exaltation of the life of the cosmos4 ,the object of the external action consists in manifesting the infinite excellence and perfections of ,god4 ,this creation does in two different ways3 #ast1 ontologically1 the very nature of the cosmos being an expression1 a likeness of the infinite4 ,this function is discharged indistinctly both by intelligent and unintelligent beings4 #b;d4 ,but this function1 by which unintelligent creatures unconsciously manifest in their nature and properties the excellence of ,god1 in intelligent creatures is necessarily a moral act1 and gives rise to the virtue of religion2 because intelligent creatures cannot possibly fail to perceive the relation which binds them to their creator1 and to feel the duty of acknowledging it4 ,hence1 religion is an absolute duty for intelligent beings2 so necessary and absolute that the opposite assertion would be a contradiction in terms4 ,to say a creature1 is to affirm a being created by ,god with the express purpose of manifesting his perfections2 to say intelligent1 is to affirm a creature able to perceive this relation1 and able to fulfil the purpose which it perceives was intended by the creator4 ,to absolve1 therefore1 intelligent creatures from the duty of religion1 is to affirm and deny in the same breath that they are intelligent creatures4 ,hence1 they must necessarily perceive and will the relation in which they stand to their creator1 and consequently be religious by force of their very nature and existence4 ,the whole cosmos must pay to ,god1 its creator1 the homage of religion2 unintelligent creatures by unconsciously portraying his perfections2 intelligent creatures1 by acknowledging the same with their intelligence and will4 ,now1 this first function of the cosmos1 this primary act of its life1 is elevated to the highest possible perfection through the hypostatic moment4 ,for through this moment the external religion of the cosmos is elevated to the dignity and grandeur of the internal religion4 ,philosophers and theologians do not treat of the existence of the eternal and objective religion1 as often as they do of that religion which expresses the relations between the creator and his creatures1 and might be styled external and temporal religion4 ,but every thing temporal is the counterpart of something eternal2 every subjective existence has an intelligible objective existence in eternity1 a type without which its subjective existence were inconceivable4 ,religion1 then1 must have its type in ,god2 in his infinite essence must be found those eternal laws which render temporal religion possible4 ,what is there in the essence of the infinite which constitutes religion1 and establishes its laws8 ,the eternal religion is the life of ,god1 its laws the laws of the genesis of his life4 ,god is a living1 personal being4 ,he is unborn1 unbegotten1 intelligent activity2 first termination of the ,godhead4 ,by one eternal1 immanent glance of his intelligence he searches1 so to speak1 and scrutinizes the innermost depths of his essence1 and thus comprehends himself1 that is1 conceives and utters himself interiorly4 ,this infinite1 most perfect utterance and intelligible expression of himself is a second termination of the ,godhead2 the ,word1 who portrays and manifests the ,godhead intelligibly2 as the first person is the actuation of the ,godhead under the termination of intelligent1 primary1 independent activity and principle4 ,this duality of terminations is brought into harmony by a third person1 the result of the action of both4 ,for between the intelligent principle1 uttering himself intelligibly1 and the utterance1 the term of that intellectual conception1 there passes necessarily an infinite attraction1 a blissful sympathy1 an unutterable complacency4 ,the ,father beholds as in a bright1 clear stream of infinite light the unspeakable beauty and loveliness of his infinite perfections1 and utters them to himself1 and delights in that utterance4 ,the ,son beholds himself as the most perfect1 the consubstantial representation of the sublime excellence of the ,father1 and takes complacency in him as the principle of his personality4 ,this common complacency1 sympathy1 attraction1 love1 bliss1 is the third termination of the ,godhead1 the ,holy ,spirit1 the breath of the love of both1 the personal subsisting attraction of the ,father and of the ,son1 the person who closes the cycle of ,god's infinite life4 ,this is the eternal1 immanent1 objective religion4 ,for what is religion in its highest metaphysical acceptation8 ,it is the intelligible and loving acknowledgment of the infinite nature and attributes of ,god4 ,now1 the ,word is the infinite1 substantial1 and intelligible acknowledgment of the ,father2 the ,holy ,ghost is the infinite1 substantial1 loving acknowledgment of both4 ,therefore1 the eternal mystery of the life of the infinite1 the ,trinity1 is also the eternal objective religion by which ,god acknowledges1 appreciates and honors himself4 ,it might be objected to the soundness of this doctrine1 that one of the relations1 which is the principal and fundamental in religion1 the relation of dependence1 is wanting in the life of the infinite1 and that consequently that life cannot be taken as the eternal type of religion4 ,in the metaphysical idea of religion1 dependence is necessary as the fundamental relation upon which all others rest4 ,because religion is essentially an acknowledgment of one person from another4 ,therefore1 the person who acknowledges himself as indebted to another for something must1 by that very fact1 be dependent upon him4 ,the intelligible acknowledgment means that one intelligent being perceives with his mind that he stands indebted to another for something1 and consequently depends upon him for that thing4 ,the practical or loving acknowledgment conveys the idea that the person who has perceived his standing indebted to another for something1 acts in such a manner as to express by his action his sense of the dependence4 ,religion is therefore an intelligible and practical dependence of one person upon another4 ,but this relation of dependence does not necessarily imply the idea of inferiority in the hierarchy of being upon the part of the person who is dependent1 and a like superiority on the part of the person who is acknowledged4 ,a dependence of origin or procession1 without including any inferiority on the part of him who is dependent1 is fully and absolutely sufficient in the metaphysical idea of transcendental religion4 ,the reason of this lies in the very nature of transcendental religion or acknowledgment4 ,by this we seek the highest possible1 the most perfect idea of acknowledgment1 which necessarily implies an equality between the person who acknowledges and the person who is acknowledged4 ,otherwise1 without the equality the acknowledgment would fall short of the perfection of the object acknowledged4 ,now1 an inferiority of nature and attributes in the person who acknowledges would destroy the equality and imply an inferiority of acknowledgment1 and consequently would not represent the idea of the highest1 most perfect acknowledgment and religion4 ,the ,son1 therefore1 depending upon the ,father as to his origin1 though absolutely equal to him in nature and attributes1 and being the intelligible1 infinite expression of the perfections of the ,father1 is1 by force of his very personality1 the subsisting1 living1 speaking acknowledgment of the ,father4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 depending upon the ,father and the ,son as to origin1 though perfectly equal to them as to nature1 and being the loving expression of the infinite goodness of both1 is1 by force of his very personality1 the living1 practical recognition of the ,father and of the ,son4 ,the eternal life of ,god1 therefore1 is the eternal typical religion4 ,it is the only true religion in the transcendental meaning of the term4 ,because the more perfect is the recognition1 the more adequate it is to the object1 and the more it approaches to metaphysical truth1 which lies in the equation of the type with its expression4 ,it is the only religion worthy of ,god4 ,for religion1 as we have said1 is the intelligible and practical recognition of ,god4 ,now1 every one can see that such recognition1 to be worthy of ,god1 must be absolutely perfect4 ,the intelligible recognition must imply such an idea of ,god as to be absolute utterance of his nature and perfections2 the loving recognition must love ,god in the most perfect and absolute sense of the word4 ,now1 ,god being infinite1 an infinite1 intelligible recognition1 an infinite1 practical1 loving acknowledgment only can be worthy of him4 ,he alone can know and love himself as he deserves4 ,now1 to draw nearer to our subject1 we inquire1 ,is temporal religion worthy of ,god8 ,and we observe1 before answering the question1 that by temporal religion we do not mean that recognition of ,god which results from the ontological essence of all the beings of the cosmos1 but that voluntary and reflex acknowledgment which created spirits1 whether men or angels1 are bound to pay to their maker4 ,we ask1 therefore1 is the acknowledgment which created spirits pay to ,god worthy of him1 worthy of his infinite and transcendental nature and perfections8 ,evidently not4 ,because the intelligence of the cherubim1 however high and lofty1 and soaring as far above the intelligence of inferior created spirits as the eagle's flight over all the feathered tribes2 the love of the seraphim1 however intense1 however deep1 however tender1 however ardent1 are merely and simply finite4 ,on the other hand1 what is the intelligence and love of men compared with those of the heavenly spirits1 who are so near the supreme intelligence and love1 when compared to us1 and yet so far from it1 when compared with ,god8 ,the religion1 therefore1 of all created spirits is not proportionate to its object2 it falls infinitely short of the merits of ,god4 ,hence the cosmos1 of which created spirits form the best part1 with the exclusion of the ,incarnate ,word1 cannot properly discharge the first and paramount duty of the creature1 the homage of acknowledgment and adoration to its creator4 ,but let the ,word1 the eternal mediator between ,god and the cosmos1 let the intelligible and objective life1 the type of the cosmos1 enter into it1 and the worth of the nature and the acts of the cosmos shall be exalted1 elevated1 changed1 transformed2 and it can then pay to ,god a tribute of recognition fully1 perfectly1 and absolutely worthy of him4 ,for the ,theanthropos--the ,god-,man1 who is possessed of infinite intelligence1 and can comprehend ,god as far as ,god is intelligible1 who is possessed of infinite will1 and can love ,god as far as ,god is amiable1 can recognize him1 acknowledge him1 theoretically and practically1 as perfectly as he deserves1 with absolute equation4 ,and the human nature of the ,theanthropos1 though in itself finite in its essence and in its acts1 can likewise render to ,god a homage fully and perfectly worthy of him4 ,first1 because the acts of the ,word of ,god1 honoring the infinite majesty theoretically and practically in an infinite manner1 are acts also belonging to human nature1 are its own acts1 so to speak2 because they are acts of its own personality1 and human nature can say to ,god1 ,i honor thee with the acts of my own person1 and they are infinite4 ,secondly1 because even the acts springing immediately from human nature1 and consequently in themselves finite1 in force of the union of these same acts with the divine personality in whom they subsist1 acquire an infinite worth and dignity because of the person in whom they subsist2 and human nature can say to ,god1 ,i honor you with my own acts of worship and acknowledgment4 ,in both cases1 therefore1 whether we look at the acts of the ,theanthropos springing from his divine nature1 or at those proceeding from his human nature1 they are of infinite value1 by force of the unity of his divine person2 and consequently the ,theanthropos can recognize ,god in an infinite manner1 a manner absolutely worthy of ,god4 ,the cosmos1 then1 recapitulated in the human nature of ,christ1 is enabled to worship ,god as he deserves2 the temporal religion of the cosmos is wedded to the eternal2 and the ,godhead is worshipped in his cosmos with the same perfect homage of recognition as he receives from eternity in the bosom of his interior life4 ,the ,word1 as infinite recognition of the ,father1 is the eternal mediator of religion between the ,father and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,word incarnate is the mediator of religion between ,god and his cosmos4 ,all angels and men1 and to a certain degree all creatures1 all persons1 all individualities1 from the highest pinnacle of creation down to the farthest extremities thereof1 united in a particular manner1 which shall be hereafter explained1 with the ,theanthropos1 and partakers of his mind1 of his will1 of his affections1 of his heart1 of his life1 can raise to ,god a canticle of acknowledgment fully worthy of him1 perfectly equal to that which rose up silently in the bosom of the infinite1 when1 in the day of his eternity1 he uttered his infinite word1 and breathed his spirit and recognized himself very ,god4 ,who will not admit a dogma which elevates the cosmos to such a height of dignity8 ,and what can pantheism offer in its stead8 ,it can destroy both temporal and eternal religion1 by identifying both terms1 the cosmos and the infinite1 and thus rendering a true acknowledgment of ,god impossible4 ,but it can never impart that true exaltation1 that high dignity to the cosmos1 which the ,catholic doctrine of the hypostatic moment affords4 ,god acknowledges himself infinitely from all eternity1 by uttering a perfect intellectual expression of himself1 and by both aspiring a loving recognition of themselves4 ,we creatures are enabled to acknowledge him as he acknowledges himself2 the only recognition worthy of him4 ,the ,word1 by becoming incarnate1 enters into the choir of creation1 and takes its leadership2 brings into it the harmonies of the bosom of ,god1 and on a sudden the music and the songs of the cosmos rise up to the height of its leader1 and mingle with the harmonies of eternal life4 ,before we pass to other consequences of the incarnation1 we shall point out a corollary1 among all others1 which follows from the doctrine above stated1 and which1 though of the highest importance1 is lost sight of both by apologists and rationalists4 ,this corollary is1 that the ,christian religion1 as ,christ founded it1 is cosmological law1 and can no more be lost sight of by the philosopher than by a ,christian himself4 ,for according to the actual plan of the cosmos1 the plan which ,god selected1 ,god was not satisfied with that finite1 imperfect1 natural acknowledgment which created spirits might render to him4 ,but1 as he was pleased not to leave the cosmos in its natural conditions1 but raised it to the highest possible dignity by a union with the divine personality of the ,word1 so he was not satisfied that the acknowledgment which is due to him as the creator should be that natural1 imperfect1 finite acknowledgment which created spirits could1 with their natural force1 render to him1 but willed that their acknowledgment should1 by a union with the ,theanthropos1 be exalted to the dignity of the infinite acknowledgment which he renders to himself from all eternity4 ,this is a law of the actual cosmos which ,god selected1 and it is as much a law1 an integral part of its constituents1 as any natural law which we may discover4 ,god selected such a cosmos that we might pay to him a recognition true and worthy of him4 ,now1 ,christianity1 as ,christ founded it1 is the religion of all created persons in time and space1 who1 united to the ,theanthropos by a particular mode of union1 worship ,god with and through the ,theanthropos2 that is1 worship ,god as he deserves4 ,consequently ,christianity is a law of the cosmos1 an integral constituent of that cosmos which ,god selected1 and hence true1 elevating1 and imperative4 ,true1 because it is a religion the acts of which are fully adequate to the object1 since in it ,god is worshipped as perfectly as he deserves4 ,true1 because1 religion implying a knowledge of ,god1 in ,christianity knowledge is imparted to the minds of its followers fully adequate to the object known1 in its origin1 in its mode of communication1 and its end4 ,in its origin1 being derived from the ,theanthropos2 in its mode1 being imparted by a peculiar operation of the ,theanthropos2 and in its end1 as tending to gradual development1 until it has reached the fulness of knowledge1 which may be imparted to a pure creature in palingenesia4 ,true1 because1 religion implying operation and action1 action is imparted in the same manner as knowledge4 ,elevating1 because it is evident that that aim of ,christianity is to raise human persons from their natural state1 from their natural operation1 to a superior state and operation through the ,theanthropos4 ,imperative1 because1 ,god having made ,christianity a law of the cosmos1 which he selected1 it is not free to a moral agent to accept or reject it1 but all must accept it as a law of the cosmos which no one may contravene4 ,hence rationalists1 and infidels1 and indifferentists1 in rejecting ,christianity or in being indifferent to it1 reject a law of the cosmos1 a law which is as essential to the entirety of the cosmos1 which ,god chose1 as the law of gravitation or locomotion2 and in reasoning upon the cosmos1 after rejecting ,christianity1 rationalists and indifferentists should say1 ,i do not reason on the actual cosmos that ,god has selected2 ,i reason on a cosmos of my own creation2 ,i limit it1 ,i contract it1 ,i debase it1 as it pleases my fancy2 and yet1 after that1 ,i insist on retaining the name of philosopher4 ,we pass to the other consequence4 ,the tendency of the exterior act is to form the cosmos1 and especially created intelligences1 into a universal society4 ,we could prove this by the consideration of the efficient1 typical1 and final cause of the external act2 but prefer to show it only from the typical cause1 or objective life of creation4 ,the objective life of the cosmos is the life of the infinite intelligibly expressed in the ,word4 ,now1 ,god's life is essentially one1 absolute1 most perfect1 universal society4 ,one is the nature of the infinite terminated and concreted by three distinct subsistences--the ,beginning1 the ,word1 the ,spirit4 ,one and identical is their intelligence and will2 because intelligence and will1 being an attribute of nature1 as the three divine personalities partake of the same nature1 they are at the same time endowed with the same identical intelligence and will4 ,one and identical is likewise their life and bliss2 because the life and bliss of the infinite consists in knowing and loving himself1 in which operation the three divine personalities share1 in force of the identical absolute intelligence and will with which they are equally endowed4 ,they are finally one by their common and reciprocal indwelling in each other2 because the beginning is ,father1 inasmuch as his eternal ,son dwells in his bosom4 ,the ,son is such1 inasmuch as he is related to the ,father1 and dwells in him4 ,the ,spirit is such1 inasmuch as he is related to both1 and dwells in both4 ,the ,trinity1 therefore1 is the type of one universal perfect society1 because the three divine persons are associated by the unity and identity of nature1 of attributes1 of life1 of happiness1 and by a common indwelling in each other4 ,now1 the ,trinity1 as intelligibly mirrored in the ,word1 is the objective life of the cosmos1 or its typical cause4 ,on the other hand1 we have shown that the plan which ,god has chosen in his works ad extra is that which draws the subjective cosmos as near in perfection to its intelligible and objective life as possible4 ,the cosmos1 therefore1 in force of its typical cause1 is called to represent the one most perfect universal society of the three divine persons as perfectly as possible4 ,this were impossible except by the admission of the existence of the ,theanthropos into creation4 ,for1 once admitting the existence of the ,theanthropos1 we see that the eternal society of the three divine persons1 as mirrored intelligibly in the ,word1 the very typical cause of the cosmos1 has come in contact with the cosmos itself1 by the closest1 most intimate society--the same identical subsistence3 the eternal and interior society is externated1 and the cosmos and the infinite society of ,god form one single society in the identity of the person of the ,word4 ,man and ,god are one single society in ,christ4 ,unite now all created spirits and persons to this externation of the typical cause1 by a principle of which we shall speak in the next article2 unite their nature to his nature1 their intelligence to his intelligence1 their will to his will1 their life to his life1 their bliss to his bliss2 and we shall have one universal society1 partaking of the nature1 the intelligence1 the will1 the life1 the bliss1 of the ,theanthropos2 and thus not only united with each other1 and meeting each other in one common medium and centre1 but also presenting a divine society whose bond of union is the intelligence1 will1 life1 bliss1 of the ,theanthropos communicated to them all2 and through him and by him ushered into the eternal society of the ,trinity4 ,this is the idea expressed in the sublime prayer of our ,lord1 when he said1 ,father1 keep them in thy name whom thou hast given me1 that they may be one as ,,we also are4 ,and not for them only do ,i pray1 but for them also who through their word shall believe in me2 that they all may be one1 as thou1 ,father1 in me1 and ,i in thee2 that they also may be one in us1 ,i in them1 and thou in me1 that they may be made perfect in one3 that the love wherewith thou hast loved me may be in them1 and ,i in them4#aca ,this consequence of the hypostatic moment affords the cosmological reason of the truth1 the divinity1 the imperative necessity of the ,catholic ,church4 ,for the ,catholic ,church is nothing else but the society of all the persons of the cosmos elevated in ,christ and through ,christ to the eternal typical society of the ,trinity1 by a community of supernatural intelligence1 will1 life1 bliss1 imparted to them by the ,theanthropos1 to whom they are united1 travelling centuries and generations to add new members to this universal society of all ages1 until the number of members being complete1 it shall cease its temporal action1 and rest in eternity4 ,this is the only true view of the ,catholic ,church4 ,men imagine it to be an after-thought1 a thing begun nineteen centuries ago4 ,the ,catholic ,church is a cosmological law2 and hence necessary1 universal1 imperative4 ,god in acting outside himself might have chosen to effect only substantial creation2 but having once determined to effect the hypostatic moment1 to cause the ,theanthropos to form the exalting principle1 the centre1 the mediator of the cosmos1 he could not but carry out to their fullest expression those relations which result from that moment4 ,now1 the ,catholic ,church is the necessary consequence of the hypostatic moment4 ,the ,word1 the type of the universe1 is united to its expression in the unity of his divine personality1 and is thus placed at the very centre of the universe1 as that in which all things are consolidated4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that all created persons must hover round about their centre1 must be put in communication with him1 united to him as their centre and mediator by a communion of intelligence1 of will1 of life1 of bliss1 and thus be associated with each other1 and united with the eternal archetypical society--the ,trinity4 ,this gives as a result a society of all created persons united by the bond of the same theanthropic intelligence1 will1 life1 and bliss4 ,now1 such is the ,catholic ,church4 ,therefore it is a cosmological law in the present plan of the exterior action of ,god2 and as a cosmological law is universal1 extending to all times and places1 divine in its origin and action1 and imperative1 so the ,catholic ,church is essentially universal in time and space2 divine in its origin and action2 imperative1 enforcing its acceptance and adhesion on every intellect which can contemplate the plan of the exterior works of ,god4 ,hence ,protestantism is not only a theological error1 but a philosophical blunder4 ,god effects the hypostatic moment1 and makes the ,theanthropos the centre of the cosmos1 and of the best part of the cosmos--men4 ,he could not be their centre unless they were united to him by intelligence1 will1 and life4 ,and they could not be united to him unless they were united to each other by a common theanthropic intelligence1 will1 and life1 etc4#acb ,and the question being of incarnate spirits1 this union of intelligence1 will1 and life could not be possible1 except it were visible and external4 ,hence1 it is a necessary consequence of the hypostatic moment that men should be united in one universal1 visible1 and external society4 ,protestantism1 admitting the hypostatic moment1 denies the consequence which so evidently flows from it1 and denies by its fundamental principle a society of intelligence1 and of will1 and of life1 and also the visibility1 the externation of such society1 and takes refuge in an individual union between himself and ,christ1 and says1 by the same principle1 ,i have a right to form an intelligence of my own1 in no way connected with the intelligence of other created persons4 ,i have a right to follow laws which ,i shall individually find out and proclaim4 ,i have a right to have a life exclusively my own1 and no interchange shall pass between me and others4 ,hence the absolute falsehood of ,protestantism1 which ignores the existence and qualities of this supreme cosmological law4 ,the cosmological law is one4 ,protestantism is multiform4 ,the cosmological law is universal4 ,protestantism is individual4 ,the cosmological law is communicative and expansive4 ,protestantism is egotistical4 ,what is more remarkable still is the astounding pretension of ,protestantism to having enlightened and elevated mankind4 ,enlightened mankind by ignoring the plan of the universe in its beauty1 in its harmony1 in its whole6 ,elevated mankind by proclaiming individualism and egotism in the face of the one great life-giving law of a common universal society6 ,we would beg our ,protestant readers to ask themselves the following questions3 ,is it true that ,god made ,christ1 the ,word incarnate1 the centre of the cosmos1 and hence the centre of all created persons8 ,is it true that1 in consequence of this1 created persons should be united to him by partaking of his intelligence1 will1 and life8 ,is it true that1 in force of this union1 all created persons become united to each other in force of the principle that two things united to a third are united to each other8 ,is it true that ,god has effected all this in order to elevate human society to the society of his eternal life8 ,is it not true that the ,catholic ,church is nothing but that8 ,then the ,catholic ,church is cosmological law1 one1 divine1 universal1 imperative4 ,we pass to the fourth class of consequences1 those which regard the ,theanthropos in relation to all the moments and persons of the cosmos4 ,i4 ,the ,theanthropos was intended by ,god before and above all other works4 ,every one is aware that an intellectual agent1 in effecting his works1 follows a different order from that which he pursues in planning them2 in other words1 the order of execution which an intellectual agent follows is in the inverse ratio of the order which he follows in idealizing them4 ,in an architect's mind the end and use of a building is first in order1 and he idealizes and shapes his building according to the object intended4 ,in the execution of the work the order is inverted1 the building is effected first1 the object and use are attained afterward4 ,the order followed in idealizing a work is called by schoolmen the order of intention2 that which is pursued in executing the work1 the order of execution4 ,when we say1 therefore1 that the hypostatic moment and the ,theanthropos are the first of ,god's external works1 we mean1 of course1 in the order of intention2 we mean that they were intended by ,god first and before every other work when he resolved to act outside himself2#acc so that the incarnation was determined upon1 not only independently of the sin of man1 but would have taken place even if man had never fallen4#acd ,the metaphysical reason of this consequence is found in the relation which means bear to the end4 ,it is absolutely necessary that an intellectual agent should intend primarily and chiefly that object which is best calculated to attain the end he has in view in his action2 which best fulfils his intention and is the most appropriate and nearest mean4 ,now1 the hypostatic moment1 and consequently ,christ1 attains better than any other moment or individual the object of the external action of ,god1 as we have shown4 ,therefore ,christ was intended by ,god first and above every other work4 ,this consequence is poetically described by the inspired author of the ,proverbs1 in those beautiful lines so well known3 ,the ,lord possessed me from the beginning of his ways1 before he made any thing from the beginning4 ,i was set up from all eternity1 and of old before the earth was made4 ,the depths were not as yet1 and ,i was already conceived2 neither had the foundations of water as yet sprung out4 ,the mountains with their huge bulk had not as yet been established2 before the hills ,i was brought forth4 ,he had not made the earth1 nor the rivers1 nor the poles of the world4 ,when he prepared the heavens1 ,i was present2 when with a certain law and compass he inclosed the depths1 etc4#ace #b4 ,consequence4 ,the ,theanthropos is the secondary end of ,god's external works4 ,for1 in a series of means necessary to the end1 that which is first and chief is also end in respect to the other means4 ,christ1 therefore1 being the first and chief means to attain the end of the external act1 is also end in reference to the other moments1 and consequently the secondary end of the cosmos4 ,all things1 said ,st4 ,paul to the ,corinthians1 are yours2 and you are ,christ's1 and ,christ is ,god's4 #c4 ,christ is the secondary type of the cosmos4 ,ontologically speaking1 the end determines and shapes the nature and perfections of the means1 and bears to the means the relation of type and exemplar4 ,now1 ,christ is the secondary end of the cosmos2 he is1 therefore1 the secondary model and type of the exterior works2 in other words1 he is the best and supremest expression of ,god's infinite excellence1 the archetype of the cosmos2 therefore he is also the secondary type of the cosmos4 #d4 ,christ is the universal mediator between ,god and his works4 ,as in the bosom of ,god the ,word is the medium in the genesis of his eternal life1 the link which connects the ,father and the ,spirit2 so1 outside of ,god1 the incarnate ,word is the mediator1 the medium universal and absolute1 between ,god and his works1 the link connecting the infinite and the finite4 ,for1 in the first place1 the very nature of the hypostatic moment makes him such4 ,he is the ,word1 that is1 the very ,godhead1 with his infinite nature and perfections1 under the termination of intelligibility4 ,he is man1 comprehending in his human nature all the various elements of substantial creation4 ,both the ,godhead and the human nature subsist of that one termination of intelligibility4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the incarnate ,word is essentially1 by the very nature of the hypostatic union1 the medium between the infinite and the finite4 ,moreover1 every intellectual agent is linked to his work by the type of it existing in the intelligence1 without which knowledge the agent could never communicate with his work4 ,the divine ,artist of the cosmos1 therefore1 is in communication with it by the eternal cosmic type residing in his essence--the ,word4 ,now1 ,christ is the ,word incarnate1 and1 as such1 is the type of the cosmos hypostatically united to its expression1 the intelligible and objective life personally linked to the subjective4 ,he is1 therefore1 the medium between the objective and subjective cosmos1 and consequently between the cosmos and ,god4 ,hence ,christ is essentially the mediator of creation1 both in the natural and supernatural moment2 inasmuch as by him and through him all things were made in both orders4 ,he is essentially the mediator of the continuation of existence in both orders2 since the same action1 by which all things were made1 through him continues to hold them in existence4 ,he is essentially the mediator of the action of creatures in both orders2 since the same action by which all things are made to exist1 and to continue in existence through him1 incites them to action and aids them to develop their faculties4 ,he is essentially the mediator of perfection and beatitude2 because the same action1 which incites and aids all existences1 both in the natural and supernatural order1 to develop their faculties1 must also perfect them1 and bring them to their final completion4 ,and in the very act of beatitude1 when the dawn of the vision of ,god shall flash before the mind of created spirits1 the ,theanthropos shall be the mediator between them and the superabundant and dazzling effulgence of the infinite1 by aiding and invigorating their intellect with the light of glory4 ,in him 7,christ7 were all things created in heaven and on earth1 visible and invisible4 ,he is before all1 and by him all things consist4#acf #e4 ,christ is the supreme universal objective science2 the supreme universal objective dialectic4 ,in the ontological order intelligibility and reality are one and the same thing2 every thing real being by the very fact intelligible1 and vice versa4 ,now1 ,christ is the infinite and finite reality1 hypostatically united together4 ,he is1 therefore1 the infinite finite intelligibility1 and consequently the universal objective science4 ,he is also the supreme universal objective dialectic2 for he is essentially the type and the form of all reasoning4 ,the form of all reasoning consists in the comparison of two terms with a third1 with a view of deducing their agreement or disagreement4 ,christ is at once the infinite universal term1 and the finite and particular term2 both terms agreeing together in the oneness of his divine personality4 ,he is1 therefore1 the type and form of all reasoning1 and the objective dialectic4 #f4 ,he is the light of all finite intelligences4 ,because1 in the first place1 he is the space of essences1 so to speak2 being the subsisting intelligibility of the ,godhead4 ,secondly4 ,because in his individuality there is the ontological agreement of all the problems of the human mind1 and the solution of all the questions relative to the infinite and the finite1 to time and eternity1 to the absolute and the relative1 to immutability and movement1 to cause and effect1 etc4 ,thirdly4 ,because he is the incarnate ,word1 creating1 supporting1 elevating and perfecting all created intelligences1 in force of his essential office of universal mediator of the cosmos4 #g4 ,christ is the supreme universal and objective morality4 ,the moral perfection of the cosmos consists in the voluntary realization of the final perfection to which it is destined by its archetype4 ,now1 ,christ is the archetype of the cosmos4 ,therefore1 he is the supreme objective morality4 ,he is also supreme morality in the sense of his inciting and aiding the cosmos in the voluntary reproduction and realization of the type1 in force of his office of mediator4 ,therefore1 etc4 #h4 ,christ is the supreme objective realization of the beautiful4 ,the beautiful lies in variety reduced to unity by order and proportion4 ,christ is the infinite and finite1 the two beings most distant1 brought together into the unity of his divine personality by order and proportion1 as it is evident to every mind that has grasped the nature of the hypostatic moment4 ,he is1 therefore1 the supreme1 universal realization of the beautiful4 #i4 ,christ is the supreme and universal king and ruler of the universe4 ,for he is the medium of the creation1 preservation1 and action of the cosmos2 he is its secondary end and exemplar2 he is the type and light of intelligence1 the law of morality and of the beautiful4 ,the cosmos1 therefore1 is subject and dependent upon him for so many reasons1 and consequently he is the supreme ruler of it4 #aj4 ,he is the centre of all the other moments and persons of the cosmos2 all things gathering around him as their chief1 their exemplar1 their mediator4 ,i am the ,alpha and ,omega1 the ,beginning and the ,end4 7,apoc4 i4 #h47 ,,footnotes3 #acj ,we could not say the human nature is divine1 nor could we say the human nature is ,god1 or vice versa2 but we can only predicate the concrete terms of the concrete4 ,the metaphysical reason is1 that the foundation of this interchange of names and properties of both natures lies in their being both concrete in the subsistence of the ,word4 ,if we consider them abstractly1 they are separate1 and consequently cannot interchange attributes4 #aca ,st4 ,john1 ch4 xvii41 passim4 #acb ,the idea comprehends other conditions which it is not necessary to unfold now4 #acc ,dico ,deum primaria intentione1 qua voluit se creaturis communicare1 voluisse mysterium ,incarnationis et ,christum ,dominum ut esset caput et finis divinorum operum sub ipso ,deo4 7,suarez1 ,de ,incarnatione1 ,disp4 v4 sect4 ii47 #acd ,suarez1 ,ubicum4 #ace ,prov4 ch4 viii4 #acf ,st4 ,paul ,colos4 ch4 v4 #af4 ,,brittany3 ,,its ,,people ,,and ,,its ,,poems4 ,,second ,,article4 ,more than a year has elapsed since we expressed a hope to present our readers with some further specimens of the ancient poetry of ,brittany4 ,we then gave1 translated from their rendering into ,french by ,m4 de ,villemarqu1 a portion of bardic poems1 for example1 ,the ,prophecy of ,gwench'lan2 ,the ,submersion of the ,city of ,is2 ,the ,changeling1 and ,the ,march of ,arthur4 ,these1 as well as the dialogue between a ,druid and a child1 7which is perhaps too long for insertion here17 ,the ,plague of ,elliant1 and portions of ,lord ,nann and the ,fay1 retain much of their scientific and often alliterative form1 a part of which is their arrangement in tercets1 or strophes of three lines rhyming together4 ,we now proceed to fulfil our promise with regard to the ballad of ,lord ,nann1 which1 however1 it may be well to preface with some remarks upon that portion of ,breton mythology which it illustrates4 ,the principal supernatural agents in the popular poetry of ,brittany are the dwarfs and the fairies4 ,the common appellation of these elfish beings is ,korrigan1 whether masculine or feminine1 from korr1 little1 7diminutive1 korrik17 and gan or gwen1 genius4 ,the ,goddess ,koridgwen is said by the ,welsh bards to have had nine attendant virgins1 called the nine ,korrigan4 ,this also was the name of the nine priestesses of the ,isle of ,sein4 ,the ,breton fairies not only bear the same name as the ,keltic goddesses and consecrated virgins1 but are accredited with the same powers of foretelling future events1 of curing by magical charms diseases otherwise incurable1 of transporting themselves from one end of the world to the other in a moment of time1 and of taking whatever forms they please4 ,every year1 at the return of spring1 they hold1 on the green turf near some fountain1 a grand nocturnal feast4 ,in the midst of the most delicate viands there sparkles a cup of crystal1 of which the splendor is so great that there is no need of torches1 and like the magic vase of the ,british ,keridgwen1 containing a marvellous liquid1 one single drop of which conveys the knowledge of all sciences1 and of all events1 past1 present1 and to come4 ,the favorite haunts of the ,korrigan are always by springs of water1 especially those which are in lonely places in the neighborhood of ,druidic remains called dolmens1 and from which the ,holy ,virgin1 who is said to be their especial enemy1 has not yet chased them4 ,their traditional aspect is much the same as that of the other fairy races of ,european nations2 their delicate and aerial frames being about two feet in height1 perfect in symmetry1 and clad in the very thinnest of ethereal textures4 ,but all their beauty is nocturnal only4 ,by the light of day1 which they hate above all things1 they are hideous1 red-eyed1 wrinkled1 and old2 their whole appearance betokening fallen intelligences4 ,the ,breton peasants assure us that they are great princesses who were struck by the curse of heaven for refusing to embrace the ,christian faith when the first missionaries preached it in ,armorica4 ,the peasants of ,wales declare them to be the souls of ,druidesses1 condemned to do penance4 ,their breath is deadly4 ,should any wayfarer trouble the waters of their fountain1 or1 near their dolmen1 come upon them suddenly1 he is almost sure to perish2 particularly if it be on a ,saturday1 the day consecrated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 against whom they bear an especial hatred4 ,they also have a great aversion to any token of religion1 fleeing at the sound of a consecrated bell or at the sight of a soutane4 ,like certain of their ,european cousins1 the ,korrigan have a decided penchant for stealing the infant offspring of the human race1 with the object of regenerating their own4 ,therefore does the peasant mother of ,brittany place round the neck of her babe a scapular or a rosary1 that he may be secured against every elfish device1 under the protection of ,our ,blessed ,lady4 ,the changelings whom the ,korrigan are accused of leaving in the place of the children whom they carry away are of the race of dwarfs1 and also bear the name of korr1 korrik1 and korrigan2 as well as kornandon1 gwanzigan1 or duz4 ,this last name is that of the father of ,merlin1 and of an ancient divinity worshipped in that part of ,britain which is now the county of ,york4 ,these dwarfs1 we are told1 are little1 black1 and hairy monsters1 with the claws of a cat1 the hind legs of a goat1 and a voice harsh and broken with age4 ,they it was who1 ages ago1 raised the huge stones of the menhir and dolmen1 and hid beneath them untold hoards of treasure4 ,around these1 when the stars are out1 they are fond of dancing1 to the primitive song which consists in an incessant repetition of the names of all the days of the week except ,saturday and ,sunday1 of which they studiously avoid all mention4 ,wednesday1 the day of ,mercury1 is always observed by them with especial festivities4 ,it was they1 say the peasants1 who engraved the mystic characters on the ,keltic stones of the ,morbihan1 and especially those at ,gawr-iniz1 or the ,isle of the ,giant4 ,he who1 like ,taliessin1 could read them1 would learn all the places of their hidden treasure1 and to him all the secrets of science would be revealed4 ,the dwarfs are less dreaded by the country people than the fays1 as being rather comically mischievous than wholly malicious4 ,the peasant who has taken the precaution to sprinkle himself with holy-water passes fearlessly by the lonely dolmen in the solitudes which they haunt4 ,we were taught in our early youth that it is to her white cliffs that ,albion owes her name2 but ,m4 de ,villemarqu suggests that she is more probably indebted for it to the god ,mercury1 the ,keltic ,hermes1 who was the chief divinity worshipped by the insular ,britons1 under the name of ,gwion4 ,their island was especially placed under his protection1 and called for that reason the ,isle of ,gwion1 or of ,alwion4 ,the same learned author remarks upon the apparent identity of the ,gwion of ,britain and the ,gigon of the ,tyrians and ,phoenicians1 the divinity being in each case revered as the god of commerce1 the inventor of letters1 and the patron of all the arts1 and represented in each case by the figure of a dwarf carrying a purse4 ,the dwarfs of ,brittany possess all the attributes of ,gwion1 the heavy purse included1 and are evidently a part of the ,keltic mythology4 ,it is often difficult1 and sometimes impossible1 to determine the date of poems of which they form the subject4 ,the burden of the ballad of ,lord ,nann comes down from the cradle of the ,indo-,european nations1 and1 in numerous localities1 finds expression in various forms4 ,the one of which we here give a translation probably dates from the fifth or the sixth century4 ,the name ,nann is the diminutive of the ,breton ,reunan4 ,,lord ,,nann ,,and ,,the ,,fay4 ,lord ,nann and his bride1 both plighted ,in youthful days1 soon blighted1 ,were early disunited4 ,of snow-white twins a pair1 ,yestreen the lady bare2 ,a son and daughter fair4 ,what cheer shall ,i get for thee1 ,who givest a son to me8 ,say1 sweet1 what shall it be8 ,from the forest green a roe1 ,or a woodcock from where1 ,i trow1 ,the pond in the vale lies low8 ,for venison am ,i fain1 ,but would not give thee pain ,for me the wood to gain4 ,but while the lady spoke1 ,lord ,nann took his lance of oak1 ,and mounting his jet-black steed1 ,rode forth to the wood with speed4 ,when he gained the greenwood shade1 ,a white hind from the glade ,fled1 of his lance afraid4 ,swift after the hind he flew2 ,the ground shook 'neath the two1 ,so swiftly on they flew1 ,and late the evening grew4 ,the heat streamed from his face1 ,from the horse's flanks apace1 ,till twilight closed the race4 ,a little stream was welling1 ',mid softest moss up-swelling1 ,hard by a haunted dwelling1 ,the grot of a ,korrigan4 ,by the streamlet's brink ,he stooped to drink1 ,for sore athirst was ,nann4 ,the ,korrigan sat there1 ,by the edge of her fountain fair1 ,combing her golden hair4 ,combing her hair with a golden comb1 ,for all is of price in the ,korrigan's home4 ,and who1 so rash1 art thou1 ,troubling my water's flow8 ,thou shalt marry me now1 the ,korrigan said1 ,or for seven long years shalt wither and fade1 ,or in three days hence in the grave be laid6 ,i've been married a year1 quoth he2 ,so think not ,i marry thee4 ,nor through seven long years shall ,i wither and fade1 ,nor in three days hence in the grave be laid4 ,dead in three days ,i shall not be3 ,i will die when it pleases ,god1 not thee4 ,yet die this moment would ,seigneur ,nann1 ,far rather than marry a ,korrigan4 ,dear mother mine1 ,i am sorely sick2 ,let my bed be made1 if you love me1 quick4 ,let not a word to my wife be told3 ,i am under the ban ,of a ,korrigan2 ,three days1 and you'll lay me in the mould4 ,in three days' time the young wife said1 ,my mother1 tell me why the bells are ringing1 ,and why1 so low1 the black-stoled priests are singing8 ,a poor man1 whom we lodged last night1 is dead4 ,my mother1 say to me1 ,my ,lord ,nann1 where is he8 ,my daughter1 to the town he's gone2 ,to see thee he'll come anon4 ,and tell me1 mother dear1 ,my red robe shall ,i wear1 ,or shall ,i my robe of blue put on1 ,when ,i must to the church be gone8 ,my child1 the mode is come to appear ,at church in naught but sable gear4 ,as up the church-yard steps she went1 ,on a new-made grave her eyes were bent4 ,who of our kin is lately dead1 ,that ,i see in our ground a grave new-made8 ,alas6 my child1 in that grave hard by1 ,that new-made grave which thou dost espy-- ,i cannot hide it--thy lord doth lie6 ,upon her knees she sank down then1 ,nor ever rose she up again4 ,within the self-same tomb1 at close of day1 ,the gentle lady and her husband lay4 ,behold a marvel6 ,when the morning shone ,two spreading oaks from out that grave had grown1 ,and 'mid their branches1 closely intertwining1 ,two happy doves of dazzling whiteness shining4 ,sweetly they cooed at breaking of the day1 ,then forth together swiftly sped their way4 ,with gladsome notes they circling upward flew1 ,together vanishing in heaven's deep blue4 ,the foregoing ballad is reproduced under no fewer than fifteen different variations in ,sweden and ,denmark1 where it is entitled1 ,sire ,olaf and the ,dance of the ,elves4 ,in its ,servian form of ,prince ,marko and the ,wila1 the latter1 instead of taking the life of the hero1 exacts both his eyes and the four feet of his horse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,numerous as are the traditions relating to the dwarfs1 the songs of which they are the subject are very rare4 ,the one we are about to give is apparently intended as a satire upon the tailors1 that ill-used class which in all warlike nations has been condemned to ridicule4 ,in ,basse-,bretagne1 no one pronounces their name without raising the hat1 and adding1 ,saving your presence4 ,it will be remarked that the name of ,duz 7diminutive1 duzik7 is1 among others1 given to the dwarfs1 which1 ,m4 de ,villemarqu observes1 was that borne by the genii of ,gaul in the days of ,st4 ,augustine1 who speaks of them as ,dmones quos ,duscios ,galli nuncupant4#acg ,it is said that a traveller being upon one occasion drawn into their circling dance1 and finding the refrain of dilun1 dimeurs1 dimerc'her1 etc41 somewhat monotonous1 ventured to add the words ,saturday and ,sunday1 when the sudden explosion of outcries1 threatenings1 and rage among the assembly was so great that the rash adventurer was half-dead with fear4 ,we are told that if only he had added1 ,and so the week is done1 the long penitence to which the dwarfs are condemned would have ended4 ,,ar ,c',,horred4 7,,the ,,dwarfs47 ,paskou le ,long1 the tailor brave1 turned thief on ,friday night4 ,no more culottes had he to make1 since all men went to fight-- ,to fight against the ,frankish king1 and for their own king's right4 ,he took a spade2 he sallied forth1 and to the grotto went1 ,the grotto of the dwarfs3 to find their treasure his intent2 ,and digging deep for hidden hoards1 beneath the dolmen bent4 ,ha6 here's the treasure4 ,he has found it6 ,home in haste he hies4 ,to bed he goes4 ,quick6 shut the door1 and shut it fast1 he cries1 ,against the little ,duz of night3 and trembles as he lies4 ,eh6 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 ,friday4444 ,ah poor soul6 ,they climb and swarm upon his roof1 and there they make a hole4 ,my hapless friend1 they have thee6 haste6 throw out the treasure1 whole6 ,poor ,paskou6 ,holy-water take1 and well besprinkle thee1 ,and cast the sheet about thy head2 still as a dead man be1 ,nor stir in any wise4 ,ah6 how ,i hear them laugh at me1 ,and cry1 ',if ,paskou can escape1 a cunning man is he6' ,o heavens6 here is one2 and see1 his head the hole is hiding2 ,his eyes like embers glow1 as down the bed-post he comes sliding2 ,and after him1 one1 two1 three1 four2 ah6 multitudes1 are gliding4 ,they bound1 they dance1 they race1 they tumble wildly o'er the floor4444 ,eh1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 ,friday4444 ,two1 three1 four4 ,eh1 little tailor1 dear6--five1 six1 seven1 eight1 and something more4 ,dear little tailor1 surely thou art strangled with the clothes6 ,dear little tailor1 only show a bit of thy dear nose6 ,come3 let us teach thee how to dance--dance1 dance1 for late it grows4 ,come3 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday 444 little tailor1 thou'rt a knave6 ,come1 rob the dwarfs again1 and see what treasure thou shalt have4 ,dance1 wicked little tailor1 dance2 and dance into thy grave6 ,the money of the dwarfs is worth nothing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,plague of ,elliant commemorates a frightful pestilence which1 in the sixth century1 desolated not only ,armorica1 but the whole of ,europe4 ,those who were attacked by it lost their hair1 their teeth1 and their sight2 became yellow and languid1 and speedily died4 ,the parish of ,elliant1 in ,cornouaille1 was one of several from which the whole population perished4 ,the neighboring country1 especially that around ,tourc'h1 was preserved from the scourge by the prayers of a hermit named ,rasian4 ,we are told by ,m4 de ,villemarqu that the ballad of ,the ,plague of ,elliant is never sung without the addition of the following legend3 ,it was the day of the ,pardon 7the feast of the patron saint7 at ,elliant2 a young miller1 arriving at the ford with his horses1 saw a fair lady in a white robe seated on the bank of the river1 a little staff in her hand1 and who requested him to convey her over the water4 ',oh6 yes2 assuredly1 madame1' replied he1 and already she was on his horse's crupper1 and soon deposited on the other side4 ,then the fair lady said to him1 ',young man1 you know not whom you have brought over3 ,i am the ,plague4 ,i have just made the tour of ,brittany1 and ,i go to the church of the town1 where they are ringing for mass2 all whom ,i strike with my staff will quickly die2 as for yourself1 fear nothing2 no harm shall happen to you1 nor yet to your mother4 ,and the ,plague kept her word1 adds the ,breton peasant2 for does not the song itself say that none but ,a widow poor of sixty1 and her only son1 are left8 ,the following is most probably only a fragment of the original3 ,,the ,,plague ,,of ,,elliant4 ,thus spake the holy bard who dwells not far from ,langolen4 ',twixt ,langolen and ,le ,faouet1 the father ,rasian3 ,let every month a mass be said1 ye men of ,le ,faouet1 ,a holy mass for all the souls the plague has rent away4 ,from ,elliant1 bearing heavy spoils1 at last the plague has gone3 ,seven thousand and a hundred slain1 and left but two alone4 ,death has come down upon the land1 and ,elliant has bereft3 ,a widow poor of sixty1 and her only son1 are left4 ,the plague is at my cottage door1 and when ,god wills1 she said1 ,she will come in1 and we go out1 among the other dead4 ,go look in ,elliant market-place1 and mow the waving grass2 ,save in the narrow rut whereby the dead-cart used to pass4 ,oh6 hard must be the heart of him1 whoever he may be1 ,who would not weep1 such utter desolation could he see4 ,see1 eighteen carts all piled with dead stand at the graveyard gate2 ,and eighteen carts all piled with dead1 behind their turn await4 ,nine children of one house there were1 who on one tumbrel lay1 ,which their poor mother dragged alone along the burial-way4 ,their father followed1 whistling1 for his reason all had fled2 ,the mother wailed1 and called on ,god1 and pointed to her dead4 ,oh6 bury my nine sons1 she cried4 ,oh6 lay them in the ground2 ,a rope of wax ,i promise that shall thrice your walls surround1 ,your church and sanctuary both therein shall be enwound4 ,nine sons ,i brought into the world3 ,death has not spared me one2 ,on my own hearth he struck them down1 and left me all alone4 ,none have ,i now who might to me a drop of water give3 ,ah6 why am ,i not stricken too2 for wherefore should ,i live8 ,the cemetery full is piled1 high as its walls1 with dead2 ,the church heaped to the steps3 the fields must now be hallowed4 ,in the church-yard ,i see an oak1 and from its topmost bough ,a white sheet hangs1 the truce of death2 for all are buried now4 ,there is no surer remedy1 in the estimation of the ,breton peasantry1 against an epidemic than to make a song about it4 ,the ,plague1 finding herself discovered1 fled away4 ,thus1 as one among many examples of the practical utility of the popular poetry1 we find that when1 some years ago1 ,brittany was severely visited by the cholera1 no attention was paid to the printed circulars which were issued by medical and magisterial authority2 all the preparation made by the people to meet it was to dig an extra number of graves1 until a popular poet put into verse the good advice concerning preventives and remedies which1 when placarded in official prose1 had been passed by with no more notice than a grave and incredulous shake of the head4 ,but a week after the composition of the ,song upon the ,cholera it was heard in every remote hamlet or farm throughout ,brittany4 ,the verses in themselves were detestable1 in the way of poetry2 no matter1 the cholera1 finding itself the subject of a song1 would take flight4 ,from the power attributed by the people to poesy arises the ,breton proverb1 ,poesy is stronger than the three strongest things3 stronger than evil1 than tempest1 or than fire4 ,and again1 ,song is the calmer of all sorrow4 ,all the ,keltic poems1 which1 like ,the ,plague of ,elliant1 are written in strophes1 are sung throughout to some national air1 however lengthy they may be4 ,i remember1 writes ,m4 mile ,souvestre1 that one day1 arriving at the ,pardon of ,st4 ,jean du ,doigt1 near ,morlaix1 ,i heard a blind man who was singing ,breton verses on the ,nativity3 in passing by again in the evening1 ,i found him still in the same place1 continuing his subject1 which was by no means concluded1 and which1 he informed me1 it required an entire day to get through1 though he did not yet know the whole4 ,it is impossible to compute the number of the popular poems of ,brittany4 ,the author just quoted considers that eight or ten thousand would not reach the reality2 and he proceeds to describe the manner in which they mingle with the very air of the country1 as follows3 ,no words can do justice to the intoxicating sensation which he who understands our old language experiences1 when1 on a fine summer evening1 he traverses the mountains of ,cornouaille1 listening to the songs of the shepherds4 ,at every step the voice1 perhaps of a child1 perhaps of an aged woman1 sends forth to him from the distance a fragment of some antique ballad1 sung to melodies such as are never now composed1 and narrating the miracle of a former time1 or a crime committed in the valley1 or an attachment which has broken the heart4 ,the couplets answer one another from rock to rock2 the verses sport in the air like the insects of the evening2 the wind carries them by gusts into your face1 with the perfume of the black-wheat and the rye2 and1 immersed in this poetic atmosphere1 enchanted and meditative1 you advance into the midst of the rural solitudes4 ,you perceive great ,druidic stones1 clothed with moss1 leaning toward the border of the wood2 feudal ruins1 half-hidden in the thickets or breaking the slope of the hills1 while at times1 on the heights of the mountain1 figures of men1 with long hair flying in the wind1 and strangely clad1 pass like shadows between you and the horizon1 marked out against the sky1 which is just beginning to be illumined by the rising moon4 ,it is like a vision of bygone times2 like a waking dream that one might have after reading a page of ,ossian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we will close our present article with a translation of the ,sne of ,per ,catmor1 as promised in our last2 hoping in a future one to conclude our notice of the more ancient and learned poetry of ,brittany1 that is1 that which was composed according to the bardic rules1 with some curious fragments relating to ,merlin the ,magician and ,merlin the ,bard2 to be followed by specimens of the historical poems of ,brittany4 ,,breton ,,sone4 ,not to ,rouen1 not to ,paris1 go ,i1 friend1 with thee4 ,what among the folk of the ,high ,country should ,i see8 ,treacherous ice1 whereon one slips and falls1 they say to me4 ,only to the mortuary ,i my steps will bend2 ,to the village mortuary with thee will ,i wend1 ,and behold the bones2 for one day we must die1 my friend4 ,bare of fleshly garb1 the bones lie there1 by day and night4 ,where is now their skin so soft1 and where their hands so white8 ,where their souls8 oh6 where1 my friend8 ,in darkness or in light8 ,ah friend6 when the preachers preach1 you laugh at what they say4 ',in this life you will dance8 ,ah6 well1 so in the next you may4 ,there's a hall prepared below for dancers mad and gay4 ',carpeted with points of steel1 where barefoot dancers fly1 ,lit with fiery prongs which demons brandish1 as they cry1 ,dance1 young man6 to dances and to pardons who would'st hie4' ,silence1 maiden6 mock me not1 but give me love for love2 ,take me for thy spouse2 our life shall sweet and joyful prove4 ,henceforth pardons nor the dance my spirit e'er shall move4 ,not fifteen was ,i1 my friend1 when to the church ,i went4 ',leave the world1' my angel whispered1 'leave its discontent4 ,to the veil and cloistered life henceforth thy will be bent4' ,girl1 forget thy convent dream2 believe and marry me4 ,safer1 stronger than the convent walls my care shall be4 ,with a sheltering love1 sweet maid1 will ,i encompass thee4 ,youth1 not so2 but let thy heart toward another lean2 ,let some fairer maid from me thy fond affection wean2 ,twere an easy task2 good looks are thine1 and portly mien4#ach ',fairer maid than thou1 nor any like to thee1 will ,i4 ,thee must ,i have1 nor worse1 nor better3 if not thee1 ,i die4 ,stay1 and let this silver ring around thy finger lie4 ,no bright ring of earthly troth my finger shall ensnare4 ,heaven's espousal ring alone my hand shall ever bear3 ,that high bond of love nor chance nor changes can outwear8 ,maiden1 if thou speakest truly1 profitless and vain ,all the time which ,i have spent thy favor sweet to gain4 ,for the pleasures that are past ,i nothing reap but pain6 ,youth1 what days for me thou mayst have lost1 will ,i repay ,praying for thy soul's good speed and health by night and day2 ,so to blessed ,paradise thou mayst not miss the way4 ,,footnotes3 #acg ,de ,civit4 ,dei1 lib4 xv4 cxxiii4 #ach ,m4 ,souvestre's note to this passage is1 ,en ,bretagne1 aux yeux des paysans1 la corpulence est une grande beaut2 c'est un signe de distinction1 de richesse1 de loisir1 etc4 ,,lines4 ,,from ,,the ,,latin ,,of ,,theodulphus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,orleans1 ,a4,d4 #hbj4 ,adspice ne vitiet tumidus prcordia fastus1 ,dum loca sublimis editiora tenes1 ,dumque favent populi vallaris pluribus unus1 ,undique te septum prosperitate putes2 ,neve quod es demant oblivia segnia menti1 ,ultima sit semper conspicienda dies4 ,ut valeas omni vitiorum sorde carere1 ,hoc quod es aspicito1 non tamen id quod habes4 ,ipse licet sedeas gemmis ornatus et ostro1 ,post carnis putridus tempora pulvis eris4 ,corpus enim fulvo quod nunc accingitur auro ,squalenti intectum veste premetur humo4 ,quod mare1 quod terr1 quod et aer gestat edendum1 ,eheu6 sordidulus post cinis illud erit4 ,quemque tegunt celsis laqueata palatia tectis1 ,parvaque conquereris culmina magna satis1 ,clausus in angust modicque tenebris urn ,vixque domus tibimet corpore major erit4 ,plura quid enumerem8 ,visu quod cernitur aptum1 ,visibus humanis quod favet atque placet1 ,post vitam vermis1 post vermem pulvis habebit1 ,voce ,tonantis erit1 quum redit1 unde venit4 ,,translation4 ,o thou who1 seated in the place of power1 ,dost hear the praise and see the prostrate crowd1 ,when all things smile upon thy prosperous hour1 ,let not thy heart be proud6 ,be not with dull oblivion overcast2 ,keep ever in thy sight life's certain goal2 ,consider what thou art1 not what thou hast4 ,and so be pure of soul4 ,thou sittest to-day in purple and in gold2 ,thy vesture is with jewels clasped to-day2 ,how soon the squalid earth-robe will enfold ,the little mouldering clay6 ,of all earth nourishes--the flocks of air1 ,the life that ocean in its deep maintains-- ,of all the plenty spread for banquets rare-- ,what nothingness remains6 ,now lofty painted ceilings shield thee well2 ,now thy broad halls too narrow seem to be2 ,scarce larger than thy mortal frame1 the cell ,will soon suffice for thee4 ,what further say8 ,o all that doth rejoice ,our human eyes6 ,o all with beauty rife6 ,the worm6 the dust6 and then--the thunder-voice ,that calls the dead to life6 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,gerald ,,griffin4 ,in ,october1 #ahbc1 there arrived in the city of ,london a young man from the south of ,ireland1 unknown and without a friend in that vast metropolis4 ,a stranger in a strange land1 he brought with him nothing but a cultivated mind1 a fresh1 vigorous constitution1 a pleasing address1 a spirit of self-reliance amounting almost to a morbid dislike for every thing savoring of patronage1 a slender purse1 and a few manuscript plays1 the labor of boyhood's leisure hours4 ,his experience of life had been confined to his own peaceful household on the banks of the ,shannon1 and the society of a few intimate friends of his family4 ,his contributions to literature amounted simply to some sketches published in the newspapers of his native city1 ,limerick1 and the1 to him1 precious burden he bore with him in this his first adventure into the unknown world4 ,thus provided1 he aspired with all the glorious confidence of youthful ambition to no less a mission than the reformation of the modern drama1 and the infusion of moral sentiment into works of fiction1 even then fast acquiring those deleterious qualities which so thoroughly permeate them in our day4 ,this young literary knight-errant was ,gerald ,griffin1 who1 born on the #abth day of ,december1 #ahjc1 had not yet completed his twentieth year4 ,the story of his early life1 as told by the pen of an affectionate brother1 is remarkable principally for the calm1 holy atmosphere of parental love by which it was surrounded1 and the judicious mental training to which he was subjected even from his earliest infancy4 ,his father1 ,patrick ,griffin1 a descendant of an ancient ,irish family1 seems to have occupied a social position equally removed from penury and affluence2 such a one1 at least1 as enabled him to support his large family with comfort1 and provide each of his children with an education not only suitable to their condition1 but more extensive and varied than at that time was considered necessary for the sons and daughters of the middle class4 ,he was a man of robust constitution1 facile temper1 an ardent nationalist1 and well read in the history and antiquities of his country4 ,his mother1 a woman of more than ordinary cultivation and great religious fervor1 was entirely devoted to her household duties and the moral training of her children1 and we cannot better convey an idea of the character of this admirable woman than by transcribing the following extract from one of her letters to her son3 ,i have1 my dear ,gerald1 travelled with you through your mortifying difficulties1 and am proud of my son--proud of his integrity1 talents1 prudence1 and1 above all1 his appearing superior to that passion of common minds1 revenge2 ,i must own1 fully provoked to it by ----'s conduct4 ,i hope1 however1 they may soon have to seek you1 not you them4 ,perhaps1 after all1 it may have been as well that we did not know at the time what you were to endure on your first outset4 ,we should in that case have been advising you to come out here1 which perhaps would have been turning your back on that fame and fortune which ,i hope will one day reward your laudable perseverance and industry4 ,when the very intention you mention of paying us a visit delights me so much1 what should ,i feel if ,providence should have in reserve for me the blessing of once again embracing my ,gerald8 ,gerald united in himself the leading characteristics of both parents in a remarkable degree4 ,his love of home forms the constant theme of his letters1 while his attachment to country and delicate moral sense may properly be said to have tinged every page of his prose1 and inspired every line of his poetry4 ,his brothers and sisters1 eight in number1 were equally worthy of such progenitors1 and of the author of ,the ,collegians2 the former becoming distinguished members of the liberal professions1 and the latter1 in most instances1 adopting the habits and worthily fulfilling the duties of a religious life4 ,when the young ,gerald was about seven years old1 his father1 abandoning business in ,limerick1 removed some miles from that city1 and settled on a farm pleasantly situated near the confluence of the little river ,oavaan and the ,shannon4 ,here the future novelist and poet spent ten of the happiest years of his life4 ,surrounded on all sides by scenery the most picturesque1 wood1 mountain1 lake1 and river1 his youthful imagination1 so susceptible of impressions of physical as well as moral beauty1 found ample scope4 ,reserved in manner even with his playmates1 he was wont to shun their society1 and wander alone for hours through the fields or by the riverside1 his gun or fishing-rod unused1 and his whole being drinking in the beauties of the ever-varying landscape1 or gazing wonderingly on the distant lovely hills of ,clare1 the boundary of his world4 ,his love for the supernatural and his fondness for fairy lore were early developed in this sylvan retreat1 where every ruin had its tragic history1 every graveyard its especial ghost1 and every rath and cairn its appropriate legend4 ,how far such constant communings with nature had a tendency to disqualify him for the stern battle of life which he was destined afterward to wage with such varying fortune1 we cannot undertake to say2 but doubtless often1 when in poverty and exile1 the recollection of those years so tranquilly and innocently spent must have brightened many a solitary hour1 and it is certain that to this early development of a taste for moral beauty we are indebted for some of the most vivid and truthful of his word-paintings4 ,but his mind was not altogether occupied in contemplation4 ,his education1 begun in ,limerick1 was assiduously continued in the country under the direction of a visiting tutor and the older members of his family1 until at an early age he had mastered not only the rudiments of the ,french language1 but had acquired a comparatively extensive and accurate knowledge of the ,english classics4 ,he was especially fond of poetry1 and was accustomed1 even when a child1 to copy out passages from ,goldsmith and ,moore2 and his application to his studies of all kinds was so intense that he is described by his relatives as being invariably in the habit of sitting at his meals with a book open before him1 and two or three in reserve ready to his hand4 ,goldsmith's ,animated ,nature was one of his favorite books1 and he endeavored to turn it to practical account by copying its illustrations1 and rearing with his own hand numbers of the little song-birds to be so plentifully found in the neighborhood4 ,in the year #ahad1 we find him for a short time at the school of a ,mr4 ,o',brien1 in ,limerick1 deep in the fascinating pages of ,horace1 ,ovid1 and ,virgil1 the latter of whom1 as might be expected1 was his favorite poet1 and so earnestly did he explore this1 to him1 new mine of poesy that he is said to have attained a remarkable proficiency in the ,latin tongue at an age when other children are but imperfectly acquainted with their vernacular4 ,though soon deprived of the valuable supervision of ,mr4 ,o',brien1 he continued his readings of the classics for several years at a neighboring school1 and in maturer years evinced in conversation and composition a decided preference for this branch of his early studies4 ,in #ahbj1 the delightful family circle at ,fairy ,lawn was broken up4 ,mr4 ,griffin1 senior1 his wife and several of their older children1 emigrated to this country1 and settled near ,binghamton1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,gerald1 with one older brother and two younger sisters1 was left under the protection of the oldest remaining brother1 ,dr4 ,william ,griffin1 then a practising physician in ,adare1 a pretty village a few miles from ,limerick4 ,the separation from the two beings he loved best on earth was a sad calamity for the affectionate lad2 but hope1 that star which always shone brightly for him no matter how cloudy the horizon1 consoled him for what he believed to be only a temporary bereavement4 ,gerald1 says one of his sisters in a letter to ,america1 has a biscuit from your sea store1 which he says he will produce at the first meal we eat together in ,susquehanna4 ,the change of residence had one advantage1 however2 for while it did not interfere with his home studies1 or even with his rambles in search of fresh scenery and old traditions1 it gave him an opportunity of often visiting the city1 and forming the acquaintance of young men of congenial tastes1 principal among whom was ,john ,banim1 one of the authors of the celebrated ,tales of the ,o',hara ,family4 ,he became also a frequent attendant at such theatrical performances as the place at that time afforded1 and even contributed reports1 sketches1 verses1 and leading articles to the local journals1 which1 if they were not very profitable or widely known1 obliged him1 he tells us1 to write with quickness1 and without much study4 ,but the young man had already drunk too deeply of the unpolluted waters of ,english and ,latin lore to be satisfied with the superficial nothings of provincial journalism1 or to relish the crudities of the dramatic pieces with which the wandering players were then accustomed to regale the unsophisticated people of second-class cities4 ,the modern drama seemed to him flimsy in its construction1 and1 if not positively immoral1 certainly in tendency falling far short of its legitimate object1 which1 as the great dramatist tells us1 is and was to hold the mirror up to nature1 etc4 ,he reflected seriously on the possibility of its reformation1 and1 like a true reformer1 zealously set to work to accomplish this desirable purpose1 encouraged no doubt by the applause which greeted the appearance of his young countryman's ,damon and ,pythias4 ,he wrote about this time three or four plays1 none of which were ever presented to the public2 and of the names and plots of all but one we are ignorant4 ,that was called ,aquire1 and being a production of considerable merit1 judging from the favorable opinion of it expressed by ,banim and other theatrical critics to whose inspection it was confidentially submitted1 would very probably have met with success on the stage had not the author's over-sensitiveness induced him to withdraw it altogether1 after endeavoring two or three times to procure its representation4 ,his next step was to leave ,ireland for a wider sphere of action2 but it was only after repeated and urgent solicitation1 and upon reading over this drama1 which seemed to contain many excellences1 that his brother and guardian1 ,dr4 ,griffin1 consented to gratify his longing to visit ,london1 where he felt he would have unlimited scope to develop his idea of reform4 ,the consent gained1 ,gerald left home for the first time1 radiant with hope and confident of success4 ,a youthful aspirant for literary honors could not have made his dbut at a more unpropitious time4 ,london was then1 as now1 the great maelstrom which drew into its vortex most of the enterprise and genius of the three kingdoms1 and1 alas6 proved the grave of too many overwrought and unappreciated minds4 ,the fame of ,byron1 ,moore1 and a host of contemporary poets was then in its zenith1 and the refulgence of their genius eclipsed the light of all lesser stars which might have shone brightly in any other atmosphere4 ,the stage was so completely neglected or debased that the legitimate drama had given place to spectacular frivolities1 and hundreds of plays of merit were offered every year to the ,london managers only to be rejected4 ,the wonderful success of ,sir ,walter ,scott as a novelist had produced a crowd of plagiarists1 as inferior in ability as they were formidable in prolixity1 who had filled the shelves of the booksellers with the veriest trash1 and satiated ad nauseam the public taste for romance4 ,even the field of ,irish fiction was apparently fully occupied4 ,maria ,edgeworth's justly admired tales were in every household1 and the stronger and brighter imagination of ,banim had already plumed its pinions1 and tried its first flight with marked success4 ,the era of patronage1 when the great and wealthy of the land esteemed it a privilege to throw the gis of their protection over the artist and man of letters1 had passed away1 perhaps happily1 for ever1 and that of ,bulwer and ,dickens1 ,thackeray and ,lever had not arrived2 men whose magic pens seem to have realized the alchemist's dream1 and turned every thing they touched into gold4 ,it was well for the young adventurer that these difficulties did not at once present themselves1 or1 if discerned at all1 it was through that enchanting halo with which youth surrounds the future4 ,on ,gerald's arrival in ,london1 his first step was to procure respectable lodgings2 his next to place in the hands of some person connected with the stage1 but whose name has not transpired1 a copy of one of his plays for criticism and acceptance4 ,this person1 though the only one to whom the friendless lad was able to procure an introduction1 took the piece with warm professions of friendship1 and promised it his early consideration2 but1 after retaining it for some three months1 sent it back1 wrapped up in an old newspaper1 without a word of comment1 explanation1 or apology4 ,the interval was one of painful suspense for the aspiring writer1 somewhat relieved by the genial and unselfish kindness of ,banim1 whose residence in ,london he soon discovered4 ,although having had but a slight acquaintance with ,gerald1 and being himself very few years his senior1 and still on the threshold of fame1 ,john ,banim1 to his immortal credit be it said1 extended to his junior countryman the hospitality of his house1 and1 what was much more grateful1 the sunshine of his genial conversation and the refuge of his cheerful fireside4 ,he went even further3 with a total absence of professional jealousy1 he took ,aquire1 read it over carefully1 commended its best passages1 pointed out the errors to be erased1 the superabundant metaphor and mere poetic imagery to be pruned1 and used all his efforts to procure its representation4 ,gerald was deeply grateful4 ,what would ,i have done1 he writes to his brother1 if ,i had not found ,banim8 ,i should never be tired of talking about and thinking of ,banim4 ,it was at the suggestion of this invaluable friend that1 in the early part of the following year1 he wrote ,gisippus1 and many of its most striking scenes owe something to the matured judgment of the author of ,damon and ,pythias4 ,this play1 written1 as he tells us1 on little slips of paper in coffee-houses1 though one of great merit1 for originality of conception1 dignity of language1 and startling incidents1 was not acted till two years after the author's death2 and when ,macready at length introduced it to the public1 it was received with great favor1 and still1 to use a theatrical phrase1 keeps the boards4 ,but months passed wearily away in the strange city1 and ,gerald's hopes were as far as ever from fruition--months spent in fruitless efforts to obtain some sort of employment that would enable him to support himself1 while he waited the pleasure of managers and danced attendance on theatrical committees4 ,again and again he applied for the position of reporter on the press1 but was answered that the places were all filled4 ,he might have become a police-news reporter1 but he was told that it was hardly reputable4 ,he wrote for the literary weeklies1 but was cheated by every one of them2 he contributed to the larger magazines1 and his articles were inserted2 but when payment was requested1 there was so much shuffling and shabby work that he left them in disgust2 he commenced the study of ,spanish1 with a view to coperate with ,valentine ,llanos in the translation of ,spanish dramas2 but ,colburn and the other publishers told him that it was entirely out of their line4 ,at last he undertook with avidity to translate from the ,french a volume and a half of one of ,prevot's works for two guineas--about ten and a half dollars4 ,it is no wonder1 then1 that in the bitterness of his extremity he wrote to his sister1 ,if ,i could make a fortune by splitting matches1 ,i think ,i would never put a word in print4 ,though practising the most rigid economy1 the occasional remittances he received from his brother1 many of them unsolicited1 did not suffice for his ordinary wants2 he was compelled to give up his first lodgings and seek others in a more obscure part of the city1 and was even obliged to refuse the pressing invitations of his friend ,banim to meet ,doctor ,maginn and other celebrities1 at the house of the former1 for want of proper apparel4 ,the fact is1 he writes home at this time1 ,i am at present almost a complete prisoner4 ,i wait until dusk every evening to creep from my mouse-hole1 and snatch a little fresh air on the bridge close by4 ,staggering under the weight of disappointment and poverty1 he was yet to encounter the additional torture of ill health4 ,stooping constantly over his desk1 he contracted an affection of the lungs1 the unaccustomed dampness of a ,london fog had given him rheumatism1 and he was occasionally attacked with violent palpitations of the heart1 which endangered life itself4 ,the joyous spirit which had soared like a bird beneath its native skies on the banks of the ,shannon1 drooped its wings in the heavy miasma of the ,thames2 fagging1 unrequited labor made his days a burden and his nights sleepless2 his wardrobe was so threadbare that for months at a time he would not stir abroad in the daylight1 and consequently did not meet the face of an acquaintance1 and his supply of food so meagre that he was often obliged to dispense with the commonest necessaries of life4 ,indeed1 so reduced had he become in circumstances at this time that a friend of his relates that1 having lost sight of him for several days1 and apprehending the true cause of his absence1 after long searching he discovered him in a veritable garret1 and1 though it was past midnight1 still endeavoring to work on his manuscripts4 ,but what must have been his astonishment when he wrung from ,gerald the unwilling but unostentatious confession that he had been without food for three consecutive days8 ,it is unnecessary to say that his immediate wants were supplied by the kind friend who had thus timely visited him1 though not without some hesitation on the part of the recipient of the favor4 ,still1 nothing could daunt his indomitable will1 no misfortune could lessen the self-consciousness of his ability to achieve ultimate success1 or break down his proud1 too proud1 spirit of personal independence4 ,he might easily have obtained money from his relatives in ,ireland2 but he forebore to accept from them what his susceptibilities led him to suppose they could ill afford1 and even his true friend ,banim1 upon incidentally discovering his situation and tendering him in the most delicate manner some pecuniary assistance1 was met with a decided and not over courteous refusal4 ,his enforced poverty likewise had a very injurious effect on his prospects as a dramatic author2 for1 unable to mingle on an equality with men connected with the stage1 he lost all chance of personal intercourse with managers and critics1 and finally conceived such a distaste for or indifference to his first affection1 the drama1 that he relinquished for ever the design of reforming the stage1 the hope that had lain nearest to his heart and had prompted his self-imposed exile from his native country4 ,though few men loved literature more for its own sake1 or are1 fortunately generally called upon to offer more sacrifices at its shrine1 the vital question with him had now become narrowed down to the very one of existence itself2 for1 to use his own expression1 he preferred death to failure4 ,thus nearly two years passed away in ,london1 and1 sick at heart and enfeebled in body1 he felt thousands and thousands of times1 as he writes to his parents1 that he could have lain down quietly and died at once1 and been forgotten for ever4 ,but in this his darkest hour a ray of hope unexpectedly crossed his gloomy path1 and with all the hopefulness of a rejuvenated spirit he hailed it as the harbinger of a new and more prosperous epoch4 ,a ,mr4 ,foster1 having accidentally become acquainted with his almost hopeless condition1 procured him employment at fifty pounds a year as reader and corrector for a publisher1 and his gifted countryman ,maginn1 immediately upon hearing of his reduced circumstances1 obtained for him a situation on ,the ,literary ,gazette1 which soon led to a profitable connection with other journals of a like character4 ,to all these he contributed articles in prose and poetry on every imaginable topic1 and displayed such an adaptability and versatility of talent that his services were not only well rewarded by their respective publishers1 but very generally appreciated by the reading community4 ,many of the tales and sketches which at this time came from his pen were sent in and published anonymously1 or simply signed ,joseph1 his name in confirmation1 so strictly did he endeavor to preserve his incognito1 and trust to the intrinsic merits of his contributions for their acceptance4 ,though he wrote to his mother that by reason of his new employment he was enabled to pay off all the debts he owed at the close of the year #ahbe1 his varied productions could not have been very remunerative1 certainly not in proportion to the labor expended on them2 for we find him during the next session of ,parliament engaged as a reporter in the ,house of ,commons4 ,the vehemence with which he seized hold of this opportunity1 and the ardor with which he pursued his new calling as reporter and journalist1 show that he felt he had at last discovered a clue that would lead him out of the labyrinth of his difficulties1 and his success fully justified the confidence in his own powers which had never forsaken him4 ,opportunity1 so much desired by all young men of ability1 which comes to some unsought1 and as persistently flies the approach of others1 had at length presented itself to ,gerald ,griffin1 and he lost no time in profiting by the occasion4 ,association with authors whose works he was obliged to examine1 criticise1 and sometimes revise1 naturally led him to compare his own capacity for production with theirs1 and to arrive at the conclusion that he also was able to produce works of prose fiction equally meritorious1 and as worthy the commendation of moralists as epic poetry or the drama4 ,satisfied on this point1 he at once relinquished his dramatic aspirations1 and prepared himself with all the enthusiasm of his nature to enter the lists as a novelist4 ,in his small room in some obscure court1 near ,st4 ,paul's1 he called up the recollections of past days1 of the lovely ,shannon1 the mountain ranges of ,clare1 the wakes1 fairs1 and festivals of the ,munster peasantry1 the humor1 shrewdness1 pathos1 and frolic he as a child had witnessed1 and perhaps to some extent shared1 and he resolved to essay an ,irish novel illustrative of these familiar scenes4 ,having first tried short stories for the literary weeklies1 and found them eagerly read and highly appreciated1 he commenced a series of tales to be published in book form1 which he designed to call ,anecdotes of ,munster1 but which were afterward known under the general title of ,holland-,tide4 ,pending the appearance of this his first continued effort1 his labors were as varied and as unremitting as ever--correcting for the press the lucubrations of unskilled writers1 reviewing in the weekly papers the various books that the metropolitan publishers were constantly inflicting on the public1 writing theatrical criticisms1 sketches1 poetry1 and political articles--doing any thing and every thing1 in fact1 no matter how foreign to his tastes1 as long as they honorably secured him present competency and a reasonable prospect of finally accomplishing his grand purpose4 ,at one time he describes himself as busy revising a ponderous dictionary2 at another1 collecting materials for a pamphlet on ,catholic emancipation4 ,now he is promised #ej for a piece for the ,english opera1 and again he acknowledges the receipt of several pounds for reports furnished a ,catholic newspaper recently started4 ,his leisure moments1 if he can be said to have had any1 were devoted to versification1 while his parliamentary duties kept him out of bed till three1 and sometimes five o'clock in the morning4 ,his brother ,william1 who visited him in ,london in #ahbf1 thus describes his altered appearance and his methodical manner of life3 ,i had not seen him since he left ,adare1 and was struck with the change in his appearance4 ,all color had left his cheek1 he had grown very thin1 and there was a sedate expression of countenance unusual in one so young1 and which in after years became habitual to him4 ,it was far from being so1 however1 at the time ,i speak of1 and readily gave place to that light and lively glance of his dark eye1 that cheerfulness of manner and observant humor1 which from his very infancy had enlivened our fireside circle at home4 ,although so pale and thin as ,i have described him1 his tall figure1 expressive features1 and his profusion of dark hair1 thrown back from a fine forehead1 gave an impression of a person remarkably handsome and interesting4444 ,he was indefatigable at his work2 rose and breakfasted early1 set to his desk at once1 and continued writing till two or three o'clock in the afternoon2 took a turn round the park1 which was close to his residence2 returned and dined2 usually took another walk after dinner1 and returning to tea1 wrote for the remainder of the evening1 after remaining up to a very late hour4 ,the series of tales1 published by ,simpkin and ,marshall late in this year brought ,griffin #gj sterling1 and at once established his reputation as a powerful and original writer1 and an accurate delineator of ,irish peasant character4 ,its reception by the public and the gentlemen of the critical profession was so generally favorable that1 feeling assured he had at length entered on the right road to distinction1 and that his future was no longer doubtful1 ,griffin gave up his various engagements with the press1 and not unwillingly1 it is to be presumed1 laid down for ever the load of literary drudgery which had so long bowed his spirit to the earth4 ,his fortitude had been severely tested1 not by one great calamity1 but by a series of trials1 harder to be borne1 and had remained unshaken2 his constancy of purpose had been proof against all allurements to swerve from the honorable pursuit of letters2 and it is not too much to affirm1 on the authority of many who knew him intimately1 that his moral character remained unsullied amid all the temptations which usually beset a young man of his isolated condition in every large city4 ,his first success was naturally followed by a desire to revisit his home1 a wish in which he had long secretly indulged1 but which was now strengthened by intelligence of the dangerous illness of a favorite sister4 ,he arrived at ,pallas ,kenry1 his brother's residence1 in ,february1 #ahbg1 but unfortunately a few hours after the death of this young lady1 an event which1 coupled with his feeble health1 destroyed for a time the pleasure which he had anticipated from a trip to ,ireland1 and the renewal of his acquaintance with those peaceful scenes the remembrance of which had so cheered his absence4 ,i started for ,limerick at a very early hour to meet him1 says his brother1 and ,i cannot forget how much ,i was struck by the change his ,london life had made in his appearance4 ,his features looked so thin and pale1 and his cheeks so flattened1 and1 as it were1 bloodless1 that the contrast with what ,i remembered was horrid2 while his voice was feeble1 and slightly raised in its pitch1 like that of one recovering from a lingering illness4 ,it was affecting1 in these circumstances1 to observe the sudden and brilliant light that kindled in his eyes on first seeing me1 and the smile of welcome that played over his features and showed the spirit within unchanged4 ,the unremitting attention of his relatives1 however1 at length assuaged his mental grief and bodily sufferings1 and his mind1 naturally resigned1 gradually resumed its wonted tranquillity4 ,he spent the summer months at ,pallas ,kenry in the undisturbed enjoyment of home1 but still industriously occupied with his pen4 ,when engaged in composition1 7says his biographer17 he made use of a manifold writer1 with a style and carbonic paper1 which gave him two and sometimes three copies of his work4 ,one of these he sent to the publisher1 the others he kept by him1 in case the first should be lost4 ,he had his sheets so cut out and arranged that they were not greater in size than the leaf of a moderate-sized octavo1 and he wrote so minute a hand that each page of the manuscript contained enough matter for a page of print4 ,this enabled him very easily to tell how much manuscript was necessary to fill three volumes4 ,his usual quantity of writing was about ten pages of these in the day4 ,it was seldom less than this1 and ,i have known it repeatedly as high as fifteen or twenty1 without interfering with those hours which he chose to devote to recreation4 ,he never rewrote his manuscript1 and one of the most remarkable things ,i noticed in the progress of his work was the extremely small number of erasures or interlineations in it1 several pages being completed without the occurrence of a single one4 ,the result of this diligent application was the first series of ,tales of the ,munster ,festivals1 embracing ,the ,half-,sir1 ,the ,card ,drawers1 and ,the ,shuil ,dhuv1 with which he proceeded to ,london1 and which he disposed of to his publishers for #bej1 a price that would now be considered totally inadequate1 but which forty years ago was looked upon as ample remuneration for that species of labor4 ,the work1 though decidedly superior to ,holland-,tide1 was much less favorably received by the critics1 and ,griffin had now to pay the penalty of success by having the children of his brain held up to public censure1 as not being formed true to nature1 or as acting in a manner contrary to the canons of ,london society4 ,though such strictures generally emanated from persons who either would not or could not understand the peculiarities of the people of ,ireland1 he felt keenly alive to their praise or censure1 particularly the latter2 nor does he seem to have exhibited that callousness which his long acquaintance with the press1 and the class of men who are sometimes permitted to sit in judgment on their superiors1 might have taught him4 ,having remained long enough in ,london to superintend the publication of the tales1 he gladly returned to ,pallas ,kenry1 where he spent nearly a year in the undisturbed society of his relatives and a few friends living in his neighborhood4 ,these latter must have been few indeed1 for he is described as still of a very shy and reserved disposition1 except when among intimate friends2 and though shown every mark of esteem and hospitality by his countrymen1 he had so great an abhorrence of being lionized that he seldom accepted invitations1 save such as could not in ordinary politeness be rejected4 ,not that his temper was soured or that his conversational powers were deficient1 but home was to him the centre and only object of attraction4 ,would you wish to view at a distance our domestic circle8 asks his sister in one of her letters to ,america4 ,william and ,i are generally first at the breakfast table1 when1 after a little time1 walks in ,miss ,h----2 next ,mr4 ,gerald1 and1 last of all1 ,monsieur ,d----4 ,after breakfast our two doctors go to their patients2 ,gerald takes his desk by the fire-place and writes away1 except when he chooses to throw a pinch or a pull at the ringlets1 cape1 or frill of the first lady next to him1 or gives us a stave of some old ballad4 ,under such sweet influences1 so different from his wretched life in ,london1 the greater part of his best work1 ,the ,collegians1 was written4 ,two or three subjects for a successor to ,shuil ,dhuv had been selected and partly developed2 but having the fear of the critics before his eyes1 he laid them aside unfinished4 ,the spring and summer of #ahbh thus passed away fruitlessly2 but at length a theme presented itself that satisfied his judgment1 and he set about writing on it with all possible expedition4 ,the ,collegians was originally published in three volumes1 one and a half of which ,griffin brought with him to ,london in ,november4 ,the remaining portion was written in that city in such hot haste that he was obliged frequently to deliver his sheets of manuscript without having time to reread or revise them4 ,this work1 on its first appearance1 was received with the greatest favor2 it placed the author at once at the head of the novelists of his own country1 and gave him a high rank among the writers of the ,english language--a verdict which the experience of posterity has fully confirmed4 ,of the writers of that day ,griffin's favorite1 as might be expected1 was ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,he had a profound respect for the historical romances of that great man1 and1 with an ambition honorable to his patriotism1 he resolved to abandon for a time the portraiture of local and modern life1 and attempt to do for his native country what the author of ,ivanhoe had so admirably done for ,great ,britain4 ,accordingly1 in the spring of #ahbi1 he removed to ,dublin1 where he spent several months in the study of ancient history and in visiting on foot several parts of ,ireland1 the topography of which he designed to introduce into his new work4 ,the fruit of his antiquarian labors was ,the ,invasion1 which appeared during the winter of the same year1 a short time after the publication of a second series of ,munster ,festivals4 ,but though it had an extensive sale and was highly praised by the more learned1 it did not1 from the very nature of the subject and the remote epoch treated1 establish itself in the affections of the public so generally as his previous and subsequent writings4 ,while in the ,irish capital1 he was introduced to ,sir ,philip ,crampton and other distinguished scholars1 from all of whom he experienced the most flattering attention4 ,his fame1 indeed1 had preceded him among all classes of his countrymen1 and their warm and discriminating encomiums1 diffident as he was to a fault1 must have fallen pleasantly on his ear1 and not the less so when they were expressed in the mellifluous accents he was accustomed to hear from his infancy4 ,a closer intimacy with the congenial spirits of his own country appears to have worn off a great deal of his natural reserve2 for we now find him mentioning that he had met ,miss ,edgeworth1 and was anticipating the pleasure of an introduction to ,lady ,morgan and other contemporary celebrities4 ,in the latter part of this year he also formed the acquaintance of a lady residing in the south of ,ireland1 which soon ripened into a lasting friendship1 founded upon similarity of tastes and mutual esteem4 ,the name of the lady is not given in his life1 and we know her only as the recipient of several pleasant gossiping letters1 addressed to her by the initial ,l41 and by the many beautiful poems dedicated in her honor4 ,a married lady1 the mother of a numerous family1 and ,griffin's senior by several years1 she exercised a wholesome and judicious influence over a mind naturally sympathetic but peculiarly sensitive1 such as none of his own sex could or would have attempted4 ,in company with her husband and relatives he made a prolonged visit to ,killarney1 the romantic beauty of whose lakes filled him with the most intense delight4 ,in the winter of #ahbi1 he was again in ,london1 which city he was obliged to visit each succeeding year till #ahce1 to attend to his subsequent works2 ,the ,christian ,physiologist1 ,the ,rivals1 ,the ,duke of ,monmouth1 and ,tales of ,my ,neighborhood1 appearing in nearly regular annual succession4 ,the intervening time was generally spent in acquiring material for these works1 or at the watering-places enjoying his well-earned repose4 ,it was on the occasion of one of those flying trips across the channel1 in #ahcb1 that1 being requested by the electors of ,limerick to present1 on their behalf1 a request to ,moore that he would consent to represent them in ,parliament1 ,griffin deviated from his route and called on that celebrated poet at ,sloperton ,cottage4 ,in a playful account of this ever-memorable interview1 addressed to his friend ,l41 he says3 ,o dear ,l----6 ,i saw the poet1 and ,i spoke to him1 and he spoke to me1 and it was not to bid me to 'get out of his way1' as the king of ,france did to the man who boasted that his majesty had spoken to him2 but it was to shake hands with me1 and to ask me1 ',how ,i did1 ,mr4 ,griffin1' and to speak of 'my fame4' ,my fame6 ,tom ,moore talk of my fame6 ,ah the rogue6 ,he was humbugging1 ,l----1 ,i'm afraid4 ,he knew the soft side of an author's heart1 and perhaps had pity on my long1 melancholy-looking figure1 and said to himself1 ',i will make this poor fellow feel pleasant1 if ,i can2' for which1 with all his roguery1 who could help liking him and being grateful to him8 ,in #ahch1 he projected a tour on the continent2 but was induced to change his purpose for a shorter one in ,scotland1 from which he derived not only great pleasure1 but restored health4 ,his diary of the trip1 originally taken in short-hand notes1 has been published1 and abounds in good-natured criticisms on the manners and customs of the people he met on his journey1 and some very fine descriptions of the scenery of the ,highlands1 which fell under his observation4 ,gerald ,griffin's last novel1 as we have intimated1 appeared in #ahce1 when only in the thirty-second year of his age4 ,he had succeeded in the fullest sense as a novelist1 in giving to the world in half a score of years some of the healthiest and most fascinating books in our language2 had won the applause of the gifted and good alike1 and1 in a pecuniary point of view1 had secured himself against all probability of dependence4 ,still1 in a certain sense1 he was not content4 ,the pursuit of fame1 as he had on more than one occasion predicted1 had alone given him pleasure--its acquisition brought him no permanent satisfaction4 ,whether in abandoning the drama he had departed from his true path1 or that his early insight into the mysteries of authorship had led him to underrate the labors of those whom the world is allowed to know only at a distance1 or that his mind1 naturally of a serious and religious turn1 now fully developed1 instinctively arrived at the conviction that only in the performance of those duties and sacrifices imposed on the ministers of the ,gospel could be found his real sphere of action1 or whether all these causes acted upon him with more or less force1 certain it is that he now began to contemplate a radical change in his life4 ,we know that he relinquished writing for the stage with reluctance1 and that as early as #ahbh he commenced the study of law at the ,london ,university2 but it was not for two or three years afterward that his friends noticed his growing inclination for the life of a religious4 ,from that time his poems1 those beautiful scintillations of his soul1 began to exhibit a higher fancy and a purer moral power than could be drawn even from patriotism1 or the contemplation of mere natural objects4 ,his conversation assumed a graver tone1 and his letters to his friends1 formerly so pleasantly filled with gossip and scraps of comment on the persons and literature of the day1 were mainly taken up with graver topics4 ,this change1 we are satisfied1 was the effect of grave and due deliberation1 and not the result of caprice or disappointed ambition4 ,it had been remarked that his letters to the different members of his family during his residence in ,london1 while filled with minute details of his literary labors1 fears1 and aspirations1 seldom touched on religious matters1 and hence it has been inferred that during his sojourn there he had neglected the practical duties of the faith of his boyhood2 but this supposition is altogether gratuitous4 ,in familiar intercourse with men of his own age and pursuits1 he may have given expression to crude or speculative opinions without that proper degree of reverence which older minds exercise in dealing with such important questions2 but we have the assurance of his nearest relatives and of those few who enjoyed his friendship that this weakness was seldom indulged in4 ,however1 ,griffin in a spirit of self-condemnation1 which we cannot help thinking disproportionate to the supposed offence1 inaugurated his new mode of life by endeavoring to remove from the minds of his former associates any wrong impressions such conversations might have produced4 ,in an admirable letter written to a literary friend in ,london1 under date ,january #acth1 #ahcj1 he says3 ,since our acquaintance has recommenced this winter1 ,i have observed1 with frequent pain1 that not much 7if the slightest7 change has taken place in your opinions on the only important subject on earth4 ,within the last few weeks1 ,i have been thinking a great deal upon this subject1 and my conscience reproaches me that you may have found in the worldliness of my own conduct and conversation reason to suppose that my religious convictions had not taken that deep hold of my heart and mind which they really have4 ,i will tell you what has convinced me of this4 ,i have compared our interviews this winter with the conversations we used to hold together1 when my opinions were unsettled and my principles 7if they deserved the name7 detestable1 and though these may be somewhat more decent at present1 ,i am uneasy at the thought that the whole tenor of my conduct1 such as it has appeared to you1 was far from that of one who lived purely and truly for heaven and for religion4 ,with a short visit to ,paris and his tour in ,scotland1 ,griffin practically bade adieu to the outside world1 and1 retiring to ,pallas ,kenry1 prepared himself for admission into the order of the ,christian ,brothers4 ,we learn from one of his letters to friends in ,america that he had at first designed to offer himself as a candidate for the holy ministry1 and had even commenced a preparatory course of theological study2 but distrust of his vocation for a calling requiring so many qualifications led him to select the more quiet but highly meritorious sphere of a humble teacher of little children4 ,i had long since relinquished the idea1 he writes1 which ,i ought never to have entertained1 of assuming the duties of the priesthood2 and ,i assure you that it is one of the attractions of the order into which ,i have entered1 that its subjects are prohibited 7by the brief issued from ,rome in approval and confirmation of the institute7 from ever aspiring to the priesthood4 ,having destroyed all his unpublished manuscripts1 including ,matt ,hyland1 a ballad of considerable merit of which only a fragment remains1 and taken affectionate leave of his friends1 the author of ,gisippus and ,the ,collegians1 in the prime of his manhood and the fulness of his fame1 left his home for ever1 entered as a postulant the institute of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools in ,dublin1 ,september #hth1 #ahch1 and on the #aeth of the following month1 the feast of ,st4 ,teresa1 was admitted to the religious habit4 ,i have1 he writes1 entered this house1 at the gracious call of ,god1 to die to the world and to live to him2 all is to be changed2 all my own pursuits henceforward to be laid aside1 and those only embraced which he points out to me4 ,gerald ,griffin1 or1 as we must henceforth know him1 ,brother ,joseph1 entered on the performance of his new duties with his characteristic ardor and in a spirit of unostentatious obedience1 which elicited the admiration of the community to a greater extent than the display of mere intellectual accomplishments could have done4 ,nothing1 said the superior general of the order1 could exceed the earnestness with which he discharged every duty2 nothing was done by halves2 nothing imperfectly2 he seemed as if he had nothing else to do but that which he was doing4 ,the following extract from a letter written soon after his removal to the ,north ,cork monastery1 the succeeding year1 while it shows a touch of his old playful style1 illustrates also that cheerfulness of spirit which so preminently marks the character of the members of all the religious orders of the church1 the result of the consciousness of useful labor well done3 ,i was ordered off here from ,dublin last ,june1 and have been since enlightening the craniums of the wondering ,paddies in this quarter1 who learn from me with profound amazement and profit that o x spells ox2 that the top of the map is the north1 and the bottom is the south1 with various other branches2 as also that they ought to be good boys1 and do as they are bid1 and say their prayers every morning and evening1 etc42 and yet it seems curious1 even to myself1 that ,i feel a great deal happier in the practice of this daily routine than ,i did while ,i was roving about your great city1 absorbed in the modest project of rivalling ,shakespeare and throwing ,scott into the shade4 ,from this time till his death1 which took place a year after his removal from ,dublin1 ,brother ,joseph remained in the ,north ,cork monastery1 his time divided between teaching the children of the poor and in that inner preparation for the end so unexpectedly near at hand1 and to which he no longer looked forward1 as he once had done1 with apprehension4 ,until a very short time before his demise1 he was in excellent health1 and his conduct was marked by that serenity of manner and cheerfulness of speech which showed that the tempest-tossed spirit had at length found a haven of refuge4 ,he visited his home but once1 and then for a brief period1 returning without pain or regret to his prayers and studies1 among the latter of which was the compilation of a series of pious tales1 intended for the use of the ,brothers' schools1 but which were never completed4 ,his death1 the result of typhus fever which set in on the #cast of ,may1 and terminated fatally twelve days after1 is thus simply but tenderly described by the director of novices1 who was one of the witnesses of the edifying scene3 ,on the morning of the day when his last illness took an unfavorable turn1 he called the person in attendance on him to his bedside1 and quietly told him 'he thought he should die of this sickness1 and that he wished to receive extreme unction4' ,his confessor1 by a merciful dispensation of providence1 was then in the house1 and expressed his opinion that1 as a matter of precaution1 it was best to administer it4 ,he repaired to his bedside1 presented him the holy viaticum1 and administered extreme unction4 ,he received them with the most lively sentiments of love and resignation1 as well as the utmost fervor and devotion4 ,during his illness1 not a murmur or sigh of impatience escaped him2 not a sentiment but breathed love1 confidence1 and resignation2 not a desire but for the perfect accomplishment of the will of ,him to whom his habits of prayer had so long and closely united him4 ,thus lived and died one whom it would be faint praise to call one of the brightest and purest ornaments which this century has given to ,english literature4 ,the various creations of his fancy will long hold a high place in the hearts of all who admire the beautiful and revere the good2 but the moral of his own life is the noblest heritage he has left us4 ,true to the instincts of his ,catholic birth and training1 he passed through the temptations of sorrow1 poverty1 and vanities of a great city for years1 preserving his faith unshaken and his morals unsullied2 with courage and tenacity of purpose1 the attributes of true heroism1 he surmounted obstacle after obstacle1 which might easily have daunted older and stronger men1 till he reached a proud position in the literature of his country2 and when surrounded by all that is supposed to make life valuable--personal independence1 devoted friends1 and worldly applause--he gently and after mature self-examination took off his laurels1 laid them modestly on the altar of religion1 and1 clothed in the humble garb of a ,christian ,brother1 prepared to devote his life to unostentatious charity4 ,even his very name1 that he once fondly hoped to write on the enduring tablets of history1 he no longer desired to be remembered2 for on the plain stone that marks his last resting-place in the little graveyard of the monastery is engraved simply the words1 ,,brother ,,joseph4 ,,died ,,june #ab1 #ahdj4 ,,the ,,unfinished ,,prayer4 ,now ,i lay me--say it1 darling2 ,lay me1 lisped the tiny lips ,of my daughter1 kneeling1 bending1 ,o'er her folded finger-tips4 ,down to sleep--to sleep1 she murmured1 ,and the curly head dropped low2 ,i pray the ,lord1 ,i gently added1 ,you can say it all1 ,i know4 ,pray the ,lord--the words came faintly4 ,fainter still1 my soul to keep2 ,then the tired head fairly nodded1 ,and the child was fast asleep4 ,but the dewy eyes half-opened ,when ,i clasped her to my breast2 ,and the dear voice softly whispered1 ,mamma1 ,god knows all the rest4 ,,the ,,first ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,number ,,five4 ,for another month the ,vatican ,council has pursued the path originally marked out for its labors with a calmness and steady perseverance which no outside influences can disturb4 ,in the beginning of its sessions sensational correspondents described what they saw and what they did not see--praised1 mocked1 or maligned as their humors led them or as their patrons desired1 and poured forth abundant streams of amusing anecdotes1 acute guesses1 and positive assurances4 ,the correspondence of one week was found to contradict that of the preceding week1 and was itself contradicted the week following4 ,now1 though wit1 and drollery1 and sarcasm may please for a time1 human nature1 after all1 desires truth4 ,and as men saw these contradictions1 they came to understand how thoroughly untrustworthy were these correspondents2 and the writers1 ever on the alert to catch the first symptoms of popular feeling1 have1 in great part1 dropped the subject4 ,the only influence which such writings as these have had on the prelates of the council was to supply them with abundant topics for amusement in their hours of relaxation4 ,another class of writers have all along treated1 and still continue to treat1 of the council and its action with earnestness of purpose1 and are making strenuous efforts to guide and control or to check its course on subjects which they believe to have come or which may come up before it4 ,we speak of those who are moved by religious or political feelings4 ,day after day and week after week1 ,italian1 ,french1 ,german1 and ,english newspapers are taking one side or the other on these subjects1 and write on them1 if they do not always discuss them4 ,at times you may find an article learned1 well written1 replete with thought1 and suggestive1 perhaps instructive4 ,but generally the articles are only such as may be looked for in a newspaper--superficial and with an affectation of smartness4 ,however their brilliancy1 ofttimes only tinsel1 may please their world of readers1 among the bishops in the council they have1 and can have1 no weight whatever4 ,it would1 indeed1 be surprising if they had4 ,beyond the papers1 there come pamphlets1 many of them ably and learnedly written4 ,it is to be lamented that too often the writers have allowed themselves to be carried away by excitement1 and to use language which calls for censure4 ,still1 they profess to discuss the questions gravely1 and to present the strongest arguments in favor of their respective sides4 ,we will not say that such writings are not privately read and maturely weighed by the fathers1 and in fact carefully studied1 so far as they may throw light on subjects of doctrine or discipline to be examined4 ,but they certainly have not had the power to accelerate or retard1 by a single day1 the regular course of business before the council4 ,some weeks ago1 the papers of ,europe were filled with articles announcing the approaching action of several governments1 and the measures they would take to influence the pope and the bishops1 so as to control their action by the apprehension of possible political results4 ,what precise amount of truth and what amount of exaggeration there was in the vast mass of excited utterances on this subject1 we are not yet able to say4 ,perhaps it may hereafter be discovered in sundry green books1 red books1 and yellow books4 ,this much is certain3 the council was not even flurried by it4 ,we are assured that in all the debates not the slightest reference was ever made to the matter4 ,as we write the whole subject seems to be passing into oblivion4 ,even those who spoke most positively only a few weeks ago1 seem to have forgotten their assertions about the intended interference of this1 that1 or the other government4 ,there is a majesty in this calm attitude of the sovereign pontiff1 and of the council1 which does not fail to command the respect even of worldlings and unbelievers4 ,they can with difficulty1 if at all1 comprehend the great truth on which it is based and which produces it4 ,the ,catholic would scarcely look for any other attitude from our prelates4 ,the bishops of the ,catholic ,church1 assembled in council1 are not politicians or servants of the world1 seeking popularity or fearing the loss of it4 ,they fear not those who can slay only the body1 but ,him who can slay both body and soul4 ,they are assembled1 in the name of ,christ our ,lord1 to do the work to which he appointed them4 ,they must proclaim his doctrines and his precepts2 they must promote the extension of his kingdom1 and must zealously and unceasingly seek the welfare and salvation of souls for whom he shed his blood on ,calvary4 ,they are men1 and1 as subjects or citizens1 they are bound to give1 and each in his own home does give1 unto ,csar all that is ,csar's4 ,but they are ,christian bishops1 and they must not fail to give1 and to instruct and call on all men to give1 unto ,god the things that are ,god's4 ,assembled in the ,holy ,ghost1 they do not seek to discover what is popular--what may be pleasing or what contrary to the opinions1 or prejudices1 or passions of to-day1 whether in the fulsome self-adulation1 because of our vaunted progress1 or in the intrigues and plans of worldly politics and national ambitions4 ,they stand far above all this folly1 and are not plunged into this chaos4 ,they have to set forth clearly the one divine truth of revelation1 which has been handed down from the beginning1 and which they see now so frequently impugned and controverted1 or set aside and forgotten4 ,it is precisely because the world is setting it aside1 that this council has met and will speak4 ,our divine ,saviour himself declared that the world would oppose the teachers of his truth as it had opposed him4 ,the history of the eighteen hundred years of her existence is1 for the church1 but a continuous verification of that prophecy4 ,the fathers of the ,vatican ,council cannot lose sight of the lesson thus given4 ,it should purify their hearts and strengthen their souls4 ,for they1 of all men1 must believe most truly and earnestly in the truth and the reality of ,christianity and the greatness of the work in which they are engaged4 ,hence1 when the murmurs or the clamors of the opposition of the world come to their ears1 they are not filled with fear or with surprise4 ,of all miracles1 they would look on this as the greatest1 that1 as the ,vatican ,council speaks1 the passions and earthly interests and prejudices of men should at once die out or grow mute1 and that no voice should be heard in opposition1 no arm be raised to arrest or thwart1 if it could1 the work of ,god4 ,this they do not look for4 ,opposition must come1 and they must not fear it1 nor shrink from encountering it while at their post of duty4 ,as they become conscious of its approach1 they can but gird themselves the more energetically to their work1 and seek the guidance and strength of which they have need from on high4 ,when we closed our last article1 the prelates of the council were busily engaged1 in accordance with the new by-laws1 in writing out their observations and criticisms on several draughts that had been put into their hands4 ,this work1 so far as then required1 was finished on ,march #beth4 ,but on the #ahth1 the meetings of the general congregations1 or committees of the whole1 were resumed1 and have been held since then on the #bb;d1 #bc;d1 #bdth1 #bfth1 #bhth1 #bith1 #cjth1 and #cast of ,march1 and ,april #ast1 #dth1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth1 #hth1 #abth1 and #aith4 ,the business of the council has entered on a new stage4 ,our readers will remember that early in ,december last the first draught or schema on matters of faith was placed in the hands of the bishops2 and that after some weeks of private study it was taken up for discussion in the general congregation held on the #bhth of ,december4 ,in our second article we gave some account of the character of this discussion1 in which no less than thirty-five of the prelates took part4 ,at its conclusion the draught was referred for emendations to the special committee or deputation on matters of faith1 to which were also sent full reports of all the discourses in the discussion4 ,this committee held many meetings1 and went over the whole matter two or three times with the utmost care1 hearing the authors of the draught and weighing the arguments and observations made in the general congregations4 ,they divided the schema or draught into two parts1 and now reported back the first part amended1 containing an introduction and four chapters1 with canons annexed4 ,this new and revised draught or schema1 so presented to the bishops--in print1 of course1 as are all the conciliar documents--was again to be submitted to a renewed discussion and examination1 first in general on its plan as a whole1 and then by parts1 first on the introduction1 and then successively on each of the four chapters which composed it4 ,a member of the deputation or committee on faith opened the discussion by speaking as the organ of the committee1 and explaining and upholding what they had done4 ,many other fathers took part in the lively discussions which followed4 ,the speeches were very brief and to the point1 only one of them exceeding half an hour1 and several not lasting more than five minutes4 ,those who wished to speak sent in their names beforehand to the presiding cardinals1 as on former occasions1 and were called to the pulpit in their regular order4 ,the spokesman of the committee1 or1 in fact1 any other member1 might1 during the course of the debate1 take the pulpit to give some desired explanation or to reply to a speaker4 ,all who wished to propose further amendments or changes were required to hand them in in writing4 ,this the speakers generally did at the conclusion of their discourses4 ,when at length the discussion on any special part--for example1 on the introduction--was terminated1 that portion of the schema and all the proposed amendments were referred again to the committee4 ,the amendments were printed1 and a few days after1 in a general congregation1 the whole matter would come up for a vote4 ,the committee announced which of the amendments they accepted4 ,they stated briefly the reasons for which they were unwilling to accept the others4 ,the fathers then voted on each amendment singly1 unless1 indeed1 as sometimes happened1 the author1 satisfied with the explanation or replies given1 asked leave to withdraw it4 ,this chapter or portion of schema1 or draught1 was then again printed1 introducing into it the amendments that had been thus adopted2 and it was again submitted as a whole to the vote of the fathers4 ,all these votes were taken without unnecessary expenditure of time4 ,when a question was proposed1 all in the affirmative were called on to rise1 and to remain standing until their number was ascertained4 ,they then sat down1 and all in the negative were in their turn summoned to rise1 and to remain standing until they were counted4 ,as there are usually over seven hundred prelates present and voting1 it is clear that if the numbers on each side are nearly even1 there might be some difficulty in settling the vote4 ,but the evil did not occur4 ,it so happened that on every vote the majority was so preponderating in numbers that an actual count was not necessary4 ,it is said that only on one occasion they were nearly evenly divided4 ,the important question happened to be whether the insertion of a certain comma between two words in the text before them would make the sense more distinct or not4 ,the division of sentiment on so small a matter caused some amusement2 but it was evidence of the painstaking care with which even the minutest points are scrutinized and cared for4 ,when the introduction and each one of the chapters with its accompanying canons had been thus separately passed on1 the entire schema as a whole was submitted to the fathers for a more solemn and decisive vote4 ,this was done in the general congregations held on ,april #abth and ,april #aith4 ,the vote was taken1 not1 as in deciding on the details1 by the act of rising1 but by ayes and noes4 ,this was first done in the congregation of the #abth1 in the following manner3 ,the secretary from the lofty pulpit called the prelates one after the other1 according to their ranks and their seniority in their several ranks1 naming each one by his ecclesiastical title4 ,the cardinals presiding were called first1 the other cardinals next1 then the patriarchs1 the primates1 the archbishops1 the bishops1 the mitred abbots1 and the superiors of the various religious orders and congregations having solemn vows4 ,as each prelate was called1 he rose in his place1 bowed to the assembly1 and voted4 ,the form was ,placet1 if he approved entirely2 ,placet juxta modum1 if there were any minor point which he was unwilling to approve2 or ,non placet1 if he disapproved4 ,in the second case1 he handed in a written statement of his opinion and vote on that point1 and assigned the reasons which moved him to this special view4 ,the assessors of the council immediately received these manuscripts1 and delivered them to the presiding legates4 ,as the name of each one was called1 if not present1 he was marked absent2 if present and voting1 two or three of the officials1 stationed here and there in the hall1 repeated with clear bell-like voices the form of words used by the prelate in voting1 so that all might hear them1 and that no mistake could be committed as to any one's vote4 ,the whole procedure occupied about two hours4 ,when it was over1 the votes were counted before all1 and the result declared4 ,this was in reality the most solemn and formal voting of the bishops on the matter so far before them4 ,each one's judgment is asked1 and he must give it4 ,it was evident the bishops voted after mature study1 and with an evident singleness and simplicity of heart before ,god4 ,the special matters urged in the written and conditional votes were again1 and for the last time1 examined by the committee or deputation on matters of faith1 they reported the result of their discussion in the congregation of ,april #aith1 and the precise form of words was settled1 to be decreed and published in the third public session1 which will be held on ,low-,sunday4 ,it thus appears that nothing will be put forth by the council without the fullest study and examination4 #a4 ,the schemata1 or draughts1 as presented to the council1 are the result of the studies and conferences of able theologians of ,rome1 and of every ,catholic country4 #b4 ,the schema is subjected to a thorough debate before the general congregation or1 committee of the whole1 or under the by-laws1 it is placed in the hands of each one of the bishops1 and every one who thinks it proper gives in writing his remarks on it1 and proposes his emendations4 #c4 ,the schema1 and these remarks and proposed amendments1 are carefully considered by the deputation or committee to whom they are referred1 whose office it is to prepare for the council a revised and amended draught4 ,the twenty-four members of the deputation are picked men1 and the examination and discussion of the subjects by them has proved to be all that the fathers looked for--most thorough and searching4 #d4 ,again1 on their revised report1 the matter is a second time brought before the general committee1 and is again discussed by the fathers1 who are at liberty still to propose further changes and amendments4 ,as a matter of fact1 these turn mostly on minute details and on forms of expression4 #e4 ,again1 in the light of those proposed amendments1 it is examined and discussed by the committee1 who make their final report1 accepting or not accepting the several amendments1 and assigning to the congregation the reasons for their decision on each point4 ,they thus enjoy the privilege of closing the debate4 #f4 ,then follows the voting4 ,one portion of the schema is taken up4 ,the amendments touching it1 so reported on by the committee1 are one by one either adopted or rejected1 and then the whole portion is passed on4 ,one after the other the remaining portions are taken up1 and acted on in the same manner4 ,the amendments are first disposed of one by one1 and then each portion is separately voted on4 ,finally1 all the parts as separately adopted are put together1 and on the whole schema so composed a more solemn vote is taken by ayes and noes4 ,this concludes the1 so to speak1 consultative action of the council on that schema4 ,it is now ready for a solemn enactment and promulgation in the next public session of the council4 7,this session was held on ,low-,sunday4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w47 ,the time is approaching when the first portion of the decisions and decrees of the ,vatican ,council will be given to the world in the third public session1 to be held on ,low-,sunday4 ,already enough has come to light1 in the better informed presses of ,europe1 to let us know the general tenor of what we shall soon hear4 ,as it has become a matter of notoriety1 we may speak of the subjects so said to be treated of4 ,the state of the world1 and the errors and evils to be met and condemned in this nineteenth century by the ,vatican ,council1 are very different from those which all previous councils were assembled to resist4 ,the heresies then to be encountered denied this or that doctrine in particular1 and erred on one or another point4 ,but they all admitted the existence of ,god1 the reality and truth1 at least in a general way1 of a revelation from heaven through ,christ our ,lord1 and the obligation of man to receive it1 and to be guided by it in belief and practice4 ,now1 the world sees but too many who go far beyond that4 ,then1 so to speak1 the outposts were assailed4 ,now the very citadel of revelation is attacked4 ,schools of a falsely called philosophy have arisen which1 with a pretended show of reasoning1 deny the existence of ,god1 of spiritual beings1 of the soul of man1 and recognize only the existence of physical matter4 ,or if they speak of ,god1 it is by an abuse of terms1 and in a pantheistic sense1 holding him to be only the totality of all existing things1 a personification of universal nature2 or else1 if they wish to be more abstruse or more unintelligible1 ,god is1 according to them1 the primal being1 a vague and indefinite first substance1 by the changes1 evolutions1 emanations1 and modifications of which all existing things have come to be as they are4 ,many are the phases of materialism1 pantheism1 and theopantism in which ,german metaphysicians revel1 and call it high intellectual culture4 ,the pith of all of them is atheism1 the denial of the real existence of ,god4 ,the ,english mind is1 or believes itself to be1 more practical and matter-of-fact4 ,it does not wander through the dreamy mazes of ,german metaphysics4 ,it has no taste for such excursions4 ,but there is a school in ,england which1 under the pretence of respecting facts1 reaches practically the same sad results4 ,it tells its disciples of what has been termed the philosophy of the unknowable and unintelligible1 and declares that man1 possessed only of such limited powers of knowledge as experience proves us to have1 cannot conceive1 cannot really know1 cannot be made to know1 any thing of ,god1 the self-existent and absolute1 eternal1 infinitely wise and infinitely perfect1 and that these words are merely conventional sounds1 in reality meaningless1 and conveying no real thought to the mind4 ,hence1 he is to be held at once the wisest philosopher and most sensible man who discards them altogether1 who throws aside all these useless1 cloudy1 unintelligible subjects1 and occupies himself with the immediate and actual world around him1 of which alone1 through his senses1 his experiments1 and his experiences1 he can obtain some certain and positive knowledge4 ,this they call independence and freedom of science4 ,in many minds it would be pure atheism1 if pure atheism were possible2 in many others1 it has produced and is producing a haziness of doubt1 and an uncertainty on all these points touching the existence and the attributes of ,god1 as in practice leads to almost the same result4 ,the ,french mind is active1 acute1 sketchy1 imaginative1 logical1 and practical4 ,on a minimum quantity of facts or principles it will construct a vast theory4 ,if facts are too few to support the theory1 imagination can readily supply all that are lacking4 ,the theory1 if logically consistent1 must be reduced to practice2 opponents must stand aside or be crushed down4 ,the theory must rule4 ,from the days of ,voltaire1 if not before1 ,france has seen men deny religion under the guise of teaching philosophy4 ,the sarcasms1 and at times the brilliancy of their writings1 have made ,french authors the store-house from which infidels in other nations draw their weapons4 ,it was in ,france that a national decree enacted that there is no ,god1 and it is in ,france and in ,belgium that the societies of so-called ,solidaires exist1 the members of which solemnly bind themselves to each other to live and die1 and be buried1 without any act of religion4 ,too full of confidence in their powers of mind to accept the ,english system1 and to acknowledge there is any subject they cannot master2 too impressionable and practical to live in the cloud of ,german metaphysical pantheism1 the ,french philosophers are prone to deify man1 instead of universal nature4 ,whether they follow ,comte in his earlier theories1 or ,comte in the very different theories of his old age1 or whether they devise some other theory1 it is generally man they place on the throne of the ,deity4 ,this worship of man1 this spirit of humanitarianism1 and this belief in the progressive and indefinite perfectibility of mankind1 which they hold apart from and in antagonism to the belief which worships ,god as the ,creator and ,sovereign ,lord1 and places man the creature subject to him1 runs practically through many a phase of their character in modern times4 ,these three systems--of course more or less commingled in their sources--have been extended to every portion of the civilized world4 ,the ,german system has passed into ,denmark1 ,holland1 and ,sweden2 the ,french into ,italy1 ,spain1 and ,portugal1 and in some measure through them into ,southern ,america4 ,in the ,united ,states1 we have been comparatively free from them4 ,we owe it1 probably1 to the fact that with us all men are so busy trying to amass fortunes that they have little time and less taste for such abstruse speculations4 ,true1 through the vast ,german immigration1 we have received some portion of the ,german system4 ,but so far it has scarcely spread among our citizens of other nationalities4 ,the ,english system1 strange to say1 scarcely exists except in its vaguer influences4 ,the ,french system1 introduced years ago1 has struck deeper roots1 and has a wider influence4 ,but1 on the whole1 the mass of our people has a firm unshaken belief in the real truth of ,christianity as a revealed religion4 ,although very often men are exceedingly puzzled to know what are the specific doctrines1 still they have not lost the traditions of their fathers1 and have not fallen into positive unbelief4 ,how long these words will remain true1 who can tell8 ,luxury and the general demoralization becoming so familiar1 and the systematic godless education of our youth1 will soon perhaps place us in the van of those nations who seem to have been given up to the foolishness of their hearts4 ,meanwhile the church knows that she is debtor to all--that her mission is to preach the ,gospel of ,christ to all nations4 ,seeing in what manner so many are going astray1 so far as even to deny the ,god that made them and redeemed them1 and knowing that he has sent her as a messenger from him to them1 she raises her voice1 and1 in clear1 steady1 clarion tones that will ring through the world1 she proclaims again that he is the one true ,god1 eternal and almighty1 the ,creator whom all men must know and must serve1 and unto whom they will all have to render a strict account4 ,this assembled council is itself evidence1 clear as the noon-day light1 of her existence1 and her office in the world4 ,men may not shut their eyes to the fact4 ,her words are clear3 ,he whom ye deny exists1 and speaks to you through me4 ,he whom ye scoff at is your ,creator and ,lord1 from whom ye have received all that ye have4 ,he whom ye deride is long-suffering1 and wills not your death1 but that ye repent and come to him4 ,through me he admonishes1 he invites1 he warns you4 ,will these men hearken to her voice1 or rather1 the voice of ,god through her8 ,does not the ,god they would deny give1 as it were1 sensible testimony of his existence1 his power1 and his authority1 evidence which they cannot ignore or overlook save by a wilful and deliberate effort on their part8 ,they cannot fail to see the church claiming to be his4 ,her unbroken existence through eighteen centuries and her continued growth and advance despite opposition1 and1 still more1 despite the quiet natural force of all human agency1 external and internal1 which under the ordinary laws of human things would have sufficed to disrupt and to destroy her a hundred times1 an existence and a growth which could have proceeded only from a supernatural power1 and which constitute a standing miracle in the history of the world1 demand their attention and their respect4 ,her claim to be divinely founded and divinely supported1 they must not scout with flippancy4 ,they must at least receive it with respect1 and examine its grounds4 ,the most solemn assembly of that church1 the most imposing assembly the world has looked on1 an assembly authorized by the organization which he gave to that church1 and therefore authorized by him1 speaks to them in his name and by his authority4 ,will they receive the message1 or will they turn away8 ,some there are who would not believe1 if one rose from the dead4 ,but we may hope and pray that others will hearken to the words of the ,lord1 and learn that to know and fear the ,lord is the beginning of true wisdom4 ,above all1 we may hope that many who have not yet advanced too far on the dangerous road may become aware of their danger and their folly1 and return to the paths of true and salutary doctrine4 ,next to those who1 following the systems we have indicated1 or on any other grounds pretend to do away with the existence of ,god1 come those who admit his existence1 but do not admit that he has given a revealed religion to mankind4 ,it is unnecessary to go over the various groups into which they may be divided4 ,there always have been and will be men who will try by one huge effort to throw off the yoke of religion4 ,and what is there for doing which men will not try to assign some reason8 ,in the last century1 and the early portion of the present one1 men sought such reasons in the alleged contradictions of the ,scriptures1 in the mysteriousness of ,christian doctrine and the inability of the human intellect to comprehend them1 in the procrustean systems of ancient history which they invented1 or in alleged defects of the evidences of ,christianity1 or1 finally1 in their pet theories of metaphysics4 ,at present the tendency is to base the rejection of revealed religion on its alleged incompatibility with the discoveries of natural sciences in these modern days4 ,geology1 anthropology1 in fact1 the natural sciences with scarcely an exception1 have been in turn laid under contribution or forced to do service against the cause of revelation4 ,we have men appealing to this or that principle or fact as an irrefragable evidence by modern science of the false pretensions of ,christianity4 ,to all such the church1 the pillar and ground of truth1 the organ of ,christ our ,lord on earth1 will speak4 ,it is not her office to enter into the detailed discussion of scientific studies1 and to make manifest the errors of fact into which these men have fallen1 or the fallacy of their deductions4 ,this she leaves to scholars who1 in their pursuit of earthly knowledge1 do not cast away the knowledge they have received of divine truth4 ,such ,christian scholars have replied to the sneers1 and gibes1 and sarcasms of the last century1 and have shown the utter worthlessness and absurdity of the arguments then brought forward against ,christianity by men who claimed to speak on the part of science2 and there are now others answering with equal fulness the more modern objections4 ,the church might1 indeed1 have left it to time and the progress of learning and science to vindicate her course and to refute the objections raised against her teaching4 ,for1 as a matter of fact1 the grand difficulties brought forward half a century ago excite but a smile now1 as we see on what an unsubstantial foundation they rested4 ,and a very few years to come will1 we may be sure1 suffice to overturn many a pet theory of to-day1 with their vaunted arguments against revelation4 ,new discoveries will lead to new theories1 that may or may not give rise to a new crop1 a new set of difficulties1 for man's mind is limited and cannot reach the truth on all sides1 but they will consign the present difficulties to the tomb of the ,capulets4 ,to that tomb generation after generation of these so-called scientific objections are passing4 ,the church does not undertake to teach astronomy1 geology1 chemistry1 or physics4 ,natural sciences are to be studied by man1 in the use of his own reason and the exercise of his natural faculties4 ,these things ,god has left to the disputations of men4 ,the church does not despise these discussions and researches4 ,she does not repress them nor oppose them4 ,quite the contrary4 ,she has ever protected and fostered science4 ,one of the most beautiful and instructive chapters in her earthly history would be that which tells how1 from the school of ,alexandria1 in the days of persecution1 down the entire course of ages1 she has ever sought to promote and foster science4 ,she may with pride point to her canons and laws enacted for this purpose in every century4 ,she may recount the long catalogue of schools1 colleges1 and universities established by her in every civilized land of ,europe1 and wherever she planted her foot2 and to the religious houses of her clergy1 throughout the stormy middle ages the chief1 almost the only safe homes of learning4 ,many of the universities which she founded have in the course of ages been destroyed by kings and nobles1 who filled their own purses1 or repaired their wasted fortunes1 by the seizure of endowments given for the free education of all that might come to drink of these fountains of learning2 even as this very month the progressive1 liberal government of the kingdom of ,italy is discussing the propriety of suppressing one half of the older universities they found existing in the portion of the ,papal ,states1 and in other parts of ,italy1 which ten years ago they annexed to the kingdom of ,sardinia4 ,when did the church ever do such an act8 ,never4 ,what university was ever suppressed by any act of hers8 ,none4 ,she encourages science4 ,but at the same time she says1 ,god has given to man reason and understanding to seek after and to attain knowledge4 ,it is a great and noble gift1 to be prized and used rightly1 and not turned to an evil purpose4 ,if a father place in the hands of his son1 as a gift1 a weapon keen and bright1 shall that son1 with parricidal hand turn the blade against his father8 ,beware not to turn these gifts of ,god against ,god himself4 ,use them not as pretexts to deny his existence1 or shake off his authority1 or to impugn his truth when he speaks4 ,in giving this admonition1 the church is acting in her full right4 ,she is in the certain possession of that higher divine truth which her heavenly ,founder has placed in her charge1 to be carefully guarded and preserved until the end of time1 and to be ever faithfully preached4 ,who ever denies it1 she must oppose him4 ,whatever teaching would make it out to be false1 she must condemn4 ,the church1 holding with certainty this divine deposit of the revealed truth1 must not be compared1 either in theory or in practice1 with any private individual or society of individuals1 who hold and profess religious doctrines on the authority of their own reason and judgment1 or of their private interpretation of the ,scriptures4 ,in such a case as this1 these doctrines are simply beliefs1 opinions of men avowedly liable to error in this very matter4 ,they therefore stand on the same level1 as to certainty or uncertainty of being true1 with the other human judgments in the fields of natural science or human knowledge which may rise up in opposition to them4 ,the two sides are fairly matched1 and either may ultimately prevail4 ,but1 on the contrary1 the church claims not merely to hold opinions1 but1 under the guiding light of the ,holy ,ghost1 to have certain and infallible knowledge of the truths of divine revelation4 ,nothing that contradicts these established and known truths can she admit to be any thing else than error4 ,in the contest between them1 the truth must prevail4 ,this is the theory on which the ,catholic ,church stands1 and in which1 in reality1 all ,christianity is involved4 ,the experience of eighteen centuries confirms it fully in practice4 ,never once in all that period has the church of ,christ had to revoke a single doctrinal decision1 on the ground that what was believed to be true when uttered has since been proved to be false as the progress of science has thrown fuller light on the subject4 ,in the early days of her existence1 ,celsus and the other philosophers of that classical period raised manifold objections from reason and such knowledge of nature as they possessed4 ,their objections accorded well with the public opinion of the time1 and were hailed with applause4 ,but the time came when they were felt to be of no force1 and now they are entirely forgotten2 and the truth they impugned1 and were intended to overthrow1 stands stronger than ever4 ,the ,gnostics1 with their varied and fanciful systems of conciliating the power and goodness of ,god with the presence of evil in the world1 and guided1 if we listen to their boasts1 by the highest light of man's reason1 brought forward many objections1 then deemed specious4 ,they and their arguments too have passed away1 and the ,catholic truth stands4 ,so it has been in every age until the present time4 ,one only instance in all history has been alleged1 seemingly1 to the contrary--the condemnation of ,galileo for holding and maintaining the ,copernican theory4 ,but there is no real ground of objection here4 ,the facts of the case are misunderstood or misstated4 ,the trial of ,galileo1 which was in truth more of a personal than a doctrinal issue1 was simply before the congregation1 or committee1 of the ,holy ,office in ,rome1 and the sentence was by that congregation and not by the church4 ,the difference between the sentence of such a tribunal and a decision of the church is world-wide4 ,and1 as if to mark that difference the more distinctly1 that sentence1 which1 according to the usual course1 and at least as a matter of form1 should have been countersigned by the reigning pontiff1 that it might be put into execution1 never was so signed4 ,why1 in that case1 the formality was omitted1 whether it was not deemed necessary1 which1 considering the usage1 would be very strange1 or whether1 which we think much more probable1 it was in due course of procedure presented to the pontiff for his signature1 and he abstained from signing it for reasons in his own mind1 cannot now be known4 ,but the original official manuscript copy of the sentence is extant1 and there is no signature of the pontiff to it4 ,even had he signed it1 that would not have made the document a doctrinal decision of the church4 ,it would have remained simply the regular sentence of a special tribunal2 but the absence of the pope's signature1 perhaps its studied absence1 entirely and unequivocally removes the objection usually brought forward4#aci ,here1 as in every other case1 ,christ has protected his church1 so that she shall make no false decision as to faith4 ,it is only in virtue of that protection that she claims the paramount authority to speak4 ,under it she had been appointed to speak1 and must speak1 if she would not be recreant to her duty4 ,she does not repress science2 she saves it4 ,she does not shackle reason2 she preserves it from error and ruin4 ,how often is the way of science a narrow ridge1 with deep gulfs on either side6 ,feeble man walks along the narrow crest with trembling limbs1 or crawls on1 dubiously and slowly1 in the dark4 ,the church of ,christ cheers him on4 ,she does not bear him over the perilous path2 but holds aloft the torch of revealed truth to guide him as he advances1 and warns him to proceed by its light1 and not to rush heedlessly on1 lest he fall into the abyss4 ,and yet should we not expect that the same spirit of insubordinate pride which leads reason to deny the existence of ,god1 or his ,divine ,providence1 or the fact of divine revelations1 or emboldens feeble1 ignorant man to measure1 as it were1 his feeble intelligence against the infinite wisdom of ,god1 should also not refrain from charging the ,catholic ,church with being an incubus on the human mind1 with narrowing the intellect and fettering the reason1 with restricting our liberty of thought1 narrowing the field of science1 and dwarfing the whole intellectual man8 ,but time does her justice4 ,she can point to ,origen1 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 ,st4 ,anselm1 ,duns ,scotus1 ,suarez1 ,vasquez1 and the mighty minds of the past4 ,she may point to her children1 clergymen and laymen1 now standing in the front ranks of every branch of science4 ,what the past ages gave1 what the present gives too1 the future will as surely not fail to give4 ,we add to the communication of our ,roman correspondent the report of the peroration of an eloquent speech by ,signor d',ondes-,reggio1 in the ,italian ,parliament1 as given by ,m4 ,chantrel1 in his ,chronique du ,concile1 published in the ,revue du ,monde ,catholique for ,april #ajth4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican comes to save the imperilled civilization of the world1 as the preceding councils1 from the one of ,nice to that of ,trent1 have saved it4 ,do you know how the ,council of ,nice saved the civilization of the world1 when it condemned ,arius8 ,it prevented the human race from returning to idolatry2 for1 if the founder of ,christianity was not ,god1 but a mere man1 the adoration of that man would have been an idolatry like all those of the pagans4 ,the human race would have remained in barbarism1 deprived of ,christian civilization1 of the true civilization1 which is the civilization given to men by ,god himself4 ,the ,council of ,trent saved the civilization of the world2 because1 when the church condemned ,luther1 ,calvin1 and their followers1 who denied free-will and confounded good with bad actions1 even giving the preference to the bad ones1 she prevented the human race from returning to the fate of the pagans and to the domination of evil over good4 ,the church saved the civilization of the world4 ,when a council condemned schisms1 it condemned the breaking up of the human race into factions and protected the unity of the race2 it condemned that paganism which divided the nations from each other and made them mutual enemies1 whereas all men are brothers1 as the children of the same ,god4 ,when a council roused all ,europe to follow the cross into ,asia1 to rescue the sepulchre of ,christ1 it saved the civilization of ,europe1 and guaranteed the civilization of the world against ,mussulman barbarism4 ,when a council condemned the furious iconoclasts1 do you know what it did8 ,it prevented the banishment of the beautiful from the world--the beautiful1 which is the complement of the true and the good4 ,if this new race of barbarians had not been repelled by the ,second ,council of ,nice1 we should not have had either the ',david1' or the ',moses1' or the ',transfiguration1' or the ',assumption4' ,italy would not be the queen of the fine arts in the world4 ,when the councils smote and deposed corrupt ,csars1 the oppressors of their peoples1 it was human reason1 enlightened by faith1 which conquered error1 sustained by brute force2 it was charity which beat down tyranny1 and civilization triumphing over barbarism4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican1 composed of the venerable fathers of the ,catholic ,church1 extended throughout the whole world1 differing in customs1 habits1 complexion1 language1 but united in the same faith1 the same hope and charity--the ,council of the ,vatican comes to save1 by the bishops1 a civilization in peril4 ,errors the most impious1 the most deadly1 the most pernicious to the human race1 which have been spread abroad during the course of ages1 and which have sufficed1 taken singly1 to turn civil society upside down1 are now all assembled together1 and united with each other to batter and destroy it4 ,every thing which is the most true1 the most sacred1 the most venerated1 is attacked2 and some persons even go so far as to say that it is lawful to kill1 to rob1 and to calumniate1 in order to attain certain ends4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican has come1 yes1 it has come6 to condemn these blasphemies and iniquities1 to awaken sleeping consciences1 to confirm consciences which are wavering2 it has come to save civilization in peril4 ,o venerable fathers6 you who have hastened to ,rome from the extremities of the world1 at the summons of the successor of ,peter1 and who are at this moment gathered together in the name of ,god1 at the ,vatican1 all men of good-will have their eyes fixed upon you2 and from you they await with confidence the salvation of the world4 ,you1 successors of the apostles1 will fulfil the commandment given by ,jesus ,christ to the apostles and to you1 to teach the nations the infallible truths2 the commandment given1 not to kings1 emperors1 or secular assemblies1 but to the apostles and to you--you will teach the nations these infallible truths1 and the nations will be saved4 ,,footnote3 #aci ,see ,,catholic ,,world1 ,nos4 #de and #df4 ,,foreign ,,literary ,,notes4 ,the ,gospel in the ,law4 ,a ,critical ,examination of the ,citations from the ,old ,testament in the ,new4 ,by ,charles ,taylor4 ,cambridge and ,london3 ,bell ,daldy4 #ahfi4 ,the relative positions of the ,mosaic law and the new law may be studied from a great many points of view4 ,that chosen by ,mr4 ,taylor1 in the volume before us1 adds additional interest to his very remarkable work4 ,the selection and study of citations from the ,old ,testament found in the ,new give rise to many questions which1 properly elucidated1 throw much light on the connection which exists between ,judaism and ,christianity4 ,mr4 ,taylor does not so much occupy himself with that question as with the manner in which the ,bible is connected with the ,testament4 ,not that he undertakes to demonstrate that the germ of the new law may be found in the ,old2 for that no one denies1 and the title he has selected shows the object of his work1 the ,gospel in the law4 ,not every thing in the work is new2 but the previously accumulated erudition of the subject is admirably rsumd1 and several chapters are marked by originality--the thirteenth1 for instance1 on ,jewish and ,christian morality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,varieties of ,irish ,history4 ,from ,ancient and ,modern ,sources and ,original ,documents4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,gaskin1 ,dublin4 ,a handsome volume1 illustrated with four chromo-lithographs1 and an excellent map of the environs of ,dublin4 ,the work appears to be made up of a series of lectures delivered at ,dalkey1 a well-known charming suburb of ,dublin1 and of articles published at various times in the ,irish newspapers concerning the history of the principal environs of ,dublin--,howth1 ,kingston1 ,dalkey1 ,bray1 and ,killing4 ,the beautiful bay of ,dublin and its picturesque shores1 of course1 come in for their share of notice1 and as the author gives himself the amplest verge1 he manages1 in his numberless digressions1 to throw into his pages a reflex of the intellectual history of ,dublin during the last century4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most remarkable and eventful missionary fields of the ,catholic ,church was1 unquestionably1 ,japan4 ,there are few more admirable pages in its history than those which recount the constancy and faith of its first martyrs under one of the most bloody persecutions the world ever saw4 ,m4 ,lon ,pages has just published a work giving the history of ,catholicity in ,japan from #aeih to #afea3 ,histoire de la ,religion ,chrtienne au ,japon1 depuis #aeih jusqu' #afea1 comprenant les faits relatifs aux deux cent cinq martyrs beatifis le #g ,juillet #ahfg1 par ,lon ,pages4 ,this volume1 published separately1 will form the third volume of a large work in four octavo volumes1 to be entitled1 ,l',empire du ,japon1 ses origines1 son glise chrtienne1 ses relations avec l',europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the so-called ,truce of ,god of the middle ages1 under which a suspension of arms and hostilities was so often obtained1 has too frequently been so imperfectly understood and treated by historians and writers as to be confounded by them with the ,peace of ,god--two things essentially different in origin and in application4 ,in #aheg1 a work on the subject was published at ,paris by ,m4 ,ernest ,semichon1 who by his judicious research threw an entirely new light on this question4 ,m4 ,semichon has just presented the literary world with a new edition of the work of #aheg1 largely augmented in fresh matter and in historical documents1 in which he clearly establishes the distinction between these two institutions1 and fixes the origin of the ,peace of ,god at about ,a4,d4 #ihh1 and that of the ,truce of ,god at #ajbg4 ,he follows their development step by step through the eleventh1 twelfth1 and thirteenth centuries1 examining them from the judicial and political stand-points1 until the period when ,louis le ,gros took hold of the movement4 ,after this period1 the ,truce of ,god becomes the ,quarantaine le ,roi4 ,in treating his subject1 ,m4 ,semichon presents most interesting views of the great institutions of the middle ages1 its associations and customs1 and also of the chevaliers1 the arts1 and the ,crusades4 ,his work is entitled ,la ,paix et la ,trve de ,dieu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,until within a few years there were known to be in existence but three ,biblical manuscripts of high antiquity4 ,these were1 ,first1 the celebrated ,vatican manuscript2 second1 that of ,london1 called the ,alexandrine2 third1 that of ,paris1 known under the designation of the ,palimpsest of ,ephrem the ,syrian4 ,the first dates from the fourth century1 the other two from the fifth4 ,none of them are complete1 however4 ,in that of ,paris the greater part of the ,new ,testament is wanting4 ,that of ,london is deficient in nearly the whole of the first gospel1 two chapters of the fourth1 and the greater part of the second ,epistle of ,st4 ,paul to the ,corinthians4 ,from the ,vatican manuscript1 the oldest of all1 are missing four epistles1 the last chapters of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 and the ,apocalypse4 ,m4 ,constantine ,tischendorf1 a distinguished ,russian scholar1 known in the scientific world for his superior ,hellenic and paleographic acquirements1 has the glory of having given to the ,christian world1 by his discoveries1 numerous sacred manuscripts of the highest antiquity1 and1 above all1 the famous ,codex ,sinaiticus1 which has over the three ,,mss4 we have enumerated the great advantage of being complete4 ,it dates from the same epoch with that of the ,vatican4 ,m4 ,tischendorf has told the story of its discovery1 and of the long and difficult negotiations required for its acquisition1 in a work just published1 ,terre ,sainte1 an octavo volume of #cjg pages4 ,the volume also contains an interesting account of his oriental travel in company with the ,duke ,constantine1 and his visit to ,smyrna1 ,patmos1 and ,constantinople4 ,a fac-simile edition of the new ,codex is in preparation in ,russia1 and a ,german translation of that portion of it which contains the ,new ,testament will shortly be made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a noteworthy work is ,le ,juif1 le ,judaisme1 et ,judaisation des peuples chrtiens1 par ,m4 le ,chevalier ,gougeuot des ,mousseaux4 ,paris1 #hvo1 #efh pp4 ,the career of ,judaism is here historically traced from the early ages of the church1 when it spread through ,egypt1 ,alexandria1 and ,rome the ,gnostic theories of ,simon the ,magician1 down to the present day4 ,the author presents successively all the traditions upon which the belief of the modern ,jew is founded4 ,their ,bible is the ,talmud1 a tissue of absurdities and immoralities4 ,there exists a gulf between the ancient law of ,moses and the ,talmudic reveries so great1 indeed1 that the ,jew can hardly call his law a religious law without flying in the face of the history and the faith of his fathers4 ,following these researches comes a keen analysis of the ,pharisaical spirit4 ,concerning the synagogue1 the ,sanhedrim1 the ,talmudic rites1 and system of education1 the work gives the fullest details1 with copious extracts from writers all favorable to ,judaism1 such as ,prideaux1 ,basnage1 and ,salvador4 ,the result of the author's revelations is to show that the ,jewish belief of to-day is absolutely different from that of which ,moses was the legislator4 ,modern ,jews are divided into three classes--orthodox1 reformers1 and free-thinkers4 ,the reformers are the ,protestants of the ,mosaic law4 ,nowadays1 for the majority of ,jews1 the coming of the ,messiah is no longer understood in its ordinary acceptation4 ,for them the desired of nations is merely an abstraction4 ,the author dwells at some length on the spreading influence of ,judaism in worldly matters1 and sounds a note of alarm that gives his work something of a pessimist tone4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,dr4 ,,newman',s ,,essay ,,in ,,aid ,,of ,a ,,grammar ,,of ,,assent4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d41 of the ,oratory4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren street4 #ahgj4 ,,second ,,notice4 ,we have not yet given to this book1 destined to become so celebrated and the theme of so much controversy1 the careful examination it deserves1 and we will not1 therefore1 pay the poor compliment to the illustrious author of pronouncing a superficial judgment upon it4 ,we have given an analysis of its contents in our last number1 which may aid the reader to understand and master its scope and course of argument for himself4 ,at present1 we will merely take note of one or two salient points bearing on some questions of lively controversial interest at the present moment4 ,the great subject of controversy in regard to the philosophy of the work has already proved to be what we anticipated at the first glance upon its pages--whether it is1 or is not1 in contradiction to the scholastic doctrine of the reality of universals4 ,we give merely our impression1 and not our judgment upon this point1 when we say that it appears to us that ,dr4 ,newman rather leaves aside the pure metaphysics of the question1 than either contradicts or affirms any scholastic doctrine of this higher sphere of science4 ,he appears to take the common ,english axioms of reasoning as they are assumed in every-day life and made the basis of those inductions and illations which make up the opinions of intelligent persons on all sorts of subjects1 and the conclusions of practical1 scientific men in regard to the inductive sciences4 ,he appeals to the common sense of those who are not sophisticated by any false1 sceptical maxims in relation to common things1 but who are simply puzzled by an apparent want of the same certitude in religion which they hold as unquestioned in lower branches of knowledge4 ,he undertakes to show that the principles of assent which all men act on in the affairs of this life lead logically to the same certitude of the infallibility of the ,catholic ,church1 and the truth of every thing she proposes to belief1 that a man has that ,great ,britain is an island4 ,if any one thinks there is a break or a weak spot in his chain of reasoning1 let him pull it apart and throw the fragments aside1 and he will have accomplished a considerable feat in logic4 ,we think that1 on account of this manner of approaching the subject1 this book is likely to prove extremely useful in convincing sincere1 well-intentioned doubters1 whose minds have been educated under the same circumstances and in the same intellectual atmosphere with those of the author4 ,as for the analysis of certitude itself1 and the metaphysics of the ultimate question how we know1 and what is that which we know first1 the author may be criticised2 but we think1 as we have said1 that he did not have it in view to propose a theory4 ,we do perceive and know2 we do exist1 and we know that other things exist1 and we are certain of these things1 and no pretended sceptic really doubts4 ,we may start from this1 therefore1 as a fixed base of operation1 without waiting for a metaphysical theory4 ,if the theory which we hold is incorrect1 we can change it without hurting our argument1 just as a person who lives in a regular and sensible manner1 and is in good health1 can change a physiological doctrine which he finds to be erroneous without changing his practical rules of living4 ,whether ,dr4 ,newman's statement respecting real and notional assents be correct or not1 every candid and honest man will acknowledge that he does assent with certitude to the truth of those things which the author calls notions4 ,we suspect1 moreover1 that the illustrious author in his affirmation that nothing really exists except individuals1 means that there are no other spiritual or material substances2 or1 in other words1 that every substance is a simple monad existing in itself and separate from every other4 ,we do not apprehend that1 in denying that time1 space1 relation1 etc41 are real1 he intends to affirm that they are mere subjective affections of our minds without any foundation in objective reality1 but only that they are not either spirits or bodies1 and would be nothing if there were no spirit or body in existence4 ,we suspect that the nominalism attributed to ,dr4 ,newman is merely in the phrase1 and that his difference from the realism of ,st4 ,thomas is only in the terminology4 ,the other point we desire to notice is theological4 ,our ,episcopalian neighbors1 and some others also1 are accustomed to refer to ,dr4 ,newman as an instance in proof of their frequent assertion that men of genius and learning in our communion chafe under the yoke of ,rome1 and1 if they are converts1 feel themselves disappointed in the expectations with which they entered the church4 ,the recent letter of ,dr4 ,newman to ,dr4 ,ullathorne is1 of course1 a lucky windfall for them1 and is interpreted as a proof that they were not mistaken4 ,the volume we are noticing will1 for every candid and sensible reader1 completely scatter to the winds any false and calumnious attempts to class ,dr4 ,newman with ,mr4 ,ffoulkes1 ,mr4 ,renouf1 the translator of ,janus1 and the rest of that clique in ,england1 or to impeach the integrity of his faith and loyalty as a ,catholic priest and theologian4 ,the letter itself shows that ,dr4 ,newman holds what his writings show he has always held1 as the more probable doctrine1 that the judgments of the pope in matters of faith are infallible4 ,the utmost extent of his expressions of repugnance to a definition of this doctrine is1 that he considers the weakness of faith1 the lack of knowledge1 and the deficiency of the reasoning faculty in a number of ,catholics to be so great1 and the bewilderment of mind so extreme in persons outside the church who are seeking the truth1 that they cannot bear to have the light too suddenly and brightly flashed into their eyes4 ,the great and holy ,oratorian father pities these souls1 and wishes to have them cautiously and gently led into the truth2 and he is afraid that the pope1 sitting in the effulgence of the divine ,shekinah in the temple of ,god1 does not appreciate the state of those who are living in the fainter light or the clouded climates of a remoter region4 ,the chapter of the volume under notice entitled1 ,belief in ,dogmatic ,theology1 will show beyond a question what we have asserted of ,dr4 ,newman's theological soundness1 and we quote one passage as a specimen4 ,the church makes it imperative on every one1 priest and layman1 to profess as revealed truth all the canons of councils1 and innumerable decisions of popes1 propositions so various1 so notional1 that but few can know them1 and fewer can understand them4 7,p4 #adb1 ,eng4 ed47 ,in the chapter on the ,indefectibility of ,certitude occurs this passage3 ,a man is converted to the ,catholic ,church from his admiration of its religious system1 and his disgust with ,protestantism4 ,that admiration remains2 but1 after a time1 he leaves his new faith2 perhaps returns to his old4 ,the reason1 if we may conjecture1 may sometimes be this3 he has never believed in the church's infallibility2 in her doctrinal truth he has believed1 but in her infallibility1 no4 ,he was asked1 before he was received1 whether he held all that the church taught2 he replied he did2 but he understood the question to mean1 whether he held those particular doctrines 'which at that time the church in matter of fact formally taught1' whereas it really meant 'whatever the church then or at any future time should teach4' ,thus1 he never had the indispensable and elementary faith of a ,catholic1 and was simply no subject for reception into the fold of the church4 ,this being the case1 when the immaculate conception is defined1 he feels that it is something more than he bargained for when he became a ,catholic1 and accordingly he gives up his religious profession4 ,the world will say that he has lost his certitude of the divinity of the ,catholic faith2 but he never had it4 7,p4 #bdj47 ,we do not desire to have a party tolerated in the church whose principles are precisely those here condemned by ,dr4 ,newman1 or to have the way open for converts to be received who lack the indispensable and elementary faith of a ,catholic4 ,we look with dismay upon the audacious and heretical attitude of that fallen angel ,f4 ,hyacinthe1 the scandalous position assumed by ,huber1 ,dllinger1 and ,gratry1 and we anticipate greater impediment to the progress of the faith from a miserable counterfeit and pseudo-catholicity1 which is nothing else than the base metal coined by ,photius1 than from the difficulties hanging about the history of the popes1 which are no greater than those that beset councils1 tradition1 or the holy ,scripture itself4 ,whatever definitions are promulgated by the ,council of the ,vatican1 no one pretending to be a ,catholic can hesitate to receive them because they are more than he bargained for4 ,those who have chafed under the doctrinal authority of the popes have been crying out for a council for two centuries4 ,those who are bona fide in any doubt or uncertainty respecting questions not yet defined have the way open for their doubts to be settled4 ,if there are persons in the communion of the church who have not the principle of faith in them by which they are prepared without hesitation to believe whatever the ,council of the ,vatican proposes1 we desire that they should leave their external connection with the ,catholic ,church1 which they have already inwardly abandoned4 ,and we think it most necessary that the duty of unreserved submission to the infallible authority of the church1 and to the ,roman pontiff1 as her supreme teacher and judge as well as ruler1 should be most distinctly placed before those who seek admission into her fold4 ,we are grateful to ,dr4 ,newman for the clear and unmistakable tones in which he has spoken on the obligation of believing whatever the church commands us to believe through the mouth of the sovereign pontiff2 and as for the question what definitions are necessary and opportune for the present time1 we confide absolutely in the divinely assisted judgment of ,pius ,,ix4 and the ,catholic episcopate4 ,since writing the above1 we are glad to see that ,dr4 ,newman has written another letter1 in which the following passage occurs3 ,i have not had a moment's wavering of trust in the ,catholic ,church ever since ,i was received into her fold4 ,i hold1 and ever have held1 that her sovereign pontiff is the centre of unity and the vicar of ,christ4 ,and ,i ever have had1 and have still1 an unclouded faith in her creed in all its articles2 a supreme satisfaction in her worship1 discipline1 and teaching2 and an eager longing1 and a hope against hope1 that the many dear friends whom ,i have left in ,protestantism may be partakers in my happiness4 7,tablet1 ,april #afth47 ,we are glad1 we say1 to see this1 not on our own account1 for we have the honor of a personal acquaintance with the illustrious ,oratorian1 and know him too well to have the need of any such assurance of his firm and ardent ,catholic faith and piety2 but in order that the mouths of cavillers may be stopped1 and those weak brethren who tremble like aspen-leaves in every light breeze be reassured4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,origin1 ,,persecutions1 ,,and ,,doctrines ,,of ,,the ,,waldenses2 ,,from ,,documents1 ,,many ,,now ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time ,,collected ,,and ,,edited4 ,by ,pius ,melia1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,james ,toovey1 #agg ,piccadilly4 #ahgj4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren street1 ,new ,york4 ,in the year #ahfh1 a ,london daily newspaper produced editorially one of those statements so frequently made concerning the ,waldenses1 and which1 by dint of repetition1 end by passing for recognized facts4 ,it was as follows3 ,for sixteen hundred years1 at least1 the ,waldenses have guarded the pure and primitive ,christianity of the apostles4444 ,no one knows when or how the faith was first delivered to these mountaineers4 ,irenus1 ,bishop of ,lyons1 in the second century found them a church4 ,these gallant hill-men have kept the tradition of the ,gospel committed to them as pure and inviolate as the snow upon their own ,alps4 ,they have maintained an evangelical form of ,christianity from the very first1 rejecting image-worship1 invocation of saints1 auricular confession1 celibacy1 papal supremacy or infallibility1 and the dogma of purgatory2 taking the ,scripture as the rule of life1 and admitting no sacraments but baptism and the ,lord's ,supper4444 ,no bloodier cruelty disgraces the records of the papacy than the persecutions endured by the ancestors of the twenty thousand ,waldenses now surviving4444 ,never did men suffer more for their belief4 ,as the author mildly presents it1 these statements not being in accordance with his knowledge of the subject1 he was moved to undertake a thorough investigation of the history of the ,waldenses4 ,to this end1 in addition to the perusal of a long and formidable list of works given in the preface1 and which is valuable as presenting the bibliography of the subject1 he made thorough investigation in the great libraries of ,england1 ,rome1 and ,turin1 which last collection was found very rich in ,,mss4 referring to the ,waldensian period4 ,fresh stimulus and efficient aid were given to his efforts by the appearance of a very important work by ,professor ,james ,henthorn ,todd1 ,senior ,fellow of ,trinity ,church1 ,dublin1 entitled1 ,the ,book of the ,vaudois2 ,the ,waldensian ,manuscripts1 which gives a notice of the long-lost ,morland manuscripts lately discovered by ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 and librarian of that university4 ,these ,,mss4 are undoubtedly the oldest extant relics of the ,vaudois literature1 and the most important documents relating to their history4 ,the author forcibly presents in extenso1 and in separate chapters1 the testimony of ,richard1 ,monk of ,cluny1 ,moneta1 ,de ,bellavilla1 ,abbot ,bernard1 ,reinerius ,sacco1 ,archbishop ,seyssell1 ,eneas ,sylvius ,piccolomini1 ,casini1 and many others1 and in the fifteenth section addresses himself to prove that the dates which ,leger and ,morland have assigned to the ,waldensian ,,mss4 are counterfeit4 ,leger assigns ,a4,d4 #aajj as the date of the ,nobla ,leyon and the ,catechism of the ,,mss4 ,our author shows that these writings are of the fifteenth1 not the twelfth century1 and that the date assigned by ,leger involves the contradiction of proving that the ,waldenses existed as a sect before the period of its founder1 ,peter ,waldo4 ,one long chapter is devoted to the supposed cruel ,waldensian massacre of the year #afee1 as related in the often-quoted ,histoire ,vritable des ,vaudois1 and to the particular murders described by ,leger4 ,these are confronted with the legal testimony touching the same facts4 ,the work closes with an exposition of the ,waldensian theological tenets1 each one being presented separately with a statement of the ,catholic doctrine on that tenet upon the same page4 ,the book is a beautiful specimen of typography1 and is illustrated with several photographs of pages of the ,morland manuscripts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,charlestown ,,convent2 ,,its ,,destruction ,,by ,a ,,mob1 ,,etc4 ,compiled from authentic sources4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahgj4 ,we remember distinctly the ,ursuline ,convent at ,charlestown1 as it appeared forty years ago1 crowning a gentle summit with its grave and dignified buildings1 and attractive grounds laid out and cultivated with taste2 a retreat of piety and a school of religious and solid education4 ,we have often enough since that time looked upon its ruins1 a perpetual monument of disgrace to ,boston and ,massachusetts1 a token of shame in close proximity to that other monument1 a monument of imperishable glory1 which crowns the site of the battle of ,bunker ,hill4 ,this pamphlet describing the atrocious and barbarian outrage perpetrated on the night of ,august #aath1 #ahcd1 with the train of preceding and succeeding events connected with it1 presents a page in our history which many persons would do well to ponder attentively4 ,the outrage was occasioned by the publication of ,six ,months in a ,convent1 one of a class of vile publications which1 for a time1 were widely circulated and swallowed with credulity1 but afterward universally scouted with that scorn and loathing which the ,american people always feels when it discovers that it has been duped by the wicked and designing4 ,there would be no need of reviving the memory of these things1 if the same style of attack upon ,catholics had not been renewed at intervals1 and were not adopted at the present moment by restless fanatics1 who1 knowing that they are incapable of coping with us in fair argument1 are fain to resort to these criminal methods of appealing to prejudice1 bigotry1 ignorance1 and passion1 hoping to stir up the populace to a crusade against the ,catholic religion4 ,the abettors of ,rebecca ,reed and ,maria ,monk in the pulpit and the press have had successors to the present time4 ,the ,massachusetts ,legislature has had its smelling committee2 ,missouri has passed its outrageous laws2 other legislatures have attempted to lay their hands upon the property of the ,catholic ,church2 the most infamous laws are even now in consideration before the ,legislature of ,pennsylvania2 we have had the archangel ,gabriel1 and ,judson1 and ,gavazzi1 and ,leahy1 and we have now ,bishop ,coxe1 ,bellows1 ,hepworth1 and ,muller4 ,the same firm of publishers which formerly was so active and conspicuous in putting forth the most vulgar and violent attacks upon the ,catholic religion1 although in one instance it found it expedient to hide itself under an alias1 continues its work under the guise of a more pretentious literature1 embellished by offensive caricatures of the most venerable and sacred objects of the religious veneration of ,catholics4 ,the spirit of falsification1 the intention to stir up popular passion1 the intolerance disguised under the name of liberalism1 the determination to treat the ,catholic clergy as the heads of a faction with ulterior treasonable and revolutionary designs1 and the ,catholic religion as a nuisance which ought to be extirpated by violence1 are the same in the modern agitators that they were in their predecessors1 and are in their ,english compeers1 the ,newdegates and ,whalleys of the ,british ,parliament4 ,they tend to similar results with those which similar agitators have heretofore produced4 ,the same train is laid1 the same spark applied1 and the chance of a similar explosion depends on the fact of the existence or non-existence of a similar magazine of slumbering popular prejudice and inflammable passion4 ,we say1 therefore1 that it is well for considerate persons who desire the peace of the community to read and reflect upon this pamphlet4 ,it is necessary that some very important questions should arise1 where ,catholics and non-,catholics form important elements in the same political community1 with equal rights4 ,it is impossible that peace and good order should be preserved1 unless these matters can be discussed and arranged calmly and amicably4 ,therefore we say that the agitators who appeal to a violent solution1 in case ,catholics are not content with a simple toleration under a ,protestant domination1 are enemies of the public peace1 and ought to be regarded as such by all good citizens4 ,the ,catholic clergy will never be agitators4 ,if the effort is made by demagogues to pervert the ,catholic or ,irish sentiment into an impetus of illegal1 revolutionary movements1 like the riot of #ahfc and the ,fenian plot against ,canada1 the whole authority of the church and all the influence of the clergy will be put forth against it4 ,it is for the present and future advantage and interest of this country that the influence of the ,catholic clergy over their people should be as great as possible1 and that of clerical agitators and demagogues reduced to nothing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,charles ,,borromeo4 ,edited by ,edward ,healy ,thompson1 ,a4,m4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahgj4 ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo was one of the greatest of the true reformers of the sixteenth century4 ,during the lifetime of his ,uncle1 ,pius ,,iv41 he held many of the highest offices in the ,roman court1 possessed the pope's entire confidence1 and exerted a powerful influence in favor of whatever was for the good of the church4 ,to his exertions were due1 in no small degree1 the reassembling of the ,council of ,trent1 and the successful completion of its labors eighteen years after its opening4 ,at the death of ,pius ,,iv41 ,st4 ,charles returned to his diocese1 and straightway entered upon the work of its reformation1 in accordance with the decrees of ,trent4 ,he succeeded in effecting a complete reform1 and the example which he thus gave had a most salutary effect4 ,the ,life before us is well written2 it gives not only the facts1 but likewise in some degree the philosophy of history2 and it is free from that religious mannerism1 so to speak1 which is not unfrequently met with in books of this class4 ,the typography and binding are in keeping with the contents4 ,there are1 however1 a great many very serious errors of the press defacing this otherwise well printed volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,first ,,book ,,of ,,botany4 ,by ,eliza ,a4 ,youmans4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgj4 ,this elementary treatise upon botany is arranged in an entirely new manner4 ,the book is intended to cultivate the child's natural powers of observation4 ,in ordinary text-books1 the beginner is expected to master a great number of definitions and distinctions before he ventures to go into the fields and study for himself4 ,we have always considered this method irksome1 and we know it to be fruitless of result4 ,we therefore very heartily welcome ,miss ,youmans's little work4 ,we hope that she has inaugurated a reform in the teaching of the natural sciences4 ,we confidently recommend the book to all ,catholic schools where botany1 or any of the natural sciences1 form a portion of the course of studies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,wise ,,men3 ,,who ,,they ,,were1 ,,etc4 ,by ,francis ,w4 ,upham1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,sheldon ,co4 #ahfi4 ,a book written with sound and solid learning1 and originality of thought2 pervaded also by a spirit in harmony with ,catholic teaching1 so far as the topics are concerned upon which it treats4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,monks ,,before ,,christ2 ,their ,spirit and their ,history4 ,by ,john ,edgar ,johnson4 ,boston3 ,a4 ,williams ,co4 #ahgj4 ,this is one of the most shallow and stupid productions we have met with in a long time4 ,the author met with some rather poor specimens of the monastic order in ,europe1 and breaks out into the exclamation1 ,great heavens6 and these are the men who had the exclusive manipulation of our ,scriptures for several hundred years6 7,page #ah47 ,one who is so extremely weak in the reasoning faculty as this passage indicates has no business to write a book on serious topics1 and is unworthy of refutation4 ,the author informs us that monasticism is based on the ,manichan doctrine of an evil principle in matter4 ,this shows an inconceivable ignorance which we cannot think is invincible or excusable1 since the author resided several months at the ,university of ,munich1 and was well acquainted with the learned ,benedictines of that capital1 over whom the celebrated ,haneberg is abbot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,flemmings2 ,,or1 ,,truth ,,triumphant4 ,by ,mrs4 ,anna ,h4 ,dorsay4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgj4 ,the author of this volume has given us a pleasant story1 interesting both to ,catholics and ,protestants1 as tales of conversions to the true faith cannot fail to be when founded1 as this appears to be1 on fact4 ,the pictures of natural scenery are fresh and life-like1 and the moral and religious teaching unexceptionable4 ,it is carelessly written1 which will prevent the book from taking rank as a first-class story1 though it will interest and profit certain minds1 who would not prize it more highly if it were thoroughly cultivated and refined4 ,a moment's thought would have prevented mistakes in local customs1 such as introducing a hay-tedder into farming operations forty years ago1 and making our ,puritan forefathers go up to their communion1 whereas they had not reverence enough for the symbols to rise or kneel at their reception1 but remained seated in their pews1 even as their descendants do to this day4 ,the blunders in spelling which mar many pages of the book would disgrace a third-rate proof-reader1 and we are certain the author never saw the proofs4 ,both paper and type are of inferior quality4 ,these faults are the more inexcusable1 as the beautiful covering1 with the choice gilded medallion and precious motto1 led us to look for something very nice in the way of print and paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wonders ,,of ,,italian ,,art4 ,by ,louis ,viardot4 ,illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,an interesting book spoiled by careless expressions and incorrect assertions4 ,such expressions as the worship of images1 7page #bh17 instead of veneration1 etc42 the assertion that the policy of the popes always was to foster disunion in ,italy1 in order to profit by it1 7page #ce17 and styling ,savonarola the ,italian ,luther1 7page #aaa17 make it unfit for introduction among ,catholics4 ,it is to be regretted that a book like this1 containing as it does so much that is great and good in the history of ,catholic art in ,italy1 should be marred by statements which are not historically true1 and have nothing whatever to do with such a work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,home ,,influence4 ,by ,grace ,aguilar4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,it is quite refreshing1 after the floods of impassioned sensational novels that have poured from the press on all sides for the last ten or fifteen years1 to know that there is a call for the purity and high-toned sentiment that flow from the pen of ,miss ,aguilar4 ,twenty years ago1 her works afforded interest and instruction1 the present volume to mothers especially1 and though her children and grown people are sometimes stiff and priggish1 and are wont to talk like books1 they are always well-bred and refined1 never descending to irreverence or slang1 as they too often do in stories of to-day4 ,it was formerly a criticism on her works1 that they favored ,judaism 7the creed of their author7 at the expense of ,christianity2 but no such charge can be brought against ,home ,influence with any truth4 ,this volume presents an attractive exterior1 and if the works of this author take again with the novel-reading public1 it will be a symptom of returning health in the community4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,missale ,,romanum1 ex decreto sacrosancti ,concilii ,tridentini restitutum1 ,s4 ,pii ,,vi4 jussu editum1 ,clementis ,,viii4 et ,urbani ,,viii4 ,pap auctoritate recognitum1 et novis missis ex indulto apostolico hucusque concessis auctum4 ,mechlini3 ,h4 ,dessain4 ,this ,missal1 from the house of the ,messrs4 ,benziger ,brothers1 is printed in good1 clear type1 pleasant to the eye2 contains the last new masses enjoined by the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites1 and is illustrated with excellent full-page engravings4 ,it is besides1 as a book1 both serviceable and cheap4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society has in press1 and will publish1 ,may twenty-fifth1 a work by ,james ,kent ,stone1 ,d4,d41 late ,president of ,kenyon and ,hobart ,colleges1 entitled1 ,the ,invitation ,heeded3 ,reasons for a ,return to ,catholic ,unity4 ,as the title implies1 ,mr4 ,stone will1 in this volume1 give his reasons for becoming a ,catholic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,john ,,murphy ,,co4 announce as in press1 ,the ,paradise of the ,earth2 or1 the ,true ,means of ,finding ,happiness in the ,religious ,state1 according to the ,rules of the ,masters of ,spiritual ,life4 ,translated from the ,french of ,l',abb ,sanson1 by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,ignatius ,sisk1 of the ,cistercian ,community1 ,mount ,st4 ,bernard's ,abbey4 ,also1 ,devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,from the ,italian of ,secundo ,franco1 ,s4,j4 ,a ,,dogmatic ,,decree ,,on ,,catholic ,,faith4 ,,confirmed ,,and ,,promulgated ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,public ,,session ,,of ,,the ,,vatican ,,council1 ,,held ,,in ,,st4 ,,peter',s1 ,,rome1 ,,on ,,low-,,sunday1 ,,april #bd1 #ahgj4 ,,constitvtio ,,dogmatica ,,de ,,fide ,,catholica4 ,this translation has been carefully revised for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world by some of the bishops attending the council4 ,,pivs ,,episcopvs ,,servvs ,,servorvm ,,pius1 ,,bishop1 ,,servant ,,of ,,the ,,dei ,,sacro ,,approbante ,,concilio ,,ad ,,servants ,,of ,,god1 ,,with ,,the ,,perpetvam ,,rei ,,memoriam4 ,,approbation ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,council1 ,,for ,a ,,perpetual ,,remembrance ,,hereof4 ,dei ,filius et generis humani ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son ,redemptor ,dominus ,noster ,iesus of ,god and the ,redeemer of ,christus1 ad ,patrem coelestem mankind1 when about to return to rediturus1 cum ,ecclesia sua in his heavenly ,father1 promised terris militante1 omnibus diebus that he would be with his usque ad consummationem saeculi church1 militant on earth1 all futurum se esse promisit4 ,quare days even to the consummation dilectae sponsae praesto esse1 of the world4 ,wherefore1 he adsistere docenti1 operanti has never at any time failed benedicere1 periclitanti opem to be with his beloved spouse1 ferre nullo unquam tempore to assist her in her teaching1 destitit4 ,haec vero salutaris to bless her in her labors1 to eius providentia1 cum ex aliis aid her in danger4 ,and this his beneficiis innumeris continenter saving providence1 unceasingly apparuit1 tum iis manifestissime displayed in countless other comperta est fructibus1 qui blessings1 is most clearly orbi christiano e ,conciliis made manifest by those very oecumenicis ac nominatim e abundant fruits which have ,tridentino1 iniquis licet come to the ,christian world temporibus celebrato1 amplissimi from cumenical councils1 provenerunt4 ,hinc enim and especially from that of sanctissima religionis dogmata ,trent1 although it was held pressius definita uberiusque in evil days4 ,for thereby the exposita1 errores damnati atque holy doctrines of religion were cohibiti2 hinc ecclesiastica more distinctly defined and disciplina restituta firmiusque more fully set forth2 errors sancita1 promotum in ,clero were condemned and restrained2 scientiae et pietatis studium1 thereby ecclesiastical parata adolescentibus ad sacram discipline was restored and militiam educandis collegia1 more firmly established2 zeal christiani denique populi for learning and piety was mores et accuratiore fidelium promoted among the clergy2 and eruditione et frequentiore colleges were provided for the sacramentorum usu instaurati4 training of young men for the ,hinc praeterea arctior membrorum sacred ministry2 and finally the cum visibili ,capite communio1 practice of ,christian morality universoque corpori ,christi was restored among the people mystico additus vigor2 hinc by more careful instruction religiosae multiplicatae and a more frequent use of familiae1 aliaque christianae the sacraments4 ,hence arose1 pietatis instituta2 hinc ille likewise1 a closer union of the etiam assiduus et usque ad members with the visible head1 sanguinis effusionem constans and renewed strength to the ardor in ,christi regno late per entire mystical body of ,christ2 orbem propagando4 hence the increased number of religious communities1 and of other institutions of ,christian piety2 hence1 also1 that unceasing zeal1 constant even to martyrdom1 to spread the kingdom of ,christ throughout the world4 ,verumtamen haec aliaque insignia ,nevertheless1 while with emolumenta1 quae per ultimam becoming gratitude we call to maxime oecumenicam ,synodum mind these and the many other divina clementia ,ecclesiae remarkable benefits which the largita est1 dum grato1 quo par goodness of ,god has bestowed est1 animo recolimus2 acerbum on the church chiefly through compescere haud possumus the last cumenical council1 dolorem ob mala gravissima1 we cannot suppress our bitter inde potissimum orta1 quod sorrow for the grievous evils eiusdem sacrosanctae ,synodi which have chiefly sprung apud permultos vel auctoritas from many having despised the contempta1 vel sapientissima authority of the aforesaid neglecta fuere decreta4 sacred council1 or having neglected to observe its most wise decrees4 ,nemo enim ignorat1 haereses1 ,for it is known to all that quas ,tridentini ,patres the heresies which the fathers proscripserunt1 dum1 reiecto of ,trent condemned1 and which divino ,ecclesiae magisterio1 res rejected the divine authority ad religionem spectantes privati of the church to teach1 and cuiusvis iudicio permitterentur1 instead1 subjected all things in sectas paullatim dissolutas belonging to religion to the esse multiplices1 quibus judgment of each individual1 inter se dissentientibus et were1 in course of time1 broken concertantibus1 omnis tandem up into many sects2 and that1 in ,christum fides apud non as these differed and disputed paucos labefactata est4 ,itaque with each other1 it came to ipsa sacra ,biblia1 quae antea pass1 at length1 that all belief christianae doctrinae unicus in ,christ was overthrown in the fons et iudex asserebantur1 iam minds of not a few4 ,and so1 the non pro divinis haberi1 imo sacred ,scriptures themselves1 mythicis commentis accenseri which they had at first held up coeperunt4 as the only source and judge of ,christian doctrine1 were no longer held as divine1 but1 on the contrary1 began to be counted among myths and fables4 ,tum nata est et late nimis per ,then arose and spread too widely orbem vagata illa rationalismi through the world that doctrine seu naturalismi doctrina1 quae of rationalism or naturalism1 religioni christianae utpote which1 attacking ,christianity supernaturali instituto per at every point as being a omnia adversans1 summo studio supernatural institution1 labors molitur1 ut ,christo1 qui solus with all its might to exclude ,dominus et ,salvator noster est1 ,christ1 who is our only ,lord a mentibus humanis1 a vita et and ,saviour1 from the minds of moribus populorum excluso1 merae men and from the life and the quod vocant rationis vel naturae morals of nations2 and so to regnum stabiliatur4 ,relicta establish1 instead1 the reign autem proiectaque christiana of mere reason1 as they call religione1 negato vero ,deo it1 or of nature4 ,and thus1 et ,christo eius1 prolapsa having forsaken and cast away tandem est multorum mens in the ,christian religion1 having pantheismi1 materialismi1 denied the true ,god and his atheismi barathrum1 ut iam ,christ1 the minds of many have ipsam rationalem naturam1 at last fallen into the abyss omnemque iusti rectique normam of pantheism1 materialism1 and negantes1 ima humanae societatis atheism2 so that now repudiating fundamenta diruere connitantur4 the reasoning nature of man1 and every rule of right and wrong1 they are laboring to overthrow the very foundations of human society4 ,hac porro impietate circumquaque ,moreover1 as this impious grassante1 infeliciter contigit1 doctrine is spreading ut plures etiam e catholicae everywhere1 it has unfortunately ,ecclesiae filiis a via verae come to pass that not a few even pietatis aberrarent1 in of the children of the ,catholic iisque1 diminutis paullatim ,church have wandered from the veritatibus1 sensus catholicus way of true piety2 and as the attenuaretur4 ,variis enim ac truth gradually decayed in their peregrinis doctrinis abducti1 minds1 the catholic sentiment naturam et gratiam1 scientiam grew fainter in them4 ,for1 humanam et fidem divinam being led away by various and perperam commiscentes1 genuinum strange doctrines1 and wrongly sensum dogmatum1 quem tenet ac confounding nature and grace1 docet ,sancta ,mater ,ecclesia1 human science and divine faith1 depravare1 integritatemque et they have perverted the true sinceritatem fidei in periculum sense of the doctrines which our adducere comperiuntur4 holy mother the church holds and teaches1 and have endangered the integrity and the purity of faith4 ,quibus omnibus perspectis1 fieri ,now1 looking at all these qui potest1 ut non commoveantur things1 how can the church fail intima ,ecclesiae viscera8 to be moved in her innermost ,quemadmodum enim ,deus vult heart8 ,for inasmuch as ,god omnes homines salvos fieri1 wills all men to be saved and et ad agnitionem veritatis to come to the knowledge of venire2 quemadmodum ,christus the truth1 inasmuch as ,christ venit1 ut salvum faceret1 quod came to save that which was perierat1 et filios ,dei1 qui lost1 and to gather together in erant dispersi1 congregaret one the children of ,god that in unum3 ita ,ecclesia1 a ,deo were dispersed2 so the church1 populorum mater et magistra established by ,god as the mother constituta1 omnibus debitricem and mistress of nations1 feels se novit1 ac lapsos erigere1 that she is a debtor unto all1 labantes sustinere1 revertentes and is ever ready and earnest amplecti1 confirmare bonos et ad to raise up the fallen1 to meliora provehere parata semper strengthen the weak1 to take to et intenta est4 ,quapropter her bosom those that return1 nullo tempore a ,dei veritate1 and to confirm the good1 and quae sanat omnia1 testanda et carry them on to better things4 praedicanda quiescere potest1 ,wherefore1 at no time can she sibi dictum esse non ignorans3 abstain from bearing witness to ,spiritus meus1 qui est in and preaching the all-healing te1 et verba mea1 quae posui truth of ,god2 knowing that it in ore tuo1 non recedent de has been said to her1 ,my spirit ore tuo amodo et usque in that is in thee1 and my words sempiternum4#adj that ,i have put in thy mouth1 shall not depart out of thy mouth1 from henceforth and for ever4 7,isa4 lix4 #ba47 ,nos itaque1 inhaerentes ,wherefore1 following in the ,praedecessorum ,nostrorum footsteps of our predecessors1 vestigiis1 pro supremo ,nostro and in fulfilment of our supreme ,apostolico munere veritatem apostolic duty1 we have never catholicam docere ac tueri1 omitted to teach and to protect perversasque doctrinas reprobare the catholic truth1 and to nunquam intermisimus4 ,nunc reprove perverse teachings4 autem sedentibus ,nobiscum et ,and now1 the bishops of the iudicantibus universi orbis whole world being gathered ,episcopis1 in hanc oecumenicam together in this cumenical ,synodum auctoritate ,nostra in council by our authority1 and ,spiritu ,sancto congregatis1 in the ,holy ,ghost1 and sitting innixi ,dei verbo scripto et therein and judging with us1 tradito1 prout ab ,ecclesia we1 guided by the word of ,god1 catholica sancte custoditum et both written and handed down by genuine expositum accepimus1 ex tradition1 as we have received hac ,petri ,cathedra in conspectu it1 sacredly preserved and omnium salutarem ,christi truly set forth by the ,catholic doctrinam profiteri et declarare ,church1 have determined to constituimus1 adversis erroribus profess and declare from this potestate nobis a ,deo tradita chair of ,peter1 and in the sight proscriptis atque damnatis4 of all1 the saving doctrine of ,christ2 and in the power given to us from ,god to proscribe and condemn the opposing errors4 ,,caput ,i4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,de ,,deo ,,rerum ,,omnium ,,creatore4 ,,of ,,god ,,the ,,creator ,,of ,,all ,,things4 ,sancta ,catholica ,apostolica ,the holy1 ,catholic1 ,apostolic1 ,romana ,ecclesia credit et ,roman ,church believes and confitetur1 unum esse ,deum verum confesses that there is one et vivum1 ,creatorem ac ,dominum true and living ,god1 ,creator coeli et terrae1 omnipotentem1 and ,lord of heaven and earth1 aeternum1 immensum1 almighty1 eternal1 immense1 incomprehensibilem1 intellectu incomprehensible1 infinite in ac voluntate omnique perfectione understanding and will and in infinitum2 qui cum sit una all perfection2 who1 being singularis1 simplex omnino a spiritual substance1 one1 et incommutabilis substantia single1 absolutely simple and spiritualis1 praedicandus est re unchangeable1 must be held to et essentia a mundo distinctus1 be1 in reality and in essence1 in se et ex se beatissimus1 distinct from the world1 in et super omnia1 quae praeter himself and of himself perfectly ipsum sunt et concipi possunt1 happy1 and unspeakably exalted ineffabiliter excelsus4 above all things that are or can be conceived besides himself4 ,hic solus verus ,deus bonitate ,this one only true ,god1 of sua et omnipotenti virtute non his own goodness and almighty ad augendam suam beatitudinem1 power1 not to increase his own nec ad acquirendam1 sed ad happiness1 nor to acquire for manifestandam perfectionem himself perfection1 but in suam per bona1 quae creaturis order to manifest the same by impertitur1 liberrimo consilio means of the good things which simul ab initio temporis he imparts to creatures1 did1 utramque de nihilo condidit of his own most free counsel1 creaturam1 spiritualem et from the beginning of time make corporalem1 angelicam videlicet alike out of nothing two created et mundanam1 ac deinde humanam natures1 a spiritual one and quasi communem ex spiritu et a corporeal one1 the angelic1 corpore constitutam#ada4 to wit1 and the earthly2 and afterward he made the human ,universa vero1 quae condidit1 nature1 as partaking of both1 ,deus providentia sua tuetur being composed of spirit and atque gubernat1 attingens a fine body4 7,fourth ,lateran ,council1 usque ad finem fortiter1 et ch4 ,i4 ,firmiter47 ,moreover1 disponens omnia suaviter#adb4 ,god1 by his providence1 protects ,omnia enim nuda et aperta sunt and governs all things which he oculis eius#adc1 ea etiam1 has made1 reaching from end to quae libera creaturarum actione end mightily1 and ordering all futura sunt4 things sweetly4 7,wisdom viii4 #a47 ,for all things are naked and open to his eyes1 7,heb4 iv4 #ac17 even those which are to come to pass by the free action of creatures4 ,,caput ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,de ,,revelatione4 ,,of ,,revelation4 ,eadem ,sancta ,mater ,ecclesia ,the same holy ,mother ,church tenet et docet1 ,deum1 rerum holds and teaches that ,god1 the omnium principium et finem1 beginning and end of all things1 naturali humanae rationis can be known with certainty lumine e rebus creatis certo through created things1 by the cognosci posse2 invisibilia enim natural light of human reason2 ipsius1 a creatura mundi1 per for the invisible things of ea quae facta sunt1 intellecta1 him1 from the creation of the conspiciuntur#add3 attamen world1 are clearly seen1 being placuisse1 eius sapientiae understood by the things that et bonitati1 alia1 eaque are made1 7,romans i4 #bj27 but supernaturali via se ipsum ac that nevertheless it has pleased aeterna voluntatis suae decreta his wisdom and goodness to humano generi revelare1 dicente reveal to mankind1 by another ,apostolo3 ,multifariam1 multisque and that a supernatural way1 modis olim ,deus loquens patribus himself and the eternal decrees in ,prophetis3 novissime1 diebus of his will2 even as the apostle istis locutus est nobis in says1 ,god who at sundry times ,filio#ade4 and in divers manners spoke1 in times past1 to the fathers by ,huic divinae revelationi the prophets1 last of all1 in tribuendum quidem est1 ut ea1 these days hath spoken to us quae in rebus divinis humanae by his ,son4 7,heb4 i4 #a1 #b47 rationi per se impervia non ,to this divine revelation is sunt1 in praesenti quoque it to be ascribed that things generis humani conditione regarding ,god1 which are not of ab omnibus expedite1 firma themselves beyond the grasp of certitudine et nullo admixto human reason1 may1 even in the errore cognosci possint4 ,non present condition of the human hac tamen de causa revelatio race1 be known by all1 readily1 absolute necessaria dicenda with full certainty and without est1 sed quia ,deus ex infinita any admixture of error4 ,yet not bonitate sua ordinavit hominem on this account is revelation ad finem supernaturalem1 ad absolutely necessary1 but participanda scilicet bona because ,god1 of his infinite divina1 quae humanae mentis goodness1 has ordained man for intelligentiam omnino superant2 a supernatural end1 for the siquidem oculus non vidit1 participation1 that is1 of nec auris audivit1 nec in divine goods1 which altogether cor hominis ascendit1 quae surpass the understanding of praeparavit ,deus iis1 qui the human mind2 for eye hath diligunt ilium4#adf not seen nor ear heard1 neither hath it entered into the heart of man1 what things ,god hath prepared for them that love him4 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #i47 ,haec porro supernaturalis ,now1 this supernatural revelatio1 secundum universalis revelation1 according to the ,ecclesiae fidem1 a sancta belief of the universal church1 ,tridentina ,synodo declaratam1 as declared by the holy ,council continetur in libris scriptis et of ,trent1 is contained in sine scripto traditionibus1 quae the written books and in the ipsius ,christi ore ab ,apostolis unwritten traditions which acceptae1 aut ab ipsis ,apostolis have come to us as received ,spiritu ,sancto dictante quasi orally from ,christ himself by per manus traditae1 ad nos usque the apostles1 or handed down pervenerunt4#adg ,qui quidem from the apostles taught by veteris et novi ,testamenti the ,holy ,ghost4 7,council of libri integri cum omnibus suis ,trent4 ,session iv4 ,decree on partibus1 prout in eiusdem the ,canon of ,scripture47 ,and ,concilii decreto recensentur1 these books of the ,old and ,new et in veteri vulgata latina ,testament are to be received as editione habentur1 pro sacris sacred and canonical1 in their et canonicis suscipiendi sunt4 integrity and with all their ,eos vero ,ecclesia pro sacris parts1 as they are enumerated in et canonicis habet1 non ideo the decree of the same council1 quod sola humana industria and are had in the old ,vulgate concinnati1 sua deinde ,latin edition4 ,but the church auctoritate sint approbati2 nec does hold them as sacred and ideo dumtaxat1 quod revelationem canonical1 not for the reason sine errore contineant2 sed that they have been compiled propterea quod ,spiritu ,sancto by human industry alone1 and inspirante conscripti ,deum afterward approved by her habent auctorem1 atque ut tales authority2 nor only because ipsi ,ecclesiae traditi sunt4 they contain revelation without error1 but because1 having been written under the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 they have ,god for their author1 and as such have been delivered to the church herself4 ,quoniam vero1 quae sancta ,and since those things which the ,tridentina ,synodus de ,council of ,trent has declared interpretatione divinae by wholesome decrees concerning ,scripturae ad corcenda the interpretation of divine petulantia ingenia salubriter ,scripture1 in order to restrain decrevit1 a quibusdam hominibus restless spirits1 are explained prave exponuntur1 ,nos1 idem by some in a wrong sense2 we1 decretum renovantes1 hanc renewing the same decree1 illius mentem esse declaramus1 declare this to be the mind of ut in rebus fidei et morum1 the synod1 that1 in matters of ad aedificationem doctrinae faith and morals which pertain ,christianae pertinentium1 is pro to the edification of ,christian vero sensu sacrae ,scripturae doctrine1 that is to be held as habendus sit1 quem tenuit ac the true sense of the sacred tenet ,sancta ,mater ,ecclesia1 ,scripture which holy mother cuius est iudicare de vero sensu church1 to whom it belongs to et interpretatione ,scripturarum judge of the true sense and sanctarum2 atque ideo nemini interpretation of the sacred licere contra hunc sensum1 aut ,scriptures1 has held and holds2 etiam contra unanimem consensum and therefore that no one may ,patrum ipsam ,scripturam sacram interpret the sacred ,scripture interpretari4 contrary to this sense1 or contrary to the unanimous consent of the fathers4 ,,caput ,,iii4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,de ,,fide4 ,,of ,,faith4 ,quum homo a ,deo tanquam ,forasmuch as man totally depends ,creatore et ,domino suo totus on ,god as his ,creator and ,lord1 dependeat1 et ratio creata and created reason is wholly increatae ,veritati penitus subject to the uncreated truth1 subiecta sit1 plenum revelanti therefore we are bound1 when ,god ,deo intellectus et voluntatis makes a revelation1 to render obsequium fide praestare to him the full obedience of tenemur4 ,hanc vero fidem1 quae our understanding and will1 by humanae salutis initium est1 faith4 ,and this faith1 which ,ecclesia catholica profitetur1 is the beginning of man's virtutem esse supernaturalem1 salvation1 the church declares qua1 ,dei aspirante et adiuvante to be a supernatural virtue1 gratia1 ab eo revelata vera whereby1 under the inspiration esse credimus1 non propter and aid of ,god's grace1 we intrinsecam rerum veritatem believe to be true the things naturali rationis lumine revealed by him1 not for their perspectam1 sed propter intrinsic truth seen by the auctoritatem ipsius ,dei natural light of reason1 but for revelantis1 qui nec falli nec the authority of ,god revealing fallere potest4 ,est enim fides1 them1 who can neither deceive testante ,apostolo1 sperandarum nor be deceived4 ,for faith1 as substantia rerum1 argumentum non the apostle witnesseth1 is the apparentium4#adh substance of things to be hoped for1 the evidence of things that appear not4 7,heb4 xi4 #a47 ,ut nihilominus fidei nostrae ,to the end1 nevertheless1 that obsequium rationi consentaneum the obedience of our faith esset1 voluit ,deus cum internis might be agreeable to reason1 ,spiritus ,sancti auxiliis ,god willed to join unto the externa iungi revelationis interior grace of the ,holy suae argumenta1 facta scilicet ,spirit external proofs of his divina1 atque imprimis revelation1 to wit1 divine miracula et prophetias1 works1 and chiefly miracles quae cum ,dei omnipotentiam and prophecies1 which1 as et infinitam scientiam they manifestly show forth luculenter commonstrent1 the omnipotence and the divinae revelationis signa infinite knowledge of ,god1 are sunt certissima et omnium proofs most certain of divine intelligentiae accommodata4 revelation1 and suited to the ,quare turn ,moyses et ,prophetae1 understanding of all4 ,wherefore tum ipse maxime ,christus ,dominus both ,moses and the prophets1 multa et manifestissima miracula and above all1 ,christ our ,lord et prophetias ediderunt2 et de himself1 wrought many and most ,apostolis legimus3 ,illi autem evident miracles1 and uttered profecti praedicaverunt ubique1 prophecies2 and of the apostles ,domino co-operante1 et sermonem we read1 ,but they going forth confirmante1 sequentibus preached everywhere3 the ,lord signis4#adi ,et rursum scriptum working withal1 and confirming est3 ,habemus firmiorem the word with signs that propheticum sermonem1 cui bene followed4 7,mark xvi4 #bj47 ,and facitis attendentes quasi again it is written1 ,we have lucernae lucenti in caliginoso the more firm prophetical word2 loco4#aej whereunto you do well to attend1 as to a light that shineth in a dark place4 7#b ,pet4 i4 #ai47 ,licet autem fidei assensus ,yet although the assent of nequaquam sit motus animi faith is not by any means a caecus3 nemo tamen evangelicae blind movement of the mind2 praedicationi consentire nevertheless no one can believe potest1 sicut oportet ad the preaching of the ,gospel salutem consequendam1 absque in such wise as behoveth to illuminatione et inspiratione salvation without the light and ,spiritus ,sancti1 qui dat omnibus inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 suavitatem in consentiendo et who giveth unto all sweetness credendo veritati4#aea ,quare in yielding to the truth and fides ipsa in se1 etiamsi per believing it4 7#b ,council of charitatem non operetur1 donum ,orange1 ,can4 #g47 ,wherefore ,dei est1 et actus eius est faith in itself1 even though opus ad salutem pertinens1 quo it be not working by charity1 homo liberam praestat ipsi ,deo is a gift of ,god2 and an act obedientiam1 gratiae eius1 cui of faith is a work tending to resistere posset1 consentiendo salvation1 whereby man renders et coperando4 free obedience to ,god himself1 consenting to and coperating with his grace1 which he hath power to resist4 ,porro fide divina et catholica ,now1 all those things are to be ea omnia credenda sunt1 quae in believed of divine and catholic verbo ,dei scripto vel tradito faith which are contained in the continentur1 et ab ,ecclesia sive word of ,god1 whether written solemni iudicio sive ordinario or handed down by tradition2 et universali magisterio tamquam and which the church1 either by divinitus revelata credenda solemn decree or by her ordinary proponuntur4 and universal teaching1 proposes for belief as revealed by ,god4 ,quoniam vero sine fide ,and whereas without faith it is impossibile est placere ,deo1 impossible to please ,god1 and et ad filiorum eius consortium to come to the fellowship of pervenire2 ideo nemini his children1 therefore hath no unquam sine illa contigit one at any time been justified iustificatio1 nec ullus1 nisi without faith2 nor shall any in ea perseveraverit usque one1 unless he persevere therein in finem1 vitam aeternam unto the end1 attain everlasting assequetur4 ,ut autem officio life4 ,and in order that we might veram fidem amplectendi1 in be able to fulfil our duty of eaque constanter perseverandi embracing the true faith1 and of satisfacere possemus1 ,deus steadfastly persevering therein1 per ,filium suum unigenitum ,god1 through his only-begotten ,ecclesiam instituit1 suaeque ,son1 did establish the church institutionis manifestis notis and place upon her manifest instruxit1 ut ea tamquam custos marks of his institution1 et magistra verbi revelati ab that all men might be able to omnibus posset agnosci4 ,ad recognize her as the guardian solam enim catholicam ,ecclesiam and teacher of his revealed ea pertinent omnia1 quae ad word4 ,for only to the ,catholic evidentem fidei christianae ,church do all those signs credibilitatem tam multa et tam belong1 which have been divinely mira divinitus sunt disposita4 disposed1 so many in number ,quin etiam ,ecclesia per se and so wonderful in character1 ipsa1 ob suam nempe admirabilem for the purpose of making propagationem1 eximiam evident the credibility of the sanctitatem et inexhaustam in ,christian faith2 nay more1 the omnibus bonis foecunditatem1 ob very church herself1 in view catholicam unitatem1 invictamque of her wonderful propagation1 stabilitatem1 magnum quoddam her eminent holiness1 and her et perpetuum est motivum exhaustless fruitfulness in credibilitatis et divinae all that is good1 her catholic suae legationis testimonium unity1 her unshaken stability1 irrefragabile4 offers a great and evident claim to belief1 and an undeniable proof of her divine commission4 ,quo fit1 ut ipsa veluti signum ,whence it is that she1 as levatum in nationes1#aeb et a standard set up unto the ad se invitet1 qui nondum nations1 7,is4 xi4 #ab17 at the crediderunt1 et filios suos same time calls to herself those certiores faciat1 firmissimo who have not yet believed1 and niti fundamento fidem1 quam shows to her children that the profitentur4 ,cui quidem faith which they hold rests on testimonio efficax subsidium a most solid foundation4 ,and to accedit ex superna virtute4 this1 her testimony1 effectual ,etenim benignissimus ,dominus aid is supplied by power from et errantes gratia sua excitat above4 ,for the ,lord1 infinitely atque adiuvat1 ut ad agnitionem merciful1 on the one hand stirs veritatis venire possint2 up by his grace and helps those et eos1 quos de tenebris who are in error1 that they may transtulit in admirabile lumen be able to come to the knowledge suum1 in hoc eodem lumine of the truth2 and1 on the ut perseverent1 gratia sua other hand1 those whom he hath confirmat1 non deserens1 nisi transferred from darkness into deseratur4 ,quocirca minime par his marvellous light he confirms est conditio eorum1 qui per by his grace1 that they may coeleste fidei donum catholicae persevere in that same light1 veritati adhaeserunt1 atque never abandoning them unless eorum1 qui ducti opinionibus he be first by them abandoned4 humanis1 falsam religionem ,wherefore1 totally unlike is the sectantur2 illi enim1 qui condition of those who1 by the fidem sub ,ecclesiae magisterio heavenly gift of faith1 have susceperunt1 nullam unquam embraced the catholic truth1 habere possunt iustam causam and of those who1 led by human mutandi1 aut in dubium fidem opinions1 are following a false eamdem revocandi4 ,quae cum religion2 for they who have ita sint1 gratias agentes ,deo received the faith under the ,patri1 qui dignos nos fecit teaching of the church can never in partem sortis sanctorum in have a just reason to change lumine1 tantam ne negligamus that faith or call it into salutem1 sed aspicientes in doubt4 ,wherefore1 giving thanks auctorem fidei et consummatorem to ,god the ,father1 who hath made ,iesum1 teneamus spei nostrae us worthy to be partakers of confessionem indeclinabilem4 the lot of the saints in light1 let us not neglect so great salvation1 but looking on ,jesus1 the author and finisher of our faith1 let us hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering4 ,,caput ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,de ,,fide ,,et ,,ratione4 ,,of ,,faith ,,and ,,reason4 ,hoc quoque perpetuus ,ecclesiae ,moreover1 the ,catholic ,church catholicae consensus tenuit has ever held1 as she now holds1 et tenet1 duplicem esse that there exists a two-fold ordinem cognitionis1 non order of knowledge1 each of solum principio1 sed obiecto which is distinct from the other etiam distinctum3 principio both as to its principle and quidem1 quia in altero naturali as to its object4 ,as to its ratione1 in altero fide divina principle1 because in the one cognoscimus2 obiecto autem1 we know by natural reason1 in quia praeter ea1 ad quae the other by divine faith2 as naturalis ratio pertingere to the object1 because1 besides potest1 credenda nobis those things to which natural proponuntur mysteria in ,deo reason can attain1 there are abscondita1 quae1 nisi revelata proposed to our belief mysteries divinitus1 innotescere non hidden in ,god which1 unless possunt4 ,quocirca ,apostolus1 by him revealed1 cannot come qui a gentibus ,deum per ea1 to our knowledge4 ,wherefore quae facta sunt1 cognitum the same apostle1 who beareth esse testatur1 disserens witness that ,god was known to tamen de gratia et veritate1 the ,gentiles by the things that quae per ,iesum ,christum facta are made1 yet when speaking of est1#aec pronuntiat3 ,loquimur the grace and truth that came ,dei sapientiam in mysterio1 by ,jesus ,christ1 7,john i4 #ag47 quae abscondita est1 quam says1 ,we speak the wisdom of praedestinavit ,deus ante saecula ,god in a mystery1 a wisdom which in gloriam nostram1 quam is hidden2 which ,god ordained nemo principum huius saeculi before the world unto our glory2 cognovit3 nobis autem revelavit which none of the princes of ,deus per ,spiritum suum3 this world knew2 but which ,god ,spiritus enim omnia scrutatur1 hath revealed to us by his etiam profunda ,dei4#aed ,et ,spirit4 ,for the ,spirit searcheth ipse ,unigenitus confitetur all things1 yea the deep things ,patri1 quia abscondit haec a of ,god4 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #g1 #h1 #aj47 sapientibus et prudentibus1 et ,and the only-begotten ,son thanks revelavit ea parvulis4#aee the ,father that he has hid these things from the wise and prudent1 and has revealed them to little ones4 7,matt4 xi4 #be47 ,ac ratio quidem1 fide ,reason1 indeed1 enlightened illustrata1 cum sedulo1 pie by faith and seeking with et sobrie quaerit1 aliquam1 diligence and godly sobriety1 ,deo dante1 mysteriorum may1 by ,god's gift1 come to intelligentiam eamque some understanding1 limited in fructuosissimam assequitur1 degree1 but most wholesome in tum ex eorum1 quae naturaliter its effects1 of mysteries1 both cognoscit1 analogia1 tum e from the analogy of things which mysteriorum ipsorum nexu are naturally known1 and from inter se et cum fine hominis the connection of the mysteries ultimo2 nunquam tamen idonea themselves with one another and redditur ad ea perspicienda with man's last end4 ,but never instar veritatum1 qua proprium can reason be rendered capable ipsius obiectum constituunt4 of thoroughly understanding ,divina enim mysteria suapte mysteries1 as it does those natura intellectum creatum sic truths which form its proper excedunt1 ut etiam revelatione object4 ,for ,god's mysteries1 tradita et fide suscepta1 ipsius of their very nature1 so far tamen fidei velamine contecta et surpass the reach of created quadam quasi caligine obvoluta intellect1 that even when taught maneant1 quamdiu in hac mortali by revelation1 and received by vita peregrinamur a ,domino3 per faith1 they remain covered by fidem enim ambulamus1 et non per faith itself as by a veil1 and speciem4#aef shrouded as it were in darkness as long as in this mortal life we are absent from the ,lord2 for we walk by faith1 and not by sight4 7#b ,cor4 v4 #f1 #g47 ,verum etsi fides sit supra ,but although faith be above rationem1 nulla tamen unquam reason1 there never can be inter fidem et rationem vera a real disagreement between dissensio esse potest3 cum idem them1 since the same ,god who ,deus1 qui mysteria revelat et reveals mysteries and infuses fidem infundit1 animo humano faith has given to man's soul rationis lumen indiderit2 the light of reason2 and ,god ,deus autem negare seipsum cannot deny himself nor can one non possit1 nec verum vero truth ever contradict another4 unquam contradicere4 ,inanis ,wherefore the empty shadow autem huius contradictionis of such contradiction arises species inde potissimum oritur1 chiefly from this1 that either quod vel fidei dogmata ad the doctrines of faith are not mentem ,ecclesiae intellecta understood and set forth as et exposita non fuerint1 the church really holds them1 vel opinionum commenta pro or that the vain devices and rationis effatis habeantur4 opinions of men are mistaken ,omnem igitur assertionem for the dictates of reason4 ,we veritati illuminatae fidei therefore definitively pronounce contrariam omnino falsam esse false every assertion which is definimus4#aeg ,porro ,ecclesia1 contrary to the enlightened quae una cum apostolico munere truth of faith4 7,v4 ,lateran docendi1 mandatum accepit1 ,counc4 ,bull ,apostolici fidei depositum costodiendi1 ,regiminis47 ,moreover the ius etiam et officium divinitus church1 which1 together with her habet falsi nominis scientiam apostolic office of teaching1 proscribendi1 ne quis decipiatur is charged also with the per philosophiam1 et inanem guardianship of the deposit fallaciam4#aeh ,quapropter omnes of faith1 holds likewise from christiani fideles huiusmodi ,god the right and the duty to opiniones1 quae fidei doctrinae condemn knowledge falsely so contrariae esse cognoscuntur1 called1 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #bj17 lest maxime si ab ,ecclesia reprobatae any man be cheated by philosophy fuerint1 non solum prohibentur and vain deceit4 7,col4 ii4 #h47 tanquam legitimas scientiae ,hence all the ,christian faithful conclusiones defendere1 sed pro are not only forbidden to defend erroribus potius1 qui fallacem as legitimate conclusions of veritatis speciem prae se science those opinions which ferant1 habere tenentur omnino4 are known to be contrary to the doctrine of faith1 especially when condemned by the church1 but are rather absolutely bound to hold them for errors wearing a deceitful appearance of truth4 ,neque solum fides et ratio ,not only is it impossible inter se dissidere nunquam for faith and reason ever to possunt1 sed opem quoque sibi contradict each other1 but they mutuam ferunt1 cum recta ratio rather afford each other mutual fidei fundamenta demonstret1 assistance4 ,for right reason eiusque lumine illustrata establishes the foundations of rerum divinarum scientiam faith and by the aid of its excolat2 fides vero rationem ab light cultivates the science erroribus liberet ac tueatur1 of divine things2 and faith1 eamque multiplici cognitione on the other hand1 frees and instruat4 ,quapropter tantum preserves reason from errors1 abest1 ut ,ecclesia humanarum and enriches it with knowledge artium et disciplinarum culturae of many kinds4 ,so far1 then1 obsistat1 ut hanc multis modis is the church from opposing iuvet atque promoveat4 ,non the culture of human arts and enim commoda ab iis ad hominum sciences1 that she rather vitam dimanantia aut ignorat aids and promotes it in many aut despicit2 fatetur imo1 eas1 ways4 ,for she is not ignorant quemadmodum a ,deo1 scientiarum of1 nor does she despise the ,domino1 profectae sunt1 ita advantages which flow from si rite pertractentur1 ad them to the life of men2 on ,deum1 iuvante eius gratia1 the contrary1 she acknowledges perducere4 ,nec sane ipsa vetat1 that1 as they sprang from ,god ne huiusmodi disciplinae in suo the ,lord of knowledge1 so1 if quaeque ambitu propriis utantur they be rightly pursued1 they principiis et propria methodo2 will1 through the aid of his sed iustam hanc libertatem grace1 lead to ,god4 ,nor does she agnoscens1 id sedulo cavet1 ne forbid any of those sciences the divinae doctrinae repugnando use of its own principles and errores in se suscipiant1 aut its own method within its own fines proprios transgressae1 ea1 proper sphere2 but recognizing quae sunt fidei1 occupent et this reasonable freedom1 she perturbent4 only takes care that they may not by contradicting ,god's teaching1 fall into errors1 or1 overstepping their due limits1 invade and throw into confusion the domain of faith4 ,neque enim fidei doctrina1 ,for the doctrine of faith quam ,deus revelavit1 velut revealed by ,god has not philosophicum inventum been proposed1 like some proposita est humanis ingeniis philosophical discovery1 to be perficienda1 sed tanquam divinum made perfect by human ingenuity2 depositum ,christi ,sponsae but it has been delivered to the tradita1 fideliter custodienda spouse of ,christ as a divine et infallibiliter declaranda4 deposit to be faithfully guarded ,hinc sacrorum quoque dogmatum is and unerringly set forth4 ,hence sensus perpetuo est retinendus1 all tenets of holy faith are to quem semel declaravit ,sancta be explained always according ,mater ,ecclesia1 nec unquam ab eo to the sense and meaning of the sensu1 altioris intelligentiae church1 nor is it ever lawful to specie et nomine1 recedendum4 depart therefrom1 under pretence ,crescat igitur et multum or color of more enlightened vehementerque proficiat1 tam explanation4 ,therefore as singulorum1 quam omnium1 tam generations and centuries roll unius hominis1 quam totius on1 let the understanding1 ,ecclesiae1 aetatum ac saeculorum knowledge1 and wisdom of each gradibus1 intelligentia1 and every one1 of individuals scientia1 sapientia3 sed in and of the whole church1 grow suo dumtaxat genere1 in eodem apace and increase exceedingly1 scilicet dogmate1 eodem sensu1 yet only in its kind2 that is eademque sententia4#aei to say1 retaining pure and inviolate the sense and meaning and belief of the same doctrine4 7,vincent of ,lerins4 ,common4 ,no4 #bh47 ,,canones4 ,,canons4 ,i4 ,i4 ,,de ,,deo ,,rervm ,,omnivm ,,creatore4 ,,of ,,god ,,the ,,creator ,,of ,,all ,,things4 #a4 ,si quis unum verum ,deum #a4 ,if any one shall deny the one visibilium et invisibilium true ,god1 ,creator and ,lord of ,creatorem et ,dominum negaverit2 things visible and invisible2 anathema sit4 let him be anathema4 #b4 ,si quis praeter materiam #b4 ,if any one shall unblushingly nihil esse affirmare non affirm1 that besides matter erubuerit2 anathema sit4 nothing else exists2 let him be anathema4 #c4 ,si quis dixerit1 unam #c4 ,if any one shall say that the eandemque esse ,dei et rerum substance or essence of ,god1 and omnium substantiam vel of all things1 is one and the essentiam2 anathema sit4 same2 let him be anathema4 #d4 ,si quis dixerit1 res finitas1 #d4 ,if any one shall say that tum corporeas tum spirituales1 finite things1 both corporeal aut saltem spirituales1 e divina and spiritual1 or at least substantia emanasse2 spiritual things1 are emanations of the divine substance2 aut divinam essentiam sui ,or that the divine essence by manifestatione vel evolutione manifestation or development of fieri omnia2 itself becomes all things2 aut denique ,deum esse ens ,or1 finally1 that ,god is universale seu indefinitum1 quod universal or indefinite ,being1 sese determinando constituat which1 in determining itself1 rerum universitatem in genera1 constitutes all things1 divided species et individua distinctam2 into genera1 species1 and anathema sit4 individuals2 let him be anathema4 #e4 ,si quis non confiteatur1 #e4 ,if any one do not acknowledge mundum1 resque omnes1 quae in eo that the world1 and all continentur1 et spirituales et things which it contains1 materiales1 secundum totam suam both spiritual and material1 substantiam a ,deo ex nihilo esse were produced1 in all their productas2 substance1 by ,god1 out of nothing2 aut ,deum dixerit non voluntate ,or shall say that ,god created ab omni necessitate libera1 sed them1 not of his own will1 free tam necessario creasse1 quam from all necessity1 but through necessario amat seipsum2 a necessity such as that whereby he loves himself2 aut mundum ad ,dei gloriam ,or shall deny that the world was conditum esse negaverit2 created for the glory of ,god2 anathema sit4 let him be anathema4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4 ,,de ,,revelatione4 ,,of ,,revelation4 #a4 ,si quis dixerit1 ,deum unum #a4 ,if any one shall say that et verum1 ,creatorem et ,dominum certain knowledge of the one nostrum1 per ea1 quae facta true ,god1 our ,creator and ,lord1 sunt1 naturali rationis humanae cannot be attained by the lumine certo cognosci non posse2 natural light of human reason anathema sit4 through the things that are made2 let him be anathema4 #b4 ,si quis dixerit1 fieri non #b4 ,if any one shall say that it posse1 aut non expedire1 ut is impossible1 or inexpedient1 per revelationem divinam homo for man to be instructed by de ,deo1 cultuque ei exhibendo means of divine revelation1 in edoceatur2 anathema sit4 those things that concern ,god and the worship to be rendered to him2 let him be anathema4 #c4 ,si quis dixerit1 hominem ad #c4 ,if any one shall say that man cognitionem et perfectionem1 cannot1 by the power of ,god1 quae naturalem superet1 be raised to a knowledge and divinitus evehi non posse1 perfection which is above that sed ex seipso ad omnis tandem of nature2 but that he can and veri et boni possessionem iugi ought of his own efforts1 by profectu pertingere posse et means of constant progress1 to debere2 anathema sit4 arrive at last to the possession of all truth and goodness2 let him be anathema4 #d4 ,si quis sacrae ,scripturae #d4 ,if any one shall refuse to libros integros cum omnibus suis receive for sacred and canonical partibus1 prout illos sancta the books of holy ,scripture in ,tridentina ,synodus recensuit1 their integrity1 with all their pro sacris et canonicis non parts1 according as they were susceperit1 aut eos divinitus enumerated by the holy ,council inspiratos esse negaverit2 of ,trent2 anathema sit4 ,or shall deny that they are inspired by ,god2 let him be anathema4 ,,iii4 ,,iii4 ,,de ,,fide4 ,,of ,,faith4 #a4 ,si quis dixerit1 rationem #a4 ,if any one shall say that humanam ita independentem esse1 human reason is in such wise ut fides ei a ,deo imperari non independent1 that faith cannot possit2 anathema sit4 be demanded of it by ,god2 let him be anathema4 #b4 ,si quis dixerit1 fidem #b4 ,if any one shall say that divinam a naturali de ,deo et divine faith does not differ rebus moralibus scientia non from a natural knowledge of distingui1 ac propterea ad fidem ,god1 and of moral truths2 and divinam non requiri1 ut revelata therefore that for divine faith1 veritas propter auctoritatem ,dei it is not necessary to believe revelantis credatur2 anathema revealed truth1 on the authority sit4 of ,god who reveals it2 let him be anathema4 #c4 ,si quis dixerit1 revelationem #c4 ,if any one shall say that divinam externis signis divine revelation cannot be credibilem fieri non posse1 rendered credible by external ideoque sola interna cuiusque evidences2 and therefore experientia aut inspiratione that men should be moved to privata homines ad fidem moveri faith only by each one's debere2 anathema sit4 interior experience or private inspiration2 let him be anathema4 #d4 ,si quis dixerit1 miracula #d4 ,if any one shall say that no nulla fieri posse1 proindeque miracles can be wrought2 and omnes de iis narrationes1 etiam therefore that all accounts of in sacra ,scriptura contentas1 such1 even those contained in inter fabulas vel mythos the sacred ,scripture1 are to be ablegandas esse2 aut miracula set aside as fables or myths2 or certo cognosci nunquam posse1 that miracles can never be known nec iis divinam religionis with certainty1 and that the christianae originem rite divine origin of ,christianity probari2 anathema sit4 cannot be truly proved by them2 let him be anathema4 #e4 ,si quis dixerit1 assensum #e4 ,if any one shall say that fidei christianae non esse the assent of ,christian faith liberum1 sed argumentis humanae is not free1 but is produced rationis necessario produci2 aut necessarily by arguments of ad solam fidem vivam1 quae per human reason2 or that the grace charitatem operatur1 gratiam ,dei of ,god is necessary only for necessariam esse2 anathema sit4 living faith which worketh by charity2 let him be anathema4 #f4 ,si quis dixerit1 parem esse #f4 ,if any one shall say that conditionem fidelium atque the condition of the faithful1 eorum1 qui ad fidem unice and of those who have not yet veram nondum pervenerunt1 ita come to the only true faith1 ut catholici iustam causam is equal1 in such wise that habere possint1 fidem1 quam ,catholics can have just reason sub ,ecclesiae magisterio iam for withholding their assent1 susceperunt1 assensu suspenso and calling into doubt the faith in dubium vocandi1 donec which they have received from demonstrationem scientificam the teaching of the church1 credibilitatis et veritatis until they shall have completed fidei suae absolverint2 anathema a scientific demonstration of sit4 the credibility and truth of their faith2 let him be anathema4 ,,iv4 ,,iv4 ,,de ,,fide ,,et ,,ratione4 ,,of ,,faith ,,and ,,reason4 #a4 ,si quis dixerit1 in #a4 ,if any one shall say that revelatione divina nulla vera divine revelation includes no et proprie dicta mysteria mysteries1 truly and properly contineri1 sed universa fidei so called2 but that all the dogmata posse per rationem dogmas of faith may1 with the rite excultam e naturalibus aid of natural principles1 be principiis intelligi et understood and demonstrated by demonstrari2 anathema sit4 reason duly cultivated2 let him be anathema4 #b4 ,si quis dixerit1 disciplinas #b4 ,if any one shall say that humanas ea cum libertate human sciences ought to be tractandas esse1 ut earum pursued in such a spirit assertiones1 etsi doctrinae of freedom that one may be revelatae adversentur1 tanquam allowed to hold1 as true1 their verae retineri1 neque ab assertions1 even when opposed ,ecclesia proscribi possint2 to revealed doctrine2 and that anathema sit4 such assertions may not be condemned by the church2 let him be anathema4 #c4 ,si quis dixerit1 fieri posse1 #c4 ,if any one shall say that it ut dogmatibus ab ,ecclesia may at any time come to pass1 in propositis1 aliquando secundum the progress of science1 that progressum scientiae sensus the doctrines set forth by the tribuendus sit alius ab eo1 church must be taken in another quem intellexit et intelligit sense than that in which the ,ecclesia2 anathema sit4 church has ever received and yet receives them2 let him be anathema4 ,itaque supremi pastoralis ,nostri ,wherefore1 fulfilling our officii debitum exequentes1 supreme pastoral duty1 we omnes ,christi fideles1 maxime beseech1 through the bowels of vero eos1 qui praesunt vel mercy of ,jesus ,christ1 all the docendi munere funguntur1 ,christian faithful1 and those per viscera ,iesu ,christi especially who are set over obtestamur1 nec non eiusdem ,dei others1 or have the office of et ,salvatoris nostri auctoritate teachers1 and furthermore we iubemus1 ut ad hos errores a command them1 by authority of ,sancta ,ecclesia arcendos et the same our ,god and ,saviour1 eliminandos1 atque purissimae to use all zeal and industry to fidei lucem pandendam studium et drive out and keep away from operam conferant4 holy church those errors1 and to spread abroad the pure light of faith4 ,quoniam vero satis non est1 ,and whereas it is not enough to haereticam pravitatem devitare1 avoid heretical pravity1 unless nisi ii quoque errores at the same time we carefully diligenter fugiantur1 qui ad shun those errors which more illam plus minusve accedunt2 or less approach to it2 we omnes officii monemus1 servandi admonish all1 that it is their etiam ,constitutiones et duty to observe likewise the ,decreta1 quibus pravae eiusmodi constitutions and decrees of opiniones1 quae isthic diserte this holy see1 by which wrong non enumerantur1 ab hac ,sancta opinions of the same kind1 not ,sede proscriptae et prohibitae expressly herein mentioned1 are sunt4 condemned and forbidden4 ,,footnotes3 #adj ,is lix4 #ba4 #ada ,conc4 ,later4 ,,iv4 c4 #a4 ,firmiter4 #adb ,sap4 viii4 #a4 #adc ,cf4 ,hebr4 iv4 #ac4 #add ,rom4 i4 #bj4 #ade ,hebr4 i4 #a1 #b4 #adf #a ,cor4 ii4 #i4 #adg ,conc4 ,trid4 ,sess4 ,,iv4 ,decr4 de ,can4 ,script4 #adh ,hebr4 xi4 #a4 #adi ,marc4 xvi4 #bj4 #aej #b ,petr4 i4 #ai4 #aea ,syn4 ,araus4 ,,ii4 can4 #g4 #aeb ,is4 xi4 #ab4 #aec ,ioan4 i4 #ag4 #aed #a ,cor4 ii4 #g1 #h1 #aj4 #aee ,matth4 xi4 #be4 #aef #b ,cor4 v4 #f1 #g4 #aeg ,conc4 ,lat4 ,v4 ,bulla ,apostolici regiminis4 #aeh ,coloss4 ii4 #h4 #aei ,vinc4 ,lir4 ,common1 n4 #bh4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #fd4--;,,july1 #ahgj4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,the ,catholic1 like the church1 is one and the same in all ages and all times4 ,as she came forth from the hands of her ,architect finished1 complete1 and perfect in every particular of solid structure and exquisite adornment1 in like manner the individual member1 if he be faithful to her tradition1 practice1 and direction1 is1 with the allowance of human infirmity1 perfect and complete in one age as well as another1 without regard to local circumstances of civil government1 education1 exterior refinement1 occupation1 complexion1 or race4 ,religion in its interior nature and intention has reference to the life to come4 ,the life to come is the complement of the present2 as the religion of the ,catholic ,church is perfect1 the future life which grows from the seeds planted in time must necessarily be absolute perfection and unending satisfaction4 ,the temporal fruit must likewise become true material well-being1 if its growth and perfection be not interrupted by adventitious causes4 ,the assertion of the absolute perfection of the ,catholic religion1 with reference to time as well as eternity1 is made with precisely the same significance with which we assert the perfection of ,god4 ,it is made simply and boldly1 without hesitation1 qualification1 or reserve1 and it will be the basis of our argument1 and the starting-place for the views and opinions we propose to put forth4 ,it is intended for ,catholic eyes4 ,the defence of the proposition is no part of our concern4 ,when they who deny or dispute it shall have vanquished a single one of the great champions of our faith from ,athanasius to ,archbishop ,kenrick1 from ,cyril of ,alexandria to ,archbishop ,spaulding of ,baltimore1 picked up the glove which ,dr4 ,brownson has flung down upon the field of controversy1 replied to ,wiseman1 refuted ,manning1 and silenced ,newman1 it will be time enough for us to begin to consider the measures necessary for making good the position we have chosen4 ,placing ourselves distinctly upon the proposition1 we invite attention to certain relations which the ,catholic of to-day holds toward his race1 his country1 his age1 and the particular order and condition denominated progress1 and the spirit of the nineteenth century4 ,it becomes necessary under these aspects to consider him as a dutiful subject of the head of the church1 and a loyal citizen of an independent state2 as a freeman1 and one bound by supreme authority2 as recognizing and obeying reason1 and1 in the free exercise of that royal faculty of the soul1 surrendering certain prerogatives of private judgment to infallibility2 as subject and at the same time sovereign1 both obeying and commanding2 submissive to the laws and acknowledging the supremacy of a higher law1 which he is prepared to vindicate with property1 liberty1 and life1 if the two come in conflict upon any vital point in which he or the church is concerned1 in the nineteenth century1 precisely as he did in the first1 the second1 or the third century4 ,the most obvious1 interesting1 and important view of the ,catholic in his relations to the century is that of voter4 ,suffrage1 or the privilege of voting for our rulers1 and indirectly making the laws by which we are to be governed1 is not a natural right4 ,it is an acquired privilege1 and only becomes a right when conveyed and acknowledged by competent authority4 ,once obtained1 it cannot be abrogated1 and can only be lost by revolution1 the fruit of gross political misconduct1 or by voluntary neglect and disuse4 ,the right of suffrage bestows special prerogatives upon its possessors4 ,it superadds legislative and magisterial functions to the obligations of private obedience2 it communicates grace and dignity to the manly character1 imposes definite and heavy responsibilities upon each individual1 requires the humblest citizen to participate in the dignity of the highest offices1 and holds the most exalted personages to a distinct accountability to the people4 ,it permits every ,catholic to share actively in the plans1 policy1 and beneficent enterprises of the church1 and enables him in some sense to take part in the divine government of the universe1 physical and moral4 ,it is a specific and precious gift bestowed on ,catholics in this age and country1 and we are compelled to stand in the full blaze of the light of the nineteenth century1 which is rolling out its illuminated scroll before our dazzled eyes and almost bewildered understandings1 charged with the manifold blessings or curses which must flow from the use or abuse of this momentous1 one might almost say holy and hierarchical function4 ,an offer and promise are as distinctly made to the ,catholics of this age as they were to the chosen people when released from the ,egyptian bondage4 ,a land of promise1 a land flowing with milk and honey1 is spread out before them1 and offered for their acceptance4 ,the means placed at their disposal for securing this rich possession are not the sword1 or wars of extermination waged against the enemies of their religion1 but instead1 the mild and peaceful influence of the ballot1 directed by instructed ,catholic conscience and enlightened ,catholic intelligence4 ,a careful consideration of this subject is particularly important at the present epoch and century4 ,the nineteenth century is interesting to us because it is ours2 because it is the expression and exponent of much that has been dark and obscure in the past1 because it is the most fruitful and bountiful in material resources and advantages of any of which we possess authentic knowledge1 because it shines glorious amidst the centuries by its own intrinsic light1 and by the light derived from modern discoveries1 investigations1 and interpretations thrown back upon the past1 and by it reflected in turn upon the present4 ,it is especially important to us as ,catholics1 inasmuch as it seems to be a critical era in the religious history of the human race1 and to have been selected by ,providence as a new point of departure in many important particulars of his dealings with mankind4 ,the radical questions of the relations between the supernatural and the natural1 faith and reason1 ,rome and the world1 justice and injustice2 between the material and transitory1 and the immaterial and permanent2 between that which is unchangeable in principle and those things which are progressive in action2 between church and state1 ,god and man1 are sharply defined1 boldly stated1 pushed to their ultimate1 logical1 and practical extremes1 and presented with all the arguments1 inducements1 promises1 and threatenings of the most learned and eloquent advocates of the opposing causes to each individual ,catholic for his election4 ,the issue is as distinctly placed before his mind as it was in the case of our first parents in ,eden1 of ,europe in the religious revolution of the sixteenth century1 of ,england in the days of ,henry ,,viii4 and his anti-,catholic successors4 ,it is a question of instant and pressing importance1 which demands an immediate and definite answer4 ,it must be met and answered by the ,catholic of to-day1 since to him are committed the obligation and business of perpetuating and regenerating society1 purifying legislation1 enforcing the administration of the laws1 and setting an example of private and public virtue1 justice1 moderation1 and forbearance4 ,he has been furnished with an omnipotent weapon with which to accomplish this great work1 and he is provided with an unerring guide to direct him in the administration of these important trusts4 ,we do not hesitate to affirm that in performing our duties as citizens1 electors1 and public officers1 we should always and under all circumstances act simply as ,catholics2 that we should be governed and directed by the immutable principles of our religion1 and should take dogmatic faith and the conclusions drawn from it1 as expressed and defined in ,catholic philosophy1 theology1 and morality1 as the only rule of our private1 public1 and political conduct4 ,those things which are condemned by ,catholic justice1 we should condemn2 those things which are affirmed1 we should affirm4 ,there can be no circumstance1 condition1 or relation in which the ,catholic is left without his guide1 and there is absolutely no excuse if he fail in the performance of this duty1 upon which rests the future prosperity of civilized society4 ,while insisting on the dignity and obligations of suffrage1 it may perhaps be necessary to observe that the church prescribes no specific form of government4 ,government itself is required under some form1 for the reason that we are created and fulfil our allotted destiny under the operation of an organic law which we have the power1 and under certain circumstances the disposition1 to violate4 ,we have no power to annul or abrogate the organic law1 and its violation in virtue of its own nature1 and our responsibility entails specific penalties in time1 and1 as it is eternal in its origin and action1 eternity4 ,the superiority of the human race1 and the merit and honor of obedience1 reside in the power of choice1 and the ability which we possess to decide our temporal and eternal destiny1 and renew and perfect1 or reject and obliterate our relations with the ,creator4 ,a happy1 prosperous1 and peaceful temporal condition is not guaranteed1 nor is it essential to true well-being but these most desirable concomitants of earthly existence necessarily accompany and flow from the enforcement of the requirements of the organic law upon our own conduct and that of others less disposed to obey them4 ,all human government rests upon this basis1 whether of patriarch1 prophet1 priest1 king1 chieftain1 pope1 bishop1 emperor1 or people in organized assembly4 ,the principle underlying every form of government is that of command and obedience1 because the government of the universe is one of law4 ,both command and obedience are of the same nature and alike honorable1 because there can be but one source of law1 and that is ,god2 and he in his humanity obeyed the laws of his own creation in his divinity1 and personally fulfilled the obligations of his own imposition4 ,who is he who despises obedience1 when the ,son of ,man became obedient to the death of the cross8 ,all legislation in harmony with the organic law is theocratic and divine2 all in violation or opposition1 precisely in the measure and degree of departure1 unjust1 cruel1 tyrannical1 false1 vain1 unstable1 and weak1 and not entitled to respect or obedience4 ,since justice and our honor and dignity require that we should obey ,god1 and not man1 we are compelled by every reasonable motive to ascertain his will4 ,he does not communicate personally and orally with creatures4 ,unless we have the means of ascertaining with certainty what his wishes are on a given subject1 whether of the private practice of virtue or the administration of a public duty1 we are left to the direction of opinions1 interests1 and passions more or less superficially instructed and enlightened1 and tend inevitably toward barbarism1 despotism1 and social and political disorganization4 ,the ,catholic ,church is the medium and channel through which the will of ,god is expressed4 ,the chain of communication1 composed of the triple strand of revelation1 inspiration1 and faith1 stretches underneath the billows of eternity to the shore of time1 from the throne of ,god to the chair of ,peter4 ,the finger of the pope1 like the needle in the compass1 invariably points to the pole of eternal truth1 and the mind of the sovereign pontiff is as certain to reflect the mind and will of ,god as the mirror at one end of a submarine cable to indicate the electric signal made at the other4 ,the will of ,god is expressed as plainly through the church as it was through ,moses and the tables of the law4 ,it is distinct1 definite1 intelligible1 and precise1 and we are bound to execute the will thus expressed1 and act in the light of the intelligence thus supplied4 ,all legislation which has stood the test of time has flowed from the divinely-inspired fountain of natural justice1 illuminated by her wisdom1 corrected by her experience1 interpreted by her theology and philosophy4 ,all tyranny1 injustice1 force1 cruelty1 violence1 and oppression follow as the result of violation of the organic law as interpreted by the church1 or from systems of legislation in opposition to1 or abrogation of1 her eternal principles4 ,while immunity from temporal suffering is nowhere promised1 it is nevertheless true that the greater portion of evils and sorrows are capable of prevention or relief4 ,wealth can be deprived of its satiety1 poverty of its sting1 labor of its pain1 ease of its slothfulness1 learning of its pride1 power of its arrogance1 ignorance of its stupidity4 ,but though we expect no natural ,utopia or earthly paradise1 we are no less bound to oppose and correct vices1 sorrows1 evils1 dangers1 and oppressions1 as they spring1 ever fierce and relentless1 with their countless heads1 whether personal1 social1 national1 or legislative4 ,the ,catholic armed with his vote becomes the champion of faith1 law1 order1 social and political morality1 and ,christian civilization1 no less--in fact1 a greater degree1 for our present enemies are more dangerous--than his ancestor who hung a wallet over his leathern jerkin1 and1 shouldering his halberd1 followed the lord of the manor to ,palestine2 than he who aided the ,catholic ,ferdinand and ,isabella to drive the ,moor from the soil of ,christian ,spain1 or1 under ,john ,sobieski1 rolled back the tide of ,mohammedan invasion from the ,european shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,he goes forth furnished with this weapon1 which1 faithfully and honorably employed1 must become invincible1 arrest the swollen current of corruption1 crime1 and lawlessness which threatens to sweep away religion1 morality1 and liberty1 insure the preminence of law1 order1 and republican institutions1 preserve and perfect the results of material and natural science1 put an end to poverty in its abject and hopeless forms1 and banish suffering from unrelieved want1 and develop and complete a system of jurisprudence which shall sustain what the world has not yet seen1 a pure republic of equal rights1 exact justice1 and assured temporal prosperity1 presided over1 influenced1 and informed by true religion4 ,the great and undeniably wonderful and valuable fruits of human genius and materialistic science1 may be utilized to meet the ends of ideal justice1 and true individual and national prosperity and happiness4 ,with the means of instant intelligent communication and rapid transportation1 it is not an impossibility to hope that the head of the church may again become the acknowledged head of the reunited family of ,christian nations2 the arbiter and judge between princes and peoples1 between government and government1 the exponent of the supreme justice and highest law1 in all important questions affecting the rights1 the interests1 and the welfare of communities and individuals4 ,under such a system1 force would give place to reason2 the nations would learn war no more1 and a general disarmament could be safely imposed4 ,the door of the temple of the demon god of war1 which has stood open since ,cain imbrued his fratricidal hands in the blood of ,abel1 would be closed for ever4 ,yea1 truth and justice then1 ,will down return to men1 ,orbed in a rainbow2 and1 like glories wearing1 ,mercy will sit between1 ,throned in celestial sheen1 ,with radiant feet the tissued clouds down-steering1 ,and heaven1 as at some festival1 ,will open wide the gates of her high palace hall4 ,although we are far from expecting a result grand1 glorious1 and wonderful1 realizing in the highest degree the promise made to the human race if faithful to the object of their creation1 still we do not hesitate to assert that it is within the power of the ballot1 wielded by ,catholic hands and directed by ,catholic conscience1 to accomplish as much and more4 ,it is no more than the church has a right to expect from her subjects2 it is no more than they owe her and themselves2 it would be a triumph worthy of the nineteenth century1 and worthy of a fallen race deemed worthy to be redeemed by the blood of a ,god4 ,the two great questions of marriage and education present themselves in a discussion of the relations which the ,catholic sustains toward civil society1 as elements of prime and indispensable importance4 ,there can be no permanent ,christian society1 no civilized and enduring government1 which are not perpetuated by ,catholic marriage1 elevated1 instructed1 and disciplined by ,catholic education4 ,the great civilizations which have arisen and flourished independently1 vitalized by the tradition of primitive revelation1 are wanting or have forfeited the characteristics of true civilization4 ,many have perished2 others have reached their term1 and the hour of their destruction is at hand4 ,the ancient and most remarkable social1 civil1 and religious polity of ,india is withering under the remorseless touch of ,english rule1 and ,china is destined to succumb to steam1 machinery1 railroads1 and sewing-machines4 ,nothing but the pure gold of ,catholicity can withstand the material flame which burns brightest and hottest in the nineteenth century1 and it may only survive stripped of every earthly and human quality1 attribute1 and advantage4 ,it is not in our power at this time to follow the line of reflection suggested by the great unchristian and anti-christian civilizations1 the ,indian1 the ,persian1 the ,chinese1 and the ,mohammedan2 but we must confine ourselves to the proposition which their history1 brilliant1 startling1 and splendid though it be1 and1 to superficial human views1 does not in any degree invalidate1 that true civilization rests for its foundation upon ,catholic marriage and ,catholic education4 ,in contradistinction from suffrage1 which is an acquired privilege1 marriage is a natural right4 ,its regulation and control belong exclusively to the church1 and are particularly her care and prerogative under the supernatural order4 ,marriage is the sacrament of nature1 as well as one of grace1 and the church insists upon her rightful control1 because she depends upon this sacrament not only for perpetuity on earth1 but for her eternal representation4 ,she regulates the conditions of marriage and witnesses the contract in whose fulfilment she has such a vital interest1 and she becomes the arbiter between the contracting parties in the subsequent stages of their career4 ,she claims its offspring at their birth1 and immediately impresses upon them the seal of her proprietorship in baptism2 she accompanies them throughout their lives1 and dismisses them with unction and benediction2 she follows them into the unseen world1 and does not relax her grasp till they attain their fruition and become in turn protectors and benefactors of the mother who has given them both natural and supernatural birth4 ,marriage is the crystal fountain on earth whence flows the perennial living stream which fertilizes and makes glad the plains of heaven4 ,the ,catholic view1 or ,christian idea of marriage1 implies by necessity the ,catholic view of all the relations and obligations growing out of it3 the education of the young1 the custody of foundlings and orphans1 and all measures of correction and reformation applicable to youthful offenders and disturbers of the peace of society4 ,the same view would consign to her care the permanent infants of society1 the idiotic1 those defective in important organs or senses1 the insane1 the criminal1 the sick poor1 and the helpless and wretched of every class4 ,the church is capable1 through her orders and congregations of men and women1 of undertaking these trusts4 ,there is in this work occupation for all who have not definite vocations1 and for the aid and assistance of those who have4 ,it is a species of labor which has never been efficiently and completely performed1 and can only be accomplished by those who undertake it under the direction of religion from the motive of heroic and supernatural charity4 ,no compensation1 no hope of human reward or praise1 can procure such service1 tenderness1 and succor as that which the unpaid and nameless religious bestows upon the poor and nameless cast-away1 for the sake of the humanity of ,christ4 ,the function of education is most closely connected with the authority claimed and exercised over marriage4 ,the custodian of the tree has certainly the right to the fruit of the tree1 and to protect it from wayfarers and robbers4 ,the control and prevention of poverty is an example of the profound science of political economy which is manifested by the church4 ,no state can flourish where hopeless poverty becomes an institution4 ,a godless system of education1 or1 what is the same thing1 an uncatholic system1 is the more refined and elegant but not less certain method of modern times of offering our children to ,moloch1 and causing our sons to pass through the fire4 ,the right which the church exerts over education does not in any manner impair or contravene the legitimate authority of parents2 but1 on the contrary1 strengthens and supports it1 since it is an assertion of the principle of authority and the final obligations toward ,god due from both parents and children4 ,it asserts the rights of parents and the right which children have to ,christian education4 ,every human creature born into the world has the inalienable right of knowing and obeying the truth1 and seeking to attain its own eternal happiness4 ,while parents have rights over their children1 children1 in turn1 have rights as respects their parents1 and the chief of these is ,christian education4 ,the church asserts and defends these principles1 and she flatly contradicts the assumption on the part of the state of the prerogative of education1 and determinedly opposes the effort to bring up the youth of the country for purely secular and temporal purposes4 ,the state is in its nature godless and material1 and1 in accordance with its nature1 seeks only material ends4 ,no state or nation as such has a supernatural destiny2 its rewards and punishments are temporary and finite1 and its views1 policy1 and conduct short-sighted1 corrupt1 and selfish4 ,while the state has rights1 she has them only in virtue and by permission of the superior authority1 and that authority can only be expressed through the church1 that is1 through the organic law infallibly announced and unchangeably asserted1 regardless of temporal consequences4 ,the church yields1 however1 to temporal conditions as far as she can without departing from her organic principle4 ,she resembles a mighty tree tossed by the winds1 and apparently yielding to the tempest from whatever quarter it comes1 but never giving up its roots1 firmly fixed in the ground1 and stretching their fibres far out under the surface of things4 ,if she could be moved from her position1 torn up by the roots1 rifted from her organic basis on the rock of ,peter1 she would cease to be the church1 become a human and fallible institution1 and entitled to no more consideration than any other human organization or voluntary society4 ,the hostile and opposing forces recognize distinctly the value and importance to us of the two fundamental institutions1 marriage and education4 ,their efforts are particularly directed at the present time1 and in this country1 to corrupt and undermine the one and usurp complete control over the other4 ,the attitude of the church on these questions is the cause of nearly all the opposition she encounters1 of the secret and open attacks she suffers1 and of most of the great persecutions she has experienced4 ,she is attacked in respect to marriage by sensuality1 and in regard to education by the arrogance of the state1 and the jealousy which human power always manifests of the divine authority4 ,the order1 regularity1 charity1 and chastity required in marriage by the church--and of which she is the emblem--are repudiated by the world4 ,this repudiation is manifested by sensuality in its protean forms1 from platonic love and sentimental and religious melancholy1 all through the descending scale of folly1 vice1 and crime to the lowest depths1 whither the mind refuses to follow and where demons veil their faces1 and by legislation the result of this opposition1 such as is expressed in the laxity of divorce laws1 and a public sentiment which sanctions and countenances divorce and the marriage of divorced parties4 ,it is more or less boldly or covertly expressed in almost the whole range of anti-catholic and uncatholic literature1 and in the increasing license of conversation1 manners1 and amusements4 ,marriage has lost its dignity and sanctity by being divested of its sacramental character1 and its manifest and natural duties and obligations are shunned1 despised1 and disregarded by a large proportion of those living in outward regard for decorum and morality4 ,the spirit of the nineteenth century1 unchastened by ,catholicity1 by whatever sounding title it may be called--progress1 liberty1 emancipation of the intellect1 dignity of the race1 independence of science--is a spirit of gross1 cruel1 and irrational sensuality1 which tends directly and inevitably toward ignorance1 bondage1 anarchy1 and barbarism1 and consequent stupidity4 ,stupidity may1 perhaps1 be considered the lowest hell of a creature originally constituted active and intellectual4 ,it is directly against these elements1 whose consequences she distinctly foresees1 that the church opposes her laws of marriage1 and the absolute supernatural chastity of her priests and religious4 ,it is not that she forbids marriage1 as she is sometimes accused1 that she offers to certain persons the privilege of electing a superior state and beginning on earth the life of heaven1 but in order to provide herself with angels and ministers of grace to do her will1 accomplish her work1 perform her innumerable acts of spiritual and corporeal mercy1 and be literally the godfathers and godmothers to the orphaned human race1 while they obtain for themselves and others countless riches of merit4 ,the spirit which we reprobate substitutes lust for love1 philanthropy for charity4 ,by subtracting charity from marriage1 it virtually divorces the married1 and leads directly to the destruction of the species4 ,the children whom it permits to survive it educates for material and temporal objects alone1 and the most noble destiny it has to offer is death on the field of battle2 its highest reward1 a short-lived1 temporal honor1 and a brief posthumous reputation4 ,the pursuits of honor1 of science1 literature and art1 are noble1 and in some degree satisfying4 ,they are1 when true and real1 ,catholic in their nature1 and the growth of ,catholic soil4 ,whenever--as in pre-,christian times--they become detached from original revelation1 or1 in modern1 divorced from or hostile to ,catholic inspiration1 they incline toward cruelty1 false science or incomplete science1 and in literature and art to decay4 ,the inevitable tendency of incomplete science1 that is1 imperfect from a radical defect1 like a defective formula in mathematics1 is to error1 obscurity1 and confusion4 ,the absence of the supernatural element is the radical defect in all uncatholic natural and metaphysical science2 and every superstructure erected upon it1 however splendid in appearance1 is built upon the sand4 ,the reason why civil marriage1 state religion and education1 natural society1 and material science do not become more rapidly corrupt1 and manifest more speedily their inherent defects1 is on account of the vast amount of latent ,catholicity which they retain1 and without which they could not survive a single day4 ,it is the tendency of the natural to consume the supernatural1 in its efforts to attain its destiny1 and1 unless fed by new infusions of the divine element1 to sink lower and lower toward the abyss4 ,it is the function of the supernatural society1 that is1 the church through her ministry and sacraments1 to furnish continual supplies of this divine element1 to antagonize the decomposition which followed close upon the steps of the terrible twin brethren1 sin and death1 when they entered the world2 renew the almost exhausted life of the soul1 and enable it to rise higher and higher1 till it is absorbed once more into the source of life eternal1 from whence it sprang4 ,the more respectable and conservative of the uncatholic institutions1 which retain most of the latent ,catholicity not yet expended in three centuries of separation from the parent fountain1 preserve many ,catholic ideas1 customs1 and forms of speech and action4 ,such publications as the ,new-,englander1 the ,princeton1 ,mercersburg1 and ,north ,british ,reviews1 advocate to a great extent the ,christian doctrines of marriage and education1 and the superiority of religion in all temporal and secular affairs1 and deprecate1 without the power to remedy or arrest1 the evils which they acknowledge to exist4 ,the advanced portion of the opposing forces1 they who have expended their latent ,catholicity1 denied the faith and impugned the truth1 and sunk to the lowest level compatible with life1 do not seek to defend their position by any hollow appeals to religion or conscience1 but boldly deny all authority excepting their own depraved wills4 ,red-republicanism1 ,fourierism1 communism1 free love1 ,mormonism1 the ,oneida community1 the false sciences of mesmerism and phrenology1 spiritism and sentimental philanthropy1 are exemplary expressions of the forms which sensuality and the denial of authority assume in their retrograde metamorphoses4 ,the woman's rights movement is the most subtle1 dangerous1 and treacherous of the later manifestations of the evil spirit of the nineteenth century4 ,it is more threatening to the public peace than the abolition agitation was at its commencement1 and is fostered and fomented by the same or kindred influences1 and under some one or other of its forms and phases comprehends every falsehood1 error1 delusion1 and heresy1 from the original lie uttered in ,eden to the last invented and promulgated by the ,satanic press4 ,it has a certain1 irresistible tendency to vitiate suffrage1 degrade legislation1 disturb society1 abolish religion1 superinduce crime1 disease1 insanity1 idiocy1 physical decay1 deformity1 suicide and early death1 abrogate matrimony and extinguish the race4 ,every count in this terrible charge is capable of being sustained by the most abundant evidence in history1 analogy1 facts of daily experience1 the declarations of religion1 and evidences of the legal and medical sciences4 ,it is absolutely anti-catholic and unchristian1 and could not exist1 much less flourish1 in an age not far gone on the road to ruin4 ,it is the ,catholic ,church1 and she alone1 which guarantees the rights1 freedom1 and honor of women4 ,she raises them to a participation in her ministry and apostleship1 and pledges herself and all the power of heaven to the protection of the humblest as well as the most exalted of the sex1 in her rights and dignity as woman1 wife1 and mother4 ,she has suffered persecution and dismemberment rather than yield an iota of the vested rights of helpless woman2 she has decreed the immaculate conception1 the most perfect testimony of the exalted function of maternity and the crowning human glory of the sex1 and raised one of their number to be queen of heaven1 the crowning superhuman glory4 ,all that woman can claim is accorded to her by the church1 and asserted as her indefeasible right4 ,the only security for woman1 her only refuge from the artifice of men and the undeniable oppression of society1 is in the church1 and the legislation deduced from the original organic law2 in the inviolability of the marriage contract1 and the sacramental character of marriage4 ,the difficult and vexed question of mixed education obtrudes itself upon our attention at every step of a discussion like the one in which we are engaged4 ,it is not our purpose to enter upon its details at present4 ,the chief pastors in solemn council assembled will undoubtedly decide upon the line of conduct most expedient for us to follow4 ,while asserting the absolute dependence of natural science for its truth and perpetuity upon divine illumination1 we do not intend to disparage human learning and the pursuits of philosophy and science4 ,philosophy on the intellectual and natural sciences is the most elevating and ennobling of human employments4 ,as truth is simple in its nature and essence1 every truth discovered1 learned1 and elaborated tends to draw the soul toward ,god4 ,there is and can be no quarrel or discrepancy between revelation and science4 ,the truths of revelation and the truths of science tend infallibly toward mutual illustration and final unity4 ,it is only the effect of false science or imperfect science to divert the mind from ,god1 the origin of truth1 or truth itself1 and enter upon the path which leads to error1 doubt1 ignorance1 and darkness4 ,the supremacy asserted for the church in matters of education implies the additional and cognate function of the censorship of ideas1 and the right to examine and approve or disapprove all books1 publications1 writings1 and utterances intended for public instruction1 enlightenment1 or entertainment1 and the supervision of places of amusement4 ,this is the principle upon which the church has acted in handing over to the civil authority for punishment criminals in the order of ideas4 ,it is the principle upon which every civilized government acts in emergencies1 and it was asserted rigorously and unsparingly ,north and ,south during the recent revolution4 ,it is the principle upon which a father would act in expelling summarily and ignominiously from his house a person detected in corrupting the minds1 manners1 and morals of his children4 ,it is in fact nothing more than the principle of self-preservation1 which is the first law of nature4 ,it is not necessary to raise the question whether this principle has been abused by individuals for mistaken or corrupt objects4 ,it is safe to say that it has been4 ,the admission in no way invalidates the right and obligation involved4 ,there are few good things which men have not abused4 ,crimes1 cruelties1 oppressions and persecutions 7especially in the order of ideas7 are laid at the door of the ,catholic ,church1 which are the fruit of human passion1 avarice1 ambition1 and resentment1 and that strange and devilish infatuation of cruelty which sometimes seizes upon a whole community1 and which is analogous to the destructive and suicidal insanities of individuals4 ,the church1 however1 in her official and organic character1 has never abused this principle or any other1 whether of discipline or policy4 ,these moral and political catastrophes are wholly independent of ,catholicity1 are in direct violation of religion1 and in disobedience to the commands and entreaties of the church4 ,government and legislation informed1 directed1 and guided by ,catholic justice is the most humane1 benignant1 equal1 just1 merciful1 and forbearing of any that can possibly exist1 and the temporal government of the head of the church is to-day the best in the world4 ,these subjects bring us back to the question of suffrage1 and to the ,catholic as voter4 ,it is necessary that we should have just laws1 primarily and immediately in regard to education and marriage1 and that they should have the sanction of sound public opinion1 without which the best laws are inoperative4 ,these laws must grow out of the ,catholic conscience of the community1 if they are to grow at all4 ,the labor of strengthening these foundations of society belongs to the ,catholic voter1 and to him we must look for future safety1 peace1 and permanence4 ,every principle of justice is assailed1 every bulwark is undermined4 ,social eminence1 literary ability1 exalted political station1 and so-called religion combine to give public sanction to unblushing and monstrous adultery1 and brand the scarlet letter upon a soul already crimson with guilt as it trembles on the verge of eternity4 ,every species and form of vice1 crime1 and corruption are paraded and presented under disguises1 more or less specious or flimsy1 of science1 literature1 religion1 or art4 ,the old are divested of gravity and reserve1 and the young have lost the freshness1 the sweetness1 the innocence1 the candor1 and the bloom which should belong to youth4 ,the burlesque is invoked with horrid incantation to degrade the reason1 paralyze the understanding1 and brutalize the imagination1 and oriental lasciviousness to apply the torch of passion to the intellectual and moral ruins4 ,current literature is penetrated with the spirit of licentiousness1 from the pretentious quarterly to the arrogant and flippant daily newspaper1 and the weekly and monthly publications are mostly heathen or maudlin4 ,they express and inculcate1 on the one hand1 stoical1 cold1 and polished pride of mere intellect1 or1 on the other1 empty and wretched sentimentality4 ,some employ the skill of the engraver to caricature the institutions and offices of our religion1 and others to exhibit the grossest forms of vice and the most distressing scenes of crime and suffering4 ,the illustrated press has become to us what the amphitheatre was to the ,romans when men were slain1 women were outraged1 and ,christians given to the lions to please a degenerate populace4 ,it is obvious1 then1 if what we have said be true1 that there is a great work for the ,catholic voter to perform4 ,the ,constitution and ,declaration of ,independence guarantee life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness4 ,the ,catholic values his life that he may devote it to the service of the church1 and1 if required1 offer it for her safety and honor2 liberty1 to be and remain ,catholic1 enjoy freedom in the exercise of his religion1 and transmit this priceless inheritance unimpaired to his descendants2 the pursuit of happiness1 that he may attain the happiness of heaven6 ,the ,catholic voter meditates no invasion of vested rights4 ,the constitution and government of the ,united ,states have the approval of the holy see4 ,the ,catholic is satisfied with the laws of his country1 and only dissatisfied with local legislation1 which contravenes the implied pledges of the constitution and the common law1 based upon the canon law4 ,he demands nothing that natural justice and the legitimate interpretation of the constitution do not guarantee him4 ,freedom in religion entitles him to protection against open and secret attacks upon what he holds most dear1 under the guise of state education1 and which are invariably made in every system of uncatholic or infidel education4 ,the great majority of ,english-speaking ,catholics have had a personal and national experience of the bitter fruit of systems of education divorced from the control of the church1 and in the ,french revolution they recognize the results of infidel science1 literature1 and sentiment practically applied to the reformation of society4 ,france gave the world a terrible illustration of the violent1 frantic creed and futile efforts which humanity makes when it would be sufficient for itself and become its own redeemer4 ,france almost expired4 ,her ,catholicity alone saved her4 ,the ,goths and ,vandals entered ,paris1 but were compelled to retire4 ,they entered ancient ,rome1 and remained4 ,with these truths1 lessons1 and experiences before his mind1 the ,catholic anxiously considers the subject of public education1 and is resolved when the question is adjudicated to sustain the decision of the church4 ,if he cannot peacefully enact legitimate1 equal1 and just regulations1 he will consent to bear1 as he has done before1 a double burden2 but he1 for his part1 will make sure that his children are taught to discriminate between the specious and false assertions which are put forth as history and history itself1 between human philanthropy and divine charity1 between communism and the communion of saints1 between spiritism and those things which are spiritual1 between pure1 noble1 and lovely sentiments and a rotting sentimentalism1 between the false and the true1 injustice and justice1 the human and the divine4 ,by an extraordinary example of divine justice1 and the operation of the law of compensation1 the men and their descendants who uprooted ,catholicity in ,england and ,ireland2 who extinguished1 as far as they were able1 ,catholic literature and tradition2 who destroyed the venerable seats of learning and charity1 sacked the monasteries and despoiled the abbeys1 were compelled to prepare a home for ,catholics1 and establish a political order most acceptable to them1 and capable under ,catholic auspices of attaining the highest degree of temporal happiness and prosperity4 ,the men who composed the ,protector's famous ,ironsides levelled the ,new ,england forests and subdued the savage1 and now in every city1 village1 and hamlet of this fair land the cross which they tore down again rises aloft1 the first to kindle in the saluting beams of the morning sun1 the last to detain his parting lingering rays1 and thousands of happy1 prosperous people the descendants of those whom ,cromwell's dragoons trampled under their bloody hoofs1 assemble around that altar and assist at that mass which he could not abide4 ,the grim old regicide who sleeps his last sleep on the green behind ,centre church1 in ,new ,haven1 if he could rise from his grave some pleasant ,sunday morning1 would believe that time and old ocean had both been rolled away1 and that he was in merry1 happy ,catholic ,england of five hundred years ago4 ,the past has been vindicated2 wrongs have been righted4 ,the uncompromising defence of the rights of ,queen ,catharine is justified4 ,the ,goddess of ,reason1 in the person of a prostitute1 enthroned on the high altar of ,notre ,dame1 has given place to a ,catholic lady1 wife1 mother1 and queen1 who reigns enthroned in the hearts of her people1 the type of every royal1 womanly1 and ,christian virtue4 ,absolute ,csarism itself1 touched by ,catholic justice1 has voluntarily conceded constitutional government1 and the successor of him who was both the child and the victim of the revolution1 who dragged ,pius ,,vii4 from the chair of ,peter to a ,french prison1 upholds the chief of the apostles as he sits to-day enthroned prince and patriarch and apostle of the assembled and united episcopate of the world4 ,it is time for ,catholics to cease complaining4 ,the church is vindicated4 ,they are vindicated4 ,reason1 science1 and religion are united in a species of intellectual trinity1 capable of presiding over and directing all human1 temporal1 and eternal destinies4 ,all that remains is for the individual ,catholic1 the ,catholic voter1 to play well his part in the drama whose acts are realities1 whose curtain will never fall1 and where the only change of scene will be when the vault of the heavens parts in twain and the splendor of the eternal world bursts upon his enraptured vision4 ,it is in the power of the ,catholic voter of the nineteenth century to achieve a consummation such as perhaps saints and prophets have dreamed1 but never seen4 ,it is your part1 ,catholic freemen and electors1 to perpetuate the latest and most perfect effort in the human science of government--the constitution of our glorious and beloved country2 to check the current of corruption in literature1 manners1 and politics4 ,it is in your power to arrest the progress of demoralizing and disintegrating legislation on the subject of marriage and suffrage1 and to provide the means for the permanent endowment of colleges1 seminaries1 and universities4 ,it is in your power to elect able1 honest1 and virtuous men to office1 and to reunite the principles of government with the principles of religion4 ,will you respond to the offer which is made you in this country and the nineteenth century1 and perfect and complete what may not unlikely be the last opportunity for achieving temporal prosperity in harmony with ,catholic justice8 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,a short silence followed the concurring exclamations of ,thellus and our hero1 recorded in the last chapter2 and then the lanista said1 ,before ,i leave you1 ,i will speak one word which came of the chance of uttering while ,i brought you that letter1 but which ,i would not have pronounced had ,i found you to be a person of a different sort4 ,you are really ,tiberius's prisoner1 remember1 although it is to ,velleius ,paterculus you have given your parole4 ,i know1 by personal experience and much observation1 the men and the things of which you1 on the other hand1 can have only a suspicion4 ,now1 ,i conjecture1 it is hardly for your own sake that you are in custody4 ,beware of what may happen to those dear to you2 and as they have given no parole1 send them to some place of safety1 some secret place4 ,there is no place safe in itself in the known world4 ,roman liberty is no more2 secrecy is the sole safety remaining4 ,vale4 ,with these words the lanista departed1 leaving our young friend buried in thought4 ,as he left the court of the impluvium to seek his mother1 he remarked that ,claudius had returned thither1 and was occupied in watering some flowers in pots at the opposite angle4 ,i wonder1 thought he1 can that fellow have overheard ,thellus8 ,other and more important matters1 however1 were destined to invite his attention4 ,we have said enough to justify us in passing over with a few words every interval void of more than ordinary daily occurrences of the age and land4 ,what has been related and described will sufficiently enable a reader of intelligence to realize the sort of life which lay before ,paulus1 his mother1 and ,agatha during the next few days passed by them together at the inn of the ,hundreth ,milestone4 ,of course1 ,paulus detailed to his mother what he had observed or heard1 especially ,thellus's warning4 ,further1 he propounded thereon his own conclusions4 ,the family thought it well to summon ,crispina and ,crispus to a council2 and it was finally resolved that ,aglais should at once write to her brother-in-law1 ,marcus milius ,lepidus1 the ex-triumvir1 and ask a temporary home under his roof for herself and ,agatha1 with their female slave ,melena4 ,old ,philip and ,paulus could remain at the inn for some time longer4 ,aglais1 ,paulus1 and the worthy couple who kept the inn consulted together1 carrying their conferences rather far into the night1 when the business of the hostelry was over1 upon the question what would be the best course to pursue1 should the triumvir1 from timidity or any other motive1 refuse shelter to his brother's widow and child8 ,during these conferences ,agatha and ,benigna went to sit apart1 each engaged in some kind of needle-work4 ,it did not seem to the little council probable that ,lepidus would refuse the request submitted to him1 and if he acceded to it1 ,crispina assured ,aglais that the castle of ,lepidus at ,monte ,circello1 covering both the summit and the base of a cliff upon the edge of the sea1 was sufficiently capacious1 intricate1 and labyrinthine to conceal a good part of a ,roman legion in complete security4 ,moreover1 it had escapes both by land and by water2 nor could any one approach it without being visible to the inmates for miles4 ,considering1 reasoned ,crispina1 that there is no pretext for ostensibly demanding the surrender of the ladies1 who have not committed any offence1 and are not1 or at all events are not supposed to be1 under any supervision1 this retreat will afford all the security that can be desired4 ,but ,master ,paulus must never go near you when once you leave this roof4 ,aglais admitted the wisdom of the suggestion4 ,a letter1 a simple1 elegant1 and affecting composition1 was written by her1 and intrusted to ,crispus for transmission4 ,however1 as it was the unanimous opinion of all concerned that the family ought not to be detected in any communications with ,lepidus1 or even suspected of any1 it was necessary for ,crispus to observe great caution in forwarding the document4 ,several days1 therefore1 passed away before an opportunity was presented of sending a person who would neither be observed in going1 nor missed when gone1 and who could at the same time be implicitly trusted2 none but old ,philip could be found4 ,crispus had been on the point of employing ,claudius for the purpose1 when ,crispina resolutely stopped him4 ,i have a high opinion of that youth1 said she1 or ,i would not consent that ,benigna should marry him2 but at present he is a slave1 and a slave of the very person against whom we are guarding4 ,moreover1 ,claudius is young and very timid2 he has his way to make1 and all his hopes are dependent on this tyr--,i mean the prince4 ,i do not wish even ,benigna to know any thing about the present business4 ,the more honest any young people are1 the more they betray themselves1 if cross-questioned about matters which they know1 but have been told to conceal4 ,if they know nothing1 why1 they can tell nothing1 and moreover none can punish or blame them for not telling4 ,a silent tongue1 husband1 like mine1 and a simple heart like yours1 make safe necks4 ,there1 go about your business4 ,during the delay and suspense which necessarily followed1 ,paulus fished1 and took long walks through that beautiful country1 many aspects of which1 already described by us1 as they then were1 have for ever disappeared4 ,he used to take with him something to eat in the middle of the day1 but always returned toward evening in time to join the last light repast of his mother and sister4 ,each evening saw them reassembled4 ,four tall1 exquisitely tapering poles1 springing from firm pedestals1 supported four little scallop-shaped lamps at the four corners of their table4 ,the supper was often enriched by ,paulus with some delicious fresh-water fish of his own catching4 ,benigna waited upon them1 and1 being invariably engaged by ,agatha in lively conversation1 amused and interested the circle by her mingled simplicity1 good feeling1 and cleverness4 ,after supper1 ,agatha would insist that ,benigna should stay with them awhile1 and they either all strolled through the garden1 whence perfumes strong as incense rose in the dewy air1 or they sat conversing in the bower which overlooked it4 ,then after a while ,crispina would ascend the garden-stairs to their landing2 and while she inquired how they all were1 and told them any news she might have gathered1 ,benigna would steal silently down to say good-night1 as ,agatha declared1 to some shadowy figure who was dimly discernible standing not far away among the myrtles1 and apparently contemplating the starry heavens4 ,such was their quiet life1 such the tenor of those fleeting days4 ,one evening--the sweet evening of a magnificent autumn day--,paulus was returning across the country1 with a rod and line1 from a distant excursion upon the banks of the ,liris4 ,the spot which he had chosen that day for fishing was a deep1 clear1 silent pool1 formed by a bend of the river4 ,a clump of shadowy chestnuts and hornbeam grew nigh1 and the water was pierced by the deep reflections of a row of stately poplars1 which mounted guard upon its margin4 ,there seated1 his back supported against one of the trees1 watching the float of his line as it quivered upon the surface of the beautiful stream1 he heard no sound but the ripple of the little waves lapping on the reeds1 the twittering of birds1 and the hum of insects4 ,there1 with a mind attuned by the peaceful beauties of the solitary scene1 he had traversed a thousand considerations4 ,he thought of the many characters with whom he had so suddenly been brought into more or less intercourse or contact4 ,he thought much of ,thellus1 and of his poor ,alba1 so cruelly sacrificed4 ,he was puzzled by ,claudius4 ,he mused about ,sejanus1 about ,tiberius1 about ,velleius ,paterculus1 about the two beautiful ladies in the litters2 he thought of the third gold-looking palanquin and its pallid occupant2 of the haughty and violent1 yet1 as it seemed1 servile patrician and senator1 who had attempted suddenly to kill him1 out of zeal for ,csar2 of the singular reverse which had awaited the attempt2 of ,queen ,berenice1 and ,herod ,agrippa1 and ,herodias2 of the various unexpected incidents and circumstances which had followed4 ,he thought of his uncle ,lepidus2 of the fate1 whatever it might be1 now to attend his mother1 his sister1 and himself4 ,he revolved the means of establishing his rights and his claims4 ,ought he at once to employ some able orator and advocate1 and to appeal to the tribunals of justice8 ,should he rather seek a hearing from the emperor in person1 and1 if so1 how was this to be managed8 ,from recollections and calculations1 the spirit of his pastime and the genius of the place bore him away and lured him into the realm of day-dreams1 vague and far-wandering6 ,up-stream1 about a mile from where he was sitting1 towered high a splendid mansion4 ,on its roof glittered its company of gilt and colored statues1 conversing and acting above the top of a wood4 ,in that mansion his forefathers had lived4 ,on one of the streams lay ancient ,latium1 where he sat1 teeming with traditions--a monster or a demigod in every tree1 rock1 and river2 the cradle of the ,roman race1 the seed and germ of outspreading conquest and universal empire4 ,on the opposite banks was unrolled1 far to the south1 the ,campanian landscape1 where ,hannibal1 the most terrible of ,romish enemies and rivals1 had enervated his victorious legions1 and lost the chances of that ultimate success which would have changed the destinies of mankind4 ,suddenly1 among the statues on the roof1 ,paulus beheld1 not bigger than children by comparison1 moving figures of men and ladies in dazzling attire4 ,he perceived that salutations were exchanged1 groups formed and groups dispersed4 ,happening1 the next moment1 to cast his eye over the landscape1 he saw in the distance some horsemen galloping toward the house1 through the trees in the distance4 ,losing sight of them behind intervening clumps of oleander1 myrtle1 and other shrubs1 he turned once more to watch the groups upon the roof4 ,in a short time new figures seemed to arrive1 around whom all the others gathered with the attitude and air of listening4 ,paulus felt as if he was assisting at a drama4 ,a moment later the roof was deserted by its living visitors1 the statues remained alone and silent1 gesticulating and flashing in the sun4 ,tidings must have come4 ,something must have happened1 thought ,paulus2 and1 as the day was already declining1 he gathered up his fishing-tackle and wended homeward4 ,on the way he met a man in hide sandals1 carrying a large staff and piked with iron4 ,it was a shepherd1 of whom he asked whether there was any thing new4 ,have you not heard8 said the man2 the flocks will fetch a better price--the emperor has come to ,formi4 ,full of this intelligence1 and anxious at once to consult ,aglais whether1 before ,augustus should leave the neighborhood1 he ought not to endeavor by all means now to obtain a hearing from him1 ,paulus mended his pace2 but while he thought he might be the bearer of news1 some news awaited him4 ,he passed through the little western trellis gate into the quoit-alley1 and so by the garden toward the house4 ,a couple of female slaves1 who were talking and laughing about something like the impudence of a slave1 and depend on it a love-letter it is1 but it's ,greek1 which seemed to afford them much amusement1 stood at the door of the lower arbor1 which inclosed the foot of the stairs leading up to the landing of his mother's apartments4 ,noticing him1 they hastily went about their business in different directions1 and he ran up the stairs1 and found his mother and sister talking in low tones1 just inside the open door of the upper arbor in the large sitting-room1 which1 as the reader knows1 was also the room where they took their meals4 ,i am glad you have returned1 ,paulus1 said his mother4 ,look at this2 your sister found it about half an hour ago on the landing in the arbor4 ,and ,aglais handed him a piece of paper1 on which was written1 in a clear and elegant hand1 in ,greek3 ,when power and craft hover in the air as hawks1 let the ortolans and ground-doves hide4 ,our hero read the words1 turned the paper over1 read the words again1 and said1 ,i don't see the meaning of this4 ,it is some scrap of a school-boy's theme1 perhaps4 ,school-boys do not often write such a hand1 said ,aglais2 nor is the paper a scrap torn off--it is a complete leaf4 ,and1 again1 why should it be found upon our landing8 ,what school-boys could come up our stairs8 ,there are none in the inn1 are there8 ,have you been in all day8 asked ,paulus4 ,no2 we were returning from a walk across the fields to see the place near ,cicero's villa of ,formianum1 where the assassins overtook him1 and as ,agatha1 who ran up-stairs before me1 reached the landing1 she observed something white on the ground1 and picked it up4 ,it was that paper4 ,some stranger must have been up-stairs while we were away4 ,crispus or ,crispina would not have said this to us by means of an anonymous writing4 ,they have given us the same warning without disguise1 personally4 ,but they spoke only according to their own opinion1 returned ,paulus4 ,coming from some one else1 the same advice acquires yet greater importance4 ,some unknown person bears witness of the danger which our host and hostess merely suspect1 and at which ,thellus1 the lanista1 hinted1 as perhaps impending1 but which even he did not affirm to be a reality4 ,that is1 added ,paulus1 if this bit of paper has been intended for us--,i mean for you and for ,agatha1 because ,i am not a ground-dove4 ,well1 ,i do not see1 said the lady1 musing1 what more we can do for the moment4 ,our trusty ,philip is on the way with my letter to your uncle2 he may be by this time on the way back4 ,till he returns1 what can we do8 ,i know not1 said ,paulus4 ,have you asked ,crispina about this paper8 ,we waited first to consult you1 said ,aglais2 and1 added ,agatha1 there is another singular thing--we have not seen ,benigna all day1 who was so regular in attending upon us4 ,the hostess told us that ,benigna was suffering with a bad headache2 and when ,i wanted to go and tend her1 ,crispina hindered me1 saying she had lain down and was trying to sleep4 ,what about the lover8 inquired ,paulus--the slave ,claudius8 ,he has gone away all of a sudden1 though his holiday has not expired4 ,i really suspect that ,benigna and he must have had a quarrel1 and that this is why he has left the place1 and why ,benigna is so ill4 ,the clepsydra1 or water-clock1 on the floor in a corner1 showed that it was now past the time when their evening repast was usually prepared4 ,they were wondering at the delay1 when ,crispus1 first knocking at the door which led from the passage1 entered4 ,he seemed alarmed4 ,they put various questions to him which the circumstances rendered natural1 showing him the paper that had been dropped on the landing4 ,he said that he thought he could make a pretty good surmise about that matter2 but inasmuch as ,benigna1 who had been crying out her little heart1 was much better1 and had declared she would come herself when they had supped1 and tell them every thing1 he would prefer to leave the recital to her1 if they would permit him4 ,meantime he confirmed the news that the emperor had arrived at the neighboring town1 that the festivities had begun at the ,mamurran palace1 and that in a day or two the public part of the entertainments1 the shows and battles of the circus1 which would last for several successive mornings and evenings1 would be opened4 ,he said it was usual to publish a sort of promissory plan of these entertainments2 and he expected to receive1 through the kindness of a friend at court1 7a slave17 some copies of the document early next morning1 when he would hasten to place it in their hands4 ,while thus speaking to them with an air of affected cheerfulness1 he laid the table for supper4 ,actuated by a curiosity in which a good deal of uneasiness was mingled1 since he would not himself tell them all they desired to know1 they requested him to go and send ,benigna as soon as possible2 and when at last he retired with this injunction1 they took their supper in unbroken silence4 ,benigna came4 ,the secret was disclosed1 and it turned slow-growing apprehension into present and serious alarm4 ,what6 ,claudius a spy6 ,the spy of ,tiberius set as a sort of secret sentry over us6 ,who would have thought it8 ,benigna1 turning very red and very pale by turns1 had related what she had learnt1 and how she had acted4 ,little knowing either the secret ties between her mother and this half-,greek family1 or the interest and affection she had herself conceived for them1 her lover had told her that she might help most materially in a business of moment intrusted to him by his master2 adding that1 if he gave the ,csar satisfaction in this1 he should at once obtain his liberty1 and then they might be married4 ,she answered that he must know how ready she was to further his plans1 and bade him explain himself1 in order that she might learn how to afford him immediately the service which he required4 ,but no sooner had she understood what were his master's commands1 than she was filled with consternation4 ,she informed him that her father and mother would submit to death rather than betray the last scions of the milian race1 and that she herself would spurn all the orders of ,tiberius before she would hurt a hair of their heads4 ,she mentioned1 with a little sob1 that she had further informed ,claudius that she never would espouse a man capable of plotting mischief against them4 ,upon this announcement ,claudius had behaved in a way worthy of any thing4 ,he there and then took an oath to renounce the mission he had undertaken4 ,he had neither known its objects nor suspected its villainy4 ,but ,benigna1 whose mind he thus relieved1 he filled with a new anxiety by expressing his conviction that ,tiberius ,csar would forthwith destroy him4 ,however1 of this he had now gone to take his chance4 ,did ,claudius1 asked ,paulus1 intend to tell the ,csar that he disapproved of the service upon which he had been sent1 and would not help to execute it8 ,no1 sir1 said ,benigna4 ,we were a long time consulting what he should1 what he could say4 ,he is very timid2 it is his only fault4 ,he is going to throw all the blame upon me1 and thus he will mention that ,i1 that he1 that we1 were going to be married1 and that1 in order the more effectually to watch the movements of ladies to whom he personally could get no access under this roof1 the bright notion had occurred to him to enlist my services1 so as to render it impossible that these ladies should escape him2 or that their movements should remain unknown1 when lo6 unfortunately for his plan1 he finds ,i love these ladies too well to play the spy upon them2 that ,i refused1 and even threatened1 if he did not retire from his sentry-box forthwith1 not only to break off my nuptial engagement with him1 but to divulge to the family that they were the objects of espial4 ,which you have done1 said ,aglais1 even though he has complied with your demands4 ,poor ,benigna smiled4 ,yes1 said she1 ,i was bent upon that the instant ,i knew2 but what my dear1 unfortunate ,claudius had to say to ,tiberius ,csar was the point4 ,the ,csar is not to be told every thing4 ,my head is bursting to think what will happen4 ,here she broke into a fit of crying4 ,they all1 except ,paulus1 tried to comfort her4 ,he had started to his feet when he first understood the one fact1 that this young girl had sacrificed not only her matrimonial hopes1 but the very safety of her lover himself1 to the claims of honor and the laws of friendship4 ,he was now pacing the width of the room in long strides with an abstracted air1 from which he awaked every now and then to contemplate with a thoughtful look the anguish and terror depicted in the innocent face of the innkeeper's little daughter4 ,at last he stopped and said to her1 ,of what are you afraid8 ,the anger of that dreadful man4 ,what dreadful man8 ,she answered with a couple of sobs1 ,the august1 red-faced1 big1 divine beast4 ,but neither you nor your lover have done any thing unlawful1 any thing wrong4 ,that is no security1 said poor ,benigna1 shaking her head and wringing her hands4 ,that ought to be a security1 said ,aglais2 adding in a mutter1 but often is a danger4 ,it is not even allowed by people that it ought to be a security1 returned the girl4 ,until it is so allowed1 and so practised too1 the earth will resemble ,tartarus rather than the ,elysian ,fields1 said ,aglais with energy4 ,benigna began to cry amid her sympathetic audience1 and said1 ,it was so like the ,elysian ,fi-fields yesterday1 and now it is like ,tar-tartarus6 ,they will kill him4 ,for supper1 do you mean8 asked ,paulus1 laying his powerful1 white1 long-fingered hand upon ,benigna's head1 while ,agatha embraced her4 ,but then1 how will they cook him8 ,how ought a ,claudius to be cooked8 ,the young girl looked up wistfully through her tears1 and said1 ,you do not know that awful divine man4 ,i think ,i half suspect him1 answered ,paulus4 ,but the red-faced1 big1 divine beast1 as you call him1 will reward ,claudius1 instead of being angry with him1 and this ,i will show you clearly4 ,was it not a proof both of zeal and of prudence1 on ,claudius's part1 in the service of his master1 to endeavor to enlist your assistance8 ,and again1 upon finding1 contrary to all likelihood--as ,tiberius himself will admit1 and would be the first to contend--that you preferred virtue1 and truth1 and honor1 and good faith1 to your own manifest and immediate interests1 and to success in love--upon finding this extraordinary and unlikely fact occurring1 was it not clearly the duty of ,claudius to his master to hasten away at once and tell him the precise turn which events had taken8 ,now1 what else has been his conduct1 young damsel8 ,what1 except exactly all this1 has ,claudius done8 ,will he not1 then1 be rewarded by his master1 instead of being eaten for supper8 ,ah noble sir6 cried ,benigna with clasped hands1 what wisdom and what beautiful language the gods have given you6 ,this must be what people call ,greek philosophy1 expounded with ,attic taste4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,next morning at breakfast1 ,paulus announced that he had resolved to go to ,formi and seek an audience of the emperor himself4 ,how will you get one8 asked ,aglais2 and if you get one1 what good will it do you8 ,it will depend upon circumstances1 he replied2 for1 whether ,i fail to get speech of the emperor1 or1 succeeding in that1 fail to get justice from him1 process of law remains equally open1 and so does process of interest4 ,both means are1 ,i suppose1 always doubtful1 and generally dilatory4 ,i spoil no chance by trying a sudden and direct method of recovering our family rights2 while if ,i succeed1 which is just possible1 ,i shall save a world of trouble and suspense4 ,after some discussion1 his mother yielded to her son's impetuous representations1 more with the view of undeceiving him1 and reconciling him to other proceedings1 than with any hope of a good result4 ,paulus had taken his broad-brimmed hat1 saying that in three or four hours he expected to be back again at the inn2 but that if he did not reappear1 they were to conclude that he had found a lodging at ,formi1 and that he was remaining there for some good reason2 when the door was flung open1 and breathless1 radiant1 holding an unfolded letter in her hand1 ,benigna rushed into the room4 ,read1 read1 she cried1 and give me joy6 ,i was unjust to the noble prince4 ,she handed the letter to ,aglais1 who read aloud what follows3 ,,formi4 lius ,sejanus1 the prtorian prefect greets ,crispus1 keeper of the inn at #ajj ,milestone4 ,our ,csar is so pleased with the slave ,claudius1 that he has resolved to give him his freedom and the sum of fifty thousand sesterces1 upon which to take a wife and to begin any calling he may prefer4 ,and understanding that he is engaged1 whenever he becomes a free man1 to marry your daughter ,benigna1 and knowing not only that good news is doubly agreeable when it comes from the mouth of a person beloved1 but that to the person who loves it is agreeable also to be the bearer of it1 he desires that your daughter1 whose qualities and disposition he admires1 should be the first to tell her intended husband ,claudius of his happy fortune4 ,let her1 therefore1 come to-morrow to ,formi1 where1 at the ,mamurran palace1 ,csar will give her a message which is to be at once communicated to the slave ,claudius4 ,farewell4 ,i want to go at once to ,formi1 cried ,benigna4 ,well1 ,i am even now going1 said ,paulus2 and if you intend to walk1 ,i will guard you from any annoyance either on the way or at ,formi1 a town which you know is at present swarming with soldiers4 ,this offer was1 of course1 too valuable not to be cheerfully accepted4 ,a few moments after the foregoing conversation1 ,paulus and ,benigna left the inn of ,crispus together4 ,the roads were full of groups of persons of all ranks1 in carriages1 on horseback1 and on foot4 ,some of these were bound countryward1 but not one for every score of those who were bound in their own direction4 ,no adventure befell them1 and in less than two hours they arrived at their destination4 ,it was easy to find the ,mamurran palace1 to the principal door of which1 guarded by a ,prtorian sentry on either hand1 ,paulus forthwith escorted ,benigna4 ,there was no footway on either side of the street1 and as they approached the door they heard the clang of the metal knocker resound upon the inside4 ,at the same moment the sentinel nearest to them shouted linite1 7by your leave47 ,two or three persons at this warning shrank hurriedly into the middle of the road2 a ,numidian rider made his horse bound aside1 and the large folding-doors were simultaneously flung open outward4 ,immediately appeared the very man in the dark-dyed purple robe of whom the little damsel was in quest1 and upon whose personal aspect1 already minutely described in a former place1 we need not here dwell4 ,a handsome gentleman1 in middle life1 with an acute and thoughtful face1 who wore the ,greek mantle called 1 7lna17 but differently shaped from an augur's1 followed4 ,both these persons moved with that half-stoop which seems like a continued though very faint bow2 and when in the street1 they turned1 stood still and waited4 ,then came forth1 leaning on a knight's arm1 and walking somewhat feebly1 a white-haired1 ancient1 and majestic man1 around whose person1 in striking contrast with the many new fashions of dress lately become prevalent1 a snowy woollen toga1 with broad violet borders1 flowed4 ,under this toga1 indeed1 was a tunic richly embroidered with gold1 and having painted upon it the head of the idol called the ,capitoline ,jove1 half hidden by a wide double stripe of scarlet silk4 ,when this personage had come into the street1 all those who chanced to be there uncovered4 ,tiberius1 the gentleman in the ,greek mantle1 and the knight himself upon whose arm the object of all this reverence continued to lean1 did the same2 and it was thus that ,paulus1 who had already guessed from frequent descriptions formerly received1 knew for certain that he beheld for the first time ,augustus ,csar1 sovereign of three hundred million human beings1 and absolute master of the known world4 ,in a moment those who formed the personal company of the emperor resumed their head-gear2 some soldiers who happened to be passing did the same1 and proceeded upon their respective errands2 but the inhabitants remained gazing until the group began to move on foot up the street in the direction of the temporary circus which had been completed by the knight ,mamurra in some fields north-west of the town4 ,paulus turned to ,benigna and said1 ,you perceive the red-faced--ehem6 the great man4 ,he does not know you1 though you know him4 ,shall ,i tell him who you are8 ,indeed1 ,i have not come hither merely to stare about me2 so wait you here4 ,he thereupon left her1 and quickly overtaking1 and then passing before1 the group in which was ,augustus1 turned round and stood directly in their way1 hat in hand2 but all his sensations were different from what he had expected4 ,he grew very red and shamefaced1 and felt a sudden confusion that was new to his experience4 ,as it was impossible to walk over him1 they1 on their part1 halted for a moment1 and looked at him with an expression of surprise which was common to them all1 though indeed not in the same degree4 ,the person who seemed the least astonished was the emperor2 and the person who seemed more so than any of the rest was ,tiberius4 ,some displeasure1 too1 seemed to flash in the glance which he bent upon the youth4 ,but ,paulus1 though abashed1 did not lose presence of mind to such an extent as to behave stupidly4 ,he said1 ,i ask our august emperor's pardon for interrupting his promenade1 in order to report to ,tiberius ,csar the execution of an order4 ,yonder is ,crispus's daughter1 illustrious sir1 he added1 turning toward ,tiberius2 she has come hither according to your own commands4 ,true1 said ,tiberius2 let her at once seek the prefect ,sejanus1 who will give the necessary instructions4 ,paulus's natural courage and enterprising temper had carried him thus far2 but his design of accosting and directly addressing ,augustus ,csar now seemed1 when he had more speedily found an opportunity of doing so than he could have dared to hope1 a strange and difficult undertaking4 ,how he should procure access to the emperor had been the problem with him and his family heretofore2 but now1 when the access was already achieved1 and when he had only to speak--now when his voice was sure to reach the ears of the emperor himself--he knew not what to say or how to begin4 ,he had thought of splendid topics1 of deductions which he would draw1 certain arguments which he would urge--a matter very plain and easy3 in fine1 a statement simple1 brief1 and conclusive2 but all this had vanished from his mind4 ,there before him1 holding back the folds of his toga with one white hand1 upon the back of which more than seventy years had brought out a tracery of blue varicose veins--a modern doctor would call them--with the other hand1 which was gloved1 and grasping the fellow glove1 laid upon the arm of the knight already mentioned1 stood the person who1 under forms1 the republican semblance of which he carefully preserved1 exercised throughout the whole civilized and nearly the whole known world1 over at least two if not three hundred million souls1 a power as uncontrolled and as absolute for all practical purposes as any which1 before him or after him1 ever fell to man's lot2 enthusiastically guarded and religiously obeyed by legions before whom mankind trembled1 and whose superiors as soldiers had not been seen then and have not been seen since2 the perpetual tribune of the people1 the prince1 senator1 perpetual consul1 the supreme judge1 the arbiter of life and death1 the umpire in the greatest concerns between foreign disputants travelling from the ends of the earth to plead before him2 the dispenser of prefectures1 provinces1 proconsulates1 tetrarchies1 and kingdoms2 treated by kings as those kings were themselves treated by the high functionaries whom they had appointed or confirmed1 and could in an instant dismiss2 the unprincipled1 cruel1 wicked1 but moderate-tempered1 cold-humored1 cautious1 graceful-mannered1 elegant-minded1 worldly-wise1 and politic prince1 who paid assiduous court to all the givers and destroyers of reputation--,i mean1 to the men of letters4 ,there he stood1 as we have described him1 holding his toga with one hand and leaning upon ,mamurra's arm with the other2 and ,paulus stood before him1 and ,paulus knew not what to say2 hardly1 indeed--so quickly the sense of bashfulness1 confusion1 depression had gained upon him--hardly how to look4 ,if you have heard1 observed ,tiberius at length1 pray stand aside4 ,paulus1 who1 while ,tiberius was speaking1 had looked at him1 now glanced again toward the emperor1 and still hesitated1 made a shuffling bow1 and stood partly aside4 ,what is it you wish to say8 asked ,augustus1 in a somewhat feeble voice1 not at all ungraciously4 ,i wish1 said ,paulus1 becoming very pale1 to say1 my sovereign1 that my father's property in this very neighborhood was taken away after the battle of ,philippi and given to strangers1 and to beg of your justice and clemency to give back that property or an equivalent to me1 who am my dead father's only son4 ,but1 said ,augustus smiling1 half the land in ,italy changed hands about the time you mention4 ,your father fought for ,brutus1 ,i suppose8 ,my father fought for you1 my lord1 said ,paulus4 ,singular6 exclaimed ,augustus2 but this is not a court of justice--the courts are open to you4 ,at this moment ,sejanus and one whom ,paulus presumed to be in ,rome1 ,cneius ,piso1 attended by a slave1 appeared from a cross street4 ,the slave approached quickly1 holding a pigeon2 and having caught the eye of ,augustus1 who beckoned to him1 he handed the bird to the emperor4 ,paulus withdrew a little1 but lingered near the group4 ,augustus1 disengaging a piece of thin paper from the pigeon's neck1 said1 ,from ,illyricum1 ,i suppose4 ,we shall now learn what progress those ,germans have made4 ,o ,varus1 ,varus6 added he1 in words which he had of late often been heard to repeat1 give me back the legions1 'redde legiones6 redde legiones6' ,a breathless silence lasted while ,augustus perused the message taken from the neck of the carrier-pigeon4 ,as he crushed the paper in his hands1 he muttered something2 and while he muttered1 the scorbutic face of ,tiberius 7perhaps scrofulous would better render the epithet used by ,tacitus7 burned ominously4 ,in what the emperor said ,paulus caught the words1 danger to ,italy1 but ,germanicus knows how4 ,varus lost the legions a thousand times1 a thousand paces westward of this irruption1 said ,tiberius4 ,a calamity like that1 said ,augustus1 is felt far and near4 ,the whole empire suffers1 nor will it recover in my time4 ,ah6 the legions4 ,paulus perceived that he himself was now forgotten2 moreover1 looking back1 he saw the poor young damsel1 left by him at the door of the ,mamurran palace1 still standing alone and unprotected2 but some fascination riveted him4 ,in a moment a great noise was heard1 which lasted a couple of minutes2 a mighty roar1 indistinct1 blended1 hoarse1 as of tens of thousands of men uttering one immense shout4 ,it was1 had it lasted1 like the sound of the sea breaking upon some cavernous coast4 ,upon a look of inquiry and surprise from the emperor1 ,sejanus sent the slave who had brought the carrier-pigeon to ascertain the cause1 and before the sound had ceased the messenger returned1 and reported that it was only ,germanicus ,csar riding into camp4 ,augustus fixed his eyes on the ground1 and ,tiberius looked at ,sejanus and at ,cneius ,piso4 ,the emperor1 after a second or two of musing1 resumed his way toward the rustic circus and the camp1 attended by those around4 ,paulus felt he had not gained much by his interview4 ,he now touched the arm of ,sejanus1 who was about following the imperial group1 and said1 pointing toward the spot where ,benigna still stood waiting1 ,yonder is ,crispina's daughter1 who is here in obedience to your letter4 ,sejanus answered this reminder with a sour and peculiar smile4 ,good1 said he2 she has come to announce the fine news to her betrothed4 ,let her tell him that he has only to break a horse for ,tiberius ,csar to obtain his freedom4 ,i have no time to attend any more to slaves and their mates4 ,she has now but to ask for ,claudius at that palace4 ,he has orders to expect her1 and to receive from her mouth the pleasing information ,i have just given you4 ,saying this1 he walked away4 ,our hero conceived some undefined misgiving from these words1 or rather from the tone1 perhaps1 in which the prefect had uttered them4 ,unable to question the speaker1 he slowly returned to poor little ,benigna1 and said1 ,well1 ,benigna1 ,i have ascertained what you have to do2 and1 first of all1 ,claudius expects you within4 ,as he spoke1 he knocked at the door4 ,this time only one leaf of it was opened1 and a slave1 standing in the aperture1 and scanning ,paulus and his companion1 demanded their business2 while the sentries on either hand at the sculptured pillars1 or ant of the porch1 looked and listened superciliously4 ,is the secretary-slave ,claudius here8 asked the youth4 ,before the porter could reply1 steps and voices resounded in the hall within1 and the porter sprang out of the way1 flinging almost into ,paulus's face the other leaf of the door1 and bowing low4 ,three gentlemen1 two of whom apparently were half-drunk1 their faces flushed1 and their arms linked together1 appeared staggering upon the threshold1 where they stood awhile to steady themselves before emerging into the street4 ,i tell you1 my ,pomponius ,flaccus1 said he who was in the middle--a portly man1 with a good-natured1 shrewd1 tipsy look--it is all a pretty contrivance1 and there will be no slaughter1 for the beast is to be muzzled4 ,and ,i tell you1 my ,lucius ,piso1 returned he on the left1 a wiry drinker1 my governor of ,rome1 my dedicatee of ,horace-- ,i am not the dedicatee of ,horace1 interrupted the other2 poor ,horace dedicated the art-poetical to my two sons4 ,how could he do that8 broke in ,pomponius4 ,you see double4 ,two sons1 indeed6 ,how many sons have you8 tell me that4 ,again1 how could one man dedicate a single work to a double person8 answer me that4 ,you know nothing whatever about poetry1 except in so far as it is fiction2 but we don't want fiction in these matters4 ,we want facts2 and it is a fact--a solemn fact--that the slave will be devoured4 ,i hold it to be merely a pleasant fiction1 retorted ,piso fiercely4 ,then ,i appeal to ,thrasyllus here1 rejoined the other4 ,o thou ,babylonian seer6 will not ,claudius the slave be devoured in the circus before the assembled people8 ,at these words our hero looked at ,benigna1 and ,benigna at him1 and she was astounded4 ,he who was thus questioned--a man of ghastly face1 with long1 black hair hanging down to his shoulders1 and sunken1 wistful1 melancholy eyes--wore an ,asiatic dress4 ,he was not intoxicated1 and seemed to have fallen by chance into his present companionship1 from which he appeared eager to disengage himself4 ,gently shaking off the vague hand of ,pomponius ,flaccus1 he acted as the oracles did4 ,you are certainly right1 he said2 but he glanced at ,lucius ,piso while speaking1 and then stepped quickly into the street1 which he crossed4 ,each of the disputants naturally deemed the point to have been decided in his own favor4 ,you hear8 cried ,flaccus2 the horse is to paw him to death1 and then to devour him alive4 ,how can he8 said ,piso4 ,how can he1 after d--d--death1 devour him alive8 ,besides1 ,thrasyllus declared that ,i was right4 ,why1 shouted ,flaccus1 if we had not been drinking together all the morning1 ,i should think you had lost your senses4 ,not by any means1 said ,piso2 and ,i will prove to you by logic that ,claudius the slave1 7again at this name our hero and poor little ,benigna looked at each other--she starting and turning half-round1 he merely directing a glance at her17 that ,claudius the slave will not and cannot be devoured by ,sejanus--,i mean that beast ,sejanus4 ,paulus1 chancing to look toward the two prtorian sentries1 whose general he supposed to be mentioned1 observed them covertly smiling4 ,more puzzled than ever1 he gave all his attention to the tipsy dispute which was raging in the palace doorway4 ,well1 prove it then1 roared ,flaccus1 with your logic6 ,have ,i not a thumb8 resumed ,lucius ,piso2 and can ,i not turn it down in the nick of time1 and so save the wretch8 ,ho6 ho6 ho6 laughed out the other2 and what notice will a horse take of your thumb8 ,is this horse such an ass as to mind whether your thumb be up or down1 though you are governor of ,rome8 ,perhaps you think1 retorted ,piso1 in a tone of concentrated bitterness1 with your rules of logic1 that the horse is not properly trained to his manners8 ,have ,i not told you1 said ,flaccus1 in spite of your rules of thumb1 that the horse is not an ass8 ,the rudeness and coarseness of ,pomponius ,flaccus had succeeded in sobering ,lucius ,piso4 ,he here remained a moment silent1 drew himself up with dignity to the full height of his portly person1 and at last said1 ,enough6 ,when you have drunk a little more1 you will be able to understand a plain demonstration4 ,but whom have we here8 ,why1 it is our glorious ,apicius1 whose table no other table rivals for either abundance or delicacy4 ,who is your venerable friend1 ,apicius8 ,this was addressed to a dyspeptic-looking youth1 magnificently attired1 who1 in company with a person in the extreme decline of life1 approached the door4 ,paulus and ,benigna stood aside1 finding themselves still constrained to listen while waiting for room to enter the blocked-up door of the palace4 ,is it possible1 replied ,apicius1 that you forget ,vedius ,pollio1 who1 since you mention my poor table1 has often kindly furnished it with such lampreys as no other mortal ever reared8 ,the old man1 whose age was not redolent of holiness1 but reeking with the peculiar aroma of a life passed in boundless and systematic self-indulgence1 leered with running1 bloodshot eyes1 and murmured that they paid him too much honor4 ,sir1 you feed your lampreys well1 said ,pomponius ,flaccus1 in your ,vesuvian villa4 ,they eat much living1 and they eat well dead4 ,i assure you1 said ,pollio1 that nothing but humorous exaggerations and witty stories have been circulated upon that subject4 ,i can1 with the strictest accuracy1 establish the statement that no human being ever died merely and simply in order that my lampreys should grow fat and luscious4 ,on the other hand1 ,i do not deny that if some slave1 guilty of great enormities1 had in any event to forfeit life1 the lampreys may in such cases1 perhaps1 have availed themselves of the circumstance4 ,an opportunity might then arise which they had neither caused nor contrived4 ,the flavor1 in other words1 never was the final cause of any slave's punishment1 said ,lucius ,piso4 ,you use words1 sir1 said ,pollio1 which are correct as to the fact1 and philosophical as to the style4 ,talking of philosophy1 said ,apicius1 do you hold with this young ,greek1 this ,athenian ,dion who has lately visited the court1 that man eats in order to live8 or with me1 that he lives in order to eat8 ,horror of horrors6 murmured ,flaccus1 the ,athenian boy is demented4 ,whenever there is any thing to eat with you1 my ,apicius1 said ,lucius ,piso1 unless there be something to drink with my ,pomponius here1 may ,i be alive to do either the one or the other4 ,why not do both8 wheezed ,vedius ,pollio4 ,whither are you even now going8 ,to the camp for an appetite1 said ,pomponius ,flaccus1 descending the steps out of the palace hall into the street1 and reeling against ,paulus1 who held him from staggering next against ,benigna4 ,what do you two want here8 he suddenly asked steadying himself4 ,i am accompanying1 replied ,paulus1 this damsel1 who comes hither by ,csar's order4 ,what ,csar8 asked ,pomponius4 ,tiberius ,claudius ,nero1 returned ,paulus4 ,he naturally supposed that this formal-sounding answer would have struck some awe into the curious company among whom he had so unwittingly alighted with his rustic charge4 ,what6 exclaimed ,pomponius ,flaccus1 ,biberius ,caldius ,mero1 say you8 ,paulus started in amazement4 ,ebrius1 drunk1 continued ,piso1 ex quo--,how does it go on8 ex quo-- ,ex quo1 resumed ,pomponius solemnly1 semel factus est4#afj ,the astonishment of ,paulus and ,benigna knew no bounds4 ,was it possible that in the very precincts of ,csar's residence for the time1 at the door of an imperial palace1 within hearing of two prtorian sentries1 in the public street and open daylight1 persons should be found1 not reckless outcasts maddened by desperation1 but a whole company of patricians1 who1 correcting each other as they might do in reciting a popular proverb1 or an admired song1 should speak thus of the man to whom gladiators1 having not an hour to live1 cried1 ,as we die we salute thee8 ,the man at whose name even courageous innocence trembled8 ,i said1 repeated ,paulus after a pause1 ,tiberius ,claudius ,nero4 ,and ,i said1 replied ,pomponius1 ,biberius ,caldius ,mero4 ,drunk but once1 added ,lucius ,piso1 who had evidently quite recovered from his own inebriation4 ,since ever he was so first1 concluded ,pomponius ,flaccus4 ,a general laugh1 in which all present joined save ,paulus and ,benigna1 greeted this sally1 and1 in the midst of their hilarity an elegant open chariot of richly-sculptured bronze1 the work being far more costly than the material1 drawn by two handsome horses1 and driven by a vigorous and expert charioteer1 came swiftly down the street in the contrary direction of the camp1 and stopped opposite the door4 ,as the horses were pulled back upon their haunches1 a youth1 tall1 well made1 and eminently graceful1 sprang to the ground4 ,he had a countenance in the extraordinary beauty of which intellect1 attempered by a sweet1 grave1 and musing expression1 played masterful and luminous4 ,he was neatly but gravely dressed1 after the ,athenian fashion4 ,the four personages at the door1 who were1 by the by1 far more floridly arrayed1 and wore various ornaments1 nevertheless looked like bats among which a bird of paradise had suddenly alighted4 ,no gayety of attire could cover the unloveliness of their minds1 lives1 and natures1 nor could the plainness of his costume cause the new-comer to be disregarded or mistaken anywhere4 ,in the whole company ,lucius ,piso alone was a man of sense1 solid attainments1 and spirit1 though he was a hard drinker4 ,even the others1 drivelling jesters as they were1 became sober now at once2 they uncovered instinctively1 and greeted the youth1 as he passed1 with an obeisance as low as that performed by the ostiarius1 who stood ready to admit him4 ,when1 returning these salutes1 he had entered the palace1 ,piso said1 for the information of ,vedius ,pollio1 who had come from ,pompeii1 ,that is he4 ,what6 the young ,athenian philosopher of whom we have heard so much8 ,yes4 ,dionysius1 young as he is1 ,i am told that he is certain to fill the next vacancy in their famous ,areopagus4 ,he is high in ,augustus's good graces1 is he not8 asked ,pollio4 ,augustus would swear by him1 said ,flaccus4 ,it is lucky for all of us that the youth has no ambition1 and is going away again soon4 ,what does ,biberius say of him8 inquired ,apicius4 ,say8 ,why1 what does he ever say of any one1 at least of any distinguished man8 ,simply not a word4 ,well1 think then what does he think8 ,not lovingly1 ,i suspect4 ,their spirits1 their geniuses1 would not long agree4 ,if he was emperor1 ,dionysius of ,athens would not have so brilliant a reception at court4 ,but is it then really brilliant8 ,does one so young sustain his own part8 asked ,pollio4 ,you never heard any person like him2 ,i will answer for that1 replied ,lucius ,piso4 ,he is admirable4 ,i was amazed when ,i met him4 ,augustus1 you know1 is no dotard1 and ,augustus is enchanted with him4 ,the men of letters1 besides1 are all raving about him1 from old ,titus ,livy down to ,l4 ,varius1 the twiddler of verses1 the twiddle-de-dee successor of our immortal ,horace and our irreplaceable ,virgil4 ,and then ,quintus ,haterius1 who has scarcely less learning than ,varro1 7and much more worldly knowledge27 ,haterius1 who is himself what erudite persons rarely are1 the most fascinating talker alive1 and certainly the finest public speaker that has addressed an assembly since the death of poor ,cicero1 declares that ,dionysius of ,athens-- ,ah6 enough6 enough6 cried ,apicius1 interrupting2 you make me sick with these praises of airy1 intangible nothings4 ,i shan't eat comfortably to-day4 ,what are all his accomplishments1 ,i should like to know1 compared to one good dinner8 ,you will have long ceased to eat1 retorted ,piso1 when his name will yet continue to be pronounced4 ,and what good will pronouncing do1 if you are hungry8 said ,apicius4 ,what has he come to ,italy for8 persisted old ,pollio4 ,you know1 said ,piso1 that all over the east1 from immemorial time1 some great1 mysterious1 and stupendous being has been expected to appear on earth about this very date4 ,not only in the east1 good ,piso1 said ,pollio2 my neighbor in ,italy1 you know1 the ,cuman sibyl1 is construed now never to have had any other theme4 ,you are right1 returned ,piso2 ,i meant to say that the prevailing notion has always been that it is in the east this personage will appear1 and then his sway is to extend gradually into every part of the world4 ,old sayings1 various warning oracles1 traditions among common peasants1 who cannot speak each other's languages and don't even know of each other's existence1 the obscure songs of the sibyls1 the dream of all mankind1 the mystical presentiments of the world concur1 and have long concurred1 upon that singular subject4 ,moreover1 the increasing corruption of morals1 to which ,horace adverts1 added ,piso1 will and must end in dissolving society altogether1 unless arrested by the advent of some such being4 ,that is manifest4 ,haterius and others1 who are learned in the ,hebrew literature1 tell me that prodigies and portents1 so well authenticated that it is no more possible to doubt them than it is to doubt that ,julius ,csar was murdered in ,rome1 were performed by men who1 ages ago1 much more distinctly and minutely foretold the coming of this person at or near the very time in which we are living2 and1 accordingly1 that the whole nation of the ,jews 7convinced that those who could perform such things must have enjoyed more than mortal knowledge and power7 fully expect and firmly believe that the being predicted by these workers of portents is now immediately to appear4 ,thus1 ,haterius-- ,no1 said ,pomponius ,flaccus1 shaking his head1 looking on the ground1 and pressing the tip of his forefinger against his forehead1 that is not ,haterius's argument1 or rather1 that is only the half of it4 ,i now remember1 resumed ,lucius ,piso2 you are correct in checking my version of it4 ,these ancient seers and wonder-workers had also foretold several things that were to come to pass earlier than the advent of the great being1 and these things having in their respective times all duly occurred1 serve to convince the ,jews1 and indeed have also convinced many philosophic inquirers1 of whom ,dionysius is one1 studying the prophetical books in question1 and then exploring the history of the ,hebrews1 to see whether subsequent events really correspond with what had been foretold--that seers who could perform the portents which they performed in their day1 and who besides possessed a knowledge of future events verified by the issue1 were and must be genuinely and truly prophets1 and that their predictions deserved belief concerning this great1 mysterious1 and much-needed personage1 who is to appear in the present generation4 ,and then there is the universal tradition1 there is the universal expectation1 to confirm such reasonings1 added ,piso4 ,the astounding character1 as well as the intrinsic importance and interest of this conversation1 its reference to his half-countryman ,dionysius1 of whom he had heard so much1 and the glimpses of society1 the hints about men and things which it afforded him1 had prevented ,paulus from asking these exalted gentlefolk to make room for him and ,benigna to pass1 and had held him1 and indeed her also1 spell-bound4 ,but how all this accounts1 most noble ,piso1 for the visit of the ,athenian to the court of ,augustus1 you have forgotten to say1 remarked ,pollio4 ,he obtained1 replied ,piso1 the emperor's permission to study the ,sibylline books4 ,what a pity1 said ,flaccus1 that the first old books were burnt in the great fire at ,rome4 ,well1 resumed ,lucius ,piso1 he brought this permission to me1 as governor of ,rome1 and ,i went with him myself to the quindecemviri and the other proper authorities4 ,oh6 as to the books1 it is the opinion of those learned in such matters that there is little or nothing in the old books which has not been recovered in the collection obtained by the senate afterward from ,cum1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 ,babylon1 and all places where either the sibyls still lived1 or their oracles were preserved4 ,but1 after all1 said ,pollio1 are not these oracles the ravings of enthusiasm1 if not insanity8 ,cicero1 although in general so sarcastic and disdainful1 so incredulous and so hard to please1 answered ,piso1 has settled that question4 ,he has1 ,i allow it1 added ,pomponius ,flaccus1 and settled it most completely4 ,what a charming passage that is wherein the incomparable thinker1 matchless writer1 and fastidious critic expresses his reverential opinion of the ,sibylline books1 and demonstrates with triumphant logic their claims upon the attention of all rational1 all clear-headed and philosophic inquirers6 ,i am not a rational1 or clear-headed1 or philosophic inquirer1 broke in ,apicius1 ,come1 do come to the camp2 and do pray at last allow this foreign-looking young gentleman and rustic damsel to enter the doorway4 ,and so they all departed together4 ,the atriensis had meanwhile summoned the master of admissions1 who beckoned to ,paulus1 and he1 followed by ,benigna1 now entered the hall1 which was flagged with lozenge-formed marbles of different hues1 and supported by four pillars of porphyry4 ,the adventurers passed the perpetual fire in the ancestral or image-room1 and saw the images of the ,mamurras1 dark with the smoke of many generations2 they crossed another chamber hung with pictures1 and went half round the galleried and shady impluvium1 inclosing a kind of internal garden1 where1 under the blaze of the sunlight1 from which they were themselves sheltered1 they beheld1 like streams of shaken diamonds1 the spray of the plashing fountains1 the statues in many-tinted marble1 and the glowing colors of a thousand exquisite flowers4 ,near the end of one wing of the colonnaded quadrangle they arrived at a door1 which they were passing when their guide stopped them1 and as the door flew open to his knock1 he made them a bow and preceded them through the aperture4 ,they noticed1 as they followed1 that the slave who had opened this door was chained to a staple4 ,several slaves1 who scarcely looked up1 were writing in the room which they now entered4 ,the master of admissions1 glancing round the chamber1 said1 addressing the slaves in general1 ,claudius is not here1 ,i perceive2 let some one go for him1 and say that the daughter of ,crispus1 of the ,one ,hundredth ,milestone1 has been charged to communicate to him the pleasure of ,tiberius ,csar touching his immediate manumission2 and that ,i1 the master of admissions in the ,mamurran palace1 am to add a circumstance or two which will complete the information the damsel has to give4 ,let some one1 therefore1 fetch ,claudius forthwith1 and tell him that he keeps us waiting4 ,during this speech1 which was rather pompously delivered1 ,paulus noticed that1 close to a second door in the chamber at the end opposite to that where they had entered1 a young slave was seated upon a low settle1 with a hide belt round his waist1 to which was padlocked a light but strong brass chain1 soldered at the nether link to a staple in the floor4 ,this slave now rose1 and opening the door1 held it ajar till one of the clerks1 after a brief whisper among themselves1 was detached to execute the errand which the steward had delivered4 ,the slave closed the door again1 the clerks continued their writing1 the steward half-shut his eyes1 and leaned against a pillar in an attitude of serene if not sublime expectation2 and ,paulus and ,benigna waited in silence4 ,during the pause which ensued1 ,paulus beheld the steward suddenly jump out of his dignified posture1 and felt a hand at the same time laid lightly on his own shoulder4 ,turning round1 he saw the youth who had a few minutes before descended from the bronze chariot4 ,ought ,i not to be an acquaintance of yours8 asked the new-comer with an agreeable smile4 ,you are strikingly like one whom ,i have known4 ,he was a valiant ,roman knight1 once resident in ,greece2 ,i mean ,paulus ,lepidus milius1 who helped1 with ,mark ,antony1 to win the great day of ,philippi4 ,i am1 indeed1 his only son1 said ,paulus4 ,you and a sister1 ,i think1 returned the other1 had been left at home1 in ,thrace1 with your nurse and the servants1 when some business a little more than three years ago brought your father and his wife1 the ,lady ,aglais1 to ,athens4 ,there ,i met them4 ,alas6 he is gone4 ,i have heard it4 ,but where are your mother and your sister8 ,paulus told him4 ,well1 ,i request you to say to them that ,dionysius of ,athens--so people style me--remembers them with affection4 ,i will visit them and you4 ,do ,i intrude if ,i ask who is this damsel8 7glancing kindly toward ,benigna1 who had listened with visible interest47 ,paulus told him1 in a few rapid words1 not only who she was1 but with distinct details upon what errand she had come4 ,he had scarcely finished when ,claudius1 the slave1 arrived breathless1 in obedience to the summons of the magister4 ,the orders of ,tiberius ,csar to me1 observed this functionary in a slow1 loud voice1 but with rather a shamefaced glance at ,dion1 are1 that ,i should see that you1 ,claudius1 learnt from this maiden the conditions upon which he is graciously pleased to grant you your liberty1 and then that ,i should myself communicate something in addition4 ,o ,claudius6 began ,benigna1 blushing scarlet1 we1 that is1 not you1 but ,i--,i was not fair1 ,i was not just to ,tib--that is--just read this letter from the illustrious prefect ,sejanus to my father4 ,claudius1 very pale and biting his lip1 ran his eye in a moment through the document1 and giving it back to ,benigna awaited the communication4 ,well1 said she1 only this moment have ,i learnt the easy1 the trifling condition which the generous ,csar1 and tribune of the people1 attaches to his bounty4 ,there was a meaning smile interchanged among the slaves1 which escaped none present except ,benigna2 and ,claudius became yet more pallid4 ,the prefect ,sejanus has just told ,master ,paulus1 pursued the young maiden1 that you have only to break a horse for ,tiberius ,csar to obtain forthwith your freedom1 and fifty thousand sesterces too1 she added in a lower voice4 ,a dead silence ensued1 and lasted for several instants4 ,paulus milius1 naturally penetrating and of a vivid though imperfectly-educated mind1 discerned this much1 that some mystery1 some not insignificant secret1 was in the act of disclosure4 ,the illustrious visitor from ,athens had let the hand which lay on ,paulus's shoulder fall negligently to his side1 and with his head thrown a little back1 and a somewhat downward-sweeping glance1 was surveying the scene4 ,he possessed a far higher order of intellect than the gallant and bright-witted youth who was standing beside him2 and had received1 in the largest measure that the erudite civilization of classic antiquity could afford1 that finished mental training which was precisely what ,paulus1 however accomplished in all athletic exercises1 rather lacked4 ,both the youths easily saw that something was to come2 they both felt that a secret was on the leap4 ,break a horse6 exclaimed the slave ,claudius1 with parched1 white lips2 ,i am a poor lad who have always been at the desk6 ,what do ,i know of horses or of riding8 ,there was an inclination to titter among the clerks1 but it was checked by their good-nature--indeed1 by their liking for ,claudius2 they all looked up1 however4 ,your illustrious master1 replied the magister or steward1 or major-domo1 has thought of this1 and1 indeed1 of every thing2 again the man directed the same shamefaced glance as before toward ,dion4 ,knowing1 probably1 your unexpertness in horses1 which is no secret among your fellow-slaves1 and in truth1 among all your acquaintances1 ,tiberius ,csar has1 in the first place1 selected for you the very animal1 out of all his stables1 which you are to ride at the games in the circus before the couple of hundred thousand people who will crowd the champaign4 ,at the games6 interrupted ,claudius1 and in the circus6 ,why1 all who know me know that ,i an arrant coward4 ,like a burst of bells1 peal upon peal1 irrepressible1 joyous1 defiant1 and frank1 as if ringing with astonishment and scorn at the thing1 yet also full of friendliness and honest pitying love for the person1 broke forth the laugh of ,paulus4 ,it was so genuine and so infectious1 that even ,dion smiled in a critical1 musing way1 while all the slaves chuckled audibly1 and the slave chained to the staple near the door rattled his brass fastenings at his sides4 ,only three individuals preserved their gravity1 the shamefaced steward1 poor little frightened ,benigna1 and the astonished ,claudius himself4 ,in the second place1 pursued the magister or steward1 besides choosing for you the very animal1 the individual and particular horse1 which you are to ride1 the ,csar has considerately determined and decided1 in view of your deserved popularity among all your acquaintances1 that1 if any acquaintance of yours1 any of your numerous friends1 any other person1 in fine1 whoever1 in your stead shall volunteer to break this horse for ,tiberius ,csar1 you shall receive your freedom and the fifty thousand sesterces the very next morning1 exactly the same4 ,a rather weak and vague murmur of applause from the slaves followed this official statement4 ,and so the ,csar1 said ,claudius1 has both selected me the steed1 and has allowed me a substitute to break him1 if ,i can find any substitute4 ,suppose1 however1 that ,i decline such conditions of liberty altogether--what then8 ,then ,tiberius ,csar sells you to-morrow morning to ,vedius ,pollio of ,pompeii1 who has come hither on purpose to buy you1 and carry you home to his ,cuman villa4 ,to his tank1 you mean1 replied poor ,claudius1 in order that ,i may fatten his lampreys4 ,i am in a pretty species of predicament4 ,but name the horse which ,i am to break at the games4 ,dion turned his head slightly toward the steward1 who was about to answer1 and the steward remained silent4 ,a sort of excitement shot through the apartment4 ,name the horse1 if you please1 honored magister1 said ,claudius4 ,even now the steward could not1 or did not1 speak4 ,before the painful pause was broken1 the attention of all present was arrested by a sudden uproar in the street4 ,the noise of a furious trampling1 combined with successive shrieks1 whether of pain or terror1 was borne into the palace4 ,dionysius1 followed by ,paulus1 by ,claudius1 by the steward1 and ,benigna1 ran to the window1 if such it can be termed1 drew aside the silken curtain1 and pushed open the gaudily-painted1 perforated shutter1 when a strange and alarming spectacle was presented in the open space formed by cross-streets before the left front of the mansion4 ,a magnificent horse of bigger stature1 yet of more elegant proportions1 than the horses which were then used for the ,roman cavalry1 was in the act of rearing2 and within stroke of his fore-feet1 on coming down1 lay a man1 face under1 motionless1 a woollen tunic ripped open behind at the shoulder1 and disclosing some sort of wound1 from which blood was flowing4 ,the horse1 which was of a bright roan color1 was neither ridden nor saddled1 but girt with a cloth round the belly1 and led1 or rather held back1 by two long cavassons1 which a couple of powerfully-built1 swarthy men1 dressed like slaves1 held at the further ends on opposite sides of the beast1 considerably apart1 and perhaps thirty feet behind him4 ,one of these lines or reins--that nearest the palace--was taut1 the other was slack2 and the slave who held the former had rolled it twice or thrice round his bare arm1 and was leaning back1 and hauling1 hand over hand4 ,the animal had apparently stricken on the back1 unawares1 with a fore-foot play and a pawing blow1 the man who was lying so still and motionless on the pavement1 and the beast1 having reared1 was now trying to come down upon his victim4 ,but no sooner were his fore-legs in the air than he1 of course1 thereby yielded a sudden purchase to the groom who was pulling him with the taut cavasson1 and this man was thus at last enabled to drag him fairly off his hind-legs1 and to bring him with a hollow thump to the ground upon his side4 ,before the brute could again struggle to his feet1 four or five soldiers who happened to be nigh1 running to the rescue1 had lifted1 and carried out of harm's way1 the prostrate and wounded man4 ,that is the very horse6 exclaimed the magister1 stretching his neck between the shoulders of ,dion and ,paulus1 at the small window of the palace4 ,i observe1 said ,paulus1 that the cavasson is ringed to a muzzle--the beast is indisputably muzzled4 ,why is he muzzled8 ,because1 replied the magister1 he eats people6 ,eats people6 echoed ,paulus1 in surprise4 ,o gods6 cried ,benigna4 ,yes1 quoth the steward2 the horse is priceless2 he comes of an inestimable breed2 that is the present representative of the ,sejan race of steeds4 ,your ,tauric horses are cats in comparison2 your cavalry horses but goats4 ,that animal is directly descended from the real horse ,sejanus1 and excels1 they even say1 his sire1 and indeed he also in his turn goes now by the old name4 ,he is the horse ,sejanus4 ,at these words ,paulus could not1 though he tried hard1 help casting one glance toward ,benigna1 who had been with him only so short a time before at the top of the palace1 listening to the conversation of the tipsy patricians4 ,the poor little girl had become very white and very scare-faced4 ,tell us more1 said ,dionysius1 of this matter1 worthy magister4 ,we have all heard that phrase of ill omen--'such and such a person has the horse ,sejanus'--meaning that he is unlucky1 that he is doomed to destruction4 ,now1 what is the origin and what is the true value of this popular proverb8 ,like all popular proverbs1 replied the steward1 with a bow of the deepest reverence to the young ,athenian philosopher1 it has some value1 my lord1 and a real foundation1 although ,tiberius has determined to confute it by practical proof4 ,you must know1 most illustrious senator of ,athens1 that during the civil wars which preceded the summer-day stillness of this glorious reign of ,augustus1 no one ever appeared in battle-field or festive show so splendidly mounted as the knight ,cneius ,sejus1 whose name has attached itself to the race4 ,his horse1 which was of enormous proportions1 like the beast you have just beheld1 would try to throw you first and would try to eat you afterward4 ,few could ride him3 and then his plan was simple4 ,those whom he threw he would beat to death with his paws1 and then tear them to pieces with his teeth4 ,moreover1 if he could not dislodge his rider from the ephippia by honest plunging and fair play1 he would writhe his neck round like a serpent--indeed1 the square front1 large eyes1 and supple neck remind one of a serpent2 he would twist his head back1 ,i say1 all white and dazzling1 with the ears laid close1 the lips drawn away1 and the glitter of his teeth displayed1 and1 seizing the knee-cap or the shinbone1 would tear it off1 and bring down the best horseman that ever bestrode a ,bucephalus4 ,what usually followed was frightful to behold2 for1 once a rider was dismounted1 the shoulder has been seen to come away between the brute's teeth1 with knots and tresses of tendons dripping blood like tendrils1 and the ferocious horse has been known with his great fat grinders to crush the skull of the fallen person1 and lap up the brains--as you would crack a nut--after which1 he paws the prostrate figure till it no longer resembles the form of man4 ,but the present horse ,sejanus1 which you have just beheld1 excels all in strength1 beauty1 and ferocity2 he belongs to my master ,tiberius4 ,ah gods6 exclaimed poor ,benigna2 this is the description of a demon rather than of a beast4 ,dionysius and ,paulus exchanged one significant glance1 and the former said3 ,what became of the first possessor1 who yields his name to so unexampled a breed of horses8 what became of the knight ,sejus8 ,a whisper had transpired1 illustrious sir1 replied the steward1 that this unhappy man had fed the brute upon human flesh4 ,mark ,antony1 who coveted possession of the horse1 brought some accusation1 but not this1 against the knight1 who was eventually put to death2 but ,dolabella1 the former lieutenant of ,julius ,csar1 had just before given a hundred thousand sesterces 7#hjj7 to ,sejus for the animal2 therefore ,antony killed the knight for nothing1 and failed to get ,sejanus2 at least he failed that time4 ,dolabella1 however1 did not prosper2 he almost immediately afterward murdered himself4 ,cassius thereupon became the next master of the ,sejan horse1 and ,cassius rode him at the fatal battle of ,philippi1 losing which1 ,cassius in his turn1 after that resolute fashion of which we all have heard1 put an end to his own existence4 ,to one form of it1 observed ,dionysius4 ,this time1 continued the magister1 bowing1 ,mark ,antony had his way--he became at last the lord of the ,sejan horse1 but likewise he1 in his turn1 was doomed to exemplify the brute's ominous reputation2 for ,antony1 as you know1 killed himself a little subsequently at ,alexandria4 ,the horse had four proprietors in a very short period1 and in immediate succession1 the first of whom was cruelly slain1 and the three others slew themselves4 ,hence1 noble sir1 the proverb4 ,by this time1 the magister had told his tale1 the street outside had become empty and silent1 and the parties within the chamber had thoroughly mastered and understood the horrible truth which underlay the case of the slave ,claudius1 and this new instance of ,tiberius's wrath and vengeance4 ,the magister1 ,claudius1 and ,benigna had returned to the other end of the room1 where the slaves were writing1 and had left ,paulus and ,dion still standing thoughtfully near the window4 ,claudius exclaimed1 ,my turn it is at present2 it will be some one else's soon6 ,he and ,benigna were now whispering together4 ,the magister stood a little apart1 looking on the ground in a deep reverie1 his chin buried in the hollow of his right hand1 the arm of which was folded across his chest4 ,the slaves were bending over their work in silence4 ,says ,paulus in a low voice to ,dion1 ,you have high credit with the emperor1 illustrious ,athenian2 and surely if you were to tell him the whole case1 he would interfere to check the cruelty of this man1 this ,tiberius4 ,what1 ,augustus do this for a slave8 replied ,dion mournfully4 ,the emperor would not1 and by the laws could not1 interfere with ,vedius ,pollio1 or any private knight1 in the treatment or government of his slaves1 who are deemed to be the absolute property of their respective lords2 what chance1 then1 that he should meddle1 or1 if he meddled1 that he should successfully meddle1 with ,tiberius ,csar on behalf of an offending mance8 ,and this too for the sake1 remember1 of a low-born girl8 ,women are accounted void of deathless souls1 my friend1 even by some who suspect that men may be immortal4 ,by astuteness1 by beauty1 not beauteously employed1 and1 above all1 by the effect of habit1 imperceptible as a plant in its growth1 stealthy as the prehensile ivy1 some few individual women1 like ,livia1 ,tiberius's mother1 and ,julia1 ,augustus's daughter1 have acquired great accidental power4 ,but to lay down the principle that the slightest trouble should be taken for these slaves1 would in this ,roman world raise a symphony of derision as musical as the cry of the ,thessalian hounds when their game is afoot4 ,paulus1 buried in thought1 stole a look full of pity toward the further end of the apartment4 ,slaves1 women1 laws1 gladiators1 he muttered1 and brute power prevalent as a god4 ,every day1 noble ,athenian1 ,i learn something which fills me with hatred and scorn for the system amid which we are living4 ,he then told ,dion the story of ,thellus and ,alba2 he next laid before him the exact circumstances of ,benigna and ,claudius2 relating what had occurred that very morning1 and by no means omitting the strange and wonder-fraught conversation at the door of the palace1 after which he added1 ,i declare to you solemnly--but then ,i am no more than an uninstructed youth1 having neither your natural gifts nor your acquired knowledge--,i never heard any thing more enchanting1 more exalted1 more consoling1 and to my poor mind more reasonable1 or more probable1 than that some god is quickly to come down from heaven and reform and control this abominable world4 ,why do ,i say probable8 ,because it would be god-like to do it4 ,i would ask nothing better1 therefore1 than to be allowed to join you and go with you all over the world2 searching and well weighing whatever evidences and signs may be accessible to man's righteously discontented and justly wrathful industry in such a task2 and ,i would be in your company when you explored and decided whether this sublime dream1 this noble1 generous1 compensating hope1 this grand and surely divine tradition1 be a truth1 or1 ah me6 ah me6 nothing but a vain poem of the future--a beautiful promise never to be realized1 the specious mockery of some cruel muse4 ,dion's blue eyes kindled and burned1 but he remained silent4 ,in the mean time1 listen further1 added ,paulus4 ,what would the divine being who is thus expected1 were he in this room1 deem of this transaction before our eyes8 ,you have heard the steward's account of the horse ,sejanus2 you have heard ,claudius's allusion to ,vedius ,pollio's lampreys4 ,now1 you are a wise1 witty1 and eloquent person1 and you can correct me if ,i say wrong--in what is the man whom the horse ,sejanus1 for instance1 throws and tears to pieces better than the horse8 ,in what is the man whom the lampreys devour better than the lampreys8 ,i say the horse and the lampreys are better than the man1 if mere power be a thing more to be esteemed and honored than what is right1 and just1 and honorable1 and estimable2 for the lampreys and the horse possess the greater might1 most indubitably1 in the cases mentioned4 ,the elephant is stronger than we1 the hound is swifter1 the raven lives much longer4 ,either the mere power to do a thing deserves my esteem more than any other object or consideration1 and therefore whoever can trample down his fellow-men1 and gratify all his brutal instincts at the expense of their lives1 their safety1 their happiness1 their reasonable free-will1 is more estimable than he who is just1 truthful1 kind1 generous1 and noble--either1 ,i say1 the man who is strong against his fellows is more good than he who is good--and the words justice1 right1 gentleness1 humanity1 honor1 keeping faith in promises1 pity for poor little women who are oppressed and brutally used1 virtue1 and such noises made by my tongue against my palate1 express nothing which can be understood1 nothing in which any mind can find any meaning--either1 ,i again say1 the lampreys and the ,sejan horse are more to be esteemed1 and valued1 and loved than my sister and my mother1 or it is not true that the mere power of ,tiberius1 combined with the brutish inclination to do a thing1 terminates the question whether it is right to do it4 ,the moment ,i like to do any thing1 if ,i can do it1 is it necessarily right that ,i should do it8 ,the moment two persons have a difference1 is it right for either of them1 and equally right for each of them1 to murder the other8 ,but if it was the intention of this great being1 this god who is expected to appear immediately among us1 that we should be dependent upon each other1 each doing for the other what the other cannot do for himself--and ,i am sure of it--then it will please him1 ,dion1 if ,i consider what is helpful and just and generous4 ,or am ,i wrong8 ,is virtue a dream8 ,are contrary things in the same cases equally good8 ,are contrary things in the same cases equally beautiful8 ,are my brutish instincts or inclinations1 which vary as things vary round me1 my only law8 ,is each of us intended by this great being to be at war with all the rest8 to regard the positive power each of us may have as our sole restriction8 to destroy and injure all the others by whom we could be served1 if we would for our parts also serve and help8 ,and must women1 for instance1 being the weaker1 be brutally used8 ,tell me1 ,dion1 will it please this great being if ,i try to render service to my fellow-men1 who must have the same natural claims to his consideration as ,i have8 or does he wish me to hurt them and them to hurt me1 according as we may each have the power8 ,is there nothing higher in a man than his external power of action8 ,answer--you are a philosopher4 ,the countenance of ,dion blazed for one instant1 as if the light of a passing torch had been shed upon a mirror1 and then resumed the less vivid effulgence of that permanent intellectual beauty which was its ordinary characteristic4 ,he replied1 ,all the philosophy that ever was taught or thought could not lead you to truer conclusions4 ,then1 returned ,paulus1 come back with me to the other end of the room4 ,benigna1 said ,paulus1 your kindness to my sister and mother1 and your natural probity1 had something1 ,i think1 to do with beginning this trouble in which you and your intended find yourselves4 ,as you were not unmindful of us1 it is but right that we should not be unmindful of you4 ,tiberius permits any friend of ,claudius the slave to be a substitute in breaking the horse ,sejanus2 and ,claudius is to have his freedom and fifty thousand sesterces1 and to marry you1 whom ,i see to be a good1 honorable-hearted girl1 all the same as if he had complied with the terms in person4 ,this was thoughtful and1 ,i suppose1 generous of ,tiberius ,csar4 ,would any of these youths who hear me1 added he turning round1 like to break the fine-looking steed at the games1 before all the people1 instead of ,claudius8 ,no one replied4 ,it will be a distinguished act1 persisted he4 ,dead silence still4 ,then ,i will do it myself1 he said4 ,magister1 make a formal note of the matter in your tablets2 and be so good as to inform the ,csar of it1 in order that ,i1 on my side1 may learn place and time4 ,the magister1 with a low bow and a face expressing the most generous and boundless astonishment1 grasped his prettily-mounted stylus1 and taking the pengillarin from his girdle drew a long breath1 and requested ,paulus to favor him with his name and address4 ,i am1 replied he1 the knight ,paulus ,lepidus milius1 son of one of the victors at ,philippi1 nephew of the ex-triumvir4 ,i reside at ,crispus's inn1 and am at present a promised prisoner of ,velleius ,paterculus1 the military tribune4 ,while the steward wrote in his tablets1 ,benigna uttered one or two little gasps and fairly fainted away4 ,the slave ,claudius saved her from falling1 and he now placed her on a bench against the wall4 ,paulus1 intimating that he would like to return to ,crispus's hostelry before dark1 and having learnt1 in reply to a question1 that ,claudius could procure from ,thellus1 the gladiator1 a vehicle for ,benigna1 and that he would request ,thellus himself to convey her home1 turned to take leave of ,dion4 ,the ,athenian1 however1 said he would show him the way out of the palace4 ,they went silent and thoughtful4 ,in the impluvium they found a little crowd surrounding ,augustus1 who had returned from his promenade to the camp1 and who was throwing crumbs of bread among some pigeons near the central fountain4 ,two ladies were of the company1 one of whom1 in advanced age1 was evidently the ,empress ,livia1 but for whose influence and management ,germanicus--certainly not her ungrateful son ,tiberius--would have been the next master of the world4 ,the other lady1 who was past her prime1 had still abundant vestiges of a beauty which must once have been very remarkable4 ,she was painted red and plastered white1 with immense care1 to look some fifteen years younger than she truly was4 ,her countenance betrayed to a good physiognomist1 at first glance1 the horrible life she had led4 ,paulus1 whose experience was little1 and1 although she fastened upon him a flaming glance1 which she intended to be full both of condescension and fascination1 thought that he had seldom seen a woman either more repulsive or more insanely haughty4 ,it was ,julia1 the new and abhorred wife of ,tiberius4 ,not long before1 at the request of ,augustus1 who was always planning to dispose of ,julia1 ,tiberius had given up for her the only woman he ever loved1 ,agrippina ,marcella4 ,tiberius so loved her1 if it deserves to be termed love1 that when1 being thus deserted1 she took another husband1 7,asinius ,gallus17 he1 mad with jealousy1 threw him into a dungeon and kept him there till he died1 as ,suetonius and ,tacitus record4 ,ah my ,athenian6 said the emperor to ,dionysius1 placing a hand affectionately on the youth's shoulder1 could you satisfy me that those splendid theories of yours are more than dreams and fancies2 that really there is one eternal1 all-wise1 and omnipotent spirit1 who made this universal frame of things1 and governs it as an absolute monarch2 that he made us2 that in us he made a spirit1 a soul1 a ghost1 a thinking principle1 which will never die2 and that ,i1 who am going down to the tomb1 am only to change my mode of existence2 that ,i shall not wholly descend thither2 that an urn will not contain every thing which will remain of me2 and all this in a very different sense from that which poor ,horace meant4 ,but why speak of it8 ,has not ,plato failed8 ,plato1 replied ,dionysius1 neither quite failed nor is quite understood1 illustrious emperor4 ,but you were saying1 if ,i could satisfy you4 ,be pleased to finish4 ,grant ,i could satisfy you2 what then8 ,satisfy me that one eternal sovereign of the universe lives1 and that what now thinks in me1 returned the emperor1 while the courtly group made a circle1 will never cease to think2 that what is now conscious within me will be conscious for ever2 that now1 in more than a mere poetical allusion to my fame--and on the word of ,augustus ,csar1 there is no reasonable request within the entire reach and compass of my power which ,i will refuse you4 ,and what sort of a hearing1 emperor1 inquired ,dion1 and under what circumstances1 and upon what conditions1 will you be pleased to give me8 and when8 and where8 ,in this palace1 before the games end1 replied ,augustus4 ,the hearing shall form an evening's entertainment for our whole circle and attendance4 ,you shall sustain your doctrines1 while our celebrated advocates and orators1 ,antistius ,labio and ,domitius ,afer1 who disagree with them1 ,i know1 shall oppose you4 ,let me see4 ,the ,csars1 ,tiberius and ,germanicus1 with their ladies1 and our host ,mamurra and his family1 and all our circle1 shall be present4 ,titus ,livy1 ,lucius ,varius1 ,velleius ,paterculus1 and the greatest orator ,rome ever produced1 except ,cicero 7the old man 'mentioned with watery eyes the incomparable genius to whose murder he had consented in his youth7--,i mean ,quintus ,haterius--shall form a judicial jury4 ,haterius shall pronounce the sentence4 ,dare you face such an ordeal8 ,i will accept it1 replied the ,athenian1 blushing2 ,i will accept the ordeal with fear4 ,daring is contrasted with trembling2 but1 although my daring trembles1 yet my trepidation dares4 ,oh6 how enchanting6 cried the august ,julia2 we shall hear the eloquent ,athenian4 ,and she clasped her hands and sent an unutterable glance toward ,dion1 who saw it not4 ,it will be very interesting indeed1 added the aged empress4 ,better for once than even the mighty comedy of the palace1 said ,lucius ,varius4 ,better than the gladiators1 added ,velleius ,paterculus4 ,an idea worthy of the time of ,virgil and ,mcenas1 said ,titus ,livy4 ,worthy of ,augustus's time1 subjoined ,tiberius1 who was leaning against one of the pillars which supported the gallery of the impluvium4 ,worthy of his dotage1 muttered ,cneius ,piso to ,tiberius1 with a scowl4 ,worthy1 said a handsome man1 with wavy1 crisp1 brown locks1 in the early prime of life1 whose military tunic was crossed with the broad purple stripe1 worthy of ,athens in the days of ,plato2 and as ,demosthenes addressed the people after listening to the reporter of ,socrates1 so ,haterius shall tell this company what he thinks1 after listening to ,dion4 ,haterius is getting old1 said ,haterius4 ,you may live1 said ,augustus1 to be a hundred1 but you will never be old2 just as our ,cneius ,piso here never was young4 ,there was a laugh4 ,the ,haterius in question was he to whom ,ben ,jonson compared ,shakespeare as a talker1 and of whom1 then past eighty1 ,augustus used1 ,seneca tells us1 to say that his careering thoughts resembled a chariot whose rapidity threatened to set its own wheels on fire1 and that he required to be held by a drag--sufflaminandus4 ,dion now bowed and was moving away1 followed modestly by ,paulus1 who desired to draw no attention to himself1 when the steward1 or magister1 glided quickly up the colonnade of the impluvium to the pillar against which ,tiberius was leaning1 whispered something1 handed his tablets to the ,csar1 and1 in answer to a glance of surprised inquiry1 looked toward and indicated ,paulus4 ,tiberius immediately passed ,paulus and ,dion1 saying in an under tone1 ,follow me1 and led the way into a small empty chamber1 of which1 when the two youths had entered it1 he closed the door4 ,you are going to break the horse called ,sejanus8 said he1 turning round and standing4 ,paulus assented4 ,then you must do so on the fourth day from this1 in the review-ground of the camp1 an hour before sunset4 ,paulus bowed4 ,have you any thing to inquire1 to request1 or to observe8 pursued ,tiberius4 ,am ,i to ride the horse muzzled1 sir8 asked the youth4 ,the muzzle will be snatched off by a contrivance of the cavasson1 after you mount him1 replied ,tiberius1 looking steadfastly at the other4 ,then1 instead of a whip1 may ,i carry any instrument ,i please in my hands8 demanded ,paulus2 my sword1 for example8 ,yes1 answered ,tiberius2 but you must not injure the horse2 he is of matchless price4 ,but persisted ,paulus1 your justice1 illustrious ,csar1 will make a distinction between any injury which the steed may do to himself and any which ,i may do to him4 ,for instance1 he might dash himself against some obstruction1 or into the river ,liris1 and in trying to clamber out again might be harmed4 ,such injuries would be inflicted by himself1 not by me4 ,the hurt ,i shall do him either by spear1 or by sword1 or by any other instrument1 will not be intended to touch his life or his health1 nor likely to do so4 ,if ,i do make any scars1 ,i think the hair will grow again4 ,he will not be so scrupulous on his side1 said ,tiberius2 however1 your distinction is reasonable4 ,have you any thing else to ask8 ,certainly ,i have1 said ,paulus2 it is that no one shall give him any food or drink1 except what ,i myself shall bring1 for twenty-four hours before ,i ride him4 ,tiberius uttered a disagreeable laugh4 ,am ,i to let you starve ,sejanus8 he asked4 ,that is not my meaning1 sir1 answered ,paulus quietly4 ,i will give him as much corn and water as he will take4 ,i wish to prevent him from having any other kind of provender4 ,there are articles which will make a horse drunk or mad4 ,i agree1 replied ,tiberius1 that he shall have only corn and water1 provided he have as much of both as my own servant wishes2 nor have ,i any objection that the servant should receive these articles from you alone1 or from your groom4 ,paulus inclined his head and kept silence4 ,nothing more to stipulate1 ,i perceive1 observed ,tiberius4 ,the youth admitted that he had not2 and1 seeing the ,csar move1 he opened the door1 held it open while the great man passed through1 and then taking a friendly leave of ,dion1 hastily quitted the palace4 ,tiberius1 meeting ,sejanus1 took him aside and said1 ,we have got rid of the brother6 ,you must have every thing ready to convey her to ,rome the fifth day from this4 ,and now1 enough of private matters4 ,i am sick of them4 ,the affairs of the empire await me6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #afj ,suetonius1 ,pliny1 and ,seneca all attest the currency of this and similar jokes against ,tiberius during his very lifetime4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,irish ,,churches4 ,,by ,w4 ,,maziere ,,brady1 ,d4,d4 ,it was proposed1 in the first draught of ,mr4 ,gladstone's bill for the disestablishment of the ,irish ,church1 to erect some of the cathedrals into national monuments1 and to set apart toward the cost of their future repair a portion of the fund derived from the sale of church temporalities4 ,this clause1 however1 was set aside2 but even if it had been retained1 it would not have given satisfaction4 ,if it be the sincere desire of ,mr4 ,gladstone to do justice to ,catholic ,ireland1 and to conciliate her people1 but one course remains open to him in regard to the ancient shrines of ,catholic worship1 namely1 to restore them to their original owners4 ,many of these cathedrals and churches are altogether unsuited to the requirements of ,protestant religious service4 ,some of them are too large to be maintained by the tiny congregations which occasionally visit them4 ,others require a costly annual outlay too great to be undertaken at the expense of the few families in whose neighborhood they lie4 ,would it not1 then1 manifestly tend to the benefit alike of ,catholics and ,protestants1 that the latter1 on terms advantageous to themselves1 should yield to the former the possession of those buildings which ,protestants do not require for bona-fide ends1 but which possess1 in the eyes of ,catholics1 a peculiarly sacred1 and1 at the same time1 a perfectly legitimate value8 ,some ancient ,catholic temple is perhaps situated in a district inhabited by twenty or thirty ,protestants1 and five thousand or ten thousand ,catholics4 ,the ,protestants cannot fill a corner of the spacious fabric4 ,they attach no value to it as the shrine of a venerated saint4 ,its very capabilities for an ornate and splendid ,catholic ritual render it only the less fit for the simple requirements of ,protestant worship4 ,protestants can gain nothing by retaining such a temple1 save the privilege of keeping it as a trophy of a bygone and ill-omened ascendency4 ,but if the ,british ,parliament were to ordain that such temples should be purchased from ,protestants1 who scarcely require them1 and given to ,catholics to supply their evident wants1 then a visible proof would at once be afforded to the ,irish nation that disestablishment was no coldly conceived or niggardly administered instalment of justice1 but a ready instrument for cordial reconciliation of creeds and nationalities4 ,it is ridiculous to urge as an objection1 that ,protestants in general attach a value1 other than a pecuniary or political one1 to the sites of the shrines of ancient ,irish saints4 ,few ,protestants have any veneration for ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,brigid1 or ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,not one ,protestant in a thousand has so much as even heard of the names of ,st4 ,elbe1 ,st4 ,aidan1 ,st4 ,colman1 or ,st4 ,molana4 ,irish ,protestant bishops often deny the sacredness of holy places1 and1 when consecrating a site for the erection of a church1 take the opportunity to explain such consecration to be a mere form of law4 ,some ,protestant bishops entertained objections to the selection of any titles for churches1 save those of ,christ and his apostles4 ,they thought it allowable to celebrate divine service in a building called ,christ church1 or ,st4 ,peter's1 or ,st4 ,john's1 but conceived it to be scarcely tolerable and semi-popish to dedicate an edifice for worship under the invocation of ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,patrick1 or ,st4 ,michael4 ,in some dioceses in ,ireland1 during the last century1 the consecration of ,protestant churches was on several occasions designedly omitted in deference to such scruples of conscience4 ,but the very names of the ancient ,irish saints are precious household words with ,catholics1 who dearly prize the holy shrine1 the sacred well1 the hallowed ruins consecrated by the lingering memories of the virgins1 confessors1 and martyrs whose lives were devoted to the conversion of ,ireland4 ,the ,catholic peasant1 as he sorrowfully gazes upon the desecrated remains of some fallen abbey1 or upon the mouldering walls of a roofless oratory1 often breathes a hopeless prayer that an unexpected turn of fortune would once again fill with robed monks the arched and pillared cloisters1 and replace the solemn solitary hermit in his peaceful cell4 ,the reconsecration of their sacred shrines and temples1 long defaced and profaned by neglect1 would realize one of the fondest dreams of ,irishmen4 ,why do not ,british statesmen utilize1 for the general benefit of their country1 the pious sentiments which1 in a religious point of view1 they as ,protestants may fail to appreciate1 but which1 in a political aspect1 it seems a criminal blindness to disregard8 ,the legislators who freely vote imperial funds to provide ,catholic priests and altars for ,catholic soldiers1 sailors1 convicts1 and paupers1 cannot possibly entertain religious scruples against applying a portion of the ancient ,catholic endowments of ,ireland towards the purpose of restoring to their original uses some of the sites and shrines whose traditions are still potent enough in ,ireland to sway the national sympathies4 ,no injury can result to ,protestantism from the adoption of a course which would not merely increase the pecuniary resources of their church1 but also tend materially to promote peace and good-will between men of different creeds4 ,there are many ancient churches in ,ireland which could be specified as almost useless to ,protestants1 but yet most precious and valuable if placed in the hands of ,catholics4 ,many of the old ,irish cathedrals are entirely1 and some are almost entirely deserted4 ,ardagh1 founded by ,st4 ,patrick1 was reckoned among the most ancient cathedrals of ,ireland4 ,its first bishop--,st4 ,mell--was buried in his own church of ,ardagh1 wherein worship a few ,protestants who care but little either for ,st4 ,mell or ,st4 ,patrick4 ,the entire ,protestant population of ,ardagh parish is less than one hundred and fifty1 while the ,catholics number nearly two and a half thousands4 ,there is but a scanty congregation of ,protestants at ,lismore1 where ,st4 ,carthage1 or at ,leighlin1 where ,st4 ,laserian was interred4 ,at ,howth1 near ,dublin1 are the ruins--still capable of restoration--of a beautiful abbey and college4 ,the college is occupied by poor tenants4 ,the abbey is roofless1 standing in a graveyard1 choked with weeds and filth1 of which the ,protestant incumbent of the parish is custodian4 ,st4 ,canice--the patron saint of ,kilkenny--was buried1 toward the end of the sixth century1 at ,aghadoe4 ,aghadoe--so wrote the ,rev4 ,m4 ,kelly1 ,professor of ,ecclesiastical ,history in ,maynooth1 in his ,calendar of ,irish ,saints--at present is a ruin1 its walls nearly perfect1 but1 like too many similar edifices in ,ireland1 all profaned by sickening desecration4 ,around it still bloom in perennial verdure its far-famed pastures1 in a plain naturally rich1 and improved by the monastic culture of a thousand years4 ,the buildings are now used as ox-pens which were once the favorite home of the pilgrim and stranger4 ,there are a score of other ruined temples like ,aghadoe1 which in their present condition are a disgrace to civilization2 and yet are possessed of traditions which render them sacred in the eyes of ,catholics1 who would gladly rescue them from further decay and restore them to their ancient use4 ,every tourist in ,connemara has doubtless visited the famous collegiate church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 in ,galway4 ,it is a vast temple1 capable of containing six or seven thousand worshippers4 ,its size1 the style of its architecture1 and its historical traditions combine to render it eminently suitable to be the cathedral church of the ,catholic population of ,galway4 ,it anciently was1 not precisely a cathedral1 but the church of the ,catholic warden--a dignitary who possessed episcopal jurisdiction1 being only subject to the visitation of the ,archbishop of ,tuam4 ,it is now the church of the ,protestant warden1 or minister1 who performs divine service1 according to the ,anglican ritual1 in a portion of the transept1 for the benefit of those members of the ,anglican ,church who inhabit the immediate neighborhood4 ,there is now no ,protestant bishop resident in ,galway1 nor has any such functionary since the era of the ,reformation made ,galway his headquarters4 ,so that this once splendid building is absolutely thrown away upon ,protestants1 being above ten times too large for a parochial church1 and being utterly useless to them for a cathedral4 ,the fabric of this grand relic from ,catholicity has been allowed to fall into decay to such an extent that about five thousand pounds are now required to restore it or put it into permanent repair4 ,it is unlikely that the ,protestants of ,galway will contribute this sum1 or take steps to prevent this noble national monument from sinking1 at no distant period1 into hopeless ruin4 ,the population of the entire county of ,galway consisted1 in #ahfa1 of #bfa1iea ,catholics and #hbjb ,anglicans1 only a few hundred of the latter being residents in the town of ,galway and its suburbs4 ,the ,catholic wardenship was changed into a bishopric by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi41 in #ahcj1 when ,dr4 ,french1 who was then ,bishop of ,kilmacduagh and ,kilfenora1 and also ,warden of ,galway1 retired to this diocese4 ,in the same year1 ,dr4 ,browne who was subsequently translated to ,elphin1 became the first ,bishop of ,galway4 ,neither ,bishop ,browne1 nor his successor ,bishop ,o',donnell1 nor ,dr4 ,mc,evilly1 who became ,bishop of ,galway in #aheg1 were able to provide a suitable cathedral for the ,galway ,catholics4 ,the present pro-cathedral affords accommodation to about four thousand persons1 and upon the occasion of missions is thronged to a dangerous excess4 ,the ,catholics of ,galway would gladly avail themselves of any opportunity which would render it possible for them to obtain ,st4 ,nicholas1 the church of their forefathers1 for a cathedral4 ,the restoration to ,catholic purposes of that edifice1 which is a world too wide for ,protestant wants1 would confer a singular benefit upon an immense number of ,catholics1 without inflicting the least injury upon ,protestants4 ,the present ,anglican ,warden of ,galway is not young enough to enable him1 by means of commutation under ,mr4 ,gladstone's bill to do much toward providing an endowment for his successors4 ,the payment of a few thousand pounds1 out of the funds of the ,commissioners of ,church ,temporalities1 to the ,galway ,protestants1 in compensation for the loss of a fabric which they find too large for use and too costly to repair1 would enable them not only to obtain a more convenient place of worship than the corner of the spacious transept they now occupy1 but also would help them to provide the nucleus of a local endowment for ,protestant ministrations after the decease of the present warden4 ,the inhabitants of the city of the tribes entertain no higher veneration for the church of ,st4 ,nicholas than is felt by the men of ,munster for the celebrated ,rock of ,cashel of the ,kings4 ,in ancient years the ,rock was a natural fortress1 standing high over the surrounding plain1 and proudly overlooking the thronged city which lay beneath its shelter4 ,upon the elevated plateau which crowns the submit of the ,rock1 now stand the ruins of the former cathedral1 and other ecclesiastical buildings1 including the famous chapel of ,king ,cormac1 all of which1 to the infinite discredit of ,england1 have long since been deliberately abandoned to decay4 ,the ,protestants of ,cashel ceased1 somewhat more than a century ago1 to occupy the old ,catholic cathedral as a place of worship4 ,their archbishop1 an ,englishman named ,price1 disliked the fatigue of ascending the gradual incline which leads to the ,rock1 and removed his throne to the present cathedral1 a barn-like edifice which stands on the level ground near to the episcopal palace4 ,in #ahch1 ,dr4 ,laurence1 the last ,protestant ,archbishop of ,cashel1 died1 and the see being reduced to a bishopric in union with three other dioceses1 the ,protestant bishop selected for his residence the city of ,waterford in preference to ,cashel4 ,the beautiful cathedral1 left roofless by ,archbishop ,price1 and exposed since his time to the ravages of more than a hundred winters1 is nevertheless still capable of restoration4 ,the fabric1 and the site whereon the cathedral and the other ruins stand1 are at present vested partly in the ,protestant dean and chapter1 and partly in the ,vicars ,choral of ,cashel4 ,upon the death of these officials1 their rights will revert to the ,commissioners of ,church ,temporalities4 ,but these disestablished functionaries may perhaps find it to their personal advantage1 as well as to that of their church1 to make an earlier surrender of their territorial privileges4 ,whenever the ,commissioners of ,temporalities shall have become the owners of the ,rock of ,cashel1 they will have to consider what they will do with it4 ,they may determine to sell it1 or else may transfer it as a burial-ground to the local poor-law guardians4 ,either alternative will be in the highest degree discreditable to ,british legislation4 ,there is something atrocious in the idea of offering by public sale the temple whose almost every stone was marked by the pious workmen with the mystic tokens of their craft1 and upon whose decoration kings were wont to lavish their choicest treasures to make it worthier for the worship of the ,most ,high4 ,it will be sacrilegious to submit to auction the soil wherein lies the mouldering dust of countless priests and prelates1 chieftains and princes4 ,on the other hand1 it will be miserable and pitiable in the extreme to consign what may be termed the ,terra ,sancta of ancient ,ireland to the care of a pauper burial board4 ,the zeal of rural guardians guided economically by the country squire1 or his bailiff1 would be worse even than the scornful vandalism of ,archbishop ,price4 ,if the dead themselves could speak or feel1 they would doubtless shudder in their tombs at the ring of the salesman's hammer1 and protest with equal horror against the indignity of including the repair of their graves amongst the items of the county poor-rate4 ,they would accept1 in preference to such degradation1 the rude guardianship of the elements4 ,nature1 even when she destroys1 is reverent1 flinging a green pall of ivy around the tower which her disintegrating arms encircle1 and spreading a rich carpet of moss over the dust of those whom she draws with the embrace of death to her bosom4 ,the winds and waves1 the floods and storms1 may bring a more rapid dissolution upon deserted monuments of heroes1 but at least they inflict no dishonor4 ,but why should the ,british ,parliament suffer the national memorials of ,ireland to perish without an effort to preserve them8 ,it can be no gratification to the vanity of ,great ,britain thus to perpetuate1 so long as a trace of the ruined temple or broken altar may be spared1 the tokens of a policy able1 indeed1 to insult and to hinder1 but powerless to supplant or destroy the faith of the ,irish people4 ,it cannot1 alas6 be denied that ,england seized by force upon that ,catholic church of ,cashel1 banished its priests1 and employed1 for three centuries1 its revenues to teach a hostile religion4 ,that policy has been reversed4 ,it would be a mode1 no less honorable than wise1 of confessing the folly and guilt of such a policy1 were ,england to give back the ruins which have survived it1 and allow the ,catholic archbishop and clergy to restore and reconsecrate their ancient cathedral and celebrate again ,catholic worship upon the ,rock of ,cashel4 ,let us turn from ,galway and ,cashel to the metropolis of ,ireland4 ,it was felt1 so far back as the reign of ,elizabeth1 that two ,protestant cathedrals were too many for ,dublin4 ,here be in this little city--so wrote the lord-deputy to ,walsingham in #aehd--two great cathedral churches1 richly endowed1 and too near together for any good they do2 the one of them1 dedicated to ,st4 ,patrick1 had in more superstitious reputation than the other1 dedicated to the name of ,christ1 and for that respect only1 though there were none other1 fitter to be suppressed than continued4#afa ,and a few months later1 the same chief governor of ,ireland again reminded the queen's secretary of state of the uselessness of retaining ,st4 ,patrick's as a cathedral4 ,we have beside it1 remarked ,perrott1 in the heart of this city1 ,christ church1 which is a sufficient cathedral1 so as ,st4 ,patrick's is superfluous1 except it be to maintain a few bad singers to satisfy the covetous humors of some1 as much or more devoted to ,st4 ,patrick's name than to ,christ's4#afb ,the rabid ,puritanism of ,lord-,deputy ,perrott1 who hoped that ,christ would devour ,st4 ,patrick and a number of his devoted followers too1#afc was not utterly devoid of truth and common sense4 ,the maintenance of the cathedral of ,st4 ,patrick has rather proved a hinderance than a benefit to ,protestants4 ,its revenues have not been sufficient to keep up a separate choir of singers2 for most of the ,st4 ,patrick's choirmen belong also to ,christ church1 and their efficiency is impaired by being divided between two cathedrals4 ,but whatever may be the value of ,st4 ,patrick's as a place for the performance of church music1 its inutility as a place for ,protestant worship is notorious4 ,its situation is remote from the fashionable quarter of ,dublin and from those streets which ,protestants inhabit4 ,many ,protestants flock to ,st4 ,patrick's to hear the choral music1 or1 as they sometimes profanely term it1 ,paddy's ,opera2 but very few1 if any1 attend that cathedral for the purposes of prayer or worship4 ,in fact1 ,st4 ,patrick's1 in #ahgj1 is what it was three hundred years ago1 not only a superfluous cathedral1 but one whose atmosphere is unsuited to the genius of ,protestantism4 ,there is no place in the ,anglican ritual for the apostle of ,ireland4 ,his memory is not an object of religious veneration2 nor was any day set apart for his honor by the compilers of the ,protestant liturgy4 ,his name1 like that of any other saint1 acts as a repellant1 not as a stimulant1 upon the devotion of ,protestants4 ,sir ,benjamin ,guinness1 who rescued from ruin the fabric of ,st4 ,patrick's1 preferred to say his prayers and hear sermons elsewhere4 ,now that disestablishment has come upon the ,protestant church1 the evil of having two cathedrals in ,dublin appears greater than ever4 ,how1 possibly1 can funds be provided by ,protestants to maintain both churches1 ,christ church and ,st4 ,patrick's8 ,the latter had nearly fallen to decay but for the munificence of an individual4 ,the former is now in want of substantial repairs1 absolutely necessary to preserve it from ruin4 ,yet it is clearly the pecuniary interest of ,protestants to give up ,st4 ,patrick's rather than ,christ church1 because the money value of ,christ church1 such is its present condition1 is insignificant2 while that of ,st4 ,patrick's is considerable enough to defray the charge of restoring ,christ church1 and to leave over and above a wide margin of surplus1 which the church body may employ as a ,protestant endowment fund4 ,the sum expended by the late ,sir ,benjamin ,guinness on ,st4 ,patrick's is said to have been #ajj1jjj2 and1 according to a recently printed estimate of ,mr4 ,street1 a ,london architect of eminence1 the sum of #hjjj will be sufficient to rebuild one of the side aisles of ,christ church1 and put the rest of the building into a condition of permanent repair4 ,but there are other and more important considerations which make ,christ church the more desirable cathedral for ,protestants to retain4 ,it is the old ,chapel ,royal of ,dublin1 the place where the deputies and chief governors were formerly sworn into office1 and where the state sermons were preached before the lords and commons of the ,irish parliament4 ,the lord-lieutenant's pew is at present frequently attended by members of the viceregal staff and other government officials4 ,the situation of ,christ church in the immediate vicinity of the castle renders it suitable to be preserved as the state church in ,dublin for the accommodation of royal visitors and ,protestant viceroys4 ,christ church1 moreover1 is beyond question the chief cathedral of the ,protestant archbishop and clergy of ,dublin4 ,the members of its chapter are few in number1 consisting of a dean1 archdeacon1 treasurer1 chancellor1 and three prebendaries4 ,the ,protestant church body1 if it determines upon supporting cathedral functionaries at all in ,dublin1 may find it practicable to do so with efficiency and some show of dignity in ,christ church1 without breaking up1 or materially altering1 the present constitution of the chapter4 ,it is likely1 moreover1 that the ,duke of ,leinster1 the head of the ,protestant nobility of ,ireland1 who will receive a considerable sum of money under the church act1 in compensation for the loss of his church patronage1 will be glad to contribute toward the support of ,christ church as the ,protestant cathedral1 especially as it is the ancient burial place of many of his ancestors1 so famous in ,irish annals under their historical title of ,earls of ,kildare4 ,to ,catholics the gift of ,st4 ,patrick's would be precious1 as the restoration to them of a cathedral which from its traditions has surpassing claims to their veneration4 ,their present pro-cathedral is regarded only as a temporary one1 and possesses no historical memories to stir the feelings of its congregation4 ,the constitution of the ,catholic diocese of ,dublin follows the model of ,st4 ,patrick's as far as regards the number and titles of the prebendaries2 and little1 if any1 change would be necessary to render that cathedral fully answerable to the requirements of ,catholic worship4 ,and very glorious1 truly1 are the memories and traditions which cluster around the spot whereon ,st4 ,patrick himself erected a church1 and hallowed it by his name4 ,near it was the fountain in whose waters the apostle baptized ,alphin1 the heathen king of ,dublin4 ,usher1 the learned ,protestant antiquary and divine1 tells us that he had seen this fountain2 that it stood near the steeple2 and that1 a little before the year #afci1 it was shut up and inclosed within a private house4 ,the temple1 built by ,archbishop ,comyn1 on the site of the ancient church of ,patrick1 was styled by ,sir ,james ,ware the noblest cathedral in the kingdom4 ,it was dedicated to ,god1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 and ,st4 ,patrick4 ,it was the burial-place of many ,catholic prelates4 ,in it were interred ,fulk de ,saunford and his brother ,john1 and ,alexander de ,bicknor4 ,richard ,talbot1 brother to the famous earl1 had his last resting-place before the high altar4 ,near the altar of ,st4 ,stephen lay ,michael ,tregury4 ,three other ,catholic archbishops1 namely1 ,walter ,fitzsimons1 ,william ,rokeby1 and ,hugh ,inge1 were entombed in ,st4 ,patrick's in the early part of the sixteenth century--the last-named prelate dying in the year #aebh4 ,when the ,reformation came1 and when ,henry ,,viii4 attempted to force it upon ,ireland against the will of the hierarchy and people1 the cathedral of ,st4 ,patrick became exposed to the hostilities of the ,english despot and of ,archbishop ,browne1 his agent4 ,the new doctrines were urged in vain by that prelate1 who is described by ,ware as the first of the clergy who embraced the ,reformation in ,ireland4 ,the king's commission was as little respected as the homilies of ,archbishop ,browne1 who advised the calling of a parliament to pass the supremacy by act1 and wrote to ,lord ,cromwell1 in #afch1 complaining that the reliques and images of both his cathedrals took the common people from the true worship1 and desiring a more explicit order for their removal1 and for the aid of the lord-deputy's troops in carrying out his unpopular designs4 ,the clergy of ,st4 ,patrick's made so vigorous a stand against the reforming archbishop1 that many of them were deprived of their preferments1 and the cathedral itself was suppressed for nearly eight years1 during ,browne's incumbency4 ,on ,queen ,mary's accession1 ,st4 ,patrick's again resumed its ,catholic splendor and dignity1 but only to lose them once more when her successor1 ,elizabeth1 thought it necessary for the security of her throne to remove utterly1 if possible1 the ,catholic faith from her dominions4 ,thus the fortunes of ,st4 ,patrick's cathedral were1 in a measure1 identified with those of the ,catholic religion in ,ireland4 ,the name of no apostle or evangelist1 as was well remarked by ,dr4 ,manning1 the ,archbishop of ,westminster1 in his sermon at ,rome on the anniversary of ,st4 ,patrick1 carries with it a wider influence than that of the ,apostle of ,ireland1 if we except only ,st4 ,peter1 the prince of the apostles4 ,no apostle or saint--,peter excepted--has so many millions of spiritual followers as ,patrick4 ,the ,catholic hierarchy in ,england owes its origin to ,patrick1 through the ,irish immigrants into ,liverpool1 ,bristol1 ,birmingham1 ,london1 and other great manufacturing and commercial cities4 ,the vast ,catholic hierarchies in ,america1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 and other colonies of ,great ,britain1 trace1 in like manner1 their spiritual lineage to ,ireland and ,st4 ,patrick4 ,within the hall of the great ,council of the ,vatican ,st4 ,patrick counts more bishops for his children than any other saint1 save ,peter2 for the prelates deriving their faith from ,ireland are more numerous than those of any other nationality4 ,and no apostle 7,peter always excepted7 has his anniversary celebrated in so many countries and with such demonstrations of joy as ,patrick4 ,such indeed is the magic power1 if the expression be permitted1 which the very name of ,st4 ,patrick exercises over ,irish ,catholics in all parts of the world1 that the restoration of ,st4 ,patrick's cathedral would be regarded by them as something far greater than the mere donation of a cathedral to the ,dublin diocese4 ,it would be received as a convincing sign that the demon of envenomed distrust has been exorcised1 and that thenceforth ,english ,protestants1 as they have already long ceased to persecute ,irish ,catholicism by penal laws1 would likewise abandon the indirect mode of persecution which consists in suspicion1 falsification1 and slander1 in withholding cordiality1 and in retaining1 after the dog-in-the-manger fashion1 what is useless to ,protestants1 for no apparent reason but to manifest a dislike to ,catholics4 ,it is with nations as with families or individuals4 ,two families1 formerly at enmity and but lately reconciled1 can hardly be said to enjoy a solid or thorough friendship so long as one of them causelessly keeps back the family pictures or sacred heirlooms of the other4 ,france and ,england never could have entertained mutual sentiments of respect1 if ,england had been so foolish or so malicious as to keep in ,st4 ,helena the body of ,napoleon4 ,the heirlooms whose restoration would have the happiest effect in bringing about amity between the ,english and ,irish nations1 are the ancient sacred places of ,ireland4 ,,footnotes3 #afa ,see ,state ,papers concerning the ,irish ,church in the ,time of ,queen ,elizabeth1 etc4 ,by ,w4 ,maziere ,brady1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,longmans4 #ahfh4 ,page #ij4 #afb ,ibid4 page #ib4 #afc ,ibid4 page #ia4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,infant ,,jesus4#afd ,in a small chapel1 rich with carving quaint ,of mystic symbols and devices bold1 ,where glowed the face of many a pictured saint ,from windows high1 in gorgeous drapery's fold1 ,and one large mellowed painting o'er the shrine ,showed in the arms of ,mary--mother mild-- ,down-looking with a tenderness divine ,in his clear shining eyes1 the ,holy ,child-- ,two little brothers1 orphans young and fair1 ,who came in sacred lessons to be taught1 ,waited1 as every day they waited there1 ,till ,frey ,bernardo came1 his pupils sought1 ,and fed his ,master's lambs4 ,most innocent ,of evil knowledge or of worldly lure ,those children were2 from e'en the slightest taint ,had ,jesu's blood their guileless souls kept pure6 ,a pious man that good ,dominican1 ,whose life with gentle charities was crowned2 ,his duties in the church as sacristan1 ,for hours in daily routine kept him bound1 ,while that young pair awaited his release ,seated upon the altar-steps1 or spread ,thereon their morning meal1 and ate in peace ,and simple thankfulness their fruit and bread4 ,and often did their lifted glances meet ,the ,infant ,jesu's eyes2 and oft he smiled-- ,so thought the children2 sympathy so sweet ,brought blessing to them from the ,blessed ,child6 ,until one day when ,frey ,bernardo came1 ,the little ones ran forth2 with clasping hold ,each seized his hand1 and each with wild acclaim1 ,in eager words the tale of wonder told3 ,o father1 father6 both the children cried1 ,the caro ,jesu6 ,he has heard our prayer6 ,we prayed him to come down and sit beside ,us as we ate1 and of our feast take share3 ,and he came down1 and tasted of our bread1 ,and sat and smiled upon us1 father dear6 ,pallid with strange amaze1 ,bernardo said1 ,grace beyond marvel6 ,hath the ,lord been here8 ,the heaven of heavens his dwelling--doth he deign ,to visit little children8 ,favored ye ,beyond all those on earthly thrones who reign1 ,in having seen this strangest mystery6 ,o lambs of his dear flock6 to-morrow pray ,jesu to come again to grace your board ,and sup with you2 and if he comes1 then say1 ',bid us to thy own table1 blessed ,lord6' ',our master too6' do not forget to plead ,for me1 dear children6 ,in humility ,i will entreat him your meek prayer to heed1 ,that so his mercy may extend to me6 ,then1 a hand laying on each lovely head1 ,devoutly the old man the children blessed3 ,come early on the morrow morn1 he said2 ,to meet--if such his will--your heavenly ,guest6 ,to meet their pastor by the next noon ran ,the youthful pair1 their eyes with rapture bright2 ,he came6 their happy lisping tongues began2 ,he says we all shall sup with him to-night6 ,thou too1 dear father2 for we could not come ,alone1 without our faithful friend--we said2 ,oh6 be thou sure our pleadings were not dumb1 ,till ,jesu smiled consent1 and bowed his head4 ,in thankful joy ,bernardo prostrate fell1 ,and through the hours he lay entranced in prayer2 ,until the solemn sound of vesper bell ,aroused him1 breaking on the silent air4 ,then rose he calm1 and when the psalms were o'er ,and in the aisles the chant had died away1 ,with soul still bowed his ,master to adore1 ,alone he watched the fast departing day4 ,two silvery voices1 calling through the gloom ,with seraph sweetness1 reached his listening ear2 ,and swiftly passing 'neath the lofty dome1 ,soon side by side he and his children dear ,entered the ancient chapel consecrate ,by grace mysterious4 ,kneeling at the shrine1 ,before which robed in sacerdotal state1 ,that morning he had blessed the bread and wine1 ,bernardo prayed4 ,and then the chosen three ,partook the sacred hosts the priest had blessed1 ,viaticum for those so soon to be ,borne to the country of eternal rest2 ,bidden that night to sup with ,christ6 in faith ,waiting for him1 their ,lord beloved1 to come ,and lead them upward from this land of death ,to live for ever in his ,father's home6 ,in that same chapel1 kneeling in their place1 ,all were found dead2 their hands still clasped in prayer2 ,their eyes uplifted to the ,saviour's face1 ,the hallowed peace of heaven abiding there6 ,while thousands came that wondrous scene to view1 ,and hear the story of the chosen three2 ,thence gathering the lesson deep and true-- ,it is the crown of life with ,christ to be4 ,,footnote3 #afd ,frey ,luis de ,sonsa1 in the ,history of the ,dominican ,order in ,portugal1 relates this legend4 ,the legend of the ,infant ,saviour coming to play with a child has been embodied in the poetry of many languages1 especially the ,german4 ,,phases ,,of ,,english ,,protestantism4 ,a man with the peculiar turn of ,dr4 ,temple#afe for finding results of the past in the present1 might perhaps be inclined to trace the time-honored cry of the ,english ,protestants1 ,no popery6 to the temper of ,henry ,,viii41 who retained the whole of the ,catholic doctrine in his creed except the supremacy of the pope4 ,a ,catholic will with good reason see in it a testimony from enemies to the unity of the church through the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the historian will point to the fact that ,protestants have from the beginning agreed only in one thing1 hostility to the church4 ,the ,protest of #aebi1 from which they take their name1 is the first example we have in history of a thing with which modern times are familiar--an arrangement on the part of those who1 as the phrase goes1 agree in essentials1 to act together for a time in order to accomplish some common end4 ,in a similar way we saw ,dr4 ,pusey take part in #ahfe with the liberals1 in order to promote the election of ,mr4 ,gladstone as member for the ,university of ,oxford4 ,he afterward coquetted unsuccessfully with the ,methodists4 ,and last year he offered to join with the evangelicals in a protest against the elevation of ,dr4 ,temple to the see of ,exeter4 ,yet whatever may have been the case in times past1 we should have supposed that the futility of such coalitions in these days had been long sufficiently evident4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 we imagine1 now feels little pleasure at having ,mr4 ,gladstone at the head of affairs2 and if the evangelicals had accepted his offer instead of rejecting it1 he would have found out in the end that he had paid much for their help1 and got very little by it4 ,by looking back to the circumstances in which ,protestantism began1 we find an explanation of its marked features--the variety of its differences1 the fact that these find some common ground in the cry1 ,no popery6 and the inevitably logical tendency of ,protestantism to dissolve into latitudinarianism4 ,of these the first two scarcely require to be illustrated2 yet we may notice one singular illusion which has done more than any thing else to give a fictitious unity to the ,protestant sects1 and to invest their protest with a certain air of virtuous indignation2 we refer to the common belief that the ,bible is in some sense their peculiar possession1 which springs from the doctrine that1 so long as a man professes to get his creed out of the ,bible1 and the ,bible only1 it matters little of what articles his creed consists4 ,this fiction has done good service in its day2 but the ,protestants are now likely to be worried by the fiend with which they used to conjure4 ,they received the ,bible from the church1 and they turned it against the church4 ,now they find it in the hands of the modern critical school turned against themselves4 ,that the ,protestants who separated from the church should have been able to accept ,scripture as binding upon them1 is not strange2 although to a philosophical mind at the present day1 the ,protestant theory must present insurmountable difficulties4 ,when men break off from a system in which they were born and bred1 they cannot1 if they would1 make of their minds a tabula rasa1 freed from all prejudices and associations1 ready to receive whatever can be proved purely a priori4 ,to attempt this would be to attempt to move the world without a fulcrum4 ,the question1 ,what can be proved a priori8 is one which requires the course of many generations only for its statement2 as for its solution1 that may be said to have proved itself impossible4 ,men are obliged1 when they change their opinions in some respects1 to allow their conduct to be influenced by those opinions which they do not change2 and in some cases it happens that it is impossible1 upon any a priori ground whatever1 to draw the line between what they keep and what they reject4 ,so it was at the foundation of ,protestantism2 and the effects of the modern universal solvent are due to what we have just stated1 that1 taking what a priori ground you will1 there is none which will support the ,protestant without landing him at last in contradiction or absurdity4 ,thus1 men in the sixteenth century could easily accept theories of ,scripture interpretation which are now found to be untenable2 and the result is fatal to those who are so deeply committed to the untenable theories that the loss of them involves the loss of their whole intellectual groundwork4 ,for the ,protestants cannot1 as the ,catholic can1 point to the striking fact of a general agreement extending over many centuries4 ,we know that the ,protestant critics profess to pick holes in the ,catholic claim to general agreement2 but what a beggarly appearance these attempts present when they are contrasted with the whole extent of the subject6 ,what is the value of the few specks they point out in the vast current of ecclesiastical history8 ,they find so little to say1 that what they say is proved to be the exception and not the rule4 ,but if we turn to their own case1 what a difference do we find6 ,there we have no question of pointing out flaws here and there2 it is all one mass of flaws4 ,protestants may attack the claim of the church2 but they themselves are not able so much as to put forward a claim4 ,nor do they venture to claim unity2 some even avow their preference for diversity4 ,yet in practice we find them all acting as though each thought himself infallible4 ,this is the result of a very common human weakness4 ,just as the founders of ,protestantism could quietly acquiesce in many things which they had imbibed from the ,catholic world in which they were educated1 so their successors quietly acquiesce in what comes to them from their fathers2 and in both cases there is much which cannot be systematically exhibited without contradiction4 ,but very few men care to set about the systematic exhibition of all that they profess to believe or to act upon4 ,if it were otherwise1 the ,protestant theories of ,scripture would never have been set up2 and they are now falling before the exertions of men who insist upon having a clear view of what they are called upon to believe4 ,when the reformers made their appeal to ,scripture1 it was impossible for men of different tempers1 habits1 and associations to agree upon matters of interpretation1 even if the appeal had been made in good faith4 ,as it was1 the appeal was made subject to certain foregone conclusions1 none of which1 perhaps1 could have been deduced from the mere text by any scientific process of exegesis4 ,servetus could not find the doctrine of the ,holy ,trinity in the ,bible2 and though he was little if at all to blame1 according to ,protestant principles1 ,calvin thought this failure worthy of death4 ,luther found in the ,epistle of ,st4 ,james much more than he wanted1 and therefore he ejected it from the canon4 ,thus the appearance of an appeal to a common standard is an appearance only4 ,it has been found to cover the widest variations both of doctrine and ritual4 ,the only result of professing to be bound by the ,bible is1 that the text is wrested to mean any thing4 ,no single system of exegesis1 strictly applied throughout and deprived of all external suggestion or comment1 will elicit a consistent whole from the declarations of ,scripture4 ,all sects can produce some texts in their favor1 and all find some texts which they are obliged to explain away4 ,inquirers are supposed to bring to the task of examination a previous reservation in favor of the doctrines of their peculiar sect4 ,if they do not1 they are denounced as traitors and unbelievers1 in spite of the ostentatious demand for a free inquiry4 ,when ,mr4 ,jowett proposed to use for the elucidation of ,scripture those aids and methods which scholars have applied with great success to the profane classics1 he was met with something more than outcry2 he was actually persecuted4 ,yet his persecutors1 who kept his salary as professor of ,greek down to forty pounds per annum when the other similar professorships were raised in value to four hundred pounds1 had nothing to offer by way of reason against his proposal4 ,they stooped to effect their object by using the blind prejudices of country clergymen4 ,while the name of ,scripture has always commanded respect1 and in this way a sort of pretended unity has seemed to bind together the sects of ,protestantism1 every generation has seen less and less ground for establishing any thing like real visible communion4 ,scripture is useless to this end1 because every party insists that it has ,scripture on its side4 ,since ,luther and ,melancthon conferred at ,marburg with colampadius and ,zwingli1 the futility of conferences has been growing more and more manifest4 ,but so soon as men despair of establishing union by convincing their opponents1 they are driven1 if they desire union1 to propose compromise as the basis upon which to found it2 and in religious matters1 compromise means the surrender of faith to expediency4 ,many attempts have been made to induce the sects to coalesce by declaring only that to be obligatory in dogma which is common to all1 leaving every thing else in the region of pious opinion2 but a very natural and even laudable party obstinacy has always brought these attempts to nothing4 ,the only persons who can approach such compromises with a safe conscience are latitudinarians1 whose fundamental principle is the denial that any dogma is of necessity to salvation2 and to the latitudinarian this privilege is useless1 because his overtures are superfluous if made to latitudinarians1 while they are sure to be rejected by the dogmatists4 ,yet it is hard for the dogmatic ,protestant to justify the religious scruple which makes him unwilling to treat with the latitudinarian2 for he is cut off from the appeal to the faith once delivered to the saints1 and forced to take up his position on ground which can equally well be claimed by his opponents4 ,the scruples of either side are called prejudices by the other2 and neither can rebut the accusation upon solid grounds of reason4 ,a position like this is unstable2 and though habit will enable a given set of men to hold their ground firmly against mere argument1 yet argument does tell in the long run1 and an unreasonable position cannot with security be handed on to the next generation4 ,for the next generation is not born under the same circumstances as the former2 and so it often happens that the habit which swayed the fathers is not formed in the children4 ,bit by bit the ill-established creed rots away1 as the universal solvent is brought to bear upon the whole2 and thus successive generations of ,protestants are apt to be pushed nearer and nearer to latitudinarianism1 sometimes without any notice being taken of the change4 ,at length1 perhaps1 we see matters culminate in some portentous vagary1 like that society which now exists1 or existed not long since in ,london1 which proposes to unite upon the basis of assenting to nothing at all4 ,the connection between faith and reason1 and the influence which intellectual processes may lawfully exercise upon religious belief1 are questions of profound difficulty4 ,but without attempting to draw the line exactly between what is right and what is wrong1 it may be possible to assert with confidence of particular cases that they lie on this or that side of the line4 ,we would not rashly encourage persons who have been brought up in any dogmatic system1 however ill-grounded or erroneous we may think their belief1 to set about mocking their hereditary faith upon the strength of a shallow scepticism2 still less would we employ ridicule against errors which cannot be ridiculed without shocking deep convictions2 because we think that the cause of truth1 in the long run1 loses more than it gains by such means4 ,but the logical weakness of the ,protestant position is made apparent by the fact that it always does give way before reason4 ,england has passed through many phases1 and one of these was a phase of rationalism1 that is1 of appealing to reason only as the ultimate ground of religious belief4 ,during that period the popular religion sank into a vague deism1 together with a practical code of moral decency4 ,yet1 during that time--the eighteenth century--the ,church of ,england was peculiarly rich in men whom she esteemed great divines2 but theology is excluded from the pages of these theologians4 ,we find little beyond exhortations to the practice of virtue1 grounded upon appeals to good feeling and the hope of reward2 and what ought to be the dogmatic side of their teaching is occupied with proofs of the reasonableness of ,christianity1 or with statements of the evidences of ,christianity--a ,christianity which1 in the popular mind1 had lost all hold upon the divinity of ,christ4 ,here1 then1 the old ,protestant dogmatic position had gone down before reason2 and its fall is the more notable because reason was not polemically directed against it4 ,the men who had renounced the dogmatic position were the champions of the church1 nor had they the least suspicion that they had surrendered every thing to the other side except an empty title4 ,circumstances had forced them to take their stand upon reason2 and dogma was quietly and instinctively dropped out of sight1 simply because it could not be defended by them in their position upon that ground4 ,we shall see presently how close1 at this time1 was the resemblance between the orthodox and the deist4 ,but in the change of circumstances1 which is the result of the course of time1 there is something to compensate for this sinking and loosening of the dogmatic foundations of the ,protestants4 ,something is gained in the greater ease with which later generations can shut their eyes to the presence of certain troublesome facts2 and this is what ,catholics mean when they speak of the children of schismatics as being less responsible than their fathers for the schism in which they find themselves4 ,while the old ,protestants were quite ready to take the ,bible upon trust1 they felt the force of certain texts which do not at all trouble their successors4 ,no modern evangelical or ,presbyterian feels any qualm of suspicion when he reads the words1 ,this is my body1 nor does he trouble himself to seek out a plausible explanation4 ,macaulay said that the absurdity of a literal interpretation was as great and as obvious in the sixteenth century as it is now4 ,but1 at all events1 there is this great difference between the two centuries3 that in the sixteenth1 men felt bound to give some meaning to the text1 while now1 in the nineteenth1 they feel able to pass it over without giving to it any meaning at all4 colampadius and ,zwingli were at the head of the two principal sections of the sacramentarian party1 who denied all real presence1 and reduced the eucharist to a mere commemorative rite4 ,there stood the text1 and they felt bound to explain it somehow1 so that it might agree with their opinions4 ,they assigned the same general meaning to the whole1 but they could not agree on the question whether is or body must be interpreted by a kind of metonymy1 that is1 saying one thing and meaning another4 ,the subject is not a fit one for laughter2 but it is hard to read without laughing that ,andrew ,carlstadt thought our ,lord pointed to his natural body1 when he uttered the words of the text4 ,men must be sore pressed before they will execute such wrigglings as these2 and there are many signs of the existence of similar pressures at that day1 from which modern ,protestants are more or less relieved4 ,thus1 ,calvin was obliged for the sake of consistency to declare that ,scripture shines by its own light2 while the moderns can act as if it did without being obliged to say so4 ,again1 when ,archbishop ,heath and his fellow-sufferers protested against their deprivation by ,queen ,elizabeth1 she felt bound to make some attempt to argue from the fathers against the supremacy of the pope1 though she could have found no pleasure in the task1 because she had so little to say for herself4 ,now1 when a modern ,protestant uses arguments of this sort1 it is only to satisfy his own private whims or scruples2 but ,elizabeth was peremptorily called upon to defend herself against adverse public opinion4 ,nothing seems simpler to a modern ,protestant than that a man should take his stand on the ,bible1 and the ,bible only2 nothing seems more strange to any one who has considered the various ultimate grounds and hypotheses upon which religious belief may be supposed to rest4 ,it is not necessary to be always obtruding the question of ultimate grounds upon men's notice1 because it is not required that all who believe shall be able to produce an accurate statement of the true ultimate grounds of their belief4 ,but such grounds must be supposed to exist1 and to be capable of accurate statement2 and the statement of them is1 at any rate1 fatal to the ,protestant position4 ,we have seen how dogmatic theology disappeared from the popular mind under the rationalism of the eighteenth century4 ,and at the time of the ,french revolution1 it was found that when men deserted the church1 they did not take their stand upon the ,bible1 but on atheism2 and that when they ceased to be atheists1 they became ,catholics again1 not ,protestants2 nor has ,protestantism ever made any large number of converts1 except in the sixteenth century4 ,this was a sore puzzle to ,macaulay1 as he himself declares2 but it is easily explained on the principles we have laid down4 ,in the sixteenth century1 men had no thought of inquiring about ultimate grounds of belief2 they were determined to believe something1 and they looked about for any proximate ground which was near at hand and plausible in appearance4 ,at the end of the eighteenth century1 the question of ultimate grounds had occurred to many1 and they had answered that there were ultimately no grounds for believing any religion at all4 ,when they changed this opinion1 and determined to have a religious belief1 they did not take up the ,protestant position1 because it was exploded2 and the proof that it was exploded lies in the fact that they did not take it up4 ,they could no longer play the part of arbitrary eclectics1 selecting what they chose and rejecting what they chose from the ,catholic system4 ,they could not follow the example of ,calvin1 who first stopped short where he did1 and then helped to burn#aff ,servetus for going a few steps further4 ,the ,french revolutionists were without any of those convenient traditional drags which hamper movement1 and enable men to stop short at arbitrary points4 ,they ruthlessly carried out their principles into the wildest and most ferocious excesses1 things for which no logical consistency will compensate2 but they did carry them out4 ,therefore they were in some sense incapacitated for becoming ,protestants1 because they had once known what it was to carry out principles1 and there is no set of principles whatever1 which1 if vigorously carried out1 will land a man in ,protestantism4 ,men who found their belief upon the ,bible alone1 have first to determine the canon1 then to settle the text1 and lastly to interpret it4 ,they have three questions to answer3 #a4 ,how is it known that the ,bible is1 as a whole1 the word of ,god8 #b4 ,how is it known that the text is free from material corruption8 #c4 ,when men differ about its meaning1 as they notoriously do1 who is to decide between them8 ,until a reply is found to these questions1 their position is open to attacks which cannot justly be stigmatized as the result of a shallow scepticism2 and the best proof of this is the fact that it always goes down before reason4 ,one or two men of learning and ability may be found to abide by the ancient ways2 but they are deserted by the great majority of their fellows1 and therefore they are the exception and not the rule4 ,who can pretend to doubt in what direction the whole of the learning and ability among the undergraduates of ,oxford has been moving of late years8 ,with hardly an exception1 all the most promising among the young men have been moving away from those stand-points which ,dr4 ,pusey finds necessary to his position as a ,protestant2 and if there be any exception to this general movement1 he only marks the motion of the stream by standing still himself4 ,this is because our three questions remain unanswered1 while those who attempt to find such an answer as shall be acceptable to a rational mind1 are denounced and persecuted4 ,yet these so-called liberals have a right to demand to be heard1 and to be allowed to make out what they can by fair argument2 nor has ,dr4 ,pusey any right to be shocked when they find things in ,scripture which he does not1 except upon grounds which1 if he would rigorously carry them out1 would make him a ,catholic4 ,in his present position1 we cannot guess how he would attempt to answer ,charlotte ,elizabeth1 that great departed light of the extreme evangelicals4 ,an acquaintance once suggested a doubt about the inspiration of the book of ,revelation in these words3 ,you are a person of too much sense to believe that the binding up of certain leaves between the covers of the ,bible makes them a part of it4 ,this1 in fact1 raised the question how the canon is to be determined2 and ,charlotte ,elizabeth was staggered for a moment1 as she herself tells us4 ,but the battle was turned by the following reply1 which she piously believed to be dictated by ,god3 ,if you can persuade me that the book of ,revelation is not inspired1 another person may do the same with regard to the book of ,genesis2 and so of all that lie between them1 till the whole ,bible is taken from me4 ,that will never do1 etc4 ,having thus determined the canon1 she promptly provides the interpreter4 ,man can tell me no more than that ,god has clearly revealed the ,calvinistic doctrine of election and reprobation2 therefore1 man cannot strengthen a belief founded on the sure word of ,god2 or if he tells me it is not revealed1 ,i know that it is2 because ,i have found it so1 and relinquish it ,i never can4 7,personal ,recollections of ,charlotte ,elizabeth1 third edition1 p4 #acd4 ,the other passage quoted is at p4 #acj47 ,charlotte ,elizabeth1 upon the strength of this1 deals out the most uncompromising damnation to those who have found that it is not4 ,and ,dr4 ,pusey's estimable friend1 ,mr4 ,burgon1 is equally ferocious toward those who doubt whether every syllable1 point1 jot1 tittle1 and full stop in the ,bible is the express act of ,god4 ,it would be impossible1 we suppose1 to convert the wood-and-leather man of ,martinus ,scriblerus1 even though he should reason as well as most of your country parsons4 ,political circumstances have given such peculiar interest to the career of the ,church of ,england that it deserves to be placed in a class by itself1 apart from the other schismatical bodies which sprang up at the ,reformation4 ,amid the storms of theological controversy she has always found a dubious sheet-anchor in the state1 which secured to her a certain stability of political position1 while it allowed her to drift through many widely different doctrinal phases4 ,the tameness with which she veered about at the bidding of successive sovereigns1 and the ease with which great changes were effected in her constitution1 show that1 in puritan phrase1 her heart was not in the work4 ,historians are equally astonished at the power of the crown and the pusillanimity of the people4 ,and there is ground for astonishment1 though the facts are often described in terms of exaggeration4 ,we are not to suppose that the passing of an act of parliament1 or the devising of an ordinal by ,cranmer1 made a change in religion which was instantly felt through all corners of the kingdom4 ,multitudes had very vague notions of what was going on1 and the only people who were thoroughly well informed1 the courtiers1 had their eyes fixed on church lands1 not on theology4 ,in some parts of the country1 as in ,lancashire1 the change was little felt1 and the ,catholic religion remains there to this day a common heirloom4 ,but in the mass of the people we quite miss that delicate spiritual sense1 so keenly alive to the slightest variation from the faith1 which gives such interest to the struggles of the church with the early heretics4 ,when all has been said in their favor1 it cannot be denied that the ,english have always shown themselves somewhat supine and spiritually sluggish4 ,it is only the right to tax themselves which appeals to their energies with force enough to stir up a rebellion4 ,the ,scots took their religion into their own hands2 but the ,english were contented to be led like sheep by ,cecil and ,parker4 ,the fundamental profession of faith of the ,church of ,england1 the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 labors under this disadvantage1 that it has never secured to the ,established ,church any closer union or more uniform dogmatic tradition than has been secured to ,protestants in general by their common possession of the ,bible4 ,very significant are those words in the ,king's ,declaration prefixed to the articles1 in which his majesty finds so much comfort from the fact that nobody refuses to sign the articles1 in spite of some differences which have been ill raised2 and that1 when they differ1 men of all sorts take the articles of the ,church of ,england to be for them4 ,what is the value of a formula which has been found compatible with the primacy both of ,whitgift and of ,sancroft8 ,only once did the spirit of the nation question the right of men of all sorts to take the articles to be for them2 and that was when ,dr4 ,newman took them to contain the ,catholic faith4 ,but this was due to the national hatred of popery1 not to the stringency of the articles4 ,their weak blast has never blown either hot or cold4 ,they look like the offspring of a union between inconsiderate haste and the latitudinarian hankering after conversions made by compromise4 ,they limit their confidence like the sagacious ,bottom4 ,masters1 ,i am to discourse wonders2 but ask me not what2 for if ,i tell you1 ,i am no true ,athenian4 ,the ,elizabethan pacificators were of that sort who turn a country into a wilderness1 and then boast that peace has been happily restored4 ,their ,established ,church was not a religion1 but a machinery for enabling men to dispense with religion in their daily lives2 and every attempt to graft religious feeling upon its sapless stock has ended in discord4 ,having no efficient discipline1 no central authority1 no energetic corporate action1 no audible dogmatic voice1 and no intelligible symbols of faith1 and receiving its hierarchy from the state with abject submissiveness1 it has never got so far as to attempt to fulfil any of the functions of the church4 ,its usual condition has been that of a bundle of differences held together by some fleeting economy or the presence of the state4 ,scarcely had it settled down into any thing like an organized polity1 when the ,puritan schism became formidably apparent2 and by the accidental bias of political association1 the ,churchman and the ,puritan became the champions respectively of prerogative and of liberty4 ,the church rallied round the monarchy1 because the favor of the crown was the breath of its nostrils2 and persecution made the ,puritans ripe for rebellion1 and therefore ready to fight for the cause of liberty in any shape4 ,the men who began the ,great ,rebellion were politicians1 not religious enthusiasts2 but they gained the day by enlisting on their side that religious enthusiasm which afterward declared that the ,lord had no need of the ,rump ,parliament4 ,when the intolerable government of the saints had made inevitable the restoration of ,charles1 the ,established ,church came back with the crown almost as naturally as the court of chancery and the privy council4 ,nothing could be more in keeping than that the ecclesiastical loyalty which had blossomed into the divine right of kings under the earlier ,stuarts1 should bear its fruit in passive obedience after the restoration4 ,this much had been claimed by ,henry ,,viii4 in that edifying manual1 ,the ,pious and ,godly ,institution of a ,christian ,man2 and it now became the touchstone of ,anglican orthodoxy1 almost to the exclusion of dogmatic considerations4 ,it is true that ,archbishop ,laud had long before begun what he meant to be a theological reaction2 but in his scheme the position of an altar or the use of a vestment counted for more than the gravest doctrinal questions1 and he did not scruple to act cordially with men whose theological views differed very widely from his own4 ,whatever claim the ,established ,church may seem to have made to doctrinal infallibility or to magisterial decision1 we think that it will be found on closer inspection to resolve itself into this1 that every preacher was allowed to propound his own crotchets as infallibly true1 provided only that his fidelity to the great dogma of passive obedience was beyond suspicion4 ,yet the prominence of this one proposition1 and the vehemence of the clergy in preaching it1 gave a certain aspect of unity to the church1 and somewhat resembled the energy with which divine truth should be taught4 ,the establishment has grown up into a great and conspicuous edifice1 imposing from its majestic appearance and the apparent solidity of its foundation1 and endeared to many by the recollection of sufferings endured in a cause with which it seemed to be inseparably bound up4 ,her ministers agreed in essentials2 that is to say1 in the fundamental rules of morality and passive obedience4 ,it was the very strength of the church's position which made the violence of ,james ,,ii4 so disastrous to her influence4 ,the clergy found themselves before the horns of a fatal dilemma1 when they were compelled to choose between their church and their king4 ,the people1 long used to hear that passive obedience was the first duty of a ,christian1 saw with a sceptical shock the defection of the clergy from their most sacred tenet4 ,the non-jurors set up a fresh schism1 and the shattered establishment could offer no effectual resistance to the phlegmatic ,william and his latitudinarian primate4 ,by the revolution the ,anglican was finally and for ever cut off from all appeal to the living authority of the church2 and it is well worthy of note that when the high ,anglicans of this century1 after the tractarian movement had set in1 began to appeal to authority1 they could find no living authority whither to carry their appeal1 and were forced to set up the dead authority of books and records4 ,at the close of the seventeenth century1 there would seem to have been a good opportunity for anticipating by a hundred and fifty years the tractarian revival2 and perhaps we may regard the career of the non-jurors as a proof that ,sancroft and his brethren were utterly removed from every breath of the ,catholic spirit4 ,cut off at that time from all appeal to authority1 yet forced to lay down some ground of belief1 it remained for the establishment to choose between reason and the witness of the ,spirit1 or the purer light manifesting itself to the separate conscience of the individual4 ,this latter had been the basis of independency1 and of those still darker sects which sprang from independency during the commonwealth4 ,it had appeared that this guidance might be made to lead anywhere1 except in any direction that a sane man would choose1 and therefore it remained to put reason on its trial4 ,thenceforth the appeal of the ,anglican was addressed to the reason of his hearers1 and the reasonable was the basis of argument between parties4 ,different men believed different things2 but each admitted that his creed must stand or fall according as it should or should not approve itself to reason4 ,that knowledge of ,god and of his will which could be discovered by unaided reason was styled natural religion2 and this was the whole of religion1 according to the deists4 ,according to the orthodox1 natural religion was an outline1 true as far as it went1 the details of which were to be filled in by revelation4 ,it was an obvious consequence of this view1 that such parts of ,christianity as could not easily be foisted in upon natural religion1 came to be rejected as popish corruptions2 and thus the distinction between the orthodox and the deist became at last very shallow4 ,bishop ,butler1 a man of fervid piety and with a natural bias toward asceticism1 whose disposition made him an exception in many ways to the common tendency of the age in which he lived1 complains that religion had in his day become too reasonable to have any connection with the heart and the affections4 ,the least deviation in any direction from the surrounding dead-level was looked upon with suspicion2 and ,butler's ,durham ,charge caused him to be accused of squinting toward the superstition of popery4 ,after his death1 it was said by many that he had died a ,catholic2 and ,secker came forward with indignant zeal to defend his memory from the calumny4 ,the depressing results of this prevailing tone are well shown by its effect on the religious views of such men as ,sydney ,smith4 ,a touch of fanaticism has great claims upon our respect1 when it is seen in contrast to the heathenism which regards a good education and gentlemanlike manners as the most necessary qualifications for the spiritual guide4 ,those evangelicals1 the patent ,christians of ,sydney ,smith1 were the representatives inside the ,church of ,england of the feelings and aspirations which animated the ,methodists outside2 and if the church had been the same in the days of ,wesley that it was in the days of ,wilberforce1 there would have been no separation4 ,we remarked that the close of the seventeenth century seems to have presented a good opportunity for anticipating the tractarian movement2 but the times were not ripe for it1 and the attempt was not made4 ,wesley did attempt to anticipate the evangelical movement2 but the times were again not ripe1 and the attempt ended in extensive schism4 ,the evangelicals were the true forerunners of the tractarians2 and perhaps the ,methodists had opened the way to both4 ,and as the ,church of ,england first drove out the ,methodists1 but acquired by the process a certain capacity to endure ,methodism1 so1 perhaps1 she drove out the ,tractarians1 and acquired thereby a certain leaven which enables her now to endure with comparative equanimity the presence in her bosom of men who profess ,catholic doctrine4 ,the church had no fixed spirit2 she was put in motion by the clamors of unstable popular opinion2 and popular opinion is liable to be modified by the views with which it is brought into contact1 even when it attacks them most fiercely4 ,yet we think we see signs that a time is coming when the comprehensive shelter of the establishment will no longer be open to all who choose to stand under it4 ,during this century three great movements have at different times made inroads upon the dead-level bequeathed by a former age4 ,the evangelical movement has had its day1 and its force is now spent2 it no longer does active work1 but only serves as a protest and drag4 ,the tractarian movement has passed into a second phase2 but it is still so far vigorous that it makes progress2 that is1 it increases continually the number of exoteric members who hang upon its skirts1 while the esoteric members become more and more thorough-going in their assertion of ,catholic doctrine and practice4 ,the third and last movement is the critical1 which is an attempt imported from ,germany1 and in ,england supported with great ingenuity and learning1 to set up a criterion of religious truth and error apart from the reception of the ,catholic scheme4 ,for a long time there was room enough for all these parties to exist together2 and if they quarrelled1 it was rather because they had a taste for quarrelling than because they were brought into collision4 ,but now there is no longer room for them1 and collision is imminent4 ,we may expect soon to see the battle fought out between them2 nor would it have been delayed so long had there been any ground solid enough for pitting one against another4 ,the ,english ecclesiastical law is so vague that men hardly dare to invoke it1 even when they hope to find it on their side2 for it is impossible to predict its course with certainty1 when once it is set moving4 ,but recent decisions have tended more and more to bring out this much1 that an exact compliance with the present law1 so far as it can be fixed1 would be equally distasteful both to the evangelicals and to the tractarians4 ,it is1 in fact1 a compromise constructed with unusual clumsiness1 which is now for the first time being exposed to a searching examination2 and it is likely to meet with the just fate of compromises1 by being found equally hateful to both of the parties whom it was meant to reconcile4 ,the critical school1 who greatly outweigh the two others in learning and ability1 are more evidently outside the letter of the present law1 though its machinery is too clumsy to be used against them with any great effect4 ,but the matter will not long be left in the hands of the present law2 and it is hard to foretell the legislation of the future4 ,nobody1 we think1 can now doubt that a few years will see some great change1 either of secularization1 or at least of redistribution1 in the ecclesiastical revenues4 ,a large section of the tractarian party now cries out for disestablishment1 as the only way open to them by which they may keep the ,catholic faith4 ,when the catastrophe to which we are looking forward does come1 no doubt there will be some splitting up of parties4 ,some1 we hope many1 of the tractarians will be received into the ,catholic ,church2 and then it will be seen whether the remainder will be able to set up a free church1 according to their darling scheme4 ,many of the evangelicals will doubtless join the various dissenting bodies2 and some1 perhaps1 will coalesce with the liberals1 7whom we called the critical school17 and it is possible that these latter may be left for a little while in possession of the whole of the temporalities of the church4 ,this1 however1 we do not think likely2 it is probable that disestablishment will be itself the occasion of a general dissolution4 ,but the liberals have this great advantage on their side1 that they are under no temptation whatever to split up4 ,the agreement which holds them together is an agreement to differ2 and their bond of union is a protest against all persons who consider dogmatic opinions of any kind to be a sufficient ground for breaking communion4 ,upon this understanding they are ready to shake hands with the whole world4 ,and the opinions which are held by the esoteric members of the party 7for some of them have opinions7 are always embraced subject to the admission that they may possibly be false4 ,they find truth everywhere1 and close resemblances between things which are totally different4 ,a bigot1 according to the old joke1 is a person who says that he is in the right1 and that every body who differs from him is in the wrong2 but a liberal is afraid to say that he is in the right1 lest he should be obliged to say that somebody else is not4 ,they avoid mistakes by saying as little as possible1 and by using the vaguest terms they can find2 and1 above all1 by cheerfully admitting that there is always a great deal to be said on both sides4 ,as certain of their own poets have said1 ,methinks ,i see them ,through everlasting limbos of void time ,twirling and twiddling ineffectively1 ,and indeterminately swaying for ever4 ,but it is only fair to say that here they are seen in their weakness1 not in their strength4 ,this vague and undecided habit of mind is the result of the circumstances in which they had their beginning4 ,the spectacle of a great number of sects1 each in practice arrogating to itself infallibility while they teach incompatible doctrines1 produces different effects upon different minds4 ,its natural effect upon the shallow1 who are just deep enough to find out that other sects exist beside the one in which they were brought up1 is to breed scepticism4 ,they know that two contradictory propositions cannot both be true1 and they think that the one is as well supported by evidence as the other2 and out of these premises1 by the help of bad logic1 they draw the conclusion that both must be false4 ,but sounder intellects set about investigating more closely the criterion of truth and falsehood2 and to such we owe the critical theory1 which is not only ingenious1 but even true so far as it goes4 ,something of the indecision of men who have seen so much of error that they now hardly believe in the existence of truth1 clings to these critics2 and this makes their proceeding seem to be sceptical when it is not really so4 ,their theory may be briefly summed up as follows3 ,interpret the ,scripture1 says one1#afg like any other book4 ,this in his mouth was a brief way of bidding us measure religious truth by the same tests1 while we seek it by the same methods1 as other truth4 ,it is well known that the labor of successive generations of scholars1 following the same main rules of criticism1 has made a great approach to uniformity in the interpretation of profane authors2 and nobody doubts that the common consent of the critics1 if it could be obtained1 would be the best possible evidence to the unlearned of the true meaning of an obscure passage4 ,it is inferred that the same critical methods may be applied to the ,bible1 and that the same approach to uniformity of interpretation may thus be secured4 ,this is a plausible theory2 and it is sound so far as it goes4 ,but it completely ignores the ,catholic theory of the interpretation of ,scripture4 ,its authors evidently suppose1 for example1 that if a text quoted by the ,council of ,trent in support of a doctrine could be critically proved irrelevant to the purpose1 then the doctrine would be seriously shaken in the minds of ,catholics4 ,but this opinion rests on a profound misapprehension of the ,catholic view4 ,we accept the doctrine on the authority of the council1 as the voice of the church1 without criticising the source from which the words are drawn2 and although the church in her decisions is guided by her unalterable tradition1 yet it is a possible case that she might be quite assured of the fact of the tradition1 and yet 7to speak reverently7 erroneously quote a document in evidence4 ,a ,catholic would be very cautious about attributing critical errors of this kind to a general council2 but no theologian will deny that such a thing might happen4 ,the function of the church in interpreting ,scripture is by no means limited to ascertaining what the words written represented to the mind of the writer2 the question is much wider than this1 including all that was intended by ,god to be conveyed or suggested by the written words to the church at large4 ,it does not follow that1 because a given meaning is the only sense which the words could appropriately bear at the time when they were written1 therefore no other additional sense was intended to be conveyed at some future time4 ,in proportion as we exalt the degree in which a passage or a book is supposed to be inspired1 so much the more probable does it become that its words will bear more than one meaning4 ,in the higher sense of the word inspiration1 the human agent becomes a mere instrument to convey a message1 which he himself may possibly not understand at all4 ,the meaning then lies wholly in the mind of ,god2 and it is to be sought out by the divinely appointed interpreter4 ,hence is apparent the reasonableness1 when they are taken together1 of the two elements which make up the ,catholic theory of ,scripture--the inspiration of the written word1 and the commission of the church to interpret4 ,both these things are ignored or denied by that school of criticism about which we have been speaking4 ,their view is quite incompatible with the ,catholic view of inspiration1 and they at the same time naturally deny the right of interpretation to the church1 in order to give it to the scholar4 ,and they therefore limit the function of interpretation to that which the scholar can reasonably attempt--the discovery of the meaning appropriate to the circumstances under which the words were uttered4 ,the theory1 as it stands by itself1 is a plausible hypothesis1 much better able to bear examination than any other theory which ,protestants have ever put forward4 ,we do not think that it will fulfil the hopes of its friends1 by securing the wished for uniformity of interpretation4 ,and we cannot help thinking that its adherents ought to be on their guard against their peculiar faculty of finding out likenesses in dissimilar things1 lest they should deceive themselves by fancying that they have secured uniformity when they have not4 ,at present1 they are rather apt to mistake the progeny of their neighbors for their own-- 444 simillima proles ,indiscreta suis gratusque parentibus error4 ,a few years ago1 one of them placed on record his pious delight at the closeness with which ,dr4 ,pusey's theological system resembled that of ,mr4 ,jowett4 ,he seemed to think that we are all of us getting year by year into closer agreement1 and that the golden mean toward which all are gravitating is that hazy creed which looms vaguely upon the inner vision of ,dean ,stanley4 ,,footnotes3 #afe ,now ,bishop of ,exeter4 ,he was the author of an ingenious but whimsical essay1 styled1 ,the ,education of the ,world1 in ,essays and ,reviews1 where he parcelled out the elements of our present civilization among different nations of antiquity4 ,he almost seems to have thought that ,turner owed his knowledge of painting1 in some vague way1 to ,zeuxis and ,parrhasius4 #aff ,to give ,calvin his due1 he was only for chopping off the head of ,servetus4 ,he called eagerly for his blood2 but he was willing to temper justice with so much mercy as lies in substituting the axe for the fagot4 #afg ,professor ,jowett1 ,essays and ,reviews1 ninth ed4 p4 #cgg4 ,this essay contains several jokes1 which to us seem rather out of place4 ,even the ,greek ,plato1 says the professor1 7p4 #cij17 would have 'coldly furnished forth' the words of 'eternal life4' ,the reader will remember the words of ,shakespeare1 ,the funeral baked meats ,did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables1 meaning 7as is shown by the preceding words1 ,thrift1 thrift1 ,horatio67 that the marriage had followed so close upon the funeral that the pasties which had been hot at the one came up cold at the other4 ,the new turn given by ,mr4 ,jowett to his original has1 we admit1 a very humorous effect2 but we cannot help thinking that he has been unseasonably witty4 ,,the ,,sagacious ,,wig4 ,i4 ,a wig may be said to have two lives--the one with its own head1 the other with its adopted head1 or rather the head which adopts it2 it has1 therefore1 a double chance for wisdom1 and might be expected to profit accordingly4 ,generally speaking1 this is the case1 and wig and wisdom are almost synonymous4 ,such wonderful tales had been told in a certain shop1 by wigs that came back to be fixed a little1 of the glory of their new abodes--wigs shorn from the very dregs of the people--from heads that had never been combed or petted or cared for--from heads houseless and hatless1 that had been rained on and hailed on1 and now in their second life dwelt in splendor unmitigated--that their discourses fairly curled up tighter every wig in the place4 ,the shop had proved but a stepping-stone to blissful companionship with wits and statesmen2 they reposed on the brows of sages and philosophers1 shared the applauses of the multitude with popular orators1 listened to the eloquence born of champagne and gaslight1 and won the smiles and flirted with sweet ladies on ,turkish divans and velvet fauteuils2 all this and more1 the wigs who came back had to relate4 ,no wonder hopes were raised in each that went forth--hopes often delusive4 ,,ii4 ,if the few hairs which made a kind of rim round the head of ,martin ,tryterlittle had chosen to speak when he first clapped a wig on his bald crown1 7bald though not yet old17 they could have told a long story1 or rather a succession of many stories1 of hope1 expectation1 and disappointment in the three great walks of life--money-making1 love-making1 and fame-making4 ,striving1 ever striving1 he hardly paused to look back at the profitless path he had trodden4 ,the meeting accidentally with an old school-chum in fine broadcloth1 or the ultra urgency of his landlady or some other disagreeable creditor1 gave him occasionally more vivid views of things1 and at such times he indulged in indignant and certainly very disrespectful language toward mankind in general and some individuals in particular2 but generally his mood was patient endurance4 ,success in life was an enigma4 ,there was ,job ,lovemee1 who began his career by ridiculously marrying a girl as poor as himself1 and blessed since with six children1 was getting as rich as a nabob2 while ,i1 said ,martin1 with no such drawbacks1 am as poor as a church mouse4 ,it was a pleasant bright spring morning when ,martin ,tryterlittle suddenly resolved to turn over a new leaf in his book of life and mend its story4 ,no wonder ,i cannot succeed1 said he2 look at me6 ,so1 as no one was by1 he looked at himself1 bit at a time1 in the little cracked mirror which adorned his attic lodging-room4 ,as the fortunes of ,martin had been gradually sinking in the scale of social existence1 he had physically been rising2 that is1 from occupying the first floor handsomely furnished1 as the advertisement set forth1 he had ascended to the attic1 so nearly unfurnished that a bed1 a table1 a chair1 and a broken mirror comprised its whole inventory4 ,look at me6 said ,martin to himself1 threadbare and bald6 ,no wonder ,i find nothing to do and no one to woo1 and stay lagging behind in this march of mankind6 ,i'll buy a wig to-day if ,i have to sell something to pay for it2 for every body can see my head1 but nobody--well1 ,i'll button up my coat6 ,it was no one's business how it was accomplished1 as ,martin truly said1 but it was done2 the wig was bought and paid for1 and rested now on his table in happy anticipation of the triumphs of the ensuing day4 ,no one will know me1 said he4 ,i hardly know myself6 ,o my wig6 how happy we shall be2 to thee shall ,i owe friends and fortune6 ,it may startle some old-fashioned people to hear me assert that there was a responsive chord in the wig which answered to all this2 but those familiar with modern metaphysical speculations will easily credit it4 ,the wig1 be it remembered1 was once part and parcel of a sentient being2 nor have we any reason to suppose that baking and boiling1 in the process of wig-making1 could in any way touch the spark immortal and invisible which once pervaded it4 ,it is true that counter arguments might be advanced1 and so there is no end to controversy2 but there is a shorter way--and having demonstrated how the thing might have been1 we are satisfied to believe that so it was4 ,martin felt that his wig understood him4 ,he was no longer alone in the world2 companionship is something even with a wig1 and he realized it as he laid his purchase carefully on the table and betook himself to his bed4 ,it was a long night2 but day dawned at last1 and1 in the mean time1 the whole future had been mapped out in the mind of ,martin ,tryterlittle4 ,he rose early1 made a careful toilette of such materials as were to be had1 and sallied forth in thoughtful mood4 ,fame1 wealth1 love--he conned them over in the order of valuation4 ,fame 7said he7 ,i must first secure1 and then ,i can command my own price in every thing else4 ,wealth will follow2 and as for love1 ,i need not go after that4 ,lord6 there is no end to the love that comes tumbling in upon fame and money6 ,c'est le premier pas qui coute--the problem was1 how to be famous4 ,there was a military and a civil career4 ,there was invention in all the arts subservient to human needs4 ,could any wheels anywhere be made to go faster or smoother or with less smashing up8 ,well1 as far as he saw1 every thing was as good as it could be4 ,literature8 ,ah6 that is a long track2 besides1 publishers are lions in the way--they cannot or will not always appreciate merit2 fame seldom comes to the scribe till after he is beyond the reach of earthly pain or blame4 ,no1 said ,martin1 ,i must be famous living2 what matters it after one is dead8 ,what is all this jabber about8 thought the wig2 surely my master has so many ways before him he cannot tell which to choose2 but so jauntily ,i sit on his brow1 he cannot fail of success whichever he takes4 ,this cogitating mood brought them step by step to a corner--one of those comers peculiar to great cities2 where1 while down one wide avenue the mighty human tide goes rushing and roaring1 the narrow side street1 like a little sluggish stream with scarce a perceptible ripple1 joins it and empties its trifle into it4 ,at this moment the usual tide in the great thoroughfare was swollen to a torrent2 in plain words1 at the corner ,martin encountered a mighty mob4 ,hark6 what a rabble shout6 pell-mell--something had happened4 ,somebody had sinned1 and very vindictive seemed the sufferers4 ,martin was caught in the current and twirled into their midst4 ,then was heard1 ,oh6 the man had a wig on6--wig6 man6 man6 wig6 ,it went from mouth to mouth4 ,well1 here was a man with a wig on in their midst2 this must be he4 ,the logic was conclusive2 so ,martin was seized and hurried along4 ,what have ,i done8 cried he4 ,oh6 yes1 you know what you've done2 and we know what you've done1 shouted a dozen tongues4 ,so1 pinioned close1 he was borne onward to the halls of justice1 or injustice1 as the case might be4 ,well1 well6 thought the wig2 ,i little expected to get in such a fix with my gentleman1 or ,i should have clinched his bald pate till he would have been glad to leave me for some other customer4 ,it is disgraceful6 ,it's villainous6 it's outrageous6 roared ,martin4 ,shut up6 said a looker-on4 ,now came a medley of questions and cross-questions1 and ejaculations1 and assertions1 and confirmations1 and contradictions1 and1 in short1 the usual path of law and order was trodden over1 till they settled down to unanimity on one point3 the evil deed1 whatever it was1 7and very few seemed to know exactly what it was17 had been done by a man in a wig2 but then it was a yellow-white1 frowsy1 sunburnt sort of a wig4 ,who could ever suspect that mass of dark1 glossy curls of concealing a rogue8 ,no one4 ,so ,martin was dismissed with the galling consciousness that for the great wrong done him there was no redress4 ,a great wrong1 too1 he felt it2 for what was he henceforth8 ,why1 the very boys in the street would point to him as the one wot was took up4 ,he shrank from being seen2 he had been too famous already4 ,he turned his steps homeward to collect his thoughts and rearrange his dress4 ,this comes of a wig1 said he2 a wig is deception1 deception is rascality4 ,a man guilty of one deception must not take it in dudgeon that he is suspected of another4 ,i scorn fame6 ,i go for money2 and money shall make me famous4 ,i began at the wrong end4 ,yes1 7chimed in the wig17 we'll be rich and loved2 and the rest is all bosh4 ,it took ,martin ,tryterlittle a long time to put himself again in presentable order2 one more such adventure1 and he would be obliged to cease intercourse with that portion of creation who walk in sunlight1 and join the human owls who1 from choice or necessity1 fly only by night4 ,their ways are not so widely different as a casual observer might suppose4 ,money is dear to both1 and both are fond of taking short roads to it4 ,only in one thing they differ vastly--the day-worker sighs and seeks for notoriety1 and often fails to obtain it2 the night-prowlers have it thrust upon them1 though they shun it4 ,martin had shared their hapless luck1 and his ideas were changed2 henceforth he scorned fame in all its phases1 and exalted that other idol--money4 ,,iii4 ,a second time day-dawn called up ,martin and his wig for new projects4 ,it was a glorious morning4 ,there was something exhilarating in that yellow flood of light which promised success4 ,it was so cosmopolitan--that sunlight6 ,it gave to all things such a gloss of delicate beauty4 ,first1 it just touched with gold the spires1 and tallest trees and chimney-tops2 then it slid down the house-side to peep in my lady's chamber2 then it poured a glow all over the pavement1 and made merry and warm all the little things1 animate and inanimate1 which but for that would have been dark and cold4 ,into this atmosphere of joyousness walked forth now ,martin ,tryterlittle to find something to do1 some fellow-creature with a want unfilled4 ,it is surprising that any one ever begins to do any thing in this world1 where every avenue to success is crowded1 every necessity supplied1 and every evil surrounded by a belt of antidotes2 it takes immense penetration to discover where there is left any thing to be done4 ,i must find a want1 said he4 ,and he turned to that dragon ever watchful of human interests--a newspaper4 ,the wanted there were many--workers for metals1 accountants for wealth1 delvers for the riches of earth2 but all these anticipated a certain previous training4 ,wanted1 a teacher4 ,that's it1 said ,martin4 ,i think ,i am fitted for that4 ,so he moved on to the field of action--the institute4 ,the building was easily found--a large brick pile surrounded by grass1 or rather1 what would have been grass had juvenile footsteps permitted4 ,to point the searcher for knowledge to the proper entrance1 its name was displayed there in conspicuous letters4 ,the master was not so accessible2 and he sat a long time in the parlor with several other visitors1 and listened to the tinkling of sundry little bells1 and saw passing in the distance sundry little processions armed with books and slates1 until they were all properly impressed with an idea of the extent of the establishment and the awful responsibility of conducting it4 ,at length1 slowly and with dignity1 entered ,mr4 ,pushem4 ,a teacher1 you want8 modestly inquired ,martin4 ,yes1 sir1 was the laconic reply2 and a little silence ensued4 ,for what1 sir8 again modestly asked ,martin4 ,well1 sir1 for several things2 in fact1 sir1 for most any thing4 ,so1 as ,martin announced himself au fait on all subjects1 and the salary1 without decided specification1 was declared by the dignified principal to be unquestionably liberal1 and the duties could not well be defined until he entered upon them2 and as the only positive point was that he was to be niggard never in either time or labor1 for the reason that time and labor were dust in the balance compared with the progress of immortal minds1 the applicant was regularly enlisted under the banner of the ,,institute4 ,he was to pay his board and lodging of course1 said ,mr4 ,pushem2 and1 of course1 ,martin did not expect to board and lodge without pay1 though he had some remembrance of having done so occasionally2 and so the matter was settled1 and he returned home4 ,it took him small time to pack his bundle4 ,his trunk had been detained a long time ago by a savage old dame for rent2 and1 knowing that the same gulf yawned ever for all succeeding trunks1 he had never replaced it4 ,so1 packing his little bundle1 ,i say1 and leaving a kind message for his landlady with a fellow-lodger1 to the purport that he would come back and pay her as soon as he could1 he vanished from his old abode as effectually as if he had gone to another planet4 ,loving parents tell us there is nothing so delightful as watching the daily progress of children in learning the alphabet of life4 ,not that villainous regiment called ,a ,b ,c1 which merits execration as the first herald of toil and sorrow to the infantile heart1 but that beautiful alphabet of rosy hues and rainbow colors1 stamped on leaf1 and flower1 and fruit1 and wave1 and hill-side1 and which1 in conning over1 the little eye learns to see1 and the ear to hear2 and the touch refines itself1 and fragrance grows to be an idea2 and the little gourmand makes its first essay in luxurious living on peaches and berries4 ,every little incident here is delightful4 ,but not so pleasant is it to note the later wanderings of human beings in quest of that vague thing--a living4 ,the traveller on the highway of life has grown weary now1 and stumbles and plunges ankle-deep in all things disagreeable4 ,he has heard the bird of promise sing so falsely1 he knows how little the song is worth--he has grown sad while growing wise2 and thus plodded on ,martin ,tryterlittle4 ,some months had passed now since the roof of the institute first sheltered him2 and the bread and bones and watery tea of the institute first nourished him2 and the boys harassed him1 and made fun of him2 and twigged his wig1 and put nettles in his bed in more than a metaphorical sense4 ,his master had kept him like a toad under a harrow1 7to use an inelegant but expressive phrase17 always doing1 never done2 the salary was yet unsettled1 and the duties undefined1 when one night the wig claimed a hearing4 ,i am growing shabby1 said the wig1 and you are no richer4 ,not that these words were uttered in an audible tone1 but the thought passed to ,martin and was comprehended4 ,you are growing shabby1 sighed ,martin1 ruthfully gazing1 and ,i am no richer4 ,o master mine6 quoth the wig1 do you see how you are walking on8 ,you are growing poorer1 not richer6 ,what is to you all the glory of this concern1 when you own not even a nail in the wall8 ,you are just the stone they step on who mount up over you4 ,what do you get for it8 ,o master mine6 you are an ass to stay6 ,martin was not inaccessible to reason2 he was impressed daily more and more with the good sense of his old friend ,horace4 ,et genus et virtus1 nisi cum re1 vilior alg est4#afh ,his rusty garments and diminished bundle told him that the wig spoke truth1 and he prepared1 not for a hegira1 but for an official resignation4 ,it took no long time for this1 and his little hard bed in its windy corner was left empty the very next night4 ,the boys felt that a great source of amusement had departed1 and sincerely regretted his loss2 and ,mr4 ,pushem1 after due astonishment at such blindness to advantages1 disbursed to him the smallest possible sum as balance due1 and advertised for another teacher4 ,o gold1 gold6 ,slave of the dark and dirty mine6 what need to record how often thou didst beckon on luckless ,martin ,tryterlittle1 only to flit from him further than ever8 ,what matters how he slept in back offices and front basements1 dreaming of mines somewhere at the antipodes1 of which he was to have such a glittering slice--or of lovely landscapes away off in the vast wilderness of which he would one day be landed proprietor8--that is1 as soon as he could persuade certain people into certain projects which seemed in theory mighty attractive1 but proved in practice to have no attractions whatever--suffice to say that at last1 quite desponding1 he invested most part of his few remaining coin in the prepayment of an attic1 and seated himself sadly at its window4 ,i shall never be rich1 quoth he2 fame and fortune6--well1 let them go4 ,his heart threw a sigh to the other one of the trio1 and the wig took it up4 ,i was born for love1 said the wig2 the first sweet words ,i remember came from the rosy lips of our pretty shop-girl1 ,what a love of a wig6 ,i have never yet had a fair chance in life4 ,what care those bankers and old money-scrapers for good looks8 ,they are all gray and bald and wrinkled before their time4 ,put me on my own field1 master1 and ,,see what ,i can do6 ,perhaps this prompted ,martin to lean further out of his window1 and thus give his wig the full benefit of sunlight and the chance of making acquaintances2 at least he did so2 and doing so1 he glanced across the street to a window nearly as high as his own1 and saw there--what8 ,why1 two bright eyes looking intently at him6 ,he drew back2 for ,martin was diffident with the fair sex1 and being1 besides1 innately a gentleman1 it did not occur to him to embarrass the damsel with a rude stare4 ,so he retreated2 and the bright eyes also retreated and what was worse than all1 a little1 plump1 white hand came out and closed the shutters4 ,nothing more was seen all day2 but he had ample occupation in conjecturing who it could be4 ,no toil-worn seamstress ever had such a laughing glance and such a plump little hand2 no1 it was evidently a maiden quite above care for the morrow4 ,most anxiously he awaited the following morning1 when about the same hour--that is1 early day--could he believe his senses8--again the shutter was opened1 and the bright eyes glanced up at him as if they too remembered4 ,the little fairy was evidently a household fairy engaged in some fairy-like duties about the chamber1 and ever and anon1 as these brought her near the window1 she glanced up at ,martin4 ,that any loving and lovable woman should bestow a thought on him was a leaf of paradise painted in dreams sometimes on the far-off days to come1 when he should be rich and renowned2 but that such bright1 happy eyes should seek and rest on poor ,martin ,tryterlittle was hardly credible2 as soon would he have expected ,luna to step down from her orbit1 peep into his attic1 and say1 ,good evening to you1 ,martin2 but so it was4 ,it is my doing1 said the wig2 all mine6 ,one day was the story of the next1 and the next1 and several more beyond4 ,it is surprising how much may be learned of the inhabitants of a house from its exterior4 ,as the beatific vision lasted but a short time each morning1 a long day and night was left him to study its surroundings1 and in a brief space of time he read the whole plain as a book4 ,it was a handsome mansion1 and a private one4 ,there was a sensible housekeeping mistress there2 for the railings were black and the knocker bright1 and the steps were clean and the housemaids tidy2 even the pavements were a pattern to the neighbors4 ,there were order and industry throughout the establishment1 evidently4 ,all this and more besides he deciphered by processes whose intricate premises laughed to scorn quadratic equations1 and yet he was never tired4 ,martin had done1 here and there and everywhere in his lifetime1 a deal more head-work than he had ever been paid for1 rather by compulsion2 but now he labored con amore on the loveliest subject life affords2 and so far from wearying him1 his wits grew brighter1 his ideas received a new impetus1 and1 strange to say1 the beneficial influence extended to his purse4 ,i must have some honest occupation now1 cried he2 it will never do to introduce myself as lounger in an attic window6 ,yes6 he really dreamed of an introduction4 ,let me see1 7and he picked up his old dragon friend the newspaper27 wants1 wants--small salary1 etc42 well1 ,i will try4 ,so he speedily bargained himself away to--no matter what1 so it was honest1 and went to work with a good-will4 ,it was pleasant1 too1 7strange he had never thought of it before27 it was pleasant to have a defined place among his fellow-mortals1 and to feel that he could not now1 as heretofore1 be blown away on some windy day1 and no one miss him4 ,great changes are not wrought in a day4 ,it took him some time to straighten out his line of existence and untie all the knots he had always been tying in it2 to settle up scores with the past1 and open accounts with the future--but it was all accomplished2 and see now the life of ,martin ,tryterlittle4 ,he rose betimes1 drank an elixir from those bright eyes perfectly intoxicating1 and speeded to business4 ,at eventide--where think you he spent his evenings8 ,why1 in the back-parlor of that same handsome mansion1 with little household fairy at his side1 and papa smiling approval4 ,he was no longer threadbare and shabby1 and the only bit of deception about him--his wig--had been long ago confessed and forgiven4 ,i'm a deal better than any hair that ever grew on any man's head1 said the wig2 for if you live to be a hundred years old1 ,i shall never be bald or gray4 ,you will never be bald or gray1 said ,martin4 ,it will never be bald or gray1 laughed the little fairy4 ,on a certain evening about a year after this1 ,martin and his wig sat down for the last time to their dual converse2 the next day a little lady was to be admitted1 and the partnership would be a trio4 ,martin reclined on a sofa in his own domicil this night1 and looked on a soft1 bright carpet4 ,his purse had filled up2 nor was he unknown to fame--at least to a holy fame born of benevolence1 which in after years lighted up many a desolated heart and hearth1 and carved his name on structures where the homeless were sheltered and the hungry fed4 ,master mine1 said the wig1 we mistook our track4 ,human life was not bestowed for the hoarding up of money--or men would have been all born with pockets2 nor yet for a chase after fame4 ,there are innate1 loftier1 and purer aspirations to be satisfied--the living soul craves something to love1 and craves to be loved2 and like sunshine to earth1 that brings forth golden grain and sweet flowers1 so pure love1 the household sunshine1 calls out wealth of thought and energy of action2 and so comes fame1 and so comes money6 ,just so1 said ,martin2 you talk like a book6 ,,footnote3 #afh ,hor4 ,bk4 ii4 ,sat4 #e4 ,both birth and virtue1 without money1 are more worthless than seaweed4 ,,the ,,pope ,,and ,,the ,,council1 ,,by ,,janus4 ,,ii4 ,as the reader will have seen in our previous article1 it became necessary to interrogate history at some length in order to elucidate and substantiate our arguments on the two points we have already set forth1 namely1 the real purpose of ,janus1 and the orthodoxy which the authors of this work profess4 ,we have thus prepared the way for our examination of the historical and critical parts of ,janus1 for which he has found so many ardent admirers who would assign him a position in the very front rank of science4 ,janus is principally hailed as a work of history1 and as such1 makes by no means ordinary or modest pretensions4 ,that promiscuous array of matter presented to the reader in the third chapter1 subdivided into thirty-three paragraphs with those numerous references to original authorities1 has dazzled so many eyes and overpowered so many minds1 that they could not help feeling convinced of its veracity4 ,he has been held up as a thorough ,catholic and a learned canonist1 and whether or not by any legitimate and scientific criterion ,janus merits these encomiums1 the reader can infer from the unexceptionable authorities we have advanced4 ,we now ask the simple question1 ,has ,janus shown himself to be a faithful and discriminating historian8 ,having already appealed to the verdict of history on points of the very first importance1 we may confine ourselves exclusively to the historical merits of ,janus's work4 ,it cannot be expected that1 within the space allowed to such an examination1 we can touch upon every point2 yet we trust to be able to make such selections as will be sufficient to clear up the most important historical questions upon which ,janus himself lays most stress4 ,the following extract gives the key to the historical edifice of ,janus3 ,in this book the first attempt has been made to give a history of the hypothesis of papal infallibility1 from its first beginnings to the end of the sixteenth century1 when it appears in its complete form4 7,p4 #bd47 ,to take away all historical basis from ultramontanism1 the authors go over the whole field of ecclesiastical history1 and particularly the lives1 both private and public1 of the popes1 together with their acts of administration1 whether referring to the religious or civil government2 in short1 any thing and every thing is gathered to bring forward a very dark side of the history of the papacy4 ,the authors pledge themselves to oppose what they term the ultramontane scheme1 to which they will never submit1 and hence their appeal to history1 which should show that1 since the ninth century1 the constitution of the church has undergone a transformation neither sound nor natural1 because in contradiction with that of the ancient church4 ,but the question which naturally suggests itself is1 ,who is responsible for this movement in the church1 preparing1 like an advancing flood-tide1 to take possession of its whole organic life8 ,a powerful party which1 in ignorance of past history or by deliberately falsifying it1 is now about to complete its system and surround itself with an impregnable bulwark1 by the doctrine of infallibility4 ,to ward off so fatal a catastrophe1 ,janus enters this protest1 based on history4 ,only when a universal conflagration of libraries had destroyed all historical documents1 when easterns and westerns knew no more of their own early history than the ,maories in ,new ,zealand know of theirs now1 and when1 by a miracle1 great nations had abjured their whole intellectual character and habits of thought1 then1 and not till then1 would such a submission be possible4 7,p4 #bf47 ,we have thus fairly stated the whole issue4 ,true enough1 the ultramontanes were not wise when they did not give over to the flames all libraries1 with the exception of the ,isidorian decretals1 as the ,mohammedans are known to have done with the library of ,alexandria4 ,yet we are happy to say that such an expedient measure has not been resorted to1 being thereby enabled to trace the truth or falsehood of this mighty programme of ultramontanism which ,janus is pleased to honor with the name of ,papalism4 ,we can easily dispense with the alleged historical misconceptions of the middle ages1 and draw upon the very same historical documents with which ,janus so confidently proclaims his victory4 ,attention has already been directed to the peculiar mode of warfare pursued by ,janus1 namely1 to its purely negative and destructive character4 ,the third chapter bears the title of ,papal ,infallibility1 7pp4 #ca-cdf17 and hence we are led to expect a clear1 authentic1 and fair exposition of the doctrine in question1 and then all other arguments which1 either from scripture and patristic authority or from history1 could be brought to bear against such a doctrine4 ,no reasonable man1 much less a theologian1 could object to such a mode of proceeding4 ,the authors of ,janus1 wishing to cede to none in their loyal devotion to ,catholic truth1 could make ample use of that liberty of scientific discussion and historical investigation for or against the question of infallibility1 and no charge of radical aversion1 as they seemed to apprehend1 could be brought against their work4 ,since ,janus openly avows his purpose of disproving the doctrine of infallibility1 why does he not give such an explanation of it as is taught by its most able and acknowledged defenders8 ,what right has he to produce a version of it to suit his own fancy8 ,why bring up arguments militating1 indeed1 against his own theory1 but in nowise conclusive against the doctrine as laid down by its own exponents8 ,that it may not appear as if we made unfounded charges against ,janus1 we will subjoin his own definition and development of the doctrine he sees fit to attack3 ,when we speak of the church1 we mean the pope1 says the ,jesuit ,gretser4 ,taken by itself as the community of believers1 clergy and bishops1 the church1 according to ,cardinal ,cajetan1 is the slave of the pope4 7,p4 #ca47 ,apparently1 our authors would make this the ultramontanist tenet3 henceforward the l'glise c'est moi would be the genuine expression of papal infallibility4 ,we know of no theologian who sustains any such thesis as the above1 and we had expected a reference to the authorities quoted2 but none is given1 and we little heed the utterances attributed to them4 ,nothing1 indeed1 is easier than to place a question in a false point of view1 either by exaggeration or misrepresentation1 in order to make it appear ludicrous and absurd4 ,it is a fundamental principle of the ultramontane view that1 when we speak of the church1 its rights and its action1 we always mean the pope1 and the pope only4 7,p4 #ca47 ,there is no treatise on the church in which any such definition is to be found1 or any author who declares the pope alone to be the church1 in any possible sense or conception4 ,janus delights to cite ,bellarmine as one of such ultramontane view4 ,now1 we confidently assert that nowhere in his elaborate treatises on the ,roman ,pontiff or the ,church ,militant any similar definition to the one alleged can be found4 ,who is there who does not know that clear and concise notion given by ,bellarmine1 in which he has been followed by all standard works8 ,for he says1 ,nostra autem sententia est1 ,ecclesiam unam et veram esse ctum hominum ejusdem ,christian fidei professione1 et eorundem sacramentorum communione colligatum sub regimine legitumorum pastorum ac prcipue unius ,christi in terris ,vicarii ,romani ,pontificis4#afi ,our doctrine is1 that the one true church is that society of men which is bound together by the profession of the same ,christian faith under the government of their lawful pastors1 and especially of one vicar of ,christ on the earth1 the ,roman pontiff4 ,the following passages would exhibit the ultramontane doctrine of infallibility and its consequences3 ,god has gone to sleep1 because in his place his ever-wakeful and infallible vicar on earth rules1 as lord of the world1 and dispenser of grace and punishment4 7,p4 #cb47 ,the inevitable result of the principle would speedily bring us to this point1 that the essence of infallibility consists in the pope's signature to a decree hastily drawn up by a congregation or a single theologian4 7,preface1 xxv47 ,rome is an ecclesiastical address and inquiry-office1 or rather1 a standing oracle1 which can give at once an infallible solution of every doubt1 speculative and practical4444 ,with ultramontanes1 the authority of ,rome1 and the typical example of ,roman morals and customs1 are the embodiment of the moral and ecclesiastical law4 7,p4 #ce47 ,what is called ,catholicity can only be attained in the eyes of the court of ,rome1 by every one translating himself and his ideas1 on every subject that has any connection with religion1 into ,italian4 7,p4 #cg47 ,infallibility is a principle which will extend its dominion over men's minds more and more1 till it has coerced them into subjection to every papal pronouncement in matters of religion1 morals1 politics1 and social science4 ,every pope1 however ignorant of theology1 will be free to make what use he likes of his power of dogmatic creativeness1 and to erect his own thoughts into the common belief1 binding on the whole church4 7,p4 #ci47 ,a papal decision1 itself the result of a direct divine inspiration4 ,every other authority will pale beside the living oracle of the ,tiber1 which speaks with plenary inspiration4 ,what use in tedious investigation of ,scripture1 what use in wasting time on the difficult study of tradition1 which requires so many kinds of preliminary knowledge1 when a single utterance of the infallible pope 444 and a telegraphic message becomes an axiom and article of faith8 7,p4 #dj47 ,and how will it be in the future8 asks ,janus2 the rabbis say1 on every apostrophe in the ,bible hang whole mountains of hidden sense1 and this will apply equally to papal bulls4 7,p4 #da47 ,we have been rather copious in our extracts from ,janus in order to give him a fair hearing4 ,the question which first presents itself to a candid mind is1 ,has ,janus given a just and authentic explanation of the doctrine of infallibility8 ,we answer most emphatically1 ,no6 ,never has a doctrine been more unfairly represented than this ultramontane one by our authors4 ,no one will choose to call it fair and equitable to disfigure and distort in divers ways the doctrine of an opponent1 how much soever it may be against our own convictions4 ,those who make parade of their scientific criticism can least resort to such tactics with a view to seek popularity and win the smiles of the uninformed and ignorant among their readers1 as the authors of ,janus have done4 ,who would fain recognize this doctrine under the colors and shades of this portrait sketched by ,janus8 ,bellarmine is the great champion of infallibility4 7,p4 #cah47 ,yet1 nowhere does this eminent divine teach that a papal decision is the result of divine inspiration1 nor does he attribute to the pope any power of dogmatic creativeness--much less that he can erect his own thoughts into universal belief binding the church4 ,the sovereign pontiff1 says ,bellarmine1#agj when he teaches the universal church1 cannot err either in his decrees of faith or in moral precepts which are binding on the whole church1 and in such things as are necessary to salvation and in themselves1 that is1 essentially good or evil4 ,another authority well known has the following clear expos of this question3 ,the subject-matter of such irreformable judgments of the sovereign pontiff is limited to questions of dogmatic and moral import4 ,we distinguish a two-fold character in the pope1 namely1 considering him as a private individual or doctor privatus1 and by virtue of his office as chief pastor and as the universal doctor and teacher of all the faithful1 appointed by ,christ4 ,the pope is considered as universal teacher when1 using his public authority as the supreme guide of the church1 7supremus ecclesi magister17 he proposes something to the whole church1 obliging all the faithful under anathema1 or pain of heresy1 to believe the article thus proposed with internal assent and divine faith4 ,the pope when teaching under these conditions is said to speak ex cathedra4 ,we do not here speak of the pope as an individual teacher1 7doctor privatus17 since every one agrees on this1 that the pope1 just as well as other men1 is liable to err1 and his judgment may be reversed4#aga ,now1 ,janus does away with this distinction by comparing it to wooden iron invented merely as an expedient hypothesis1 whereas all theologians of repute agree on this difference1 as well as on the essential conditions of the ex cathedra decisions4 ,if there be some difficulties and minor differences among theologians on papal decrees1 this by no means affects the value of this important and necessary distinction itself4 ,even the decrees of an cumenical council may give rise to similar differences among theologians4 ,it is nothing less than a falsehood on the part of ,janus that the cause of this inerrancy claimed for the pope as universal teacher is due to direct divine and plenary inspiration4 ,all theologians are unanimous in asserting merely a divine assistance to guard against error1 just as the church herself is divinely guided by the ,holy ,spirit1 promised by ,christ to reside with her for ever4 ,there cannot be any necessity for substituting inspiration or a new revelation1 since the infallible magisterium in the church is exercised in the two-fold duty of teaching and preserving all those truths which she has received as a sacred deposit from her divine ,founder4 ,moreover1 it is supposed that the pope when issuing such decrees to the universal church1 binding all the faithful1 proceeds with that caution and prudence which such weighty acts demand1 that he has full liberty to assure himself of all human counsel and human means to find the true and genuine sense of ,scripture and tradition4 ,alluding1 therefore1 to ignorant popes making use of their power of dogmatic creativeness and erecting their own thoughts into dogmas of faith1 is an appeal to prejudice and commonplace mockery wholly unworthy of writers who would be admired for their calm and dignified scientific labors4 ,other opponents of papal infallibility have never gainsaid that at least this doctrine has always found many and able adherents1 who have advanced strong arguments claiming the serious consideration of every theologian and thinking ,christian1 and therefore recommended by most respectable authority4 ,but ,janus comes forward to stamp this ultramontane doctrine with the stigma of absurdity and ridicule1 and declares its advocates to be miserable sycophants1 devoid of all learning or honesty of intention4 7,p4 #cbj47 ,the references we have given exhibit the doctrine of infallibility in such colors as scarcely to be recognized1 and all advocates of the doctrine will repudiate such an unfair and arbitrary statement4 ,the cunning insinuation that infallibility invests the popes with personal sanctity and integrity of morals1 is no less captious and shallow4 ,to what purpose those tirades on the private lives of the popes1 or the extravagances of the ,curia1 and the administrative measures of the civil government1 etc48 ,the supposition as though the whole church1 that is1 all the faithful1 would have to accept falsehood for truth1 vice for virtue1 is a play of ,janus's imagination4 ,for those who uphold papal infallibility exclude the possibility of such an issue on account of the intimate union necessarily existing between the church and its spiritual head4 ,according to the promises of ,christ1 that union--eminently one of faith--will never be severed1 since ,christ himself commanded this obedience of the flock to ,peter and his successors4 ,it cannot for a moment be supposed that the wise ,lord of his vineyard sanctioned an obligation to accept falsehood for truth1 or vice for virtue4 ,the infallible magisterium of the church would be fatally compromised if the faithful were commanded by lawful authority to give interior assent to a false doctrine4 ,so much for the intrinsic falsehood of the hypothesis of ,janus4 ,yet he attempts to surround it with an authoritative garb by citing ,bellarmine as maintaining that if the pope were to err by prescribing sins and forbidding virtues1 the church would be bound to consider sins good and virtues evil1 unless she chose to sin against conscience4 7,p4 #cah47 ,who does not at once see this terrible alternative by which ,janus triumphantly proves from the author quoted that whatever doctrine it pleases the pope to prescribe1 the church must receive8 ,having the work of ,bellarmine before our eyes1 with the above passage in the context1 we were greatly amazed1 to say the least1 to see how the entire proposition conveys just the very opposite meaning of what ,janus would induce his readers to believe4 ,here is the argument in question3 ,the pope cannot err in teaching doctrines of faith1 nor is he liable to err in giving moral precepts binding the whole church in matters of essential good and evil4 ,for if this were the case1 that is1 if the pope erred in matters of essential good or evil1 he would necessarily err also in faith2 for ,catholic faith teaches that every virtue is good and every vice evil4 ,now1 if the pope erred by commanding vices or prohibiting virtues1 the church would be bound to believe vices good and virtues evil1 unless she chose to sin against conscience4#agb ,bellarmine's meaning evidently is that such an issue becomes impossible4 ,this reductio ad absurdum1 or showing to what contradiction a denial of his thesis would lead1 has been exhibited by our authors as a bona fide tenet of ,bellarmine6 ,the passage itself is partly transcribed with minute reference1 so that it is beyond the courtesy of even a mild critique to exonerate ,janus from the charge of deliberate dishonesty in this instance4 ,hitherto we have confined ourselves to a critical examination of a doctrine against which ,janus directs his assaults4 ,in the first place1 we submitted his version of the same1 and afterward the authentic explanation by those whom our authors acknowledge to be its most able exponents4 ,the inevitable conclusion which forces itself on every mind is1 that ,janus has developed the doctrine of infallibility to suit his own fancy1 and consequently the arguments he brings forward1 supposing them true for discussion's sake1 would indeed undermine the position assumed by himself1 but in no way affect the genuine one propounded by his opponents4 ,in order to make good his arguments from church history and canonical sources against the stand-point taken by the acknowledged advocates of infallibility1 these three conditions must be verified1 #ast4 ,that the pope acted in his capacity of universal teacher1 using his public authority as supreme head of the church2 #b;d4 ,that his judgments appertain to matters of doctrinal belief and moral law necessary to salvation4 #c;d4 ,that he proposes such things to the faithful1 under pain of heresy1 to be believed with interior assent as of divine faith1 that is1 a revealed truth4 ,there is the simple issue between ,janus and his adversaries4 ,has he advanced one single decree of any pope1 invested with these essential conditions1 obliging to believe falsehood and heresy or commanding to commit an evil and absolutely vicious action under the name of virtue8 ,we doubt whether any candid and discriminating historian will maintain that ,janus has accomplished any such task4 ,however1 that the reader may not suspect us of narrowing the domain of papal infallibility1 we will quote a passage from an able and warm adherent of this doctrine1 whose writings are well known as by no means liable to any suspicion of under-statement3 ,in the case of any given document1 we have to consider1 from the context and circumstances1 which portion of it expresses such doctrine2 for many statements1 even doctrinal1 may be introduced1 not as authoritative determinations1 but in the way of argument and illustration4 ,many papal pronouncements1 though they may introduce doctrinal reasons1 yet are not doctrinal pronouncements at all1 but disciplinary enactments2 the pope's immediate end in issuing them is1 not that certain things may be believed1 but that certain things may be done4 ,if the doctrinal reasons1 even for a doctrinal declaration1 are not infallible1 much less can infallibility be claimed for the doctrinal reasons of a disciplinarian enactment4 ,then again1 the pope may give some doctrinal decision as head of the church1 and yet not as universal teacher4 ,some individual may ask at his hands1 and receive1 practical direction on the doctrine to be followed in a particular case1 while yet the pope has no thought whatever of determining the question for the whole church and for all time4 ,much less1 as ,benedict ,,xiv4 remarks1 does the fact of his acting officially on some moral opinion fix on it the seal of infallibility as certainly true4 ,nor1 lastly1 can any conclusive inference be drawn in favor of some doctrinal practice1 from the fact of its not having been censured or prohibited4 ,the pontiff of the day1 whether from intellectual or moral defect1 may even omit censures and prohibitions which are greatly desirable in the church's interest1 or enact laws of an unwise and prejudicial character4#agc ,as we have already insinuated1 ,janus makes this infallibility extend to the private conduct of the popes1 to their particular sayings and to all other things which were merely preliminary steps to their official measures4 ,now1 it is certain1 as is frequently urged by ultramontanes1 that the pope1 in becoming pope1 does not cease to be a man1 and to have his own private opinions1 and not being infallible in these1 by the very force of terms1 they may be erroneous4 ,what we might thus far have conceded to ,janus without great injury to the doctrine he opposes1 we now proceed to question1 and examine this history of the hypothesis of papal infallibility1 from its first beginnings to the end of the sixteenth century4 ,he has indeed resuscitated weighty questions1 and not unfrequently antiquated difficulties which we could point out from works printed for three hundred years and more4 ,in order to be brief and clear1 we shall begin with the alleged forgeries upon which ,janus insists throughout his book1 and thereafter interrogate history as to the many papal errors1 usurpations1 and encroachments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,the terms faith1 heresy1 and under anathema1 in the foregoing article1 must be understood in their general and not their restricted sense4 ,that is to say1 whenever the pope declares or defines any thing which is to be believed with absolute interior assent1 this is to be considered as belonging to faith1 whether it be technically a proposition de fide1 or one which is only virtually and implicitly contained in a dogma4 ,so1 also1 when he condemns an opinion which is indirectly and virtually contrary to a dogma of faith1 this condemnation is of equal authority with the condemnation of an opinion technically called heretical4 ,the anathema need not be formally expressed1 or a special censure annexed1 if it is made manifest that all ,catholics are forbidden to hold the opinion condemned under pain of grievous sin4 ,the monition of the ,council of the ,vatican at the end of the decree on ,catholic faith expressly enjoins on all ,catholics the duty of rejecting not only all heresies1 that is1 opinions in point-blank contradiction to the dogmas of ,catholic faith1 but all errors approaching more or less to heresy which are condemned by the holy see4--,,editor ,,of ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #afi ,de ,eccl4 ,milit4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #b4 #agj ,de ,rom4 ,pontif4 lib4 iii4 capp4 #b1 #c1 #e4 #aga ,theol4 ,wirceburg4 tom4 i4 ,de ,princip4 ,direct4 n4 #aij4 #agb ,de ,rom4 ,pontif4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #e4 edit4 ,venet4 #a vol4 p4 #ggi4 #agc ,the ,authority of ,doctrinal ,decisions4 ,by ,dr4 ,ward4 ,pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,,the ,,young ,,vermonters4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,a ,,new ,,adventure4 ,all went on quietly with our young ,vermonters for a long time4 ,they were engaged in close attention to their studies1 in the regular routine of school duties and recreations of the play-ground1 until late in ,august1 when the peaceful current was again disturbed by the restlessness of ,frank ,blair2 and it happened in this wise4 ,in the vicinity of the village lived a farmer whom the boys had named ,old ,blue ,beech1 from his fondness for using a rod of that description over the backs of lawless juveniles whom he caught trespassing on his premises4 ,now1 this farmer was very skilful in cultivating choice fruit1 and spared no expense or labor in that department2 rejoicing in an orchard which he held in higher estimation than any other earthly possession1 and which was an object of greedy envy to the village urchins1 who indulged an inveterate spite and aversion against him1 without really knowing why or stopping to inquire4 ,they seemed to imagine that his keeping guard over his cherished treasures justified them in making frequent incursions1 and waging a perpetual warfare of petty annoyances against him4 ,it so happened this year that he had several early pear and apple-trees1 of rare and excellent varieties1 in bearing for the first time1 and well laden with most tempting fruit1 now nearly ripe4 ,frank ,blair set his wits about inventing some plan by which he and his comrades could possess themselves of this fruit without detection4 ,he formed and dismissed many schemes1 at length devising one that he thought could be safely carried out4 ,accordingly1 on a certain cloudy evening an assemblage of the boys--among whom ,i am sorry to say were ,mike ,hennessy and ,johnny ,hart--met by appointment in a grove near the farm1 and from which to the orchard a strip of woodland extended1 furnishing a convenient hiding-place1 to accomplish the project4 ,it never entered their heads that stealing this fruit was just as much a theft as to steal one of the farmer's horses4 ,nothing could have tempted one of their number to steal1 and any confectioner in the village might have spread his most tempting stores unguarded before them without losing so much as a comfit2 so sacredly would they have held his right to his own4 ,but boys have a most perverse and wicked mode of reasoning about fruit4 ,they cannot be made to regard it as the property of the person who has expended much money and many years of patient labor to produce it2 and while these boys would have shuddered at the thought of purloining the farmer's gold watch or his silver spoons1 which1 perhaps1 he would sooner have parted with1 they did not scruple to rob him of what he had taken infinite pains to cultivate for his own benefit4 ,on this occasion our young marauders had furnished themselves with bags and baskets1 in which to deposit their plunder2 and as the night advanced1 they proceeded through the woods to the orchard very cautiously1 pausing every few steps to listen if any movement was to be heard4 ,as all was quiet1 they hoped the family in the farm-house were asleep4 ,after they had gathered most of the pears and a large portion of the apples1 they were startled by the low growl of a dog at some distance4 ,i wonder if the old chap keeps a watch-dog8 said ,frank4 ,they listened in perfect silence for some time1 hardly daring to breathe2 but hearing nothing further1 set about their task with renewed energy1 and were all engaged in stowing away the apples1 when suddenly a glare of light from a large dark-lantern was thrown full upon the faces of the whole party1 at the same moment revealing the burly form of farmer ,brown1 and his ,frenchman1 leading a powerful watch-dog by a chain4 ,at the instant the farmer turned the light upon them1 he said sternly1 ,any boy that attempts to stir from the spot1 ,i will let the dog loose after him1 and ,i warrant he'll be glad to come back in a hurry6 ,the boys needed no such warning4 ,they were taken so entirely by surprise that they could not move4 ,the farmer made a low bow1 and said with mock courtesy1 ,i am very much obliged to you1 young gentlemen1 for your kind assistance in gathering my fruit1 though you selected rather an unseasonable hour for performing the service4 ,your bags and baskets will repay me1 however1 for my broken rest4 ,it is a pity such friendly labors should go unrewarded1 and ,i shall take pains to inform your fathers of them to-morrow morning1 that they may bestow the recompense you have so well earned4 ,with that he gathered together the bags and baskets of fruit1 saying1 ,good-night1 you young dogs6 ,the next time you undertake to steal fruit1 ,i advise you to find out first how the orchard is guarded1 and whether there's a dog on the premises stronger and swifter of foot than yourselves6 and departed4 ,a more chap-fallen crew than he left behind him cannot well be imagined6 ,they started for the village by the most direct route1 as there was no further need of concealment1 and for a long time the silence of their rapid homeward march was unbroken4 ,at length the wrath of ,frank ,blair found utterance4 ,the mean old hunks6 who would have thought of his keeping that sneaking ,frenchman on guard that way8 ,if it hadn't been for the dog1 ,i would have shown fight1 and they shouldn't have carried off the prize without some broken noses2 but ,i knew it was no use to pitch into a fight with that fierce dog against us6 ,he's an old milksop to depend on a dog for help4 ,the boys made no reply1 and ,frank saw he had gained no renown by this adventure4 ,he felt heartily ashamed of the whole affair1 while an innate sense of justice assured him and his companions that the farmer had a right to defend his own property by any means within his reach4 ,they all betook themselves to rest with no enviable feelings4 ,some of them1 who feared to disturb their families1 were glad to lie on the hay in the barn4 ,in the morning they trudged off to school in good season1 with many gloomy forebodings as to what was in store for them4 ,about the middle of the forenoon1 ,mr4 ,blair made his appearance accompanied by the farmer1 and informed the teacher of the attempt to rob the orchard1 and that he had requested ,mr4 ,brown to come with him to identify the culprits4 ,mr4 ,brown selected them one by one1 and1 as each was pointed out1 he had to rise and take his place in the middle of the school-room4 ,when they were all arranged there1 with ,frank at their head1 ,mr4 ,blair delivered a sharp reprimand to them1 not failing to intimate that nothing but future ruin was in store for the country if ,yankee boys allowed themselves to be drawn into disgraceful rows and thieving expeditions by a set of ,irish blackguards1 and winding up by severe threats against those of this company in particular1 and all foreign scum in general4 ,after a short consultation between the teacher and ,mr4 ,blair1 it was announced that the punishment of the offenders would be left to ,mr4 ,brown4 ,the farmer then stated that he had advised with his wife1 and1 as he had been pretty severe upon such culprits hitherto1 without much effect1 they had decided to take another course now4 ,so1 young gentlemen1 he added1 she has authorized me to present her compliments to the school1 and request all but the boys who were engaged in this transaction to come with the principal early on ,saturday morning next1 to pass the day with us4 ,i have two boats engaged1 with abundant fishing-tackle1 for those who prefer the water1 and fowling-pieces for the woods1 where game is plenty2 so you can take your choice of sports on land or water4 ,i promise you a plentiful feast of the fruit which these youngsters kindly gathered4 ,the teacher politely accepted the invitation on behalf of himself and the scholars1 and the farmer1 after again reminding them to come early in the day1 departed with ,mr4 ,blair4 ,the feelings of the excluded boys may be imagined1 and the teacher gave them such touching advice in relation to the enticements and temptations of boyhood--speaking like one who remembered he had himself been a boy--that they doubted more than ever the fun of tip-top times1 and the wisdom of following leaders like ,frank ,blair4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,an ,,unwelcome ,,intruder4 ,the next morning as the scholars collected1 they found ,frank ,blair and several of the excluded boys in the play-ground1 grouped together in close discussion4 ,when they approached1 ,frank called out exultingly1 ,i give you fellows joy of your select party to-morrow6 ,joe ,bundy is to be one of the company4 ,this ,joe ,bundy1 whose mother died in the poor-house some years before1 was a vile1 depraved boy1 somewhat older than the subjects of our narrative1 who never came to school1 leading an idle1 vagabond life1 and so heartily despised by the boys on account of his vagrant habits and thievish propensities that they would have nothing to do with him4 ,they heard with great surprise and indignation1 therefore1 that he was among the invited on this occasion1 for his character was well known to the farmer4 ,in explanation of this singular circumstance1 a fact1 not made known to them until long after these events1 may as well be communicated here4 ,on the night when our heroes set out to rob the orchard1 it so chanced that ,joe ,bundy had entered upon a similar exploit on his own account1 and was concealed in the grove where he overheard their conversation1 and1 suddenly relinquishing his own plan1 hastened to inform the farmer1 the result of which report has been already related4 ,mr4 ,brown was so well pleased that he included the informer among the invited1 though he knew he was a bad boy and disliked by all the others4 ,at noon on that day1 ,joe saw ,michael ,hennessy1 and called out1 ,hallo1 ,mike6 don't you wish you was going to the farm with the rest of us8 ,such precious fun as we shall have1 and sights of good eating1 too6 ,an't you sorry you can't go8 ,no1 ,i'm not6 said ,michael2 ,i wouldn't go any way1 if you were to be there6 ,joe turned off1 muttering something in a sullen undertone1 and casting a malignant glance at ,michael4 ,at the close of school in the afternoon1 the teacher told the scholars to meet him at the school-house the next morning1 that they might all set out together4 ,bright and early on as fine a morning as could be desired1 did the merry company gather1 with nothing but the absence of those who were generally foremost in their frolics1 and the presence of ,joe ,bundy1 to mar their pleasure4 ,after a delightful walk1 they were greeted at the farm-house with a hearty welcome1 and found every possible arrangement made for their enjoyment4 ,some betook themselves to the boats provided with means for fishing4 ,others1 armed with fowling-pieces1 sought the woods in quest of partridges1 squirrels1 and other game of the season2 while a few strolled off to a sequestered pond1 where wild ducks abounded1 and where a small duck-boat was provided to aid in securing the spoils4 ,at the proper time they were summoned to partake of an excellent dinner2 and so swift had been the flight of the hours that they could hardly believe the forenoon was gone4 ,at the close of a sumptuous feast and dessert1 they were regaled with an abundant supply of the captured fruit1 to all of which their fine appetites prepared them to do ample justice4 ,the whole day was so replete with mirth1 frolic1 and sunshine that they saw the time for their return drawing near with regret4 ,when they left1 ,mrs4 ,brown distributed to each a portion of the fruit for their mothers and sisters1 and ,mr4 ,brown invited them to come again late in the fall1 to gather nuts that abounded in the woods4 ,they could talk of nothing on their way home but the kindness of good ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,brown1 and the incidents and pleasures of the day2 the teacher taking occasion to contrast such innocent and simple delights with the wild excitements and lawless frolics in which boys are too apt to seek for enjoyment4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,misfortune ,,and ,,grief4 ,when the scholars assembled on ,monday morning1 the first news they heard was that ,mr4 ,brown's splendid and valuable watch-dog had been poisoned1 and died on ,saturday night4 ,mr4 ,brown had obtained evidence so convincing against ,michael ,hennessy as to cause his arrest4 ,great was the indignation of his young friends1 and unanimous their declarations that they knew ,michael did not do it4 ,a great deal more like that hateful ,joe ,bundy1 said one4 ,oh6 it couldn't be him1 said another2 for he was one of the party1 and of course it wasn't he4 ,if he hadn't been invited1 he might have done it out of spite2 but now he had no object4 ,various were the conjectures and discussions at school and in the whole neighborhood4 ,the trial was on ,tuesday1 and ,mr4 ,blair was the prosecuting attorney4 ,the village apothecary testified that on the ,friday previous ,michael ,hennessy purchased some poison of him1 representing that his mother sent him for it to poison rats4 ,a neighbor of ,mr4 ,brown's alleged that he saw ,michael passing his residence in the road on ,saturday afternoon1 and ,joe ,bundy averred that he saw him prowling around the farm buildings about the time indicated by the last witness4 ,mrs4 ,hennessy testified that she sent ,michael for the poison to kill the rats that infested their premises4 ,mr4 ,hennessy said he had mended a hand-reel for a person who lived just beyond ,mr4 ,brown's1 and sent ,michael home with it on ,saturday afternoon4 ,mr4 ,blair accepted the evidence of the parents1 and urged the probability that a portion of the poison had been reserved by the lad as an instrument of his spite against ,mr4 ,brown1 for the application of which the errand upon which he was dispatched furnished an opportunity4 ,he set forth every circumstance unfavorable to poor ,michael in the strongest possible light1 blending with his argument such reflections and assertions upon the character and training of the children of foreign parentage as could not fail to influence a prejudiced jury4 ,notwithstanding an able defence1 the jury1 after a short consultation1 returned a verdict of guilty1 and ,michael was sentenced for twelve months to the reform-school4 ,nothing could exceed the grief and indignation of his comrades1 or the sympathy of the whole village with poor ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,hennessy4 ,michael stoutly protested his innocence1 and there were but very few who doubted it2 but his father1 whose health was very poor and his family large1 was not able to risk an appeal to a higher court1 which would probably1 after all1 confirm the decision1 and ,mike was not willing to have him4 ,so they prepared1 with heavy hearts1 for the separation4 ,indeed6 said ,mrs4 ,sullivan to her neighbor ,mrs4 ,mellen--indeed1 it's a sore thing to be put upon two such decent people1 through the hatred of that miserable old ,blair against an ,irishman's boy1 and him as innocent as the child in his mother's arms6 ,you knew them before they came here1 ,i have heard1 said ,mrs4 ,mellen1 who had not lived long in the place4 ,they came over on the vessel with us1 and were from the next county at home2 and this was the way of it3 ,the two brothers1 ,pat and ,mike ,hennessy1 married two sisters1 ,mary and ,bridget ,denver4 ,they were decent tradesmen as any in the two counties1 and were well enough to do until the hard times came1 when old ,ireland saw her poor children starving on every side so that it would melt the heart of a stone1 or any thing softer than an ,english landlord's1 to hear tell of it4 ,well1 in the midst of the famine1 ,mike agreed that he'd come to ,america1 and prepare a place against ,patrick should come with ,mary and ,bridget4 ,so when he left them1 ,pat set to get all he could together by selling his bits of furniture and things1 and when times grew worse and worse1 he would not delay1 but took ,mary with her baby of a week old1 and ,bridget1 and came1 as ,i said1 on the vessel with us2 and1 by the same token1 the ship's name was the ,hibernia4 ,a good name with a rough fortune1 like the dear old land2 for the weather was boisterous from first to last1 and when we had been out four days1 the most awful storm arose1 that you'd think heaven and earth was comin' together4 ,and in the midst of it what does poor ,bridget do but sicken and die with the fright1 leaving her little baby2 but it followed its mother that same night which was ,god's blessing on it1 poor motherless thing1 seein' it was baptized by a priest we had on board1 and who attended ,bridget at the last4 ,when we reached ,boston1 no tidings was to be heard of ,mike2 so ,pat staid there hopin' to get news of him1 and we came on to ,vermont1 where ,sullivan's sister's husband came the year before4 ,after a while ,pat heard that the vessel ,mike sailed on was struck by an iceberg1 and went down with all on board2 and it was called the ,polar ,queen1 a name no knowledgeable man would have put on a vessel1 in respect of them same icebergs1 that would naturally enough claim their own4 ,so when ,pat heard these news1 and he not finding such work as he wanted1 seein' it was very costly living in the city1 they started for the ,west2 but hearing at ,albany that the cholera was ragin' there1 they turns and they follows us to ,vermont1 thinking1 poor creatures6 that it would be some comfort to be near those who knew of all their troubles4 ,the church was then a building1 and ,mr4 ,wingate gave him work on it1 and has been the best of friends to him ever since1 and he has never wanted for employment2 but lately his health is poor1 and ,i'm afeered this grief will kill him entirely1 and indeed my heart is scalded for them1 bein' that we're all as one family1 and their sorrow is our sorrow4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,afflicted ,,and ,,consoled4 ,when the morning appointed for the departure of ,michael arrived1 the whole school assembled to accompany him to the depot1 and take leave of him4 ,the teacher gave him much good advice1 and exhorted him to conform closely to all the rules of the institution1 adding1 ,and ,i have no doubt you will1 ,michael2 for you have always been a good1 attentive1 and obedient scholar4 ,the parting with his parents and the children was inexpressibly painful2 but for their sakes he bore up manfully under it1 cheering them with brave words1 and suppressing his grief until the dear home with all its cherished associations was no longer in sight4 ,oh6 how bitterly and dismally did the heavy grief he had so struggled with1 and tried so heroically to smother1 then press upon him2 he still choked it down until he was ready to suffocate1 and then the weary sense of desolation1 of cruel injustice1 and of a homesickness which made the sight of a year's separation from all he loved1 that was now staring him in the face1 seem an age of insupportable sorrow1 rushed upon him with overwhelming power1 and found relief in floods of tears4 ,the officer who had him in charge tried to soothe and cheer him2 assuring him that it was a very pleasant place to which he was going1 and that he would be treated with the utmost kindness if he behaved well4 ,but what was the kindness of strangers to the tenderness of dear parents from whom he had never before been separated8 ,what could the place be to him1 though ever so comfortable1 to which he was consigned1 in his innocence1 as a disgraced felon8 ,no6 there was no comfort for him6 and again the convulsive sobs shook his whole frame1 and the pride of his honest ,irish heart rebelled against the injustice of his cruel fate2 when suddenly he remembered the words his dear mother whispered softly1 amidst sighs and tears1 at parting1 ,remember1 darling6 remember the loving ,jesus6 and how he suffered1 being innocent1 for our sins4 ,when you are tempted to despair1 fly to the wound in his sacred heart1 ever open to receive and comfort the broken-hearted1 and you will surely find comfort and peace4 ,from that moment he became calm4 ,he sought that dear refuge1 and hid himself there from the storm that was raging within and without4 ,he had always been a warm-hearted boy1 an affectionate1 generous1 and dutiful son and brother2 but now he reproached himself that he had never prized his dear ones at half their value1 or loved them with any thing approaching to the degree of affection which they deserved4 ,oh6 if he could only be with them again1 how would he strive to show his love by the most entire devotion1 and the most diligent efforts to assist and sustain them4 ,then how did the memory of the wild frolics in which he had joined1 and for which he had even neglected his religious duties1 come back like accusing spirits to whisper to his afflicted heart that it was just he should be punished4 ,after a few hours' ride1 they reached the place of their destination1 and the principal1 a venerable old man with a most benevolent countenance and manner1 received ,michael very kindly1 even tenderly4 ,with strong efforts the poor lad was able to maintain his composure until he prepared for his bed at night1 when the same dark sense of desolation overwhelmed him1 as recollections of his dear home1 and the kneeling circle1 where his place was to be so long vacant1 pressed upon him2 but the thought of how fondly he would be remembered in their united prayers this and every other night poured a ray of light upon his stricken soul4 ,again recalling his mother's words1 he knelt by his bedside1 commending himself and all his beloved and afflicted ones to his ,saviour1 and to the prayers of the tender ,virgin ,mother who never forsakes her children2 and then slept the peaceful sleep of a tired1 exhausted child on that maternal bosom4 ,the next morning he was duly instructed in the routine of his present position1 and soon found that the most diligent attention to its duties served to relieve the crushing weight which seemed to be pressing the very life-blood from his young heart4 ,after a few days1 he won approving smiles from the principal1 who was as ready to appreciate the merits of those under his charge as he was to reprove their faults4 ,the ,saturday after ,michael's arrival1 the devoted bishop of the diocese visited the institution1 and heard the confessions of the ,catholic members4 ,this was an unspeakable consolation to ,michael2 and his heart felt lighter than he had thought it ever would again after he had poured the tale of all its sins and all its sorrows into that paternal ear4 ,the bishop had obtained permission for the ,catholic boys to attend mass at their own chapel in the place1 and at his recommendation they were placed under ,michael's care to and from the church4 ,some of these were very wild1 reckless boys1 hardened in vice and iniquity1 and disposed to poke fun at the new prig1 as they called ,michael4 ,at first1 when he was saying his prayers1 they would shoot peas at him1 flip buttons in his face1 and even repeat portions of prayers in mocking derision4 ,but he paid no heed to them4 ,after a few days1 two or three others knelt to their prayers at night and morning1 and then he obtained permission from the principal to recite the beads with these at night4 ,it was not long before they were joined by every ,catholic boy in the dormitory4 ,there is a wonderful vigor and tenacity in the life our ,catholic ,mother--our ,mighty ,mother1 ever ancient1 ever new--imparts4 ,when1 by our own fault1 we seem to have quenched the last spark of living fire which she kindled upon the altar of our hearts1 a passing breath from heaven wafted gently through a fitting word kindly spoken1 or the voice of hymn or prayer over the dying embers on the almost abandoned shrine1 will awaken the flame anew1 and draw the wanderer back to the forsaken source of life1 of light1 and of warmth4 ,it was very consoling to ,michael to witness this returning vitality in the hearts of his unfortunate companions2 and they soon became so fond of him as to seek his advice and confide all their troubles to him4 ,the influence he thus acquired was a great relief to the principal4 ,it was no longer necessary for him to exercise unceasing vigilance over these1 who had been among the most turbulent boys under his care1 to prevent violent outbreaks2 for they were now the most diligent1 attentive1 and orderly members of the establishment4 ,and ,michael's efforts brought their own reward to himself4 ,the consciousness of being useful to others brought cheerfulness to his heart1 and lent new wings to old time1 whose flight had at first been so heavy and slow2 so that at the end of the first month he was surprised to find how swiftly it had flown4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,dying ,,penitent',s ,,disclosure4 ,there were many sad hearts in the village of ,m----1 outside of ,michael ,hennessy's home1 on the day of his departure4 ,the event cast a gloom over the whole village2 for his bright1 sunny face was a joy to many of its residents1 and there seemed to be a ray of light stricken out when he departed4 ,his young companions could no longer enjoy the sports of the play-ground2 but might be seen gathered in quiet groups discussing and lamenting the loss of their joyous comrade4 ,none mourned for him more than ,frank ,blair2 for his grief over the absence of a loved school-mate was increased by the part his father had taken in bringing it about4 ,he saw the time approaching for his own departure1 to take his place in the naval school1 with a sullen apathy that alarmed his mother and aunt1 and repeatedly expressed his indifference as to whether he should ever return to ,m----4 ,when ,michael had been absent about two months1 ,joe ,bundy returned to ,m---- from one of his frequent distant rambles2 and soon after his return was taken very ill4 ,the physician pronounced it a very malignant case of the small-pox1 and had him removed to a building quite out of the village4 ,he was so generally disliked that it was difficult to find any one to take care of him2 but when ,mrs4 ,hennessy heard of it1 she offered to go if ,mrs4 ,sullivan would look after her house2 her oldest daughter1 ,jane1 being old enough to get along with a little direction4 ,she accordingly went1 and found him much worse than she expected1 and suffering intensely4 ,as soon as he saw her1 he became so violently agitated that she thought he was delirious1 and the impression was confirmed by his pleading in the most moving terms for her forgiveness1 and that she would send for the priest1 when he had always been a ,protestant4 ,she tried to soothe him2 but he only begged the more earnestly1 and assured her that he was not delirious4 ,so when the physician came1 she requested him to send ,mr4 ,hennessy for the priest4 ,upon the arrival of the reverend father1 the young man1 to his great surprise1 begged to be admitted into the ,catholic ,church4 ,the priest1 having satisfied himself as to his dispositions1 and imparted the necessary instruction1 administered conditional baptism1 and then heard his confession4 ,at its close ,joe repeated a portion to ,mrs4 ,hennessy2 and the fact was then disclosed to her that he had poisoned the dog and perjured himself to gratify his anger at ,michael's scornful remark1 and his spiteful feelings toward a boy who was so generally beloved4 ,the physician coming in soon after1 the same information was conveyed to him2 and he made no delay in communicating it to ,mr4 ,hennessy1 that he might act upon it at once4 ,the news flew like wild-fire through the village2 and great were the rejoicings on every hand4 ,the school-boys were frantic with joy2 and the teacher announced that the day of ,michael's return should be celebrated by a holiday of triumphant exultation and welcome to their returning friend4 ,measures were instituted for ,michael's immediate release2 and the people could hardly await the necessary course of legal formalities4 ,meantime poor ,joe grew worse2 and after improving those last few days of suffering by manifesting such penitence as the time and the circumstances would allow1 and receiving from the priest those consolations which the church extends to penitent sinners1 he died4 ,upon examining his few effects1 a roll of counterfeit bills was discovered2 and it was conjectured that his last journey was made to procure them1 as he had told ,mrs4 ,hennessy that he supposed he took the small-pox on a recent visit to ,canada4 ,when the papers were ready1 ,mr4 ,blair claimed the privilege of going after ,michael4 ,he reproached himself so bitterly for his own injustice that he could not do enough to manifest his regret4 ,a larger crowd was never assembled in the village than met at the depot in ,m---- on the evening of his arrival with his young companion4 ,they were greeted with joyful cheers1 repeated again and again2 and ,mr4 ,blair led ,michael to his father1 saying1 ,let me congratulate you1 ,mr4 ,hennessy1 on being able to claim such a son4 ,during the short time he has been away1 among strangers and under most unfavorable circumstances1 he has established a character that any young man might envy2 and it was truly touching to witness the grief of his unfortunate young companions at parting with him4 ,the principal also passed the highest encomiums upon his conduct4 ,allow me also to express to this assemblage of my fellow-townsmen my sincere regret that ,i should have had any part in his unjust conviction1 and allowed myself to be governed by prejudices1 too common in our country1 which ,i now lay aside for ever4 ,there are good and bad people among natives and foreigners2 and the man exhibits but little good sense who passes sweeping condemnations upon either4 ,the school-boys1 with their teacher at the head1 formed a procession to escort ,michael to his father's house2 and a happier circle was not to be found in ,vermont than the one that knelt around ,mr4 ,hennessy's family altar that night1 to return fervent thanksgivings to heaven for having permitted the separated to be again and so speedily reunited6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,ten ,,years ,,in ,,rome4#agd ,rome1 the city of the soul6 ,who is there that does not nowadays feel his thoughts turning almost involuntarily to the seven-hilled city8 ,to her many ordinary claims on our minds1 there has of late been added one of startling interest--the cumenical ,council--which has not failed to excite the attention of the world4 ,it is the daily theme of prayer and of hope for the devout child of the church4 ,to the worldling1 it is a theme of curiosity and idle speculation4 ,to the enemies of the church1 the council is a subject of alarm and of vague apprehensions4 ,in ,europe1 where men curiously mix politics and religion1 their opposition takes the hue of odium politicum2 and journals1 reviews1 and pamphlets are filled with the most outr accounts of what the writers assert has been done or will be done in the council1 adverse to liberty1 progress1 and civilization4 ,in ,america1 where as yet men have not lost the habit of separating politics from religion1 such effusions as these would be looked on as simply stupid1 unreadable nonsense4 ,here1 however1 as also in ,england1 the odium theologicum retains its olden character and makes use of its olden weapons4 ,it is worth while to note the apparently systematic efforts made to repeat old calumnies1 and to coin new stories after the old pattern1 and to force them on the public attention1 on occasion of this universal interest1 in the evident expectation that they will now be swallowed as credulously as they might have been fifty years ago4 ,no greater tribute1 we think1 could be paid to the real advancement of the public mind than to say that this expectation has in very great measure proved vain4 ,there are things and stories which nowadays most men instinctively feel to be too absurd for belief4 ,hence it is scarcely worth while to take up such stories for serious examination4 ,they are simply to be put in a class together1 and to be properly labelled1 and to be ranked below the sensational tales in the ,ledger4 ,this is especially the case when they appear in organs specially devoted to the cause which such stories are intended to support4 ,now and then1 however1 it may be allowed to dissect such a production1 that the evidence of facts may occasionally confirm and strengthen the true instinct which we already possess4 ,more especially is this allowable1 when the story is peculiarly bold and prominent1 and comes before the public through a channel in which we are not prepared to look for an exhibition of the old and unscrupulous hatred4 ,such an instance has been presented in several articles in the ,galaxy1 a monthly periodical published in this city1 and aiming to be a literary and instructive magazine of value and interest4 ,among the writers engaged for the pages of the ,galaxy is one who is represented as having been a ,roman ,catholic ecclesiastic1 and who contributes a series of articles under the title1 ,ten ,years in ,rome4 ,according to these articles1 the writer is an ,englishman1 and was at one time a ,catholic priest in ,rome4 ,he went to ,rome in #ahee-ef1 bearing letters of introduction1 was received at once into the ,propaganda ,college1 increasing the number of ,irish1 ,scotch1 and ,english students in that college to nine1 passed from there to the ,vatican1 to live under the same roof with the pope1 became assistant-librarian to the ,congregation of the ,index1 and subsequently was the confidential and trusty secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea1 whose private papers--or at least some of them--he claims still to possess4 ,the ,galaxy does not give the name of this writer4 ,but the daily papers informed us1 some time ago1 that a reverend gentleman of ,england delivered a lecture at the lecture-room of ,plymouth ,church1 ,brooklyn1 on ,rome and its religion and society2 and was qualified to do so1 because he had been formerly an official of the ,roman court1 secretary to the late ,cardinal d',andrea1 and assistant librarian in the ,index ,expurgatorius4 ,the lecturer was evidently the same individual as the writer for the ,galaxy4 ,the papers gave his name1 which1 we are sorry to say1 smacks far more of the ,green ,island than of ,england4 ,now1 it so happened that we were in a position to test at once and fully the accuracy of these statements in regard to the past history of the lecturer and writer2 and we reached the following results3 #a4 ,no young ,english youth or clergyman of that name ever was received into the ,college of the ,propaganda at ,rome4 ,this is shown by the records of the college1 and is corroborated by the assurances of the present rector1 who1 in #ahee1 had been for several years vice-rector1 and has ever since been connected with the college1 and also by the recollection of half a dozen ,irish and ,american students1 who were then in the college1 and would have been his companions4 #b4 ,during the last twenty-five years there never was an officer of the ,roman court1 or an ,english or ,irish ecclesiastic connected with it1 in any way1 of that name4 ,the list of all such officers is regularly published every year4 ,this name has never figured there4 ,officers of twenty years' standing in the ,vatican have no recollection of him4 ,an ,englishman could scarcely have been entirely overlooked4 ,and at least his brother ,englishmen1 who are officers of the court1 would have known and remembered him4 #c4 ,during the same period1 no person of that name has filled the office of librarian1 or assistant-librarian1 of the ,index ,expurgatorius1 or of the ,congregation of the ,index4 ,the officials of that congregation are all ,dominicans2 and the writer does not pretend that he ever joined that order4 ,we may add the other insignificant fact1 that no such library is known to exist at all1 much less to be so large as to require the services not only of a librarian1 but of one1 perhaps of several1 assistant-librarians4 #d4 ,the late ,cardinal d',andrea never had a secretary of that name4 ,this is the assurance unanimously given us by the friends and intimate acquaintances of the cardinal1 and by the members of his household1 who had lived with him for twenty years4 ,there can be no doubt on this fact4 ,we may add one little item4 ,cardinal d',andrea had no secretary4 ,the secretary of a cardinal is an ecclesiastic4 ,when a layman is chosen to fill the place1 he is called1 not the secretary1 but the chancellor of the cardinal4 ,cardinal d',andrea1 from #aheb1 when he was made cardinal1 down to his death1 employed as chancellor an estimable and well-educated gentleman1 whom he had known well1 and had been intimately associated with for years before1 and who still lives in ,rome4 #e4 ,although1 considering that forty or fifty thousand strangers visit ,rome every year1 it may be possible that the writer in ,the ,galaxy did1 at some time or other1 enter that city1 yet we are pretty certain that he never spent any considerable time there--much less1 ten years--as an ecclesiastic4 ,we have made inquiries of a number of clergymen1 ,englishmen and ,irishmen1 resident in the ,eternal ,city for thirty years1 who from their positions must have heard of such a one1 and could not have escaped becoming acquainted with him under some circumstances or other4 ,one after another1 they assured us that they had never met1 and could not remember ever having heard of such1 an ecclesiastic4 ,it is unfortunate that1 in such striking and important matters of his own personal history1 concerning which he ought to be perfectly well-informed1 the memory of our lecturer and writer fails so entirely to agree with the recollection and knowledge of so many others4 ,if this is the case here1 what may we look for when he undertakes to remember what happened to others8 ,our writer makes his bow to the readers of ,the ,galaxy in the number of ,december last1 in the character of ,secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea1 concerning whom he gives an article of nine pages1 intended to be sensational and artistic4 ,he opens thus3 ,the church of ,san ,giovanni in ,laterano was filled with an unusually excited throng4 ,the magnificent edifice1 the pope's cathedral1 as bishop of ,rome1 was draped for a funeral4 ,the marble pillars1 etc41 etc4 ,to be sure1 the description of the edifice which follows is rather misty1 to one who knows it1 and some things1 we suspect1 are introduced which no architect ever saw there4 ,but then1 in the centre of the church1 stands the chief object of interest1 a gorgeous catafalque1 entirely covered with black velvet1 very tastefully festooned with silver4 ,escutcheons were placed at intervals1 bearing the arms of the deceased4 ,on the bier lay a cardinal's hat1 a pastoral staff1 and a mitre4 ,six gigantic candles of yellow wax were burning around it4 ,the pope and the cardinals were to come to the funeral4 ,as the cardinal-minister 7,antonelli7 stepped from his carriage in front of the church1 there was a deep hum from the crowd4 ,for they suspected him of having compassed the death of the only cardinal they honored1 who was to be buried that day4 ,his face was very pale2 he played nervously with the jewelled cross hanging from his neck4 ,he could read his doom in hundreds of scowling faces2 the curses1 not loud but deep1 he well interpreted4 ,as he ascended the steps of the church1 a shrill voice cried out1 ',down with the assassin6' ,the ,french guards clinched their rifles1 and closed in at a sign to their captain2 and so ,cardinal ,antonelli entered the church4 ,after praising the exquisite requiem mass of ,mozart1 with selections from ,palestrina1 and the perfect choir of voices1 rendering any instrument superfluous1 the writer places the pope at the head of the catafalque4 ,he was visibly moved4 ,there was a tremor in his clear1 harmonious voice4 ,he whose requiem was being sung had been a friend and a counsellor4 ,when at length the services were over1 and the pope and the cortge of cardinals had departed1 the people rushed into the church to render the only service they could to the departed2 and strong men1 unused to prayer1 uttered their fervent requiescat in pace6 ,this was the funeral of ,cardinal d',andrea1 ,abbot of ,santa ,scolastica1 statesman1 politician1 and patriot4 ,it occurred on the #bb;d day of ,march #ahfe4 ,now all this may be a very artistic method of introducing a story4 ,the chief objection that we have to it is that the writer makes such a parade about the funeral of ,cardinal d',andrea4 ,we think he rather overcharges the picture4 ,had it been any body else's funeral1 we might possibly let it pass4 ,but in the case of this cardinal1 we object2 for1 to our own knowledge1 on this #bb;d day of ,march1 #ahfe1 ,cardinal d',andrea was not lying dead on that bier in ,san ,giovanni in ,laterano1 as described1 but1 on the contrary1 was alive1 if not perfectly well1 in ,sorrento1 near ,naples1 whither he had gone over nine months before for his health4 ,nor did he die about this time2 but he lived on1 and wrote some letters from time to time1 which were published in the papers1 and one1 if not several1 pamphlets1 which were very acceptable to editors in ,italy and ,france1 in quest of themes for their leading articles4 ,as late as the autumn of #ahfg1 the papers were discussing what step ,cardinal d',andrea would next take4 ,and they chronicled his return to ,rome in ,december1 #ahfg4 ,yes1 we decidedly object4 ,we do not think that this writer1 however extraordinary his powers of memory may be1 has a right to bury ,cardinal d',andrea alive1 to say nothing of bringing the venerable pontiff to grief1 of frightening ,cardinal ,antonelli1 of making the ,french guards clinch their rifles and go through a military manuvre1 and1 last of all1 of so terribly exciting a ,roman crowd about the death of one who had not died at all4 ,having commenced the performance by this tour de force before his public1 our secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea1 like a skilful actor as he is1 jumps a somersault backward two years and a half1 7carrying us to about ,september1 #ahfb17 and undertakes to give us some inkling of how ,cardinal d',andrea and ,cardinal ,antonelli came to be opposed to each other4 ,there was a plan entered into by several cardinals and monsignori to induce the pope to recommend ,cardinal ,antonelli to resign his office as ,cardinal-,minister and ,secretary of ,state4 ,the secretary omits to inform us distinctly whether ,cardinal d',andrea was a party to the plan or not4 ,but we are left to infer that he was4 ,it failed4 ,and ever after1 ,cardinal d',andrea did not enjoy the confidence of the pope to the degree he had done before2 and ,cardinal ,antonelli and his followers hated him4 ,the recollection of this intrigue1 and its failure1 is followed by an exposition of the political sentiments of the cardinal4 ,he became the leader of the liberal policy of ,cavour1 in ,rome4 ,now1 here again we object4 ,that a number of cardinals or monsignori should think that it would be well if a cardinal secretary of state1 for the time being1 should resign2 and that affairs would be better managed1 if another incumbent filled the place1 is possible2 perhaps1 considering the variety of opinions among men1 is not improbable4 ,in the case of ,cardinal ,antonelli1 the matter is complicated1 perhaps we should say1 simplified1 by the fact that they would find very few indeed to agree with them4 ,but that a number of cardinals and monsignori did really entertain such an opinion on the subject1 and did1 in ,september1 #ahfb1 or thereabouts1 combine in an effort to oust ,cardinal ,antonelli1 is vouched for1 so far as we know1 only by the recollections of our writer4 ,the plan itself was not dreamed of in well-informed circles in ,rome1 and the bold and adroit measures by which ,cardinal ,antonelli is said to have foiled it failed to attract attention at the time1 or to leave any trace afterward1 either in the diplomatic records of ,rome1 or in the memory of any one else besides our writer4 ,it is one other additional instance of the perversity of the world1 which will not remember what he recalls so distinctly4 ,as to ,cardinal d',andrea1 he had been1 since #ahfj1 ,cardinal-,bishop of ,sabina1 and was also ,prefect of the ,congregation of the ,index4 ,his health had begun to fail some time before the date we are examining1 and within a few months afterward he was forced1 much to the regret of the pope1 to resign the latter office1 and to restrict himself to the duties of his diocese and his private affairs1 and could take but a light share in the work of a cardinal4 ,to make him at that time a prime mover in the scheme1 is as gratuitous as1 under the circumstances1 it is absurd4 ,the statement of his political principles is equally in contradiction with facts4 ,cardinal d',andrea had all his life been a most strenuous and active supporter of the temporal power of the pope1 and was not a man to change his position and his principles at the close of his life4 ,he was as uncompromising1 and a far more outspoken opponent of the policy of ,cavour1 than even ,cardinal ,antonelli himself1 who1 as befits his office and his character1 never violates the reserved and strictly temperate expressions allowed by diplomatic courtesy4 ,all that our writer remembers concerning ,cardinal d',andrea's connection with and influence over the ,roman committee1 is a pure effort of his memory1 which1 by the by1 on this point has played him false4 ,he remembers1 ,to his counsel it was due that no revolt occurred on the withdrawal of the ,french4 ,why1 the ,french troops were withdrawn from ,rome in ,december1 #ahff1 to be sent back in ,october1 #ahfg1 on the occasion of ,garibaldi's attempted invasion of the ,papal ,states4 ,how could ,cardinal d',andrea1 who had died1 as the secretary remembers1 and whose funeral obsequies had been so pompously celebrated in the cathedral church of ,san ,giovanni di ,laterano1 on the #bb;d day of ,march1 #ahfe1 be alive to give counsel and use his influence with the ,mazzinians and the party of action a year and nine months afterward8 ,has the writer's own memory proved traitor to him1 and joined the crowd of contradictors8 ,in point of fact1 ,cardinal d',andrea was not in ,rome in ,december1 #ahff1 nor for months before and for months afterward4 ,he was at ,naples1 or its neighborhood1 seeking to restore his shattered and sinking health4 ,our secretary takes a second leap backward1 and endeavors to give a slight sketch of the ,cardinal d',andrea1 necessarily imperfect as pen and ink sketches always are4 ,the incompleteness we might readily excuse4 ,but we cannot excuse its utter incorrectness in the details1 an incorrectness so unnecessarily excessive that we can only explain it on the theory he is entirely guided by that wonderful memory1 of the powers of which we have had such evidences4 ,especially is this seen when1 leaving generalities aside1 the writer ventures to make a precise and definite statement4 ,thus1 we are informed that1 in his early life1 the cardinal had been bred for the army1 and served in the ,noble ,guard for three years4 ,whereas the cardinal was not born in ,rome or the ,roman ,states at all1 and never had any connection whatever with the ,noble ,guard or any other military corps4 ,he was born in ,naples4 ,his father1 the ,marquis ,giovanni d',andrea1 was treasurer of the kingdom of ,naples4 ,his elder brother1 the present ,marquis d',andrea1 is still living near ,naples4 ,jerome d',andrea1 the future cardinal1 at an early age showed an inclination for the church1 and in due time went through the ordinary course of ecclesiastical studies4 ,at its conclusion1 he came to ,rome1 and entered the ,accademia ,ecclesiastica1 a college for the higher and more thorough education of such ecclesiastics as wish to enter the carriera1 as it is called1 that is1 who aspire to become ecclesiastical officials at ,rome4 ,there was nothing military about the cardinal4 ,he simply had the dignified bearing and the polished manners of an ,italian nobleman4 ,he viewed the ,jesuits as the foes of reform2 his scheme was to destroy their influence in the public schools4 ,the mendicant orders met no favor with him4 ,he did approve of the dissolution of their monasteries4 ,this posthumous revelation of the cardinal's sentiments will undoubtedly astonish the ,jesuits and the mendicant orders at ,rome1 if they ever hear of it1 unless indeed they are foolish enough to trust their own memory of the words and acts of the cardinal in life1 rather than the wonderful memory of this secretary4 ,the ,jesuits will remember how often and regularly he would visit their father-general1 or ,father ,perrone1 or the more illustrious and learned members of their society2 how fond he was of having some of them to visit him frequently2 how he would invite their counsel and aid1 and how he was careful to omit no proper occasion of publicly showing his friendship and esteem for them4 ,the members of the mendicant orders will call to mind their perpetual intercourse with one who was always a kind father to them4 ,as one of the cardinal's household expressed it to us1 ,era sempre attorniato da lore--,he always had these friars around him4 ,we fear that1 with such cherished memories in their hearts1 they will pay very little regard to the recollections of our secretary4 ,but he becomes more precise in the details of the cardinal's daily life4 ,the cardinal generally rose at six1 and spent three hours in reading ere he said mass and breakfasted4 ,he then received1 and at twelve rode out1 except when his presence was required by the pope4 ,the afternoon was spent in a siesta until six4 ,at half-past nine he retired4 ,what a sleepy-head this affectionate and reverential secretary would make the cardinal to be4 ,retire at half-past nine1 and rise at six4 ,here we have eight hours for a good night's sleep2 ample allowance1 one would think4 ,but no4 ,each day1 after his noon-day drive1 the afternoon until six is spent in a siesta2 that is1 at least four hours more given to sleep--twelve hours1 on an average1 out of every twenty-four6 ,and this was the ordinary course of things1 only interrupted when his presence was required by the pope6 ,was he in any way related to ,rip ,van ,winkle1 or is it the secretary who is dreaming8 ,certainly ,cardinal d',andrea bore all his life the reputation of being a remarkably wide-awake1 clear-headed1 and active business man4 ,we presume that he usually rose about six--a little later in winter1 somewhat earlier in summer--such being the custom of ,italians of his standing4 ,by half-past eight1 mass and breakfast were over2 for business hours commence at nine1 and the cardinal gave the forenoon to business1 whether in the consistories or in the meetings of congregations or at his own residence1 where secretaries1 theologians1 and other officials1 and all interested parties1 would see him4 ,at half-past one1 or at two1 as business allowed1 he dined4 ,in summer1 he took a siesta for half an hour or so4 ,an hour or more was given to reciting his breviary and to private study4 ,at four in winter and five in summer1 if the weather allowed1 he would drive out1 and when outside the city might indulge in half an hour's active walk on foot4 ,rentering his carriage1 he reached home about sunset4 ,until nine1 he received those who called on him1 whether on business or as friends4 ,then came his supper1 after which he loved to spend an hour or two in lively conversation on the topics of the day with his more intimate and esteemed friends4 ,about eleven1 he usually retired to rest2 but1 too frequently for his health1 he would1 if he had what he deemed important business on hand1 stay up until one or two in the morning1 studying or writing4 ,in his meals he was sparing1 attached to the ,french cuisine1 and drank the light native vintage of ,monte ,fiascone4444 ,he never went among ,french society4 ,he gave the ,french no countenance1 regarding them as witnesses of his country's serfdom4 ,what the writer means by this last phrase1 or how the ,english and ,germans visiting ,rome are not as truly witnesses to things there as the ,french can be1 we do not understand1 and shall not stop to inquire4 ,the important statements are before us4 ,the cardinal was attached to the ,french cuisine and avoided ,french society4 ,now1 the truth was just the reverse on both these points4 ,the cardinal was an excellent linguist and a well-read scholar4 ,he delighted in the company of educated ,frenchmen1 ecclesiastics1 laymen1 and military1 and was quite intimate with many of them4 ,but as to his food1 he remained a true ,neapolitan to the day of his death1 and stuck to macaroni1 vermicelli1 and pollenta1 as an ,englishman sticks to his roast beef and good mutton4 ,the ,cardinal d',andrea was fond of theatricals2 indeed1 private representations were among the few enjoyments he had4 ,he relished them amazingly4 ,when we repeated this statement to the member of the cardinal's household to whom we are indebted for our information on the preceding points1 he turned on us a look of bewildered astonishment which we shall not soon forget4 ,poesie6 poesie6 he exclaimed4 ,all an invention2 all an invention4 ,even in his early life1 when1 as a layman1 he could have frequented the theatre without any breach of decorum1 he had avoided it4 ,as a clergyman1 of course he could not go without losing caste4 ,it might have well happened that1 in his travels in ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and various parts of ,italy1 he had at some time or other chanced to be a guest where courtesy called on him to be present at private theatricals held in the family4 ,of this our informant could not speak1 for he had not always been with him on these journeys4 ,but since he had been made cardinal he had been with him1 and could not recall a single instance where the cardinal had attended such a private representation4 ,in his own palace he could not have had them4 ,his own character did not run in that line of amusement2 and even if he had desired it1 the size and form of the apartments would have rendered them impossible4 ,but such effusions of our secretary's poetic or inventive memory are of themselves too slight and trivial to merit a place in ,the ,galaxy4 ,there must be something of graver import to come4 ,and in fact these things have only been the preliminaries for the grand events which are to be recorded of ,cardinal d',andrea2 his escape from ,rome by the active aid of this secretary2 the espionage over his words and acts when he returned--an espionage which this secretary detected1 though he could not foil it2 the finding of the cardinal unexpectedly and mysteriously dead in his bed one morning2 and finally1 the saving of his important private papers1 by this secretary1 from the clutches of ,cardinal ,antonelli--papers which he has persistently guarded and still retains1 and which hereafter1 we may be allowed to conjecture1 can serve to refresh and stimulate his wondrous powers of memory1 if any stimulation be needed4 ,the scene opens some time during the course of those two years1 to the beginning of which the first jump backward brought our writer4 ,the plan to oust ,cardinal ,antonelli from office had been formed1 as we were told1 and failed2 and ,cardinal d',andrea had lost somewhat of the pope's favor1 and had incurred the bitter enmity of ,cardinal ,antonelli and of the ,jesuits and ultramontanes4 ,we may reasonably allow some months for so much4 ,when time had brought things to this pass1 there was a party in the ,piazza di ,spagna1 given by a ,russian princess1 at which the lite of ,roman society was assembled4 ,among the guests was ,cardinal d',andrea4 ,madame ,c----1 the wife of ,captain ,c----1 of the ,french army1 was1 as usual1 coquetting with the ,cardinal di ,c----a1 a prince of the most ancient of ,roman houses1 with one of the finest palaces in ,rome4 ,the secretary loiters to describe ,captain ,c----1 of the ,french army1 and ,madame ,c----1 his young and handsome wife1 and to tell his readers of her notorious intrigue with the above-named ,cardinal ,prince di ,c----a1 of the ancient family and with the fine palace4 ,four days after this party1 ,captain ,c---- appeared at his wife's apartments4 ,he was cool and deliberate4 ,he upbraided her in unmeasured terms4 ,she bitterly resented4444 ,his rage became terrible4 ,ere she could utter a prayer or a cry1 he seized the miserable woman and shot her2 then shot himself6 ,the affair created some little sensation4 ,we should think it would1 especially in peaceful1 slow-going1 decorous ,rome4 ,even in ,new-,york1 or in ,london1 or in ,paris1 such a tragedy1 in which persons of that social standing were concerned1 would have created quite a sensation4 ,the ,prince di ,c----a1 of one of the most ancient of ,roman houses1 with one of the finest palaces in ,rome1 can of course be none other than the ,prince ,colonna4 ,the ,roman princes are few in number1 and can easily be counted4 ,no other has a surname to suit4 ,the ancient family and the fine palace are earmarks also4 ,he means ,colonna4 ,but then1 many1 many years have passed since there was a cardinal of that family4 ,in fact1 take the list of cardinals since #ahej1 and the only one whose name the designation ,c----a could fit is ,cardinal ,cuesta1 a ,spaniard1 who at the date of this party1 7somewhere1 if we follow the secretary1 in the winter of #ahfb-fc17 was an aged septuagenarian bishop1 zealously ruling his diocese in ,spain2 moreover1 he was not then a cardinal4 ,he was made cardinal two years afterward4 ,furthermore1 he resides not in ,rome but in ,spain1 whence he was lately called to ,rome for the present council4 ,he obviously cannot be the man4 ,and so the ,cardinal ,prince di ,c----a vanishes into thin air1 like a poetic phantom1 as he is4 ,captain ,c----1 of the ,french army1 and his wife1 ,madame ,c----1 seem disposed to follow him into empty space4 ,no ,french officer then in ,rome1 and we have consulted several1 can remember any ,french captain who killed his wife and then committed suicide4 ,the police never got wind of the double tragedy4 ,it escaped even the keen-scented newspaper itemizers4 ,the little sensation is a feat of memory4 ,decidedly our secretary is as unlucky at tragedies as he is at funerals1 even though he assures us the incidents of that reunion have fixed themselves very much on my memory1 for it was the last time the ,cardinal d',andrea appeared at such assemblies4 ,in fact1 he proceeds to narrate how that very night1 by his skilful planning1 the cardinal was able to get out of ,rome4 ,this gives us1 for the first time1 we may say1 in this article1 the slightest soundings of truth4 ,cardinal d',andrea did once leave ,rome for ,naples without the regular permission which was required for one in his position4 ,we will speak further on of the motives and circumstances of that departure4 ,here we will only state the fact1 that he left ,rome on the #afth of ,june1 #ahfd4 ,the writer of this article was in ,rome at the time1 and1 for peculiar reasons1 no such tragedy as that remembered and the sensation it created could have escaped his knowledge4 ,we may add that in ,rome such parties are given in winter and never in summer4 ,the strangers who visit ,rome in winter1 and leave after ,easter1 are in ,june in ,switzerland or some other cool place4 ,as for the lite of ,roman society1 they are out of town4 ,but let us leave facts aside1 and enter on that dream-land1 the incidents of which are so firmly fixed on the memory of our secretary4 ,hear him3 ,the cardinal retired early1 and1 it being moonlight and very fine1 resolved to send back the carriage and walk home4 ,he walked in company with his secretary1 a servant1 as usual1 attending at a little distance4 ,he had passed into the ,corso1 when a man suddenly started out of the small and dark ,via ,fontanella di ,borghese4444 ,it was a celebrated politician1 who dared not have open intercourse with any one for fear of compromising them1 and he conveyed the unwelcome intelligence that the cardinal's life was in imminent danger4444 ,every moment was of importance4 ,a plan was speedily devised4 ,the ,honorable ,mr4 ,k---- was leaving at two o'clock in his private carriage for ,civita ,vecchia1 to catch the ,french steamer touching at ,civita ,vecchia at half-past twelve next day1 on her way to ,naples4 ,the secretary disguised himself1 and stealthily sought an interview at once with this ,englishman bearing an ,american title1 and briefly told his errand4 ,the generous ,englishman proposed that the cardinal should accompany him1 disguised as a friend whose name appeared in his passport4 ,the friend1 on being consulted1 agreed1 and the secretary left1 promising to be ready at a certain street with the cardinal1 where the carriage was to take him up4444 ,his eminence put on the beard and moustache our ,english friend had given us1 and1 with the aid of a large ,inverness cape and white wide-awake1 was splendidly disguised4 ,it wanted two hours and a half of the time4 ,the cardinal never lost his presence of mind1 but was gloomy and foreboding4 ,at last we called the valet1 devoted to his master1 and informed him of the plan4 ,he was to pretend illness on the part of the cardinal4 ,he listened carefully to his instructions1 and exclaimed1 ',eminence1 your shoes and stockings6' ,we looked down1 and saw that the patent-leather1 low1 clerical shoes with gold buckles and the red silk stockings were very obvious betrayals of the rank of the disguised4 ,no lay shoes and stockings were at hand1 until the valet bethought him of his own4 ,hastily effecting the change1 the cardinal passed out of the place alone1 not suffering any one to accompany him4 ,whereby1 we presume1 he ran some risk of blundering as to the appointment1 and moreover forced the zealous secretary to break his promise of being ready at a certain street with the cardinal1 where the carriage was to take him up4 ,the whole of the next day passed heavily1 but no inquiries were made for his eminence4 ,as his valet only waited on him1 the other domestics easily believed that he was indisposed4 ,two days after1 the secretary hastily scanned the ,giornale di ,roma1 where he saw the departure of ,mr4 ,k---- announced1 and that of his friend4 ,the valet1 poor fellow1 though somewhat obese and awkward1 executed an eccentric pas seul1 in token of his satisfaction at the news1 and then broke out into a fervent ,ave ,maria for his master's safety4 ,four days elapsed1 and a summons came to attend the consistory4 ,then it was announced that the cardinal had left for ,naples4 ,now1 we confess to having enjoyed this passage of our secretary's reminiscence more than any other4 ,we think it his best effort4 ,still1 it lacks some touches4 ,he should not have omitted the matter of the exchange of the cardinal's knee-breeches for the valet's pantaloons4 ,for obviously1 if the cardinal put on the lay shoes and stockings of the valet1 and retained his own knee-breeches1 a space of ten inches at least on each leg would necessarily have been left bare and uncovered4 ,such an arrangement1 however conducive to coolness1 would have been a very remarkable feature of his costume1 especially noticeable in contrast with the large ,inverness cape which warmly enveloped the upper part of his person1 and that in the month of ,june4 ,such an outfit would certainly attract every eye4 ,surely the cardinal and the valet must have then and there exchanged the knee-breeches of the one against the pantaloons of the other1 regardless of how they fitted4 ,again1 the secretary ought to have given us some inkling of how the valet felt and demeaned himself next morning when he appeared before his fellow-servants rigged out in the patent-leather1 low1 clerical shoes with gold buckles1 the red silk stockings1 and the knee-breeches of his master1 instead of his own proper habiliments4 ,could not our secretary have adorned the ,galaxy with some of the brilliant things then said and done8 ,the ,honorable ,mr4 ,k----1 too1 acted very strangely4 ,he might have taken his rest like a sensible man that night1 and have left ,rome by the accommodation train starting at six ,a4,m4 next morning1 reaching ,civita ,vecchia at nine2 or he might have waited for the express train1 starting at ten ,a4,m41 reaching ,civita ,vecchia at twelve1 and making connection with the steamers1 whether bound to ,naples or to ,leghorn or to ,marseilles4 ,but no4 ,he must lose his night's rest1 and start at two ,a4,m4 in a private carriage to travel fifty miles1 and reach a ,french steamer touching at ,civita ,vecchia at half-past twelve4 ,but if our secretary1 in his recollections1 can spurn facts1 it would be superfluous to ask him to respect mere probabilities4 ,the real method of the cardinal's departure from ,rome and his journey to ,naples was the following very prosaic one3 ,on the #afth of ,june1 #ahfd1 he drove in his own carriage from his own residence1 the ,palazzo ,gabrielli1 to the railway station in ,rome1 and took a ticket for ,velletri1 to which city he was accustomed to go1 from time to time1 to attend to the interests of the estate ,girgenti1 of which the family had requested him to become the administrator during the minority of the heirs4 ,his valet alone accompanied him4 ,the carriage was ordered to be at the station in the afternoon1 as he might come back by the returning train4 ,at ,velletri1 the cardinal was met by his man of business in that city1 who had possibly made the necessary arrangements1 and both proceeded in the same train to ,isoletta1 on the ,neapolitan frontier4 ,the cardinal continued on to ,naples4 ,the agent came back to ,rome1 found the carriage at the station1 rode in it to the ,palazzo ,gabrielli1 and informed the cardinal's chancellor and the household that the cardinal had gone to ,naples for his health1 and was not able to say when he would return4 ,this is the plain1 matter-of-fact occurrence which the secretary's memory has changed into something like a chapter from one of ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's novels sixty years ago4 ,we have already said that ,cardinal d',andrea took this step without the permission which1 according to the rules of the ,sacred ,college1 he should have previously obtained4 ,he had asked for that permission1 and it had not been granted4 ,when he publicly violated the rule on this point1 the ,italian enemies of the temporal power of the pope hoped that they had unexpectedly found a cardinal in such a position that they might1 by degrees1 make him their tool1 and use him against ,pius ,,ix4 ,voices were heard hinting that it might be proper even to make him an anti-pope4 ,the wiser ones among them saw from the beginning how absurd such hopes and plans were2 for they knew the past history and the real character of the cardinal2 and they rightly judged that whatever might be the motives of his present unexpected and most unusual proceeding1 they must be personal4 ,the step could not spring from any policy opposed to that of the court of ,rome4 ,they knew too well that he had always been a strenuous defender of the pope2 they had often found him their active and energetic opponent4 ,later events proved to all that this judgment of theirs was correct4 ,we have spoken of the birth and early education of ,girolamo d',andrea1 and his coming to ,rome and entrance into the ,accademia ,ecclesiastica in that city4 ,soon after finishing his course of studies there with considerable reputation1 he was made1 in #ahda1 ponente1 or judge1 in an inferior ecclesiastical court1 commencing thus his carriera at the bottom1 but with distinction4 ,he was afterward 7#ahdc7 made delegate1 or governor1 of the province of ,viterbo2 and three years later went as nuncio or ambassador to ,lucerne in ,switzerland1 which office he filled at the time of the ,sonderbund war4 ,toward #ahdi1 he returned to ,rome1 and was elevated to the very responsible position of ,secretary of the ,congregation of the ,council4 ,when ,pius ,,ix41 after the public assassination of his prime-minister1 ,rossi1 and the threats of violence to himself1 escaped to ,gaeta1 ,monsignor d',andrea of course followed him4 ,he was the prominent and most active man in restablishing the papal government in ,umbria and the ,marches and the patrimony4 ,after two years of successful labor1 he returned to ,rome1 to receive the thanks and the reward due to a delicate task zealously and satisfactorily accomplished4 ,he was still ,secretary of the ,congregation of the ,council1 one of the highest posts he could hold1 without being cardinal4 ,on the #aeth of ,march1 he was made cardinal-priest1 with the title of ,sant' ,agnese fuori delle ,mura4 ,he had thus1 in eleven years1 reached the highest step of the ,roman carriera4 ,all acknowledged1 even those whom he had passed1 that the cardinal's hat was1 in this case1 most fittingly bestowed on learning1 talents1 experience1 and as the well-deserved reward of zealous and efficient services4 ,the new cardinal was soon named ,prefect of the ,congregation of the ,index and ,abbate ,commendatario of ,santa ,scolastica1 which last title he retained to his death4 ,in #ahfj1 he became ,cardinal-,bishop of ,sabina2 and1 by the firm and wise administration of his diocese1 was looked on as a model bishop4 ,in #ahfb1 his health began to fail4 ,slow fevers seemed to undermine his constitution1 stronger in appearance than in reality4 ,at times a racking cough and a copious expectoration harassed him1 and he seemed sinking into consumption4 ,rallying from this1 he would suffer excruciating pains in the intestines2 and1 at times1 he was subject to fainting fits4 ,still he struggled against all this1 and kept on at his work4 ,his friends noticed that he gradually became more silent and despondent4 ,they observed1 too1 another effect of this long-continued indisposition4 ,he became inclined to take up fixed ideas1 and1 perhaps1 crotchets1 and to adhere to them the more tenaciously if opposed4 ,he evidently was not1 at all times1 the man he had formerly been4 ,of course1 it took time for all this to be suspected and reluctantly admitted4 ,in the spring of #ahfd1 the cardinal took up the idea that his health would be restored if he went to ,naples1 his birth-place4 ,he asked permission to do so4 ,special circumstances made the request one to be considered very maturely4 ,the government at ,rome was in a critical and delicate position1 which required it to avoid most carefully any step capable of a doubtful interpretation1 or liable to be made a pretext for certain false charges then current against it4 ,the ex-king of ,naples was a refugee in ,rome4 ,dethroned sovereigns generally seek and find an asylum there4 ,his friends and adherents in ,naples were busy concerting measures to get him back on his throne4 ,the ,italian government and the ,italian papers charged the court with assenting to and aiding in these plans4 ,even ,france seemed to be growing cold1 and to be manifesting those dispositions which1 a few months after1 culminated in the iniquitous convention with ,victor ,emmanuel for the withdrawal of the ,french troops from the duty of protecting ,rome4 ,all these things made the court of ,rome trebly cautious to commit no mistake4 ,it was felt that for a ,roman cardinal to go then to ,naples1 even under the pretext of ill-health1 more especially a cardinal like ,cardinal d',andrea1 whose family had been for several generations closely connected with the dethroned royal family1 and whose personal antecedents had been those we have recited1 would be too dangerous4 ,no explanations1 however sincere1 no disavowals1 however explicit1 could silence the charges or avert the troubles that might follow4 ,hence the permission asked for was refused1 the more readily as the idea was looked on as the cardinal's own fancy1 and was not based upon the advice of physicians4 ,the pope himself explained the matter to the cardinal1 and offered him permission to go to ,malta1 to ,spain1 to ,pau1 in ,france1 to ,nice1 in ,savoy1 or anywhere else that the physicians would advise1 or he desire4 ,but to ,naples1 under the circumstances1 it would not do for him to go4 ,the cardinal seemed to assent at the moment1 and to acquiesce in the decision4 ,but1 some time after1 he returned to the fixed idea1 repeated his request1 waited some weeks1 and1 not receiving any reply1 started on the #afth of ,june1 #ahfd1 without permission1 and1 in the manner we have stated1 went to ,naples4 ,at first1 he spent several months1 perhaps a year1 at ,sorrento1 well known to all who visit southern ,italy for their health4 ,after some time1 he moved to the city of ,naples itself1 and lived there until his return to ,rome4 ,concerning the cardinal's stay in ,naples1 our secretary remembers only two points3 ,he was located in ill-furnished lodgings on the ,chiaja1 at ,naples1 sorely distressed for money4 ,more than this1 his good name was suffering--suffering1 he means1 in the opinion of the ,mazzinians1 the followers of the policy of ,cavour and the party of action4 ,the ,roman ,committee seems to have been particularly exercised in reference to him4 ,now as to the money matters4 ,in ,naples the cardinal kept a suite of apartments in the ,htel ,crocelles1 one of the best in that city4 ,moreover1 he also kept up his full establishment in the ,palazzo ,gabrielli1 in ,rome4 ,he paid every body and every thing punctually2 as1 indeed1 he might well do1 considering the position of his family and his own private resources4 ,if his health failed1 his purse did not--which is more than can be said of most men1 be they laymen1 ecclesiastics1 or even cardinals4 ,when he died1 his will gave legacies to friends and servants1 and to religious and charitable purposes1 and returned something to his family4 ,as to the second point1 undoubtedly the cardinal's good name did suffer4 ,the step he had taken was public2 and the newspapers1 after their style1 had not failed to herald it over the world as something striking and important1 from which1 perhaps1 vast results would follow4 ,catholics everywhere were pained that a cardinal should take so false a step1 and place himself in a position apparently so equivocal2 perhaps1 too1 some apprehended ulterior and more painful results4 ,on the other hand1 the ,italianissimi waited1 and cajoled him1 and hoped4 ,but when he had been away from ,rome more than two years1 and they found that they were not succeeding1 as they desired1 in making him their tool1 they commenced to depreciate and ridicule him4 ,this last point we rather think to his credit4 ,the mode of ,cardinal d',andrea's departure from ,rome naturally set all ,rome a-talking4 ,his friends tried to explain and to excuse it in the mode we have stated4 ,the excuse was probably felt to have some force4 ,anyhow1 it was evident that the mode of his departure prevented the court of ,rome from being compromised by his presence in ,naples4 ,time and patience are held to be golden remedies at ,rome4 ,no official notice was taken of ,cardinal d',andrea's absence4 ,true1 friends and counsellors and his brother cardinals wrote to him privately1 remonstrating with him and urgently advising him to return without delay4 ,had he listened to them1 and returned within any reasonable time1 we are satisfied no notice would have been taken of the affair1 and the whole matter would have dropped into oblivion4 ,but when he had been away two years1 it was felt that some official steps must be taken4 ,accordingly1 the cardinal dean wrote him officially1 rehearsing the law of the church about the residence of bishops1 warning him that he had now been too long absent without permission1 and inviting him to return4 ,thrice the monition was given1 as required1 and given without effect4 ,the diocese of ,sabina was consequently withdrawn from his charges and confided to an administrator ad interim1 until other provisions should be made in regard to it4 ,still the cardinal declined or delayed to come4 ,other official letters warned him of possible further consequences1 even to ejectment from his dignity as cardinal4 ,his friends1 also1 renewed their private remonstrances and entreaties more urgently than ever4 ,and1 finally1 on the evening of ,december #adth1 #ahfg1 ,cardinal d',andrea returned to ,rome4 ,three days later1 he had an audience of the holy father1 from which he returned to his palace in a very cheerful mood1 and spoke to his attendants of the kindness of the pope1 and declared that every thing had passed off most satisfactorily4 ,his long stay in ,naples had not benefited his health4 ,he still coughed1 and still1 at times1 had severe crises of pain in the abdomen4 ,but he was able in some measure to take up the ordinary work of a cardinal4 ,the charge of the diocese was not restored to him2 time was required for that4 ,rome is slow to act1 and slow to undo what has been legally done4 ,after having fatigued our readers by this long stretch over humdrum realities1 it may be well to seek a little relief in some more of the wondrous feats of the wondrous memory of the secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea4 ,he does not remember that audience at all4 ,nay1 he remembers that there was none4 ,daily1 after his return1 the cardinal expected a summons to the presence of the pope4 ,then he resolved to assert his right to an audience1 and repaired to the ,vatican4 ,he was informed that all his communications to the pope were to pass through the hands of the cardinal secretary4 ,to sue to his worst foe--this was the climax of bitterness4 ,the high spirit of his eminence never recovered this indignity4 ,the holy father was all this time informed that the cardinal had returned2 but was recusant1 and refused all overtures of reconciliation4 ,after his last repulse1 the cardinal made no further efforts2 but it was easy to see that he suffered acutely4 ,all bosh6 ,the secretary might have ascertained that the papers of the day announced the return of the cardinal to ,rome and his audience2 for the cardinal was then a notoriety4 ,but he is strong on his powers of memory2 or1 perhaps1 as he had killed the cardinal and buried him1 as we saw1 two years and nine months before this--in ,march1 #ahfe--;he now ran his eye over a file previous to that date2 and1 as the papers were published while the cardinal was at ,sorrento1 there was no mention then of an audience4 ,but we are loth to believe the secretary has even that little regard for what others remember which would make him think it at all necessary to look even at a file of newspapers either for dates or facts4 ,but he gives us1 in lieu1 an exquisite production of his own memory4 ,the cardinal's enemies1 he tells us1 were far too wary to resort to open acts4 ,they remained so quiet that all suspicion was lulled to rest1 except in the cardinal and his secretary4 ,it is remarkable that we sometimes find an idea dart suddenly into the mind without cause or ramification47667 444 ,this was the case with the secretary1 probably also with the cardinal4 ,the idea took this shape3 ,the favorite mode of obtaining secret information in ,rome is by eaves-dropping and espionage4 ,this palace has been for two months at the bidding of those who knew the cardinal would return to it4 ,they are anxious to know all he says and does2 if possible1 all he thinks4 ,they will study the revelations of his countenance in moments of abandon4 ,and if they have designs--here the idea seemed going into extravagance4 ,we decidedly agree with him2 we even think the idea shows signs of ramification4 ,one pice of the cardinal's apartments was a breakfast-room1 in which there hung a picture of ,st4 ,francis meditating4 ,i was reading in that room2 and the twilight had deepened as ,i sat thinking over my book4 ,as ,i looked up1 by the faint red glow of the wood-fire1 ,i fancied that picture--a ,st4 ,francis meditating--had a peculiar expression about the eyes4 ,the rapt saint looks upward1 ignoring mundane vanities2 this looked downward and steadily at me4 ,i felt inclined to cut it open2 but dared not4 ,after all1 ,i imagined the gloom had deceived me4 ,again1 two days later1 ,i was sitting at breakfast with the cardinal1 when he dropped his cup of chocolate1 and1 rising1 went to the picture1 and carefully examined it4444 ,we looked at each other2 and ,i felt the same idea pass through his mind4444 ,i resolved to make him understand that ,i followed his thoughts4 ',do you think1' said ,i1 'that ,st4 ,francis in his meditations became sometimes a little distrait8 that his eyes wandered from heaven1 for example1 to some worldly object1 say1 as to the quality of your eminence's breakfast1 or became suddenly diverted by our conversation4' ,he looked steadily at me1 then at the picture1 which faced him as he sat1 but was behind me4 ,then1 after a moment1 replied1 ',it is a fatality4' ,i saw no more of him that day4 ,i heard from the valet that he was anxious not to be disturbed4 ,here we have espionage of the most wonderful kind caught in flagranti delicto4 ,is not the secretary afraid he has imparted a new and important lesson to the burglars of ,new ,york8 ,just think of the details6 ,during the cardinal's absence1 his enemies enter his apartments in the ,palazzo ,gabrielli freely1 notwithstanding the establishment is kept up1 and all the servants are there save the valet1 who is away with his master4 ,no eye sees them1 no ear hears their stealthy footsteps nor any noise they make4 ,no trace of their work is discovered4 ,they go everywhere1 they examine every thing1 and make their preparations4 ,what they did elsewhere we are not told4 ,but they paid special attention to this breakfast-room1 because the picture hung there4 ,if the wall behind it were of thick masonry1 they must have cut in it a niche deep enough and big enough to hold a man4 ,that they should do this in an inhabited house without any one finding it out1 is proof of their ability4 ,but what if1 as is most likely1 the painting hung on a partition wall only six or eight inches thick1 where could the man stand8 ,what did they do in that case8 ,we cannot imagine4 ,we think the burglars would be nonplussed1 and would turn for further instruction to the memory of our secretary4 ,beyond this1 they provided themselves with means of entrance and passage from room to room1 and of exit1 quite irrespective of ordinary doors and public stairways4 ,the cardinal returns to his palace1 and these means are put in use4 ,one spy1 entering when or how no one knows1 and mounting to his place in an equally mysterious manner1 stands behind the picture of ,st4 ,francis meditating1 which hangs on the wall of the breakfast-room4 ,the canvas eyes of the picture have1 of course1 been cut out2 and the spy fixes his own living eyes in their place1 so that he can see all that is to be seen1 as well as hear all that is to be heard4 ,ordinarily1 we suppose1 the eyes are kept turned toward heaven1 ignoring mundane vanities1 because such was the original position of the painted eyes in the picture4 ,but fatigue and duty combined1 from time to time1 to call for a change of their position4 ,the eyes looked down on the breakfast-table1 7perhaps longingly2 for even spies behind pictures may get hungry17 or gleamed with intelligence in response to witticisms of conversation1 or unguarded and important revelations4 ,yet all was so artistically and naturally done that the secretary one day imagined the gloom had deceived him2 and two days afterward1 the cardinal1 after a careful examination and after looking at it a second time attentively1 exclaimed1 ,it is a fatality6 ,now1 there is a mystery about this espionage which quite puzzles us1 and which we should like to see explained4 ,while the spy held his eyes thus glued to or inserted in the painting1 where were his eyebrows8 ,and what did he do with his nose8--his big ,roman nose4 ,for who can conceive a keen ,roman spy without a large and penetrating ,roman nose8 ,how did he manage to keep that nose from coming in contact with the painted canvas--from pressing against it and causing a very prominent bulge1 and even pushing the canvas away from the eyes8 ,this is a point that merits elucidation4 ,unfortunately the cardinal1 it seems1 at once left the room in which the fatality was1 shut himself up1 and would see no one4 ,the secretary was as wanting in pluck on that occasion as he had been on another two days before4 ,he felt inclined to cut the painting open to see what it was2 but dared not4 ,if he had had the presence of mind of a little boy ten years old1 he would have ventured to draw the bottom of the painting a few inches out from the wall1 and would have looked behind to discover the secret4 ,had he done so1 our mystery would doubtless have been solved1 and a very interesting question would have been answered4 ,what a pity the idea did not assume this practical ramification6 ,in regard to the death of the cardinal the memory of the secretary is brief1 but terribly explicit and pointed4 ,four days after the fatality-scene1 ,i was informed that the cardinal desired me to spend the evening in his private apartments4444 ,we had dined at five--a change of hour2 it used to be six4 ,his eminence had confined himself to his favorite and insipid ,chablis1 of which he drank one little flask1 7,monte ,fiascone has slipped from the secretary's memory27 ,i to a more generous vintage of ,burgundy4 ,the subject of our conversation was exceedingly important4 ,with the idea upon us like an incubus1 we conversed in low tones2 and ever and anon the cardinal rose and examined the outer door4444 ,the conversation ended by my being intrusted with certain documents to place in safe keeping4444 ,knowing the importance of the documents1 ,i hesitated to keep them in my possession4 ,sealing them in a packet1 ,i put on a street dress and hastened to an ,english gentleman1 who cheerfully undertook their keeping4444 ,cardinal ,antonelli asked me for the papers ,i had received on that fatal night4444 ,i rejoice to say--though strenuous exertions were made to obtain the papers--they were as persistently guarded2 and ,i have them now4 ,pretty well remembered for these papers4 ,but how about the cardinal8 ,the secretary says that1 on the morning after confiding the aforesaid sealed packet to the ,english gentleman1 ,i rose early and repaired to the palace4 ,the valet had orders to wake his master at seven4 ,it wanted but a few minutes4 ,i retired to my own room4 ,scarcely a quarter of an hour had elapsed ere the valet rushed in1 pale with affright1 exclaiming1 ',his eminence is dead6' ,i followed him quickly to the apartment1 having alarmed the household4 ,the disposition of the chamber was as ordinary4 ,the cardinal's dress lay on a chair1 as the valet had placed it4 ,his breviary was open at vespers4 ,the bed was the only thing disturbed4 ,there were certain indications of a struggle1 although very slight4 ,the usually placid countenance of the cardinal was flushed and discolored4 ,the two hands grasped the bed-clothes convulsively4 ,a physician was hastily summoned1 who pronounced life to have been extinct some hours4 ',from what cause8' ,i asked4 ,he whispered1 ',they will probably say apoplexy4' ,for himself1 the secretary has no doubt it was a murder perpetrated by the enemies of ,cardinal d',andrea4 ,these are the recollections of the soi-disant secretary4 ,they are well entitled in the whole and in the several details to stand with his precise recollections of the place and date of the funeral that followed in ,san ,giovanni in ,laterano1 on the #bb;d day of ,march1 #ahfe4 ,the papers announced that ,cardinal d',andrea died in ,rome1 on the #adth of ,may1 #ahfh4 ,for the details of his last hours1 we are indebted to those members of his household who were with him and closed his eyes4 ,it will be seen how different is the account they give from that of the writer who1 if elsewhere he amused us1 here fills us with astonishment at the boldness of his assertions1 and sorrow for his motives4 ,on ,thursday1 ,may #adth1 #ahfh1 the cardinal1 who had spent the forenoon in his usual occupations1 dined in his usual health1 or ill-health1 at half-past one4 ,after dinner he continued to transact business with his chancellor for a while1 and then arranged to resume it on his return from the usual afternoon drive4 ,he drove out from the ,palazzo ,gabrielli at about half-past four4 ,his coachman drove1 at the usual staid gait of a cardinal's carriage1 by the ,foro ,trajano1 on by the ,colosseo and ,san ,clemente1 to ,st4 ,john ,lateran's1 and out of the city gate near that church1 along the ,via ,appia ,nuova4 ,when he had passed the first mile-stone from the gate1 he was surprised by an order to return4 ,he noticed that the cardinal1 who was alone in the carriage1 seemed to be suffering4 ,he accordingly turned and retraced his steps at the same gentle gait4 ,on the square of ,st4 ,john's1 he received a second order to go faster2 and awhile after1 before he reached the ,colosseo1 the cardinal ordered him to hurry4 ,a fast trot brought them to the ,palazzo ,gabrielli by about half-past five4 ,the chancellor was there1 and assisted the servants to take the cardinal out of the carriage1 and to assist him up to his chamber4 ,he was suffering very much from a difficulty of breathing1 and seemed otherwise in pain4 ,it was a crisis such as he had had before1 but it seemed more severe than usual4 ,the cardinal sent word to the chancellor not to leave4 ,he expected the spasm to pass away in a little while1 and when it would be over1 they might resume their work as arranged4 ,the chancellor waited until near seven1 when1 learning that the attack still continued1 he entered the sickroom4 ,he was not only the official1 but a devoted and confidential intimate friend of nearly twenty years' standing4 ,he found the cardinal suffering to a degree that filled him with alarm4 ,a physician was sent for1 but was absent from his residence4 ,an assistant came and prescribed some remedies4 ,by eight1 the physician arrived1 and took charge of the case1 and did not leave the patient4 ,about nine1 he was asked if it were proper to administer the sacrament of extreme unction4 ,he replied that1 so far1 he did not see sufficient danger to warrant it4 ,meanwhile the cardinal lay on his bed tossing restlessly in pain1 and panting for breath1 but joining in1 as best he could1 with the prayers for the sick1 which had been begun1 at his request1 by his chaplain and the attendants between seven and eight o'clock4 ,at ten1 he asked to be placed in a large chair in his room4 ,they bolstered him up in it4 ,in half an hour he began to sink4 ,the chaplain hastily administered the rites of the church1 and by eleven1 ,cardinal d',andrea was no more4 ,thus1 as is not unfrequently the case1 death came somewhat suddenly and unexpectedly1 even after years of ill-health4 ,an autopsy took place1 as is customary1 we believe1 in ,rome in the case of cardinals4 ,it appeared that the immediate cause of his death was congestion of the lungs4 ,the right lung was found to be nearly destroyed by tubercles4 ,on one side of the brain a clot or indurated portion1 seemingly of long standing1 was discovered4 ,in this lesion some of the cardinal's friends thought they found a physical cause of those disordered peculiarities of mind of which we spoke as having been manifested in his later years4 ,we may add that1 after the official autopsy1 the body lay in state in the ,palazzo ,gabrielli until ,monday1 ,may #ahth4 ,on the evening of that day1 it was conveyed in procession to the neighboring parish church of ,st4 ,john of the ,florentines1 near the ,castel ,sant' ,angelo4 ,in that church1 on ,tuesday1 #aith ,may1 #ahfh1 the funeral obsequies of ,cardinal d',andrea were celebrated1 the pope and the cardinals assisting1 as required by the etiquette of the court when a cardinal dies in ,rome4 ,by the cardinal's own directions1 his mortal remains were interred at the church of ,sant' ,agnese fuori delle ,mura1 of which1 as we said1 he had been titular cardinal before becoming ,bishop of ,sabina4 ,we have thus followed this soi-disant secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea all through his article4 ,we have overlooked1 for brevity's sake1 many minor points4 ,but we have seen fully enough to establish the character of the article4 ,we have seen that he blunders as to the date of the cardinal's funeral by three years and two months4 ,he has blundered as to the church where it was performed by at least a mile and a half4 ,san ,giovanni in ,laterano and ,st4 ,john of the ,florentines are unlike in shape and in rank1 and are nearly at opposite points of the city4 ,as to the private habits1 the acts1 and the opinions of the cardinal1 he makes a series of blunders such as we might well look for in one who gives himself out as having been the confidential secretary of the late ,cardinal d',andrea1 and yet whom no one remembers to have ever had any connection with the cardinal4 ,as to the charges of enmity1 of espionage1 and even of murder1 and the tragedy of the ,french captain1 and various other remarks and comments en passant throughout the article1 by no means to the honor of the ecclesiastical dignitaries at ,rome1 and of the tone and character of society there--are these things only spice to give a certain piquancy to the article8 or is the whole article written merely as a vehicle to convey these charges to the attention of the readers8 ,we incline to the latter opinion4 ,we are led to it by the clearer and more undisguised tenor of later articles by the same pen in the ,galaxy4 ,we may1 hereafter1 if we find time1 pay our respects to one or more of those articles4 ,for the present1 we will only say that if the proprietors of the ,galaxy have intended to bargain with a writer of fiction1 they are getting the worth of their money in matter and quantity1 if not in quality and style4 ,if1 however1 they expected to secure a series of articles instructive because truthful1 the case is decidedly the reverse4 ,,footnote3 #agd ,the ,galaxy4 ,december1 #ahfi1 to ,june1 #ahgj4 ,,hymn ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,christian ,,doctrine ,,society4 ,not ours to ask thee1 ,what is truth8 ,for here it shines the light of light2 ,and all may see it1 age or youth1 ,who will but leave the outer night4 ',tis ours to tread1 not seek1 the way ,that brightens to the perfect day4 ,but this we ask thee1 dearest ,lord-- ,let faith1 so precious1 feed and grow2 ,and make our lives the more accord ,with fear and love1 the more we know4 ,for thus1 too1 shall we point the way ,that brightens to the perfect day4 ,nor have we learnt it save to teach2 ,it is for others we are wise4 ,the humblest has a charge to preach ,thy kingdom in a nation's eyes3 ,a nation groping for the way ,that brightens to the perfect day4 ,o thou1 our patron1 great ,st4 ,paul6 ,apostle of the ,west1 to thee ,we boldly come and fondly call1 ,as children at a father's knee3 ,come thou1 and with us lead the way ,that brightens to the perfect day6 ,b4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,lothair4#age ,lothair is both a novel and a pamphlet4 ,two distinct currents of thought are apparent1 running through the work1 variously intertwined and blended1 but from time to time asserting definite individuality4 ,this phenomenon is explained by the two-fold character of the writer1 who is a novelist and man of letters1 and at the same time a man of the world and a statesman4 ,the novel is written apparently to reassert his powers and demonstrate to the literary world that his genius is undimmed by age1 perhaps also to indulge the exercise of a favorite and successful art1 by which he has raised himself from an obscure position to one of influence and renown4 ,the pamphlet is evidently intended for political effect2 to throw discredit upon eminent persons1 to disparage the value of conversions among the higher classes of society1 and1 through the thin veil of fiction1 inflict all the damage possible upon the court of ,rome and the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,it reveals the political character of its writer1 his utter want of principle and consistency1 and enables us to comprehend how he has overcome all the obstacles to his career1 by great industry1 acute intelligence1 and absolute unscrupulousness in turning men and women1 things and events1 to his own personal advantage4 ,as a novel it adds nothing to the established reputation of the author4 ,it is rated at a high figure1 commercially speaking1 and will no doubt be a remunerative investment for its publishers4 ,it purports to be a picture of the habits1 manners1 and mode of life of people of the highest rank in ,england1 with sketches of persons of diverse culture and foreign birth1 to heighten the contrasts and bring out the lights and deepen the shadows4 ,natural scenery1 stately dwellings1 ancient trees1 sunlight1 flowers1 music1 and fresh air give life and animation to the varying scenes1 and form the appropriate basis1 background1 and accompaniment for the living panorama4 ,lothair is a youth of pure blood and fair education1 the heir of immense estates and a lofty title4 ,he is good-looking1 athletic1 kind-hearted1 shy1 sensitive1 and sentimental4 ,he has suffered the depression and discouragement of a sour ,presbyterian system of education1 from which he was happily rescued by the honest and determined efforts of one of his guardians1 ,cardinal ,grandison4 ,he emerges just before he comes of age1 and appears before us in the midst of an elegant family1 in which1 fortunately1 all the daughters are married excepting one1 who has great beauty and a remarkably fine voice4 ,he immediately1 as in duty bound1 falls desperately in love1 and in the most honorable manner possible confides the state of his feelings to the mother of the object of his affections1 who is1 by the way1 a fine specimen of a thorough-bred ,english lady4 ,the mother wisely and tenderly counsels delay1 and we would recommend her conduct in this interesting occasion to all the middle-aged ladies of our acquaintance when placed in a similar situation4 ,lothair accepts her decision1 and in the mean time becomes more and more intimate with the cardinal1 and forms the acquaintance of a ,catholic family distantly connected1 and becomes somewhat smitten with the real heroine of the tale1 ,clare ,arundel4 ,the objective point of the story now develops itself4 ,a struggle for the rich and titled youth commences between the ,english ,establishment and the ,church4 ,political and mercenary motives are1 with great impartiality1 ascribed to both the contending powers4 ,the combat between the rough and honest ,scotch ,presbyterian uncle and the accomplished and fascinating cardinal is wisely dropped4 ,no imagination could suggest the thought that one who had escaped from evangelicalism could ever return to it4 ,it is1 in the author's mind1 simply a political squabble for the influence and vote of the future peer4 ,his soul is of no account4 ,the conduct and development of this contest gives the right honorable romancer an opportunity to introduce the lords and ladies1 the dukes and bishops1 cardinals and monsignori1 artists1 wits1 and men about town1 with whom he delights to fill his pages4 ,they all speak in character1 and in the main with artistic consistency1 and their conversation is certainly sprightly1 often witty1 sometimes wise1 and never offensive on the score of taste and morality4 ,it affords him the opportunity to flatter and praise1 and at the same time exhibit a power of sarcasm and ridicule1 the effective methods of his earlier writings1 by which he climbed to his present position4 ,he exhibits talents and a knowledge of life which would have made him equally successful in the role of banker1 picture-merchant1 diamond-broker1 or even old clo'man4 ,he gloats over the splendors which he describes2 and beauty1 rank1 fashion1 fine clothes1 crystal1 porcelain1 pictures1 jewels1 ropes of pearls1 castles1 palaces1 parks1 and gardens1 are dwelt upon with the cherishing fondness of the gentlemen of keen eyes1 hooked noses1 and unctuous touch4 ,character1 conduct1 motives1 principles1 sentiments1 affections1 passions1 and religion are mingled in admirable confusion1 are estimated at the same value and weighed in the same balance4 ,there is for him as novelist or pamphleteer no principle but expediency1 no rule of conduct but temporal advantage4 ,he worships a golden calf4 ,these be thy gods1 ,o ,israel6 ,at a critical period1 while our hero is wavering between his ,anglican and ,catholic mistress1 and the cardinal is striving to acquire a wholesome influence over his somewhat unstable relative1 while he is sailing on the summer sea of high life and elegant society1 he goes to ,oxford to see his horses4 ,he has wisely left those useful animals at the university1 while he is pursuing his studies of life and manners in ,london4 ,at ,oxford1 he meets ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,campian1 and is taken completely off his feet4 ,presbyterianism1 ,anglicanism1 ,corisande and ,clare ,arundel1 the ,establishment1 and ,catholicity disappear at once1 and ,madre ,natura in the splendid physique of the divine ,theodora1 claims an unresisting captive and victim4 ,this is either an inspiration of a romancer's imagination or a study4 ,if the latter1 there is no hope for the right honorable author's salvation on the score of invincible ignorance4 ,lothair basks in the splendor of ,theodora's beauty1 and surrenders his reason to the fascination of her false political principles4 ,the lower or transient good is preferred to the higher1 the permanent good4 ,he chooses the lower1 as did ,lucifer and ,adam1 ,judas and ,luther1 and multitudes have done and are doing4 ,naturally and artistically there is no way out of this scrape excepting through a catastrophe2 religiously1 excepting through penance4 ,theodora is the ideal of ,greco-,roman heathenism1 and the artist ,phbus is its high-priest4 ,they are fine creations from an artistic point of view4 ,they enable the author to introduce some clever writing about art1 and some speculations regarding the ,aryan and ,semitic races1 evidently with the intention of associating revealed religion with the idea of superstition4 ,the effect left upon the mind is something like that produced by a certain class of sermons which we read on ,monday morning in the ,new-,york ,herald4 ,the novelist is hurried on at this stage by the necessities of the pamphleteer4 ,political events succeed each other so rapidly that he was obliged to send ,lothair as rapidly as possible to the field of battle 7his heathen destiny7 against the church4 ,with exceeding facility the money which was going to build a cathedral1 to please a pious girl1 is diverted to aid in blowing up ,st4 ,peter's1 and ,lothair finds himself as ,captain ,muriel1 in the field1 on the staff of one of his former acquaintances1 ,captain ,bruges1 the red republican general advancing against ,rome4 ,theodora and ,colonel ,campian are also with him1 the former disguised in male apparel1 and acting as secretary to the general4 ,we suppose her prayer uttered under the depressing intelligence of the embarkation of the ,french troops to assist the holy father1 is an expression of the religion of nature4 ,why she should pray to ,god instead of ,jupiter1 we confess we do not see1 unless in deference to the opinion of most of the author's readers4 ,he might have fulfilled all the indications by quoting ,pope1 and at the same time complimented the memory of a poet who is getting rather out of date4 ,however1 she hears the ,french have disembarked1 and accordingly suspends her prayers and recovers her spirits4 ,the impending catastrophe comes4 ,the tragic is accomplished1 and the divine ,theodora is slain4 ,madre ,natura and the secret societies are hurled against the rock of ,peter1 and shivered4 ,theodora is mortally wounded1 and dying1 impresses a chaste kiss upon the lips of ,lothair1 and exacts the promise never to conform to the ,church of ,rome4 ,the next step finds him severely wounded by a ,french chassepot1 the guest of ,lord ,st4 ,jerome in his palace in ,rome1 carefully attended by ,sisters of ,charity and ,clare ,arundel4 ,nature has perished and grace triumphs4 ,the venom of the anti-,catholic novelist and the malice of the statesman of the establishment are now revealed in a popish plot1 which is supposed to be hatched by ,lothair's ,roman ,catholic friends1 the prelates of ,rome1 and1 by implication1 the holy father4 ,the object of the conspiracy is to impose upon ,lothair and the world that he was wounded while fighting for the defence of the holy see1 instead of in the ranks of its determined enemies1 and to convince him that the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary personally appeared to rescue him from inevitable death4 ,these pages enhance the claims of the work as one of fiction1 but detract very much from its reputation as a specimen of art4 ,the plan is thoroughly un-,english1 and incompatible with the characters of the actors as previously portrayed4 ,it is by no means impossible for the ,blessed ,virgin or any saint or angel to appear1 and we should be bound to believe the fact if vouched for on credible testimony4 ,it is1 however1 naturally1 politically1 and religiously impossible for priests1 bishops1 and prelates to combine to make any human being believe a lie1 or to palm off a false miracle for any purpose whatsoever4 ,we are charitably left in doubt as to who believed or who did not believe in the apparition1 but we are treated to a conversation in which ,cardinal ,grandison endeavors to make ,lothair believe a lie1 and to abuse the enfeebled condition of his brain to reduce him to a condition of mental and moral imbecility4 ,mr4 ,disraeli evidently expects no advantages from ,catholic voters1 or1 perhaps1 counts on the charity which he abuses4 ,these passages are the only dangerous ones in the book2 they are skilfully contrived to crystallize wavering minds1 especially of young men of high rank1 into determined opposition to the holy see4 ,they are intended to awaken sympathy for ,lothair's helpless and almost hopeless captivity1 and to call forth sentiments of satisfaction and pleasure at his adventurous escape4 ,he does escape1 and falls into the arms of high-priest ,phbus and two inferior divinities of ,madre ,natura4 ,they have little power1 however1 the divine ,theodora being dead2 and our hero1 growing blas if not wiser and better1 subsides into an sthetical but harmless admiration of external nature and ,euphrosyne4 ,previously to his quitting ,rome1 the author invents a scene which is either a sop to spiritism1 or an insult to his readers' intelligence4 ,the appearance of the ,blessed ,virgin1 under any circumstances1 is treated with derision2 but ,theodora1 like the ,witch of ,endor1 is summoned to interview ,lothair in the ,coliseum1 and remind him of his fatal promise4 ,perhaps he only means to illustrate a phenomenon of an over-excited brain1 whose circulation is enfeebled by a long illness and a severe wound4 ,we are left purposely in doubt on this point1 as on many others4 ,this portion of the book contains vivid and beautiful sketches of camp-life and fighting on a small scale1 of ,rome and ,italy1 the ,tyrrhenean ,sea and classic isles4 ,under the auspices of the ,phbus and ,euphrosyne1 he is wafted in the yacht ,pan to ,syria and the ,holy ,land1 and sinks into a pleasing and self-satisfied reverie on ,mount ,olivet4 ,the descriptions of ,judea and ,jerusalem1 ,calvary and ,sion1 ,galilee and ,jordan1 ,lebanon and ,bashan1 could be penned only by one who has the traditions of the ,jew1 the ,roman1 and the ,christian4 ,there is the mournful regret of the ,jew1 the proud remembrance of the ,roman1 and the weak and sickly sentimentality of a very doubtful sort of ,christian4 ,they want depth and pathos1 and leave the mind disturbed and dissatisfied4 ,they profane rather than hallow those sacred places which inspire terror or love in every human breast4 ,the habits of his ,english friends whom he meets in the ,holy ,land1 who made excursions which they called pilgrimages1 and feasted1 made love1 and hunted1 express about the degree of sympathy which fashionable ,high-,church ,anglicanism has with ,calvary4 ,the noble and gentle ,syrian now appears to put the finishing touch to ,lothair's religious experiences4 ,he is a new figure in fiction1 a specimen of oriental ,turveydrop1 and the patriarch of a new school of ,israelitish evangelicalism4 ,in the absence of authentic data1 we should presume he had descended from a highly respectable family of ,pharisees1 which had1 in process of time1 intermarried with the ,sadducees1 and perhaps suffered some slight admixture with the heathen round about4 ,he happily succeeds in removing all distinct and vivid religious impressions from the mind of ,lothair1 and prepares the way1 after a final interview with his former ,mazzinian general1 who speaks in a cheerful and airy manner of his failure to blow up ,st4 ,peter's1 and consoles ,catholic readers with the assurance that the old imposture is still firmly seated1 for his return to ,england1 the arms of ,lady ,corisande1 and the bosom of the church by law established4 ,here we leave him married to an heiress and laid up in lavender1 to grow old1 fat1 and gouty4 ,while we may speak with some degree of complaisance of this novel as a work of art merely1 and a picture of life and manners1 in which it is far inferior to similar novels of ,bulwer and several other contemporary writers of fiction1 we are compelled to discuss this production in its political and moral significance in a very different spirit4 ,mr4 ,disraeli must have some powerful motive to induce him to attack the church and outrage the feelings of ,catholics throughout the world while he himself has no settled and strong religious convictions of any kind4 ,that motive must be the only one which would operate upon a mind like his--the desire to get back to power4 ,he starts the ,no-popery hue and cry1 and invents a most contemptible1 shallow1 and flimsy plot to influence what he supposes to be the radical hostility of the ,english people to the ,church of ,rome1 and to throw contempt and discredit upon the conversion of ,englishmen of rank1 and especially that of the ,marquis of ,bute4 ,we think he has not only committed a moral crime1 but made a gross political blunder4 ,we believe there is a profound sympathy throughout the world in the hearts of simply honest and good people with the holy father1 and that if the question could be tested by vote to-day1 ,who is the best man living8 ,pius ,,ix4 would receive an overwhelming majority4 ,while denouncing in the strongest terms the baseness of the attempt to impute fraud1 chicanery1 and political trickery to the policy and plans of the church1 we have reason to thank the right honorable and learned author for the revelation he has made of the secret societies4 ,he has had ample means of learning and understanding their operations1 and his implied conclusion is1 that the two great forces arrayed against each other in the modern world are the ,roman ,catholic ,church and the secret societies1 of whom ,masonry is the mother4 ,this is a conclusion which we accept4 ,it is the everlasting antagonism between the church of ,christ and the church of the devil4 ,we hope the glimpse thus afforded will cause some of our clergy to reconsider the lenient opinions they sometimes express in regard to ,masonry and its offshoots1 and to recognize the supernatural wisdom that has directed the unwavering opposition which the church has manifested toward these works of darkness4 ,as a whole1 we do not think ,lothair will do much harm4 ,it will provoke much conversation and discussion4 ,it will be praised1 ridiculed1 admired1 and contemned1 and speedily sink into oblivion1 to be read only by students of literature and those who seek for the light that works of fiction throw upon contemporary history4 ,it reminds us of something which occurred a long time ago1 and which cannot be offensive to the right honorable gentleman1 who finds a pleasure in insulting cardinals and bishops1 inasmuch as the chief personages in the transaction are prototypes of himself and his book4 ,it is the story of ,balaam and ,balaam's ass4 ,he has attempted to curse1 and in fact he has blessed1 and the ass which he is riding only speaks like a human being when it meets the angel in the ,catholic girl ,clare ,arundel4 ,,footnote3 #age ,lothair4 ,by the ,right ,honorable ,b4 ,disraeli4 ,pp4 #bah4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgj4 ,,the ,,invitation ,,heeded4#agf ,the above is the title of one of the best and most effective controversial works which we have had the pleasure to read for some time4 ,for those who believe in any historical ,christianity1 the argument contained in it is direct and unanswerable4 ,we pray ,god it may have a wide circulation and reach the numerous friends of its gifted author1 who thus seeks1 as many converts have done before him1 to show to those he loves the blessed lights which guided him to the home of truth and peace4 ,mr4 ,james ,kent ,stone is the son of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,stone1 a highly respected minister of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 favorably known for many years in ,brooklyn as the rector of ,christ's church1 and now1 we believe1 at the head of an ,episcopalian seminary in ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,he received his academical education at ,harvard ,college1 and afterward spent two years at one of the universities of ,germany4 ,returning to this country in #ahfb1 he was appointed professor of ,latin in ,kenyon ,college1 ,ohio1 in which office he remained until #ahfg1 when he was made president of the institution4 ,he was ordained a minister of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in #ahff1 and shortly after received the degree of ,d4,d4 from ,racine ,college1 ,wisconsin4 ,in the year #ahfh1 he was elected to the presidency of ,hobart ,college1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york1 where he remained only one year4 ,in ,september1 #ahfi1 he resigned his position and his ministry1 to seek retirement and prepare for his reception into the ,holy ,catholic ,church4 ,the #hth of ,december1 #ahfi1 the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 was the happy day of his entrance into the communion of ,christ1 in obedience to the call of its chief pastor4 ,in the prefatory chapter the author gives us some insight into the trials of his own mind4 ,accepting what he had taken for granted as the high ,anglican position1 he felt himself master of the ,roman question4 ,anglicans were1 in his mind1 true ,catholics1 the only true ,catholics1 and the ,reformation was a return to primitive truth on the part of a favored few1 who were to him the only witnesses of ,god upon earth4 ,his intellect was too logical not to see that ritualism1 with which he never allied himself1 was inconsistent with any possible degree of ,anglicanism4 ,if the ritualists were right1 the reformers were wrong4 ,the great sin of schism could never have been justified by any such paltry differences as separate our 'advanced' friends from the great ,roman communion4 ,the only consistent course for men to take who believed in the sacrifice of the altar and in the invocation of saints was to go back1 promptly and penitently1 to the ancient church1 which had proved its infallibility by being in the right after all4 ,in this position1 to any unprejudiced eye1 he stood upon an assumption of theology and history which it would seem that the slightest investigation should destroy4 ,a church which begins by denying the faithfulness of ,christ to his promises1 and asserts for itself claims which render all antiquity a fable1 ought not long to hold the love of an honest heart4 ,it would be hard for any one to know what the ,english church really teaches2 and if it teaches any thing1 it certainly does so upon human authority1 since infallibility is denied in itself1 and in every other communion4 ,when our eyes are once opened1 we wonder we were so long deluded4 ,the real reason why ,high-,churchmen do not become ,catholics is1 that they do not sincerely wish to know the truth1 which calls to sacrifices and sad trials of the heart4 ,if any man love father or mother more than me1 he is not worthy of me4 ,we believe that one earnest prayer for light1 with a full determination to follow it at every cost without hesitation1 would lead to the one home of truth every ,anglican1 and even every ritualist4 ,but the misfortune is1 that they will not offer any such prayer4 ,the world of honor or affection in which they move is too dear to be renounced4 ,let us hear what ,dr4 ,stone so feelingly tells of his own experience3 ,time went on2 and ,i was not conscious of the smallest change in my theological opinions and sympathies2 when all at once the ground upon which ,i had stood with such careless confidence1 gave way4 ,like a treacherous island1 it sank without warning from beneath my feet1 and left me struggling in the wide waters4 ,thanks be to ,god that ,i was not left to perish in that cold and bitter flood1 and that my feet so soon rested for ever on the eternal rock6 ,how it came about--by what intellectual process my position had been undermined--by what unconscious steps my feet had been led to an unseen brink1 ,i did not know4 ,i was only aware of the sudden terror with which ,i found myself slipping and going1 and the darkness which succeeded the swift plunge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i remembered how ,st4 ,augustine1 'one of the profoundest thinkers of antiquity1' even for four years after he had become a catechumen under ,st4 ,ambrose1 was entangled in the meshes of his ,manichan heresy4 ,i admitted instantly that ,i1 too1 might be under a spell2 that my case might be--,i do not dare to say like that of the great saint and father1 but that of the ,donatists or the ,gnostics2 since ,i was certainly not more positive in my convictions than they1 neither could ,i furnish myself with any satisfactory reason for believing that ,i was blessed with greater light4 ,and then the hand of ,god drew back the veil of my heart2 and ,i saw for the first time1 and all at once1 how utterly steeped ,i had been in prejudice1 how from the beginning ,i had1 without a question or suspicion1 assumed the very point about which ,i ought reverently to have inquired with an impartial and a docile mind4 ,i had studied the ,roman controversy2 so ,i thought--if in my short life ,i could fairly be said to have studied any thing2 but how had ,i studied it8 ,had there ever been a time when it was an open question in my mind whether the claims of the ,roman ,church were valid8 ,had ,i begun by admitting that the pope might be right8 ,had it ever crossed my thoughts that the church in communion with the see of ,peter might be indeed the one only ,catholic ,church of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ8 ,and had ,i ever resolved1 with all my soul1 as one standing on the threshold and in the awful light of eternity1 to begin by tearing down every assumption and divesting myself of every prejudice1 and then1 wherever truth should lead the way1 to follow--'leave all and follow'8 ,alas6 never4 ,i had studied simply to combat and refute4 ,the suggestion that ',romanism' might after all be identical with ,christianity was preposterous4 ,the papacy was the great apostasy1 the mystery of iniquity2 it was the master-piece of ,satan1 who had made his most successful attack upon the church of ,god by entering and corrupting it4 ,the rise of the papal pretensions was matter of the plainest history2 and every well-instructed child could point out how one fiction after another had been grafted into the creed of that apostate church1 until now the simple faith of early days was scarce recognizable under the accumulated error of centuries4 ',history'--who wrote that history8 ',well-instructed child'--why1 that was the very point at issue6 ,i saw that ,i had been guilty of what ,bossuet calls 'a calumny1' and what ,i now acknowledged to be an act of injustice1 namely1 of charging upon ,catholics inferences which ,i had myself drawn from their doctrines1 but against which ,catholics indignantly protest4 ,i could not say with ,st4 ,augustine that ',i blushed with joy2' but with shame ,i blushed1 'at having so many years barked1 not against the ,catholic faith1 but against the fictions of carnal imaginations4 ,for so rash and impious had ,i been1 that what ,i ought by inquiring to have learned1 ,i had pronounced on1 condemning4444 ,i should have knocked and proposed the doubt1 how it was to be believed1 not insultingly opposed it as if believed4' ,this is the 'plunge' ,i spoke of4 ,i used the word because it expressed1 as well perhaps as any other1 the terrifying rapidity which marked the steps of my intellectual crisis4 ,upon some men the discovery of a life-long error may break gradually2 truth may be said to have its dawning2 but to me it came with a shock4 ,the rain descended and the floods came2 my house fell2 and great was the fall of it4 ,then followed a sense of blank desolateness4 ,i was groping among ruins2 and wherewith should ,i go to work to build again8 ,i do not mean that ,i faltered4 ,thank ,god that he kept me true1 and suffered me not to shrink from the sharp agony which ,i perceived was possibly in store for me6 ,to borrow words of the great father from whose experience ,i have already drawn1 ',god gave me that mind1 that ,i should prefer nothing to the discovery of truth1 wish1 think of1 love naught besides4' ,but the task of reconstruction seemed almost helpless4 ,and so ,i set my face forward with desperate earnestness2 and in due time--it may seem1 a very short time--,i had not a trace of doubt left that ,i had all along been a vain enemy of the one1 catholic1 and apostolic church4 ,why not in a short time8 ,why not in a month1 or a week1 or a day8 ,is it any reflection upon truth that she surrenders herself quickly to a soul whose every nerve is strained in her pursuit8 ,is it any argument against the church of ,god that it is easily identified8 ,surely1 if there be a kingdom of heaven upon earth1 it must be known by marks which cannot be mistaken4 ,yes6 ,i knew it when ,i had found it4 ,and ,i found it as in the parable1 like a treasure hidden in a field--in the self-same field up and down which ,i had wandered for years1 and where ,i had often trampled it under my feet4 ,and when ,i had found it1 ,i hid it1 scarce daring to gaze at its splendor1 and crying1 as ,st4 ,augustine cried1 ',too late1 alas6 have ,i known thee1 ,o ancient and eternal truth6' ,and then1 for joy thereof1 ,i went and sold all that ,i had1 and bought that field4 ,the pages which follow this preface are a brief but cogent exposition of the convictions which forced themselves upon the mind of the author4 ,he develops the argument which proved so availing in his own case1 and which1 it seems to us1 should be satisfactory to any earnest inquirer4 ,he commences by viewing the ,catholic ,church in its historical aspects1 as the human eye beholds it1 and without any necessary reference to its supernatural character4 ,the attitude of the world toward it in the present and in every age is a proof of its greatness1 for men neither fear nor attack an enemy which they despise4 ,its wonderful life1 in spite of opposition which would long ago have destroyed any merely human organization1 is so striking a fact that no honest mind can fail to feel its force4 ,but it is not only as a living body1 with a vitality unknown to any other society1 that it impresses our intellects2 in its wonderful life it has been the guardian of morals1 and the author of every high virtue4 ,civilization owes its very existence to its creed and its fostering care4 ,and while ,protestantism1 of only recent origin1 has failed to accomplish any thing but destruction1 there is no sign of decay or feebleness in the ancient and unchanging church4 ,in the second part of the work the author gives the reasons in full for this wonderful vitality1 and shows how the ,word made flesh is the source of life to that body which he fills1 and which the ,paraclete sent by him ever animates4 ,the facts of ,christianity are clearly drawn out1 and the necessary notes of the church are tried by the appeal to holy ,scripture and tradition4 ,from the conclusion of this argument there is no escape1 and it is well demonstrated that the religion of ,christ stands or falls with the ,catholic faith4 ,in the concluding portion of the book1 ,dr4 ,stone looks carefully at the essential features of that body which the incarnate ,god1 as a master-builder1 framed with one head1 and all the needful constituents of a perfect organism4 ,the office of ,st4 ,peter was not simply an ornamental appendage to the company of apostles1 but an integral and essential part in the complex of visible ,christianity4 ,the church is ,christianity in the concrete1 and can no more exist without ,st4 ,peter than the human body can live without a head4 ,and to that head all the functions of the body are subordinated4 ,there is no fear of any unjust preponderance1 or that any member of the body will lose its activity or honor2 for the ,holy ,ghost lives in the body1 and speaks through the mouth of its head4 ,the functions of the primacy are displayed with beautiful clearness in this work1 which without any unnecessary words refutes the arguments of objectors1 and cuts to pieces their vain appeals to history or antiquity4 ,we are much pleased to see how an honest mind1 which had no reason to seek for ,catholic truth except for its own sake1 has been able to see how all the functions of the papacy are involved in the very constitution of the church4 ,the infallibility of the sovereign pontiff as the father and the teacher of all ,christians is directly deduced from the position he holds in the ecclesiastical body1 and the needs of his office4 ,we earnestly commend this work to those who are searching for truth1 and are willing to embrace it when it presents itself4 ,while there is no new argument1 there is great freshness in the manner in which it is conducted4 ,there are very many who would not become ,catholics even if ,almighty ,god were to work miracles before their eyes4 ,we say this advisedly and from sad experience4 ,they are too attached to the circles in which they move2 and even when divine light urges them keenly1 they are willing to take the risk4 ,so they compound with their consciences by assuming a great spiritual activity in their own spheres1 and the noon of their day of grace passes away4 ,they will never see again the freshness and life of the morning4 ,there are others who deal with truth as they would be ashamed to deal with any affair of human life4 ,they ask that every difficulty1 historical or theological1 shall be removed from the vast field of controversy ere they will yield assent to a proposition they are forced to admit1 which is the key of the whole position4 ,to those who will not be guided by the light of faith1 this is an unending task4 ,they are worse than the ,jews1 who would not believe unless they saw signs and wonders4 ,the ,catholic ,church does not offer any more trials1 to the understanding than did the meek and lowly ,man of ,sorrows in his sojourn upon earth4 ,all difficulties cannot be removed at once1 nor before the shadows of error have given way to the bright sun of truth4 ,we cannot see perfectly in the night2 yet there is really but one question to be asked and answered1 ,did ,jesus ,christ1 my divine ,redeemer1 found the ,catholic ,church1 and promise it perpetuity8 ,if so1 then ,i am bound to accept it as ,i find it2 for ,i cannot make a church for myself1 nor could he allow the communion which he formed and vivified to fall into error4 ,if ,i will not accept this church1 ,i may wander on the waste without a guide1 for there is no such thing as ,christianity for me4 ,another thing which this book impresses upon us is very important1 and it is a truth which we have had occasion to know from long acquaintance with ,protestantism4 ,there is only one way of dealing with those whom we believe to be in error1 and that is by always maintaining with1 consistency the principles of our creed4 ,any attempt to compromise with ,protestants1 as if there were not a diametrical opposition between truth and falsehood1 will be disastrous to their conversion4 ,men will not give up the associations of years1 renounce position and hopes1 and even break family ties1 unless they believe it necessary to their salvation4 ,nothing less than this motive can be held up to the wanderer who seeks in vain from his own intellect the lights that will guide him to a happy eternity4 ,and any converts that come into the church from any lower motive are unfit for the graces of faith1 and will never imbibe the spirit of a true ,catholic4 ,there is one ,god and one church1 and this church is a necessity to all to whom its message of mercy comes4 ,it can stand upon this ground alone as a divine organization1 and here only can demand the obedience of mankind4 ,there are many souls sadly in need and without a religion1 which is the first want of our nature4 ,there are many who are trying to gain time against the ,spirit of ,god by postponing the hour of sacrifice4 ,there are those who1 in hollow mockery of their highest aspirations1 are playing with shadows1 and deceiving themselves with counterfeits of the truth4 ,we pray ,god that this book may fall into their hands1 and be a messenger from on high1 bidding them look well to foundations which are built on the sand1 and can never abide the tempest of human passion1 much less the storm of ,god's judgment4 ,,footnote3 #agf ,the ,invitation ,heeded2 or1 ,reasons for a ,return to ,catholic ,unity4 ,by ,james ,kent ,stone1 late ,president of ,kenyon ,college1 ,gambier1 ,ohio1 and of ,hobart ,college1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york2 and ,s4 ,t4 ,d4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cdj4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren street4 #ahgj4 ,,the ,,first ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,number ,,six4 ,holy-,week in ,rome6 ,how many ,christian hearts have yearned for it1 have looked forward to it in hope6 ,how many recall it among the sweetest and most precious memories of the past6 ,in this sacred city1 and in this most solemn season1 a spell is thrown around the faithful pilgrim2 or rather1 he is released in a great measure from the delusive spells of the world4 ,mind and heart1 and1 we might almost say1 the body too1 seem to live in a new world1 in which the all-absorbing thought and affair is the grand mystery of what ,god has done in his infinite power and love to redeem this fallen race of man4 ,what emotions must fill the catholic heart as1 after perhaps a long and weary journey1 one is rapidly borne on by the train from ,civita ,vecchia1 and knows at last that within one hour he will be in ,rome4 ,the yellow ,tiber is flowing by the railway track1 sluggishly and silently1 on to the sea4 ,at intervals1 antique-looking barges1 with high-peaked prows and high sterns1 are floating down1 heavily laden with boxes of statuary and of marbles1 or of other works of art--it may be1 of books or of baggage4 ,a couple of oars suffice to keep the vessel in mid-channel1 or to accelerate its motion4 ,perhaps1 if the course of the sinuous river allows it1 a huge lateen-sail on a heavy stump of a mast helps it onward4 ,perchance1 too1 a tiny steamer meets him1 puffing its way downward2 or the train overtakes another breasting the stream and towing up three or four barges1 each larger than itself4 ,the eye travels across the classic river1 and roams over the rolling surface of the campagna1 and takes notes of the many ruins that dot its surface1 mostly relics of the mausoleums and massive tombs with which the ,romans of old were wont to line their roads leading from the city1 for miles and miles4 ,at length ,rome is at hand2 across the ,tiber you see the new ,st4 ,paul's extra muros1 rising like a phnix after the ruinous conflagration of #ahbc1 and not yet entirely finished4 ,the great apostle was buried here after his martyrdom4 ,here his body has ever been venerated4 ,some day1 and soon1 you may come hither1 and in the splendor of that church look down into the confession to catch a glimpse of the interior of the underground crypt1 and the sarcophagus within it1 in which lie his mortal remains1 and read the large letters on it1 ,paullus ,apostolus ,martyr1 ,paul1 the ,apostle and ,martyr4 ,on the lofty summit of the front1 plainly visible1 is the gigantic statue of the apostle himself1 bearing the emblematic sword--as if standing sentinel and guarding the approach to the ,holy ,city1 which he consecrated by his preaching and his death4 ,soon you are on the bridge over the stream1 and all eyes are turned to the left1 where above the city walls1 now visible1 and the roofs of houses1 and the cupolas of many churches1 you see for a moment or two the majestic dome of ,st4 ,peter's towering over all4 ,the road runs around the walls of the city for some distance before entering1 and ,st4 ,peter's is soon shut out from view1 only to be replaced by the majestic front of ,st4 ,john of ,lateran's1 near at hand4 ,but on the other side1 you see more clearly than before the campagna with its multitude of ruins1 and the ,sabine and ,alban ,mountains4 ,in the clear atmosphere you can distinguish the vineyards and olive groves1 and dark forests1 and cities and towns and pleasant villas4 ,along the campagna1 from the foot of these hills1 there stretches for miles on miles1 like a huge centipede1 a long line of dark and jagged masonry1 borne aloft on massive piers and arches4 ,it is an old aqueduct1 or1 as your guide-book tells you1 three aqueducts in one4 ,you dash through one of those arches1 and the panorama is changed4 ,other mountains in the distance1 with other cities and towns1 other ruins on the campagna--the ancient basilicas of ,st4 ,lawrence and ,st4 ,agnes near at hand4 ,at length you pass through an archway of the wall into the city4 ,st4 ,john of ,lateran's is again before you4 ,not distant is the church of ,santa ,croce2 and ,st4 ,mary ,major's1 with its cupolas1 its medival belfry1 and its obelisk1 is even nearer4 ,the balmy breeze of the afternoon brings to your ear the sweet chime of its many bells4 ,you are on the ,quirinal hill1 and can look over some portion of the city1 with its belfries1 and cupolas1 its red-tiled roofs1 and many-windowed houses4 ,near by are massive ruins4 ,the excavations of the railway track have unearthed broken columns1 frescoed walls of ancient rooms1 and masses of travertino masonry1 belonging to the walls which ,servius ,tullius1 the fifth king of ,rome1 built around the city4 ,issuing from the depot to seek your hotel1 you are at once before the ruins of the baths of ,dioclesian1 and the ,cistercian ,abbey1 and the church of ,st4 ,mary degli ,angioli4 ,your way leads by churches1 palaces1 ruins1 obelisks1 statues1 and ever-gushing fountains1 through a maze of narrow streets with sharp turns4 ,you understand that these streets were not laid out1 and the houses built on clear ground4 ,the houses stand more or less on the foundations of older buildings that have perished1 and follow1 to a limited extent1 the course of those foundations4 ,as for the streets1 they do as they can1 under the circumstances1 and seldom have the same breadth and direction for three hundred yards at a time4 ,every thing tells you of olden heathen ,rome that has perished1 and of a new ,rome that has arisen in its place1 not to be compared to its predecessor in size or in earthly magnificence1 but infinitely superior in spiritual and moral grandeur4 ,without an hour's unnecessary delay1 you seek ,st4 ,peter's4 ,a glance of wonder at the vastness and majesty of its approaches1 of its front1 and its portals1 is all you will give now2 for the heart is filled with a sense of that glory of which all this1 great as it is1 is but a figure4 ,you pass through the vestibule1 large as a magnificent cathedral1 push aside the heavy curtain before the inner door1 and you are within the grand basilica4 ,the light is evenly diffused and soft1 and comes through unseen windows4 ,the temperature is pleasant4 ,if outside you found the day cold and unpleasant1 here the atmosphere seems warm and agreeable4 ,if outside it was hot1 here you feel it cool and refreshing4 ,as you look at the vast expanse of the building1 you wonder at the solitude4 ,it seems almost vacant2 although1 if you could count them1 there are hundreds moving about1 or kneeling here and there in silent prayer1 and scores are entering or going out4 ,as you advance up the broad and lofty central nave1 there come from a chapel on the left the rolling sounds of an organ1 and the chorus of many voices1 as canons are chanting the daily vespers in their own chapel4 ,further on1 from the other side1 you hear the murmuring of many voices4 ,a long line of pilgrims1 or the members of some confraternity1 have come in procession to pray in ,st4 ,peter's2 and as they kneel before the altar1 perhaps a hundred devout men and women from the parish1 or of those accidentally in the church1 have gathered around them1 and have knelt and join in their chanted hymns and prayers4 ,on still you proceed1 until you are beneath the lofty dome itself1 and have approached the oval railing of marble which is united to the grand altar1 and on which ever burn a hundred and forty-two lamps4 ,you look over into the opening in the marble pavement1 which is called the confession of ,st4 ,peter's1 and you see below the floor of the ancient church1 and immediately under the present high-altar stands the chief altar of that ancient church4 ,though you do not see it1 you know that still deeper1 and below that altar1 is a small chamber in the earth1 whose floor and sides and arched roof are all of large blocks of dressed stone--travertino--and that in that vaulted chamber stands the marble sarcophagus which contains the remains of ,st4 ,peter1 the chief of the apostles1 the founder and the first ,bishop of ,rome1 who was crucified under ,nero1 in the year #fg1 on the hill near by1 and whom pious ,christian hands reverently buried in this very spot1 ever since sacred to the followers of ,christ4 ,then it was an obscure spot1 outside the city1 near certain brickyards on the ,aurelian ,way4 ,now it is covered by the grandest temple which the world ever saw1 on which all that man can do or give of most precious is offered and consecrated to the service of religion and the glory of ,god4 ,a poor1 humble1 simple-minded fisherman on the ,lake of ,genesareth1 in ,galilee1 whom men called ,simon1 was chosen by our ,lord2 his name was changed to ,peter1 a rock--for on that rock the church of ,christ would be built2 to him were given the keys of the kingdom of heaven1 and he was charged with the duty of confirming his brethren in the faith4 ,at the command of his ,lord1 and in the power of the divine commission1 he went forth to his work of zeal and of trials4 ,like his divine ,master1 poor1 persecuted1 crucified1 he was the instrument of ,god for mighty things4 ,empires and kingdoms have perished2 but the church still stands4 ,dynasties have succeeded dynasties1 and have passed away like the shadows of clouds in spring2 but the line of successors to ,st4 ,peter continues unbroken4 ,the intellect and study1 the passions1 the violence1 and the inconstancy of men have changed all things human1 again and again1 within eighteen centuries2 but there remaineth one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism1 one church of ,christ1 against which the gates of hell cannot prevail4 ,and here1 to-day1 you stand at the earthly centre of that spiritual kingdom1 by the tomb of him to whom ,christ gave promises which must ever stand true1 though heaven and earth pass away4 ,you can but kneel and pray with all the fervor of your heart1 taking no account of others near you1 nor of the passage of time4 ,and when at length earnest prayer has brought calm and holy joy to your soul1 you may rise and look up into the dome1 rising four hundred feet above you1 with mosaics of evangelists1 and prophets1 and angels1 archangels1 and all the grades of the celestial host1 until in the summit1 amid a blaze of light1 the ,ancient of ,days looks down from heaven1 in power and majesty1 blessing the worshippers of earth1 and bending forward to receive the prayers of all who come to this holy and consecrated temple to pour forth their supplications and entreat his mercy4 ,you may examine the grandiose proportions of nave and transept and aisle1 the mosaics1 and marbles1 and statues1 and saints2 you may go forth into the vast vestibule1 guarded at one extremity by an equestrian statue of ,constantine1 and at the other by one of ,charlemagne2 you may linger1 as you look again at the mighty square in front of the basilica1 with its magnificent ever-flowing fountains1 so typical of the waters of life1 its colonnades stretching away hundreds of yards on either side1 like arms put forth to embrace the multitudes of the children of men1 and the lofty1 needle-formed ,egyptian obelisk in the centre1 pointing toward heaven4 ,on its summit is a bronze casket1 containing a portion of the true cross on which the ,saviour suffered death2 and at the base is an inscription1 brief in words1 and here most sublime in its appositeness4 ,your heart takes in the full meaning as you read1 ,christ reigns4 ,christ rules2 ,christ has conquered4 ,may ,christ defend us from every ill4 ,this is the spirit1 the key-note1 as it were1 of ,christian life in ,rome4 ,we might say1 also1 that it is the animating principle of her temporal existence4 ,for1 save as the centre of the ,catholic ,church and the see of ,peter1 ,rome would quickly perish4 ,on the hills of the campagna and on the slopes of the mountains around1 may still be seen faint vestiges of cities and towns that were illustrious centuries before ,rome was founded4 ,they have utterly perished4 ,others of the same class seem to drag out a lingering existence1 as obscure villages1 of no importance1 whose names no one mentions1 and whose ancient history is known only to antiquarians4 ,many a desert1 forest1 or plain can show ruins to rival those of the seven hills4 ,florence1 and many a modern city1 can boast of galleries of the fine arts and museums to rival1 if not to surpass1 most of those in ,rome4 ,no1 it is not for her antiquity1 nor for her grand ruins of past ages1 nor for her paintings and sculpture1 her marbles and mosaics1 that ,rome stands unrivalled in the world4 ,these are but accessories4 ,neither they nor any mere human gift can suffice to explain the mystery of her survival1 despite so many convulsions and shocks1 and her continued and prosperous existence1 where all around her has sunk into decay and ruin4 ,were there no other source of life1 these would soon fail her4 ,the treasures of art and antiquity in her galleries1 and museums1 and public buildings would soon be shattered by spoliation or conquest1 and she would be left desolate and stricken like her crumbling ruins4 ,it is the moral power of ,christianity which gives her a life and a strength beyond that of the sword4 ,it is the presence of that pontiff who is the visible head of the church1 and the centre of ,catholic unity and of spiritual authority1 which saves her from the fate of other cities4 ,her true source of life is her religious position4 ,when1 centuries ago1 the popes1 wearied out by the tumults of the people and the turbulence of the barons1 withdrew for peace' sake1 and abode for seventy years in ,avignon1 ,rome dwindled down to be little better than a village of ten or fifteen thousand souls4 ,the ,romans spoke of that time as a ,babylonian captivity4 ,with the return of the pontiffs1 prosperity was again restored4 ,when1 in the early part of the present century1 ,pius ,,vii4 was borne away and held captive for years in ,france1 and ,rome was annexed to the ,french empire1 the population of the city quickly sank to one hundred and thirteen thousand1 and was rapidly diminishing4 ,when he returned1 in #ahad1 it began to rise again1 and to-day ,rome has nearly double that population4 ,were the sovereign pontiff to be driven into exile to-morrow1 as ,garibaldi and ,mazzini1 and the ,italianissimi of ,florence desire1 ,rome would again1 and at once1 enter on a downward career of misery and ruin4 ,in twenty years she would lose all her treasures and half of her population4 ,all this is clear to the ,romans themselves2 all the more clear from the fate which has overtaken those cities of the states of the church which were annexed to the kingdom of ,italy eight or ten years ago4 ,no wonder that1 in #ahfg1 neither the artful emissaries of ,ratazzi nor the military parade of ,garibaldi was able to gather recruits to their attempt1 either from the country around or from the city itself4 ,the ,romans would shudder at the thought of a renewal of that attempt1 as at a terrible calamity4 ,but we must not wander away into such considerations4 ,this theme1 though most important to the ,romans and often on their lips1 is of too worldly a character4 ,for this month1 at least1 we leave it aside1 and join that immense crowd of strangers who have filled ,rome1 drawn hither to look on the council1 and to unite in the solemn offices of ,holy-,week1 more solemn and imposing this year than perhaps ever before1 on account of the vast number of bishops uniting in their celebration4 ,once1 the ,german element used to stand prominent before all others1 in the crowd of strangers that flocked to ,rome for ,holy-,week2 afterward the ,english1 and laterly the ,americans1 became conspicuous4 ,this year1 although they were probably as numerous as ever1 they seemed to sink into the background before the vast number of ,french who filled the holy city1 and who1 almost without exception1 had come in the spirit of earnest1 fervent ,catholics4 ,they were fully as numerous and fully as demonstrative as at the centenary celebration in #ahfg4 ,their coming was announced by the ever-increasing numbers who1 each day that a general congregation of the council was held1 gathered at ,st4 ,peter's at half-past eight ,a4,m41 to see the bishops enter1 or at one ,p4,m41 to see them come forth from the council hall4 ,in ordinary times1 the pope and cardinals celebrate nearly all the offices of ,holy-,week1 not in ,st4 ,peter's1 which is left to the canons and clergy of that basilica1 but in the ,sixtine chapel1 which is the pope's court chapel1 so to speak1 within the ,vatican palace4 ,it is as large as a moderate ,american church4 ,about one half is railed off as a sanctuary for the pontiff1 and the cardinals and their attendants1 and for the other clergymen who are required or are privileged to attend the services in this chapel4 ,the remaining half1 assigned to the laity1 will hold four or five hundred seated or standing1 as the case may be4 ,the number desiring to enter is so great that often a seat can be obtained only by coming two or three hours before the time for commencing the services4 ,this year1 if the bishops were to be present1 the whole chapel would have to be used as a sanctuary1 and no room would remain for any of the laity4 ,to avoid this embarrassment1 and the consequent disappointment of thousands1 it was settled that this year the papal services of ,holy-,week should be celebrated1 not in this ,sixtine chapel1 but in ,st4 ,peter's itself1 where1 besides all the bishops1 ten thousand others might attend1 and seem only a moderate-sized crowd grouped close to the sanctuary4 ,to ,st4 ,peter's1 then1 on ,palm-,sunday morning1 came the papal choir1 and half a thousand bishops1 archbishops1 primates1 and patriarchs1 the cardinals with their attendants1 and the holy father himself1 for the blessing of the palms and the other services of the day4 ,they were substantially the same as the services in ten thousand other churches of the ,catholic world that day4 ,but here1 there were of course a splendor and magnificence that could be rivalled nowhere else4 ,the palms to be blessed lay in masses regularly arranged near the throne of the pontiff4 ,they seemed scarcely to differ from the branches of our southern palmetto4 ,on many of them the long leaves were fancifully plaited1 so as to represent a branch surrounded by roses1 lilies1 leaves1 and crosses4 ,the ,catholic negroes that came to the ,united ,states from ,san ,domingo years ago used to do something similar4 ,there is an interesting story about these palms4 ,on the tenth of ,september1 #aehf1 ,fontana1 the architect and engineer of ,st4 ,peter's1 was to lift to its present position in the middle of the square before ,st4 ,peter's1 the immense unbroken mass of stone which formed an ,egyptian obelisk that had been erected in the amphitheatre of ,nero1 and still stood not far off1 its base buried in the earth that centuries had accumulated around it4 ,it was a mighty1 a perilous work1 to transport this obelisk1 three hundred yards1 ever keeping it in its upright position1 and at the end to lift it up and plant it on the lofty pedestal4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 and all ,rome were there to look on4 ,in default of steam-engines and hydraulic rams1 not then invented1 ,fontana used a huge scaffolding1 ropes1 blocks and tackle1 and windlasses1 and hundreds of operatives4 ,any mistake or confusion as to orders or delay in executing them might overthrow the immense pillar1 and prove disastrous to the work1 and fatal perhaps to scores of lives4 ,in view of the emergency1 a kind of military law was proclaimed1 whereby all lookers-on were to keep silence1 under penalty of death4 ,fontana1 standing aloft1 gave his orders1 the wheels were turned1 the ropes tightened1 the mighty mass slowly moved on1 the pedestal was reached4 ,the obelisk was lifted up4 ,hours rolled on1 and still it rose gradually but truly4 ,at length it stood within a few feet of its destined position4 ,but it would go no farther4 ,the ropes1 bearing the strain of the weight for so many hours1 had stretched1 and some were threatening to snap4 ,fontana stood pale and speechless at the impending disaster1 which he now saw no way of averting4 ,suddenly a clear1 manly voice was heard from out of the crowd1 ,wet your ropes6 wet your ropes6 ,fontana at once seized the happy thought4 ,the ropes were wetted1 swelled and contracted to their original state1 and soon the huge obelisk stood upright and firm on the solid pedestal1 and the daring work was crowned with complete success4 ,meanwhile1 the officers had seized the man that cried out2 he was brought before the pope1 who thanked him and embraced him4 ,he was asked who he was1 and what reward he desired4 ,his name was ,bresca1 a sailor from ,san ,remo1 near ,nice4 ,his family owned a palm-grove there1 and the reward he asked was the privilege of supplying ,st4 ,peter's every year for ever with the palm-branches to be blessed and used on ,palm-,sunday4 ,it was granted4 ,nearly three centuries have passed1 but the family of ,bresca is still at ,san ,remo1 has still palm-groves1 and every year there comes a small vessel from that port1 laden with the palm-branches for ,st4 ,peter's4 ,may it continue to come three hundred years hence6 ,the holy father1 in that clear1 sweet1 and majestic voice1 for which he is remarkable1 chanted the prayers for the blessing of the palms4 ,to the blessing succeeded the distribution4 ,one after another1 the cardinals gravely advanced1 the long silk trains of their robes rustling on the carpet as they moved forward2 each one received a palm-branch2 the oriental patriarchs1 the primates1 and a number of the archbishops and bishops1 as representatives of their brethren1 followed after the cardinals1 and received each his branch4 ,meanwhile the choir was singing the exquisite anthems1 ,pueri ,hebrorum1 appointed for that occasion4 ,it was a simple1 yet a most effective and thrilling scene4 ,the cardinals stood in their long line1 the rich gold ornamentation of their chasubles shining brightly on the violet silk1 on their heads the mitre or the red calotte of their rank4 ,before each one stood his chaplain in dark purple1 holding the decorated palm-branch1 like a lance4 ,in the middle1 as the lines of ,oriental and ,latin prelates in their rich and varied robes approached the holy father1 or retired1 each one bearing his palm-branch1 there was a perpetual changing and shifting and intermingling of colors1 as in a kaleidoscope4 ,near the pope1 stood the senator and other civil officers of ,rome1 in their medival mantles4 ,the ,swiss guard1 in a military dress of broad stripes1 red and yellow1 or black and yellow1 some of them wearing steel corselets and breastplates1 and all wearing the plumed ,tyrolean military hat2 they stood motionless as statues1 holding their bright halberds upright4 ,the ,noble ,guard1 in their rich uniform1 stood here and there2 and on both sides1 line after line of bishops1 robed in cappa magnas1 formed a massive and imposing background4 ,add to all these1 the religious orders1 ,carmelites1 ,dominicans1 ,franciscans of every family1 ,augustinians1 ,benedictines1 ,cistercians1 ,canons ,regular1 ,theatines1 ,servites1 ,crociferi1 and many others1 each in the costume of his order or congregation1 and all bearing branches of blessed palm4 ,add still the continuous chanting of those unrivalled voices and the indistinct bass murmur or rustling of the vast crowd4 ,it was a scene which carried one away4 ,you did not strive to catch every note of ,palestrina's beautiful composition4 ,it was enough to drink in the sound4 ,you scarcely thought of reciting the words of a prayer--there are none assigned for the time of distribution specifically--you found it easier to indulge a train of devotional thought1 and to unite with it something of pious admiration4 ,next followed the procession in commemoration of the solemn entry of our ,saviour into ,jerusalem1 five days before his ,passion4 ,leaving the sanctuary1 the long lines of singers1 of the religious orders1 of bishops and prelates1 and of cardinals1 and finally the pope with his attendants1 passed down the nave of the church1 out by one door into the vestibule1 and1 returning by another into the church1 again came up the nave and entered the sanctuary4 ,the strains of the ,gloria1 ,laus1 et ,honor1 the hymn for that procession1 always beautiful1 and infinitely more so when sung to-day by this choir1 swelled as the procession approached you1 became fainter and sweeter as it passed on4 ,you caught but a faint murmur of melody while they were in the vestibule1 and the notes rose again as the procession entered the church and moved slowly onward to the sanctuary4 ,then came the high mass1 which an archbishop celebrated1 by special permission1 at the high-altar4 ,without such permission1 no one save the holy father himself celebrates there4 ,during this mass the entire history of the ,passion of our ,lord1 as given in the ,gospel of ,st4 ,matthew1 is sung4 ,on ,good-,friday1 the same history is sung1 as given by ,st4 ,john4 ,perhaps no portion of the chants of the church in use at the present day is as ancient and venerable as the mode in which the ,passion is chanted4 ,the old classic ,greek style is preserved1 and1 fundamentally at least1 the melody must be ,grecian1 although perhaps somewhat changed to suit our modern gamut4 ,the ordinary mode is to distribute the whole among three singers1 one of whom chants all the narrative or historical portion4 ,whenever the ,saviour speaks1 a second singer chants his words4 ,a third singer comes in at the proper times to chant whatever is said by others4 ,in the ,sixtine chapel1 and here in ,st4 ,peter's to-day1 there is a slight change made1 which from its appropriateness and effective character we cannot but look on as in part1 at least1 a return toward the original idea of such a chant4 ,one singer1 an exquisite tenor1 took up the narrative portion in a recitativo1 closing each sentence with the modulations with which many of our readers must be well acquainted4 ,a baritone voice1 one of the richest1 smoothest1 most majestic1 and most plaintive and sympathetic we ever heard1 chanted the ,saviour's part4 ,there was not in it a note that we had not heard before scores of times1 but never as they were now chanted4 ,one could1 it seemed1 listen to him for ever2 when he closed one sentence1 your eye ran along the page to mark the verse1 at which you would hear him again4 ,as he uttered the words1 you drank them in1 in their sense rather than in the music1 realizing something of their pathos and majesty4 ,it was as if in truth you stood near him in ,gethsemane1 before ,annas1 and ,caiaphas1 before ,pilate2 as if you walked with him along the sorrowful way1 as if you stood so near the cross on ,calvary that every word he spoke1 every tone of his voice1 entered your heart4 ,years cannot efface from our minds the memory of that wondrous chant4 ,it seems still to ring in our ears4 ,the portions usually assigned to a third singer are here distributed among several1 who chant singly1 or together1 as the words are spoken by one1 or by several1 or by a multitude4 ,thus1 a soprano and a contralto unite to sing the words of the two false witnesses4 ,the mutual contradiction of the witnesses is indicated by the irregularity of the time1 and the discords that are repeatedly introduced4 ,when the crowd cries out1 ,away with him2 crucify him2 we will have no king but ,csar1 the whole choir bursts forth4 ,you hear the trembling shrill tones of age1 the hissing words of irate manhood1 the shrill trebles of excited women1 the full incisive words of the priests1 and the clamors of the unthinking rabble4 ,when they cry1 ,his blood be upon us and upon our children1 the voices1 full at the beginning1 grow tremulous and weaker as they proceed1 and some are silent1 as if reluctant to pronounce the terrible words of the imprecation4 ,and when the soldiers1 after scourging the ,saviour1 and putting on his head the crown of thorns1 place the reed in his hands and kneel before him1 saluting him1 ,hail1 ,king of the ,jews1 the words are sung by three or four voices with a softness1 a sweetness1 and an earnestness which would make you think that1 for the moment1 and in spite of themselves1 they felt the divine truth of the words they intended to utter in mockery4 ,in the entire cycle of music there is nothing so sublime and so touching as the ,passion of our ,lord1 sung by the papal choir in ,st4 ,peter's4 ,on ,tuesday1 in ,holy-,week1 a general congregation of the council was held in the usual form4 ,as we stated in our last number1 the fathers voted on the entire draught1 then before them1 either placet1 placet juxta modum1 or non placet4 ,we need add nothing to the account we then gave4 ,on ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 and ,friday afternoons the bishops attended in ,st4 ,peter's at the office of the ,tenebr4 ,on each occasion1 twenty-five or thirty thousand persons about half-filled the church1 to hear the lamentations1 and1 above all1 the far-famed ,misereres heretofore only to be heard in the ,sixtine chapel4 ,the papal choir is composed of about twenty-five singers4 ,basses1 baritones1 contraltos1 tenors1 and sopranos1 all chosen voices of the first quality1 and all trained for years in the special style of singing of this choir1 different from that of any other we ever heard1 and in the peculiar traditions as to the precise style in which each of their principal pieces should be executed4 ,they say themselves1 that without this special training the mere notes of the score would by no means suffice to guide another choir1 at least so as to produce the marvellous effects which they attain4 ,they have in their repertory over forty ,misereres1 composed by their different maestri1 or chiefs1 during the last three centuries4 ,not more than four of these are placed by them in the first rank4 ,on ,wednesday1 that by ,baini was sung2 on ,thursday1 that of ,allegri1 and on ,friday1 one by ,mustafa1 the present leader of the choir4 ,that of ,allegri is acknowledged to be the best4 ,he was born in ,rome in #aefj1 and became a celebrated composer and singer4 ,in #afbi1 he entered this choir1 at the age of sixty-nine1 and was its leader for twenty-three years1 dying in #afeb at the ripe age of ninety-two4 ,his ,miserere is of such incontestable merit that it is always one of the three sung each year1 and not unfrequently it has been sung twice in the same year4 ,baini was born in ,rome in #agge1 entered the papal choir at about the age of thirty1 became maestro or leader in #ahbd1 and died about twenty years ago4 ,he was the most learned musical scholar of ,italy in his day1 and published a number of works4 ,as a composer1 he ranked very high4 ,his ,miserere is esteemed next to that of ,allegri4 ,there is a difference between them4 ,the older composer was filled with a sense of the full meaning of the psalm as a whole1 and varies the expression in each verse according to the sense of the entire verse4 ,baini1 on the contrary1 is disposed to dwell on the special sense of each word and minor phrase1 bringing these points into higher relief than ,allegri would4 ,to many1 on this account1 his ,miserere is more intelligible and more pleasing than the other4 ,but a longer familiarity with both invariably reverses this decision4 ,mustafa1 the present maestro of the papal choir1 was likewise born in ,rome1 and entered the choir thirty years ago1 as a soprano singer4 ,on ,baini's death1 he succeeded to his post4 ,no one in ,italy has a more thorough and scientific knowledge of vocal music than he has2 and his compositions are among the choicest morceaux of the choir here4 ,his ,miserere has several advantages4 ,it was written for the voices now in the choir1 and its execution is directed by the composer himself4 ,there is more of the modern style about it than we find in the other two4 ,hence it is always most pleasing1 for style1 and the precision and brilliancy with which it is sung4 ,but besides the artistic excellence which the few trained to analyze and examine such compositions can alone discover and discuss suitably1 there is a something about these ,misereres which all can feel1 and which is far more religious in its character4 ,once enjoyed1 it is never forgotten4 ,as the long office of matins and lauds is slowly chanted1 psalm succeeding psalm1 and lamentation following lamentation1 the lighted candles on the triangular candelabrum are all gradually extinguished1 save one1 and then1 one by one1 those on the altar4 ,the shades of evening are coming on4 ,the light of day has become almost a twilight1 adding a mysterious indefiniteness to the immensity of the vast edifice4 ,only through the glory1 or circular stained window in the apsis of the basilica1 there comes in a golden light from the western sky4 ,the cardinals and bishops are all kneeling in their places1 the multitude of twenty-five thousand that have waited two hours for this moment are hushed to deadest silence4 ,a wailing voice is heard--faint1 sad1 almost bursting into sobs--,have mercy on me1 ,o ,god6 ,another and another joins in the entreating cry4 ,it swells and rises1 sometimes in passionate1 loud supplication1 sometimes lowered to broken tones1 scarce daring to hope1 until an angel voice leads on1 ,according to thy great mercy4 ,verse after verse the wailing1 pleading prayer continues1 in combinations of matchless voices1 and in harmonious strains never heard or dreamed of before4 ,the multitude listen1 suppressing their breathing lest they may lose a single one of the silvery tones4 ,some are kneeling1 others who have not room to kneel1 in that closely packed crowd1 stand with their heads sunk on their breasts4 ,all are silent1 yet many a moving lip tells you they are repeating the words with the singers1 that they may more fully drink in the sense and the appropriateness of the music4 ,when the last verse closes1 there is a sigh1 as if they waked from a trance and found themselves in this life again4 ,on ,thursday1 ,friday1 and ,saturday there were the usual services in ,st4 ,peter's1 in the forenoon4 ,on the first day1 the bishops were required to attend in white copes and mitres4 ,a cardinal sang high-mass1 after which came the usual procession of the blessed sacrament1 which is conveyed from the main altar to a repository prepared to receive it4 ,this year the chapel of the canons was used for the purpose4 ,cross and candles and incense led the way4 ,the canons and beneficiaries and other clergy of ,st4 ,peter's followed1 each one bearing a lighted waxen candle1 and responding to the chanted hymns of the choir4 ,a certain number of archbishops and primates came next1 and after them the cardinals1 all likewise with their lighted tapers4 ,the pontiff himself bore the blessed sacrament1 under a rich canopy of gold cloth1 upheld on eight staffs of silver gilt1 borne by his attendants4 ,cardinals and clergy1 ,swiss ,guard and ,noble ,guard1 walked slowly on either side2 the heads of religious orders followed1 bearing their lights2 and after them1 not two and two1 as the regular procession had walked1 but more closely pressed together1 came the hundreds of bishops4 ,the church1 at least the half of it toward the altar1 was packed and jammed4 ,not without some effort had the ,swiss and the lines of soldiers kept a small passage-way clear for the procession from the main altar to the chapel of the canons4 ,as the sound of the well-known hymn1 the ,pange lingua1 was recognized1 and the procession started1 all who could knelt2 those who had not room to do so bowed reverently until the pontiff had passed and had entered the chapel1 and the amen of the closing prayer rang through the church4 ,at once there was a rushing to and fro of the thirty thousand people in the church1 one half seeking to pass out to the square in front or to ascend to the broad summit of the colonnade on each side of it2 for the pontiff would1 in a few minutes1 give the solemn pontifical blessing from the loggia or balcony over the main door of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the other half took the occasion to occupy the vacant space closer to the main altar1 striving to secure the best positions1 from which to witness1 as well as they could1 the ceremonies to follow in the sanctuary1 after the blessing1 and trusting that on ,easter-,sunday they might be able to behold and to receive the blessing with grander ceremonial than to-day4 ,the holy father and the cardinals came forth from the chapel1 and1 leaving for a time the basilica by a side-door1 passed into the ,vatican palace1 and from thence to the vast hall immediately over the vestibule of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,borne in his curule chair1 he advances to the loggia1 or open balcony projecting in the middle toward the square1 and looks out on the city1 and on the thousands below1 that kneel as he stands erect1 and1 raising both arms aloft toward heaven1 calls down on them the blessing of ,god the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the solemn and sweet tones of that majestic voice ring through the square1 and the words are heard distinctly by the multitudes4 ,a cardinal reads and publishes the indulgence1 and the pontiff and the cardinals retire4 ,back into the church the mass of people come1 a living torrent4 ,in twenty minutes the cardinals and the bishops are again in the sanctuary1 while the movement and rustling of the moving and struggling crowd fills the church with the sound as of a deep1 continuous1 and subdued bass note4 ,at one side of the large sanctuary1 which is about one hundred and thirty feet deep1 and seventy-five feet broad1 an ascent of eight or ten steps leads to a broad platform visible to all4 ,on this platform attendants move about1 preparing all that is necessary for the next portion of the ceremony1 the mandatum1 or washing of feet4 ,soon a line of thirteen figures1 dressed as pilgrims in long white woollen robes reaching to the instep1 ascend to the platform1 and the attendants conduct them to the seats that are prepared4 ,they are priests from abroad who have come to ,rome and all eyes are turned to inspect them as they stand ranged in a line4 ,one is an old man stooped with age1 with large1 piercing dark eyes1 and heavy eyebrows1 long aquiline nose and high cheek-bones1 and ruddy cheeks4 ,the olive tint of his skin looks darker by contrast with his ample flowing beard of patriarchal whiteness4 ,he is from the east4 ,perhaps those two other younger ones1 with full black beards1 are from the east likewise4 ,to judge by his almond eye1 the long and regular features1 and the darkish skin1 another was an ,egyptian4 ,of a fifth there could be no mistake4 ,he was from ,senegambia in ,africa1 and his surname was ,zamba1 or1 as we call it in ,america1 ,sambo4 ,his jet black skin1 his negro features1 the blue spectacles he wore1 and his instinctive attitude of dignity made him the most conspicuous in the number4 ,they entered1 wearing tall white caps1 in shape something like stove-pipe hats without any rim1 and with a tuft on the summit2 long white dresses of the shape you may see in the miniatures of illuminated manuscripts written a thousand years ago2 and even1 their stockings and shoes were white as their dress4 ,as all were ready1 the pontiff enters1 and the choir intones the antiphon1 ,mandatum novum--,a new command ,i give you4 ,some preliminary prayers are chanted1 and the pontiff1 putting off the cope1 but retaining his mitre1 is girded with an apron1 and ascends the platform4 ,an attendant unlaces the shoe on the right foot of the first pilgrim1 and lets down the stocking4 ,other attendants present the ewer of water and the towels2 the pontiff1 stooping down or kneeling1 washes the instep1 dries it with a towel1 and kisses it4 ,while the attendants raise the stocking and lace the shoe1 the holy father gives to the pilgrim a large nosegay1 which in former times contained a coin to aid him on his journey homeward4 ,he did the same one by one to all of them4 ,during this touching ceremony the choir continued to sing anthem after anthem2 but few present did more than listen vaguely and enjoy the sound1 so preoccupied1 or rather so fascinated1 all seemed to be by a ceremony so rarely used in the church1 and so fully recalling our divine ,saviour's act and instruction before the ,last ,supper4 ,few have ever seen it in church1 save as to-day here in ,st4 ,peter's1 on ,holy-,thursday4 ,it may be said to be carried out1 too1 on a larger scale and in a practical way1 all these days in ,rome4 ,there is a large institution here called ,la ,santissima ,trinit dei ,pellegrini1 where1 during ,holy-,week1 thousands of poor pilgrims1 who have come on foot1 and reach ,rome weary and foot-sore1 are received1 and supplied with two meals a day and beds for three days and nights4 ,there is one department for the men1 and another for the women and children4 ,each evening1 after the conclusion of the services in the churches1 they return to the institution4 ,cardinals1 bishops1 priests1 and laymen in numbers1 nobles and private individuals1 are there1 and wash their feet 7thoroughly7 and wait on them at the table4 ,in the female department princesses1 duchesses1 and ladies of every degree and station1 titled and untitled1 are there to perform the same offices for the women and children4 ,all these ladies belong to several charitable confraternities and associations in the city2 and by one of their rules no one of them is allowed the privilege of uniting in this work in ,holy-,week unless she has1 during the past year1 paid at least a stated number of charitable visits to the prisons and hospitals4 ,we do not know whether the men have the same admirable rule4 ,after the washing of the feet in ,st4 ,peter's1 the pope retired1 and the pilgrims followed4 ,the services in the church itself were over4 ,but there was something else1 which as many as could wished to see4 ,the pope was to serve the pilgrims at table4 ,in the large hall mentioned above as being situated over the vestibule of the church1 and from which the pope went out to the loggia to give the blessing1 a long table had been prepared and decorated4 ,soon the pilgrims entered and stood at their places2 and the hall was filled with thousands of spectators4 ,the pontiff came in1 attended by three or four cardinals1 his own attendants1 and a number of bishops4 ,he said the grace1 and a monsignore read a portion of the ,scriptures1 and then continued to read a book of sermons4 ,meanwhile1 the pope was passing to and fro1 from one end of the table to the other1 helping each one to soup1 to fish1 and to wine2 and finally1 giving them his special blessing1 he retired4 ,the services had commenced at nine ,a4,m4 ,it was now two ,p4,m4 ,the holy oils were blessed1 not in ,st4 ,peter's1 but in ,st4 ,john ,lateran's2 for ,st4 ,peter's is the cathedral of the pope as ,pope and ,bishop of the ,catholic ,church4 ,st4 ,john's is his cathedral as ,bishop of ,rome4 ,on ,friday morning the offices in ,st4 ,peter's were precisely the same as in every other cathedral1 differing only in the presence of the sovereign pontiff and the cardinals1 and the large number of bishops1 who attended robed in purple cappa magna4 ,the ,improperia1 sung while the pope1 the cardinals1 and the bishops approached to kneel and kiss the cross1 is accounted the master-piece of ,palestrina4 ,it is unequalled in its expression of tenderness and of sorrowful reproach4 ,sung as it was by that unrivalled choir1 on this day1 when the church is desolate and stripped of all ornament1 and the ministers at the altar are robed in sombre black2 when burning lights and the smoke of incense are banished from the sanctuary2 when one thing only is presented--the image of the crucified ,redeemer2 one theme only fills prayers1 anthems1 and hymns alike--the sorrows and death of our ,lord on ,calvary--its effect seemed overpowering4 ,you thought not of the wondrous charm of the voices2 you heeded not the antique melody or the skilful harmonies1 as word after word1 clearly and distinctly uttered1 fell on your ear2 the music but rendered more clear and emphatic their sense as it sunk into your heart4 ,you felt that the reproaches of the loving and forgiving ,saviour were addressed to you personally1 and you bowed in sorrowful confusion as well as in adoration1 while you saluted him in the words of early ,christian worship1 ,,agios ,o ,,theos4 ,during the service1 that portion of his ,gospel in which ,st4 ,john narrates the history of the ,passion1 was chanted in the same manner as had been the narration by ,st4 ,matthew on the preceding ,sunday4 ,prepared as all were1 by the services of the days past and by the sublime ,improperia we had just heard1 words cannot express the awe which came on them as they listened to this vivid recitation in music of that grand drama of ,good-,friday on the summit of ,calvary4 ,it is on such occasions1 and with singing like this1 that one realizes what force and truth and majesty there is in perfect music1 inspired and consecrated by religion4 ,on ,saturday1 the bishops were divided between ,st4 ,peter's and ,st4 ,john's4 ,in the latter church1 besides the usual services1 there were also the instruction of catechumens1 the baptism of converts with the form for grown persons1 and at the mass a grand ordination1 at which tonsure1 all the minor orders1 subdeaconship1 deaconship1 and priesthood were conferred on those who had been examined and found worthy of the grades to which they aspired4 ,in all1 they were about sixty4 ,in ,st4 ,peter's1 the services were only the usual ones of the church for this day--the blessing of the font1 the chanting of the prophecies1 the blessing of the paschal candle1 and the solemn high-mass celebrated by a cardinal4 ,the pope was present4 ,one would have thought that1 at his age1 after the fatigues of the days past1 and in view of the long functions of the morrow1 it would be proper that he should have one day of quiet1 or at least of comparative quiet4 ,but ,pius ,,ix4 never thinks of sparing himself4 ,many of the bishops were at ,st4 ,john's4 ,but those who were in ,st4 ,peter's heard the grand mass of ,pope ,marcellus1 as it is called1 by ,palestrina4 ,this is the mass which was composed and sung in #aefe1 and which1 it is said1 won from the pope and cardinals the reversal of an absolute prohibition they had almost determined on1 of all music and singing in church save the ,gregorian chant1 on account of the bad taste and abuses of musicians and singers1 who introduced profane and worldly music even into the mass4 ,no one who heard those grand religious choral strains could fail to see how solemnly1 and fully1 and appropriately they expressed in music the sublime character of the service4 ,such music does not distract2 on the contrary1 it fixes the thoughts1 and soothes and guides the feelings into a channel of devotion4 ,it would have been impossible for the cardinals1 after listening to this exquisite mass1 to arrive at a different conclusion4 ,from ,thursday until ,saturday1 all the bells of ,rome had been silent4 ,there was a visible shade of sorrow on the city1 a public grief1 as it were1 for the tragedy of ,calvary4 ,but in view of the joyous resurrection close at hand1 this silence of sorrow is soon to pass away4 ,it was near eleven ,a4,m4 when the high-mass commenced at ,st4 ,peter's4 ,at the ,gloria1 a signal was given1 and the gigantic ,bourdon and the other bells of the basilica broke into a grand peal4 ,the guns of ,st4 ,angelo answered1 and1 quick as sound could travel1 all the thousand bells of all the steeples and belfrys of ,rome1 without exception1 joined in the clamorous yet not unpleasant or unmusical chorus4 ,the rooks1 and ravens1 and doves1 and swallows flew to and fro1 frightened from their nests1 half-stunned1 and utterly distracted4 ,when the pealing chorus ended--and it lasted for a full half-hour--,rome had put off her sadness1 and friends were exchanging the happy salutations of ,easter4 ,in the afternoon an ,armenian bishop celebrated high-mass1 according to their rite1 at four ,p4,m4 in one church1 and1 at the same hour1 a ,chaldean prelate celebrated high-mass1 according to his rite1 in another4 ,in the earlier centuries1 this mass of the resurrection was celebrated by all after midnight1 on ,saturday night4 ,the ,orientals have brought it forward to ,saturday afternoon2 the ,latins have gradually advanced it to the forenoon4 ,sunday dawned1 a bright1 clear1 pleasant1 cloudless ,italian spring day4 ,at an early hour carriages of every kind were pouring in long lines over every bridge across the ,tiber1 and hurrying on to ,st4 ,peter's1 and tens of thousands were making their way thither on foot4 ,by nine o'clock1 the sanctuary is filled with bishops robed in white copes and mitres1 and with cardinals in richly adorned white chasubles4 ,soon the ,swiss ,guard take their places1 and the ,noble ,guard appear in their richest uniform4 ,lines of ,pontifical ,zouaves and the ,legion of ,antibes1 and other soldiers1 keep a lane open up the middle of the church1 through the immense crowd of1 it was estimated1 forty thousand persons1 from the door of the sanctuary4 ,one tribune on the south side of the sanctuary was filled with members of various royal families now in ,rome1 some on a visit1 some staying here permanently4 ,on the other side was a tribune for the diplomatic corps1 which was filled with ambassadors1 ministers resident and envoys1 in their rich uniforms and covered with jewelled decorations4 ,a burst from the band of silver trumpets over the doorway of the church told us that the holy father was entering4 ,down the lane through the vast crowd might be seen the cross slowly advancing4 ,then was heard the voice of the choir of the canons1 welcoming the pontiff to the basilica1 and then aloft1 higher than the mass that filled the church1 he was seen slowly borne on in the curule chair1 robed in a rich cope of white silk1 heavy with gold embroidery and wearing the tiara4 ,slowly advancing1 and giving his blessing to the multitudes on either side1 he reached the chapel of the blessed sacrament1 descended from the chair1 and1 with the cardinals accompanying him1 and his other attendants1 knelt for some moments in adoration4 ,then1 rising1 he ascended the chair again1 and the procession pursued its way through the crowd1 now more closely packed than ever1 to the sanctuary4 ,here the pontiff descended again to his robing throne at the epistle side of the altar4 ,the choir commence the chanting of the psalms of terce and sext4 ,meanwhile the pontiff was robed for mass1 and the cardinals1 the patriarchs1 and primates1 and a certain number of the archbishops and bishops1 as representatives of their brethren1 paid him the usual homage4 ,this over1 solemn high-mass commenced in the usual form4 ,after incensing the altar at the ,introit1 he passed to his regular throne at the end of the sanctuary1 just opposite the altar1 and fully one hundred and twenty feet distant4 ,there beside him stood a cardinal priest and two cardinal deacons2 the senator of ,rome1 in his official robes and cloak of yellow and gold1 with his pages of similar costume1 the conservatori of the city2 and on the steps1 around the throne1 stood1 or were seated1 some twenty assistant bishops2 on either side six lines of seats stretching down to the altar were occupied by the cardinals and by a great mass of prelates1 ,latin and ,oriental1 all in the richest vestments appropriate to this the greatest festival of the church4 ,never was solemn high-mass celebrated with more splendor in ,st4 ,peter's than on this ,easter-,sunday4 ,to be privileged to assist at it amply repays many a one for all the time and all the fatigue of a journey to ,rome4 ,the holy father officiates with a fervor and intense devotion which lights up his countenance4 ,the venerable ,cardinal ,patrizi1 who stood by his side1 was the very personification of sacerdotal dignity4 ,the mitred prelates in their places1 many of them gray-haired or bald1 or bent with age and labors1 seemed radiant with the holy joy of the occasion4 ,the masters of ceremony and the attendants moved gravely and reverently1 as their duties called them from one part of the sanctuary to another4 ,even the vast crowd of forty or fifty thousand that filled the church were penetrated with reverent awe1 and sank almost into perfect stillness4 ,nothing was heard save the noble voice of the sovereign pontiff chanting the prayers1 and the responding strains of the choir4 ,yet1 in comparison with the music we had heard during the week1 the ,gloria and the ,creed1 super-excellent though they were1 seemed in some measure to belong to the earth4 ,after the subdeacon had sung the epistle in ,latin1 a ,greek subdeacon1 in the robes of his ,greek rite1 sung it in ,greek2 and similarly a ,greek deacon followed the ,latin deacon in chanting the ,gospel4 ,a musical antiquarian would have found in the peculiar modulations of their chant traces of the ancient eastern style of music1 going back1 perhaps1 in those unchanging people to the days of ,greek classic civilization4 ,the most impressive moment in the mass was certainly the elevation4 ,at a signal1 you heard the voice of the officers giving the command1 and the thud on the floor as the companies of soldiers simultaneously grounded arms1 and every man sank on one knee4 ,the ,noble ,guard1 too1 sank on one knee1 uncovered their heads1 and saluted with their bright swords4 ,the ,swiss ,guard stood erect and presented arms4 ,in the sanctuary1 of course1 all were kneeling4 ,there was a sound like the rushing of a wind through a pine forest as the vast multitude strove to sink down too4 ,and then came a dead silence over all4 ,as the pontiff raised aloft the sacred host1 turning toward every quarter of the church1 there came1 faint1 and soft1 and solemn at first1 and gradually stronger and more emphatic1 the thrilling tones of those silver trumpets placed over the doorway and out of sight4 ,their slow1 majestic melody1 and their rich accords1 and the repeated and prolonged echoes of those notes of almost supernatural sweetness1 from chapels and nave and dome1 produced an effect that was marvellously impressive4 ,as if fascinated by them1 no one moved from his kneeling position1 or even raised his head1 until the last note of the strain and its receding echoes had died away1 and the choir went on to intone the ,benedictus qui venit4 ,at the conclusion of the mass1 the pope unrobed1 put on his cope and tiara again1 and retired in the same manner as he had entered4 ,at once the vast mass of people began to pour forth from ,st4 ,peter's1 to make their way to the front2 for the pope would soon give his solemn benediction urbi et orbi--to ,rome and to the world4 ,we have already described the square before ,st4 ,peter's4 ,it is about fifteen hundred feet long1 and averages nearly four hundred feet in breadth4 ,all during the mass it had been gradually filling up1 and when now new torrents of men came pouring out of the church1 the whole place became so packed that one standing on the lofty colonnade on the side of the ,vatican and looking down on the square1 perceived that only here and there even small portions of the ground remained visible1 such was the closeness with which men and women stood packed together4 ,especially was this true on the vast esplanades more immediately before the church1 and the broad steps leading up to it4 ,here were gathered all who wished to be as near as possible to the pope during the blessing1 or to get a sight from this elevation of the vast basin of the square thoroughly packed with human beings4 ,nor was the multitude confined to the square alone2 on the colonnades1 on either hand1 stood thousands and thousands1 as in favored positions4 ,every window and balcony looking out on the square was thronged4 ,every roof had its group1 and away down the two streets leading up the square from the bridge of ,st4 ,angelo the crowd appeared equally dense4 ,a military man present1 whose experience had qualified him to estimate large masses1 judged that there were present at least one hundred and twenty thousand persons4 ,mingling among them1 you heard every language of ,europe1 many of ,asia1 and1 it was said1 half a dozen from ,africa4 ,it was a representation of the world which the pontiff would bless4 ,from all this multitude1 standing in the bright sunlight1 which a north wind rendered not disagreeable1 came up a roar1 as it were1 of rushing waters1 mingling the hum of so many voices with the blaring of an occasional military trumpet from the troops1 and the neighing of horses4 ,soon the regimental bands are heard to salute the approach of his holiness1 invisible as yet to the crowd4 ,a score of mitred prelates appear at the large ,balcony of the ,blessing4 ,they look out in wonder and admiration at the scene below1 and retire to allow another score to view it2 a third group does the same4 ,these are the bishops who have accompanied the pope from the sanctuary to the ,vatican1 and from the ,vatican hither4 ,of the others1 some are down on the square with the people1 more are on the colonnades1 in places reserved for them4 ,after the bishops1 the cardinals are seen to fill the balcony once or twice1 and then the pontiff himself comes in view1 borne forward on his curule chair4 ,he is out on the loggia itself4 ,ordinarily1 besides the ornamental drapery which we see decorating the columns and architrave and tympanum1 and the railing in front1 there projects overhead a large awning to screen him from the sun4 ,but to-day the north wind does not allow it to stand4 ,fortunately1 the weather hardly calls for it4 ,he is scarcely inconvenienced by the rays of the sun as they are reflected from his rich gold-cloth mitre1 studded with precious stones1 and from the massive gold embroidery of his cope4 ,the military music has ceased1 and there is the silence of awe and of earnest expectation4 ,those that are near hear the tones of some one chanting the ,confiteor beside the pontiff4 ,two bishops hold the large missal from which he chants the prayers in a clear1 rotund1 and musical voice4 ,the people are kneeling1 and twice is heard the response of united thousands--,amen4 ,the book is laid aside4 ,the pontiff rises and stands erect1 looks up to heaven1 and1 with a majestic sweeping motion1 opens wide his arms and invokes on all the blessing of heaven4 ,his voice is given forth in its very fullest power1 and even at the furthermost end of the square the kneeling crowd sign themselves with the sign of the cross as they distinctly hear the words3 ,benedictio ,dei omnipotentis1 ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti1 descendat super vos et maneat semper4 ,may the blessing of ,almighty ,god1 the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 descend upon you and abide with you for ever4 ,and there came up a swelling ,amen4 ,as the pontiff sank back on his chair1 the kneeling crowd arose1 and there burst forth from every portion of it a loud acclaim of vivas1 of good wishes1 of acclamations1 that died away only as the pontiff retired from view1 and as the cannon of ,st4 ,angelo commenced the national salute4 ,it was a ceremony fitted by its majesty and its magnificence to close the grand ceremonies of ,easter-,week4 ,art cannot do justice to it4 ,painting1 tied down by the laws of perspective1 cannot portray what the eye sees on every side1 and does not pretend to give the words of solemn prayer1 of impressive benediction1 and the outburst of acclamation which we heard4 ,words must fail to convey the emotions that filled thousands of hearts that day1 at the sublime and moving spectacle4 ,it was a sensible testimony of the holiness1 the authority1 and the unity of the church of ,christ1 a testimony to which not even an unbeliever1 if present1 could remain indifferent4 ,it took nearly two hours for that crowd to depart4 ,the cardinals1 royalty1 the nobles1 and many of the bishops in carriages1 made their way1 at a snail's pace1 along the streets leading to the old ,roman ,elian ,bridge across the ,tiber1 now known as the ,bridge of ,st4 ,angelo4 ,they could scarcely get on as fast as the foot passengers that filled the street on either side up to the very wheels of the single line of carriages allowed4 ,others1 more in a hurry1 went out by the ,porta ,angelica1 so as to cross the ,tiber at the ,ponte ,molle1 two miles north of the city1 and then renter by the ,porta del ,popolo2 and others again turned southward1 following the streets along the river1 and crossing it at the suspension bridge1 or at some of the bridges lower down4 ,and so1 within two hours1 all reached their homes without a single accident1 without a single quarrel1 without a single call for the interference of the police4 ,but it was for many of them only to return within a few hours4 ,on ,easter-,sunday evening occurs the grand illumination of the faade and dome of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,as the shades of evening fell on the city1 silvery lights began to mark the lofty cross1 and to glow along the huge ribs of the mighty dome1 and to map out the lines of the windows and doors1 the columns1 and cornices1 and tympanums1 and architectural ornaments and projections1 to illuminate the clock-faces and the coats of arms above them1 to sparkle along the minor domes1 and to stretch away on either side in regular lines along each colonnade1 diffusing everywhere a gentle light1 and bringing into prominence1 with a fairy-like witchery1 all the lines of the pile before you4 ,there are about five thousand two hundred of these lights4 ,they are made of broad shallow plates of metal or earthenware1 containing a certain amount of prepared tallow and a lighted wick1 and surrounded by a cylinder of paper1 colored and figured4 ,from this lantern1 as it may be called1 the light comes diffused1 subdued1 and white2 hence the ,romans call this the silver illumination4 ,the square was filled1 though by no means as in the morning1 with crowds looking1 wondering1 and admiring4 ,at a quarter past eight1 the large bell of ,st4 ,peter's began to chime4 ,as the very first stroke came to our ears1 a tiny blaze was seen to dart up a guiding wire to the top of the lofty cross1 and a clear bright flame burst forth1 glowed on the summit2 downward the tiny flame flew1 lighting two others on each arm of the cross1 and then downward lighting still others along the stem4 ,invisible hands caused other such little flames to flit rapidly hither and thither1 like glow-moths1 all along the dome1 the front1 and both colonnades around the square4 ,wherever they seemed to alight for an instant1 there a bright flame sprung into existence4 ,in just twenty-three seconds1 and long before the clock had half struck the hour1 eight hundred of those bright yellow flames had almost eclipsed the first ones1 and the building stood forth in the golden illumination4 ,it was a sight1 once seen1 never to be forgotten4 ,whoever first conceived the idea of this instantaneous change of illumination was a poet in the truest sense of the word4 ,on ,easter-,monday evening1 the festive celebrations were continued by giving the ,girandola1 or exhibition of fireworks on ,monte ,pincio4 ,on entering ,rome from the north1 by the ,porta del ,popolo1 as before the days of the railways the great majority of travellers did1 you find yourself at once in a large oval square1 called the ,piazza del ,popolo1 in the centre of which stands an ancient ,egyptian obelisk1 its base surrounded by modern ,egyptian lions and fountains4 ,on the south side1 three streets radiate into the heart of the city4 ,for a wonder1 they are straight2 you may look down the central one1 the ,corso1 for full three quarters of a mile4 ,massive palatial buildings stand around this square2 to the west there rises a line of lofty evergreen cypresses1 near the ,tiber4 ,through the interstices of their branches and dark foliage you may catch glimpses of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,on the east rises the ,pincian ,hill1 the ,mons ,hortulanus of the olden ,romans1 then outside and to the north of the city1 now within its walls1 and forming its beautiful promenade4 ,the hill is about one hundred and fifty feet high1 and toward the square is quite steep4 ,broad carriage-ways1 sweeping from right to left1 in zigzag courses1 give access from the square to the promenade above2 and immense walls of masonry1 with arches and porticos1 and columns1 rising in stories1 back of and above each other1 prevent any landslides1 and give an architectural finish to the whole hill-face which the trees and exotic plants growing in the spaces between only embellish and do not mar4 ,for ten days before ,easter-,monday1 the public had been excluded from the promenade4 ,as they passed through the square1 they could see a lofty scaffolding in the process of erection on the brow of the hill1 and other scaffolding interlacing with the architecture of its side4 ,the opposite oval curve of the square was occupied by a line of covered galleries of wood erected for the occasion4 ,on this ,monday night1 the air was balmy1 the sky clear but moonless4 ,at least twenty-five thousand spectators stood in the square4 ,the ,roman municipality had assigned the galleries to the bishops and some thousands of other invited guests4 ,four military bands whiled away the time of expectation with sweet music4 ,at last the appointed hour struck on a neighboring church clock1 and a rocket shot up into the air1 the sound of its explosion was rechoed from the mouth of a cannon2 and the pyrotechnic display at once commenced4 ,the art of pyrotechnics has been cultivated at ,rome with more skill and good taste than in any other city of ,europe4 ,we might1 indeed1 expect this from a people trained as no other is to recognize and appreciate the beautiful and fitting in form and color4 ,the grand features and characteristics of those displays were settled centuries ago4 ,they say that ,michael ,angelo himself did much toward perfecting them4 ,on each occasion some able artist gives the specialties to be introduced1 always in subservience to those general principles4 ,this year1 the plan was given by the distinguished architect ,vespiniani4 ,at one time1 the entire face of the hill and the scaffolding was ablaze with lines of variegated light1 representing a vast mass of buildings with towers and cupola1 and gigantic gateways1 on which there streamed down from above continuous beams of still brighter and purer light4 ,in the distance stood the figure of an apostle1 and by him an angel with outstretched arm2 and we understood that we were looking at the celestial ,jerusalem1 revealed in vision to the apostle in ,patmos4 ,we marked the gates of precious stones1 perfectly represented by the various hues of fire1 and the foundation stones bearing in letters of light the names of the apostles4 ,too soon it seemed to fade away1 but only to be renewed with change of colors4 ,for a while we might still study it4 ,again it faded1 again was renewed with still another exquisite arrangement of colors1 and then faded away into darkness4 ,then figure after figure burst out afterward1 without any delay or tedious waiting4 ,at one time1 a gigantic volcano1 amid the booming of cannon that caused the ground to tremble beneath the foot1 belched forth thousands of burning rockets1 which ascended in streaks of fire and burst over head1 seeming to fill the sky with myriads and myriads of many-colored falling stars4 ,at another1 the whole hill-side stood before us as a group of majestic triumphal arches1 decorated with immense wreaths of roses1 lilies1 dahlias1 and bright-colored flowers4 ,in a niche was seen the bust of the pontiff surrounded by a brilliant frame1 and below we read the inscription1 in which ,senatus ,populusque ,romarins1 the municipal authorities of the city1 offered to ,pius ,,ix4 their homage and congratulations on the near approach of the twenty-fifth year of his pontificate4 ,all the minor devices of pyrotechnics1 of course1 abounded4 ,when1 after three quarters of an hour1 the brilliant and almost continuous display seemed to be closed1 a little fiery messenger started from the hill-side1 on an invisible wire1 to the summit of the obelisk in the centre of the square1 and lighted a bright flame on its point4 ,soon lines of flame decorated its sides4 ,from its base ten little messengers started out1 not very far over the heads of the people1 reaching as many pillars around the square1 and lighting up simultaneously ten bright ,bengal lights4 ,it was as if day had come back to us4 ,the lights on the pillars changed from white to purple and red1 and other messengers1 this time seemingly still nearer the heads1 rushed madly back to the central obelisk and clothed that too in many-colored fire4 ,at last1 from obelisk and pillars alike shot up rocket after rocket1 bursting loudly in the air1 and for the last time casting their bright hues of white1 and scarlet1 and orange1 and green1 and purple on the hill-side1 the palaces and hotels around1 and on the crowd beneath in the square4 ,all was over1 and at an early hour the mighty mass was slowly moving like living torrents down the three streets leading from the square into the city4 ,so great was the crowd that it was full half an hour before the careful police would allow the carriages1 which filled the by-streets in the neighborhood1 to enter those thoroughfares4 ,gorgeous and artistic as the spectacle was1 it had not cost beyond a thousand dollars4 ,on ,tuesday1 the fathers were at work again4 ,a general congregation was held1 as usual4 ,the last speeches were spoken1 the last explanations were heard2 the last touches were given to the schema1 and the last vote was taken1 and every thing was ready to declare and promulgate the schema1 as a dogmatic constitution or decree of faith1 in the next public session1 which1 it was announced1 would be held on ,low-,sunday4 ,the ,girandola on ,monday night was the celebration of the municipal authorities4 ,on ,wednesday night1 the people had theirs--a general illumination of the city4 ,the proper day would have been ,april #abth1 the anniversary of the pope's return from ,gaeta1 and also of his wondrous escape from all injury in an accident by the falling of a floor at ,st4 ,agnes1 outside the walls1 something like the late disastrous one in the capital at ,richmond4 ,though many were injured1 cardinals1 priests1 and laymen1 none1 we believed1 were killed4 ,but the chair in which the pontiff was seated came down with him through the breaking floor without even being overturned1 and he was preserved from even the slightest shock4 ,since then1 he ever keeps that day religiously sacred1 and the ,romans have fallen into the custom of celebrating it by a general illumination of the city4 ,this year1 as the day fell in ,holy-,week1 the celebration was put off until the #bjth of ,april1 ,wednesday in ,easter-,week4 ,each householder illuminated his own building with lines of lampioni1 as they call the plates of earthenware or metal1 filled with tallow and a lighted wick1 and surrounded by a cylindrical screen of colored paper1 through which the light shines as a huge diamond4 ,the wealthier ones affected some ornamental design in a profuser arrangement of such lights4 ,some used multitudinous cups of colored glass1 holding oil1 and a lighted taper swimming in it4 ,in each parish1 the inhabitants clubbed together to erect one or more special designs of superior artistic taste and brilliancy4 ,the city was all aglow2 nobody save the sick staid at home2 the streets were filled with streams of people all moving in the same direction2 for some one had1 with happy thoughtfulness1 got up an itinerary or route guide through the city1 and all seemed to follow it4 ,it took three hours to walk through the choice parts of the fairy scene1 if you went on foot2 and more1 if you took a carriage4 ,the lines of mellow light1 faintly shining from windows and cornices along all the buildings1 even the poorest1 in the narrowest1 and darkest1 and crookedest streets of ,rome1 broken occasionally by a brighter burst from the doorway of some shop well illuminated in the interior2 the blaze that rose from the lights more numerous and brighter in the squares1 or shone from the fronts of wealthier and larger houses and palaces1 from the arches of triumph1 and from the temples of ,gothic or classic style1 constructed of wood and canvas1 but to which painting and colored lights lent for the hour a fairy beauty like that of ,aladdin's palace2 every thing united to charm1 to dazzle1 and to bewilder the spectator4 ,the pope had gone that afternoon as usual to ,st4 ,agnes1 to be present at a ,te ,deum for his escape1 and returned only after night-fall4 ,as he reached the square of ,st4 ,peter's1 a number of rockets shot up into the air1 and burst into a thousand stars of every hue4 ,it was a signal4 ,instantaneously the colonnades on either side and the front of the church were all lighted up with ,bengal fires4 ,the columns in front and the walls glowed in a white or golden light2 the interior recesses were made mysterious in a rich purple4 ,after a few moments1 the tints were interchanged2 the bright purple light was in front1 and seemed to change the buff travertino into alabaster and precious marbles1 and the trembling tints of white and light gold within imparted a supernatural beauty to the interior recesses4 ,change followed change1 until the pope1 amid the enthusiastic acclamations of the vast crowd1 moved on1 and at last disappeared in the rear of ,st4 ,peter's1 to reach the grand gateway of the ,vatican palace4 ,the crowd too passed elsewhere1 to wander along streets converted into arcades1 roofed by lines of soft and many-colored lights2 to admire the triumphal arches1 where in niches the ,saviour stood as the way1 the truth1 and the life1 attended by the ,evangelists or the ,blessed ,virgin ,mother1 to whom ,david and ,isaiah bore testimony2 to look on the cross of jewelled light shining in the dark recesses of the front of the ,pantheon1 or to examine and criticise the temples of light at the ,minerva1 the ,santi ,apostoli1 or ,monticilorio2 to rest themselves at times1 listening to the music of the bands1 which ever and anon they encountered2 to look with delight on the illuminated steamers and barges on the river1 bearing 7for the nonce7 the flags of every ,christian nation1 and to study the play of light reflected on the rippling surface of old ,father ,tiber2 to wonder at the obelisks converted into columns of fire1 or the grand stairway of ,trinit di ,monte1 made a mountain of light1 and a glorious grand stairway seeming to reach the heavens1 or to watch the changing colors of ,bengal fires1 illuming the statues of old ,neptune and his tritons and sea-horses1 and the wild cavernous rocks and dashing waters of the exquisite fountain of ,trevi2 or1 after all1 to stroll through some square1 where yellow gravelly walks led you between beds of green herbage1 where tiny fountains were bubbling1 where trees were laden with fruits of light1 and where flowers filled the air with sweet perfumes4 ,all ,rome was in the streets1 and in their orderly1 calm1 and dignified way enjoyed the scene hugely4 ,not a loud voice or an angry word was heard1 not the slightest symptom of intoxication was seen4 ,everywhere the hum of pleasant talk of friends and family groups arose1 made sparkling and brilliant to the ear1 rather than interrupted1 by the low but hearty and silvery laughs of men1 of women1 and of delighted children4 ,the ,romans were out1 all in their best apparel2 and not they alone1 but thousands from the villages of the campagnas and the neighboring mountains1 in their bright colors and quaint medival traditional costumes4 ,all these were a study to the sixty thousand visitors then passing through the streets of ,rome1 not less interesting and instructive than the gorgeous illumination itself4 ,among those sixty thousand strangers there was but one decision--that nowhere else in ,europe could there be an illumination so spontaneous1 so general1 so perfectly artistic1 so exquisitely beautiful and grand as this was1 and nowhere else could such a vast crowd walk these narrow streets for hours with such perfect order1 such good humor1 and such universal courtesy4 ,there were other celebrations during these two weeks1 both ecclesiastical and social1 but it will suffice to have spoken of the chief ones4 ,the repositories or sepulchres of ,holy-,thursday evening1 the services of the three hours' agony in many churches about noon on ,good-,friday1 and the sermons and way of the cross in the ruins of the ,colosseum1 the scene of so many martyrdoms1 on ,good-,friday afternoon1 would all deserve special mention2 but we have not the space1 and must pass on to the third public session of the ,vatican ,council4 ,this1 as we have already stated1 was fixed for ,sunday1 ,april #bfth--,low-,sunday4 ,at nine ,a4,m41 the cardinals1 patriarchs1 primates1 archbishops1 bishops1 mitred abbots1 and superiors of religious orders were in their places4 ,the council hall had been restored to the original form in which we had seen it on the day of the opening4 ,all the changes to fit it for the discussions of the general congregations were removed4 ,the ,noble ,guard and the ,knights of ,malta were on duty as custodians of the assembly4 ,cardinal ,bilio celebrated a pontifical high-mass1 as had been done in each of the previous sessions4 ,at its termination1 the ,gospel was enthroned on the altar4 ,the holy father intoned the ,veni ,creator ,spiritus1 and the choir and united assembly of prelates sung the strophes alternately to the conclusion of that sublime hymn4 ,the pontiff chanted the opening prayers1 and all knelt when the litany of the saints was intoned in the varied and well-known antique melodies of ,gregorian chant4 ,at the proper place1 the pontiff chanted the special supplications for a blessing on the council1 and the chanters and the assembly1 and1 in fact1 thousands of the audience1 joined in the swelling responses4 ,the effect seemed even to surpass that which we described in our first article1 giving an account of the opening of the council4 ,other prayers followed1 prescribed by the ritual4 ,at their conclusion1 the special work of this session commenced4 ,according to the olden time ritual of councils1 all in the hall1 not belonging strictly to the council1 should at this point be sent away1 and the gates should be closed1 that in their voting the fathers might be free from all outside influence1 and each might speak his mind1 unswayed by fear or favor4 ,but if1 in stormier times1 when clamorous mobs might invade a council hall1 such precautions were necessary1 here1 to-day1 they are certainly unnecessary4 ,there is no need to close the wide portals against these thousands and tens of thousands who have gathered to look with reverence and rapture on this venerable assembly4 ,let the doors then stand open to their widest extent1 that all may see4 ,and it was a scene worth coming1 as many had done1 across oceans and mountains to look on4 ,the pillars and walls of the noble hall were rich with appropriate paintings1 with mosaics1 and statuary1 and marbles4 ,at the furthest end1 on his elevated seat1 sat the venerated sovereign pontiff1 bearing on his head a precious mitre1 glittering with jewels1 and wearing a cope rich with massive golden embroidery4 ,on either hand sat the venerable cardinals1 arrayed in white mitres1 and wearing their richest robes of office4 ,in front of them sat the patriarchs1 mostly easterns1 in the rich and bright-colored robes of their respective rites1 and wearing tiaras radiant with brilliants and jewelry4 ,down either side of the hall ran the manifold lines of primates1 archbishops1 bishops1 and other prelates1 all in white mitres1 and in copes of red lama2 all save the oriental prelates1 who wear many-colored copes and vestments1 and rich tiaras1 ever catching the eye of the spectator as they sat scattered here and there in that crowd1 and excepting also the heads of religious orders1 who wear each his appropriate dress of white1 or of black1 or of brown1 or mingle these colors together4 ,the contrast and play of various colors in all these vestments give a brilliancy to the whole scene1 much beyond what the uniform white of the first two sessions had yielded4 ,but what mattered the color of their vestments1 when one considered the venerable forms of the bishops themselves4 ,they sat still1 and almost as motionless as so many marble statues4 ,now and then some aged prelate1 with bald head and snow-white locks1 would lay aside for a few moments the heavy mitre1 that perhaps was pressing his aged brows too heavily4 ,all else seemed motionless4 ,their countenances1 composed and thoughtful1 told how thoroughly they1 at least1 were impressed with the importance and the solemnity of their work4 ,in the middle stood the altar1 rich and simple1 on which lay enthroned the open book of the ,gospels4 ,near by stood the light and lofty pulpit of dark wood4 ,into this pulpit now ascended ,monsignor ,valenziani1 ,bishop of ,fabriano and ,matelica1 one of the assistant secretaries1 and in a voice remarkable for its strength and distinctness1 and not less so for its endurance1 read with most appropriate emphasis1 and with the musical intonations of a cultivated ,italian voice1 the entire ,dogmatic ,constitution1 from the beginning to the end4 ,it occupied just three quarters of an hour4 ,at the conclusion he asked1 ,most eminent and most reverend fathers1 do you approve of the canons and decrees contained in this constitution8 ,he descended from the pulpit1 and ,monsignor ,jacobini1 another assistant secretary took his place1 to call for the votes of the fathers1 one by one4 ,the ,most ,eminent ,constantine ,cardinal ,patrizi1 ,bishop of ,porto and ,santa ,rufina6 ,the venerable cardinal arose in his place4 ,we heard his answer1 ,,placet2--,i approve4 ,an usher standing near him repeated1 ,placet2 a second one on the right hand side repeated1 ,placet2 a third on the other side repeated aloud1 ,placet4 ,the ,most ,eminent ,aloysius ,cardinal ,amat1 ,bishop of ,palestrina6 ,the aged cardinal rose slowly1 and in a feeble voice replied1 ,,placet4 ,and from the ushers again we heard echoing through the hall1 ,placet6 ,placet6 ,placet6 ,thus there could be no mistake as to the vote1 and not only the notaries but all who wished could keep a correct tally4 ,cardinal after cardinal was thus called in order and voted2 then the patriarchs1 each one of whom1 rising1 declared his vote1 and the ushers repeated it loudly4 ,placet6 ,placet6 ,placet6 ,then on through the primates1 the archbishops1 and bishops1 the mitred abbots1 and the heads of religious orders1 admitted to the right of suffrage4 ,where a vote was given1 the three ushers invariably repeated it4 ,sometimes when a name was called the answer was given1 ,,abest--he is absent4 ,in all1 six hundred and sixty-seven votes were cast1 all of them in approval1 not a single one in the negative4 ,not a few of the bishops had obtained leave to go to their dioceses for the ,holy-,week and the ,easter festivities1 and had not yet been able to return to the council4 ,we knew of one who1 after two weeks of hard work at home1 had travelled all ,saturday night1 on the train1 and had reached ,rome only at nine ,a4,m4 ,sunday morning4 ,he had at once said mass privately in the nearest convenient chapel1 and1 without waiting for even the slightest refreshment1 had hurried to ,st4 ,peter's1 that he might take his place among his brethren and record his ,placet4 ,the whole form of voting occupied about two hours4 ,it was1 in truth1 a solemn and most impressive scene4 ,there was a pause at the end1 while the notaries counted up the votes1 and declared the result4 ,this done1 the pope spoke aloud1 ,the canons and decrees contained in this constitution1 having been approved by all the fathers1 without a single dissentient1 we1 with the approbation of this holy council1 define them1 as they have been read1 and by our apostolic authority we confirm them4 ,it was the official sanction sealing their force and truth4 ,the pontiff paused for a moment1 evidently struggling with the emotions of his heart1 and then continued in an impromptu address in ,latin1 which we caught as follows3 ,most reverend brethren1 you see how good and sweet it is to walk together in agreement in the house of the ,lord4 ,walk thus ever2 and as our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ on this day said to his apostles1 ,,peace1 ,i1 his unworthy vicar1 say unto you in his name1 ,,peace4 ,peace1 as you know1 casteth but fear4 ,peace1 as you know1 closes our ears to words of evil4 ,may that peace accompany you all the days of your life4 ,may it console you and give you strength in death4 ,may it be to you everlasting joy in heaven4 ,the bishops were moved1 many of them to tears1 by the dignity and the paternal affection with which the simple words came from his heart4 ,he was himself deeply moved4 ,other prayers were chanted4 ,the pontifical blessing was given1 and the pope intoned the ,te ,deum4 ,the choir1 the bishops1 and the thousands of priests and laity in the church1 who had looked on this solemn act of the church just executed1 joined in with their whole heart and soul1 and swelled the grand ,ambrosian melody1 making it roll throughout the church1 and calling echoes from every chapel and arch1 from nave and transept and dome4 ,and with this concordant song of gratitude to ,god1 the third session of the ,vatican ,council was appropriately closed4 ,the pontiff departed1 accompanied by some of the cardinals1 by the senator and conservatori of ,rome1 the masters-at-arms of the council1 and the attendants of his pontifical household4 ,soon the cardinals and prelates moved slowly from the council hall into the vast church1 unrobed in a chapel set apart for the purpose1 and wended their way homeward1 and the third public session of the council was over4 ,we were able1 in our last number1 to present to our readers the original text1 in ,latin1 of the constitution promulgated in this session1 and also a correct translation of it in ,english4 ,it will be seen on examining the subjects treated of1 and by the absolute unanimity of the votes given1 how far astray our own correspondents were1 both as to the matters under discussion in the council1 and as to the divisions which they imagined to exist among the fathers4 ,since ,low-,sunday1 the general congregations have resumed their sittings1 and the committees on matters of faith and on matters of discipline have been busily engaged4 ,matters from the latter committee have already been rediscussed1 and some preliminary votes have been taken4 ,it is understood that ere long the committee on matters of faith will report back to the general congregation another schema on the church1 in the course of which the question of the infallibility of the pope1 of which so much has been written and said1 will at last come formally before the council4 ,should this be the case1 we may be sure the whole subject will be examined with the care and research which its importance requires1 and which the dignity and the learning of the fathers demand4 ,the result will be that decision to which the ,holy ,spirit of truth will guide them4 ,,rome1 ,may #h1 #ahgj4 ,,note4--,we may add to this announcement of our correspondent1 that the discussion of the schema on infallibility was begun on the #ajth of ,may1 and is expected to be finished before the #bith of ,june4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,an ,,american ,,political ,,economy2 ,,including ,,strictures ,,on ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,finances ,,since #ahfa4 ,with a chart showing the fluctuations in the price of gold4 ,by ,francis ,bowen1 ,professor of ,natural ,religion1 ,moral ,philosophy1 and ,civil ,polity in ,harvard ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 #afmo1 pp4 #die4 ,we took up this book with an old prejudice against the author of some thirty years standing1 as well as with an inveterate dislike to almost all works on political economy1 which it has ever been our misfortune to read2 but we have been pleased and instructed by it4 ,professor ,bowen is not a philosopher2 has not1 properly speaking1 a scientific mind2 but he has great practical good sense1 and a wide1 and we should say a thorough1 acquaintance with the facts of his subject1 and the ability to set them forth in a clear and strong light4 ,he is no system-monger1 is wedded to no system of his own1 and aims to look at facts as they are4 ,it is a great merit of his book that it recognizes that each country should have its own political economy growing out of and adapted to its peculiar wants and circumstances4 ,free-trade or protection may be for the interest of one country and not for another1 and no universal rule as to either can be laid down4 ,the author1 a follower of ,john ,locke in philosophy1 is of course not good at definitions1 and his definition of wealth is rather clumsy1 but he contrives as he proceeds to tell us what it is4 ,all wealth is the product of labor1 and a man is wealthy just in proportion to his ability to purchase or command the labor of others4 ,hence the absurdity of those theorists who demand an equal division of property or an equality of wealth1 as well as of the legislation that seeks to ameliorate the condition of the poor by making them rich1 or furnishing them with facilities for becoming rich4 ,if all were wealthy1 all would be poor2 for then no one would sell his labor2 and if no one would sell his labor1 no one could buy labor1 and then every man would be reduced to the necessity of doing every thing for himself4 ,all men have equal natural rights as men1 and this is all the equality that is practicable or desirable4 ,the reader will find the professor has treated the question of banks with rare lucidity1 as also that of paper money1 and even money itself4 ,but the portion of his work that most interests us is his strictures on the management of our national finances since #ahfa1 and especially ,mr4 ,secretary ,chase's pet scheme of national banks4 ,according to his showing1 it would exceed the wit of man to invent and follow a more ruinous financial policy than that pursued by the national administration since the inauguration of the late ,mr4 ,lincoln as ,president4 ,he shows that the ,northern ,states could have met and actually did pay enough during the civil war to meet all the expenses of the war without contracting a cent of debt1 and consequently the two or three thousand millions of dollars' debt actually contracted was solely due to our national financiers4 ,there never was any need of resorting to any thing more than temporary national loans if the government had had in the beginning the wisdom or the courage1 or indeed the confidence in the people1 to adopt the scale of taxation subsequently adopted4 ,there never was any need of compelling the banks to suspend specie payments1 or for it to issue legal-tender notes1 but what was created by its own blunders4 ,the people could have paid as they went for the war1 and been richer at its close than at its beginning4 ,as if creating paper money for all purposes except customs dues1 demeritizing gold and silver1 depreciating the currency1 and enormously inflating the prices of all commodities1 was not enough1 it must needs create the national banks1 and make them a free gift of #cjj1jjj1jjj of circulation1 and that without the least relief to the government1 but to its great embarrassment1 still more inflating the currency1 and running up gold to a premium of #bhe4 ,even since the war it continues its blunders1 and does all in its power to increase the burdens of the people4 ,it seems from the first to have proceeded on the principle of securing the support of the people by enabling individuals to amass huge fortunes at the public expense4 ,why1 if it must have national banks1 need it make them banks of circulation8 ,why not compel them to bank on its own legal tenders instead of their own notes1 and thus save to itself the profits on #cjj1jjj1jjj of circulation8 ,it would have run no risk it does not now run2 for the treasury is responsible for the redemption of the notes of the national banks1 and the security it holds from them would be perfectly illusory in any monetary crisis4 ,but we have no room to proceed4 ,we1 however1 recommend this part of the work to the serious consideration of our national financiers4 ,there are in political economy deeper problems than ,professor ,bowen has grasped2 but upon the whole1 he has given us the most sensible work on the subject that we are acquainted with4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,day ,,sanctified4 ,being ,meditations and ,spiritual ,readings for daily use4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #cah4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,this volume consists of a series of meditations drawn from the ,holy ,scripture and modern spiritual writers4 ,it is not1 however1 a book containing meditations for the entire year1 as one would be led to imagine from its title4 ,the number of meditations is only ninety4 ,so it is supposed--and the plan is a good one--that the subjects will be selected according to each one's devotion4 ,a word may very fitly be said in praise of the composition of these spiritual readings4 ,they appear to be really addressed to the reader4 ,moreover1 they contain no foolish exaggerations4 ,these two merits are not unfrequently wanting in books of meditations4 ,the present volume relates to the duties and doctrines of our holy faith4 ,another series is promised1 which will contain suitable meditations for the ecclesiastical year1 and the feasts of the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c,,sar',s ,,commentaries ,,on ,,the ,,gallic ,,war4 ,with ,notes1 ,dictionary1 and ,map4 ,by ,albert ,harkness1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor in ,brown ,university4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,this edition of ,csar's ,commentaries is altogether the best we remember to have seen4 ,besides the advantage of a copious and accurate dictionary1 the notes are ample without being extravagant4 ,there is an introductory sketch of the great ,roman's life1 which is interesting1 and the map of ,gaul is excellent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reflections ,,and ,,prayers ,,for ,,holy ,,communion4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahfi4 ,pp4 #dih4 ,new ,york3 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 ,when ,archbishop ,manning says that this volume is a valuable addition to our books of devotion1 it needs no further recommendation4 ,but1 in addition to his opinion1 it comes to us sanctioned by the approbation of the ,archbishop of ,lyons1 and the ,bishops of ,aix1 ,nancy1 and ,redez4 ,still1 we will not forbear to give it our mite of praise4 ,the book abounds in beautiful methods of learning to love ,jesus in his sacrament of love4 ,yet the meditations are not merely beautiful1 they are also very practical4 ,in our reading1 we have never met so touching and so useful a thanksgiving1 after communion1 as the exercise which1 in this volume1 is called ,the ,hem of our ,lord's ,garment4 ,if good use is made of the suggestions and reflections in these pages1 they will certainly accomplish their author's intention of gently drawing the soul entirely to our ,lord4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,christian ,,doctrine ,,of ,,marriage4 ,by ,hugh ,davey ,evans1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with a ,biographical ,sketch of the ,author1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgj4 ,dr4 ,evans was a friend of ours in days long gone by1 and we used frequently to contribute articles to the magazine which he edited1 one of which1 entitled ,dissent and ,semi-,dissent1 has been incorrectly attributed to him by his biographer4 ,we have always cherished a sentiment of respect for the quaint and learned old gentleman1 whose portrait has been drawn in the brief biographical sketch prefixed to this volume with singular fidelity and accuracy4 ,dr4 ,evans was a regular old-fashioned ,high-,churchman1 after the model of ,hooker and ,wilson1 and consequently imbued with many soundly ,catholic principles and sentiments1 mixed up with many other incongruous ,english and ,protestant prejudices4 ,in the work before us1 he has with masterly learning and ability defended the ,christian doctrine of marriage in a manner which is in the greater number of essential respects sound and satisfactory4 ,unfortunately1 having only his own individual judgment as his tribunal of last resort in defining ,catholic doctrine1 instead of councils and popes1 he has sanctioned one most fatal error1 the lawfulness of divorces a vinculo1 and subsequent remarriage1 in the case of adultery on the part of the wife4 ,we are glad to see that his editor dissents from him in this respect1 and has republished the admirable little treatise of ,bishop ,andrews sustaining the opposite side of the question4 ,it is a wonder that any person can fail to see how utterly worthless is any pretended church authority which leaves such an essential matter as this open to dispute4 ,we are glad to see works circulated among ,protestants which advocate any sound principles on this subject1 even though they are incomplete4 ,they have much more influence than the works of ,catholic authors2 they form a serviceable breakwater to the inflowing tide of corruption1 and prepare the way for the eventual triumph of the ,catholic doctrine and law1 which alone can save society from dissolution4 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 which is the favorite magazine of a very large class of the most highly cultivated minds in ,new ,england and in other portions of the ,united ,states1 has descended to the lowest level of the free-love doctrine1 and thus fixed on itself the seal of that condemnation which it has been earning for a long time past1 as the most dangerous and corrupting of all our literary periodicals4 ,we hope that it will be banished hereafter from every ,catholic family1 and receive no more commendatory notices from the ,catholic press4 ,we are glad to see the strong and manly refutation of its immoral nonsense given by ,the ,nation1 although its argument fails of the sanction which is alone sufficient to compel assent1 and efficiently control legislation and public opinion in a matter where so severe a curb is placed on passion and liberty to follow the individual will4 ,we are happy to welcome such sensible and valuable aid to the cause of social morality as that given by ,the ,nation1 but we must disown entirely another champion of monogamy1 to wit1 the ,methodist preacher1 ,dr4 ,newman1 as more dangerous than an open antagonist4 ,we see that this conspicuous declaimer intends to maintain in a public discussion1 to be held in the ,mormon temple1 the irreligious and scandalous thesis that the holy patriarchs of the old law who practised polygamy were adulterers and sinners against the divine law4 ,this is quite consistent with ,luther's immoral doctrine that men totally depraved and steeped in deadly sin can be friends of ,god through a legal fiction of imputed righteousness2 but it is equally shocking to piety and common sense1 and as completely subversive of ,christianity as the superstitious imposture of ,joe ,smith4 ,we predict an easy victory of ,brigham ,young over ,dr4 ,newman4 ,dr4 ,evans1 as corrected by his editor and ,bishop ,andrews1 advocates the sound ,christian doctrine of marriage1 and the circulation of his work must therefore have a most beneficial influence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,criminal ,,abortion2 ,,its ,,extent ,,and ,,prevention4 ,read before the ,philadelphia ,county ,medical ,society1 ,february #ith1 #ahgj1 by the retiring ,president1 ,andrew ,nebinger1 ,m4,d4 ,published by order of the ,society4 ,philadelphia3 ,collins4 #ahgj4 ,this exhaustive essay1 read before the ,philadelphia ,county ,medical ,society1 by its able president1 ,dr4 ,nebinger1 will1 we trust1 have a great influence toward remedying the present loose domestic morals of our country4 ,we suppose the expos here made had much weight with the ,pennsylvania ,legislature1 which has recently passed a bill making it a penal offence for any one to advertise the vile nostrums which are now exposed for sale in our drug-stores with such unblushing effrontery4 ,recent statistics1 published by ,dr4 ,storer and others1 prove the fearful prevalence of the crime of fticide among the native population2 and the next census will no doubt show an absolute decrease of that class in the ,new ,england ,states4 ,we hope when thus placed officially before the eyes of the ,protestant clergy1 they will awaken to the necessity of at least informing their congregations of the enormity of this sin2 so that the plea of ignorance1 now urged to extenuate their guilt1 can no longer be used4 ,physiology has definitely settled that vitality begins from the moment of conception4 ,theology pronounces the destruction of human life to be murder1 and consequently the ,catholic ,church impresses in every possible way upon her children the fearful retribution that will be visited upon those who in any way tamper with the helpless unborn4 ,we commend the paper to the careful perusal of our medical readers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conferences ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,pere ,,lacordaire4 ,delivered in the ,cathedral of ,ntre ,dame1 in ,paris4 ,translated from the ,french by ,henry ,langdon4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #bg ,barclay street4 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,o',shea deserves our thanks and those of the entire body of educated ,catholics in the ,united ,states for his republication of this great work4 ,f4 ,lacordaire was a genius1 a great writer and a great orator2 one of those shining and burning minds that enlighten and enkindle thousands of other minds during and after their earthly course4 ,in the graces of writing and eloquence1 he far surpassed that other popular preacher at ,ntre ,dame who has proved to be but an ignis fatuus4 ,in originality of thought1 intellectual gifts1 and sound learning1 he was eminent among his compeers4 ,better than all1 he was a holy man1 a true monk1 an imitator of the severe penance of the saints1 and a devoted1 obedient son of the ,holy ,roman ,church4 ,his conferences are well adapted both to instruct the minds and to charm the imaginations of those who desire to find the solid substance of sound doctrine under the most graceful1 brilliant1 and attractive form4 ,we recommend them especially to young men1 and hope they will have a wide circulation4 ,the translation1 however1 we regret to say1 though expressing the ideas of the author1 is very defective in a literary point of view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,noble ,,lady4 ,by ,mrs4 ,augustus ,craven4 ,translated1 at the author's request1 by ,emily ,bowles4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahfi4 ,pp4 #adh4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,both the author and translator of this volume are favorably known to our readers4 ,their reputation will be much increased by this pleasing biography4 ,our ,noble ,lady is ,adelaide ,capece ,minutolo1 an ,italian of rank4 ,accomplished1 refined1 and devout1 she is a perfect picture of the ,christian lady4 ,her life presents nothing extraordinary4 ,she did not become a nun4 ,she never married4 ,yet she was very beautiful1 and could have married suitably to her station4 ,she preferred the love and companionship of a younger sister to the uncertainty of marriage and the keener joys and splendors of the world4 ,early in life these sisters mutually resolved to seek nothing further than to live together2 nor did either ever feel a regret1 or doubt the wisdom of their choice1 till1 at the end of eight and twenty years1 death dissolved their union4 ,it is only in ,italy that religion1 art1 and literary pursuits have met together1 inspired1 as it were1 by the most glorious scenery1 and where man's soul and heart1 the understanding and the eye1 are completely satisfied4 ,perhaps it is only the daughters of ,italy who unite great simplicity1 wonderful sweetness1 and charming tenderness to heroic courage and capacity for such studies as usually are interesting only to men4 ,such was the character of the ,noble ,lady4 ,no person of refinement can read this book1 without repeating the touching exclamation of a poor ,neapolitan woman1 who1 while she was praying by her coffin1 was heard to exclaim1 ,go1 then1 go to thy home1 thou beautiful bit of ,paradise6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pilgrimages ,,in ,,the ,,pyrenees ,,and ,,landes4 ,by ,denys ,shyne ,lawlor1 ,esq4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahgj4 ,it is indeed seldom than one will meet with a more charming and interesting book than this4 ,it contains accounts of visits made by the author to various sanctuaries of the ,blessed ,virgin in that favored region in the south of ,france which she seems to love so much2 the most recent proof of this being her apparition at the ,grotto of ,lourdes1 to the description of which a considerable part of the work is devoted4 ,the account is hardly if at all inferior1 except in its necessary brevity1 to that of ,m4 ,henri ,lasserre on the same subject1 and contains some additional events which have recently occurred1 such as the cure of the celebrated ,father ,hermann4 ,besides the description and history of the sanctuaries1 the lives of several of the saints which this region has produced are given1 and an account of their shrines2 among these is one of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,the book would be well worth reading for the pictures which are given of the magnificent scenery of the ,pyrenean valleys2 and its appearance and type are so beautiful that they would make even indifferent matter attractive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,felter',s ,,arithmetics--,,natural ,,series3 ,,first ,,lessons ,,in ,,numbers2 ,,primary ,,arithmetic2 ,,intellectual ,,arithmetic2 ,,intermediate ,,arithmetic2 ,,grammar-,,school ,,arithmetic4 ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,felter1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 ,a sketch of the science of numbers through its various progressive stages to its present almost perfect development would be of much interest1 but our limited space forbids us entering upon it4 ,of the many series now before the public1 much can be said by way of commendation2 we think1 however1 that ,felter's1 while in nowise inferior to the best1 has some peculiar features which give it a decided superiority4 ,of these may be mentioned the very large number of examples given under each rule1 and the test questions for examination which are found at the close of each section4 ,these cannot fail to secure to the pupil a thorough understanding of his subject before he leaves it4 ,we also note with pleasure the entire absence of answers from the text-books intended for use by the pupils4 ,a high-school arithmetic now in course of preparation will soon be added to the series1 and will then form a curriculum of arithmetical instruction at once gradually progressive1 and hence simple1 thoroughly practical1 and complete4 ,the author has evidently a full knowledge of the needs of both pupil and teacher1 and has admirably succeeded in supplying their respective deficiencies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,stanislas ,,kostka4 ,edited by ,edward ,healy ,thompson4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,thompson's lives of various saints are well written1 both as regards their completeness and accuracy of detail and their literary style4 ,this is much the best life of the lovely1 angelic patron of novices we have ever read4 ,is it necessary to inform any ,catholic reader of the exquisite beauty of the character and life of this noble ,polish youth8 ,we hope not4 ,this volume presents a life-like portrait of it1 which must rekindle the devotion already so widely-spread and fervent toward one who seems like a reproduction of the type of youthful sanctity which would have been seen in the sons of ,adam1 if their father had never sinned4 ,every father and mother ought to make it a point to have this book read by their children1 that they may fall in love with virtue and piety1 embodied in the winning1 lovely form of ,stanislas ,kostka4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,album ,,of ,,the ,,fourteen ,,stations ,,of ,,the ,,cross ,,in ,,st4 ,,francis ,,xavier',s ,,church4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #bg ,barclay street4 ,these photographs of the stations are very well executed4 ,they are gotten up1 as we imagine1 for private chapels and oratories4 ,indeed1 they would be suitable for any room which is set apart for quiet reading or devout exercises4 ,these pictures are somewhat larger than a carte-de-visite1 and they are printed in such a way that they may be readily hung upon the wall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fasciculus ,,rerum1 etc4 ,auctore ,henricus ,formby4 ,londini3 ,burns1 ,oates1 ,socii ,bibliopol4 ,this is an ably-written pamphlet1 containing what appears to us a singularly happy and valuable suggestion4 ,the author's intention is concisely expressed on his title-page1 namely1 that the best arts of our modern civilization be called into the service of ,god for once1 7as they are daily done into that of ,satan17 to furnish a life of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ for all the nations of ,christendom1 a work which shall be for three chief ends3 first1 as a symbol of the true unity of all peoples in the church2 secondly1 as a beautiful memorial of the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican2 and thirdly1 as a very sweet solace and ornament for the daily life of all ,christians4 ,the arts in question are typography1 engraving1 and photography2 the last to be used for furnishing views of the various spots and regions throughout ,palestine hallowed by the steps of ,jesus ,christ2 and this would necessitate a committee of competent men being sent to explore the ,holy ,land4 ,the expense of the entire undertaking is to be defrayed by public subscription and the patronage of the rich1 and1 of course1 it is for the holy father to inaugurate and supervise the matter4 ,wherefore the author humbly submits his pamphlet to the consideration of the holy see and the council4 ,for ourselves1 we repeat our belief that such a work as this projected life of ,christ would indeed be an inestimable boon to ,christendom4 ,father ,formby's hopes appear to us not at all too sanguine2 and he has our cordial wish that the holy see may be pleased to take up the work he so ably advocates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york1 has in press the following books3 ,attributes of ,christ1 by ,father ,gasparini2 ,lacordaire's ,conferences on ,jesus ,christ2 ,the ,malediction1 a tale1 by ,madame ,a4 ,k4 ,de ,la ,grange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,received4 ,,messrs4 ,j4 ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,paradise of the ,earth4 #ahmo1 pp4 #ebh4 ,devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,franco1 ,s4,j4 ,pp4 #cje4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cunningham1 ,philadelphia3 ,hetty ,homer4 ,by ,fannie ,warner4 ,pp4 #adb4 ,the ,beverly ,family4 ,by ,joseph ,r4 ,chandler4 ,pp4 #aff4 ,beech ,bluff4 ,by ,fannie ,warner4 #abmo1 pp4 #ccb4 ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,knowledge and ,love of ,jesus ,christ4 ,vol4 iii4 pp4 #fcb4 ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,history of the ,foundation of the ,order of the ,visitation2 and the ,lives of ,mlle4 de la ,fayette and several other members of the ,order4 #abmo1 pp4 #bga4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #fe4--;,,august1 #ahgj4 ,,mr4 ,,froude',s ,,history ,,of ,,england4#agg ,,second ,,article4 ,in our first article#agh we referred in general terms to the fact that ,mr4 ,froude had plunged into a great historical subject without the requisite knowledge or the necessary preparation4 ,this judgment was presumed to be so well established by the concurrent testimony of the most opposite schools of criticism1 both ,english and ,french1 that it was not thought necessary to cite examples from his pages4 ,in that notice we merely undertook to state the general results of criticism as to ,mr4 ,froude's first six volumes1 reserving particular examination for the latter half of the work1 with special reference to his treatment of ,mary ,stuart4 ,since1 however1 it has been said that we charge the historian with shortcomings1 and give no instances in support1 we will1 before proceeding further1 satisfy this objection4 ,this could be most easily and profusely done by going into his treatment of questions of the contemporary history of foreign countries1 or of general history preceding the sixteenth century1 in both of which ,mr4 ,froude is deplorably weak4 ,but we prefer a more decisive test1 one that leaves the historian without excuse1 and will1 therefore1 not only confine it to ,english history1 but to ,english history of the period of ,elizabeth1 with which1 according to his late plaintive appeal to the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,mr4 ,froude has labored so diligently and is so entirely familiar4 ,and the test proposed illustrates not only his imperfect mastery of his own selected period of ,english history1 but his total unconsciousness of the existence of one of the most peculiar laws of ,england in force for centuries before and after that period4 ,a clever ,british reviewer1 in expressing his surprise at our historian's multifarious ignorance concerning the civil and criminal jurisprudence of his country1 says that it is difficult to believe that ,mr4 ,froude has ever seen the face of an ,english justice2 and the reproach is well merited4 ,nevertheless we do not look for the accuracy of a ,lingard or a ,macaulay in an imaginative writer like ,mr4 ,froude1 and might excuse numerous slips and blunders as to law pleadings and the forms of criminal trials--nay1 even as to musty old statutes and conflicting legislative enactments1 7as1 for instance1 when he puts on an air of critical severity 7vol4 ix4 p4 #ch7 as to the allowance of a delay of fifteen days in ,bothwell's trial1 claiming1 in his defective knowledge of the ,scotch law1 that it should have been forty days27 but when we find his mind a total blank as to the very existence of one of the most peculiar and salient features of ,english law1 we must insist that such ignorance in one who sets up for an ,english historian is far from creditable4 ,here is the case4 ,during the reign of ,elizabeth1 one ,thomas ,cobham1 like unto many other good ,english ,protestants1 was roving the seas1 half-pirate1 half knight-errant of the ,reformation1 doing battle on his own account with the enemies of the truth1 wherever the service of ,god was likely to be repaid with plunder4 7,froude1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dei47 ,he took a ,spanish vessel1 7,england and ,spain being at peace17 with a cargo valued at eighty thousand ducats1 killing many on board4 ,after all resistance had ceased1 he sewed up the captain and the survivors of the crew in their own sails1 and flung them overboard4 ,even in ,england this performance of ,cobham was looked upon as somewhat irregular1 and at the indignant requisition of ,spain1 he was tried in ,london for piracy4 ,de ,silva1 the ,spanish ambassador at the court of ,elizabeth1 wrote home an account of the trial4 ,we now quote ,mr4 ,froude1 who being--as a learned ,english historian should be--perfectly familiar with the legal institutions of his country1 and knowing full well that the punishment described by ,de ,silva was never inflicted in ,england1 is naturally shocked at the ignorance of this foreigner1 and thus presents and comments upon his letter4 ,thomas ,cobham1 wrote ,de ,silva1 being asked at the trial1 according to the usual form in ,england1 if he had any thing to say in arrest of judgment1 and answering nothing1 was condemned to be taken to the ,tower1 to be stripped naked to the skin1 and then to be placed with his shoulders resting on a sharp stone1 his legs and arms extended and on his stomach a gun1 too heavy for him to bear1 yet not large enough immediately to crush him4 ,there he is to be left till he die4 ,they will give him a few grains of corn to eat1 and for drink the foulest water in the ,tower4 7,froude1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ddi1 ,london ed4 of #ahfc47 ,it would not be easy to state the case in fewer words and more accurately than ,de ,silva here puts it4 ,cobham was called upon to answer in the usual form1 and answering nothing or standing mute1 was condemned1 etc4 ,a definition of the offence and a description of its punishment by the well-known peine forte et dure were thus clearly presented2 but even then ,mr4 ,froude fails to recognize an offence and its penalty1 perfectly familiar to any student who has ever read ,blackstone or ,bailey's ,law ,dictionary1 and makes this astounding comment on ,de ,silva's letter3 ,had any such sentence been pronounced1 it would not have been left to be discovered in the letter of a stranger2 the ambassador may perhaps1 in this instance1 have been purposely deceived1 and his demand for justice satisfied by a fiction of imaginary horror4 7,froude1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ddi1 ,london ed4 #ahfc47 ,this unfortunate performance of ,mr4 ,froude was received by critics with mirthful surprise1 and1 as a consequence1 although the passages we have cited may be found1 as we have indicated1 in the ,london edition of #ahfc1 they need not be looked for in later editions4 ,on the contrary1 we now learn from ,mr4 ,froude 7,scribner edition of #ahgj1 vol viii4 p4 #dfa7 that ,cobham refused to plead to his indictment1 and the dreadful sentence was passed upon him of the peine forte et dure2 and thereto is appended an erudite note for the instruction of persons supposed to be unacquainted with ,english law1 explaining the matter1 and citing ,blackstone1 book iv4 chap4 #be4 ,ah6 learning is a beautiful thing6 ,but1 possibly it may be suggested1 this dreadful punishment was rarely inflicted1 and that fact may serve to excuse ,mr4 ,froude8 ,not at all4 ,other instances of the peine forte et dure occurred in this very reign of ,elizabeth1 with whose history ,mr4 ,froude is so very familiar4 ,here is one which inspires us with a feeling of compassion for the much-abused ,spanish ,inquisition1 and proportionately increases our admiration of the glorious ,reformation4 ,margaret ,middleton1 the wife of one ,clitheroe1 a rich citizen of ,york1 was prosecuted for having harbored a priest in quality of a schoolmaster4 ,at the bar 7,march #beth1 #aehf7 she refused to plead guilty1 because she knew that no sufficient proof could be brought against her2 and she would not plead not guilty1 because she considered such a plea equivalent to a falsehood4 ,the peine forte et dure was immediately ordered4 ,after she had prayed1 ,fawcet1 the sheriff1 commanded them to put off her apparel2 when she1 with the four women1 requested him on their knees1 that1 for the honor of womanhood1 this might be dispensed with4 ,but they would not grant it4 ,then she requested them that the women might unapparel her1 and that they would turn their faces from her during that time4 ,the women took off her clothes1 and put upon her the long linen habit4 ,then very quickly she laid her down upon the ground1 her face covered with a handkerchief1 and most part of her body with the habit4 ,the dure 7door7 was laid upon her2 her hands she joined toward her face4 ,then the sheriff said1 ',naie1 ye must have your hands bound4' ,then two sergeants parted her hands1 and bound them to two posts4 ,after this they laid weight upon her1 which1 when she first felt she said1 ',jesu1 ,jesu1 ,jesu1 have mercye upon mee1' which were the last words she was heard to speake4 ,she was in dying about one quarter of an hour4 ,a sharp stone1 as much as a man's fist had been put under her back2 upon her was laied to the quantitie of seven or eight hundred weight1 which1 breaking her ribbs1 caused them to burst forth of the skinne4 ,this question of the peine forte et dure naturally brings us to the consideration of a kindred subject most singularly treated in ,mr4 ,froude's pages4 ,if the constant use of ,,torture ,,and ,,the ,,rack had been a feature of ,mary ,stuart's reign1 and not1 as it was1 the daily expedient of ,elizabeth and ,cecil1 what bursts of indignant eloquence should we not have been favored with by our historian1 and what admirable illustrations would it not have furnished him as to the brutalizing tendencies of ,catholicity and the superior humanity and enlightenment of ,protestantism8 ,nothing so clearly shows the government of ,elizabeth to have been a despotism as her constant employment of torture4 ,every time she or ,cecil sent a prisoner to the rack--and they sent hundreds--they trampled the laws of ,england under foot4 ,these laws1 it is true1 sometimes authorized painful ordeals and severe punishments1 but the rack never4 ,torture was never legally authorized in ,england4 ,but the trickling blood1 the agonized cries1 the crackling bones1 the strained limbs and quivering muscles 7,froude vol4 vi4 p4 #bid7 of martyred ,catholics make these ,tudor practices lovely in ,mr4 ,froude's eyes1 and he philosophically remarks1 ,the method of inquiry1 however inconsonant with modern conceptions of justice1 was adapted excellently for the outrooting of the truth4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #bic7 ,we can hardly believe that any other man of modern enlightenment could possibly entertain such opinions4 ,they are simply amazing in their cold-blooded and crude ignorance4 ,torture is not only inconsonant with modern conceptions of justice1 but also with ancient2 for it is condemned even by the sages of the law which authorized it4 ,if ,mr4 ,froude had any knowledge of the civil law1 he might have learned something of this matter from the ,digests1 7,liber xviii4 tit4 #ah47 ,the passage is too long to cite1 but one sentence alone tells us in a few words of the fallacy1 danger1 and decaption of the use of torture3 ,etenim res est fragilis et periculosa1 et qu veritatem fallat4 ,so much for ancient opinion4 ,and modern justice has rejected the horrible thing1 not only on the ground of morality1 but because it has been demonstrated to be a promoter of perjury and the worst possible means of outrooting the truth4 ,to return3 the case of ,cobham is not the only one in which ,mr4 ,froude has prudently profited by criticism1 and hastened1 in a new edition of his work1 to repair his blunder4 ,even a slight comparison of his first with his last edition will show him to be under deep obligations to his critics1 and it would be wise in him to seek to increase his debt of gratitude by fresh corrections4 ,,the ,,chatelar ,,story is told by ,mr4 ,froude in his characteristic way1 and1 while acquitting ,mary ,stuart of blame1 she had probably nothing worse to accuse herself of than thoughtlessness1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #ejf17 manages to leave a stain upon her character4 ,he prefaces the story with the statement that she was selfish in her politics and sensual in her passions4 ,serious historians generally use language with some reference to its value2 but one epithet costs ,mr4 ,froude no more effort than another1 although there is not a shadow of pretext thus far in his own version of ,mary's history to justify so foul an outrage as the use here of this word sensual4 ,we pass on4 ,chatelar was a young ,huguenot gentleman1 a nephew of the noble ,bayard1 gifted and highly accomplished4 ,he had accompanied his patron ,d',amville to ,scotland1 and returned with him to ,france4 ,d',amville was a suitor for ,mary's hand1 and1 after some time1 dispatched ,chatelar to ,scotland with missives for the queen4 ,randolph was present when ,chatelar arrived1 and describes ,d',amville's letter as of three whole sheets of paper4 ,yet ,mr4 ,froude1 perfectly aware of all this1 writes1 ,he went back to ,france1 but he could not remain there4 ,the moth was recalled to the flame whose warmth was life and death to it4 ,the remainder is of a piece with this4 ,supernaturally penetrating in reading ,mary ,stuart's most hidden thoughts1 ,mr4 ,froude is blind to the vulgar envy of the parvenu ,randolph1 who1 writing to ,cecil1 7,froude1 vol4 vii4 p4 #eje1 note17 has the mendacious impudence to speak of ,chatelar as so unworthy a creature and abject a varlet4 ,of the rules that govern the admission of evidence in ordinary courts of law1 ,mr4 ,froude does not appear to have any knowledge1 and at every page he manifests a total unconsciousness of the most rudimentary test to be applied to the testimony of a witness in or out of court4 ,it is to see whether the witness has not some powerful motive to praise or to blame4 ,thus1 when he desires to establish a high character for the stainless ,murray1 he gives us the testimony of--his employers ,elizabeth and ,cecil6 ,in telling us what ,mary ,stuart was1 he most freely uses the hired pamphleteer ,buchanan1 although ashamed--as well he may be--to name his authority4#agi ,so also in the case before us1 although the mean envy excited in ,randolph by the accomplished and nobly-born young ,frenchman is perfectly clear1 ,mr4 ,froude gives us the ,english envoy's dispatches as testimony not to be questioned4 ,,mary ,,stuart ,,and ,,john ,,knox4 ,an interview between the queen and ,knox in ,december1 #aefb1 in which ,mr4 ,froude describes ,knox's rudeness as sound northern courtesy1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #edc17 is passed over by him with commendable rapidity4 ,and of yet another interview he says not a word4 ,under the statute of #aefj proceedings were taken in #aefc against ,mary in the west of ,scotland for celebrating mass4 ,the wilds of ,ayrshire1 in later years the resort of persecuted ,presbyterians1 were the resort of persecuted ,catholics4 ,on the bleak moorlands or beneath the shelter of some friendly roof1 says ,mr4 ,hosack1#ahj they worshipped in secret according to the faith of their fathers4 ,zealous reformers waited not for form of law to attack and disperse the idolaters1 when they found them thus engaged4 ,mary remonstrated with ,knox against these lawless proceedings1 and argued for freedom of worship1 or1 as ,knox himself states it1 no to pitt haunds to punish ony man for using himsel in his religion as he pleases4 ,but the ,scotch reformer applauded the outrage1 and even asserted that private individuals might even slay with their own hands idolaters and enemies of the true religion1 quoting ,scripture to prove his assertions4#aha ,shortly afterward forty-eight ,catholics were arraigned before the high court of justiciary for celebrating mass1 and punished by imprisonment4 ,at page #chd 7vol4 vii47 we are told by ,mr4 ,froude that the ,protestant mob drove the priest from the altar1 7royal chapel17 with broken head and bloody ears1 and at page #dah that the measure of virtue in the ,scotch ministers was the audacity with which they would reproach the queen4 ,maitland protested that theirs was not language for subjects to use to their sovereign1 and there really appears to be something in the suggestion2 but ,mr4 ,froude is of the opinion that essentially1 after all1 ,knox was right1 clinching it1 with--,he suspected that ,mary ,stuart meant mischief to the reformation1 and she did mean mischief4 ,and this is the key to ,mr4 ,froude's main argument throughout this history4 ,whoever and whatever favors the reformation is essentially good1 whoever and whatever opposes it is essentially vile4 ,and the end1 7the reformation7 justifies the means4 ,far be it from us to gainsay the perfect propriety of an occasional supply of sacerdotal broken heads and bloody ears1 if a ,protestant mob sees fit to fancy such an amusement2 or to question the measure of virtue in the ,scotch ministers2 or to approve of the absurd protest of ,maitland2 or1 least of all1 not swiftly to recognize that essentially ,knox was right4 ,not we indeed6 ,but then we really must be excused for venturing to suggest--merely to suggest1 that1 in the first place1 if we assume such a line of argument1 we deprive ourselves of weapons wherewith to assail the cruelties of such men as ,alva and ,philip of ,spain4 ,surely1 the right does not essentially go with the power to persecute6 ,and in the second place--that this was rather rough treatment for a young and inexperienced girl1 against whom thus far nothing has been shown4 ,but here ,mr4 ,froude meets us with ,harlot of ,babylon1 and we are again silenced4 ,maitland absurdly hinted to ,knox that if he had a grievance he should complain of it modestly1 and was very properly hooted at by ,knox in reply4 ,and thereupon comes a fine passage from ,mr4 ,froude1 admirably exemplifying his psychological treatment of history4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #dai47 ,could she but secure first the object on which her heart was fixed1 she could indemnify herself afterward at her leisure4 ,the preachers might rail1 the fierce lords might conspire2 a little danger gave piquancy to life1 and the air-drawn crowns which floated before her imagination would pay for it all4 ,we do not know how this may affect other people1 but air-drawn crowns did the business for us1 and we proceed to make it the text for ,a ,,lesson ,,in ,,historical ,,writing4 ,mr4 ,froude may or may not have transferred the contempt and hatred of ,france of the sixteenth century1 which throughout his book he loses no opportunity of manifesting1 to ,france of the nineteenth century2 but we venture to suggest to him that he may find in ,france models and principles of historical treatment which he might study with signal profit4 ,specially would we commend to his lection and serious perpension the following pithy passage from the very latest published volume of ,french history4 ,we refer to ,lanfrey's ,histoire de ,napoleon ,i4 ,the author describes the meeting of ,napoleon and ,alexander at ,tilsit1 and1 referring to the absurd attempt made by some writers to explain the motives which actuated the ,french and ,russian emperors at their private interview on the ,niemen1 makes this sensible reflection3 ,il est toujours dangereux et souvent puril de vouloir interprter les sentiments secrets des personnages historiques4#ahb 7,lanfrey1 vol4 iv4 p4 #djc4 ,paris1 #ahgj47 ,mr4 ,froude's attention to this teaching would rapidly suppress air-drawn crowns and such like stage properties1 so freely used by him for dramatic effect4 ,,some ,,omissions4 ,mr4 ,froude appears to have no knowledge of the important proceedings at ,mary's first ,parliament1 ,may1 #aefc1 when the corpse of the late ,earl of ,huntly1 kept for the purpose since the previous ,october1 was brought in for attainder4 ,forfeiture was declared mainly for ,murray's benefit1 and at the same time the forfeitures of the ,earl of ,sutherland 7the evidence against him being forgeries7 and eleven barons of the house of ,gordon were passed4 ,in vain the ,countesses of ,huntly and ,sutherland endeavored to petition the queen2 they were1 by ,murray's intervention1 denied access to her4 ,nor does our historian appear to have heard of the circumstances attending ,murray's surreptitious procuring of the queen's signature to the death-warrant of young ,huntly4 ,it is a most interesting episode1 but we have not room for it4 ,some three weeks later1 we find a curious letter of ,randolph to ,cecil1 which need not be sought for in ,froude4 ,it is important as showing the peculiar esteem in which ,murray was held at the court of ---- ,elizabeth4 ,a packet addressed to ,queen ,mary had been stopped and opened by the ,english officials at ,newcastle4 ,mary1 not recognizing her position as the vassal of ,elizabeth1 complained of it to ,randolph4 ,whereupon ,randolph writes to ,cecil1 7,june1 #aefc17 advising1 ,if any suspected letters be taken1 not to open them1 but to send them to my ,lord of ,moray1 of whose services the ,queen of ,england is sure4 ,and good reason there was to be sure2 for all the world1 except ,mr4 ,froude1 knows that the stainless1 from first to last1 was the bribed and pensioned agent of ,elizabeth4 ,,knox ,,and ,,the ,,council4 ,the ,queen of ,scots1 says ,mr4 ,froude1 had quarrelled again with ,knox1 whom she attempted to provide with lodgings in the castle2 the lords had interfered1 and anger and disappointment had made her ill4 7,vol4 vii4 p4 #edi47 ,here again ,mary seems to fall away from the high standard of consummate actress2 but1 on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,froude is fully up to his own standard of consummate historian2 for the passage is clever1 even for him4 ,here is what it all means3 ,cranston and ,armstrong1 two members of ,knox's congregation who were afterward among the murderers of ,riccio1 had been arrested and thrown into prison for raising a riot in the chapel royal at ,holyrood1 to prevent service there4 ,and why should they not8 ,a ,catholic queen had no rights which her ,protestant subjects were bound to respect4 ,knox thereupon sent a circular throughout ,scotland convening his brethren to meet in ,edinburgh on a certain day--in other words1 to excite tumult and inaugurate civil war4 ,let ,randolph1 ,mr4 ,froude's favorite authority1 tell the rest4 ,randolph to ,cecil1 ,dec4 #ba1 #aefc3 ,the lords had assembled to take order with ,john ,knox and his faction1 who intended1 by a mutinous assembly made by his letter before1 to have rescued two of their brethren from course of law for using an outrage1 etc4 ,murray and ,maitland sent for ,knox and remonstrated with him4 ,but ,knox showed no respect for either of them4 ,nothing came of the interview1 and they had him summoned before the queen and her privy council4 ,seriously ill as she was1 she attended4 ,now compare these facts with ,mr4 ,froude's statement above1 7vol4 vii4 p4 #edi17 and see if it is possible to crowd into three lines more misrepresentation and malevolence4 ,note quarrelled4 ,mary knew nothing of the affair until after the action of the lords and the attempt of ,murray and ,maitland to persuade ,knox4 ,mr4 ,froude says ,mary attempted to imprison him1 and the lords interfered4 ,anger and disappointment made her ill4 ,now1 this ,knox affair occurred while ,randolph was waiting to have audience of ,mary1 but was delayed on account of her illness4 ,to return to the council4 ,knox's seditious letter was produced4 ,he boldly avowed it1 and significantly observed1 referring to certain reported practices of ,murray and ,maitland1 that no forgeries had been interpolated in the spaces he had left blank4 ,a week after this event1 ,randolph describes ,mary as still sick1 although compelled to confer with her council4 ,,mary',s ,,marriage4 ,all this time ,mary has been waiting ,elizabeth's good pleasure as to whom she shall marry4 ,elizabeth finally decided to bestow upon her ,scottish sister her own lover ,leicester1 who was1 perhaps1 the most worthless of her subjects2 but in the loving eyes of his mistress he was the knight sans peur et sans reproche2 and she took a melancholy pride in offering her sister her choicest jewel4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #gd47 ,but ,mr4 ,froude spoils the melancholy pride at the next page by telling us that ,elizabeth was so capable of falsehood that her own expressions would have been an insufficient guarantee for her sincerity4 ,murray's opposition to ,mary's marriage with ,darnley was bitter4 ,his ascendency in her councils had culminated in his proposition to have himself legitimated1 and that the queen should lease the crown to him and ,argyll4 ,mary's marriage to any one would end all such hopes1 and ,darnley1 moreover1 was personally obnoxious to ,murray because he had been heard to say1 looking at a map of ,scotland1 that ,murray had too much for a subject4 ,elizabeth's instructions precisely tallied with ,murray's inclinations and interest4 ,he withdrew from court1 and would not attend the convention at ,perth4 ,,plot ,,to ,,imprison ,,mary4 ,and now comes the plot of ,murray and his friends to seize ,darnley and his father1 7,lennox17 deliver them to ,elizabeth's agents or slay them if they made resistance1 and imprison the queen at ,lochleven4 ,in a note at page #agh1 vol4 viii41 ,mr4 ,froude1 with a sweet and touching melancholy1 says1 ,a sad and singular horoscope had already been cast for ,darnley4 ,the magician of this horoscope was ,randolph1 who fears that ,darnley can have no long life amongst this people4 ,certainly not1 if ,mr4 ,randolph understands himself2 for his letters of that period are full of the details of a plot to stir up an insurrection in ,scotland1 place ,murray at the head of it1 kill ,darnley and his father1 and imprison the queen at ,lochleven4 ,elizabeth sent ,murray #gjjj for the nerve of the insurrection1 and her letters to ,bedford instructing him to furnish ,murray with money and soldiers are in existence4 ,the programme was at last carried out eighteen months later1 when ,darnley was killed and ,mary a prisoner4 ,on the #cjth of ,june1 #aefe1 at ten in the morning1 the queen1 with a small retinue1 was to ride from ,perth to ,callendar house1 to be present at the baptism of a child of her friends ,lord and ,lady ,livingstone4 ,murray's party were to take her prisoner at this time4 ,the ,earls of ,rothes and ,argyll1 and the ,duke of ,chatelherault were to be stationed at three different points on her route with an overpowering force4 ,murray was to wait at ,lochleven1 which he had just provisioned and provided with artillery4 ,as usual1 he managed to have the overt act done by others4 ,all these arrangements were made in concert with ,randolph and ,cecil1 and were so apparently perfect that success was considered certain4 ,so sure was ,cecil of it that an entry in his private diary of ,july #gth1 runs1 that there was a rumor that the ,scottish ,queen should have been taken4 ,during the night of the #bith1 a warning was conveyed to ,mary of the plot4 ,instead of waiting until ten1 the hour fixed for her departure1 she was in the saddle at five in the morning1 and safe at ,callendar by eleven4 ,it is very singular1 but ,mr4 ,froude seems never to have heard of this exciting ride1 while the stainless ,murray was keeping bootless watch and ward at ,lochleven4 ,we regret it exceedingly1 if for no other reason than the loss of an animated picture in ,mr4 ,froude's best style1 running somewhat thus3 ,bright shone the sun4 ,the queen1 with incredible animosity1 was mounted on a swift courser galloping by the side of young ,darnley1 and then away--away--past the ,parenwell1 past ,lochleven1 through ,kinross1 past ,castle ,campbell1 across the north ,ferry and over the ,firth1 fast as their horses could speed2 seven in all--,mary1 her three ladies1 ,darnley1 ,lennox1 ,atholl1 and ,ruthven4 ,in five hours the hospitable gates of ,livingstone had closed behind them1 and ,mary ,stuart was safe4 7,see vol4 viii4 p4 #bgj47 ,of this plot of ,murray1 here is the clever record made by ,mr4 ,froude3 ,a hint was given him that ,darnley and ,riccio had formed a plan to kill him4 ,he withdrew to his mother's castle at ,lochleven1 and published the occasion of his disobedience4 ,mary ,stuart replied with a counter-charge that the ,earl of ,murray had proposed to take her prisoner and carry ,darnley off to ,england4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #ahj47 ,upon this1 ,mr4 ,froude's cool comment is1 ,both stories were probably true6 ,yes1 with the difference that the proof against ,murray was overwhelming2 for ,mr4 ,froude admits that ,murray's offer to ,randolph was sufficient evidence against himself1 whereas there was none against ,darnley4 ,at page #ahb1 ,mr4 ,froude makes ,mary return from ,perth to ,edinburgh4 ,this renders it quite clear that he has never heard of her hurried ride to ,callendar4 ,,question ,,of ,,toleration4 ,randolph strangely finds fault with ,mary for her toleration in religious matters4 ,her will to continue papistry1 and her desire to have all men live as they list1 so offendeth the godly men's consciences1 that it is continually feared that these matters will break out to some great mischief4 ,and lo6 the mischief did break out4 ,the ,assembly of the ,kirk presented1 under the singular garb of a supplication1 a remonstrance to the queen1 in which they declared that the practice of idolatry could not be tolerated in the sovereign any more than in the subject1 and that the papistical and blasphemous mass should be wholly abolished4 ,to whom the queen3 ,where it was desired that the mass should be suppressed and abolished1 as well in her majesty's own person and family as amongst her subjects1 her highness did answer for herself1 that she was noways persuaded that there was any impiety in the mass1 and trusted her subjects would not press her to act against her conscience2 for1 not to dissemble1 but to deal plainly with them1 she neither might nor would forsake the religion wherein she had been educated and brought up1 believing the same to be the true religion1 and grounded on the word of ,god4 ,her loving subjects should know that she1 neither in times past1 nor yet in time coming1 did intend to force the conscience of any person1 but to permit every one to serve ,god in such manner as they are persuaded to be the best1 that they likewise would not urge her to any thing that stood not with the quietness of her mind4 ,nothing1 remarks ,mr4 ,hosack1 could exceed the savage rudeness of the language of the assembly2 nothing could exceed the dignity and moderation of the queen's reply4 ,of all this1 in ,mr4 ,froude's pages1 not one word6 ,indeed he at all times religiously keeps out of sight all ,mary says or writes1 admitting rarely a few words under prudent censorship and liberal expurgation4 ,sweetly comparing the assembly to the children of ,israel on their entrance into ,canaan1 he dissimulates their savage rudeness1 and adds1 almost pensively1 that ,murray1 though he was present1 no longer raised his voice in opposition4 ,randolph fully confirms what ,throckmorton reported four years before--that she neither desired to change her own religion nor to interfere with that of her subjects4 ,mary told ,knox the same thing when she routed him1 by his own admission1 in profane history1 and his own citations from the ,old ,testament4 ,where she obtained her familiarity with the ,scriptures we cannot imagine1 if ,mr4 ,froude tells the truth about her ,french education4 ,a ,catholic sovereign sincerely pleading to a ,protestant assembly for liberty of conscience1 might have been a lesson to the bigotry of mankind1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #ahb27 but1 adds ,mr4 ,froude1 ,mary ,stuart was not sincere4 ,when ,mr4 ,froude says ,mary ,stuart is intolerant1 we show him1 by a standard universally recognized1 her words and actions1 all always consistent with each other and with themselves1 that she was eminently tolerant and liberal4 ,but when he gives us his personal and unsupported opinion that she was not sincere1 he passes beyond the bounds of historical argument into a realm where we cannot follow him4 ,still greater than ,mr4 ,froude's difficulty of quoting ,mary at all1 is his difficulty of quoting her correctly when he pretends to4 ,randolph comes to ,mary with a dictatorial message from ,elizabeth1 that she shall not take up arms against the lords in insurrection4 ,mr4 ,froude calls it a request that she would do no injury to the ,protestant lords1 who were her good subjects4 ,mary replied1 according to ,froude1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #ahh17 that ,elizabeth might call them 'good subjects2' she had found them bad subjects1 and as such she meant to treat them4 ,mary really said1 ,for those whom your mistress calls 'my best subjects1' ,i cannot esteem them so1 nor so do they deserve to be accounted of that that they will not obey my commands2 and therefore my good sister ought not to be offended if ,i do that against them as they deserve4 ,the truth is1 ,mary's unvarying1 queenly dignity and womanly gentleness in all she speaks and writes is a source of profound unhappiness to ,mr4 ,froude1 refuting as it does his theory of her character4 ,consequently it is his aim to vulgarize it down to a standard in vogue elsewhere4 ,mr4 ,froude is most felicitous when he disguises ,mary1 as he frequently does1 with ,elizabeth's tortuous drapery4 ,thus3 ,open and straightforward conduct did not suit the complexion of ,mary ,stuart's genius2 she breathed more freely1 and she used her abilities with better effect1 in the uncertain twilight of conspiracy4 ,uncertain twilight is pretty4 ,but where were ,mary's conspiracies8 ,had she ,randolphs at ,elizabeth's court1 and ,drurys on the border1 plotting1 intriguing1 and bribing ,english noblemen8 ,had she two thirds of ,elizabeth's council of state pensioned as paid spies8 ,had she salaried officials to pick up or invent ,english court scandal for her amusement8 ,truly it is refreshing to turn from ,mary's twilight conspiracies to the honest and noble transactions of ,elizabeth1 ,cecil1 and ,randolph4 ,but of the malicious gossip of ,elizabeth's spies one might not so much complain1 if ,mr4 ,froude had the fairness to give their reports without his embroidery of rhetoric and imagination4 ,thus1 when ,randolph writes1 ,there is a silly story afloat that the queen sometimes carries a pistol1 ,mr4 ,froude considers himself authorized by ,randolph to say1 ,she carried pistols in hand and pistols at her saddle-bow2 and1 as usual1 reading her thoughts1 goes on to tell us that her one peculiar hope was to destroy her brother1 against whom she bore an especial and unexplained animosity4 ,the personal intimacy between ,randolph and ,murray more than sufficiently explains the source of the information given in ,randolph's letter of ,oct4 #acth4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #aif47 ,mr4 ,froude has a moment of weakness when he says that the intimacy between the queen and ,riccio was so confidential as to provoke calumny4 ,that any thing said of ,mary ,stuart could possibly be calumny is an admission for ,mr4 ,froude only less amazing than that she was warm and true in her friendships4 ,the queen's indignation against ,murray is sufficiently accounted for by the existence of the calumnies1 and the fact that ,murray's treasons sent him at this time a fugitive to his mistress ,elizabeth4 ,a few pages further on1 we have ,mary riding in steel bonnet and corselet1 with a dagg at her saddle-bow1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #bac17 for which ,mr4 ,froude quotes ,randolph4 ,but ,randolph wrote1 ,if what ,i have heard be true1 she rode1 etc41 questionable hearsay where ,mary ,stuart is concerned1 answering ,mr4 ,froude's purpose somewhat better than fact4 ,through ,randolph1 ,elizabeth announced to ,mary that one of the conditions on which she would consent to the ,darnley marriage was1 that she must conform to the religion established by law4 ,upon this1 the singular comment is1 ,it is interesting to observe how the current of the reformation had swept ,elizabeth forward in spite of herself4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #ahg47 ,mary's answer was1 she would make no merchandise of her conscience4 ,,murray',s ,,insurrection4 ,at page #aih1 vol4 viii41 after the armed rebellion of ,murray and his friends1 popularly known in ,scotland as ,the ,runabout ,raid1 we have ,mary breathing nothing but anger and defiance4 ,the affection of a sister for a brother was curdled into a hatred the more malignant because it was more unnatural4 ,her whole passion was concentrated on ,murray4 ,it must be clear to every one how reprehensible ,mary was for showing any feeling at all in defence of her crown1 her liberty1 and her life1 and with ,mr4 ,froude's premises and logic1 ,murray gave a signal proof of affection for his sister in arraying himself against her legitimate authority as the head of an insurrection4 ,mr4 ,froude can see1 in the just indignation of the queen against domestic traitors in league1 with a foreign power1 nothing but the violence of a vengeful fury4 ,his anxiety to possess his readers of the same view has brought him into a serious difficulty1 which has been exposed by ,m4 ,wiesener in his ,marie ,stuart4 ,at p4 #baa1 vol4 viii41 ,mr4 ,froude quotes a letter of ,randolph to ,cecil of ,oct4 #eth1 in ,rolls ,house1 by which he means ,record ,office1 to show that ,mary was deaf to advice as she had been to menace1 and she said she would have no peace till she had ,murray's or ,chatelherault's head4 ,this letter appears to be visible to nobody but ,mr4 ,froude2 and we have the authority of ,mr4 ,joseph ,stevenson1 who is more at home among the ,,mss4 of the ,record ,office than ,mr4 ,froude1 and who1 when he uses them1 has the merit of citing them in their integrity1 for stating that this letter of the #eth ,october1 referred to by ,mr4 ,froude1 is not in the ,record ,office4#ahc ,but there is a letter there from ,randolph to ,cecil of the #dth ,october1 in which ,randolph represents ,mary not only uncertain as to what she should do1 but inclined to clement measures1 and so undecided as to hope that matters could be arranged6 ,this does not sound like deaf to advice1 and ,mr4 ,froude can arrange this little difficulty with the dates and ,mr4 ,stevenson at his leisure4 ,meantime1 we all anxiously wait to hear from ,mr4 ,froude where he found his authority for stating that ,mary said she would have no peace till she had ,murray's or ,chatelherault's head4 ,at page #bje1 vol4 viii4 the account given by ,mauvissire of his interview with ,mary is travestied by ,mr4 ,froude4 ,mauvissire counselled her to make peace with the insurgents4 ,mary saw through the device2 for it was the counsel of ,catherine de' ,medici1 whose enmity to ,mary was only surpassed by that of ,elizabeth2 and1 although without advisers--for ,murray was in rebellion1 ,morton had withdrawn himself1 and ,maitland was suspected--she rejected it instantly4 ,it is amusing to observe how the loyal attachment of the citizens and merchants of ,edinburgh to ,mary annoys ,mr4 ,froude4 ,during ,mary's absence1 the rebels swept into the city with a large force2 but1 notwithstanding the appeal of the kirk1 the ,calvinist shop-keepers1 as ,mr4 ,froude witheringly styles them1 would not lift a finger to aid them4 ,we call it amusing1 because ,mr4 ,froude everywhere so undisguisedly manifests his strong personal sympathy that1 as an historian1 he becomes simply absurd4 ,mary marched against the rebels with eighteen thousand men4 ,as she approached1 they fled into ,england1 and the rebellion was over4 ,the ,queen of ,scots1 following in hot pursuit1 glared across the frontier at her escaping prey4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #bad47 ,the amount of precise information in ,mr4 ,froude's exclusive possession concerning the expression of ,mary ,stuart's eyes as something wonderful4 ,here her eyes glare2 elsewhere1 7vol4 viii4 p4 #cfe17 there is an odd glitter in her eyes1 while at p4 #afa1 they are flashing pride and defiance4 ,it is this imaginative power and talent for pictorial embellishment which lend to ,mr4 ,froude's work such peculiar attraction for the general reader4 ,and to give expression to this natural appreciation1 such testimonials as the following are seriously produced as evidences of the merit of the work4 ,what a wonderful history it is6 says ,mrs4 ,mulock ,craik2 and wonderful indeed is it1 with its vivid pictures of scenes and persons long passed away2 its broad charity1 its tender human sympathy1 its ever present dignity1 its outbursts of truest pathos4 ,all this is in keeping with the eternal fitness of things4 ,this excellent lady1 a somewhat successful writer of novels1 really means what she says1 and expresses herself in all sincerity4 ,her admiration is genuine4 ,it is that of a pupil for her master1 and she ingenuously admires one who has attained excellence in his art4 ,we have not the slightest doubt that many will say with her1 ,what a wonderful history it is6 ,,footnotes3 #agg ,history of ,england from the ,fall of ,wolsey to the ,death of ,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 #ab vols4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #agh ,see ,,catholic ,,world for ,june1 #ahgj4 #agi ,in all his volumes ,mr4 ,froude cites ,buchanan by name but once4 #ahj ,mary ,queen of ,scots and her ,accusers4 ,by ,john ,hosack1 ,barrister at ,law4 ,edinburgh4 #ahfi4 #aha ,he had previously denounced his sovereign from the pulpit as an incorrigible idolatress and an enemy whose death would be a public blessing4 ,randolph writes to ,cecil ,february1 #aefd1 ,they pray that ,god will either turn her heart or send her a short life2 adding1 of what charity or spirit this proceedeth1 ,i leave to be discussed by the great divines4 ,and yet we must not hastily condemn ,knox1 although a man fifty-eight years of age1 of indiscriminate sourness and severity to all young women4 ,he was at that very time paying his addresses to a girl of sixteen4 #ahb ,the attempt to make one's self the interpreter of the secret sentiments of historical personages is always dangerous and frequently ridiculous4 #ahc ,see ,calendar of the ,state ,papers relating to ,scotland1 preserved in the ,state ,paper ,department of ,her ,majesty's ,public ,record ,office4 #b vols4 quarto4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,copy in ,astor ,library4 ,this calendar gives the date and abstract of the contents of each document4 ,there is no record of any letter of ,randolph to ,cecil of ,oct4 #eth1 #aefe1 but there is one of ,oct4 #dth4 ,,in ,,the ,,greenwood4 ,then the wyld thorowe the woodes went ,on every syde shear2 ,grea-hondes thorowe the greves glent ,for to kyll thear dear4 ,i4 ,for three consecutive mornings of a certain month of ,may not far distant1 ,blanch and ,i had opened our diaries to write1 ,wind ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 ,every body knows what that means in ,boston4 ,it means chill and grayness and drizzle2 it means melancholy-shining sidewalks and puddles surprise just where the foot is most confidingly planted2 it means water dripping over gutters1 flowing frothily from spouts1 and squishing from shoes of poor folks at every step they take2 it means draggled skirts1 and cross looks1 and influenza1 and bronchitis1 and a disposition to believe in the total depravity of inanimate things4 ,yes2 but also it means an effervescence of spirit in those rare souls1 like incarnate sunshine1 kindred in some sort of ,epictetus1 a slave1 maimed in body1 an ,irus in poverty1 and favored by the immortals4 ,but--three whole days of drizzle6 ,on the first day1 ,blanch and ,i glanced approvingly skyward1 and said1 ,a fine rain6 then went about that inevitable clearing out of drawers and closets and reading of old letters1 which a rainy day suggests to the feminine mind4 ,on the second morning1 we donned water-proofs and over-shoes1 and boldly sallied forth1 coming in later breathless1 glowing1 drenched1 and with our hair curled up into kinks4 ,then1 subsiding a little1 we drew down the crimson curtains1 lighted a fire1 lighted the gas1 and1 shutting ourselves into that rosy cloister1 read till we were sleepy4 ,but sometimes water looks a great deal wetter than it does at other times2 and on the third morning it looked very wet indeed4 ,the damp1 easterly gloom entered between our eyelids and penetrated to our souls4 ,we struck our colors4 ,like the ,sybarite who got a pain in his back from seeing some men at work in the field1 we shivered in sympathy with every passing wretch4 ,that prince of blunderers1 ,sir ,boyle ,roche1 used to say that the best way to avoid danger is to meet it plumb4 ,acting on that principle1 ,blanch and ,i took each a chair and a window1 and1 seating ourselves1 stared silently in the face of the enemy4 ,after an hour or so1 ,i began to feel the benefit of the baronet's prescription4 ,blanch1 said ,i1 brightening1 let's go on a lark down to ,maine1 to the northern part of ,hancock ,county1 to a place ,i know4 ,blanch turned her small1 white face toward me1 gave me a reproachful glance out of her pale-blue eyes1 then drew her shawl closer about her throat1 and resumed her gaze in the face of out-doors4 ,i waited a moment1 then pursued1 ,rain in town and rain in the country are two reigns1 as the histories say4 ,lilies shrugging up their white shoulders1 and roses shaking their pink faces to get rid of the drops2 trees lucent green jewels in every leaf2 birds laughing and scolding at the same time1 casting bright little jokes from leafy covert to covert2 brooks foaming through their channels like champagne out of bottles-- ,never compare a greater thing to a less1 interrupted ,blanch1 severe and rhetorical4 ,so you think rain-water is better than champagne8 ,i asked4 ,no matter4 ,go on with your poetics4 ,at this time the apple-trees are pink clouds of incense1 and the cherry-trees are white clouds of incense1 the maples are on fire2 there are fresh light-green sprouts on the dark-green spruces2 the flaky boughs of the cedars have put forth pale1 spicy buds2 and the silver birches glimmer under hovering mists of green4 ,deer are stealing out of the woods to browse in the openings1 and gray rabbits hop across the long1 still road1 7there is but one road47 ,the ,may-flowers are about gone2 but dandelions1 spring's largess1 are everywhere4 ,here and there is a clearing1 over which the surrounding wildness has thrown a gentle savagery1 like lichen over rocks4 ,the people 7there are two7 live in a log house4 ,they never get a newspaper till it is weeks old1 perhaps not so soon1 and they know nothing of fashion4 ,if we should appear to them now with our skirts slinking in at the ankles1 and puffing out at the waist1 with chignons on our heads and hats on our noses1 they would run into the house and button the doors4 ,every thing there is peaceful4 ,rumors of oppression1 fraud1 and war reach them not4 ,i should not be surprised if that were one of the places where they still vote for ,general ,jackson4 ,their most frequent visitors are bears1 and wolves1 and snappish little yellow foxes4 ,in short1 you have no idea how delightful the place is4 ,i am not like the ,queen of ,sheba1 says ,blanch4 ,though the half had not been told me1 my imagination would have out-built and out-hung and out-shone ,solomon in all his glory4 ,who are these people8 ,mr4 ,thomas and ,mrs4 ,sally ,smith4 ,sally lived with my mother as help when ,i was a little girl4 ,on my tenth birthday1 she gave me my first smelling-bottle1 purple glass with a silver-washed screw-top4 ,the season was ,july1 and the day very warm4 ,after holding my precious present in my hand awhile1 ,i opened it1 and1 in the innocence of my heart1 took a deliberate snuff4 ,the result beggars description4 ,when ,i became capable of thought1 ,i believed that the top of my head had been blown off4 ,you remember in the ,arabian ,nights the bottle out of which1 when it was unstopped1 a demon escaped8 ,well1 that was the same bottle4 ,sally used to boil molasses candy for me2 and she has braided my hair and boxed my ears many a time4 ,but mother didn't allow her to box my ears4 ,thomas lived in our town1 and tried to support himself and make a fortune by keeping a market1 but with slight success4 ,he was always behindhand1 and never got the dinner home till the cook was at the point of distraction4 ,they called him the late ,mr4 ,smith4 ,by and by he and ,sally got married1 after a courtship something like that of ,barkis and ,pegotty1 and went into the woods to live4 ,my mother made and gave ,sally her wedding-cake1 one large loaf and four smaller ones4 ,the large one would have been larger if my brother ,dick and ,i hadn't got at it before it was baked and ate ever so much4 ,did you ever eat raw cake8 ,it is real good4 ,i paid ,sally a visit long ago1 and she made me promise to come again4 ,i dare say it is all moon-shine1 said ,blanch1 rising4 ,but1 here goes4 ,where to8 ,i exclaimed4 ,to pack my trunks for a visit to ,sally ,smith1 answered ,blanch from the doorway4 ,but ,i was in fun4 ,and ,i am in earnest4 ,and perhaps the facts are not so fair as the fancies4 ,so much the worse for the facts4 ,with which quotation the young woman disappeared4 ,resistance was useless4 ,blanch is one of those gentle1 yielding creatures who always have their own way4 ,and ,i love to be tyrannized over4 ,i followed her up-stairs1 repeating ruefully1 ,since then ,i never dared to be ,as funny as ,i can4 ,catch me being poetic again6 ,that very evening a letter was mailed to ,sally ,smith1 announcing our coming2 and in less than a week we started1 lingering over the first part of our journey1 that due preparation might be made for our entertainment4 ,the last day and a half were to be an allegro movement4 ,the drive from ,bucksport to ,ellsworth was delightful2 not the beginning of it1 where twelve persons were crowded into a nine-passenger coach2 where ,blanch1 looking like a wilted flower1 sat wedged between two large1 determined women2 where my neighbor was a restless man who was constantly trying to get something out of the coat-pocket next me2 and an aesthetic man1 who insisted on looking past my nose at the prospect2 and a tobacco-chewing man1 as his breath in my face fully testified3 all this was not delightful4 ,but after we had entreated the driver1 and been assisted to a perch on the coach-roof1 then it was glorious4 ,then we got airy tosses instead of dislocating jolts2 saw the road unwind1 turn by turn1 from the woods2 saw how the grating brake was put to the wheel while we crept over the brow of a steep pitch1 then let go while we spun down the lower part and flew over the level4 ,the afternoon sun was behind us1 and gilded the hills2 but the hollows were full of transparent dusk with the crowding1 overhanging woods4 ,as we came up out of them1 our horses strained forward to trample on a giant shadow-coach1 with four shadow-horses1 a shadow-driver1 and two fly-away shadow-women in advance of every thing else4 ,presently the boughs ceased to catch at our veils1 the woods thinned and withdrew1 houses appeared and multiplied1 and we came out on to a long steep hill dipping to a river1 whence another long steep hill rose at the other side4 ,and built up and down1 and to right and left1 was a pretty town with all its white houses rose-red in the sunset4 ,well might it blush under our faithful eyes6 ,blanch1 ,i said1 behold a town where1 sixteen years ago1 a ,catholic priest almost won the crown of martyrdom4 ,on the hill opposite1 toward the south1 stood the ,catholic church that was burned1 and the ,catholic school-house that was blown up with gunpowder4 ,there is the cottage where the priest lived4 ,one ,august evening1 when the sky was like a topaz with sunset1 and the new moon was out1 he baptized me there1 and a little while after they broke his windows with stones4 ,further up the hill is the house from which1 one rainy ,saturday night1 a mob of masked men dragged him4 ,ah well6 that story is yet to be told4 ,,ii4 ,,he ,,and ,,she4 ,the next morning early1 we started on our last day's journey1 and were driven through a rough country1 the road dwindling till it seemed likely to imitate that avenue which narrowed till it turned into a squirrel-track and ran up a tree4 ,at five o'clock1 we stopped at a farm-house1 which was also post-office2 and there we got a man to take us to our journey's end4 ,may be you'll take this letter with you1 the postmaster said4 ,it's for ,miss ,smith4 ,mrs4 is never heard in that region4 ,i took that letter1 and gazed at it a moment in wrathful silence4 ,there was my annunciatory epistle written to ,sally ,smith more than a fortnight before6 ,allah il ,allah6 sighed ,blanch resignedly when ,i held up the letter to her view4 ,the road over which we now drove was streaked with grass that tempted the lowered nose of our ,rozinante1 and graceful clusters of buttercups brushed the slow spokes of our wheels4 ,the forest primeval shut down1 solid and precipitous1 at our left1 and at our right the scrubby spruces clambered and straggled over the ledges with the appearance of having just stopped to look at us2 and in a little while we saw through their tops a log house that stood at the head of a rocky lane4 ,a thin wreath of smoke curled from the stone chimney1 curtains of spotless whiteness showed inside the tiny hinged windows1 and a luxuriant hopvine draped all the wall next us4 ,not a rod back from the house1 and drawn darkly against the sunset sky1 was a picture very like ,dor's bringing of the ark to ,bethsames4 ,a group of cattle stood there motionless1 two low-bending spruce-trees unfurled their plumy branches over a square rock1 and1 as motionless as either1 stood a tall1 gaunt woman staring fixedly at us4 ,goodness gracious6 cried ,blanch sharply1 the child will shoot us6 ,following her glance1 ,i espied a tow-headed urchin of ten1 may be1 whom our coming had petrified in the act of getting through the bars at the foot of the lane4 ,against the lower bar rested his rifle1 the muzzle looking us directly in the eye4 ,i seized upon him and changed his aim4 ,your name is ,larkin1 ,i said accusingly4 ,yes1 ma'am6 he answered in a trembling voice4 ,what are you here for8 ,ma'am sent me to borrow ,miss ,smith's darn'-needle1 he whimpered4 ,you have come four miles through the woods to borrow a darning-needle8 ,i demanded4 ,yes1 ma'am6 he answered1 eagerly pointing to a huge needle with a blue yarn which was sewed into his blue drilling shirt-front4 ,is ,mrs4 ,sally ,smith alive8 ,i asked solemnly4 ,yes1 ma'am6 ,does she live in this house8 ,yes1 ma'am6 ,does any one else live here8 ,yes1 ma'am6 ,who8 ,mr4 ,smith4 ,well1 set your rifle down here in the corner of the fence1 and look out how you aim it another time4 ,there6 now take this letter and carry it up to ,mrs4 ,smith1 and give her my compliments1 and say that we would like a reply at her earliest convenience4 ,we may be addressed at the foot of the lane1 sitting on our trunks4 ,as ,i released his arm1 he shot wildly up the lane1 and tumbled headlong in at the weather-porch that guarded the northern door4 ,in a few minutes1 a woman's head appeared and took an observation1 while her two hands were visible smoothing her hair and rapidly adjusting an apron4 ,then the whole long figure emerged4 ,at first she walked warily1 stopping once or twice as though about to turn back2 then she gave a long look1 and hurried down the lane1 a broad smile breaking out1 token of recognition4 ,her voice reached me first1 ,well1 ,i do declare1 ,i'm tickled most to death to see you6 ,with the last words came a mighty grip of the hands1 and ,sally looked at me with eyes overflowing with tears and gladness4 ,most exquisite and dignified reader1 didst thou ever think1 when raising to thy lips the cut-glass goblet of iced water1 poured from a silver pitcher filled at a faucet supplied through a leaden pipe that in its turn is fed by miles of underground aqueduct1 that thou wouldst like rather to slake thy thirst at some natural spring bubbling over mossy stones and prostrate grasses8 ,for once or twice1 may be8 ,if so1 all hail6 for thou art not quite a mummy4 ,underneath thy social swathings still beats a faint echo of the bounding pulse of some free-born ancestor1 a sheik of the desert1 a dusky forest-chief1 a patriarch of the tents4 ,trampled on1 thou wilt not turn to dust1 but to fire2 and the papyrus is unfinished on which shall be written the story of thy life4 ,there have been times1 too1 in which thou hast thought that not only thy drink was far-fetched and no sweeter for the fetching1 but that the smiles1 the welcomes1 the fare-wells1 the friendships were all stale and unrefreshing4 ,thou hast longed for the generous love1 which1 while it will bear nothing from thee1 will bear all things for thee2 for the honest hate that carries its blade in sight1 and lurks not in sly and sanctimonious speech and downcast eyes2 for the noble tongue that knows not how to tell the spirit of a lie and save the letter4 ,here now before me were all these4 ,refreshing1 n'est ce pas8 and very delightful--for a time4 ,blanch and ,i were whirled into the house in the midst of a tornado of welcomes1 apologies1 regrets1 wonderings1 and questions innumerable4 ,but as we were whisked through the kitchen1 ,i had time to see all the old landmarks2 the great stone fire-place1 with a mantel-piece nearly out of reach1 the bed1 with its bright patch-work quilt1 the broom of cedar-boughs behind the door1 the strip-bottom chairs1 the large blocks to eke out with when more seats were needed1 the rough walls1 the immaculate neatness4 ,there were two rooms in the house1 and we were suffered to sit only when we had reached the second4 ,this was glorious with pictorial newspapers pasted over the log walls1 with a ,job's patience quilt on the bed1 with two painted wooden chairs1 and a chintz-covered divan1 a rag mat on the floor1 two brass candlesticks on the mantel-piece1 a looking-glass six inches long1 and a gay picture of a yellow-haired1 praying ,samuel1 dressed in a blue night-gown1 and kneeling on a red cushion4 ,sally was so delightedly flustered by our coming that1 as she said1 she did not know whether she was on her head or her heels1 a doubt which so sensibly affected her movements that she was every moment making little inconsequent rushes where she had no need to go1 and repeating the same things over and over4 ,presently she sat still with a start1 and listened to a heavy step that came through the porch and into the kitchen4 ,sh-h-h6 ,there he comes6 she whispered4 ,in fact1 ,i had already caught a glimpse through the chimney-back of a man in his shirt-sleeves1 who hung up a tattered straw hat1 and took down from its nail a tin washbasin with a long handle1 like a skillet4 ,sally6 he called out1 splashing a dipperful of water into the basin4 ,whot8 returned ,sally1 with a facetious nod at me4 ,who's been here this afternoon8 ,i see wagon-tracks down in the road4 ,boarders6 says ,sally1 with another nod and wink4 ,boarders8 ,what for8 came in a tone of amazement2 and through a chink in the rock chimney ,i could see his wet face turned1 listening for her answer1 and his dripping hands suspended4 ,to get boarded1 replied ,sally succinctly4 ,such an astounding announcement required immediate explanation1 and ,mr4 ,smith was coming in a dripping state to demand one1 when his wife jumped up to intercept him4 ,guess who's come6 she said1 stopping him in the entry4 ,who8 he asked in a stentorian whisper4 ,mary6 says dear ,sally1 with a little burst of gladness that brought tears to my eyes4 ,mary who8--with the same preposterous feint of secrecy4 ,why1 bobolink ,mary1 you great goose6 ,you don't say so6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,smith1 and as he spoke1 his face1 with wide-open eyes and mouth1 appeared over ,sally's shoulder1 then disappeared instantly at sight of ,blanch4 ,nor would our host permit me to come to him1 nor make himself visible again till he had gone through a tremendous scrubbing and brushing1 all of which was perfectly audible to us4 ,then he came in1 sleek and shining1 and gave us a hearty though embarrassed welcome1 bowing before ,blanch with a movement like the shutting up of a pocket-knife1 and greatly confused on finding himself obliged to take her small hand4 ,i am bound to say that ,blanch behaved exquisitely4 ,she could not help being dainty and delicate2 but she showed herself so unaffectedly delighted with every thing and every body that her daintiness was not remembered against her4 ,besides1 she had the good taste not to try to imitate their rough ways1 but remained simply herself4 ,sally disappeared presently1 and in a surprisingly short space of time returned to tell us1 with a very red face1 that supper was ready4 ,there was a momentary cloud of doubt over ,blanch's face2 but ,i went unfearing1 and the event justified my confidence4 ,the coarsest of delf1 to be sure1 and a cotton cloth1 and steel forks1 and a tin coffee-pot4 ,but whatever could be polished shone like the sun1 and whatever could be white was like snow4 ,as to the supper1 it was worthy of the pen of ,mr4 ,secretary ,pepys4 ,the traditional delicacies of a country table are taken for granted2 but the coffee was a glorious work of supererogation1 and delicious enough to be handed about in the paradise of ,mohammedans4 ,besides this1 ,sally1 with a recollection of one of my mother's pretty ways1 had laid a sprig of fragrant sweet-brier beside each plate1 and with mine a drowsy dandelion just shutting its golden rays4 ,you must excuse me for giving you deer meat1 said our hostess with great humility2 ,i haven't any other kind on hand to-day2 but to-morrow-- ,she stopped short in the act of setting the dish on the table1 unspeakably mortified by the incredulous stare with which ,blanch regarded her4 ,if you don't like it-- she began stammering4 ,we immediately explained that ,blanch was simply astonished at an apology being offered with venison1 whereat ,sally grew radiant4 ,mr4 ,smith did not appear at the table4 ,he insisted that he had been to supper1 but abstained from mentioning the day on which he last partook of that meal4 ,indeed1 during all the time ,blanch and ,i were in that house we never saw the master of it eat one mouthful4 ,he never will sit down with folks1 ,sally whispered privately to me as we left the table4 ,when ,sally said he1 pure and simple1 she always meant her husband4 ,she had a dim consciousness that there were other1 nebulous masculines in the world2 but to her mind ,mr4 ,thomas ,smith was the bright particular ,,he4 ,at eight o'clock we went to bed by the pure1 pale twilight of ,june1 and sank up to our eyes in feathers4 ,oh6 cried ,blanch1 ,i'm going through to ,china6 ,never mind6 ,i said encouragingly1 to-morrow we will put this absurd puff-ball underneath1 and promote the straw-bed4 ,straw6 exclaimed a voice from the depths4 ,yes6 pretty1 yellow1 shining straws1 such as you suck mint-juleps through4 ,well1 don't get excited6 ,straws such as your brother ,tom sucks mint-juleps through4 ,good-night1 honey6 ,i heard her whisper a prayer4 ,then we dropped asleep peacefully2 while with steadfast eyes of holy fire our angels kept watch and ward4 ,,iii4 ,,bipeds ,,with ,,feathers4 ,the next morning the unaccustomed stillness woke us early2 and there was a long1 golden beam of sunlight stretched across the bare floor4 ,the hop-leaves hanging over the eastern window were translucent1 and more gold than green1 and all round their edges hung radiant drops of dew1 slowly gathering and falling4 ,blanch smiled1 but said nothing1 scarcely spoke a word to ,god1 even1 ,i think1 but knelt and let her prayer exhale from her1 like dew from the morning earth4 ,the kitchen was all in order when we went out4 ,it was shaded1 exquisitely clean1 swept through by a soft draught1 and finely perfumed by the new cedar broom which ,thomas had made that morning4 ,in the fire-place lay a heap of hard-wood coals in a solid glow1 but the heat of them all went up chimney4 ,the table was set for two1 and breakfast ready all but cooking the eggs4 ,sally held a bowl of these in her hand1 while1 outside1 the hens were making loud affidavit to their freshness4 ,after breakfast1 ,blanch put on a little scarlet sack1 took her parasol1 and went out to reconnoitre4 ,sally and ,i staid in the house and talked over old times1 while she washed the dishes and ,i wiped them4 ,old times1 even the happiest1 are sad to recall1 and we soon fell into silence4 ,in that pause1 ,sally wrung out her dish-cloth1 gave it a scientific shake that made it snap like a whip-lash1 and hung it up on two nails to dry4 ,then she wiped her eyes on her sleeve4 ,land sakes6 she exclaimed1 what's that8 and rushed out doors1 catching the broom on her way4 ,i followed with the shovel1 for that was a scream which unmistakably came from ,blanch4 ,there was neither savage nor wild beast in sight1 nor was ,blanch visible2 but there was a great commotion in the poultry-yard1 and a large turkey-gobbler of a military appearance was strutting about in full feather and declaiming in some foreign language4 ,it sounded like low ,dutch4 ,what he said seemed to make a great impression on the hens and geese1 for they looked awe-struck4 ,presently we espied ,blanch at the very top of one of the highest board fences that ever was built1 clinging for dear life4 ,i don't know how ,i ever got here1 she said piteously4 ,the last recollection ,i have is of that horrid creature ruffling himself all up and coming at me4 ,then ,i came right up4 ,and that's all ,i know4 ,but ,i can't get down again4 ,i got a little ladder and helped ,blanch down from her dangerous perch1 while ,sally kept the turkey-gobbler at bay1 standing1 broom in hand1 in that position called in heraldry rampant-regardant4 ,he doesn't like scarlet very well1 she remarked4 ,it isn't his favorite color4 ,then we went to see ,mrs4 ,partington1 a large gray hen1 which was that morning taking her first airing with a new brood4 ,she had been set on goose-eggs1 which had1 naturally1 hatched out goslings2 but she did not know it4 ,now1 said ,sally1 if you want to see an astonished hen1 come along4 ,there was a duck-pond near1 and some instinct in the goslings led them that way4 ,mrs4 ,partington yielded1 like a fond1 indulgent mother1 and clucked along full of nave consequence and good-nature4 ,but at a little distance from the margin she paused1 called her brood about her1 and began to talk to them in a gray1 comfortable1 complacent voice4 ,i suppose she was telling them how dangerous water is4 ,they listened first with one side of their heads1 then with the other1 and two of them winked at each other1 and made little irresistible shies toward the pond4 ,they looked like green eggs on two sticks4 ,the hen left off her lecture1 clucked loudly1 spread her wings1 and ran after them4 ,but the next instant a shriek broke from her bill2 for1 as every body knows1 of course1 the goslings all plunged headlong into the pond4 ,poor ,mrs4 ,partington was1 indeed1 an astonished hen4 ,she was more3 she was a transfixed hen4 ,she stood gazing at them in horror1 evidently expecting to see every one of them keel over and go to the bottom4 ,but no2 the little voyagers floated about quite at their ease1 striking out with their tiny paddles1 their downy backs and absurd little heads shedding the water beautifully4 ,she must know now that they are goslings1 said ,blanch4 ,goslings8 ,not she6 answered ,sally4 ,ten to one she thinks that she is a goose4 ,no1 that hen will go down to the platter without finding out that she has been cheated4 ,we had a busy day4 ,we went to see the frame-house that ,mr4 ,smith had begun to raise1 and ,sally's dairy in the cellar of it2 we promoted our straw-bed1 filled our fireplace with pine boughs1 thus cutting off the view through the chimney-back2 unpacked our trunks and set up our graven images2 and1 when sunset was near1 went out into the woods at the foot of ,spruce ,mountain to get a pail of water from a little ,johannisberger of a spring there4 ,the mountain was between us and the sunset1 and the woods were in shadow2 but up over the lofty tree-tops the red and golden lights floated past1 and every little pool1 among its treasures of reflected foliage1 airy nest of bird1 and bending flower1 held warmly its bit of azure sky1 and crimson or golden cloud4 ,presently we came to where1 at the foot of a spruce-tree1 our spring lay like a fire-opal1 with that one spark down among its haunting shadows4 ,a cool green darkness fell into it from the overhanging boughs1 velvet mosses growing close rimmed it with a brighter emerald1 gray of trunk1 branch1 and twig melted into it1 milky little flowers nodded over at their milky little twins below1 and in the midst burned that live coal of the sunset4 ,when we plunged our tin pail into this spring1 it was as though we were going to dip up jewels4 ,but instantly we touched the water1 it whitened all over with a silvery-rippled mail1 the colors disappeared1 and we brought up only crystal clearness4 ,the next moment1 though1 the throbbing waters subsided1 and the many-tinted enchantment stole tremulously back again4 ,when we went to bed that night1 a shower was prowling about the horizon1 and over on ,spruce ,mountain the wolves were howling back defiance to the thunders4 ,what a lovely1 savage week it was that followed6 ,somewhere in it was dissolved a ,sunday2 but we were scarcely aware of it1 there was so little to mark the day4 ,in that week we learned one fact that was new to us1 and that was the profound melancholy that reigns in the woods4 ,looking back1 we could recollect that the impression had always1 though unconsciously1 been the same4 ,is it that in the forest ,pan alone is the chosen god8 and that there is still mourned that day when ,the parting genius was with sighing rent4 ,or is the sadness because ,he who once came down to walk among the trees1 and call through the dews1 comes no more8 ,whatever may be the reason1 melancholy is enthroned in the forest4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,diamond-,,washing4 ,on one of those days1 ,blanch and ,i1 after a severe dispute on the subject with ,sally1 did a washing4 ,sally said we shouldn't2 but wash we would1 and wash we did4 ,we rose at early white dawn1 kilted up our wrappers1 shouldered our clothes-bag1 took soap1 matches1 and kindlings1 and started4 ,a path led us past the new frame-house and a grove beyond it to the wash-room4 ,this was a noble apartment about forty rods long by thirty wide1 and was walled in by cedar and pine columns with the branches and foliage left on1 a great improvement on ,solomon's building4 ,the cornice was delicately traced against a pale-blue ceiling frescoed with silver1 the most beautiful ceiling ,i have ever seen4 ,the carpet was a green velvet pile1 thickly diapered with small gold-colored and white flowers in an irregular pattern1 and beaded all over with crystals4 ,near the door by which we entered was one of the most charming imitations of rustic scenery to be found at home or abroad4 ,a huge granite boulder1 broken and hollowed roughly1 had a thread of sparkling water bubbling up through a rift in it1 and overflowing its basin in a rivulet4 ,near this stood two forked poles with a large copper kettle suspended from a cross-pole4 ,underneath the kettle were the ashes of more than one fire4 ,countless birds flew about1 singing as well as if they had been sent to ,paris4 ,on the whole1 it was a picture which would have drawn a crowd at any exhibition4 ,wood was there1 covered from the dew with green boughs4 ,we placed our kindlings1 lighted them with a match scraped inside ,blanch's slipper1 and soon a blue column of smoke was rising straight into the morning air1 and the flames were growing4 ,then we filled the great kettle with water from the fountain of ,arethusa1 and1 as soon as it was warm1 began to wash4 ,for one hour there was nothing but silence and scrubbing2 then a loud war-whoop through ,sally's hands announced that breakfast was ready4 ,by that time our clothes were all washed and bubbling in the boiler4 ,looking about then1 we saw that every cedar pillar had a golden capital2 cloth of gold was spread here and there in long stretches1 and the frescoes had changed their shape1 and1 instead of silver1 were rosy and golden4 ,poor ,sally1 looking at us ruefully when we went in1 asked to see our hands4 ,they were worth looking at1 all the skin being off the backs of them1 and the insides puckered up into the most curious and complex wrinkles4 ,we ate with glorious appetites1 though1 had another engagement with ,sally1 who wanted us to lie down to rest1 and have our hands bandaged1 and went back to find our clothes wabbling clumsily1 but quite to our satisfaction4 ,we upset our tubs and rinsed them1 then set them up and filled with cold water again4 ,next we took each a clothes-stick1 fished something from the kettle with it1 ran with it boiling hot at the stick's end1 and soused it into one of the tubs4 ,we had to run a good many times1 probably a mile in all4 ,we squeezed the clothes out of this pickle1 called by the initiated boiled suds2 refilled our tubs1 and performed that last operation of rinsing1 which took the puckered insides quite out of our hands1 leaving them almost innocent of cuticle4 ,my dear1 said ,blanch1 as we spread our washing out on the green1 every woman on earth ought to do one washing4 ,it would do their souls good1 though it should temporarily damage their bodies4 ,my laundress is a new being to me from this day4 ,i mean to double her wages4 ,oh6 she exclaimed suddenly1 and held up the bleeding forefinger of her left hand4 ,my ring6 ,i have lost it2 it is washed away4 ,the poor child looked distressed1 and no wonder2 for the missing cluster was a souvenir4 ,we set ourselves to search1 but in vain4 ,on each side of our grassy bench1 three tubs of water had been spilt1 and had wandered in devious ways1 and to some distance4 ,we sawed our sore fingers on the notched edges of the grass-blades1 to no purpose4 ,it was careless of you1 ,blanch1 ,i said austerely4 ,you should have recollected that the ring was loose-- ,a twinkle appeared in ,blanch's eyes1 if not on her finger4 ,i followed the direction of her significant glance1 and behold6 where the lambent solitaire had burned on my hand1 was an aching void6 ,my angel1 said ,blanch sweetly1 did you ever hear of diamond-washings8 ,v4 ,a ,,miss ,,is ,,as ,,good ,,as ,a ,,mile4 ,when ,sunday came round a second time1 we were aware of it4 ,every day had been to us like a crystal brimming cup overflowing to quench the day's thirst2 but looking out into this ,sunday1 we saw only a golden emptiness4 ,tears hung on ,blanch's long eyelashes4 ,think of all the blessed open church-doors1 she said4 ,it makes me homesick4 ,i want to go to mass4 ,even a fiddling1 frescoed1 full-dress mass would be better than none4 ,i quoted my friend1 ,sir ,boyle ,roche1 ',can a man be like a bird1 in two places at once8' ,besides1 little one1 if you were in town1 it is not unlikely that you might stay at home all day because your new hat was not becoming1 or because of the hot sun1 or the east wind1 or the mud1 or the dust4 ,the dear child blushed4 ,but then one likes to know that one can go1 she said meekly4 ,sally and her husband were going five miles to meeting that day4 ,they started early2 and we watched them go soberly off in single file till the trees hid first the large brim of ,sally's preposterous bonnet1 then the crown of ,mr4 ,smith's antique hat4 ,then we went in and prepared a little altar1 with a statuette of the ,virgin1 a crucifix1 candles and flowers1 and1 lifting up our hearts in that wild solitude1 assisted at some far-away mass4 ,there was no interruption1 only a group of deer stood without1 at the distance of a stone's throw1 as motionless as gray marble statues1 and watched us with soft1 intent eyes4 ,after we had got through and were sitting silently1 the candles still burning1 some ,roman ,catholic hummingbirds dashed in and sucked the honey out of the wild roses we had given our ,lady1 but left a sweet thought instead4 ,when the buzz of their wings was gone1 we heard robins and a bobolink outside1 and a chorus of little twitterers singing a ,laudate4 ,amen6 said ,blanch4 ,the unclouded sunlight steeped the surrounding forest in sultry splendor1 and clouds of perfume rose1 like incense1 from pine1 and fir1 and hemlock1 from thousands of little blossoms1 from plots of red and white clover1 heavy with honey1 from censers of anemones1 and1 threading all these sweets of sound1 perfume1 and sight together1 was the bubbling voice of a brook murmuring ,paters and ,aves over its pebbles4 ,blanch smiled1 and repeated softly3 ,the waters all over the earth rejoice ,in many a hushed and silvery voice2 ',in ,jordan we covered ,him1 foot and crown1 ,while the dove of the ,spirit came fluttering down4 ',we steadied his keel at the crowded beach1 ,when the multitude gathered to hear him teach2 ,the feet of our ,master we smoothly bore1 ,and he walked the sea as a paven floor4 ',when the tempest lashed each foamy crest1 ,at his ',peace1 be still6' we sank to rest4 ,and we laughed into wine1 when he came to see ,the marriage in ,cana of ,galilee4' ,the stars that fade in the growing day ,have each a tremulous word to say2 ',we sang1 we sang1 as we hung above ,the lowly cradle of ,infinite ,love4' ,the low winds whisper1 ',we fanned in his hair ,the flame of an unseen aureole there4' ,and the lily1 pallid with rapture1 cries1 ',i blanched in the light of his fervent eyes6' ,voices of earth and air unite1 ,voices of day and voices of night1 ,flinging their memories into the way ,of the coming in of the dear ,lord's day4 ,o ,christ6 we join with them to bless ,thy name in love and thankfulness2 ,and cry as we kneel before thy throne1 ,we are all thine own6 we are all thine own6 ,when ,sally and ,mr4 ,smith came home that afternoon1 they were accompanied by a tall1 stiff1 severe man in black1 at the first sight of whom ,blanch and ,i got our hats for a walk4 ,it was ,elder ,samson1 come up to convert the idolaters4 ,we knew well what hydra-headed discourse he had prepared to devour our patience1 our charity1 our civility even4 ,discretion was the better part of valor1 we concluded1 and fled1 leaving1 alas6 the statuette of our ,lady1 with the candles burning beside her1 and the wild roses clinging about and kissing her feet4 ,if we had but known6 ,but we did not then1 nor till long afterward4 ,when we came back1 every thing was1 apparently1 as we had left it4 ,but1 when ,sally came to town in the fall1 she told how1 the moment the elder saw our graven image1 he flew into a holy rage1 flung it1 roses and all1 out the window1 and would have flung the candles after it1 if she had not rescued them by main force4 ,the result was an illustration of the church militant1 in which rather high words passed between ,sally and the elder4 ,mr4 ,smith1 feebly interposing to take the part of his clerical visitor1 was routed utterly4 ,but meantime1 in happy unconsciousness1 ,blanch and ,i walked down the road1 and down and down the road1 a mile1 and another mile1 and again a mile1 through the green and flowery solitude1 flecked and flickering with sunlight and shadow1 the silence only softly stirred by a multitudinous rustling of leaves4 ,now and then we saw a deer by the road-side2 and far away in the woods the foxes snarled and barked4 ,our walk ended on a long log that bridged a brook1 and there we stood and looked up to see the waters come down to us4 ,presently1 instead of their flowing down1 we seemed to float up4 ,we were going up to the cradle of this dancing stream1 to some enchanted land where the baby rivulet first saw the sun4 ,we were going back1 also1 to our own childhood1 floating up and up to careless days1 leaving the heavy years behind4 ,when we came back from that far-away country1 a little sea-sick with our journey1 ,i turned to see ,blanch looking at me with great attention4 ,my dear1 she said1 you are the most absurd figure ,i recollect to have seen in the whole course of my life4 ,if it were not deplorable that human taste should be so perverted1 ,i should find you ludicrous4 ,so you have found it out1 ,i replied1 highly edified4 ,i have been thinking the same of you this week past4 ,of course any one with eyes can see that ,sally in her straight gown and big apron1 with her hair in a pug1 is better dressed than we4 ,blanch had brought ,mr4 ,smith's pistol with her4 ,she always took it when we went into the woods2 for she considered herself a pretty good shot4 ,she had at home a pasteboard target full of little holes1 the best one about six inches from the centre1 all made by shots fired by her at a distance of twenty feet4 ,she felt safer to take the pistol1 she said2 for if any animal were to attack us1 she could be sure to wound if not to kill it4 ,no animal1 she argued very sensibly1 could be dangerous at a distance of twenty feet or more4 ,and if he should come within that1 ,i could not fail hitting pretty near his head or heart4 ,you see1 ,i missed only six inches in the shooting-gallery1 and a bear or a wolf would be much larger than my target4 ,when you want to convince others1 always speak as though your proposition is unquestionable4 ,every body knows that the majority of persons in the majority of cases find it troublesome to think for themselves1 and that if you are positive enough1 you can make them believe any thing4 ,if ,blanch had been a shade less logical and decided1 ,i might have submitted that a pasteboard target does not pounce upon you and hug you to death1 or tear you into inch pieces while you are taking aim1 and that with a wild live creature to glare back with two great threatening eyes into her one blue eye looking at him1 like a murderous violet1 over the pistol-barrel1 her nerves might be shaken to the extent of another six inches from the mark4 ,but her air was one of such perfect conviction that my subjunctive case expired without a sigh4 ,the tree-tops were still full of sunshine when we started to go home1 but the road was shaded4 ,blanch seemed a little uneasy4 ,i believe we'd be awful good to eat1 she said apprehensively4 ,even in speaking1 she stopped short1 ,i stopped1 we stopped all two1 as the ,french say4 ,directly in front of us and not far away1 sitting with an air of deliberation in the middle of the road1 was a large1 clumsy1 shaggy beast that looked at us with an inexplicable expression4 ,i had never had the pleasure of an introduction to this animal1 but none was needed4 ,i had seen his portrait on the outside of hair-oil bottles4 ,the resemblance was striking4 ,blanch turned very red1 and raised her pistol4 ,shall ,i fire8 asked the little heroine in a stage-whisper4 ,fire6 ,her hand was trembling like a leaf in the wind2 but she took beautiful aim1 and ,i am bound to confess that her pasteboard target could not have received the attention with more unmoved tranquillity4 ,the pistol went hard1 though1 and the pull she had to give the trigger brought the muzzle down1 so that instead of the shot striking within six inches of the bear's heart or brain1 it struck up a little puff of dust1 and took off the devoted head of a buttercup about five feet from us4 ,have ,i hit him8 she asked breathlessly1 opening her eyes4 ,she had shut them very tight on firing4 ,she had not hit him2 but he took the hint1 and got himself clumsily out of the way4 ,i thought he acted as though his feelings were hurt4 ,i have forgotten whether we ran4 ,i am inclined to think that we did not4 ,but we were not long in getting home1 and then the elder was gone4 ,,vi4 ,,homesick4 ,a pathetic little incident happened that week1 which suggested many thoughts to us4 ,passing by a cleared space in the woods one afternoon1 ,mr4 ,smith saw a deer family quietly grazing there4 ,plentiful as these creatures were in that region1 they never suffered a near approach2 but this group looked at the intruder peacefully and showed no sign of alarm4 ,is there on earth an animal more fierce and cruel than man in deed if not in intention8 ,this man did not deliberately mean to perpetrate a fiendish act2 but no otherwise could what he did be characterized4 ,he did not want the venison1 the skins1 the graceful antlers2 but he fancied it rather a fine thing to have that bounding target still for a moment4 ,his rifle was over his shoulder2 he lowered it1 and took aim at the stag's stately front4 ,there was a report2 the creature gave one leap into the air1 then fell1 shot through the forehead4 ,not even then did the others fly4 ,while he loaded his rifle again1 they bent over their prostrate companion1 touching him1 moved by what mute1 incredulous grief1 who can say8 ,the marksman gleefully took aim again1 and the doe fell with a bullet through her heart1 and sobbed her life away4 ,when ,mr4 ,smith saw the young one put its head down to the mother's1 for the first time some compunction touched his coarse1 unsympathetic soul4 ,but he had gone too far to retreat1 and in a few minutes the fawn lay dead beside its mother4 ,sally reproached her husband passionately when he told her the story of his wonderful feat4 ,if dumb creatures were like men1 she said1 the wild beasts would get up a mob to-night1 and come here and lynch us2 and not be to blame either6 ,blanch and ,i left ,mr4 ,smith meekly taking his castigation1 and went out to see his victims4 ,they lay where they had fallen1 on the greensward1 poor creatures6 a sad blot upon the peaceful scene1 their innocent1 happy lives quite ebbed away4 ,we stood by them a little while in the sunny silence1 and it seemed as though every thing living shrank from us4 ,we had never before been out without seeing some form of that wild animal life with which the woods were teeming4 ,but now there was no sound of skittish steps evading us1 no glimpse of shadowy figures among the trees4 ,all was silent and dead4 ,we went to the road-side1 and1 seating ourselves on the moss under an aspen-tree1 mourned silently4 ,and thinking of the slaughtered deer1 ,i thought of the first death in ,eden2 and from that1 of the first sin in the world2 and from that1 of all the sin and sorrow that is in the world2 and from that1 of ,him who came to restore us to the true ,eden1 the city of real peace1 and how he stays here unseen1 and watches lest we kill or are killed2 and then ,i thought1 ,the nearer one keeps to the place where he is1 the better4 ,blanch half reclined1 leaning on her elbow1 and her face looked like a pale flame in the flickering shadow of the tree above us4 ,she stretched her hand and touched tenderly a lovely spray of partridge-berry that trailed over the moss1 but did not break it4 ,then she looked up4 ,minnie1 she said1 ,i'm homesick4 ,so am ,i4 ,when will we start8 ,to-morrow4 ,,the ,,adam ,,of ,,andreini4 ,voltaire1 in his life of ,milton1 mentioned the fact that in his youth the poet witnessed at ,milan the representation of a drama entitled1 ,adam2 or1 ,original ,sin1 written by a certain ,gio4 ,battista ,andreini1 a ,florentine1 and dedicated to ,marie de' ,medici1 ,queen of ,france4 ,the ,french writer stated that ,milton must have taken with him to ,england a copy of the work4 ,his account was repeated by other biographers of the great ,english poet1 some of whom alluded to the ,italian poem as a farce4 ,in consequence of their unfavorable judgment1 the impression has prevailed that ,milton was not indebted to ,andreini for the conception of his ,paradise ,lost1 but that the grandeur and sublimity of the invention belong solely to him4 ,andreini's work fell into oblivion soon after its production1 and has remained unappreciated even by the author's countrymen2 so that it is not surprising that the honors due the ,catholic poet have not been rendered by ,english or ,american critics or readers4 ,the mystery1 tragedy1 or sacred drama of ,adam1 composed by ,andreini1 was represented at ,milan early in the seventeenth century1 and was received with such enthusiasm that the author was invited to the ,french court by ,queen ,mary1 and was there loaded with honors4 ,a splendid edition of his work1 dedicated to the queen1 illustrated with plates and a portrait of the author1 was issued at ,milan in #afag4 ,such a reception shows the estimation in which his production was held at the time4 ,defects which did not interfere with the grandeur of the original design impaired its popularity afterward4 ,the author was numbered among the ,seicentisti1 and belonged to a school noted for its departure from simplicity2 for false refinements and extravagant conceits4 ,under the influence of such writers as ,marini1 ,lappi1 ,redi1 etc41 in an age of pedantry1 poetry was removed from nature1 and dragged from her proper sphere4 ,but though ,andreini lived amidst the prevalence of a corrupt taste1 and his style was in some degree tainted1 it could not have been expected that any succeeding school1 however correct1 should trample under foot the substance of his work1 and slight its sublimity of conception1 to which a more enlightened age should have done justice4 ,such justice1 nevertheless1 has been denied him4 ,after it had been forgotten more than two hundred years1 a tardy acknowledgment of ,andreini's merit was paid by a few ,italian critics1 and a small1 unadorned edition of his work was again published at ,lucano2 but in such an unattractive form that it seems to have awakened little attention4 ,a few copies of the first edition were sold as a great literary curiosity4 ,one1 purchased at a large price1 affords us an opportunity of examining the claim so long buried in obscurity1 and to see how much the author of ,paradise ,lost has really borrowed4 ,it is well known that ,milton's first idea1 in treating the subject1 was to write a tragedy2 and that he had actually composed some scenes before he finally resolved to transfer his pencil to a vaster canvas4 ,the difference between the epic and dramatic form gave a great advantage to the ,english poet4 ,all the ornaments of description1 in which ,paradise ,lost is so rich1 were denied to ,andreini1 since they could not be admitted into dialogue4 ,that ,milton saw and profited by ,andreini's tragedy1 can be proved not only by external testimony1 but by evidence contained in almost every page of his work4 ,we must look to the conception and to the expression of thought1 in drawing the comparison between the two1 which will conclusively show ,andreini to be in truth the precursor of ,milton1 the original author of the design elaborated in ,paradise ,lost4 ,we will give an analysis of the drama1 with extracts faithfully translated1 rendering the literal sense of the original4#ahd ,the scene of the tragedy is in the terrestrial paradise4 ,the interlocutors are the ,eternal ,father1 ,michael and a chorus of angels1 ,adam and ,eve1 ,lucifer1 the ,prince of ,hell1 ,satan1 ,beelzebub1 the ,seven ,deadly ,sins1 besides various allegorical personages1 such as the ,world and the ,flesh1 ,hunger1 ,fatigue1 ,despair1 ,death1 and ,vainglory1 with a chorus of infernal messengers and spirits of the elements4 ,the author's own summary will give the most accurate idea of the piece4 ,a chorus of angels in the prologue sing the glory of the eternal ,god1 calling upon the new creation to praise him4 ,the future advent of the ,incarnate ,word is dimly predicted4 ,the ,almighty is completing his vast work by the formation of man2 the new being is welcomed in strains of jubilee and rejoicing by the shining choir about him1 and the scene proceeds with solemnity and magnificence1 in language elevated and sublime4 ,the ecstasy of the newly created at the glory revealed to his senses by the celestial train who cleave heaven with their wings of gold1 and his devout aspirations of love and homage toward his ,creator1 are admirably expressed4 ,adam adores the ineffable mysteries of the ,trinity and the coming ,incarnation4 ,the verse throughout this scene is in lyrical measures adapted to the subject1 and to the emotions uttered4 ,adam falls into sleep1 and ,eve is created and named woman by the eternal ,father4 ,a resemblance may be discovered by the curious between the ascent of the heavenly train from ,eden1 after the blessing is pronounced and the work completed1 and a similar description in the seventh book of ,paradise ,lost4 ,adam then points out to ,eve the wonders of the new world1 rehearses the divine command and prohibition1 and inspires her with love for the beneficent ,being who gave them all3 ,adam4 ,lo6 the deep azure of yon heaven1 where oft ,that bright and wandering star1 ,herald of radiance yet afar1 ,shall dart its welcome ray ,to ope the richer glories of the day4 ,then the majestic sun1 ,to fill the earth with joy1 ,o'er her glad face shall fling his golden light2 ,till weary of his reign1 ,the pure and silvery moon1 ,with all her starry train1 ,shall come to grace the festal pomp of night ,lo6 where above all other elements ,the subtle flame ascends1 outshining all3 ,lo6 where the soft transparent air uplifts ,bright-plumaged birds1 with notes of melody ,measuring the happy hours6 ,lo6 the vast bosom of propitious earth1 ,with opening flowers1 with glowing fruit adorned1 ,and her green tresses that the crown sustain ,upon her mountain summits1 and her sceptre ,of towering trees4 ,behold6 the azure field ,of ocean's empire6 where 'mid humid sands1 ,and his deep valleys1 and the myriad hosts ,of his mute tribes1 and treasures of fair pearls1 ,and purple gems1 his billows roll and plough4 ,bearing to heaven his proud and stormy head1 ,crowned with the garlands rifled from the deep-- ,glory and wonder all6 ,of ,one they speak4 ,their great ,creator6 ,in the second scene1 ,lucifer rises from the abyss2 and at the first glance we recognize the conception which is one of the chief glories of ,paradise ,lost4 ,the apostate of this piece1 like ,milton's ,satan1 is a majestic being1 stem1 defying1 and dreadless1 even in despair4 ,pride1 indomitable pride1 is still his master passion2 in the midst of his blood-chilling irony and impiety1 we lose not the awe inspired by a mighty nature1 still mighty and commanding1 though perverted to evil2 nor forget that his faded splendor wan is but the excess ,of glory obscured4 ,in a bold and haughty strain1 well befitting the lost archangel1 vaunting aloud1 though racked with deep despair1 he gives vent to the envy and hatred of his rebellious spirit3 ,from mine abode of gloom ,who calls me to behold this hateful light8 ,what wonders1 strange and new1 ,hast thou prepared1 ,o ,god6 to blast my sight8 ,art thou1 ,creator1 weary of thy heaven1 ,that thou hast made on earth ,a paradise so fair8 ,or why hast thou placed here ,beings of flesh that ,god's own semblance wear8 ,say1 condescending ,architect6 who fram'dst ,such work from clay1 what destiny awaits ,this naked1 helpless man1 lone habitant ,of caves and woods8 ,perchance he hopes one day to tread the stars6 ,heaven is impoverished3#ahe ,i alone the cause4 ,the exulting cause of that vast ruin6 ,add ,yet star to star2 let suns and moons increase2 ,toil yet1 ,creator1 to adorn thy skies2 ,to make them bright and glorious as of old2 ,to prove at length how vain and scorned thy toil6 ,i--,i alone--supplied that light which sent ,a thousand splendors to the farthest heaven1 ,to which these lights are shadows1 or reflect ,with faint and feeble gleam my greater glory4 ,yet reck ,i not1 whate'er these things may be1 ,or this new being3 stern1 unyielding still1 ,my aim1 my purpose1 is hostility ,implacable 'gainst man1 and heaven1 and ,god6 ,act i4 sc4 #b4 ,the partners of his guilt and punishment1 who join him in the garden1 now surround him2 and we have a vivid picture of hell in the midst of ,paradise3 ,beelzebub4 ,fierce is the torturing flame1 ,and deep the flood of venom in my soul4 ,madness rules all within1 ,and my forced sighs like peals of thunder roll1 ,each glance is scorching lightning1 and my tears ,red drops of fire6 ,from my seared front ,i would ,shake back the serpent locks that shroud my face1 ,to look upon this boasted work of heaven-- ,on these new demigods6444 ,spirits6 the lustre of eternal day ,for ever quenched for you1 and every sun ,that fires the empyrean6 ,a lost1 sorrowing race ,heaven deems you now4 ,ye who were wont to tread ,the radiant pathways of the skies1 now press ,the fields of endless night4 ,for golden locks ,and mien celestial1 slimy serpents twine ,around your brows1 hiding the vengeful glance2 ,your haggard lips are parted to receive ,a hideous air--while on them blasphemies ,hang thick1 and ever with the damning words ,escape foul fumes of hell4 ,the remainder of the picture1 in its minuteness of horror1 partakes too much of the prevailing want of taste which disfigured the best productions of the ,italians of the seventeenth century4 ,we select1 of course1 some of the striking passages of the poem1 though we by no means include all its beauties in our extracts4 ,then ,satan says3 ,in deep abodes ,of gloom1 and horror1 and profound despair1 ,still are we angels6 ,still do we excel ,all else1 even as the haughty lord excels ,the humble1 grovelling slave4 ,if we unfold ,our wings so far from heaven1 yet1 yet remember ,that we are lords1 while others wear the yoke2 ,that1 losing in yon heaven a lowly seat1 ,we raise instead1 stupendous and sublime1 ,a regal throne1 whereon our chosen chief1 ,exalted by high deeds1 mocks at his fate6 ,as some vast mountain1 bounded by the skies1 ,murmurs its kindling wrath against high heaven1 ,threatens the stars1 and wields a mighty sceptre ,of lurid flame1 consuming while it shines1 ,more deadly than the sun's intensest ray1 ,even when his beams are brightest6 ,can we not discover in the above passage the same spirit that animates ,milton's lines8 ,what matter where1 if ,i be still the same1 ,and what ,i should be1 all but less than ,he ,whom thunder hath made greater8 ,here1 at least1 ,we shall be free2 the ,almighty hath not built ,here for his envy2 will not drive us hence2 ,here we may reign secure2 and1 in my choice1 ,to reign is worth ambition1 though in hell2 ,better to reign in hell than serve in heaven6 ,the same thought is expressed in ,andreini's tragedy3 ,since greater happiness ,it is to live1 though damned1 in liberty1 ,than subject to be blest4 ,act iv4 sc4 #b4 ,lucifer1 the chief1 then discovers himself to his companions in iniquity1 and addresses them3 ,o ye powers ,immortal1 valiant1 great6 ,angels1 for lofty1 warlike daring born6 ,i know the grief that gnaws your inmost hearts1 ,a living death6 to see this creature man ,raised to a state so high ,that each created being bows to him4 ,in your minds' depths the rankling fear is wrought ,that to heaven's vacant seats1 and robes of light1 7,those seats once ours1 that pomp by us disdained17 ,these earthly minions one day may aspire#ahf ,with their unnumbered hosts of future sons4 ,satan then darkly alludes to the future incarnation of the ,son of ,god2 and ,lucifer answers3 ,and can it be that from so feeble dust ,a deity shall rise8 ,that ,flesh--that ,god--whose power omnipotent ,shall bind us in these chains of hell for ever8 ,and can it be those who did boast themselves ,the adored must stoop in humble suppliance ,to such vile clay8 ,shall angel bend a worshipper to man8 ,shall flesh1 born from impurity1 surpass ,celestial nature8 ,must such wonders be1 ,nor we divine them1 who at price so vast ,have bought the boast of knowledge8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i--,i am he who armed your noble minds ,with haughty daring2 to the distant north ,leading you from the wrathful will of ,him ,who boasts to have made the heavens4 ,you ,i know2 ,i know your soaring pride2 your valor too1 ,that almost wrung from heaven's reluctant hand ,the mighty victory4 ,yes1 the generous love ,of glory fires you still6 ,it cannot be ,that ,he whom you disdained to serve above ,shall now be worshipped in the depths of hell6 99 99 99 99 99 ,ah6 matchless is our insult6 grave the wound ,if we unite not promptly to avenge it6 ,already on your kindled brows ,i see ,the soul's high thirst--and hope1 by hate inflamed6 ,already ,i behold your ample wings ,spread to the air1 eager to sweep the world ,and those stern heavens to the abyss of ruin1 ,and man1 new born1 with them to overwhelm6 ,satan4 ,alas6 command ,and say what thou wouldst do6 ,with hundred tongues ,speak1 speak--that with a hundred mighty deeds ,satan may pant1 and hell be roused to action4 ,the conspiracy to draw man into sin and prevent the incarnation is then entered into4 ,lucifer4 ,most easy is the way of human ruin ,opened by ,god to his terrestrial work2 ,since nature wills with mandate absolute ,man shall his life preserve with various food1 ,and oft partaken4 ,ay1 it well may chance-- ,the bitter ruin in sweet food concealed-- ,that he may taste this day the fruit forbidden1 ,and by the way of death1 ,from naught created1 unto naught return4 ,act i4 sc4 #c4 ,his plan for the destruction of man is hailed with joy2 and ,lucifer next calls up the ,seven ,deadly ,sins to assist him in his infernal work4 ,to each of these mysterious impersonations a different task is assigned1 and detailed at length in the piece4 ,they are severally commissioned to assail his intended victims with every variety of temptation4 ,pride and ,envy are directed to fill the soul of ,eve with discontented thoughts1 and awaken vain imaginations of superiority2 to suggest regrets that she was not formed before ,adam1 as every man hereafter must receive his being from woman4 ,lucifer4 ,tell her1 the lovely gifts ,she hath received do merit not their doom-- ,submission to the will of haughty man2 ,that she in price doth far exceed her lord1 ,created of his flesh--as he of dust2 ,she in bright ,eden had her gentle birth-- ,he in the meaner fields4 ,dulciato1 who personates ,luxury1 declares the heart of woman peculiarly open to his fascinations4 ,even now fair ,eve at yonder crystal fount ,rejoices to behold the blushing rose ,in beauty vanquished by her vermil cheek2 ,the regal lily's virgin purity ,matched by the whiteness of her heaving breast2 ,already1 charmed1 she wreathes her flowing hair ,like threads of gold1 fanned by the wooing breeze1 ,and deems her lovely eyes two suns of love1 ,to kindle with their beams the coldest heart4 ,in the beginning of the second act we have a scene quite different4 ,the angelic train descends to hymn the goodness of the ,creator and the happiness of man4 ,weave1 weave the garlands light ,of fairest flowers1 ,in these primeval bowers1 ,for the new being--and his consort bright6 ,let each celestial voice ,with melody rejoice1 ,praising ,god's work of latest1 noblest birth2 ,and let the tide of song ,to gratitude belong ,for man1 the wonder of both heaven and earth4 ,the picture of the first pair1 in their primeval innocence and enjoyment1 full of gratitude to heaven and love for each other1 is so captivating in its simplicity and beauty that it would alone be sufficient to redeem more sins against taste than the whole book contains4 ,we do not imagine we are saying too much in calling it the original of ,milton's delineation1 as that of the infernal chief undoubtedly is4 ,the same graceful and feminine qualities blend in the exquisite character of ,eve2 the same superiority of intellect1 protecting gentleness1 and exalted devotion are seen in ,adam4 ,they are surrounded by invisible spirits1 the emissaries of ,lucifer1 who with jealous leer malign1 mock at the peaceful purity and happiness that blasts their envious sight1 and hurl vague threats against the beings who1 while innocent1 are safe from their hostility4 ,eve weaves for ,adam a garland of flowers1 which he places on his brow as a chain of love4 ,in reference to this ,lurcone says1 ,chains of infernal workmanship ,shall shortly bind you in a subtle fold ,which mortal stroke can never loose4 ,at the prayers of ,adam and ,eve1 offered with thanksgiving for their blessings1 the evil spirits precipitately fly--the agonies of hell burning in their hearts4 ,adam gives names to the various animals1 passing in review before him4 ,scene third is occupied by ,lucifer1 in the form of a serpent1 ,vainglory1 a gigantic figure1 magnificently attired1 and his attendant spirits4 ,the arch-demon exults over his expected success1 the ruin of so smiling a scene3 ,serpent4 ,how lovely smile these flowers1 ,these young fair buds6 and ah6 how soon my hand ,these pathways shall despoil of herbs and flowers4 ,lo6 where my feet have pressed their fragrant tops1 ,so graceful1 they have drooped2 and at my touch1 ,blasting and burning1 the moist spirit is fled ,from the scorched petal4 ,how do ,i rejoice ,among these bowers with blighting step to pass1 ,to poison with my breath their buds and leaves1 ,and turn to bitterness their purple fruits6 ,volano acquaints ,satan with the decision of the infernal council1 and ,vainglory and the serpent hide themselves under the tree of knowledge4 ,eve enters2 the wondrous beauty of the tempter1 gorgeously described1 fascinates her admiring gaze4 ,he is half-hid in the clustering foliage4 ,unconscious of evil1 she approaches nearer1 surprised at his aspect2 for the fiend exhibits a form like the fabled inhabitants of the sea1 human to his breast1 the rest of his body enveloped in scaly folds4 ,vainglory is invisible1 but is supposed to be secretly exerting his influence4 ,the serpent1 accosting ,eve in the accents of flattery1 enters into conversation with her1 informing her that he was placed in ,eden to take charge of its fruits and flowers1 and gifted with superiority over the brute creation4 ,he boasts of his knowledge1 which he vaunts as superior even to hers and ,adam's1 notwithstanding that he occupies a lower rank in the scale of the creation4 ,he intimates that her knowledge and ,adam's is far from corresponding to their superior excellence of form and high capabilities4 ,eve inquires how he can regard ,adam's knowledge as trifling4 ,doth he not know1 she cries1 the hidden virtue of each herb and mineral1 each beast and bird1 the elements1 the heavens1 the stars1 the sun8 ,the serpent replies3 ,ah6 how much worthier to know good and evil6 ,this is the highest knowledge2 this doth hold ,those mighty secrets dread1 sublime1 which could ,make you1 on earth1 like ,god4#ahg ,doth not this ignorance1 he says1 outraging your liberty with unworthy yoke1 make you inferior even to the savage beasts1 who would not submit to such a law8#ahh ,or is it that ,god fears you will equal him in knowledge8 in the essence of divinity8 ,no6 if you become like him by such means1 there would still be difference1 etc4#ahi ,the ,serpent then enters upon the immediate object of his design1 employing his subtle and persuasive eloquence to overcome ,eve's scruples and induce her to eat of the forbidden fruit1 whose taste is to impart to her heavenly wisdom4 ,the whole scene of the temptation is admirably managed4 ,the advances of the arch deceiver--now cautiously sounding her1 now eagerly urging her to disobedience--the unsuspecting credulity1 the increasing curiosity of ,eve1 are drawn with the pencil of a master4 ,the ,serpent's arguments become still more specious and pressing3 ,thus ,i live ,feeding on this celestial fruit2 ,thus to mine eyes all paradise is open-- ,mine eyes1 enlightened by the knowledge stored ,in this most wondrous food4#aij ,the ,serpent speciously insinuates that man is degraded by being compelled to seek his food from the same source with the inferior creation3 ,ah6 'tis too true that drawing sustenance ,from the same source with brutes that throng the field1 ,in this1 at least1 renders you like to them4 ,surely it is not meet or just that ye1 ,noblest creations of all-forming power1 ,the favored children of the ,eternal ,king1 ,in such unworthy state1 'mid rocks and woods1 ,should lead a life of vile equality ,with baser animals6 ,the temptation takes place necessarily in dialogue4 ,the thoughts are natural and elevated1 and the language even magnificent4 ,eve asks the ,serpent what is the cause of his apparent anxiety that she should eat of the prohibited fruit2 he explains it by informing her that he will be lord over ,eden when she and her partner1 by means of the mystic food1 shall have ascended to mingle with deities4 ,this is a new and remarkable trait1 of which ,milton has not availed himself4 ,but this1 my rightful empire o'er the ground1 ,while man exists and breathes earth's vital air1 ,is changed to base and grievous vassalage-- ,since man alone is chosen1 by heaven's command1 ,lord of this lower world1 this universe ,just sprung from naught4 ,but when1 by virtue of this loveliest ,of all fair ,eden's fruits1 secured and tasted1 ,ye shall be made as gods--full well ,i know ,ye both1 forsaking this frail sphere1 will soar ,to eminence divine1 leaving to me ,the heritage of power1 the sovereignty ,o'er every living thing1 by your ascent ,to higher bliss secured4 ,full well thou know'st ,how pleasing is the consciousness of empire6 ,pleasing to ,god1 to man1 and to the serpent6 ,eve4 ,i yearn to obey thee4 ,ah6 what would ,i do8 ,serpent4 ,say1 rather1 leave undone6 ,pluck it1 and make ,thyself a goddess in the highest heavens1 ,and me a god on earth6 ,here occurs an exquisite touch4 ,eve1 having never before experienced a painful moral emotion1 is ignorant of its meaning4 ,the tempter1 with consummate art1 interprets her very fear into encouragement4 ,eve4 ,alas6 ,i feel ,an icy tremor through my shuddering frame1 ,that chills my heart4 ,serpent4 ,it is the languishing ,of mortal nature 'neath the glorious weight ,of that divinity which1 like a crown1 ,o'erhangs thy head6#aia ,behold the lovely tree1 ,more rich and lustrous in its living beauty ,than if1 indeed1 it pointed toward the skies ,branches of gold with emeralds bedecked2 ,than if its roots were coral1 and its trunk ,unspotted silver4 ,lo6 the gem-like fruit1 ,glowing with gifts of immortality6 ,how fair it shows6 ,how to the vivid rays ,of sunlight1 with a thousand changing hues ,it answers1 like the train of brilliant birds1 ,when to the sun their broad and painted plumes ,expanded1 glitter with innumerous eyes6 ,act ii4 sc4 #f4 ,in evil hour her rash hand plucks the fruit2 and the act closes with the exulting gratulations of the ,deceiver and ,vainglory4 ,in the succeeding interview with ,adam1 in ,act iii41 the intoxicated ,eve has not begun to taste the consequences of her crime2 she comes to persuade her companion to partake her guilt4 ,eve4 ,how ,i rejoice1 not only to behold ,these flowers1 these verdant meads with waving trees1 ,but thee1 my ,adam6 ',tis thou alone in whose blest presence seems ,this scene more fraught with ever new delight1 ,more bright the fruits1 and every fount more clear6 ,adam4 ,no blossom that adorns this blissful plain ,such beauty can unfold to greet mine eyes ,as those sweet flowers whose charms ,i gaze upon ,in the fair garden of thy beauteous face6 ,be calm1 ye plants of earth2 nor deem my words ,false to your loveliness6 ,ye1 with the silvery dews of evening sprinkled1 ,when the sun sends his ardent glance abroad1 ,make glad the bosom of the grassy earth2 ,but droop ye also with declining day4 ,while the fair living flowers that on the cheek ,of my loved ,eve are cherished--watered ever ,by the sweet dews of joy that o'er them flow ,when to her ,god she bends in grateful praise-- ,warmed into life by the twin radiant suns ,that light the heaven of her face--there live ,in grace and bloom perennial1 and adorn ,their own unrivalled paradise4 ,death1 in the eyes of ,adam1 is more welcome than separation from his beloved2 as in ,paradise ,lost1 he rushes on his fate voluntarily1 without partaking in any of those dreams of greatness which had beguiled his frail consort4 ,when the mortal sin is completed by his participation1 ,volano with his trumpet summons the infernal spirits1 who crowd the scene with shouts of exultation expressed in lyrical measures4 ,the ,serpent and ,vainglory are worshipped for their success4 ,the evil spirits vanish before the voice of the ,eternal1 who descends with his angels to pronounce sentence upon the guilty pair4 ,the solemn account to which the ,judge calls them1 their guilty evasion and detection1 and the stern malediction on the earth cursed for man's sake1 with the punishment denounced on the human offenders and on the serpent1 are described in the scriptural language1 and with a simplicity which is in itself sublime4 ,no concetti are here allowed to mar the impressive greatness of the scene4 ,an angel remains after the departure of the ,almighty1 and clothes the shivering pair with the skins of wild beasts1 reminding them that the roughness of their new raiment signifies the suffering they are to sustain in the journey of life4 ,then the stern ,archangel ,michael1 the minister of divine vengeance1 appears and commands them to leave paradise1 while the cherubic host1 who had hitherto hovered round them1 forsake their accustomed charge and reascend to heaven4 ,the flaming sword of ,michael chases the unhappy fugitives from their lost home1 and his lips confirm their own apprehensions3 ,michael4 ,these stony fields your naked feet shall press1 ,in place of flowery turf1 since fatal sin ,forbids you longer to inhabit here4 ,know me the minister of wrath to those ,who have rebelled against their ,god4 ,for this ,wear ,i the armor of almighty power1 ,dazzling and terrible4 ,yes1 ,i am he ,who1 in the conflict of immortal hosts1 ,dragged captive from the north the haughty chief ,of rebel spirits1 and to hell's abyss ,hurled them in mighty ruin4 ,now to the ,eternal ,king it seemeth good ,that man1 rebellious to his sovereign will1 ,i should drive forth from his fair paradise ,with sword of fire4 ,hence1 angels1 and with me ,speed back to heaven your flight6 ,even as like me ye have been wont to joy ,on earth with ,adam--once a demi-god1 ,now feeble clay4 ,then1 armed with fiery sword1 ,a cherub guardian of this gate of bliss ,shall take your place4 ,act iii4 sc4 #h4 ,the chant of the departing angels mingles with lamentation over the fall an intimation of peace in the future4 ,the poem does not end with the expulsion from ,eden2 a second part1 as it were1 is contained in the last two acts1 in which the dim promise of a ,redeemer is shadowed forth1 the triumph of hell is turned to rage and shame1 and penitence is comforted with hope4 ,this completion of the great plan gives a new grandeur to the piece1 since it is thus made to embody the most solemn and striking of all morals4 ,in ,act iv4 ,volano summons the spirits of the elements to meet ,lucifer1 who calls a council4 ,the spirits still utter their songs of triumph over the fall of man2 but the mien of their leader is deject1 his clear-sighted vision already discerns in the just wrath of ,god against the human offenders the latent promise of mercy4 ,he foresees the pardon of man1 and his restoration through a ,redeemer to the heavenly blessings from which his destroyer vainly hoped his transgressions had cut him off4 ,he is racked with anguish at the prospect of his work being undone2 but it is no time now to pause2 he must build up still higher the edifice of his own greatness and his defiance of ,omnipotence4 ,the deep pride of his character is further illustrated in the infernal council4 ,he causes to issue from the earth four monsters hurtful to man3 ,mondo1 ,carne1 ,morte1 and ,demonio--,world1 ,flesh1 ,death1 and ,devil4 ,adam and ,eve appear in their fallen condition1 the prey of a thousand fears and ills1 haunted by miseries before unknown4 ,they bitterly deplore the changes that have passed on the creation4 ,the animals manifest terror at their presence4 ,four monsters beset ,adam--the impersonations of ,hunger1 ,thirst1 ,fatigue1 and ,despair1 that threaten to follow him unceasingly4 ,death menaces them with mortal peril2 the heavens grow dark1 thunders roll1 and the air is convulsed with tempest4 ,the scene closes in gloom and horror4 ,in the fifth act1 ,temptation1 in alluring forms1 invites the fallen pair to new crimes4 ,flesh1 in the figure of a lovely young woman1 accosts ,adam1 showing him how all things breathe of love2 and ,lucifer1 in human shape1 persuades him to yield to her enticements4 ,here occurs one of the most exquisitely delicate and beautiful touches in the poem1 and one that none but a true poet could have conceived4 ,the guardian angel of man yet hovers1 unseen1 at a distance2 when he sees him thus sore beset1 he comes to his assistance4 ,the protector is invisible2 but his warning voice1 soft as the promptings of a dream1 sounds in the sinner's ear3 ,angel4 ',tis time to succor man4 ,alas6 what dost thou1 ,most wretched ,adam8 ,lucifer1 7to ,adam47 ,why remain'st thou mute8 ,why art thou sad8 ,adam4 ,i seem a voice to hear1 ,sorrowful yet mild1 which says1 ',alas6 what dost thou1 ,most wretched ,adam8' ,act v4 sc4 #c4 ,following the promptings of the angel1 which are continued through the scene1 ,adam proposes that ,lucifer and his companion shall kneel with him in prayer4 ,thus he escapes the temptation and danger4 ,lucifer and his demons refuse to pray1 and1 assuming their proper shape1 next assail him by force2 but from this peril he is also guarded4 ,we then behold ,eve wandering desolate and desponding1 affrighted at all that meets her eyes4 ,her lamentation has much simple beauty4 ,eve4 ,dar'st thou1 ,o wretched ,eve6 ,lift up thy guilty eyes to meet the sun8 ,oh6 no2 they are unworthy--well thou know'st6 ,once1 with unfaltering gaze they could behold ,his beams1 and revel in their golden light2 ,now thy too daring look ,his dazzling rays rebuke2 ,or1 if thou gaze upon his face1 a veil ,of blindness shrouds thy sight4 ,alas6 too truly ,i dwell in darkness1 if my sin has stained ,with horrid mists the pure and innocent sun6 ,o miserable ,eve6 ,if now ,i turn my feet where fountains gush ,to taste the limpid current1 ,i behold ,the crystal wave defiled1 or scorching sands ,usurp its place4 ,if1 famished1 ,i return ,to pluck the grateful fruit from bending trees1 ,its taste is bitter to me2 or the worm ,with blasting touch doth revel on its sweetness4 ,if1 wearied1 ,i recline among the flowers1 ,striving to close my eyes1 lo6 at my side ,the serpent rears its crest1 or hissing glides ,among the clustering leaves4 ,if1 to escape ,faint from the noontide heat1 ,i seek the shade ,of some thick wood1 ,i tremble at the thought ,of wild beast lurking in the thicket's gloom2 ,and start with dread if but the lightest leaf ,stir with the wind4 ,she also is assailed by a new temptation personified under the name of ,world4 ,this allegorical personage1 arrayed in rich and gorgeous vestments1 crowned with gold and gems1 endeavors to captivate her imagination by artful flatteries2 by visions of splendor and regal power reserved for the queen of the universe4 ,from a visioned palace comes a troop of nymphs laden with ornaments1 with which they offer to adorn their mistress1 dancing and singing around her2 but ,eve1 deaf to ,world's flatteries1 resists and flies from him2 both she and her consort are too penitent to listen to evil solicitations1 and at ,adam's rebuke the troop disappears in confusion4 ,then ,lucifer and his devils1 armed for man's destruction1 rush in to seize their victims4 ,the fierce and final struggle between the powers of heaven and hell1 for the dominion of earth1 takes place2 for the arch-fiend encounters ,michael and his angels1 sent to rescue the frail beings of clay1 who1 in terrified astonishment1 witness the battle4 ,it would be doing injustice to the poem not to give some extracts from this striking scene4 ,michael4 ,tremble1 thou son of wrath1 ,at the fierce lightning of this barbed spear1 ,the smiting hand of him who leads heaven's host4 ,nor against ,god1 but 'gainst thyself thou wagest ,war1 and in thine offence offend'st thyself4 ,back to the shades1 thou wandering spirit of hell1 ,from this celestial light shut out for ever6 ,drop thy dark wings beneath the glory which ,the ,father of all light1 who formed the suns1 ,imparts to me6 ,hence1 with the noxious band ,of ,god's accursed foes2 nor tarry here1 ,an evil host1 with your infernal breath ,these precincts to pollute1 to scatter gloom ,through man's pure air of life6 ,no more thy hissing vile1 serpent of hell1 ,shall harass innocence6 ,lucifer4 ,loquacious messenger ,of heaven's high will1 clothed in the vaunted garb ,of splendor--failing in the attribute ,of daring soul--minion of heaven's indulgence6 ,angel of softness6 who in solemn ease1 ,in seats of sloth1 nests of humility1 ,dost harbor--on thy face and in thy heart ,the coward stamped--a warrior but in name2 ,spread1 spread thy wings1 and seek thy ,maker's arms1#aib ,there shelter1 there confide thee6 too unequal ,the strife would be 'twixt fear and bravery3 ,betwixt the warrior and the unwarlike one1 ,the weak and strong2 betwixt a ,michael vile ,and a proud ,lucifer4 ,but if thy boldness ,aspire to rifle from my mighty hand ,this frail compound of clay1 ,this animated dust1 ,i here declare ,against thee war1 bitter and mortal war1 ,till thou shalt see1 by this avenging hand1 ,the wide creation of thy ,god laid waste6 ,michael4 ,the doleful victory1 ,of fierce and desperate spirit1 which thou gainedst ,against heaven's forces once--against this man1 ,whom thou confused hast vanquished--conquest poor ,already snatched from thee6 while in the chains ,from which thy prey is freed thou art involved-- ,may teach thee with what justice thou canst claim ,the palm of honor6 ,the haughty monarch of hell then reminds ,michael of his first great rebellion against the ,most ,high1 and his success in dragging into ruin the third part of heaven's host1 7terza parte di stelle47 ,vaunting these proofs of his might1 he boldly threatens destruction to the throne of ,god himself3 bidding the inhabitants of heaven flee from a place which can no longer afford them a refuge of safety6 ,michael4 ,wherefore delay to check the impious vaunts ,of this proud rebel8 ,written indeed with pen of iron1 marked ,in living characters of blood1 upon ,the page of everlasting misery1 ,shall be thy glory for this victory6 ,to arms6 to arms1 then2 for the swift destruction ,of outcast devils6--and let man rejoice1 ,heaven smile1 hell weep6 ,lucifer4 ,to the intemperate boast ,of lips too bold1 but rarely doth the daring ,of truth succeed4 ,to arms6 and thou with me ,sustain the contest4 ,ye1 my other foes ,invincible1 avoid the impious strife1 ,effeminate followers of a peaceful chief6 444 ,alas6 he who already hath received ,from heaven small grace1 of ill a plenteous dole1 ,on earth must also prove his strength unequal1 ,despite the powerful spirit1 to the stroke ,of power supernal1 driving to the abyss ,of gloom again6 ,it is well meet1 the wretch ,vanquished in battle should lose too the light ,of this celestial sun6 ,angels and ,god6 ,ye are victorious6 ,ye at length have conquered6 ,proud ,lucifer and all his vanquished train ,have dearly paid the forfeit4 ,they forsake ,the day2 they sink to everlasting night4 ,michael4 ,fall from the earth6 baffled and wounded fall1 ,monster of cruel hell1 ,down to the shades of night1 where thou shalt die ,an everlasting death2 ,nor hope to spread thy wings again toward heaven1 ,since impious wishes fire thee desperate1 ,not penitence4 ,and thou art fallen at length1 ,proud fiend1 despairing in thy downward course1 ,even as exultingly thou thought'st to soar ,to height divine3 ,once more thou know'st to sink ,thundering to hell's dark caverns4 ,thou didst hope1 ,fool6 to bear back with thee thy prisoner1 man2 ,alone thou seek'st thy dungeon vast1 profound1 ,where to its depths pursued1 the added flames ,of endless wrath thou bearest1 to increase ,its ever-burning fires6444 ,thou wouldst have made this fair world with thine ire ,a desolated waste2 where at thy breath ,summoning to devastation1 clouds and winds1 ,and lightnings tempest-winged1 and thunders loud1 ,vengeful should throng the air1 should shake the hills2 ,and make the valleys with their din resound4 ,and lo6 in skies from thy foul presence freed1 ,the spheres with louder music weave their dance1 ,and the majestic sun with purer rays ,gladdens the azure fields on high4 ,the sea ,reclines in tremulous tranquillity1 ,or joyous pours upon the glistening strand ,his pearls and corals4 ,never wearied sport ,his glossy tribes1 and swim the liquid sapphire4 ,lo6 in a green and flowery vesture robed1 ,how shine these valleys in rejoicing light6 ,while the sweet1 grateful notes of praise ascend ,from every soaring habitant of air1 ,that now1 a pilgrim in the scented vale1 ,makes vocal all the woods with melody4 ,let all1 united on this glorious day ,of scorn and shame to hell1 exulting raise ,the hymn of joy to heaven2 and widely borne ,by eager winds1 the golden trumpets sound ,to tell in heaven of victory and peace6 ,adam4 ,o welcome sound that calls me back to joy ,whence sad ,i fled6 ,ah me6 ,i fear to blot1 ,tainted by sin1 the holy purity ,of angels' presence6 ,o thou who wear'st the glorious armor wrought ,with gems celestial6 ,archangel bright6 ,dread warrior1 yet most mild6 thy golden locks ,hiding with helmet of immortal beams6 ,wielding in thy right hand the conquering spear6 ,close the rich gold of thy too dazzling wings1 ,and turn a gentle and a pitying look ,on him who prostrate at thy feet adores6 ,the archangel is no longer the avenger2 and he raises with pity the repentant sinners4 ,michael4 ,rise both1 ye works of ,god ,thus favored2 banish from your bosoms dread ,of portents unpropitious4 ,if our ,master ,with one hand smite1 the other offers you ,healing--salvation6 ,adam and ,eve1 delivered from their foes1 are comforted by the heavenly messenger1 who assures them of forgiveness on condition of future obedience4 ,with his promise we conclude our extracts4 ,michael4 ,now since in heaven the star of love and peace ,shines forth1 and in ambitious hell's despite ,the victor to the vanquished yields the palm1 ,raise still your humble1 grateful looks above3 ,bend to the soil your knees1 and suppliant ,praise for his mercy your forgiving ,lord4 ,so in reward for penitence and zeal ,god will your ,father be1 and heaven your home4 ,act v4 sc4 #i4 ,we have occupied so much space in the analysis and extracts from this remarkable work1 that little room is left for further observation4 ,it is impossible to present all the beauties of the poem1 and allowance must be made for showing them in another language2 yet some idea may be afforded of the general character of the piece4 ,the original abounds with striking passages that have of necessity been left unnoticed1 strangely mingled with the tumid extravagances and heterogeneous conceits belonging to the age in which it was written4 ,these faults1 however1 are but trifling in comparison with its merits2 and the wonderful conception1 the glorious plan1 is not marred by them4 ,when the superior personages appear on the scene1 the inspiration of the poet is triumphant over the defects of his school2 not a line of their language is disfigured by aught which the most fastidious of modern tastes could condemn4 ,it is only in the management of inferior and of allegorical personages that the faults alluded to can be perceived2 and even here the rich and noble genius of the poet has mastered many of his difficulties4 ,the author of ,adam could hardly have anticipated1 in the representation of his work on the stage1 a success commensurate with its merits2 since the trickery of scenic effect could but poorly indeed embody the creations of genius4 ,fancying an attempt to make them apparent to the senses of a rabble audience1 we can scarcely wonder that the whole should have been stamped with ridicule4 ,but any reader of the poem will concede that the sublime conception of ,paradise ,lost belongs to ,andreini as the originator4 ,he ascended with success the highest heaven of invention2 and when he puts words into the mouth of ,deity1 and interprets the hymnings of angelic choirs1 he shows himself equal to the task4 ,the extension of the reputation of this wonderful production would considerably increase our sense of obligation to ,italian literature4 ,,footnotes3 #ahd ,a copy of this rare poem in the original ,italian may be found in the ,astor ,library4 #ahe ,these puissant legions1 whose exile ,hath emptied heaven4 ,paradise ,lost1 ,book i4 #ahf ,into our room of bliss thus high advanced ,creatures of other mould4 ,par4 ,lost1 ,book iv4 #ahg ,see ,paradise ,lost1 ,book ix4 line #gje4 #ahh ,shall that be shut to man which to the beast ,is open8 ,paradise ,lost1 ,b4 ix4 #ahi ,or is it envy8 and can envy dwell ,in heavenly breasts8 ,paradise ,lost1 ,b4 ix4 #aij ,henceforth to speculations high and deep ,i turned my thoughts2 and with capacious mind ,considered all things visible in heaven ,or earth4 ,paradise ,lost1 ,b4 ix4 #aia ,eve4 ,o me6 lassa ch'io sento ,un gelido tremor vagar per l'osa ,che mi fa graccio il core4 ,serpent4 ,e la parte mortal che gi incomincia ,a languir1 sendo dal divin gravata1 ,che sovra le tue chiome ,in potenza sovrasta4 #aib ,see ,paradise ,lost1 ,book iv4 line #idj4 ,f,,nelon4#aic ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,cummings1 ,d4,d4 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,it would be possible to fix a point of time in the reign of ,king ,louis ,,xiv4 unequalled in brilliancy by any other in the eventful history of the ,french nation4 ,such a period would present to us the great monarch crowned with the glory of his early successes1 unsullied as yet by the shame of his later weakness and degradation4 ,a tableau of the court of ,versailles would show us the throne surrounded by groups of men illustrious in every department of human greatness4 ,to name a few only3 military fame would find its representatives in ,cond1 ,turenne1 ,luxembourg1 ,vauban1 and ,villars2 poetry1 in ,malherbe1 ,la ,fontaine1 and ,boileau2 the drama1 in ,racine1 ,corneille1 and ,molire2 political science1 in ,mazarin1 ,colbert1 and ,louvois2 philosophy1 in ,pascal and ,descartes2 eloquence1 in ,bourdaloue1 ,flechier1 ,massillon1 and ,bossuet2 painting1 in ,poussin and ,lesueur2 archaeology1 in ,mabillon and ,montfaucon2 general literature1 in ,la ,rochefoucauld1 ,la ,bruyre1 ,balzac1 and ,madame de ,svign4 ,yet among all the great men of that wonderful period there is not one1 probably1 who1 if given a choice1 would not willingly exchange his reputation with that of ,fnelon1 who in early life moved in that brilliant court as an obscure priest1 and in the fulness of manhood was sent away from it into honorable exile4 ,i would it were in my power1 ladies and gentlemen1 to lay before you such a sketch of the life of ,fnelon as would fully explain to you by what secret a ,roman ,catholic priest1 who devoted himself so entirely to preaching and to proselytizing for his church1 became popular to such an unwonted degree1 and remains so to this day1 not less in the ,protestant world than among men of his own creed4 ,i have neither the time nor1 ,i fear1 the ability to do justice to so excellent a theme4 ,i do hope1 however1 that my brief remarks may have the effect of so far engaging the curiosity of the younger portion of my hearers as to lead them to study ,fnelon's life and writings4 ,nobody ever rose from the perusal of either without feeling an inclination to love himself less1 and to extend a larger and warmer charity to his fellow-men1 whatever their condition or their creed4 ,franois de ,salignac de la ,mothe1 ,marquis of ,fnelon1 was born in the chateau of ,fnelon in the year #afea1 and came of distinguished lineage on the side of both parents4 ,his early education was judicious1 his father and mother training him in morals and religion both by word and example1 and his able preceptor making it his aim to teach him the love of study for its own sake4 ,the child's brain was not developed at the expense of the rest of his body1 and abundant daily exercise in the fresh open air united with regular and frugal habits to form a sound body for the dwelling of a noble and gifted soul4 ,his decided fondness for ,greek and ,latin literature made him a great reader1 yet without effort or constraint1 and led gradually to the formation of that mixture of grace and melody in his style for which he stands preminent among the greatest ,french writers4 ,he spent five years in ,paris at the ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice1 and took orders at the age of twenty-four4 ,his first impulse was to dedicate his life to the foreign missions2 and he was prevented only by the influence of his family from coming to ,america and settling among the ,indians in ,canada4 ,a mission was provided for him in the heart of ,paris1 and there1 while visiting the sick1 instructing the ignorant and the young1 comforting and relieving the poor1 and exercising all the various duties of the ,christian ministry1 he acquired that knowledge of the human heart1 and of the mode of touching and persuading it1 that fitted him1 no less than his long and patient devotion to books1 for the work of improving his fellow-men4 ,a new field of observation and benevolent labor was the institution known as ,les ,nouvelles ,catholiques1 a seminary under royal patronage for the education of young ladies1 chiefly recent converts to the church4 ,the ,abb ,fnelon presided for ten years over both the ladies in charge and their pupils1 giving both the benefit of his learning1 his refinement1 his gentle and cheerful religious spirit1 and his high-minded and enlightened devotion4 ,to his knowledge of the heart of woman1 of her weakness and her strength1 gathered while in this position1 we owe his earliest book1 the ,treatise on the ,education of ,girls1 a work which made its author widely known1 and procured for him in time the appointment of tutor to the grandson of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,in #afhe1 the king signed the revocation of the edict of ,nantes4 ,the effect of this measure was to reduce his ,protestant subjects1 amounting to about two millions1 to the cruel alternative of abjuring their faith or quitting ,france for ever4 ,of the many that left1 some found their way to the ,united ,states1 and the descendants of the ,huguenots have contributed their share to the prosperity and advancement of the land of liberty4 ,the king undertook to bring about the conversion of those who remained1 and1 happily for the ,protestants of ,saintange and ,annis1 the missionary selected for them was the ,abb de ,fnelon4 ,royal orders had been given that the missionary should be supported by a detachment of dragoons4 ,the proffered assistance was gently but firmly declined4 ,our ministry1 said the abb1 is one of harmony and peace4 ,we are going to our brethren who are astray2 we shall bring them back to the fold by charity alone4 ,it is not by means of violence and constraint that conviction can be made to penetrate the soul4 ,his reasoning prevailed1 and he was allowed to depart alone4 ,the stern ,calvinists of ,poitou soon came to look upon this new pastor with kindness and affection1 and1 in return1 his influence saved them from further annoyance on the part of the civil authority4 ,in #afhi1 a happy event for the world of letters occurred in the appointment of ,fnelon to be the tutor of ,louis1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 the son of the dauphin4 ,he applied himself to his new task with untiring and conscientious devotion1 and the account of his manner of fulfilling it is exceedingly interesting4 ,his first care was to study well the character and disposition of his pupil4 ,the result of this investigation was any thing but encouraging4 ,the ,duke of ,saint ,simon1 who was well acquainted with the young prince1 states that he was naturally stubborn1 haughty1 and unkind4 ,he was endowed with strong passions1 and fond of every sort of animal gratification4 ,his temper was so violent that in his fits of rage it was dangerous to attempt to control him4 ,he would tear and break whatever came to his hands1 and be carried away by such outbursts of fury that his life seemed to be really in danger4 ,he was fond of the pleasures of the table and of the chase1 naturally cruel1 and brimful of a pride that led him to look upon other men as objects of usefulness and amusement1 rather than as beings equal to himself4 ,such was the pupil confided to the care of ,fnelon2 and under his wise and gentle guidance the headstrong1 selfish1 and cruel boy became kind1 generous1 modest1 and remarkable for perfect and unfailing self-control4 ,the besetting sin of the young prince was a perverseness of temper always hard to manage and ready1 for the slightest cause1 to break out into open rebellion1 on which occasions no one had been able to control him4 ,fnelon's manner of correcting this fault is full of instruction4 ,he avoided direct attacks and punishments1 seeking1 by gentle remonstrance and good-natured raillery1 to lead the boy into being ashamed of his fault4 ,when there was a prospect of being listened to1 he would make use of simple maxims showing the folly and wickedness of angry passion1 and explaining his remarks by familiar illustrations likely to be easily understood and remembered4 ,sometimes he yielded without remonstrance1 avoiding all recourse to authority or personal influence unless he was well assured that it would prove successful4 ,the little work known as ,fnelon's ,fables was composed piecemeal1 each fable being called forth by some fault the prince had committed1 or for the purpose of helping him to remember some moral point1 and leading him gradually on in the system of improvements his tutor had adopted4 ,one day1 when the prince had made all around him unhappy by indulging in repeated bursts of spleen and disobedience1 ,fnelon took a sheet of paper and wrote in his presence the following sketch1 which we find among the fables3 ,what great disaster has happened to ,melanthus8 ,outwardly nothing1 inwardly every thing4 ,he went to bed last night the delight of all the people2 this morning we are ashamed of him2 we shall have to hide him away4 ,on rising1 a fold of his garment has displeased him1 the whole day will therefore be stormy1 and every body will have to suffer3 he makes us fear him1 he makes us pity him1 he cries like a child1 he roars like a lion4 ,a poisonous vapor darkens his imagination1 as the ink he uses in writing soils his fingers4 ,you must not speak to him about things that pleased him an hour ago2 he loved them then1 and for that very reason he hates them now4 ,the amusements that interested him a little while ago are now become intolerable1 and must be broken up2 he wishes to contradict and to irritate those around him1 and he is angry because people will not get angry with him4 ,when he can find no pretext for attacking others1 he turns against himself2 he is low-spirited1 and takes it very ill that any body should try to comfort him4 ,he wishes for solitude1 and he cannot bear to be left alone2 he comes back into company1 and it exasperates him4 ,if his friends are silent1 their affected silence goads him2 if they speak low1 he fancies they are talking about him2 if they speak loud1 it strikes him they have too much to say4 ,if they laugh1 it seems to him that they are making game of him2 if they are sad1 that their sadness is meant to reproach him for his faults4 ,what is to be done8 ,why1 to be as firm and patient as he is intolerable1 and to wait quietly until he becomes to-morrow as sensible as he was yesterday4 ,this strange humor comes and goes in the strangest fashion4 ,when it seizes him1 it is as sudden as the exploding of a pistol or a gun2 he is like the pictures of those possessed by evil spirits2 his reason becomes unreason2 if you put him to it1 you can make him say that it is dark night at twelve o'clock in the day2 for there is no distinction of day or night for a man who is out of his head4 ,he sheds tears1 he laughs1 he jokes1 he is mad4 ,in his madness he can be eloquent1 amusing1 subtle1 full of cunning although he has not a particle of common sense left4 ,you have to be extremely careful to pick your words with him2 for although bereft of sense1 he can become suddenly very knowing1 and find his reason for a moment to prove to you that you have lost yours4 ,it is easy to understand the effect of a lesson like this on a high-spirited but self-conceited boy4 ,he sought to overawe those around him and finds out that he has made himself unmistakably ridiculous6 ,the instructor who wishes to correct his pupil's faults will succeed oftener by wounding his vanity than he will by flattering it4 ,his fables at another time present in charming images the happiness of being good4 ,who is1 says one of them1 this god-like shepherd who enters the peaceful shade of our forest8 ,he loves poetry and listens to our songs4 ,poetry will soften his heart1 and render him as gentle as he is proud4 ,may this young hero grow in virtue as a flower unfolds in the genial air of spring4 ,may he love noble thoughts1 and may graceful words ever sit upon his lips4 ,may the wisdom of ,minerva reign in his heart4 ,may he equal ,orpheus in the charms of his voice and ,hercules in the greatness of his achievements4 ,may he possess all the boldness of ,achilles without his fiery temper4 ,may he be good1 wise1 and beneficent1 love mankind tenderly1 and be much loved by all in return4 ,he loves our sweet songs1 they reach his heart even as cooling dews reach the green sward parched by the heat of mid-summer4 ,oh6 may the gods teach him moderation and crown him with endless success4 ,may he hold in his hand the horn of plenty1 and may the golden age return under his sway4 ,may wisdom fill his heart and run over into the hearts of his fellow-men1 and may flowers spring up in his footsteps wherever he may go4 ,these fables gave a moral and practical meaning to the details of mythology which the prince was studying1 and furnished him also with models of style4 ,they speak to him and of him as one who is in time to be a king2 but it will be observed that no traits of character are praised except those which it was desirable he should possess4 ,the main difficulty with the young prince still recurred--his impetuous outbreaks of temper1 accompanied by the stubborn determination to make every body around him yield and allow him to have his way1 however unreasonable4 ,this dangerous condition of mind was always treated by ,fnelon's advice in the same manner4 ,the ,duke de ,beauvilliers1 who was his governor2 the ,abb de ,fnelon1 and his assistant tutor1 the celebrated historian ,fleury2 even the officers of his household and his domestics1 all treated him with proof not of apprehension but of humiliating compassion4 ,when his ill-humor grew furiously excited1 they kept aloof and avoided him as one who had lost the use of his reason by some sad distemper4 ,if the fit held out1 his books were taken from him1 and instruction was refused him1 as being altogether useless in the deplorable condition into which he had now fallen4 ,left alone1 denied all sympathy1 given time to cool down1 made to feel that his rage was undignified and ineffectual1 the boy soon grew weary1 ashamed1 and at length repentant4 ,he would then sue for pardon1 which was only granted after many promises on his honor that he would not behave so foolishly and wickedly again4 ,one of these promises of amendment1 made in writing1 has been preserved and it reads as follows3 ,i promise1 on my word of honor as a prince1 to the ,abb de ,fnelon to do on the instant whatever he may tell me1 and to obey immediately when he may forbid me to do any thing2 and if ,i fail1 ,i hereby submit myself to every sort of punishment and dishonor4 ,done at ,versailles1 ,nov4 #bith1 #afhi1 ,signed ,,louis4 ,this touching engagement upon honor by a boy under ten years of age was made in the first year of ,fnelon's charge over him4 ,he had already begun to make some progress1 in spite of a disposition the ugliness of which had been previously set down as incorrigible4 ,the tutor had determined to master his pupil's rudeness1 as an indispensable condition of any improvement1 moral or literary4 ,one day he had recourse to a stratagem that might present his conduct to him in a new light4 ,the young duke stopped one morning to examine the tools of a carpenter1 who had been summoned to do some work in his apartment4 ,the man1 who had learned his part from ,fnelon1 told him in the roughest manner possible to go about his business4 ,the prince1 little accustomed to hear such language1 began to resent it2 but was interrupted by the workman1 who1 raising his voice and trembling with rage from head to foot1 screamed to him to get beyond his reach4 ,i am a man1 cried he1 who1 when my temper is roused1 think nothing of breaking the head of any person that crosses me4 ,the prince1 frightened beyond measure1 ran to his master to tell him that a crazy man had been allowed to come into the palace4 ,he is a poor laborer1 said ,fnelon coldly1 whose only fault is giving signs of violent anger4 ,but he is a bad man1 cried the boy1 and must leave my apartment4 ,he is worthy of pity rather than punishment1 added his tutor4 ,you are surprised at his being angry because you disturbed him at his work2 what would you say now of a prince who beats his valet at the very time that he is trying to do him a service8 ,on another occasion the young man1 piqued by the tone of severity which his tutor had found it necessary to assume1 answered him in the most arrogant manner1 ,i will not allow you1 sir1 to command me2 ,i know what ,i am1 and ,i know what you are4 ,fnelon answered not a word2 for remonstrance or reproof would have been useless4 ,he determined1 however1 to give his pupil a lesson he should not easily forget4 ,for the rest of that day he did not speak to him1 his sadness alone evincing his displeasure4 ,on the following morning he entered the duke's chamber immediately after his being awakened4 ,i do not know1 sir1 said he to his pupil with cold and distant respect1 if you recollect what you told me yesterday1 namely1 that you knew who you are and who ,i am4 ,it is my duty to make you understand that you know neither one nor the other4 ,you fancy then1 sir1 that you are more than ,i4 ,some lackey may have told you so2 but ,i hesitate not1 as you force me to it1 to tell you that ,i am far above you4 ,there is no question here of birth1 which adds nothing to your personal merit4 ,you cannot pretend to surpass me in wisdom4 ,you know nothing but what ,i have taught you1 and that is nothing compared with what remains for you to learn4 ,as to power1 you have none whatever over me2 but ,i have authority full and entire over you4 ,the king and monseigneur the dauphin have told you so often enough4 ,you may think that ,i consider it a great thing to hold the situation ,i fill near your person4 ,let me tell you that you are altogether mistaken4 ,i have accepted it only to obey the king and to please monseigneur1 not certainly for the painful advantage of being your preceptor4 ,to convince you of all ,i have said1 ,i am about to lead you to his majesty1 and to beg him to give you some other tutor1 who will meet1 ,i hope1 with more consoling success than ,i have4 ,this speech threw the prince into the greatest consternation4 ,o my master6 he exclaimed1 bursting into tears1 if you abandon me1 what will become of me8 ,do not make the king my enemy for life4 ,forgive me for what ,i said yesterday1 and ,i promise you never1 never1 to displease you again4 ,fnelon did not yield easily1 although on the following day he consented to be reconciled to his pupil4 ,his main dependence1 however1 in forming the character of the boy1 was the sound religious principles which he never grew tired of instilling into his mind by word and example4 ,he would at any moment interrupt literary instruction to explain some point of duty upon which his pupil might desire to converse4 ,he taught him to look up to ,god1 not with servile fear1 but to love him2 and to love to think and speak of him as the author of all that is beautiful in nature and in man4 ,fnelon gives us himself an instance of the empire of religion over his soul in a beautiful sketch which he wrote after his pupil's death4 ,one day1 he says1 when he was in a very bad humor1 and when he was seeking to conceal some act of disobedience1 ,i asked him to tell me before ,god what he had done4 ',before ,god6' he exclaimed with great anger2 'why do you ask me before ,god8 ,but since you do so ask me1 ,i cannot deceive you2 ,i therefore acknowledge my guilt4' ,he spoke thus1 although he was at the moment frantic with rage4 ,but religion had over him so much power that it forced from him the painful avowal4 ,it is difficult to record without emotion what ,fnelon says further on of this noble youth1 whom he came to love with paternal tenderness1 and whose untimely death filled his heart with sorrow4 ,he would often tell me in our unrestrained conversations1 ',i leave the ,duke of ,burgundy outside the door when ,i am with you1 and ,i am nothing but little ,louis4' ,he closes the sketch by this splendid tribute to the change which had been wrought in his pupil's whole character3 ,i have never known a person whom it was more easy to tell of his own faults1 or who would listen more readily to unpalatable truth4 ,in proof of the excellent literary and scientific training of the prince1 we find that the great ,bossuet1 after examining him for several hours1 expressed himself satisfied and surprised at the young man's proficiency2 and thus bore testimony to the ability and success of his tutor4 ,two works besides the ,fables deserve to be mentioned as fruits of this course of education4 ,one1 ,fnelon's ,dialogues1 in which he presents to his royal pupil the different personages of history1 speaking their true sentiments1 and making known the secret motives of their actions4 ,the other is the far-famed prose-poem1 ,the ,adventures of ,telemachus1 ,son of ,ulysses1 which has won for its author the glory of having produced the most perfectly-written book in the ,french language4 ,little more remains to be said of the ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,fnelon labored long and faithfully to make him fit to ascend the throne of ,france2 he lived to see this work1 involving such immense future good or evil1 completed1 and completed to his entire satisfaction4 ,by an early death the dear young prince1 in whom such vast expectations were centred1 was lost to the love of his master and of ,france4 ,had he lived to reign in place of the weak and dissolute ,count d',artois1 afterward ,louis ,,xv41 the page of history setting forth in letters of fire and blood the scenes of the destruction of the ,french monarchy1 might perhaps have remained unwritten4 ,fnelon had not been made bishop1 when he became acquainted with ,madame de ,guyon4 ,he approved of the writings of this gifted woman as sound in the light of ,catholic theology4 ,he defended her character as free from the slightest ground of reproach1 and avowed the opinion that she was guided by a spirit of goodness and truth4 ,she was looked upon by her adversaries at the court as visionary in her piety1 heretical in doctrine1 and far from irreproachable in her conduct4 ,fnelon1 now become ,archbishop of ,cambrai1 was forced into a controversy in reference to her affairs1 one side of which he conducted alone1 while on the other there were ranged against him the great ,bossuet1 the ,french court1 the king1 the court of ,rome1 and1 finally1 the supreme pontiff himself4 ,the modern student of history is surprised to discover the loose courtiers of ,louis ,,xiv41 both men and women1 hotly engaged in a controversy on an abstract point of ascetic theology2 to see the ungrateful king banishing from his presence the saviour of his grandson1 and the most honest man in his court2 to see ,bossuet allowing his powerful mind to be used as a weapon for the persecution of ,fnelon2 to see ,fnelon1 in a position of so great difficulty and delicacy1 always consistent1 always conscientious1 always refined1 always eloquent1 always pious1 and yet speaking out boldly and bravely1 without regard to consequences1 what seemed to him to be right and true4 ,the controversy1 in course of time1 was narrowed down to the question whether the doctrine taught in a book of ,fnelon's1 entitled the ,maxims of the ,saints1 was or was not the doctrine of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,after a long investigation1 the pope1 as final judge in the matter1 condemned the book1 while extolling the personal virtues of the author4 ,without the slightest hesitancy1 ,fnelon bowed to the decision of the tribunal of final appeal1 and condemned the book himself from the pulpit of his own cathedral4 ,there was no mistaking his motive4 ,he had shown clearly that he was beyond the influence of hope and fear1 and that he humbled himself only because he truly believed now that he had been faulty1 at least in expression4 ,so noble an act of self-denial1 humility1 and obedience was attributed on all sides to its true source1 namely1 his sense of duty1 and nothing else4 ,honest and upright dealing1 according to the dictates of his conscience1 proved the very best policy he could have followed in self-protection2 for good and bad alike admired and applauded him all over the world4 ,the book1 abandoned by its author1 ceased henceforth to be an object of interest1 and ,fnelon was the only one who gained any credit from a controversy in which good men and bad men had been strangely mixed up together1 and fair means and foul were used in a fruitless endeavor to crush him4 ,the last years of ,fnelon were passed in ,cambrai1 of which he was both archbishop and duke1 and in which he was admired and beloved by all1 whether rich or poor4 ,faithful in the discharge of every pastoral duty1 he divided his time among the poor1 the sick1 the imprisoned1 the young1 and the ignorant1 helping1 relieving1 instructing1 consoling all4 ,the rest of the day he spent among his books1 or in the company of intellectual and virtuous friends4 ,the poorest villagers feared not to approach and speak to one whose simplicity and gentleness they well understood1 and to whose goodness of heart no one ever appealed in vain4 ,his peaceful diocese soon became the theatre of scenes of bloodshed and desolation1 caused by that war of succession during which the star of ,louis ,,xiv4 began finally to pale before the rising glories of the ,duke of ,marlborough4 ,fnelon gave up his property and his palace itself for the relief and accommodation of the sick and the wounded4 ,he distributed among the poor the grain and the fruits over which he had control1 and ordered his steward to give food and lodging to all who needed it4 ,when he was told that such liberality would absolutely ruin him1 ,god will help us1 he replied2 his resources are infinite4 ,meanwhile let us give as long as we have any thing to give1 and we shall have done our duty4 ,his episcopal mansion was occupied by officers and soldiers as a hospital1 his barns and outhouses were used as asylums by the peasantry who had fled before the troops of the allied army1 and his courts and gardens were filled with the cattle the poor country people had driven in1 protected by the influence of ,fnelon's name4 ,so powerful was that name that the invading commanders spared all property belonging to the archbishop1 and ,marlborough even ordered a quantity of grain which had been taken at ,chateau ,cambresis1 and which he had been informed was the property of the archbishop1 to be placed on wagons and driven into the public square of ,cambrai under an escort of ,british troops4 ,but in his fatherly kindness and attention to the wants of those around him1 ,fnelon did not cease to take a lively interest in the fortunes of the whole country4 ,he could not witness the threatened downfall of his beloved ,france without the deepest feelings of sorrow4 ,the danger of the nation was extreme4 ,louis was engaged in a ruinous war with a powerful and conquering enemy4 ,he could not retire from the contest with honor1 and he had neither funds nor credit to carry it on with success4 ,in this desperate strait1 the king declared that he would die at the head of his nobles1 a brave resolution that could not1 however1 save the country4 ,in this trying emergency the genius of ,fnelon saw a solution better than that proposed by the king4 ,it was bodied forth in a letter to the ,duke de ,chevreuse1 and is probably the most striking production that ever came from his pen4 ,he tells the duke that the nobles cannot save the king1 that the danger is extreme1 and that his true friends must advise him to turn for countenance and relief to the people4 ,the nation is in a critical position4 ,let the nation be consulted4 ,let not ,france be taxed without her consent to carry on a war in which she feels no interest4 ,the people have been badly governed4 ,let them be called upon to take part in their own government for the future4 ,there is danger1 he grants1 in passing suddenly from unqualified dependence to an excess of liberty4 ,great caution will be necessary2 but it is nevertheless certain that arbitrary authority will not save the country from ruin4 ,despotism1 he adds1 with plenty of means1 is a government of prompt action2 but when despotism becomes bankrupt1 the first who abandon it to ruin are the venal men whom it has allowed to fatten on the blood of the people4 ,the priest from whom these remarks are quoted is not ,lamennais or ,gioberti1 but an archbishop of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the whole letter reads like a prophecy1 or like a history of what took place less than a century later4 ,if ,fnelon's advice had been acted upon1 how gloriously would ,france have entered the first of nations upon the march of improvement4 ,religion and order would not have been made to seem enemies of the people1 and the names of ,diderot and the ,encyclopdia1 of ,robespierre and the ,directory1 might have remained unknown for ever6 ,we need not delay here further than to say that1 while ,fnelon looked into the heart of the people for the source of national strength1 a succession of rapid events saved the king from the terrible alternative in which he was placed4 ,the ,emperor ,joseph ,i4 died1 ,marlborough fell into disfavor at home1 ,marshal ,villars gained the victory of ,denain1 and the whole face of ,europe was changed4 ,a treaty of peace was signed at ,utrecht in #agac4 ,several of ,fnelon's friends died in rapid succession1 and his loving spirit was penetrated with grief at their loss4 ,his death was hastened beyond doubt by the poignancy of his regret at these repeated afflictions4 ,why delay the sequel8 ,his work was done1 his views of life1 his principles of duty to ,god1 to one's country and to one's self1 had been faithfully chronicled by his pen1 and taught by the example of his serene and patient virtue4 ,his hour was come1 and in loving peace with all mankind1 with words of faith on his lips1 and the bright smile of ,christian hope on his countenance1 he breathed forth his pure spirit into the hands of his ,maker4 ,after his death1 no funds were discovered belonging to him4 ,they had been all distributed among the poor4 ,he was buried without pomp in his church of ,cambrai4 ,during the ,reign of ,terror1 the ancient tombs of that church were rifled1 the leaden coffins were sent to the arsenal to be melted into bullets1 and their contents thrown into the common burial ground4 ,but when the invaders came to the bier of ,fnelon1 it was borne with decency and veneration into the city1 and placed in a monument erected to his memory at a time when the sepulchres of emperors and kings were ruthlessly dismantled1 and their ashes scattered pitilessly to the four winds of heaven4 ,other great men of the age of ,fnelon still live in history2 few are admired more than he1 and none is so much loved by men who upon other points are far from agreeing together4 ,the wish expressed by one of his distinguished countrymen1 that his memory might have the same advantage as his life1 namely1 that of making men love religion1 has been fulfilled4 ,he wrote learnedly and eloquently in defence of his faith1 and in refutation of the views of his opponents2 and yet he avoids in all his works the extremes both of flattery and of harshness4 ,men of all religions recognize in him a friend1 for all were embraced in his world-wide ,christian charity2 and yet they must bear with us1 his fellow-,catholics1 when we claim for our church the special honor of having made him the great and good man which all acknowledge him to have been4 ,the earliest lessons he received came from the lips of devoted ,catholic parents2 and when his will was opened after his death1 the first words read were the following emphatic expressions3 ,i declare that ,i wish to die in the arms of the ,catholic1 ,apostolic1 and ,roman ,church1 my mother4 ,god1 who reads the heart1 and will be my judge1 knows that there has not been an instant of my life in which ,i have not cherished for her the submission and docility of a little child4 ,a noble tribute this1 and one which leads us to look not despondingly to the tree which is capable of producing such sound and genial fruit4 ,this transient reflection1 ladies and gentlemen1 presents itself naturally to the mind1 and nothing is further from my thoughts than an attempt to enlist your hearts against your cool judgment in favor of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,the claim which that church puts forth to your attention is based officially by her on her divine right to the reverence of mankind4 ,she has never refused to give man the history of her origin1 and to submit to his earnest scrutiny the proofs of her divine commission4 ,she claims to be the only institution established on this earth to teach man what is necessary that he may be saved1 and asks and accepts no stinted or divided allegiance4 ,she alleges distinctly that human reason is unable without assistance to find and embrace the true1 and that the human will is unable without assistance to find and embrace the good4 ,she undertakes to impart the highest truth and the highest good to all who take her for their guide and their mother4 ,she has been more cordially hated1 and more devotedly beloved1 than any object that history in all its witnessing can tell of4 ,she claims not only to be a teacher1 but a teacher endowed with unerring authority1 and offers as vouchers for that claim the clear promise of her divine ,founder1 to abide with her until the end of time1 and the lives and deaths of innumerable men and women taught by her to live perfectly upon earth4 ,she has never disguised the greatness of that sacrifice of self which must be made by every man who would enjoy the peace here and the immortality of happiness hereafter1 which she pledges to her faithful children2 but she promises1 in the name of ,god1 supernatural assistance for making that sacrifice in spite of its seeming terrors4 ,she uses no efforts to gain popularity2 her system moves slowly1 and rarely in such form as to take advantage of the interests or aspirations of the day4 ,she never aims to be found on the side of human passions4 ,she hesitates not to condemn those who differ with her authorized teachings1 and she intimates to every man who sets up an altar against her altar that he does ,god and his fellow-mortals no good service1 either temporal or eternal4 ,whatever religious symbolism has been offered in the world hitherto as a substitute for her apostolic creed1 has been founded on the principle that man is fit to take into his own hands the management of the affairs of his own soul2 but the ,catholic ,church tells man that his private judgment is sure to mislead him in matters of religion1 in spite of lofty aspirations and purity of intention2 that he is bound not only to render obedience to his ,god1 but in the manner ,god requires it2 and nevertheless that religious direction need not be arbitrary2 that it no more violates the freedom of man's will than the strong hand of a parent violates the freedom of the little child whom it leads lovingly onward and prevents from falling weakly to the ground4 ,no system which presents to man effort and self-restraint in the present1 and advantage and freedom in the future only1 can flatter his love of ease and selfish enjoyment4 ,he is thus1 at intervals at least1 impatient of order1 though it is heaven's first law2 of legislation1 though it has for its object the greatest good of the greatest number2 of society1 though its proper aim is to make each a friend and a helper to all1 and all friends and helpers to each2 and of science1 that teaches him the laws of nature and the sad effects of their violation4 ,by the same spirit is man urged to resent and cast off the restraints imposed upon him by religion and the church4 ,but in this case1 and in the others the opposition comes not from reason2 it is the uprising of selfish interest or passion1 assuming to speak out for the whole man1 and for all time4 ,again1 that which is spoken against as the church is not the church2 that which is spoken against as the belief1 or practice1 or requirement of the church1 is hers perhaps in appearance1 but in very truth it is not what she upholds1 but what she reproves and opposes4 ,there is a weird presentment bodied forth in ,english literature and called popery4 ,it is certainly a figure of no amiable or attractive lineaments2 it is worthy of the hatred of honest men4 ,but it is not the ,catholic ,church4 ,if the ,catholic ,church were the same thing as this ghost which goes by the name of popery1 we should hate it too2 for it deserves to be hated1 and we are men possessing the same faculties as our neighbors who hate it4 ,we do not hate the ,catholic ,church2 we love her1 and honor her as our mother1 and so would our neighbors1 if they saw her and knew her as we do4 ,let us here understand the thing plainly4 ,i uphold the doctrine and the practice of the ,catholic ,church2 for ,i believe her to be the true church that the ,son of ,god established on this earth1 and ransomed at the price of his precious blood4 ,but ,i can say for myself and for every ,catholic who has been properly instructed in his religion1 that we do not undertake to defend what has been done weakly or wickedly by men1 even though they too called themselves ,catholics4 ,i believe that light travels from east to west1 and the faith which ,judea gave to ,rome1 and ,rome to ,europe1 and ,europe to us1 is the faith by which we are to be saved1 if saved at all4 ,but while thanking ,europe for the true religion1 ,i pray to my ,god that all the ancient feuds and heart-burnings which have distracted older countries in the name of religion may not be transplanted to this virgin soil4 ,allow me to close my remarks1 ladies and gentleman1 with the heart-felt wish that we may all live faithful to our honest convictions1 preach our religion by word and example1 and force upon each other nothing but the endearing offices of fraternal charity4 ,,footnote3 #aic ,a ,lecture delivered before the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association of ,boston1 by the late ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cummings1 pastor of ,st4 ,stephen's ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the die was cast1 and ,paulus went away plighted to an undertaking which appeared sufficiently arduous1 and some of the chances of which were even full of horror4 ,the news of the arrangement spread through the palace of the ,mamurras before he had well quitted ,formi4 ,from the palace it circulated through the town1 from the town it reached the camp the same evening2 and next day the surrounding country knew it4 ,carrier-pigeons#aid had borne to ,rome a hint of the gayeties1 the interest1 and the splendor which the simultaneous occurrence of the emperor's visit1 and the collection of an army for real fighting purposes1 7in fact1 to repel the ,german invasion17 were likely to call forth in the old ,latian town2 and now the same aerial messengers apprised many a sated circus-goer in the capital that a very pretty novelty indeed would be added to the contests of gladiators and the battles of wild beasts4 ,the concourse pouring into and converging from all parts toward ,formi1 which had already been so extensive1 increased1 therefore1 into an enormous concentric movement4 ,nothing can better show what a prodigious multitude was thus accidentally collected than the fact that1 even at ,rome1 7which then contained four millions of inhabitants17 a diminution of pressure was perceptible1 for the time1 to those who remained4 ,this change resembled what ,londoners experience on the ,derby day4 ,paulus1 that evening1 having passed a considerable time with his mother and sister1 7to whom he communicated the fact of his engagement without alarming them by explaining its peculiar horrors17 felt little inclined to sleep4 ,when1 therefore1 the lanista ,thellus1 who had1 as ,claudius said he would invite him to do1 brought back ,benigna to ,crispus's inn1 was taking his leave of the ,lady ,aglais and of ,agatha1 ,paulus said to him1 ,do not go soon2 but come down into the garden and let us take a stroll4 ,we may not often be able to converse with each other hereafter4 ,gladly1 my valiant youth1 said ,thellus2 and they descended together4 ,a beautiful starry and moonlit night looked down over ,italy1 as they sauntered in the fragrant garden1 conversing a little and then relapsing into thoughtful silence4 ,presently ,thellus said1 ,this adventure of yours makes me unhappy4 ,well1 returned ,paulus1 my mother and sister have such need of my protection that ,i feel no levity about it myself4 ,i confess that it is a grave business4 ,they now walked up and down the laurel alley a few turns1 absorbed in thought4 ,suddenly two men approached them along two different gravel-walks in the garden1 one dressed as a slave1 the other in the uniform of a decurion1 a legionary officer1 slightly more important than a modern sergeant of the line in the ,english army4 ,the slave had one of the worst countenances1 and the decurion one of the most honest1 that ,paulus in his very limited or ,thellus in his immense experience had ever beheld4 ,paulus recognized the slave at once2 it was that ,lygdus who had endeavored to bring him to the ground by a side-sweep of ,cneius ,piso's sword1 which this man1 as the reader will remember1 was carrying at the time4 ,the decurion gave ,paulus a letter1 directed in the same handwriting1 folded in the same style1 and its silk thread sealed with the same device of a frog1 as a certain communication which he had once before received4 ,the moon shone high1 and so calm was the night that it proved easy to read the bold characters4 ,they ran thus3 ,velleius ,paterculus1 military tribune1 salutes ,paulus ,lepidus milius4 ,renounce this absurd engagement1 which cannot concern you4 ,it is yet possible1 but will be too late to-morrow1 to plead ignorance of what you were undertaking4 ,leave wretched slaves to their fate6--,,vale4 ,paulus1 after reading this note1 begged the decurion to wait1 and1 turning to ,lygdus1 asked his business4 ,the slave stated his name1 and said he was appointed to receive1 dating from the day after the next1 the provender which he understood ,paulus to be desirous of furnishing for the use of the ,sejan horse4 ,has ,tiberius ,csar appointed you4 ,sir1 yes4 ,of course1 then1 you are used to horses8 ,sir1 ,i have always belonged to the stable1 said ,lygdus4 ,but1 pursued ,paulus1 am ,i then forbidden to enter the stable myself1 and make acquaintance with the horse ,i have to break8 ,sir1 ,i have orders1 answered this ,lygdus--who1 as ,i think ,i have already mentioned1 was destined1 as the instrument of ,cneius ,piso and ,plancina1 some few years later1 to be the cruel assassin of ,germanicus--,i have orders always to admit you1 and always to watch you4 ,you to watch a ,roman knight6 ,for that matter1 most honored sir1 answered ,lygdus1 the rank of the person watched does not alter the eyes of the watcher4 ,i could watch a ,roman senator1 or even a ,roman ,csar1 if necessary4 ,i will be security you could1 said ,thellus1 whose great and almost diaphanous nostrils quivered as he spoke4 ,lygdus1 by way of answer1 withdrew a pace4 ,the decurion1 meanwhile1 had taken off his helmet1 and the starry heavens were not more clear than his indignant1 simple countenance4 ,it is well1 said ,paulus4 ,i will ask for you at ,formi4 ,go now4 ,lygdus therefore went away4 ,decurion1 said ,paulus1 say to the esteemed ,velleius ,paterculus that ,i am very grateful to him2 but what must be1 must be4 ,and what is that1 noble sir8 answered the decurion1 in case my commanding officer should ask me for an explanation8 ,that ,i have given my word advertently1 and will keep it faithfully1 replied ,paulus4 ,is this1 noble sir1 said the decurion1 what you mean by that which must be8 ,have ,i1 then1 answered ,paulus1 said any thing obscure or confused8 ,only something unusual1 excellent sir1 said the decurion2 but not any thing confused or obscure4 ,permit me to add1 that the whole camp knows the circumstances of this miserable undertaking1 and wishes you well2 and ,i feel in my single bosom the good wishes of the whole camp for your success4 ,what is your name1 brave decurion8 ,longinus4 ,well1 replied ,paulus1 if ,i survive the struggle with this creature1 ,i mean to join the expedition of ,germanicus ,csar1 and ,i will have my eye upon you4 ,i should like to be your informant that you were promoted to a higher rank1 and to call you the ,centurion ,longinus4 ,tears were standing in the ,roman decurion's eyes as he bowed to take leave4 ,thellus and ,paulus1 being now left again alone1 resumed their walk up and down the laurel alley4 ,i am not so conversant with horses1 observed ,thellus1 as ,i could for your sake at present wish to be4 ,but all animals1 ,i notice1 are more quiet when blinded4 ,at this moment the branches of a cross-walk rustled1 and a stately figure in the ,greek lna approached them4 ,are you not milius1 the nephew of the triumvir8 asked the stranger4 ,yes1 replied ,paulus4 ,who is this8 continued the new-comer1 looking at ,thellus4 ,i have something to say which may concern your safety4 ,you may trust this brave man1 said ,paulus2 it is my friend ,thellus4 ,well1 pursued the other1 in a very low tone1 take this little pot of ointment2 and two hours before you have to ride the ,sejan horse1 go into his stable1 make friends with him1 and rub his nostrils with the contents4 ,he will be then muzzled1 you know4 ,you will find him afterward docile4 ,whom have ,i to thank for so much interest in me8 demanded ,paulus4 ,my name is ,charicles1 replied the stranger hesitatingly1 and still speaking almost in a whisper2 and ,i have the honor of numbering ,dionysius of ,athens among the best of my friends4 ,my mother1 returned ,paulus1 would1 ,i think1 be glad to see you some day soon4 ,i shall feel it an honor2 but pray excuse me to her to-night1 said ,charicles4 ,tiberius ,csar knows nothing of my absence1 and ,i had better return at once to ,formi4 ,i will visit you again4 ,but would this ointment injure the horse8 inquired ,paulus4 ,not by any means1 said ,charicles2 it comes from a distant eastern land4 ,it will merely make him sleepy4 ,i have been more than an hour and a half handling the ingredients1 and ,i can hardly keep awake myself4 ,forgive my hurry--farewell4 ,and the stately ,greek made an obeisance as he disappeared4 ,paulus remained1 holding the pot1 which consisted of some kind of porcelain1 in his hand1 and looking at it1 when ,thellus exclaimed1 ,why1 this laurel hedge is alive6 ,in a moment he had sprung through it and returned1 dragging in his mighty grasp ,lygdus the slave4 ,not yet departed8 said ,thellus4 ,sir1 ,i was asleep1 replied the slave1 with a look of terror4 ,i have but to tighten my fingers1 cried ,thellus1 and you will sleep so as not to awake in a hurry4 ,thellus1 observed ,paulus1 ,i am not depending either on this man's knowledge or on this man's ignorance4 ,i have quite other hopes and other grounds of confidence4 ,let him go4 ,ah6 said ,thellus1 ,i would like to have the chastising of you4 ,but go1 as this noble gentleman desires2 go1 then1 as the young ,roman knight bids you6 ,he shook the reptile-headed1 down-looking1 and side-looking slave away1 and the latter disappeared4 ,o friend and noble sir6 said ,thellus1 it nearly breaks my heart to see you thus bound hand and foot1 and doomed to destruction4 ,have a good heart1 dear ,thellus1 said ,paulus4 ,so they parted1 the gladiator returning to his vehicle1 and ,paulus retiring to his room1 where1 as he lay on his bed and listened to the plash of the fountain in the impluvium1 he silently and calmly offered back to the great unknown ,god whom ,dionysius worshipped the life which he1 that unknown ,deity1 could alone have given4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,next morning1 before the family were out of their beds1 ,phylis the slave had returned from ,monte ,circello with the following note3 ,marcus ,lepidus milius hails the widow of his brave and valiant brother4 ,come with your children4 ,the last of mine has1 alas6 died under the clemency of one man1 and the liberality of another4 ,the clement man is ,augustus1 the liberal man was ,mcenas4 ,all that ,i now retain is yours2 and yours shall be all ,i may be able to leave4 ,farewell4 ,but despite of this note1 ,paulus could not persuade his mother to depart from that neighborhood till after the trifling display of horsemanship1 as he called it1 which he had to afford for the amusement of the ,roman world on the evening of the third day ensuing4 ,a little ruffled at his failure to persuade the ,lady ,aglais to go away1 he summoned their freedman ,philip1 and with him for a companion started on foot for ,formi before noon1 along a road as thronged at that moment and as animated as the road to ,epsom is the eve of what ,lord ,palmerston has rather affectedly1 and1 as applied to an annual event1 very incorrectly1 called the ,isthmian games of ,england4 ,scarcely had he and ,philip entered the southern gate1 when they noticed a little crowd around some nurses1 one of whom1 apparently a ,nubian1 held the hand of a magnificently-attired child of any age between five and eight4 ,at his side was an eastern-looking youth of about eighteen1 whom the reader has met before4 ,thellus the gladiator was standing with folded arms on the outskirts of the suddenly-collected concourse4 ,the child had dropped some toy1 which a dog had seized in his mouth1 and had thereby defaced4 ,the dog was now a prisoner1 held fast by the throat in a slave's hands4 ,the poor dog knew not what he was doing1 said the nurse4 ,i care nothing for that1 cried the child1 who was purple with passion4 ,strangle him1 ,lygdus4 ,and accordingly ,lygdus tightened his grasp of the dog's throat till the animal's tongue was thrust forth2 the grasp was yet longer maintained1 and the dog was throttled dead4 ,is it dead8 screamed the child4 ,quite2 see1 replied ,lygdus1 casting away upon the street the breathless carcass4 ,ah6 beautiful6 cried the child2 now come away4 ,nice and neat as an execution1 said a powerfully-built1 dusky1 middle-aged man1 having a long1 ruddy beard1 streaked with gray1 around whom were several slaves in ,asiatic dress4 ,this person also the reader has met before4 ,but1 added he1 ,i am going up for my own trial1 and ,i hope it will not be followed by another execution4 ,i only hope it will cried the interesting child4 ,what fun it would be to see a man strangled4 ,who is that infant monster1 ,thellus8 asked ,paulus4#aie ,he is the son of ,germanicus and ,agrippina2 his name is ,caius4 ,you see1 young as he is1 he already wears the calig of the common soldiers1 among whom he continually lives4 ,it is his delight4 ,they nickname him ,caligula4 ,do you know1 there are good chances he yet wears the purple1 and succeeds ,augustus1 or at least ,augustus's next heir1 as emperor of the world4 ,happy world will it be under his rule1 said ,paulus4 ,suddenly there were cries of ,make way4 ,lictors moved1 making large room among the crowd4 ,sejanus appeared in the robes of a prtor2 and ,paulus and his friend ,thellus found themselves borne along1 like leaves in a stream1 toward the back of the ,mamurran palace1 in a large room on the ground floor of which they presently beheld the big1 dusky-colored man of fifty or thereabouts1 with the long1 ruddy1 gray-streaked beard1 standing before a sort of bar4 ,behind the bar1 on a chair of state1 like the curule chair of the senators1 ,augustus was sitting4 ,a crowd of famous persons1 many of whom we have already had occasion to mention1 stood behind him1 and on either hand ,livy1 ,lucius ,varius1 ,haterius1 ,domitius ,afer1 ,antistius ,labio1 ,germanicus1 and ,tiberius ,csar were there4 ,in a row behind were ,cneius ,piso1 ,pontius ,pilate1 and the boy ,herod ,agrippa4 ,and so1 said ,augustus1 you tell us you are the son of ,herod the ,great1 as he is called2 in other words1 ,herod the ,iduman2 his son ,alexander8 ,we have seen1 said ,paulus to ,thellus1 in a whisper1 the fate of a dog2 we are now to learn that of a king1 or a pretender to the dignity4 ,great and dread commander1 such ,i am1 answered the red-bearded1 big1 dark man4 ,but1 said ,augustus1 the accredited rumor runs that ,herod condemned his two sons1 ,aristobulus and ,alexander1 to death4 ,nay1 ,i have the official report sent to me at the time by the prefect of ,syria1 and letters from ,herod the ,iduman himself4 ,herod condemned them1 but the executioner killed others instead1 answered the ,jew4 ,they escaped to ,sidon4 ,them and they6 said ,augustus2 you mean that others were executed instead of them8 ,yes1 my commander4 ,why do you not1 pursued ,augustus1 say ,,instead ,,of ,,us8 ,i do not understand1 replied the ,jew4 ,are you not1 asked ,augustus1 one of them8 ,i am the son of ,herod4 ,you speak as though you had gone out of that person4 ,you speak rather like a historian than like a sufferer and an actor4 ,you are talking of yourself and your brother1 yet you say ,,they1 not ,,we6 ,such is the style of the east1 emperor4 ,pardon me1 said ,augustus2 ,i know the style of the east perfectly well4 ,solve me now another difficulty3 ,i also well know ,herod the ,iduman1 many cases connected with whom were litigated before me1 and decided by me4 ,now1 ,i never knew a man who1 having determined that any body was to die1 took such methodical pains to carry that determination into effect4 ,he dealt largely in executions2 and if there was a person in the world1 it was ,herod1 who saw with his own eyes that his intended executions should be realities4 ,mine was not1 said the ,jew1 and a laugh arose in court4 ,all the ,jews in ,sidon know that ,i am ,alexander1 son of ,herod2 all those in ,crete know it2 all those in ,melas know it2 and when ,i landed at ,dicearchia1 all the ,jews received me as their king2 and you are not ignorant1 great emperor1 that thousands of my countrymen in ,rome1 the other day1 carried me upon a royal litter through the streets1 and clothed me in royal robes and ornaments1 and received me1 wherever ,i went1 with shouts of welcome as ,herod's son4 ,and you have then1 replied ,augustus1 after a pause1 been nurtured as a royal person is in the east8 ,always1 answered the ,jew4 ,i myself1 returned ,augustus1 have seen and known the son ,alexander1 as well as his father ,herod2 and though you are not unlike the son1 yet you--show me your hands4 ,the ,jew stretched forth his hands4 ,those hands have toiled from infancy4 ,uncover your neck and shoulders4 ,this was done4 ,augustus immediately ordered the room to be cleared2 and it was afterward known that he had extorted a confession of his imposture from this ,alexander2 and that1 sparing his life1 he condemned him to row one of the state galleys in chains for the rest of his days4 ,not much like dotage1 all this1 muttered ,tiberius to ,cneius ,piso4 ,the eastern-looking youth1 holding the hand of the child ,caius ,caligula1 and followed by ,pontius ,pilate1 waited for ,augustus in a passage--through which ,paulus and ,thellus were now trying to make their way into the street4 ,when the emperor came out1 observing that the youth desired to speak with him1 he stopped1 saying1 ,what wish you1 ,herod ,agrippa8 ,emperor1 ,i have told you that this man is not my uncle4 ,and ,i1 said ,augustus have now settled the question4 ,he is not4 ,this officer behind me 7,pilate is his name7 has been very obliging to us ever since our arrival4 ,i wish1 my sovereign1 you would send him to ,judea as procurator4 ,he is too young1 replied ,augustus2 but ,i will put his name in my tablets4 ,perhaps1 under my successor1 he may obtain the office4 ,i want a favor1 cried the child ,caius4 ,what is it1 orator8 asked ,augustus4 7,caligula displayed as a child a precocious volubility of speech1 which procured him the epithet by which he was now addressed47 ,that man1 that black ,jew--who pretended to be my friend's uncle--won't you put him to death8 ,externi sunt isti mores1 replied ,augustus1 quoting ,cicero2 that would be quite a foreign proceeding4 ,the anger that sheds unnecessary blood belongs to the levity of the ,asiatics1 or the truculence of barbarians4 ,meanwhile ,paulus and ,thellus1 who had unavoidably overheard these scraps of conversation1 emerged now once more into the street1 and ,thellus guided ,paulus to the stables of ,tiberius ,csar1 where they found ,lygdus expecting the visit4 ,he led them into a long range of buildings1 and showed them1 standing in a stall which had a door to itself1 so contrived as to avoid the necessity of letting any other horses1 when coming or going1 pass him without some intervening protection1 the famous ,sejan steed4 ,the walls were tapestried with leafy vine-boughs1 and the stable seemed very cool1 clean1 and well kept4 ,the stature of the ominous horse1 as we have had occasion already to mention1 was unusually large2 but the fineness of his form took away the idea of unwieldiness1 and gave a guarantee of both power and speed4 ,however1 any person who had studied horses1 and was learned in their points1 7which to a great extent merely means learned in their anatomy17 would at a glance have condemned this one's head4 ,it was1 indeed1 not lacking in physical elegance1 although not lean enough2 the forehead was very broad1 but the eye was not sufficiently prominent nor mild in expression1 and it shot forth a restless light2 the muzzle and the ears1 moreover1 were coarse2 the bones1 from the eye down1 were too concave1 and the nostril appeared to be too thick4 ,something untrustworthy1 and almost wicked1 characterized the expression of the head altogether4 ,the jaws were wide1 and the neck was extraordinarily deep4 ,the shoulders were not so flat or so thin as the ,romans liked them to be2 the girth round the heart was vast2 the chest broad and full2 the body barrel-shaped4 ,the limbs were long1 7which1 says ,captain ,nolan1 is weakness1 not power27 but then the bones were everywhere well covered with muscle1 the hind-legs being remarkably straight in the drop2 in short1 they promised an immense stride1 when the animal should be urged to his fastest gallop4 ,now1 said ,paulus1 after attentively examining these and a great many other points1 which it would be too technical for us to detail1 ,i see he is not muzzled1 but tied by the head1 and ,i perceive a curious arrangement--that platform behind his manger1 and raised somewhat higher than it4 ,the object is to feed him thence1 and approach him there1 ,i suppose8 ,moreover1 ,i observe you have pulleys in the roof and broad bands depending from them2 do you then lift him off his legs when you groom him8 ,lygdus assented4 ,paulus1 after looking attentively at the animal's hoofs1 and forming an idea of the state of his feet1 inquired1 ,is he savage to all alike1 or can you1 for instance1 approach him8 ,sir1 ,i always take my precautions1 answered the slave4 ,paulus went round1 and stood some ten minutes in front of the horse on the raised platform behind the manger1 then shook a double handful of corn down before him and watched him eat it4 ,satisfied at length with this scrutiny1 he now made arrangements for ,philip to remain constantly in the stable1 even sleeping there at night1 and quitting it only to accompany the horse when taken out for exercise2 and he made it clearly understood that ,philip should superintend the feeding and grooming of the animal till he should be led forth for ,paulus to ride him at the appointed time4 ,we have said nothing to explain why the youth did not ride him muzzled1 as often and as long as possible1 during the two days which were still left for preparation2 the fact being that he proposed even now to do so2 but found that1 not having thought of stipulating for this as one of the conditions1 when he had his interview with ,tiberius1 orders had been given to ,lygdus that no person whatever was to mount the horse till the hour when ,paulus was to attempt his subjugation1 in presence of the court1 camp1 and people4 ,very much disappointed1 and blaming his own want of foresight in not having extorted so important a right1 ,paulus now left the freedman on duty in the stables1 ,thellus volunteering to revisit him1 and to bring plenty of provisions of all sorts1 and thus to save the necessity of purveying for him from the distance of ,crispus's inn4 ,when our hero and the gladiator had retired1 ,philip began to make a couch of fresh and fragrant hay for himself on the platform behind the manger1 muttering1 ,but1 if ,i sleep1 it shall be with one eye open and the other not quite closed4 ,if ,i find that scoundrel1 for he looks a scoundrel1 playing any tricks1 ,i'll strangle him so surely as ,i have five fingers on each hand4 ,as ,philip thus muttered1 ,lygdus drew nigh and addressed him4 ,your young master1 ,i fear1 he said1 has not long to live2 no one can ride this horse4 ,three circumstances1 replied ,philip1 seating himself deliberately on a roll of hay1 are unknown to you4 ,i will tell you them4 ,the first is1 that this is not at all a case for mere horsemanship1 although it is not to be denied that horsemanship is necessary4 ,courage and wit are more needful than any bodily adroitness in reminding brutes that their master is man4 ,that is the first circumstance4 ,the second is1 that my young master learnt his riding among the tolians1 who are not matched in the world4 ,take a sip of wine1 said ,lygdus1 handing him a flask of hide4 ,after you1 said the wary old freedman4 ,lygdus drank a little1 wiped the mouth of the flask with a vine-leaf1 and tendered it once more to ,philip1 saying1 ,the first and second of your remarks seem to me to be appropriate1 although ,i think the ,gaulish riders equal to the tolians4 ,i should like to hear the third circumstance4 ,philip sipped some of the wine1 gave back the vessel to the slave1 and proceeded1 ,the third has relation to your phrase1 ',i fear4' ,my master1 ,paulus ,lepidus milius1 has been born and reared to fear death not over-much4 ,edepol6 cried ,lygdus2 what is to be feared more8 ,well1 said ,philip1 various things he fancies1 and ,i fancy so too4 ,considering that all men must die1 and can die only once1 and that it has become somehow1 ,i suppose1 by practice and decree1 as natural as to be born1 and that we have been doing nothing for thousands of years but making way for each other in that manner1 it would be an error to look upon death as the greatest evil4 ,why1 man1 ,i should go mad if that which none can avoid was the greatest evil that any can incur4 ,edepol6 exclaimed the slave again2 you are apparently right4 ,yet what can be conceived worse than death8 ,you mean immense pain1 long continuing2 in which case a wise man would put an end to himself4 ,wise6 returned ,philip2 but it would be useless to reason with such as you4 ,you should have heard1 as ,i have heard him1 ,dionysius the ,athenian upon this topic4 ,when you make such reflections1 is it your big toe1 for example1 or your belly1 or your elbow1 or any part of your body1 that makes them8 ,you may put an end to your body1 and we know what becomes of it4 ,when it is no longer fit1 as the young ,athenian says1 to be the house of that which thinks and reflects within it1 this last departs2 for the body1 once dead1 ceases to think or reflect1 and as soon as the thinker does thus depart1 the body rots4 ,but that other thing which kept the body from rotting1 that other thing which thinks and reflects1 and which is conscious that it is always the same1 that it always has been itself--that other thing which knows its own unalterable identity through all the changes of the body1 from squalling childhood to stiff-kneed age--how can that other thing1 which may easily depart out of the body and leave it to perish1 depart out of itself8 ,a thing may leave another thing2 but how can any thing be left by itself8 ,when this thing1 says ,dionysius1 goes away from the body1 the body always dies4 ,it was1 therefore1 the body's life4 ,but out of its own self this life cannot go 7can any thing go out of itself87 and if it goes out of the body unbidden1 what will it say to him who had put it therein when he asks1 ,sentinel1 why have you quitted your post8 ,servant1 why have you left your charge8 ,what brings you hither8 ,i am angry with you6 ,what will this always conscious1 always identical thing1 then reply8 ,you frighten me1 said ,lygdus4 ,what1 then1 can be more feared by a reasonable man than death8 ,my young master1 for example1 replied ,philip1 so long1 be it always understood1 as he is not his own murderer1 would prefer to die in honor than to live in shame4 ,his father1 the brave ,roman tribune1 used to say to him as a boy1 that a disgraced life was worse than a useless life1 and a useless life worse than a noble death4 ,but who comes hither8 ,the interesting little child ,caius ,caligula1 and the boy ,herod ,agrippa1 entered the stable as ,philip spoke4 ,oh6 there is the big wild horse1 cried the sweet infant1 who had only just arrived at the use of his reason2 but where is the young man that is to be eaten8 ,i want to tell him what will become of him1 and then to watch his face4 ,he is1 ,i see1 even1 now coming back1 said ,philip sternly4 ,he stood up as he spoke1 and an instant afterward ,paulus1 who was attended by the slave ,claudius1 bearing a basket of provisions for old ,philip1 crossed the threshold4 ,ah6 said ,caligula1 you are the person1 are you not1 who are to be first thrown off that horse1 next to be danced upon by him1 and finally to have your head crunched between his grinders1 and that fine wavy hair of yours will not protect your head8 ,that is a graphic description1 said ,paulus2 but ,i trust it will not be realized4 ,are you not very frightened8 ,do not you feel very unhappy8 ,paulus seemed to experience some repugnance to converse with this child2 but guessing him to belong to the imperial family1 he answered with a calm smile1 ,well1 ,i do not feel the grinders yet4 ,i will fix my eyes fast upon you1 returned the child1 from the moment you mount4 ,may they be blinded before they witness what they wish to behold6 muttered ,philip4 ,during this short conversation1 ,lygdus noticed something white gleaming in a fold of ,paulus's tunic at the side1 and picked it1 unperceived by any one1 out of the species of pocket where it lay4 ,caligula1 after scrutinizing ,paulus's face1 turned away1 and ran rapidly up the stable1 passing behind the horse4 ,he skipped and danced a few moments on the other side1 gazing at the animal1 and exclaiming1 ,good horse6 fine horse6 beautiful horse6 ,lygdus immediately called out to him not to come back till he had closed the door of the box1 the leaf of which was on the hither side1 and could be flung to1 and the slave proceeded to do this4 ,but ,caligula1 with a sort of skipping run1 still uttering his exclamations and looking sideways into the stall as he passed1 had already begun to return1 giving ,sejanus's heels as wide an offing as the place allowed4 ,a short1 ferocious whinny1 more like the cry of some wild beast than the neigh of a horse1 was heard1 and ,sejanus lashed out his hind-legs4 ,caligula would probably have crossed1 beyond range of harm1 the line of this acknowledgment which the brute was making to him1 in return for his ejaculatory compliments1 only for the very precaution which ,lygdus had taken1 and which actually furnished the animal with a projectile1 and transmitted to a further distance1 by means of the door-leaf1 nearly the full force of the blow4 ,as the door was swinging home1 the powerful hoofs met it1 and1 shivering it from top to bottom1 dashed it open again1 and sent the outer edge of it and a large detached splinter against the middle of ,caligula's forehead and face1 from the hair down along the whole line of the nose2 for1 as we have remarked1 his face happened to be turned sideways to receive the blow just when it was delivered4 ,he fell insensible2 but having been already in motion1 the united effect of the two forces was to cast him beyond the reach of any further usage on the part of the ,sejan steed4 ,lygdus immediately lifted him up1 and he1 with ,herod ,agrippa1 carried ,caligula into the open air4 ,paulus and ,philip followed2 but ascertaining that the injury was superficial1 they returned to the stable1 where they were now left alone4 ,i heard him tell you1 my master1 said ,philip to ,paulus1 that he would fasten his eyes upon you1 when you mounted yonder brute2 now1 he will not open those eyes for a week1 and whatever happens to you1 he is not going to see it4 ,he is not seriously hurt2 he'll be as well as ever in ten days2 but for the present his beauty is spoilt1 and he's as blind as the dead4 ,paulus now in a low tone related to the freedman1 whose services would be necessary in the matter1 the visit of ,charicles1 and the gift to him by that learned man of an unguent which1 if rubbed into the horse's nostrils1 would render him sleepy1 and1 therefore1 quiet4 ,the old servant expressed great wonder and admiration at such a device1 and ,paulus felt with his hand for the little porcelain pot where he remembered to have placed it4 ,needless to say1 it was gone4 ,well1 said the youth1 after a few questions and answers had been exchanged1 ,i must even take my chance without it4 ,charicles1 ,i hear1 has just been summoned to ,rome1 so that ,i cannot get any more of the compound4 ,farewell2 ,i must now return to ,crispus's inn4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the day when the singular struggle was to occur1 the expectation of which had excited such curiosity1 arose bright1 breezeless1 and sultry1 and so continued till long past noon2 but the sun was now sinking toward the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 and a cool1 soft air had begun to blow as the hour approached when the nephew of the triumvir was to mount the horse ,sejanus1 in the presence of such a multitude as the fields of ,formi had never before beheld1 whether in times of peace or times of war4 ,at the distance of a few miles on every side1 the fair vales and slopes of ,italy presented the appearance of a deserted land1 over which no sound was heard save the drowsy hum of insects1 the occasional sough of the rising breeze in the tops of the woods1 and1 predominant over all1 far and near1 the piercing ring of the cicala1 with its musical rise and fall and its measured intervals4 ,the fire of the wayside forge lay under its ashes2 all its anger taking rest1 its hoarse roar asleep1 till the breath of the bellows should once more awaken it to resistance and torment it into fury4 ,all the labors of tillage were suspended2 the plough wearied no team of oxen2 little girls were watching the flocks and herds4 ,their fathers and mothers and brothers had all gone away since early morning1 and would not return till night-fall4 ,a lonely traveller from the south1 whose horse had cast a shoe and fallen lame1 had no alternative but to take off bridle and housings1 leave them under a tree in charge of a little damsel five or six years old1 turn his steed loose in a soft field of clover1 and continue his own journey on foot along the silent highway1 amid the silent land4 ,the seats of the temporary amphitheatre were all filled2 while within and beneath them1 standing1 but standing on three several elevations1 contrived by means of planks1 7the rearmost being the highest17 were six ranks of soldiers from the camp2 the two inner ranks consisting exclusively of lius ,sejanus's prtorians4 ,immediately behind the centre of the amphitheatre1 where ,augustus with his court sat upon a strongly-built1 lofty1 and somewhat projecting wooden platform1 canopied from the glare1 a grove of tall and shady trees offered in their branches an accommodation of which the fullest advantage had been taken by a vast miscellaneous multitude1 chiefly youths and boys2 but among them soldiers who had received a holiday1 and had found no room for themselves in the amphitheatre1 were also numerous1 their costumes rendering them easily distinguishable4 ,on each side of the large canopied platform of the emperor and the ,csars1 with their court1 were several seats of honor lined with purple and scarlet cloths1 and connected with the estrade in question by continuous pavilion roofs1 but having their own benches4 ,here many ladies and some boys and girls sat4 ,it is in one of these we are ourselves going to take post1 invisible but watchful1 unheard but hearing4 ,on the seat immediately in front of ours1 and of course a little below it1 is a group of three persons1 attended by a slave4 ,with these persons1 and even with their slave1 we have already made more or less acquaintance4 ,one of them the doctors had forbidden to go forth2 but he had come4 ,he is a mere child2 his pretty face is shockingly disfigured2 both his eyes are closed and blacked2 all the flesh round them is a discolored and contused mass1 his head is bandaged1 and every nerve in his countenance is twitching with the furious eagerness and curiosity of one whose organs of sight1 if he could only see with them1 would ravenously devour the spectacle which all the rest of that mighty multitude were to enjoy1 and from which he alone was to be debarred4 ,amid the immense murmur of so many human voices1 we have to listen with attention1 in order to catch distinctly what the child says in his shrill treble tones4 ,now mark you1 good ,cneius ,piso1 and you1 ,herod ,agrippa1 ,i am as blind as a stone2 and ,i have brought you here in no other character than as my eyes1 my left and my right eye4 ,if a single iota of what passes escapes me1 may all the gods destroy you both1 worse than any ,roman or ,jew was ever destroyed before6 ,has that beast of a horse 7if it was mine1 ,i'd tether it by all four legs to the ground1 and make a squadron of cavalry back their horses against it1 and kick it into shreds and little bits7--has that beast of a horse come forth yet8 ,not yet1 orator1 answered ,piso4 ,i see that your father1 the illustrious ,germanicus1 has not taken his place in the emperor's pavilion2 he is riding about yonder in the arena1 and so is ,tiberius ,csar4 ,i dare say they will prefer to remain on horseback2 for they can thus see quite as well1 while the scene continues to be enacted in this place1 and if the ,sejan horse should break away through the opening in the amphitheatre opposite to us1 they could follow and still assist at the issue1 whereas we could not4' ,but ,i want to see2 ,i must see2 ,i'll get on my pony too6 ,ah my sight6 ,i could not ride blind6 ,o that accursed horse6 ,then1 said ,piso1 do you wish the youth to conquer the horse1 or the horse his rider8 ,the child yelled1 and struck his forehead furiously with his fists4 ,oh6 ,if ,i could only see6 ,i ought not to have come6 ,it is worse to be here1 knowing what is to happen1 and having it all close under my eyes1 and not to see it1 than if ,i was far away and without the temptations around me4 ,it is the hell of ,tantalus2 ,i cannot1 cannot bear it4 ,after a pause of impotent rage1 he asked ,piso was the crowd of spectators very large8 ,it is the largest ,i ever beheld1 answered ,piso2 it would be impossible to count it1 or to guess the number4 ,i wish every one present was stone blind at this very moment1 said the dear child4 ,thanks1 orator1 on the part of all here present1 answered ,piso4 ,understand me--only for the moment1 hastily returned ,caligula2 ,i would give them their sight again when ,i recovered my own4 ,a pause4 ,or even when to-day's show was over1 perhaps4 ,while yet he spoke1 the hum and murmur1 which had been incessant1 died rapidly away4 ,what is it8 asked ,caligula4 ,the ,sejan horse is being led into the arena2 two men1 as usual1 hold two cavassons on opposite sides4 ,he is muzzled2 two other grooms are now slackening the muzzle1 in order to get the bit well back between his teeth by pulling up the reins which are under the muzzle1 as the horse opens his mouth4 ,they have the bit properly placed now1 and have quitted his head4 ,oh6 what a spring6 ,it has jerked the further cavasson-holder clean off his feet4 ,o gods6 he has lost the cavasson1 and the other man must be destroyed4 ,no1 bravo6 the fellow has regained the loop of his rein or thong1 and hauls the beast handsomely back6 ,how can one man on either side1 asked ,caligula1 hold him8 ,i have seen two on each side4 ,i understand1 replied ,piso2 but before he could finish his explanation or remark1 or whatever it was designed to be1 a sudden and impressive silence fell upon that vast assembly1 and ,piso stopped short4 ,what has happened now8 whispered the child4 ,the rider has come forth1 answered ,piso1 and is walking toward the horse from the direction of the open space in front of us4 ,by ,jupiter6 a splendid youth2 it is not to be denied4 ,how is he dressed8 ,has he his whip and stimuli 7spurs78 ,he will not need such helps1 ,i surmise4 ,he has no spurs1 and he carries nothing in his hands4 ,he wears that foreign-looking head-gear1 the broad-rimmed petasus1 as a shade1 no doubt1 against the level rays of the sunset2 for ,i see he is giving directions to the grooms1 and they are contriving to bring the horse round with his head toward the west4 ,ah6 he thus faces the opening2 ,i dare say he will try to push the animal into the excitement of a grand rush1 and thus weary him at the outset4 ,in that case1 we shall not see much of the business2 he will be miles away over the country in a few minutes4 ,you will find that such an injustice will not be allowed1 answered the child4 ,we must not be cheated out of our rights4 ,his tunic1 continued ,piso1 is belted tight1 and ,i perceive that he wears some kind of greaves1 which reach higher than the knee1 that will protect him from the brute's teeth4 ,moreover1 ,i notice a contrivance in the horse's housings to rest the feet--you might call them staped2 they seem to be made of plaited hide4 ,i don't care for his greaves1 returned the child2 the teeth may not wound him1 but they will pull him off or make him lose his balance all the same4 ,it is agreed1 is it not1 that1 as soon as he is mounted1 the muzzle is to be slipped off the horse8 ,certainly1 said ,piso4 ,then the rest is certain1 said the other4 ,how is it contrived1 do you know8 added he4 ,the muzzle consists of a mere roll of hide1 replied ,piso2 and it is those long reins alone which keep it folded1 being passed in opposite directions round the animal's nose2 while therefore both the reins are pulled1 or held tight1 they bind the muzzle2 but when one of them only is pulled1 it opens the muzzle4 ,each groom has the same kind of double rein2 and each1 acting in concert1 will set the beast free as soon as they receive the signal4 ,who gives the signal8 ,the rider himself1 when he is fairly seated2 but ,tiberius will tell him when to mount4 ,go on with your description of his dress and his looks4 ,does he seem afraid8 ,he still wears that queer sword2 ,i should have fancied it cumbersome to him4 ,afraid6 ,i should say not4 ,no sign of it4 ,ver omnes6 ,at first1 this dialogue was sustained in a whisper2 but as the lull of all noise was again gradually replaced by that hoarse hum1 which is blent out of a hundred thousand low-toned murmured words1 ,piso and the child ,caligula raised their own voices1 and the last exclamation of ,piso was as loud as it was sudden4 ,has any thing further taken place8 ,why1 yes1 said ,cneius ,piso2 and something which ,i do not understand4 ,that old freedman of the youth1 together with ,thellus the gladiator1 have approached him1 and ,thellus holds in each hand a sort of truncheon about a yard or more long2 the top of which for more than a foot is black2 the rest is sheathed or plated in bronze2 the black top of the truncheon is thick2 the rest1 which is sheathed in the metal1 is much thinner4 ,the freedman who is by ,thellus's side holds a small horn lantern in one hand1 and tenders with the other a pair of large woollen chirothec 7gloves7 to his young master1 who is even now putting them on4 ,as he puts on his gloves1 he looks round the benches2 he is looking our way now4 ,what can he mean8 ,he has the audacity to wave his hand1 and smile1 and nod in this direction6 ,the slave whom we have mentioned as forming the fourth in this group was no other than ,claudius1 whose part ,paulus was now performing4 ,by your leave1 most honored lords1 said ,claudius1 ,i think ,i am the person whom that valiant youth is saluting4 ,true1 said ,piso2 he has taken your destined office to-day1 has he not8 ,yes1 my lord1 returned ,claudius2 and having caught sight of me1 he beckoned to me1 doubtless1 to bid me have good courage4 ,well6 ejaculated ,piso1 that is a good joke4 ,i think it is you who ought to beckon to him to have good courage4 ,he needs it more than you4 ,a moment after this remark1 ,cneius ,piso suddenly turned to the child ,caligula1 and informed him that ,tiberius was signing to him 7,piso7 to go down into the arena1 and mount one of the spare horses2 and1 although unwillingly1 he must go4 ,and how shall ,i know what occurs8 cried the passionate1 voluble boy4 ,it is like plucking out one of my eyes4 ,herod ,agrippa here speaks ,latin with such a dreadful1 greasy accent1 and so slowly2 he is but learning the language4 ,piso rose and said1 ,i have no choice but to obey2 you have the slave ,claudius with you2 he not only speaks fluently1 but ,i'll answer for it he will watch all the stages of the struggle with at least as much attention as any person in all this crowd will6 ,his liberty1 his wedding1 and fifty thousand sesterces are at stake4 ,saying this1 he descended the steps of the narrow gangway which was 7with scores of similar stairs7 the means contrived for reaching and quitting the higher seats in the temporary circus4 ,a few moments afterward1 he was seen in the arena riding by the side of ,tiberius to and fro4 ,now1 slave1 remember your duty1 cried the child ,caligula2 let nothing escape your eyes or my ears4 ,what next8 ,those queer-looking staves1 my lord1 which the illustrious ,cneius ,piso has mentioned as being in the hands of ,thellus1 have passed into those of the young knight1 who is to conquer the terrible brute4 ,what8 the two truncheons with black1 thick ends1 and the rest of their length sheathed in metal8 do you say that the knight ,paulus has taken them into his hands8 ,what good can they do him8 ,yes1 my lord2 he has now passed both of them into his left hand1 and holds them by the thin ends4 ,thellus has withdrawn a few paces2 the old freedman1 ,philip1 remains still near the youth4 ,ha6 ,what6 ,tiberius ,csar has signalled the arena to be cleared4 ,o gods6 we shall soon see the issue now4 ,i care not for my freedom2 ,i care for the safety of that brave young knight4 ,does he1 then1 seem to shrink8 asked the child4 ,i do not1 replied ,claudius1 observe any shrinking1 my lord4 ,it is ,i who shrink4 ,he has drawn slowly near the horse in front1 and stands about half a yard from his left shoulder4 ,he is following ,tiberius ,csar with his eyes4 ,go on6 ,the arena is now clear of all save on the one hand the two ,csars and their retinues1 who have taken their stand very near to us1 just opposite to and beneath this platform1 my lord2 and on the other hand1 the group around that horrible animal4 ,ah6 me miserable6 ,tiberius ,csar lifts his hand1 and you hear the trumpet6 ,that is the signal4 ,i hear it6 ,i hear it6 cried the child1 in a sort of ecstasy4 ,what follows now8 ,has the knight ,paulus mounted8 ,no1 my lord2 he has-- ,he shrinks1 does he not8 interrupted the other with a taunting giggle4 ,the horse trembles in every limb1 said the slave2 his nostrils dilate and quiver1 and show scarlet1 as if on fire2 and his eyes shoot forth a blood-red gleam1 and he has stooped his head1 and-- ,but the man1 the man8 screamed ,caius2 what of him8 ,has he not failed1 ,i say--lost heart8 ,the most profound stillness had succeeded to the hubbub of blended sounds which a moment previously filled the air4 ,a trumpet blew a shrill prolonged minor note1 and the child1 laying his hand upon ,claudius's shoulder1 and shaking him violently1 cried to him to proceed with his descriptions2 addressing to him again the query1 ,has that young man mounted8 ,and if so1 in what style1 with what success8 ,notwithstanding the despotic impatience with which the inquiries were urged1 the slave ,claudius did not at first reply2 and the infant heard rapid1 eager murmurs on all sides follow the trumpet blast1 then a general burst of exclamations1 which were instantly hushed4 ,why do you not speak8 said ,caius1 in a species of whispered scream4 ,pardon a momentary abstraction1 replied ,claudius4 ,while the trumpet was yet sounding1 the young knight ,paulus took off his hat quickly1 and bowed toward ,tiberius ,csar and the emperor2 and replacing his hat1 he beckoned to the freedman ,philip4 ,this last has approached him1 and they are even now speaking together4 ,ha6 ha6 interrupted the child2 then he has not mounted4 ,he neither dares nor can he4 ,philip1 pursued ,claudius1 has opened the lantern2 his young master is thrusting the staves toward the light2 the ends have caught fire1 in a dull degree1 with some smoke accompanying the flame4 ,he turns quickly away from the freedman1 and holding the staves still in his left hand1 and a little away1 he approaches the horse2 now he stands with his feet close together4 ,oh6 he has sprung clean from the ground2 he is in his seat4 ,he has seized the bridle in his right hand1 and carried it to his mouth2 he takes it between his teeth4 ,he is now relieving his left hand of one of those torches2 he holds one in each hand1 somewhat away from the body1 nearly horizontal4 ,the cavasson-holders at a distance are removing the muzzle1 and the rider sends his feet firmly1 yet ,i think not very far1 through those rests which the illustrious ,cneius ,piso mentioned1 those staped of hide1 the like of which ,i never saw before4 ,i wonder they are not always used4 ,what of the horse8 ,is he motionless8 ,not less so than a statue1 replied the slave2 excepting the eyes and nostrils1 which last exhibit a tremulous movement1 and show scarlet1 like hollow leaves or thin shells on fire4 ,the brute's concave head1 from the scarlet nostril to the lurid eye1 looks wicked and dire4 ,how looks the rider8 ,calm and heedful2 the slight occasional breath of air from the east carries away to the front the slow flame1 blent with a little smoke of those torches which he holds one in each hand4 ,what can they be for8 ,i know not1 replied ,claudius4 ,i suppose they are intended1 said the child1 to compel the ,sejan horse to keep his head straight4 ,thus your volunteer-substitute need not fear the beast's teeth4 ,the issue seems then to be reduced to a trial of sheer horsemanship4 ,and in such a trial1 most honored sir1 replied the slave1 ,i begin to have hopes4 ,you should see the youth4 ,the leading-reins are now loose4 ,the muzzle is snatched away1 and the contest has begun4 ,surely it seems one between a wild beast and a demigod4 ,is he thrown8 ,no2 yes2 so help me6 he is off1 but is off standing4 ,explain2 proceed--,i tell you1 proceed6 ,the horse1 after a series of violent plunges1 suddenly reared till he had nearly gained a perpendicular position upon his hind-legs1 the fore-feet pawing the air4 ,the rider1 who seemed to be as little liable to fall as though he had been part of the animal1 then quickly passed his right foot out of the far stapeda1 and dropping the bridle from his teeth1 slipped down on the hither side4 ,hark6 did you hear the crash with which the fore-paws have come down8 ,the steed seemed to be very near falling backward1 but after a struggle of two or three seconds1 recovered himself2 the centre of his weight had not been carried rearward of the vertical line2 and1 ,o ye gods6 just as you heard that ponderous thud with which he descended upon his fore-feet1 the youth darted from the ground with a spring like his first1 and he is now on the brute's back as before4 ,he stoops to the horse's neck2 he has caught the bridle in his teeth1 and lifts that brave1 clear face again4 ,listen to the multitude6 ,oh6 how the euge1 euge1 thunders from a hundred thousand sympathetic voices6 ,ah my sight6 cried the child ,caligula4 ,ha6 ha6 continued ,claudius1 transported out of himself4 ,i shall get my liberty to-day6 ,nor will my benefactor be injured4 ,ha6 ha6 ,the fell beast of a horse seems astonished4 ,how he writhes his back1 curving it like some monstrous catamount4 ,and lo6 now he leaps from the ground with all four feet at the same time6 ,i never saw the like1 except in animals of the cervine tribe4 ,ha6 ha6 leap away6 ,yes1 stoop that ferocious-looking head1 and shake it2 and lash out with your death-dealing hoofs4 ,your master is upon you1 in his chair of power1 and you'll shake your head off before you dislodge him from it4 ,it is not with the poor literary slave ,claudius that you have to deal6 ,oh6 what a paroxysm of plunges4 ,i was frightened for you1 then1 brave young knight2 but there you sit yet1 calm and clear-faced4 ,if ,i was frightened for you1 you are not frightened for yourself4 ,oh6 for a few minutes' sight6 said the child4 ,has not the horse tried to twist his head round1 and so to bring his teeth into play8 ,even now he tries1 replied ,claudius2 but he is met on either side by the torch4 ,the fiercest beast of the desert shrinks from fire4 ,prudent and fortunate device6 ,lo6 the horse seems at last to have ascertained that he who has this day mounted him is worthy of his services2 do you hear the tread of his hoofs1 as he traces the circle of the arena1 guided by those steady hands from which flames appear to flow4 ,faster and faster rushes the steed1 always restrained and turned by the outer torch1 which is brought near his head1 while the inner is held further to the rear4 ,his sides are flecked with foam4 ,the pace grows too rapid for a short curve1 and the steed is now guided straight for the western opening in the arena opposite to where we sit2 while the light breeze from the east counteracts the current of air made by the animal's own career1 and keeps the flare of those torches almost even4 ,they are gone2 and again hark6 ,is not that shout like the roar of waters on a storm-beaten shore1 as a hundred thousand men proclaim the success of a generous and brave youth1 who could face the chance of being torn limb from limb in order to give to a poor slave like me1 condemned to a frightful death1 his life and his liberty1 a home and a future8 ,but surely1 said the imperial child1 it is not over so soon4 ,it is like a dream4 ,i have tried to make you see what ,i saw1 returned ,claudius4 ,it was a wonderful struggle--the youth looked beautiful2 and in the swift whirl1 as you beheld the graceful and perfect rider1 his hands apparently streaming with flames1 and his face so calm and clear1 you would have imagined that it was one of those beings whom the poets have feigned and sung1 as having gifts superior to the gifts of ordinary mortals1 who was delivering some terror-stricken land from a demon1 from a cruel monster1 and compelling ferocity1 craft1 uproar1 and violence to bend to far higher forces1 to man's cool courage and man's keen wit4 ,augustus1 in his later years1 showed a decreasing relish for the bloodier sports of the arena2 and1 in deference to his taste1 the next spectacles were1 first a mere wrestling-match1 and then a combat at the cestus1 in which the effort was to display skill rather than inflict injury4 ,this contest was just over1 and the sun1 as if in wide-flowing garments of red and golden clouds1 had sunk level with the broad western opening of the amphitheatre1 when the hum of voices was hushed once more1 and ,claudius was commanded in a whisper to resume his task of rendering the scene upon which the child's bodily eyes were temporarily closed1 visible to his mind4 ,i cannot with certainty discern1 said the slave1 what occurs2 there is such a vast heavenly shield of red light hanging opposite to us in the western sky4 ,against it1 approaching at a walking pace toward the gap in the arena1 along that avenue of chestnut trees in the country1 ,i see a horseman4 ,all eyes are turned in that direction4 ,it is he2 it is ,paulus ,lepidus milius1 returning on the ,sejan steed2 the animal is enveloped in sweat1 and dust1 and foam2 and rather stoops the head which looked so fierce two hours ago2 the rider has thrown away those torches1 and now holds the reins low down on either side1 a little in front of the beast's shoulder4 ,his hat is gone1 and his brown locks1 as you see them against the sun1 are so touched with the light that he seems to wear a head-gear of golden flames4 ,hark6 again1 as before1 the people and the army shout to him4 ,he is bowing to them on each side2 and now1 as he advances1 what do ,i see8 ,the slave paused1 and the child impatiently cried-- ,how can ,i tell what you see1 you dog8 ,you are here for no other purpose than to tell me that4 ,he has streaks of blood upon his forehead1 resumed ,claudius4 ,oh6 oh6 cried the other2 the branches of the trees have no doubt struck him4 ,is he pale8 ,does he look faint8 ,is he going to fall off8 ,no1 said ,claudius2 he has reined in the horse1 which stands like a horse of stone in the middle of the arena4 ,tiberius and ,germanicus have both ridden toward him1 with their retinues of mounted officers behind them4 ,they have halted some six yards from him4 ,they are speaking to him4 ,as they speak1 he bows his head and smiles4 ,a crowd of people on foot have broken into the arena4 ,the grooms have drawn near1 at a sign from ,tiberius2 they are cautiously approaching the ,sejan beast2 but this last shows no restiveness4 ,they have slipped the muzzle round his nose1 under the reins4 ,the youth dismounts4 ,i do not see him now2 he has become mixed with the crowd1 ,i think2 yes1 it must be so1 for ,i miss him altogether4 ,augustus now rose1 and his rising was taken by the multitude as a signal that the entertainments of the amphitheatre for that evening had closed4 ,half an hour more and the scene was left to its solitude2 and where the cries and shouts of that mighty assemblage had mounted to the very heavens1 there was no sound left except the humming of the insects and the rustling of the trees4 ,that night1 in the large veranda or bower1 which hung its arch of leaves and flowers over the landing of the ,lady ,aglais's apartments1 at the ,inn of the ,hundredth ,milestone1 were assembled an exceedingly heterogeneous but mutually attached company1 with every member of which the reader has made acquaintance4 ,paulus's mother1 his young sister ,agatha1 ,claudius1 7no longer a slave1 and now wearing the pileus17 ,crispina1 with her daughter ,benigna1 the betrothed of this slave ,claudius1 ,thellus the gladiator1 and ,dionysius the ,athenian1 were there1 and they all heard ,paulus relate a very strange occurrence1 with which he made them acquainted in the following terms3 ,mother1 said he1 the most extraordinary incident connected with this happy day remains to be told4 ,i am sure that the great and mysterious ,being who is expected by ,dionysius here soon to descend upon earth1 and to whom ,i offered my life1 has protected me this day4 ,he has surely protected me1 and has received with favor my endeavor to rescue from brutal power an oppressed and innocent young couple4 ,the most extraordinary incident connected with my undertaking1 ,i say1 is not yet known to you4 ,last night ,i could not sleep soundly4 ,at last1 long before daybreak1 ,i rose1 dressed myself1 and1 kneeling down1 besought that ,being who is to appear among us to remember that ,i was trying to please him by this enterprise1 and that ,i was acting just as ,dionysius and ,i had concluded it would be agreeable to this beneficent being4 ,an inexpressible feeling of calmness and confidence arose in my heart as ,i rose from my knees4 ,i then took my hat and went out of doors4 ,i first strolled yonder1 up and down that laurel walk in the garden1 and afterward sauntered into the fields and wandered pretty far1 but ,i observed not whither4 ,presently ,i began to feel that inclination to sleep which had deserted me in my bedroom2 and1 knowing the sun would soon rise1 ,i chose a shady spot under a clump of trees1 and1 lying down1 fell fast asleep immediately4 ,i had no dream1 but was waked by feeling a hand upon my forehead4 ,opening my eyes1 ,i beheld a woman1 very aged and venerable1 but with a most beautiful countenance1 despite her years1 bending over me4 ,her countenance was solemn as the stars1 and1 ,i know not how1 impressed me like the face of the heavens at midnight1 when the air is clear and calm4 ,her hair was not gray1 but white--white as milk4 ,she wore a long1 black mantle1 the hood of which1 like that of ,agatha's ricinium1 was brought over the head1 but not further than the middle of the head1 so that ,i could see1 when ,i rose to my feet1 7as ,i instantly did17 that her long flowing white locks were parted evenly and fell below the shoulder on each side4 ,she held in her left hand a long staff1 and her right was extended toward me as if bespeaking attention4 ,she said to me in ,greek these words3 ',,by ,,means ,,of ,,fire ,,you ,,can ,,subdue ,,the ,,ferocious ,,beast4' ,she then laid the hand which was stretched forth upon my head for a second1 drew the hood further over her head1 and departed with swift steps1 leaving me to gaze after her in amazement--an amazement which increased when ,i perceived that her words could be applied to the ,sejan horse4 ,it was those words1 mother1 and nothing else1 which gave me the idea of employing the torches1 which my good ,thellus here afterward prepared for me out of some gladiatorial exercise-weapons which he possessed2 and ,i may for certain say that1 without the torches1 ,i must have been destroyed by that horrible brute4 ,you truly describe this incident as extraordinary1 my son1 said the ,lady ,aglais1 after a pause4 ,paulus1 said ,dionysius1 you have seen the ,sibyl4 ,you must accompany me in a few days to ,cum1 where we will seek an interview with her1 upon the subject concerning which all the ,sibyls sing and prophesy--the general reparation of this disorder-tortured world4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #aid ,it was some fifty years before1 at the siege of ,modena1 that the first recorded instance1 so far as ,i am aware1 occurred of making the pigeon a letter-carrier4 #aie ,i am aware of an apparent anachronism here of some four or five years1 according to ,dio1 ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1 and others2 but ,caligula was1 ,i think1 a few years older than these authors represent2 for ,josephus furnishes a somewhat different calendar from theirs4 ,,translated ,,from ,,le ,,correspondant4 ,,matter ,,and ,,spirit ,,in ,,the ,,light ,,of ,,modern ,,science#aif ,there is nothing more advantageous1 and at the same time more dangerous2 more beneficial to the cause of truth1 and yet more apt to induce error1 than the modern idea of studying man in nature alone2 or rather1 of scrutinizing its depths with the design of discovering all that concerns him4 ,doubtless there were times when philosophy did not pay sufficient regard to the study of the physical sciences2 when philosophers put themselves too far outside the physical world4 ,metaphysics were too full of abstractions1 too much confined to the me and consciousness4 ,some systems wished to dig an abyss between the world of matter and that of spirit1 regarding the passage from the one to the other as impossible4 ,even the discoveries of ,des ,cartes in the realms of physical nature1 as well as in the kingdom of his own consciousness1 notwithstanding their importance and grandeur1 only served to widen the abyss2 for the ,cartesian theory supposed the mind to be incapable of communicating with the exterior world save by a chain frequently broken--by a long and devious path4 ,the prestablished harmony of ,leibnitz was the last term of the separation of these two worlds1 which had no longer any thing in common even in their agreement1 and only existed in juxtaposition without mutual action or reciprocal influence4 ,this was an excess of which metaphysics was at the same time the author and the victim2 it deprived itself of a powerful element of investigation2 it veiled one of the faces of nature2 and closed the door to research and knowledge in one of the great domains of the world4 ,metaphysicians1 in striving to obtain the exclusive and victorious reign of spirit1 compromised its triumph4 ,doubtless that which at the same time unites and separates the intellectual from the material world will never be perfectly understood4 ,but it will always be necessary to throw light on both sides of the problem by comparing them without confounding them2 to place both face to face without partiality or exclusion2 the working of thought and of matter1 and between the two the mysterious phenomenon of life which is their connecting link and term of similitude4 ,it could not be expected that philosophy should first and alone prepare the ground of this conciliation and comparison4 ,the peculiarly speculative studies of metaphysicians would not naturally carry them to this point2 and besides1 the very elements necessary for this comparison were wanting to them4 ,it is1 therefore1 to the natural sciences1 as they are called1 that we must owe the most of our knowledge and comprehension of the two worlds1 which co-penetrate each other4 ,not that the sciences have preconceived the thought of this result1 and formed a plan on the subject2 for the science of the day1 especially that which really deserves the name1 has confined itself generally to impartial discoveries1 and for premise and conclusion has taken merely the facts themselves4 ,notwithstanding evil examples1 which would persuade a different course1 it still perseveres1 and on this account it deserves praise in its isolated labors and exclusive studies4 ,it would not be difficult to cite the names of some of the most distinguished savants1 who1 impartially and without being preoccupied with conclusions1 have enriched the domain of truth with most important and curious discoveries4 ,but the occupation of the savant1 which is not without merit and trouble1 cannot satisfy mankind4 ,by a natural instinct man feels the want of synthesis2 he is not content with mere phenomena4 ,he wants to go further than analysis2 he longs to generalize and draw consequences4 ,he wishes to profit by past labor2 he wants to know not only results but causes4 ,here philosophy must again be called in to judge of and compare facts1 to deduce consequences from1 and erect systems upon them4 ,if the spiritualist philosophers1 quitting abstractions and leaving the solitude of consciousness1 have by an enlightened change1 which will be serviceable both to truth and to their own cause1 begun to dig deeply into the scientific mine which is so rich and productive2 on the other hand1 the positivists and materialists1 forced by the natural inclination of the human mind to draw conclusions and build theories1 even after proclaiming the sovereign reign of matter1 and after trying to remain in it alone2 after attributing to it every property and every function2 after making it the absolute foundation of their doctrine and teaching1 have here admitted that an inferior supposes a superior order2 there accepted final causes2 elsewhere invoked the ideal or spoken of truths which are eternal2 and in their desire to explain the phenomena of matter or the forms of life1 they have been compelled to leave the region of purely material facts and to ascend to those metaphysical ideas which in theory they so strenuously reject4#aig ,but although the human mind1 placed in presence of problems1 goes faster and further than science1 yet it cannot do without its aid2 it rightly seeks its assistance1 and finds in it one of its most solid and safe foundations4 ,we have1 therefore1 deemed it interesting to indicate at what point the labors of the physicists have arrived1 even by exhibiting their premature solutions4 ,we think it useful to examine some of their conclusions1 which have been deduced rather precipitately perhaps1 but which1 while treating only of bodies1 concern more or less directly the sovereign questions of the soul and of the intelligence4 ,we must say that1 in consequence of so many deep researches and fruitful experiments1 the empire of the natural sciences has been so vastly extended that nothing in the future seems impossible of attainment1 while most unexpected results1 intoxicating1 as it were1 and turning the heads of savants1 have seemed to furnish a justification of their defence of even the most rash and surprising theories4 ,there has been a regeneration of ideas regarding the material world2 analysis has probed to its lowest depths and let in the light of day4 ,men think they have discovered its mode of action and arrived at its very elements4 ,two leading theories have been produced1 both of which pretend to be based on the most minute verification of details and the most recent facts4 ,if they are not absolutely irreconcilable1 they present at least very different formulas4 ,the one affirms that there is nothing in matter except movement4 ,the other declares that there is nothing in matter but forces4 ,i4 ,the system which reduces every thing in matter to movements is as simple as it is curious4 ,it exhibits at the same time a character of grandeur and of unity which is seductive4 ,matter in the universe1 it says1#aih remains the same in quantity2 it is neither created nor destroyed2 its phenomena are merely transformations4 ,according to this system1 the abstract notion of force does not exist4 ,force is a cause of motion2 and the cause of motion is a motion itself4 ,physical phenomena1 as heat1 light1 electricity1 and magnetism1 are certain kinds of motion1 which beget each other4 ,heat is transformed into electricity and electricity into light4 ,transformations take place according to fixed rules1 and are reduced to rigorously determined unities4 ,in another order of facts1 cohesion1 chemical affinity1 and gravity1 are equally the effects of communication of motion1 since the phenomena which derive from them exist only by attraction--that is to say1 by the movement of molecules and bodies toward each other4 ,the same rule holds good in the system of the universe2 the heavenly as well as the terrestrial bodies have not in themselves that which attracts them to each other4 ,universal gravitation is only the expression of a result2 it merely means that every thing happens as if bodies had the intrinsic property of attracting each other in the direct ratio of their quantity and the inverse ratio of their distance4 ,it is not this force or property2 it is the ether which is the cause of attraction4 ,the ether is composed of atoms which collide with each other and with neighboring bodies4 ,it is everywhere diffused1 forming a universal medium1 and exercising a continual pressure on all the molecules in nature4 ,the gravity of bodies is owing to the pressure of this medium4 ,their movement is1 as it were1 a transformation of the motions of ether4 ,thus1 the ether1 moving in every direction1 and obeying no fixed pressure1 produces material attraction without being subject to it2 it gives to bodies their gravity1 while it remains itself imponderable4#aii ,it had been already physically demonstrated that sound and light were the result of undulations--that is1 of motions2 sonorous and luminous movements which have been measured and verified in all their modes4 ,the nature of caloric movement has not yet been so completely understood2 but the mechanical effects of heat have been established in the most precise manner4 ,the identity of heat and of mechanical labor has become a commonly received idea for several years past4 ,heat1 which was formerly regarded as a material substance1 is now considered as a mere mode of motion2 it is by their repercussion that the molecules of bodies cause us to experience the sensation of heat2 and the intensity of these repercussions determines the degrees of temperature4 ,this heat1 manifesting itself by different effects1 produces now light or sounds1 again mechanical labor4 ,the energy or the living force which molecules or bodies in motion possess1 in a degree exactly known1 is partially lost if these molecules produce a work1 that is to say1 if they displace a quantity of matter2 but in that case the living force which they lose is stored up in the labor produced1 and is reborn when the latter ceases to exist4 ,just as the calorific and luminous fluids are no longer regarded as possessing a special substance and existence1 so also the electric fluid1 positive as well as negative1 and the magnetic fluid1 which is only one of its derivatives1 are but opposite movements of matter4 ,the electrical movement of imponderable matter1 or ether1 is not even a vibratory motion2 it is a real current1 a real transport which takes place in the conducting body2 and it is so far of the same nature as the luminous motion that it has approximately the same velocity--that is to say1 it travels seventy-five thousand leagues a second4 ,now1 all these motions of heat1 all these motions of light and electricity1 which correlative phenomena offer1 are all reducible to the idea of mechanical labor4 ,produced by one labor1 they reproduce another4 ,thus disappear from chemistry1 as from the natural sciences1 the forces called repulsive as well as those called attractive4 ,the molecules no longer act at a distance2 actions take place by contact1 by the communication of movements4 ,in the same way the pressure exercised by the ethereal atoms on the molecules of the sidereal bodies takes the place of the initial force or acquired velocity which astronomy regarded as the cause of their movements4 ,according to this sovereign unity1 the physical world is composed of one single element4 ,there are no simple bodies4 ,oxygen and hydrogen1 like gold or platina1 are composed only of atoms4 ,there is no difference in material quality2 properties vary according to the diversity of movements4 ,becoming grouped and interwoven1 the atoms form the molecules1 and the changes of these movements constitute for us the different phenomena1 the mode of which depends on the masses and the velocities which are in play4 ,consequently1 ethereal atoms1 elementary molecules1 compound or chemical molecules1 particles of gaseous bodies1 liquids1 solids--such is the hierarchy of phenomena4 ,the system is triumphantly epitomized in these words3 ,atoms and motion form the universe4 ,let us pause before this conclusion1 the simplicity of which is not without grandeur1 although the theory is absolute and hasty4 ,let us be allowed to interfere in the name of the notion of causality1 in the name of that metaphysics to which the system itself1 although taking its starting-point from facts alone1 renders homage by its generalizations and by its synthesis4 ,if it confined itself exclusively to its conclusion1 that atom and movement form the supreme axiom of the universe1 we should have downright materialism4 ,the author avoids this absolute conclusion1 which would cause us1 moreover1 to go outside the limits of scientific research1 and he admits that even in motion there are original causes which remain entirely unknown4 ,but this cannot suffice4 ,our mind sees this reserve and will not rest satisfied with it4 ,if the system merely gives to ethereal atoms the intrinsic force and primitive motion which it takes away from the molecules and bodies1 it only postpones the difficulty and avoids the true solution4 ,it merely admits an effect without assigning to it an origin or a reason of being4 ,it does not indicate the primary cause of motion2 it does not make known the prime mover1 which neither facts nor reason can place in the atoms or in the phenomena4 ,nor can the formation of worlds be explained by atoms and motion4 ,the author#bjj gives up facts1 reality1 and the logic of his own system when he supposes some of the chief primitive atoms forming the centre of a group for several others1 and thus constituting a sphere4 ,then1 after this operation in the universal mass1 the molecular groups appear gifted with gravity and enter into that evolution which constitutes the admirable order of the universe4 ,we have no longer modern science arriving1 by way of decomposition and analysis1 at results as curious as they are incontestable4 ,it is1 in truth1 but the renewal of an old system which goes as far back as ancient philosophy--to ,leucippus1 to ,democritus1 to ,epicurus2 a system without foundation or reality1 which brings us to gross materialism1 and gives us no rational or experimental explanation of phenomena4 ,for whence have these atoms come8 ,do you give them their reason of being by simply calling them primitive8 ,do they exist from all eternity1 or have they created themselves8 ,after being proclaimed indivisible points1 they are1 contrary to this principle of unity1 made unequal and preponderating4 ,whence do they derive these contradictory1 and at the same time indispensable characters1 which enable them to perform their functions8 ,who has given them the first motion necessary for their meeting8 ,or1 if they have been eternally in motion1 does it not follow that the formations that are attributed to them must be also eternal8 ,what causes them to produce ponderable molecules and to become heavy bodies while they are essentially imponderable and devoid of attraction8 ,as for us1 a friend of truth1 and believing that it can never be opposed to itself1 having in its regard no fear or party prejudice1 we are disposed to accept willingly the results given by scientific observation and experience1 provided there be no disposition to draw conclusions from them which are not legitimate4 ,we are far from disputing that matter is one in its grand simplicity1 and that it is reducible to elements of one species2 that phenomena of a single order1 motion1 produce all the effects of nature which we admire4 ,the spiritualist philosophy will readily find in these atoms their first author1 ,god1 and in these movements ,god1 the prime mover4 ,we also admit willingly that this theory holds good even in the domain of organized matter1 and that1 in the regular order of succession1 it runs through all the kingdoms4 ,we see nothing in this admission which contradicts directly our belief4 ,in fact1 the system extends even to the order of living nature1 and there it points out two things4 ,on the one hand1 it indicates1 as the basis and chief constituent of living beings1 the very materials of the inorganic world1 the solid bodies1 liquids1 gases1 which we find in all organizations1 and especially in the human organization1 the most complex of all2 for this organization comprises fourteen of those elements which we call simple bodies1 because we have not been able as yet to reduce them4 ,on the other hand1 in animated nature itself there takes place a series of motions which succeed each other according to a determined order1 with an especial character1 yet not opposed to the laws of molecular mechanism2 so that in the human body in motion heat is transformed into work and work into heat1 according to the ordinary relation of calorics1 and the human mover gives in labor the same proportion of heat produced as the other movers4#bja ,does this mean1 continues the author of the system1 that we have in this process all the elements of life8 ,what is the cause which forms the first cell1 the basis of living bodies8 ,what deduces from it the developments of being8 ,what limits and regulates its evolution8 ,here we must suspend our judgment1 or admit a special cause1 the principle of which is peculiar to vital phenomena4 ,this cause1 although its nature is unknown and undetermined1 is manifested by movements1 and may take1 according to the same order of ideas1 the rle and name of vital force4 ,this force is endowed with a peculiar activity1 which transforms without creating1 just as motion only transforms in virtue of anterior movements4 ,this doctrine1 pushed to extremity1 seems to infer that the phenomena of thought and volition are only pure movements1 the result of physical or vital actions4 ,but is not the human soul1 the animating principle1 thereby put in danger8 ,the author thinks not4 ,in the midst of material transformations1 says he1 causes active by nature may intervene1 and we have instanced some of them1 in marking the nature and limits of such intervention4 ,this is sufficient to leave the ground free to all the solutions of metaphysics4 ,we are more affirmative and precise4 ,these causes1 from the starting-point of the atom and movement1 necessarily exist and act4 ,in fact1 if the atom and movement are the universe1 outside the universe there must be and there is something superior to the atom and to motion--that which has given them birth2 for we cannot suppose that the atom exists by itself1 nor that motion is produced by itself4 ,all that we see and conceive about atom and motion only gives us phenomenal relations and contingent results4 ,beyond this is the absolute4 ,the observations and relations which experience offers us may be fruitful enough to render an account of the facts1 to extend and enlighten our knowledge1 to establish laws and attest actions4 ,but let us not grow tired in repeating that these actions are not produced alone1 and that these laws suppose an ordainer4 ,especially when we endeavor to understand the nature of life1 atoms and movement may come again into play2 but the cause increases and is detached from the functions of beings2 and the superiority of the effects more imperiously establishes the necessity of an author4 ,,ii4 ,the second theory admits only forces in nature1 and places in these forces the principle of all that is produced4 ,it also goes up to the atom1 and considers it as equally indivisible and imponderable4 ,it attributes to matter properties1 so to speak1 immanent which give it its power and action4 ,atoms1 separated from each other in the bodies which they compose1 and forming mere simple mathematical points1 possess1 when they are reunited in mass1 a force of attraction which acts at a distance1 and then reacts on them in order to produce all the sensible phenomena4 ,several savants and certain spiritualist philosophers agree on this theory4 ,both take facts as the starting point in establishing their synthesis2 the former build it on a foundation more exclusively physical2 the latter give to their generalization a more philosophical basis4 ,m4 ,magy and ,m4 ,laugel1 hardly overstepping the limits of the experimental world1 follow the action of forces into their different modes and transformations4 ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 in his turn1 delivers his theory on matter4#bjb ,it is in fact1 he writes1 force and not extent which constitutes the essence of bodies2 an atom in motion occupies successively places which it fits exactly4 ,what distinguishes this atom from the space previously occupied by it8 ,it is not the extent1 since in both cases the shape is the same2 every thing which relates to extent is absolutely identical in the empty and in the full atom4 ,it is1 therefore1 something else which distinguishes them1 and this something is solidity or weight2 but neither solidity nor weight is a modification of extent2 both are derived from force1 and represent it4 ,m4 ,ch4 ,lvque adds3#bjc ,how do we make the extension which we need8 ,always by resistance2 when extension is not a pure abstraction1 when it is real and concrete1 it is always equivalent to a sum of resisting points or forces4 ,there is no longer occasion to ask how1 with unextended elements1 we may form extension4 ,there is but one question possible1 and it is this3 ,how to form a sum of resistance with resisting points8 ,this is what a learned ,englishman1 ,p4 ,bayma1 establishes with precision4#bjd ,according to him1 the elements1 or atoms1 are indivisible points without material extent1 and extension is not an essential property of matter4 ,the extension of bodies is an appearance caused by the dissemination in space of the elements which compose them2 abstract space is extension2 consequently the science of extension1 or geometry1 is not a science of observation but of abstraction4 ,according to this theory1 the forces placed from the beginning in elements govern every thing in the world4 ,nature is under their control2 matter obeys them1 or is1 rather1 entirely a compound of forces4 ,one of the partisans of this system#bje lays down these conclusions3 #ast1 the last element of matter is always an active1 simple1 and indivisible force like the soul itself2 #b;d1 the properties of matter are only manifestations of this simple active force4 ,then1 pushing the consequences of this notion of force further1 he admits that there is only one substance1 material and spiritual1 at the same time2 spiritual in its elements1 material in its composition4 ,the soul1 conscious of its personal energy1 conceives physical beings as forces acting like itself4 ,a contemporary philosopher1#bjf developing further the thesis of conciliation and relation between the two orders of existence1 adds3 ,matter has at bottom no other substantial element than spirit4 ,the essence of both is active force1 consequently materialism has no reason to exist2 there is no longer in nature any thing but spiritualism1 or1 to speak more correctly1 dynamism4 ,this dynamism has nothing which attacks the dignity and preminence of the soul4 ,the soul alone is capable of thinking or willing1 because it alone is a simple force1 whereas the smallest body is a compound of simple forces4 ,such are the theories which1 according to their supporters1 are sustained by the most recent discoveries of science4 ,as for us1 we admit that from a scientific stand-point there have been many new and curious observations collected2 that the analysis of matter has exposed to view the most astonishing phenomena2 that the material element has been almost apprehended1 its depths investigated2 that it has been stripped of extension as an essential property1 its mode of action and constituting principle discovered2 that it has been reduced to a unity as sovereign as it is marvellous2 and we follow with the most lively interest these results of disinterested and impartial science4 ,we go further2 according as the plan gains in unity and grandeur1 appearing at the same time more imposing and probable1 it brings us nearer to ,him who has conceived it1 who has given it order and completion4 ,the more of mystery we discover in the universe1 the more we bow with admiration1 but without astonishment1 before the thought and will of the ,sovereign who is the origin and reason of the existence of these wonders and of their laws4 ,but our reason cannot go beyond its limits1 and the metaphysical consequences which some have attempted to draw from these phenomena1 we have not up to the present been able to admit4 ,the theory which reduces all to force1 which recognizes in bodies an intrinsic mode of acting1 whether it divide these forces in the mass of matter1 or cause them to mount up to the primitive element1 to the atom1 indivisible point1 or monad1 seems to us in every case to beg the question4 ,what is in fact a force1 and especially a force attributed to any object8 ,it is undoubtedly neither a being1 since it is joined to a first element1 nor a substance1 since it is considered as an attribute4 ,it is only a manner of indicating an action1 the cause of which is unknown4 ,to say that matter acts because it bears in it the power of acting1 is simply to say that it acts because it acts2 to reply by asserting the fact itself which is in question4 ,therefore we have only one of those words1 new or old1 which may cause illusion for an instant1 but which do not stand a serious analysis4 ,moreover1 to attempt to compare and assimilate matter and spirit by giving to both the name of force1 and attributing to them the properties attached to this name1 is merely to use a word without a definite meaning2 for if they were both forces1 they would be forces of entirely different1 if not opposite action4 ,and if we say that force1 being half body and half spirit1 is the link which unites them to each other1 we create1 merely to suit our purpose1 a third being which is discovered nowhere1 a mere phantasmagoria without reality1 which the imagination itself is incapable of representing to us4 ,finally1 in the parallel and assimilation between body and soul1 to reserve1 with the power of thinking1 preminence to the mind because it is a simple and unique force1 while the smallest body is a compound of these same simple forces1 amounts to saying that a body could think if it were only decomposed and reduced to its simple elements1 and to the unity of force4 ,there is such a difference in act1 mode1 and aim between what is called the force of resistance1 attributed to bodies1 and designated1 we know not why1 by the name of active force1 and between the faculty of thinking1 that no common appellation1 no matter how specious it may be1 can ever confound or identify them4 ,we would not be able to comprehend how the soul1 considered as a monad or simple element1 should have by this fact the faculty of thinking1 and yet two or several monads united and forming a body would not possess the same power4 ,why1 in the latter case1 should there be absence of thought instead of a union of two or several thoughts1 concordant or contrary8 ,how could we say that1 because there is an assemblage of forces1 there is an impossibility of thinking1 and that the part is capable of doing what the whole cannot do8 ,it is useless to choose and isolate the most delicate and ethereal element in a body2 we can never imagine the soul to be really one of its parts1 no matter how pure that part may be4 ,the notion of force1 for the soul as well as for the body1 must be put among those appellations which explain nothing1 and only serve to cloak our ignorance4 ,science itself begins to renounce this name of force2 and the first theory which we have exposed1 that which recognizes only motions in matter combats the theory of forces with energy1 and considers it as vain and illusory4 ,it is not here1 consequently1 that we shall find the philosophical explanation of phenomena1 nor the reconciliation between the two orders of spirit and matter4 ,the theory of motions rests on a more solid foundation2 at least1 it employs a word having a precise signification and resting on a real fact1 motion4 ,it is only by induction and reasoning that it ascends to ether and the atom4 ,it has never seen either of them1 although it affirms their existence4 ,it makes a synthesis4 ,it admits in the universe something else besides atoms and movement1 since the thought which it expresses implies the idea of being1 of substance and cause4 ,it has seen motions1 vibrations1 radiations1 currents1 and it has concluded from them that there is something which moves1 vibrates1 radiates2 thus it has mounted up to a second cause1 to ether1 to the atom4 ,but this is not sufficient4 ,if it has seen that there is no motion without an object which moves1 logic compels it to acknowledge that there is no change without an agent1 no movement without a mover2 and if the atom exists and moves1 this atom also has an origin1 a reason of being1 a principle from which it has received the gift of existence and the power of motion4 ,if an admirable plan embraces the universe1 if a sovereign unity directs and governs all phenomena1 there must be a cause for them4 ,the plan appears more manifestly1 and the cause shows itself more necessarily in the very simplicity of the work1 in its grandeur in this double quality raised to a higher power4 ,if the world be1 as it is acknowledged to be1 the work of thought2 if a general and supreme reason presides over the universe1 this thought lives in a spirit1 this reason belongs to a soul4#bjg ,can there be a thought without a thinking subject and being8 ,a thought implies a thinking being2 reason means a living intelligence2 or it must mean nothing1 and then there is no sense in words1 no reality in things4 ,it is useless to object2 the human mind will have it so2 it is the law of its conscience1 it is the result of its profound conviction that it does not derive all from itself1 and that nothing can produce nothing4 ,now1 can we say of the atom and motion combined1 behold the universe8 ,yes1 the mechanical universe1 perhaps4 ,but the mechanical universe is not self-sufficing2 for we can always say1 ,who has made the atom8 who has created motion8 ,and then we have the right to propose another affirmation and to conclude3 the notion of causality is the entire world--the physical1 intellectual1 and moral world4 ,this has been true from the very beginning of thought and the commencement of human reason4 ,this has been true from the days of ancient philosophy1 proclaiming through its greatest logician that whatever is in the effect ought to be found in the cause1 that the cause must really exist before the effect1 and that the perfection of all effects supposes the existence of a primary cause which contains them--a living1 spiritual1 and perfect cause1 which cannot be produced by what is imperfect1 inferior1 material1 or deprived of life1 but which is and must be necessarily its generating principle and producing power4 ,,iii4 ,thus the two systems of motions and of forces1 brought before the metaphysical world1 for they call themselves syntheses1 fall short of the mark and do not reach the true principle4 ,the one assigns no cause for the elements and phenomena which it represents4 ,the other attributes to these same elements and phenomena1 a word and a name which cannot be a cause4 ,the former does not give1 and does not pretend to give1 a real explanation4 ,the latter formulates an explanation1 but presents nothing satisfactory4 ,it appears1 however1 that all the tendencies of modern science are toward the idea of unity in the universal system1 toward a simplification and spiritualization in the plan2 and the belief of some goes so far as to admit that this plan offers parallel lines more or less similar in both the material and the spiritual world4 ,but here again the rock rises and the danger appears4 ,in making bodies so like spirits1 we run the risk of making the spiritual too much like the material1 and1 in both cases1 by such confusion we almost touch on pantheism1 the theory of which1 consisting in the admission of but one substance1 is equally dangerous whether this one substance be material or spiritual4 ,we will allow matter1 therefore1 to raise itself toward unity1 purify itself more and more1 and disentangle its essence from its innumerable and marvellous combinations1 provided that it be admitted that it possesses a real existence1 that it is really matter1 that it can never become spirit or thought1 and that it is not its own force or cause or reason of being4 ,what would be gained for it from a spiritualist point of view1 to admit in matter an immediate power1 to clothe it with intrinsic qualities which nothing either in ideas or facts manifests or demonstrates8 ,no problem would be solved thereby1 no mystery cleared up2 it would be necessary to establish why and how the same substance1 at the same time and alternately1 feels and does not feel1 wills and is inert1 thinks and is devoid of intelligence1 is immovable in the stone1 awakes in the plant1 and is organic in the animal1 and finally creates and vivifies the genius of man4 ,there must be logic in the assertion that the essence of matter is found in an atom or in a force1 that it is inactive or endowed with movement1 that there is in bodies unity or variety of substance1 that the different kingdoms are united by greater affinities or separated by more marked distinctions2 these properties1 comparisons1 and differences must have their logic and their reason of being1 and do not derive the laws which govern them from a spontaneous or fortuitous formation4 ,nothing1 consequently1 in the secondary explanations which are given to us1 can satisfy our metaphysical wants4 ,the mind of man will never stop at the mere properties of things or their effects4 ,its instinct of causality does not accept incomplete theories and theses which do not sound the depths4 ,casting aside all idea of confusion and of inexact comparison1 the human mind wishes to rise higher2 it wishes1 in its admiration for order and the harmony of phenomena1 to ascend to the very summit of being4 ,yes1 it admits and recognizes the fact that every thing which exists has a single and sovereign cause1 and this cause is itself the most spiritual of spiritual substances--,god the creator and ordainer of worlds4 ,author of all things1 ,god causes with the qualities which belong to him the different manifestations of nature2 he acts on matter1 possesses it1 causes it to subsist1 gives it the power of producing its phenomena1 is its force1 its order1 its law2 and thus1 if we may say so1 he animates the world1 not indeed in the same manner as the human soul animates the body1 because we cannot compare essences and actions so unlike each other1 but with a certain superior and divine power of animation which produces the being1 motion1 and life of all that exists in the universe1 moves or breathes1 as the soul is the source and focus of the life of the body4 ,to destroy this supreme cause is to degrade at the same time the material and the intellectual world2 it is to renounce the notion of perfection and of the absolute2 it is to condemn1 together with one of the mother-ideas1 one of the axioms of the human mind1 that logic which can never see aught complete or satisfactory in mere effects or phenomena2 it is to attack one of the most beautiful faculties of the intelligence1 of that intelligence which the contingent cannot content1 which will not allow itself to be restrained by the mere limits of time and space1 which1 from the present which it studies1 from facts which it investigates1 and peculiarities which it admires1 ascends to the infinite1 to the all-powerful1 to the ,eternal4 ,thus we consider that the most recent discoveries of science1 in their rational and superior interpretation1 lead us naturally to ,god1 and we have at the same time the belief and the hope that materialism will be involuntarily stricken down1 and will perish perhaps by the very hands of those who study and search after matter alone4 ,no doubt the considerations which might be actually drawn from the results obtained do not lead to definite theories nor do they offer any thing but premature conclusions4 ,the majority of the savants1 moreover1 properly refuse to touch on the domain of the supernatural and metaphysical2 they confine themselves to facts2 some so veil their opinions and philosophical doctrines as even to cause us to doubt whether they follow the standard of spiritualism or of materialism4 ,they do not arrogate to themselves either the right or the power of drawing conclusions2 and the synthesis which results from their experiments can only be a premature conjecture1 more or less plausible4 ,but since their researches already give occasion to perceptions so simple and so grand1 since they open horizons in the distance where light certainly exists1 since there is from the stand-point of truth a serene and unalterable confidence in the final and definite results of modern discoveries1 we may be permitted even now to describe them for the elevation and the encouragement of the mind1 for the justification and the honor of human science1 for the revindication of the grandeur and of the glory of ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #aif ,la ,physique ,moderne4 ,essai sur l',unit des ,phnomnes ,naturels4 ,par ,emile ,saigey4 ,paris3 ,germer-,baillire4 #ahfg4 ,les ,problmes de la ,nature--les ,problmes de la ,vie4 ,par ,laugel4 ,paris4 #ahfg4 ,de la ,science et de la ,nature4 ,essai de ,philosophie premire4 ,par ,magy4 #ahfg4 ,elments de ,mcanique ,molculaire4 ,par le ,p4 ,bayma4 ,physique ,molculaire4 ,par l',abb ,moigno4 #ahfh4 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes3 la ,nature et la ,physiologie idaliste4 ,par ,ch4 ,lvque4 #ae ,janvier1 #aheg4 ,le ,spiritualisme ,franais au dix neuvime sicle4 ,par ,p4 ,janet4 #ae ,mai1 #ahfh4 #aig ,see for further details3 ,recueil des ,rapports sur les ,progrs des ,lettres et des ,sciences2 la ,philosophie en ,france au dix-neuvime sicle4 ,par ,felix ,ravaisson4 ,revue des ,cours ,littraires1 ,no4 #bd2 art4 by ,m4 ,e4 ,beaussire4 #aih ,this system has been formulated with great talent by ,m4 ,emile ,saigey1 who advocated it1 first in several very remarkable articles in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes2 and afterward in his book1 ,la ,physique ,moderne4 ,essai sur l',unit des ,phnomnes ,naturels4 #aii ,the swiftness of molecules and the vibratory motion of ethereal atoms are astonishing1 and surpass all imagination4 ,the former1 measuring two thousand metres1 give eight millions of collisions in a second2 while the latter1 within the same space1 produce every second several hundreds of millions more of undulations4 #bjj ,m4 ,saigey4 #bja ,according to the very curious experiments of ,m4 ,hirn1 the unity of heat or caloric in man1 as well as in inorganic matter1 corresponds to four hundred and twenty-five unities of mechanical labor--that is to say1 to four hundred and twenty-five kilogrammes raised one metre high4 ,man gives in work twelve per cent of the heat produced1 which is almost equal to the labor of our most perfect machines4 #bjb ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,mai1 #ahfc4 #bjc ,ibid4 #ae ,janvier1 #ahfg4 #bjd ,elements de ,mcanique ,molculaire4 #bje ,m4 ,magy1 ,de la ,science1 etc4 #bjf ,ch4 ,lvque1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,janvier1 #ahfg4 #bjg ,ch4 ,lvque1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,janvier1 #ahfg4 ,,nazareth4 ,after a residence of two months in the holy city of ,jerusalem1 the writer of this sketch left the shrines of the ,cross and the ,tomb to visit the sacred localities of ,palestine4 ,going northward1 and passing by ,jacob's well and ,samaria1 our party came to ,jenin1 on the borders of the plain of ,esdrlon1 where we encamped for the night2 and on the next day1 which was ,thursday1 ,april #eth1 #ahff1 went to ,jezreel1 to the great fountain which springs from the base of the mountain of ,gilboa1 on which ,saul and ,jonathan were slain2 then passed through ,nain1 where our ,lord raised the widow's son1 and ,endor4 ,leaving ,mount ,thabor on our right1 we came to the foot of the steep hill on the other side of which is ,nazareth4 ,after a wearisome ascent1 in the middle of the afternoon1 we saw the city of the annunciation at our feet4 ,nazareth is in a valley about one mile long1 running east and west1 and only a quarter of a mile wide4 ,fifteen hills inclose this small space4 ,the whole of this valley1 not occupied by the houses1 is filled with gardens1 corn-fields1 and small groves of olive and fig-trees4 ,the houses are irregularly placed1 and are evidently more comfortable than many others in the ,holy ,land4 ,being all constructed of white stone1 they have a substantial appearance4 ,but the streets cannot be praised4 ,irregular in their course1 they are the filthiest we had anywhere seen4 ,this wretched condition of the streets is the more noticeable because the people are superior to other dwellers in the land1 and apparently more intelligent1 well-fed1 and housed4 ,several buildings were in the course of erection2 and it seemed that the village was prospering4 ,the houses stand on the lower slope of a hill about four hundred feet high1 and on the adjacent ridges4 ,about four thousand people make up the population1 all ,christians except seven hundred ,mohammedans4 ,of the ,christians1 the schismatic ,greeks number about one thousand1 and the ,roman ,catholics and ,greek ,catholics have each about five hundred persons4 ,there is an air of independence and relative comfort about all the people here which contrasts with the sad and desponding manners of the residents in other eastern places4 ,wherever ,turks rule1 cheerfulness is unknown4 ,on entering ,nazareth1 we rode to the further end of the village1 and encamped in a pleasant spot quite near the fountain of the ,virgin1 a place to which all travellers who remain in their tents resort1 as it is usual to encamp in the vicinity of water4 ,besides this1 the fountain is the best place to see the people of the village1 it being the common place of resort1 especially for women4 ,this spring is the only one in the place2 and for that reason it has many visitors4 ,from early dawn until late in the afternoon1 women of every age come here with jars or pitchers on their heads or shoulders4 ,the streams of water are not copious1 and there is often delay in obtaining the supply1 especially in seasons of drought4 ,while waiting here to fill their jars1 the women gossip and chat1 and thus each one hears the news of the day4 ,women of every rank go to the fountain for water--partly that they may not appear to be above their neighbors1 and partly1 it may be surmised1 to hear what is going on4 ,little girls are trained to carry the water-jar on the head--for them1 of course1 the jar is small--and every person has a small pad or cushion on her head to support the jar and prevent injury4 ,from this habit of so bearing these jars1 all the women of ,nazareth are straight and erect in their carriage1 and have much grace and dignity of motion4 ,not only are they finely formed1 but their faces are the most beautiful in ,palestine2 and there is a pleasing tradition that the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary left the gift of beauty to the women of her city4 ,their dress is also graceful1 consisting of large1 short trowsers1 a close-fitting jacket1 and a long white veil which does not cover the face4 ,for ornament they use a string of silver and gold coins around the head and chin1 many of which are very heavy and valuable--uncomfortable decorations at the best1 but showing the dowry of the wearer4 ,i thought that the water of the fountain of ,nazareth was the best ,i had ever tasted2 perhaps this was fancy1 but certainly the water is most pure and excellent1 and is renowned for those qualities4 ,to this fountain1 without doubt1 the ,blessed ,virgin came hundreds of times1 being trained like other children to bear the water-jar from early years4 ,here she talked with her neighbors1 and lived in a manner undistinguished from other poor girls4 ,and whoever will go to-day to that fountain in ,nazareth1 or to the one near the shrine of the ,visitation in the hills of ,judea1 will see young women looking just as ,mary did eighteen hundred years ago2 for habits of life and dress have scarcely changed in the east during that long time4 ,the water at ,nazareth rises about eight or ten rods from the place where it is poured into the jars1 being conveyed to the latter place in an aqueduct2 and the schismatic ,greek ,christians have built a church at the spot where it issues from the ground1 on account of an old tradition that the annunciation took place at the spring when the ,blessed ,virgin went there for water4 ,there is this great advantage resulting from the error of the ,greeks1 that1 on account of their belief in it1 they leave the spot where the annunciation really took place in the quiet possession of the ,catholics1 the ,franciscan monks being the custodians of the shrine4 ,now let us walk to the most holy place1 which is at the other end of the village1 and some distance from our tents4 ,the premises are extensive1 and consist of large buildings1 surrounded by a high wall4 ,passing through the gate1 we come to a court1 around which are the school-rooms1 the pharmacy1 the quarters of the superior and other monks2 from this larger area we go to a smaller one immediately in front of the church ,the church itself is about seventy feet square1 and the roof is supported by four very heavy piers or square columns4 ,these piers1 and much of the walls1 are covered with tapestry hangings1 with embroidery and paintings2 and the whole edifice1 though not very large1 has a fine1 rich1 and cheerful appearance1 as if arranged for a perpetual festival4 ,as we enter the church1 immediately before us is a flight of fifteen very broad steps1 leading down to the shrine4 ,at the foot of these stairs is a vestibule1 about twenty-five feet long by ten wide1 and a low arch1 opening in the middle of this space1 admits to the holy place4 ,there is a marble altar1 and under the altar is a marble slab1 four inches above the floor2 it has the ,jerusalem cross in the centre1 with the ,franciscan coat of arms on the right1 and the sacred stigmata1 or five wounds of the crucified ,saviour1 on the left4 ,this marble marks the spot where the ,blessed ,virgin stood at the time of the annunciation4 ,on the back wall1 under the altar1 is the inscription1 ,,verbum ,,caro ,,hic ,,factum ,,est1 7,here the ,word was made flesh17 the most wonderful and important inscription in the world4 ,that at ,bethlehem1 where it is written that ,,here1 ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mary1 ,,jesus ,,christ ,,was ,,born1 could never have been engraved but for the event commemorated in the words of the shrine at ,nazareth4 ,above the altar is a picture well painted and old1 but spoiled by the flat gold crowns which have been fastened to the canvas over the heads of the ,blessed ,virgin and the angel4 ,below the table of the altar1 and over the marble slab1 hang several silver lamps which burn continually4 ,immediately behind this altar and picture are another altar and picture1 back to back with those of the shrine4 ,the second altar has the inscription1 ,,hic ,,erat ,,subditus ,,illis1 7,here ,he was subject to them47 ,behind these1 and reached by a narrow rock-hewn stairway1 is the kitchen of the ,blessed ,virgin1 where the fireplace and chimney are shown4 ,as we come into the church by the chief entrance1 a most cheerful and pleasant scene welcomes the pilgrim4 ,the gay decorations1 the many paintings1 the statues and silver lamps1 with other objects1 make a contrast with the dreariness of the ride to ,nazareth1 which seems to the ,christian like a glimpse of heaven4 ,he raises his eyes1 and sees the choir where the ,franciscan monks chant their office4 ,here is an altar with a large statue of the ,blessed ,virgin and the ,infant ,jesus1 surmounted by a canopy4 ,there are two large organs in the choir1 one at the right1 the other at the left4 ,this choir is raised about sixteen steps above the floor of the church1 and is immediately over the most holy place1 of which it may be said to form the roof4 ,as the shrine is about fifteen steps below the level of the church floor1 the distance between the spot of the annunciation and the choir above it is about thirty steps4 ,it gives the idea of three churches--the first being the main building1 the second that of the holy place1 which is below1 and the third that of the monks' choir1 which is immediately over the shrine4 ,as we look down the broad stair which leads to the shrine1 we see that the walls are cased with marble and adorned with paintings4 ,before us is the holy place1 to which the eye is at once drawn2 but before we reach it1 in the vestibule1 on the right and left hand1 stand beautiful marble altars1 each with a painting over it4 ,in the whole arrangement there is a dignity and propriety which strike the pilgrim most favorably1 and he recognizes it as planned by men who had a vivid realization of the event which is the glory of ,nazareth4 ,to the left of the altar of the shrine is the upper two thirds of a large granite column suspended from the roof1 with a fragment of a marble column under it2 though these are both of dark stone1 and of nearly the same color and size1 it is easy to note the difference in the material of which they are composed4 ,it was on ,friday1 ,april #fth1 that ,i first said mass at the shrine of the annunciation4 ,the interest of this spot is very great1 even when compared with other places in ,palestine2 and ,i had looked forward1 with great hope and expectation1 to the day when ,i would be permitted to kneel and pray here4 ,at last my wish was realized1 and ,i offered the holy sacrifice on the very spot where the incarnation of ,god took place4 ,by a concession of the holy see1 the mass of the annunciation may be said on this altar nearly every day in the year2 so that the pilgrim1 coming at any season may have the consolation of being present at the same mass as is said on the #beth of ,march4 ,of course1 every priest avails himself with eagerness of this privilege2 and no words can express the emotion of his soul as1 when reading the last gospel1 in speaking the words ,,et ,,verbum ,,caro ,,factum ,,est1 he kneels down on the very spot where that mystery took place1 where the incarnation of ,god began4 ,for it was to ,nazareth that ,god sent his holy ,archangel ,gabriel3 to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was ,joseph1 of the house of ,david2 and the virgin's name was ,mary4 ,and the angel being come in1 said to her1 ,hail1 full of grace1 the ,lord is with thee3 blessed art thou among women4 ,and when she had heard1 she was troubled at his saying1 and thought with herself what manner of salutation this should be4 ,and the angel said to her1 ,fear not1 ,mary1 for thou hast found grace with ,god4 ,behold1 thou shalt conceive in thy womb1 and shalt bring forth a son3 and thou shalt call his name ,jesus4 ,he shall be great1 and shall be called the ,son of the ,most ,high3 and the ,lord ,god shall give unto him the throne of ,david his father2 and he shall reign in the house of ,jacob for ever2 and of his kingdom there shall be no end4 ,and ,mary said to the angel1 ,how shall this be done1 because ,i know not man8 ,and the angel answering1 said to her3 ,the ,holy ,ghost shall come upon thee1 and the power of the ,most ,high shall overshadow thee2 and therefore also the ,holy which shall be born of thee1 shall be called the ,son of ,god4444 ,and ,mary said1 ,behold the handmaid of the ,lord2 be it done to me according to thy word4 7,st4 ,luke i47 ,and the ,word was made flesh and dwelt among us4 7,st4 ,john i47 ,after having prayed a long time1 prostrate at the shrine1 ,i sat down at the side of the broad flight of steps leading to the holy place1 and meditated for an hour4 ,before me was the spot where all these things occurred1 and where man's redemption was begun4 ,it was easy to go back one thousand eight hundred years1 and picture the scene4 ,the lowly maiden in her humble home1 engaged1 it may have been1 in the ordinary occupations of the day1 or perchance resting for a time from them1 and meditating on ,god1 when suddenly the room was filled with light1 and the angel appeared and delivered his august message4 ,then in the house which once stood here the child ,jesus lived1 and grew in favor with ,god and man4 ,he ran about the humble but sacred home in his boyhood1 and wandered among the hills that are so close around ,nazareth4 ,many a time did he go with ,mary to the fountain when she brought water for the use of the family4 ,by her side he kept in his early years1 as children are wont to cling to their mothers4 ,when he had grown older1 he helped ,joseph in the work of carpentry1 and went with him as he journeyed to the various places where he found work4 ,no doubt the employment was humble1 the tools rude and few2 and it is reasonable to suppose that such work as a humble carpenter might find among poor villagers or fishermen at the ,lake of ,tiberias was not of the most elegant and costly kind4 ,even to this day there is great simplicity and rudeness in all the mechanic arts1 which is noticed by the traveller1 and it must have been equally so in the country places in the days of our ,saviour4 ,thus for thirty years did ,jesus dwell in ,nazareth1 undistinguished from others by any external appearance1 and leading a hidden life of contemplation and communing with his heavenly ,father4 ,when his ministry had begun1 after his baptism in the ,jordan and his temptation of forty days in the wilderness1 he came to ,nazareth1 and went into the synagogue1 according to his custom1 and read out of the book which was handed to him the words of ,isaias1 ,the spirit of the ,lord is upon me2 wherefore he hath anointed me to preach the ,gospel to the poor4 ,he hath sent me to heal the contrite of heart1 to preach deliverance to the captives1 and sight to the blind2 to set at liberty them that are bruised1 to preach the acceptable year of the ,lord1 and the day of reward4 ,and he began to say to them1 ,this day is fulfilled this ,scripture in your ears4 ,when they had rejected his teaching1 he went to ,capernaum1 on the borders of the ,sea of ,galilee1 fifteen miles east from ,nazareth1 and the people there were astonished at his doctrine and the miracles which he performed4 ,subsequently he visited ,nazareth a second time1 and was taunted by the people of the place1 who regarded him as only one of their neighbors4 ,they said1 ,is not this the carpenter1 the son of ,mary1 the brother of ,james and ,joseph1 and of ,jude and ,simon8 are not also his sisters here with us8 ,and they were scandalized in regard of him4 ,the greater portion of our ,lord's life1 during the three following years1 was passed in the neighborhood of the ,lake of ,tiberias1 or near ,jerusalem4 ,nazareth has one or two other places of interest1 yet they are of small note in comparison of the shrine of the annunciation4 ,one of these is the place where stood the workshop of ,joseph2 a chapel is built here4 ,another is the rock called ,mensa ,christi1 or ,table of ,christ1 which is venerated as the place where our ,lord often ate his food4 ,it projects three feet above the ground1 and is about twelve feet long and eight feet wide4 ,a new church is over it4 ,the hill back of ,nazareth is always ascended by travellers for the sake of the fine view which may be had there4 ,the whole country for miles around is visible--,mount ,hermon1 ,mount ,carmel1 the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and the great plain of ,esdrlon4 ,just around ,nazareth the hills are rather bare2 but everywhere else they are wooded1 and sink down into green valleys4 ,we see how the city lies off all the great routes of travel in former days1 and is shut up by the hills1 and thus separated 7as the name ,nazareth implies7 from other places4 ,its isolated position1 and the resulting obscurity1 is the reason why it was unknown to ancient writers1 and there is no mention made of it in the ,old ,testament4 ,from the ,gospel narrative we learn that the contemptuous inquiry was made ,can any good thing come out of ,nazareth8 ,to this the ,christian answers from the depth of his soul1 ,yes6 all good cometh thence4 ,the ,child of ,nazareth has passed from obscurity and a hidden life to a prominence which no description can adequately portray4 ,he who was conceived of the ,virgin ,mary in this little village is our ,lord and our ,god1 and in him centre all our hopes4 ,he who condescended to be subject to ,mary and ,joseph in ,nazareth1 is the ,king of kings and ,lord of lords1 and now and for ever reigneth in the heaven which is his home4 ,,the ,,young ,,vermonters4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,pastimes ,,and ,,partings4 ,in accordance with the teacher's announcement1 the day following ,michael's return was given up to rejoicings1 and ,mr4 ,blair invited the school to pass it at his place4 ,it was one of those golden days not so frequent in our autumnal season as to lose the charm of novelty1 or the full sense of their value in redeeming its general sternness2 and it seemed to the boys as if nature herself shared in the universal delight4 ,the spacious ground encircling ,mr4 ,blair's residence afforded ample scope for their pastimes1 and their dinner was served under the trees in the yard4 ,to those who had known ,michael ,hennessy only as the thoughtless1 frolicsome boy1 it did not seem possible that a few short weeks could have wrought the change now apparent in him4 ,the fiery trial through which he had passed accomplished the work of time upon his character1 and he emerged from it purified and matured4 ,his face still wore the sunny smile that had made it a joy to all1 but the light which lingered upon it was chastened and subdued4 ,his manners still charmed by the warm1 ingenuous frankness that made him the village pet1 but their former reckless gayety was sobered by the spirit of piety1 which had established its abode within his youthful heart from the moment when the blessed hand of adversity opened wide its portals1 and prepared it to become thenceforth a chosen home of the celestial guest4 ,he was more than ever the favorite of the boys1 and the leader in all their sports2 but his devotion to study was more faithful1 his attention to every religious duty more regular1 and his conduct under all circumstances more exemplary than ever before4 ,soon after his return1 farmer ,brown celebrated the event by inviting the school--without any exceptions this time--to spend another day at the farm1 as the season for gathering nuts had arrived4 ,such a gay time as they had6 whisking the deep beds of fallen leaves about in search for hidden treasures1 and watching the squirrels gleaning in the path from which they had thrown off nature's covering for stray nuts1 whose hiding places had thus been revealed4 ,the day passed delightfully1 but not1 like their former holidays1 in unalloyed and careless pleasure4 ,the thought would intrude upon its happiest moments1 that their little band was soon to be broken up1 and that this was to be the last occasion upon which they would all meet in the hey-day of boyish glee1 to join in boyish pastimes4 ,for the change was now stealing upon them apace which presses closely on the footsteps of boyhood--and from which our young ,vermonters were not to be exempted--when one and another must pass from its arena1 to enter upon a new stage of action and form new associations4 ,when the dear old school-house1 with all the memories that were to link it with the shifting scenes of each single life--to which it had been the starting-point in quest of knowledge--was to be exchanged for college halls1 the office1 the counter1 or the farm1 with all their excitements1 laborious duties1 and temptations1 and their weary anxieties4 ,the next week after their visit to the farm1 ,frank ,blair took his leave of home and friends to enter the naval school at ,b----4 ,not long after1 ,george ,wingate1 ,henry ,howe1 and ,johnny ,hart entered the ,college of the ,holy ,cross4 ,the same week1 ,patrick ,casey was appointed clerk in a railroad office1 and ,dennis ,sullivan left to take his place as clerk in a wholesale establishment in ,boston4 ,who shall say what pangs all these changes1 so easily related1 and so much a matter of course in this changeful world1 cost the young exiles now banished from the sheltering bosom of home1 and standing for the first time face to face with the stern realities of life8 ,the homesick looking back to the dear and peaceful past1 the timid1 shrinking glances into the dim vista of the dreaded future--the one bathed in all the effulgence of morning1 the other bearing already upon its sombre wings foreshadowings of the night6 ,and who shall describe the loneliness of each home from which the brightest1 warmest ray of sunshine had been stricken1 when the school-boy with his shining morning face vanished from its precincts1 to return no more for ever with the light of his young life upon his brow8 ,none but mothers can know the depth of the shadow that remains to them in the place of their mirthful boys4 ,but take courage1 ye mothers6 ,rest not in supine regrets and gentle memories1 but betake yourselves with renewed energy and diligence to the use of the all-conquering weapon of prayer1 for now more than ever do your darlings need its aid4 ,remember what the holy bishop said to the afflicted ,st4 ,monica in the olden time1 ,it cannot be that the child of so many tears should perish4 ,let your sons1 in the midst of their temptations and trials1 be shielded and sustained by the firm assurance that their mothers are constantly lifting up pure hands and fervent hearts to heaven in their behalf4 ,so1 following the example of that saintly mother1 may you hope to gain that mother's reward4 ,for it is true now as it was then1 and will be unto the end of time1 that1 ,they who sow in tears shall reap in joy6 ,michael remained at home1 pursuing his studies diligently until the winter was far advanced1 when his father was taken alarmingly ill1 and he was obliged to relinquish them and devote himself to his care1 and that of the family4 ,he had long known that some trouble was weighing upon his father1 and he was now made acquainted with it4 ,when ,mr4 ,hennessy first came to ,m----1 he rented a very pretty place just out of the village1 to which they became so much attached that he finally purchased it1 and had from time to time been able to make improvements and add little embellishments within and around the premises1 besides meeting the payments as they fell due4 ,latterly1 with failing health and an increasing family1 he had been unable to do more than support his household comfortably1 and two payments remained to be met2 they were now both due1 and his creditor threatened to foreclose the mortgage upon the place1 if they were not promptly paid4 ,michael was deeply distressed when the state of their affairs was made known to him4 ,the thought of losing their all1 and the home they so dearly loved1 the scene of so many tranquil joys1 weighed heavily upon his young heart4 ,he sought in fervent prayer the refuge of the ,catholic1 commending himself and all his dear ones anew to the protection of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mother1 and leaving all his troubles at her feet4 ,suddenly it flashed upon his remembrance that ,mr4 ,blair had told him if he should ever need assistance or advice not to fail of applying to him1 and that he should consider it a favor if he would do so4 ,to him1 therefore1 he resolved to go at once1 though it was not without much of the old apprehension of his sternness that he sought the office of that gentleman1 mingled with uprisings of a pride that rebelled against asking favors from one who had formerly despised his people4 ,for duty's sake1 however1 he mastered all these feelings1 and was received with the utmost kindness4 ,with a faltering voice he laid the whole case open to ,mr4 ,blair1 and concluded by saying1 ,now1 sir1 you see the sum due on the place is not a large one1 and if you feel disposed to advance it1 ,i will guarantee the payment of interest and principal as soon as ,i can leave my father and get into a situation to earn it4 ,what do you intend to do8 said ,mr4 ,blair4 ,i must seek a place as book-keeper or clerk in some establishment2 and will do so without delay4 ,do you prefer such a position to any other8 inquired his friend4 ,i have1 said ,michael1 blushing with bashful earnestness1 always indulged the hope that ,i might be able to study law2 but this must now be relinquished1 he added after a slight pause4 ,well1 my young friend1 said ,mr4 ,blair kindly1 ,i will now tell you what ,i think had better be done4 ,i will raise this money for you1 and you may take your own time to pay it4 ,i have no fears on that score4 ,i will see that matters in relation to the home are put upon a safe footing without delay4 ,you will take care of your father and the family until he is sufficiently recovered to spare you1 and then you will enter my office as a student4 ,i have felt very lonely since ,frank went away1 and will be pleased to have his best friend with me4 ,besides1 you are an excellent and rapid penman2 ,i need such a one in my business just now very much1 and can afford to pay you liberally for your assistance4 ,my old hands are getting too stiff to write much1 and my business is increasing4 ,if this proposal suits you1 consider the matter settled for the present4 ,it need not be told how thankfully ,michael accepted the offer1 nor what fervent thanksgivings were poured from pious hearts in that home when the arrangement was made known4 ,mr4 ,hennessy recovered rapidly when the pressure of adverse circumstances and the fears of impending calamity were removed2 and ,michael soon entered ,mr4 ,blair's office as a student4 ,here his close attention to business1 his application to study1 and his fidelity to every duty1 gained for him the highest esteem and confidence of his superior1 who would often exclaim to himself1 ,oh6 why could not my boy have been such a one as this8 ,with every obstacle removed from his path and every encouragement offered1 why would he persist in casting all his advantages aside1 to pursue a reckless career of folly8 ,and indeed he heard little that was encouraging from ,frank in his new position4 ,he was so homesick1 discontented1 and dissatisfied with everything as to unfit him for the studies and duties of the school1 the discipline and restraints of which were insupportably irksome to him4 ,but his father was only convinced that they were remedies the more necessary to a restless spirit which chafed so fiercely under them4 ,his passion for mischief and fun continually drew the chains he hated more closely around him1 and involved him daily in new difficulties4 ,one circumstance alone--humanly speaking--prevented him from falling into utter ruin4 ,he had formed an enthusiastic friendship for his sister ,fanny's dearest friend1 the eldest daughter of ,mrs4 ,plimpton1 ,julia ,plimpton--one of those gentle1 lovely girls1 who wield a controlling influence over such impetuous1 restless characters4 ,he was in correspondence with her1 and to her he communicated all his troubles and his peevish1 fretful repinings1 in perfect confidence1 receiving just the advice he needed from time to time to keep him from breaking rudely away from all restraint4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,developments4 ,two years elapsed without any material changes in the circle to which this narrative relates4 ,during this period1 ,miss ,carlton1 one of ,miss ,blair's best friends1 near her own age1 and a lady of intelligence and wealth1 with strong philanthropic impulses1 had set herself with great enthusiasm to gather a large number of poor ,french ,catholic children1 who would not attend the public schools1 into a sort of boarding-school at her own cottage on the confines of the village4 ,she solicited aid from ,miss ,blair in dressing her young wards suitably1 and entered zealously into the task of educating them1 as a necessary prelude to their conversion to ,protestantism1 which must inevitably follow4 ,miss ,blair willingly assisted her with funds1 and the use of her needle in preparing clothing2 but could not be persuaded to go any further4 ,miss ,carlton at length becoming vexed and irritated by the cool scepticism with which her efforts were regarded1 insisted on knowing the reason4 ,i am sure it is not want of benevolence1 said she2 for ,i have known you too long and too well to doubt the kindness of your heart4 ,do tell me1 then1 why you will persist in looking upon my exertions with so much apathy8 ,precisely because1 said ,miss ,blair1 laughing1 ,i once tried the experiment myself1 under as much more promising auspices as the superior numbers and greater necessities of that class of children in a city could furnish4 ,my failure was more grand than yours will be1 because my operations were on a grander scale4 ,but why must ,i of necessity fail8 ,ah6 there lies the mystery4 ,i cannot tell you why2 nor do ,i deny but you may benefit them so far as learning to read and write1 and even some little smattering of further knowledge may go2 but make ,protestants of them8 ,never6 ,when you think you have secured them by catching the unfledged brood and attaching them to the ,protestant cage by food and favors1 just one chirp from the mother-bird1 and ,presto6 your flock is gone6 ,if you will take the pains to follow1 you will find them nestled under the parent wing and peeping out at you so contentedly and complacently6 ,i know1 for ,i have tried it2 and am forced to laugh now when ,i think how provoked ,i was1 and how puzzled to account for the mysterious1 irrepressible1 and apparently irresistible power that majestic mother exercised4 ,since ,i came to this part of ,vermont1 my conviction of the futility of all such attempts has been confirmed4 ,there have been great rejoicings among the ,methodists and ,baptists1 at one time and another1 over accessions to their numbers from the ancient ark2 but let a priest appear in those localities and utter the rallying call of their church--away scamper the converts1 and their ,protestant confrres have seen the last of them6 ,as ,mrs4 ,blair had intimated during the colloquy with ,mrs4 ,plimpton1 her sister-in-law had become interested in the converts of ,m---- and in reading their books4 ,she began listlessly1 from a mere willingness to hear what could be said on that side1 and to see fair play1 perhaps unconsciously hoping to find some solution for that mysterious power which so puzzled her4 ,but the investigation thus indolently opened soon awakened new ideas as to the importance of issues which involved eternity4 ,from that moment nothing could exceed the fervent energy with which she followed up the subject1 determined to know and follow the truth1 if it was to be found on earth4 ,her labors resulted as all such labors honestly entered upon1 diligently pursued1 and governed by the spirit of justice1 must inevitably result4 ,she found herself safely sheltered under the wings of the gentle mother whose loving attractions had formerly astonished her ignorance4 ,her brother made no comments1 but poor ,mrs4 ,blair was utterly disgusted4 ,meanwhile her favorite niece--because ,frank's favorite and petted sister--,fanny was drawn by casually looking into the books which her aunt was studying so closely to take a lively interest in the same subject4 ,but the reading of prosy books of controversy1 as she called them1 was an effort quite beyond her patience1 so she would seek the office occasionally and question ,michael4 ,he declined1 as far as he could in conscience1 to assist her in the matter1 thinking that to do so would be in some sort a breach of the confidence reposed in him by her father4 ,at length one day1 when he had been even more provokingly indifferent than usual1 and pursued his writing diligently despite her questioning1 she exclaimed1 ,i never did see such a vexatious fellow as you are6 ,i can't imagine what ,frank could have seen in you to like so well4 ,one might just as well talk to a stick2 there's nothing interesting or sociable about you6 ,i suppose you think you're going to keep me from being a ,catholic by your hateful ways2 but you won't1 ,i can tell you4 ,i can read1 if you won't talk1 only ,i do hate the trouble4 ,and she departed1 leaving him amused beyond measure at her vehemence4 ,she was engaged in a correspondence with ,julia ,plimpton1 of the frequent and confidential nature in which girls of that age are wont to indulge1 and of course opened her heart to her friend upon the subject which now most interested her4 ,their letters were soon filled with the discussion of religious questions1 in which after a time ,mrs4 ,plimpton joined1 expressing her surprise that so much could be said in favor of a creed which she had always regarded as the height of absurdity1 and the last stronghold of bigotry1 superstition1 and ignorance1 in this progressive age4 ,at the stage of our narrative upon which this chapter opens1 ,mr4 ,hennessy was one day looking over the columns of the ,boston ,pilot--to which ,mr4 ,sullivan was a subscriber--when his eye fell upon the following paragraph3 ,if ,patrick ,hennessy or any of his family1 who landed in ,boston from the ship ,hibernia in the summer of #ah--1 will call at the ,pilot office1 they will hear something greatly to their advantage4 ,after consulting with ,mrs4 ,hennessy1 ,michael1 and ,mr4 ,blair1 he decided to start for ,boston without delay4 ,the editor of the ,pilot1 when found1 asked him many questions as to his place of residence in ,ireland1 the name of his wife1 of the priest who married them1 of his other family connections1 and where he had lived since he came to ,america2 all which being satisfactorily answered1 the following letter was put into his hands to read3 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,sept4 #h1 #ah--4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,boston ,,pilot3 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,when ,i was on board the ,golden ,city1 bound for this place early in the summer of #ah--1 the sailor on the 'look-out' discovered an object floating at some distance astern1 and notified the captain1 who ordered the boat manned to overhaul it4 ,the object proved to be a man lashed to a table and apparently dead4 ,they brought him to the vessel1 where1 after a time1 he began to show signs of life1 and in a few hours was able to give an account of himself4 ,the ,polar ,queen1 on which he was a passenger1 was struck by an iceberg in the night4 ,at the first shock he secured himself firmly to the table and sprang overboard2 after which he remembered nothing1 and could give no idea how long it was since the event1 but supposed the vessel went down with all on board1 as she was badly shivered and rapidly filling the last he knew of her4 ,his name was ,michael ,hennessy1 and he was a tradesman like myself1 and from the same county at home4 ,he had a brother ,patrick1 who was to sail for ,america the same year4 ,the two brothers married two sisters1 by name ,mary and ,bridget ,denver1 the year before4 ,michael married ,bridget4 ,they had no children when ,michael left home4 ,there was great call for work at our trades in ,san ,francisco1 and ,michael came on here with me4 ,as soon as we reached this place1 he wrote home to the parish priest1 ,father ,o',reilly1 to have ,patrick come to ,california1 sending money which ,i loaned him4 ,he received answer that his brother1 with their two wives and ,patrick's new-born infant1 left soon after he did on the ,hibernia1 bound for ,boston4 ,he then applied to you1 as you may remember1 to get information of them1 if you could4 ,in due course you informed him that the ,hibernia arrived safely at ,boston2 that you found the people with whom they stopped1 who stated that ,michael's wife and child died during a severe storm on the voyage out2 that ,patrick stopped in ,boston until he heard of the loss of the ,polar ,queen with all on board1 when he started for the western country1 and they had heard nothing from him since4 ,michael then sent notices to papers in all the western cities1 but could get no tidings from his brother4 ,we continued to work at our trades1 and the master builder who employed us1 owning a deal of land near the city1 paid us in city lots1 on which we built houses1 to rent according as we could1 when work was scant4 ,rents were very high1 for there was a great rush to the city1 and buildings scarce1 and the city lots went up in a way that would astonish the world4 ,so ,mike and ,i found ourselves rich of a sudden2 but he always uneasy about his brother4 ,at last1 when he could stand the heavy heart no longer1 he determined to go in search of him4 ,in case any thing might happen him on his travels1 he executed papers leaving all he had with me in trust for his brother or family1 should they ever be found4 ,just when he was ready to start1 he took sick of a fever and died the fourth day1 which was the #bgth of last month4 ,i will do all in my power1 as ,i promised him1 to find his brother if he is still living2 and my request is that you will help me4 ,i have notices out through all the western country4 ,he left a large amount in gold on deposit1 and a still larger property in buildings and lots in the city4 ,the rents are accumulating on my hands1 but ,i will make no further investments until ,i know what will happen4 ,yours respectfully1 ,,james ,,tracy4 ,after making arrangements to communicate with ,tracy through the editor1 who was to receive and forward drafts for him1 ,mr4 ,hennessy set out for home4 ,the surprise of all upon hearing the news may be imagined4 ,after a long consultation with his wife1 ,mr4 ,hennessy sought ,mr4 ,blair1 to whom he communicated the fact that the ,michael of our narrative was the son of his brother ,michael2 that their own baby died in a fit on the night of ,bridget's death1 and they adopted the little motherless one in its place1 without saying any thing to their companions1 but intending to inform his brother of the fact when they should meet4 ,subsequent events determined them to keep it still concealed2 but now that ,michael was the rightful heir to all this wealth1 it must be revealed4 ,mr4 ,blair urged that1 as his brother left the property to him1 it was just as well to make no revelation on the subject2 but ,mr4 ,hennessy insisted that his brother made that arrangement in ignorance of the existence of his own child1 and it would not be right for him to take advantage of it1 and1 in fine1 that he would have nothing to do with the property4 ,it was far more painful for him to give up his claim upon ,michael as his son1 and he did not feel equal to doing it in person4 ,he therefore begged ,mr4 ,blair to communicate these facts to ,michael for him4 ,that gentleman lost no time in fulfilling the commission1 and ,michael was of course overwhelmed with amazement4 ,he hastened to assure his father that he would not consent to any release of claims on the score of family ties1 and they both went into a council with ,mr4 ,blair upon the situation4 ,finally they determined that ,michael should transfer all the money to his father1 and1 retaining the real estate in his own hands1 go into the practice of law in ,san ,francisco himself4 ,he at first proposed to have the family go with him to that place2 but they had lived so long in ,vermont1 and become so much attached to ,m----1 that they preferred not to leave4 ,before ,michael set out for ,california1 he had a long conversation with ,mr4 ,blair1 at the conclusion of which it was arranged that1 after he had established himself in his new home1 and opened an office there1 he should come back1 and if a certain young lady 7who was about to become a ,catholic in spite of him7 could be persuaded to accompany his return--as he had good reason to hope she would--his next journey to that far off land would not be a solitary one4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,conclusion4 ,during the progress of these events1 the health of ,george ,wingate had been gradually failing1 but so imperceptibly as to create no serious alarm2 and he could not be prevailed upon to abandon his studies1 or the hope that he would live to consecrate his young life to his ,god in holy orders1 until it was near its close4 ,henry ,howe and ,johnny ,hart devoted themselves tenderly to him1 and watched his decline with the grief which under such circumstances always attends friendships created and cemented by religion4 ,he began at length to fail so rapidly that his family were sent for1 and he never returned to the home of his childhood1 but sleeps in peace under the shadow of the ,holy ,cross which he so dearly loved4 ,his mantle seemed to have fallen upon his devoted friend1 ,johnny ,hart1 who in due course of time entered upon the vineyard from which his beloved companion had been withdrawn while the dews of the morning still lingered upon his head1 and the labors of the day were hardly begun4 ,soon after the death of ,george1 his oldest sister1 ,mary1 joined the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,in the same year1 ,henry ,howe took his father's place in the mercantile business1 which was rapidly increasing in importance with the growth of the village1 and ,dennis ,sullivan went into partnership with him4 ,after ,michael reached ,san ,francisco1 he arranged his affairs1 and opened an office in one of the best locations in the city1 without delay4 ,he found a home in ,james ,tracy's house1 and one of the best friends in that worthy man1 who took a pride and interest in the son of his lamented friend scarcely less than that of a father4 ,frank ,blair became importunate in his solicitations for the hand of ,julia ,plimpton4 ,her mother steadfastly declining to consent until he should have established a character for sobriety and stability1 he became exasperated1 and abruptly left the navy4 ,his disconsolate family could get no trace as to the course of his flight4 ,one day1 as ,michael ,hennessy was passing down the street to his office1 he observed a young man walking rapidly in advance of him1 and1 accidentally catching a side glimpse of his face1 what was his astonishment to recognize ,frank ,blair4 ,why ,frank1 my lad1 where in the world did you come from8 he cried out4 ,rather answer that question on your own account6 replied the astonished ,frank4 ,how in the world do you happen to be in ,san ,francisco8 ,if ,i could have seen you as ,i passed through ,new ,york1 you would have known all2 but ,i could not find you1 and had no time to spare for a long search1 said ,michael4 ,it is a long story2 so come with me to the office1 and you shall hear it4 ,when the friends were seated1 ,frank told ,michael that he had left the navy without a discharge1 and shipped as seaman on board a vessel bound for ,panama2 and that he supposed his friends were wild with anxiety about him4 ,michael communicated the details relating to his own affairs1 with which our readers are already acquainted4 ,he then wrote to ,mr4 ,blair the story of ,frank's arrival in safety1 and that if he had no objections ,frank would study law with him in ,san ,francisco4 ,upon receiving the letter1 ,mr4 ,blair obtained an honorable discharge for his son from the navy1 and consented to his remaining with ,michael4 ,in the course of time he went into partnership with his friend--now his brother-in-law--who has become one of the most celebrated criminal lawyers in that city4 ,two years after the marriage of ,michael1 ,frank was permitted to claim the hand of ,julia ,plimpton4 ,at the same time1 ,henry ,howe was married to ,mrs4 ,plimpton's youngest daughter1 ,mary1 and her mother came to live with them4 ,mrs4 ,plimpton's son ,charles is a lawyer in ,massachusetts1 and it is said he is coming for ,lucy ,wingate soon4 ,the people of ,m----1 having noticed the frequent visits of ,dennis ,sullivan and ,patrick ,casey at ,mr4 ,hennessy's1 and that two beautiful cottages are building on lots purchased by that gentleman each side of his own1 have settled the question that two more weddings are soon to take place in ,m----1 but have not yet named the day4 ,,reading ,,homer4 ,how my dreamy childhood pondered ,on that old heroic tongue6 ,then1 the dream-land where ,i wandered ,was the ,olympus ,homer sung2 ,the cloud-cleaving peaks that trembled ,when the mighty gods assembled4 ,dazzled saw ,i blue-eyed ,pallas ,throned by ,zeus on golden seat1 ,sipped from ,hebe's nectar chalice1 ,plucked ,cythera's roses sweet-- ,breathless watched1 as from those portals ,battleward clashed down the immortals4 ,naiads from ,scamander's fountain ,lifted to my lips the cup2 ,oreads skimming ,hmus' mountain ,to the tryst-place caught me up2 ,gleamed athwart the forest's grace ,the white light of ,dian's face4 ,burst upon my ear the townward ,thunder of ,achilles' wheel1 ,when the fair long locks trailed downward1 ,and the shriek made ,ilium reel4 ,conquering torches1 steep to steep1 ,flashed along the wine-dark deep4 ,but my heart--that restless roamer-- ,quit those fields of kingly strife1 ,that old world of ,greece and ,homer1 ,for the world of love and life4 ,dead1 like leaves on autumn clay1 ,those old gods and wonders lay4 ,o the spirit's aspiration1 ,glorious through all nature's bound6 ,the soul yearning through creation-- ,all the sought1 and all the found6 ,oh6 what is--and what shall be ,in far immortality8 ,for truth's marvels well are able ,all of fiction to eclipse1 ,and the wine of classic fable ,tasteless palls upon the lips4 ,from the living fount of truth ,wells the soul's immortal youth4 ,still at times when basks the river ,the long summer afternoon1 ,when the broad green pastures quiver ,in the rippling breeze of ,june1 ,i unclose the ,iliad's pages1 ,to unearth those buried ages4 ,but no ,ilium now1 nor tragic ,plains ,i find in ,homer's lay2 ,with a new and stranger magic ,now it leads another way-- ,whirls me on a sudden track ,to my merry childhood back4 ,all that fresh young joy rejoices1 ,beats the child heart as of yore1 ,and again ,i hear--oh6 voices ,that ,i thought to hear no more1 ,till--the dusk has round me grown2 ,close the book--the dream has flown4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,gerald ,,griffin4#bjh ,of the works of fiction in the ,english language of which the first half of this century has been so prolific1 ,ireland has contributed at least a fair proportionate share4 ,her writers in this department of literature are numerous1 and their productions have been generally received with due favor on this side of the ,atlantic as correct portraitures of the habits and manners of a people in whom we take so deep an interest1 and whose very contradictions of character render them interesting studies for the curious and philosophic4 ,of so large a number four at least deserve special notice1 standing1 as they do1 prominently in the front rank of ,irish authors and exhibiting in a marked degree a pleasant diversity of talent and invention1 as varied as the peculiar characteristics of the provinces to which they belong4 ,carleton1 for example1 was an ,ulster-man1 rugged and ungraceful1 yet possessing a deep vein of caustic humor1 while his figures are struck out as distinctly as if his pen had some of the power ,of ,michael ,angelo's chisel2 ,john ,banim was the embodiment of ,leinster propriety and stability2 ,lever is never so much at home as at the mess-table of the ,rangers1 or when endangering the neck of his hero or heroine over a ,galway fence2 while through ,gerald ,griffin's pages flow1 now gently as a meandering stream and anon with the impetuosity of a mountain torrent1 the poetry and passion of ,munster4 ,still1 in the strictest sense1 none of these novelists can be considered national2 yet all are true to ,irish character4 ,to those unacquainted with the radical difference of mind1 temperament1 and even physique1 which is to be found in so comparatively small a country1 this may seem paradoxical2 but it is nevertheless true4 ,mickey ,frees and ,lowry ,lovbys are plentiful enough in ,ireland1 but only in their respective sections2 while ,valentine ,mc,clutchy terrifies the northern tenant each recurring gala-day1 and ,banim's ,paddy ,flynn1 to use the pithy remark of ,sir ,philip ,crampton1 is hanged twice a year regularly in the south of ,ireland4 ,if any of them be entitled to the term national1 that honor should be awarded to ,griffin1 who in his ,invasion1 ,duke of ,monmouth1 and some minor stories1 has travelled out of his favorite province with some degree of success4 ,but even in his wanderings in ,wicklow1 ,taunton dene1 and the wilds of ,northumbria1 we are constantly catching glimpses of the ,shannon and ,killarney4 ,the reason of this is obvious4 ,he aimed to be a strict and minute copyist of nature2 and nature to him was bounded by the lovely scenery of ,munster and the people with whom he had been in daily intercourse for almost the whole of his short life4 ,his power of observation1 thus limited1 became intensified1 and what he lost in breadth of view and amplitude of knowledge1 he gained in the distinctness and fidelity of his pictures4 ,besides1 the merits of the true novelist1 like those of the painter1 should never be estimated by the square of the canvas1 but by his faithfulness1 either to human figure1 action1 and circumstance1 or to the embodiment of noble ideas4 ,it is not so difficult as it may seem to call up imaginary kings and princes1 noble lords and ladies1 clothe them with all the gorgeous panoply so easily found in the pages of dear old ,froissart1 or in the latest book of fashions1 and make them speak and act in the most approved manner of our modern romances1 because few of us care to inquire into the correctness either of design or execution4 ,cervantes and ,goldsmith painted the men and manners of their day with rare fidelity1 and their works will be read by the learned and unlearned as long as the languages in which they wrote shall exist2 and no one can doubt that two of the most popular authors of our time1 ,balzac and ,dickens1 no matter how inferior in some respects to the authors of ,don ,quixote and the ,vicar of ,wakefield1 have truly held up to us panoramas of modern society in the two great cities of ,europe4 ,for ,gerald ,griffin we may not1 perhaps1 claim the universality of those great masters2 but in purity of expression1 truthfulness to nature1 and delicacy of moral perception he is the equal of any of them4 ,there are some persons conversant with ,irish character who maintain that its essential element is neither gayety nor combativeness1 but melancholy1 and sustain their apparently singular theory by reference to the national music and poetry4 ,griffin's writings would afford an additional argument in favor of this position4 ,his genius was decidedly tragic1 his muse sad and retrospective4 ,his pauses to give us a glimpse of fireside enjoyment appear to be more as tributes to old home memories1 than as arising from any natural desire to linger over the recollections of such tranquil scenes2 and his snatches of humor and merriment seem thrown in artistically1 not so much to relieve the sombre shading of his picture as to give its most prominent figures greater depth and boldness4 ,he also labored under the disadvantage of all tragic minds2 for1 though he never can be said to have ignored the eternal fitness of things in rewarding the good and punishing the wicked1 we close many of his volumes with a feeling more akin to sorrow than rejoicing1 and while admitting the righteousness of his judgments1 we sigh to think how ,god's best gifts to man may be turned to his own destruction4 ,it seems to be the law of tragedy that the bad men must be more men of action than the good1 in order to produce the proper effect4 ,they dress better1 talk more persuasively1 and display high mental and physical qualities which1 say what we may1 will generally provoke a certain sympathy for them1 evil as may be their acts4 ,this inherent defect ,griffin labored to modify1 if he could not entirely eradicate4 ,his moral heroes are good enough in their way1 but their virtues are of too negative a character4 ,kyrle ,daly1 in the ,collegians1 and young ,kingsly1 in the ,duke of ,monmouth1 have all the qualities we could desire in a friend or brother2 but while we honor and respect them1 a something akin to sympathy is clandestinely stealing out to the proud and wilful ,hardress ,cregan1 and even to the cool malignity of that unparalleled scoundrel1 ,colonel ,kirke4 ,o',haedha1 in the ,invasion1 is an exception4 ,he is sui generis in ,griffin's pantheon1 being not only a man of pure morality and well up in the lore of his times1 but he is also a chieftain governing wisely and firmly1 a man of war as well as of love and peace1 strong in his affections and hatreds1 living1 moving1 and breathing like one who has a subtle brain1 warm blood1 and a powerful arm to enforce his authority4 ,he is decidedly not only ,griffin's grandest conception1 but will stand in favorable comparison with any we can recall in historical romance4 ,the ,collegians is ,gerald ,griffin's best known and most popular novel2 and1 when we consider the early age of the author at the time it was written1 and the circumstances amid which it was composed1 we are equally surprised at his knowledge of the springs of human action1 and at the excellences of the book1 both as regards correctness of style and completeness of plot4 ,though the working of some of the strongest passions of our nature is portrayed in it--love1 hatred1 revenge1 ambition--there is nothing about them sensational or melodramatic2 and though many different characters are introduced1 and incidents necessarily occur in a short space of time1 there is nothing hurried or disjointed1 one character acting upon another and each event following and hinging on the one preceding so gracefully and naturally that the reader is borne along on an unbroken current1 as it were1 from cause to effect till he reaches the final catastrophe4 ,it is related that a portion of this admirable book was written in court while the author1 who had attained considerable proficiency as a short-hand writer in ,london1 was engaged in reporting an important law case4 ,during an interval in the proceedings1 ,griffin took out his manuscripts1 and1 as was his habit1 when a moment of leisure presented itself1 proceeded to continue his story1 regardless of his surroundings4 ,it happened that ,daniel ,o',connell was employed professionally in the suit1 and not knowing the writer1 and supposing him to be occupied transcribing his notes1 looked over his shoulder to read the evidence2 but finding that it was something very different from the dry question and answer of counsellor and witness1 the great advocate turned away in silent indifference4 ,he little thought at the time that the quiet1 industrious young reporter was ,gerald ,griffin1 and that the work upon which he was so intently engaged was the ,collegians--a work which1 from the day of its publication1 was ever the favorite solace of the hours of relaxation of that illustrious statesman4 ,the moral of the book1 however1 is its greatest merit4 ,the character of ,hardress ,cregan is inimitably drawn4 ,young1 gifted both in person and mind1 with a disposition naturally inclined to good1 but warped and misled by a fond1 proud1 worldly mother1 and the example of a dissolute father and his associates2 early left to his own guidance and the indulgence of his whims and fancies1 he descends from the high position in which we find him at the opening chapter1 through all the stages of crime--parental disobedience1 ingratitude1 deceit1 debauchery1 and finally murder4 ,through each step in guilt we can trace the cause of his ruin--moral cowardice1 false pride1 absence of self-control1 alternating or uniting1 but always with disastrous effect1 until in the culminating scene1 in which1 torn by remorse and conscious guilt1 he leaves his native shores a condemned felon and dies at sea1 we feel that the punishment1 no matter how severe1 is but in strict accordance with our highest sense of retributive justice4 ,nor are the almost equally1 though perhaps unconsciously1 guilty parents forgotten4 ,like a just judge1 ,griffin not only punishes the actual perpetrator of crime1 but metes out penalties to those whose duty it is to correct the excesses of youth1 restrain their passions1 and lead them by precept and example to the practice as well as the knowledge of good1 and who neglect the sacred trust4 ,what parent1 after reading the ,collegians1 can contemplate without a shudder the pangs of the haughty mother and the utter hopelessness of her dissipated husband1 when they found their only child1 so tenderly nurtured and so thoroughly schooled1 torn from their arms in chains1 and dying the death of an outcast and a convict4 ,their punishment abided in their parental hearts1 and the author goes no further4 ,many years ago1 we casually overheard one of the most thoroughly read1 as well as one of the most profound thinkers in ,america1 say1 upon being asked his opinion of the ,collegians1 that he considered it the best novel in the language2 for1 while it made you hate the crime1 it did not take away your charity for the criminal2 an opinion which we think will be concurred in by all who have attentively read the book and applied the moral it contains4 ,kyrle ,daly is an antipode of his friend and fellow-student1 ,hardress ,cregan4 ,his filial reverence and moral rectitude are depicted in his every action1 and his whole character is as beautiful and lovable as that of the other is dark and fraught with terrible warnings4 ,not that young ,daly is presented as a model lackadaisical individual1 by any means2 but as a strong man of matured mind and deep feelings1 true in friendship and trusting in love2 yet withal guided by the dictates of his religion and directed by the authority and advice of his father and mother1 a weakness1 if it be one1 we are sorry to say1 not often indulged in at the present day4 ,did the limits of our article permit1 we might furnish many extracts from this remarkable novel in testimony of the high opinion of the merits found in its pages by so many distinguished scholars1 but the ,collegians is now so generally read that this is hardly necessary4 ,we transcribe1 however1 the following brief sketch of a morning on the ,shannon1 and a breakfast scene1 as a specimen of the author's power of minute description of rural scenery and felicitous rendering of social life3 ,they had assembled1 on the morning of ,eily's disappearance1 a healthy and blooming household of all sizes1 in the principal sitting-room1 for a purpose no less important than that of dispatching breakfast4 ,it was a favorable moment for any one who might be desirous of sketching a family picture4 ,the windows of the room1 which were thrown up for the purpose of admitting the fresh morning air1 opened upon a trim and sloping meadow1 that looked sunny and cheerful with the bright green after-grass of the season4 ,the broad and sheety river washed the very margin of the little field1 and bore upon its quiet bosom 7which was only ruffled by the circling eddies that encountered the advancing tide7 a variety of craft1 such as might be supposed to indicate the approach to a large city4 ,majestic vessels1 floating idly on the basined flood1 with sails half-furled1 in keeping with the languid beauty of the scene2 lighters burdened to the water's edge with bricks or sand2 large rafts of timber borne onward toward the neighboring quays under the guidance of a shipman's boat-hook2 pleasure-boats with gaudy pennons hanging at peak and topmast2 or turf-boats with their unpicturesque and ungraceful lading1 moving sluggishly forward1 while their black sails seemed gasping for a breath to fill them--such were the incidents that gave a gentle animation to the prospect immediately before the eyes of the cottage dwellers4 ,on the further side of the river arose the ,cratloe hills1 shadowed in various places by a broken cloud1 and rendered beautiful by the checkered appearance of the ripening tillage and the variety of hues that were observable along their wooded sides4 ,at intervals1 the front of a handsome mansion brightened up a passing gleam of sunshine1 while the wreaths of blue smoke1 ascending at various distances from among the trees1 tended to relieve the idea of extreme solitude which it would otherwise have presented4 ,the interior of the cottage was not less interesting to contemplate than the landscape which lay before it4 ,the principal breakfast-table 7for there were two spread in the room7 was placed before the window1 the neat and snow-white damask cloth covered with fare that spoke satisfactorily for the circumstances of the proprietor1 and for the housewifery of his helpmate4 ,the former1 a fair1 pleasant-faced old gentleman1 in a huge buckled cravat and square-toed shoes1 somewhat distrustful of the meagre beverage which fumed out of ,mrs4 ,daly's lofty and shining coffee-pot1 had taken his position before a cold ham and fowl which decorated the lower end of the table4 ,his lady1 a courteous old personage1 with a face no less fair and happy than her husband's1 and with eyes sparkling with good nature and intelligence1 did the honors of the board at the further end4 ,on the opposite side1 leaning over the back of his chair with clasped hands1 in an attitude which had a mixture of abstraction and anxiety1 sat ,mr4 ,kyrle ,daly1 the first pledge of connubial affection that was born to this comely pair4 ,he was a young man already initiated in the rudiments of the legal profession2 of a handsome figure1 and in manner--but something now pressed upon his spirits which rendered this an unfavorable occasion for describing him4 ,a second table was laid in a more retired portion of the room1 for the accommodation of the younger part of the family4 ,several well-burnished goblets1 or porringers1 of thick milk flanked the sides of this board1 while a large dish of smooth-coated potatoes reeked up in the centre4 ,a number of blooming boys and girls1 between the ages of four and twelve1 were seated at this simple repast1 eating and drinking away with all the happy eagerness of youthful appetite4 ,not1 however1 that this employment occupied their exclusive attention2 for the prattle which circulated round the table frequently became so boisterous as to drown the conversation of the older people1 and to call forth the angry rebuke of the master of the family4 ,the furniture of the apartment was in accordance with the appearance and manners of its inhabitants4 ,the floor was handsomely carpeted1 a lofty green fender fortified the fireplace1 and supplied ,mr4 ,daly in his facetious moments with occasions for the frequent repetition of a favorite conundrum1 ',why is that fender like ,westminster ,abbey8'--a problem with which he never failed to try the wit of any stranger who happened to spend a night beneath his roof4 ,the wainscoted walls were ornamented with several of the popular prints of the day1 such as ,hogarth's ,roast ,beef1 ,prince ,eugene1 ,schomberg at the ,boyne1 ,mr4 ,betterton playing ,cato in all the glory of ',full wig1 flowered gown1 and lackered chair2' of the royal ,mandane1 in the person of ,mrs4 ,mountain1 strutting among the arbors of her ,persian palace in a lofty tte and hooped petticoat4 ,there were also some family drawings done by ,mrs4 ,daly in her school-days1 of which we feel no inclination to say more than that they were prettily framed4 ,in justice to the fair artist1 it should also be mentioned that1 contrary to the established practice1 her sketches were never retouched by the hand of her master1 a fact which ,mr4 ,daly was fond of insinuating1 and which no one who saw the pictures was tempted to call in question4 ,a small book-case1 with the edges of the shelves handsomely gilded1 was suspended in one corner of the room1 and1 on examination1 might be found to contain a considerable number of works on ,irish history1 for which study ,mr4 ,daly had a national predilection1 a circumstance much deplored by all the impatient listeners in his neighborhood1 and 7some people hinted7 in his own household2 some religious books1 and a few volumes on cookery and farming4 ,the space over the lofty chimney-piece was assigned to some ornaments of a more startling description4 ,a gun-rack1 on which were suspended a long shore gun1 a brass-barreled blunderbuss1 a cutlass1 and a case of horse-pistols1 manifested ,mr4 ,daly's determination to maintain1 if necessary1 by force of arms1 his claim to the fair possessions which his honest industry had acquired4 ',kyrle1' said ,mr4 ,daly1 putting his fork into a breast of cold goose1 and looking at his son1 'you had better let me put a little goose 7with an emphasis7 on your plate4 ,you know you are going a-wooing to-day4' ,the young gentleman appeared not to hear him4 ,mrs4 ,daly1 who understood more intimately the nature of her son's reflections1 deprecated1 by a significant look at her husband1 the continuance of any raillery upon so delicate a subject4 ',kyrle1 some coffee8' said the lady of the house2 but without being more successful in awakening the attention of the young gentleman4 ,mr4 ,daly winked at his wife4 ',kyrle6' he called aloud1 in a tone against which even a lover's absence was not proof1 'do you hear what your mother says8' ',i ask pardon1 sir--,i was absent--,i--what were you saying1 mother8' ',she was saying1' continued ,mr4 ,daly1 with a smile1 'that you were manufacturing a fine speech for ,anna ,chute1 and that you were just meditating whether you should deliver it on your knees or out of brief1 as if you were addressing the bench in the ,four ,courts4' ',for shame1 my dear6 ,never mind him1 ,kyrle2 ,i said no such thing4 ,i wonder how you can say that1 my dear1 and the children listening4' ',pooh6 the little angels are too busy and too innocent to pay us any attention1' said ,mr4 ,daly1 lowering his voice1 however4 ',but1 speaking seriously1 my boy1 you take this affair too deeply to heart2 and whether it be in our pursuit of wealth1 or fame1 or even in love itself1 an extreme solicitude to be successful is the surest means of defeating its own object4 ,besides1 it argues an unquiet and unresigned condition4 ,i have had a little experience1 you know1 in affairs of this kind1' he added1 smiling and glancing at his fair helpmate1 who blushed with the simplicity of a young girl4 ',ah sir6' said ,kyrle1 as he drew nearer to the breakfast-table with a magnanimous affectation of cheerfulness1 ',i fear ,i have not so good a ground for hope as you may have had4 ,it is very easy1 sir1 for one to be resigned to disappointment1 when he is certain of success4' ',why1 ,i was not bidden to despair indeed1' said ,mr4 ,daly1 extending his hand to his wife1 while they exchanged a quiet smile1 which had in it an expression of tenderness and of melancholy remembrance4 ',i have1 ,i believe1 been more fortunate than more deserving persons4 ,i have never been vexed with useless fears in my wooing days1 nor with vain regrets when those days were ended4 ,i do not know1 my dear lad1 what hopes you have formed1 or what prospects you may have shaped out of the future2 but ,i will not wish you a better fortune than that you may as nearly approach to their accomplishment as ,i have done1 and that time may deal as fairly with you as he has done with your father4' ,after saying this1 ,mr4 ,daly leaned forward on the table1 with his temple supported by one finger1 and glanced alternately from his children to his wife while he sang in a low tone the following verse of a popular song3 ',how should ,i love the pretty creatures1 ,while round my knees they fondly clung6 ,to see them look their mother's features1 ,to hear them lisp their mother's tongue2 ,and when with envy time transported1 ,shall think to rob us of our joys1 ,you'll in your girls again be courted1 ,and ,i--' with a glance at ,kyrle-- ',and ,i go wooing with the boys4' ,we cannot close this imperfect sketch of the ,collegians without commending the treatment of the humbler personages introduced1 equally free as they are from that stilted phraseology and broad caricature which too often disgrace ,irish novels and so-called ,irish plays4 ,poor ,eily ,o',connor1 in all her simple innocence and ignorance of the world1 is a beautiful creation2 and though travestied in three or four different forms on the stage1 she still holds a lasting place in our affections4 ,her meeting with her discarded lover1 ,myles ,murphy the mountaineer1 presents us a scene of touching pathos such as only1 we imagine1 an ,irish peasant could express in his native tongue3 ',there is only one person to blame in all this business1' murmured the unhappy girl1 'and that is ,eily ,o',connor4' ',i don't say that1' returned the mountaineer4 ',it's no admiration to me you should be heart-broken with all the persecution we gave you day afther day4 ,all ,i'm thinking is1 ,i'm sorry you didn't mention it to myself unknownst4 ,sure it would be betther for me than to be as ,i was afther1 when ,i heerd you were gone4 ,lowry ,lovby told me first of it1 when ,i was eastwards4 ,oh ro6 such a life as ,i led afther4 ,lonesome as the mountains looked before1 when ,i used to come home thinkin' of you1 they looked ten times lonesomer afther ,i heerd of that story4 ,the ponies1 poor crathers--see 'em all1 how they're lookin' down at us this moment--they didn't hear me spring the rattle on the mountain for a month afther4 ,i suppose they thought it is in ,garryowen ,i was4' ,here he looked upward1 and pointing to his herd1 a great number of which were collected in groups on the broken cliffs above the road1 some standing so far forward on the projections of rock as to appear magnified against the dusky sky1 ,myles sprang the large wooden rattle which he held in his hand1 and in an instant all dispersed and disappeared1 like the clan of a ,highland chief at the sound of their leader's whistle4 ',well1 ,myles1' said ,eily1 at length collecting a little strength1 ',i hope we'll see some happy days in ,garryowen yet4' ',heaven send it6 ,i'll pack off the boy to-night to town1 or ,i'll go myself1 if you like1 or ,i'll get you a horse and truckle1 and guide it myself for you1 or ,i'll do any thing in the whole world that you'll have me4 ,look at this4 ,i'd rather be doing your bidding this moment than my own mother's1 and heaven forgive me1 if that's a sin6 ,ah ,eily6 they may say this and that o' you1 in the place where you were born2 but ,i'll ever hold to it1 ,i held to it all through1 an' ,i'll hold to it to my death1 that when you darken your father's door again1 you will send no shame before you4' ',you are right in that1 ,myles4' ',didn't ,i know ,i was8 ,and wasn't it that that broke my heart6 ,if one met me afther you flitted away1 an' saw me walking the road with my hands in my pockets and my head down1 an' ,i thinking2 an' if he sthruck me on the shoulder1 an' ,myles1 says he1 don't grieve for her1 she's this an' that1 and if he proved it to me1 why1 ,i'd look up that minute an' ,i'd smile in his face4 ,i'd be as easy from that hour as if ,i never crossed your threshold at ,garryowen6 ,but knowing in my heart1 and as my heart told me1 that it never could be that way2 that ,eily was still the old girl always1 an' hearing what they said o' you1 an' knowing that it was ,i that brought it all upon you--,o ,eily6 ,eily6--,o ,eily ,o',connor6 there is not that man upon ,ireland ground that can tell what ,i felt4 ,that was what kilt me6 ,that was what drove the pain into my heart1 and kept me in the doctor's hands till now4' ,altogether different in design and scope is the ,invasion1 a historical novel intended to describe the institutions1 manners1 and ways of life of the ancient ,irish1 and it is much to be regretted that it is so little read by the descendants of that peculiar people1 especially by those who turn aside from the difficulties of nomenclature presented by the actual history of ,ireland4 ,with the same motive that actuated ,scott to present the otherwise unattractive and obscure facts of the early history of ,britain in the fascinating garb of romance1 our author1 always deeply imbued with love of country and reverence for the past1 sought in this book to give a complete picture of the public1 social1 and religious life of his ancestors as it was known or supposed to exist in the eighth century1 before the repeated incursions of the ,northmen had desolated their valleys1 razed their towns1 and pillaged their churches and seats of learning4 ,to most men of a fine imagination and poetic temperament like ,griffin1 the study of laws long disused and customs forgotten centuries ago1 wrapt up as they were in a language almost unintelligible to modern scholars1 would have presented insuperable difficulties2 but to him it seems to have been a labor of love1 and it is a source of lasting regret that his opportunities for research were not in proportion to his diligence4 ,the invaluable records of ,irish history and antiquities since brought to light through the labors of ,o',curry1 ,pietrie1 ,o',donovan1 and others1 were then slumbering in the mouldy archives of ,trinity ,college1 or scattered in inaccessible places over ,england and the continent2 nor are we aware that the author of the ,invasion had such thorough knowledge of his native language as would enable him to decipher those ancient manuscripts1 even had he the facility for so doing4 ,the barbarous policy of the dominant power1 which formerly not only sought to destroy the language of the conquered people by prohibiting its being taught in colleges1 but made it penal to allow it to be spoken in the humbler country schools1 was equally interested in keeping from the world at large the ,irish people's records and book of laws1 the evidences of their former glory and greatness and the muniments of their nationality2 and even in this advanced age we owe mainly to local enterprise and private generosity whatever contributions to ancient ,irish history we have been favored with for the last twenty years4 ,the government of ,england is willing to spend annually tens of thousands of pounds sterling to facilitate the discovery of the sources of the ,nile or to encourage the translation of the high-flown vagaries of ,east ,indian poets2 font it cannot afford1 it appears1 a miserable allowance to rescue from obscurity the annals of one of the most ancient and civilized nations of ,europe2 a nation1 too1 that has the misfortune to be called an integral portion of the ,british empire4 ,this necessarily limited knowledge of the epoch which he proposed to illustrate1 while it in some degree unfortunately lessens the authority of the novel in an antiquarian point of view1 does not impair its harmony of design1 or weaken the moral and intellectual beauty of its entire composition2 and even its technical defects are1 to a great extent1 corrected in the edition before us1 by the insertion1 in the form of an appendix1 of the very valuable critical notes of the late ,professor ,o',curry4 ,the principal figure in the book is ,o',headha1 7,o',hea17 a young chieftain born on the day of his father's death in battle4 ,it describes the ceremonies of the marriage of his parents and of his own baptism1 as introductory to his career4 ,his education is supposed to be conducted at ,mungharid 7,mungret7 ,abbey1 then famous for the number and rank of its scholars2 and this gives the author an opportunity of describing the monastery1 a description which may be taken as applying equally to the many similar institutions of piety and learning which at that time1 and for centuries before1 dotted the then happy island3 ,unlike many of the religious foundations of that period1 which were constructed1 after the national manner1 of wood1 the college of ,muinghairid was a damhliag1 or stone building1 and its grouted fragments1 diffused at this day over an extensive tract of ground1 demonstrate the masonic skill of its founders4 ,the religious1 who were of the order of ,st4 ,mainchin1 the founder of the abbey1 and of prodigious number1 had1 as is usual in such establishments1 their various duties appointed to them4 ,some devoted themselves wholly to a life of contemplation and of manual labor4 ,others employed themselves in the care of the sick1 the entertaining of strangers1 the giving of alms1 and the instruction of the numerous youth who flocked hitherward in great numbers from different parts of the island1 from the shore of ,inismore1 and even from those of some continental nations4 ,those who were skilled in psalmody succeeded each other in the choir1 night and day1 which for many a century sent forth its never-ceasing harmony of praise2 while far the greater number were employed in cultivating with their own hands the extensive tracts of ground which lay around the convent and the neighboring city4 ,morn after morn1 regular as the dawn itself1 the tolling of the convent-bell1 over the spreading woods which then enriched the neighborhood1 awoke the tenants of the termon-lands1 warning them that its cloistered inhabitants had commenced their daily rule1 and reminding them also of that eternal destiny which was seldom absent from the minds of the former4 ,the religious1 answering to the summons1 resumed their customary round of duties4 ,some aided the almoner in receiving the applications of the poor and attending to their wants4 ,some assisted the chamberlain in refitting the deserted dormitory4 ,some were appointed to help the infirmarian in the hospital4 ,some aided the pittancer and cellarer in preparing the daily refection1 as well for the numerous members of the confraternity as for the visitors1 for whose accommodation a separate refectory was furnished2 and after the solemn rite of the morning1 at which all assisted1 had been concluded1 the great body of the monks departed to their daily labor on the adjoining tillage and pasturage lands4 ,sometimes at this early hour the more infirm and aged1 as well as the more pious of the neighboring peasantry1 were seen thridding their way along the woodland paths to mingle in the morning devotions of the religious4 ,the peasant as he trotted on by his car1 laden with the produce of the season1 paused for an instant to hear the matin hymn1 and added a prayer that heaven might sanctify his toil4 ,the fisherman1 whose curach glided rapidly along the broad surface of the river1 rested on his oars at the same solemn strain1 and resumed his labor with a more measured stroke and less eager spirit4 ,the son of war and rapine1 who galloped by the place1 returning with sated passions from some nocturnal havoc1 reined up his hobbie at the peaceful sounds1 and yielded his mind unconsciously to an interval of mercy and remorse4 ,the oppressive chieftain and his noisy retinue1 not yet recovered the dissipation of some country coshering1 hushed for a time their unseemly mirth as they passed the holy dwelling and yielded in reverence the debt which they could not pay in sympathy4 ,to many an ear the sounds of the orison arrived1 and to none without a wholesome and awakening influence4 ,arrived at manhood1 the future chieftain is duly installed in office according to the prevailing customs of the sept1 and henceforth we find him performing all the duties appertaining to his high position1 including his attendance at the triennial assembly of ,tara1 propos to which we have an elaborate and highly interesting account of that historical gathering of all the estates of the kingdoms into which the island was then divided4 ,a romantic adventure1 ending in a love scene1 of course1 brings him among the ,hooded people1 the last remnant of those who1 rejecting the teachings of ,st4 ,patrick and his disciples1 continued to practise the ,druidical rites in seclusion2 and1 as a consequence1 we find a detailed description of the objects and forms of that extinct species of idolatry4 ,the invasion itself1 the first descent of the ,northmen on the coast1 successfully repulsed by ,o',hea's forces1 naturally leads to a disquisition on the gloomy superstition and uncouth manners of those terrible barbarians4 ,thus we find grouped together1 gracefully and artistically1 the leading historical features of the period1 the old superstitions and the beneficent fruits of the new faith1 the faults and follies1 virtues and graces of the christianized ,celts1 contrasted with the physical prowess and ferocious temperament of the hordes who were so soon to deluge with blood1 not only ,erin1 but the adjacent isles and the greater part of the coasts of ,europe4 ,strange to say1 the ,invasion is the only ,irish historical novel ever written1 and1 as ,augustin ,thierry was induced to write his celebrated history of the ,norman ,conquest of ,england by reading ,scott's ,ivanhoe1 may we not hope that some present or future writer may be inspired by the ,invasion to give us a detailed and intelligible account of the ,danish wars in ,ireland8 ,the ,duke of ,monmouth is also a historical novel1 but more modern in its character and incidents4 ,it is intended to describe the condition of the people of the rural districts in the west of ,england about the close of the seventeenth century2 and the principal events upon which the story depends are the invasion of ,england by the ill-starred ,duke of ,monmouth1 the illegitimate son of ,charles ,,ii41 during the reign of the latter's successor1 the fatal battle of ,sedgemoor1 and the execution of the adventurer and his principal followers4 ,the style is faultless1 the prominent actors mostly taken from real life1 though few are truthfully drawn4 ,still1 we cannot but regret for the sake of poetical justice that ,griffin chose this subject for a novel1 from the fact that the truth of history compelled him to let the notorious ,kirke1 who figures so largely in his pages1 go unwhipped of justice4 ,the portrait of this infamous soldier1 whose vices were proverbial1 is thus briefly sketched3 ,he beheld before him a man somewhat over the middle size1 and rather spare than otherwise2 his features not ill-looking1 but marked by that expression of malign placidity which is no less characteristic of the genuine tyrant than all the ogre-like contortions and grimaces vulgarly associated with the idea of habitual cruelty4 ,there was something like a smile upon his lips2 but it was a smile that spoke not of benevolence of the heart1 and held out no light of promise to the hope of the supplicant4 ,his very courtesy1 all easy as it was1 seemed the refined dissimulation of a callous nature4 ,there was a kind of sternness in his very courtliness of manner1 a severity even in the smoothness and gentleness of his demeanor and discourse1 that was more withering than the open violence of the unmasked and ruffian oppressor4 ,at times1 too1 it was said he could be all the savage2 but it was only when the security of his position afforded a free scope to license4 ,his hair was already tinged with gray1 though in so slight a degree as to be scarcely perceptible4 ,his complexion had much of the sallowness1 but little of the languor1 usually acquired by long residence in tropical countries2 and1 as he stood glancing rapidly over the paper which he held in his hand1 it might be judged from the keenness and concentration of his look that his mind1 in like manner1 had lost nothing of its activity beneath the enervating influence of an ,african sun4 ,notwithstanding the fault referred to1 the book is one that merits attention both as being the production of the author's more mature years and as furnishing us an insight into the modes of life1 manner of living1 and unreasonable preconceptions of politics and religion of the humbler classes of ,england at the period immediately preceding the downfall of the house of ,stuart4 ,the so-called reformation in that country1 while it deprived the peasantry of all the attractions and consolations of true religion1 as well as of the innocent sports and pastimes so much encouraged by the church1 left nothing in their stead to lighten the heavy burden of labor save the sensual attractions of the ale-house1 or the more invigorating1 if more hazardous1 luxury of rebellion4 ,deprived of the refuge always afforded by the eleemosynary institutions of the monks to the deserving needy and afflicted1 the wants of the widow and the orphan were neglected1 the poor became poorer and more discontented1 and the nobles more haughty and overbearing4 ,the reformers succeeded in unsettling the religious faith of the masses1 as the wars of the ,commonwealth destroyed their ideas of authority and obedience4 ,hence followed in rapid rotation the restoration of ,charles ,,ii41 the dethronement of ,james1 the ,scotch rebellions of #agae and #agde1 and many if not all the evils which have afflicted the people of ,great ,britain up to the present time--evils which have become so glaring that a thousand acts of parliament cannot hide them1 and distress1 ignorance1 and its attendant vices1 so gross and general as to be beyond the cure of the poor-house and the penitentiary4 ,considered in the aggregate1 ,england is one of the wealthiest countries in the world4 ,individually1 her people are the poorest in ,christendom2 for she contains within her boundaries a larger percentage of paupers and those who live by crime of various degrees than any civilized country on the face of the globe4 ,it was while in this transition state1 from merrie ,england in ,catholic times to her present anomalous condition1 that the ,duke of ,monmouth1 relying on the ignorance and anti-,catholic prejudices of the rustic population1 resolved to dispute the possession of the throne with ,james ,,ii41 whose only fault1 in the eyes of his enemies at that time1 was his desire to concede some degree of toleration to his dissenting and ,catholic subjects4 ,monmouth's miserable failure is a matter of history2 but in this book we have likewise a glimpse of the feeling of the people who followed his standard1 and which afterward led to the elevation of ,william of ,orange1 and of the sentiments which actuated the ,british portion of that prince's army in his subsequent wars in the sister island4 ,the author also gives a very just idea of ,monmouth and his subordinate rebels4 ,the duke himself is represented as possessing all those exterior graces which are said to have distinguished the ,stuarts1 with more than all their vices and instability of character--false to his friends1 cringing to his enemies1 superstitious without faith1 and ambitious without the courage or capacity to command success4 ,fletcher1 his chief counsellor and best officer1 is a keen1 hard-headed1 but passionate ,covenanter1 a theoretical republican of the ,roundhead school engrafted on the antique2 ,lord ,grey and ,ferguson are simply respectable adventurers1 equally destitute of honesty or brains1 and worthy instruments in so desperate an enterprise4 ,in comparison with those men1 the devotion of young ,fullarton to a hopeless cause becomes less blamable2 and even the ultra loyalty of the old cavalier1 ,captain ,kingsly1 is respectable4 ,in addition to what we have before remarked of the design of this work1 there is a feature in its composition which by some readers may be considered a grave defect4 ,the interest which surrounds the heroine1 ,aquila ,fullarton1 from the very beginning of the tale deepens by degrees until it becomes painfully intense1 and the scene between her and ,kirke1 wherein that monster perpetrates one of the greatest crimes known to humanity1 and she in consequence loses her reason1 though founded on well-authenticated facts1 and described with all the delicacy of diction possible1 is almost too horrible to receive mention4 ,the necessarily gloomy pages of the story are occasionally enlivened by the introduction of two ,irish characters--brothers--,morty and ,shamus ,delaney1 who1 like so many of their countrymen1 then and since1 have left home to seek their fortunes1 and find themselves in ,taunton on the eve of the stirring events related in the novel4 ,morty1 being of a practical turn of mind1 forthwith enlists in ,kirke's ,lambs2 but ,shamus1 whose tastes are also pugnacious1 but whose ambition is to wear epaulettes1 takes service on the other side1 and raises a company of ragamuffins not unlike that which shamed the redoubtable ,falstaff at ,coventry4 ,there are many exquisite bits of humor scattered through ,griffin's works1 which might be quoted as evincing his keen appreciation of the ludicrous2 but we prefer to extract the following address of ,captain ,delaney to his command1 for the benefit of our military readers who have neglected studying the articles of war4 ,shamus loquitur3 ',well1 ,i see ye're all here1 exceptin' those that's absent4 ,well1 then1 fall in1 fall in1 an' much good may it do ye6 ,an' now attind to my ordhers1 an' mind 'em well4 ,every man is to fight1 an' nobody is to run2 that's plain enough4 ,secondly1 any man that wants arms1 is to fight hard for 'em first1 an' to fight with 'em at his aise afther4 ,thirdly1 any booty whatsomever that any o' ye may take in the war1 such as goold rings1 watches1 sails1 valuable clothing1 an' the likes--but above all things1 money--ye're to bring it all to me4 ,do you hear me8' ',ay1 ay1 ay6' ',very well4 ,because ,i'm captain1 ye know1 an' best judge how it ought to be divided4 ,for it is one o' the maxims of war1 that it's the part o' the common sodgers for to fight1 an' for the ladin' officers for to have all the call to the booty an' the likes1 how 'tis to be shared1 an' what's to be done with it4 ,do ye hear8' ',ay1 ay6' ',an' if there's any thing that's very dangerous--certain death1 for instance--as a place where one would be blown up1 an' the likes1 it's the custom o' war for the common sodgers to have it all to themselves1 an' for the officer to give 'em ordhers for to face it1 but to stay behind himself1 bein' more valuable4 ,do ye hear8' ',ay1 ay6' ',an' if there be a scarcity o' food or clothin'1 or beddin'1 an' the likes1 or a dale to do1 sech as diggin' threnches an' the likes o' that1 then it's the custom o' war for the officer to have the first o' the victuals an' things that way2 but the sodgers is to have the first o' the labor always4 ,do ye understand8' ',ay1 ay6' ',very well1 why4 ,now1 mind the word6 ,shoulder your picks6 ,quick1 march6' ,of ,griffin's minor works1 included under the titles of ,tales of the ,munster ,festivals and ,tales of my ,neighborhood1 the ,rivals1 ,barber of ,bantry1 and ,shuil ,dhuv are decidedly the most entertaining4 ,the latter particularly1 though irregular in composition1 is a story evincing great dramatic power and knowledge of the human heart4 ,the dark-eyed hero1 if such he may be called1 who gives the title to the tale1 stands out before us in all the enormity of his guilt as distinctly as if he had been an actual acquaintance1 and we venture to say that there are few who have read the book but have experienced that feeling4 ,in this story1 also1 ,griffin departs from his usual custom of avoiding personal description of his female characters1 and gives us an elaborate picture of his heroine1 which1 whether it be drawn from life or the creation of his own imagination1 calls up before us an image of surpassing loveliness4 ,griffin's other tales1 such as the ,half-,sir1 ,card-,drawing1 and ,tracey's ,ambition1 have all much merit1 and1 though not so prolonged as those we have mentioned1 exhibit in a greater or lesser degree the skilful hand and rich imagination of the author4 ,the ,christian ,physiologist1 comprising a series of beautiful tales intended to illustrate the use and abuse of the senses1 is worthy a place near the writings of that friend of childhood1 ,canon ,schmidt4 ,as a poet1 ,griffin is remarkable for the beauty of his delineations of natural scenery1 his elevation of sentiment and purity of conception4 ,his lyrics remind us of ,moore1 and are scarcely inferior to some of the best of that immortal bard's in feeling and choiceness of metaphor2 but being somewhat deficient in rhythm1 they have never found much favor in the drawing or concert-room1 ,a ,place in thy ,memory1 ,dearest1 ,my ,mary of the ,curling ,hair1 and one or two others excepted4 ,many of his poems were from time to time contributed to the ,london journals1 while he was yet a literary drudge in that city2 others are to be found interspersed in his novels1 and not a few were written to gratify his friends1 and were first given to the public when his entire poetical works1 as far as it was possible1 were collected together in book-form1 and now fill a large volume1 not the least important of the present edition4 ,we are not aware that he ever attempted an epic or any thing more extended than the beautiful ballad of ,matt ,hyland1 of the merits of which we can only judge by the fragment which has been preserved1 the original having been destroyed by the author immediately previous to his joining the order of ,christian ,brothers2 nor do we think his ambition ever soared to higher flights than songs and short descriptive poems4 ,the most meritorious of these1 or1 at least1 the one which has obtained the greatest popularity1 is the ,sister of ,charity1 written on the occasion of a dear friend becoming a religious2 and1 though several gifted pens have been employed on the same subject1 we know of none who has embodied so true an appreciation of the self-denial and entire devotion which mark that order--the boast and glory of all womanhood4 ,several of his best pieces1 indeed1 are written in the same devotional spirit1 particularly the following verses1 in illustration of a seal1 representing a mariner on a tempestuous ocean who1 reclining in his bark1 fixes his eye on a distant star1 with the motto-- ,,si ,,je ,,te ,,perds1 ,,je ,,suis ,,perdu4 7,,if ,i ,,lose ,,thee1 ,i',m ,,lost47 ,shine on1 thou bright beacon1 ,unclouded and free1 ,from thy high place of calmness1 ,o'er life's troubled sea6 ,its morning of promise1 ,its smooth seas are gone1 ,and the billows rave wildly-- ,then1 bright one1 shine on4 ,the wings of the tempest ,may rise o'er thy ray1 ,but tranquil thou smilest1 ,undimmed by its sway2 ,high1 high o'er the worlds ,where storms are unknown1 ,thou dwellest1 all beauteous1 ,all glorious1 alone4 ,from the deep womb of darkness ,the lightning flash leaps1 ,o'er the bark of my fortune ,each mad billow sweeps2 ,from the port of her safety ,by warring winds driven1 ,had no light o'er her course ,but you lone one of heaven4 ,yet fear not1 thou frail one1 ,the hour may be near ,when our own sunny headlands ,far off shall appear2 ,when the voice of the storm ,shall be silent and past1 ,in some island of heaven ,we may anchor at last4 ,but1 bark of eternity1 ,where art thou now8 ,the tempest wave shrieks ,o'er each plunge of thy prow2 ,on the world's dreary ocean ,thus shattered and lost-- ,then1 lone one1 shine on1 ,if ,i lose thee1 ,i'm lost4 ,of his dramas but one remains to us1 ,gisippus1 and enough dramatic ability is displayed in that to make us regret that ,griffin abandoned writing for the stage so early in life4 ,we are inclined to imagine that a young man1 scarcely twenty years of age1 who was capable of managing so successfully a subject that required the highest powers of ,boccaccio1 could in his maturer years have effected even greater things4 ,however1 we must console ourselves with the reflection that what has been lost to the drama1 we have gained in the excellent works before us2 and as the drama is necessarily limited to the few1 the world is also the gainer by the change4 ,,footnote3 #bjh ,the ,life and ,works of ,gerald ,griffin4 #aj vols4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,,the ,,pope ,,and ,,the ,,council1 ,,by ,,janus4 ,,iii4 ,of all arguments brought forward by ,janus to undermine what he would term the historical groundwork of papal supremacy1 and the prerogatives exercised by the successors of ,st4 ,peter1 none seem to have greater weight1 or more forcibly convince his admirers1 than the long narration on ,forgeries2 and hence throughout his work the ,isidorian fabrications play a great rle4 ,ostensibly these forgeries are developed at great length with a view of merely overthrowing and combating this powerful coalition of ultramontanism1 but in reality the arguments deduced from these forgeries go far beyond this avowed intention of our authors4 ,up to the ninth century no change had taken place in the constitution of the church1 as they readily admit3 ,but in the middle of that century1 about #hde1 arose the huge fabrication of the ,isidorian decretals1 which had results far beyond what its author contemplated1 and gradually but surely changed the whole constitution and government of the church4 7,p4 #gf47 #ast4 ,in our first article 7p4 #ccj7 we have already pointed out this illogical inconsistency of ,janus1 when assuming a lawful development of the constitution of the church in the first eight centuries2 whereas he by no means defines what he understands by a lawful development of the divine constitution of the ancient church4 ,how can he1 therefore1 decide that the ,isidorian decretals wrought an entire and unlawful development of the rights and privileges of the primacy8 #b;d4 ,if the picture of the organization of the ancient church is quietly1 and as a matter of course1 presented as one of divine origin1#bji we have no hesitation in declaring that picture a false one1 and contrary to the most ancient history of the church4 ,it cannot even claim apostolic origin in so comprehensive a meaning as ,janus would have it4 ,the different grades of the hierarchy1 established between the primacy and episcopacy1 is the result of a historical development1 whereas divine institution can only be claimed for the primacy and episcopacy themselves4#baj ,what difference is there between bishops as to power and jurisdiction over one another by divine right8 ,if patriarchs1 primates1 and metropolitans have exercised certain prerogatives greater than those enjoyed by other bishops1 will ,janus tell us that this is owing to divine origin8 ,how1 then1 will he account for the fact that no such distinction was universally acknowledged#baa until the third century in the east8 nay more1 that in the west there were no metropolitans before the latter half of the fourth century1 if we except ,africa1 and even in this latter country many bishops were exempt1 and directly subject to the see of ,rome8#bab ,it is a notorious fact1 though ,janus elsewhere so boldly denies it1 that the bishops of ,rome deputed other bishops as their representatives in many provinces1 who by that very fact exercised authority over other bishops1 because to them the popes delegated the exercise of primatial prerogatives4 ,thus1 the ,bishop of ,thessalonica is constituted1 by the pope1 ,primate of ,illyricum1 and the ,bishop of ,arles1 ,primate of ,gaul4 ,there are still many letters of the popes addressed to the bishops of ,thessalonica as early as the fourth century1 by ,innocent ,i41 ,boniface ,i41 ,celestine ,i41 and ,sixtus ,,iii41 wherein instructions are given concerning the exercise of the special power conferred on them4#bac ,hence it came to pass that certain episcopal sees retained that high rank granted to their first incumbents1 either as primates or metropolitans1 after having acted in the beginning in the quality of apostolic legates4 ,st4 ,leo the ,great1 in his letter to ,anastasius of ,thessalonica1 says3 ,we have intrusted our charge in such a way to you that you are called on to share our solicitude1 not possessing the plenitude of power4#bad ,to grant to the ,bishop of ,rome the honor of being the first patriarch1 is nothing less than ignoring or setting aside numerous and indubitable facts long before the existence of the ,isidorian decretals4#bae ,we should like to be informed by ,janus and his abettors where the documents exist proving the rights of patriarchs as of divine institution8 ,all canonists of any repute maintain that the preminence of rank and jurisdiction accorded to patriarchs1 primates1 and metropolitans is not due to the episcopate by divine institution2 but1 on the contrary1 all agree that this is a concession1 whether express or tacit1 on the part of the popes of ,rome as successors of ,peter1 being admitted by them to a participation of their primatial prerogatives4 ,hence all are the representatives of the primacy1 whenever they are appealed to as a higher tribunal1 and as such can only lawfully hold this preminence among their brother bishops as long as they do not come in conflict with the divinely established order in the church1 which consists in the principle that the pope possesses1 by divine ordinance1 jurisdiction over the entire episcopate4 ,pope ,st4 ,leo the ,great gives a beautiful portrait of this organization in the church very dissimilar from that of ,janus4#baf ,the connection of the whole body demands unanimity1 and especially unity among the prelates4 ,while the dignity is common to all1 there is no general equality of order2 because even among the blessed apostles1 though sharing the same honor1 there was a difference of power1 7qudam discretio potestatis17 and while all were equally chosen1 yet to one was given the prerogative of presiding over the others4#bag ,from which precedent also arose a distinction among bishops1 and with perfect order was it enacted that all should not in like manner assume all powers1 but that there be in every province some who exercise the right of first judges among their brethren2 and again1 that there should be some 7bishops7 in the larger cities possessing more ample powers1 through whom the care of the universal church devolves upon the one chair of ,peter1 and that in this manner there may never be any separation from the head4 #c;d4 ,according to ,janus1 ,nicolas ,i41 by means of the ,isidorian forgery1 opened to the whole clergy in east and west a right of appeal to ,rome1 and made the pope the supreme judge of all bishops and clergy of the whole world4 7,p4 #gi47 ,that bold but non-natural torturing of the seventeenth canon of the ,council of ,chalcedon attributed to ,nicolas ,i41 is nothing else but a pure fiction on the part of ,janus4 ,the letter sent by the pope to the ,emperor ,michael ,,iii4 is a document evincing the learning1 sagacity1 and prudence of ,nicolas ,i41 in that grave disturbance caused by ,photius and corrupt courtiers against the lawful patriarch1 ,ignatius of ,constantinople4 ,when the latter1 for the conscientious discharge of his pastoral duty and vigilance toward a licentious court1 had been violently deposed1 and ,photius1 a relative of the emperor1 put in his place1 recourse was had to ,rome to obtain sanction of these proceedings4 ,the pope sent legates to ,constantinople to investigate the matter laid before him2 these in their turn1 being partly misled1 partly bribed1 ratified all that had been done4 ,pope ,nicolas1 upon hearing this1 excommunicated the legates and annulled the election of ,photius4 ,the latter1 seconded by the intrigues of the court1 protested against this act of the pope whose authority he had previously invoked4 ,hence1 ,nicolas ,i41 in the above-mentioned letter1 reasons by analogy that the seventeenth canon of the ,council of ,chalcedon1 respecting appeals to primates or to the patriarch of ,constantinople1 was in a higher sense applicable to the ,bishop of ,rome4#bah ,it clearly follows from the canon in question#bai that it merely intended to regulate the several instances of appeal for clerics1 and alluded to the special privilege of appealing to the ,patriarch of ,constantinople4#bbj ,in the present instance1 however1 is it not evident that the patriarch could not be his own judge1 and1 since a final decision was demanded1 on whom did this right devolve1 we may ask1 if not on the ,bishop of ,rome8 ,a similar and even more striking argument may be seen in the letter addressed by ,nicolas ,i4 to the ,frankish king1 ,charles the ,bald4 ,rothad1 ,bishop of ,soissons1 having been deposed by ,hincmar1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 appealed to ,pope ,nicolas1 who1 after examining1 caused the bishop to be restored2 and in his reasons for doing so sustains1 first1 the divine right of the chair of ,peter to receive appeals and to act as supreme judge2 and then goes on stating that1 as the canon of ,chalcedon granted the right of judging to the primates or to the see of ,constantinople1 in like manner also1 and with much more reason1 must the same rule be observed regarding the right of the see of ,rome4 ,if1 therefore1 adds the pope1 ,rothad of ,soissons appealed to the chair of ,peter conformably to the ,synod of ,sardica1 this action was perfectly lawful1 and there were many precedents for this in history2 as1 for example1 the appeals made by ,st4 ,athanasius to ,julius ,i4 and ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom to ,innocent ,i4#bba ,here1 then1 the reader will judge of the historical fairness of our authors1 when asserting that ,pope ,nicolas ,i41 by torturing a single word against the sense of a whole code of law1 managed to give a turn to a canon of a general council4 ,are we to believe1 upon the sole word and authority of ,janus1 that the whole constitution of the church underwent a change by means of these ,isidorian decretals1 when so many men1 distinguished for their learning and deep researches1 have exploded this theory long ago advanced by the ,magdeburg ,centuriators8 ,it is certainly nothing else than presumption and arrogance to disparage the knowledge and science of so many eminent men1#bbb who unanimously agree on the following points3 #a4 ,that the pseudo-,isidorian decretals were not written with a view of exalting the papal power1 but rather that of the bishops4 #b4 ,that the contents of this collection are1 for the most part1 taken from ancient and genuine documents4 #c4 ,that the fictitious decretals contained therein are quite generally known1 and even these imply nothing novel or contradictory to the then established discipline of the church4 #d4 ,it is certain that this collection was not compiled at ,rome1 and much less known or used by ,pope ,nicolas as a genuine document of binding force4 ,it will be necessary to support these points by a few and1 we hope1 unexceptionable arguments4 ,janus might have indeed spared himself the pains of such a minute and tedious disquisition on these ,isidorian forgeries1 as many#bbc of similar disposition with himself made extensive use of this unauthorized collection of pseudo-,isidore1 in order to show upon what grounds were based the principles of the present constitution of the church1 and particularly that the prerogatives exercised by the ,roman see rested on these forged documents4 ,if the power of the ,bishop of ,rome had no other foundation but the ,isidorian forgery1 then indeed might we be obliged to join in the triumphant chorus of ,janus and his abettors2 but the question1 not to be misplaced or adroitly shifted1 is simply this3 ,did the prerogatives exercised by the popes need these forgeries to establish the lawfulness of their claims8 ,it is to no purpose to conceal and cover up1 as it were1 the principle in question by tedious and showy digressions--whether these decretals were fictitious and whether they were used2 but the whole problem to be solved is1 ,has the pseudo-,isidorian collection introduced or enforced an innovation in the ancient constitution of the church1 as it was in vigor at that period1 or were the principles enunciated by pseudo-,isidore conformable to the doctrine of the church and in accordance with the canons of former councils1 or not8 ,what does it matter whether one or another theologian1 and even a pope1 made use of these decretals1 not doubting of their genuineness1 and consequently deceived1 provided nothing new and unwarranted by previous tradition was thereby acknowledged or enacted8 ,if such a theologian as ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas was deceived as to a spurious passage of ,st4 ,cyril1 and followed herein by ,bellarmine1 is that enough to condemn their whole system or to impeach their honesty8 ,we might by such a method of arguing overthrow the entire historical edifice of the first thousand years of the church1 and begin to build up a new system on this tabula rasa with the aid of this hypercritical process of ,janus and his school1 and we scarcely doubt but that he himself would be in the worst plight4 ,it is certainly true that the author of the ,isidorian decretals1 as he himself avows in the preface1 wished to give a complete code of ecclesiastical laws to the clergy1 though for the greater part he insists on such points of discipline as were at that time greatly endangered and often neglected4 ,the immediate object1 says ,janus1 of the compiler of this forgery was to protect bishops against their metropolitans and other authorities1 so as to secure absolute impunity4 7,p4 #gg47 ,this should be effected1 of course1 by the right of appealing to ,rome1 and1 consequently1 making the pope the supreme judge of all the bishops and clergy1 that is1 of the entire church4 ,these are the principles that worked their way and became dominant2 and that they revolutionized the whole constitution of the church1 introducing a new system in place of the old on that point1 our authors assert there can be no controversy among candid historians4 7,p4 #gi47 ,with all deference to the historical erudition of our authors1 we cannot refrain from interrogating history and assuring ourselves of the truth of these grave charges4 ,having once granted that ,christ intrusted ,peter and his successors with the chief care of his flock--both pastors and people--it is impossible to suppose that in this supreme charge should not be included the right of hearing appeals and giving final decision2 for where could this preminence find any application1 if the whole church be thus cut off from communicating with its head8 ,the ,synod of ,sardica had formally defined this right of hearing appeals in several of its canons1 as our authors acknowledge1 though their efforts to cancel this ancient testimony and to do away with the binding force of these canons are useless and unavailing2 for the canons of the ,council of ,sardica#bbd did nothing more than solemnly acknowledge what had been handed down from apostolic times1 attesting the doctrine of the church as fully practised long before4 ,we may be permitted to signalize two most remarkable and indubitable instances from history4 ,marcianus1 ,bishop of ,arles1 having espoused the heretical doctrine of ,novatian1 was denounced by ,faustinus of ,lyons1 and other bishops1 to the see of ,rome2 at the same time ,faustinus also informed ,st4 ,cyprian1 ,bishop of ,carthage1 who1 in his turn1 begged ,pope ,stephen to terminate this affair by his power as supreme pastor of the church1 requesting the deposition of ,marcianus and the appointment of another in his place4#bbe ,another no less conspicuous proof we find in the fact of the two ,spanish bishops1 ,basilides and ,martial1 in which case ,st4 ,cyprian#bbf approved of the action of ,pope ,stephen1 and saw no usurpation of power when the latter restored ,basilides to his bishopric1 and only regretted that by a false statement of facts the pope was misled and deceived4#bbg ,our argument becomes more conclusive from the following great event in the eastern church1 where the jurisdiction in the greater causes 7caus majores7 appears in most resplendent light4 ,in the case of ,athanasius1 ,archbishop of ,alexandria1 when the ,eusebians1#bbh supported by the weak and tyrannical ,emperor ,constantius1 drove him from his episcopal see1 we find1 first1 that a numerous assembly of ,egyptian bishops who met at ,alexandria appealed to ,pope ,julius ,i4 ,after the ,arian ,synod of ,antioch in #cad1 ,gregory1 a ,cappadocian1 was forced on the episcopal see of ,athanasius1 and the latter1 with the ,bishops ,marcellus of ,ancyra1 ,lucius of ,adrianople1 ,asclepas of ,gaza1 ,paul of ,constantinople1 and many others1 fled to ,rome1 imploring the protection of ,pope ,julius1 who caused a synod to be held in #cdc1 at which a great number of eastern prelates from ,thrace1 ,clsyria1 ,phnicia1 and ,palestine attended4 ,the case of ,st4 ,athanasius and his fellow-exiles was examined1 and they were declared innocent of the charges brought against them1 and reinstated in their sees1 from which only violence and force kept them for some time4 ,here1 then1 we have another argument for these high prerogatives exercised by the ,bishop of ,rome four years before the ,synod of ,sardica4 ,confront this fact with the following passage from our authors3 ,only after the ,sardican ,council1 and in reliance solely on it1 or the ,nicene1 which was designedly confounded with it1 was a right of hearing appeals laid claim to4#bbi ,we have to deal with men of far too evasive minds1 in the authors of this contribution to ecclesiastical history1 to limit ourselves to any one point of their argumentation4 ,if1 on the one hand1 we adduce from history long before the existence of the ,isidorian forgeries1 the testimony of such great and holy popes as ,innocent ,i41#bcj ,zozimus1#bca ,boniface ,i41#bcb ,celestine ,i41 ,leo the ,great1#bcc ,gelasius ,i41#bcd and even before1 ,julius ,i41#bce 7#ccg to #ceb17 who all claim1 assert1 and exercise the right of final decision as supreme judges for both east and west1 from whom there is no appeal1 and this1 too1 in all great and weighty matters1 7graviora negotia17 as ,pope ,gelasius says2 then we are told that this right rests only on the canons of ,sardica1 and that the fathers gave the see of ,rome the privilege of final decision4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we show ourselves satisfied with so ancient and indubitable an authority as the great ,synod of ,sardica1 why1 then1 does ,janus resort to the simple expedient of declaring that the ,sardican canons were never received at all in the east8 ,nor can his bon-mot1 in styling greater causes 7in which final decision is reserved to the ,roman see7 an elastic term1 supply the want of logic and historical accuracy4 ,a slight acquaintance with the historical incidents connected with the ,council of ,sardica#bcf will at once convince every unbiased mind that the opposition came from a party of reckless ,eusebians1 who withdrew from the synod when they could not attain their nefarious object1 and repaired to ,philippolis in order to crown their treacherous proceeding by excommunicating such holy and illustrious prelates as ,athanasius and the aged ,hosius1 legate of ,pope ,julius1 and even the pontiff himself1 who remained steadfast in their defence of the ,nicene doctrines4 ,and such are the reasons1 let it be observed1 which cause ,janus to say that the canons of ,sardica were not at all received in the east4 ,what can be a more convincing proof than their insertion into collections or codes of law compiled by official authority1#bcg having been inserted not only in the ,latin collection of ,dionysius1#bch under the pontificate of ,anastasius ,,ii41 about the year #dih1 and later in the ,spanish code called ,liber ,canonum1 commonly attributed to ,isidore of ,seville1 but also in the ,greek collection of canons by ,john ,scholasticus1 and in the ,nomocanon compiled by the same author1 who died ,patriarch of ,constantinople in #egh4bci ,from these premises we arrive at the following conclusions3 #ast1 that the right of appeal to ,rome and her jurisdiction1 in all greater causes1 was taught and practised in the church at least four centuries before the ,isidorian decretals were known2 #b;d1 that the jurisdiction of the pope as supreme judge of the whole church is triumphantly attested by historical documents of the same age2 #c;d1 that the canons of ,sardica acknowledged a divine right of the bishops of ,rome--merely introducing a new form that affected the application and exercise of this right1 from which1 however1 the popes could deviate for reasons of wise and prompt administration4#bdj ,in this connection we must briefly notice another charge made by ,janus1 namely1 that on the fabrication of pseudo-,isidore1 was based the maxim that the pope1 as supreme judge of the church1 could be judged by no man4 7,p4 #gh47 ,in this maxim our authors discover the foundation of the edifice of papal infallibility already laid4 ,if such be the case1 let us inquire whether this maxim was not known before pseudo-,isidore4 ,a synod of ,rome held in #cgh1 under ,pope ,damasus1 declared in a letter to the ,emperor ,gratian#bda that it was sanctioned by ancient custom that the ,bishop of ,rome1 since his case was not submitted to a general council1 should answer for himself before the council of the emperor2 but this was only to be understood in accusations of civil and political offences4 ,the highest judicial authority in the church having been vested by ,christ in ,peter and his successors1 their voice was the judgment from which there was no appeal2 neither did any bishop or any assembly of bishops receive power over the head of the church4 ,this principle1 acknowledged by civil codes in temporal principalities1 was likewise solemnly affirmed by the ,roman synod in the year #eja1 which was called by ,king ,theodoric to examine the complaints brought against ,pope ,symmachus1 and to judge him accordingly4 ,but behold the declaration of the assembled bishops1 protesting that it belonged to the bishop of the apostolic chair of ,peter to convene a synod2 for it was a thing unheard of that the high-priest of the aforesaid see should be placed in judgment before his own subjects4#bdb ,the bishops pronounced that he was innocent before men1 and left all to the tribunal of ,god4 ,an apology1 written for this ,roman synod by the ,deacon ,ennodius1#bdc afterward ,bishop of ,pavia1 declared that a council on the more important affairs could be assembled only by the pope1 or at least must be confirmed by him4 ,another striking passage illustrating this principle is to be found in the letter of ,avitus1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 addressed to the senators of the city of ,rome in the name of the bishops of ,gaul1 as follows3 ,that the pope1 as superior1 could be judged by no one according to reason or law2 and that if this privilege of the pope be called in question1 the whole episcopacy would be shaken4#bdd ,janus likewise lets ,pope ,nicolas assert1 on the strength of the ,isidorian forgery1 that the ,roman ,church keeps the faith pure1 and is free from every stain4 7,p4 #hj47 ,now1 who does not know that beautiful testimony of ,st4 ,irenus1 according to which the whole church1 that is1 all the faithful1 must be in union with this church1 on account of its more powerful principality2 in which communion the faithful of the whole world have preserved the tradition that was handed down by the apostles8#bde ,that the words in question employed by ,st4 ,irenus1 propter potentiorem principalitatem1 are by no means capable of the construction as meaning greater antiquity1 is clearly demonstrated by ,dr4 ,dllinger4#bdf ,st4 ,irenus likewise concludes from the uninterrupted succession of bishops in the ,church of ,rome by saying1 ,when1 therefore1 you know the faith of this church1 you have learned the faith of the others4 ,st4 ,cyprian1 too1 uses the following expressive language1 ,he who does not preserve the unity of this church1 how can he hold the faith8#bdg ,theodoret1 about the year #ddj1 calls the ,roman see ,that most holy see which possesses the supremacy of the churches in the whole world1 in virtue of many privileges1 and above all others1 of this one1 that she has always remained free from the stain of heresy2 nor has any one had possession of it holding any thing contrary to faith1 but she has preserved entire this apostolic privilege6#bdh ,nec ullus fidei contraria sentiens in illa sedit1 sed apostolicum gratiam integram servavit4 ,we might multiply our references#bdi on this point to exhibit the historical fabrications of ,janus and his school2 but we trust that all judicious and discriminating minds will have come to the conclusion1 from the testimonies already adduced1 that the pseudo-,isidorian principles have neither changed nor revolutionized the ancient constitution of the church1 and that the papal prerogatives1 at which our authors seem so very much incensed1 did not stand in need of forgeries--least of all1 of those that came from the ,isidorian workshop2 and we1 at the same time1 apprehend that they will have to go further back--perhaps to the apostolic fathers--to trace another history of the constitution of the church and the prerogatives claimed by the successors of ,st4 ,peter4 ,as to the materials from which these ,isidorian decretals were formed1 we may briefly state that they were ancient documents to which the author had access4 ,in many instances he attributes some genuine letters of popes to others than their real authors1 and many other spurious documents had already been inserted in private collections1 as the brothers ,ballerini have demonstrated most clearly by their profound researches4 ,sixteen pieces of this kind are enumerated by them4#bej ,according to the most ancient code1 this collection of pseudo-,isidore is divided into three parts1 as we find in the ,codex ,vaticanus1 n4 #fcj1 recorded by ,ballerini2 and in more recent times1#bea this codex being brought into the library of ,paris1 ,camus compared it again with four other manuscript codices4#beb ,part ,i4 comprises the fifty apostolic canons which were compiled about the time of the ,council of ,chalcedon1 as is generally supposed2 fifty-nine spurious letters of the first thirty popes1 from ,clement to ,melchiades2#bec the introduction to the whole is taken partly from the old ,spanish collection1 which circulated under the name of ,st4 ,isidore1 ,bishop of ,seville4 ,part ,,ii4 gives1 after a brief preface1 the false act of donation by the ,emperor ,constantine2#bed two introductory pieces1 one taken from the ,spanish code1 the other from the ,gallic code2#bee lastly1 the acts of ,greek1 ,african1 ,gallic1 and ,spanish councils1 as the ,spanish code of the year #fhc recorded them4 ,in the third part we find another introduction copied from the ,spanish collection1 and then follow in order of time the decretals of the popes1 from ,sylvester 7died #cce7 to ,gregory ,,ii41 7died #gca47 ,among these latter there are thirty-five forged letters and several false councils1 though1 let it be clearly understood1 in many portions the contents of these forged decretals corresponded to genuine documents which the author extracted for this purpose4#bef ,two councils are falsely attributed to ,pope ,symmachus4 ,all these records of pseudo-,isidore cover the whole field of ecclesiastical discipline2 they are partly dogmatical1 directed against the errors of the ,arians1 ,nestorians1 and ,monophysites2 partly they contain moral precepts and exhortations2 partly they refer to liturgy1 giving the accompanying ceremonies to the administration of the sacraments2 another no less conspicuous part is the enactments of papal decrees and canons of councils1 regarding the protection of the clergy against arbitrary oppression1 accusations1 and depositions1 the security of ecclesiastical property1 the dignity and rights of the ,roman ,church1 the appeals to the apostolic see1 and the prerogatives of patriarchs1 metropolitans1 and bishops4 ,from all this we can infer1 that the object of the author in compiling this code was a very comprehensive one1 and he drew quite copiously from the ,scriptures1 from the ,roman pontifical book1#beg the historical books of ,rufinus#beh and ,cassiodorus1 the author of the ,historia ,tripartita2#bei also from the writings of the ,latin fathers1 and from many collections or commentaries of ,roman law4 ,by a subsequent multiplying of copies1 several changes and additions were made during the eleventh and twelfth centuries4#bfj ,having already produced testimonies to prove that the principles--which are said to have surely but gradually changed the ancient constitution of the church by means of these ,isidorian fictions--were known and acknowledged long before pseudo-,isidore1 we have thereby made good our third point1 and we can fully concur in the following conclusion of a learned historian1 who says of the pseudo-,isidorian code3 ,had his book been in open variance with the chief points of the prevailing discipline1 it would at once have awakened suspicion2 examinations would have been instituted1 and in an age which possessed critical acumen sufficient to detect the falsity of the title of a book 7the ,hypognosticon7 which was circulated under the name of ,st4 ,augustine1 the imposition would have been detected--an imposition which1 such as it really was1 lay concealed1 because the principles and laws of ecclesiastical discipline of the age corresponding with the contents of the work1 they excited no surprise4 ,that the ,isidorian collection was not compiled at ,rome1 is admitted by all historians#bfa and canonists of any standing2#bfb nor did ,janus dare to revive an antiquated and unfounded opinion of this import4 ,however1 we have to deal with another no less hazardous1 nay1 we might state at once1 false assertion in the following lines3 ,about a hundred pretended decrees of the earliest popes1 together with certain spurious writings of other church dignitaries and acts of synods1 were then fabricated in the west of ,gaul1 and eagerly seized upon by ,pope ,nicolas ,i4 at ,rome1#bfc to be used as genuine documents in support of the new claims put forward by himself and his successors4 7,p4 #gg47 ,in order to judge fairly of this whole question raised by ,janus1 and by others before him1 we may be pardoned for premising that the collection of pseudo-,isidore became first known in ,gaul about the middle of the ninth century4 ,the most recent document which has been traced is the ,synod of ,paris1 of #hbi1 from which extracts are made4 ,other researches have led ,ballerini#bfd and others to suppose that the ,synod of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 held in the year #hcf1 was known to the author1 since he dwells at great length on the rights of primates or apostolic vicars1 which dignity was restored in ,france1 or western ,gaul1 after a long interruption1 in the year #hdd4 ,mention is first made of these decretals at the ,synod of ,chissy1#bfe in #heg1 so that the time of their compilation must certainly be assigned between these last-named dates of #hde and #hdg4 ,we might arrive at a more precise time by the fact that a collection of ,capitularies1#bff made by ,benedict1 levita or deacon of ,mainz1 between the years #hdj and #hdg1 contains entire passages identical with those in the pseudo-,isidorian code4 ,the only explanation of this similarity is either to be sought in the fact that both collections come from the same author1 or that the ,capitularies of ,benedict have copied from the ,isidorian code2 and in that issue1 the latter must have been compiled before the year #hdg4bfg ,the correspondence between ,pope ,nicolas ,i4 and ,hincmar of ,rheims attracted general attention to the pseudo-,isidorian collection1 and in this way ,pope ,nicolas ,i4 was first apprised of their existence1 as is evident from his letter to the bishops of ,gaul1#bfh where he upholds the authority of the papal decretals in general1 independently of their insertion in any collection4 ,the pope mentions the sources from which the ,roman ,church took its ecclesiastical discipline1 alluding to the codex of ,dionysius4 ,the objection usually brought forward1 that the pope says that these decretals were preserved in the archives of the ,roman ,church1 does not refer to the pseudo-,isidorian decretals1 since there is only question of the authority to be attributed to those documents in general4#bfi ,hincmar1 who had previously appealed to the pseudo-,isidorian collection1 later rejected the authority of those decretals which seemed to condemn his own views and position in the affair with ,hincmar1 ,bishop of ,laon4#bgj ,to leave no doubt on this head in the mind of the reader1 we submit the very words of ,nicolas ,i43 ,we do not unreasonably complain1 7addressing the bishops of ,gaul17 that you have set aside the decrees of several bishops of the apostolic see in this matter4 ,far be it from us of not receiving with due honor either the decretals or other enactments concerning ecclesiastical discipline1 all of which the holy ,roman ,church has preserved and given over to our care1 retaining them previously in her archives and in ancient and genuine monuments4#bga ,a few lines further the same pope exhibits the inconsistency of ,hincmar and other bishops1 when acknowledging only such decretals as favor their own position1 and rejecting others merely because they were not found in the code known to themselves4 ,the principle1 as though the authority of a decree of the popes or a synod was not to be recognized unless it has been received into some code1 is combated and the whole issue comes to this1 whether such decrees are authentic and genuine4 ,in fine1 the pope in this epistle combines an extraordinary knowledge of the ancient canons with great force of logic and historical accuracy4 ,our conclusion is that ,pope ,nicolas ,i4 has never appealed to the pseudo-,isidorian decretals1 though he frequently had occasion to do so4 ,this is admitted by the reformed preacher ,blondel1#bgb and by ,blasco1#bgc and1 among other modern historians1 by ,dr4 ,dllinger1 who remarks that ,pope ,nicolas ,i4 makes no use of the ,isidorian collection1 adduces none of its decretals1 and it may be even doubted whether he had seen the work4#bgd ,during the eleventh century only1 the popes begin to quote from pseudo-,isidore4 ,here1 then1 we have given another specimen of the historical fairness and canonical erudition of ,janus and associates2 and if our authors imagined that it was enough to impose on their readers by the mass of original authorities1 they have indeed succeeded to some extent1 and we have but one restriction to make1 that is1 that they cannot be saved from the charge of deliberate falsification4 ,for1 singularly enough1 and much to the credit of the historical erudition of ,janus1 let it be remarked that there is always something in the authorities quoted bearing on the point under discussion4 ,who is there who does not see that ,janus stamps himself as a falsifier of history1 whenever he mutilates and distorts the contents of authorities quoted by him8 ,in conclusion1 we wish to allude to one more insidious passage of our authors1 when they say1 ,the spurious character of the ,isidorian decretals had been exposed by the ,magdeburg ,centuriators1 and no one with any knowledge of ,christian antiquity could retain a doubt of their being a later fabrication4 7,p4 #cai47 ,alas6 ,nothing easier than to claim this merit for such candid and impartial historians as the avowed champions of ,lutheranism6 ,besides the doubts entertained by ,hincmar and other bishops in the ninth century1 a writer of the twelfth century1 ,peter ,comestor1#bge called the genuineness of this collection in question4 ,in the middle of the fifteenth century1 the learned ,cardinal ,nicolas ,cusanus#bgf and such an eminent divine as ,john de ,turrecremata#bgg proved the fictitious character of the most ancient papal decretals contained in pseudo-,isidore2 they were followed in these investigations by other eminent scholars1 both in ,germany and ,france1 before the dawn of the sixteenth century1 and hence no trophies on this field could have been won by the historians of ,magdeburg6 ,if1 notwithstanding all these elucidations1 a certain ,jesuit1 ,turrianus1 wrote in defence of the pseudo-,isidorian decretals1 we do not see how from this fact ,janus concludes that the ,jesuit order were resolved to defend them4 7,p4 #cai47 ,did not the illustrious ,jesuit ,bellarmine acknowledge the fictitious character of pseudo-,isidore8 ,and yet our authors thus boldly continue as follows3 ,bellarmine acknowledged that without the forgeries of the pseudo-,isidore1 444 it would be impossible to make out even a semblance of traditional evidence4 7,p4 #cai47 ,we are sorry to say that we have not been able to discover any such admission on the part of ,cardinal ,bellarmine2 but on the contrary1 when answering the objection of the ,centuriators concerning the fictitious letters of the first thirty popes to ,melchiades1 we find the following clear view on this subject3 ,although ,i do not deny that some errors have slipped into these letters1 nor do ,i dare to claim for them undoubted authority1 yet ,i doubt not but that they are of very ancient origin4#bgh ,it was not precisely on the faith of the ,isidorian collection or its compiler that ,bellarmine used any of these documents2 but he endeavored to demonstrate their authenticity according to the rules laid down by historical criticism4 ,it is simply false that he made copious use of the ,isidorian fictions4 ,none deserve greater credit for the clear and elaborate elucidation of this great question of pseudo-,isidore than the brothers ,ballerini1 who have supplied an immense material whence the eminent canonists and historians of our days have been enabled to weigh every thing carefully1 and the result has been a glorious one to ,catholic learning and science4 ,the attempts which have been made for three hundred years1 and more1 to create a fictitious foundation for the present constitution of the ,catholic ,church1 and to brand it with the specious appellation of forgery--these inglorious attempts1 we say1 have in our days been renewed by ,janus and his deluded admirers4 ,if ,janus hoped to strengthen his position by a novel method1 we dare assert his signal failure--indeed1 our enemies have secured a poor and feeble leader4 ,should the present contribution produce further curiosity1 and lead to more extended and serious researches on this subject1 we are confident enough to express the hope that many unfounded prejudices will be thereby dispelled1 and the triumph of ancient and present ,catholic doctrine be hastened4#bgi ,,footnotes3 #bji ,p4 #fi4 #baj ,thomassin1 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,eccl4 ,disc4 l4 i4 capp4 vii4 xlv4 #baa ,see ,canon vi4 ,council of ,nice in #cbe1 which recognizes the patriarchal rights of ,antioch and ,alexandria1 in the east1 introduced by ancient custom4 7 47 #bab ,schelestrate1 ,eccl4 ,afric4 sub prim4 ,carthag4 ,thomass4 l4 c4 c4 xx4 n4 #h4 #bac ,constant4 ,ep4 ,rom4 ,pontif4 ,inn4 ,i4 ep4 #ac4 ,bonif4 ,i4 ep4 #d4 ,coelest4 ,i4 ep4 #c4 ,sixt4 ,,iii4 ep4 #aj4 #bad ,vices enim nostras ita tu credidimus caritati1 ut in partem sis vocatus sollicitudinis1 non in plenitudinem potestatis4 ,ep4 #ad4 ad ,anast4 ,thessal4 edit4 ,ball4 tom4 i4 #bae ,the name of patriarch is first mentioned in the ,council of ,chalcedon1 ,act #c1 where ,pope ,st4 ,leo is thus addressed3 ,sanctissimo et universali ,archiepiscopo et ,patriarch magn ,rom4 7,labbe1 ,col4 tom4 iv47 #baf ,leo ,m4 ep4 #ad1 cap4 #aa4 #bag ,quum omnium par esset electio1 uni tamen datum est1 ut cteris premineret4 #bah ,mansi1 xv4 col4 #bjb4 #bai ,cf4 canon ix4 of the same council4 #bbj ,that is1 in the ,east4 ,pithus1 ,codex ,canon4 ,vetus1 p4 #ajb1 7edit4 ,paris47 #bba ,mansi4 l4 c4 p4 #fhh4 #bbb ,thomassin1 ,ballerini1 ,devoti1 ,walter1 ,philipps1 ,schulte1 ,dllinger1 ,blondel1 ,luden1 ,schnemann1 the last three ,protestants1 all of whom1 says ,janus1 betray a very imperfect knowledge of the decretals4 7,p4 #gh47 #bbc ,launoy1 ,arnould1 ,febronius1 ,baluze1 ,de ,marca4 #bbd ,held ,a4,d4 #ddg4 #bbe ,epist4 #dg4 #bbf ,see ,epist4 #de1 ad ,antonian4 #bbg ,dllinger1 ,church ,histor4 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb4 #bbh ,named after the ambitious ,bishop ,eusebius of ,nicomedia1 an ardent follower of ,arius4 #bbi ,p4 #ff4 #bcj ,apud ,constant4 ,epist4 ,rom4 ,pontif4 ,epist4 #cg1 ad ,felic4 col4 #iaj4 #bca ,epist4 ,i4 ad ,episc4 ,gall4 col4 #ich4 #bcb ,epist4 ad ,episc4 ,illyr4 col4 #ajch4 #bcc ,epist4 ad ,episc4 ,vienn4 ,prov4 7,baller ,opp4 tom4 i4 col4 #fcd47 #bcd ,epist4 ad ,episc4 ,dardan4 7,hardouin ,concil4 tom4 ii4 col4 #iji47 #bce ,epist4 ad ,euseb4 col4 #che1 ap4 ,const4 #bcf ,dllinger1 ,hist4 of the ,church1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajc1 #aji4 #bcg ,the code of ,dionysius presented by ,r4 ,hadrian to ,charlemagne1 known hence in ,gaul as the ,codex ,hadrianeus4 #bch ,biblioth4 ,jur4 ,canon4 tom4 i4 p4 #ig-ahj4 ,fr4 ,pithus1 ,codex ,canon4 ,eccl4 ,rom4 ,vet4 pp4 #aai1 #abj1 can4 iii4 vii4 7edit4 ,paris47 #bci ,biblioth4 ,jur4 ,canon4 tom4 ii4 pp4 #dii1 #fjc4 #bdj ,dllinger1 ,hist4 of the ,church1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbi1 gives several remarkable instances of such exceptions4 #bda ,concil4 ,rom4 ad ,gratian4 ,imperat4 cap4 #aa4 #bdb ,mansi1 tom4 viii4 p4 #bdg4 #bdc ,libell1 ,apologet4 ,ennod4 apud ,mansi1 tom4 vii4 p4 #bga4 #bdd ,epist4 ad ,senator4 ,urbis ,rom4 ann4 #ejb4 ,mansi1 viii4 col4 #bic4 #bde ,in qua 7,eccl4 ,rom47 ab his qui sunt undique conservata est ea1 qu est ab apostolis traditio4 ,adv4 ,hr4 l4 iii4 c4 #c4 #bdf ,hist4 vol4 i4 p4 #beg4 ,if potentior principalitas signified only greater antiquity1 how could the church of ,rome claim preminence above the churches of ,antioch and ,ephesus8 #bdg ,hanc ,ecclesi unitatem qui non tenet1 tenere se fidem credit8 ,de ,unit4 ,eccl4 p4 #cdi4 7,edit4 ,wir47 ,st4 ,august1 in his #dc;d epist41 says of the church of ,rome1 ,semper viguit apostolic cathedr principatus4 #bdh ,epist4 cxvii4 ad ,renat4 ,presbyt4 ,rom4 #bdi ,the very words of pseudo-,isidore on the purity of the faith of ,rome are literally transcribed from the epistle of ,pope ,agatho to the ,emperor ,constantine in the year #fhj4 7,mansi1 tom4 xi4 col4 #bci47 #bej ,de ,antiquis ,collect1 pars iii4 capp4 iv4 ,gallandi1 ,sylloge4 tom4 i4 p4 #ebh sqq4 #bea ,about #ahji1 under ,napoleon4 #beb ,notices et ,extraits des ,manuscr4 de la ,biblioth4 ,nation4 tom4 vi4 p4 #bfe sqq4 #bec ,died #cac4 #bed ,which was already known from its being inserted in former collections4 #bee ,known in the fifth century4 7,quesnel's edit47 #bef ,blondel4 ,prolegom4 cap4 #ab4 ,blascus1 ,de ,collect4 ,canon4 ,isid4 ,mercat4 cap4 ii4 ,gallandi1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #beg ,muratori's edit4 tom4 iii4 pars i4 ,rer4 ,italic4 ,script4 #beh ,rufinus translated nine books of ,eusebius1 to which he added two more4 #bei ,edit4 ,ven4 #b vol4 #bfj ,blondel1 ,proleg4 cap4 #ah4 #bfa ,see ,alzog's ,hist4 vol4 i4 #ahf4 #bfb ,philipps1 ,compend4 of ,canon ,law1 vol4 i4 p4 #eb4 #bfc ,the italics are our own4 #bfd ,ball4 ,part4 iii4 cap4 #f4 n4 #ac4 ,galland1 t4 i4 p4 #edj4 #bfe ,mansi4 tom4 xv4 col4 #abg4 #bff ,laws of the empire of ,charlemagne1 divided into ,capitula or chapters4 #bfg ,baller4 de ,canon4 ,collect4 p4 iii4 cap4 cit4 #bfh ,epist4 #db4 ad ,univ4 ,episc4 ,gall4 in the year #hfe4 7,mansi1 xv4 col4 #fie47 #bfi ,mansi1 xv4 col4 #fic1 et sqq4 #bgj ,epist4 ad ,hinc4 ,laudun4 tom4 ii4 7edit4 ,sirmondi17 ,paris4 #bga ,sancta ,romana ,ecclesia conservans1 nobis quoque custodienda mandavit1 et penesse in suis archivis1 et vetustis rite monumentis recondita veneratur4 7l4 c4 col4 #fid47 #bgb ,prolegom4 cap4 #ai4 #bgc ,de ,collect4 ,isid4 cap4 #d4 #bgd ,ch4 ,hist4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjb4 #bge ,blasc4 ,de ,collect4 ,canon4 ,isidor4 7,galland ,syllog4 tom4 ii4 c4 v4 p4 #cj47 #bgf ,de ,concordia ,cath4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #b4 #bgg ,summa ,eccl4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #aja4 #bgh ,de ,rom4 ,pontif4 lib4 ii4 cap4 xiv4 #bgi ,the ,english translation of ,dr4 ,hergenrther's complete and masterly refutation of ,janus1 which we reviewed some time since in the original ,german1 is announced in the ,english papers as nearly ready1 and will be for sale at the office of this magazine as soon as it is issued4--,,ed4 ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,the ,,superstition ,,of ,,unbelief4 ,when an age has abandoned ,god1 sensuality delivers it over1 like ,faust1 to the devil1 and he becomes its deity4 ,unbelief is everywhere followed by superstition4 ,where the gods are not1 the demons reign1 says a modern ,german poet4 ,we are ready to believe every thing when we believe nothing1 remarks ,chateaubriand4 ,we have augurs when we have no longer prophets2 witchcraft when we have no longer religious ceremonies4 ,when the temples of ,god are closed1 the caves of the sorcerers are opened4 ,it is certainly a monstrous pairing when1 with boasted enlightenment1 fortune-telling1 card-divining1 and the other superstitions of darkness go hand in hand4 ,but it is nevertheless an old and well-known fact-one constantly demonstrated by human experience--that unbelief is invariably associated with the grossest superstition4 ,a rapid glance at the history of peoples in all other essentials most widely differing from each other will readily prove this4 ,beginning with the ,hindoos1 the oldest people on the earth1 we find that ,a4 ,w4 ,schlegel has already effectually refuted the theories of modern writers on religion by demonstrating to us a steady retrogression from the spiritual to the sensual1 from belief to unbelief and superstition4 ,dubois1 who had spent thirty years among the ,brahmins1 and studied their philosophy1 traces the degrading superstition into which the ,hindoos have lapsed to their having lost faith in the religion of their ancestors4 ,once their schools taught the maxim1 ,before earth1 water1 air1 wind1 fire1 ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 ,chieva1 sun1 and stars1 there was the only and eternal ,god1 who had sprung out of himself4 ,these pure ideas of religion have long been abandoned for an atheistic materialism4 ,a superstitious demonology1 spirit-raising1 sorcery1 and magic have grown out of this unbelief1 and the same people now adore ,kapel1 the serpent1 and ,gamda1 the bird4 ,they observe annually a feast in honor of ,darhba1 an ordinary weed1 and offer up sacrifices to spade and pick4 ,to kill a cow is by them considered a crime more heinous than matricide1 and their philosophers esteem it a great piece of good luck1 a sure passport to paradise1 if they can catch hold of a cow by the tail instead of the head1 when dying4 ,modern materialism1 observes ,dr4 ,hffner1 comparing the unbelief of the ,hindoos with our own1 has closely approached the abyss of ,buddhism4 ,manifestations like ,mormonism1 or the spiritualism of ,new ,york1 ,paris1 and ,berlin1 already suggest to us the religious and moral practices of the ,hindoos1 and we bid fair soon to reach their lowest and vilest forms--the ,lamaism of ,thibet and ,ceylon4 ,as in the opening of the present century1 admiration of genius led men to adore the poetical genius of ,schiller and ,goethe1 so1 changing their idols1 they will eventually worship those who have deified matter4 ,the ,buddhas of modern atheism can only be the materialistic notabilities of the day2 and for this reason a humorous writer recommends ,carl ,vogt for ,delai-,lama1 he being not only a high scientific but a great political authority4 ,passing from the east to the west1 we find1 and especially in ,roman history1 that the increase of superstition has steadily kept pace with the diminution of faith4 ,the religious decadence of ancient ,rome dates from the close of the ,punic wars and the domestic commotions of the republic1 at which period we first notice that strange hankering after what is obscure and mysterious in paganism1 and which attained its zenith under the ,csars4 ,this remark applies1 however1 more to the cities than the country2 for1 from the days of ,augustus down to those of the ,antonines1 the latter had not yet been so generally corrupted as the former4 ,sulla1 the dictator--to cite a few examples--put the utmost confidence in a small image of ,apollo1 brought from ,delphi1 which he carried about on his person1 and which he embraced publicly before his troops with a prayer for victory4 ,augustus1 who allowed himself to be worshipped as a god in the provinces1 regarded it as an evil omen to be handed the left shoe instead of the right when he rose in the morning4 ,he neither set out on a journey after the ,nundines nor undertook any thing of importance during the ,nones4 ,when one of his fleets had been lost at sea1 he punished ,neptune by excluding his image from being carried in procession at the ,circensian games4 ,after the doctrine of ,polybius1 that religion is nothing more than a tissue of lies and traditions1 began to prevail at ,rome1 the phenomena which usually attend the decadence of a people became plainly apparent4 ,those who are familiar with the epidemic capers of the fanatics of that age1 who jerked their heads and distorted their limbs while pretending to utter the will of the gods1 will be reminded of that moral and religious degradation which has produced the same effects in all countries and times--effects distinctly visible among all ,christian peoples into whose life the ancient heathenism still enters1 or where false civilization once more tends to barbarism4 ,the story of ,alexander of ,obonoteichos shows the extremes to which superstition may lead men4 ,this audacious impostor buried in the temple of ,apollo1 at ,chalcedon1 but so that they could be easily found1 a set of bronze tablets1 promising that ,esculapius and his father ,apollo would shortly come to ,obonoteichos4 ,he also secreted an egg containing a small snake1 and mounted the next day the altar in the market-place to proclaim as one inspired that ,esculapius was about to appear4 ,he produced the egg1 broke its shell1 and the people rejoiced over the god who had assumed the form of a serpent4 ,the news of this miracle attracted immense crowds4 ,a few days later1 ,alexander announced that the serpent-god had already reached maturity1 and he exhibited himself to the public in a partially darkened room1 dressed as a prophet1 with a large tame serpent--secretly imported from ,macedonia--so twisted around his waist that its head was out of sight1 and its place supplied by a human head of paper1 whence protruded a black tongue4 ,this new serpent-god1 ,glykon1 the youngest ,epiphany of ,esculapius1 received the honors of temple and oracle service4 ,alexander became a highly respected prophet2 ,rutelia1 a noble ,roman1 married his daughter1 and the prefect ,severian asked him for an oracle on taking the field against the king of the ,parthians4 ,if we wish to see how the same impostures are renacted in our own times1 we need only read the accounts of certain evening amusements at the ,tuileries4 ,there sat one night the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii41 the ,empress ,eugenie1 the ,duke de ,montebello1 and ,home1 the medium4 ,on a table before them were paper1 pens1 and ink4 ,then appeared a spirit-hand1 which picked up a pen1 dipped it into the ink1 and wrote the name of ,napoleon ,i4 in ,napoleon's handwriting4 ,the emperor prayed to be permitted to kiss the spirit-hand1 which advanced to his lips1 and then to those of ,eugenie4 ,this sance1 and one of a similar kind at the ,palais ,royal1 where the ,red ,prince1 known for his hatred of the church1 devoutly watched the ball which ,home caused to move over a table1 remind us involuntarily of the ,jesus-contemning apostate ,emperor ,julian1 as he followed ,maximus1 the ,neo-,platonist1 into a subterranean vault for the purpose of seeing ,hecate1 and looking credulously on when the former secretly set fire to a figure of ,hecate1 painted in combustible materials on the wall1 and at the same time let fly a falcon with burning tow tied to his feet4 ,fuller information on this subject the curious may glean from the stories published in the ,french journals1 of hands growing out of table-tops and sofa-cushions1 which furnish the ,paris lite with the only luxury of terror it seems still capable of enjoying2 or they may consult the numerous patrons of the fashionable clairvoyants and physiognomists1 the ,mesdames ,villeneuve1 of the ,rue ,st4 ,denis1 as well as the successors of ,lenormand1 the famous coffee-grounds seer1 toward whom ,napoleon ,i4 felt himself irresistibly attracted1 7though he sent the luckless ,cassandra occasionally to prison17 and whom the ,empress ,josephine held in high esteem4 ,the eighteenth century furnishes some striking illustrations of our theory4 ,an epidemic tendency to unbelief1 like that which characterizes this century1 is without precedent since the dawn of ,christianity4 ,its fruits recall the worst abuses of the ,manichans and the ,albigenses4 ,we do not here allude to the thousands of innocent superstitions1 which ,grimm says are a sort of religion for minor domestic purposes1 and may be met with in all ages1 but to those more glaring ones which show how inseparable are an arrogant unbelief and the grossest superstition4 ,hobbes1 who labored already in the seventeenth century to undermine the ,christian religion1 was so afraid of ghosts that he would not pass the night without candles4 ,d',alembert1 the chief of the ,encyclopdists1 used to leave the table when thirteen sat down to it4 ,the ,marquis ,d',argens was frightened out of his wits at the upsetting of a salt-cellar4 ,frederick ,,ii4 had faith in astrology4 ,at the court of his successor1 ,general ,bishopswerder imposed on the king by magic tricks1 and his accomplice1 ,wllner1 who raised spirits by the agency of optic mirrors1 became minister4 ,the custodian of the ,national ,library at ,paris related to ,count ,portalis that some time previous to the great revolution books on fortune-telling and the black arts were in general demand4 ,oerstedt speaks of a man who paraded his atheism with great insolence1 but whom nothing could have tempted to pass through a graveyard after dark4 ,napoleon ,i4 dispatched1 in #ahab1 a special messenger to ,beyreuth1 with instructions not to be lodged in the apartments which the white woman of the ,hohenzollerns was reputed to haunt4 ,in the same way we see by the side of this league of unbelieving philosophers spring up such superstitious sects as the ,butlerians1 whose head1 ,margaret ,butler1 with ,justus ,winter for ,god the ,father1 and ,george ,oppenzoller for ,god the ,son1 represented herself to be the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the alleged miraculous cures on the grave of ,paris1 the ,jansenist deacon1 in the first1 and the exorcisms of the devil by ,gassner1 in the second half of the eighteenth century1 form another instructive chapter in the history of superstition4 ,while the ,archbishop of ,vontimiglii1 the ,bishop of ,sens1 and other distinguished prelates1 denounced the cures performed with the earth from the grave of ,paris as a cheat1 ,montegon1 the atheist1 wrote three volumes to prove their authenticity4 ,while the ,archbishop of ,prague and the papal chair1 by a decree of the ,congregation of ,rites issued in ,october1 #aggg1 condemned the miraculous pretensions of ,gassner1 ,walter1 ,leitner1 and other deistic physicians1 upheld them4 ,while the mountebank ,cagliostro1 who pretended to have learnt in ,egypt the secret of generating magical powers from reflecting surfaces1 was called to account at ,rome1 the ,free-,masons of ,holland made him visitator1 and fted him in their lodges4 ,the unbelief of the eighteenth century reached at last its culminating point during the ,french revolution in the abolishment of the ,supreme ,being1 though the rites of ,mlle4 ,aubry or ,mme4 ,momoro were as silly as the worship of the cotton plucked from ,voltaire's robe de chambre4 ,the names in the philosophical calendar remind us strongly of the ,hindoo worship of the spade and pick1 and who knows but some super-enlightened atheist may be prepared to subscribe to the ,brahminic dogma about the ox1 an animal which has already played a prominent rle at a red-republican festival8 ,burke's prediction has been fulfilled1 ,if we discard ,christianity1 a coarse1 ruinous1 degrading superstition will replace it4 ,this war against faith and every thing spiritual has continued into the nineteenth century1 until once more gross materialism is found on every side4 ,already1 during the fourth decade1 the darkest superstition threatened to overwhelm the so-called intelligent world with the manifestations of magnetism4 ,the campaign against the supernatural opened with the trial of the devil4 ,as the ,strasbourg ,catholic satirically observed1 the very day and hour had been fixed when it was required that he should establish his own existence by tangible proof4 ,disregarding the summons1 the scamp was promptly declared in contumaciam outlawed and cashiered along with the entire host of unclean spirits4 ,the same summary mode of treatment was pursued with the opposite side1 and the same judgment was passed on the angels1 cherubim1 and seraphim4 ,all were pronounced to be equally tasteless1 scentless1 inaudible1 and imponderable1 and declared to be mere creatures of the imagination4 ,their ,lord and ,master was next put on trial2 at first very considerately with closed doors and in a secret inquisitorial manner4 ,the results of the trial were put on record1 and for a while imparted only to the initiated1 who gradually divulged the news to the masses4 ,at last the spirituality of our own soul was arraigned1 and its activity explained as the result of a mere change of matter4 ,the ,beelzebub of ancient superstition was thus exorcised and expelled2 but he soon returned to the house which the besom of criticism had cleaned1 and brought back with him seven other evil spirits1 so that nothing was gained by the proceeding4 ,the age1 having cut loose from the invisible1 naturally plunged into a most abject dependence on the visible4 ,as the negro races kneel before their fetiches1 trees and serpents1 so this century kneels before sleeping somnambulists1 dancing and writing tables1 and mixtures and nostrums from the apothecary shop4 ,should civilization much longer continue on the present road1 the most deplorable consequences must follow4 ,as in all former times1 so in this age unbelief has led where it always will lead--to superstition4 ,man1 created for immortality1 needs the wonderful1 a future1 and hope4 ,when such a sceptical enlightenment as distinguishes modern philosophy has sapped the foundations of religion1 its absence leaves in his thoughts and feelings an immeasurable void which invites the most dangerous phantoms of the brain4 ,the moment man boldly declares1 ,i no longer believe in any thing1 he is preparing to believe in all things4 ,it is high time that so-called philosophy should again draw near to that religion which it has misunderstood1 and which alone is capable of giving to the emotions of the heart a generous impulse and a safe direction4 ,,reformatories ,,for ,,boys4--,,mettray4 ,it needs but a slight glance at the condition of things around us to discover1 as a consequence of the criminal and most deplorable neglect of the moral education of a large proportion of our children1 that if they be not already on the broad road to ruin1 they give1 at least1 little hope of becoming useful members of society4 ,this remark is intended chiefly1 but not exclusively1 for boys1 whose constantly increasing lawlessness1 connected with the steady growth of crime among us1 cannot fail to awaken the most serious apprehensions in the mind of every attentive observer of passing events1 while nothing adequate to the emergency is offered to check this growing evil2 yet on the children of the present generation are based our hopes for the future of our country4 ,every one knows with what facility these young1 fresh minds may be guided toward what is truly good2 for1 though the tendency of our human nature to the descending scale in morals as well as in physics is sufficiently evident1 the one may be counteracted with almost as much certainty as the other1 if judicious measures be early taken to give them a right direction4 ,the writer has had much experience in the domestic training of boys1 and yields the heartiest adhesion to the precept1 ,train up a child in the way he should go2 and when he is old1 he will not depart from it4 ,this training1 however1 is not by means of pampering animal appetites or self-will1 but by inculcation of strict though gentle laws of obedience and self-denial4 ,these habits once acquired1 a solid basis is laid for good principles and conduct1 and these can1 ,i venture to say1 always be fairly established within the first ten years of life1 which have been justly pronounced the most important period of human existence1 for they contain the germ from which the future character is formed4 ,a profound thinker remarks1 that in the education of the family is concentrated the strength of the nation2 an observation which may well be applied to these ,united ,states1 where the moral character of every individual1 through our system of universal suffrage1 assumes a certain weight1 and thus1 to a greater or less extent1 influences the best interests of the whole country4 ,we may here be permitted1 in view of the immense importance of this education of early childhood1 to suggest a hint of a strange inconsistency which is scarcely ever noticed in the systems of education adopted to prepare the fathers and mothers of our posterity for their respective callings4 ,everywhere1 even where moral influences are neglected1 means are provided for the preparation of boys for their career in life2 yet1 notwithstanding the multitudinous volumes of philanthropy expended upon woman's sphere1 her rights1 etc41 etc41 we have scarcely heard of a single well-directed effort1 beyond the chances of the domestic circle1 to educate young women in the supreme1 the inexpressibly momentous knowledge of the vocation that must surely be the lot of nearly every one of them4 ,they are destined to be mothers--to train up tender minds for time and for eternity6 ,to them is confided the most precious of our earthly treasures2 for what is untold gold but dust in comparison with the well-being of our children8 ,why are they not imbued with the most profound respect for the dignity of motherhood1 as well as instructed conscientiously in its practical duties and responsibilities8 ,when the mother's work is ill done1 or1 as is but too often the case1 totally neglected1 of what avail are the labors of the professor1 but to make a bad man intellectually strong and more capable for the accomplishment of his evil designs8 ,who can predict the safety of the noblest structure if superimposed on a false or insecure foundation8 ,knowledge is a power equally available for good or evil purposes1 according to the direction given by the moral force that applies it4 ,may the ,almighty disposer of events teach us even at this late day to learn wisdom from the experience of the past4 ,if1 for example1 a single volume were prepared and placed among the closing studies of the course in girls' schools1 embracing instructions in the duties of woman--as mistress of the family1 as the wife1 the mother1 whose highest faculties are requisite in the early training of children--and if the whole were placed in so attractive a garb as to win their love and admiration for these womanly duties and perfections1 might we not hope that many young and guileless minds would be gained from the mazes of folly ever ready to obscure their true instincts and affections8 ,craving pardon for this digression1 we proceed to the primary object of this article4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,agricultural ,,and ,,reformatory ,,colony ,,of ,,mettray1 ,,near ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,tours1 ,,france4 ,this admirable institution1 which has received the highest stamp of public approbation in the form of more than eighty kindred institutions that have adopted its rules and practice as their models1 in ,france1 ,belgium1 and other countries1 was founded about thirty years since1 by the venerable ,m4 ,demetz1 at that time a distinguished magistrate1 in union with a saintly man#bhj whose honored remains repose in the neighboring cemetery4 ,m4 ,demetz still lives to bless and guide this noble monument of his early wisdom and beneficence4 ,in the midst of a beautiful and highly cultivated rural district1 the pretty village of ,mettray is built in the form of a spacious hollow square1 and consists of some twenty or thirty detached cottages of brick1 symmetrically placed on two opposite sides of the quadrangle1 each having pendent roofs to protect the walls4 ,a circular basin of running water occupies the centre1 and the open space is planted with fine shade-trees4 ,between each of the cottages there is a gallery about thirty feet wide1 and roofed to protect from rain the plays of the inmates of the adjoining cottages4 ,all are white and of two stories1 chiefly covered with climbing vines and flowers4 ,the entrance is on the side opposite the fine church1 which1 with the school-house and grounds1 fills that portion of the spacious quadrangle4 ,on entering1 between two houses of larger dimensions1 7one being appropriated to the use of the director1 the other to the normal school1 in which the future teachers of ,mettray are trained in their work17 the visitor is a little startled at the view of a large ship with all its spars and rigging1 moored in the solid earth4 ,this is intended for the instruction of boys who manifest a taste for the sea4 ,the view of the whole is most pleasing4 ,every cottage bears an inscription on its front1 which on inspection makes known the interesting fact that each building is the donation of the individual lady or gentleman whose name is inscribed thereon1 or of some benevolent association4 ,thus the expenses of building1 usually so great as in many instances to render such a foundation hopeless1 are here readily and piously assumed by various benefactors4 ,the manifest advantages of these separate buildings1 each adapted for the occupation of some thirty to thirty-five boys1 will appear in the sequel4 ,in the architecture1#bha all is of the simplest kind2 for it is thought best not to awaken luxurious tastes or habits among a class destined to earn their living by the sweat of their brow4 ,the boys are not crowded together in large masses1 but enjoy a free and open circulation of air1 conducive to health and energy2 and the inmates of each cottage are under the permanent government of a director and sub-director1 who are regarded as the fathers of the household1 and live with them1 eating1 sleeping1 etc41 in the same house1 and to whom the boys become devotedly attached1 and they thus enjoy1 so far as it is possible1 the blessing of the family relations4 ,sisters also are there1 in their separate apartments adjacent to the church1 prepared to nurse the sick in the infirmary1 and to give their invaluable influences and aid1 especially to the little ones1 on every proper occasion4 ,the village is adapted to receive seven hundred boys1#bhb from seven or eight years of age and upward4 ,the colony1 as it is termed1 is chiefly agricultural1 but many of the children1 from various causes1 being better adapted to indoor employments1 are applied to trades1 and in winter1 when the farm work is interrupted1 all the boys are employed in the shops1 to acquire the art of manufacturing their own tools4 ,in these shops1 where1 as we have said1 the boys are permanently associated in separate families1 they are taught to be tailors1 shoemakers1 carpenters1 blacksmiths1 agricultural instrument manufacturers--in short1 any or every trade that may be made useful or profitable4 ,in the rear of the village are the farm buildings1 the stables1 cow-houses1 etc4 etc41 with the gymnasium and a small pond of running water for bathing and swimming4 ,further on is the cemetery1 with its alleys of cypress and well-kept gardens1 7for gardening is a prominent branch of industry here27 and we may well imagine that nothing is neglected to beautify the surroundings of the honored tomb of their first benefactor1 and of the lowly graves of the departed who were once their companions4 ,flowers--beautiful flowers--are strewed everywhere1 and with their fragrance seem to hallow the sacred place4 ,neither walls nor ditches nor any means of restraint or confinement are resorted to for the compulsory seclusion of these seven hundred juvenile culprits1 who have all been adjudged as fit subjects for this penitentiary2 yet escape is so rare as to be almost unknown4 ,as we entered the square1 the boys1 ranging from seven or eight to twenty years of age1 were enjoying their midday recreations--leaping1 playing1 laughing1 or shouting at their pleasure4 ,within a few minutes1 at the sound of a clarionet1 their sports suddenly ceased1 and a moment later1 at a second call1 they separated1 each to join his family at its allotted ground1 to prepare to march2 and then a lively quick-step was heard4 ,this was the signal of the band1 composed of their comrades most expert in music1 who had meantime taken their post near the centre of the square1 at which the various groups1 joined by their two directors1 filed off cheerily1 each to its home4 ,the musicians then laid aside their instruments and hastened after their companions4 ,they partake of their frugal but wholesome and cheerful meals in the second story of their respective cottages1 accompanied by their directors1 and in the evening1 when the last repast is ended1 the tables are expertly suspended against the walls1 and a single row of hammocks1 which were laid aside after the same fashion before breakfast1 are again placed in order for the night4 ,the rooms are perfectly well ventilated1 and there is a great gain in economy from this double arrangement4 ,after each meal there is recreation1 and the hour being past1 music again recalls each family to the square1 from which1 to the sound of lively airs1 they move off in high spirits to their various employments4 ,here goes a class of farmers1 there are the gardeners1 and further on1 the carters1 etc4 etc41 all on their way to the farm1 while the lesser numbers of shoemakers1 tailors1 and others turn their steps in the direction of their various shops1 and a goodly class wind their way to the school4 ,thus the children are accustomed to repair to their allotted labor as if on a holiday4 ,music salutes their departure1 and its notes leave a joyous impression on the mind4 ,the lower floors of the cottages are all occupied as workshops4 ,from this brief sketch may be inferred the regularity that prevails in the colony4 ,every thing is done to habituate the boys to a willing and cheerful performance of their duty4 ,no harshness is permitted that might again chill these young hearts1 that have once been abandoned to vice before they were capable of discrimination4 ,the system of rewards is quite original1 and serves its purpose admirably4 ,for grave offences confinement in a cell is the only punishment found necessary4 ,lying is regarded as the worst of faults4 ,within the narrow limits prescribed for this article it would be impossible to give any adequate account of an institution which1 wherever it is known1 is recognized as being equalled only by such others as most closely obey its spirit and maxims4 ,its founders have aimed1 so far as possible1 to restore and cultivate the family affections1 prematurely shattered through vicious examples1 by dividing1 as we have seen1 into groups this large mass of youthful humanity1 and forming them into families under regulations tending to establish a sincere and lasting attachment among its members4 ,in their respective cottages they live and work together1 in the interchange of mutual kindness and regard1 and are inspired with the idea that each1 in a certain sense1 is responsible for the good conduct1 the respectability1 the happiness1 of his brothers4 ,the ever-ready sympathy and motherly counsels of the sisters must not be forgotten4 ,the directors at ,mettray are1 thus far1 laymen2 but in many other like institutions it has been found impossible to dispense with the aid of religious orders4 ,in this country we should be obliged to have recourse to them for want of laymen possessed of the needful qualifications2 for they must give their entire lives to the work4 ,the success achieved by this institution during its thirty years' existence in the entire reformation of the youths subjected to its wise and wholesome discipline1 is unexampled4 ,the statistical tables of ,france1 unsurpassed in exactness1 inform us that an average of #if4ha of the youth brought up at ,mettray are restored to society1 thoroughly reformed1 and continue to fulfil their parts in life as useful citizens4 ,they are usually detained in the colony to the age of twenty-one1 when suitable situations having been provided1 according to the trade of each1 they are allowed to depart4 ,still1 a sort of guardianship is maintained for years over those within reach2 and the young men who find employment among the neighboring farmers are expected to pass the ,sundays at their old home2 a privilege which they relish in the highest degree4 ,nearly half their number engage in agricultural work4 ,others enter the army or navy1 in both of which several have attained honorable distinction4 ,many are married1 and present good examples in domestic life4 ,an honorary association has been formed1 which affords additional incentives to good conduct after leaving ,mettray4 ,two years of an irreproachable life entitles each who merits it to a diploma2 and this secures him a membership4 ,it is really difficult to do justice to this admirable institution without being suspected of exaggeration4 ,to understand the wonder-working power of the wisdom that pervades it1 that transforms the juvenile criminal into a sober-minded1 industrious1 and devout man1 it must be seen and closely scrutinized4 ,christian education has taken the place of the penal code1 and the boy is trained in the way he should go1 on the firm basis of religious principles of faith and practice4 ,the general expression beaming on every countenance1 of cheerful confidence1 even of the gentle and affectionate temper that prevails1 affords an affecting contrast to that of the newly-arrived boy1 fresh from the haunts of vice4 ,his pale and haggard looks betray evil propensities1 as well as wasted health4 ,his little heart is already filled with hatred1 restrained only by the fear that he betrays1 either by attempts at a hypocritical humility or an impudent daring4 ,years pass on1 and this incipient wild beast becomes benevolent1 frank1 and good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,within a few years a kindred institution has grown up1 adjoining the village1 but skilfully concealed from the public gaze by thick shrubbery4 ,this is the ,paternal ,home1 for the reformation of the disobedient sons of families in the higher walks of life4 ,a close white wall1 behind which trees and climbing vines appear1 is pierced in the centre by an equally close door4 ,a small bell-pull is touched1 and the visitor enters a pretty court laid out with flowers and shrubs4 ,through this the home appears at the distance of a few paces4 ,we enter a narrow hall1 furnished with simple elegance4 ,doors on either side lead into small rooms1 containing a bed1 table1 book-case1 etc4 ,engravings representing some generous or noble action adorn the walls4 ,as the youth becomes more docile and studious1 a singing bird in a cage is given him for a companion2 and1 finally1 he is permitted to occupy two rooms4 ,during all this period1 the boy is made to understand that he is the object of the tenderest affection of his family1 who inflict the greatest pain upon their own feelings in subjecting him to this temporary punishment1 which is solely for his own good4 ,professors attend him1 and continue1 without interruption1 the collegiate course which has been interrupted1 and he has the daily benefit of fresh air on foot1 or on horseback1 attended by a professor4 ,it must be understood that this sojourn at the ,paternal ,home is unknown to all but the family4 ,m4 ,demetz alone is made acquainted with his name4#bhc ,to others who approach him1 he is simply ,mr4 ,a----1 ,b----1 or ,c----4 ,gradually this isolation produces its effects--and the intractable spirit in this seclusion begins to meditate1 to reflect1 to examine himself--to condemn his former vices1 and to love the studies that alleviate the weariness of solitude4 ,two or three months usually suffice to effect this favorable change4 ,he finds relief in occupation1 and as he carries on the course of the classes he has left1 he begins to take an interest in competition4 ,let it not be imagined that this seclusion1 though severe1 is allowed to affect the health of the recluse4 ,this would be entirely to misunderstand the parental foresight of the founder4 ,the boys take long walks in the country1 each in turn1 as we have said1 accompanied by a professor4 ,they visit the neighboring farms1 and sometimes enter a cottage on a visit of charity2 practise gymnastics1 or take lessons in fencing and when their conduct is unexceptionable1 they are invited to dine with ,m4 ,demetz4 ,if1 after returning home1 they are tempted to relapse into bad habits1 they are sent back again1 but to a more austere rgime4 ,such is the effect produced by this system1 at once tender and severe1 that very often his former pupils request of ,m4 ,demetz the privilege of again passing a few days of calmness in peaceful retreat1 or to finish some task that demands seclusion1 at the ,paternal ,home4 ,to them1 the retreat where they were restored to a sense of duty is really a home of the heart1 and the hand that raised them up is blessed as that of the father1 who spared neither severity nor tenderness for their complete restoration4 ,what wonder that he is the object of their devoted affection8 ,is there no ,american capable of imitating such a model8 ,,footnotes3 #bhj ,viscount ,bretiznires de ,courteilles4 #bha ,the church only is handsomely decorated4 #bhb ,insubordinate female children are confided by the government to the care of the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 in their vast establishment at ,angers1 where they are subject to rules similar to those at ,mettray1 and with at least an equal success4 #bhc ,the chapel is so constructed that1 though each individual is in full view of the altar and the priests1 not one of the recluses can have even a glimpse of another4 ,two brothers once passed some time in this house1 and neither was aware of the proximity of the other4 ,,the ,,first ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,number ,,seven4 ,the preamble and first four chapters of the dogmatic constitution de ,fide ,catholica having been irrevocably disposed of in the public session held on ,low-,sunday1 are now before your readers and the world4 ,the withdrawal of the veil of secrecy from this portion of the schema has removed from the eyes of many1 the scales of doubt and misgiving1 blinded as they were by the repeated statements of certain newspaper correspondents2 and as future decrees come to light1 they will equally confound the pretensions of the false prophets1 and amply reward the patient hope of the faithful4 ,the ,vatican ,council took a fresh start on the following ,friday1 ,april #bith4 ,in the general congregation of that day1 the fathers passed from faith to discipline1 and began to discuss the reformed schema on the ,little ,catechism4 ,after the mass1 which was said by the ,archbishop of ,corfu1 the council was addressed by ,mgr4 ,wierzchleyski1 ,archbishop of ,leopoli1 in ,galician ,poland1 who spoke in the name of the deputation on discipline1 of which he is a distinguished member4 ,speeches were afterward made by the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,bordeaux1 ,cardinal ,rauscher of ,vienna1 and by the ,bishops of ,guastalla1 ,saluzzo1 and ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida4 ,the next morning1 ,saturday1 the #cjth1 the discussion was resumed4 ,the ,archbishop of ,avignon1 and the ,bishops of ,luon and ,parma made some remarks on the general features of the schema4 ,these prelates were followed by the distinguished ,bishop ,von ,ketteler of ,mayence1 the ,bishops of ,plymouth and of ,clifton in ,england1 and the ,bishop of ,trves in ,germany2 all of whom confined themselves to some particular points of the document4 ,bishop ,von ,ketteler1 who belongs to a baronial family in ,germany1 before becoming a chief in the church militant1 served his country with distinction as colonel in the ,german army4 ,he must be at least six feet high1 has quite a soldierly bearing1 and is concise and to the point in his remarks4 ,the last speaker was the ,bishop of ,seckau in ,germany1 a member of the deputation4 ,as the rules of the council authorize the members of the deputation to reply to the observations of the fathers at any stage of the discussion1 the committee avail themselves of that privilege by making the final speech1 which in ecclesiastical convocations1 as well as in civil meetings1 is generally the most telling one4 ,at the conclusion of the remarks by the ,bishop of ,seckau1 the president declared that the debate on the ,little ,catechism was closed1 and that the vote would be taken on the following ,wednesday1 on all the amendments proposed4 ,in the congregation of ,wednesday1 ,may #dth1 the ,bishop of ,tyre and ,sidon celebrated mass in the peculiar and impressive form of the ,maronite rite4 ,the president asked the prayers of the fathers for the venerable ,bishop of ,evreux in ,france1 who died in his seventieth year1 and survived only two days after returning home from the council4 ,permission was granted to nine foreign bishops to return to their sees4 ,among them were the ,bishops of ,arichat and ,charlottetown1 in ,british ,america4 ,the regular business commenced with a second speech by the ,bishop of ,seckau1 who reviewed all the amendments proposed in the preceding congregation4 ,the final vote was then taken on the ,little ,catechism as a whole4 ,each bishop voted viva voce4 ,the term placet was used by the prelates who gave unqualified approbation to it2 placet juxta modum by those who had some modification to propose1 while assenting to its general features2 and non placet by those who dissented from the measure4 ,the total number of votes given was #eia4 ,the ,little ,catechism1 which has received no small share of public attention1 now lies over till the final seal of approbation is stamped upon it at the next public session4 ,the general congregations were resumed on the #acth4 ,after the usual religious exercises1 leave of absence without the obligation of returning was granted to the following prelates3 ,the ,bishop of ,gezira1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syriac rite2 the ,bishop of ,merida1 ,venezuela1 ,south ,america2 the ,bishop of ,ferns1 ,ireland2 the ,bishop of ,goulbourne1 ,australia2 the ,bishop of ,puno1 ,peru2 the ,bishop of ,santiago1 ,chili2 the ,archbishop of ,marasce1 ,cilicia1 ,armenian rite2 and the ,bishop of ,mardin1 ,chaldea1 ,armenian rite4 ,the oral discussion then commenced on the great and fundamental question de ,romani ,pontificis ,primatu et ,infallibilitate1 which is comprised in a preamble and four chapters1 and which forms the first part of the dogmatic constitution de ,ecclesia ,christi4 ,these four chapters had already passed through several manipulations before being submitted to oral discussion4 ,first1 the text had been distributed to the fathers1 who in due course of time transmitted their observations upon it to the deputation de fide4 ,these observations were then maturely examined by the members of the deputation1 and a printed report of their views on them was sent to the residence of each bishop4 ,the ,bishop of ,poitiers1 in the name of the deputation1 opened the discussion with a lucid exposition and vindication of the substance and form of the text4 ,with this lengthy and learned speech closed the congregation of the #acth4 ,next day1 the debate was resumed4 ,the ,venerable ,constantine ,patrizzi1 ,cardinal ,vicar of ,rome1 and1 with the exception of ,cardinal ,mattei1 the oldest member of the ,sacred ,college1 commenced the discussion4 ,he was followed by the ,archbishop of ,san ,francisco1 ,united ,states2 the ,archbishop of ,messina1 ,sicily2 the ,archbishop of ,catania1 ,italy2 the ,bishop of ,dijon1 ,france2 the ,bishop of ,vesprim1 ,hungary2 the ,bishop of ,zamora1 ,spain1 and the ,bishop of ,patti1 kingdom of ,naples4 ,on ,tuesday1 the #agth1 ,archbishop ,dechamps1 ,primate of ,belgium1 addressed the fathers in the name of the deputation4 ,speeches were also delivered by the ,bishops of ,st4 ,brieux1 ,france2 ,santo ,gallo1 ,switzerland1 and of ,rottenburg1 ,wrtemberg4 ,the president announced the death of the ,bishop of ,olinda1 in ,brazil1 and recommended him to the prayers of the council4 ,wednesday1 the #ahth4 ,the ,archbishop of ,saragossa opened the discussion1 representing the deputation4 ,the other speakers in the congregation were all cardinals1 namely1 ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg1 ,archbishop of ,prague1 ,bohemia2 ,cardinal ,donnet1 of ,bordeaux1 and ,cardinal ,rauscher1 of ,vienna4 ,thursday1 the #aith4 ,cardinal ,cullen of ,dublin was the first speaker1 and was succeeded by the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,valladolid1 ,spain1 and by the ,greek-,melchite ,patriarch of ,antioch4 ,friday1 the #bjth4 ,the ,primate of ,hungary had the advantage of the opening speech4 ,the venerable ,dr4 ,mc,hale came next4 ,the ,lion of the fold of ,juda1 as he is called1 looks as hale as a man of forty-five1 though he is a bishop since #ahbe4 ,the ,archbishops of ,corfu and ,paris occupied the pulpit during the remainder of the session4 ,saturday1 the #bast4 ,bishop ,leahy1 of ,cashel1 reviewed some of the preceding speeches as a delegate of the deputation1 and was followed by the ,bishops of ,strasburg1 ,forli1 and ,castellamare1 ,italy4 ,intense and unwavering interest was manifested in each of the foregoing congregations1 both on account of the grave character of the subjects under deliberation1 and the eminent prelates that took part in the discussion4 ,i wish that1 together with the names1 ,i were permitted to give also the living words which fell from the lips of these learned and eloquent prelates4 ,they would prove to you that the ,christian oratory of the fourth and fifth centuries is rechoed in the nineteenth1 and that it is confined to no nation1 but extends over the length and breadth of the ,catholic world4 ,the longest speech yet pronounced in the council was delivered by the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,dublin1 who spoke for an hour and forty-two minutes4 ,its length was the more remarkable1 as ,cardinal ,cullen trusted to his memory1 and illustrated his discourse by an abundance of facts and figures4 ,it is well known that all the bishops not only have the same faith1 but speak the same language in council2 and1 with the exception of the orientals1 and members of religious orders1 they wear the same episcopal garb4 ,yet it is worthy of remark that1 in spite of this uniformity in dress and language and outward mien1 scarcely has a prelate opened his mouth from the pulpit when his nationality is at once discovered4 ,he utters his shibboleth1 which reveals him to his brethren as soon as ,ephraim was betrayed to ,galaad4 ,you will hear a bishop whisper to his neighbor1 ,that speaker belongs to the ,spanish family of nations4 ,he hails either from the mother country or from one of her ancient colonies of ,south ,america1 or ,mexico1 or ,cuba4 ,how does he know8 ,he forms his judgment not merely from the little green tuft you see on the crown of the speaker's birettum or cap1 but chiefly from his pronunciation4 ,he will detect the ,spaniard at once by his guttural sound of qui1 and his lisping placet1 besides many other peculiarities of utterance4 ,the ,spaniards and their ,south ,american and ,mexican cousins1 though models of episcopal gravity1 have not acquired the reputation in the council of being generally the best models of elocution4 ,their delivery is said to be sometimes indistinct1 and their pronunciation so peculiar that1 like the rose in the wilderness1 they waste the odor of their wisdom on the desert air4 ,gems of thought fall1 indeed1 in profusion from their lips1 but they escape occasionally in the too rapid current of words4 ,there are several bishops of ,spanish origin1 however1 who have distinguished themselves alike by distinctness of utterance and by a remarkable fluency4 ,among others1 ,i might mention the ,bishop of ,guamango1 in ,peru1 and the ,bishops of ,havana1 and ,s4 ,concezione1 in ,chili4 ,the next speaker is evidently an ,italian4 ,you know it from the musical sentences1 which flow from his lips in such a smooth and measured strain that he almost appears to be reciting a select piece of ,virgilian poetry4 ,he might seem1 were not his classical style so natural to him1 to be aiming at making a good impression not only on your mind and heart1 but also on your ear4 ,whenever the letter c is followed by e or i1 he gives it the soft sound of ch1 as in our ,english word cheerful2 and he is careful to soften down every word which would sound harsh or grating4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 a prelate of another country will adopt for the nonce the ,roman style of pronunciation2 but nobody is deceived4 ,jacob's voice is recognized1 though he tries to clothe his words in the form of his brother's4 ,it is almost impossible for an ,italian bishop to make a speech without a formal introduction and peroration1 either because of his respect for his hearers or for the great classical masters4 ,he may protest he will be brief1 but that word has a relative meaning4 ,but it must be admitted that1 for delicacy and refinement of thought1 for fecundity of ideas1 and clearness of exposition1 some of the ,italians have seldom been surpassed4 ,the prelate now before you1 as you can tell at once1 belongs to the ,teutonic family4 ,he is an ,austrian1 or ,prussian1 or ,bavarian1 or perhaps a ,hungarian4 ,the ,german pronounces g hard before e or i1 contrary to the usual practice of ,latin speakers4 ,he makes sch soft before the same vowels1 pronouncing1 for instance1 the word schema as if it were spelled without a c4 ,hence the gravity of the ,english-speaking bishops is occasionally relaxed1 on hearing schematis sound as if it were written shame it is4 ,the ,german is more tame in delivery than either the ,italian or the ,spaniard4 ,his colder climate tends to subdue his gestures1 as well as to moderate his sensibility4 ,he is not so fond of dealing in compliments as the ,italian speakers1 but goes at once in medias res4 ,he is generally short and precise1 and more inclined to appeal to your head than to your heart4 ,at the same time1 religious and logical1 the sublime superstructure of his faith is built upon the solid foundation of common sense4 ,if a ,french prelate were not known by his rabat1 he would be easily distinguished by his utterance of ,latin4 ,he has a strong tendency to shorten the infinitive in the second conjugation1 and to lay a particular stress on the last syllable4 ,there is indeed no bishop in the council who is so readily recognized by his voice as the ,frenchman4 ,every one can say to him what the ,jews said to ,st4 ,peter3 ,surely thou art one of them1 for thy speech doth discover thee4 ,but1 like ,peter1 he has no reason to be ashamed of the discovery2 for his speech is not less pleasant than peculiar4 ,he is no exception to the cultivated taste of his countrymen4 ,he is generally well understood1 because he speaks distinctly1 and listened to with pleasure1 because to solid learning he unites an animated and a nervous style4 ,for obvious reasons1 a continental writer would be the fittest person to pronounce a correct judgment on the style and ,latinity of the ,english-speaking prelates of the council4 ,i will venture1 however1 an observation4 ,though the style of the ,american1 ,english1 and ,irish prelates may have less claim to merit for polish and studied classical ,latinity1 their discourses will certainly compare favorably with those of their episcopal brethren from other parts in strength of argument1 in clearness of expression1 as well as in their telling effect upon their discriminating audience4 ,the bishops of these countries adopt what is called the parliamentary style4 ,they are usually concise1 and always practical4 ,they are in earnest4 ,they look and talk like men fresh from the battle-field of the world1 who have formidable enemies to contend with1 and come before the council well stocked with experimental knowledge4 ,they content themselves with a brief statement of the measure they propose1 and a summary of the reasons best calculated to support it1 without occupying the council with elaborate disquisitions4 ,the number of ,english1 ,irish1 and ,american bishops up to the present1 who have delivered oral discourses before the ,vatican ,council is comparatively small4 ,it must not1 however1 be inferred from this that the other prelates of these nations have all remained inactive spectators1 for many of them have handed in written observations on the subjects under deliberation4 ,the following are the ,english-speaking fathers who1 up to the present date1 7,june #b;d17 have addressed the council3 ,archbishops ,spalding1 ,kenrick1 and ,purcell1 and ,bishops ,whelan and ,verot1 ,united ,states2 ,archbishop ,connolly1 ,nova ,scotia2 ,archbishop ,manning1 and ,bishops ,ullathorne1 ,vaughan1 ,clifford1 and ,errington1 ,england2 ,cardinal ,cullen1 and ,bishops ,leahy1 ,mc,evilly1 and ,keane1 ,ireland4 ,none of the ,scotch or ,australian bishops have as yet spoken4 ,three hundred years have elapsed since the close of the ,council of ,trent4 ,of the two hundred and seventy bishops who assisted at that council1 only four were from the ,british ,isles1 of whom three were ,irish and one ,english2 and we think it doubtful if these three ,irish bishops spoke the ,english language4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican has upward of one hundred and twenty ,english-speaking prelates1 representing not only ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 but also the ,united ,states1 ,british ,america1 ,oceanica1 and the ,east ,indies2 and should the twentieth cumenical council be called within the course of another century1 judging from the past1 it is not unlikely that the ,english tongue will then be what the ,italian is to-day--the language of the majority4 ,comparisons have been drawn between the ,council of the ,vatican and the ,united ,states ,congress4 ,perhaps it would be easier to point out the lines of divergence than those of resemblance between these two deliberative bodies4 ,as to the relative ages of the members of the ,council and the members of ,congress1 the former are decidedly in advance of the latter4 ,i have taken the pains to refer to the ,annuario ,pontificio for #ahgj1 which gives the age of nearly all the bishops of the ,catholic world4 ,from this book ,i learn that the oldest bishop in the council is in his eighty-fifth year1 while the youngest bishop1 the ,vicar ,apostolic of ,north ,carolina1 is thirty-five4 ,the ,archbishop of ,lima1 who was prevented by infirmities from coming to ,rome1 is the dean of the entire episcopacy1 being now in his ninety-sixth year4 ,thus we see that both extremes of age meet on the ,american continent2 ,north ,america having the youngest1 and ,south ,america the oldest representative of the episcopal hierarchy4 ,of the thousand bishops now in the church1 fully three fourths are between the ages of fifty-five and ninety-six4 ,the ages of the other fourth range between thirty-five and fifty-five4 ,scarcely half a dozen of these prelates are more advanced in years than the ,holy ,father1 who yet exhibits more physical endurance and mental activity than any bishop ten years his junior4 ,so much for a comparison as to age4 ,next as to the speeches in both assemblies4 ,the bishops embrace a wider field in their discourses than our senators4 ,they are circumscribed by no limits of country4 ,they make laws which bind the consciences of two hundred millions of souls--,europeans1 ,americans1 ,australians1 ,asiatics1 and ,africans2 while ,congress legislates for scarcely one fifth that number1 and these confined within a portion of a single continent4 ,hence1 in this single aspect of the case1 the great ecclesiastical synod as far excels the ,federal ,congress of the ,united ,states as ,congress itself surpasses the ,new ,york ,legislature1 or this latter the city council4 ,the speeches of the ,vatican ,council are usually much shorter than those delivered in ,congress4 ,the addresses of the fathers seldom exceed half an hour1#bhd except those of the members of the deputations1 whose remarks generally embrace a critical analysis of the questions before the council and a review of the amendments proposed by the bishops1 usually occupying about the space of an hour4 ,the reason for this brevity is obvious4 ,no prelate would wish to be guilty of the bad taste of occupying unnecessarily the precious time of his brother bishops4 ,he is fully convinced1 on ascending the pulpit1 that every word he says will be carefully weighed in the balance by a discriminating body of judges1 who are influenced only by sound logic1 and not by plausible rhetoric4 ,besides their brevity1 perhaps ,i might also add that the speeches of the fathers are characterized by more personal independence1 sincerity1 and earnestness of tone1 than those of our legislators in ,washington1 while it must be admitted that public opinion commonly attributes to the episcopal character a higher order of virtue4 ,yet1 apart from this consideration1 we may find a reason for this difference in the fact that our national representatives have more temptations to sin against singleness of purpose than the prelates of the council4 ,besides the members on the floor of the ,house and ,senate1 there are often well-filled galleries ready to hiss or to applaud1 according to the prejudices of the day1 and we know how human nature dreads the finger of scorn and loves the popular plaudits4 ,there is a political party which must be sustained per fas et nefas1 and though last1 not least1 there are dear constituents to be pleased4 ,the fathers of the council have no such temptations to withdraw them from the strict line of duty which conscience dictates4 ,all their general congregations are so many secret sessions4 ,there are no frowning or fawning galleries to allure or to intimidate4 ,there is no party lash hanging over the bishops' heads2 for they have no private measures to propose in behalf of their constituents4 ,indeed1 one of the rules of the council requires that every bill brought before it must necessarily affect the general interests of the church1 and not the special wants of any particular diocese or country4 ,the consoling unanimity which marked the public session held on ,low-,sunday1 seems to have put an effectual quietus on the erratic correspondent of the ,london ,times2 for he no longer1 like another ,cassandra1 utters his prophetic warnings to the council1 since the fathers1 on the occasion alluded to1 by a single breath demolished all his previous predictions about the threatened rupture of the assemblage4 ,directed1 no doubt1 to view every thing in ,rome with distorted vision1 this writer literally fulfilled his instructions4 ,if he met bishops walking to ,st4 ,peter's1 he would despise them as a contemptible set4 ,should they prefer to ride1 they were1 in his estimation1 pampered prelates crushing poor pedestrians under their ,juggernaut4 ,should a schema be approved by the bishops after a brief discussion1 they were pronounced by our seer a packed jury1 the obsequious slaves of the pope4 ,if the discussion happened to be prolonged1 he would solemnly announce to his readers the existence of an incipient schism among the fathers4 ,the truth is1 the gentleman could never ascend high enough to comprehend the true character of the bishops4 ,he could not associate in his mind independence of thought and the fullest freedom of debate with a profound reverence for the ,holy ,father4 ,upon every question1 from the beginning of the council1 there has been prolonged and animated discussion4 ,a council necessarily supposes discussion ever since that of ,jerusalem4 ,deprive an cumenical synod of the privilege of debate1 and you strip it at once of its true character and the bishops of their manhood4 ,no stone was left unturned that the whole truth might be brought to light4 ,but if there has been in dubiis libertas1 there has been also in necessariis unitas4 ,there is no ,colenso in the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,with regard to doctrines of the ,catholic faith already promulgated1 there has not been a whisper of dissent4 ,a bishop might as well attempt to pull down the immortal dome of ,michael ,angelo suspended over his head1 as touch with profane hands a single stone of the glorious edifice of ,catholic faith4 ,there has been also in omnibus caritas4 ,never was more dignity manifest in any deliberative assembly4 ,a single glance at the council in session1 from one of the side galleries1 would at once impress the beholder not only with the majesty of the spectacle1 but also with the mutual respect which the members exhibit toward each other1 and the patient attention with which the speakers are listened to1 often under a trying ordeal of several hours' continuous session4 ,as for violent scenes1 there have been none1 except in the imagination of some correspondents2 nor bantering1 nor personalities2 nor collisions between the presidents and speakers4 ,since the commencement of the discussion on the present schema1 upward of sixty fathers have already spoken1 only one of whom was called to order--and he at the end of his discourse1 because1 in the judgment of the president1 he had broached a subject foreign to the debate4 ,in a word1 there is learning without ostentation2 difference of sentiment without animosity2 respect without severity2 liberty of discussion without the license of vituperation4 ,may #bc;d1 the congregations were resumed4 ,the opening speech was delivered by the ,armenian ,patriarch4 ,the ,bishops of ,mayence1 ,angoulme1 and ,grenoble occupied the attention of the fathers during the remainder of the session4 ,on the following day1 permanent leave of absence was granted to eight prelates1 among whom were two ,canadians1 namely1 the ,bishop of ,st4 ,hyacinthe1 and the coadjutor of ,dr4 ,cooke1 ,bishop of ,three ,rivers1 lately deceased4 ,the council was then addressed by the ,bishop of ,sion1 ,switzerland1 one of the deputation1 and by the ,bishops of ,urgel1 ,spain1 ,s4 ,concezione1 ,chili1 and ,guastalla1 ,italy4 ,in the congregation of the #beth1 ,england and ,ireland had the whole field to themselves1 the only speakers being ,archbishop ,manning1 and ,bishops ,clifford and ,mc,evilly4 ,dr4 ,manning's reputation as an ,english speaker is established wherever the ,english language prevails4 ,his ,latin oration in the council1 which was but three minutes shorter than that of his eminence of ,dublin1 exhibited the same energy of thought and the same discriminating choice of words which are so striking a feature of his public discourses4 ,dr4 ,manning has a commanding figure4 ,his fleshless face is the personification of asceticism4 ,his sunken eyes pierce you as well as his words4 ,he has a high1 well-developed forehead1 which appears still more prominent on account of partial baldness4 ,his favorite1 almost his only gesture1 is the darting of his forefinger in a sloping direction from his body1 and which might seem awkward in others1 but in him is quite natural1 and gives a peculiar force to his expressions4 ,his countenance1 even in the heat of an argument1 remains almost as unimpassioned as a statue4 ,he knows admirably well how to employ to the best advantage his voice1 as well as his words4 ,when he wishes to gain a strong point1 he rallies his choicest battalion of words1 to each of which he assigns the most effective position2 then his voice1 swelling with the occasion1 imparts to them an energy and a power difficult to resist4 ,the next congregation1 the sixtieth from the opening of the council1 was held on the #bhth1 the speakers being the ,bishops of ,ratisbonne1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,csanad and ,gran ,varadin in ,hungary1 and ,coutance in ,france4 ,at the close1 the president announced that the fathers henceforth would meet at half-past eight ,a4,m4 instead of nine4 ,the fathers assembled again on the #cjth4 ,the ,archbishop of ,baltimore delivered the opening speech1 which lasted about fifty minutes4 ,he spoke without the aid of manuscript1 confiding in his faithful and tenacious memory4 ,he was succeeded by the ,bishops of ,le ,puy in ,france1 ,ble in ,switzerland1 ,sutri and ,saluzzo1 ,italy1 ,constantina1 ,algiers1 and the ,vicar ,apostolic of ,quilon1 on the coast of ,malabar4 ,the following day1 indefinite leave of absence was granted to ,bishops ,demers of ,vancouver1 and ,hennessy of ,dubuque1 and the newly consecrated ,bishop of ,alton was permitted to remain at home4 ,the ,archbishop of ,utrecht commenced the debate1 being the first of the bishops of ,holland that has addressed the council2 the other speakers were the ,latin ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 the ,bishop of ,trajanopolis1 the ,archbishop of ,cincinnati1 who spoke without notes1 and the ,archbishop of ,halifax4 ,the death of the saintly and apostolic ,archbishop ,odin1 of ,new ,orleans1 was announced4 ,the venerable prelate finished his course among his kindred near ,lyons1 on the auspicious festival of the ,ascension4 ,the sixty-third general congregation was held on the #b;d of ,june4 ,the speakers were the ,archbishop of ,fogaras1 ,transylvania1 ,roumenian rite1 and the ,bishops of ,moulins1 ,bosnia1 ,chartres and ,tanes4 ,at the close of the session1 the death of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,thomas ,grant1 ,bishop of ,southwark1 ,england1 was announced4 ,dr4 ,grant was born of ,english parents in ,ligny1 in the diocese of ,arras1 ,france1 ,november #beth1 #ahaf1 and was promoted to the episcopal dignity ,june #bb;d1 #ahea4 ,he was much esteemed by his ,english brethren in the episcopacy for his profound learning and solid judgment1 as well as for his amiable disposition4 ,he was one of the deputation on oriental rites4 ,thus far1 fourteen general congregations have been held on the four first chapters of the ,dogmatic ,constitution of the ,church of ,christ4 ,sixty-one fathers have already spoken on the general aspects of the question1 leaving forty-nine prelates who have declared their intention to speak on the same subject4 ,as soon as the draught of the schema in general has been sufficiently discussed1 the debate will commence on each particular chapter4 ,as our readers would like1 no doubt1 to form a more intimate acquaintance with the venerable bishops now assembled in council1 especially with those who play a more conspicuous part in its deliberations1 we propose in the present number to give a brief sketch of a few of the twenty-four fathers who constitute the committee on faith4 ,it is quite unnecessary to our present purpose to speak of the two ,american prelates belonging to this deputation1 namely1 the ,archbishops of ,baltimore and ,san ,francisco1 who are well known in the ,united ,states1 and whose learning1 zeal1 and piety are not only gratefully acknowledged at home1 but fully appreciated here1 as the merited honors conferred upon them testify4 ,we will commence with ,aloysius1 ,cardinal ,bilio1 president of the deputation on faith1 and one of the five presiding officers of the council4 ,he was born ,may #beth1 #ahbf1 at ,alexandria1 the celebrated fortified town of ,piedmont1 which of late years has played so important a part in the history of northern ,italy4 ,his father was of a noble family4 ,at the early age of fourteen the youth1 already remarkable for great piety and a maturity of character beyond his years1 asked to be admitted into the congregation of ,st4 ,paul1 founded by the venerable ,antonio ,zaccaria4 ,he was received as a student and postulant1 and devoted himself to study with an earnestness which soon broke down his health1 apparently never very strong4 ,he was obliged to suspend his studies for several years4 ,in fact1 for a time it was thought his health never would rally4 ,at last1 however1 he did recover1 and at once returned to the purpose from which his mind and heart had never wandered4 ,having finished his course and received ordination1 he was made in turn professor of ,greek1 of rhetoric1 and of mental philosophy in the college of ,parma1 and afterward in the university of the same city4 ,it is the custom of the religious orders and congregations which devote themselves either entirely or in great part to teaching1 first by a long and thorough course of study to prepare carefully their younger members for future labors in the professorial chair1 and then in their early years of teaching to appoint them from one chair to another1 through the whole cycle1 perhaps4 ,so ,father ,bilio was sent from ,parma to ,caravaggio1 and then to ,naples1 occupying various chairs1 and finally was made professor of theology and canon law in the ,barnabite ,college at ,rome4 ,his professorships were for the world outside his congregation4 ,within it1 his brethren recognized his high personal qualifications1 and elected him to various offices in their congregation1 until at length he was made assistant-general4 ,rome could not fail to appreciate qualities and talents like those of this learned and exemplary1 religious and able man4 ,he was pressed into service in many of the departments for transacting religious affairs1 and finally1 ,june #bc;d1 #ahff1 he was named cardinal4 ,he presided over one of the sub-commissions of theologians1 who studied out and prepared the draughts for the council1 and he is1 as was said in a former number1 chairman of the special committee or deputation of twenty-four prelates to treat of all matters relating to faith4 ,with the single exception of ,cardinal ,bonaparte1 ,cardinal ,bilio is the youngest member of the ,sacred ,college4 ,france1 the eldest daughter of the church1 is represented in the deputation by ,bishop ,pie of ,poitiers1 and ,archbishop ,regnier of ,cambrai4 ,louis ,francis ,desir ,edward ,pie was born at ,pontgouin1 in the diocese of ,chartres1 the #bfth of ,september1 #ahae4 ,ordained priest in #ahci1 he exercised at first the functions of curate of the cathedral church of ,chartres2 and in #ahde1 the bishop of that diocese appointed him vicar-general1 notwithstanding his comparative youth4 ,from that period1 the young priest was ranked among the most distinguished preachers of ,france1 and was heard with great success in different cities of that country4 ,his panegyric of ,joan of ,arc1 which he preached at ,orleans1 is one of his best discourses4 ,named ,bishop of ,poitiers under the presidency1 he took possession of his see in ,december1 #ahdi4 ,he was then only in his thirty-fourth year1 an unusually early age for conferring the mitre in ,europe4 ,bishop ,pie directed his eloquence and zeal on various occasions against two sorts of adversaries3 those who sap the foundations of faith itself by reducing every thing to naturalism1 both in religion and society2 and those who attempt to weaken ,catholicity by the ruin of the temporal power4 ,against the former the bishop issued three ,synodal ,instructions on the ,principal ,errors of the ,present ,time4 ,against the latter he wrote1 three years before the last ,italian revolution1 his ,synodal ,instruction on ,rome considered as the ,see of the ,papacy1 in which he ably refuted the sophistries of those who sought the demolition of the temporal power4 ,those best acquainted with the ,bishop of ,poitiers say that his pulpit oratory is characterized by an authority1 brilliancy1 and force of argument worthy of ,st4 ,hilary1 whose successor he is4 ,in personal appearance ,bishop ,pie is prepossessing4 ,his round1 full face without a wrinkle1 and his auburn hair1 make him seem much younger than he really is4 ,though stout1 and even inclined to corpulency1 he is quick and active in his movements4 ,he speaks with admiration of the late ,bishop of ,boston1 with whom he studied at ,st4 ,sulpice1 ,paris4 ,the ,sulpician fathers have been accustomed to select as catechists in the parochial church some of their ablest and most promising students4 ,to both seminarians a class was assigned1 and the ,bishop of ,poitiers says that his ,american friend1 afterward ,bishop ,fitzpatrick1 always excelled in his position4 ,emmanuel ,garcia ,gil1 ,archbishop of ,saragossa1 in ,spain1 was born in ,st4 ,salvador1 ,march #adth1 #ahjb4 ,having completed his literary studies in his native city1 he passed through his philosophical and theological course in the diocesan seminary of ,de ,lugo4 ,in #ahbe1 he entered the order of ,st4 ,dominic1 in which he made his religious profession ,november #ast1 #ahbf4 ,he was ordained the following year1 and immediately after the responsible position of professor of philosophy and theology in the convents of the order at ,de ,lugo and ,compostello was assigned to him4 ,expelled in #ahce from ,spain1 with all the members of his order1 he soon returned to his post at ,de ,lugo1 where for thirteen years he filled the chair of philosophy and divinity in the seminary of which he was successively director and vice-rector4 ,having subsequently devoted himself to the more active pursuits of the ministry1 he labored with great success in preaching the word of ,god1 and in the administration of the sacraments4 ,appointed to the see of ,badajoz in ,december1 #ahec1 he was consecrated in the city of ,de ,lugo by the ,archbishop of ,compostello2 and five years later1 at the request of the ,spanish government1 he was transferred to the archiepiscopal see of ,saragossa4 ,among his fellow-members of the ,committee on ,faith1 ,mgr4 ,garcia ,gil has the merited reputation of being profoundly conversant with the writings of his great master1 the ,angel of the ,schools1 and hence is called among them the ,st4 ,thomas of the deputation4 ,another prominent member of the committee is ,mgr4 ,hassoun1 ,patriarch of ,cilicia for the ,armenians4 ,he was born in ,constantinople1 ,june #acth1 #ahji1 of ,armenian parents4 ,he passed through his elementary course in his native city1 and completed his studies in ,rome1 where1 in #ahcb1 he obtained the degree of doctor of divinity4 ,a few months later1 having been ordained priest1 and named apostolic missionary1 he was sent to ,smyrna1 where he devoted himself to the ,armenian ,christians of that city4 ,removed thence to ,constantinople1 ,father ,hassoun exercised the ministry in several churches1 and filled the office of chancellor in the archiepiscopal palace4 ,chosen by the primate as vicar-general and visitor of the diocese and province1 the young ,armenian priest was unanimously elected by the assembly of his nation civil prefect of the ,armenian church1 in which office he was confirmed by the ,ottoman ,porte4 ,in #ahdb1 he was appointed coadjutor to the ,primate of ,constantinople1 with the right of succession2 and on the death of the latter1 in #ahdf1 he was chosen to fill the vacant see4 ,on the #afth of ,september1 #ahff1 the ,armenian archbishops and bishops assembled in council proclaimed ,mgr4 ,hassoun ,patriarch of ,cilicia1 with the title of ,anthony ,peter ,,ix4 ,the holy see confirmed the nomination1 and decided that in future the patriarchal see of ,cilicia and the archi-primatial see of ,constantinople1 which hitherto were separate and independent1 should form one patriarchate1 under the title of ,patriarchate of ,cilicia1 with residence at ,constantinople4 ,by his exertions the episcopal hierarchy was restablished in #ahej in the ecclesiastical province of ,constantinople1 and a special see for the ,armenians erected in ,persia4 ,he has succeeded in building in the ,turkish capital1 and endowing a seminary to serve for the whole ecclesiastical province4 ,in #ahdc1 ,mgr4 ,hassoun founded the first female convent in the same capital2 and we may well imagine the degree of pious audacity that was required to plant this colony of virgins in the midst of the sultan's seraglios4 ,this institution is devoted to the education of young girls1 and to the instruction of women abandoning schism4 ,the convent has sixty nuns1 who educate three hundred poor girls1 besides some resident scholars4 ,the patriarch1 by an imperial firman1 is charged with all the civil and ecclesiastical affairs of the ,armenians who are subjects of the ,ottoman empire4 ,he gratefully acknowledges the kind disposition always manifested toward him by the government of the ,sublime ,porte1 which has extended to him every facility for carrying out the works of his ministry4 ,victor ,augustus ,isidore ,dechamps1 one of the most prominent members of the deputation de fide1 was born at ,melle1 ,eastern ,flanders1 in the chteau of ,scailmont1 ,december #afth1 #ahaj4 ,his early education was intrusted to private tutors1 under the eyes of his father1 who was a laureate of the ancient ,university of ,louvain4 ,he afterward completed his studies of humanity and philosophy with his brother ,adolph1 who was successively ,belgian minister of foreign affairs and minister of state4 ,in the national movement1 from which sprung the independence of ,belgium1 the two brothers1 though yet young1 distinguished themselves as publicists during this glorious epoch of patriotism4 ,in #ahcb1 ,m4 ,dechamps entered the seminary of ,tournai1 studied afterward in the ,catholic university of ,mechlin1 and concluded his theological course at ,louvain1 where he was ordained priest1 ,december1 #ahcd1 by ,cardinal ,sterckx4 ,having soon after joined the ,redemptorist congregation1 ,father ,dechamps made his novitiate in #ahce4 ,five years later1 his career as a preacher began1 and in this capacity he greatly distinguished himself4 ,after the death of ,queen ,louise of ,belgium1 in obedience to the express desire of that pious princess1 he was charged with the religious instruction of the royal princes1 and of the ,princess ,charlotte4 ,rev4 ,father ,dechamps was named ,bishop of ,namur1 ,september1 #ahfe4 ,two years later1 he was transferred to the archdiocese of ,mechlin1 in which ,brussels is included2 and since the opening of the council he has been elevated by the holy see to the primacy of ,belgium4 ,monsgr4 ,dechamps has written several valuable works1 the most important of which are3 #ast4 ,the ,free ,examination of the ,truth of ,faith2 #b;d4 ,the ,divinity of ,jesus ,christ2 #c;d4 ,the ,religious ,question resolved by ,facts2 or1 ,certainty in ,matters of ,religion2 #dth4 ,pius ,,ix4 and ,contemporary ,errors2 #eth4 ,the ,new ,eve1 or1 ,mother of ,life1 all of which have been translated into most of the languages of ,europe4 ,the style of ,archbishop ,dechamps is calm1 concise1 and profound1 blended with an attractive unction4 ,his round and pleasing countenance bears upon it the stamp of intellect and energy4 ,like so many of his gifted countrymen1 the prelate of ,mechlin unites in his person the mental activity of the ,frenchman with the solidity of the ,german4 ,john ,baptist ,simor1 ,archbishop of ,strigonium and ,primate of ,hungary1 was born ,august #bdth1 #ahac1 in the ancient ,hungarian city of ,fehervar1 which is memorable in history as being the place where the kings of ,hungary were formerly crowned and buried4 ,he pursued his philosophical course in the archiepiscopal lyceum of ,magy-,szombat1 and his course of theology in the ,university of ,vienna1 which honored him with the title of doctor of sacred theology4 ,after the successful completion of his studies1 he was ordained priest of the archdiocese of ,strigonium in #ahcf4 ,appointed1 first1 assistant pastor of a church in ,pesth1 ,father ,simor soon after received a professor's chair in the university of that city1 and subsequently filled several responsible positions1 both in the government of souls and in instructing the more advanced candidates for the ministry in a higher course of theology4 ,on the #bith of ,june1 #aheg1 he was consecrated ,bishop of ,gyr1 and ten years later1 on the demise of ,cardinal ,scilovszky1 ,bishop ,simor was chosen to succeed that eminent prelate as ,prince-,primate of ,hungary and ,archbishop of ,strigonium4 ,besides his ecclesiastical eminence1 the ,primate of ,hungary has had distinguished state honors conferred on him4 ,he is the first member of the king's privy council4 ,by established law1 the ceremony of crowning the king devolves exclusively on the primate4 ,otherwise the coronation is not considered legitimate4 ,the ,bishop of ,veszprim crowns the queen4 ,the present ,emperor1 ,francis ,joseph of ,austria1 received the crown of the kingdom of ,hungary from the hands of ,archbishop ,simor1 on the vigil of ,pentecost1 #ahfg1 in the presence of an immense assembly of people from all parts of the kingdom4 ,the primate is moreover ex-officio chief secretary and chancellor of the sovereign of ,hungary4 ,he is also first magistrate of the county or department of ,strigonium4 ,hungary contains fifty-two of these departments1 each presided over by a chief magistrate4 ,he has also a seat in the general assembly or parliament of ,hungary1 a privilege which is enjoyed in common with him by every ,catholic bishop of the kingdom4 ,many other prerogatives were inherent in the primatial dignity till they were swept away by the revolution of #ahdh4 ,monsgr4 ,simor informed us that the faithful of his diocese number a million of souls1 comprising three distinct nationalities1 ,hungarians1 ,sclaves1 and ,germans1 who speak as many distinct languages4 ,the primate is consequently obliged1 in the visitation of his diocese1 to employ these three tongues4 ,in corresponding with his clergy1 whether ,hungarian1 ,sclavonic1 or ,german1 he invariably uses ,latin1 of which he is a perfect master1 and which1 till a recent date1 was the common language of the greater part of ,hungary4 ,,rome1 ,june #b1 #ahgj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we add to the remarks of our correspondent the following items of information concerning the doings of the council since the date of his letter4 ,between ,june #b;d and ,june #ahth ten general congregations were held4 ,the preface1 and the first two chapters of the schema on the ,roman ,pontiff1 were voted on and adopted2 the discussion of the third chapter1 was closed1 and on the #aeth of ,june the discussion of the fourth chapter1 concerning the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff1 was opened4 ,at that date1 seventy-four fathers had inscribed their names as intending to speak1 and this number had been increased to one hundred at the general congregation of ,june #ahth4 ,,footnote3 #bhd ,the speeches on the ,primacy and ,infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff have exceeded in length those delivered on the preceding subjects1 their average duration having been forty-three minutes up to the present date1 ,june #b;d4 ,,foreign ,,literary ,,notes4 ,within the past six months the literary bulletins of ,france1 ,england1 and ,germany are full of notices of new works on the subject of the ,apostle ,st4 ,paul and his writings4 ,one of the latest in ,england is by ,dr4 ,arnold1 who--,anglican as he is--takes direct issue with an opinion of the ,french rationalist ,renan1 which on its first appearance gave great gratification to the ,protestant world4 ,in his work on ,st4 ,paul1 ,renan said in his flippant way3 ,after having been for three hundred years1 thanks to ,protestantism1 the ,christian doctor par excellence1 ,paul is now coming to the end of his reign4 ,on this remarkable opinion1 ,dr4 ,arnold thus comments3 ,precisely the contrary1 ,i venture to think1 is the judgment to which a true criticism of men and things leads us4 ,the ,protestantism which has so used and abused ,st4 ,paul is coming to an end2 its organizations1 strong and active as they look1 are touched with the finger of death2 its fundamental ideas1 sounding forth still every week from thousands of pulpits1 have in them no significance and no power for the progressive thought of humanity4 ,but the reign of the real ,st4 ,paul is only beginning2 his fundamental ideas1 disengaged from the elaborate misconceptions with which ,protestantism has overlaid them1 will have an influence in the future greater than any which they have yet had--an influence proportioned to their correspondence with a number of the deepest and most permanent facts of human nature itself4--,from ,st4 ,paul and ,protestantism1 by ,matthew ,arnold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most important events of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 and1 indeed1 in the entire religious history of ,france1 was the assembly of the clergy of ,france in the year #afhb4 ,numerous works have been written and published concerning it1 the best and most exhaustive of which are the two last4 ,in #ahfh1 ,m4 ,charles ,grin1 a judge of the ,civil ,tribunal of the ,seine1 published his ,recherches ,historiques sur l',assemble du ,clerg de ,france de #afhb4 ,the author brought to his task great learning1 decided ability1 and an industry that proved itself by the number of original documents from the public archives for the first time presented by him4 ,the result of ,m4 ,grin's labors was generally accepted in ,france as final4 ,with this verdict1 however1 ,monseigneur ,maret1 ,bishop of ,sura1 did not agree1 and protested against it in his work1 ,du ,concile et de la ,paix religieuse1 intimating therein that the documents cited in ,m4 ,grin's book needed fresh revision and interpretation1 which they should receive4 ,this announcement was naturally accepted as signifying that a new work on the assembly of #afhb might be looked for4 ,that was indeed its signification1 and early in #ahgj appeared an announcement of the publishers1 ,didier ,co41 ,paris1 of a book entitled1 ,l',assemble du ,clerg de ,france de #afhb d'aprs des documents dont un grand nombre inconnus jusqu' ce jour4 ,par l',abb ,jules-,thodose ,loyson1 ,docteur et ,professeur en ,sorbonne4 #hvo1 #ecj pages4 ,to this1 ,judge ,grin soon replied in his ,une ,nouvelle ,apologie du ,gallicanisme1 ,rponse ,m4 l',abb ,loyson4 ,outside of the historical statements concerning the events attending the assembly of #afhb1 these works are1 in fact1 a rather animated polemical discussion of the questions of the temporal power and the papal infallibility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,st4 ,patrick entered upon his great apostolic work in ,ireland1 he was careful not to offend the attachment borne by his converts to their ancient national traditions1 the songs of their bards1 and the laws by which they were governed4 ,on the contrary1 he advised ,lacighaise1 king of the country1 to have reduced to writing all the ancient judicial decisions1 and1 with the aid of two other bishops1 commenced the work himself4 ,to the body of laws thus collected was given the title of ,senchus ,mor1 7collection of ancient knowledge47 ,written ,a4,d4 #ddj1 this book served as the ,irish code before the departure of the ,romans1 and was in legal force up to the period of the accession of ,james ,i41 traces of its influence being to this day plainly visible4 ,the most authentic manuscripts containing the ,senchus ,mor formerly belonged to an ,english literary amateur1 and through the efforts of ,edmund ,burke were acquired by the ,english government4 ,their publication was commenced in #aheb1 and has been resumed1 as we perceive by the following announcement3 ,ancient ,laws of ,ireland4 ,senchus ,mor4 ,part ,,ii4 ,edited by ,w4 ,neilson ,hancock1 ,,ll4,d41 and the ,rev4 ,thaddeus ,o',mahony4 ,dublin3 ,printed for ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office4 #ahgj4 #hvo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some curious information and revolting details concerning the continuation of the slave-trade in ,africa are furnished in a work lately published at ,paris1 ,la ,traite ,orientale4 ,the ,mussulman still needs slaves and concubines1 and three great slave marts still exist to supply them4 ,these are the ,island of ,zanzibar1 the southern portion of ,egypt1 and ,arabia4 ,at ,zanzibar a healthy man sells for #db1 while the women bring #hj1 and more1 if good-looking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,during the past ten years the history1 geography1 and topography of the biblical countries have been studied with immense activity1 and the best travellers and scholars of ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 and ,england have contributed their offerings to the common fund of our knowledge concerning these most interesting regions4 ,successful research on the banks of the ,euphrates and the ,tigris1 the ,nile and the ,jordan1 not to speak of many other points1 have all in turn confirmed the perfect veracity of the writers of the ,old and of the ,new ,testament4 ,and to these1 the broken walls1 the palaces1 the towers1 and the sculptures of ,babylon1 of ,nineveh1 of ,persepolis1 of ,jerusalem1 and of ,samaria1 rising in testimony of the truth from the gathered ruins of ages1 bear also their testimony4 ,a learned ,german ecclesiastic1 ,dr4 ,gratz1 uniting and fusing all the information on this subject1 composed an admirable geographical history of oriental and occidental countries1 with special reference to the biblical period4 ,dr4 ,allioli1 the celebrated scriptural commentator1 recommended the work of ,dr4 ,gratz as marked by so much erudition and exactness that the readers of his commentary are recommended to it for information on all points touching biblical localities4 ,an excellent ,french translation of ,dr4 ,gratz's work has just been published3 ,thtre des ,evnements raconts dans les divines ,ecritures1 ou l'ancien et le nouvel ,orient tudi au point de vue de la ,bible et de ,l',eglise4 #b vols4 #hvo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here are two new works on the ,council of ,trent3 ,histoire du ,concile de ,trente1 par ,m4 ,baguenault de ,puchesse2 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,journal du ,concile de ,trente1 rdig par un secrtaire ,vnitien prsant aux sessions de #aefb #aefc4 ,this ,venetian secretary was ,antonio ,milledonne1 attached to the embassy sent to the ,council of ,trent by the republic of ,venice4 ,to the diary of the secretary1 which forms the body of the latter publication1 are added several original documents of the period heretofore unpublished1 among them a summary of the dispatches of the ,venetian ambassadors to the council4 ,m4 ,baschet1 the editor1 suggests that the publication of the ,french diplomatic dispatches relative to the council would be of the highest interest4 ,these dispatches would certainly form one of the most curious literary monuments of the sixteenth century1 and1 in point of fact1 the history of the latter period of the council cannot well be written without them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,baron ,hbner1 formerly ,austrian ,ambassador at ,paris and at ,rome1 and well known in the diplomatic and literary world1 has just presented the fruit of many years' labor among the state archives of ,paris1 ,vienna1 ,florence1 ,venice1 ,simancas1 and the ,vatican1 in the shape of a work entitled ,sixte ,quint2 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,written on an epoch already well investigated1 and upon a life which has been the subject of many pens1 ,baron ,hbner's life of ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 is by far the most remarkable and the most trustworthy we have had4 ,and yet it is not perhaps exact to call his work a life of ,sixtus ,v4 ,the author does not so style it1 and takes up ,cardinal ,montalto at the conclave where he is elected pope4 ,he scarcely refers retrospectively to the early years of his life1 and pays not the slightest attention to the semi-fabulous stories which tradition has interwoven with the name of the great ,sixtus4 ,if he finds documentary evidence for any part of them1 he gives it4 ,if not1 silence falls upon them4 ,at the outset of his work he merely mentions the three great names connected with histories of ,sixtus--,leti1 ,tempesti1 and ,ranke4 ,but he merely mentions them1 and in no case quotes them4 ,as to more modern historians of ,sixtus--,segretain and ,dumesnil1 for instance--he does not appear to have the slightest idea of their existence4 ,baron ,hbner has written his work exclusively from original materials1 and appears to have used them conscientiously and with excellent judgment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for nearly ten months an animated historico-ecclesiastical discussion has been going on in ,france1 which1 according to the reports of literary journals1 has passed the stage of vive polmique1 and reached that described as la controverse passione4 ,the subject matter of the discussion is ,pope ,honorius4 ,father ,gratry 7of the ,oratory7 led off with a pamphlet entitled1 ,mgr4 l',evque d',orlans et ,mgr4 l',archevque de ,malines1 and gave the texts of three councils which condemned ,honorius1 and the confirmation of their sentence by ,pope ,st4 ,leo ,,ii4 ,to this came a reply by ,m4 ,chantrel1 ,le ,pape ,honorius1 ,premire ,lettre ,m4 l',abb ,gratry1 in which he presented an abridged text of the letters of ,honorius and testimony in his favor4 ,archbishop ,dechamps also answered ,father ,gratry in ,la ,question d',honorius1 citing an interesting passage from ,st4 ,alphonse de ,liguori4 ,then1 in its numbers of the #ajth and #beth ,january1 and #ajth ,february1 ,le ,correspondant gave an extract from the fourth volume 7not yet published7 of the ,histoire des ,conciles1 by ,bishop ,hfel1 in which the prelate-author is severe on ,honorius4 ,father ,colombier1 on the contrary1 defends the orthodoxy of the incriminated letters of ,honorius in a series of articles published in the ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques1 et ,littraires4 ,dom ,guranger also treated the question in his ,dfense de l',eglise ,romaine contre les ,erreurs du ,r4 ,p4 ,gratry1 published in the ,revue du ,monde ,catholique4 ,then comes ,l',univers with a letter from ,m4 ,amde de ,margerie1 ,professor at ,nancy1 in defence of ,honorius4 ,we can merely enumerate other defenders of ,honorius who have entered the lists4 ,they are the ,abb ,constantin1 7,revue des ,sciences ,ecclesiastiques17 the editors of the ,civilta ,cattolica1 ,canon ,lefebre1 7,revue ,catholique de ,louvain17 ,abb ,larroque1 ,abb ,blet1 ,father ,roque1 and ,father ,ramire4 ,the ,avenir ,catholique endeavors to demonstrate that ,honorius wrote the letters in dispute not as pope1 but as a simple doctor4 ,m4 ,lon ,gautier published a series of articles on the question of infallibility1 the last of which is specially devoted to ,honorius4 ,these articles collected have lately been published by ,palm in a pamphlet1 entitled ,l',infaillibilit devant la ,raison1 la ,foi et l',histoire4 ,then comes a second letter from ,bishop ,dechamps1 and1 finally1 the ,bishop of ,strasburg issues an energetic condemnation of the letters of ,father ,gratry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the history of the city of ,milan is1 in ,italian history1 one of great importance2 for it is the history of ,lombardy1 and of nearly all of the north of ,italy4 ,of chronicles and histories of the great ,lombard city there were many1 but none so good in its day as the four large and beautiful volumes of the ,chevalier ,rosmini de ,roveredo1 which is now in its turn surpassed and superseded by the admirable work of ,cusani1 ,storia di ,milano1 dall' origine ai nostri giorni4 ,vols4 ,i4 ,v4 #hvo1 ,milano1 #ahfa-ahfi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ricotti's great work on the history of the ,piedmontese monarchy still approaches completion4 ,the sixth volume1 just out1 brings the work down to the end of the seventeenth century4 ,the ,storia della ,monarchia ,piemontese is no mere dry record of dates2 but presents an animated picture of the legal1 intellectual1 social1 and artistic life of ,piedmont at the different epochs of its existence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,professor ,ferdinando ,ranalli's new work on the history of the fine arts1 ,storia delle ,belle ,arti in ,italia1 #c vols41 attracts much attention4 99 99 99 99 99 ,professor ,ciavarini1 of ,florence1 has published an interesting work on the philosophy of ,galileo1 ,della ,filosofia del ,galilei1 and on his scientific method4 ,the ,italian press does not vomit forth the flood of yellow-covered literature with which some countries are afflicted2 but the number of serious and meritorious works in history1 literature1 and science constantly published would surprise most persons who suppose that the ,italian mind is at a stand-still4 99 99 99 99 99 ,almost simultaneously in ,germany and in ,england appear two works on the ,epistles to the ,corinthians by ,st4 ,clement of ,rome4 ,they are ,clementis ,romani ad ,corinthios ,epistola1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,laurent1 published at ,leipsic2 and ,s4 ,clement of ,rome3 the ,two ,epistles to the ,corinthians1 a revised text with introduction and notes1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lightfoot4 ,they are mainly valuable for their discussion as to the merits of the texts of the various ,,mss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most interesting archological discovery of our age1 incomparable for its antiquity and its historic and philological interest1 is unquestionably the one lately made by ,m4 ,clermont-,ganneau1 dragoman of the consulate of ,france at ,jerusalem4 ,it is that of a ,hebrew inscription of the year #hif before ,christ1 cut on a monolith by order of ,mescha1 ,king of ,moab1 a contemporary of the kings ,joram and ,josaphat4 ,the stone on which the inscription is graven is in dimension three feet four inches by about two feet4 ,the inscription itself is in thirty-four lines1 each line containing from thirty-three to thirty-five letters4 ,it is said that there is no known ,hebrew monument comparable in antiquity with this4 ,m4 le ,comte de ,vog lately presented a memoir concerning it to the ,french ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres1 which is now published by ,baudry1 ,paris3 ,la ,stle de ,mesa1 ,roi de ,moab1 #hif avant ,jsus ,christ4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,lifting ,,the ,,veil4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #bjj4 ,this book was probably suggested by ,gates ,ajar4 ,it is an attempt to say something about the future state of the human race4 ,in some respects the volume is more valuable than ,miss ,phelps's endeavor to convey an idea of the happiness of paradise4 ,it is not so materialistic4 ,yet both works are very defective1 because of the simple fact that neither of the authors know any thing of that which makes heaven to be heaven--the beatific vision4 ,their highest ideal is perfect intellectual contentment1 with unimpeded exercise of our natural capacities and the companionship of our friends and our blessed ,saviour4 ,yet it is encouraging to see that ,protestants are writing such books as these4 ,they are the expression of the deepest wants of the human soul4 ,they prove that the ,protestantism of to-day has failed to answer these wants4 ,if we were not already perfectly convinced1 they would convince us1 that when the truth is adequately presented to these souls1 they will gladly accept it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,passages ,,from ,,the ,,english ,,note-,,books ,,of ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgj4 #b vols4 ,one great charm of these two volumes lies in the fact that they were never written for publication4 ,but we regret the omission of certain passages4 ,the editor of the volumes thought it wise to withhold a portion of the notes which were afterward absorbed into one or another of the romances or papers in ,our ,old ,home4 ,yet surely it would have been a pleasure to contrast the rough sketch contained in his notes with the elaborate and finely-finished picture which ,mr4 ,hawthorne afterward presented to the public4 ,the editor tells us that these cartoons were carefully finished even at the first stroke4 ,however1 the volumes will always be valuable1 because they give a clear insight of their author's character4 ,if one writes his every-day impressions of places1 persons1 and events1 he gives the world a picture of his mind4 ,thus when these series of notes are completed by the notes upon ,america and ,italy1 we shall be enabled to form a far truer estimate of this distinguished ,american writer than we could possibly do from those works which have given him a name in literature1 both in his own country and in more critical and fastidious ,england4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hidden ,,saints3 ,,life ,,of ,s,,ur ,,marie4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #bae4 ,in many respects this is a useful contribution to our ,catholic literature4 ,it tells the story of a workwoman who attained a very high degree of ,christian perfection4 ,in its matter1 the book reminds one of ,marie-,eustelle ,harpain1 but it does not greatly resemble it in its composition4 ,a religious biography can do good in two ways4 ,it can edify the readers with the history of remarkable piety and virtue4 ,and it can also elevate and refine our minds1 if it be written in pure and correct ,english4 ,unfortunately1 this biography does not possess this character4 ,its very title is an example of a fault which is frequently seen throughout the volume4 ,it is the ,life of ,sur ,marie1 not ,sister ,mary4 ,when this good girl addresses her director1 she does not say ,father1 but it must be ,mon ,pre1 and without the accent to which that word is lawfully entitled4 ,surely it is absurd affectation to ruin a beautiful thought and a good ,english sentence by mixing with it two or three ,french words4 ,but this is not the only fault of the volume4 ,it speaks of promises of milk and water1 an expression which contains no definite idea4 ,it informs us that ,sister ,mary went straight to church4 ,who can tell whether the author intends to say that she went to church immediately or went there by the most direct way8 ,then1 too1 if this book be intended to form one of a series of biographies of persons who are not canonized1 why call them ,hidden ,saints8 ,the holy see has always wished us to be most careful in the use of this word4 ,but these faults do not destroy the value of the book4 ,they are only blemishes1 and in a future edition we hope to find them completely removed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,marion4 ,a ,tale of ,french ,society under the ,old ,rgime4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #agf4 ,marion is a woman of stiff figure1 bony hands1 bloodshot eyes1 and innumerable wrinkles1 always reminding one of stories about vampires and ghouls4 7,p4 #d47 ,this sentence gives a fair idea of the style and literary value of this novel4 ,it is filled with similar nonsensical and overdrawn descriptions4 ,we must1 therefore1 beg leave to differ from the very modest opinion expressed in the preface1 that the book has a character which stamps it as one that the young may read with profit4 ,on the contrary1 it is a shame that such a story should be translated and allowed to live in another language than the one in which it was originally written4 ,however1 we will do it justice4 ,there is one mark of common sense about the book4 ,it is this--both the author and translator have concealed their names4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,,francis ,,meagher4 ,by ,captain ,w4 ,f4 ,lyons4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #ceg4 ,we do not believe the sentiment which ,shakespeare has put in the mouth of ,mark ,antony1 that ,the evil which men do lives after them2 ,the good is oft interred with their bones4 ,it is not true that men delight in recalling the faults of their fellow-men2 and especially do the dead claim our forgiveness and compassion4 ,we are truly sorry1 therefore1 to find in this volume speeches which reflect no credit from a literary point of view upon ,general ,meagher1 and which1 moreover1 contain doctrines most clearly condemned by the ,catholic ,church4 ,out of respect to the many good qualities of ,meagher1 we wish to forget his faults4 ,we would wish also to remember1 and we wish his countrymen to remember1 his manly virtues4 ,but until the speech beginning on page #bhj of this volume is omitted1 we cannot recommend this book to the ,catholic public1 or consider it a worthy monument of ,thomas ,francis ,meagher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,visitation4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #bga4 ,few books issued by ,catholic publishers are more interesting and useful than this history of the ,order of the ,visitation4 ,besides the history of their foundation1 it contains the lives of several members of the order2 among them ,mademoiselle ,de ,la ,fayette1 a relative of the general so distinguished in our war for independence4 ,the book merits a wide circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alaska ,,and ,,its ,,resources2 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,dall was the director of the scientific corps of the late ,western ,union ,telegraph ,expedition4 ,his book is the result of great industry1 and is highly creditable to him every way4 ,those who desire to know something worth knowing about this singular region will find this work very interesting4 ,the writer says in his introduction that he has specially endeavored to convey as much information as his scope would allow in regard to the native inhabitants1 history1 and resources of the country4 ,this end1 he adds1 has been kept steadily in view1 perhaps1 at the risk of dulness4 ,we think he has succeeded admirably1 and have no fear whatever that any one capable of appreciating the book is likely to find it dull4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,paradise ,,of ,,the ,,earth4 ,translated from the ,french of ,abb ,sanson by ,rev4 ,f4 ,ignatius ,sisk4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #ebh4 ,this book was originally written for religious1 though we presume it is now intended to have a wider circulation4 ,the means of finding happiness is treated under a two-fold head3 ,first1 ,removal of obstacles2 second1 ,practice of the solid virtues4 ,the chapters which treat of the mortification of the passions are carefully written4 ,indeed1 the author has wished to present the teaching of the saints and doctors of the church rather than his own opinions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,loretto2 ,,or ,,the ,,choice4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,miles4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #cga4 ,this story presents a very fair picture of ,southern ,catholic society4 ,the characters in it are mostly well conceived4 ,they are not impossible persons4 ,nothing extraordinary happens to any one of them4 ,they speak in a natural manner4 ,the plot1 too1 though simple1 is very pleasingly developed1 and the interest of the reader constantly maintained4 ,for all these good qualities1 so rare in modern works of fiction1 the book deserves a hearty recommendation4 ,but beyond all this1 the story merits praise for the sound principles of morality which appear on every page1 and which the author presents in a manner at once pleasing and truthful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,devotion ,,to ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus4 ,by ,secondo ,franco1 ,s4,j4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #cje4 ,this manual of devotion makes a very handsome appearance in its dress of blue and gold4 ,its object is to explain clearly the essence of the worship of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,yet this book is not in any sense a controversial work4 ,it is written for devout ,catholics4 ,it will be of service to any one who wishes to gain a knowledge of the interior life of our ,redeemer by studying his sacred heart4 ,the book is filled with fervent sentences and devout aspirations1 which will help the reader to become like ,him who was meek and humble of heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,beech ,,bluff3 ,a ,tale of the ,south4 ,by ,fannie ,warner4 ,philadelphia4 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,in this volume we have what purports to be the experience of a ,northern lady in the sunny ,south1 during a three years' residence as governess in the ,state of ,georgia4 ,the tale1 which is written in a pleasing and natural style1 is entirely free from all sensational incidents1 and has a strong under-current of sound practical ,catholicity4 ,it will be none the less acceptable to many as being descriptive of a phase of society which is now 7happily1 in some respects7 among the things that were4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wonders ,,of ,,architecture4 ,translated from the ,french of ,m4 ,lefevre4 ,to which is added a chapter on ,english ,architecture4 ,by ,r4 ,donald1 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,a beautiful little book1 containing illustrations of some of the finest creations of the great architects of the world4 ,it is both entertaining and instructive4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xi41 ,no4 #ff4--,,september1 #ahgj4 ,,hereditary ,,genius4#bhe ,mr4 ,galton is what in these days is called a scientist1 or cultivator of the physical sciences1 whose pretension is to confine themselves strictly to the field of the sciences as distinguished from science2 to assert nothing but positive facts and the laws of their production and operation1 ascertained by careful observation and experiment1 and induction therefrom4 ,their aim would seem to be to explain all the facts or phenomena of the universe by means of second causes1 and to prove that man is properly classed with animals1 or is only an animal developed or completed1 not an animal transformed and specificated by a rational soul1 which is defined by the church to be forma corporis4 ,between the scientists and philosophers1 or those who cultivate not the special sciences1 but the science of the sciences1 and determine the principles to which the several special sciences must be referred in order to have any scientific character or value1 there is a long-standing quarrel1 which grows fiercer and more embittered every day4 ,we are far from pretending that the positivists or ,comtists have mastered all the so-called special sciences2 but they represent truly the aims and tendencies of the scientists1 and of what by a strange misnomer is called philosophy2 so-called1 it would seem1 because philosophy it is not4 ,philosophy is the science of principles1 as say the ,greeks1 or of first principles1 as say the ,latins1 and after them the modern ,latinized nations4 ,but ,herbert ,spencer1 ,stuart ,mill1 and the late ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 the ablest representatives of philosophy as generally received by the ,english-speaking world1 agree with the ,comtists or positivists in rejecting first principles from the domain of science1 and in relegating theology and metaphysics to the region of the unknown and the unknowable4 ,their labors consequently result1 as ,sir ,william ,hamilton himself somewhere admits1 in universal nescience1 or1 as we say1 absolute nihilism or nullism4 ,this result is not accidental1 but follows necessarily from what is called the ,baconian method1 which the scientists follow1 and which is1 in scholastic language1 concluding the universal from the particular4 ,now1 in the logic we learned as a school-boy1 and adhere to in our old age1 this is simply impossible4 ,to every valid argument it is necessary that one of the premises1 called the major premise1 be a universal principle4 ,yet the scientists discard the universal from their premises1 and from two or more particulars1 or particular facts1 profess to draw a valid universal conclusion1 as if any conclusion broader than the premises could be valid6 ,the physico-theologians are so infatuated with the ,baconian method that they attempt1 from certain facts which they discover in the physical world1 to conclude1 by way of induction1 the being and attributes of ,god1 as if any thing concluded from particular facts could be any thing but a particular fact4 ,hence1 the aforenamed authors1 with ,professor ,huxley at their tail1 as well as ,kant in his ,kritik der ,reinen ,vernunft1 have proved as clearly and as conclusively as any thing can be proved that a causative force1 or causality1 cannot be concluded by way either of induction or of deduction from any empirical facts1 or facts of which observation can take note4 ,yet the validity of every induction rests on the reality of the relation of cause and effect1 and the fact that the cause actually produces the effect4 ,yet our scientists pretend that they can1 from the observation and analysis of facts1 induce a law1 and a law that will hold good beyond the particulars observed and analyzed4 ,but they do not obtain any law at all2 and the laws of nature1 about which they talk so learnedly1 are not laws1 but simply facts4 ,bring a piece of wax to the fire and it melts1 hence it is said to be a law that wax so brought in proximate relation with fire will melt2 but this law is only the particular fact observed1 and the facts to which you apply it are the identical facts from which you have obtained it4 ,the investigation1 in all cases where the scientists profess to seek the law1 is simply an investigation to find out and establish the identity of the facts1 and what they call the law is only the assertion of that identity1 and never extends to facts not identical1 or to dissimilar facts4 ,take mathematics2 as far as the scientist can admit mathematics1 they are simply identical propositions piled on identical propositions1 and the only difference between ,newton and a plough-boy is1 that ,newton detects identity where the plough-boy does not4 ,take what is called the law of gravitation2 it is nothing but the statement of a fact1 or a class of facts observed1 and the most that it tells us is1 that if the facts are identical1 they are identical--that is1 they bear such and such relations to one another4 ,but let your positivist attempt to explain transcendental mathematics1 and he is all at sea1 if he does not borrow from the ideal science or philosophy which he professes to discard4 ,how will the geometrician explain his infinitely extended lines1 or lines that may be infinitely extended8 ,a line is made up of a succession of points1 and therefore of parts1 and nothing which is made up of parts is infinite4 ,the line may be increased or diminished by the addition or subtraction of points1 but the infinite cannot be either increased or diminished4 ,whence does the mind get this idea of infinity8 ,the geometrician tells us the line may be infinitely extended--that is1 it is infinitely possible2 but it cannot be so unless there is an infinite ground on which it can be projected4 ,an infinitely possible line can be asserted only by asserting the infinitely real1 and therefore the mind1 unless it had the intuition of the infinitely real1 could not conceive of a line as capable of infinite extension4 ,hence the ancients never assert either the infinitely possible or the infinite real4 ,there is in all ,gentile science1 or ,gentile philosophy1 no conception of the infinite2 there is only the conception of the indefinite4 ,this same reasoning disposes of the infinite divisibility of matter still taught in our text-books4 ,the infinite divisibility of matter is an infinite absurdity2 for it implies an infinity of parts or numbers1 which is really a contradiction in terms4 ,we know nothing that better illustrates the unsoundness of the method of the scientists4 ,here is a piece of matter4 ,can you not divide it into two equal parts8 ,certainly4 ,can you do the same by either of the halves8 ,yes4 ,and by the quarters4 ,yes4 ,and thus on ad infinitum8 ,where1 then1 is the absurdity8 ,none as long as you deal with only finite quantities4 ,the absurdity is in the fact that the infinite divisibility of matter implies an infinity of parts2 and an infinity of parts1 an infinity of numbers2 and numbers and every series of numbers may be increased by addition1 and diminished by subtraction4 ,an infinite series is impossible4 ,the moment the scientists leave the domain of particulars or positive facts1 and attempt to induce from them a law1 their induction is of no value4 ,take geology4 ,the geologist finds in that small portion of the globe which he has examined certain facts1 from which he concludes that the globe is millions and millions of ages old4 ,is his conclusion scientific8 ,not at all4 ,if the globe was in the beginning in a certain state1 and if the structural and other changes which are now going on have been going on at the same rate from the beginning--neither of which suppositions is provable--then the conclusion is valid2 not otherwise4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 if we recollect aright1 calculated that1 at the present rate1 it must have taken at least a hundred and fifty thousand years to form the delta of the ,mississippi4 ,officers of the ,united ,states army have calculated that a little over four thousand years would suffice4 ,so of the antiquity of man on the globe4 ,the scientist finds what he takes to be human bones in a cave along with the bones of certain long since extinct species of animals1 and concludes that man was contemporary with the said extinct species of animals2 therefore man existed on the globe many1 nobody can say how many1 thousand years ago4 ,but two things render the conclusion uncertain4 ,it is not certain from the fact that their bones are found together that man and these animals were contemporary2 and the date when these animals became extinct1 if extinct they are1 is not ascertained nor ascertainable4 ,they have discovered traces in ,switzerland of lacustrian habitations2 but these prove nothing1 because history itself mentions the dwellers on the lakes1 and the oldest history accepted by the scientists is not many thousand years old4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell finds1 or supposes he finds1 stone knives and axes1 or what he takes to be stone knives and axes1 deeply embedded in the earth in the valley of a river1 though at some distance from its present bed2 and thence concludes the presence of man on the earth for a period wholly irreconcilable with the received biblical chronology4 ,but supposing the facts to be as alleged1 they do not prove any thing1 because we cannot say what changes by floods or other causes have taken place in the soil of the locality1 even during the period of authentic history4 ,others conclude from the same facts that men were primitively savages1 or ignorant of the use of iron4 ,but the most they prove is that1 at some unknown period1 certain parts of ,europe were inhabited by a people who used stone knives and axes2 but whether because ignorant of iron1 or because unable from their poverty or their distance from places where they were manufactured to procure similar iron utensils1 they give us no information4 ,instances enough are recorded in history of the use of stone knives by a people who possessed knives made of iron4 ,because in our day some ,indian tribes use bows and arrows1 are we to conclude that fire-arms are unknown in our age of the world8 ,what the scientists offer as proof is seldom any proof at all4 ,if an hypothesis they invent explains the known facts of a case1 they assert it as proved1 and therefore true4 ,what fun would they not make of theologians and philosophers1 if they reasoned as loosely as they do themselves8 ,before we can conclude an hypothesis is true because it explains the known facts in the case1 we must prove1 #ast1 that there are and can be no facts in the case not known2 and1 #b;d1 that there is no other possible hypothesis on which they can be explained4 ,we do not say the theories of the scientists with regard to the antiquity of the globe and of man on its surface1 nor that any of the geological and astronomical hypotheses they set forth are absolutely false2 we only say that their alleged facts and reasonings do not prove them4 ,the few facts known might be placed in a very different light by the possibly unknown facts2 and there are conceivable any number of other hypotheses which would equally well explain the facts that are known4 ,the book before us on ,hereditary ,genius admirably illustrates the insufficiency of the method and the defective logic of the scientists4 ,mr4 ,galton1 its author1 belongs to the school of which such men as ,herbert ,spencer1 ,darwin1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 and ,professor ,huxley are ,british chiefs1 men who disdain to recognize a self-existent ,creator1 and who see no difficulty in supposing the universe self-evolved from nothing1 or in tracing intelligence1 will1 generous affection1 and heroic effort to the mechanical1 chemical1 and electrical arrangement and combination of the particles of brute matter4 ,mr4 ,galton has written his book1 he says1 p4 #a1 to show that a man's natural abilities are derived from inheritance1 under exactly the same limitations as are the form and the physical features of the whole organic world4 ,consequently1 as it is easy1 notwithstanding those limitations1 to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses1 gifted with peculiar powers of running1 or of doing any thing else1 so it would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race breed of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations4 ,mr4 ,galton1 with an air of the most perfect innocence in the world1 places man in the category of plants and animals1 and in principle simply reproduces for our instruction the ,man-,plant1 from which there is but a step to the ,man-,machine of the cynical ,lamettrie1 the atheistical professor of mathematics in the university of ,berlin1 and friend of ,frederick the ,great4 ,the attempt to prove it is a subtle attempt to prove1 in the name of science1 that the soul1 if soul there be1 is generated as well as the body1 and that a man's natural abilities are derived through generation from his organization4 ,the author from first to last gives no hint that his doctrine is at war with ,christian theology1 with the freedom of the human will1 or man's moral responsibility for his conduct1 or that it excludes all morality1 all virtue1 and all sin1 and recognizes only physical good or evil4 ,he would no doubt reply to this that science is science1 facts are facts1 and he is under no obligation to consider what theological doctrines they do or do not contradict2 for nothing can be true that contradicts science or is opposed to facts4 ,that is opposed to actual facts1 or that contradicts real science1 conceded2 for one truth can never contradict another4 ,but the author is bound to consider whether a theory or hypothesis which contradicts the deepest and most cherished beliefs of mankind in all ages and nations1 and in which is the key to universal history1 is really science1 or really is sustained by facts4 ,the presumption1 as say the lawyers1 is against it1 and for its acceptance it requires the clearest and the most irrefragable proofs1 and we are not sure that even any proofs would be enough to overcome the presumptions against it1 founded as they are on reasons as strong and as conclusive as it is in any case possible for the human mind to have4 ,the assertion that man's natural abilities originate in his organization1 and therefore that we may obtain a peculiar breed of men1 as we can obtain a peculiar breed of dogs or horses1 is revolting to the deepest convictions and the holiest and most irrepressible instincts of every man1 except a scientist1 and certainly can be reasonably received only on evidence that excludes the possibility of a rational doubt4 ,mr4 ,galton proves1 or attempts to prove1 his theory by what he no doubt calls an appeal to facts4 ,he takes from a biographical dictionary the names of a few hundreds of men1 chiefly ,englishmen1 during the last two centuries1 who have been distinguished as statesmen1 lawyers1 judges1 divines1 authors1 etc41 and finds that in a great majority of cases1 as far as is known1 they have sprung from families of more than average ability1 and1 in some cases1 from families which have had some one or more members distinguished for several consecutive generations4 ,this is really all the proof ,mr4 ,galton brings to prove his thesis2 and if he has not adduced more1 it is fair to conclude that it is because no more was to be had4 ,but the evidence is far from being conclusive4 ,even if it be true that the majority of eminent men spring from families more or less distinguished1 it does not necessarily follow that they derive their eminent abilities by inheritance2 for in those same families1 born of the same parents1 we find other members whose abilities are in no way remarkable1 and in no sense above the common level4 ,in a family of half a dozen or a dozen members one will be distinguished and rise to eminence1 while the others will remain very ordinary people4 ,of the ,bonaparte family no member approaches in genius the first ,napoleon1 except the present emperor of the ,french4 ,why these marked differences in the children of the same blood1 the same breed1 the same parents and ancestors8 ,if ,mr4 ,galton explains the inferiority of the five or the eleven by considerations external or independent of race or breed1 why may not the superiority of the one be explained by causes alike independent of breed8 ,why are the natural abilities of my brothers inferior to mine1 since we are all born of the same parents8 ,if a man's natural abilities are derived by inheritance from organization1 why am ,i superior to them8 ,every day we meet occasion to ask similar questions4 ,this fact proves that there are causes at work1 on which man's eminence or want of eminence depends1 of which ,mr4 ,galton's theory takes no note1 which escape the greatest scientists1 and at best can be only conjectured4 ,but conjecture is not science4 ,this is not all4 ,as far as known1 very eminent men have sprung from parents of very ordinary natural abilities1 as of social position4 ,the founders of dynasties and noble families have seldom had distinguished progenitors1 and are usually not only the first but the greatest of their line4 ,the present ,sir ,robert ,peel cannot be named alongside of his really eminent father1 nor the present ,duke of ,wellington be compared with his father1 the ,iron ,duke4 ,there is no greater name in history than that of ,st4 ,augustine1 the eminent father and doctor of the church1 a man beside whom in genius and depth1 and greatness of mind as well as tenderness of heart1 your ,platos and ,aristotles appear like men of only ordinary stature2 yet1 though his mother was eminent for her sanctity1 his parents do not appear to have been gifted with any extraordinary mental power4 ,instances are not rare1 especially among the saints1 of great men who have1 so to speak1 sprung from nothing4 ,among the popes we may mention ,sixtus ,quintus1 and ,hildebrand1 ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii42 and among eminent churchmen we may mention ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 ,cardinal ,ximenes1 and ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,the greatest and most gifted of our own statesmen have sprung from undistinguished parents1 as ,washington1 the elder ,adams1 ,jefferson1 ,madison1 ,jackson1 ,webster1 ,calhoun4 ,who dares pretend that every saint has had a saint for a father or mother2 that every eminent theologian or philosopher has had any eminent theologian or philosopher for his father2 or that every eminent artist1 whether in painting1 architecture1 sculpture1 or music1 has been the son or grandson of an eminent artist8 ,then1 again1 who can say how much of a great man's greatness is due to his natural abilities with which he was born1 and how much is due to the force of example1 to family tradition1 to education1 to his own application1 and the concurrence of circumstances8 ,it is in no man's power to tell1 nor in any scientist's power to ascertain4 ,it is a common remark that great men in general owe their greatness chiefly to their mothers1 and that1 in the great majority of cases known1 eminent men have had gifted mothers4 ,this1 if a fact1 is against ,mr4 ,galton's theory2 for the father1 not the mother1 transmits the hereditary character of the offspring1 the hereditary qualities of the line1 if the physiologists are to be believed4 ,hence nobility in all civilized nations follows the father1 not the mother4 ,the fact of great men owing their greatness more to the mother is explained by her greater influence in forming the mind1 in moulding the character1 in stimulating and directing the exercise of her son's faculties1 than that of the father4 ,it is as educator in the largest sense that the mother forms her son's character and influences his destiny4 ,it is her womanly instincts1 affection1 and care and vigilance1 her ready sympathy1 her love1 her tenderness1 and power to inspire a noble ambition1 kindle high and generous aspirations in the breast of her son1 that do the work4 ,even if it were uniformly true that great men have always descended from parents remarkable for their natural abilities1 ,mr4 ,galton's theory that genius is hereditary could not be concluded with scientific certainty4 ,the hereditary transmission of genius might indeed seem probable2 but1 on the empirical principles of the scientists1 it could not be asserted4 ,all that could be asserted would be the relation of concomitance or of juxtaposition1 not the relation of cause and effect4 ,the relation of cause and effect is not and cannot1 as the scientists tell us1 be empirically apprehended4 ,how can they know that the genius of the son is derived hereditarily from the greatness of his progenitors8 ,from the juxtaposition or concomitance of two facts empirically apprehended there is no possible logic by which it can be inferred that the one is the cause of the other4 ,hence1 ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,stuart ,mill1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,professor ,huxley1 and the positivists follow ,hume1 and relegate1 as we said1 causes to the region of the unknowable4 ,in fact1 the scientists1 if they speak of the relation of cause and effect1 mean by it only the relation of juxtaposition in the order of precedence and consequence4 ,hence1 on their own principles1 though the facts they assert and describe may be true1 none of their conclusions from them1 or hypotheses to explain them1 have or can have any scientific validity4 ,for1 after all1 there may be a real cause on which the facts depend1 and which demands an entirely different explanation from the one which the scientists offer4 ,we refuse1 therefore1 to accept ,mr4 ,galton's hypothesis that genius is hereditary1 because the facts he adduces are not all the facts in the case1 because there are facts which are not consistent with it1 and because he does not show and cannot show that it is the only hypothesis possible for the explanation even of the facts which he alleges4 ,even his friendly and able reviewer1 ,dr4 ,meredith ,clymer1 concludes his admirable analysis by saying1 ,a larger induction is necessary before any final decision can be had on the merits of the question4 ,this is the verdict of one of the most scientific minds in the ,united ,states1 and it is the ,scotch verdict1 not proven4 ,yet ,mr4 ,galton would have us accept his theory as science1 and on its strength set aside the teachings of revelation and the universal beliefs of mankind4 ,this is the way of all non-,christian scientists of the day1 and it is because the church refuses to accept their unverified and unverifiable hypotheses1 and condemns them for asserting them as true1 that they accuse her of being hostile to modern science4 ,they make certain investigations1 ascertain certain facts1 imagine certain hypotheses1 which are nothing but conjectures1 put them forth as science1 and then demand that she accept them1 and give up her faith so far as incompatible with them4 ,a very reasonable demand indeed6 ,press these proud scientists closely1 and they will own that as yet their sciences are only tentative1 that as yet they are not in a condition to prove absolutely their theories1 or to verify their conjectures1 but they are in hopes they soon will be4 ,at present1 science is only in its infancy1 it has only just entered upon the true method of investigation2 but it is every day making surprising progress1 and there is no telling what marvellous conclusions it will soon arrive at4 ,all this might pass1 if it did not concern matters of life and death1 heaven and hell4 ,the questions involved are too serious to be sported with1 too pressing to wait the slow and uncertain solutions of the tentative science which1 during six thousand years1 has really made no progress in solving them4 ,the scientists retard science when they ask from it the solution1 either affirmative or negative1 of questions which confessedly lie not in its province1 and dishonor and degrade it when they put forth as science their crude conjectures1 or their unverified and unverifiable hypotheses4 ,they1 not we1 are the real enemies of science1 though it would require a miracle to make them see it4 ,deluded mortals6 they start with assumptions that exclude the very possibility of science1 and then insist that what they assert or deny shall be accepted by theologians and philosophers as established with scientific certainty6 ,surely the apostle must have had them in mind when he said of certain men that1 esteeming themselves wise1 they became fools4 ,genius is not hereditary in ,mr4 ,galton's sense1 nor are a man's natural abilities derived by inheritance in the way he would have us believe2 for both belong to the soul1 not to the body2 and the soul is created1 not generated4 ,only the body is generated1 and only in what is generated is there natural inheritance4 ,all the facts ,mr4 ,galton adduces we are prepared to admit2 but we deny his explanation4 ,we accept1 with slight qualifications1 his views as summed up by ,dr4 ,clymer in the following passage3 ,the doctrine of the pretensions of natural equality in intellect1 which teaches that the sole agencies in creating differences between boy and boy1 and man and man1 are steady application and moral effort1 is daily contradicted by the experiences of the nursery1 schools1 universities1 and professional careers4 ,there is a definite limit to the muscular powers of every man1 which he cannot by any training or exertion overpass4 ,it is only the novice gymnast who1 noting his rapid daily gain of strength and skill1 believes in illimitable development2 but he learns in time that his maximum performance becomes a rigidly-determinate quantity4 ,the same is true of the experience of the student in the working of his mental powers4 ,the eager boy at the outset of his career is astonished at his rapid progress2 he thinks for a while that every thing is within his grasp2 but he too soon finds his place among his fellows2 he can beat such and such of his mates1 and run on equal terms with others1 while there will be always some whose intellectual and physical feats he cannot approach4 ,the same experience awaits him when he enters a larger field of competition in the battle of life2 let him work with all his diligence1 he cannot reach his object2 let him have opportunities1 he cannot profit by them2 he tries and is tried1 and he finally learns his gauge--what he can do1 and what lies beyond his capacity4 ,he has been taught the hard lesson of his weakness and his strength2 he comes to rate himself as the world rates him2 and he salves his wounded ambition with the conviction that he is doing all his nature allows him4 ,an evidence of the enormous inequality between the intellectual capacity of men is shown in the prodigious differences in the number of marks obtained by those who gain mathematical honors at the ,university of ,cambridge1 ,england4 ,of the four hundred or four hundred and fifty students who take their degrees each year1 about one hundred succeed in gaining honors in mathematics1 and these are ranged in strict order of merit4 ,forty of them have the title of 'wrangler1' and to be even a low wrangler is a creditable thing4 ,the distinction of being the first in this list of honors1 or 'senior wrangler' of the year1 means a great deal more than being the foremost mathematician of four hundred or four hundred and fifty men taken at haphazard4 ,fully one half the wranglers have been boys of mark at their schools4 ,the senior wrangler of the year is the chief of these as regards mathematics4 ,the youths start on their three-years' race fairly1 and their run is stimulated by powerful inducements2 at the end they are examined rigorously for five and a half hours a day for eight days4 ,the marks are then added up1 and the candidates strictly rated in a scale of merit4 ,the precise number of marks got by the senior wrangler1 in one of the three years given by ,mr4 ,galton1 is #gfcd2 by the second wrangler1 #dabc2 and by the lowest man in the list of honors1 #bcg4 ,the senior wrangler1 consequently1 had nearly twice as many marks as the second1 and more than thirty-two times as many as the lowest man4 ,in the other examinations given1 the results do not materially differ4 ,the senior wrangler may1 therefore1 be set down as having thirty-two times the ability of the lowest men on the lists2 or1 as ,mr4 ,galton puts it1 'he would be able to grapple with problems more than thirty-two times as difficult2 or1 when dealing with subjects of the same difficulty1 but intelligible to all1 would comprehend them more rapidly in1 perhaps1 the square-root of that proportion4' ,but the mathematical powers of the ultimate man on the honors-list1 which are so low when compared with those of the foremost man1 are above mediocrity when compared with the gifts of ,englishmen generally2 for1 though the examination places one hundred honor-men above him1 it puts no less than three hundred 'poll-men' below him4 ,admitting that two hundred out of three hundred have refused to work hard enough to earn honors1 there will remain one hundred who1 had they done their possible1 never could have got them4 ,the same striking intellectual differences between man and man are found in whatever way ability may be tested1 whether in statesmanship1 generalship1 literature1 science1 poetry1 art4 ,the evidence furnished by ,mr4 ,galton's book goes to show in how small degree eminence in any class of intellectual powers can be considered as due to purely special faculties4 ,it is the result of concentrated efforts made by men widely gifted--of grand human animals2 of natures born to achieve greatness4 ,we are far from pretending that all men are born with equal abilities1 and that all souls are created with equal possibilities1 or that every child comes into the world a genius in germ4 ,we believe that all men are born with equal natural rights1 and that all should be equal before the law1 however various and unequal may be their acquired or adventitious rights2 but that is all the equality we believe in4 ,no special effort or training in the world1 under the influence of the most favorable circumstances1 can make every child a ,st4 ,augustine1 a ,st4 ,thomas1 a ,bossuet1 a ,newton1 a ,leibnitz1 a ,julius ,csar1 a ,wellington1 a ,napoleon4 ,as one star differeth from another in glory1 so does one soul differ from another in its capacities on earth as well as in its blessedness in heaven4 ,here we have no quarrel with ,mr4 ,galton4 ,we are by no means believers in the late ,robert ,owen's doctrine1 that you can make all men equal if you will only surround them from birth with the same circumstances1 and enable them to live in parallelograms4 ,we are prepared to go even farther1 and to recognize that the distinction between noble and ignoble1 gentle and simple1 recognized in all ages and by all nations1 is not wholly unfounded4 ,there is as great a variety and as great an inequality in families as in individuals4 ,aristocracy is not a pure prejudice2 and though it has no political privileges in this country1 yet it exists here no less than elsewhere1 and it is well for us that it does4 ,no greater evil could befall any country than to have no distinguished families rising1 generation after generation1 above the common level2 no born leaders of the people1 who stand head and shoulders above the rest2 and the great objection to democracy is1 that it tends to bring all down to a general average1 and to place the administration of public interests in the hands of a low mediocrity1 as our ,american experience1 in some measure1 proves4 ,the demand of the age for equality of conditions and possessions is most mischievous4 ,if all were equally rich1 all would be equally poor2 and if all were at the top of society1 society would have no bottom1 and would be only a bottomless pit4 ,if there were none devoted to learning1 no strength and energy of character above the multitude1 society would be without leaders1 and would soon fall to pieces1 as an army of privates without officers4 ,there is no doubt that there are noble lines1 and the descendants of noble ancestors do1 as a rule1 though not invariably1 surpass the descendants of plebeian or undistinguished lines4 ,the ,stanleys1 for instance1 have been distinguished in ,british history for at least fifteen generations4 ,the present ,earl ,derby1 the fifteenth earl of his house1 is hardly inferior to his gifted father1 and nobly sustains the honors of his house4 ,we expect more from the child of a good family than from the child of a family of no account1 and hold that birth is never to be decried or treated as a matter of no importance4 ,but we count it so chiefly because it secures better breeding1 and subjection to higher1 nobler1 and purer formative influences1 from the earliest moment4 ,example and family traditions are of immense reach in forming the character1 and it is not a little to have constantly presented to the consideration of the child the distinguished ability1 the eminent worth and noble deeds of a long line of illustrious ancestors1 especially in an age and country where blood is highly esteemed1 and the honorable pride of family is cultivated4 ,the honor and esteem in which a family has been held for its dignity and worth through several generations is a capital1 an outfit for the son1 secures him1 in starting1 the advantage of less well-born competitors1 and all the aid in advance of a high position and the good-will of the community4 ,more is exacted of him than of them2 he is early made to feel that noblesse oblige1 and that failure would in his case be dishonor4 ,he is thereby stimulated to greater effort to succeed4 ,yet we deny not that there is something else than all this in blood4 ,a man's genius belongs to his soul1 and is no more inherited than the soul itself4 ,but man is not all soul1 any more than he is all body2 body and soul are in close and mysterious relation1 and in this life neither acts without the other4 ,the man's natural abilities are psychical1 not physical1 and are not inherited1 because the soul is created1 not generated2 but their external manifestation may depend1 in a measure1 on organization1 and organization is inherited4 ,mr4 ,galton's facts may1 then1 be admitted without our being obliged to accept his theory4 ,the brain is generally considered by physiologists as the organ of the mind1 and it may be so1 without implying that the brain secretes thought1 will1 affection1 as the liver secretes bile1 or the stomach secretes the gastric juice4 ,the soul is distinct from the body1 and is its form1 its life1 or its vivifying and informing principle2 yet it uses the body as the organ of its action4 ,hence1 ,de ,bonald defines man1 an intelligence that serves himself by organs1 not an intelligence served by organs1 as ,plato said4 ,the activity is in the soul1 not in the organs4 ,the organ we call the eye does not see2 the soul sees by means of the eye4 ,so of the ear1 the smell1 the taste1 the touch4 ,we speak of the five senses2 but we should speak more correctly if we spoke1 not of five senses1 but of five organs of sense2 for the sense is psychical1 and is one like the soul that senses through the organs4 ,in like manner1 the brain appears to be the organ of the mind1 through which1 together with the several nerves that centre in it1 the mind performs its various operations of thinking1 willing1 reasoning1 remembering1 reflecting1 etc4 ,the nature of the relation of the soul1 which is one1 simple1 and immaterial1 with a material body with its various organs1 nervous and ganglionic systems1 is a mystery which we cannot explain4 ,yet we cannot doubt that there is a reciprocal action and reaction of the soul and body1 or1 at least1 the bodily organs can and do offer1 at times1 an obstacle to the external action of the soul4 ,i cannot by my will raise my arm1 if it be paralyzed1 though my psychical power to will to raise it is not thereby affected4 ,if the organs of seeing and hearing1 the eye and the ear1 are injured or originally defective1 my external sight and hearing are thereby injured or rendered defective2 but not in other psychical relations1 as evinced by the fact that when the physical defect is removed1 or the physical injury is cured1 the soul finds no difficulty in manifesting its ordinary power of seeing or hearing4 ,so we may say of the other organs of sense1 and of the body generally1 in so far as it is the organ of the soul1 or used by the soul in its external display or manifestation of its powers4 ,no doubt the organization may be more or less favorable to this external display or manifestation1 or that1 under certain conditions1 and to a certain extent1 the organization is hereditary1 or transmitted by natural generation4 ,there may be transmitted from parents or ancestors a healthy or diseased1 a normal or a more or less abnormal organization2 and so far1 and in this sense1 genius may be hereditary1 and a man's natural abilities may be derived by inheritance1 as are the form and features2 but only to this extent1 and in this sense--that is1 as to their external display or exercise2 for a man may be truly eloquent in his soul1 and even in writing1 whose stammering tongue prevents him from displaying any eloquence in his speech4 ,the organization does not deprive the soul of its powers4 ,my power to will to raise my arm is not lessened by the fact that my arm is paralyzed4 ,and in all ordinary cases1 the soul is able1 at least by the help of grace1 freely given to all1 to overcome a vicious temperament1 control1 in the moral order1 a defective organization1 and maintain her moral freedom and integrity4 ,it has been proved that the deaf-mute can be taught to speak1 and that idiots or natural-born fools can be so educated as to be able to exhibit no inconsiderable degree of intelligence4 ,we do not believe a word in ,darwin's theory of natural selection2 for all the facts on which he bases it admit of a different explanation1 nor in its kindred theory of development or evolution of species4 ,one of our own collaborators has amply refuted both theories1 by showing that what these theories assume to be the development or evolution of new species1 whether by natural selection or otherwise1 is but a reversion to the original type and condition1 in like manner as we have proved1 over and over again1 that the savage is the degenerate1 not the primeval man4 ,it is not improbable that your ,african negro is the degenerate descendant of a once over-civilized race1 and that he owes his physical peculiarities to the fact that he has become subject1 like the animal world1 to the laws of nature1 which are resisted and modified in their action by the superior races4 ,we do not assert this as scientifically demonstrated1 but as a theory which is far better sustained by well-known facts and incontrovertible principles than either the theory of development or of natural selection4 ,yet the soul as forma corporis has an influence1 we say not how much1 on organization2 and high intellectual and moral culture may modify it1 and1 other things being equal1 render it in turn more favorable to the external manifestation of the inherent powers of the soul4 ,this more favorable organization may be transmitted by natural generation from parents to children1 and1 if continued through several consecutive generations1 it may give rise to noble families and to races superior to the average4 ,physical habits are transmissible by inheritance4 ,this is not1 as ,darwin and ,mr4 ,galton suppose1 owing to natural selection1 but to the original mental and moral culture become traditional in certain families and races1 and to the voluntary efforts of the soul1 as is evident from the fact that when the culture is neglected1 and the voluntary efforts cease to be made1 the superiority is lost1 the organization becomes depraved1 and the family or race runs out or drops into the ranks of the ignoble4 ,the blood1 however blue1 will not of itself alone suffice to keep up the superiority of the family or the race2 nor will marriages1 however judicious1 through no matter how many consecutive generations1 without the culture1 keep up the nobility1 as ,mr4 ,galton would have us believe2 for the superiority of the blood depends originally and continuously on the soul1 its original endowments1 and its peculiar training or culture through several generations4 ,it is in this same way we explain the origin and continuance of national characteristics and differences4 ,climate and geographical position count1 no doubt1 for something2 but more in the direction they give to the national aims and culture than in their direct effects on bodily organization4 ,it is not probable that the original tribes of ,greece had any finer organic adaptation to literature and the arts than had the ,scythian hordes from which they sprang2 but their climate and geographical position turned their attention to cultivation of the beautiful1 and the continual cultivation of the beautiful through several generations gave the ,greeks an organization highly favorable to artistic creations4 ,then1 again1 ,rome cultivated and excelled in the genius of law and jurisprudence4 ,but under ,christian faith and culture1 the various nations of ,europe became assimilated1 and the peculiar national characteristics under ,gentilism were in a measure obliterated4 ,they also revive as the nations under ,protestantism recede from ,christianity and return to ,gentilism1 and are held in check only by the reminiscences of ,catholicity1 and by the mutual intercourse of nations kept up by trade and commerce1 literature and the arts4 ,the facts alleged by ,mr4 ,galton and his brother materialists are1 therefore1 explicable without impugning the doctrine of the simplicity and immateriality of the soul1 and that the soul is created1 not generated as is the body4 ,they are perfectly explicable without supposing our natural abilities originate in or are the result of natural organization4 ,they can be explained in perfect consistency with revelation1 with the teachings of the church1 and with the universal beliefs of mankind4 ,thus it would be supreme unreason to require us to reject the ,gospel1 or our holy religion1 on the strength of the unverified and unverifiable hypotheses of the scientists1 and degrade man1 the lord of this lower creation1 to the level of the beasts that perish4 ,the quarrel we began by speaking of is in no sense a quarrel between faith and reason1 or revelation and science2 but simply a quarrel between what is certain by faith and reason on the one side1 and the unverified and unverifiable hypotheses or conjectures of the so-called scientists on the other4 ,we oppose none of the real facts which the scientists set forth2 we oppose only their unsupported theories and unwarranted inductions4 ,we conclude by reminding the scientists that others have studied nature as well as they1 and are as familiar with its facts and as able to reason on them as they are1 and yet have no difficulty in reconciling their science and their faith4 ,,footnote3 #bhe #a4 ,hereditary ,genius1 its ,laws and its ,consequences4 ,by ,francis ,galton1 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgj4 #hvo1 pp4 #cij4 #b4 ,hereditary ,genius4 ,an ,analytical ,review4 ,from the ,journal of ,psychological ,medicine1 ,april1 #ahgj4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgj4 #hvo1 pp4 #ai4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,two days afterward1 ,dionysius the ,athenian called at the inn1 and informed ,aglais1 ,paulus1 and ,agatha1 that after the banquet in the ,mamurran palace at ,formi1 that evening1 there was to be a great gathering of the witty1 the noble1 the fashionable1 and the wise1 and that he was charged to invite ,aglais and her two children as friends of his4 ,aglais declined the honor for herself and her daughter1 but said she wished ,paulus to go with ,dionysius4 ,paulus1 therefore1 laid aside the outlandish costume in which he had travelled from ,thessaly1 and dressed himself with care in the fashion suitable to a young ,roman of equestrian rank4 ,dionysius remained to join the family in their repast1 which was virtually what we should in modern times call the early dinner1 after which the two friends mounted ,dion's chariot1 and proceeded toward ,formi at an easy pace1 along the smooth pavement of the queen of roads4 ,during the drive they had a conversation which was1 for good reasons1 very interesting to ,paulus4 ,a most capricious course1 said ,dionysius1 is your suit or claim running4 ,in seeking to recover your family estates you prudently avoid at first bringing the holder into a court of law2 for the judges might shrink from voiding a title which not only arises out of an express gift of ,augustus1 but is identical with the title under which half the land of ,italy has been held since the battle of ,philippi4 ,instead of an immediate lawsuit1 therefore1 you try a direct appeal to ,augustus1 offering to show him that at the very time when your father's estate was taken away he had just rendered the same services for which1 had he been willing to accept it1 he would1 like so many others1 have had a right to be endowed with a new estate1 taken from some member of the defeated party4 ,but ,augustus refers you back to the courts1 where1 for the two reasons mentioned1 you fear the result4 ,but two other reasons might be added for fearing it still more3 first1 the present holder is dreaded on account of his political power and his station2 ,tiberius is the man who1 by marrying the daughter of ,agrippa ,vipsanius1 has come into possession of your property2 secondly1 wealth is necessary for the success of such a suit2 wealth he has1 and wealth you have not4 ,the courts present1 consequently1 but small hopes2 yet you fail to get ,augustus to decide your case himself4 ,have ,i correctly stated the position of your affairs8 ,to a nicety1 replied ,paulus4 ,had ,i interest at court1 ,i should find justice there4 ,in your case1 said ,dionysius1 interest at court would be equivalent to justice in the courts4 ,as ,i took precisely this view of the business1 and as ,augustus has paid me such honor1 and shown me such partiality as few have found with him for many years1 it occurred to me that if ,i threw my unclaimed and unexpected interest into the same scale wherein your just demands already lay-- ,ah kind and generous friend6 interrupted ,paulus2 ,i understand4 ,not so kind1 nor so generous1 replied ,dionysius1 to my friend ,paulus1 as ,i saw ,paulus show himself to be the day before yesterday to a stranger and a slave4 ,but hear me out4 ,no sooner did ,i tell ,augustus that ,i had a favor to ask of him1 than he placed his hand on my mouth1 and said1 ',i like to hear you talk2 but mine has been too busy a life to permit me to draw forth by properly opposing you the full force of your own opinions--,,or ,,the ,,truth4 ,the truth in these matters 7not your affair1 ,paulus1 but philosophy7 is the only truth which can interest a man about to die4 ,you must state these views in the presence of young1 vigorous1 and not preoccupied intellects4 ,if you hold your own as well against what they can allege as against my objections1 submit to me afterward your petition4 ,one thing at a time4' ,this and the like1 with the indomitable whim and obstinate waywardness of age1 he has continued to fling at me1 whenever ,i have renewed the attempt to state your case2 and ,i have done so five or six times4 ,titus ,livy and ,quintus ,haterius1 whom ,i have consulted1 advise me to take literally and in the spirit of downright business this curious caprice4 ,now1 do you know1 to-night is appointed for a sort of arena-fight8 ,all the gladiatorial intellects of the west are to be arrayed to crush the fantastic theories and pretty delusions of a ,greek1 an ,athenian4 ,all motives chain me1 all pledges prevent me2 moreover1 honor and truth1 to say nothing1 my friend1 of your own personal future1 interdict me from flight4 ,flight6 cried ,paulus2 you fly8 ,ah6 said ,dionysius2 you know not all that ,i mean4 ,you and ,i have been differently reared1 yet in the same spirit4 ,however1 as you said1 when at the risk of your own life you stood between oppression and an innocent young couple1 the great ,being whom we both expect will be pleased with a willing effort after what is right4 ,but here we are at the gates of ,formi4 ,how the palace of the ,mamurras glitters6 ,how these narrow streets flare with torches6 ,we must go at a walk4 ,charioteer1 let the litters pass first4 ,yes1 my friend1 in the painful position in which ,i shall be forced to stand to-night1 7and ,i blush beforehand1 knowing my incompetence1 my ignorance1 and the intrinsic difficulty of what ,i am expected to do17 your future fortunes and the rights of your family are by a strange caprice made dependent upon the success with which ,i may be able to defend ideas of general and unchangeable value1 beauty1 and truth2 ideas which it debases a man not to have1 and exalts him to entertain2 ideas which were always dear to the greatest minds that have preceded us1 and which are reflected in every calm and pure soul1 as the stars in fair1 sweet lakes1 although the putrid1 slimy pool1 and the waters tossed with storms1 and an atmosphere darkened with clouds1 may forbid the image1 by intercepting the heavenly light or defacing the earthly mirror4 ,while ,dionysius thus informed ,paulus of the singular and close connection which had arisen between the future prospects of his mother1 his sister1 and himself1 as well as the establishment of their rights1 and the success with which ,dionysius might this night be able to make good his philosophical doctrines against the wits1 the orators1 and the sophists of the ,augustan court1 at the same moment ,tiberius was conversing upon the same subject with ,domitius ,afer and ,antistius ,labio in a room of the ,mamurran palace4 ,just1 said he1 in continuation of a conversation previously commenced1 as if a person's claim to an estate could be rendered either better or worse by the style of his horsemanship6 ,here ,domitius ,afer laughed heartily1 and showed his admiration of ,csar's wit4 ,labio1 a saturnine1 laborious man1 son of one of the assassins of ,julius ,csar1 and author of numberless works1 preserved a grim1 unsmiling air1 as he observed1 ,a man may ride over an estate1 and over all its hedges and ditches2 but he must be no bad rider if he can jump his horse into a title to become its proprietor4 ,nevertheless1 the infatuation of ,augustus for the ,greek friend of the claimant is such that if the ,athenian acquits himself successfully to-night in the ,mcenas-like criticisms and ,plato-like discussions which are1 ,i suspect1 to vary our entertainments1 he will next suffer the golden-tongued youth to state the case of ,paulus ,lepidus milius4 ,the effect at which you must aim is to make a fool of the ,athenian2 and you are the men to do it4 ,refute every thing he says1 ridicule him1 cover him with confusion2 make him the gibe of the whole court1 the derision of the brilliant circle assembling here to-night4 ,put an end to his influence4 ,we want no more mind-battles in ,italy4 ,i set dogs upon a dog4 ,arouse all your attention4 ,bend all your energies4 ,let the stranger retire from among us in disgrace4 ,that night1 the most brilliant company which could then be culled out of the human race was assembled in the central impluvium of the ,mamurran palace and its arcades4 ,lamps1 hanging from the festoons of creeping plants which adorned and connected the porphyry pillars of the colonnades1 mingled their gleam with the light of the moon and stars4 ,the variety of rays1 of shadows1 and of coloring which were thus sprinkled over the flowers1 the leaves1 the walls and pillars1 the faces1 figures1 and dresses1 produced a scene which a painter could better render than words can4 ,the central fountain was smitten into a sorcery of tints1 as it shed into a large basin of green marble the drooping sheaf of waters1 of which the materials were perpetually changing1 and the form and outlines perfectly maintained1 or instantly and perpetually renewed4 ,the ,emperor1 and the ,csars1 ,tiberius and ,germanicus1 with the famous authors we have already more than once mentioned1 ,livy1 and ,lucius ,varius1 and ,velleius ,paterculus were present4 lius ,sejanus1 the prefect of the ,prtorians2 ,cneius ,piso1 the gambler2 ,plancina1 his rich wife2 ,lucius ,piso1 his brother1 governor of ,rome2 with many persons who then sparkled in the court orbits1 but whose names have perished out of human memory2 and ,julia1 the emperor's daughter1 ,tiberius's new wife2 and ,agrippina ,vipsania1 lately his wife2 and ,agrippina ,julia1 daughter of the former1 sister of the latter1 wife of ,germanicus1 and mother of ,caligula2 and ,livia1 the aged wife of ,augustus himself1 all appeared among the guests4 ,chairs and couches had been placed here and there4 ,augustus and the ladies we have mentioned were seated1 some just within1 others just without one of the arcades1 between two of its columns1 so that the moonlight fell upon some heads1 the lamplight upon others2 and a wayward1 dubious mixture of both upon the golden tresses of ,agrippina ,julia1 and of a beautiful young girl near her1 on whom ,domitius ,afer1 the celebrated orator1 was gazing with admiration4 ,but she1 when she at last observed his glance1 fixed upon him such a look of combined scorn and amazement that the advocate winced and became livid4 ,she was destined1 one day1 to be the subject of his fatal eloquence1 and to appease by nothing less than her execution the vindictive vanity of the orator1 because she had spurned the ambitious love of the man4 ,tacitus alludes to the poor ,claudia ,pulchra's brief tale4 ,quintus ,haterius1 whose ,shakespeare-like variety of mind and bewitching eloquence had1 as ,ben ,jonson implies in a comparison already cited by us1 few rivals1 was seated not far from ,augustus4 ,next sat ,livy4 ,antistius ,labio and his rival ,domitius ,afer1 who now occupied the place and fame in the forum from which ,haterius on account of his age had withdrawn1 stood leaning against a pillar1 each with his arms folded4 ,both these persons1 as well as ,livy and ,haterius1 wore the toga2 ,sejanus1 the scarlet paludamentum4 ,the other male guests--except ,tiberius1 whose dark purple robe was conspicuous1 and ,germanicus1 who was dressed in the costume of a commander-in-chief--wore a species of large tunic1 called lacerna1 which 7contrary to the taste of the emperor1 and despite of his frequently expressed disapproval7 had become fashionable4 ,the story mentioned by ,suetonius is well known4 ,one day ,augustus1 seeing numbers of the people wearing the lacerna1 asked indignantly1 in a line of ,virgil's1 could these be ,romans1 ,romanos rerum dominos1 ,,gentemque ,,togatam1 and ordered the diles to admit none but toga-wearers into either the forum or the circus4 ,but this was many years before the evening with which we are now engaged4 ,among the groups collected in the ,mamurran palace were representatives of the three great arts1 in mastering which the highest education of classic antiquity was exhausted2 we mean the arts of politics1 of public speaking1 and of strategy--government1 eloquence1 and war4 ,they were all represented1 each of them had its proper image in the groups we have described4 ,as those pursuits constituted the favorite intellectual sphere1 and comprehended all the fields of ambition1 to be eminent in any one of them was to succeed in life1 and to be adopted into that class of society of which so many distinguished members were entertained in the ,formian palace on the night at which our tale has arrived4 ,if a man excelled1 like ,julius ,csar1 in all the three arts named1 he could revolutionize the world4 ,the mechanic arts1 the fine arts1 philosophy1 physical science1 mathematics1 attracted individual votaries indeed2 but were neglected by the ambition of a few1 as well as by the indolence of many4 ,the mention of physical studies recalls ,strabo1 the geographer1 who was among the guests this evening at the palace4 ,many others who were there we need not enumerate2 but some will claim a word and a glance4 ,when ,dionysius arrived1 and introduced ,paulus to the aged knight1 ,mamurra1 the company was already numerous4 ,mamurra patted ,paulus on the shoulder1 and said1 although the other day in the road he had not at once recalled old times1 he remembered ,paulus's brave father very well at the battle of ,philippi2 and that he1 ,mamurra1 had seen him and ,agrippa ,vipsanius together1 rallying the wing which ,mark ,antony had broken1 and that he himself had charged with the cavalry to help him4 ,this speech was very gracious1 and our hero1 who well knew it to be true1 blushed with pride and pleasure4 ,while the glow of this natural and honorable emotion was still coloring his young face1 as he bowed to ,mamurra1 the latter took him by the arm1 and said in a low voice1 ,come1 let an old soldier present the son of a former comrade1 whose life was honorable1 and whose memory is glorious1 to the master for whom they both fought with equal zeal1 although unequal fortune4 ,augustus returned ,paulus's low salutation with a faint yet not unkindly smile1 and then looked with a sort of sleepy steadiness at ,tiberius1 who heard ,mamurra's words1 and whose face was apparently flaming with a dark red rage4 ,near ,tiberius1 who now threw himself upon the cushions of a couch plated with gold1 just opposite the chair which ,augustus had selected1 stood a tall1 regular-featured1 ,brahmin-like man1 in ,asiatic dress1 and next to this individual1 ,sejanus1 with his usual air of supercilious composure1 yet intent watchfulness4 ,the couch we have mentioned was long and large1 and two ladies1 one old1 the other young1 were already sitting at the further end of it4 ,the first was ,antonia1 the mother of ,germanicus1 the second was ,agrippina ,julia1 his wife4 ,just in front of them1 upon a low stool1 sat the son of the latter1 ,caius ,caligula1 with his eyes yet bandaged1 as the reader will not be surprised to hear2 while at his side1 fidgeting with large1 red1 lubberly hands1 stood a big1 loutish1 heavy-looking boy1 who was considerably the senior of that dear child4 ,this was no other than ,claudius1 the fourth of the ,csarian dynasty1 7or the fifth1 if ,julius ,csar be accounted the first17 reserved1 against his will1 to mount the throne of the world amid panic and horror1 that day when ,caligula shall be hacked to pieces by ,cassius ,chrias1 in the theatre of the palace at ,rome4 ,thus1 three future rulers of mankind1 destined to bear dire sceptres in dark and evil days1 were around the white hairs of ,augustus ,csar to-night4 ,as ,paulus stepped backward after ,augustus's languid but not unkindly reception of him1 ,dionysius1 who was just behind1 moved quickly and gracefully out of his way1 and ,claudius1 the big1 loutish lad1 being impelled thereto by the nature of him1 shuffled forward so as to come in collision with ,paulus4 ,monster6 exclaimed ,antonia1 ashamed of her son's awkwardness2 if ,i wanted to prove any one void of all mind1 ,i would call him more stupid than you6#bhf ,paulus glided into the background1 saying with a bow and a smile1 ,my fault6 ,he now found himself in the immediate neighborhood of that eastern group which his young sister had described as presenting themselves one morning at the entrance of the bower in the inn garden1 when she was there listening to the strange conversation of ,plancina2 we mean ,queen ,berenice and her daughter ,herodias1 and her son ,herod ,agrippa4 ,they all three fixed their gaze upon him with that unabashed1 hardy manner peculiar to the family1 and ,paulus was beginning to feel uncomfortable in their vicinity and under their scrutiny1 when ,germanicus ,csar approached1 and complimenting him upon his brilliant exploit two evenings before1 asked him whether he would like to join the expedition which was to start next day to drive the ,germans from the north-east of ,italy8 ,if he would1 ,germanicus offered to mount him splendidly1 and keep him near his own person1 and make him the bearer of orders to the generals2 in modern phrase1 give him a place on the staff4 ,paulus thanked the commander-in-chief briefly and respectfully1 and asked to be allowed to wait till noon next day before giving a more definite answer than that he should rejoice to accept the gracious offer2 his mother and sister had no protector except himself1 and he should not like to leave them1 without first hearing what they said4 ,germanicus assented4 ,during the short conversation of which this was the substance1 ,germanicus had moved slowly up the gravel-walk2 and ,paulus of course attended him1 listening and answering1 not sorry besides to put some space between himself and the unpleasant ,jewish group4 ,by the time they had finished speaking they had arrived opposite the couch where ,tiberius1 ,antonia1 and ,agrippina were seated1 with ,germanicus's child1 ,caligula1 as we have described1 occupying a low stool in front of his mother ,agrippina4 ,close by1 leaning against a pillar1 stood a youth in the uniform of a centurion who had a most determined1 thoughtful countenance4 ,on the approach of ,germanicus1 he briskly quitted his lounging attitude to salute his commander4 ,young knight1 said ,germanicus to ,paulus1 let me make you acquainted with as brave a youth1 ,i think1 as can be found in all the ,roman legions2 this is ,cassius ,chrias4 ,who1 father1 asked the shrill voice of the child ,caligula1 is the brave youth1 do you say8 ,cassius ,chrias4 ,are you so brave8 persisted the impudent child1 shoving up his bandage impatiently1 and disclosing a truly disfigured and malicious little face4 ,i can't see you1 or what you are like4 ,but ,i think ,i could make you afraid if ,i was emperor4 ,the man destined hereafter to deliver mankind from the boundless profligacy1 the wicked oppression1 and the insane1 raging1 incredible cruelties of which it was daily the miserable victim by killing ,caligula the emperor1 looked steadily at ,caligula the child1 and said not a word4 ,i should like to feel your sword1 whether it is heavy1 pursued the child4 ,give it me4 ,and he started to his feet4 ,silence6 pert baby1 said ,germanicus1 pushing him back into his place4 ,it seems to me1 said ,augustus1 looking round1 and there was an instantaneous hush of general conversation as he did so2 that we have represented around us ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa4 ,young ,herod and his friends may count for ,asia4 ,you1 added ,augustus1 addressing the tall1 ,brahmin-like man who stood near ,tiberius1 come from ,egypt1 do you not8 ,mighty emperor1 returned the other in measured and sepulchral tones1 ,i come from the land where great ,babylon once was the seat of empire4 ,no sooner had this man opened his mouth than the observant ,sejanus started4 ,approaching his mouth to the other's ear1 he whispered1 ,i have heard your voice before2 you are--8 ,i am1 replied the other1 composedly eyeing his questioner1 ,thrasyllus ,magus--,thrasyllus1 the student of the stars4 ,sejanus smiled1 twisted his moustache in his white fingers1 and asked1 ,are you sure that you are not the god ,hermes8 and that you do not sometimes ride of nights1 with your horse's hoofs wrapped in cloth8 ,it was now the other's turn to start4 ,do you suppose1 pursued ,sejanus1 still in a whisper1 that ,i had not every stable in ,formi searched the night you played that trick on the road8 ,i know my master ,tiberius's taste for divination and the various deep things you practice4 ,you1 then1 are the oracle who reveals to him the decrees of fate8 ,the exchange of further remarks between these worthy men was here suspended2 for ,augustus again spoke amid general attention4 ,i think1 said he1 that we should all now be glad to hear ,dionysius the ,athenian4 ,an eager hum of assent and approval arose from the jaded and sated1 but inquisitive and critical society around4 ,there are in your philosophy1 continued ,augustus1 two leading principles1 my ,athenian1 in support of which ,i am both curious and anxious to hear you advance some solid and convincing reasons4 ,you despise1 as ,cicero despised it1 the notion of a plurality of gods4 ,you affirm there is only one4 ,you say that a god who could begin to be a god1 or begin at all1 can be no god2 and that the true ,king of all kings1 is the giver of whatever exists1 and the recipient of nothing4 ,that he is without a body1 a pure and holy intelligence4 ,that as every thing else is his work1 there never were1 and never will be1 and never could be1 any limits either of his power or of his knowledge4 ,at the same time1 you reject the notion1 adopted in some ,greek systems1 that he is the soul of the visible universe1 and this universe his body2 affirming him to be antecedent to and independent of all things1 and all other things to be absolutely dependent upon him4 ,is it not so8 ,yes1 answered ,dionysius2 such is my assured conviction4 ,this1 then1 said ,augustus1 is the first question upon which ,i wish to hear you2 and the second is1 whether that force or principle within each of us which thinks1 reflects1 reasons1 and is conscious of itself1 will perish at our death1 or will live beyond it1 and is of such a nature that it will never perish1 as ,plato1 ,xenophon1 ,cicero1 and many other illustrious men and very great thinkers have so ardently contended4 ,ah6 said ,dionysius1 in a voice indescribably sweet and thrilling1 while all turned their eyes toward him2 unless that ,god himself assist me1 ,i shall be quite unequal to the task you impose upon me1 ,augustus4 ,i am not worthy to treat the subject upon which you desire me to speak4 ,you are aware that many learned persons in our ,europe expect1 and for a long time have expected1 some divine being to appear one day among men4 ,i see the able governor of ,rome1 ,lucius ,piso4 ,none will accuse ,piso of credulity1 none suppose him a weaver of idle fancies1 or a dreamer of gratuitous reveries4 ,an able administrator1 an accomplished man of the world1 and1 if he will pardon me1 more inclined to be too sarcastic than too indulgent1 he1 nevertheless1 despises not this expectation4 ,our learned friend ,strabo1 whom ,i see near me1 will tell you moreover how it prevails1 and has from immemorial times prevailed1 in various and often perverted forms1 yet with an underlying essence of permanent identity1 among the innumerable nations which make some thirty languages resound through the immense expanses of ,asia4 ,but ,domitius ,afer desires to interrupt me4 ,afer said1 ,i do not discern how this ancient and mysterious expectation which floats vaguely through the traditions of all mankind1 and in a more definite shape forms the groundwork for the whole religion of the ,jewish nation1 can be at all connected either with the immortality of the thinking principle inside of us1 or with the question whether there is one supreme1 absolute1 and eternal ,god who made this universe4 ,all ,i would have added1 replied ,dionysius1 in regard to that expectation was1 that after the appearance of this universal benefactor1 many sublime ideas which hitherto only the strongest intellects have entertained1 will probably become familiar to the meanest--common to all4 ,i pass to the two questions which ,augustus desires to hear argued2 and1 first1 let me collect the opinions of this brilliant company2 ,i will then compare them with mine4 ,what does ,antistius ,labio think8 ,i should have to invent a term to express my notion1 said ,labio4 ,i think all things are but emanations from1 and return to1 the same being4 ,what might be called pantheism1 if we coined a word from the language of your country1 best explains1 ,i fancy1 the phenomena of the universe4 ,every thing is growth and decay2 but as decay furnishes larger growth1 every thing is growth at last and in the total sum4 ,is this growth of all things under any general control8 asked ,dionysius4 ,each thing1 replied ,labio1 is under the control of its own nature1 which evidently it cannot change1 and every inferior thing besides is under the control of any superior thing with which it may come into relations4 ,thus what is active is superior as such to what is passive2 it is more excellent and a higher force to act upon1 or sway1 or change1 or move1 or form1 than to be acted upon1 moved1 or modified4 ,the mind of an architect1 for instance1 is a higher force than the dead weight of the inert stones from which he builds a palace4 ,then you hold that some things have force1 and that there are greater and smaller forces8 asked ,dionysius4 ,undoubtedly1 said ,labio4 ,which is more excellent1 asked ,dionysius1 a force which can move itself1 or a force which1 in order to exist1 must be set in motion by another8 ,this last1 said ,labio1 is only the first prolonged2 it is but a continuation1 an effect4 ,and an effect1 pursued the ,greek1 is inferior1 as such1 to what controls it2 and inferior also in its very nature to that which requires no cause8 ,certainly1 returned ,labio2 ,i am not so dull as to gainsay that4 ,now favor me with your attention1 returned the ,athenian2 ,i want you to extricate me from a dilemma4 ,either every thing which possesses force has received its force from something else2 or there is something which possesses force1 and which never received this force from any thing else1 and which1 therefore1 has possessed it from all eternity4 ,which of these two alternatives do you select8 ,labio paused1 and by this time the whole of that strangely mixed society was listening with the keenest relish and the most genuine interest to the conversation4 ,i see whither you tend1 replied ,labio1 but ,i do not believe in that universal ruler and original mind1 or first force1 which you think to demonstrate4 ,all things go in circles1 and serially4 ,every force which exists has been derived from some other2 and each in its turn continues the movement1 or communicates the impact4 ,prettily expressed1 remarked ,velleius ,paterculus4 ,i beg ,augustus1 said the ,athenian1 to mark and remember ,labio's words4 ,every thing which has force has received its force from something else4 ,do you say every thing1 ,labio1 without exception8 ,yes1 every thing1 said ,labio4 ,i conceive the chain to be endless4 ,but not having1 good ,labio1 replied the ,athenian1 goes before receiving4 ,i cannot1 and you cannot1 receive that which we have already4 ,in order to say that we receive any thing1 we must first be without it--must we not8 ,the state of not having1 ,i repeat1 precedes the act of receiving4 ,does any person deny this8 ,does ,labio8 ,no one here spoke4 ,then1 said the ,athenian1 in maintaining that every thing which possesses force has received that force from something else1 ,labio necessarily maintains that every thing which possesses force was first without it4 ,i therefore perceive there must have been a time when nothing possessed any force whatever4 ,the very first thing which possessed any1 received it2 but whence8 ,for1 at that time1 there was nothing to give it4 ,what says ,labio8 ,is pantheism silent8 ,i wish to hear more1 said ,labio2 ,i will answer you afterward4 ,a momentary smile1 like a passing gleam1 lit up the faces of those around1 as the ,athenian1 looking toward ,domitius ,afer1 requested him the next to favor the company with his opinion upon the two momentous questions propounded by ,augustus4 ,i need not1 like ,labio1 coin a term from the ,greek1 said ,afer1 to describe my system4 ,i am a materialist4 ,i believe nothing save what my senses attest4 ,they show me neither ,god nor soul2 and ,i am determined never to accept any other criterion4 ,are you quite sure1 asked ,dionysius1 that you are thus determined8 ,i should like to shake such a determination4 ,you'll fail1 replied ,afer1 smiling4 ,which of your senses1 then1 has attested to you that very determination8 ,can you see1 taste1 smell1 hear1 or touch it8 ,and yet you tell us you are sure of it4 ,if so1 you can believe in1 and be sure of1 something which has never been submitted to the criterion which alone you admit4 ,a determination is not a thing1 said ,afer hastily1 and with a little confusion4 ,was ,julius ,csar a thing8 persisted ,dionysius2 because if you believe that ,julius ,csar existed1 having heard of him and read of him1 your senses of hearing and seeing do not attest to you in this case the existence of ,julius ,csar1 but simply the affirmations of others that he has existed4 ,my hearing attests to me that ,strabo says he has been in ,spain2 and this1 if there were no other reason1 would satisfy me that ,spain exists2 yet it is ,strabo whom ,i hear4 ,i do not hear ,spain4 ,augustus clapped his hands gently1 and laughed4 ,domitius ,afer1 with visible anger1 exclaimed1 ,i mean1 that ,i will take nothing but upon proof4 ,prove that the soul is immortal2 prove that one supreme ,god exists4 ,every thing which a reasonable man believes ought to be demonstrated4 ,i hope1 said ,dionysius1 to prove those two truths to your satisfaction4 ,but as you say that all we believe ought to be demonstrated1 ,i will first offer you a demonstration1 that it is impossible to demonstrate every thing4 ,to prove any proposition1 you require a second2 and to prove the second1 in its turn1 you require a third2 and it is upon this third1 if you admit it1 that the demonstration of the first depends4 ,but if you had fifty propositions1 or any number1 in the chain1 what proves the last of them8 ,another yet1 said ,afer4 ,but1 said the ,greek1 either you come to a last1 or you never come to a last4 ,if you never come to a last proposition1 you never finish your proof2 you leave it uncompleted2 it remains still no proof at all2 you have not performed what you undertook4 ,and if you do come to a final proposition1 which is supported by no other1 what supports it8 ,there was a little start of pleasure in the company at the sudden and clear closes to which the ,athenian was1 each and every time1 bringing what seemed likely to have grown into intricate and long disquisitions4 ,my object1 ,augustus1 pursued ,dion1 was to show that we are all so made that we feel compelled to believe much more than we can prove4 ,otherwise1 our knowledge would be confined within narrow limits indeed4 ,he who knows no more than he can demonstrate1 knows but little4 ,may ,i now ask the distinguished orators1 ,montanus and ,capito1 for their theories respecting the questions which interest us so much to-night8 ,quintus ,haterius prevented any answer to this appeal4 ,the eloquent and learned thinker1 said he--who will yet1 ,i have no doubt1 be the ornament of the ,athenian ,areopagus--has placed me1 and1 ,i think1 many others near me1 completely on his side1 in what has hitherto passed4 ,young as he is1 he has made us feel the masterful facility with which he is able to throw light upon errors placed where truth ought to stand4 ,the operation is highly amusing2 we could pass a long evening in watching it repeated against any number of antagonists4 ,but come1 ,dionysius1 reverse the process2 take your own ground2 maintain it2 raise there your system like your castle2 and let those assail it1 if they please1 whom your aggressive genius on the contrary turns to assail4 ,haterius is right1 said ,augustus4 ,i could assist at any number of these collisions2 but they take a form which presents your mind to us1 my ,athenian1 as a hunter and conqueror rather than a founder4 ,but ,i am no founder1 replied the youth1 earnestly and modestly2 and ,i aspire to nothing of the kind4 ,the fact is merely and simply this3 ,after much study ,i have arrived at the conviction--first1 that there is one absolutely perfect and eternal ,being who governs the universe2 and1 next1 that what thinks within each of us never will die4 ,since you desire to hear the reasons which have brought me to these conclusions1 ,i cannot decline to state one or two of them at least--though this place1 this occasion1 and this dazzling company befit the subject far less1 ,i fear1 than if a few studious friends discussed it1 sitting under the starry sky1 on some quiet1 unfrequented shore4 ,now we shall hear ,plato1 said ,tiberius1 with something almost like a sneer4 ,pardon me1 said ,dionysius1 ,plato may speak for himself4 ,you have him to read2 why should ,i repeat him8 ,those who miss ,plato's meaning in his own pages would miss it in my commentary4 ,julia uttered a taunting laugh1 as she glanced at her new husband ,tiberius1 whom she always treated with scorn4 ,you remember1 ,augustus1 ,dionysius continued1 that a few minutes ago1 ,antistius ,labio1 in answering one of my questions1 stated that a force which could move itself was more excellent1 as such1 than one which required to be set in motion by another1 as the mind of the architect1 said he1 is superior to the stones from which he builds a palace4 ,labio then very justly added1 in reply to another question1 that what was moved only by the force of something else possessed no proper force of its own1 its force being but a continuation of the first1 an effect of the impact4 ,he finally assented1 when ,i showed that it is impossible that every thing without exception which possesses force should have received it1 because not having goes before receiving1 and because this is only another mode of saying that every thing without exception was once devoid of force4 ,if a particular being has received the force it possesses1 that particular being must once have been without it2 and if all beings without exception who possess force have received it1 they likewise without exception must all1 in the same manner1 have first been without it1 a supposed state during which no force at all existed anywhere4 ,that any being should ever acquire force1 when there was nowhere any force for it to acquire1 would be an unsatisfactory philosophy4 ,there has1 perhaps1 been1 said ,tiberius1 an eternal chain of these forces transmitting themselves onward4 ,if1 said the ,athenian1 you admit the existence of any one being who possesses a force which he never received from another1 that being is evidently eternal4 ,but to say that a being has received its force1 is to say that its force has had a beginning2 and to say that any thing begins1 is to say that once it was not4 ,a chain of forces all received is1 therefore1 a chain of forces all begun--is it not8 ,now1 if they have all begun1 they have all had something prior to them4 ,but nothing can be prior to what is eternal2 such a chain or series1 therefore1 cannot itself be eternal4 ,no link is eternal1 said ,tiberius2 but all the links of the chain together may surely be so4 ,the ,athenian looked round with a smile at ,tiberius1 and said1 ,if all the forces which exist now1 and all those which ever existed in the universe1 without exception1 have been received from something else1 what is that something else beyond all the forces of the universe8 ,they would all without exception have begun4 ,to say this of them1 is merely to say that they were all non-existent once2 and this without exception4 ,in other words1 the whole chain1 even with all its links taken together1 is short of eternal4 ,if so1 it has been preceded either by blank nothing1 or by some being who has a force not thus received1 a force which is his own inherently and absolutely1 as ,i maintain4 ,tell me of a chain1 the top of which recedes beyond our ken1 that the lowest link depends on the next to it1 and this on the third1 ,i understand you2 but if ,i ask what suspends the whole chain1 with all its links taken together1 it is no answer to say that the links are so numerous and the chain is so long that it requires nothing but itself to keep it in suspension4 ,the longer it is1 the greater must be the necessity of the ultimate grasp1 and the stronger must that grasp be2 and observe1 it must be truly ultimate1 otherwise you have not solved the difficulty2 nay1 the suspending force must be distinct from and beyond the chain itself1 or you do not account for the suspension4 ,but ,i will put all this past a cavil4 ,what ,i said respecting proofs to ,domitius ,afer1 ,i say respecting causes to ,tiberius ,csar4 ,no one denies that various forces are operating in the universe4 ,now1 of two things1 one3 ,either there is a first force1 acting and moving by its own freedom1 which2 being antecedent to all other forces1 not only must be independent of them all1 but can alone have produced them all2 or else there is in the universe no force which has not some other antecedent to it4 ,this last proposition is easily shown to be an absurdity2 for to say that every force has a force antecedent to it1 is the same as to say that all forces have another force antecedent to them2 in other words1 that1 over and above all things of a given class1 there is another thing of that class4 ,can there be more than the whole8 ,can there be another thing of a certain kind1 beyond all things of that kind8 ,besides every force1 is there yet another force8 ,if any one is here who would say so1 ,i wait to hear him4 ,no one said a word4 ,then remark the conclusion1 pursued ,dionysius4 ,it is a self-contradiction to contend that there can be one thing more of a class than all things of that class2 therefore there is not1 and cannot be1 a force antecedent to every force in the universe2 therefore there is1 and must be1 in the universe1 a force which is the first force1 a force which has not and could not have any other antecedent to it4 ,now this force1 being the first1 could be controlled by no other2 by its action every other must have been produced1 and under its control every other must lie4 ,do not you contradict yourself8 inquired ,afer2 you show there cannot be a force antecedent to all forces1 and still you conclude that there is4 ,there cannot1 said ,dionysius1 be a force antecedent to all forces1 because this would be one more of a class beyond all of a class4 ,but there may be the first of the class1 before which no other was2 and this is what ,i have demonstrated to exist4 ,that first force is antecedent1 not to all1 but to all others2 there you stop2 there is none antecedent to ,him4 ,as he is the first force1 all things must have come from him4 ,he made and built this universe2 it is his imperial palace4 ,you have asked me to prove that one eternal and omnipotent ,god lives4 ,i have now given you an argument which ,i am by no means afraid1 in this1 or any other assembly1 to call a demonstration4 ,and it is but one out of a great many4 ,a low murmur of spontaneous plaudits and frank assent ran round that luxurious1 but highly cultivated1 appreciative1 and brilliant company2 and one voice a little too loud was heard exclaiming1 ,it is as clear as the light of day1 dear ,dion6 ,all eyes turned in one direction1 and ,paulus1 whose feelings of admiration and sympathy had thus betrayed him1 blushed scarlet as he withdrew behind the stately form of ,germanicus1 who looked round at him smiling1 half in amusement1 half in kindness4 ,i do think it a demonstration indeed1 said ,augustus1 musing gravely4 ,how strangely must that stupendous ,being1 said ,strabo1 the geographer1 deem of a world which has come so completely to forget and ignore him6 ,your reasoning1 resumed ,augustus1 differs much1 as you said it would1 from ,plato's4 ,plato is too subtle for our ,roman taste4 ,so is he1 said ,dionysius1 too subtle1 and1 ,i think1 too hesitating1 for the taste of most men everywhere4 ,i admire his genius1 but ,i disclaim many of his theories1 and am not a disciple of his school4 ,of what school are you8 ,i am dissatisfied with every school1 replied the future convert of ,st4 ,paul1 blushing4 ,but ,i am quite certain that there is only one ,god1 and that he is eternal and all-perfect4 ,what ,i have said1 ,i have said because ,i believe it2 not in order to play at mental swords with these eloquent and gifted men1 whom ,i honor4 ,there is1 if we would look for it1 a reflection of this great ,being in our minds like that of a star in water2 but the water must be undisturbed1 or the light wavers and is broken4 ,we see many beings1 greater and smaller4 ,now1 who can doubt that1 where there are greater and smaller1 there must be a greatest8 ,each one of us is conscious and certain of three things3 first1 that he himself has not existed from all eternity2 secondly1 each of us feels that he did not make his own mind2 and thirdly1 that he could not make another mind4 ,now1 the mind who made ours must be superior to any thing contained in what he thus made2 therefore1 although we can conceive a being of whose power1 knowledge1 and perfection we discern no possible limit1 this very conception must be inferior to its object4 ,there must exist outside of our mind some being greater still than the greatest of which we can form any intellectual idea1 however boundless4 ,the lead fused in a mould cannot be greater in its outlines than the mould which presents the form4 ,again1 no person will contend that the sublime and the absurd are one and the same thing--that the terms are convertible4 ,but yet1 if an absolutely perfect and sovereign being did not exist1 the conception which we form of such a being1 instead of constituting the highest heaven of sublimity to which our thoughts can soar1 would constitute the lowest depth of absurdity into which they could sink4 ,a little pause followed4 ,do you1 then1 said ,afer1 with a subtle smile1 introduce to us the novel doctrine1 that whatever is sublime must therefore be true8 ,if ,i said yes1 replied ,dionysius1 and ,i am not a little tempted1 you would succeed in drawing me aside into a very long and darkling road4 ,but ,i have advanced nothing to that effect4 ,my inference depended not on assuming that every thing which is sublime must be true1 but on the supposition that nothing which is absurd could be sublime4 ,quite so1 remarked ,haterius2 and was there not another inference dormant in what you said8 ,there was1 said ,dionysius2 but it looks like subtilizing to wake it and give it wings2 and1 as ,i am a ,greek1 ,i fear--,i--in short1 ,i have tried to confine myself to the plainest and broadest reasonings4 ,fear not1 said ,germanicus2 learned ,greece1 you know1 has conquered her fierce vanquishers4 ,tiberius gnawed his under-lip2 and the ,lady ,plancina1 glancing at him and then at her husband ,cneius ,piso1 who was listening attentive but ill at ease1 exclaimed1 ,enervated them1 you mean6 ,germanicus threw back his head1 smiled1 and remarked1 ,to-morrow the legions are going forth to try against the ,germans whether the ,roman heart beats as of old2 what was the further inference1 ,athenian8 ,since there must1 said ,dion1 where greater and smaller beings exist1 be a greatest1 we can all try to form some conception of him4 ,now1 this conception must fall short of his real greatness4 ,why8 ,because as ,i have demonstrated that this being is the first force1 from which all others in the universe1 including our minds1 must have come1 no idea contained in our minds can be greater than the very power which made those minds themselves4 ,but1 apart from this demonstration1 every one of us can say1 a being may exist so great as to be incapable of non-existence4 ,such a being is conceivable2 it is his non-existence which then1 by the very supposition1 is inconceivable4 ,now1 if there be something the non-existence of which would be inconceivable1 while of the being himself you possess a notion1 thinking of him as1 for example1 and terming him1 the first force1 eternal1 boundless--giver of all1 recipient of naught--the certainty of his existence is established already for the heart2 for that faculty which precedes demonstration in accepting truth--for remember ,i have shown1 and ,i have proved1 that we are so made as to be compelled to believe far more than any of us can ever demonstrate4 ,this1 then1 said ,augustus1 is the dim image of which you spoke2 the reflection of the star in water8 ,yes1 emperor1 replied ,dionysius2 but not always dim2 the deepest and the purest of all the lights which that water reflects4 ,often it reflects no image1 however2 and often it reflects but clouds and storms4 ,to say you truly conceive a thing1 is to say you are certain of it in the way you conceive it4 ,if you conceive any thing to be certain1 you possess the certainty of it4 ,you may be certain that a thing is uncertain2 in other words1 you have arrived at a clear notion of its uncertainty4 ,to conceive the contingency of an object1 is to possess the positive idea that it is contingent4 ,to conceive a necessary being1 is to have the clear idea not simply that he is1 but that he must be4 ,he could not be conceived at all1 he could not even be an object of thought1 as both necessary and non-existent4 ,all conceivable objects1 except one1 are conceived as either possible or actual4 ,but that one alone is conceived as necessary1 and1 therefore1 necessarily actual4 ,either a necessary being is not conceivable--and which of us1 ,i should like to know1 cannot sit down and indulge in the conception8--or1 if he be so much as conceivable1 then his reign is recognized1 because far more than his existence is involved--,i mean the impossibility of his non-existence4 ,are all the dreams1 said ,domitius ,afer1 of a poet's imagination truths because they are conceptions8 ,a few moments of silence followed1 and ,paulus milius looked at his friend with an expression of terror which he had not exhibited in his own contest with the ,sejan horse4 ,when the poet1 replied ,dionysius1 imagines what might have been1 he believes it might have been1 and asks you to believe no more2 but he would be shocked if you believed less2 would be shocked if you told him he was depicting not that which had not been1 for this he cheerfully professes1 but that which could not ever be supposed4 ,what ,i say here1 added the ,athenian1 belongs to a different and somewhat higher plane of thought4 ,the impossibility to suppose non-existent an infinitely perfect being1 who1 on the other hand1 is himself found not impossible to suppose1 ought to bring home to the heart the fact that he lives4 ,to be able1 in the first place1 to conceive him existing1 and straightway thereafter to feel an utter inability to form even the conception of his non-existence1 because it is only as the necessary being and first force that we can think of him at all1 are a handwriting upon the porch of every human soul4 ,he lives1 ,i say it rejoicing1 an eternal1 necessary1 and personal reality2 the very conception of him would be an impossibility if his existence were not a fact2 yes1 and far more than a fact1 a primeval truth and a primordial necessity4 ,as the ,athenian thus spoke in a clear and firm voice1 which seemed to grow more musical the more it was raised and exerted1 ,augustus stood up and paced to and fro a few steps on the gravel walk of the impluvium1 with his hands behind him and his eyes cast down4 ,all who had been sitting rose at the same time1 except ,livia1 ,julia1 ,antonia1 and the two ,agrippinas4 ,this1 whispered ,tiberius in ,afer's ear1 is not much like failure1 or derision1 or disgrace for the ,greek4 ,my predecessor1 ,julius ,csar1 said ,augustus at length1 looking round as he stood still1 was the best astronomer and mathematician of his age--we have his calendar now to record it2 the best engineer of his age--look at his bridge over the ,rhine2 the best orator1 except one1 to whom ,rome perhaps ever listened2 a most charming talker and companion on any subject2 a very great and simple writer2 as great a general probably as ever lived2 a consummate politician2 a keen1 wary1 swift1 yet profound thinker at all times2 a man whose intellect was one vast sphere of light2 and yet ,i remember well in what anxiety and curiosity he lived respecting the power which governs the universe1 and with what minute and even frivolous precautions he was forever trying to propitiate a good award for his various undertakings2 how he muttered charms1 whether he was ascending his chariot or descending1 or mounting his horse or dismounting--in short1 at every turn4 ,evidently it is not the brightest intellects1 or the most perfectly educated1 which are the most disposed to scout and scorn such ideas as we have just heard from ,dionysius2 it is precisely they who are prepared to ponder them the most4 ,julius ,csar1 said ,tiberius1 thought1 ,i suspect1 pretty much as a great many others do1 that this is a very dark1 difficult subject2 and that we cannot expect to come to any certain conclusions4 ,not to many conclusions1 said ,dionysius2 that much ,i fully grant4 ,but two or three broad and general truths are attainable by means of reasonings as close1 secure1 and irresistible as any in geometry4 ,one such proof--and pray do not forget that ,i said it was only one out of many--making clear the fact that a single eternal ,god reigns over all things1 ,i have laid before ,augustus and this company already4 ,my last remarks1 however1 were not disputations1 but were only intended to show how those conceptions--to tear which from the mind would be to tear the heat from fire and the rays from light--tend exactly to that conclusion which ,i had first established by a rigorous demonstration4 ,would not some call your inference from those conceptions themselves a demonstration also8 asked ,germanicus4 ,i think1 replied the ,athenian1 that all would so call it if we had but time to examine it thoroughly4 ,there are three other complete lines of argument1 however1 each of them as interesting as a poem2 but so abstruse that ,i will not travel along them4 ,i will merely show the gates which open into these three ascents of the glorious mountain4 ,it could1 then1 be demonstrated1 first1 that all things are objects of mind or of knowledge1 somewhere2 secondly1 that all things undergo some action1 or are objects of power1 somewhere2 thirdly1 that all things are loved and cared for somewhere2 and this as forming one whole work or production that is1 in their relations with each other4 ,now1 the knowledge1 the power1 and the love 7or care7 in question can belong only to that first force of whom ,i speak2 and ,i distinctly affirm1 ,augustus1 that ,i believe ,i should be quite able1 not to prove by probable reasons merely1 but to demonstrate positively and absolutely1 the existence of one omnipotent ,god1 by three distinct arguments1 starting from the three points ,i have here mentioned4 ,yet ,i pass by those golden gates with a wistful glance at them1 and no more4 ,it is the horn gates1 you know1 said ,labio1 smiling1 which open to the true dreams4 ,ah6 poor ,virgil6 said ,augustus1 first with a smile1 and then with a long1 heart-felt sigh4 ,i wish he could have heard you1 my ,athenian4 ,the natures of things1 said the ,athenian1 and the number of individuals are known and counted somewhere2 the attraction of physical things is weighed in a balance somewhere1 and all things are maintained in their order by limits1 and protected in their relations by a measured mark1 somewhere4 ,but as ,i have forbidden myself this vast and difficult field1 ,i will turn elsewhere4 ,before you turn elsewhere1 exclaimed ,antistius ,labio1 ,i would fain test by a single question the soundness of the principle from which you will draw no deductions2 you say all things undergo some action4 ,does not this imply the actual presence of some force in or upon all things8 ,it is not to be denied1 answered the ,athenian4 ,what force1 asked ,labio1 is actually present in or upon inert matter8 ,the force of cohesion1 replied the ,athenian2 and1 moreover1 the force of weight1 which ,i take to be only the same force with wider intervals ordained for its operation4 ,a dead pause of an instant or two followed1 and was broken by ,herod ,agrippa1 who was a person bad indeed and odious1 but of great acuteness and natural abilities1 exclaiming ,the ,athenian reminds me of the number1 weight1 and measure of our holy books4 ,it is there1 indeed1 ,i found them1 said ,dionysius4 ,you mentioned1 observed ,augustus1 after musing a few seconds1 that the demonstration you gave us a while ago of a single eternal ,god was only one out of many4 ,i do not want many more1 nor several more2 but one more1 might gluttony ask of hospitality8 ,we roam the halls of a great intellectual fortress and mental palace to-night1 superior to the palace of the ,mamurras4 ,has it such an impluvium1 ,augustus8 chuckled the old knight1 caressing his white moustache4 ,the impluvium1 said ,dionysius1 is that part of the palace where the light of heaven falls4 ,but the palace1 ,augustus1 ,i take to be the sublime theme2 my poor mind is only its beggarly porter and ostiarius4 ,suppose1 then1 there were only two beings in all the universe1 one more excellent than the other1 which of them would have preceded the other8 ,no one replied4 ,if the inferior be the senior1 pursued the ,greek1 by so much as the superior afterward came to excel him1 by so much that superior must have obtained his perfections from nothing whatever1 from blank nonentity2 because the inferior1 by the very supposition1 7ex hypothesi17 had them not to bestow4 ,the superior being1 answered ,augustus1 must therefore be the elder4 ,you speak justly1 ,augustus1 said the ,athenian4 ,therefore the less perfect could never exist1 if the more perfect had not first existed4 ,the existence1 then1 of imperfect beings proves the prior existence of one all-perfect being1 self-dependent1 from whom the endowments of the others must unquestionably have been derived4 ,cannot things grow8 asked ,labio4 ,growth is feeding1 answered ,dion2 growth is accretion1 assimilation1 condensation in one form of many scattered elements4 ,growth is possible1 first1 if we have a seed1 that is1 an organism capable1 when fed1 of filling out proportions defined beforehand2 and1 secondly1 if we have the food by which it is sustained4 ,but who defines the proportions8 ,who ordained the form8 ,who formed the seed8 ,who supplies the air1 the light1 the food8 ,would a seed grow of its own energy if not sown in fostering earth1 or placed in fostering air and light--in short1 if not fed by the proper natural juices8 ,would it grow if starved of air1 earth1 light--thrown back upon its sole self8 ,is not growth necessarily stimulated from without8 ,growth is a complicated and manifold operation1 said ,augustus1 implying evidently a whole world previously set systematically in motion4 ,whence1 ,labio1 asked the ,athenian1 comes your seed that will grow8 ,from a plant1 replied ,labio4 ,whence the plant8 pursued the ,greek4 ,from a seed4 ,which was first8 asked ,dion4 ,the plant4 ,then that plant1 at least1 never came from a seed1 said ,dionysius4 ,whence came it8 ,the seed was first1 said ,labio4 ,then that seed1 said ,dionysius1 never came from a plant4 ,whence came it8 ,there was a laugh1 in which not only ,labio1 but even ,tiberius joined4 ,no1 said ,dionysius2 whatever the power which traced out beforehand the limits and proportions which the seed1 by growing or feeding1 is to fill2 whatever the power which surrounds that seed1 or other organism1 with the manifold conditions for its development1 that power must be something more perfect and excellent than the elements which it thus dispenses and controls2 and the existence of these less perfect things would have been impossible1 had not the other existed first4 ,thus1 ascending the scale of beings1 from the less to the more excellent1 the simple fact that each exists1 proves that a being superior to it must somewhere else be found1 and that the superior was in existence first2 until we reach that self-existent1 all-perfect1 eternal being whose life accounts for a universe which his power governs1 and which without him would have been an impossibility4 ,without him imperfect things could never have obtained existence1 and could not keep it for an instant2 and without recognizing him they cannot be explained4 ,this1 ,augustus1 is the second demonstration for which you have asked me4 ,i have just touched1 in passing1 the porches which led to three others4 ,a sixth could be derived from the nature of free force4 ,no force is real which is not free4 ,the force of a ball flung through the air1 is really the force of something else1 not of the ball2 a hand imparted it2 that hand was moved by the mind4 ,in the mind at last1 and there alone1 the force becomes real1 because there alone it is free4 ,all the forces of nature could be shown to be thus communicated1 or derivative2 and the question1 where do they originate8 would ultimately bring us to some mind1 some intelligence4 ,that intelligence is ,god4 ,could not all the forces of the universe be blind and mechanical8 said ,afer4 ,if so1 they would none of them be free1 said the ,athenian4 ,well1 be it so1 said ,afer4 ,if not free1 persisted the ,greek1 they are compulsory2 if compulsory1 who compels them8 ,i say1 ,god4 ,you would have to say1 nothing2 which is very like having nothing to say4 ,a clamor of merriment followed this1 and ,dionysius had to wait until it subsided4 ,i am only showing1 he resumed1 where and how the proof could be found4 ,a seventh demonstration can be derived from the moral law4 ,to deny ,god1 or to misdescribe him1 would necessitate the denial of any difference between good and evil1 between virtue and vice4 ,it would be a little long1 but very easy to establish this2 far easier than it was to make intelligible the two proofs which ,i have already submitted to you4 ,i have said enough1 however4 ,this brilliant assemblage perceives that the belief in one sovereign and omnipotent mind is not a vain reverie for which nothing substantial can be advanced2 but a truth demonstrable1 which neither human wit nor human wisdom can shake from its everlasting foundations4 ,i wonder1 said ,strabo1 whether this being1 of whose knowledge and power there are no limits1 is also mild and compassionate4 ,dionysius was buried in thought for a short time1 and then said1 ,pray favor me with your attention for a few moments4 ,love draws nigh to its object2 hatred draws away from its object1 which it never approaches except in order to destroy it4 ,but the non-existent cannot be destroyed2 therefore the non-existent never could draw hatred toward it4 ,hatred would say1 those things are non-existent which ,i should hate1 and which ,i would destroy if they existed2 therefore let them continue non-existent4 ,but this sovereign being is antecedent to all things2 in his mind alone could they have had any existence before he created them4 ,if1 then1 he drew near them1 so to speak1 approached them1 called them out of nothing into his own palace1 the palace of being1 love alone could have led him4 ,therefore1 by the most rigorous reasoning1 it is evident that creation is inexplicable except as an act of love4 ,it is more an act of love than even preservation and protection4 ,this omnipotent being1 then1 must be love in perpetual action2 love in universal action1 boundless and everlasting love4 ,certainly yours is a grand philosophy1 said ,augustus4 ,this sublime being1 pursued ,dionysius1 is1 and cannot but be1 an infinite mind2 he is boundless knowledge1 boundless power1 and boundless goodness4 ,the mere continuance from day to day of this universe-- ,here the ,athenian suddenly stopped and looked round4 ,why1 were the most beneficent human being that ever lived1 exclaimed he1 able by a word to cast the universe into destruction2 were it in his power to say1 at any moment of wrath or disappointment1 that the sun should not rise on the morrow1 mankind would fall into a chronic frensy of terror4 ,if1 cried a shrill voice--that of the child ,caligula--if the sun shines and one cannot see1 it is no use6 ,i know what ,i would do with the sun to-morrow morning1 unless ,i recover the use of my eyes4 ,what8 asked ,dionysius4 ,i'd blow it out6 cried the dear boy1 tearing off his bandage1 stamping his feet1 and turning toward his interrogator a face neither beautiful in feature nor mild in expression4 ,the sun is in good keeping1 said the ,athenian4 ,augustus turned1 after a short1 brooding look at ,caligula1 to ,haterius1 and said1 ,what think you1 my ,quintus8 ,has our ,athenian made good his theories8 ,he has presented them like rocks of adamant1 responded ,haterius4 ,dionysius has convinced me perfectly that the universe has been produced and is governed by the great being of whom he has so earnestly and so luminously spoken4 ,yet one word with you1 young philosopher1 said ,antistius ,labio1 sending a glance all round the circle1 and finally contemplating intently the broad1 candid brow and kindly blue eyes of the ,athenian2 one word6 ,you remarked that you could prove all things to be cared for and loved somewhere4 ,you afterward mentioned that the care or love in question could be exercised by none save the stupendous king-spirit whose existence1 ,i confess1 you almost persuade me to believe4 ,but now solve me a difficulty4 ,you have alluded to the moral law4 ,you maintain1 although this has not been a subject of our debate to-night1 the immortality of our souls4 ,finally--none can forget it--you hinted that there could be no morality1 no difference between right and wrong1 virtue and vice1 were there not one sovereign ,god4 ,does this mean1 or does it not1 that morality is that which pleases his eternal and therefore unchanging views8 ,ah6 said ,dionysius1 ,i perceive your drift4 ,you land me amid real enigmas4 ,but go on2 ,i answer honestly--,yes4 ,then1 pursued ,labio1 if the ghost within us be immortal1 it will be happy after death1 provided it shall have pleased this being1 and miserable should it have offended him4 ,yes4 ,now1 ,augustus1 persisted ,labio1 what would you think of the justice of a monarch who proclaimed rewards for conforming with his will1 and punishments for thwarting it1 but at the same time would not make it known what his will was1 nor afford any protection to those who might be desirous of giving it effect8 ,can ,dionysius of ,athens or any body else tell us what are the special desires of this great being in our regard8 ,does he imagine that unlettered1 mechanical1 toiling men have either understandings or the leisure to arrive at the conclusions which his own splendid intellect has attained8 ,then why is there not some authoritative teacher sent down among men from heaven8 ,dionysius answered not4 ,labio continued1 ,i speak roughly and plainly4 ,i transfix him with his own principles4 ,he is too honest not to feel the force of what ,i say4 ,he cannot reply4 ,mark next3 we live but a short while in this world2 and if we be immortal1 our state here is downright contemptible in importance compared with that which has to come2 and yet he tells us that this contemptible point of time1 this mere dot of existence1 is to determine our lot for everlasting ages1 and he that says this proclaims the being whose existence he certainly has demonstrated to be the very principle of love itself4 ,yet this being who will establish our destinies according as we please him1 tells us not how to do it4 ,again the ,athenian refrained from breaking the expectant silence which ensued4 ,would not one imagine1 said ,strabo1 that the most particular instructions would be given to us how to regulate a conduct upon which so much depends8 ,yes1 observed ,labio2 and not instructions alone1 but instructors1 to whom occasional reference would be always possible4 ,all eyes turned toward ,dionysius4 ,he blushed1 hesitated1 and at last said1 ,you only echo thoughts long familiar to my mind4 ,i cannot answer2 ,i am not capable of solving these difficulties4 ,time is not completed4 ,i think1 like the ,sibyls1 that some special light is yet to come down from heaven4 ,here the conversation ended4 ,half an hour afterward1 ,dionysius1 who had begged to be excused for that night from entering upon the second of the two doctrines which he had been challenged to sustain1 was walking part of the way with ,paulus toward the ,inn of the ,hundredth ,milestone1 along the fretwork of light which was shed upon the ,appian ,road by the moon and stars through the leaves of the chestnut-trees4 ,i feel confident1 ,paulus1 said he1 that ,augustus will restore your family estates2 and should you accept the liberal offer of ,germanicus ,csar1 and depart upon this ,german expedition to-morrow morning1 ,i will watch your interests while you are absent4 ,i know it well1 generous friend1 replied the other youth2 and ,i do hope my mother will not object to my going4 ,only think1 ,i may come back a military tribune6 ,only think6 ,yes1 said ,dion1 and enter that great castle which glitters yonder in the moonlight as proprietor4 ,if so1 will you not1 said ,paulus1 come and stay with us8 ,that is an engagement1 said the ,athenian1 provided some day you will all pay me a return visit at ,athens4 ,we'll exchange the tessera hospitalis on it1 exclaimed ,paulus4 ,thus they parted on the moonlit road1 ,dionysius returning to ,formi1 and ,paulus walking onward with long1 rapid strides4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #bhf ,mater ,antonia portentum eum hominis dictabat2 nec absolutum natur1 sed tantum inchoatum2 ac si quem socordi argueret1 stultiorem aiebat filio suo ,claudio4 ,sueton4 in ,claud4 s4 #c4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,by ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,part ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,the full and complete history of the remarkable apparition of ,lourdes is now1 for the first time1 presented to the ,english-speaking ,catholic public4 ,mr4 ,lawlor has given an abridgment of ,m4 ,lasserre's narrative1 with some interesting additions from other sources1 in his charming volume1 ,pilgrimages in the ,pyrenees and ,landes4 ,a short sketch of the history of the events at ,lourdes has also been given in the ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record1 of ,dublin4 ,in this country the ,ave ,maria is now engaged in republishing ,mr4 ,lawlor's sketch of the history4 ,we trust our readers will thank us for placing before them the full and authentic history of ,m4 ,lasserre1 a work which has received the favorable notice of the most competent judges1 and has been honored by a brief of felicitation from the ,holy ,father4 ,the author1 who was himself one of the subjects of the miraculous efficacy of the water of the fountain of ,lourdes1 has spared no pains to make his work perfectly satisfactory4 ,the evidence1 which he has collected and arranged with consummate care and skill1 leaves nothing to be desired in respect to the proof of the reality and the supernatural character of the events related4 ,the charm of his style1 the subtle and powerful irony which he employs with so much effect against the sceptics who deny the possibility of any sort of supernatural incidents1 and the vivacity of his descriptions1 make his work extremely pleasant and profitable reading4 ,our devout ,catholic readers will find great delight in perusing ,m4 ,lasserre's narrative2 and others1 although they may receive it with a smile of incredulity1 and perhaps favor us with a few witticisms in respect to its contents1 will find it to be1 as the ,french sceptics have found it1 a very tough subject for any thing like serious and reasonable refutation4--,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,i4 ,the little town of ,lourdes is situated in the department of the ,upper ,pyrenees1 at the entrance to the seven vales of ,lavedan1 and between the low hills that sink into the plain of ,tarbes and the steeper ranges which grow into the ,grande ,montagne4 ,its houses1 built irregularly on a natural terrace1 are grouped1 in almost absolute disorder1 around the base of a rocky spur1 on the summit of which the formidable castle sits like an eyrie4 ,along the base of the cliff1 on the side opposite the town1 the ,gave dashes boisterously through groves of alder1 ash1 and poplar1 and1 pausing at numerous dykes1 turns the equally sonorous machinery of several mills4 ,the hum of the driving-wheels and the jar of the rattling stones mingle with the music of the winds and the splash of the rushing water4 ,the ,gave is formed by several torrents from the upper valleys1 which spring from the glaciers1 whose spotless snow covers the barren sides of the ,haute ,montagne4 ,the principal tributary comes from the cascade of ,gavarnie1 which falls from one of those peaks never scaled by man4 ,leaving on its right the town1 the castle1 and1 with one exception1 all the mills of ,lourdes1 the ,gave hastens toward ,pau1 which it passes with all speed1 to throw itself into the ,adour1 and thence into the sea4 ,in the neighborhood of ,lourdes1 the country which skirts the ,gave is by turns wild and savage1 and fair and smiling4 ,blooming meadows1 cultivated fields1 woodland1 and barren cliffs are alternately presented to the gaze4 ,here are fertile plains and smiling landscapes1 the highway of ,pau1 never without its wagons1 horsemen1 and pedestrian travellers2 yonder1 the giant mountains and their awful solitudes4 ,the castle of ,lourdes1 almost impregnable before the invention of artillery1 was formerly the key of the ,pyrenees4 ,tradition says that ,charlemagne1 warring with the infidels1 was unable to carry this stronghold4 ,scarcely had he determined to raise the siege1 when an eagle seated itself on the highest tower of the citadel1 and let fall a large fish which it had caught up from some neighboring lake4 ,either because it happened on the day when the holy church prescribes abstinence from flesh-meat1 or because the fish was at that time the popular symbol of ,christianity1 the infidel commander1 ,mirat1 saw in this fact a prodigy1 and1 demanding instruction1 was converted to the true faith4 ,this conversion was all that was necessary to bring his castle into the hands of ,christendom4 ,nevertheless1 the ,saracen stipulated1 as says the chronicler1 that in becoming the knight of ,our ,lady1 the ,mother of ,god1 his lands1 both for himself and his descendants1 should be free from every worldly fief1 and should belong to her alone4 ,the arms of the town still bear1 in testimony of this extraordinary fact1 the eagle and the fish4 ,lourdes carries1 on a red field1 three golden towers1 pointed with sable1 on a silver rock2 the middle tower is higher than the others1 and is surmounted by a black spread eagle1 limbed with gold1 holding in his beak a silver trout4 ,during the middle ages1 the castle of ,lourdes was an object of terror to the surrounding country4 ,at one time in the name of the ,english1 at another in that of the ,counts of ,bigorre1 it was occupied by robber chieftains1 who cared for little besides themselves1 and who plundered the inhabitants of the plain for forty or fifty leagues around4 ,they even had the audacity1 it is said1 to seize goods and men at the very gates of ,montpellier1 and then to retreat1 like birds of prey1 to their inaccessible abode4 ,in the eighteenth century1 the castle of ,lourdes became a state-prison4 ,it was the ,bastille of the ,pyrenees4 ,the revolution opened the gates of this prison to three or four persons1 confined there by the arbitrary command of despotism1 and in return peopled it with several hundred criminals of quite another description4 ,a contemporary writer has copied from the jailer's record the offences for which the prisoners had been immured4 ,besides the name of each prisoner1 the specifications of the crime are thus formulated3 ,unpatriotic4--,refusing to give the kiss of peace to citizen ,n---- before the altar of our country4--,busybody4--,drunkard4--,indif ferent about the revolution4--,hypocritical character1 reserved in his opinions4--,lying character4--,a peace-loving miser4--,indifferent toward the revolution1 etc41 etc4#bhg ,we may thus see what reason the revolution had to complain of the arbitrary conduct of kings1 and also how it changed the frightful despotism of the monarchy into a reign of peace1 toleration1 and perfect liberty4 ,the empire still retained the fortress of ,lourdes as a state-prison1 and this character it kept until the return of the ,bourbons4 ,after the restoration1 the terrible castle of the middle ages naturally became a place of less importance1 garrisoned by a company of infantry4 ,,ii4 ,the tower still remains the key of the ,pyrenees1 but in a very different way from what it was formerly4 ,lourdes is at the junction of the roads to the various watering-places4 ,in going to ,barges1 to ,saint-,sauveur1 to ,cauterets1 to ,bagnres-de-,bigorre1 or from ,cauterets or ,pau to ,luchon1 in any case1 one must pass through ,lourdes4 ,during the fashionable season1 countless diligences1 employed in the service of the baths1 stop at the ,hotel de la ,poste4 ,generally they allow the travellers sufficient time to dine1 to visit the castle1 and to admire the country1 before passing on4 ,thus from the constant visits of bathers and tourists from all parts of ,europe1 this little town has been brought to quite an advanced state of civilization4 ,in #aheh1 the earliest date of our story1 the ,parisian journals were regularly received at ,lourdes4 ,the ,revue des ,deux-,mondes counted there many subscribers4 ,the inns and cafs presented their guests with three numbers of the ,sicle1 that of the latest date and the two preceding ones4 ,the bourgeoisie and clergy divided their patronage between the ,journal des ,dbats1 the ,presse1 ,moniteur1 ,univers and ,union4 ,lourdes had a club1 a printing-house1 and a journal4 ,the sous prfet was at ,argels2 but the sorrow which the inhabitants of ,lourdes showed for the absence of this functionary was tempered by the joy of possessing the ,tribunal de premire instance1 that is1 three judges1 a president1 a procureur imprial1 and a deputy4 ,around this brilliant centre revolved as inferior satellites1 a justice of the peace1 a commissary of police1 six constables1 and seven gendarmes1 one of whom was invested with the rank of corporal4 ,inside of the town we find a hospital and a prison2 and circumstances sometimes come to pass1 as we shall have occasion to state1 in which independent spirits1 nourished with the sound and humane doctrines of the ,sicle1 think that criminals should be put into the hospital and the sick into the jail4 ,but these gentlemen of such extraordinary reasoning powers are not in exclusive possession at the bar of ,lourdes and in the medical profession2 men of great learning and high distinction are to be met--remarkable minds and impartial observers of facts--such as are not always to be found in more important cities4 ,mountaineers are generally endowed with strong and practical good sense2 and the people of this neighborhood1 almost unmixed with foreign blood1 excel in this respect4 ,scarcely one place in ,france could be cited where the schools are better attended than at ,lourdes4 ,there is hardly a boy who does not for several years go to lay-teachers or to the institution of the ,brothers2 hardly a little girl who does not complete the course of instruction at the school of the ,sisters of ,nevers4 ,far better taught than the mechanics of most of our cities1 the people of ,lourdes still preserve the simplicity of rural life4 ,they have warm veins and southern heads1 but upright hearts and a perfect morality4 ,they are honest1 religious1 and not over-inclined to novelties4 ,certain local institutions1 dating back to forgotten times1 contribute toward maintaining this happy state of things4 ,the people of these regions1 long before the pretended discoveries of modern progress1 had learned and practised1 under the shadow of the church1 those ideas of union and prudence which have given rise to our mutual aid societies4 ,such associations have for centuries existed and worked at ,lourdes4 ,they date from the middle ages2 they have survived the revolution1 and philanthropists would long since have made them famous1 if they had not drawn their vitality from religion1 and if they were not called to-day1 as in the fifteenth century1 confraternities4 ,nearly all the people1 says ,m4 de ,lagrze1 enter these pious and benevolent associations4 ,the mechanics1 whom the title of brotherhood thus unites1 place their labor under heavenly patronage1 and exchange with one another assistance in work and the succors of ,christian charity4 ,the common alms-box receives a weekly offering from the stout and healthy artisan1 to return it at some future day when the charitable hands can no longer earn wages4 ,on the death of a laborer the association pays the funeral expenses and accompanies the body to its resting-place4 ,each confraternity except two1 who share the high altar between them1 has a particular chapel1 whose name it takes1 and which it supports by the collection made every ,sunday4 ,the confraternity of ,notre ,dames des ,grces is made up of farmers1 tillers of the soil2 that of ,notre ,dame de ,monsarrat1 of masons2 that of ,notre ,dame du ,mont ,carmel1 of slaters2 that of ,st4 ,anne1 of carpenters2 that of ,st4 ,lucy1 of tailors and dress-makers2 that of the ,ascension1 of quarry-workers2 that of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 of church-wardens2 that of ,st4 ,james and ,st4 ,john1 of all who have received either of these names in holy baptism4 ,the women are likewise divided ,into similar religious associations4 ,one of them1 the ,congregation of ,children of ,mary1 has a special character4 ,it is also a society for mutual aid and encouragement1 but in relation to spiritual things4 ,to enter this congregation1 although it is merely an association of persons living in the secular state1 and not a religious society1 a young person must give evidence that she possesses a well-tried steadiness of character4 ,the young girls look forward to it for a long time before they reach the proper age for admission4 ,the members of the congregation are bound never to put themselves in danger by frequenting worldly festivities where the religious spirit is lost1 nor to adopt eccentric fashions1 but to be exact in attending the meetings and instructions on ,sunday4 ,it is an honor to belong to this association1 a disgrace to be excluded from it4 ,and the amount of good which it has done in maintaining public morality and preparing good mothers of families1 is truly incalculable4 ,in many dioceses1 confraternities have been founded on the same plan and after this model4 ,this part of the country has ever shown great devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,her sanctuaries are numerous throughout the ,pyrenees from ,pitat or ,garaison to ,btharram4 ,all the altars of the church of ,lourdes have been dedicated under the invocation of the ,mother of ,god4 ,,iii4 ,such was ,lourdes ten years ago4 ,the railway did not pass through it2 indeed1 no one then dreamed that it ever would4 ,a much more direct route seemed to be marked out in advance for the line through the ,pyrenees4 ,the entire town and fortress are situated1 as we have said1 on the right bank of the ,gave1 which1 prevented from going north by the rocky foundation of the castle1 turns at a right angle to the west4 ,an old bridge1 built at some distance above the first houses communicates with the plains1 meadows1 forests1 and mountains of the left bank4 ,on this side of the stream1 below the bridge1 and nearly opposite the castle1 an aqueduct conducts much of the water of the ,gave into a large canal4 ,the latter rejoins the main stream at the distance of one kilometre below1 after having passed along the base of the cliffs of ,massabielle4 ,the long island thus formed by the ,gave and by the canal is a large and fertile meadow4 ,in the neighborhood it is called l',ile du ,chlet1 or more briefly1 le ,chlet4 ,the mill of ,svy is the only one on the left bank1 and is built across the canal1 thus serving as a bridge4 ,this mill and le ,chlet belong to a citizen of ,lourdes1 ,m4 de ,laffite4 ,in #aheh1 as wild a place as could be found in the neighborhood of the thriving little town1 which we have described1 was at the foot of these cliffs of ,massabielle1 where the mill-race rejoins the ,gave4 ,a few paces from the junction1 on the banks of the river1 the steep rock is pierced at its base by three irregular excavations1 fantastically arranged1 and communicating like the pores of a huge sponge4 ,the singularity of these excavations renders them difficult to be described4 ,the first and largest is on a level with the ground4 ,it resembles a trader's booth1 or a kiln roughly built1 and cut vertically in two1 thus forming a half dome4 ,the entrance1 formed into a distorted arch1 is about four metres in height4 ,the breadth of the grotto1 a little less than its depth1 is from twelve to fifteen metres4 ,from this entrance the rocky roof lowers and narrows on the right and left4 ,above and to the right of the spectator1 are found two openings in the rock1 which seem like adjoining caves4 ,seen from without1 the principal one of these openings has an oval form1 and is about the size of an ordinary house window or niche in a church wall4 ,it pierces the rock above1 and at a depth of two metres divides1 descending on one side to the interior of the grotto and ascending on the other toward the outside of the rock1 where its orifice forms the second cave of which we have spoken1 which is of use to let in light upon the others4 ,an eglantine growing from a cleft in the rock extends its long branches around the base of this orifice1 in the form of a niche4 ,at the foot of this system of caves1 so easy to comprehend to one who looks upon it1 but complicated enough for one who tries to give merely a word-sketch1 the water of the canal rushes over a chaos of enormous stones to meet the ,gave1 a few steps farther on4 ,the grotto1 then1 is close by the lower point of the ,ile du ,chlet1 formed1 as we have said1 by the ,gave and the canal4 ,the caverns are called the ,grotte de ,massabielle1 from the cliffs in which they are situated4 ,massabielle signifies in the patois of the place1 old cliffs4 ,on the river banks1 below1 a steep and uncultivated slope1 belonging to the commune1 extends for some distance4 ,here the swineherds of ,lourdes frequently bring their animals to feed4 ,when a storm arises1 these poor people shelter themselves in the grotto1 as do likewise a few fishermen who cast their lines in the ,gave4 ,like other caves of this kind1 the rock is dry in ordinary weather1 and slightly damp in times of rain4 ,but this dampness and dripping of the rainy season can be noticed only on the right side of the entrance4 ,this is the side on which the storms always beat1 driven by the west wind2 and the phenomena here take place which can be noticed on the honey-combed walls of stone houses1 similarly exposed1 and built with bad mortar4 ,the left side and floor1 however1 are always as dry as the walls of a parlor4 ,the accidental dampness of the west side even sets off the dryness of the other parts of the grotto4 ,above this triple cavern the cliffs of ,massabielle rise almost into peaks1 draped with masses of ivy and boxwood1 and folds of heather and moss4 ,tangled briers1 hazel shoots1 eglantines1 and a few trees1 whose branches the winds often break1 have struck root in clefts of the rock1 wherever the crumbling mountain has produced or the wings of the storm have borne a few handfuls of soil4 ,the eternal ,sower1 whose invisible hand fills with stars and planets the immensity of space1 who has drawn from nothing the ground which we tread1 and its plants and animals1 the ,creator of the millions of men who people the earth1 and the myriads of angels who dwell in heaven1 this ,god1 whose wealth and power know no bounds1 takes care that no atom shall be lost in the vast regions of his handiwork4 ,he leaves barren no spot which is capable of producing any thing4 ,throughout the extent of our globe1 countless germs float in the air1 covering the earth with verdure1 where there seemed before no chance of life for even a single herb1 or tuft of moss4 ,thus1 ,o ,divine ,sower6 thy graces1 like invisible but fruitful motes1 float about and rest upon our souls4 ,and1 if we are barren1 it is because we present hearts harder and more arid than the rocky and the beaten highway1 or covered with tangled thorns that prevent the up-growing of thy heavenly seed4 ,,iv4 ,it was requisite to the ensuing narrative to describe first the scene where its events took place4 ,but it is of no less importance to point out in advance that profound moral truth1 which is the starting-point from which this history begins1 in the course of which1 as we shall see1 ,god manifested his power in a visible manner4 ,these reflections will1 moreover1 delay only for an instant the commencement of our narrative4 ,every one has noticed the striking contrasts presented by the various conditions of men who live on this earth1 where wicked and good1 rich and needy1 are mingled together1 and where a thin wall often separates the hovel from the palace4 ,on one side are all the pleasures of life1 softly arranged in the midst of rare delicacies1 comfort1 and the elegance of luxury2 on the other1 the horrors of want1 cold1 hunger1 sickness1 and all the sad train of human woes4 ,for the former1 adulation1 joyous visits1 charming friendships4 ,for the latter1 indifference1 loneliness1 and neglect4 ,whether it fears the importunity of his spoken or his mute appeals1 or shrinks from the rebuke of his wretched nakedness1 the world avoids the poor man1 and makes its arrangements without regard to him4 ,the rich form an exclusive circle1 which they call good society1 and they regard as unworthy of serious attention the existence of those secondary but indispensable beings4 ,when they hire the services of one of the latter--even when they are good people and accustomed to succor the needy--it is always in a patronizing way4 ,they never use1 in this case1 the language and tone which they apply to one of their own kind4 ,except a few rare ,christians1 no one treats the poor man as an equal and a brother4 ,except the saint--alas6 too rare in these days--who follows out the idea of looking upon the wretched as representing ,christ6 ,in the world1 properly so called1 the vast world1 the poor are absolutely forsaken4 ,weighed down beneath the burden of toil and care1 despised and abandoned1 does it not seem as if they were cursed by their ,maker8 ,and1 yet1 it is just the contrary2 they are the best beloved of the ,father4 ,while the world has been pronounced accursed by the infallible word of ,christ1 on the other hand1 the poor1 the suffering1 the humble1 are ,god's good society4 ,ye are my friends1 he has said to them in his ,gospel4 ,he has done more2 he has identified himself with them4 ,what you have done to the least of these1 you have done also to me4 ,moreover1 when the ,son of ,god came upon the earth1 he chose to be born1 and to live and die1 among the poor1 and to be a poor man4 ,from the poor he selected his apostles and his principal disciples1 the first-born of his church4 ,and1 in the long history of that same church1 it is upon the poor that he lavishes his greatest spiritual favors4 ,in every age1 and with few exceptions1 apparitions1 visions1 and particular revelations have been the privilege of those whom the world disdains4 ,when1 in his wisdom1 ,god sees fit to manifest himself sensibly to men1 by these mysterious phenomena1 he descends into the dwellings of his servants and particular friends4 ,and mark why he prefers the houses of the poor and humble4 ,two thousand years have only served to verify that saying of the apostle1 ,the weak things of the world hath ,god chosen1 that he may confound the strong4 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bg47 ,the facts which we are about to state will perhaps furnish further proof of this truth4 ,v4 ,in #aheh1 the eleventh of ,february opened the week of profane rejoicing which from time immemorial has preceded the austerities of ,lent4 ,it was the ,jeudi-,gras1 or ,thursday before ,quinquagesima4 ,the weather was cold and slightly overcast1 but very calm4 ,the clouds hung motionless in the heavens2 there was no breeze abroad2 and the atmosphere was perfectly still4 ,at times a few drops of rain fell from the skies4 ,this day is celebrated by special privilege in the diocese of ,tarbes as the feast of the illustrious shepherdess of ,france1 ,st4 ,genevieve4#bhh ,eleven o'clock in the morning had already sounded from the church tower of ,lourdes4 ,while all the neighborhood was preparing for the festivities1 one family of poor people who lived as tenants of a miserable dwelling in the ,rue des ,petits-,fosss1 had not even enough wood to cook their scanty dinner4 ,the father1 still a young man1 was by trade a miller1 and had for some time endeavored to run a little mill which he had leased on one of the streamlets that go to make up the ,gave4 ,but his business exacted advances1 the people being accustomed to have their wheat ground on credit2 and the poor miller had been forced to give the mill back to the firm1 and his labor1 instead of putting him in better circumstances1 had only helped to throw him into utter poverty4 ,waiting for brighter days1 he labored--not at his own place1 for he had no property1 not even a small garden--but at various places belonging to his neighbors1 who employed him occasionally as a day laborer4 ,his name was ,franois ,soubirous1 and he was married to a faithful wife1 ,louise ,castrot1 who was a good ,christian1 and kept up his courage by loving sympathy4 ,they had four children3 two daughters1 the elder of whom was fourteen years of age2 and two boys1 still quite young1 the smaller being scarcely four years old4 ,for fifteen days only1 had their older daughter1 a puny child from infancy1 lived with them4 ,this is the little girl who is to play an important part in this narrative1 and we have carefully studied all the details and particulars of her life4 ,at the time of her birth1 her mother1 being ill1 was unable to nurse the child1 and she was consequently sent to the neighboring village of ,bartrs4 ,here the infant remained after being weaned4 ,louise ,soubirous1 having become a mother for the second time1 would have been kept at home by the care of two children and hindered from going out to daily service or to the fields1 which1 however1 would not be the case if her care were limited to one4 ,accordingly the parents left their first-born at ,bartrs4 ,they paid for her support1 sometimes in money1 more often in kind1 five francs a month4 ,when the little girl grew old enough to be useful1 and the question arose as to bringing her home1 the good peasants who had reared her found themselves attached to her1 and1 considering her as one of their own1 no longer charged her parents any thing1 and employed her to tend their sheep4 ,thus she grew up in her adopted family1 passing her days in solitude on the lonely hill-tops1 where her humble flock grazed4 ,of prayers she knew none except the rosary4 ,whether her foster-mother had recommended it to her1 or whether it was the dictate of her pure and innocent heart1 she kept up the hourly practice of reciting this prayer of the simple4 ,then she amused herself with those natural playthings which kind providence furnishes for the children of the poor1 and with which they are more content than their richer cousins with costly toys4 ,she played with the pebbles1 piling up miniature castles1 with the flowers which she culled on every side1 with the water of the brooklet1 where she launched and followed great fleets of leaf-boats2 besides1 she had her pets among the flock4 ,of all my lambs1 she said1 there is one that ,i prefer to all the rest4 ,and which is it8 asked somebody4 ,the one that ,i most love is the smallest one4 ,and she delighted in fondling and caressing it4 ,she herself was among children like her own darling in the flock4 ,although she was already fourteen years old1 she seemed no more than eleven or twelve4 ,without being rendered infirm1 she was subject to asthmatic affections1 which at times caused her great pain4 ,she bore her ills patiently and accepted her physical sufferings with that resignation which seems so difficult to the rich1 but to the needy so very natural4 ,in this innocent and silent school the poor shepherdess learned that which the world knows not2 the simplicity of soul which pleases the heart of ,god4 ,far from every impure influence1 conversing with the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 passing her time in crowning her with prayers and telling her chaplet1 this little maid preserved that absolute purity and baptismal innocence which the breath of the world so easily tarnishes1 even in the best4 ,such was this childish soul1 bright and calm as the unknown lakes which lie hidden among lofty mountains and silently reflect the splendors of heaven4 ,blessed are the clean of heart1 says the ,gospel2 for they shall see ,god4 ,these great gifts are concealed treasures1 and the humility which possesses them is often unconscious of their presence4 ,the little girl of fourteen years charmed all who happened to approach her1 and yet she was entirely unaware of it4 ,she considered herself as the least and most backward of her age4 ,indeed1 she did not know how to read or write4 ,moreover1 she was an entire stranger to the ,french tongue1 and knew only her own poor patois of the ,pyrenees4 ,she had never learned the catechism1 and in this respect her ignorance was extraordinary4 ,the ,our ,father1 ,hail ,mary1 ,apostles' ,creed1 and ,glory be to the ,father1 which make up the chaplet1 constituted the sum of her religious knowledge4 ,hence it is unnecessary to add that she had not yet made her first communion4 ,it was to prepare her for this1 that the ,soubirous determined to bring her home1 in spite of their poverty1 and send her to the catechetical instructions at ,lourdes4 ,she had now been for two weeks under her father's roof4 ,alarmed by her asthma and her frail appearance1 her mother watched over her with particular care4 ,while the other children went barefoot in their sabots1 7wooden shoes17 she was provided with stockings2 and while her sister and brothers went freely out of doors1 she was constantly employed in the house4 ,the child1 accustomed to the open air1 would very gladly have gone out into it4 ,the day1 then1 was ,jeudi-,gras1 eleven o'clock had struck1 and these poor people had no wood to cook their dinner4 ,go1 and gather some sticks by the ,gave or on the common1 said the mother to ,marie1 her second daughter4 ,here1 as in many other places1 the poor have a sort of customary right to glean the dried branches which the wind blows from the trees in the commune1 and to the driftwood which the torrent leaves among the pebbles on its bank4 ,marie put on her sabots4 ,the eldest child1 of whom we have been speaking1 the little shepherdess of ,bartrs1 looked wistfully at her sister4 ,let me go1 too8 she finally asked of her mother4 ,i will carry my little bundle of sticks4 ,no1 replied ,louise ,soubirous1 you have a cough1 and you will catch more cold4 ,a little girl from a neighboring house1 named ,jeanne ,abadie1 about fifteen years of age1 having come in during this conversation1 was likewise preparing to go for wood4 ,all joined in importuning1 and the mother allowed herself to be persuaded4 ,the child at once covered her head with her kerchief1 tied on one side1 as is the custom among peasants of the south4 ,this did not appear sufficient to her mother4 ,put on your capulet1 said the latter4 ,the capulet is a graceful garment worn by the dwellers in the ,pyrenees4 ,it is at once a hood and a mantle1 made of very stout cloth1 sometimes white as fleece1 sometimes of a bright scarlet color2 it covers the head and falls over the shoulders to the waist4 ,in cold or stormy weather1 the women use it to wrap their neck and arms1 and1 when the garment is too warm1 they fold it up in a square and wear it as a cap upon their heads4 ,the capulet of the little shepherdess of ,bartrs was white4 ,,vi4 ,the three children left the town1 and crossing the bridge1 reached the left bank of the ,gave4 ,they passed the mill of ,m4 de ,laffite and entered the ,chalt1 gathering here and there sticks for their little fagots4 ,they walked down the river's course1 the delicate child following at some distance her stronger companions4 ,less fortunate than they1 she had not yet found any thing1 and her apron was empty1 while her sister and ,jeanne had begun to load themselves with twigs and chips4 ,clad in a black gown1 well worn and patched1 her pale countenance inclosed in the fold of the capulet which fell over her shoulders1 and her feet protected by a large pair of sabots1 she wore an air of grace and rustic innocence which appealed more to the heart than to the senses4 ,she was still quite small for her age4 ,although her childish features had been touched by the sun1 they had not lost their natural delicacy4 ,her fine black hair scarcely appeared from beneath her kerchief4 ,her brow1 open to the air1 was free from any line or wrinkle4 ,under her arching eyebrows1 her eyes of brown1 in her softer than blue1 had a deep and tranquil beauty whose clearness no evil passion had ever disturbed4 ,hers was the single eye of which the ,gospel speaks4 ,her mouth1 wonderfully expressive1 revealed the habitual tenderness of her soul and pity for every kind of suffering4 ,her whole appearance1 while it pleased1 also possessed that extraordinary power of attraction exerted by lofty minds4 ,and what was it that gave this secret power to a child so poor1 so ignorant1 clothed in tatters8 ,it was the greatest and rarest of possessions1 the majesty of innocence4 ,we have not yet told her name4 ,she had for her patron a great and holy doctor of the church1 whose genius was especially sheltered under the protection of the ,mother of ,god1 the author of the ,memorare1 the illustrious ,st4 ,bernard4 ,following a fashion which has its charms1 his great name1 given to this humble peasant1 had taken a childish and rustic form4 ,the little maid bore a title as gracious and as pretty as herself4 ,she was called ,bernadette4 ,she followed her sister and companion through the fields that belong to the mill1 and sought1 but vainly1 among the grass and shrubbery for some bits of wood to warm their family hearth4 ,so ,ruth or ,noemi might have appeared1 going to glean in the harvest-fields of ,booz4 ,,vii4 ,straying in this manner1 the three little girls reached the lower end of the ,chlet opposite the triple cave1 the grotto of ,massabielle1 which we have endeavored to describe4 ,they were separated from it only by the mill-race1 which bathes the foot of the cliffs1 and whose current is usually very strong4 ,to-day1 however1 the mill of ,svy has stopped work1 and the small quantity of water which leaks into the aqueduct makes but a slender stream1 very easy to wade4 ,the fallen branches of various trees lie thick among the rocks in this lonely and ordinarily inaccessible place4 ,rejoiced at this discovery1 bustling and active as ,martha1 ,jeanne and ,marie took off their sabots1 and in an instant were across the stream4 ,the water is very cold1 they cried as they hastily put on their wooden shoes4 ,it was the month of ,february1 and these mountain torrents1 fresh from the glacial snows1 are always icy cold4 ,bernadette1 less alert or less eager1 tarrying behind1 was still on the nearer side of the stream4 ,it was a more serious undertaking for her to cross4 ,she wore stockings1 while ,jeanne and ,marie had only to take off their sabots1 in order to wade4 ,even before the exclamation of her companions1 she feared the cold of the water4 ,throw in a couple of large stones1 she cried1 so that ,i may go over without getting wet4 ,the two little girls1 already engaged in making up a pair of fagots1 did not wish to lose time by turning from their task4 ,do as we have done1 said ,jeanne1 take off your shoes4 ,bernadette resigned herself1 and1 seated on a large stone1 began to do as she was bid4 ,it was about noon2 the ,angelus was about to sound from all the belfries of the ,pyrenees4 ,,viii4 ,she was in the act of drawing off her first stocking1 when she heard near her a shock like a blast of wind1 bursting with irresistible force upon the fields4 ,she thought it was a sudden storm1 and instinctively looked behind her4 ,to her great surprise1 the poplars which border the ,gave were perfectly motionless4 ,not even the slightest breeze stirred their boughs4 ,i must be dreaming1 she said1 and1 still thinking of the noise1 she could not believe that she had heard it4 ,she turned again to her stocking4 ,at this instant the impetuous roar of this unknown wind was heard again4 ,bernadette raised her glance1 and uttered1 or would have uttered1 a loud cry1 but it died upon her lips4 ,her limbs trembled and gave way4 ,astounded by what she saw1 and as if shrinking from it1 she fell upon her knees4 ,a vision of surpassing wonder was before her eyes4 ,the child's story1 the countless inquiries to which she has since been subjected by thousands of active and shrewd investigators1 have brought out all the details1 and enabled us to trace each line of the general appearance of that wonderful being who met at this moment the ravished glance of ,bernadette4 ,,ix4 ,above the grotto1 before which ,marie and ,jeanne1 busily employed and bent toward the ground1 were gathering sticks1 in the rude niche formed by the rock1 surrounded by a heavenly glory1 stood a lady of matchless beauty4 ,the ineffable radiance which floated around her did not hurt the eyes1 like the brightness of the sun4 ,on the contrary1 this aureole of soft and gentle light irresistibly attracted the glance1 which it seemed to relieve and fill with pleasure4 ,it was like the gleam of the morning-star4 ,but there was nothing vague or misty about the apparition4 ,it had not the shifting contour of a fantastic vision2 it was a reality1 a human body1 which to the eye seemed palpable as our own flesh1 and which resembled the figure of an ordinary human person in all respects1 except that it was surrounded by a luminous halo1 and was radiant with celestial beauty4 ,the lady was of medium height4 ,she looked very youthful1 like one who had attained her twentieth year1 without losing any of the tender delicacy of girlhood1 which usually fades so soon4 ,this beauty bore in her countenance the impress of everlasting durability4 ,moreover1 in her features the heavenly lines blended1 without disturbing their mutual harmony1 the peculiar charms of the four seasons of human life4 ,the innocent candor of the child1 the spotless purity of the virgin1 the calm tenderness of the loftiest maternity1 a wisdom surpassing the lore of centuries1 blended together without effacing each other1 in this wonderful and youthful countenance4 ,to whom shall we liken her in this sinful world1 where the rays of beauty are scattered1 broken1 or discolored1 and seldom reach us without some impure mixture8 ,every image1 every comparison would only abase this unspeakable type4 ,no majesty1 no excellence1 no simplicity here below could ever give us an idea whereby we might better understand it4 ,it is not with the lamps of earth that we can light up the stars of heaven4 ,the regularity and ideal beauty of these features surpassed all description4 ,it could only be said that their oval curve was of infinite grace1 that the eyes were blue and of a tenderness that sank through the heart of the beholder to its very depths4 ,the lips wore an expression of heavenly goodness and mildness4 ,the brow was like the seat of the highest wisdom2 that wisdom which combines universal knowledge with boundless virtue4 ,her garments were of an unknown fabric1 woven in the mysterious looms which serve to robe the lily of the valley2 for they were white as the stainless mountain snows1 and yet more splendid than the raiment of ,solomon in all his glory4 ,the vesture1 long and trailing in chaste folds1 revealed her virginal feet1 which lightly pressed the broad branch of eglantine1 and on each of which blossomed the golden mystical rose4 ,from her waist a sky-blue cincture1 loosely tied1 hung1 in long bands1 to the instep of her foot4 ,behind1 and enveloping in its fulness her arms and shoulders1 a white veil descended from her head to the hem of her robes4 ,no ring1 no necklace1 no diadem or gem2 none of those ornaments were there that human vanity loves to parade4 ,a chaplet1 whose drops of milky white slid on a golden cord1 hung from her hands1 fervently clasped together4 ,the beads glided through her fingers4 ,yet the lips of this ,queen of ,virgins remained motionless4 ,instead of reciting the rosary1 she was1 perhaps1 listening to the eternal echo in her own heart of that first ,ave6 and the deep murmur of invocation ever rising from this earth of ours4 ,each bead was undoubtedly a shower of heavenly graces that fell upon souls like the liquid diamonds into the chalice of the flower4 ,she kept silence2 but later1 her own words and the miraculous facts which we shall have to record1 were to attest that she was truly the ,immaculate ,virgin1 the sinless and stainless among women1 ,mary1 the ,mother of ,god4 ,this wonderful apparition looked upon ,bernadette1 who1 as we have seen1 shrinking and speechless1 had fallen upon her knees4 ,x4 ,the child1 in her first movement of fear1 had instinctively seized her rosary2 and1 holding it in her hands1 endeavored to make the sign of the cross4 ,but she trembled so violently as to render this impossible4 ,fear not1 said ,jesus to his disciples1 when he came walking on the waves of the sea of ,tiberias4 ,the look and smile of the ,blessed ,virgin appeared to say the same thing to this frightened little shepherdess4 ,with a sweet1 grave gesture1 which seemed like a benediction to earth and heaven1 she1 as if to encourage the child1 made the sign of the cross4 ,and the hand of ,bernadette1 raised1 as it were1 by her hand who is called the ,help of ,christians1 repeated the sacred sign4 ,fear not1 it is ,i1 ,jesus said to his disciples4 ,the child felt no more fear4 ,astonished1 charmed1 scarcely trusting her senses1 and wiping her eyes1 whose glance was riveted by the heavenly vision1 no longer knowing what to think1 she humbly recited her rosary3 ,i believe in ,god--,hail1 ,mary6 full of grace6 ,when she had finished saying the last ,glory be to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost1 the bright ,virgin suddenly disappeared1 rentering that eternal paradise1 the dwelling of the ,holy ,trinity1 whence she had come4 ,bernadette felt like one who has suddenly fallen from a great height4 ,she stared vacantly around4 ,the ,gave still flowed on1 moaning over the pebbles and broken rocks2 but the noise seemed to her more sorrowful than before2 the waters themselves seemed more gloomy1 the landscape and sunlight less bright than formerly4 ,in front the cliffs of ,massabielle extended1 and beneath them her companions were still engaged in collecting the sticks of wood4 ,above the grotto were still the niche and the arch of eglantine2 but nothing unusual appeared there2 no trace remained of the celestial visitor4 ,they were no longer the gate of heaven4 ,the scene which we have just related must have lasted for a quarter of an hour2 not that ,bernadette was conscious of the lapse of time2 but it may be measured by the circumstance that she had been able to recite five decades of the rosary4 ,completely restored to herself1 ,bernadette finished removing her shoes and stockings1 and rejoined her companions4 ,absorbed by what she had seen1 she did not dread the cold of the water4 ,all her childish powers were concentrated in recalling the facts of this strange apparition4 ,jeanne and ,marie had seen her fall upon her knees and betake herself to prayer2 but as this1 thank ,god1 is not a rare occurrence with these mountaineers1 and as they were occupied at their task1 they had paid no further attention4 ,bernadette was surprised at the perfect calmness which her sister and ,jeanne evinced4 ,they had just finished their work and1 entering the grotto1 began to play as if nothing extraordinary had happened4 ,have you seen nothing8 asked the child4 ,they then noticed that she seemed disturbed and agitated4 ,no1 they replied2 have you seen any thing8 ,was it that ,bernadette feared to tell what filled her soul1 for fear of profanation8 ,did she wish to enjoy it in silence8 ,or was she restrained by a bashful timidity8 ,nevertheless1 she did obey that instinct which prompts humble souls to conceal as a treasure the special graces with which ,god favors them4 ,if you have seen nothing1 said she1 ,i have nothing to tell you4 ,the little fagots were bound up4 ,the three children began to retrace the road to ,lourdes4 ,but ,bernadette could not conceal her trouble4 ,on the way1 ,marie and ,jeanne teased her1 to find out what she had seen4 ,the little shepherdess yielded to their entreaties and their promise of eternal secrecy4 ,i saw1 she began1 something dressed in white4 ,and she went on to describe her marvellous vision4 ,this is what ,i saw1 said she in conclusion2 but do not1 for the world1 say anything about it4 ,marie and ,jeanne did not doubt a syllable4 ,the soul in its first innocence is naturally believing4 ,doubt is not the besetting sin of childhood4 ,and even were they disposed to be sceptical1 the earnest accents of ,bernadette1 still agitated and full of what she had seen1 would have irresistibly led them to believe4 ,marie and ,jeanne did not doubt1 but they were frightened4 ,the children of the poor are naturally timid4 ,nor is it strange1 since sufferings come to them from every side4 ,it is1 perhaps1 something that will do us harm1 said they4 ,let us never go there again1 ,bernadette4 ,scarcely had the confidants of the little shepherdess reached the house1 when the secret fairly boiled over4 ,marie told it all to her mother4 ,what is all this stuff1 ,bernadette1 that your sister has been telling me8 ,the little girl repeated her story4 ,marie ,soubirous shrugged her shoulders4 ,you have been deceived1 child4 ,it was nothing at all4 ,you thought that you saw something1 but you did not4 ,this is all fancy and imagination4 ,bernadette still adhered to her story4 ,at any rate1 said her mother1 never go near that place again4 ,i forbid it4 ,this prohibition wounded ,bernadette to the heart4 ,for1 ever since the apparition had vanished1 she had felt the greatest desire to see it once more4 ,nevertheless1 she was resigned1 and said nothing4 ,,xi4 ,two days1 ,friday and ,saturday1 passed4 ,the extraordinary event was continually present to the mind of ,bernadette1 and became the absorbing topic of conversation with her sister ,marie1 with ,jeanne1 and a few other children4 ,bernadette still bore in her mind the memory of this heavenly vision2 and a passion--if one may use a word so profane to designate so pure a sentiment in a heart so innocent and girlish--a burning desire to see again this incomparable lady had taken possession of her soul4 ,this name of lady was the one which they naturally used in their rustic language4 ,whenever she was asked if this apparition resembled any one celebrated in the place for beauty1 she shook her head and said sweetly1 ,not at all4 ,this does not give the faintest idea of her4 ,she is of a beauty impossible to express4 ,she longed to see her once more4 ,the other children were divided between fear and curiosity4 ,,xii4 ,on ,sunday morning1 the sun rose brightly2 the weather was beautiful4 ,the open winter in the valleys of the ,pyrenees frequently has days which equal spring4 ,on returning from mass1 ,bernadette begged ,marie and ,jeanne and two or three other children to insist with her mother and persuade her to take off the prohibition and permit them to return to the cliffs of ,massabielle4 ,perhaps it may be some wicked thing1 said the children4 ,bernadette answered that she was not afraid1 for it had such a wonderfully kind face4 ,at all events1 replied the children1 who1 better taught than the poor shepherdess of ,bartrs1 knew something of the catechism--at all events1 we must throw some holy water at it4 ,if it comes from the devil1 it will go away4 ,say to it1 ',if you come from ,god1 approach6 ,if you come from the devil1 be off6' ,this is not the precise formula for exorcism2 but these little theologians of ,lourdes could not have reasoned better in this matter1 if they had been doctors of the ,sorbonne4 ,it was therefore decided1 in this juvenile council1 that one of them should carry the holy water4 ,a certain feeling of apprehension had stolen over ,bernadette on account of this talk4 ,nevertheless it only remained to obtain permission4 ,the children assembled after dinner to ask for it4 ,the mother was still unwilling to remove the prohibition1 alleging that the ,gave ran close to the cliffs of ,massabielle1 and that there might be danger2 that the hour for vespers was near at hand1 and that they ought not to run the risk of being late2 and that the whole story was pure childish prattle1 etc4 ,but every body knows what a regiment of children can do4 ,all promised to be careful1 to be quick1 etc41 and the matter ended by the mother's yielding4 ,the little band went to the church1 and there prayed for some time4 ,one of ,bernadette's companions had provided a small bottle4 ,it was now filled with holy water4 ,on arriving at the grotto1 nothing was to be seen4 ,let us pray1 said ,bernadette1 and recite the rosary4 ,the children knelt and began the rosary1 each to herself4 ,suddenly the face of ,bernadette appeared to be transfigured4 ,extraordinary emotion was manifested on her features1 and her countenance seemed to shine with heavenly light4 ,with feet resting upon the rock1 clad as formerly1 the marvellous apparition again stood before her4 ,look6 look6 she cried1 there it is6 ,alas6 the vision of the other children was not miraculously cleared from the film which hides glorified bodies from our sight4 ,the little girls saw nothing but the lonely rock and the branches of eglantine1 which descended to the foot of that mysterious niche1 where ,bernadette contemplated an unknown being4 ,the features of ,bernadette wore an expression that made it impossible to doubt that she really saw something4 ,one of the children placed the bottle of holy water in her hands4 ,then1 ,bernadette1 remembering what she had promised1 arose and sprinkled the wonderful lady1 who stood in the niche before her4 ,if you come from ,god1 approach6 said the little girl4 ,and1 at her words1 the ,blessed ,virgin advanced close to the edge of the rock4 ,she seemed to smile at the precautions of ,bernadette1 and1 at the sacred name of ,god1 her face shone even brighter than before4 ,if you come from ,god1 approach6 repeated ,bernadette4 ,but1 seeing the heavenly goodness and love of her glorious visitor1 she felt her heart sink when about to add1 ,if you come from the devil1 go away6 ,these words1 which had been dictated to her1 seemed monstrous in the presence of this incomparable being2 and they fled from her thoughts without mounting to her lips4 ,she prostrated herself again1 and continued to recite her rosary1 to which the ,blessed ,virgin seemed to listen1 telling also her own4 ,at the end of her prayer1 the apparition vanished4 ,,xiii4 ,returning to ,lourdes1 ,bernadette was full of joy4 ,she rehearsed in the secrecy of her heart these extraordinary scenes4 ,her companions felt a sort of terror in her presence4 ,the transfiguration of the countenance of ,bernadette had convinced them of the reality of the supernatural vision4 ,and every thing that surpasses nature brings with it a sense of awe4 ,let not the ,lord speak to us lest we die1 said the ,jews of the ,old ,testament4 ,we are afraid1 ,bernadette4 ,never go to that place again4 ,perhaps what you have seen will do us mischief4 ,so said the timid companions of the little seer4 ,according to their promise1 the children returned in time for vespers4 ,when they were over1 numbers of people came out to walk and enjoy the last rays of the sun1 so delightful on these fine winter days4 ,the story of the little girls was told among various groups of walkers1 and passed from mouth to mouth4 ,thus it was that the rumor of these strange things began to spread in the town4 ,the report1 which at first had agitated only a humble band of children1 increased like a tide-wave1 and reached every fireside4 ,quarry-workers1 7very numerous at this place17 tailors1 laboring-men1 peasants1 servants1 waiting-maids1 and other poor people conversed about this matter1 some believing1 some denying1 others openly scoffing at1 and many exaggerating1 the facts of this rumored apparition4 ,with one or two exceptions1 the bourgeoisie did not pay the least attention to all this talk4 ,strange to say1 the father and mother of ,bernadette1 while they confided fully in her sincerity1 regarded the apparition as an illusion4 ,she is only a child1 they said4 ,she thinks she has seen something2 but she has seen nothing4 ,it is only the imagination of a little girl4 ,nevertheless1 the extraordinary precision of ,bernadette's recital startled them4 ,at times1 won by the earnest accents of their daughter1 they felt their incredulity shaken4 ,and while they desired that she should not revisit the grotto1 they did not dare to forbid her4 ,she did not do so1 however1 until ,thursday4 ,,xiv4 ,during the first days of the week1 several persons came to see the ,soubirous1 in order to question ,bernadette4 ,her answers were brief and exact4 ,she might be laboring under a delusion1 but it was only necessary to see her to know that she was in good faith4 ,her perfect simplicity1 her innocent age1 her tone of earnestness1 all contributed to give her words a force which carried conviction4 ,all who visited her were entirely satisfied of her veracity1 and persuaded that something extraordinary had happened at the cliffs of ,massabielle4 ,the statement1 nevertheless1 of an ignorant little girl could not suffice to establish firmly an event so entirely out of the ordinary course of things4 ,there must be other proofs besides the word of a child4 ,but what was this apparition1 supposing it to have been real8 ,was it an angel of light1 or a spirit from the abyss8 ,was it not some suffering soul1 wandering and seeking prayers8 ,might it not have been so-and-so or so-and-so1 who1 but recently dead in the odor of sanctity1 had appeared to manifest the glory of the life to come8 ,faith and superstition each proposed their hypotheses4 ,did the mournful ceremonies of ,ash-,wednesday help to incline a certain lady and a young girl of ,lourdes to one of these solutions8 ,did they see in the shining whiteness of the garments which the apparition wore1 some likeness to a shroud or some sign of a ghost8 ,we know not4 ,the young girl was named ,antoinette ,peyret1 and was a member of the society of the ,children of ,mary2 the other was ,mme4 ,millet4#bhi ,it is undoubtedly some soul from ,purgatory1 who implores us to have masses offered up for it4 ,so they thought2 and they went to see ,bernadette4 ,ask this lady who she is1 and what she wishes1 said they4 ,get her to explain it to you2 or1 if you cannot understand1 let her put it in writing4 ,bernadette1 who felt a keen desire to return to the grotto1 obtained from her parents a new permission2 and the following morning1 ,thursday1 ,february the #ahth1 about six o'clock1 at daybreak1 and after having heard mass at half-past five1 she1 together with ,antoinette ,peyret and ,mme4 ,millet1 turned her steps in the direction of the grotto4 ,,xv4 ,the repairs in the mill of ,m4 de ,laffite had been completed1 and the canal which moved the machinery had been opened to the current2 so that it was impossible to reach the end of their journey by the old way of the ,chlet4 ,they were obliged to ascend the side of the ,esplugues1 choosing a steep path which led to the forest of ,lourdes2 then to descend by a break-neck route to the grotto1 over crags1 and the steep1 loose soil of ,massabielle4 ,in the face of these unforeseen difficulties1 the two companions of ,bernadette were somewhat dismayed4 ,but she1 on the contrary1 even then trembled with an eager desire to reach their destination4 ,it seemed as if an invisible power sustained and endowed her with unwonted energy4 ,she1 usually so frail and weak1 felt at that moment stout and strong4 ,her steps became so rapid as they began the ascent1 that ,antoinette and ,mme4 ,millet1 though both were strong and in perfect health1 had a good task to keep up with her4 ,the asthma1 which usually hindered her from running1 seemed to have left her for the time being4 ,on reaching the summit1 she was neither tired nor out of breath4 ,although her companions were perspiring and panting1 her face was perfectly calm4 ,she descended the cliffs1 which she thus traversed for the first time1 with the same ease and agility1 feeling conscious that an invisible power guided and sustained her4 ,over these steep and sharp declivities1 among slippery stones1 hanging over the abyss1 her step was as bold and firm as if walking upon the highway4 ,mme4 ,millet and ,antoinette did not endeavor to follow at the same gait4 ,they descended slowly1 and with the precaution required by so perilous a way4 ,consequently1 ,bernadette arrived at the grotto some minutes before them4 ,she prostrated herself and began reciting her chaplet1 earnestly regarding the niche1 still empty and embowered by the entwining boughs of the eglantine4 ,suddenly she uttered a cry4 ,the well-known light of the aureole shone from the depths of the cave2 she heard a voice calling her4 ,the wonderful apparition was again visible a few steps above her4 ,the lovely ,virgin turned toward the child her face lit up with eternal beauty1 and with her hand beckoned her to approach4 ,at this moment1 after surmounting a thousand and one difficulties1 the two companions of ,bernadette1 ,antoinette and ,mme4 ,millet1 reached the spot4 ,they saw the features of the child transfigured with ecstasy4 ,she heard and saw them4 ,she is there6 the girl cried1 she beckons me to draw near6 ,ask if she is annoyed because we are here with you4 ,if so1 we will go away4 ,bernadette looked at the ,blessed ,virgin1 invisible to all save herself4 ,then she turned toward her companions4 ,you may remain1 she answered4 ,the two women knelt beside the child and lighted a blessed taper1 which they had brought with them4 ,it was1 beyond doubt1 the first time that such a light had ever shone in this savage place4 ,this simple act1 which seemed to inaugurate a sanctuary1 had in itself a mysterious solemnity4 ,this visible sign of adoration1 this humble flame lighted by two poor women1 on the supposition that the apparition was divine1 was never more to be extinguished but to brighten daily1 and to grow with the lapse of years4 ,the breath of incredulity was to exhaust itself against it in vain efforts4 ,the storm of persecution was to arise2 but this flame1 lit by the devotion of the people1 was to point for ever toward the throne of ,god4 ,while these rustic hands lighted the first illumination in this strange grotto where a child was praying1 the east had changed its color from gray to gold and purple1 and the sun had begun to flood the world with light and to peep over the highest crest of the mountains4 ,bernadette1 in ecstasy1 contemplated a cloudless beauty4 ,tota pulchra es1 amica mea1 et macula non est in te3 ,thou art all beautiful1 my beloved1 and there is no spot in thee4 ,her companions spoke to her again4 ,go toward her1 if she makes a sign4 ,go1 ask her who she is1 and why she comes here8444 ,is she a soul from purgatory that needs our prayers1 or wishes us to have masses offered up for her8444 ,ask her to write on this paper what she desires4 ,we are willing to do any thing she wishes--all that is needful for her rest4 ,the little seer took the paper1 ink1 and paper1 which were given her and advanced toward the apparition1 whose maternal glance brightened on seeing her draw near4 ,nevertheless1 at each step that ,bernadette made1 the apparition receded into the interior of the cave4 ,the child lost sight of it for a moment1 and it went under the arch of the lower grotto4 ,there1 just above her and much nearer at hand1 she saw the ,blessed ,virgin shining in the opening of the niche4 ,bernadette held in her hand the objects which had been given her2 she stood on tiptoe to reach the height of the supernatural being4 ,her two companions advanced to hear1 if possible1 the conversation which was about to take place4 ,but ,bernadette1 without turning1 and as if obeying a gesture of the vision1 signed to them not to approach4 ,abashed1 they withdrew4 ,my ,lady1 said the child1 if you have any thing to tell me1 will you not please write what you wish8 ,the heavenly ,virgin smiled at this nave request4 ,her lips parted and she spoke3 ,what ,i have to tell you ,i do not need to write4 ,only do me the favor to come here every day for two weeks4 ,i promise to do so6 said ,bernadette4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin smiled again and made a gesture of satisfaction1 showing her full confidence in the word of this poor little peasant of fourteen years4 ,she knew that the little shepherdess of ,bartrs was pure as one of those little ones whose golden heads ,jesus loved to caress1 saying1 ,of such is the kingdom of heaven4 ,to the promise of ,bernadette1 she replied by a solemn engagement3 ,and ,i for my part promise to make you happy1 not in this world1 but in the next4 ,to the child who accorded her a few days1 she promised1 in return1 eternity4 ,bernadette1 without losing sight of the apparition1 returned to her companions4 ,following her glance1 she noticed the eyes of the ,blessed ,virgin resting kindly and for some time on ,antoinette ,peyret1 who was unmarried and a member of the ,confraternity of the ,children of ,mary4 ,bernadette told them what she had seen4 ,she is looking at you now1 said the child to ,antoinette4 ,the latter was filled with pleasure by these words and always recalled them with joy4 ,ask1 said they1 if she is willing to have us accompany you hither during the fortnight4 ,bernadette addressed the apparition4 ,they may come with you1 answered the ,blessed ,virgin1 and also any other persons4 ,i desire to see every body here4 ,saying these words1 she disappeared1 leaving behind her that brilliant light with which she was surrounded1 and which slowly melted away4 ,in this instance1 as in others1 the child noticed something which seemed a rule with regard to the aureole which always surrounded the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,when the vision appears1 said she1 in her own language1 ,i see first the light and then the ',lady2' when it disappears1 the ',lady' first vanishes and afterward the light4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #bhg ,bascle de ,lagrze1 ,conseiller la ,cour ,imprial de ,pau1 ,chronique de la ,ville et du ,chateau de ,lourdes4 #bhh ,the ,ordo of the diocese of ,tarbes for #aheh1 ,feb4 #ab1 contains the rubric1 ,sanct ,genovef1 7,proprium ,tarbense47 #bhi ,these two persons are still living4 ,unless the contrary be expressly stated1 all those named in the course of this work are still alive1 and can be questioned4 ,we would urge our readers to examine and verify all our assertions4--,,the ,,author4 ,,the ,,paradise ,,lost ,,of ,,st4 ,,avitus4 ,the indebtedness of ,milton to ,andreini for the conception of ,paradise ,lost1 is proved not only by internal evidence1 but by the ascertained fact that the ,english poet was well acquainted with the work of the ,italian4 ,another poet of merit1 centuries before1 had produced a noble work on the subject1 with which we may suppose1 from ,milton's classical and theological learning1 he was familiar1 though no proof exists that he had read it4 ,we refer to the three poems of ,st4 ,avitus1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 ,the ,creation1 ,original ,sin1 and ,the ,judgment of ,god1 which form a triad1 or a poem in three parts4 ,its resemblance to ,paradise ,lost1 in general idea and in some important details1 is very striking1 and a curious fact in literature4 ,these1 with other works of the author1 were published at the beginning of the sixteenth century1 though written long before4 ,alcimus ,ecdicius ,avitus1 born about the middle of the fifth century1 was of a senatorial family in ,auvergne4 ,he became bishop ,a4,d4 #dij1 dying in #ebe4 ,his part in the church of ,gaul was active and important1 as he was chief among the orthodox bishops of the east and south of ,gaul1 and ,vienne belonged to the ,burgundian ,arians4 ,in the struggle to maintain the true faith against the ,arians1 ,st4 ,avitus had to contend not only against theological adversaries1 but the civil power4 ,in the year #dii he held a conference at ,lyons with some ,arian bishops1 in the presence of ,king ,gondebald2 and he influenced ,king ,sigismund to return to the true belief4 ,he was the most distinguished among all the ,christian poets from the sixth to the eighth century1 and only the obscurity of the age can account for the oblivion into which his works have fallen4 ,it is true that his poetry abounds in labored comparisons and artificial antitheses2 but in treating of sacred subjects he adheres to the scriptural simplicity1 and though living much nearer to the days of paganism than ,milton1 has nothing like his mythological allusions and ornaments4 ,he wrote a hundred letters on his own times1 besides homilies and treatises4 ,his six poems are in hexameter verse4 ,they are1 ,the ,creation1 7,de ,initio ,mundi17 ,original ,sin1 7,de ,originali ,peccato17 ,the ,judgment of ,god1 7,de ,sententia ,dei17 ,the ,deluge1 7,de ,diluvio ,mundi17 ,the ,passage of the ,red ,sea1 7,de ,transitu ,maris ,rubri17 and ,in ,praise of ,virginity1 7,de ,consolatoria ,laude ,castitatis1 etc47 ,the first three constitute what may be called the ,paradise ,lost of ,st4 ,avitus4 ,in the ,creation1 the peculiar features of the descriptive poetry of the sixth century appear1 resembling the school founded by the ,abb ,delille2 elaborate beyond good taste1 dissecting and anatomizing in details4 ,this is almost painfully shown in the account of the creation of man1 in which the anatomical particulars are minute and scientific to the utter destruction of the picturesque4 ,then comes the description of paradise1 which is in curious analogy to ,milton's4 ,we translate part of it3 ,beyond the ,indies1 where the world begins1 ,where1 it is said1 the confines meet of earth ,and heaven1 there spreads an elevated plain ,to mortals inaccessible1 inclosed ,by barriers everlasting since for sin ,adam was cast out from that happy home4 ,there never change of seasons brings the frost2 ,there summer yields not place to winter's reign2 ,and while elsewhere the circle of the year ,brings stifling heat1 or fields with crisp ice bound1 ,there bides eternal spring4 ,tumultuous winds ,come not1 and clouds forsake skies always pure4 ,no need of rains2 the ever genial soil ,with warm1 sweet moisture of its own1 keeps fresh ,its vivid verdure2 herbs and foliage live ,fadeless1 their vigor drawn from their own sap1 ,mingling their leaves with blossoms4 ,annual fruits ,there ripen every month2 the lily's sheen ,the sunbeams taint not1 nor the violet's blue2 ,the fresh rose never fades2 the laden boughs ,shed odoriferous balm2 the gentle breeze ,skimming the woods1 with softest murmur stirs ,the leaves and flowers1 thence wafting sweet perfume4 ,clear founts gush out from their pellucid source1 ,and polished gems have not their flashing lustre4 ,along the crystal's margin emeralds gleam1 ,with varied hues of every jewel's sheen ,the world holds rich1 enamelling the sands1 ,and glistening in the meads like diadems4 ,book i4 #baa-beg ,the ,latin is as follows3 ,ergo ubi transmissis mundi caput incipit ,indis1 ,quo perhibent terram confinia jungere clo1 ,lucus inaccessa cunctis mortalibus arca ,permanet1 terno conclusus limite1 postquam ,decidit expulsus primvi criminis auctor1 ,atque reis digne felici a sede revulsis1 ,clestes hc sancta capit nunc aula ministros1 ,non hic alterni succedit temporis unquam ,bruma1 nec stivi redeunt post frigora soles1 ,excelsus calidum cum reddit circulus annum1 ,vel densante gelu canescunt arva pruinis4 ,hic ver assiduum cli clementia servat2 ,turbidus ,auster abest1 semperque sub re sudo ,nubila diffugiunt jugi cessura sereno4 ,nec poscit natura loci quos non habet imbres1 ,sed contenta suo dotantur germina rore4 ,perpetuo viret omne solum1 terrque tepentis ,blanda nitet facies2 stant semper collibus herb1 ,arboribusque com2 qu cum se flore frequenti ,diffundunt1 celeri confortant germina succo4 ,nam quidquid nobis toto nunc nascitur anno2 ,menstrua maturo dant illic tempora fructu4 ,lilia perlucent nullo flaccentia sole1 ,nec tactus violat violas1 roseumque ruborem ,servans perpetuo suffundit gratia vultu4 ,sic cum desit hiems1 nec torrida ferveat stas1 ,fructibus autumnus1 ver floribus occupat annum4 ,hic qu donari mentitur fama ,sabsis ,cinnama nascuntur1 vivax qu colligit ales1 ,natali cum fine perit1 nidoque perusta ,succedens sibimet qusita morte resurgit2 ,nec contenta suo tantum semel ordine nasci2 ,longa veternosi renovatur corporis tas1 ,incensamque levant exordia crebra senectam1 ,illic desudans fragrantia balsama ramus ,perpetuum promit pingui de stipite fluxum4 ,tum si forte levis movit spiramina ventus1 ,flatibus exiguis1 lenique impulsa susurro1 ,dives silva tremit foliis1 ac flora salubri1 ,qui sparsus late maves dispensat odores4 ,hic fons perspicuo resplendens gurgita surgit4 ,talis in argento non fulget gratia1 tantam ,nec crystalla trahunt nitido defrigore lucem4 ,margine riparum virides micuere lapilli1 ,et quas miratur mundi jactantia gemmas1 ,illis saxa jacent2 varios dant arva colores1 ,et naturali campos diademate pingunt4 ,the parallel passage of ,milton runs thus3 ,thus was this place1 ,a happy rural seat of various view2 ,groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm1 ,others whose fruit1 burnished with golden rind1 ,hung amiable1 ,hesperian fables true1 ,if true1 here only1 and of delicious taste4 ,betwixt them lawns1 or level downs1 and flocks ,grazing the tender herb1 were interposed1 ,or palmy hillock2 or the flowery lap ,of some irriguous valley spread her store1 ,flowers of all hue1 and without thorn the rose2 ,another side1 umbrageous grots and caves ,of cool recess1 o'er which the mantling vine ,lays forth her purple grape1 and gently creeps ,luxuriant2 meanwhile1 murmuring waters fall ,down the slope hills1 dispersed1 or in a lake ,that to the fringed bank with myrtle crowned ,her crystal mirror holds1 unite their streams4 ,the birds their choir apply2 airs1 vernal airs1 ,breathing the smell of field and grove1 attune ,the trembling leaves1 while universal ,pan ,knit with the graces and the hours in dance1 ,led on th' eternal spring4 ,paradise ,lost1 iv4 #bdf1 etc4 ,the ,nile1 according to religious traditions1 was one of the four rivers of paradise4 ,in his description of its fertilizing inundation1 ,st4 ,avitus paints1 in a poetical figure1 the view presented in after-years3 ,when1 swollen1 the river overflows its banks1 ,strewing the plains with dark slime1 fertile then ,the soil with calm skies and terrestrial rain2 ,then ,memphis in the midst of a vast lake ,appears1 and o'er their fields submerged in crafts ,the laborers sail4 ,the flood's decree sweeps forth ,all boundaries1 equalizing all1 and stays ,the season's labors4 ,joyful sees the shepherd ,his meadows swallowed1 and from foreign seas ,strange shoals of fish where erst his herds were fed4 ,then1 when the waters have espoused the earth1 ,impregnating its gems1 the ,nile recedes1 ,calls back its scattered waters1 and the lake1 ,once more a river1 to its bed returns1 ,its floods encompassed in the ancient dyke4 ,book i4 #bff-bha4 ,we give also the original3 ,nam quoties tumido perrumpit flumine ripas ,alveus1 et nigris campos perinundat arenis1 ,ubertas taxatur aqua1 cloque vacante ,terrestrem pluviam diffusus porrigit annis4 ,tunc inclusa latet lato sub gurgite ,memphis1 ,et super absentis possessor navigat agros4 ,terminus omnis abest1 quatur judice fluctu ,annua suspendens contectus jurgia limes4 ,gramina nota videt lactus subsidere pastor1 ,inque pecorum viridantis jugere campi ,succedunt nantes aliena per quora pisces4 ,ast postquam largo fecundans germina potu ,lympha maritavit sitientis viscera terr1 ,regraditur ,nilus1 sparsasque recolligit undas3 ,fit fluvius pereunte lacu2 tum redditur alveo ,pristina riparum conclusis fluctibus obex1 etc4 ,an analogous phenomenon--far more vast and terrible--the descent of the waters of the upper firmament1 and the overflow of earthly floods1 is described by ,st4 ,avitus in his poem on ,the ,deluge4 ,in the second part of the triad1 ,original ,sin1 the sacred traditions are implicitly followed2 something is to be found of ,andreini's conception of the prince of hell preserving in the demon the grandeur of the angel1 carrying into the pit of evil the traces of a heavenly nature4 ,the ,satan of ,st4 ,avitus is not the devil of mere traditions1 odious1 hideous1 malignant1 with no elevation of feeling4 ,he retains some traits of his first estate and a certain moral grandeur4 ,nevertheless the conception lacks the sublimity of ,andreini's and ,milton's1 presenting none of those fierce conflicts of the soul1 those appalling contrasts1 which are so effective4 ,it has1 however1 originality and energy1 forcibly impressing the reader4 ,satan1 first entering paradise1 and perceiving ,adam and ,eve1 is thus portrayed3 ,when he beheld the new-created pair ,in their fair home1 their happy sinless life1 ,under ,god's laws the sovereigns of the earth1 ,with tranquil joy surveying all around ,in peace their sway confessing--jealous rage ,like lightning raised a tempest in his soul2 ,like to volcanic fires his fury burned4 ,too recent his great loss2 hurled down from heaven1 ,down to the infernal pit1 and with him fallen ,the troop who shared his fate6 ,the agony1 ,the shame of such defeat1 with added pangs ,and horror1 rose afresh1 when he beheld ,those happy ones2 and full of bitter grief1 ,envy1 despite1 he poured his anger forth4 ,ah6 woe is me2 this new world sprung to life1 ,this odious race the offspring of our ruin6 ,woe6 ,heaven was mine2 from heaven ,i am expelled1 ,this dust of earth to angels' pomp succeeding6 ,frail clay1 to fair form moulded1 will usurp ,the power1 the sovereignty torn from our hands1 ,to him transferred6 ,yet not of all despoiled1 ,some power we hold1 some evil we can do4 ,be it done without delay6 ,i yearn for strife6 ,i long to meet these foes2 yea1 now to meet them1 ,in their simplicity1 which knows as yet ,naught of deceit2 naught but the things they see1 ,which leaves them shieldless4 ,easier the task ,to tempt them and mislead1 while thus alone1 ,ere they have thrown a vast posterity ,into the eternity of ages6--,no-- ,we will not suffer any thing immortal ,to rise from earth6 ,let us destroy the race ,here in its source6 ,oh6 that its chiefs defeat ,may be the seed of death6 ,life's principle ,give rise to pangs of death6 all struck in one6 ,the root cut and the tree for ever prone6 ,such consolation in my fall is mine2 ,if ,i must never more ascend to heaven1 ,at least its portals shall be closed 'gainst these6 ,the misery ,i suffer is less keen ,knowing these creatures lost by a like fall2 ,if they1 accomplices in my destruction1 ,become companions in my punishment1 ,sharing with us the flames ,i now discern ,prepared for us6 ,but to allure them on1 ,i1 who have fallen1 must show them the same road1 ,that the same pride which drove me out of heaven ,may chase man from the bounds of paradise4 ,he spoke1 and heaving a deep sigh1 was silent4 ,book ii4 #fj-aag4 ,the ,latin is as follows3 ,vidit ut iste novos homines in sede quieta ,ducere felicem nullo discrimine vitam1 ,lege sub accepta ,domino famularier orbis1 ,subjectisque frui placida inter gaudia rebus2 ,commovit subitum zeli scintilla vaporem1 ,excrevitque calens in sva incendia livor4 ,vicinus tunc forte fuit1 quo concidit alto1 ,lapsus1 et innexam traxit per prona catervam4 ,hoc recolens1 casumque premens in corde recentem1 ,plus doluit periisse sibi quod possidet alter4 ,tunc mixtus cum felle pudor sic pectore questus ,explicat1 et tali suspiria voce relaxat4 ,proh dolor1 hoc nobis subitum consurgere plasma1 ,invisumque genus nostra crevisse ruina6 ,me celsum virtus habuit1 nunc arce reje ,pellor1 et angelico limus succedit honori4 ,clum terra tenet1 vili compage levata ,regnat humus1 nobisque perit translata potestas4 ,non tamen in totum periit2 pars magna retentat ,vim propriam1 summaque cluit virtute nocendi1 ,nec differre juvat2 jam nunc certamine blando ,congrediar1 dum prima salus1 experta nec ullos ,simplicitas ignara dolos1 ad tela patebit4 ,et melius soli capientur fraude1 priusquam ,fecundam mittant terna in scula prolem1 ,immortale nihil terra prodire sinendum est2 ,fons generis pereat1 capitis dejectio victi ,semen mortis erit2 pariat discrimina lethi ,vit principium2 cuncti feriantur in uno2 ,non faciet vivum radix occisa cacumen4 ,hc mihi dejecto tandem solatia restant4 ,si nequeo clausos iterum conscendere clos1 ,his quoque claudentur1 etc4 ,thus ,milton's ,satan3 ,o hell6 what do mine eyes with grief behold6 ,into our room of bliss thus high advanced ,creatures of other mould2 earth-born perhaps1 ,not spirits1 yet to heavenly spirits bright ,little inferior2 whom my thoughts pursue ,with wonder1 and could love1 so lively shines ,in them divine resemblance1 and such grace ,the hand that formed them on their shape hath poured4 ,ah gentle pair6 ye little think how nigh ,your change approaches1 when all these delights ,will vanish and deliver ye to woe6 ,more woe the more you taste is now of joy2 ,happy1 but for so happy ill secured ,long to continue1 and this high seat your heaven ,ill fenced for heaven to keep out such a foe ,as now is entered2 yet no purposed foe ,to you1 whom ,i could pity thus forlorn1 ,though ,i unpitied2 league with you ,i seek1 ,and mutual amity1 so strait1 so close1 ,that ,i with you must dwell1 or you with me ,henceforth2 my dwelling haply may not please1 ,like this fair paradise1 your sense2 yet such ,accept your ,maker's work2 he gave it me1 ,which ,i as freely give4 ,hell shall unfold1 ,to entertain you two1 her widest gates1 ,and send forth all her kings2 there will be room1 ,not like these narrow limits1 to receive ,your numerous offspring2 if no better place1 ,thank him who puts me loath to this revenge ,on you1 who wrong me not1 for him who wronged4 ,and should ,i at your harmless innocence ,melt as ,i do1 yet public reason just1 ,honor and empire with revenge enlarged1 ,by conquering this new world1 compel me now ,to do what else1 though damned1 ,i should abhor4 ,milton's ,paradise ,lost1 iv4 #ceh-cib4 ,more elevated1 impassioned1 and complex are the feelings of ,milton's ,satan1 more eloquent his expression2 yet the simple energy1 the menacing concentration of the arch-fiend painted by ,st4 ,avitus1 has a powerful effect4 ,the third book exhibits the despair of ,adam and ,eve after the fall2 the coming of the divine ,judge2 his sentence1 and their expulsion from paradise4 ,where ,milton represents ,adam as giving way to indignation against ,eve1 ,st4 ,avitus causes him to rage against the ,creator himself4 ,adam thus saw himself condemned3 his guilt ,by inquiry made manifest4 ,yet not ,in humble suppliance did he sue for mercy3 ,nor with deep penitence1 and tears1 and prayers1 ,and self-accusing1 shamed confession1 plead ,for the remission of his punishment2 ,fallen1 miserable1 no pity he invoked4 ,with lifted front1 with anger flushed1 his pride ,broke forth in clamorous reproach4 ',twas then ,to bring my ruin that the woman was given ,to be my helpmeet6 ,that which from thy hand1 ,creator6 was received as best of blessings-- ,she--overcome herself--has conquered me ,with counsels sinister6 prevailed with me ,to take the fruit she had already tasted2 ,she is the source of evil2 from her came ,the sin1 beguiling me too credulous2 ,and thou1 ,lord1 thou didst teach me to believe her ,by giving her to be my own in marriage1 ,with sweet ties joining us6 ,ah6 if my life1 ,lonely at first1 had so continued--happy6 ,if ,i had never known this fatal union1 ,the yoke of such companionship6 ,these words ,of ,adam the divine ,creator heard1 ,and thus severely spoke to desolate ,eve2 ,woman1 why hast thou in thy fall drawn down ,thy wretched spouse8 ,deceived1 and then deceiving1 ,instead of standing in thy guilt alone1 ,why sought'st thou to dethrone the higher reason ,of this thy husband8 ,and the woman1 full ,of shame and sorrow1 daring not to raise ,her face with conscious blushes all suffused1 ,answered3 ,the serpent did beguile me2 he ,persuaded me to taste the fruit forbidden4 ,book iii4 #if-aab4 ,the original poem runs thus3 ,ille ubi convictum claro se lumine vidit1 ,prodidit et totum discussio justa reatum1 ,non prece submissa veniam pro crimine poscit1 ,non votis lacrymisve rogat1 nec vindice fletu ,prcurrit meritam supplex confessio pnam4 ,jamque miser factus1 nondum miserabilis ille est4 ,erigitur sensu1 timidisque accensa querelis ,fertur in insanas laxata superbia voces4 ,heu male perdendo mulier conjuncta marito6 ,quam sociam misero prima sub lege dedisti1 ,hc me consiliis vicit devicta sinistris1 ,et sibi jam notum persuasit sumere pomum4 ,ista mali caput est1 crimen surrexit ab ista4 ,credulus ipse fui1 sed credere tu docuisti1 ,connubium donans1 et dulcia vincula nectens ,atque utinam felix1 qu quondam sola vigebat1 ,clebs vita foret1 talis nec conjugis unquam ,fdera sensisset1 comiti non subdita prav4 ,hac igitur rigidi commotus mente ,creator1 ,mrentem celsis compellat vocibus ,evam4 ,cur miserum labens traxisti inprona maritum ,nec contenta tuo deceptrix femina casu1 ,sublimi sensum jecisti1 ex arce virilem6 ,ilia pudens1 tristique genas suffusa rubore1 ,auctorem sceleris clamat decepta draconem1 ,qui pomum vetito persuasit tangere morsu4 ,thus ,milton3 ,whom thus afflicted when sad ,eve beheld1 ,desolate where she sat1 approaching nigh1 ,soft words to his fierce passion she essayed2 ,but her with stern regard he thus repelled4 ,out of my sight1 thou serpent6 ,that name best ,befits thee with him leagued1 thyself as false ,and hateful2 nothing wants1 but that thy shape1 ,like his1 and color serpentine1 may show ,thy inward fraud1 to warn all creatures from thee ,henceforth2 lest that too heavenly form1 pretended ,to hellish falsehood1 snare them6 ,but for thee ,i had persisted happy2 had not thy pride ,and wandering vanity1 when least was safe1 ,rejected my forewarning1 and disdained ,not to be trusted1 longing to be seen1 ,though by the devil himself2 him overweening ,to overreach2 but with the serpent meeting1 ,fooled and beguiled2 by him thou2 ,i by thee ,to trust thee from my side1 imagined wise1 ,constant1 mature1 proof against all assaults2 ,and understood not all was but a show1 ,rather than solid virtue2 all but a rib ,crooked by nature1 bent1 as now appears1 ,more to the part sinister1 from me drawn2 ,well if thrown out1 as supernumerary ,to my just number found4 ,oh6 why did ,god1 ,creator wise1 that peopled highest heaven ,with spirits masculine1 create at last ,this novelty on earth1 this fair defect ,of nature1 and not fill the world at once ,with men1 as angels1 without feminine2 ,or find some other way to generate ,mankind8 ,this mischief had not then befallen1 ,and more that shall befall2 innumerable ,disturbances on earth through female snares1 ,and strait conjunction with this sex4' ,paradise ,lost1 x4 #hfc-hig4 ,the scriptural simplicity of this passage1 as found in the poem of ,st4 ,avitus1 will be by many esteemed better than ,milton's ornamentation4 ,the book ends with a prediction of the advent of ,christ1 who is to triumph over ,satan4 ,the leaving of paradise is touchingly described at the close of the poem4 ,the sentence given1 and by the trembling pair ,received1 with skins of beasts the ,lord himself ,clothed both the man and woman4 ,then he drove ,them out for ever from the happy garden ,of paradise4 ,prone to the ground they fell1 ,those hapless ones4 ,they entered on the world ,that was to them a wilderness4 ,they fled ,with hasty steps1 as by the avenging sword ,pursued4 ,the earth before them had its bowers ,of trees and verdant turf2 green meads and fountains1 ,and winding streams1 appear to greet their sight2 ,yet ah6 how hideous is the landscape drear ,after thy lovely face1 ,o ,paradise6 ,startled1 the pair survey the doleful scene1 ,and weep to think of all that they have lost2 ,they do not see the limits of the world2 ,and yet it seems a narrow cell2 they groan ,immured in such a prison6 ,even the day ,is darkness to their eyes2 while the clear sun ,is shining in his strength1 they bitterly ,complain that all the light has vanished from them4 ,a ,dutch poet also--,joost ,van ,den ,vondel--wrote a drama on the fall of man1 before ,andreini's4 ,among the personages are ,lucifer and his attendant evil spirits1 ,gabriel1 the ,king of ,angels1 ,michael1 ,uriel1 etc4 ,adam and ,eve are attended in paradise by a chief guardian angel4 ,the lyrics of the heavenly host have considerable poetic beauty4 ,,the ,,willian ,,girls ,some persons have a natural enjoyment of tribulation4 ,they take a real pleasure in raising their eyebrows lugubriously1 holding their heads a little on one side with a sorrowful and resigned expression1 and looking at the world through blue spectacles4 ,they always sigh in thanking ,god1 and can find a cloud in the sunniest sky4 ,you can never conquer such people on their own ground4 ,if you have a slight pain in your little finger1 they have an excruciating pain in their thumb2 if you have caught your robe on a nail1 theirs has been rent on a spike2 if you have been wet in a shower1 they have been soaked in a torrent4 ,these persons have minor voices1 make great use of chromatics in speaking1 and their affections seem to be situated in the liver4 ,mr4 ,christopher ,willian had a taint of this green and yellow melancholy in his disposition1 and his rapidly increasing family gave full scope for its development4 ,if ,eva were a boy1 now1 he sighed1 ,i could soon have some one to help me in the shop4 ,but--nothing but girls6 ,eva is a treasure6 ,mrs4 ,willian answered stoutly4 ,i wouldn't exchange her for the best boy in the world4 ,but girls are so expensive1 the father objected1 and they can't earn any thing2 that is1 mine can't4 ,i don't want a daughter of mine to leave my house till she marries4 ,and there is no need of their doing any thing1 my dear1 the mother replied cheerfully4 ,we own our house1 and your business is very good4 ,then1 when the mortgages are paid off on your building1 the rent of the upper flats will make us quite independent4 ,in three or four years we shall be out of the wood1 all our pinching and toiling over4 ,mrs4 ,willian was a thrifty1 clear-headed1 energetic woman2 but1 though she would not have owned it1 she herself found the prospect appalling4 ,as she sat there after her husband left her1 she glanced out the chamber window and saw ,dinah1 the one servant of the house1 putting out the washing1 her accusing face looming darkly over the interminable lines of wet dry-goods4 ,oh6 the strings to tie1 the buttons to button1 the hooks to hook6 ,and here on her knees lay another candidate for such services1 an unconscious little affliction of two weeks old6 ,oh6 the rents and rips to mend1 the darnings and makings over1 the little faces to wash and locks to comb1 the faults to chide1 the teasings to bear1 the questions to answer6 ,she had just got a glimpse through the door of ,eva with her hair in a snarl1 and of ,helen with soiled stockings on2 she knew that ,frances had tumbled downstairs and set her nose bleeding2 she could hear ,anne crying pathetically for mother to come and rock her to sleep1 and she was almost sure that every thing was at sixes and sevens in the kitchen4 ,but ,i will not lose my courage6 she exclaimed vehemently1 and1 in proof that she would not1 burst into hysterical weeping4 ,the fifth girl grew apace1 and after her came ,josephine1 and after ,josephine came ,jane4 ,mr4 ,willian is among the blessed1 said the priest when this seventh daughter was carried to him for baptism4 ,verily1 he shall not be confounded when he shall speak to his enemies in the gate4 ,others besides the priest had their jest concerning this regiment of girls4 ,tradesmen smiled when purchases were made for them1 people laughed and counted when invitations were to be sent to them1 neighbors went to their windows to see the ,willian procession start for church4 ,they became proverbial1 especially with their father4 ,but as years passed1 words of praise began to drop in among the jests4 ,mothers marvelled to see how early the ,willian girls learned to sew and mend1 how deftly they could use the broom and duster1 what womanly ways the elder had toward the younger4 ,these mothers reproachfully told their shiftless daughters what a dignified and careful maiden ,miss ,eva was1 and how even ,anne could put a room to rights after the smaller fry1 and sing ,jenny to sleep with a voice like a bobolink's4 ,for all these children took to singing as naturally as birds do1 and warbled before they could speak4 ,nor were their happy hearts less valuable in the house than their helpful hands4 ,half the mother's load of care melted from her in the brightness of their faces1 and the anxious cloud on ,mr4 ,christopher ,willian's brow lightened in spite of him whenever some gushing sprite1 all laughter and kisses1 ran to welcome him home4 ,he was sometimes vexed on recollecting how he had been lured from a good grumble by their baby wiles4 ,indeed1 he was not nearly so dissatisfied as he pretended to be4 ,such sweet and healthy affections as theirs were1 which1 never having been checked1 flowed out in joyous innocence2 such pure1 unerring instincts1 that needed no knowledge of baseness in order to shrink from its contact2 such open hands for the poor1 such tender hands for the afflicted2 and1 crowning all1 such steadfast1 unassuming piety4 ,among the young ladies who1 dressed to attract attention1 promenaded the public streets1 the ,willian girls were never found2 their father's house was the place where they made new acquaintances and entertained old ones4 ,and what did they conceal from their parents8 ,nothing4 ,their hopes and plans and fears1 their mistakes1 their faults1 all were freely told4 ,and how pretty they were6 ,their father secretly made the most flowery comparisons when looking at them4 ,he mentally challenged the dew-washed morning roses and violets to vie with their fresh faces around the breakfast table4 ,when at evening they formed a ring of bloom around the piano1 and sang for their parents1 or for visitors1 his private opinion was1 that a choir of angels could not far excel them2 and when the circle broke1 like a wreath falling into flowers1 and each went about some pretty employment1 then ,mr4 ,willian had not eyes enough with which to watch his seven girls4 ,but once own to any such feeling1 and there would be an end to his privilege of grumbling4 ,he well knew what a chorus would assail his first grievance3 ,why1 papa1 you said that we were-- etc42 or1 ,now1 ,mr4 ,willian1 do be consistent6 ,with my own ears ,i have heard you say-- etc4 ,so he wrapped the silver lining of his cloud inward1 and showed them only the gray4 ,but one evening1 for a wonder1 he came home with a joyful face and no word of fault-finding4 ,when ,jenny1 the youngest1 ran to meet him1 he gave her a toss nearly to the ceiling2 he gave one of ,fanny's curls a pull in passing her2 he presented his wife with a bunch of late flowers1 he praised every thing on the supper-table4 ,finally1 when they were gathered in the evening1 he told them the cause of this unusual hilarity4 ,he had that day made the last payment on the building in which he had his shop1 and now their weary economies were at an end4 ,but don't imagine1 you young witches1 that all this is to go in finery1 he said1 giving the nearest one a pinch on the cheek4 ,the house here needs a little fitting up1 and perhaps we will have a new piano4 ,but ,i must begin now to lay by something4 ,a man with such a load of girls on his shoulders has to think of the future4 ,they were too much accustomed to remarks like the last to be greatly disturbed by them1 but this threw a momentary dampening4 ,then the silence was broken by ,miss ,eva's calm and musical voice3 ,the house needs to be painted and papered and furnished from basement to attic4 ,it is very shabby4 ,mr4 ,willian forgot to exclaim at the dimensions of this proposition when he looked in the fair face of his eldest daughter1 and saw the serene grace with which she seated herself beside her mother1 and smoothed down the folds of her dress4 ,eva was now twenty1 calm1 blonde1 and stately4 ,o papa6 cried ,florence across the fireplace2 do buy a lovely landscape of ,weber's we saw to-day4 ,it is just what we want to put over the mantel-piece in the front parlor4 ,again the father looked1 but said nothing4 ,florence was a girl of artistic tastes1 was frail and excitable1 and had brilliant violet eyes and an unsteady scarlet in her cheeks4 ,now at last ,i can have a watch6 cried ,frances in a ringing voice4 ,i've nearly got a curvature of the spine from looking round at the clock to see if ,i have practised long enough4 ,my dear ,fanny1 interposed her mother1 we need a new set of china much more than you need a watch4 ,frances was the romp of the family1 a large girl of sixteen1 with heaps of brown curls around a piquante face4 ,i wish ,i had a little rosewood writing-desk and a pearl pen-handle1 came in a clear1 insinuating voice very high up the scale4 ,anne sat in a low chair1 with her chin in her hand1 her elbow on her knee1 and her gaze fixed intently on the cornice of the room4 ,but perceiving no notice taken of her remark1 she lowered her glance1 and gave her father a look out of the corners of her eyes1 which thereby got the appearance of being nearly all whites4 ,anne was fourteen years of age1 and had a quiet way of doing as she pleased and getting all she wanted without seeming to try4 ,frances called her pussy-cat4 ,o papa6 broke in ,georgiana1 can't ,i have a pair of skates and learn to skate8 ,i want a silver mug6 cried ,jane1 the youngest1 striking in before ,josephine4 ,josephine sat in the shadow of her father's chair1 and had two small wrinkles between her brows4 ,is there any thing else any one will have8 asked ,mr4 ,willian with excessive politeness1 after having caught breath4 ,don't be bashful1 ,i beg6 ,it is a pity there are only seven of you1 with your mother making eight4 ,possibly by putting a mortgage on the house1 ,i may be able to gratify your wishes4 ,speak up--do6 ,ever so slight a cloud settled upon the gentleman's audience as he glanced over them1 bowing suavely1 and rubbing his hands with an appearance of great cordiality4 ,papa6 came in a little voice out of the shadow4 ,every one had forgotten ,josephine4 ,a real smile melted the waxen mask of a smile on ,mr4 ,willian's face4 ,poor ,josie6 he said4 ,she came out of her corner and stood by his side4 ,papa1 have you got the block insured8 she asked4 ,her father colored suddenly as he put his arm about the child and drew her closer to him4 ,here girls1 he said1 is one who thinks of the means as well as the end4 ,she never will ruin any one by her extravagance4 ,but have you1 papa8 she persisted4 ,this house is all right1 dear2 and ,i'm going to insure the store to-morrow4 ,he spoke carelessly1 but there was a slight stir of uneasiness perceptible beneath4 ,his wife looked at him with surprise4 ,why1 father1 how happened you to let it run out8 ,i was so busy to-day ,i forgot all about it1 he said almost pettishly4 ,the policy expired only yesterday4 ,i'll see to it the first thing in the morning4 ,go and sing something1 girls4 ,all but ,josie gathered about the piano1 and sang one of ,william ,blake's songs3 ,can ,i see another's woe1 ,and not be in sorrow too8 ,can ,i see another's grief1 ,and not seek for kind relief8 ,can ,i see a falling tear1 ,and not feel my sorrow's share8 ,can a father see his child ,weep1 nor be with sorrow filled8 ,can a mother sit and hear ,an infant groan1 an infant fear8 ,no1 no6 never can it be2 ,never1 never can it be6 ,and can ,he1 who smiles on all1 ,hear the wren with sorrows small1 ,hear the small bird's grief and care1 ,hear the woes that infants bear1 ,and not sit beside the nest ,pouring pity in their breast8 ,and not sit the cradle near1 ,weeping tear on infant's tear8 ,and not sit both night and day1 ,wiping all our tears away8 ,oh6 no2 never can it be2 ,never1 never can it be6 ,he doth give his joy to all2 ,he becomes an infant small1 ,he becomes a man of woe1 ,he doth feel the sorrow too4 ,in the midst of the last soft strain ,eva's hands paused on the keys1 her sisters ceased singing1 and her father and mother lifted their faces to listen2 for a loud gamut of bells outside had run up the first stroke of the fire-alarm4 ,at the last stroke1 ,mr4 ,willian started up and went into the entry for his hat4 ,not a word was said as he went out2 but the girls gathered about their mother1 and stood with the breath just hovering on their lips1 counting the alarm over and over1 hoping against hope4 ,but1 no2 they had counted rightly at first4 ,the loud clear strokes through that silence left no room for doubt4 ,the girls drew nearer their mother1 their faces losing color4 ,i can't bear the suspense1 ,eva1 she said4 ,get our bonnets1 and we will go down-town4 ,don't cry1 ,josie6 ,you children all stay here and say the rosary while we are gone4 ,we will soon be back1 and perhaps we shall bring good news4 ,florence took her beads from her pocket1 put her arm around the weeping ,josie1 and drew her down to her knees before their mother's chair4 ,mrs4 ,willian glanced back as the others knelt too1 then shut the door1 breathing a blessing on them4 ,if it should be ,god's will to spare us now1 she said1 ,i shall be the happiest mother in the world4 ,it was not ,god's will to spare them1 she soon found4 ,as they turned the last corner and came in sight of ,mr4 ,willian's building1 they saw it the centre of a vast crowd1 firemen1 volunteer workers1 and lookers-on4 ,there was no appearance of fire in the lower stories1 but smoke was gushing through all the interstices of the upper windows4 ,mrs4 ,willian wrung her hands and turned away4 ,there go the savings and toil of a lifetime6 she said4 ,it was impossible for the firemen to work well at that height1 and the flames were creeping to the air4 ,in a few minutes the smoke reddened1 a little tongue of flame crept through a crevice1 broadened1 and the fire burst forth4 ,no effort could stay it4 ,leisurely descending from floor to floor1 it carried all before it4 ,a thread of smoke in a corner of the ceiling1 a tiny flame1 and soon the whole room would be an intolerable brightness with masses of falling flaming timbers4 ,at midnight the family were all at home again2 ,mr4 ,willian lying half-senseless upon a sofa1 his wife and children ministering to him4 ,in his frantic efforts to save something from the burning building1 one of his arms had been broken by the falling bricks4 ,those were sorrowful days that followed1 verifying the proverb that it never rains but it pours4 ,josephine was taken ill the week after the fire2 but she was sure to be well soon1 they said4 ,she was not very ill4 ,there was a little cough1 a little fever1 and a great weakness4 ,the girls thought not much of it4 ,they were too much engaged1 indeed1 attending to their father1 and doing an immense deal of mysterious outside business4 ,if ,eva were only a boy6 sighed the father weakly4 ,a boy of twenty could earn a good salary4 ,father1 ,eva began very decidedly1 a girl of twenty can earn a good salary4 ,let me tell you what your good-for-nothing daughters are going to do4 ,we haven't been idle the fortnight past4 ,i am to take immediate charge of a class in the ,n---- school1 with a salary of five hundred dollars to begin with1 and a yearly advance4 ,i shall stay at home1 by your leave1 and nearly all my money will go toward the housekeeping expenses4 ,besides that1 ,i have a music class of four4 ,so much for me4 ,i doubt if that wonderful son would spare you more out of his earnings4 ,florence is to take a few more lessons in ,indian-ink from ,mr4 ,rudolf1 and he says that in four or five weeks she will be able to earn ten dollars a week1 painting photographs4 ,frances has got tatten and crochet-work to do for ,blake ,brothers1 and they promise to pay her well4 ,she does such work beautifully4 ,anne is to cut out paper bordering for ,mr4 ,sales1 who is building blocks upon blocks of houses4 ,he says that he will keep her busy three months4 ,georgiana is to help mother about the house1 and ,dinah is going away4 ,so now1 father1 you can lie on your sofa and rest1 and your troublesome daughters will not let you starve4 ,miss ,eva ended with her cheeks very red1 and her head very high in the air4 ,but her pride softened immediately when she saw her father's quivering lips1 that vainly attempted to speak4 ,it is our turn now1 dear papa1 she said1 kissing him2 and we are quite proud and eager to begin4 ,you have cast your bread upon the waters in former times2 now you must lie still and see it float back to you4 ,what can ,i do8 asked a weak little voice from the arm-chair where ,josie reclined4 ,you can see which will get well the most quickly1 you or papa1 ,mrs4 ,willian said1 bending with tearful eyes to caress the child4 ,in this careful little one she saw embodied all the unconfessed sadness and anxiety of the one despondent period of her life4 ,poor ,josie was the scape-goat on whose frail shoulders had been laid her mother's doubts and fears1 and her father's selfish complaining4 ,success almost always attends brave and cheerful effort1 and the ,willian girls succeeded4 ,besides1 they were heroines in their way1 and every one was sympathizing and helpful to them4 ,but for their father's depression1 they would have been happier than ever before4 ,at last they were of use1 and not only of use1 but necessary4 ,they were no longer a burden tenderly but complainingly borne1 but they bore the family cares and labors on their own young shoulders4 ,what wonderful consultations they held1 what plans they laid1 what economies they practised6 ,what latent administrative powers were developed at the hour of need1 and what superlative managers they proved themselves to be6 ,how elastic a little money could be made when smoothed out by such coaxing taper fingers1 and shone upon by such bright and careful eyes6 ,besides1 they could not see but that they lived as well as ever4 ,their breakfasts and dinners and suppers were as good1 and their home was the same4 ,half the pleasure of wealth is in the consciousness of possessing it1 said ,florence philosophically4 ,was it ,john ,jacob ,astor who said that all he had from his riches was food and lodging8 ,well1 we have that4 ,of course it is a pity that papa's arm is still bad1 though it gives him time to develop his capacity for novels4 ,what6 ascetical works are they8 ,yes2 but ,i have seen novels too1 papa4 ,and here's a new one for you4 ,take it easy4 ,just lie there and make believe that you have become so rich that you have retired from business4 ,oh6 what blocks of houses you have4 ,what ships1 what lands1 what bank-stock6 ,isn't it weary to think what heaps of money you have to spend and give away4 ,don't let's think about it6 ,i came past the ruins of the fire to-day1 papa1 ,eva said1 seating herself by his sofa1 and looking at him with her calm1 sweet eyes4 ,at first ,i was so foolish as to shrink and turn my head away1 but the next moment ,i looked4 ,and ,i thought1 papa1 that may be what has seemed to us a calamity may turn out a great blessing4 ,we had built a good many hopes into that brick and mortar1 and instead of the fire destroying1 perhaps it has only purified them4 ,seeing that tears came into his eyes1 she added hastily1 ,fanny was with me1 and1 of course1 took a grotesque view of the affair4 ,she said that row of tall buildings1 with ours gone1 looked like somebody who had lost a front tooth4 ,mr4 ,willian smiled faintly1 but could answer nothing to their cheerful talk4 ,even while it comforted him1 it made him feel bitterly ashamed of himself4 ,besides1 he was very anxious about ,josie4 ,it came upon them like a thunderbolt3 ,josie was dying6 ,they could scarcely believe the doctor1 or the evidence of their own senses4 ,they hoped against hope4 ,there was no definable disease2 but the child was dying merely because1 instead of having had a healthy1 careless childhood1 and time to learn gradually that life is not all joy and sunshine1 her infant eyes had looked too early upon the cross of pain1 and she had seen the shadow and felt the weight of it before she could understand its consolation4 ,that'll make one less1 papa1 she said faintly1 looking up with faded eyes as he bent over her4 ,one less what1 my dear8 ,one less girl to support1 says ,josie4 ,the father's face sank to the pillow4 ,oh6 what a bitter punishment for his selfish complainings1 when his own child1 in dying out of his arms1 thought only that she was ridding him of a burden6 ,he could scarcely find words in which to sob out his love1 his regrets1 his entreaties that her tender spirit might be spared at least long enough to witness his expiation4 ,but even while he prayed it escaped him4 ,he clasped only a frail waxen form that answered no kiss1 uttered no more any childish1 plaintive word4 ,god forgive me6 he said4 ,now ,i know what real loss is2 and ,i deserve it4 ,how they missed the careful1 pathetic little face6 ,how often they became suddenly speechless when1 in laying their plans--they found that they had unconsciously included ,josie6 ,but they worked on bravely in spite of pain--worked the better for it1 indeed4 ,and when in after-years1 all happy and prosperous and with homes of their own1 they talked over the past1 and ,mr4 ,willian told of the wonderful time when his daughters had made caryatides of themselves to support the edifice of his fallen fortunes1 ,josie was gratefully mentioned as the noblest helper there4 ,for it was by her means that the cornerstone of our new home was laid in heaven1 he said4 ,,religion ,,in ,,education4 ,in every century there has arisen some question which1 by reason of its intrinsic importance1 or immediate influence on society1 may be called the problem of the age4 ,our century1 though differing in so many respects from all the others1 is not1 however1 an exception to this seeming law of history4 ,not a few long-standing grievances have been righted1 knotty political intricacies severed1 and brilliant scientific triumphs achieved2 yet important as was the emancipation of #ahbi or the disestablishment of #ahfi1 the laying of the transmarine cable1 or the cutting of ,suez1 we believe with the ,dublin ,review that the great problem of our age is the adjustment of the oft-debated educational question4 ,much has been said1 many editorials have been written1 and pamphlets published on this subject4 ,it has afforded a noble theme for such orators as ,lacordaire1 ,montalembert1 and ,archbishop ,hughes2 and a trying task for the skill and practical wisdom of such eminent statesmen as ,thiers1 ,lord ,derby1 and ,gladstone4 ,we know no better proof of the vital importance of education1 than the active part thus taken in its discussion by men of every religious persuasion and political shade4 ,in fact1 few questions affect so directly the welfare and interests of the people2 and assuredly in this country there is none of more moment as regards the well-being and permanence of our national institutions4 ,two centuries ago1 ,leibnitz declared the proper training of youth to be the foundation of human happiness2 in the last century1 ,washington called it the pillar of society2 and in our own1 ,bishop ,dupanloup assures us that it and it alone forms the greatness of a nation1 maintains its splendor1 and prevents decay4 ,but it may be argued that intellectual discipline without the coperation of any religious element will produce these great and inestimable results4 ,this we deny4 ,did polite literature1 for instance1 save the most refined nation of antiquity8 ,listen to the masters of the lyre bewailing the degradation of their countrymen1 and sighing for a purer and loftier virtue than any their religion could inspire4 ,did the plastic arts8 ,phidias and ,apelles will return the melancholy answer4 ,the eloquence of the orator8 ,the noblest appeals of duty1 the most patriotic harangue or spirit-stirring philippic palled alike upon a degenerate race4 ,the wisdom of the legislator8 ,all the sagacity of ,solon and ,lycurgus could but retard the downfall of the country4 ,in fine1 did philosophy8 ,its schools were often sinks of immorality1 and vice4 ,a few great minds1 indeed1 rose above the absurd creations of mythology1 and taught the precepts of natural morality2 but1 like the dragon-fly of the tropics1 they flitted across the night of paganism1 lights to themselves and mere ornaments of the surrounding darkness4 ,no wonder that the ,grecian states declined1 that their last day soon quivered on the dial of their doom1 and that they went down into a night which never knew a morrow4 ,the ,romans once added to the speculative wisdom of the ,greeks an almost heroic practice of all the natural virtues4 ,yet they1 too1 were swept by a torrent of vice into the common tomb of nations2 and only a few broken columns remain to-day to tell the traveller what was once the seat of a world-wide empire4 ,separate religion1 then1 from education1 as ,mr4 ,john ,stuart ,mill would fain do2 banish it entirely from the class-room1 and you will have taken the most effective means of insuring proximate dissoluteness and ultimate ruin4 ,even the author of ,lothair recognizes that without religion the world must soon become a scene of universal desolation4 ,if1 when children are asked how they are occupied in school1 they cannot say with the ,joas of ,racine1 ,j'adore le ,seigneur1 on m'explique sa loi1 sooner or later1 we may have to say with ,abner1 ,juda est sans force1 ,benjamin sans vertu4 ,intellectual culture1 therefore1 even in its highest perfection1 can gain at best but an ephemeral triumph4 ,it cannot perpetuate the civilization to which a people in the meridian of their greatness may attain2 and it certainly has never raised a fallen empire1 nor poured a quickening stream through the veins of a superannuated nation4 ,this inefficiency can be accounted for only by the absence of that pure and sublime faith which commanded the respect of the hordes that poured from the north1 to batter down the last remains of a gigantic fabric1 as well as of that sublime moral code which tamed these rude nomads and raised them from a savage state to the loftiest heights of ,christian civilization4 ,the term education is from the ,latin e and duco1 meaning literally to lead or draw out4 ,some writers have attempted to define it the drawing out or development of the mental faculties4 ,this may be a scientific view of head-culture2 but as a definition of education1 it is defective and very unphilosophical4 ,defective1 because it embraces only a part2 unphilosophical1 because it substitutes the secondary for the essential4 ,we maintain that instruction is but a branch of education1 to which religion is as the parent stem4 ,if we consult the masters of thought1 and those who shape the destinies of nations1 we shall be surprised to find how unanimously they hold moral training paramount to intellectual culture1 and how strongly they insist on making the latter always subservient to the former4 ,the better to substantiate our assertion against the cavillings of sceptics1 we will give a few quotations1 selecting only from ,protestant authors4 ,the end of education1 according to ,milton1 is to fit man to perform justly1 skilfully1 and magnanimously all the offices both public and private of peace and war4 ,the hard and valuable part of education1 says ,locke1 is virtue2 this is the solid and substantial good which the teacher should never cease to inculcate till the young man places his strength1 his glory1 and his pleasure in it4 ,the educating of a young man1 writes ,lord ,kames1 to behave well in society is of still greater importance than making him a ,solomon in knowledge2 and ,we shall never know1 says ,sir ,walter ,scott1 our real calling or destiny1 unless we have taught ourselves to consider every thing else as moon-shine compared with the education of the heart4 ,and ,lord ,derby3 ,religion is not a thing apart from education1 but is interwoven with its whole system2 it is a principle which controls and regulates the whole mind and happiness of the people4 ,and ,guizot3 ,popular education1 to be truly good and socially useful1 must be fundamentally religious4 ,thus1 then1 the essential element of education--its pith and marrow1 so to speak--is the religious element4 ,to exclude it from the school-room is1 therefore1 a crying injustice to the rising generation and a crime against society4 ,it is not one portion of the triple man1 but the whole--the physical1 intellectual1 and moral being--the body1 the mind1 the head--that must be cultivated and brought up4 ,neglect any one part of man's nature1 and you at once disturb the equilibrium of the whole1 and produce disorder2 educate the body at the expense of the mind and soul1 and you will have only animated clay2 educate the intelligence at the expense of the moral and religious feelings1 and you but fearfully increase a man's power to effect evil4 ,you store the arsenal of his mind with weapons to sap alike the altar and the throne1 to carry on a war of extermination against every holy principle1 against the welfare and the very existence of society4 ,catiline1 the polished patrician1 was more dreaded by the ,roman senate than the steel of his hired assassins4 ,the ,french revolution1 the most violent outbreak that ever convulsed society1 was ushered in by a blaze of genius2 but1 like the high intelligence of the archangel ruined1 it brought desolation and death in its fiery track4 ,science without religion is more destructive than the sword in the hands of unprincipled men4 ,talent if divorced from rectitude1 says ,channing1 will prove more of a demon than a god4 ,it is these enlightened infidels that arrest the progress of true civilization and prepare those terrible catastrophes which deluge a country with blood4 ,who were the leaders in the work of destruction and wholesale butchery in the ,reign of ,terror8 ,the nurslings of lyceums in which the chaotic principles of the philosophers were proclaimed as oracles of truth4 ,who are those turbulent revolutionists who now long to erect the guillotine by the ,tuileries8 ,and who are those secret conspirators and their myrmidon partisans who have sworn to unify ,italy or lay it in ruins8 ,men who were taught to scout the idea of a ,god and rail at religion2 to consider ,christianity as a thing of the past and a legion of isms as the regenerators of the future2 men who revel in wild chimeras by night1 and seek to realize their mad dreams by day4 ,the frightful excesses to which irreligion directly leads so struck one of the most frantic revolutionists of #agic that1 yet dripping with blood1 he mounted to the pediment of a temple and with a pencil wrote this memorable inscription1 ,the ,french nation recognizes the existence of a ,supreme ,being2 and a few hours before ascending the scaffold to suffer the just penalty of his enormities1 he cried out to his countrymen1 ,the republic can only be established on the eternal bases of morality4 ,terrible confession wrung from a regicide in the most impious moment of history6 ,robespierre proclaimed the truth4 ,the only safety for a commonwealth1 the only source of greatness and prosperity for a nation1 as well as of tranquillity and happiness for the individual1 is religion4 ,when men reject its heavenly guidance1 duty becomes as void of meaning to them as honor was to a well-known ,shakespearean character1 the most sacred obligations dwindle down into mere optional practices1 and the moral code itself soon becomes little more than the bugbear of the weak-minded4 ,the safeguard of morality1 says ,de ,tocqueville1 is religion2 and he concludes a chapter of his ,american ,republic with the following pertinent remark3 ,religion is the companion of liberty in all its battles and triumphs2 the cradle of its infancy1 and the divine source of its claims2 it is the safeguard of morality1 and morality is the best security of law as well as the surest pledge of freedom4 ,the philosophers of the eighteenth century1 by their monstrous errors and shameless depravity1 have shown but too clearly that science without religion ,leads to bewilder1 and dazzles to blind4 ,these vaunted esprits forts had entered the realms of learning and returned as conquerors laden with treasures2 but instead of consecrating the spoil to the service of the true1 the good1 and the beautiful1 they paid it as a votive tribute to the evil genius of license and disorder4 ,the world then saw these very men to whom princes had offered the incense of adulation enthrone an impure goddess on the altar of the ,most ,high1 and fall prostrate before a public harlot4 ,if further proof were needed of the immoral tendency of science separated from religion1 we could silently point to the nameless abominations of the ,communists1 ,fourierists1 and other such vile and degraded fraternities2 we could dwell on the cold-blooded murders and frightful suicides that fill so many domestic hearths with grief and shame2 the scarcely concealed corruption of public and professional men2 the adroit peculation and wilful embezzlement of the public money2 those monopolizing speculations and voluntary insolvencies so ruinous to the community at large2 and1 above all1 those shocking atrocities so common in unbelieving countries--the legal dissolution of the matrimonial tie and the wanton tampering with life in its very bud4 ,these humiliating facts are sufficient to convince any impartial mind that there can be no social virtue1 no morality1 no true and lasting greatness without religion4 ,here we meet the question1 ,when should these salutary doctrines be inculcated8 ,as well might it be asked when the builder should lay the foundation of his edifice1 or the farmer sow his field4 ,if religious principles be not laid broad and deep in childhood1 there is great danger that the superstructure will topple and fall4 ,youth has been called the seed-time of life2 and experience as well as reason proves the same law to hold good in mental as in material husbandry2 ,what you sow that you shall reap4 ,men do not seek grapes from thorns1 nor figs from thistles4 ,yet1 by a strange inconsistency1 some would expect virtuous youths from godless schools4 ,but the order of nature cannot be reversed4 ,like generates like4 ,in childhood the mind is simple and docile2 the soul1 pure and candid2 and the heart may easily be cast into any mould4 ,it is of the highest importance for parents and educators to bear in mind that the first impressions are the last forgotten4 ,the pious child may in after-life1 in an evil hour1 be led astray by the force of passion or bad example1 but at least1 when the fires of youth have cooled with advancing age1 there is great probability that he will return again to virtue and piety4 ,with great truth the poet has said1 ,take care in youth to form the heart and mind1 ,for as the twig is bent1 the tree's inclined4 ,one of the greatest thinkers of our age1 thoroughly convinced of the paramount importance of early moral training1 would have the air of the school-room1 as it were1 impregnated with religion4 ,it is necessary1 says ,guizot1 that natural education should be given and received in the midst of a religious atmosphere1 and that religious impressions and religious observances should penetrate all its parts4 ,it would1 indeed1 be well if those who advocate the exclusion of religion from our schools would read and maturely weigh these words of the illustrious ,protestant statesman and historian4 ,a little further on occurs the following remarkable passage3 ,religion is not a study or an exercise1 to be restricted to a certain place and a certain hour2 it is a faith and a law which ought to be felt everywhere1 and which in this manner alone can exercise all its beneficent influence upon our minds and lives4 ,in the same spirit ,disraeli says1 ,religion should be the rule of life1 not a casual incidence4 ,it is then absurd to devote six days of the week to the teaching of human learning1 and trust to a hurried hour in the ,sunday-school for the imparting of religious knowledge4 ,by such a system1 we may make expert shop-boys1 first-rate accountants1 shrewd and thriving earth-worms1 as ,bishop ,berkeley says2 but it would be presumption to think of thus making good citizens1 still less virtuous ,christians4 ,to-day more than ever we need a thorough religious education4 ,the enemies of ,christianity are now making war upon its dogmas more generally and craftily than at any former period4 ,their attacks1 for being wily and concealed1 are all the more pernicious4 ,the impious rage of a ,voltaire1 or the solemn sneer of a ,gibbon1 would be less dangerous than this insidious warfare4 ,they disguise their designs under the appearance of devotion to progressive ideas1 hatred of superstition and intolerance1 all the better to instil the slow but deadly poison4 ,by honeyed words1 a studied candor1 a dazzle of erudition1 they have spread their gossamer nets of seduction over the world4 ,the press teems with books and journals in which doctrines subversive of religion and morality are so elegantly set forth that the unguarded reader1 like ,roger in ,ariosto1 is very apt to be deceived by the fascination of false charms1 and to mistake a most hideous and dangerous object for the very type of beauty4 ,the serpent stealthily glides under the silken verdure of a polished style4 ,nothing is omitted4 ,the passions are fed and the morbid sensibilities pandered to2 firmness in the cause of truth or virtue is called obstinacy2 and strength of soul1 a refractory blindness4 ,the bases of morality are sapped in the name of liberty2 the discipline of the church1 when not branded as sheer mummery1 is held up as hostile to personal freedom2 and her dogmas with one or two exceptions are treated as opinions which may be received or rejected with like indifference4 ,nor is this irreligious tendency confined to literary publications2 it finds numerous and powerful advocates in men of scientific pursuits1 who1 like ,belial in ,milton1 strive to make the worse appear the better cause4 ,the chemist has never found in his crucible that intangible something which men call spirit2 so1 in the name of science1 he pronounces it a myth4 ,the anatomist has dissected the human frame2 but failing to meet the immaterial substance--the soul1 he denies its existence4 ,the physicist has weighed the conflicting theories of his predecessors in the scales of criticism2 and finally decides that bodies are nothing more than the accidental assemblage of atoms1 and rejects the very idea of a ,creator4 ,the geologist1 after investigating the secrets of the earth1 triumphantly tells us that he has accumulated an overwhelming mass of facts to refute the biblical cosmogony and thus subvert the authority of the inspired record4 ,the astronomer flatters himself that he has discovered natural and necessary laws which do away with the necessity of admitting that a divine hand once launched the heavenly bodies into space and still guides them in their courses2 the ethnographer has studied the peculiarities of the races1 he has met with widely-different conformations1 and believes himself sufficiently authorized to deny the unity of the human family2 in a word1 they conclude that nothing exists but matter1 that ,god is a myth1 and the soul the dream of a dream4 ,thus do men attack these sacred truths which1 in the words of ,balmes1 cannot be shaken without greatly injuring and finally destroying the social edifice4 ,what1 then1 must be done to save society from the perils that menace it--to stem the tide that bids fair to sweep away eventually even civilization itself8 ,what is the remedy for the profligacy that disgraces some of our crowded centres1 and the demoralization that is fast gangrening our rural districts8 ,there is one1 and we believe there is but one4 ,let the rising generation be brought up in a religious atmosphere4 ,if we ,christianize our youth1 we may be sure of having a virtuous and a virile people2 for it is an ethical truth1 that the morals are but the outward forms of the inner life4 ,the ,father of our country1 then1 was right1 when he said1 in his farewell address to the ,american nation1 that religion and morality are the props of society and the pillars of the state4 ,history tells in its every page that the decline and downfall of nations have ever been caused by immorality and irreligion4 ,our national institutions1 our prosperity and civilization depend for their permanence and perpetuity not so much on the culture of the arts1 sciences1 literature1 or philosophy1 as on the general diffusion of the salutary and vivifying principles of religion4 ,let us then infuse good morals by the most powerful of all means1 ,christian education2 let doctrine be taught simultaneously with science2 let the class-room be impregnated with the sweet and life-giving aroma of ,christianity1 and we shall soon check the torrent of infidelity1 avert impending evils1 and prepare the golden age of our republic4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,militaire ,,francaise4 ,,the ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,campaign ,,of ,,claude ,,blanchard1 ,,commissary-,,general ,,to ,,the ,,auxiliary ,,troops ,,sent ,,to ,,america ,,under ,,the ,,command ,,of ,,lieutenant-,,general ,,the ,,count ,,de ,,rochambeau4 #aghj-aghc4 ,i spent three years1 in the capacity of commissary-general1 with the body of troops which ,general ,rochambeau brought to the assistance of the ,americans4 ,during the entire war1 ,i wrote down every day1 dating from our departure from ,brest1 both the events ,i witnessed1 and those that were personal4 ,this journal is not in very good order1 and now that ,i have leisure1 7,messidor1 second year of the ,republic17 ,i intend to copy it out clearly1 without making any important change in either the style or the matter4 ,i wrote1 however1 merely for my own amusement1 and for an occupation in idle moments4 ,thus begins a manuscript1 hitherto unpublished and entirely unknown1 which appears worthy of being noticed and rescued from oblivion4 ,the author of this journal1 ,commissary ,blanchard1 became later commissary-general1 but was deprived of this position by the government of the ,reign of ,terror1 whose persecutions at the time--the eve of the fall of ,robespierre--ending generally in a sentence of death1 he hid himself in ,paris4 ,such is the leisure he speaks of in the passage cited above2 leisure very short1 however1 and which he occupied in the manner indicated1 by reviewing his notes of past times and collecting his personal reminiscences of the ,american expedition so dear to all who had taken part in it4 ,soon afterward he was restored to active service1 and thought no more1 in a career occupied with the wars of the period1 of the manuscript which he had not intended for publicity1 and which1 after his death in #ahjc1 remained forgotten among family papers1 as so many other documents have which are still unknown4 ,compared with the works published on the same events which he writes of1 this journal1 now ninety years old1 certainly has its own value and special interest4 ,it is apparent from the first lines of the manuscript1 quoted at the beginning of this article1 that ,m4 ,blanchard wrote without special thought--merely for his own satisfaction1 and prompted by the natural desire to note down whatever he saw1 without any intention of composing a history or a book of memoirs4 ,this is an excellent disposition for sincerity1 and our epoch loves and prefers to all others these unstudied writings1 when they refer1 as they do in this case1 to interesting periods of the past4 ,the author of this journal was forty years of age at the time of the ,american war4 ,though now completely forgotten1 he attracted considerable attention in his day1 and he figures in the ,biographies ,universelles of the beginning of the century4 ,born at ,angers1 on the #afth of ,may1 #agdb1 and sprung from a distinguished family of that city1 he appears1 for the first time in #agfb in the war bureau1 under the orders of one of his relations1 ,m4 ,dubois1 ,chief of the ,war ,bureau and ,general ,secretary of the ,swiss and ,grisons4#bij ,he was appointed commissary in #agfh1 and served in this capacity throughout the ,corsican campaign1 remaining on the island ten years4 ,as commissary-general1 in #aghj he accompanied ,general ,rochambeau to ,america4 ,in #aghh1 he was commissary at ,arras1 where the following year he was put in command of the national guard of the city2 and soon afterward became1 with ,carnot1 then unknown1 its representative in the legislative assembly4 ,here ,m4 ,blanchard played a modest but active and useful part1 and he1 with ,lacue and ,matthieu ,dumas1 formed the standing committee on military questions4 ,removed by the ,committee of ,public ,safety1 he afterward held the position of commissary-general successively to the army of ,sambre-et-,meuse1 to that of the interior1 to the army of ,holland1 and finally to the ,hotel des ,invalides1 where he died1 leaving the reputation of an officer remarkable for his talents and virtues4#bia ,the ,first ,consul1 on hearing of his death1 expressed deep regret1 according to the testimony of ,general ,lacue4 ,blanchard1 although at the time but sixty years of age1 was the oldest among the commissaries of the army4#bib ,the journal of ,m4 ,blanchard will give a more correct idea of the character of the man1 of his upright and honest nature1 and of his strong and good sense4 ,a few words are necessary1 however1 on the events of which we have to speak1 and of the writers who have related them at first hand4 ,the violent struggle of the ,english colonies against the mother country began in #agge2 ,declaration of the ,independence of the ,united ,states--the hundredth anniversary of which is near at hand--was made on the #dth of ,july1 #aggf4 ,soon afterward1 when the ,americans were hard pressed1 ,france came to their aid1 and the war with ,england opened with the fight at ,ouessant on the #agth of ,june1 #aggh4 ,it was at first a naval war which spread over the whole ocean4 ,subsequently1 when the ,american cause was in a most critical condition1 ,france1 at the request of ,congress1 sent pecuniary assistance1 and also a body of troops1 who were placed under the chief command of ,general ,washington4 ,this war1 in which we acquired glory at sea1 and which raised up our navy--this reappearance of the white flag in the new world1 from which the seven years' war had excluded it#bic--the part taken by ,france in establishing the independence of the ,united ,states1 and in founding a nation destined for so grand a future--are events of far more than ordinary importance1 and which possess the same interest to-day as when they transpired4 ,nevertheless their details are1 as a general thing1 but imperfectly known2 and particularly the campaign of the corps sent to ,america1 which brought into close contact the soldiers of old ,france and the militia of the young republic1 is in the larger histories usually summed up in a few lines4#bid ,this doubtless arises from the fact that no work of importance has treated this subject in a special manner4 ,it is true that the little army commanded by ,general ,rochambeau had few opportunities of distinguishing itself4 ,but1 although its active services were confined to a few important marches1 and to the taking of ,york town1 which was forced to surrender1 together with a division of the ,english army1 it gave the ,americans no inconsiderable moral support1 as well as effective assistance which was most opportune4 ,the revolution which followed soon after1 and the twenty-five years of war rendered glorious by so many famous campaigns1 effaced the remembrance of the naval combat of ,chesapeake ,bay and the taking of ,yorktown1 and turned attention from military operations which are insignificant1 if we consider the number of troops engaged1 but important1 if we look to the result4 ,in fact1 these battles between a few thousand men1 decided the fate of one of the most powerful of modern nations as well as the future balance of the world4 ,it is not1 however1 because documents on the ,american campaign are wanting2 on the contrary1 they are numerous and interesting2 our archives should possess intact the official reports2 while individual reminiscences contained in a number of books published at different times1 are valuable sources of information from which as yet nothing has been drawn4 ,four distinguished officers engaged in this expedition among the ,french 7not to mention ,american or ,english writers7 have found pleasure in recalling the memory and narrating the incidents of what they considered the noblest or the dearest portion of their career2 the ,mmoires du ,marchal de ,rochambeau1 7#ahji17 the first source of information1 give with clearness and precision1 but without embellishment1 a detailed account of the campaign which above all else has served to render his name illustrious4 ,next comes the ,correspondance et ,manuscrits du ,gnral ,la ,fayette1 7#ahcg17 although ,la ,fayette took part in the war of independence as a volunteer and an ,american general1 independent of the action of the royal forces4 ,the ,souvenirs du ,comte de ,sgur1 7#ahce17 and those of ,comte ,matthieu ,dumas1 7#ahci17 young and brilliant aides-de-camp to ,general ,rochambeau1 also furnish some particulars about this campaign worthy of note4 ,we must not forget the ,mmoires du ,duc de ,lauzun1 7#ahbb17 colonel of a regiment in the expeditionary corps1 and the ,voyages dans l',amrique ,septentrionale de ,m4 le ,marquis de ,chastellux1 7#aghf17 major-general2 this work1 though full of description and of anecdote1 is of only moderate ability2 but the name of its author1 a member of the ,academy and a friend of ,voltaire1 gave it a certain degree of success at the time of its appearance1 owing to curiosity and to circumstances4 ,after these works1 which possess each a peculiar interest1 and without pretending to the importance which they derive from the names of their distinguished authors1 the journal of ,commissary ,blanchard 7who is mentioned in all of them7 deserves certainly an honorable place4 ,it is remarkable for great exactness1 variety of information1 and a genial and pleasant tone4 ,moreover1 as it is devoted solely to the ,american expedition1 it is naturally more diffuse on this special subject than books which treat of an entire life4 ,we shall now let the journal speak for itself3 ,lieutenant-,general the ,count de ,rochambeau1 having been appointed to the command of the corps which was under orders to embark1 although their destination was not yet positively known1 engaged me to serve with these troops1 in my capacity of commissary4 ,i accordingly repaired to ,brest on the #bjth of ,march1 #aghj4 ,m4 de ,tarl1 commissary of provisions1 who performed the duties of purveyor to the troops1 did not arrive for eight or ten days after2 he brought me a commission as commissary-in-chief4 ,finding myself alone at ,brest1 ,i assisted both the land and naval commanders to ship all the supplies and whatever would be necessary for the troops after they had landed4 ,as the navy had not been able to furnish a sufficient number of transports1 they were obliged to leave in ,france the regiments of ,neustrie and ,anhalt1 which were to have accompanied the expedition as well as two or three hundred men of the legion of ,lauzun4 ,those who embarked numbered five thousand1 consisting of the regiments of ,bourbonnais1 ,soissonnais1 ,saintonge1 ,royal-deux-,ponts1 about five hundred artillery-men1 and six hundred of the legion of ,lauzun1 of whom three hundred were to form a body of cavalry4 ,these troops1 their baggage1 the artillery1 and other things necessary to an army1 were put on board twenty-five to thirty transports or store-ships2 they were accompanied by seven vessels of war and seven frigates4 ,la ,fantasque1 an old vessel1 was armed as a store-ship and intended for a hospital2 they put on board of her the money1 the heavy artillery1 and a considerable number of passengers4 ,all the general officers slept on board the #adth of ,april2 ,i was there also1 and embarked on the ,conqurant1 commanded by ,la ,grandire4 ,the following are the names of the principal persons who composed our army3 ,count de ,rochambeau1 lieutenant-general1 commander-in-chief4 ,the ,baron de ,viomnil1 the ,count de ,viomnil1 the ,chevalier de ,chastellux1 field-marshals1 7the last mentioned performs the duties of a major-general47 ,de ,bville1 brigadier-general and quartermaster1 7de ,choisy1 brigadier1 did not arrive till the #cjth of ,september47 ,de ,tarl1 general commissary1 acting as purveyor4 ,blanchard1 commissary-general4 ,de ,corny1 de ,villemanzy1 chief of ordnance4 ,gau1 commissary of artillery4 ,d',aboville1 commander-in-chief of artillery4 ,dsandrouins1 commander of the engineers4 ,daure1 purveyor of provisions4 ,demars1 purveyor of the hospitals4 ,there were yet many other purveyors1 for forage1 meat1 etc42 in general there were too many employed1 particularly as purveyors-in-chief2 all this was according to the taste of ,m4 de ,veymrangers1 in whose hands had been left the organization of the commissary department of our army2 a man skilful in business matters1 but given to expense and extravagance1 and who needed looking after4 ,m4 de ,mnonville and the ,chevalier de ,tarl1 brother of the commissary1 were general staff officers2 ,m4 de ,bville junior1 and ,m4 ,collot1 were assistant quartermasters4 ,m4 de ,rochambeau had for his aides-de-camp ,m4 de ,fersey1 de ,damas1 ,charles ,lameth1 ,closen1 ,matthieu ,dumas1 ,lamberdire1 de ,vauban1 and ,cromot-,dubourg4 ,m4 de ,viomnil had also several1 among whom were ,,mm4 de ,chabannes1 de ,pange1 d',olonne1 etc4 ,those of ,m4 de ,chastellux were ,,mm4 ,montesquieu1 grandson of the president1 and ,lynch1 an ,irishman4 ,the colonels were3 ,of the regiment of ,bourbonnais1 the ,marquis de ,leval and the ,count de ,rochambeau1 7as second in command17 son of the general in chief4 ,of the ,royal-,deux-,ponts1 ,,mm4 de ,deux-,ponts1 brothers4 ,of the ,saintonge1 ,,mm4 de ,custine and the ,viscount de ,charlus1 son of ,m4 de ,castries4 ,of the ,soissonnais2 ,,mm4 de ,sainte-,mesme and the ,viscount de ,noailles4 ,of the legion of ,lauzun1 the ,duke de ,lauzun and ,m4 de ,dillon4#bie ,i have copied this page because it shows to some extent the formation of the staff of an army corps of the last century1 and also on account of the names which it gives4 ,they are those of the very highest nobility of ,france1 who threw themselves with enthusiasm into this expedition1 which they called the crusade of the eighteenth century4 ,among the companions in arms of ,m4 ,blanchard1 whose names often recur in his journal1 many who were then young afterward became celebrated4 ,not to speak of two generals already distinguished1 ,rochambeau and ,la ,fayette1 and the ,chevalier1 later the ,marquis1 de ,chastellux1 known by his connection with the encyclopedists1 and who died in #aghh1 the following are worthy of mention3 ,biron 7the ,duke de ,lauzun7 and ,custine1 two generals of the republic1 who shared the same tragic fate2 the ,prince de ,broglie1 field-marshal in the army of the ,rhine1 indicted before the revolutionary tribunal1 and executed in #agid2 the ,count de ,dillon1 general in #agib1 falsely accused of treason1 put to death by his troops1 and to whom the ,convention1 in gratitude for his devotion1 decreed the honors of the ,pantheon2 ,pichegru1 at that time only an artillery-man2 the ,viscount de ,noailles1 who1 on the famous night of the fourth of ,august1 was the first to propose the abolition of the feudal laws2 7his military future promised to be brilliant when he died in consequence of a wound received in the expedition to ,san ,domingo47 ,by the side of these men1 whose careers were cut short by death1 we find others whose lives were long and illustrious4 ,berthier1 then an under-officer1 destined to become marshal of ,france and minister of war1 ,prince of ,wagram and ,neufchtel1 etc4 ,the ,count de ,sgur1 general1 diplomatist1 historian1 whose son1 equally distinguished and still alive1 is the author of the ,campaign of #ahab1 that touching recital of an eye-witness4 ,matthieu ,dumas1 a general1 an able commissary and esteemed military writer1 a peer of ,france in #ahcj2 ,aubert-,dubayet1 an inferior officer in the expeditionary corps1 minister of war under the republic4#bif ,the ,duke de ,damas1 the faithful companion of the ,bourbons during their exile2 ,charles de ,lameth1 equally brilliant in speech and in action1 a member of the assembly1 lieutenant-general in #ahad1 deputy1 and peer of ,france4 ,the ,count de ,vauban1 aide-de-camp to the ,count d',artois1 who fought in the army of ,cond and of ,quiberon2 the ,duke de ,castries1 who died in #ahdb1 a peer of ,france1 etc4 ,on the #ith of ,july #aghj1 after a voyage of sixty-nine days1 ,america was signalled by the ,french squadron4 ,nevertheless1 the disembarkment did not take place at ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 for some days after4 ,on the #abth1 the troops had not yet landed2 there had even been an express prohibition against their going ashore2 and ,i had not permission to do so until four o'clock in the afternoon4 ,i then landed at ,newport4 ,this town is small and pretty2 the streets are straight1 and the houses1 though for the most part built of wood1 make a good appearance4 ,there was an illumination in the evening4 ,a citizen invited me to his house and treated me well4 ,i there took tea1 which was served by the daughter of my host4 ,the daily business and special occupations of a commissary as well as the incidents of a campaign life1 date from this day for ,m4 ,blanchard4 ,in an army in active service1 the position of a commissary affords him an opportunity1 if he is so inclined1 to carefully observe1 if not military operations1 at least the strange country to which the war has brought him4 ,after his immediate duties1 he should acquaint himself with its resources1 and have relations with the population1 be they friendly or otherwise1 of every kind4 ,hence arises a great variety of impressions and remarks which we accordingly find in this journal4 ,a short time after landing1 ,m4 ,blanchard was sent to the assembly in ,boston1 to ask the immediate assistance of the provincial troops in case of an attack upon ,rhode ,island by the ,english1 which they anticipated4 ,a ,german dragoon in the ,american service1 with whom he was obliged to converse in ,latin1 acted as his guide4 ,boston1 with its ,presbyterian population descended from some of ,cromwell's followers who had emigrated to ,america1 was still the active head of the revolution4 ,m4 ,blanchard met there some of the remarkable men connected with it3 ,dr4 ,cooper1 ,john ,adams1 and ,hancock4 ,he describes the general appearance of the city which reminded him of ,angers4 ,he met among the inhabitants of ,boston two who bore the same name as himself2 they were the descendants of refugees driven from this country by the revocation of the edict of ,nantes1 and who in less than a century had become completely ,american4 ,the expedition to ,america lasted from ,july1 #aghj1 to ,december1 #aghb1 a period of two years and a half1 and during that interval it seems to us that comparatively little was done4 ,certainly in those days they did not move so fast as now1 and no one appeared to be in a hurry2 it was reserved for our revolution to give a quickening impulse to the world4 ,the corps of five thousand men under ,general ,rochambeau had1 when they landed in ,america1 no less than eight hundred on the sick-list2 a frightful number1 being nearly one fifth of the effective force4 ,the length of the voyage1 and the bad quality of the food on shipboard1 were the causes of this4 ,we learn1 however1 from another statement of a similar kind made by ,m4 ,blanchard1 that such a proportion on the sick-list after a sea voyage was by no means unusual4 ,the first thing to be done was to restore the health of the army1 and for that purpose it remained a whole year inactive at ,rhode ,island1 if we except the sailing of an expedition with a party on board intended for land-service1 which was the occasion of a naval engagement in ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,finally the army moved from its quarters to effect a junction with ,washington and ,la ,fayette1 and1 supported by the flotilla of ,m4 de ,grasse1 commander of the squadron1 who landed an additional body of three thousand men1 they proceeded in concert to invest ,yorktown1 where ,cornwallis1 the ,english commander1 was besieged1 and not long after was forced to capitulate4#big ,the small ,french army passed its second winter in ,america1 in the ,state of ,virginia1 in the vicinity of ,yorktown4 ,in #aghb1 it returned northward1 threatened ,new ,york1 the last place of which the ,english held possession1 and rembarked at the close of #aghb4 ,such is the framework to the descriptive reminiscences of ,m4 ,blanchard4 ,those two long marches from north to south1 and again from south to north1 gave him particular facilities for observing the country4 ,sometimes with the army1 oftener alone1 and going in advance to make preparations for the sick and the commissariat of the army--a double duty with which he was charged--he visited the chief cities of the ,united ,states1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,hartford1 ,fredericksburg1 ,williamsburg1 ,wilmington1 ,alexandria1 ,providence1 etc4 ,philadelphia1 then the seat of ,congress1 counted at that time thirty-five thousand inhabitants2 it has now seven hundred thousand4 ,every village1 every station passed through1 is recorded and described by ,m4 ,blanchard2 frequently they are but the small beginnings of what are now great and flourishing cities4 ,these pictures of other times extracted from the note-book of a ,french officer1 the rude attempts at agriculture1 improvements then in their infancy1 the plantations1 as they then existed1 and roads and public works just laid out but incomplete1 present the contrast of what existed then with what is to be seen to-day1 and give us an idea of the immense progress that has been made in the interval4 ,there is also for the ,american reader a particular interest attached to the names given of several families with whom he merely lodged1 or whose hospitality was pressed upon him1 and whose great-grandchildren perhaps still reside in the same places4#bih ,when our troops marched on ,yorktown1 they traversed that portion of ,virginia so often the scene of conflict in the late civil war2 and in this recital1 which seems to treat of times and events long since gone by1 we meet with many names of localities common to both wars4 ,there were1 even at this time1 indications of different tendencies on the part of the populations of the ,north and ,south1 and the following extract from the journal makes allusion to this in very striking terms3 ,the inhabitants of these southern provinces are very different from those of the ,north1 who1 as ,i have already said1 cultivate their own lands4 ,in the ,south1 they have negro slaves whom they compel to work1 while they themselves lead an idle life1 chiefly occupied with the pleasures of the table4 ,in general1 neither as to morality nor honesty can they compare with the ,americans of the ,north1 and in some sort the ,north and ,south represent two different races4 ,expeditions sent out for provisions1 wood1 and forage2 transports for the troops2 difficulties arising from want of roads and bridges1 and the depreciation of ,american paper money2 remarks on the food1 the furniture1 the price of articles1 the fuel1 7they had great wood fires17 the quality of the soil and state of cultivation2 frequent accidental meetings with refugees from the edict of ,nantes1 7not far from ,new ,york there was a village built entirely by refugees from ,rochelle1 called ,new ,rochelle1 which a number of our officers went to see27 such are the usual matters treated of in his journal1 on which in a few words he frequently throws much light1 and makes his journal interesting to those who take pleasure in such details4 ,agriculture and the aspects of nature are among the subjects that most occupied the attention of ,m4 ,blanchard3 he does not omit to name the plants and shrubs1 both such as reminded him of ,france1 and such as were till then unknown to him4 ,this life of movement and activity seemed to be his delight4 ,on one occasion1 he explored a large portion of the forest to find the most suitable place for cutting down winter fuel for the army1 and superintended the work himself4 ,i love the woods1 says he1 ,i was there in some sort alone1 far from the world4 ,i rode on horseback1 and led the life of a man who dwelt upon his own estate4 ,that expression of feeling recurs more than once in his journal1 and mingles with some natural observations1 like the following3 ,to-day1 after dinner1 while walking as usual alone in the woods1 7not far from ,baltimore17 ,i saw a humming-bird4 ,i knew such birds were to be found in ,north ,america1 and some had already seen them2 but this was the first ,i met with4 ,i easily recognized it from the description given of it4 ,its small size1 its swiftness on the wing1 its beak1 and the brilliancy of its colors are remarkable4 ,it makes a humming noise with its wings while flying4 ,at first one might imagine that he had met the insect called the demoiselle in some provinces of ,france4 ,it is no larger2 it has also a peculiarity of stopping suddenly without beating its wings4 ,i saw it rest upon a shrub very close to me2 after that1 ,i had the pleasure of observing it for a long time4 ,all the documents in reference to the war in ,america agree in stating that the relations of our troops with the army and population of the ,united ,states were excellent1 and that the discipline of the auxiliary corps was admirable2 every one in fact seems to have carried away the most favorable impressions of the expedition4 ,the universal enthusiasm which gave rise in ,france to this expedition still lasted2 the ,americans were everywhere popular1 and the new ideas which prepared the way for our revolution led our countrymen to look with interest and partiality on institutions1 manners1 and characteristics so different from ours4 ,we find this bias1 so general at the time1 in the journal of ,m4 ,blanchard1 but still without leading him into exaggeration1 and with some of those slight criticisms that a regard to truth made necessary4 ,at that period1 the ,american character1 if well examined1 foreshadowed all that it has become since2 but the manners were still very different1 and contrast singularly with those of ,americans of to-day4 ,m4 ,blanchard1 brought into daily intercourse with their ancestors1 says of them that they are slow1 distrustful1 and wanting in decision of character4 ,in another place he speaks of them as spending a great portion of the day at table1 even in the cities of the ,north4 ,as they have little occupation1 and seldom go out during winter1 but pass their days by the fireside1 and by the side of their wives1 without reading or any employment1 it is a great distraction1 a remedy against ennui1 to eat so frequently4 ,oh6 we have changed all that1 will be the answer of the ,americans of #ahfi4 ,their morals were singularly pure1 and it is on that basis that liberty grew to its present greatness4 ,the journal speaks of but one woman in an important city1 who was talked of for her levity of conduct1 and she was a ,european4 ,here and there throughout the journal we find allusion to young ,american girls1 already possessed of that liberty and that queenly dignity1 founded on universal respect1 which have continued there to be the privilege of their sex4 ,here are two charming illustrations of the manners of that period3 ,during my stay at ,boston1 ,i dined with a young ,american lady in whose house ,m4 de ,capellis lodged4 ,we had made the acquaintance of her sister and brother-in-law at ,newport4 ,it was a singular contrast to our customs to see a young girl who1 at most1 could not have been more than twenty years of age1 lodge and entertain a young man4 ,i shall surely find an opportunity of explaining the causes of this singularity4 ,on another occasion1 it is the daughter of the host who comes to keep company with ,m4 ,blanchard in the room assigned to him4 ,she remained there a long time2 sometimes we conversed4 ,at other times she would leave me to attend to my business1 and this without constraint and with a natural and innocent familiarity4 ,it was the period when our eighteenth century1 disgusted with the corruption of the court of ,louis ,,xv4 and the upper classes1 indulged in dreams of a golden age1 and a morality pure and unaffected4 ,the ,americans seemed to offer the realization of this day-dream2 hence the success of their cause1 and the universal enthusiasm in their favor throughout ,france4 ,the general morality of a people who boldly founded a republic in the face of the old monarchies of ,europe1 was naturally to ,frenchmen of the old rgime the most interesting spectacle in the new world4 ,the journal abounds in this respect with facts and significant remarks written incidentally in the course of the narrative4 ,i shall limit myself to a few quotations3 ,the inhabitants of these provinces 7those of the ,north7 are in general more affable and more sprightly than those of ,virginia4 ,when our soldiers come into camp1 they are met by crowds of women anxious to hear the music1 and even to dance when they find an opportunity1 which sometimes happens4 ,afterward they return home to attend to household duties1 milk the cows1 and prepare the meal for the family4 ,during this time the men are at work cultivating the fields without any distinction or inequality1 all well housed and well clad4 ,they choose from among themselves those whom they wish1 by reason of their merit or consideration1 to be captains of the militia or deputies to ,congress4 ,at ,east ,hartford1 ,i was lodged in a very excellent house furnished with order and good taste4 ,i had a bed as elegant in appearance as any to be found in our best country houses in ,france4 ,the house belonged to the widow of a merchant who had two very handsome and very modest girls2 one of these was affianced to a shoemaker1 the owner also of a very beautiful house4 ,i have often made this remark1 but ,i cannot help repeating it2 the greatest equality prevails in these ,northern ,states4 ,all the husbandmen have farms of their own2 there is no one who does not know how to read and write1 and there are no poor to be met with4 ,this is as it should be in all the states4 ,,note4--,it was in #aghb ,i made those reflections4 ,i did not think that ten years after ,i should see the same equality established in ,france4#bii ,m4 ,blanchard remarks everywhere this equality in education1 and a high standard of manners accompanied by dignity and elegant refinement4 ,one day1 having negotiated for the transport of some wood with a rich proprietor1 a man of position in society1 and brother of the celebrated ,american ,general ,green1 he saw him afterward come up driving his own wagons4 ,he mentions the fact on his journal that evening1 adding this exclamation1 ,such are the customs of ,america6 ,in general1 the towns1 villages1 and country houses strike him as ,possessing a something indescribably becoming that pleases one4 ,instead of tapestry1 the walls are papered2 and the effect is pleasing to the eye4 ,the houses are1 almost without exception1 well-built1 and kept remarkably clean1 whether they chance to belong to a farmer or an artisan1 a merchant or a general4 ,their education is pretty nearly the same1 so that a mechanic is often sent as a deputy to the assembly where no distinction is made2 there are no separate orders4 ,i have already said that all the inhabitants of the country cultivated their own fields2 they work themselves on their farms1 and drive their cattle4 ,this kind of life1 this pleasing equality1 possesses a charm for every thinking being4 ,here we recognize the language of the reign of ,louis ,,xvi41 an echo of ,jean-,jacques and ,bernardin de ,saint-,pierre4 ,we have theorized on equality1 and often lulled ourselves with chimerical dreams regarding it2 but we find that a hundred years ago the ,americans had practically realized it by adopting as a basis the participation of all citizens in the benefits of instruction and education1 and the respect paid to all honorable labor4 ,so much for equality4 ,we pass on to some facts of practical liberty4 ,while the ,french corps was passing through the little town of ,crampond1 an ,american asked a very high indemnity for some depredations committed by the troops on his property4 ,this claim was taken into consideration2 but without waiting for a decision1 the ,american carried his complaint before the judge of his district1 who1 according to law1 could not refuse to send an officer to arrest the commander of the ,french troops4 ,this officer1 in accordance with the legal custom1 put his hand1 with many apologies1 however1 on the shoulder of ,general de ,rochambeau1 in the presence of the troops4 ,all the officers present were indignant1 and wished to interfere2 but ,general de ,rochambeau said he would submit to the laws of the country2 and he was dismissed on giving bail4 ,this anecdote1 related by ,rochambeau himself1 and by ,la ,fayette1 in their memoirs1 is also mentioned by ,m4 ,blanchard1 with the additional circumstance that he 7,m4 ,blanchard7 found himself1 a few days after1 quartered on the same officer of the law to whom the mission of arresting the ,french commander-in-chief had been intrusted4 ,a ,masonic procession is described as follows3 ,it was ,st4 ,john's day1 a great day with the ,free-,masons1 and they held a meeting at ,providence4 ,it was announced in the public papers2 for these kinds of societies are authorized here4 ,i met these ,free-,masons in the streets1 formed in ranks and marching two by two1 holding each other by the hand1 all wearing their aprons1 and preceded by men carrying long rods4 ,the one who closed the procession1 and who appeared to be the chief1 had two brothers by his side1 and all three had ribbons round their necks1 as ecclesiastics do when they wear the cordon bleu4 ,what conclusion must we draw from these facts8 ,that it would seem that republican manners had been anterior in the ,united ,states to the constitution itself4 ,the laws of ,congress have only ratified1 so to speak1 that which already existed4 ,general ,washington frequently appears in the recital of ,m4 ,blanchard1 who sometimes had personal relations with him4 ,even at that time1 in the eyes of all who knew him1 the commander-in-chief of the ,american troops was a great man4 ,no one doubted that this judgment of his contemporaries would be ratified by posterity4 ,at the close of the first interview of our generals with ,washington1 ,m4 ,blanchard writes3 ,a gracious and noble air1 broad and upright views1 the art of making himself beloved--these points in his character were observed by all of us who saw him4 ,it is his extraordinary ability that has defended the liberty of ,america1 and if she one day enjoys freedom1 it will be to him she will owe it4 ,in a note2 ,i wrote the above in #aghj4 ,the ,americans are indebted for their success to the courage of ,washington1 to his love for his country1 and to his prudence4 ,he never committed an error1 and was never discouraged4 ,in the midst of successes as well as in reverses1 he was ever calm and undisturbed1 always self-possessed1 and his personal qualities have kept more soldiers in the ,american army1 and procured more adherents to the cause of liberty1 than the enactments of ,congress4 ,there is1 ,i think1 something to blame in this judgment1 where there is evidently a tendency to personify a cause in a single man--a tendency so prevalent among us4 ,an ,american dinner in the tent of ,washington is thus described3 ,on the #bith1 7,june1 #agha17 ,i mounted my horse to look at the barracks in which an ,american regiment had been quartered during the winter at ,fishkill ,landing4 ,my intention was to establish a hospital there4 ,on the way ,i met ,general ,washington1 who1 having recognized me1 stopped and invited me to dine with him that day at three o'clock4 ,i went4 ,there were twenty-five covers laid4 ,the guests were officers of his army1 besides the lady of the house in which the general was stopping4 ,we dined in a tent4 ,the general placed me beside him2 one of the aides-de-camp did the honors4 ,the dinner was served in the ,american style1 and every thing was in abundance4 ,there were vegetables1 roast-beef1 lamb1 chicken1 salad1 pudding1 and a pie--a kind of tart very much in use in ,england and among the ,americans2 and all was served together4 ,they gave on the same plate1 meat1 vegetables1 and salad1 7which was eaten without dressing except vinegar47 ,when dinner was over1 the cloth being removed1 ,madeira wine was passed round1 and they drank the health of the ,king of ,france1 the army1 etc4 ,the general made apologies for the reception he had given me2 to which ,i replied that ,i had enjoyed myself very much in his company1 as ,i did everywhere in ,america1 which ,i liked much better than ,corsica1 where ,i had been for many years4 ,he then told me that the ,english papers announced that the ,corsicans were about to rise in rebellion4 ,i replied that ,i did not believe it2 that the ,corsicans were not dangerous1 and besides1 that ,paoli was not ,general ,washington4 ,the countenance of the general has something grave and serious about it2 but it is never severe4 ,on the contrary1 it is gentle1 and usually wears a pleasant smile4 ,he is affable1 and talks in a familiar and lively manner with his officers4 ,i forgot to mention that at the beginning of the meal a clergyman who was present asked a blessing1 and at its close returned thanks4 ,i knew that ,general ,washington was accustomed to say grace himself when he had no clergyman at the table1 as is the custom of the heads of families in ,america2 the idea being that a general in the midst of his army is as the father of a family4 ,here is a last quotation1 in which we see the ,american general at a very critical period of his career3 ,on the #bdth and #beth1 7,august1 #agha17 the troops finished crossing the ,north ,river4 ,the passage was a tedious one1 as the river was wide1 and they were obliged to cross it on boats and rafts1 which had been brought together in great numbers4 ,on the #beth1 ,i went myself to the place1 and saw many troops cross with their baggage4 ,general ,washington was there4 ,they had arranged a sort of observatory for him1 whence he superintended every thing with close attention4 ,he seemed to see in this passage1 in the march of our troops toward ,chesapeake ,bay1 and in our junction with ,m4 de ,grasse--he seemed1 ,i say1 to see the dawn of a better destiny for ,america1 which1 at that stage of the war1 with her resources exhausted1 had need of some great success to raise her courage and her hopes4 ,he shook my hand with much emotion when he quitted us1 and crossed the river himself4 ,it was about two o'clock4 ,he immediately joined his army1 which marched the next morning4 ,,note4--,the event justified his anticipations2 for the taking of ,yorktown1 after our junction with ,m4 de ,grasse1 did much toward bringing about peace1 and the acknowledgment of ,american independence4#cjj ,as for ,general ,rochambeau1 wisely chosen by ,louis ,,xvi4 himself to command this expedition undertaken under such peculiar circumstances1 he made the ,french character appear in his own person in the noblest light4 ,the ,americans1 before his arrival1 imbued with ,english prejudices--prejudices often justified in the eighteenth century--against the light tone and reputed affectation of our young nobility1 were prepared to find the ,french general 7as several of them afterward confessed7 a mere courtier1 opposed to their ideas and customs1 and with whom their relations would be constrained1 in consequence of difference of character4 ,they saw1 on the contrary1 a type of our old ,france1 who seemed formed on the same model as their own leading men1 loving justice1 seeking good1 worthy and dignified4 ,he has served well in ,america1 wrote our commissary1 and has given a favorable idea of our nation4 ,they pictured to themselves a ,french fop1 and they found a thoughtful and dignified gentleman4 ',your general is very self-possessed1' said an ,american who dined beside me1 and who observed the moderation with which ,general ,rochambeau responded to the numerous toasts proposed1 and which were drunk as they went round by all present4 ,he has given many other proofs of moderation and wisdom4 ,he had also his faults1 and they are related with impartiality3 a mistrustful character1 unamiable manners1 and an unpleasant temper1 of which his officers often complained4 ,nevertheless1 ,general ,rochambeau remains on the whole a fine specimen of the old army4 ,we meet many allusions1 also1 to ,la ,fayette3 ,on that day1 7,september #agth1 #agha1 a short time before the taking of ,yorktown17 and the following days1 ,i was constantly with ,m4 de ,la ,fayette1 who wished to assist me in the provisioning of the troops4 ,it would be difficult to find more clearness1 patience1 and honesty in the discussion of business matters4 ,he reminded me of ,scipio ,africanus in ,spain1 equally young and modest1 and with the reputation already of an able general2 for his recent campaign1 in which1 with inferior forces1 he maintained himself against ,cornwallis1 has brought him much glory1 and justly4 ,if ,america and the ,americans of the war of independence constitute the chief interest of this journal1 whatever relates to the organization of our troops at that time1 as well as to their spirit and military customs1 is not the less deserving of attention4 ,in this memento of an expeditionary army corps1 there naturally appear1 in the course of the recital1 the shortcomings of the past1 and in contrast the progress since made--for instance1 in the materiel and weapons of war4 ,it was necessary1 at that time1 to erect the baking-houses in the neighborhood of the encampments2 and when the army advanced1 men were sent to establish them ahead4 ,but they did not march very rapidly in those days4 ,there was a certain want of discipline among our soldiers1 and a carelessness on this point in the officers1 which shock our modern ideas2 and yet the army corps of ,general ,rochambeau1 which was composed of picked troops1 was cited for its exemplary conduct at that period4 ,the ,marquis de ,custine1#cja then colonel of a regiment1 having allowed himself1 in a fit of passion1 to make use of intemperate language toward one of his officers1 the latter committed suicide4 ,the news spread at the moment of parade1 when ,m4 de ,custine was hooted1 insulted1 and his life threatened by his soldiers4 ,unless some officers had interfered1 worse would have happened to him1 says ,m4 ,blanchard4 ,it does not appear that any punishment was inflicted for this serious insubordination4 ,it would seem as if a disturbance of this kind did not cause much uneasiness to the commander-in-chief4 ,the distinctions between the officers were less marked than at present4 ,the military spirit was not then what it has since become1 and1 in truth1 war was a less serious matter at that time than it is now4 ,we might mention1 also1 the punishments of the past1 and thus mark the changes that have since been made4 ,a ,french soldier struck an officer with his sword4 ,he attempted to kill himself afterward1 but was taken1 tried1 and condemned to death4 ,what kind of death8 ,his hand was cut off1 and he was then hanged4 ,some years have elapsed since #aghi6 ,these soldiers of ,rochambeau are of our race and blood4 ,they are our great-grandfathers4 ,nevertheless1 how widely the ,french army of that period1 which is so near and so far at the same time1 differs from our present army in its esprit1 its conduct1 and its habits6 ,we said in the beginning that the history of the ,french intervention had not been written by any contemporary historian4 ,if one were to appear to-day who would treat fully this subject1 hitherto so much neglected1 we should have lost nothing by the delay4 ,indeed1 after nearly a century of the greatest changes1 the moment would doubtless be excellent to treat this important episode of our military and political history1 and compose a work based on authentic documents1 which would have at each step the interest of thrilling contrasts4 ,the author would draw a parallel between the military organization of the expedition of #agha and of one of the present day of equal importance4 ,the means of action1 the expenses1 and the general way of doing things1 the improvements of every kind1 would be compared1 and give rise to curious and useful observations4 ,but above all1 we would see in this retrospective view the dawning of a nation which has since developed to a degree which has no parallel1 when we consider the shortness of the time4 ,a century has not yet elapsed1 and these three millions of rebellious ,english colonists have become the forty millions of ,americans who hold so important a place in the world of to-day4 ,finally1 the author would endeavor to depict the extraordinary part assigned to this nation toward whose foundation we contributed1 and of which we might be truly called the god-parents4 ,he would show its tendencies1 its work1 its future4 ,has not1 in fact1 the birth of the ,united ,states1 even to the dullest mind1 become an historical fact of equal importance with the ,french ,revolution8 ,in an important document of recent date1 7the diplomatic circular of ,m4 de ,la ,valette1 of ,september #afth1 #ahff17 appear the following words1 which deserve attention3 ,while the old populations of this continent1 in their confined territories1 increase with measured slowness1 the republic of the ,united ,states may1 before a century1 number a hundred millions of men4 ,some will say that the independence of the ,united ,states was a necessity1 and that it would have been accomplished without any assistance from ,france4 ,in the course of time1 very likely4 ,but if ,france had not come forward when she did1 with men and money1 we can readily believe that the new state would have fallen again1 for some time to come1 under the yoke of the mother country4 ,as a consequence1 the development of this people1 which has been owing largely to the principles of the ,american constitution1 would have been greatly retarded1 and the ,united ,states would not be to-day at that point where we now behold her4 ,be this as it may1 it is curious to see the old ,french monarchy lending its aid to the birth of a society most opposed to its principles and traditions4 ,this arises from the fact that all unite to aid a cause when its hour has come4 ,however1 ,bourbon royalty1 carried away by the national sentiment1 performed then a wise and generous act of the highest importance1 the remembrance of which will never be effaced on either side of the ,atlantic4 ,,footnotes3 #bij ,thus designated in the royal almanacs from #agfb to #agfh4 ,his successor in the office of general secretary to the ,swiss ,grisons was the ,abb ,barthlemy1 author of ,le ,jeune ,anacharsis4 #bia ,these expressions are copied from the letter of ,general ,berruyer1 ,gouverneur des ,invalides1 announcing to the minister the death of the commissary4 #bib ,claude ,blanchard had a son who was himself a commissary1 and who died recently1 at the age of ninety1 at ,la ,flche1 7,sarthe47 ,the writer of this review is a great-grandson of ,claude ,blanchard4 #bic ,the treaty of ,paris 7#agfc7 had deprived ,france of ,canada and ,louisiana4 #bid ,the only contemporary history is the ,abb de ,longchamp's ,histoire de la ,dernire ,guerre1 in three volumes4 #bie ,this first expedition comprised five thousand men2 it was followed a year afterward1 by a second corps of three thousand1 brought from the ,west-,indies1 but which remained only a short time in ,america4 ,they were commanded by ,,mm4 de ,saint-,simon and d',autichamp4 #bif ,duportail1 camp-marshal1 who was minister of war for some time toward the end of #agij1 went through the ,american campaign as a volunteer in the service of the ,united ,states4 #big ,cornwallis1 a skilful general1 though unfortunate on this occasion1 was highly esteemed by ,napoleon ,i4 #bih ,we quartered with the ,americans1 but we asked nothing from them but shelter4 ,each officer brought with him his provisions and cooking utensils1 his bed and bedding1 and we occasioned no expense whatever to our hosts4 ,i had for my use two wagons or covered conveyances drawn by good horses1 and ,i had all ,i stood in need of4 #bii ,does not this remark1 written in the darkest period of the ,reign of ,terror1 and under danger of death1 indicate the most profound convictions8 ,a very tragical equality6 and one that brought ,m4 ,blanchard and the royal family together under circumstances deserving of notice4 ,on the #ajth of ,august1 when ,louis ,,xvi4 and his family sought refuge in the hall of the ,legislative ,assembly1 they were kept with their suite for many hours in a small apartment1 and when the dauphin1 who afterward perished in the ,temple1 was in danger of being stifled with heat1 he was let down from the chamber into the hall1 and received upon the knees of ,deputy ,blanchard1 who held him there for a long time4 #cjj ,the preliminaries of this peace1 which recognized the existence of a new nation1 were signed the #ajth of ,january1 #aghc4 ,m4 ,blanchard received the news the following ,march at ,porto-,cabello1 ,new ,spain1 where the fleet which had brought our troops with a view to an expedition against the ,english ,antilles1 was lying at this moment4 ,the assurance of this peace caused me great joy1 both because ,i am a citizen1 and because ,i saw in it the termination of my anxieties in regard to my family4 ,the news was received with enthusiastic joy by all1 with the exception of some few ambitious men who thought only of themselves and their own fortunes4 #cja ,what has become of the journal of ,m4 de ,custine1 of which the manuscript of ,m4 ,blanchard makes mention in the following passage8 ,to-day1 ,m4 de ,custine1 who has just been travelling into the interior of ,america1 showed me his journal and the result of his observations1 which appear to me wise and liberal4 ,we have found no other trace of the ,memoirs of ,general de ,custine on the campaign in ,america4 ,,the ,,emigrant4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,willy1 ,willy darlin'6 ,rise1 agra1 rise2 day is breakin'1 and ye've many a long mile afore ye this mornin'--and for many a mornin' after it4 ,as she spoke the last words the woman's voice trembled1 and she hid her face in the bed-clothes to stifle the grief that was welling up in great sobbing waves from her breaking heart4 ,as the sound of her voice broke in upon his slumbers1 a man rose from the bed where he had thrown himself1 half-dressed1 a couple of hours before1 and1 not yet quite awakened to consciousness1 he looked around the room in a bewildered way4 ,then he sat down on the side of the bed1 and covered his eyes with his hand1 vainly endeavoring to hide the tears that half-blinded him4 ,a chair stood near the bedside1 and the wife drew it toward her and sat down1 laying her head upon his knee4 ,very softly and tenderly he stroked the dark hair two or three times1 then1 while a great sob convulsed his frame1 he bent his own head till his lips touched her forehead4 ,willy1 ,willy1 don't you give way1 she said passionately1 looking up at him with sorrowful eyes2 keep a brave heart1 asthore2 it's often ye'll need it where ye're goin'4 ,with a desperate effort he checked his emotion1 and smiled sadly1 still tenderly smoothing her hair4 ,shure it's dreamin' ,i was1 ,mary1 he said2 and the strangest dream6 ,i thought ,i was away in ,america1 and walkin' in the purtiest greenwood your heart ever picthured4 ,the birds were singin' and the daisies growin' as they wud be in heaven2 the sky was as bright and as blue as our own4 ,but through the middle of the land ran a great wide river1 and it was between you and me4 ,i didn't care for the beauty and greenness1 ,mary1 when ,i hadn't you wid me2 and although where you stood wasn't half so purty a spot as where ,i was1 it seemed the most beautiful place in the world1 because ye wur there4 ,ye were longin' to cross over to me1 and the children pullin' at your gown and pintin' to me always4 ,some how1 it seemed to me of a sudden that if ,i stretched out my hands to ye1 ye might come2 and ,i did it2 and ye came without any fear of the wather1 right through and across it1 and ,i almost touched ,katie with my hands1 and felt her sweet breath on my cheek4 ,but just as ye would have set your feet on the ground beside me1 something came between us like a flash of fire1 and ye were gone1 all o' ye1 and ,i held out my hands to the empty air4 ,and then1 thank ,god6 ,i heard ye callin' ',willy1 ,willy darlin'1' and ,i saw yer own sweet face bendin' over me as ,i woke4 ,the wife put one arm around her husband's neck as he ceased speaking1 and with the other smoothed back the masses of wavy brown hair that fell over his forehead1 while she said in tones scarcely audible through her tears1 ,it's nothin'1 nothin'1 alanna2 shure it's a sin to mind dreams at all2 and ye know that it's often when we're throubled1 we carry the throuble wid us into our sleep4 ,it was all owin' to the talk we had before ye lay down of the weary1 weary way ye were goin'1 and leavin' us behind4 ,but we won't feel the time passin' till we'll be together again1 and we'll all be as happy as the day is long4 ',as happy as a queen2' do ye mind it1 ,willy1 the song ye wur so fond of hearin' me sing when ,i was a colleen and you the blithest boy in the three parishes8 ,do ,i mind it1 acushla--do ,i mind it8 ,ah6 well as ,i mind the merry voice1 and the bright eye1 and the light step that are gone for ever4 ,god is good1 ,mary1 ,god is good2 but ,english tyrants are cruel1 and ,irish hearts are their meat and dhrink4 ,god is good to us1 ,willie2 better than we deserve4 ,he's leadin' us to himself by hard and bitter ways2 but he loves his own4 ,he's takin' you to a land of plenty1 where there'll be no hard landlords nor tithe proctors to make yer blood boil and yer eyes flash1 and me and the little ones'll soon follow4 ,by this time two little girls had crept from a bed at the foot of the larger one2 tiny things1 scarcely more than babies1 either of them1 and they stood looking wonderingly up into the faces of their father and mother4 ,the elder of the two1 dark-eyed and black-haired like her mother1 seemed1 as she nestled close to her parents1 to take in some of the sorrow of the situation2 but the younger1 a beautiful blue-eyed1 fair-haired little creature1 buried her curly head in the bed-clothes1 and began to play peep with all her heart4 ,may be ,i'm foolish1 ,mary1 said her husband as he watched the playful child1 and it's ashamed ,i ought to be1 breakin' down when you're so brave2 but you'll have the little ones to comfort ye1 and ,i'll be all alone4 ,then with an effort he arose1 and busied himself in completing the arrangements of his dress1 while his wife placed breakfast on the table4 ,it was a very poor and scantily furnished room in which the little family sat down to take their last meal together1 but it was exquisitely clean and neat4 ,they had known comfort and prosperity1 and even in their poverty could be seen the traces of better days4 ,when ,william ,leyden married ,mary ,sullivan1 the prettiest and sweetest girl in the village1 they were unanimously voted the handsomest couple that ever left the parish church as man and wife4 ,all the world seemed bright before them2 they had youth1 health1 and strength1 and sorrow and pain seemed things afar off from them then2 and they loved one another4 ,smile1 cynic6 as cynics do--but love is the elixir of life1 and without it any life is poor and incomplete4 ,for a time--a sweet1 short1 happy time--all went well4 ,then misfortunes began to gather1 one by one4 ,first the crops failed1 the cows died1 and ,leyden fell ill of a fever1 and lay helpless for many months4 ,little by little their savings dwindled into insignificance1 and to crown all1 the landlord gave them notice to vacate their farm1 for which he had been offered a higher rent4 ,there was but one hope and prospect for the future4 ,through many a sorrowful day and weary night the husband and wife endeavored to combat the alternative1 but at last they could no longer deny that the only hope for days to come lay in a present parting4 ,so it had come to pass that ,leyden was starting for ,america1 leaving his wife and children partly to the care of a well-to-do brother of the former1 partly to the resources she might be able to draw from fine sewing and embroidery1 in both of which she was very skilful4 ,our story opens on the morning of his departure4 ,it did not take the sorrowful couple many minutes to finish their morning meal4 ,as the hour for parting approached1 each strove to assume a semblance of cheerfulness before the other1 while each read in the other's eyes the sad denial4 ,soon kind-hearted neighbors dropped in1 one by one1 to wish the traveller ,god-speed1 and to take a sorrowful leave of the friend from whom poverty and misfortune had not estranged his more prosperous neighbors4 ,for it is in adversity that the fidelity of the ,irish character manifests itself1 and proves by what deep and enduring ties heart clings to heart4 ,it was not long before the car that was to convey ,leyden to the next town came rolling along the road4 ,as he heard the sound of the wheels1 he turned from the fire-place where he had been standing1 and motioned to a young fellow near him to carry out the heavily-strapped box that contained all a thoughtful though straitened love could provide for his comfort4 ,as though respectful of their grief1 the neighbors passed from the room and the husband and wife were left alone4 ,very quickly but tenderly the man lifted each of the children from the floor1 and kissed them several times4 ,then he turned to where his wife stood1 close to him1 yet not touching him1 as though she felt that a nearer presence would destroy her well-assumed calmness4 ,he looked at her for an instant yearningly1 then held her away from him for another1 while she buried her face in her hands2 then with a convulsive sob he flung both strong arms around her1 and they wept together4 ,god and his blessed mother and the angels guard ye1 mavourneen1 he said at last2 guard ye and keep every breath of evil away till ,i hold you again4 ,the great sea seems wider than ever1 darlin'1 and the comfort and the meetin' further and further away4 ,you wur always dear to me1 always the dearest2 but ,i never thought it wud be so hard to part wid ye till now4 ,mauria1 ,mauria1 acushla machree4 ,no answer--no wail of anguish from her woman's lips2 but her woman's heart grew cold as death1 her head leaned more heavily upon his shoulder1 the clasp of her arms about his neck grew tighter1 then slowly relapsed2 and placing her gently upon the bed1 with one long1 lingering look he left the house4 ,when ,mary ,leyden lifted her aching head from the pillow1 kind1 womanly hands and compassionate voices were near to soothe and comfort her2 but her husband was far on his lonely journey4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,swiftly the emigrant ship cut the blue waves1 boldly her sails wooed the winds1 and hearts that had been despondent at parting grew hopeful and buoyant as they neared the promised land4 ,port at last2 and1 with a party of his countrymen1 ,william ,leyden sought the far ,west1 and before many months had elapsed1 the letters he dispatched to the loved ones at home contained not only assurance of his good fortune1 but substantial tokens of the fact2 and ,mary wrote cheerfully and hopefully1 ever looking forward to the time when they would be reunited4 ,for two years our brave ,irishman struggled and toiled4 ,sometimes his heart would almost fail him when he thought of the ocean that intervened between him and his dearest treasures2 but these sad thoughts were not familiar visitants1 for unusual good fortune had attended his efforts4 ,by the end of the second year he had cleared and planted several acres of rich1 fruitful land1 and the first flush of autumn saw the completion of as neat and compact a little dwelling as ever western pioneer could claim4 ,then went home the last letter1 glowing with hope and promise1 and sending wherewith to defray the expenses of wife and children1 who were at length to rejoin him in the land where he had toiled for them so hard and so patiently4 ,my heart is so light1 ,mary wrote to him2 my heart is so light that ,i can hardly feel myself walkin'2 it seems to be flyin' ,i am all the time4 ,and when ,i think of how soon ,i'll be near you1 of how short the time till ye'll be foldin' yer arms about me1 many and many's the time ,i'm cryin' for joy4 ,was there ever a happier woman8 ,and ,katie and ,mamie haven't forgotten a line o' your face or a tone of your voice2 ye'll not know them1 ,willy1 they've grown so tall4 ,my tears are all happy ones now1 alanna2 my prayers are all thankful ones1 asthore machree4 ,how often ,leyden read and reread this letter1 its torn and ragged appearance might indicate1 and as the intervening days sped by1 each seemed longer than the last4 ,mary and the children were to come direct from ,new ,york with a party who also expected to meet friends in the ,west1 and he felt quite easy as to their safety and companionship4 ,but ever and anon1 as the time drew near1 he half reproached himself that he had not gone to meet them1 a pleasure he had only foregone on account of his scanty resources4 ,at last they were in ,st4 ,louis--they would be with him in three days4 ,how wearily those days dragged on4 ,but the beautiful ,october morning dawned at last2 a soft mist hung over the tree-tops1 and the balmy breath of the ,indian summer threw a subtle perfume over the thick forest and its wide stretch of meadow-land beyond4 ,it was fifteen miles to the nearest town1 and fifteen more to the railway station4 ,the earliest dawn saw ,william ,leyden up and impatient to be away4 ,in company with one of his old neighbors1 he took his place in the rough wagon that was to figure so prominently in the hauling home4 ,about eight o'clock they reached their first stopping-place1 where ,leyden's friend had some little business to transact that would detain him a short time in the town4 ,not caring to accompany him1 too restless to sit still in the public room of the tavern1 the impatient husband and father wandered into the spacious yard behind the house4 ,a young girl stood washing and wringing out clothes near the kitchen door4 ,mechanically he took in every feature of the place2 the long1 low bench over which she leaned2 her happy1 careless face2 her bare1 red arms and wrinkled hands2 the white flutter of garments from the loosened line2 the green grass1 where here and there others lay bleaching2 the broken pump and disused trough2 two or three calves munching the scattered herbage2 in the distance a wide1 illimitable stretch of prairie4 ,how well he remembered it all afterward6 ,as he stood watching her1 the girl nodded smilingly and went on with her work4 ,after a while she began to hum softly to herself4 ,leyden caught the sound1 and listened4 ,what tune is that8 he asked eagerly4 ,sing it loud4 ,shure ,i dunno1 the girl answered4 ,i heard my grandmother sing it many's the time in the ould counthry1 and ,i do be croonin' it over to mysel' sometimes here at my washin'4 ,have you the words of it a'1 colleen8 he inquired4 ,i'd give a dale to hear them again4 ',tis the song my own ,mary likes best2 and1 thanks be to ,god6 ,i'll hear her own sweet voice singin' it shortly4 ,it's to meet her this mornin' ,i'm goin'--her and the childer1 all the way from ,ireland2 but if ye have the words of it and will sing it for me1 ,i'd like to hear it4 ,ayeh but you're the happy man1 this day6 she replied4 ,i'm not much of a hand at singin'1 but ,i believe ,i have all the words1 and ,i'm shure ye're welcome to hear them as well as ,i can give them4 ,with a preparatory cough and a modest little blush1 the girl began in a timid voice the familiar melody4 ,it was a sad1 dirge-like air1 as are so many of that sad1 suffering land1 whose children weep in chains4 ,and yet it was not in itself a mournful song4 ,ever and anon the glad refrain broke forth exultingly and joyously from the monotone of the preceding notes4 ,simple as were the words1 they found a welcome in the heart of the listener2 and unpretending as they seem written1 they may find a like responsive echo in the heart of the ,irish reader4 ,my love he has a soft blue eye ,with silken lashes drooping2 ,my love he has a soft blue eye ,with silken lashes drooping4 ,its glances are like gentle rays ,from heaven's gates down stooping1 ,as bright as smiles of paradise1 as truthful and serene4 ,and when they shine upon me1 ,i ,am jewelled like a queen4 ,my love he has the fondest heart ,that maiden e'er took pride in2 ,my love he has the fondest heart ,that maiden e'er took pride in2 ',twas nurtured in that fair green land ,his fathers lived and died in2 ,he holds us dear1 his native land and me his dark ,aileen2 ,and just because he loves me1 ,i am happy as a queen4 ,my love he wraps me all around ,with his true heart's devotion2 ,my love he wraps me all around ,with his true heart's devotion2 ,with wealth more rare than ,india's gold1 or all the gems of ocean4 ,he clothes me with his tenderness1 the deepest ever seen1 ,and while ,i wear that costly robe1 ,i'm richer than a queen4 ,oh6 kindly does he soothe me when ,my trust is faint and low2 ,oh6 kindly does he soothe me when ,my trust is faint and low2 ,my joy is his delight and all ,my griefs are his1 ,i know4 ,in the spring-time he is coming1 and ,i count the days between2 ,for with such a royal king to rule1 who would not be a queen8 ,william ,leyden wiped the tears from his eyes as the girl concluded the song4 ,thank you1 dear4 ,god bless you1 he said1 for singin' me ,mary's song6 ,the next moment he saw his friend advancing toward him1 and in another they had resumed their journey4 ,not much was said on either side as they rode along4 ,at intervals our hero's heart gave a great throb1 almost painful in its joy1 and once in a while he made some casual remark2 but that was all4 ,as they neared their destination1 they noticed an unusual stir and excitement in the vicinity2 and as they approached the depot1 they saw knots of men scattered at intervals1 apparently engaged in discussing some event that had recently transpired4 ,there must have been a fight hereabouts1 ,will1 said his friend2 but as every minute will seem an hour to you now1 we'll not stop to ask questions4 ,the train has been in half an hour by this time4 ,i wonder if ,mary'll know ye with that great beard8 ,leyden had no time to answer him1 for at that moment a man advanced from a crowd that blocked up the road in front of them1 and1 checking the horses1 said quickly1 ,can't drive any further4 ,way up yonder blocked with the wreck4 ,what wreck8 exclaimed both men with a single voice4 ,haven't heard about it8 he replied4 ,down-train1 this morning1 met the up-train1 behind time--collision--cars smashed--fifty or sixty killed--as many wounded--terrible accident--no fault anywhere1 of course4 ,but he checked his volubility at sight of the white face that confronted him1 and the strong1 convulsive grasp that seized his hand4 ,then in a softened tone he said1 ,hope you an't expecting no one2 and moved back a pace4 ,there was no answer2 for ,william ,leyden had sprung from the wagon1 dashing like a lunatic through the group of men on the road-side1 and in an instant had cleared the hundred yards between him and the station4 ,the crowd that stood upon the platform made way for him as he advanced2 for they felt instinctively that he had come upon a melancholy quest1 and the man whom he had clutched violently as he asked1 ,where are the dead8 pointed to the inner room1 where lay the mangled corpses of the victims4 ,alas6 in a few minutes after he had stepped across the threshold his eye fell upon the corpse of a fair-haired little girl1 beside whom1 one arm half thrown across the child1 a woman lay1 with a calm1 holy expression on her dead face4 ,just at her crushed feet1 which some merciful hand had covered1 the body of another child was lying2 but the black1 wavy hair had been singed1 and the white forehead burned and scarred1 and the little hands were quite disfigured4 ,and they had left the dear old land for this6 ,they had borne poverty and separation1 and the weariness of waiting2 through lingering days of anticipation they had traversed miles upon miles of dangerous ocean to be dashed1 on the threshold of a new life1 at the portal of realization1 into the pitiless1 fathomless abyss of eternity6 ,ah6 no2 rather to be gathered into the arms of a merciful ,god--to be folded close to his heart1 for ever and ever4 ,truly his ways are not our ways1 and who can understand them8 ,in a moment more the husband and father had sunk upon his knees beside the lifeless group2 but no words came from his lips save ,mauria1 ,mauria avourneen1 acushla machree4 ,then he would pass his hands caressingly over the ghastly faces1 pressing tenderly and often the little childish fingers in his own1 and kissing the scarred and disfigured forehead4 ,he never knew who it was that bore him away from the dreadful spot2 what hands prepared his loved ones for the grave1 he never knew1 and never asked to know4 ,he only remembered waking momentarily from a stupor on that sad night1 and seeing the benevolent face of the priest bending over him1 and hearing something he was saying about ,calvary and the cross1 to which he replied half unconsciously1 but with a feeling as though there were angels near him1 ,god's will be done4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,historisch-,,politische ,,blatter4 ,,nicolaus ,,copernicus4 ,the material for the biography of this remarkable man is not very abundant4 ,more than a century after his death1 ,gassendi published a life of ,copernicus in ,latin2 this life1 however1 was compiled from printed sources only4 ,a ,german biography1 by ,westphal1 appeared at ,constance in #ahbb4 ,in #ahef1 an anonymous author in ,berlin wrote concerning ,copernicus4 ,besides these we have essays by ,l4 ,prowe4 ,last of all1 a life of ,copernicus has appeared by ,dr4 ,hipler2 of which we purpose in this article to give a compendium4 ,there are nineteen folio volumes among the episcopal archives of ,frauenburg1 which contain the remnants of an uncommonly rich correspondence by ,dantiscus1 ,bishop of ,ermland1 who was for a time the ambassador of ,sigismond of ,poland at the court of ,charles ,v4 ,rich as this collection still remains1 it is to be regretted that the greater part of it was carried off to ,sweden by ,gustavus ,adolphus and his successors1 to be there divided and scattered4 ,a portion of the fragments was collected and returned in #ahcc1 upon a demand made by the ,prussian government2 another portion was subsequently discovered by ,prowe in the library of the university of ,upsal4 ,through the mediation of the ,prussian minister of worship1 this collection was put at the disposal of ,dr4 ,hipler4 ,in both collections1 that of ,frauenburg and that of ,upsal1 very interesting essays on ,copernicus are contained4 ,of these ,dr4 ,hipler has made good use1 and thereby elucidated the history of the celebrated canon4 ,according to ,hipler's researches1 the life of ,copernicus may be summed up as follows3 ,nicolaus ,copernicus was born on the #aith of ,february1 #adgc1 at ,thorn4 ,his father1 ,niklas ,copernigk1 was a respectable merchant of extensive business relations4 ,his mother ,barbara was the daughter of ,lucas ,watzelrode1 who left besides ,barbara a son1 also named ,lucas1 afterward ,bishop of ,ermland and the chief patron of his nephew ,copernicus4 ,it is probable1 as ,hipler shows1 that after receiving primary instruction in the excellent schools of his native town1 ,copernicus completed his third and fourth years' course in the high-school of ,kulm4 ,in the autumn of #adia1 we find him matriculated at the university of ,cracow1 which was then famous for the remarkable ability of its professor of mathematics1 ,adalbert ,blar1 commonly known as ,brudjewski4 ,it was in this university that the foundations were laid of the subsequent success of ,copernicus in astronomy4 ,he commented already on the writings of the great astronomers1 ,peurbach and ,regiomonban2 and he afterward declared that he was indebted for the principal part of his learning to the university of ,cracow2 a fact to be attributed1 without doubt1 to the superior instructions of ,brudjewski4 ,at the expiration of four years1 being then twenty-two1 he returned to ,prussia1 where he obtained from his uncle1 the bishop a canonry at ,frauenburg in #adie4 ,a statute of the chapter required that every canon who had not received a degree in theology1 jurisprudence1 or medicine1 should before taking rank enter one of the chartered universities1 and there during three years apply himself without interruption to one of the three afore-mentioned branches4 ,copernicus not being a graduate1 went to ,bologna in #adig1 and there gave his attention to law4 ,his choice of this branch of learning was determined by the circumstance of his being a member of the cathedral chapter1 which naturally constituted the senate or council of the bishop1 who in those days was also a temporal sovereign4 ,we can easily conceive that the youthful canon would make special endeavors to excel in his department1 that he might by the eminence of his knowledge be able to cast a veil1 as it were1 over his great youth4 ,we know nothing further concerning his legal studies1 but the skill with which as ambassador of the chapter and administrator of the diocese he defended1 both orally and by writing1 the privileges of the seignory of ,ermland against the aggressions of the ,german order clearly proves that he had passed his three years in the study of law with great success4 ,at ,bologna1 his legal studies did not hinder him from perfecting his mathematical and astronomical acquirements4 ,an efficient aid to him for this purpose was his intercourse with the learned ,dominican1 ,maria of ,ferrara4 ,it seems that he first led ,copernicus to doubt the truth of the system of ,ptolemy4 ,it is possible1 also1 that through him he became acquainted with ,pythagorean and ,platonic philosophy1 and its theory regarding the motion of the earth4 ,in #adii1 ,copernicus was still sojourning at ,bologna1 where he experienced the common misfortune of students1 financial embarrassment4 ,the maintenance of his brother ,andrew1 who had followed him to that city1 occasioned him considerable expense2 but he was finally rescued from his troubles by his uncle1 the bishop4 ,in #aejj1 we find him at ,rome lecturing on mathematics before a large assembly of hearers4 ,he returned to ,frauenburg with the resolution1 however1 to revisit ,italy at any cost4 ,it was a cause of annoyance to him1 as he himself discloses1 that the motion of the great mechanism of the world1 devised for our sake by the greatest and most orderly of artificers1 had not been more clearly and satisfactorily explained4 ,that he might enter upon this investigation with a greater prospect of success1 he determined to learn ,greek also2 for the acquisition of which1 ,italy alone at that period afforded good opportunities4 ,he therefore1 in #aeja1 applied to the chapter for another leave of absence for two years4 ,at the same time his brother ,andrew1 who had become a canon1 requested permission to enter upon the three years' course prescribed by a statute of the chapter4 ,copernicus pledged himself1 in case his brother's request was granted1 to apply during his stay in ,italy to the study of medicine also1 that he might afterward act as physician to the chapter4 ,the chapter had previously numbered among its members a practical physician1 whose death had left in their midst a painful void4 ,from this circumstance it is plain that ,copernicus had not as yet received any of the higher orders2 nor did he subsequently receive any2 for the practice of medicine1 including1 as it necessarily did1 dissecting and searing1 constituted an irregularity which debarred from holy orders4 ,moreover1 ,mauritius1 ,bishop of ,ermland1 wrote in #aeca that his chapter had but one priest among its members4 ,copernicus had probably received minor orders only2 nor does he mention himself that he ever received any others4 ,in #aeja1 with the consent of the chapter1 he went to ,padua1 began the study of medicine1 made himself master of ,greek1 had frequent intercourse with ,nicolaus ,passara1 and ,nicolaus ,vernia1 of the ,aristotelian school of philosophy1 and1 after graduating in medicine1 returned to ,frauenburg in #aeje4 ,at the episcopal residence of ,heilberg he served as private physician to his uncle1 and took a lively interest in the extensive projects and undertakings of that prelate4 ,one of these projects was the establishment of a high-school at ,elbing4 ,it failed1 however1 in consequence of the narrow prejudices of the people of that town1 who were opposed to having many strangers in their midst ,the failure of this enterprise is much to be regretted2 for without a doubt this institution would have afforded a fine field for the intellectual activity of the great astronomer4 ,his life under these circumstances continued to be simply that of a physician and canonist4 ,his monumental work on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies progressed in secret1 according as the ailments of members of the chapter and the lawsuits of ,ermland left him leisure for such occupation4 ,in his case1 as in the case of so many others1 modesty exhibits itself as the characteristic of genius and true greatness4 ,after the death of his uncle1 in #aeab1 ,copernicus returned to ,frauenburg1 where the residence of the canons on the banks of the ,haff1 affording an unobstructed view1 presented great facilities for astronomical observations4 ,here he continued to enjoy much popularity as a physician4 ,it must1 however1 be admitted that a prescription and a regimen sanitatis which we have from him show that he possessed but the limited science of those times4 ,still he enjoyed the confidence of the people4 ,his brother ,andrew1 who was afflicted with a species of leprosy1 engaged much of his attention4 ,from #aeab to #aebc1 ,fabian ,tettinger was ,bishop of ,ermland4 ,at his decease1 ,copernicus was chosen by the chapter as administrator4 ,when he had filled this office for nearly one year1 ,mauritius ,ferber became bishop1 and administered the diocese from #aebc to #aecg4 ,this prelate1 who also was an invalid1 placed great reliance on the medical skill of the learned canon4 ,after his death1 ,copernicus was associated with three others on the list of candidates for the bishopric4 ,but ,dantiscus1 ,bishop of ,kulm1 the same who has left the valuable manuscripts for the biography of ,copernicus1 was nominated4 ,the canon lived on terms of the closest intimacy with this prelate4 ,at the very beginning of his administration1 the new bishop was attacked by a dangerous illness2 which1 however1 the skill of ,copernicus succeeded so effectually in relieving1 that the bishop was enabled to undertake a long journey as a special envoy4 ,copernicus rendered effective medical assistance to his friend also1 and former classmate1 ,tiedemann ,giese1 who in #aech had been appointed ,bishop of ,kulm4 ,tiedemann prevailed on him to dedicate his work on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies to ,pope ,paul ,,iii42 and in return1 at the instance of ,copernicus1 composed a work1 entitled ,antilogicon1 against the errors of ,luther2 a circumstance which is of decisive significance as regards the religious views of the great astronomer4 ,they lived together thirty years on terms of the most intimate friendship4 ,duke ,albrecht also summoned him to ,knigsberg to the sick-bed of one of his jurists1 notwithstanding that ,knigsberg boasted several physicians of eminence4 ,in #aeci1 ,joachim ,rheticus1 then twenty-six years of age1 who had been for two years associated with ,luther and ,melancthon1 came from ,wittenberg to ,frauenburg to place himself under the tuition of ,copernicus4 ,in a work which has not been preserved1 he described the impression made on him by the astronomer4 ,there is1 however1 another production from the same pen1 ,rhetici ,narratio ,prima1 in which much is said about ,copernicus1 and which is1 consequently1 a valuable source of information for his biographer4 ,rheticus is full of admiration for his instructor4 ,it was he who superintended the publication of the latter's famous work1 which appeared at ,nuremberg1 in #aedb4 ,rheticus repaired to that town expressly for this purpose4 ,but the last moments of the great scholar were drawing near4 ,after an illness of six months1 fortified with the rites of the church1 he died on the #bdth of ,may1 #aedc1 yielding up his spirit to ,him in whom is all happiness and every good1 as he expresses himself in the preface of his work1 the first printed copy of which was placed in his hands on the day of his death4 ,such is the miniature biography given by ,dr4 ,hipler of the great reformer of astronomy4 ,we would gladly have learned more about his political career1 which ,hipler only notices in passing4 ,it is to be hoped that he will some day present us with a full-sized portrait of his great countryman4 ,dr4 ,hipler has1 however1 succeeded in establishing1 on documentary evidence1 drawn from archives1 the chronology of the life of ,copernicus1 which rested before on the unsustained authority of ,gassendi4 ,he has1 likewise1 exhibited in a clear light1 and with that certainty which results only from the study of reliable sources1 the education1 teachers1 friends1 and offices of ,copernicus1 the origination of his system1 and the attitude he assumed in regard to the ,reformation4 ,we have seen that his attitude was decidedly unfriendly4 ,hence1 it naturally occurred to his biographer to show how the reformers were affected toward ,copernicus4 ,protestant writers generally indulge in the strange fancy that all the great minds of the period of the ,reformation belong to their ranks2 and it is almost a subject of surprise that ,copernicus escaped an inscription on the monument raised to ,luther1 at ,worms4 ,no doubt1 however1 at ,luther's feet would have been an uncomfortable place for the man of whom we read in ,luther's ,table-,talk3 ,people gave ear to an upstart astrologer1 who strove to show that the earth revolves1 not the heavens1 or the firmament1 the sun and moon4444 ,but such is now the state of things4 ,whoever wishes to appear clever1 must devise some new system which of all systems is1 of course1 the very best4 ,this fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy4 ,but sacred ,scripture tells us that ,joshua commanded the sun to stand still1 and not the earth4 ,later on1 ,melancthon wrote in a work entitled1 ,de ,initiis ,doctrin ,physic3 ,the eyes are witnesses that the heavens revolve in the space of twenty-four hours4 ,but certain men1 either from the love of novelty or to make a display of their ingenuity1 have concluded that the earth moves1 and they maintain that neither the eighth sphere nor the sun revolves4 ,now1 although these clever dreamers find many ingenious things wherewith to recreate their minds1 it is1 nevertheless1 a want of honesty and decency to assert such absurd notions publicly1 and the example is pernicious4 ,it is the part of a good mind to accept the truth as revealed by ,god1 and to acquiesce in it4 ,both reformers condemned the system of ,copernicus1 as opposed to the teaching of the sacred ,scriptures4 ,how differently did ,rome deal with the doctrine of ,copernicus6 ,from an entry made in the ,codex ,grcus1 ,,cli41 in the ,state ,library of ,munich1 it appears that as early as #aecc1 ,clement ,,vii4 had the learned ,widmanstadt to explain the system to him in the gardens of the ,vatican1 and that he recompensed ,widmanstadt for his services with the gift of the ,greek work above mentioned4 ,the entry in the book1 setting forth these facts1 was made by the hand of the recipient of the gift4 ,paul ,,iii4 accepted the dedication of the work of ,copernicus4 ,the sentence pronounced on ,galileo by the ,congregation of the ,index was never ratified by the pope1 and was actually afterward revoked4 ,the ,catholic ,church has always ignored that extravagant notion of inspiration1 so justly censured by ,lessing1 according to which the ,bible is to be received as a text-book even of astronomy1 geography1 and other natural sciences4 ,the importance of the system of ,copernicus cannot be over-rated4 ,it was a bold and successful attempt to explain the mechanism of the world4 ,according to his theory1 the world was no longer to be considered the centre of the universe1 but merely a wandering planet of an inferior order4 ,its rle in the economy of the spheres seemed to be that of the lost sheep which the ,good ,shepherd came to find4 ,the system of ,copernicus contained also a caution against trusting over-much to those appearances which are made known to us by the senses1 and against attending to the dead-letter of the ,bible merely4 ,hence it was calculated to exert an influence in other departments of science1 as well as in that of astronomy4 ,at first it met with no sympathy4 ,the inhabitants of ,elbing1 who had refused the university with which ,lucas ,watzelrode felt disposed to present them1 were the first to exhibit a burlesque play directed against ,copernicus4 ,the people of ,nuremberg had a medal struck1 whereon were ironical inscriptions directed against him4 ,nevertheless1 his discovery gradually won the recognition of the intelligent scientific world4 ,in searching the archives of ,ermland1 ,dr4 ,hipler has met with two pictures1 the one of ,luther1 the other of ,copernicus--both from the pen of ,dantiscus1 the last spiritual superior of the latter--between which there exists so great a contrast that he has thought it worth while to give them to the public4 ,as has been already observed1 ,dantiscus was at one time the ambassador of ,sigismond of ,poland at the court of ,charles ,v4 ,he had travelled over nearly one half of the globe1 had been at all the ,european courts1 and also in ,asia and ,africa4 ,he was a great admirer and patron of literary and scientific accomplishments1 and he corresponded with many statesmen and men of learning1 among whom were ,wicel1 ,thomas ,cranmer of ,canterbury1 ,melancthon1 ,cochlus1 and others4 ,in #aebc1 happening to be in the neighborhood of ,wittenberg1 a desire to see ,luther1 rather inordinate1 as he himself acknowledges1 took possession of him4 ,luther consented to see him4 ,the following is ,dantiscus's account of the interview3 ,we sat down and entered upon a conversation which lasted four hours4 ,i found the man witty1 learned1 and fluent2 but ,i also noticed that he uttered scarce any thing but sarcasm and invectives against the pope1 the emperor1 and several other princes4 ,were ,i to attempt to write it all down1 the day would pass before ,i would have done4 ,luther's countenance resembles his books4 ,his eyes are sharp1 and sparkle with the weird fire to be noticed in lunatics4 ,his manner of speaking is violent1 and full of irony and ridicule4 ,he dresses so as not to be distinguished from a courtier4 ,he seems like a first-rate boon companion4 ,so far as holiness of life is concerned1 which some have attributed to him1 he differs not at all from the rest of us4 ,haughtiness and vanity are very apparent in him2 in abusing1 slandering1 and ridiculing he observes no moderation whatever4 ,the comparison between ,luther and ,copernicus which then follows is indeed very instructive3 ,it would be difficult to imagine a more decided contrast than exists between these two men1 the dates of whose birth and death differ but by a few short years4 ,for indeed1 to say nothing of the striking dissimilarity in talents1 disposition1 and other particulars1 what could be more unlike than the character and destiny of the great revolutions in the sphere of intellect which were originated by the gigantic powers of these men8 ,on the one hand1 we behold reason1 through an excessively mystic tendency1 enslaved to a blind faith--in fact1 stifled2 and faith itself1 as a consequence1 deprived of its foundation1 lifeless and powerless4 ,on the other hand1 we behold reason in a wisely adjusted harmony with faith and science1 triumphing over the dead-letter of the ,bible1 the deceiving testimony of sense1 and every other illegitimate influence1 and thereby imparting firmness to faith in the suprasensible1 and in all real authority4 ,on the one hand1 we perceive the joyous acclaim with which the ,reformation was at first hailed1 and the general desertion1 at the present day1 of the principle of salvation by faith alone1 a principle destructive of all church organization4 ,on the other hand1 we behold the universal recognition1 at the present time1 of the system of ,copernicus1 which1 at its first appearance1 was assailed with mockery1 and branded with the title of revolutionary4 ,dr4 ,hipler has plainly shown that ,copernicus belongs to the ,catholic ranks4 ,the question now arises1 ,does he belong also to ,germany8 ,politically1 the bishopric of ,ermland was in his time under ,polish dominion4 ,nevertheless1 to say nothing of the quiet1 modest1 and genial industry which ,copernicus seems to have possessed as a ,german inheritance1 it is certain that not only he1 but also his mother1 wrote letters in ,german2 and a ,greek inscription in a book belonging to his library shows that his name was pronounced ,kpernik1 with the ,german accent4 ,justly1 therefore1 does his statue occupy a place in the ,walhalla of ,ludwig ,i4 ,,the ,,church ,,beyond ,,the ,,rocky ,,mountains4 ,the ,states and territories of the ,pacific coast are1 in many respects1 a land apart from the rest of the ,union4 ,separated from the other ,states by an immense tract of unsettled territory1 no inconsiderable part of which must ever continue a desert1 as well as by the great barrier of the ,rocky ,mountains1 the western slope of that chain presents to the new-comer an aspect not less different from the shores of the ,atlantic than the latter differ from the countries of ,europe4 ,the climate1 with its semi-tropical division of wet and dry seasons1 the evidently volcanic formation of its surface1 the huge mountain chains1 with all their accessories of valleys1 precipices1 torrents1 and cataracts1 which occupy most of its area1 and the peculiar vegetation that covers its soil1 all wear a foreign appearance to an ,eastern visitor2 and the people themselves1 though forming an integral part of his own nation1 are scarcely less strange to his eyes4 ,men of races hardly known on the eastern side of the ,rocky ,mountains meet him at every step2 and not only do the different ,european and ,asiatic races retain their national customs and characters much more tenaciously than the immigrant population of the ,eastern ,states1 but they have very considerably modified the character of their ,american fellow-settlers4 ,the way in which ,california1 and1 to a considerable degree1 ,oregon1 were settled was altogether different from the usual system of colonization which has added so many ,states to the ,union1 from ,ohio to ,nebraska1 and from ,mississippi and ,texas to ,minnesota4 ,the journey to the ,pacific coast before the completion of the ,pacific ,railroad involved as complete a separation from home associations1 and as great a change from early habits1 to an ,american1 as does the voyage across the ,atlantic to the ,european immigrant2 and at its end he found himself in a country entirely different1 both physically and socially1 from all that he had been previously accustomed to4 ,the influence of the old ,spanish settlements1 in which for years was to be found the only established society of the country1 the mixture of men of all the ,european races on a footing of perfect equality in the pursuit of wealth1 and the peculiarly adventurous and uncertain nature of mining life1 which long formed the chief employment of the whole population1 all tended to rub off the new-comers' national peculiarities and prejudices2 and the result has been the growth of a well-marked national character among the few hundred thousand inhabitants of the ,pacific coast4 ,amid this cosmopolitan population the ,catholic ,church has taken firm root1 and in no other part of the country does she reckon as large a proportion of the people within her fold1 or exercise more influence over the public mind4 ,she had preceded the march of ,american enterprise and the rush of gold-seekers on the shores of the ,pacific2 and when the pioneers of the new population pushed their way across the continent and descended the slope of the ,sierra ,nevada1 they found her missions already established in ,california4 ,while the ,american ,republic was yet a thing of the future1 and the west of the ,alleghanies was still an almost untrodden wilderness1 ,catholic priests had already begun to gather into the fold of ,peter the tribes beyond the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,in the early half of the eighteenth century1 the ,jesuit ,reductions of ,lower ,california were only less famous than those of ,paraguay2 and to the zeal of the ,franciscans who succeeded the ,jesuits in #agfg1 ,upper ,california owes the introduction of ,christianity and civilization4 ,in #agfi1 or a few months more than one hundred years ago1 ,father ,junipero ,lerra1 with a company of his ,franciscan brethren and a few ,mexican settlers1 founded the mission of ,san ,diego1 the first settlement made by civilized men within what is now the ,state of ,california4 ,before that year1 indeed1 although the ports of ,monterey and ,san ,diego were well known to the ,spanish navigators1 no ,european had ever penetrated into the interior of ,california1 and even the existence of the noble bay of ,san ,francisco was unknown to the civilized world until it was discovered and named by the humble friars4 ,the salvation of souls1 the hope of making known to the ,indians the doctrines of ,catholicity1 were the motives which inspired the ,franciscans to undertake a task which had long been deemed impracticable by the ,spanish court in spite of its anxiety to extend its dominions to the north of ,mexico4 ,to raise up the despised aborigines to the dignity of ,christian men1 to show them the road to eternal happiness in another life1 and1 as a means to that end1 to promote their well-being in this world1 such were the objects for whose attainment the devoted missionaries separated themselves from their native land and the society of civilized men1 to spend their lives among savages1 who often rewarded their devotion only by shedding their blood4 ,the ,indians of ,california are in every respect a much inferior race to the tribes on the east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,many of them went wholly naked1 they had no towns or villages1 and although the country abounded in game1 they were indifferent hunters1 and depended mainly for subsistence on wild berries1 roots1 and grasshoppers4 ,in tribal organization they were little if at all superior to the ,australian savages1 and of religious worship or morality they had scarcely an idea4 ,many of the southern tribes1 especially1 were fierce and warlike1 and belonged to a kindred race to the ,apaches1 who still set at defiance all the attempts of the ,united ,states government to dislodge them from ,arizona4 ,such were the men from whom the ,franciscans undertook to form a ,christian community2 and of their success in so doing1 the history of ,california for over sixty years is an irrefragable witness4 ,in spite of occasional outbreaks of hostility on the part of the ,indians1 and the destruction by them of a mission1 the whole of the region between the coast range and the ocean1 as far north as the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 was studded with such establishments before the close of the century4 ,fifteen thousand converted ,indians enjoyed under the mild sway of the ,franciscans a degree of prosperity almost unparalleled in the history of their race4 ,the missions1 which were eighteen in number1 differed in size and importance1 but were all conducted on the same general plan4 ,the church and the community buildings1 including the residence of the fathers1 the store-houses and workshops1 formed the centre of a village of ,indian huts1 the inhabitants of which were daily summoned by the church bells to mass1 as a prelude to their labors1 and again in the evening called back to rest by the notes of the ,angelus4 ,religious instruction was given to all on ,sundays and holidays1 and to the newly converted and the children also4 ,at other times during the day1 the men worked at agricultural labor1 or looked after the cattle belonging to the mission1 and the unmarried women were employed at spinning1 or some other labor suited to their strength1 in a building specially provided for the purpose4 ,the fathers1 two or more of whom resided in each ,reduction1 were the rulers1 the judges1 the instructors1 and the directors of work of their neophytes1 who held all property in common4 ,the white population was few in number1 consisting mainly of small garrisons at different posts1 intended to hold the wild ,indians in awe1 and some families of settlers who were chiefly engaged in stock-raising4 ,the military commandant1 who resided at ,monterey1 might be regarded as the governor of the country2 but the fathers and their converts were entirely exempt from his jurisdiction1 and were independent of all authority subordinate to the ,spanish crown4 ,the mission farms usually sufficed for the support of their inhabitants1 but the external expenses of the communities were defrayed by a subsidy from the ,spanish government and the pious fund of ,spain1 an association very similar to the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith4 ,such was the condition of ,california down to the end of the ,spanish rule2 and during the whole of that period1 and for several years afterward1 the missions continued to grow in numbers and prosperity4 ,the payments of the government subsidy and the remittances from the pious fund became indeed very uncertain and irregular during the struggle of ,mexico for independence2 but the industrial condition of the missions was then such that they stood no longer in need of external aid1 and indeed they were able to contribute largely to the support of the administration of the territory4 ,the establishment of the ,mexican ,republic made for some years little change in the condition of the missions of ,california1 and the services rendered by the fathers to civilization were more than once acknowledged by the ,mexican ,congress4 ,but the mission property was too tempting a bait to the needy revolutionists who disputed for supreme power in that ill-starred country4 ,in #ahcc1 a decree of ,congress deprived the ,franciscans of all authority over the missions1 and placed their property in the hands of lay administrators4 ,the ,indians were to receive certain portions of land1 and some stock individually1 and the rest was to be applied to the use of the state4 ,the results were such as might be expected from the history of similar confiscation in foreign lands4 ,the fruits of sixty years' patient toil were wasted during a few years of riotous plundering1 in the name of state administration2 the cattle belonging to the missions were stolen or killed2 the churches and public works allowed to fall into ruin2 the cultivation of the soil neglected2 and the unfortunate ,indians1 deprived of their protectors1 and handed over to the tender mercies of liberal officials1 wandered away in thousands from their abodes1 and either perished or relapsed into barbarism4 ,the population of the missions in nine years dwindled from upward of thirty to little over four thousand ,indians2 and when their property was sold at auction in #ahde1 its value had fallen from several millions to a mere nothing4 ,the native ,spanish ,californians1 who clearly saw the fatal results of the overthrow of the missions to the prosperity of the country1 made several attempts to restore them to their former condition1 but in vain4 ,the constant revolutions of which ,mexico was the theatre effectually prevented such a restoration1 and the fate of the ,indians was sealed by the political changes which shortly afterward threw the country into the hands of another race and another government4 ,under the ,american rgime they have dwindled to less than one tenth of their former numbers1 and1 with the exception of a certain number of the converts of the ,franciscans1 who have adopted partially the usages of civilized life1 and become amalgamated with the ,spanish population1 the whole race seems doomed to disappear from the land4 ,serious1 however1 as was the blow which the church received from the overthrow of the ,franciscan missions1 she did not abandon her hold upon ,california4 ,from the date of ,father ,lerra's arrival in the country1 a small stream of ,spanish or ,mexican immigration had been flowing into it1 and building up its pueblos near1 but altogether distinct from1 the mission establishments4 ,the separation of the races was one of the points jealously attended to by the ,franciscans1 as essential to the success of their civilizing efforts among the ,indians2 and the ,indian churches and ,indian cemeteries1 which still remain in several of the missions1 at a short distance from the ,spanish churches and ,spanish burying-grounds1 show how far this policy was carried out4 ,the experience of centuries of mission work had taught the ,franciscans that free intercourse between a civilized and an uncivilized race invariably leads to the demoralization of both1 and much of their success must be ascribed to the care with which they kept their neophytes apart from the white settlements4 ,the latter1 at the time of the secularization1 contained a population of some five or six thousand1 and1 including the half-civilized ,indians who still remained around the missions1 the whole ,catholic population probably amounted to fifteen thousand at the epoch of the ,american conquest4 ,for the benefit of this population1 after the overthrow of the missions1 the holy see established in #ahdj the diocese of ,california1 including the peninsula of ,lower ,california within its boundaries4 ,had ,upper ,california continued a portion of the ,mexican republic1 there would have probably been little difference between its ecclesiastical history and that of ,sonora or ,chihuahua2 but the ,american conquest1 and still more the subsequent discovery of gold in the ,sacramento ,river1 entirely changed the face of affairs4 ,the crowd of immigrants that flocked into the country was so great as to reduce the original population to comparative insignificance in a few months4 ,a single year sufficed to quadruple the number of inhabitants1 and two to increase it tenfold4 ,the new population was indeed a strange one4 ,american it was in its dominant political elements1 but fully one half of it was made up of natives of other countries than the ,united ,states4 ,frenchmen1 ,spaniards1 ,italians1 ,germans1 ,scandinavians1 ,irish1 ,english1 ,mexicans1 ,south ,americans1 ,indians1 ,kanakas1 and ,chinese all poured by thousands into the ,new ,eldorado1 which might with equal justice be styled the modern ,babel4 ,seldom has so radical a change taken place in the population of a country in so short a time1 and the church1 if she did not wish to lose the territory she had conquered with so much toil1 had to commence her mission work over again1 and under entirely different circumstances from those under which the ,franciscans had begun the work4 ,a very large number of the new-comers were ,catholics2 but in the excitement of gold-seeking1 the hold of religion on their minds had been seriously loosened1 and a reckless disregard of all social and moral restraint pervaded the whole population4 ,to restore the sway of religion over minds that had forgotten it1 to provide priests1 churches1 schools1 and all the various institutions of ,catholic charity1 for thousands of her own children1 and to make known her doctrines to a still larger number of those who did not belong to her fold1 such was the task before the church in ,california1 and to its accomplishment she addressed herself almost as soon as the first immigrants landed in ,san ,francisco4 ,a frame church1 the first in ,california1 was erected in that city for the use of the ,catholic miners in #ahdi1 and1 as the different camps sprang up through the ,state1 other churches were rapidly built up in the more important centres of population4 ,the following year1 a new diocese was formed of the territory lately acquired by the ,united ,states1 and its government intrusted to the ,right ,reverend ,bishop 7now ,archbishop7 ,allemany1 who was called to that office from his ,dominican convent in ,kentucky4 ,the new bishop lost no time in hastening to his post1 and began his arduous task with rare wisdom and energy4 ,the ranks of the secular clergy were largely recruited from various countries2 the ,jesuits1 who had long been engaged in evangelizing the ,indians of ,oregon1 were installed in the old mission of ,santa ,clara2 a branch of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame was established in the neighboring town of ,san ,jos2 and the ,sisters of ,charity took charge of an orphan asylum and hospital in ,san ,francisco4 ,all this had been done before the close of #ahec1 or in the height of the excitement of the early colonization1 an excitement such as it is hard for the sober dwellers of more settled communities to form any idea of4 ,the population of ,california resembled an ill-disciplined army rather than a well-ordered community2 the immense majority of its members had neither families1 fixed abodes1 nor permanent occupations1 and were ready to rush anywhere at the slightest rumor of rich diggings4 ,the mines were the great centre of attraction to all1 and1 as the old ones were worked out or new ones discovered1 the entire population moved from one part of the country to another4 ,towns were built up only to be abandoned in a few months1 and even ,san ,francisco itself1 in spite of its unrivalled commercial position1 more than once was nearly deserted by its inhabitants4 ,fortunes were made or lost in a few hours1 not merely by a few bold speculators1 but by every class of the people2 and the wild excitements which now and then cause such commotion in ,wall street1 were constantly paralleled in every mining camp of ,california4 ,the sudden acquisition of fortune was the hope of every man2 and while men were thus uncertain about what position they might occupy on the morrow1 few cared to settle down to the routine of domestic life4 ,except among the ,spanish ,californians1 scarcely any families were to be found in the country1 and the standard of morality was such as might be expected under the circumstances4 ,laws there were1 indeed1 but the authorities were utterly unable to enforce them1 and bullies and duellists settled their quarrels with arms1 even on the streets of ,san ,francisco1 unchecked by police interference4 ,murderers and robbers promenaded the towns unmolested1 and the idea of official honesty1 or of seeking redress for wrongs at the hands of the law1 was deemed too absurd to be entertained by a sensible man4 ,vigilance committees1 the last refuge of society seeking to save itself from destruction1 offered almost the only protection to persons and property that could be had in many districts4 ,bands of desperadoes1 such as the hounds in ,san ,francisco1 and ,joaquin's gang in the southern counties1 openly set the law at defiance1 and1 in the fever of gold-seeking that pervaded the whole community1 no force could be obtained to make it respected4 ,such was the population of ,california when ,bishop ,allemany commenced his episcopal career2 and the prospect of making religion flourish on such a soil was indeed such as might well dismay a fainter heart4 ,nevertheless he addressed himself to the task1 and his toils were not unrewarded4 ,gradually but decidedly1 the moral character of ,california began to improve1 and the more glaring offences against public decency to grow rare4 ,the rush of immigrants slackened in #aheb1 and something like settled society began to form among the older residents4 ,of the agents which helped to bring order out of the social chaos of '#di1 none was more powerful than the influence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,most of the ,protestant population had thrown off all allegiance to any sect1 and this fact1 while it contributed to make them to a great extent regardless of the rules of morality1 had at least the good effect of banishing anti-,catholic prejudices from their minds4 ,the church and her institutions were regarded with much respect by all classes in ,california1 even at the time when the ,know-,nothing movement was exciting such a storm of fanaticism in the ,eastern ,states4 ,many ,americans had married ,catholic wives1 or been long settled among the ,spanish ,californians2 the history of the ,franciscan missionaries was well known to all1 and their devotedness appreciated by ,catholics and ,protestants alike4 ,all these causes combined to give ,catholicity considerable importance in the public opinion1 and lent immense strength to her efforts in behalf of morality and religion4 ,catholic charities stood high in the public favor2 the public hospital of ,san ,francisco1 after an experience of official management which swept away no small portion of the city property1 was intrusted to the charge of the ,sisters of ,charity2 ,catholic schools for a long time shared in the public school funds2 and ,catholic asylums and orphanages were liberally aided by the public4 ,bishop ,allemany was not slow in taking advantage of this favorable state of public feeling to provide his diocese with ,catholic institutions4 ,new churches were erected all over the ,state2 schools established wherever it was practicable2 and so great progress made generally that1 in less than three years after his arrival in ,san ,francisco1 it became necessary to divide his diocese4 ,the southern counties of the ,state1 comprising most of the ,spanish ,californians among its inhabitants1 were formed into the diocese of ,monterey and ,los ,angeles in #ahec4 ,at the same time ,san ,francisco was raised to the archiepiscopal rank4 ,the membership of the ,protestant churches of all denominations in the ,state was then almost nominal1 scarcely amounting to two per cent of the population1 while the ,catholics formed at least thirty per cent4 ,the public1 as a general rule1 regarded the ,catholic ,church as the church1 and this feeling to a great extent still prevails4 ,for some years after the erection of the diocese of ,monterey1 there was little increase in the population of ,california2 indeed1 owing to the falling off in the yield of the precious metals1 and the discovery of new mines in the neighboring territories1 there was at times a considerable decrease in its numbers2 nevertheless1 the number of ,catholics continued to increase1 owing partly to the large proportion of ,irish among the later immigrants1 and partly to the natural growth of the ,catholic population1 which was more settled than the rest of the community4 ,a further division of the archdiocese of ,san ,francisco was found necessary in #ahfa4 ,the northern portion of the ,state1 with the adjoining territories of ,nevada and ,utah1 was formed into the ,vicariate of ,marysville1 which was subsequently raised to the rank of a bishopric1 with its see at ,grass ,valley4 ,since that period no changes have been made in the episcopal divisions of ,california2 but the second order of the clergy1 the ,catholic population1 ,catholic institutions1 and ,catholic churches have continued to grow in numbers4 ,at present1 the proportion of priests to the whole population is nearly three times greater in ,california than the average for the whole of the ,union1 being about one priest to every three thousand five hundred inhabitants2 while throughout the ,united ,states the average does not exceed one to ten thousand4 ,nevertheless1 owing to the extent of the country over which the population is scattered1 and the very large proportion of ,catholics in it1 there is still a great want of more priests and churches1 and it will doubtless be some years before it can be adequately supplied4 ,in no ,state of the ,union have the religious orders taken deeper root or thriven better than in ,california4 ,the ,franciscans1 the ,dominicans1 the ,jesuits1 the ,vincentians1 the ,christian ,brothers1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 of ,mercy1 of ,notre ,dame1 of the ,presentation1 of the ,sacred ,heart1 and of the order of ,st4 ,dominic1 all have establishments within its boundaries4 ,the ,franciscans1 as we have seen1 were the pioneers of ,christianity in ,california1 and1 in spite of the oppression of the ,mexican government1 they have never abandoned the land4 ,a number of them continued to attend to the spiritual wants of the population1 both ,spanish and ,indian1 after the control of the latter had been taken from them1 and the order has shared in the growth of the church since the ,american conquest4 ,two of their former mission establishments are still in their hands1 in the diocese of ,monterey1 in which they have also two schools4 ,the ,vincentians have the only establishment they possess in ,california in the same diocese1 where they opened a college some two and a half years ago1 and have since conducted it with considerable success4 ,los ,angeles ,city also possesses an orphan asylum and a hospital1 under the management of the ,sisters of ,charity1 and there are several convents of nuns in different parts of the diocese4 ,the ,jesuits were the first missionaries of ,california1 though the tyrannical suppression of their order1 and the barbarous exile of its members from the dominions of the king of ,spain1 prevented them from extending their spiritual conquests beyond the peninsula of ,lower ,california4 ,it was not until after the ,american conquest that they were permitted to enter ,upper ,california2 but as soon as that event opened the country to them1 their entry was not long delayed4 ,in #ahea1 several fathers of the society1 who had been previously engaged in the ,indian missions of ,oregon1 arrived in ,california1 and were put in possession of the old ,franciscan ,mission at ,santa ,clara1 about fifty miles south of ,san ,francisco4 ,there they founded a college1 which at present ranks perhaps first among the institutions of learning on the ,pacific coast1 and is one of the largest houses of the order on the ,american continent4 ,the crusade against the monastic orders1 which had been inaugurated in ,italy shortly before1 proved highly profitable to ,california1 as a large number of ,italian ,jesuits were thus obtained for ,santa ,clara4 ,a second college was subsequently opened in ,san ,francisco1 which has attained an equal degree of prosperity with the older academy1 and1 in addition1 the parishes of ,santa ,clara and ,san ,jos are administered by the priests of the order4 ,altogether1 the ,jesuits number about thirty priests1 and as many1 or rather more1 lay brothers in ,california4 ,in the internal administration of the order1 ,california is dependent on the provincial of ,turin in ,italy1 whence most of its missionaries came1 and has no connection with the provinces established in the ,eastern ,states4 ,it possesses a novitiate of its own at ,santa ,clara1 and only requires a house of studies to have all the organization of a province complete in itself4 ,the ,dominicans are also established in the archdiocese of ,san ,francisco1 where they have a convent at ,benicia on the ,sacramento ,river1 besides furnishing pastors to several other parishes4 ,the archbishop himself is a member of the order1 which well maintains in ,california its reputation for learning and strictness of discipline4 ,several of the ,californian ,dominicans1 including the archbishop1 are natives of ,spain1 but the majority are ,irish or ,irish-,americans4 ,the ,dominican nuns also have a convent and academy at ,benicia1 which ranks deservedly high among the educational institutions of the ,state2 and a free school in ,san ,francisco1 which affords instruction to several hundred children4 ,the ,christian ,brothers are1 in point of time1 the newest of the religious orders in ,california1 having only come to the ,state some two years ago1 at the invitation of ,archbishop ,allemany4 ,their system of education is eminently adapted to the requirements of her people1 as is shown by the rapid success of their first college1 which already numbers more than two hundred and twenty resident students4 ,the marked success which has so far attended the efforts of the brothers gives every reason to believe that they 7and it may be added1 they alone7 can solve the great problem of ,catholic education in ,california1 which is1 how to provide ,catholic common schools for the children of the working-classes4 ,those classes there1 as everywhere else throughout the ,union1 form the bulk of the ,catholic population1 and desire to procure for their little ones the advantage of schooling4 ,if possible1 they wish to obtain it from ,catholic sources2 but if this cannot be1 they will1 there is ground to fear1 avail themselves of the educational facilities offered by the ,state schools1 even at the risk of their children's faith4 ,as the number of these children must be reckoned by tens of thousands1 the task of providing them with suitable education is no easy one2 but the object and spirit of the order instituted by the venerable ,de ,la ,salle1 and the success which has attended its system of parochial schools in ,missouri and other ,states1 give good grounds to hope that it will prove equal to the work that lies before it in ,california1 where the circumstances of the country are peculiarly favorable to the growth of ,catholic institutions4 ,nowhere else has anti-,catholic bigotry less power in the government1 or is public opinion more favorable to the church2 and though the infidel common-school system finds strong support in a numerous class1 yet we believe that in no part of the ,union can the battle for religious education be fought out under more favorable auspices4 ,the urgent need that exists for ,catholic schools at present1 may be judged of from the fact that while the different colleges and boarding-schools under the management of the ,jesuits1 ,franciscans1 ,christian ,brothers1 and ,vincentians1 provide education for about a thousand boys1 the ,catholic common schools throughout the ,state contain a number scarcely greater1 or less than a tenth of their due proportion4 ,female education is better provided for in this respect4 ,the ,presentation and ,dominican ,sisters1 and the ,sisters of ,charity and ,mercy1 have about four thousand pupils in their free schools in ,san ,francisco1 and there are also several similar establishments in different parts of the ,state2 but even these are inadequate to the wants of the ,catholic population1 and in ,california1 as in the ,eastern ,states1 the problem of how to provide schooling for the children of the poor is the most serious and difficult one that the church has to solve4 ,california1 in proportion to its population1 is rich in institutions for the relief of suffering and distress4 ,the male and female orphan asylums in the dioceses of ,san ,francisco1 ,grass ,valley1 and ,monterey maintain about six hundred of these bereaved little ones4 ,the ,sisters of ,mercy and ,charity have each a general hospital under their charge in ,san ,francisco1 where the latter have also a foundling hospital4 ,they have also a hospital in ,los ,angeles1 and the ,sisters of ,mercy have a ,magdalen asylum in ,san ,francisco4 ,altogether1 the number of religious1 of both sexes1 engaged in works of instruction or charity in ,california1 approaches three hundred1 and this in a population of little over half a million4 ,reference has already been made to the variety of races that forms so peculiar a feature in the ,californian population4 ,it may not be amiss to devote a few words to each separately1 especially with regard to their relations with the church4 ,as the original settlers of the country1 the ,spanish element deserves to be mentioned first1 although no longer occupying the chief place in political or numerical importance4 ,the ,spanish ,californians are mostly descended from a few families1 chiefly ,europeans1 who settled in the country in the palmy days of the missions1 and whose posterity have increased in the course of a century to a population of several thousand4 ,the prevalence of a few family names among them is quite as remarkable as in certain districts of ,ireland and ,scotland1 where a single sept name is borne by almost all the inhabitants of a parish or barony2 and nearly all the more wealthy families are connected with one another by the ties of blood or marriage4 ,as a general rule1 they have less intermixture of ,indian blood than the southern ,mexicans1 though such of the mission ,indians as have survived the overthrow of their protectors regard themselves as ,spaniards1 and are so styled by the rest of the population4 ,some of these ,indians occupy respectable positions in society1 and one at least1 ,seor ,dominguez1 was a member of the convention which drew up the ,state constitution of ,california4 ,the ,spanish ,californians are generally hospitable and generous1 and1 though imperfectly acquainted with the refinements of civilization1 they display much of the old ,spanish politeness in their dealings with each other and with strangers4 ,they retain the ,spanish taste for music and dancing1 and1 we are sorry to say1 for bull-fights and games of chance2 in ,los ,angeles and the other southern counties1 all the scenes of the life of ,leon or ,castile may still be witnessed4 ,cattle-raising forms their chief occupation1 and in the management of stock they display a good deal of skill and energy2 but their inexperience in the ways of modern life1 and their ignorance of ,american law1 have gradually deprived them of the ownership of most of the lands they held at the discovery of the gold placers4 ,many of them sold their property at ridiculously low prices1 others were deprived of them by the operation of the land tax1 which was entirely new to their ideas2 while the distaste for settled industry and the improvident habits engendered by their former mode of life unfitted them for competing in other pursuits with the enterprise of the new-comers4 ,the generation which has grown up since the ,american conquest1 however1 displays a much greater spirit of enterprise than its fathers have shown1 and promises to play a more important part in the country4 ,politically and socially1 the ,spanish ,californians enjoy a good deal of consideration2 some of them usually occupy seats in the ,state ,legislature1 and on the judicial bench2 the ,spanish language is used as well as the ,english in legal documents1 and the acts of the ,legislature2 and one of the higher ,state offices is generally filled by a ,spaniard4 ,there is also a considerable ,spanish-,american population1 chiefly ,mexicans and ,chilenos1 in the ,pacific ,states4 ,most of them are engaged in mining or stock-raising2 but a considerable number are engaged in business1 in which several of them occupy prominent positions4 ,the ,chilenos are generally possessed of at least the rudiments of schooling1 and are tolerably well organized for mutual aid2 but the ,mexicans1 owing to the political condition of their country1 are much behind them in both these respects4 ,altogether1 the population of ,california of ,spanish origin must number from forty to fifty thousand4 ,closely connected with the ,spanish population are the ,portuguese1 who1 of late years1 have begun to immigrate to ,california in considerable numbers1 and now number several thousands there4 ,the majority of them are engaged in farming or gardening4 ,they are1 as a class1 sober1 industrious1 and peaceable4 ,they are settled principally in the counties around the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 and very few of them are to be found in the city itself4 ,the ,american population1 as it is customary in ,california to style the natives of the other ,states of the ,union1 has been drawn in not very unequal proportions from the ,north and ,south1 and its character partakes of the peculiarities of both sections1 with a general spirit of recklessness and profusion that is peculiarly its own4 ,the public opinion of ,california is much more liberal and tolerant than that of the ,eastern ,states1 and it is rarely indeed that ,catholics have to complain of any open display of offensive bigotry on the part of any influential portion of their fellow-citizens4 ,on one occasion1 about a year ago1 a leading evening paper of ,san ,francisco attempted to raise an anti-,catholic cry during the excitement of a political campaign2 but the attempt met with such reprobation from all parties1 that the proprietors found it expedient to apologize for it in the course of a day or two as best they could4 ,the great foe of the church in ,california is not ,protestantism1 but unbelief2 and although the latter is in its nature as full of bitterness against her as the former1 yet its champions find it necessary to assume liberality1 even if they do not feel it1 in obedience to public sentiment4 ,some of the ,protestant sects are indeed outspoken in their bigotry1 but their power is very trifling1 as the entire ,protestant church membership does not amount to five per cent of the population1 and not one sixth of the whole people comes under the influence of any ,protestant denomination whatsoever4 ,the number of converts in ,california and ,oregon is considerable1 including several individuals of high political and literary eminence1 and there are also many ,american ,catholics1 chiefly from ,kentucky1 ,maryland1 and ,missouri1 scattered through the ,state4 ,the ,irish are the most numerous of the ,european nationalities represented in the ,californian population1 and enjoy a much greater degree of prosperity than their countrymen in any other ,state of the ,union4 ,a much larger proportion of their numbers are engaged in farming than is the case in the ,eastern ,states1 and the advantages arising from such an employment of their labor are evident to the dullest eye4 ,much of the cultivated land of the ,state is in their possession1 and some of them are among its largest land-owners4 ,the city population also enjoys a greater degree of comfort than the same class in ,new ,york or ,boston4 ,three of the savings-banks of ,san ,francisco1 representing nearly half the capital of the entire number of such institutions in that city1 are under ,irish control1 and ,irishmen are also among the most successful merchants1 bankers1 and manufacturers of ,california4 ,the late mayor of ,san ,francisco1 and an ex-governor of the ,state are ,irishmen and ,catholics1 and three ,irish-,americans in succession have filled the office of ,united ,states senator1 one of whom still represents the ,state in ,washington4 ,we are not able to give the precise amount of the ,irish population in ,california2 but1 including the children of ,irish parents1 it cannot be less than a fourth of the whole4 ,it is needless to state that the immense majority of the ,irish in ,california are ,catholics1 and that their zeal for every thing pertaining to religion forms a marked contrast to the indifference of their non-,catholic fellow-citizens4 ,the ,germans come next to the ,irish in importance1 probably amounting to two thirds of their number4 ,they are more blended with the rest of the population than in the ,eastern ,states1 and there is only one distinctively ,german settlement in ,california1 namely1 the town of ,anaheim on the southern coast4 ,about one fourth of them are ,catholics1 but they only possess one ,german church in the state1 forming1 in this respect1 a strong contrast to their countrymen in the ,mississippi ,valley and on the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,of the non-,catholic ,germans1 the ,jews form a considerable and very wealthy portion1 and preserve their distinctive national habits much more tenaciously than the rest of their countrymen4 ,the synagogue ,emmanuel in ,san ,francisco is the most costly and elegant place of worship on the ,pacific coast1 while the ,german ,protestants have scarcely a church in ,california1 and indeed1 few of them can be regarded as ,christians in any sense4 ,the ,french population of ,california is very considerable1 amounting to probably from ten to fifteen thousand1 though1 as comparatively few of its members become naturalized1 it is not so easy to estimate its numbers4 ,in itself it is more completely organized than any other class of the population1 having its own benevolent societies1 hospitals1 military companies1 savings-banks1 press1 and other institutions1 all distinctively ,french in their management4 ,the ,italians1 who are nearly as numerous as the ,french1 resemble them in the number of their national organizations2 but they are not as well managed as those of the former4 ,the ,italians are engaged chiefly in trade1 fishing1 and gardening1 in which pursuits they are industrious and usually prosperous4 ,the ,french are engaged in almost every avocation4 ,the ,italians have a national church in ,san ,francisco1 and the ,french have a special pastor attached to one of the parochial churches of the city for their benefit4 ,the ,sclavonians from ,austria are also a numerous body2 they usually are classed with the ,italians1 though possessing several associations of their own nationality4 ,nearly one half of them are schismatics2 and the ,russian government has lately established a schismatic church in ,san ,francisco for their use and that of the few ,russians residing there4 ,it is even in contemplation to make that city the residence of the ,bishop of ,sitka1 who has recently been transferred along with his flock to the allegiance of the ,united ,states1 but who1 nevertheless1 still receives his orders from the ,russian synod4 ,it is a curious example of the way religious affairs are managed among the subjects of the czar1 that the president of the ,sclavonian ,church ,society is a ,german ,lutheran1 who fills the office of ,russian consul1 and on that account alone is considered sufficiently qualified to direct the spiritual concerns of his fellow-subjects4 ,the ,chinese form a very large1 and1 in many respects1 the strangest element in the population of the ,pacific coast4 ,they are spread through all its ,states and territories1 and1 according to the most reliable accounts1 number at least a hundred thousand4 ,few of them have families1 or ever intend to settle permanently in the country1 but after a few years' toil as servants or laborers they almost invariably return to ,china4 ,the immense majority of them are pagans or atheists1 and they have several temples or joss-houses in different cities of ,california4 ,a few ,catholics1 however1 are to be found among them1 and a small chapel has lately been opened in ,san ,francisco for their special use4 ,the morals of the pagan ,chinese are of the most licentious kind1 and slavery in its worst form exists among them in spite of the laws1 their ignorance of the language acting as an effectual bar to their availing themselves of its safeguards to personal freedom4 ,as in all other ,chinese settlements1 so in ,california1 they have practically a government of their own1 under the name of companies1 the chief men of which exercise almost absolute authority over their countrymen1 extending1 it is believed1 occasionally to the infliction of capital punishment4 ,the white laboring classes are bitterly opposed to the ,chinese1 on account of the low rate of wages for which they work1 and the belief that they are slaves of the companies2 but nevertheless their numbers are steadily on the increase1 and it is not impossible but they may eventually become the majority of the population of the entire ,pacific slope4 ,the greater part of the preceding remarks are applicable mainly to ,california and the adjoining mining territories of ,nevada1 ,montana1 ,idaho1 and ,arizona1 which have been chiefly settled from it1 and whose inhabitants partake of the character of its people4 ,the ,state of ,oregon and the adjoining territory of ,washington number a population of nearly two hundred thousand1 of an entirely different character from that of ,california4 ,while ,catholic missionaries were the first settlers in ,california1 the colonization of ,oregon was mainly effected under the direction of ,methodist ministers and the auspices of the ,methodist ,church4 ,catholic priests1 it is true1 had preceded ,methodism on its soil1 and the present ,archbishop of ,portland and the ,vicar-,apostolic of ,vancouver had visited its ,indian tribes in #ahch2 but the ,methodist colonies1 which arrived in the country a few years later1 were deeply imbued with hatred to ,catholicity1 and a good deal of their intolerant spirit still remains among the people4 ,the ,jesuits have been1 indeed1 very successful in converting and civilizing the ,indians2 but the white population1 with the exception of a few ,canadian colonies and a not very large number of ,catholics in the city of ,portland and the mining districts of southern ,oregon1 is mainly under ,methodist influence4 ,indeed1 so high did anti-,catholic prejudice run among the first settlers of ,oregon1 that a ,methodist conference seriously proposed to ,mr4 ,lane1 the first governor of the territory1 to expel all ,catholics from his jurisdiction by force1 a proposition which it is scarcely needful to say he indignantly rejected4 ,of late years1 however1 the number of ,catholics is on the increase1 and with the greater facilities for settlement offered by the lines of railroads now in course of construction1 their numbers will no doubt grow still faster in the future4 ,portland in ,oregon is an archiepiscopal see1 and ,washington territory is a separate diocese1 so that ,catholic immigrants need not fear the want of religious aids in spite of the limited number of their fellow-worshippers in these northern districts of the ,pacific coast4 ,such1 in brief1 is the past history and the present state of the church beyond the ,rocky ,mountains2 and a ,catholic can hardly fail to find in them the brightest hopes for its future4 ,obstacles will have to be encountered1 no doubt2 fights be fought and sacrifices made2 but the successes which ,catholicity has already achieved1 and the vantage-ground she now occupies in ,california1 leave little reason to doubt of her final triumph4 ,the soil1 fertilized by the sweat and blood of the ,franciscan missionaries1 cannot prove a barren one2 and no part of the ,union gives promise of a richer harvest than that ,california which a few years ago was regarded throughout the world as the chosen abode of lawlessness and crime4 ,,our ,,lady',s ,,nativity4 ,star of the morning1 how still was thy shining1 ,when its young splendor arose on the sea6 ,only the angels1 the secret divining1 ,hailed the long-promised1 the chosen1 in thee4 ,sad were the fallen1 and vainly dissembled ,fears of the woman in ,eden foretold2 ,darkly they guessed1 as believing they trembled1 ,who was the gem for the casket of gold4#cjb ,oft as thy parents bent musingly o'er thee1 ,watching thy slumbers and blessing their ,god1 ,little they dreamt of the glory before thee1 ,little they thought thee the mystical ,rod4 ,though the deep heart of the nations forsaken ,beat with a sense of deliverance nigh2 ,true to a hope through the ages unshaken1 ,looked for the day-spring to break from on high2 ,thee they perceived not1 the pledge of redemption-- ,hidden like thought1 though no longer afar2 ,not though the light of a peerless exemption ,beamed in thy rising1 immaculate star6 ,all in the twilight1 so modestly shining1 ,dawned thy young beauty1 sweet star of the sea6 ,only the angels1 the secret divining1 ,hailed the elected1 the ,virgin1#cjc in thee4 ,b4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,footnotes3 #cjb ,thou art the casket where the jewel lay4--,george ,herbert4 #cjc 4 ,,lxx4 ,the ,virgin1 not a ,virgin2 which is also more in accordance with the ,hebrew and the ,latin4 ,,plutarch4 ,the moral influence which ,plutarch exerts over posterity is of a very peculiar kind4 ,he has not1 like ,aristotle1 laid down the law to an entire world for nearly two thousand years4 ,he has not been deemed so perfect a master of style as ,virgil or ,cicero1 who were the models1 first of the ,benedictines1 and then of the prose writers and poets of the humanitarian school4 ,his reputation pales by the side of the brilliant fame which the resurrected ,plato enjoyed during the fifteenth century2 and yet he has done what all these immortals1 whose authority far surpasses in extent and duration that of his biographies1 have failed to do4 ,among the revived ancient authors none has surpassed ,plutarch in inspiring the moderns with the same keen appreciation of the classic characteristics1 with the same love and enthusiasm for whatever is really or supposedly great in antiquity2 and none has therefore contributed so much to the revelation of what we understand by the purely human in man's nature4 ,from the days of ,macchiavelli and ,charles ,v4 down to the present1 we rarely fail to meet with the name of ,plutarch among those writers who have made an abiding impression on the youthful minds of prominent statesmen and warriors4 ,in turning over the leaves of the biographies of our modern great1 we are constantly reminded of the words which ,schiller puts into the mouth of ,carl ,moor3 ,when ,i read of the great men in my ,plutarch1 ,i loath our ink-staining age4 ,this sentiment has found an echo in every civilized land1 and especially in ,france4 ,the first ,french translation of ,plutarch's ,parallels was welcomed by ,montaigne with expressions of the liveliest joy4 ,we would have been swallowed up in ignorance1 exclaims he1 7essay ii4 #d17 if this book had not extricated us from the slough2 thanks to ,plutarch1 we now dare to speak and write4 ,rabelais refreshes his soul with the ,moralia4 ,there is1 writes the translator ,amyot to ,king ,charles ,,ix41 no better work next to holy writ4 ,the perennially young ,plutarch is the breviary1 the conscience of the century1 and he remains until the beginning of the most modern time--as ,madame ,roland calls him--the pasture of great souls1 and the fellow-companion of warriors4 ,cond had him read out aloud in his tent1 and in the historical part of the books for a camp library which ,napoleon ,bonaparte ordered from the citoyen ,j4 ,b4 ,soy1 homme de lettres1 ,march1 #agih1 ,plutarch stands first1 and ,tacitus1 ,thucydides1 and ,frederick ,,ii4 last4 ,the home of ,plutarch's admirers is1 as we have already observed1 ,france4 ,like all ,latin races1 the ,french delight to revel in pictures of ancient greatness2 their historical imagination is governed by fantastic ideals of antiquity1 especially of ancient ,rome1 and the fountain from which they drew1 mediately and immediately1 their inspiration1 is ,plutarch's ,lives4 ,hence the exaggerated estimate of ,plutarch's historical merits1 against which modern criticism begins to protest with much vigor1 is greatest in that country4 ,indeed1 the principle upon which ,plutarch has selected his historical authorities1 and the manner in which he has used them1 are decidedly open to objection4 ,they are not chosen according to their scientific or critical value1 but according to their wealth of picturesque detail and psychologically remarkable characteristics4 ,he follows a leading author1 whose name he usually omits to state1 and whose testimony he only compares with that of other writers when there is a conflict of authorities4 ,the text is never cited4 ,he reproduces the sense1 but with that latitude which is natural to an imaginative mind endowed in an unusual degree with the gift of realizing the past4 ,in the choice of his subject matter he follows the instincts of a historical portrait-painter4 ,to describe campaigns1 to analyze great political changes1 is not his province4 ,his acquaintance with the political and military systems of the ancient ,greeks and ,romans is very superficial1 and he seems to care little for a more intimate knowledge of them4 ,his main purpose is not the study of history1 but that of the personal career of interesting individuals4 ,it is not histories we write1 ,plutarch tells us himself in his introduction to the life of ,alexander the ,great2 but life-pictures2 and for these1 he maintains1 some small trait1 some apt expression1 be it only a witticism1 is often more available than the greatest military deeds1 the most bloody victories1 or the most splendid conquests4 ,in making this distinction1 which ,plutarch repeatedly acknowledges to be a rule with him1 he forgets that he violates the natural connection1 inasmuch as all historical personages are part and parcel of the time they live in2 he forgets also that1 thus treated1 historical characters degenerate into ordinary mortals4 ,but ,plutarch does not aspire to the dignity of a historian2 he simply claims to paint souls2 and those readers who ignore this distinction have never comprehended him4 ,some of the works which ,plutarch was still able to consult are lost1 and we depend1 therefore1 upon him for light on certain important periods of history4 ,this has led many to regard him as a historical authority1 to consider his biographical narratives as the main object of his writings1 and to skip the moralizing comparisons of the parallel biographies which show that these portraits are to him nothing more than a means of illustrating his peculiar ethics by examples4 ,this point is of great importance2 for it proves the only view from which the literary character of ,plutarch can be justly estimated4 ,not only his narratives1 but the judgments which he bases upon them1 and the views of the world from which they spring1 have left their mark on posterity1 and this to an extent surprising even to the initiated4 ,and here it behooves us to exercise still greater caution1 a still greater distrust1 than we entertain for his statements of fact4 ,plutarch stands as far removed from the times of the heroes upon whom he passes judgment1 as we are from the characters of the ,crusades4 ,the full effects of this remoteness can only be estimated by those who have made ,plutarch's age and the moral condition reflected in his non-historical writings their special study4 ,plutarch's biographies1 remarks a ,french scholar of this class1 are an explanatory appendix to his ,moralia2 both equally reflected a ,greek provincialist's views of the world under the empire2 the views of one who sought to console himself for the degradation and emptiness of the present by a romantic idealization of the real and imaginary grandeur of a former age4 ,plutarch is an out-and-out romancist1 and to this must be mainly ascribed the influence he wields over a certain order of minds4 ,the historical errors which we are so slowly correcting are due to this discovery4 ,to show how little ,plutarch was fit to play the part of interpreter to a period which had already become remote antiquity in his day1 we need only cast a single glance at the times in which he lived4 ,from ,plutarch's own writings we glean nothing that is authentic in regard to his life4 ,rich as they no doubt are in interesting contributions to the moral and intellectual history of his times1 they are barren as regards every thing relating to the author's biography4 ,in truth1 the biographer of the ancients is himself without a biography4 ,we know1 in the main1 that he was born in ,chronea1 about the time of ,nero's visit to the ,delphic temple2 that he studied at ,athens under the philosopher ,ammonius2 that he visited ,greece1 ,egypt1 and ,italy as a peripatetic scholar4 ,after having taught many years at ,rome1 he finally returned to his native place and commenced that prolific literary activity which he displayed in nearly all departments of ancient knowledge4 ,in these labors the indefatigable student was rather assisted than retarded by his various public duties1 first on the urban police1 then as archon1 and lastly as the high-priest of the ,delphic ,apollo4 ,the story that ,plutarch was once the teacher of ,trajan1 and that the latter appointed him governor of ,hellas and ,illyricum1 first told by ,symkellas and ,suidas1 then repeated by ,john of ,salisbury and the scholars of the ,renaissance1 is a silly ,byzantine fable4 ,the latter portion of ,plutarch's life1 as we learn from his confessions1 passed in a retirement entirely inconsistent with the ,byzantine story4 ,the world within whose bounds the archon of ,chronea and priest of ,apollo lived was a contracted one1 and only romance could gild such an existence with the halo of departed glory4 ,plutarch may be said to have done wonders4 ,at a time when the old love of country and state had long died out1 he1 the philosopher1 determinedly opposed the petty1 baneless cosmopolitanism of his day4 ,in a world which had long lost its ancient faith1 and in which the ,gospel of ,christ had not yet attained the ascendency1 the priest of the ,delphic oracle battled undismayed for the old gods and against the anarchy of the renegade schools of philosophy4 ,in both cases he is1 however1 himself1 and more than he seems aware or is willing to concede1 tainted by the prevailing scepticism1 and it is this1 in consequence1 which colors his own views of the world with what we call romanticism4 ,let us follow ,plutarch for a moment on those two battle-fields of his polemics1 and observe the distinctive features of the ,moralia4 ,the warm appreciation which he displays for every thing that is great in humanity or history is surprising when we remember the incredible hollowness of the surroundings amidst which his heroes were drawn1 and the society in which he lived1 not as a soured misanthrope1 but as a stirring official4 ,the petty ,chronea was hardly the place to prepare the mind for the reception of great thoughts4 ,the population of the municipality1 though active and bustling1 lived far from the great world4 ,it had its share of orators1 sophists1 lecturers2 it had party divisions to quicken the heart to love and hate2 it had games to excite the passions and to stimulate ambition4 ,but what were the questions which the people quarrelled about with all the readiness and vehemence proverbial of the ,hellenic race8 ,they were mainly where the best baths might be found2 which party was most likely to triumph at the next dog or cock-fight2 what kind of man the new official from ,rome1 or the next travelling sophist1 would turn out to be2 how such a one had made his fortune1 or how ,ismenodora1 the wealthy widow1 could have espoused an obscure man8 ,these were the principal topics which the ,chroneans of ,plutarch's day discussed when they went to sleep at night1 and resumed again on waking in the morning4 ,and yet how dearly ,plutarch loved this small1 petty fatherland6 ,how happy he appears to be that it should enjoy the golden peace which at last fell upon the world after the empire had put an end to the terrible civil wars6 ,under the iron rule of ,rome all provinces once more breathed freely4 ,whatever imperialism meant at the capital1 in the provinces it was still popular2 and even under ,domitian1 as ,suetonius assures us1 the moderation and justice of the ,csars was the theme of general praise4 ,in contemporary ,hellas1 in the province of ,achaia1 the people appreciated these blessings1 though they felt most painfully the loss of their former power and renown4 ,even the monuments of their ancient glory1 which attracted annually crowds of strangers1 became so many tombstones full of bitter memories1 and the explanations of the garrulous guides must have sounded like reproaches in the ears of the degenerate race4 ,the policy which imperial ,rome pursued toward the land from which she had received in the palmy days of her transition to a more refined culture the most admired models in science and art1 and from which she obtained in the following centuries the best instructors1 the most learned writers1 and the most desirable nurses1 was a strange compound of severe brutality and flattering caresses4 ,when the great ,germanicus1 accompanied by a single lictor1 reverentially entered the sacred precincts of ,athens1 and graciously listened to the vaunts of the rhetoricians on the splendor and glory of ,greece1 and when immediately afterward the brutal ,piso descended on the city like a thunderbolt to remind the frightened provincials in a bullying manner that they were no longer ,athenians1 but the sweepings of nations1 7conluvies nationum1 ,tac4 ,annal4 iii4 #ed17 then this people learnt by abrupt changes how they stood in the regard of the ,romans4 ,when the ,greeks became the subjects of ,rome1 they were but too speedily taught what she meant by the liberation of the oppressed4 ,all the accustomed safeguards of the law were suspended at one sweep4 ,no marriage contract1 no negotiation1 no purchase1 no sale1 between city and city1 village and village1 was binding unless ratified by special act of grace from ,rome4 ,all sources of prosperity1 all public and private rights1 passed into ,roman hands4 ,nothing remained to the ,greeks save the memory of their former prestige1 and the old rivalry between the tribes and cities1 which invariably burst out afresh whenever the emperor or one of his lieutenants favored one more than the other4 ,so humiliating and painful were the results of this state of things1 that even such a zealous local patriot as ,plutarch advises the people1 in his pocket oracle for embryo statesmen1 to forget the unfortunate words ,marathon1 ,plata1 and ,eurymedon4 ,and yet the same ,plutarch is so thoroughly ,botian1 that he cannot prevail on himself to forgive the father of history the malicious candor with which he relates the bad conduct of the ,thebans in the ,persian war4 ,chronea1 the home of ,plutarch1 ranked among the most favored cities of the empire1 being a municipium1 or free city1 under the protectorate of ,rome1 but governed in accordance with its ancient laws by officers elected by the people4 ,plutarch gives us a very interesting picture of the local administration4 ,his political precepts1 and his treatise on the part which it behooves an old man to play in the state1 thoroughly enlighten us on all these points4 ,the municipal officers1 though merely honorary and unsalaried1 were as much an object of contention as in former days when they were lucrative4 ,the candidates were often obliged to make extraordinary exertions for popular support2 they erected public edifices2 endowed schools and temples2 built libraries1 aqueducts1 baths2 distributed bread1 money1 and cakes2 got up games and feasts1 and many wealthy men were thus ruined by their ambition4 ,the benefits secured by public office were exemption from local taxation1 precedence at the theatres and games1 the erection of busts1 statues1 inscriptions1 and pictures2 and1 after the expiration of office1 perhaps promotion in the imperial service4 ,in addition to the expenses incident to such a canvass1 the candidates1 if not of low extraction and mean spirit1 had to give up many prejudices which must have greatly hurt the pride of every true ,greek4 ,plutarch fully explains in his political precepts what a patriot might expect in those days on entering the public service4 ,whatever position1 he tells his young countrymen1 you may attain1 never forget that the time is past when a statesman can say to himself with ,pericles on putting on the chlamys1 ,remember that thou presidest over a free people1 over ,hellenes1 or ,athenians4 ,rather remember that though thou hast subjects1 thou thyself art a subject4 ,thou rulest over a conquered people1 under imperial lieutenants4 ,thou must therefore wear thy chlamys modestly2 thou must keep an eye on the judgment seat of the proconsul1 and never lose sight of the sandals above thy crown4 ,thou must act like the player1 who assumes the attitudes prescribed in his part1 and1 turning his ear toward the prompter1 makes no mien1 motion1 or sound but such as he is ordered4 ,even the officials of this free city were therefore only puppets1 whose functions presented no temptation to the ambitious4 ,all that was left to the local government were the inferior market and street police1 the care of the local security and order1 and a partial participation in the apportionment of the imperial taxes4 ,but while there was nothing to stimulate the ambition of the ,chroneans1 the system had a tendency to promote sycophancy4 ,the subordinate officials entirely ceased to think and act independently1 and applied to the emperor in person for directions on the veriest trifles1 especially when the ruler seemed inclined to encourage this spirit of subserviency4 ,such an emperor was ,trajan1 admired by ,pliny for his untiring activity1 which led him to meddle with every thing4 ,he took up his pen to defend the exchange of two soldiers1 to decree the removal of a dead man's ashes1 and to assign an athlete's reward4 ,pliny1 his lieutenant1 ruled ,bithynia like an automaton4 ,in ,prusa1 ,nicodemia1 ,nicea1 not a man1 not a sesterce1 not a stone1 was suffered to change its place without the imperial sanction4 ,the selection of a surveyor was made a question of state4 ,the emperor seems finally to have found the work too much for him2 for he writes on one occasion to his lieutenant3 ,thou art on the spot1 must know the situation1 and shouldst determine accordingly4 ,in the correspondence of these two men can be traced the corruption which gradually seized and overwhelmed rulers and ruled in the ,roman empire on the inclined plane of a rapidly spreading super-civilization4 ,it is greatly to the honor of ,plutarch that he condemns this mischievous tendency4 ,he does not find fault with it for the political reasons which would lead us to oppose a paralyzing centralization1 but for the sake of the manly dignity1 the moral self-respect1 which should never be forgotten4 ,let it suffice1 exclaims he1 that our limbs are fettered2 it is unnecessary to place our necks also in the halter4 ,we perceive here in the honest archon of ,chronea still something of the sturdy spirit of ancient ,hellas4 ,not in vain had he read the history of his ancestors2 in spite of the unpropitious times1 he still holds what survives of their virtues worthy of preservation2 and it is gratifying to find a man of this stamp serving an ungrateful public1 while the conceited philosophers of his day regarded politics a contamination4 ,nor was it without a good influence upon the literary labors of ,plutarch that he did not boast1 with ,lucan1 to know no state or country1 but was content to contribute his share to a better state of things4 ,yet it is nevertheless easy to see that in such an atmosphere no state like the one for which ,themistocles1 ,pericles1 and ,demosthenes had worked and striven on the field and the tribune--no country like that for which heroes had fought and bled at ,marathon1 ,salamis1 and ,plata--could hope to thrive4 ,in this cramped1 commonplace sphere1 amidst the provincial gossip and the petty interests of such surroundings1 the fierce passions which had once inspired parties1 which in ,rome had fired the hearts of the ,gracchi and the other martyrs of the declining commonwealth1 were altogether impossible4 ,here were only the citizens of a small provincial town1 the descendants of an ancient and highly renowned nobility but of beggarly presence1 the wards of a subjugated land4 ,the enthusiasm with which the higher minds of such an era revelled in the reminiscences of departed greatness was perfectly natural2 no less natural was the dim twilight in which its heroes appeared to eyes so little accustomed to discriminate4 ,we can understand why such a profound impression should have been made by all that was foreign in the olden times1 especially when the means to analyze1 probe1 and comprehend it were wholly wanting4 ,plutarch's keen appreciation of all the qualities in which the ancients had the advantage over his own contemporaries reflects much credit upon him4 ,yet he is incapable of comprehending them individually1 for there was nothing to correspond with them in the world he lived in4 ,his ideas of state and freedom1 of country and virtue among the ancients1 are distorted1 because in his time their meaning had partly been changed1 and partly been lost4 ,to ,plutarch's susceptible mind1 the heroes of ,roman and ,grecian history appeared like the effigies preserved in some ancestral hall4 ,he experienced1 however1 something of the thrill of exultation which electrified ,sallust1 when he1 a warm-hearted youth1 first tasted the same sensation2 but when he endeavors to communicate this feeling to the reader1 he succeeds only in demonstrating his unfitness for the task4 ,an historian1 in our sense of the word1 ,plutarch1 we know1 does not aspire to be2 he claims merely to paint souls and to teach virtue1 but even herein he fails4 ,his men are no real personages1 no flesh and blood beings1 whom he makes step out from the frame of tradition1 but puppets gaudily and incongruously arrayed in all kinds of odds and ends4 ,he has never produced a single genre portrait1 but merely supplied the raw materials2 and these may be even more valuable than any artistically finished but misdrawn historical likeness would have been4 ,this is1 however1 all that can be said in the behalf of ,plutarch's creations1 and when we have followed him to his home and visited his mental laboratory1 we perceive that it could not well have been otherwise4 ,it is in this light that we have to depict to ourselves ,plutarch in the character of the romancist of the ancient ideal of state and country4 ,and when1 in conclusion1 we regard him further as the romancist of the ancient faith1 he may be taken for the predecessor of the apostate ,emperor ,julian1 whom ,david ,strauss so admirably sketched twenty years ago as the romancist on the throne of the ,csars4 ,and here also the priest of the ,pythian ,apollo was once more compelled to accommodate himself to the sad changes of his time4 ,the priestess still sat on the tripod2 the sacred fumes still rose out of the earth2 the seeress was still beset by curious questioners1 and the fountains of the oracle still continued to flow4 ,but how different was the nature of the questions which the contemporaries of ,plutarch addressed to the deity6 ,not war or peace between nation and nation1 not rupture or alliance between state and state1 as in former days1 now demanded its solution4 ,it was what should be eaten1 drunk1 sown1 or harvested2 what the deity thought of a nuptial1 of the portion set apart for a son or daughter6 ,such were the things that tempted the curiosity of the oracle-seekers2 and to answer them no longer in poetry1 but in homely prose1 had become the trivial duty of the sanctuary4 ,and yet the magnificence of the gifts and endowments had of late rather increased than fallen off4 ,like the trees1 exultingly exclaims ,plutarch1 whose vigorous sap shoots forth continually new sprouts1 so grows the ,pylum of ,delphi1 and extends day by day in the number of its chapels1 consecrated water-fonts1 and assembly halls1 which rise in a splendor unknown for years4 ,apollo has saved us from neglect and misery to overwhelm us with wealth1 honors1 and splendors2 it is impossible that such a revolution should have been caused by human agencies without divine intervention2 it is he who has come to bestow his blessing on the oracle4 ,but not even ,plutarch could disguise to himself the sad fact that the worship of the oracle had by no means kept pace with the progress of superstitious faith4 ,still1 while the heathen deities had multiplied to an extent which led ,pliny to declare that the gods in ,olympus outnumbered the men on earth2 while the number of secret and public sects steadily increased in the east and west2 while all the abominations of a misdirected religious instinct in both worlds united as in one common sewer at ,rome1 when ,tacitus said that among the rising sects the one prospered most which proclaimed not only a new god1 but a new license for all who were oppressed and poor2 while all this was going on1 the higher classes of society1 the flower of the intellect of the heathen world1 had repudiated the superstitions of the masses1 partly to deny the existence of the gods1 and partly to adopt strange and exclusive mysteries4 ,this estrangement from the gods1 exclaims ,plutarch1 may be divided into two streams3 the one seeks a bed in those hearts which resemble a rocky soil1 where every thing of a divine nature is rejected2 the other waters gentle souls like a porous soil with exactly opposite effects1 producing there an exaggerated and superstitious fear of the gods4 ,against both these illusions ,plutarch protests in a whole series of works1 and the manner in which he does it exhibits the best side of his character4 ,it is so sweet1 he assures us1 to believe2 and we also readily believe him when he describes the feelings with which he witnesses the solemnities of divine worship4 ,the unbeliever1 he says1 sees in prayer only an unmeaning formula1 in sacrifices only the slaughter of helpless animals2 but the devout feels his soul elevated1 the heart relieved of sorrow and pain4 ,he implores a pious and child-like reverence for the faith of his forefathers2 it was these gods who have made ,greece great1 protected it in good and evil seasons2 and those who will not pray to them from their inmost hearts1 should at least suffer others to enjoy their peace of mind and happy simplicity4 ,they should imitate the ,egyptian priest1 who1 when too closely questioned by ,herodotus1 placed his finger upon his lips in mysterious silence4 ,he thinks it shows little delicacy in the ,stoics and ,epicureans to attempt to represent the gods as merely another name for the elementary forces4 ,those who mistake fire1 water1 air1 etc41 for the gods1 accept the sails1 ropes1 and anchor of a vessel for the pilot1 the wholesome drug for the physician1 and the threads of the web for the weaver4 ,you destroy1 says he to the ,epicureans1 the foundations of society2 you murder the holiest instincts of the human soul4 ,to the ,stoics he says1 ,why attack what is universally accepted8 why destroy the religious idea which each people has inherited in the nature of its gods8 ,you ask1 above all things1 proofs1 reasons1 and explanations8 ,beware6 ,if you bring the spirit of doubt to every altar1 nothing will be sacred4 ,every people has its own faith4 ,that faith1 transmitted for centuries1 must suffice2 its very age proves its divine origin2 our duty is to hand it down to posterity1 without stain or change1 pure and unalloyed4 ,but what of ,plutarch's own orthodoxy8 ,it is just what we might have expected from one who was too intelligent to believe the ancient myths and too much of an enthusiast calmly to test his religious heritage4 ,socrates was not remiss in offering up prayers and sacrifices2 no ,athenian goddess could rationally complain of him2 he believed not only in a ,daimonion1 or ,deity1 but 7if the ,apology be genuine7 also in a ,son of ,god2 yet he was an atheist4 ,plutarch's piety is no doubt more enthusiastic in a ratio to his lack of the ,socratian keenness of intellect1 but strictly considered he has no greater claims to the odor of orthodoxy4 ,with him also the different gods resolve themselves into demons1 and it is only in his heart that he knows the one true ,god--a tenet which has nothing in common with the cheerful anthropomorphism of the ,hellenic national creed4 ,in brief1 we discover in ,plutarch's character the same inconsistencies which are peculiar to all men of his kind4 ,he stands between two eras4 ,he flies from an aged civilization1 which holds him in the iron bonds of custom1 to new views of a world which1 even imperfect as they are1 involuntarily master his reason1 though they fail to satisfy his imagination and feelings4 ,from the prose of every-day life he turns to the memory of the glories of his nation1 and becomes their chronicler4 ,repulsed by the unbelief and degeneracy of his contemporaries1 he seeks consolation in the poetical fables of the ancient faith1 and becomes thus the panegyrist of antiquity4 ,he is1 however1 unable to reproduce this antiquity in a pure state4 ,he cannot entirely divest himself of all sympathy with those among whom he lives1 and remains more than he will admit the child of his own day4 ,hence what he transmits to us is veiled in that solemn but indistinct semi-obscurity which we meet not only in the ancient temples1 but in the heads of the romancists themselves4 ,,the ,,miracle ,,of ,,st4 ,,francis4 ,,from ,,the ,,spanish ,,of ,,fernan ,,caballero4 ,we are not telling a romance1 but relating an occurrence exactly as its details proceeded from the mouth of the responsible narrator1 who is an ox-driver4 ,he who takes offence at the source1 the stream1 and the receptacle1 that is to say1 at the ox-driver1 his story1 and the recipient who is going to set it down in black and white1 had better pass this by2 for the thought that we were going to be read with prejudice would change the nimble pen we hold in our hand into an immovable petrifaction4 ,in a town of ,andalusia that lifts its white walls under the sky that ,god created solely to canopy ,spain1 from the heights of ,despeaperros to the city that ,guzman el ,bueno defended1 upon an elevation at the end of a long1 solitary street1 stands a convent1 abandoned1 as they all are1 thanks to the progress of ruin4 ,this convent is now1 more properly than ever before1 the last house of the place4 ,its massive portal faces the town1 and its grounds reach back into the country4 ,in these grounds there were formerly many palm-trees--the old people remember them--but only two remain1 united like brothers4 ,in this convent there were formerly many religious2 now but one remains4 ,the palms lean upon each other2 the religious is supported by the charity of the faithful4 ,he comes every ,tuesday to say mass in the magnificent deserted church1 which no longer possesses a bell to call worshippers4 ,no words can express the sentiments that are awakened by the sight of the venerable man1 in this vast temple1 offering the august sacrifice in silence and solitude4 ,one cannot help fancying that the sacred precinct is filled with celestial spirits1 in the midst of whom the celebrant only is visible4 ,the church is of an immense height1 and so peacefully cheerful that it would seem to have been built solely to resound to the sublime hymn of the ,te ,deum1 and the no less sublime canticle of the ,gloria4 ,the high altar1 exquisitely carved in the most elaborate and lavish style of adornment1 astonishes the sight with the multitude of flowers1 fruits1 garlands1 and gilded heads of angels it displays with a profusion and lustre which prove that in its execution neither time nor labor were taken into account4 ,what use is made of gold in our day8 ,or of time8 ,are they better employed8 ,he who can show us that they are1 will console us for the suppression of the convents4 ,until it is proved1 we shall continue to mourn that noble choir1 those sumptuous chapels1 that splendid tabernacle1 cold and empty as the incredulous heart4 ,incredulity6 ,grand triumph of the material over the spiritual1 of earth over heaven2 of the apostate angel over the angel of light6 ,the small square that separates the convent from the street which leads to it is overgrown with grass1 and in it1 in their hours of rest1 the drivers let their oxen loose4 ,within the inclosure1 in place of stairs1 a slight terraced ascent1 sustained at the sides by benches of stone mason-work1 leads to the door of the church4 ,on the right is the chapel of the third order2 the path to the left conducts to the principal entrance to the convent4 ,reader1 if you love the things of our ancient ,spain1 come hither4 ,here the church still stands2 here still flourish1 without care1 the two palms2 here is still a ,franciscan friar who says mass in the unoccupied temple4 ,here are still found ox-drivers who tell tales1 in which things humorous and pious are mingled with the good faith and wholesomeness of heart of the child that plays with the venerated gray hairs of its parent without a thought that in doing so it is wanting in filial respect4 ,but hasten6 for all these things will soon disappear1 and we shall have to mourn over ruins--ruins to which the past1 in reparation1 will lend all its magic4 ,the third day of the week shone pure and gay1 ignorant1 doubtless1 of the unlucky quality which men attribute to it1 and very far from suspecting that its enemy--a foolish saying--would fain deprive it of the happiness of witnessing weddings and embarkations4#cjd ,on a ,tuesday1 then1 that was as innocent of any hostile disposition as if it had been a ,sunday1 the lady who told us that which we are going to repeat1 walked up the long street of ,san ,francisco to the vacant convent to hear the weekly mass in which ,god himself would fill the abandoned temple with his most worthy presence4 ,she arrived before the priest1 and finding the church closed1 sat down to wait upon one of the benches that sustain the terrace4 ,the morning was cool enough to make the sunshine agreeable4 ,in sight rose the two palms1 like a pair of noble brothers1 bearing together persecution and slight1 without yielding or humiliating themselves4 ,the oxen lying down within the inclosure ruminated measuredly1 but with so little motion that the small birds passing poised themselves upon their horns4 ,the efts1 gazing at all with their intelligent eyes1 glided along the walls in a garden of gilly-flowers and rose-colored caper-blooms4 ,light clouds1 like smoke from a spotless sacrifice in honor of the ,most ,high1 floated across the enamel of the sky--if it is permitted to compare that with enamel with which no enamel that was ever made can compare4 ,it was a morning to sweeten life1 so entirely did it make one forget the narrow circles in which we fret our lives away1 and in which living is a weariness4 ,two drivers seated themselves upon the same bench with the lady4 ,your ,andalusian is never bashful4 ,the sun may be eclipsed2 but1 in the lifetime of ,god1 not the serenity of an ,andalusian4 ,sultan ,haroun ,al-raschid might have spared himself the trouble of the disguises he employed when he mingled among his people without causing them the least diffidence1 if he had ruled in ,andalusia4 ,not that the people despise or cannot appreciate superiority2 but they know how to lift the hat without dropping the head4 ,therefore it happened that1 although the lady was one of the principal persons of the place1 and although there were other benches to sit on1 that one appearing to them the pleasantest1 on that one they sat down1 without thought or care as to whether their talk would be overheard4 ,in the northern provinces1 where the people are entirely good1 and as stupid as they are good1 they think little and speak less2 but in ,andalusia thought flies1 and words follow in chase4 ,these people can go two days without eating or sleeping1 and be little the worse for it2 but remain two minutes silent1 they cannot4 ,if they have no one to talk with1 they sing4 ,man1 said one to the other1 ,i can never see that chapel without thinking of my father1 who was a brother of the third order1 and used to bring me here with him to say the rosary1 which the brothers recited every night at the ,angelus4 ,christian6 and what sort of man must your father have been8 ,there are no stones out of that quarry nowadays4 ,and how should there be8 ,my father--heaven rest him6--used to say that the guillotine war of the ,french upset the cart4 ,men nowadays are a pack of idlers1 with no more devotion than that of ,san ,korro1 the patron of drunkards4 ,but to come back to what ,i was telling you--a thing his worship once told me1 that happened in this very convent4 ,all the people of the barrier used to send to the friars for assistance to enable them to die in a ,christian fashion4 ,in these times the majority go to the other world like dogs or ,jews4 ,every night1 therefore1 one of the fathers remained up1 so as to be ready in case his services should be wanted4 ,each kept watch in his turn4 ,one night1 when it was the turn of a priest named ,father ,mateo1 who was well known and liked in the town1 three men knocked and asked for a religious to succor a person who was at the point of death4 ,the porter informed ,father ,mateo1 who came down immediately4 ,hardly was the door of the convent closed after him1 when they told him that1 whether it pleased him or not1 they were going to bandage his eyes4 ,it pleased him as much as it would have pleased him to have his teeth pulled4 ,there was nothing for it1 however1 but to drop his ears2 for although he was young1 and as tall as a foremast1 with a good pair of fists to defend himself with1 the others were men of brass1 all armed4 ,besides1 neither could his reverence neglect his ministry2 and only ,god knew the intentions of those who had come for him4 ,so he said to himself1 ',rome will have this matter to look after2' and let them blindfold him4 ,no one can know what streets they made him walk2 into this and out of that1 till they came to a miserable den1 and led him up a flight of stairs1 pushed him into a room1 and locked the door4 ,he took off the bandage2 it was as dark as a wolfs mouth1 but in the direction of one corner of the room he heard a moan4 ',who is in distress8' asked ,father ,mateo4 ',i am1 sir1' answered the doleful voice of a woman2 'these wicked men are going to kill me as soon as my peace is made with ,god4' ',this is an iniquity6' ',father1 by the love of the ,blessed ,mother1 by the dear blood of ,christ1 by the breasts that fed you1 save me6' ',how can ,i save thee1 daughter8 ,what can ,i do against three men that are armed8' ',untie me1 in the first place1' said the unhappy woman4 ,father ,mateo begun to feel about1 and1 as ,god vouchsafed him deftness1 to undo the knots of the cords that bound the poor creature's hands and feet2 but they were hard1 he could not see1 and time flew as if a bull had been after it4 ,the men were knocking at the door4 ',haven't you got through1 father8' asked one of them4 ',ea6 don't be in a hurry6' said the father1 who1 though his will was good enough1 could hit upon no means of saving the woman1 who was trembling like a drop of quicksilver1 and weeping like a fountain4 ',what are we to do8' said the poor1 perplexed man4 ,a woman will think of an artifice if she has one foot in the grave1 and it entered into this one's head to hide herself under ,father ,mateo's cloak4 ,i have told you that the father was a man who couldn't stand in that door4 ',i would prefer another means1' said his reverence2 'but1 as there is no other1 we must take this1 and let the sun rise in ,antequera4'#cje ,he stationed himself at the door with the woman under his cloak4 ',have you ended1 father8' asked the villains4 ',i have ended1' answered ,father ,mateo1 with as calm a voice as he could command4 ',do not forsake me1 sir1' moaned the poor woman1 more dead than alive4 ',hush6 ,commend yourself to our ,lord of the forsaken ones1 and his will be done4' ',come1' said the men1 'be quick2 we must blindfold you again4' ,and they tied on the bandage1 locked the door1 and all three descended into the street with the father in custody1 for fear that he might take off the blind and know the place4 ,they turned and turned again1 as before1 till they came to the street of ,san ,francisco2 then the rascals took to their heels1 and disappeared so quickly that you would have thought they had been spirited away4 ,the minute they were out of sight1 ,father ,mateo said to the woman1 ',now1 daughter1 scatter dust1 and find a hiding-place4 ,no2 don't thank me1 but ,god1 who has saved you2 and don't stop2 for when those brigands find the bird flown1 they will come back and perhaps overtake me4' ,the woman ran1 and the father in three strides planted himself inside of his convent4 ,he went right away to the cell of the father guardian and told him all that had happened1 adding that the men would surely come to the convent in search of him4 ,the words were hardly out of his mouth when they heard a knocking at the door4 ,the guardian went down and presented himself4 ',can ,i serve you in any thing1 gentlemen8' he asked4 ',we have come1' answered one1 'for ,father ,mateo1 who was out just now confessing a woman4' ',that cannot be1 for ,father ,mateo has confessed no woman this night4' ',how6 he has not1 when we have proof that he brought her here8' ',what do you mean1 you blackguards8 brought a woman into the convent6 ,so this is the way you take to injure ,father ,mateo's reputation1 and cast scandal upon our order6' ',no1 sir1 we did not say it with that intention2 but--' ',but what8' asked the guardian1 very indignant4 ',what honorable motive could he have had in bringing a woman here at night8' ,the men looked at each other4 ',didn't ,i tell you1' grumbled one1 'that the thing wasn't natural1 but miraculous8' ',yes1 yes1' said another2 'this is the doing of ,god or the devil--and not of the devil1 for he wouldn't interfere to hinder his own work4' ',in ,god's name go1 evil tongues6' thundered the guardian2 'and take heed how you approach convents with bad designs1 and lay snares1 and invent calumnies against their peaceful dwellers1 who1 like ,father ,mateo1 sleep tranquilly in their cells2 for our holy patron watches over us4' ',you can't doubt now1' said the most timid of the three1 'that it was the very ,st4 ,francis himself who went with us to save that woman by a miracle4' ',father ,mateo1' said the guardian when they had gone1 'they are terribly frightened1 and have taken you for ,st4 ,francis4 ,it is better so2 for they are wicked men1 and they are furious4' ',they honor me too much1' answered the good man2 'but give me leave1 your fathership1 to depart at daybreak for a seaport1 and from thence to ,america1 before they have time to think better of it1 and hang upon me this miracle of ,st4 ,francis4' ,,footnotes3 #cjd ,martes ni te cases1 ni te embarques4 ,tuesday1 neither marry nor embark4--,spanish saying4 #cje ,y salga el sol por ,antequera4 ,a common saying1 equivalent to1 ,and let the sky fall2 let the consequences be what they may4 ,,the ,,first ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,number ,,eight4 ,the proceedings of the ,vatican ,council have reached a stage that allows us to witness again its external splendor and imposing presence4 ,grand and most august as it certainly is1 still every thing that strikes the eye fades away as one thinks of its sublime office1 of its important1 unlimited influence and effect4 ,the nature of the subject it has just treated will necessarily make that influence overshadow all ages to come1 and that effect cease to be felt only with the last shock of a world passing away4 ,the question that for more than a year has agitated all circles of society1 that for the past three months has been a subject of exciting debate among the fathers of the council1 could not have been of greater weight4 ,it is one of those truths essential to the existence of the church1 and had it not been practically acknowledged among the faithful throughout the world1 ,christianity1 unless otherwise sustained by its ,author1 would have been an impossibility4 ,the vital point examined was the essence of the union of the church1 of the union of faith1 to determine dogmatically in what it consists1 who or what is the person or body that can so hold and teach the faith as to leave no doubt of any kind whatsoever regarding its absolute divine certainty4 ,up to the present day the infallibility of an cumenical council1 or of the whole church dispersed throughout the world1 has been recognized as the ultimate rule by all who lay claim to orthodoxy2 but with that council1 or with that church dispersed throughout the world1 as a requisite--sine qua non--was the communion and consent of the sovereign pontiff4 ,where he was with the bishops1 there was the faith2 no matter how many bishops might meet together and decree1 if ,peter was not with them1 there was no certainty of belief1 no infallible guidance4 ,nay1 their decrees were received only in so far as approved by him4 ,ubi ,petrus1 ibi ecclesia1 was the formula recognized by tradition4 ,in a word1 where ,peter was1 there was to be found infallible teaching2 where ,peter was not1 there neither was the teaching infallible4 ,none in the church ever thought of gainsaying this4 ,but there came a time when the element all agreed hitherto to look on as essential began to be a subject of doubt and of discussion4 ,writers went so far as to say that the pope could be judged by the other body of teachers1 the bishops2 and this followed naturally from a mistrust in the unfailing orthodoxy of the sovereign pontiff4 ,the greater phases of this movement are well known4 ,the ,council of ,constance had hardly closed when the ,council of ,basle put in practice the principles broached by its predecessor1 and deposed the reigning head of the church1 putting in his stead ,amadeus of ,savoy with the title of ,felix ,v4 ,in the midst of this confusion1 ,eugenius ,,iv4 held the ,council of ,florence1 in which the remarkable decree was published that declared the pope the vicar of ,christ1 the ruler of the flock1 and the doctor of the universal church4 ,those of the ,french clergy who clung with tenacity to the principles of ,basle1 refused to receive this decree1 under pretence of the uncumenical character of the ,council of ,florence4 ,the ,jansenists availed themselves of the advantage this pretext gave them4 ,although eighty-five ,french bishops wrote in the year #afeb to ,innocent ,x41 according1 they say1 to the custom of the church1 in order to obtain the condemnation of these heretics1 the latter still held their ground1 and were able to accuse the ,french assembly of #afhb of inconsistency1 in attempting to force on them a decision of the pope1 whom the assembly itself declared fallible4 ,the celebrated ,arnould taught that the refusal of its approbation to a papal decision on the part of one individual church was enough to make the truth of such a decision doubtful4 ,we shall try to give some idea of the importance of the question of papal infallibility by a parallel development of two opposite teachings1 in a rapid sketch4 ,the cardinal principle of ,gallicanism is the denial of the inerrancy of the sovereign pontiff in his solemn ruling in matters of faith and morals when teaching the whole church4 ,any one who attentively looks at the question must see the close connection of the primacy with the claim to unerring certainty in teaching4 ,the domain of the church is in faith1 in spirituals2 temporals being secondary1 and the subject of legislation only in so far as necessarily bound up with the former4 ,the only reason why a teacher can lay claim to obedience is because he teaches the truth1 and this is especially the case where faith and conscience are concerned4 ,if the sovereign pontiff have not this faculty of teaching the truth without danger of error1 then he cannot demand implicit submission4 ,the church dispersed throughout the world1 being infallible1 cannot be taught by one who is capable of falling into error4 ,the ordinances therefore and decrees of the pontiff1 being intimately connected with faith1 and issued on account of it1 must follow the nature of the submission to his teaching4 ,but as this latter1 in the ,gallican view1 is not obligatory unless recognized as just by the whole church1 so neither are the ordinances and decrees to be looked on as binding except under a like reservation4 ,it follows from this1 clearly and logically1 that the supremacy of the pope can be called supreme only by an abuse of terms2 consequently1 #ast1 the texts of canon law and of the fathers that teach a perfect supremacy are erroneous or false1 and have no foundation in tradition1 which is the truth always1 everywhere1 and by every one held in the same way2 #b;d1 the texts of ,scripture that refer to ,peter are to be restricted to him personally1 or1 when seeming to regard his successors1 are to be interpreted in a sense not favorable to the idea of a perfect supremacy4 ,the pope thus becomes amenable to the church2 he is a divinely constituted centre1 nothing more2 the official representative of the bishops of the whole church dispersed throughout the world1 which alone is the ultimate criterion of truth4 ,he can1 therefore1 be judged by the bishops1 be corrected by them1 deposed by them1 and his asserted right to reserve powers to himself to the prejudice of ordinaries1 or to legislate for dioceses other than his own1 is to be set aside4 ,a species of radicalism is thus introduced into the church4 ,the bishops themselves are not to be looked on as infallible judges of the faith of their flocks even1 and the faithful themselves1 or the people1 become the ultimate judges of what is to be held as of faith4 ,instead of being taught1 they teach2 instead of being a locus theologicus1 they become the ecclesia docens2 and the teachers and rulers become the ruled and taught4 ,as the people themselves are liable to be swayed by the influence and teaching of artful men1 we have in consequence a weak and uncertain rule to go by2 weak1 because of the moral impossibility of knowing the sense of the whole church1 for even the members of an cumenical council might not exactly represent the faith of their individual churches2 uncertain1 because of the facility with which in past time the people of many individual churches have been led astray4 ,as we write1 it seems as if we heard some indignant protest against what we have just said4 ,we reply that we do not refer to individual opinions2 many ,gallicans refused to go the length of their principles2 a sense of danger alarmed their piety and put them on their guard4 ,for our part1 we treat of the principles themselves1 and deem perfectly consequent what we have asserted4 ,it would be an easy matter to illustrate it with facts of the present as of the past2 but it would be beyond our scope just now4 ,any student of history will have no difficulty in recalling the manner in which defections from the church have been brought about1 and the errors of those who once seemed columns of the temple4 ,the inadequacy of the ,gallican rule is still further shown by its practical inconvenience4 ,it is fortunate that in the early church it had no place whatsoever4 ,peter being then recognized as the head and teacher of the church1 all controversies were referred to him1 and by him they were settled4 ,petrus per os ,leonis1 per os ,agathonis locutus est2 so spoke the fathers of ,chalcedon and of the ,sixth ,council4 ,suppose for a moment it had been otherwise2 suppose1 when the ,pelagian heresy arose1 it had been necessary to hear the voice of the whole church scattered over the earth--this being the rule--the whole church1 not any one part1 was to give the doctrine from which it was not lawful to depart4 ,zosimus was but one bishop2 so1 too1 was ,innocent ,i42 ,augustin was only one learned man1 and ,prosper of ,aquitaine1 a ,christian poet and polished scholar1 but only one other father after all4 ,those who wrote with them bore witness each for his own particular church4 ,what had become of the churches of ,scythia1 of ,lybia1 of ,ethiopia1 of ,arabia8 ,who had penetrated into the ,indies1 or set sail for the islands of the sea1 or reached the far-off coasts of the ,sinenses8 ,who was to explain with accuracy to those distant ,christians the cunning dealing of ,celestius and ,pelagius1 that had deceived the vigilance of the eastern fathers1 and lay bare the hypocritical professions that had misled even ,zosimus8 ,who was to bring back the opinion or belief of these isolated churches without danger of misunderstanding or misinterpretation8 ,those were not days when communication was easy4 ,weeks and months amid all kinds of dangers and uncertainty were required to reach even those places that lay near the shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,it was physically impossible to ascertain with unerring sureness the belief or condemnation of those far-off ,christians2 and as long as their assent was not given there was no adequate rule of faith4 ,consequently1 there was no prompt or efficacious means of correcting error2 the means at hand were of probable worth1 therefore not sufficient to use against heresy1 that could always appeal to the universal church dispersed throughout the world1 and when condemned by those near1 fly to the probable protection of those at a distance1 without the least possibility of ever knowing the belief of those to whom they appealed4 ,in the meanwhile1 heresy crept into the flock1 established itself there2 for there was none to cast it forth2 and the fold became tainted4 ,thus from age to age ,christianity would have been a mass of error1 the truth being obscured or suffocated by the weight of falsity from the want of a prompt practical means by which heresy could be detected and crushed at its birth4 ,happily no such state of things existed2 the chair of ,peter was the abode of truth2 it was set up against error1 and the quick ear and intuitive eye of ,christ's vicar heard and saw the evil1 and met it at the outset4 ,the doctrine which teaches the opposite of what we have been describing1 and which is now of faith1 clears up all difficulties1 and comes to us in all the beauty and consistency that adorns truth4 ,jesus ,christ has made ,peter and his successors the foundation of the church4 ,he has given to him1 and to each of those who succeed him1 of his own firmness1 and strengthened his faith that it fail not1 that he may confirm his brethren4 ,in this office of confirming his brethren1 ,peter holds the place of ,christ1 and acts in his name4 ,the gift he possesses1 however1 is not one of inspiration2 but he is assisted and kept from erring in his judgment of what is contained in the revelation made by ,christ to man4 ,to arrive at a knowledge of what that revelation is1 he seeks in his own church1 and1 according to the need1 in the churches every where that he may know their traditions4 ,the judgment he makes is infallible1 and in promulgating it he lays down the tenets of faith for the whole church4 ,hence he becomes the immovable rock upon which the faithful are builded1 he is the centre around which they revolve1 the orb from which they receive the light of faith4 ,hence he has subject to him the minds of all1 and the character of his primacy becomes more clear and fully evident4 ,it is no longer a mere point of visible communion1 but an active power placed by ,god to rule1 with unfailing guidance in faith1 and with a consequent spiritual intuitiveness1 that makes him discern what is for the good of the church at large throughout the world4 ,hence all are bound to obey him in what regards the faith and teachings of ,christ2 who is with him1 is with ,christ2 whosoever is against him1 is against his ,master4 ,hence1 too1 by a direct consequence1 there can be no power set up against his2 all the bishops of the church depend on him1 receive their jurisdiction from him1 and can exercise it only at his word4 ,what a sublime picture of unity1 of order1 and of strength6 ,as an army in array the church advances to do battle against the foes of ,christ1 never more successful1 never more glorious1 than when her children1 recognizing their dependence1 and harkening to her voice1 with one mind and with one heart follow the leadership of ,peter4 ,no wonder this spectacle struck the unbelieving mind with astonishment1 or made the gifted writer of ,england burst forth into the glowing description so familiar to all6 ,the difference of opinion that existed among the bishops on the subject of the infallibility is known throughout the four quarters of the globe4 ,what was the cause of it8 ,if any one imagines that all who joined in opposing a definition from the outset were actuated by the same motives1 he would certainly be wide of the mark4 ,while the main point of the controversy was held by the ultramontanes without exception1 and there was but the one question as to the formula to be used1 the opposition1 as they were generally called1 taken all together1 had no fixed principle of accord1 save an agreement to disagree with the defining the doctrine as of faith4 ,to analyze the constituent parts of this body we shall class them according to ideas4 ,first in conviction1 in determination1 and in influence were the ,gallicans1 properly so called1 who held and taught the very opposite of the proposed dogma4 ,they were mostly men who had been bred in this teaching1 and who deeply reverenced the memories of those who held and taught it in past times4 ,this class was not very numerous1 though it grew larger in the course of the council by the accession of those whose examination of the question convinced them of the claim of ,gallicanism to their adherence4 ,the second class comprised those who1 believing the doctrine themselves1 or at least1 favoring it speculatively1 did not think it capable of definition1 not deeming the tradition of the church clear enough on this point4 ,a third class1 the most numerous1 regarded the definition as possible1 but practically fraught with peril to the church1 as impeding conversions1 as exasperating to governments4 ,for the sake of peace1 and for the good of souls1 they would not see it proclaimed as of faith4 ,all of these dissident prelates1 we are bound to say1 acted with conscientious conviction of the justice of the cause they defended4 ,they were bound in conscience to declare their opinions1 and to make them prevail by all lawful influence4 ,if on one side or the other of this most important and vital question any went beyond the limits of moderation1 or used means not dictated by prudence or charity1 it is nothing more than might have been expected in so large a number of persons1 of such varied character and education4 ,instead of being shocked at the little occurrences of this nature1 we should rather be struck with admiration at the self-restraint and affability which were shown1 despite the intensity of feeling and strength of conviction4 ,in a word1 that the ,council of the ,vatican did not break up months ago in disorder and irreconcilable enmity1 is because it was ,god's work1 and not man's2 it was because charity ruled in it1 in spite of defects1 and not the passions that govern the political debates of men4 ,the earnest desire all had of a mutual good understanding was evinced on occasion of the speech of a well-known cardinal1 which1 though not approved of by all1 gave evidence of a sincere desire for conciliation and agreement4 ,the effect was remarkable2 a thrill of pleasure went through the assembly1 for the moment each one seemed to breathe freely1 and to hail his words as harbingers of peace in the midst of excitement and anxiety4 ,it was shortly after this incident that the closure of the general discussion on the four chapters of the present constitution took place4 ,the regulations provide for this contingency1 making it lawful for ten prelates to petition for the closing of a discussion1 the proposal being then put to the vote of all the fathers1 and the majority deciding4 ,in this case1 a desire not to interfere with remarks which bishops1 for conscientious reasons1 proposed to make1 kept this regulation in abeyance1 and it was only after fifty-five speeches had been listened to1 that one hundred and fifty bishops sent in a petition for closing1 believing there would be ample time and opportunity for every one to speak and present amendments when the schema would be examined in detail4 ,an overwhelming majority voted the closure4 ,it seems difficult to understand how this could be found fault with4 ,had there been no further chance to speak1 there would have been reason undoubtedly to claim hearing1 or complain of not being heard4 ,but1 as has been seen since1 there have been discussions on each part of the schema2 and on the last chapter1 regarding the doctrine of infallibility1 one hundred and nine names were inscribed for speaking1 of which number sixty-five spoke1 the remainder by mutual consent abstaining from speaking2 thus of their own accord putting a stop to a discussion in which it was morally impossible to say any thing new4 ,it seems surely to be a strange assertion to say there has been any real infringement of the liberty of speech in the council1 when there appears to have been so much of it that the members themselves grew weary of it4 ,while we are on this subject1 we wish to speak a little more fully1 as the freedom of the council has been publicly impugned in two works1 published in ,paris1 against which the presidents and the fathers have thought proper formally to protest4 ,the grounds of the accusation are chiefly three3 #ast4 ,the appointment of the congregation1 the members of which were named by the sovereign pontiff1 and who received or rejected the postulata1 or propositions1 to be presented to the council for discussion4 #b;d4 ,the dogmatic deputation having been composed of those in favor of the definition1 and the members having been put on it by management2 moreover1 this deputation exercised a controlling influence in the council4 #c;d4 ,the interruption of those who were giving expression to their opinions1 in the exercise of their right to speak4 ,we preface our brief reply to these objections by two quotations4 ,one is from the letter of an apostate priest1 ,a4 ,pichler1 at present director of the imperial library at ,st4 ,petersburg1 which was written by him in ,rome last winter1 and was published in the ,presse of ,vienna4 ,in it he says1 ,it seems to us no council has ever been freer or more independent4 ,the second quotation is from one of the two works referred to above--,ce qui se passe au ,concile4 ,at page #aca we read3 ,in truth1 if the pope alone is infallible1 it is not only his right1 but a duty1 and a strict duty1 to guide the bishops1 united in council1 or dispersed throughout the world1 to encourage them if they be in the right way1 to reprove them if they go out of it1 to take an active part in the work of the assembly1 to inspire its deliberations1 and dictate its decrees4 ,apart from the spirit that animates the writer of the above1 there is much in what he says1 and we take him at his word4 ,the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican has pronounced its irrevocable and infallible decree1 declaring infallibility to be and to have been a prerogative of the sovereign pontiff1 and that his decisions ex cathedra are irreformable of themselves1 and not by virtue of the consent of the episcopacy4 ,we therefore draw our deduction1 and justify the sovereign pontiff1 by these very words1 in nominating the members of the congregation1 and in conferring on it the ample powers it has4 ,secondly1 we give him the praise of moderation1 because he did not make a full use of the rights accorded him by the author of the citation we have given4 ,were we to follow this writer1 we should have to accuse the pope of having in part neglected a grave duty toward the council1 for he did not dictate its decrees4 ,in the very beginning1 he told the bishops he gave them the schemata1 unapproved by him1 to be studied1 altered1 or amended as they saw fit2 and1 in fact1 when the decrees prepared previously by theologians were proposed by the congregation1 they were recast and amended time and again1 and were finally decided by a vote of the fathers1 and approved by the pontiff without alteration4 ,this is surely not dictation2 dictation does not admit of reply or refusal1 it takes away all liberty whatsoever4 ,the sovereign pontiff then did not dictate the decrees4 ,let us return to our triple objection4 ,first1 with regard to the congregation4 ,in the early numbers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for the current year1 an account of the composition of this body is given1 as well as the reasons for its appointment4 ,we refer our readers to the ,march number1 in which it may be seen that1 although possessed of sovereign powers over the church1 defined as belonging to him1 by the ,council of ,florence among others1 there was no disposition to exercise coercion on the part of the pope1 who1 in controlling the action of the council in this way1 was only making use of a right the whole church acknowledged4 ,moreover1 the composition of this body was itself a guarantee of justice and zeal for the general welfare4 ,that there were not named for it those who were known to be hostile to what has just been declared of faith1 was nothing more than natural4 ,moreover1 when these high ecclesiastics had admitted postulata1 their work was over2 the propositions passed into the control of the fathers1 and were decided by vote4 ,the answer to the second objection is easier even4 ,this deputation was elected by the fathers themselves2 and as the large majority favored the teachings of ,rome1 they elected none who was opposed to them4 ,as for the accusation of management1 we must say that persons who understood well the tendencies of the prominent men of all parties1 naturally1 as happens in all such large bodies1 directed the choice of candidates1 and the final vote of the fathers settled the matter4 ,it is hard to see how the rights of any were violated4 ,this deputation1 from the merit of those that composed it1 could not be without great weight in the council2 and when we consider that it was the choice of the large majority1 and was in harmony with the views of the majority1 it is not wonderful that it controlled to a great extent the votes of those composing the council4 ,the third objection is one that must be treated with great delicacy1 for two reasons--because of the impossibility of knowing all the circumstances1 and because those who are accused are in a position that prevents them from justifying themselves4 ,the presidents were named to act for the sovereign pontiff1 to preserve due order1 to see that the discussion was limited to the matter in hand1 and to prevent any thing that might tend to disturb good order1 or diminish respect for the authority and person of him they represented4 ,if1 in the discharge of their duty1 they displeased those they addressed1 this was to have been expected2 if also they in any way did not observe the due mean1 so hard to reach in every thing human1 one should excuse1 if needful1 the defect1 when especially the great merits1 the distinguished services1 the known virtue1 and high position of these cardinals are taken into consideration4 ,and while we are on this subject of objections made against the council we may notice two others that especially regard the decree of the infallibility2 they are1 #ast4 ,this decision destroys the constitution of the church1 doing away with the apostolic college of bishops1 and changing the order established by ,christ2 #b;d4 this decree is a theological conclusion2 but theological conclusions are not of faith1 and cannot be so declared4 ,these objections are formidable only in appearance4 ,no one contends that each bishop when consecrated succeeds to all the privileges and powers of one of the apostles4 ,the bishops1 then1 not having them in the beginning when consecrated by the apostles1 were distinct from the apostles1 the apostolic college remaining4 ,when one apostle died1 his death did not affect the powers of the church1 which remained the same1 the other apostles sufficing2 so when two1 three1 or more died1 still one remained4 ,he had the same full powers given to each1 with subordination to ,peter as head of the church4 ,thus with one apostle and the episcopate the essence of ecclesiastical rule is preserved4 ,when ,st4 ,peter died1 he left a successor1 being the only one of the twelve who did2 for he was the only one who had a see4 ,his successor received all his rights1 the power of binding and loosing1 of teaching and legislating4 ,he was thus the one apostle living still in the world1 and each successive pontiff has the same character--the sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum is his--as it was ,paul's1 ,john's1 and ,peter's4 ,the essence of the hierarchy is in this way preserved2 the apostolic and episcopal elements are there1 and the phraseology of ,christianity keeps ever before us this idea2 for the see of ,peter is always known as the ,sedes ,apostolica4 ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus speaks of ,st4 ,peter living and ruling in his successor--,beatus ,petrus qui in successore suo et vivet et prsidet et prstat inquirentibus eam fidem4 ,so far1 then1 from this definition destroying the character of the hierarchy1 it asserts and vindicates it by declaring that the one apostle in the church has never lost his apostolic privilege of inerrancy1 and that he is truly possessed of the full powers without diminution that belonged to the prince of the apostles4 ,to the second objection1 regarding the nature of the definition1 as being a theological conclusion1 we reply1 firstly1 that what the ,scripture1 according to the received and now authentic interpretation of the church1 taught1 and what the practical acknowledgment of the faithful in all ages implied1 cannot be called a theological conclusion2 but must be regarded as being what it is--a directly revealed truth2 secondly1 a theological conclusion1 though not of faith in itself1 as being the deduction of reason1 by the superadded authoritative decision of the church can become of faith1 as often as the denial of such conclusion affects the truth of that dogma from which it has been deduced4 ,such questions are fairly within the range of the church's arbitration2 and when there is a doubt concerning the character of a conclusion1 it is her province to decide whether it be or be not hurtful or beneficial to the truth of which she alone is the divinely constituted guardian4 ,examples in the past history of the councils of the church are not wanting2 for our purpose1 take the ,sixth ,council4 ,the question of the two wills was a theological conclusion2 no one ever spoke of the two wills before that epoch2 the phrase does not occur in all previous theology or ecclesiastical history4 ,we first hear of it in the east1 where metaphysical studies flourished1 and where intellectual pride had already brought about the ,arian1 ,nestorian1 and ,eutychian heresies4 ,we have mentioned the fact of the closure of the discussion on the fourth chapter1 by mutual consent of those whose names were inscribed to speak4 ,this was immediately followed by voting4 ,the first three chapters were soon gotten over2 the fourth is the one that contains the doctrine on the infallibility1 and it met with more opposition4 ,on ,saturday1 ,july #aath1 was held the general congregation in which the details of this portion of the schema were up for approval or rejection4 ,on this occasion the voting was by rising simply1 and against the definition there were forty-seven votes4 ,on the #acth1 another general congregation was called to vote1 according to the regulations1 on the whole schema1 by name1 with placet1 or placet juxta modum1 or non placet4 ,the register1 it appears1 stands as follows3 #dea placets1 #fb placets juxta modum1 and #hh non placets4 ,some of these placets juxta modum recommended the insertion of words that would make the decree clearer and stronger4 ,the schema was accordingly altered1 and the amendments were retained in the general congregation held ,saturday1 ,july #afth4 ,on ,sunday morning was distributed a monitum1 by which the fathers were notified that the fourth public session would be held on ,monday1 ,july #ahth1 at nine o'clock4 ,the #ahth of ,july will henceforth be a memorable day in the history of the church4 ,it did not dawn1 however1 with the brilliancy usual at this season1 or almost habitual with the grand ftes of ,pius ,,ix4 ,it rained much during the preceding night1 and up to the time of the meeting of the session wayfarers were liable any time to be caught by fitful showers4 ,the thought that1 although a great and most beneficial act was to be done1 still there were not a few of the fathers who thought otherwise than the majority in a matter about to be made binding on the conscience of all1 was not calculated to heighten the external manifestation of cheerfulness1 whatever feelings of thankfulness to ,providence for the event was in the heart4 ,as the interest was intense1 there were not many1 who deemed they could come1 who were not present4 ,at nine o'clock precisely1 his eminence ,cardinal ,barili began a low mass1 without chant4 ,at the end of it1 the small throne for the gospels was placed on the altar1 and upon it the copy of the sacred ,scriptures4 ,in a few moments the sovereign pontiff entered1 preceded by the senate and by the officers of his court1 and1 after kneeling a few moments at the prie-dieu1 went to his throne in the apsis of the aula4 ,the customary prayers were recited by him2 the litany of the saints was chanted1 and the ,veni ,creator ,spiritus intoned1 the people present taking part2 after which the ,bishop of ,fabriano ascended the pulpit and read the schema to be voted on1 and finished with asking the fathers whether it pleased them4 ,monsignor ,jacobini next1 from the pulpit1 called the name of each prelate assisting at the council4 ,five hundred and thirty-four answered placet1 two replied non placet1 and one hundred and six were absent1 some because sick1 the far greater number not wishing to vote favorably4 ,as soon as the result was made known officially to ,pius ,,ix41 who awaited it in silence1 but with calmness1 he arose and in a clear1 distinct1 and firm voice announced the fact of all1 with the exception of two1 having given a favorable vote1 wherefore1 he continued1 by virtue of our apostolic authority1 with the approval of the sacred council1 we define1 confirm1 and approve the decrees and canons just read4 ,immediately there arose murmurs of approbation inside and outside the hall1 the doors of which were surrounded by a large crowd1 and1 increasing from the impossibility those present experienced of repressing their feeling1 it swelled into a burst of congratulation1 and a ,viva ,pio ,nono ,papa infallibile4 ,we shall not say any thing regarding the propriety of such proceedings in a church2 but there are times when feeling is so powerful as to break through all ideas of conventionality4 ,as soon as all were quiet1 with unfaltering voice and excellent intonation the pope began the ,te ,deum4 ,it was taken up alternately by the ,sistine choir and those present4 ,by an accident1 at the ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 the people got out1 and took up the part of the ,sistine choir1 and kept it to the end1 alternately with the bishops1 and with a volume of sound that completely drowned the delicate notes of the papal singers1 and which1 if not as musical as their chant1 was far more impressive4 ,the session ended with the apostolic benediction from the holy father1 accompanied by an indulgence for all assisting1 in accordance with the custom of the church4 ,thus passed one of the most momentous and remarkable occasions the world has ever witnessed1 a day henceforth memorable in the annals of the church and of mankind1 the results of which the human mind is scarce capable of grasping4 ,,first ,,dogmatic ,,decree ,,on ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,christ1 ,,published ,,in ,,the ,,fourth ,,session ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cumenical ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,vatican4 ,,passed ,,july #ah1 #ahgj4 ,,pivs ,,episcopvs ,,servvs ,,servorvm ,,pius1 ,,bishop1 ,,servant ,,of ,,the ,,dei ,,sacro ,,approbante ,,concilio ,,ad ,,servants ,,of ,,god1 ,,with ,,the ,,perpetvam ,,rei ,,memoriam4 ,,approbation ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,council1 ,,for ,a ,,perpetual ,,remembrance ,,hereof4 ,pastor aeternus et episcopus ,the eternal ,shepherd and ,bishop animarum nostrarum1 ut of our souls1 in order to render salutiferum redemptionis opus perpetual the saving work of his perenne redderet1 sanctam redemption1 resolved to build aedificare ,ecclesiam decrevit1 the holy church1 in which1 as in in qua veluti in domo ,dei the house of the living ,god1 all viventis fideles omnes unius the faithful should be united fidei et charitatis vinculo by the bond of the same faith continerentur4 ,quapropter1 and charity4 ,for which reason1 priusquam clarificaretur1 before he was glorified1 he rogavit ,patrem non pro ,apostolis prayed the ,father1 not for the tantum1 sed et pro eis1 qui apostles alone1 but also for credituri erant per verbum those who1 through their word1 eorum in ipsum1 ut omnes unum would believe in him1 that they essent1 sicut ipse ,filius et all might be one1 as the ,son ,pater unum sunt4 ,quemadmodum himself and the ,father are one4 igitur ,apostolos1 quos sibi 7,john xvii4 #a-bj47 ,wherefore1 de mundo elegerat1 misit1 even as he sent the apostles1 sicut ipse missus erat a whom he had chosen to himself ,patre2 ita in ,ecclesia sua from the world as he had been ,pastores et ,doctores usque ad sent by the father1 so he willed consummationem saeculi esse that there should be pastors and voluit4 ,ut vero episcopatus teachers in his church even to ipse unus et indivisus esset1 the consummation of the world4 et per cohaerentes sibi ,moreover1 to the end that the invicem sacerdotes credentium episcopal body itself might be multitudo universa in fidei one and undivided1 and that the et communionis unitate entire multitude of believers conservaretur1 beatum ,petrum might be preserved in oneness caeteris ,apostolis praeponens of faith and of communion1 in ipso instituit perpetuum through priests cleaving utriusque unitatis principium mutually together1 he placed the ac visibile fundamentum1 super blessed ,peter before the other cuius fortitudinem aeternum apostles and established in him exstrueretur templum1 et a perpetual principle of this ,ecclesiae coelo inferenda two-fold unity1 and a visible sublimitas in huius fidei foundation on whose strength firmitate consurgeret4#cjf the eternal temple might be ,et quoniam portae inferi built1 and in whose firm faith ad evertendam1 si fieri the church might rise upward posset1 ,ecclesiam contra eius until her summit reach the fundamentum divinitus positum heavens1 7,st4 ,leo the ,great1 maiori in dies odio ,sermon iv4 7or iii47 chapter undique insurgunt2 ,nos ad #b1 on ,christmas47 ,now1 seeing catholici gregis custodiam1 that in order to overthrow1 if incolumitatem1 augmentum1 possible1 the church1 the powers necessarium esse iudicamus1 of hell on every side1 and sacro approbante ,concilio1 with a hatred which increases doctrinam de institutione1 day by day1 are assailing her perpetuitate1 ac natura sacri foundation which was placed ,apostolici primatus1 in quo by ,god1 we therefore1 for the totius ,ecclesiae vis ac preservation1 the safety1 and soliditas consistit1 cunctis the increase of the ,catholic fidelibus credendam et tenendam1 flock1 and with the approbation secundum antiquam atque of the sacred council1 have constantem universalis ,ecclesiae judged it necessary to set forth fidem1 proponere1 atque the doctrine which1 according to contrarios1 dominico gregi adeo the ancient and constant faith perniciosos errores proscribere of the universal church1 all the et condemnare4 faithful must believe and hold1 touching the institution1 the perpetuity1 and the nature of the sacred apostolic primacy1 in which stands the power and strength of the entire church2 and to proscribe and condemn the contrary errors so hurtful to the flock of the ,lord4 ,,caput ,i4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,de ,,apostolici ,,primatus ,,in ,,beato ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,of ,,the ,,petro ,,institutione4 ,,apostolic ,,primacy ,,in ,,the ,,blessed ,,peter4 ,docemus itaque et declaramus1 ,we teach1 therefore1 and iuxta ,evangelii testimonia declare that1 according to the primatum iurisdictionis in testimonies of the ,gospel1 the universam ,dei ,ecclesiam primacy of jurisdiction over immediate et directe beato the whole church of ,god was ,petro ,apostolo promissum atque promised and given immediately collatum a ,christo ,domino and directly to blessed ,peter1 fuisse4 ,unum enim ,simonem1 cui the apostle1 by ,christ our ,lord4 iam pridem dixerat3 ,tu vocaberis ,for it was to ,simon alone1 to ,cephas1#cjg postquam ille suam whom he had already said1 ,thou edidit confessionem inquiens3 shalt be called ,cephas1#cji ,tu es ,christus1 ,filius ,dei that1 after he had professed vivi1 solemnibus hic verbis his faith1 ,thou art ,christ1 locutus est ,dominus3 ,beatus es the ,son of the living ,god1 our ,simon ,bar-,iona1 quia caro et ,lord said1 ,blessed art thou1 sanguis non revelavit tibi1 ,simon ,bar-,jona2 because flesh sed ,pater meus1 qui in coelis and blood hath not revealed it est3 et ego dico tibi1 quia to thee1 but my ,father who is in tu es ,petrus1 et super hanc heaven2 and ,i say to thee1 that petram aedificabo ,ecclesiam thou art ,peter1 and upon this meam1 et portae inferi non rock ,i will build my church1 praevalebunt adversus eam3 et and the gates of hell shall tibi dabo claves regni coelorum3 not prevail against it2 and et quodcumque ligaveris super ,i will give to thee the keys terram1 erit ligatum et in of the kingdom of heaven2 and coelis3 et quodcumque solveris whatsoever thou shalt bind upon super terram1 erit solutum et in earth1 it shall be bound also coelis4#cjh ,atque uni ,simoni in heaven2 and whatsoever ,petro contulit ,iesus post suam thou shalt loose upon earth1 resurrectionem summi pastoris it shall be loosed also in et rectoris iurisdictionem heaven4#caa ,and it was to in totum suum ovile1 dicens3 ,simon ,peter alone that ,jesus1 ,pasce agnos meos3 ,pasce oves after his resurrection1 gave the meas4#caj ,huic tam manifestae jurisdiction of supreme shepherd sacrarum ,scripturarum doctrinae1 and ruler over the whole of his ut ab ,ecclesia catholica fold1 saying1 ,feed my lambs2 semper intellecta est1 aperte ,feed my sheep4#cab ,to this opponuntur pravae eorum doctrine so clearly set forth sententiae1 qui constitutam a in the sacred ,scriptures1 as ,christo ,domino in sua ,ecclesia the ,catholic ,church has always regiminis formam pervertentes understood it1 are plainly negant1 solum ,petrum prae opposed the perverse opinions of caeteris ,apostolis1 sive seorsum those who1 distorting the form singulis sive omnibus simul1 of government established in vero proprioque iurisdictionis his church by ,christ our ,lord1 primatu fuisse a ,christo deny that ,peter alone above the instructum3 aut qui affirmant other apostles1 whether taken eumdem primatum non immediate1 separately one by one or all directeque ipsi beato ,petro1 sed together1 was endowed by ,christ ,ecclesiae1 et per hanc illi1 with a true and real primacy ut ipsius ,ecclesiae ministro1 of jurisdiction2 or who assert delatum fuisse4 that this primacy was not given immediately and directly ,si quis igitur dixerit1 beatum to blessed ,peter1 but to the ,petrum ,apostolum non esse a church1 and through her to him1 ,christo ,domino constitutum as to the agent of the church4 ,apostolorum omnium principem et totius ,ecclesiae militantis ,if1 therefore1 any one shall visibile caput2 vel eumdem say1 that blessed ,peter the honoris tantum1 non autem verae ,apostle was not appointed by propriaeque iurisdictionis ,christ our ,lord1 the prince primatum ab eodem ,domino of all the apostles1 and the nostro ,iesu ,christo directe et visible head of the whole church immediate accepisse2 anathema militant2 or1 that he received sit4 directly and immediately from our ,lord ,jesus ,christ only the primacy of honor1 and not that of true and real jurisdiction2 let him be anathema4 ,,caput ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,de ,,perpetuitate ,,primatus ,,beati ,,of ,,the ,,perpetuity ,,of ,,the ,,primacy ,,petri ,,in ,,romanis ,,pontificibus4 ,,of ,,peter ,,in ,,the ,,roman ,,pontiffs4 ,quod autem in beato ,apostolo ,what the prince of pastors ,petro princeps pastorum et and the great shepherd of the pastor magnus ovium ,dominus sheep1 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 ,christus ,iesus in perpetuam established in the person of the salutem ac perenne bonum blessed apostle ,peter for the ,ecclesiae instituit1 id eodem perpetual welfare and lasting auctore in ,ecclesia1 quae good of the church1 the same fundata super petram ad finem through his power must needs saeculorum usque firma stabit1 last for ever in that church1 iugiter durare necesse est4 which is founded upon the rock1 ,nulli sane dubium1 imo saeculis and will stand firm till the omnibus notum est1 quod end of time4 ,and indeed it is sanctus beatissimusque ,petrus1 well known1 as it has been in ,apostolorum princeps et caput1 all ages1 that the holy and fideique columna et ,ecclesiae most blessed ,peter1 prince and catholicae fundamentum1 a ,domino head of the apostles1 pillar of nostro ,iesu ,christo1 ,salvatore the faith and foundation of the humani generis ac ,redemptore1 ,catholic ,church1 who received claves regni accepit3 qui ad from our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the hoc usque tempus et semper in ,saviour and ,redeemer of mankind1 suis successoribus1 episcopis the keys of the kingdom of sanctae ,romanae ,sedis1 ab ipso heaven1 to this present time and fundatae1 eiusque consecratae at all times lives and presides sanguine1 vivit et praesidet and pronounces judgment in the et iudicium exercet4#cac ,unde person of his successors1 the quicumque in hac ,cathedra ,petro bishops of the holy ,roman see1 succedit1 is secundum ,christi which was founded by him1 and ipsius institutionem primatum consecrated by his blood4#caf ,petri in universam ,ecclesiam ,so that whoever succeeds ,peter obtinet4 ,manet ergo dispositio in this chair1 holds1 according veritatis1 et beatus ,petrus to ,christ's own institution1 the in accepta fortitudine petrae primacy of ,peter over the whole perseverans suscepta ,ecclesiae church4 ,what1 therefore1 was gubernacula non reliquit4#cad once established by him who is ,hac de causa ad ,romanam the truth1 still remains1 and ,ecclesiam propter potentiorem blessed ,peter1 retaining the principalitatem necesse semper strength of the rock1 which has fuit omnem convenire ,ecclesiam1 been given to him1 has never hoc est1 eos1 qui sunt undique left the helm of the church fideles1 ut in ea ,sede1 e qua originally intrusted to him4#cag venerandae communionis iura in omnes dimanant1 tamquam ,for this reason it was always membra in capite consociata1 necessary for every other in unam corporis compagem church1 that is1 the faithful of coalescerent4#cae all countries1 to have recourse to the ,roman ,church on account ,si quis ergo dixerit1 non of its superior headship1 in esse ex ipsius ,christi ,domini order that being joined1 as institutione seu iure divino1 members to their head1 with this ut beatus ,petrus in primatu see1 from which the rights of super universam ,ecclesiam religious communion flow unto habeat perpetuos successores2 all1 they might be knitted into aut ,romanum ,pontificem non esse the unity of one body4#cah beati ,petri in eodem primatu successorem2 anathema sit4 ,if1 therefore1 any one shall say1 that it is not by the institution of ,christ our ,lord himself1 or by divine right1 that blessed ,peter has perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church2 or1 that the ,roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed ,peter in this primacy2 let him be anathema4 ,,caput ,,iii4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,de ,,vi ,,et ,,ratione ,,primatus ,,romani ,,of ,,the ,,power ,,and ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,pontificis4 ,,primacy ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,pontiff4 ,quapropter apertis innixi ,wherefore1 resting upon the sacrarum litterarum clear testimonies of holy testimoniis et inhaerentes writ1 and following the full tum ,praedecessorum ,nostrorum and explicit decrees of our ,romanorum ,pontificum1 tum predecessors the ,roman pontiffs1 ,conciliorum generalium disertis1 and of general councils1 we perspicuisque decretis1 renew the definition of the innovamus oecumenici ,concilii cumenical council of ,florentini definitionem1 qua ,florence1 according to which credendum ab omnibus ,christi all the faithful of ,christ fidelibus est1 sanctam must believe that the holy ,apostolicam ,sedem1 et ,romanum apostolic see and the ,roman ,pontificem in universum orbem pontiff hold the primacy over tenere primatum1 et ipsum the whole world1 and that the ,pontificem ,romanum successorem ,roman pontiff is the successor esse beati ,petri principis of blessed ,peter the prince of ,apostolorum1 et verum ,christi the apostles1 and the true vicar ,vicarium1 totiusque ,ecclesiae of ,christ1 and is the head of caput1 et omnium ,christianorum the whole church1 and the father patrem ac doctorem existere2 and teacher of all ,christians2 et ipsi in beato ,petro and that to him1 in the blessed pascendi1 regendi et gubernandi ,peter1 was given by our ,lord universalem ,ecclesiam a ,domino ,jesus ,christ full power of nostro ,iesu ,christo plenam feeding1 ruling1 and governing potestatem traditam esse2 the universal church2 as is also quemadmodum etiam in gestis set forth in the acts of the oecumenicorum ,conciliorum et cumenical councils1 and in sacris canonibus continetur4 the sacred canons4 ,docemus proinde et declaramus1 ,wherefore1 we teach and declare ,ecclesiam ,romanam disponente that the ,roman ,church1 under ,domino super omnes alias divine providence1 possesses ordinariae potestatis obtinere a headship of ordinary power principatum1 et hanc ,romani over all other churches1 and ,pontificis iurisdictionis that this power of jurisdiction potestatem1 quae vere of the ,roman pontiff1 which is episcopalis est1 immediatam truly episcopal1 is immediate1 esse3 erga quam cuiuscumque toward which the pastors and ritus et dignitatis1 faithful of whatever rite and pastores atque fideles1 tam dignity1 whether singly or all seorsum singuli quam simul together1 are bound by the duty omnes1 officio hierarchicae of hierarchical subordination subordinationis1 veraeque and of true obedience1 not only obedientiae obstringuntur1 non in things which appertain to solum in rebus1 quae ad fidem faith and morals1 but likewise et mores1 sed etiam in iis1 in those things which concern quae ad disciplinam et regimen the discipline and government ,ecclesiae1 per totum orbem of the church spread throughout diffusae pertinent2 ita1 ut the world1 so that being united custodita cum ,romano ,pontifice with the ,roman pontiff1 both in tam communionis1 quam eiusdem communion and in profession of fidei professionis unitate1 the same faith1 the church of ,ecclesia ,christi sit unus grex ,christ may be one fold under sub uno summo pastore4 ,haec est one chief shepherd4 ,this is the catholicae veritatis doctrina1 doctrine of ,catholic truth1 from a qua deviare salva fide atque which no one can depart without salute nemo potest4 loss of faith and salvation4 ,tantum autem abest1 ut haec ,so far1 nevertheless1 is this ,summi ,pontificis potestas power of the supreme pontiff officiat ordinariae ac from trenching on that ordinary immediatae illi episcopali power of episcopal jurisdiction iurisdictionis potestati1 qua by which the bishops1 who have ,episcopi1 qui positi a ,spiritu been instituted by the ,holy ,sancto in ,apostolorum locum ,ghost and have succeeded in the successerunt1 tamquam veri place of the apostles1 like ,pastores assignatos sibi greges1 true shepherds1 feed and rule singuli singulos1 pascunt et the flocks assigned to them1 regunt1 ut eadem a supremo et each one his own2 that1 on the universali ,pastore asseratur1 contrary1 this their power is roboretur ac vindicetur1 asserted1 strengthened1 and secundum illud sancti ,gregorii vindicated by the supreme and ,magni3 ,meus honor est honor universal pastor2 as ,st4 ,gregory universalis ,ecclesiae4 ,meus the ,great saith3 ,my honor is the honor est fratrum meorum solidus honor of the universal church2 vigor4 ,tum ego vere honoratus my honor is the solid strength sum1 cum singulis quibusque of my brethren2 then am ,i truly honor debitus non negatur4#cai honored when to each one of them the honor due is not denied4 7,st4 ,gregory ,great ad ,eulogius1 ,epist4 #cj47 ,porro ex suprema ilia ,romani ,moreover1 from that supreme ,pontificis potestate gubernandi authority of the ,roman pontiff universam ,ecclesiam ius eidem to govern the universal church1 esse consequitur1 in huius there follows to him the right1 sui muneris exercitio libere in the exercise of this his communicandi cum pastoribus et office1 of freely communicating gregibus totius ,ecclesiae1 ut with the pastors and flocks of iidem ab ipso in via salutis the whole church1 that they may doceri ac regi possint4 ,quare be taught and guided by him in damnamus ac reprobamus illorum the way of salvation4 sententias1 qui hanc supremi capitis cum pastoribus et ,wherefore1 we condemn and gregibus communicationem reprobate the opinions of those1 licite impediri posse dicunt1 who say that this communication aut eamdem reddunt saeculari of the supreme head with the potestati obnoxiam1 ita ut pastors and flocks can be contendant1 quae ab ,apostolica lawfully hindered1 or who make ,sede vel eius auctoritate ad it subject to the secular regimen ,ecclesiae constituuntur1 power1 maintaining that the vim ac valorem non habere1 nisi things which are decreed by potestatis saecularis placito the apostolic see or under its confirmentur4 authority for the government of the church1 have no force or ,et quoniam divino ,apostolici value unless they are confirmed primatus iure ,romanus ,pontifex by the approval of the secular universae ,ecclesiae praeest1 power4 ,and since1 by the divine docemus etiam et declaramus1 right of apostolic primacy1 eum esse iudicem supremum the ,roman pontiff presides fidelium1#cbj et in omnibus over the universal churches1 causis ad examen ecclesiasticum we also teach and declare spectantibus ad ipsius posse that he is the supreme judge iudicium recurri2#cba of the faithful1 7,pius ,,vi4 ,sedis vero ,apostolicae1 ,brief ,super ,soliditate17 and cuius auctoritate maior non that in all causes calling for est1 iudicium a nemine fore ecclesiastical trial1 recourse retractandum1 neque cuiquam may be had to his judgment1 de eius licere iudicare 7,second ,council of ,lyons27 but iudicio4#cbb ,quare a recto the decision of the apostolic veritatis tramite aberrant1 see1 above which there is no qui affirmant1 licere ab higher authority1 cannot be iudiciis ,romanorum ,pontificum ad reconsidered by any one1 nor oecumenicum ,concilium tamquam ad is it lawful to any one to sit auctoritatem ,romano ,pontifice in judgment on his judgment4 superiorem appellare4 7,nicholas ,i4 epist4 ad ,michaelem ,imperatorem47 ,wherefore1 they wander away from the right path of truth who assert that it is lawful to appeal from the judgments of the ,roman pontiffs to an cumenical council1 as if to an authority superior to the ,roman pontiff4 ,si quis itaque dixerit1 ,romanum ,therefore1 if any one shall say ,pontificem habere tantummodo that the ,roman pontiff holds officium inspectionis vel only the charge of inspection directionis1 non autem plenam or direction1 and not full and et supremam potestatem supreme power of jurisdiction iurisdictionis in universam over the entire church1 not only ,ecclesiam1 non solum in rebus1 in things which pertain to faith quae ad fidem et mores1 and morals1 but also in those sed etiam in iis1 quae ad which pertain to the discipline disciplinam et regimen ,ecclesiae and government of the church per totum orbem diffusae spread throughout the whole pertinent2 aut eum habere tantum world2 or1 that he possesses potiores partes1 non vero totam only the chief part and not the plenitudinem huius supremae entire plenitude of this supreme potestatis2 aut hanc eius power2 or1 that this his power potestatem non esse ordinariam is not ordinary and immediate1 et immediatam sive in omnes ac both as regards all and each of singulas ecclesias sive in omnes the churches1 and all and each et singulos pastores et fideles2 of the pastors and faithful2 let anathema sit4 him be anathema4 ,,caput ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,de ,,romani ,,pontificis ,,infallibili ,,of ,,the ,,infallible ,,authority ,,of ,,magisterio4 ,,the ,,roman ,,pontiff ,,in ,,teaching4 ,ipso autem ,apostolico primatu1 ,this holy see has ever quem ,romanus ,pontifex tamquam held--the unbroken custom of ,petri principis ,apostolorum the church doth prove--and the successor in universam cumenical councils1 those ,ecclesiam obtinet1 supremam especially in which the east quoque magisterii potestatem joined with the west1 in union comprehendi1 haec ,sancta ,sedes of faith and of charity1 have semper tenuit1 perpetuus declared that in this apostolic ,ecclesiae usus comprobat1 primacy1 which the ,roman pontiff ipsaque oecumenica ,concilia1 ea holds over the universal church1 imprimis1 in quibus ,oriens cum as successor of ,peter the prince ,occidente in fidei charitatisque of the apostles1 there is also unionem conveniebat1 contained the supreme power of declaraverunt4 ,patres enim authoritative teaching4 ,thus the ,concilii ,constantinopolitani fathers of the fourth council of quarti1 maiorum vestigiis ,constantinople1 following in the inhaerentes1 hanc solemnem footsteps of their predecessors1 ediderunt professionem3 ,prima put forth this solemn profession3 salus est1 rectae fidei regulam custodire4 ,et quia non potest ,the first law of salvation is ,domini nostri ,iesu ,christi to keep the rule of true faith4 praetermitti sententia dicentis3 ,and whereas the words of our ,tu es ,petrus1 et super hanc ,lord ,jesus ,christ cannot be petram aedificabo ,ecclesiam passed by1 who said3 ,thou art meam1 haec1 quae dicta sunt1 ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i rerum probantur effectibus1 quia will build my church1 7,matt4 in ,sede ,apostolica immaculata xvi4 #ah17 these words1 which est semper catholica reservata he spake1 are proved true by religio1 et sancta celebrata facts2 for in the apostolic doctrina4 ,ab huius ergo fide see1 the ,catholic religion has et doctrina separari minime ever been preserved unspotted1 cupientes1 speramus1 ut in and the holy doctrine has been una communione1 quam ,sedes announced4 ,therefore wishing ,apostolica praedicat1 esse never to be separated from the mereamur1 in qua est integra faith and teaching of this see1 et vera ,christianae religionis we hope to be worthy to abide soliditas4#cbc ,approbante vero in that one communion which the ,lugdunenis ,concilio secundo1 apostolic see preaches1 in which ,graeci professi sunt3 ,sanctam is the full and true firmness ,romanam ,ecclesiam summum et of the ,christian religion4 plenum primatum et principatum ,formula of ,st4 ,hormisdas ,pope1 super universam ,ecclesiam as proposed by ,hadrian ,,ii4 catholicam obtinere1 quem se to the fathers of the eighth ab ipso ,domino in beato ,petro general ,council1 7,constantinop4 ,apostolorum principe sive ,,iv417 and subscribed by them4 vertice1 cuius ,romanus ,pontifex est successor1 cum potestatis ,so too1 the ,greeks1 with the plenitudine recepisse veraciter approval of the second council et humiliter recognoscit2 et of ,lyons1 professed1 that the sicut prae caeteris tenetur holy ,roman ,church holds over fidei veritatem defendere1 sic the universal ,catholic ,church1 et1 si quae de fide subortae a supreme and full primacy and fuerint quaestiones1 suo debent headship1 which she truthfully iudicio definiri4 ,florentinum and humbly acknowledges that denique ,concilium definivit3 she received1 with fulness of ,pontificem ,romanum1 verum power1 from the ,lord himself ,christi ,vicarium1 totiusque in blessed ,peter1 the prince ,ecclesiae caput et omnium or head of the apostles1 of ,christianorum patrem ac doctorem whom the ,roman pontiff is the existere2 et ipsi in beato ,petro successor2 and as she1 beyond pascendi1 regendi ac gubernandi the others1 is bound to defend universalem ,ecclesiam a ,domino the truth of the faith1 so1 if nostro ,iesu ,christo plenam any questions arise concerning potestatem traditam esse4 faith1 they should be decided by her judgment4 ,and finally1 the council of ,florence defined that the ,roman pontiff is true vicar of ,christ1 and the head of the whole church1 and the father and teacher of all ,christians1 and that to him1 in the blessed ,peter1 was given by our ,lord ,jesus ,christ full power of feeding and ruling and governing the universal church4 7,john xxi4 #ae-ag47 ,huic pastorali muneri ut ,in order to fulfil this pastoral satisfacerent1 ,praedecessores charge1 our predecessors have ,nostri indefessam semper operam ever labored unweariedly to dederunt1 ut salutaris ,christi spread the saving doctrine of doctrina apud omnes terrae ,christ among all the nations populos propagaretur1 parique of the earth1 and with equal cura vigilarunt1 ut1 ubi care have watched to preserve recepta esset1 sincera et pura it pure and unchanged where it conservaretur4 ,quocirca totius had been received4 ,wherefore orbis ,antistites1 nunc singuli1 the bishops of the whole world1 nunc in ,synodis congregati1 sometimes singly1 sometimes longam ecclesiarum consuetudinem assembled in synods1 following et antiquae regulae formam the long established custom sequentes1 ea praesertim of the churches1 7,s4 ,cyril1 pericula1 quae in negotiis ,alex4 ad ,s4 ,clest4 ,pap417 fidei emergebant1 ad hanc ,sedem and the form of ancient rule1 ,apostolicam retulerunt1 ut ibi 7,st4 ,innocent ,i4 to councils of potissimum resarcirentur damna ,carthage and ,milevi17 referred fidei1 ubi fides non potest to this apostolic see those sentire defectum4#cbd ,romani dangers especially which arose autem ,pontifices1 prout temporum in matters of faith1 in order et rerum conditio suadebat1 nunc that injuries to faith might convocatis oecumenicis ,conciliis best be healed there where the aut explorata ,ecclesiae per faith could never fail4 7,st4 orbem dispersae sententia1 nunc ,bernard ep4 #aij47 ,and the ,roman per ,synodos particulares1 nunc pontiffs1 weighing the condition aliis1 quae divina suppeditabat of times and circumstances1 providentia1 adhibitis auxiliis1 sometimes calling together ea tenenda definiverunt1 quae general councils1 or asking sacris ,scripturis et apostolicis the judgment of the church ,traditionibus consentanea1 scattered through the world1 ,deo adiutore1 cognoverant4 sometimes consulting particular ,neque enim ,petri successoribus synods1 sometimes using such ,spiritus ,sanctus promissus other aids as divine providence est1 ut eo revelante novam supplied1 defined that those doctrinam patefacerent1 sed doctrines should be held1 which1 ut eo assistente traditam per by the aid of ,god1 they knew ,apostolos revelationem seu fidei to be conformable to the holy depositum sancte custodirent et ,scriptures1 and the apostolic fideliter exponerent4 ,quorum traditions4 ,for the ,holy quidem apostolicam doctrinam ,ghost is not promised to the omnes venerabiles ,patres amplexi successors of ,peter1 that they et sancti ,doctores orthodoxi may make known a new doctrine venerati atque secuti sunt2 revealed by him1 but that1 plenissime scientes1 hanc sancti through his assistance1 they may ,petri ,sedem ab omni semper sacredly guard1 and faithfully errore illibatam permanere1 set forth the revelation secundum ,domini ,salvatoris delivered by the apostles1 that nostri divinam pollicitationem is1 the deposit of faith4 ,and discipulorum suorum principi this their apostolic teaching1 factam3 ,ego rogavi pro te1 ut all the venerable fathers have non deficiat fides tua1 et tu embraced1 and the holy orthodox aliquando conversus confirma doctors have revered and fratres tuos4 followed1 knowing most certainly that this see of ,st4 ,peter ever remains free from all error1 according to the divine promise of our ,lord and ,saviour made to the prince of the apostles3 ,i have prayed for thee1 that thy faith fail not1 and thou1 being once converted1 confirm thy brethren4 7,conf4 ,st4 ,agatho1 ,ep4 ad ,imp4 a ,conc4 cum4 ,,vi4 approbat47 ,hoc igitur veritatis et fidei ,therefore1 this gift of truth1 numquam deficientis charisma and of faith which fails not1 ,petro eiusque in hac ,cathedra was divinely bestowed on ,peter successoribus divinitus collatum and his successors in this est1 ut excelso suo munere in chair1 that they should exercise omnium salutem fungerentur1 their high office for the ut universus ,christi grex per salvation of all1 that through eos ab erroris venenosa esca them the universal flock of aversus1 coelestis doctrinae ,christ should be turned away pabulo nutriretur1 ut sublata from the poisonous food of schismatis occasione ,ecclesia error1 and should be nourished tota una conservaretur atque suo with the food of heavenly fundamento innixa firma adversus doctrine1 and that1 the occasion inferi portas consisteret4 of schism being removed1 the entire church should be preserved one1 and1 planted on her foundation1 should stand firm against the gates of hell4 ,at vero cum hac ipsa aetate1 qua ,nevertheless1 since in this salutifera ,apostolici muneris present age1 when the saving efficacia vel maxime requiritur1 efficacy of the apostolic non pauci inveniantur1 qui office is exceedingly needed1 illius auctoritati obtrectant2 there are not a few who carp necessarium omnino esse at its authority2 we judge it censemus1 praerogativam1 quam altogether necessary to solemnly unigenitus ,dei ,filius cum summo declare the prerogative1 which pastorali officio coniungere the only begotten ,son of ,god has dignatus est1 solemniter deigned to unite to the supreme asserere4 pastoral office4 ,itaque ,nos traditioni a fidei ,wherefore1 faithfully adhering ,christianae exordio perceptae to the tradition handed down fideliter inhaerendo1 ad ,dei from the commencement of the ,salvatoris nostri gloriam ,christian faith1 for the religionis ,catholicae glory of ,god our ,saviour1 the exaltationem et ,christianorum exaltation of the ,catholic populorum salutem1 sacro religion1 and the salvation approbante ,concilio1 docemus et of ,christian peoples1 with divinitus revelatum dogma esse the approbation of the sacred definimus3 ,romanum ,pontificem1 council1 we teach and define cum ex ,cathedra loquitur1 id it to be a doctrine divinely est1 cum omnium ,christianorum revealed3 that when the ,roman ,pastoris et ,doctoris munere pontiff speaks ex cathedra1 fungens1 pro suprema sua that is1 when in the exercise of ,apostolica auctoritate doctrinam his office of pastor and teacher de fide vel moribus ab universa of all ,christians1 and in virtue ,ecclesia tenendam definit1 per of his supreme apostolical assistentiam divinam1 ipsi authority1 he defines that a in beato ,petro promissam1 ea doctrine of faith or morals is infallibilitate pollere1 qua to be held by the universal divinus ,redemptor ,ecclesiam suam church1 he possesses1 through in definienda doctrina de fide the divine assistance promised vel moribus instructam esse to him in the blessed ,peter1 voluit2 ideoque eiusmodi ,romani that infallibility with which ,pontificis definitiones ex sese1 the divine ,redeemer willed non autem ex consensu ,ecclesiae1 his church to be endowed1 in irreformabiles esse4 defining a doctrine of faith or morals2 and therefore that such definitions of the ,roman pontiff are irreformable of themselves1 and not by force of the consent of the church thereto4 ,si quis autem huic ,nostrae ,and if any one shall presume1 definitioni contradicere1 quod which ,god forbid1 to contradict ,deus avertat1 praesumpserit2 this our definition2 let him be anathema sit4 anathema4 ,datum ,romae1 in publica ,sessione ,given in ,rome1 in the ,public in ,vaticana ,basilica solemniter ,session1 solemnly celebrated in celebrata1 anno ,incarnationis the ,vatican ,basilica1 in the ,dominicae millesimo year of the ,incarnation of our octingentesimo septuagesimo1 die ,lord one thousand eight hundred decima octava ,iulii4 and seventy1 on the eighteenth day of ,july2 in the twenty-fifth ,pontificatus ,nostri anno year of our ,pontificate4 vigesimo quinto ,ita est ,ita est4 ,,iosephus ,,joseph1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,st4 ,,polten1 ,episcopus ,s4 ,hippolyti ,secretary of the ,council of ,secretarius ,concilii ,vaticani4 the ,vatican4 ,,footnotes3 #cjf ,s4 ,leo ,m4 serm4 iv4 7al4 iii47 cap4 #b4 in diem ,natalis sui4 #cjg ,joan4 i4 #db4 #cjh ,matth4 xvi4 #af-ai4 #cji ,john i4 #db4 #caj ,joan4 xxi4 #ae-ag4 #caa ,matthew xvi4 #af-ai4 #cab ,john xxi4 #ae-ag4 #cac ,cf4 ,ephesini ,concilii ,act4 iii4 #cad ,s4 ,leo ,m4 ,serm4 iii4 7al4 ii47 cap4 #c4 #cae ,s4 ,iren4 ,adv4 ,hr4 ,i4 iii4 c4 #c4 ,ep4 ,conc4 ,aquilei #b4 #cha1 inter epp4 ,s4 ,ambros4 ep4 xi4 #caf ,council of ,eph4 sess4 iii4 ,st4 ,peter ,chrys4 ,ep4 ad ,eutych4 #cag ,s4 ,leo1 ,serm4 iii4 chap4 iii4 #cah ,st4 ,irenus against ,heresies1 book iii4 chap4 #c4 ,epist4 of ,council of ,aquileia1 #cha1 to ,gratian1 chap4 #d4 of ,pius ,,vi4 ,brief ,super ,soliditate4 #cai ,ep4 ad ,eulog4 ,alexandrin4 ,i4 viii4 ep4 xxx4 #cbj ,pii ,p4 ,,vi4 ,breve ,super ,soliditate1 d4 #bh4 ,nov4 #aghf4 #cba ,concil4 cum4 ,lugdun4 ,,ii4 #cbb ,ep4 ,nicolai ,i4 ad ,michaelem ,imperatorem4 #cbc ,ex formula ,s4 ,hormisdae ,papae1 prout ab ,hadriano ,,ii4 ,patribus ,concilii ,oecumenici ,,viii41 ,constantinopolitani ,,iv41 proposita et ab iisdem subscripta est4 #cbd ,cf4 ,s4 ,bern4 ,epist4 #aij4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,t4 ,,th,,ophane ,v,,nard1 ,,martyr ,,in ,,tonquin4 ,translated from the ,french by ,lady ,herbert4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #bae4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,china is the land of modern martyrdom4 ,she continues the work of ,nero and ,diocletian4 ,within a few days the newspapers have contained a brief account of the latest massacre4 ,these persecutions have been constant since her soil first drank the blood of a ,catholic missionary4 ,incited by their pagan priests1 secretly encouraged by government officials1 and sustained by the approbation of the mandarins1 the ignorant and barbarous mobs of ,china are only too ready for the murder of those whom they term ,foreign ,devils4 ,throughout the world there is at least partial toleration for the teacher of the ,christian religion2 in ,china there is only certain death4 ,father ,vnard1 then1 went to ,china with the hope and expectation of martyrdom4 ,this was tempered1 indeed1 by the thought that he was unworthy of this singular grace1 but still it was the constant thought of his life4 ,in early childhood it was his delight to read the ,annals of the ,propagation of the ,faith with his dear sister ,mlanie2 and once1 when he had scarcely reached his ninth year1 he was heard to exclaim1 ,and ,i too will go to ,tonquin2 and ,i too will be a martyr6 ,those childish lips were speaking a prophecy4 ,let twenty-two years pass away1 and the little ,french lad will be found in a wooden cage1 the prisoner of barbarians1 and awaiting sentence of death4 ,sweet bird of paradise that he was1 it is not strange that even a pagan mob should be touched by his misfortunes4 ,he hears the crowd about his prison saying1 ,what a pretty boy that ,european is6 ,he is gay and bright1 as if he were going to a feast6 ,he is come to our country to do us good4 ,certainly he can't have done any thing wrong4 ,but in ,china1 as in more civilized nations1 popular sympathy has little influence over the authorities who administer the government4 ,doubtless there was some law to be vindicated1 and so1 on ,february #c;d1 #ahfj1 at the age of thirty-one1 ,father ,vnard was beheaded4 ,his execution was not remarkable for any great tortures1 though it was cruel enough4 ,but this was due to an unskilful headsman and a dull sword2 and as these accidents are frequent in the execution of our criminals1 it would be unjust to make it a reproach to those who caused the death of the young martyr4 ,but his life does not require the heroic endurance of tortures to make it interesting4 ,he wins our love simply because he was so full of love himself4 ,he was a tender and affectionate son1 a warm and devoted brother1 an unfailing friend4 ,perhaps the greatest of his sacrifices was made when he left the sister to whom he was so warmly attached that he might labor among the heathen4 ,it may have been a more glorious triumph for the martyr to renounce his idolized relatives than to meet death bravely4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 see the appropriateness of ,lady ,herbert's remark1 that ,vnard was no ascetic saint1 trembling at every manifestation of human or natural feeling4 ,if he did not tremble at human affections1 at least he knew how to renounce them2 indeed1 he saw that perfection could only be gained by their renunciation4 ,but as ,lady ,herbert's sentence reads1 it conveys a reproach to the ascetics4 ,we might imagine that an ascetic saint trembling at every manifestation of human or natural feeling was something greatly to be deplored4 ,but when we remember that ,st4 ,aloysius was so careful in this matter that he would not raise his eyes to look upon his own mother1 we may very fairly question the wisdom of ,lady ,herbert's insinuation4 ,she has evidently used the word ascetic in a ,protestant sense2 deriving it from the word similar in sound1 but totally different in meaning--acetic4 ,it would be very difficult to assign exactly the part which human affections play in ,christian perfection4 ,perhaps there is no rule which will apply to all4 ,the lives of the saints show that they have looked upon it in very different lights4 ,some have completely broken all family ties2 others have cherished and sanctified the love borne to their relations4 ,it is only fair1 then1 to conclude that ,god has directed these souls in different ways4 ,if ,f4 ,vnard yields up his life for ,christ and the ,catholic faith1 we will not quarrel with him when he calls his sister part of his very life1 or tells her that she is his second self4 ,yet such language could not come from ,st4 ,aloysius1 or ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 or ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,their piety was cast in a more austere mould4 ,but coming from this dear martyr of ,tonquin1 these words do not seem inappropriate4 ,no one would wish them changed4 ,they are the expression of his innocent and childish disposition4 ,they prove our hero1 though a priest and a man of thirty1 to be the worthy companion of gentle ,st4 ,agnes4 ,of all the martyrs none have resembled her more closely than this heroic priest2 all that imagination has painted her will be found in the reality of ,father ,vnard's life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,physiology ,,and ,,pathology ,,of ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 ,with reference to ,clinical ,medicine4 ,by ,meredith ,clymer1 ,m4,d41 ,university ,pennsylvania2 ,fellow of the ,college of ,physicians1 ,philadelphia4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,pp4 #ec4 ,this brochure fulfils the promise of its learned author in the introduction1 in which he proposes to summarize the recent investigations into the physiology and pathology of the nervous system which have a bearing on clinical medicine4 ,the labor has been faithfully and skilfully performed1 and the history of the scleroses of the brain and spinal cord is carefully collected from the ,english1 ,german1 and ,french--collated1 compared1 and analyzed4 ,the summary is one of the utmost importance to physicians1 and is interesting to men of general knowledge capable of appreciating this class of subjects4 ,it is difficult to over-estimate the value to science and society of the investigations and studies into the physiology and pathology of the nervous centres which are being conducted all over the world4 ,among the students of these interesting subjects ,dr4 ,clymer ranks high as an observer1 and chief in this country as annalist and critic4 ,he holds a position in the world of medicine analogous to that held by ,brownson in the domain of philosophy and theology1 and his services are of inestimable value in correcting the hasty1 crude1 and ill-advised speculations of men who have neither acquired knowledge nor powers of original observation and reflection4 ,it is obviously out of place to pursue the subject in its medical aspects in this place1 but we commend the pamphlet to physicians1 scientists1 and jurists1 and also to theologians4 ,from this class of works they can learn the basis on which medicine rests as a science1 and the essential immorality of all forms of quackery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,past4 7,critical and ,literary ,papers47 ,by ,parke ,godwin4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 #ahgj4 ,this is a collection of nineteen articles written for different magazines--principally for the ,democratic ,review and ,putnam's ,monthly--at various periods from #ahci to #ahef4 ,the experiment of publishing in book form an author's fugitive essays is seldom successful4 ,true1 it was so in the cases of ,carlyle and ,macaulay4 ,how far ,mr4 ,godwin may resemble them in this respect remains to be seen4 ,should any reviewer come to the treatment of this book strong in the ,vicar of ,wakefield's celebrated canon of criticism--that the picture would have been better if the painter had taken more pains--he will find himself disarmed by ,mr4 ,godwin's prefatory apology1 that these essays are more imperfect than they would have been with a larger leisure at my command4 ,the subjects are generally interesting1 and their treatment instructive4 ,the style of these essays is excellent1 and their author's opinions and criticisms on literature and art generally of a healthy tone4 ,we cannot precisely agree with ,mr4 ,godwin when he credits a certain work of ,dutch art 7p4 #cge7 with the inspiration of patriotism1 but are glad to see with his eyes that ,thackeray ,took no satyr's delight in offensive scenes and graceless characters2 that he was even sadder than the reader could be at the horrible prospect before him2 that his task was one conscientiously undertaken1 with some deep1 great1 generous purpose2 and that1 beneath his seeming scoff and mockeries1 was to be discovered a more searching wisdom and a sweeter1 tenderer pathos than we found in any other living writer4 ,we saw that he chastised in no ill-natured or malicious vein1 but in love2 that he cauterized only to cure2 and that1 if he wandered through the dreary circles of ,inferno1 it was because the spirit of ,beatrice1 the spirit of immortal beauty1 beckoned him to the more glorious paradise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,compendium ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church4 ,by ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgj4 ,pp4 #ehg4 ,a hasty glance through the contents of this work seems to justify these conclusions3 ,the chief merit of the book is its numerous anecdotes4 ,these illustrate the particular customs and dangers of ,christians in different nations and centuries4 ,compendiums usually fatigue the mind with dates and uninteresting details4 ,father ,noethen has carefully avoided this fault4 ,he leads us into the homes and by the hearth-side of the ,catholics of former times4 ,nothing can be more useful than this4 ,history cannot be learned until we imagine ourselves living at that very time and taking our part in the scenes which are described4 ,so the words of a martyr1 or a sentence from a letter1 or a pious custom will often throw more light upon history than whole pages of detailed facts and speculations4 ,in regard to those more delicate questions which every writer of a church history must solve in some way1 ,father ,noethen appears to have acted with great discretion4 ,we were particularly pleased with the remarks concerning ,origen4 ,in this work that illustrious hero of the early church is given the praise which he has so long deserved1 but which has been so long denied him4 ,by an oversight1 however1 there is one unfortunate sentence in this book4 ,it speaks of ,constantine as convening a general council4 ,without doubt this expression is incorrect2 the ,christian emperors aided the meeting of cumenical councils2 they never convened them4 ,that power was always reserved to the sovereign pontiff alone4 ,but apart from this clerical error the book is very praiseworthy1 and will do good both to ,catholics and to ,protestants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious typographical errors have been repaired4 ,in the two dogmatic decrees1 the original ,latin consistently displayed ae ligatures as separate letters1 this has been retained4 ,p4 #di3 ,stabat ,mater4 ,original centered each ,latin stanza1 followed by ,english and ,greek stanza translations side by side below it4 ,for ease of display in multiple formats1 the ,english and ,greek stanzas have been changed to increasing indents below the ,latin4 ,english ,translation and ,greek ,translation headings1 originally under the poem title1 were moved to the first stanza of each translation4 ,p4 #ga3 multiple words beginning sciol-1 though unable to verify1 were retained since that spelling occurred consistently4 ,p4 #bii3 informs us triumphantly1 three separate times--original reads three several times4