,,carriages ,,coaches ,illustration ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author ,,biographical ,,robert ,,dodsley3 ,,poet1 ,,publisher ,,and ,,playwright ,,john ,,baskerville3 ,a ,,memoir with ,r4 ,k4 ,dent ,,novels ,,the ,,prison ,,without ,a ,,wall ,,the ,,scandalous ,,mr4 ,,waldo ,,the ,,little ,,god',s ,,drum ,,the ,,man ,,apart ,,pamphlets ,,the ,,dust ,,which ,,is ,,god #ejjj ,a4,d4 ,,carriages ,,coaches ,,their ,,history ,,their ,,evolution ,by ,ralph ,straus ,,fully ,,illustrated ,,with ,,reproductions ,,from ,,old ,,prints1 ,,contemporary ,,drawings ,,photographs ,,london3 ,published by ,,martin ,,secker at ,number ,five ,john ,street ,,adelphi mcmxii ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,brendon ,,and ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,plymouth ,illustration3 ,the ,state ,coach of ,great ,britain ,to ,b4 ,s4 ,s4 ,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,primitive ,,vehicle #ag ,,ii4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,litters #db ,,iii4 ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,the ,,coach #ef ,,iv4 ,,interlude ,,of ,,the ,,chair #he ,v4 ,,seventeenth-,,century ,,innovations #aji ,,vi4 ,,early ,,georgian ,,carriages #adg ,,vii4 ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,wheels #agf ,,viii4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,transition #bjd ,,ix4 ,,inventions ,,galore #bbg ,x4 ,,modern ,,carriages #bee ,,index #bhg ,list of ,illustrations ,,the ,,state ,,coach ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,frontispiece ,,types ,,of ,,primitive ,,carts facing page #bj ,,assyrian ,,chariot 0 0 #bb ,,cisium 0 0 #cj ,,carpentum 0 0 #cj ,,pilentum 0 0 #cb ,,benna 0 0 #cb ,fourteenth ,century ,english ,carriage 0 0 #df ,,fourteenth ,,century ,,reaper',s ,,cart 0 0 #df ,,elizabethan ,,carriages 0 0 #gj ,,neapolitan ,,sedan-,,chair 0 0 #ajj ,,the 8,,social ,,pinch0 0 0 #ajd ,,sedans 0 0 #ajd ,,coach ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,charles ,i 0 0 #aab ,,coach ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,charles ,,ii 0 0 #aab ,,early ,,french ,,gig 0 0 #acf ,,early ,,italian ,,gig 0 0 #adb ,,the ,,state ,,carriage ,,of ,,bavaria 0 0 #adh ,,the ,,darnley ,,chariot 0 0 #aeb ,,queen ,,anne',s ,,procession ,,to ,,the ,,cathedral ,,of ,s4 ,,paul 0 0 #aeh 8,,the ,,carriage ,,match0 0 0 #aij 8,,phaetona1 ,,or ,,modern ,,female ,,taste0 0 0 #aif 8,,sir ,,gregory ,,gigg0 0 0 #aif ,,george ,,iii',s ,,posting ,,chariot 0 0 #bjf ,,the ,,lord ,,chancellor ,,of ,,ireland',s ,,coach 0 0 #bjh 8,,english ,,travelling1 ,,or ,,the ,,first ,,stage ,,from ,,dover0 0 0 #baf 8,,french ,,travelling1 ,,or ,,the ,,first ,,stage ,,from ,,calais0 0 0 #bah ,,early ,,american ,,shay 0 0 #bbj ,,english ,,posting ,,chariot 0 0 #bbj ,,barouche 0 0 #bcb ,,landaulet 0 0 #bcb ,,stanhope 0 0 #bcd ,,tilbury 0 0 #bcd ,,cabriolet 0 0 #bcd 8,,the ,,coffin-,,cab0 0 0 #bdf ,,london ,,cab ,,of #ahbc 0 0 #bdf ,,dioropha 0 0 #beb ,,brougham ,,in #ahei 0 0 #beb ,,edward ,,vii',s ,,coronation ,,landau 0 0 #beh ,,dress ,,coach1 #ahfj 0 0 #bfj ,,english ,,state ,,carriage1 #aiaa 0 0 #bfj 8,,princess ,,victoria ,,in ,,her ,,pony ,,phaeton0 0 0 #bff ,,canoe-,,shaped ,,landau 0 0 #bfh ,,drag 0 0 #bfh ,,modern ,,american ,,station ,,wagon 0 0 #bgd ,,modern ,,american ,,buggy 0 0 #bgd ,preface ,i am not a coachbuilder4 ,though such a pronouncement will seem entirely superfluous to any coachbuilder who reads the following pages1 it is not perhaps a wholly unnecessary remark4 ,for1 with one or two exceptions1 such books upon the evolution or structure of vehicles as have been written have been the work of industrious coachbuilders4 ,and ,i have not the least doubt that they are eminently the fit and proper folk to carry out any such task4 ,it is a melancholy fact1 however1 that useful though these books may be to coachbuilders1 they lack1 again with one or two exceptions1 any general interest to the layman4 ,the language in which they are written is1 to say the least1 peculiar1 and the authors have obviously had small training in the art of book-making4 ,on the other hand1 there is a whole library of books dealing with the old stage and mail coaches1 with all the romance and adventure of the roads1 packed with delightful anecdotes and personal reminiscences4 ,but such books hardly touch upon the structure of the coaches themselves1 and1 so far as ,i know1 there is no book entirely devoted to a non-technical description of carriages in general1 based upon a chronological arrangement4 ,the nearest approach to such a book is ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,thrupp's ,the ,history of ,coaches1 published in #ahgg1 a meritorious undertaking from which ,i have freely quoted4 ,here1 however1 there are numerous gaps which ,i have endeavoured to fill1 and the various lectures from which it was composed do not fit together so aptly as might be4 ,as a whole1 it is diffuse4 ,sir ,walter ,gilbey's two books1 ,early ,carriages and ,roads and ,modern ,carriages1 have also been of great assistance1 but here1 too1 the ground covered is not so large as in the following pages4 ,other pamphlets and small books have appeared in this country1 but seemingly owe a great deal of their information to ,mr4 ,thrupp's work4 ,indeed1 ,i notice that some of the authors have been almost criminally forgetful of their inverted commas4 ,for purely technical details there are1 of course1 many books and trade papers to consult2 but with these ,i have not been concerned4 ,in the present book there are1 indeed1 large gaps1 and it is not to be taken either as a manual of the art of coach-building or as a history of locomotion4 ,it is merely a book about carriages1 in which particular regard has been paid to chronological sequence1 and particular attention to such individual carriages as have at all withstood the test of social history4 ,and it is written by a layman who1 until he enquired into the subject1 had never looked at a carriage with any particular emotion4 ,the result of his labours1 therefore1 is not meant for the expert1 but for the general reader1 who may have pondered over the various vehicles he has seen1 and idly wondered how they may have been evolved4 ,where possible1 ,i have endeavoured to quote from contemporary authors and documents4 ,most of such quotations are now included in a carriage book for the first time4 ,i wish to thank the various publishers and authors who have given me permission to reprint illustrations of carriages in books published or written by them4 ,also ,i am obliged to ,messrs4 ,maggs ,bros41 the well-known booksellers1 for permission to photograph a rare print entitled ,the ,carriage ,match1 in their possession4 ,,ralph ,,straus4 ,,badminton ,,club1 ,august1 #aiab4 ,chapter the ,first ,,the ,,primitive ,,vehicle 8,this is a traveller1 sir1 knows men and ,manners1 and has plough'd up sea so far1 ,till both the poles have knock'd2 has seen the sun ,take coach1 and can distinguish the colour ,of his horses1 and their kinds40 ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,it has been suggested that although in a generality of cases nature has forestalled the ingenious mechanician1 man for his wheel has had to evolve an apparatus which has no counterpart in his primitive environment--in other words1 that there is nothing in nature which corresponds to the wheel4 ,yet even the most superficial inquiry into the nature of the earliest vehicles must do much to refute such a suggestion4 ,primitive wheels were simply thick logs cut from a tree-trunk1 probably for firewood4 ,at some time or another these logs must have rolled of their own accord from a higher to a lower piece of ground1 and from man's observation of this simple phenomenon must have come the first idea of a wheel4 ,if a round object could roll of its own accord1 it could also be made to roll4 ,yet it is to be noticed that the earliest methods of locomotion1 other than those purely muscular1 such as walking and riding1 knew nothing of wheels4 ,such methods depended primarily upon the enormously significant discovery that a man could drag a heavier weight than he could carry1 and what applied to a man also applied to a beast4 ,possibly such discovery followed on the mere observation of objects being carried down the stream of some river1 and perhaps a rudely constructed raft should be considered to be the earliest form of vehicle4 ,from the raft proper to a raft to be used upon land was but a step1 and the first land vehicle1 whenever or wherever it was made1 assuredly took a form which to this day is in common use in some countries4 ,this was the sledge4 ,on a sledge heavy loads could be dragged over the ground1 and experience sooner or later must have shown what was the best form of apparatus for such work4 ,as so often happens1 moreover1 in mechanical contrivances1 the earliest sledge of which there is record--a sculptured representation in an ,egyptian temple--bears a remarkable resemblance to those in use at the present time4#a ,then1 as now1 men used two long runners with upturned ends in front and cross-pieces to unite them and bear the load4 ,such sledges were largely used to convey the huge stones with which the ,egyptians raised their solemn masses of masonry and1 incidentally1 also as a hearse4 ,in time1 however1 it was found that better results were obtained by the use of another and rather more complicated apparatus which had for its chief component--a wheel4 ,this second discovery that to roll a burden proved an easier task than to drag it was fraught with such tremendous consequences as altered the entire history of the world4 ,it remained to find a better fulcrum than that afforded by the rough turf over which such logs1 when burdened1 were rolled4 ,what probably followed is well described by ,bridges ,adams4#b 8,the next process10 he thinks1 8would naturally be that of cutting a hole through the roller in which to insert the lever4 ,the convenience of several holes in the circumference of the roller would then become apparent1 and there would be formed an embryo wheel nave4 ,it could not fail to be remarked also1 that the larger the roller1 the greater the facility for turning it1 and consequently the greater the load that could be borne upon it40 ,owing to the difficulty of using such large logs1 he goes on to suggest1 a time would come when it was found that a roller need not bear upon the ground throughout its length1 but only at its extremities4 ,so from the single roller would be evolved two rough wheels joined by a beam1 square at first though afterwards rounded1 upon which could be fixed a frame for the load4 ,such axle and wheels would revolve together and keep the required position by means of pieces of wood which may be compared with the thole-pins of a boat4 ,and it is a remarkable fact that until last century such primitive carts were in use in ,portugal and parts of ,south ,america4 ,the chief drawback to a vehicle of this kind is its inability to turn in a small space1 and the pioneers1 whoever they were1 finally discovered the principle of the fixed axle-tree1 the wheels revolving upon their own centre4 ,so1 8instead of fixing the cross-beam or axle in a square hole10 these pioneers 8would contrive it to play easily in a round one of a conical form1 that being the easiest form of adjustment40 ,such a car as this1 with solid wheels and a rude frame1 was used by the ,romans1 and is still to be seen in parts of ,chili4 ,the next process in the evolution of the wheel doubtless followed upon the necessity of economising with large sections of wood1 and there was finally invented a wheel made of three portions--a central pierced part1 the nave1 an outside circular piece1 the rim or felloe1 and two or more cross-pieces1 joining the two1 the spokes4 ,of these the felloes would tend to wear soonest1 and a double set would be applied to the spokes1 as was the case until recently in the ox-carts of the ,pampas1 or barcos de tierra1 as they were called by the natives4 ,and indeed1 the first carriages of which we have particular information1 the chariots of the ,egyptians and their neighbours1 differ essentially from such primitive carts only in the delicacy and ornamentation of the carriage body4 ,illustration3 ,types of ,primitive ,carts ,various vehicles are mentioned in the ,bible1 though one must be chary of differentiating between them merely because the translators have given them different names4 ,both waggons and chariots are mentioned in ,genesis4 ,jacob's family were sent to him in a waggon4 ,joseph rode in the second chariot of ,pharaoh as a particular mark of favour4 ,at the time of the ,exodus1 war-chariots formed an important part of the ,egyptian army1 and indeed1 right through the various dynasties1 there is an almost continuous mention of their use4#c 8,the deft craftsmen of ,egypt10 says ,breasted1#d 8soon mastered the art of chariot-making1 and the stables of the ,pharaoh contained thousands of the best horses to be had in ,asia40 ,about #aejj ,b4,c4 ,thutmose ,,iii went forth to battle in 8a glittering chariot of electrum40 ,he slew the enemy's leader1 and took captive their princes and 8their chariots1 wrought with gold1 bound to their horses40 ,these barbarians also had 8chariots of silver10 though this probably means that they were built of wood and strengthened or decorated with silver4 ,at the dissolution of the ,empire the ,hittites had increased wonderfully in power1 and it is told of them that they excelled all other nations in the art of chariotry4 ,the ,hittite chariot was larger and more heavily built than that of the ,egyptians1 as it bore three men1 driver1 bowman1 and shield-bearer1 while the ,egyptian was satisfied with two4 ,the enormous number of chariots used in warfare is shown by the fact that in the fourteenth century before ,christ1 when the ,egyptians defeated the ,syrians at ,megiddo1 nearly a thousand were captured1 and against ,ramses ,,ii the ,hittites put no less than #bejj into the field4 8,the ,egyptian chariots10 says ,h4 ,a4 ,white1#e 8were of light and simple construction1 the material employed being wood1 as is proved by sculptures representing the manufacture of chariots4 ,the axle was set far back1 and the bottom of the car1 which rested on this and on the pole1 was sometimes formed of a frame interlaced with a network of thongs or ropes4 ,the chariot was entirely open behind and for the greater part of the sides1 which were formed by a curved rail rising from each side of the back of the base1 and resting on a wooden upright above the pole in front4 ,from this rail1 which was strengthened by leather thongs1 a bow-case of leather1 often richly ornamented1 hung on the right-hand side1 slanting forwards2 while the quiver and spear cases inclined in the opposite direction4 ,the wheels1 which were fastened on the axle by a linch-pin secured with a short thong1 had six spokes in the case of war chariots1 but in private vehicles sometimes only four4#f ,the pole sloped upwards1 and to the end of it a curved yoke was attached4 ,a small saddle at each end of the yoke rested on the withers of the horses1 and was secured in its place by breast-band and girth4 ,no traces are to be seen4 ,the bridle was often ornamented2 a bearing-rein was fastened to the saddle1 and the other reins passed through a ring at the side of this4 ,the number of horses to a chariot seems always to have been two2 and in the car1 which contained no seat1 only rarely are more than two persons depicted1 except in triumphal processions4 ,illustration3 ,assyrian ,chariot 7,from ,smith's 8,concise ,history of ,english ,carriages07 8,assyrian chariots did not differ in any essential points from the ,egyptian4#g ,they were1 however1 completely panelled at the sides1 and a shield was sometimes hung at the back4 ,the wheels had six1 or1 at a later period1 eight spokes2 the felloes were broad1 and seem to have been formed of three distinct circles of wood1 sometimes surrounded by a metal tyre4 ,while only two horses were attached to the yokes1 in the older monuments a third horse is generally to be seen1 which was probably used as a reserve4 ,the later chariots are square in front1 not rounded2 the car itself is larger and higher2 the cases for the weapons are placed in front1 not at the side2 and only two horses are used4 ,the harness differs somewhat from the ,egyptian4 ,a broad collar passes round the neck1 from which hangs a breast ornament1 the whole being secured by a triple strap under the belly of the horse4 ,as in ,egypt there are no traces visible2 two driving-reins are attached to each horse1 but the bearing-rein seems to be unknown4 ,in addition to the warrior and the charioteer1 we often see a third man who bears a shield2 and a fourth occupant of the chariot sometimes appears4 8,the ,hittite chariots1 as represented on ,egyptian monuments1 regularly contain three warriors4 ,in construction they are plainer and more solid than the ,egyptian1 and the sides are not open4 ,the chariots on ,persian sculptures closely resemble the ,assyrian40 ,there is still preserved in the ,archological ,museum at ,florence an ,egyptian chariot1 a light1 simple1 two-wheeled affair with a single shaft and four spokes to the wheels4 ,from the number of spokes it may be supposed that this particular chariot was not used in war4 ,in ,new ,york1 too1 there is preserved the wheel of an ,egyptian chariot found at ,dashour4 ,the particulars of this bear out ,mr4 ,white's description4 ,the wheel itself is three feet high1 with a long axle arm1 six spokes1 tapering towards the felloe1 and a double rim4 8,the six inner felloes do not meet as in modern wheels10 says ,thrupp1#h 8but are spliced one over the other1 with an overlap of three inches40 ,artificial roads seem to have existed at an early period in ,palestine1 but the country was hardly suitable for vehicles1 and one first hears of waggons in the flatter wastes of ,egypt and the level plains of ,philistia4 ,agricultural carts these were1 though no doubt early used for passenger traffic4 ,some of these carts were most probably covered1 though no coverings seem to have been fixed to the chariots4 ,the ,assyrians1 however1 occasionally took into their private chariots an attendant1 who was provided with a covering shaped somewhat like a modern umbrella4 ,this covering was held over the owner's head1 and was sometimes provided with a curtain which hung down at the back4 ,details of the private carriages in use during these ,biblical times filter through the chronicles4 ,in ,syria the merchants despatched by ,solomon to buy chariots had to pay #fjj shekels each for them4 ,solomon in his quest for luxury seems to have been the first man to build a more elaborate car than satisfied his contemporaries4 ,one to be used on state occasions was built of cedar wood and had 8pillars of gold40 ,probably it was some form of litter4 ,the number of private cars was increasing enormously in all these ,eastern cities4 ,the prophet ,nahum in lamenting the future woes of ,nineveh speaks of 8the noise of the whip1 and the noise of the rattling of the wheels1 and of the prancing horses1 and of the jumping chariots10 which will no longer bear witness to the city's prosperity4 ,the absence of wide roads1 however1 militated against great changes of form in the carriages1 which maintained their simple shape until many centuries later4 ,the war-chariot 7 or 7 of the early ,greeks was curved in front1 and loftier than that of the ,egyptians4 ,the entrance was at the back4 ,it was never covered1 but frequently bore a curious basket-like arrangement1 the 1 upon or in which two people could sit4 ,the 1 or rim1 in most cases ran round the three sides of the body1 but occasionally there was only a curved barrier in front4 ,the body itself was often strengthened by a trellis-work of strips of light wood or metal4 ,the barrier was of varying height2 in some chariots it did not reach above the driver's knee2 in others it came up to his waist1 but in war-chariots never higher than that4 ,the axle was of oak1 ash1 elm1 or even of iron1 and precious metals1 according to the legend1 were used for the chariots of the gods4 ,so of ,juno's car we read3-- 8,the whirling wheels are to the chariot hung4 ,on the bright axle turns the bidden wheel ,of sounding brass3 the polish'd axle steel4 ,eight brazen spokes in radiant order flame2 ,the circles gold1 of uncorrupted frame1 ,such as the heavens produce2 and round the gold ,two brazen rings of work divine were roll'd4 ,the bossy naves of solid silver shone2 ,braces of gold suspend the moving throne40 ,the last line suggests an innovation which was certainly not followed for some considerable time4 ,the chariot in general was about seven feet long1 and could be lifted by a strong man like ,diomed4 ,indeed1 it could be driven over the bodies of dead warriors4 ,the pole sloped sharply upwards1 and sometimes ended in the head of a bird or animal4 ,it emerged either from the floor of the car or from the axle4 ,towards its end the yoke for the horses was fastened about a pin fixed into it4 ,though the ,lydians used chariots with two or even three poles1 the ,greeks never had more than one2 and as with the ,egyptians1 there were no traces4 ,if the pole broke1 the horses must have dashed away with part of it1 leaving the chariot at a standstill4 ,occasionally1 too1 a third horse was used1 upon which sat a postilion4 ,at a later period several ,grecian carriages were in common use1 though not in warfare4 ,representations of such cars are to be found on the ,elgin ,marbles4 ,and1 as was the case a dozen or more centuries afterwards1 the carriage became the outward sign of luxury4 ,it invariably appeared in the state processions1 and was made the receptacle for the most gorgeous ornamentation4 ,gold1 ebony1 copper1 ivory1 and white lead were all used for this purpose1 while the interiors of the cars were made comfortable with soft cushions and fine tapestries4 ,they appeared1 too1 in great numbers at the famous chariot races1 at which four or more horses were driven abreast4 ,often the same man was rich enough to possess more than one carriage4 ,so we read of ,xerxes changing from his to his 1 or state-carriage1 at the end of a march4 ,besides these1 there were also the 1 a kind of family sociable1 the 1 a waggon1 the 1 and the 1 or litter4 ,the was a large four-wheeled waggon1 enclosed by curtains and provided with a or roof4 ,four or more horses were required to draw it4 ,it was so large that a person could lie in it at full length1 and1 indeed1 on many occasions it acted the part of a hearse4 ,by far the most extraordinary hearse ever built was a used to convey the body of ,alexander the ,great--himself the possessor of numerous carriages--from ,babylon to ,alexandria4 8,it was prepared10 says ,thrupp1 8during two years1 and was designed by the celebrated architect and engineer ,hieronymus4 ,it was #ah feet long and #ab feet wide1 on four massive wheels1 and drawn by sixty-four mules1 eight abreast4 ,the car was composed of a platform with a lofty roof supported by eighteen columns1 and was profusely adorned with drapery and gold and jewels2 round the edge of the roof was a row of golden bells2 in the centre was a throne1 and before it the coffin2 around were placed the weapons of war and the arms that ,alexander had used40 ,the was also largely used by the ladies of ,greece1 who when they drove forth were careful to see that the curtains completely enclosed them4 ,the 1 also a four-wheeled waggon1 was probably similar to the 1 though built upon a less imposing scale4 ,the was a still lighter carriage4 ,it is described by ,herodotus1 and seems to have been a covered vehicle surrounded by silken curtains which could be pulled back when required4 ,its interior was generally furnished with cushions of goat leather4 ,two wheels were more frequent1 but four were sometimes found4 ,it was said that ,timoleon1 an old blind man1 drove upon one occasion into the senate house and delivered a speech from his 4 ,in some cases a two-wheeled carriage of this kind was not furnished with curtains1 but enclosed in an oval-shaped covering of basket-work4 ,hesiod objected to such a conveyance because of its inability to keep out the dust4 ,little is known of the 1 but it was a ,laconian car made of wood1 with an arched1 plaited covering1 used chiefly by women4 ,doubtless it was little different from the 4 ,coming to the ,romans1 we find a far greater variety of vehicles1 though the descriptions that have come down are meagre and not particularly distinctive4 ,that the ,romans early realised the enormous importance1 both military and otherwise1 of carriages1 is shown by their amazing roads4 ,such roads had never before been constructed4 ,they were1 says ,gibbon1 8accurately divided by milestones1 and ran in a direct line from one city to another1 with very little respect for the obstacles1 either of nature or private property4 ,mountains were perforated1 and bold arches thrown over the broadest and most rapid streams4 ,the middle part of the road was raised into a terrace1 which commanded the adjacent country1 consisted of several layers of sand1 gravel1 and cement1 and was paved with large stones1 or1 in some places near the capital1 with granite40 ,probably the most famous of these roads was the ,appian ,way1 connecting ,rome with ,capua4 ,it was wide enough1 according to ,procopius1 who marched along it in the sixth century1 for two chariots to pass one another without inconvenience or delay1 a matter certainly not possible1 for instance1 in most of the ,eastern cities at that time4 ,and so1 with the finest engineers the world had seen linking up various cities1 cross-country travelling in a carriage1 from being well-nigh impossible1 became comparatively easy4 ,gibbon mentions in this connection the surprising feat of one ,csarius1 who journeyed from ,antioch to ,constantinople1 a distance of #ffe miles1 in six days4 ,the ,roman war-chariot1 or currus1 was practically the same as the ,greek 1 though certain modifications were introduced4 ,more than two horses were driven1 and from their number came several words1 such as sejugis1 octojugis1 and decemjugis1 which sufficiently explain themselves4 ,it appears1 moreover1 that the currus was occasionally driven by four horses without either pole or yoke1 and it has been suggested that in such a case the driver probably stopped the car by bearing all his weight on to the back of the body1 so that its floor would touch the ground1 thus forming a primitive brake4 ,besides the currus1 and even before their marvellous roads had been laid down1 the ,romans possessed other cars4 ,the earliest of these seems to have been a long1 covered1 four-wheeled waggon1 called arcera1 which was mainly used to carry infirm or very old people4 ,in this the driver sat on a seat in front of the body1 and drove two horses abreast4 ,though the most ancient of the ,roman carriages1 the arcera1 as seen on monuments1 has a very modern appearance4 ,in more luxurious times the lectica1 a large litter1 seems to have led to its gradual extinction4 ,the essedum1 at one time very popular in ,italy1 was brought in the first place to ,rome by ,julius ,csar4 ,it was the war-chariot of the ,britons1 and was entirely unlike the ,roman or ,egyptian cars4 ,the wheels were much larger1 the entrance was in front and not at the back1 there was a seat1 and the pole1 instead of running up to the horses' necks1 remained horizontal1 and was so wide that the driver could step along it4 ,the ,british charioteers could drive their cars at a very great rate1 and were exceedingly agile on the flat pole1 from the extremity of which they threw their missiles4 ,the cars were purposely made as noisy as possible to strike dismay into the enemy's lines4 ,at times the wheels were furnished with scythes1 which projected from the axle-tree ends1 and helped to maim those unfortunate enough to be run down4#i ,cicero1 hearing good opinions of it1 besought a friend to bring him a good pattern from ,britain1 and took occasion to add that the chariot was the only pleasing thing which that benighted country produced4 ,the essedum speedily became popular in ,rome1 though not as an engine of war4 ,decorated and constructed of fine materials1 it was the fashionable pleasure carriage4 ,curiously enough1 however1 the seat which had been so conspicuous a feature of the chariot in its native place was not used in ,rome4 ,the owner drove the essedum himself1 and yoked two horses to the pole4 ,there was some opposition to its use on the grounds of undue luxury1 and a tribune who rode abroad in one was on that account considered effeminate4 ,seneca put the esseda deaurata amongst things qu matronarum usibus necessaria sint4 ,emperors and generals used them as travelling carriages1 and they were to be hired at regular posting-stations4 ,a somewhat similar carriage1 the covinus1 was also in use in various countries at this date4 ,this was covered in except in front2 like the essedum1 it had no seat for the driver1 and in times of war it seems to have had scythes attached to the axle in the ,british fashion4 ,little1 however1 is known of it1 and it may be dismissed here with a mere mention of its existence4 ,illustration3 ,cisium ,the ,primitive ,gig 7,from a ,roman ,inscription7 ,illustration3 ,agrippina's ,carpentum 7,from a ,roman ,coin7 ,the essedum is of particular importance insomuch as it may be considered to be the prototype of all the vehicles of the curricle or gig type4 ,the first of these in use amongst the ,romans was the cisium1 whose form is well shown on a monumental column near ,treves4 ,it was surprisingly like the ordinary gig of modern times4 ,the body at first was fixed to the frames1 but afterwards seems to have been suspended by rough traces or straps4 ,the entrance was in front1 there was a seat for two1 and underneath this a large box or case4 ,mules were generally used to draw it1 one1 a pair1 or1 according to ,ausonius1 three--in which case a postilion sat on the third horse4 ,they were built primarily for speed1 and were in common use throughout ,italy and ,gaul1 though the ladies1 unwilling to be seen in an uncovered carriage1 drove in other conveyances4 ,the cisium on the whole must have been comfortable and light4 ,seneca admits that you could write a letter easily while driving in one4 ,and in due course the new carriage became so popular that it could be hired1 and the cisiarii1 or hackney coachmen1 could be penalised for careless driving4 ,indeed1 so very modern were the ,roman ideas upon the question of travel1 that there were certain places at which the cisium was always to be found--a kind of primitive cab-rank4 ,coming to the larger waggons and carriages1 there were the sarracum1 the plaustrum1 the carpentum1 the pilentum1 the benna1 the reda1 the carruca1 the pegma--a huge wheeled apparatus used for raising great weights1 particularly in theatrical displays--and a mule-drawn litter1 the basterna4 ,of these the sarracum was a common cart used by the country folk for conveying produce4 ,it had either two or four wheels1 and was occasionally used by passengers1 though1 as ,cicero observed1 as a conveyance the sarracum was very vulgar4 ,it was not confined to ,italy1 but was common enough amongst those barbaric tribes against whom ,rome was so often victorious4 ,it was in sarraca1 moreover1 that the bodies were removed from ,rome in times of plague4 ,rather lighter than this carriage1 though heavy enough to our modern ideas1 was the plaustrum1#aj an ancient two or four-wheeled waggon of rude construction4 ,this was1 in its primitive form1 just a bare platform with a large pole projecting from the axle2 there were no supporting ribs at all1 and the load was simply placed on the platform4 ,upright boards1 or openwork rails1 however1 were used to make sides1 and at a later period a large basket was fastened on to the platform by stout thongs4 ,the wheels of the plaustrum were ordinarily solid1 of a kind called tympana1 or drums1 and were nearly a foot thick4 ,such a cart was but a slow vehicle1 and could turn only with great difficulty4 ,it was drawn by oxen or mules1 and like the sarracum was also used to carry passengers4#aa ,illustration3 ,pilentum ,the ,state ,carriage of the ,romans ,illustration3 ,benna ,the carpentum1 though two-wheeled1 bore resemblance to the ,greek 4 ,it had an arched covering4 ,it was in use during very early times at ,rome1 though only distinguished citizens were privileged to ride in it4 ,the currus arcuatus1 given by ,numa to the ,flamines1 was no doubt a form of carpentum1 which was also the travelling carriage of the elder ,tarquin4 ,it seems to have been evolved from the plaustrum1 being originally little more than a covered cart2 but in the days of the ,empire it became most luxurious1 and was not only furnished with curtains of the richest silk1 but seems to have had solid panellings and sculptures attached to the body4 ,agrippina's carpentum1 for instance1 had fine paintings on its panels1 and its roof was supported by figures at the four corners4 ,like the 1 it was also used as a hearse4 ,two mules were required to draw it4 ,the pilentum was a carriage of a more official character4 ,it may be called the state coach of the ,romans--a four-wheeled becushioned car with a roof supported by pillars1 but1 unlike the carpentum1 open at the sides4 ,it was always considered to be the most comfortable of the ,roman carriages1 and may indeed have been hung upon 8swing-poles0 between the wheels4 ,the social difference between the pilentum and the carpentum may be deduced from one of the many carriage laws passed by the ,senate4 ,the ,roman matrons were allowed to drive in the carpentum on all occasions1 but might use the pilentum only at the games or public festivals4 ,such 8sumptuary laws0 were constantly being passed1 and a special vote was even required to enable the mother of ,nero to drive in her carriage in the city itself4 ,it was not until the fourth century ,a4,d4 that all such restrictions were banished4 ,pliny mentions another carriage of imperial ,rome--the carruca1 which had four wheels and was used equally in the city and for long journeys4 ,nero travelled with great numbers of them--on one occasion with no less than three thousand4 ,in ,rome itself the fashionable citizen drove forth in a carruca that was covered with plates of bronze1 silver1 or even gold4 ,enormous sums were spent upon their decoration4 ,painters1 sculptors1 and embroiderers were employed4 ,martial speaks of an aurea carruca costing as much as a large farm4 ,the carruca1 indeed1 may be said to correspond with the phaeton1 which was so fashionable in ,england towards the end of the eighteenth century4 ,as with the phaeton1 so with the carruca--the higher it was built the better pleased was its owner4 ,various kinds of carruca existed4 ,the carruc argentat were those granted by ,alexander ,severus to the senators4 ,there is also mention of a carruca domestoria4 ,unfortunately1 however1 no contemporary representation of a carriage can definitely be said to be a carruca4 ,little enough1 moreover1 is known of the two other waggons1 the reda and the benna4 ,the reda was a large four-wheeled waggon used mainly to convey agricultural produce4 ,it seems to have been brought into ,italy from ,wallachia4 ,the benna was a cart whose body was formed entirely of basket-work4 ,there is a drawing of it on the column of ,antoninus at ,rome4 ,a similar vehicle persists to this day in ,italy1 ,south ,germany1 and ,belgium1 and bears a similar name4 ,under the ,empire1 then1 carriage-building flourished1 particularly after ,alexander ,severus had put an end to all the older restrictions4 ,various forms of carriages were to be seen on the roads1 and there was1 as ,i have hinted1 even an attempt at a spring4 ,one of the carriages of this period is definitely described as 8borne on long poles1 fixed to the axles40 8,now a certain amount of spring10 says ,thrupp1 8can be obtained from the centre of a long1 light pole4 ,the ,neapolitan ,calesse1 the ,norwegian ,carriole1 and the ,yarmouth ,cart were all made with a view to obtaining ease by suspension on poles between bearings placed far apart4 ,in these the seat is placed midway between the two wheels and the horse1 on very long shafts1 which are there made into wooden springs40 ,and in the old ,roman carriages1 he goes on to say1 8the weight was carried between the front and hind axles1 on long poles or wooden springs4 ,the undercarriage of the later four-wheeled vehicles used by the ,romans was1 in all probability1 the same as is in use at the present day1 both in this country and on the ,continent1 and indeed in ,america1 for the under-carriages of agricultural waggons40 ,even with such splendid roads as the ,romans possessed1 however1 the streets of their towns do not seem to have been very wide1 and this must be one of the reasons for the early appearance of another kind of conveyance1 the litter1 which1 during the dark ages1 was practically the only carriage to be used4 ,these litters came from the ,east4 ,the ,babylonians in particular preferred to be carried about in a chair or couch rather than to be jolted in a carriage4 ,ericthonius1 a lame man1 is supposed to have introduced them into ,athens1 where they were known as or 4 ,speedily they became popular1 especially with the women4 ,magnificently decorated1 the was constantly carried along the narrow streets1 and on being brought over to ,rome proved no less agreeable to the ,romans4 ,the lectica1 or1 as it was called at a later period1 the sella1 may in the first instance have been used to carry the sick1 but in a short time became a common form of conveyance4 ,this palanquin had an arched roof of leather stretched over four posts4 ,the sides were covered by curtains1 though at a later period it would seem that crude windows of talc were used4 ,the interior was furnished with pillows1 and when standing the litter rested upon four feet4 ,two slaves bore it by means of long poles loosely attached4 ,in ,martial's time these lecticarii wore red liveries1 and were sometimes preceded by a third slave to make way4 ,julius ,csar restricted their numbers1 and in the reign of ,claudius permission to use them was granted only as a particular mark of the royal favour4 ,several varieties of litter appeared4 ,the sella portatoria or gestatoria was a small sedan chair4 ,some1 however1 were constructed to hold two4 ,the cathedra1 which was probably identical with the sella muliebris mentioned by ,suetonius1 was mostly used by women4 ,the basterna was a much larger litter1 also used by women under the ,empire1 which was carried by two mules4 ,in this carriage the sides might be opened or closed1 and the whole body was frequently gilded4 ,a few other primitive carriages here call for mention4 ,the ,dacians1 who inhabited parts of what is now ,hungary1 used square vehicles with four wheels1 in which the six spokes widened towards the rims4 ,the ,scythians used a peculiar two-wheeled cart consisting of a platform on which was placed a conical covering1 resembling in shape a beehive1 and made of a basket-work of hazelwood1 over which were stretched the skins of beasts or a thatching of reeds4 ,when camping out these people would lift this covering bodily from the cart and use it as a tent4 ,much the same custom was followed by the wandering ,tartars4 8,their huts or tents10 says ,marco ,polo1 8are formed of rods covered with felt1 and being exactly round and nicely put together1 they can gather them into one bundle1 and make them up as packages1 which they carry along with them in their migrations1 upon a sort of car with four wheels40 8,besides these cars10 he continues1 8they have a superior kind of vehicle upon two wheels1 covered likewise with black felt1 and so effectually as to protect those within it from wet during a whole day of rain4 ,these are drawn by oxen and camels1 and serve to convey their wives and children1 their utensils1 and such provisions as they require40 ,the same traveller described the carriages of ,southern ,china4 ,speaking of ,kin-sai1 then the capital1 he says1 8,the main street of the city 444 is paved with stone and brick to the width of ten paces on each side1 the intermediate part being filled up with small gravel1 and provided with arched drains for carrying off the rain-water that falls into the neighbouring canals1 so that it remains always dry4 ,on this gravel it is that the carriages are continually passing and re-passing4 ,they are of a long shape1 covered at top1 having curtains and cushions of silk1 and are capable of holding six persons4 ,both men and women who feel disposed to take their pleasure are in the daily practice of hiring them for that purpose1 and accordingly at every hour you may see vast numbers of them driven along the middle part of the street40 ,to this day such carriages as are here described can be had for hire in ,china1 though in general they are of a smaller size4 ,in some respects they resembled what is called in this country a tilted cart4 ,the ,persians used large chariots in which was built a kind of turret from whose interior the warriors could at once throw their spears and obtain protection4 ,one1 taken from an ancient coin1 is thus described by ,sir ,robert ,ker ,porter in his ,travels in ,georgia1 ,persia1 and ,ancient ,babylon 7#ahba73-- 0 444 a large chariot1 which is drawn by a magnificent pair of horses2 one of the men1 in ampler garments than his compeers1 and bareheaded1 holds the bridle of the horses 444 which are without trappings1 but the details of their bits and the manner of reining them are executed with the utmost care4 ,the pole of the car is seen passing behind the horses1 projecting from the centre of the carriage1 which is in a cylindrical shape1 elevated rather above the line of the animals' heads4 ,the wheel of the car is extremely light and tastefully put together40 ,here1 too1 it is to be noticed that the driver is shown with his arms over the backs of the animals4 ,in another chariot1 which most probably was ,persian1 the body seems to be made of a 8light wood1 as of interlaced canes4 ,similar chariots are seen in the ,assyrian bas-reliefs and others1 somewhat resembling this1 on ,etruscan and ,grecian painted vases4 ,a chariot thus constituted must have been of extreme rapidity and of scarcely any weight40#ab ,the ,persians also had an idol-car1 which was a kind of moving platform1 and their chariots were at one period armed with scythes4 ,these scythes1 generally considered to be the invention of ,cyrus1 do not seem to have hung from the axle-ends1 as was the case in ,britain1 but from the body itself1 8in order10 thinks ,ginzrot1 who wrote on these early carriages1 8to allow the wheels to turn unobstructed4 ,in this way10 he says1 8the scythes had a firm hold1 and could inflict more damage than if they had been applied to the wheels or felloes and revolved with them4 ,nearly all writers treating on this subject are of this opinion1 and ,curtius says3 ,alias deinde falces summis rotarum orbibus hrebant thence curving downwards4 ,the scythes could easily have been attached to the body 444 and1 notwithstanding1 it might be said they extended over the felloe1 for ,curtius said1 not that the scythes revolved with the wheels1 but hrebant40#ac ,early ,indian carriages were probably not very different from some of those now in use amongst the natives4 ,the common gharry is certainly built after a primitive model4 ,in this there are two wheels1 8a high axle-tree bed1 and a long platform1 frequently made of two bamboos1 which join in front and form the pole1 to which two oxen are yoked40 ,in ,arabia there was the araba1 a primitive latticed carriage for women1 which possessed 8wing-guards0--pieces of wood shaped to the top of the wheels and projecting over them--a feature also to be found in the early ,persian cars4 ,taking these early carriages as a whole one may be inclined to feel surprise at the varieties displayed1 yet there were not after all very great differences between them4 ,they were two-or four-wheeled contrivances with a long pole in front1 and it is only in mere size and decoration that discrimination can properly be made4 8,the ,egyptians10 says ,thrupp1 8with all their learning and skill1 appear to have made no change during the centuries of experience2 as at the beginning1 so at the end1 the kings stand by the side of their charioteers1 or hold the reins themselves4 ,the ,persians and ,hindoos introduced luxurious improvements1 and in lofty vehicles elevated the nobles above the heads of the people1 and secluded their women in curtained carriages4 ,the ,greeks introduced no new vehicles1 but perfected so successfully the useful waggon1 that their model is still seen throughout ,europe1 without change of principle or structure4 ,the ,romans1 on the other hand1 in their career of conquest1 gathered from every nation what was good1 and1 wherever possible1 improved upon it40 ,after the fall of the ,roman ,empire1 however1 there was little further progress for several centuries4 ,in the general retrogression1 which1 rightly or wrongly1 one associates with those dark ages1 the wheeled carriage1 in common with a multitude of other adjuncts to civilisation1 was to suffer4 ,chapter the ,second ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,litters 8,there is a litter2 lay him in 't and drive toward ,dover1 friend60 ,king ,lear4 ,as roadmakers1 the ,romans1 if they can be said to have had successors at all1 were succeeded by the monks4 ,on the assumption that travellers were unfortunate people1 as indeed they were1 needing help1 religious ,orders were founded whose chief work was that of building bridges and repairing the roads4 ,other ,orders likewise performed such tasks1 though possibly for more selfish reasons1 being as they were large owners of cattle1 and immersed as much in agricultural as in theological occupations4 ,so in many parts of ,europe the ,pontife ,brothers1 or bridge-makers1 were to be found4 ,there were also ,gilds formed to repair the roads1 such as the ,gild of the ,holy ,cross in ,birmingham1 founded in the reign of ,richard ,,ii1 which 8mainteigned 444 and kept in good reparaciouns the greate stone bridges1 and divers foule and dangerous high wayes1 the charge whereof the towne of hitsellfe ys not hable to mainteigne40 ,in ,piers the ,plowman1 too1 the rich merchants are exhorted to repair the 8wikked wayes0 and see that the 8brygges to-broke by the heye weyes0 may be mended 8in som manere wise40 ,the maintenance of the roads in ,england1 says ,m4 ,jusserand1#ad 8greatly depended upon arbitrary chance1 upon opportunity1 or on the goodwill or the devotion of those to whom the adjoining land belonged4 ,in the case of the roads1 as of bridges1 we find petitions of private persons who pray that a tax be levied upon those who pass along1 towards the repair of the road40 ,so in #abhi1 ,walter ,godelak of ,walingford is praying for 8the establishment of a custom to be collected from every cart of merchandize traversing the road between ,jowemarsh and ,newenham1 on account of the depth1 and for the repair1 of the said way40 ,unfortunately for him--and doubtless he was no exception to the rule--the reply came3 8,the ,king will do nothing therein40 ,indeed the roads were in a truly abominable condition4 ,as often as not1 deep ruts marred what surface there had ever been1 and here and there brooks and pools rendered easy passage an impossibility4 ,there is a patent of ,edward ,,iii 7,nov4 #bj1 #acec7 which ordered 8the paving of the high road1 alta via1 running from ,temple ,bar0--then the western limit of ,london--8to ,westminster40 8,this road10 says ,m4 ,jusserand1 8had been paved1 but the ,king explains that it is #8so full of holes and bogs 444 and that the pavement is so damaged and broken' that the traffic has become very dangerous for men and carriages4 ,in consequence1 he orders each proprietor on both sides of the road to remake1 at his own expense1 a footway of seven feet up to the ditch1 usque canellum10 and see to it that the middle of the road is well paved4 ,in ,france matters were just as bad4 8,outside the town of ,paris10 runs one fourteenth-century ordinance1 8in several parts of the suburbs 444 there are many notable and ancient high-roads1 bridges1 lanes1 and roads1 which are much injured1 damaged or decayed and otherwise hindered by ravines of water and great stones1 by hedges1 brambles1 and many other trees which have grown there1 and by many other hindrances which have happened there1 because they have not been maintained and provided for in time past2 and they are in such a bad state that they cannot be securely traversed on foot or horseback1 nor by vehicles1 without great perils and inconveniences2 and some of them are abandoned at all parts because men cannot resort there40 ,wherefore it was proposed that the inhabitants should be compelled1 by force if necessary1 to attend to the matter4 ,while1 however1 the wretched state into which the roads were being allowed to fall had a great deal to do with the almost total1 though indeed temporary1 extinction of the wheeled pleasure carriage in western ,europe1 there is another fact which must be taken into consideration in any endeavour to account for it4 ,as will appear in a little1 the renaissance of carriage-building in the sixteenth century was for a time retarded in various places by a widespread feeling of distrust against anything that could be thought to lead to an accusation of effeminacy4 ,laws were passed--as was the case1 for instance1 in #abid1 under ,philip the ,fair of ,france--forbidding people to ride in coaches1 and sharp comparisons were drawn by the satirists between the hardy horsemen of old and the modern comfort-loving individuals who lolled1 or were supposed to loll--though how they could have done so in those springless monstrosities is past comprehension--in their gaudily decorated carriages4 ,i would not insist upon the point1 but it may be that in the reaction against such undue luxuries as had helped to bring ruin to the ,roman ,empire1 carriages for that reason became unpopular4 ,from which1 of course1 it would follow that the disappearance of the carriage led1 in part at any rate1 to the neglect of the roads1 and such new roads as were made would be laid down primarily for the convenience only of the horsemen4 ,the same thing applied also to the litters1 though their popularity naturally followed merely upon the state of the roads4 ,before attempting to deal with these litters1 it will be well to see what is known--it is not very much--of such wheeled carriages as there were at this time1 and at the outset it is necessary to bear in mind that the old chroniclers used the word carriage in anything but its modern significance4 ,to them a carriage was no more than an agricultural or baggage cart4 ,time and again you have accounts of this or that great man making his way1 peaceably or otherwise1 through some country1 accompanied by numbers of carriages4 ,these were simply his luggage carts1 and although1 as in earlier times1 the cart1 gaily ornamented1 could very easily be converted into a pleasure carriage1 it is important to remember the real meaning of the word4 ,such carts1 in point of fact1 were extremely common4 ,in ,england they were generally square boxes made of planks borne on two wheels4 ,others1 of a lighter pattern1 were built of 8slatts latticed with a willow trellis40 ,their chief peculiarity was to be found in their wheels1 which were furnished with extraordinarily large nails with prominent heads4 ,contemporary manuscripts give rough pictures of such carts4 ,one of these is shown drawn by three dogs4 ,one man squats inside1 a second helps to push it from behind4 ,a most interesting illustration in the ,louterell ,psalter--a fourteenth-century manuscript--shows a reaper's cart going uphill4 ,here the two huge1 six-spoked wheels with their projecting nails are clearly shown4 ,the platform of the cart is strengthened by upright stakes with a cross-rail connecting them at the sides4 ,the driver1 standing over the wheels on the poles1 is holding a long whip which is flicking the leader of three horses4 ,three other men are helping at the rear1 and the stacks of wheat are held in position by ropes4 ,the earliest ,anglo-,saxon carriage of which there is record belongs to the twelfth century4 ,strutt refers to a drawing in one of the ,cottonian manuscripts1 which represents a peculiar four-wheeled contrivance with two upright poles rising from the axle-trees1 from which poles is slung a hammock4 ,such a chariot or chaer was apparently used by the more distinguished ,anglo-,saxons when setting out upon long journeys4 ,the drawing shows the figure of ,joseph on his way to meet ,jacob in ,egypt1 but is no doubt a correct representation of a travelling carriage in the artist's lifetime4 ,this hammock is interesting as being a primitive form of suspension1 which may or may not have led to the later experiments in that direction4 ,illustration3 ,fourteenth ,century ,english ,carriage 7,from the ,louterell ,psalter7 ,illustration3 ,fourteenth ,century ,reaper's ,cart 7,from the ,louterell ,psalter7 ,a most luxurious ,english carriage of the fourteenth century is shown in the ,louterell ,psalter4 ,this was obviously evolved from a four-wheeled waggon4 ,five horses1 harnessed at length1 drew it1 a postilion with a short whip riding on the second1 and another with a long whip on the wheeler4 ,the tunnel-like body was highly ornamented1 and its front decorated with carved birds and men's heads4 ,the frame of the body was continued in front as two poles1 and underneath1 hanging by a ring and looking rather ludicrous1 is shown a small trunk4 ,women only appear in this carriage1 the men riding behind it4 8,nothing10 remarks ,m4 ,jusserand1 8gives a better idea of the encumbering1 awkward luxury which formed the splendour of civil life during this century than the structure of these heavy machines4 ,the best had four wheels2 three or four horses drew them1 harnessed in a row1 the postilion being mounted on one1 armed with a short-handled whip of many thongs2 solid beams rested on the axles1 and above this framework rose an archway rounded like a tunnel2 as a whole1 ungraceful enough4 ,but the details10 he goes on to say1 speaking of the carriage shown in the ,louterell ,psalter1 8were extremely elegant1 the wheels were carved and their spokes expanded near the hoop into ribs forming pointed arches2 the beams were painted and gilt1 the inside was hung with those dazzling tapestries1 the glory of the age2 the seats were furnished with embroidered cushions2 a lady might stretch out there1 half sitting1 half lying2 pillows were disposed in the corners as if to invite sleep1 square windows pierced the sides and were hung with curtains4 ,thus travelled10 he continues with a touch of picturesqueness1 8the noble lady1 slim in form1 tightly clad in a dress which outlined every curve of the body1 her long1 slender hands caressing the favourite dog or bird4 ,the knight1 equally tightened in his cote-hardie1 regarded her with a complacent eye1 and1 if he knew good manners1 opened his heart to his dreamy companion in long phrases like those in the romances4 ,the broad forehead of the lady1 who has perhaps coquettishly plucked off her eyebrows and stray hairs1 a process about which satirists were indignant1 brightens up at moments1 and her smile is like a ray of sunshine4 ,meanwhile the axles groan1 the horse-shoes--also heavily nailed--crunch the ground1 the machine advances by fits and starts1 descends into the hollows1 bounds altogether at the ditches1 and falls violently back with a dull noise40 ,other gaily decorated carriages1 surprisingly like our modern vans1 though on two wheels1 are shown in ,le ,roman du ,roy ,meliadus1 another fourteenth-century manuscript preserved in the ,british ,museum1 but only the richest and most powerful of the nobles could afford to keep them4 8,they were bequeathed10 says ,m4 ,jusserand1 8by will from one another1 and the gift was valuable4 ,on ,september #be1 #acee1 ,elizabeth de ,burgh1 ,lady ,clare1 wrote her last will and endowed her eldest daughter with #8her great carriage with the coverture1 carpets1 and cushions4' ,in the twentieth year of ,richard ,,ii1 ,roger ,rouland received #djj sterling for a carriage destined for ,queen ,isabella2 and ,john le ,charer1 in the sixth year of ,edward ,,iii1 received #ajjj for the carriage of ,lady ,eleanor--the ,king's sister40 ,these were fabulous sums1 when it is remembered that an ox cost about thirteen shillings and a sheep but one shilling and five pence4 ,now it may be that such a 8great carriage0 as is shown in the ,louterell ,psalter was identical with the whirlicote in which1 according to ,stowe1 ,richard ,,ii and his mother took refuge on the occasion of ,wat ,tyler's rebellion4 8,of old time10 says this honest tailor1 who himself witnessed the introduction of coaches into ,england1 8coaches were not known in this island1 but chariots or whirlicotes1 then so called1 and they only used of princes or great estates1 such as had their footmen about them2 and for example to note1 ,i read that ,richard ,,ii1 being threatened by the rebels of ,kent1 rode from the ,tower of ,london to the ,mile's ,end1 and with him his mother1 because she was sick and weak1 in a whirlicote1 the ,earl of ,buckingham 444 knights and ,esquires attending on horseback4 ,but in the next year #acha the said ,king ,richard took to wife ,anne1 daughter to the ,king of ,bohemia1 that first brought hither the riding upon side saddles2 and so was the riding in whirlicotes and chariots forsaken1 except at coronations and such like spectacles40 ,from this it would appear that the whirlicote 7which may1 as ,bridges ,adams suggests1 have been derived from 8whirling0 or moving 8cot0 or house7 was identical with the chariot or chaer4 ,unfortunately the translators of ,froissart1 who mentions the incident of ,richard's ride from the ,tower1 cannot agree upon the correct word to render the original charette4 ,charette1 chariette1 chare1 chaer 7,wicliffe71 and char 7,chaucer7 all occur in the early chronicles1 and there seems no means1 if1 indeed1 there is any need1 of differentiating between them4 ,all were probably waggons modified for the conveyance of such passengers as could afford to pay highly for the privilege4 ,one fact1 however1 suggests that there were at any rate two different kinds of carriages in ,england at this time1 for we read that the body of ,richard ,,ii was borne to its last resting-place 8upon a chariette or sort of litter on wheels1 such as is used by citizens' wives who are not able or not allowed to keep ordinary litters40 ,with this in mind1 it is difficult to agree with ,sir ,walter ,gilbey when he says#ae that the chare was a horse litter1 though it is fair to add that he acknowledges an opposite view4 ,the charette is obviously the ,french form of caretta1 which was the carriage in which ,beatrice1 the wife of ,charles of ,anjou1 entered ,naples in #abfg4af ,this vehicle is described as being covered both inside and without with sky-blue velvet powdered with golden lilies4 ,pope ,gregory ,x entered ,milan in #abgc in a similar carriage4 ,the caretta was probably an open car 8shaded simply by a canopy40 ,in the next century1 the ,anciennes ,chroniques de ,flandres1 a manuscript belonging to #acdg1 shows an illustration of ,ermengarde1 the wife of ,salvard1 ,lord of ,rousillon1 travelling in a four-wheeled conveyance remarkably like the ordinary country waggon of to-day4 8,the lady10 says ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8is seated on the floor-boards of a springless four-wheeled cart or waggon1 covered in with a tilt that could be raised or drawn aside2 the body of the vehicle is of carved wood and the outer edges of the wheels are painted grey to represent iron tyres4 ,the conveyance is drawn by two horses driven by a postilion who bestrides that on the near left side4 ,the traces are apparently of rope1 and the outer trace of the postilion's horse is represented as passing under the saddle-girth1 a length of leather 787 being let in for the purpose2 the traces are attached to swingle-bars carried on the end of a cross-piece secured to the base of the pole where it meets the body4 8,carriages of some kind10 he continues1 8appear also to have been used by men of rank when travelling on the ,continent4 ,the ,expeditions to ,prussia and the ,holy ,land of ,henry1 ,earl of ,derby1 in #acij and #acib-c 7,camden ,society's ,publications1 #ahid7 indicate that the ,earl1 afterwards ,king ,henry ,,iv of ,england1 travelled on wheels at least part of the way through ,austria4 8,the accounts kept by his ,treasurer during the journey contain several entries relative to carriages2 thus on ,november #ad1 #acib1 payment is made for the expenses of two equerries named ,hethcote and ,mansel1 who were left for one night at ,st4 ,michael1 between ,leoban and ,kniltefeld1 with thirteen carriage horses4 ,on the following day the route lay over such rugged and mountainous country that the carriage wheels were broken despite the liberal use of grease2 and at last the narrowness of the way obliged the ,earl to exchange his own carriage for two smaller ones better suited to the paths of the district4 8,the ,treasurer also records the sale of an old carriage at ,friola for three florins4 ,the exchange of the ,earl's #8own carriage' is the significant entry3 it seems very unlikely that a noble of his rank would have travelled so lightly that a single cart would contain his own luggage and that of his personal retinue2 and it is also unlikely that he used one luggage cart of his own4 ,the record points directly to the conclusion that the carriages were passenger vehicles used by the ,earl himself40 ,it is to be noted that the carriage of the ,lady ,ermengarde was a ,flemish vehicle4 ,flanders1 indeed1 seems to have shared with ,hungary the honour of playing pioneer in carriage-building throughout the ages1 and long after the general adoption of coaches in ,europe1 ,flemish models1 and also ,flemish mares1 were freely imported into the various countries4 ,another carriage of this time is described in a pre-,chaucerian poem called ,the ,squyr of ,low ,degree1 in which the father of a ,hungarian princess is made to say3-- 8,tomorrow ye shall on hunting fare1 ,and ride my daughter in a chare4 ,it shall be covered with velvet red1 ,and cloths of fine gold all about your head2 ,with damask white1 and azure blue1 ,well diapered with lilies new2 ,your pomelles shal be ended with gold1 ,your chains enammelled many a fold40 ,the pomelles no doubt were 8the handles to the rods affixed to the roof1 and were for the purpose of holding on by1 when deep ruts or obstacles in the road caused an unusual jerk in the vehicle40 ,one notices that lilies were apparently a common form of decoration on these early carriages1 but it is to be regretted that the accounts in general are so scanty4 ,we come to the litters4 ,of these the commonest1 both in ,england and on the ,continent1 seem to have been modifications of the ,roman basterna4 ,generally they were covered with a sort of vault with various openings4 ,two horses1 one at either end1 carried them4 ,the great majority held only one person4 ,thrupp describes them in some detail4 8,they were10 he says1 8long and narrow--long enough for a person to recline in--and no wider than could be carried between the poles which were placed on either side of the horses4 ,they were about four to five feet long1 and two feet six inches wide1 with low sides and higher ends4 ,the entrance was in the middle1 on both sides1 the doors being formed sometimes by a sliding panel and sometimes simply by a cross-bar4 ,the steps were of leather or iron loops1 the latter being hinged to turn up when the litter was placed on the ground4 ,the upper part was formed by a few broad wooden hoops1 united along the top by four or five slats1 and over the whole a canopy was placed1 which opened in the middle1 at the sides1 and ends1 for air and light40 ,isolated references to these horse-litters are scattered throughout the old chronicles1 but afford meagre information4 ,william of ,malmesbury states that the body of ,william ,rufus was placed on a reda caballaria1 a horse-litter1 the name of which suggests its origin4 ,according to ,matthew of ,westminster1 ,king ,john1 during his illness in #abaf1 was removed from ,swinstead ,abbey to ,newark in a similar vehicle1 the lectica equestre4 ,generally1 however1 the horse-litter was reserved exclusively for women1 men being unwilling to risk an accusation of effeminacy4 ,so1 in recording the death of ,earl ,ferrers in #abed1 from injuries received in an accident to his conveyance1 the historian is careful to explain that his ,lordship suffered from the gout1 which was why he happened to be in a litter at all4 ,as time passed1 the litter rather than the wheeled carriage became the state vehicle4 ,froissart1 writing of the second wife of ,richard ,,ii1 describes 8la june ,royne d',angleterre0 as travelling 8en une litere moult riche qui etoit ordonde pour elle40 ,margaret1 the daughter of ,henry ,,vii1 journeyed to ,scotland1 it is true1 on the back of a 8faire palfrey10 but she was followed by 8one vary riche litere1 borne by two faire coursers vary nobly drest2 in wich litere the sayd queene was borne in the intryng of the good townes1 or otherwise to her good playsher40 ,but on the ,continent new improvements were being made in wheeled carriages1 and when in #adcb ,henry ,,vi wrote to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury and other high dignitaries of the ,church1 with regard to the widow of ,henry of ,navarre1 he ordered them to place two chares at her disposal1 rather than the litter to which one might have thought she would be entitled4 ,sir ,walter ,gilbey translates the word to mean a horse-litter1 but ,markland1 in his paper on the ,early ,use of ,carriages in ,england 7,archologia1 ,vol4 ,,xx71 differentiates between the two1 ascribing a more ceremonial use to the litter1 and this seems to me to be nearer the truth4 ,both vehicles1 for instance1 are mentioned by ,holinshed in his description of the coronation ceremony of ,catherine of ,aragon in #aeji4 ,the ,queen herself rode in a litter of 8white clothe of golde1 not covered nor bailed1 which was led by two palfreys clad in white damask doone to the ground1 head and all1 led by her footman4 ,over her was borne a canopie of cloth of gold1 with four gilt staves1 and four silver bells4 ,for the bearing of which canopie were appointed sixteen knights1 foure to beare it one space on foot1 and other foure another space40 ,but the ,queen's ladies followed her in chariots decorated in red1 and the same thing is true of ,anne ,boleyn1 who in #aecc rode to her coronation in a litter1 but was followed by four chariots1 three decorated with red1 and one with white4 ,such chariots probably resembled those to be described in the next chapter2 the point to notice here is that they were being used now1 and although the litters still continued until the time of ,charles ,,ii--,mary de ,medicis1 the ,queen-,mother of ,france1 entered ,london in #afch in a litter1 though she had travelled from ,harwich in a coach1 and as late as #afhj 8an accident happened to ,general ,shippon1 who came in a horse-litter wounded to ,london2 when he paused by the brewhouse in ,st4 ,john ,street a mastiff attacked the horses1 and he was tossed like a dog in a blanket0--the wheeled carriage once again became the vehicle of honour1 and at the coronation of ,mary in #aeec a chariot#ag and not a litter was used by the ,queen4 ,this had six horses1 and was covered with a 8cloth of tissue40 ,whatever its discomforts may have been1 it cannot have been less dignified than the litter which it had1 now for all time1 supplanted4 ,chapter the ,third ,,introduction ,,of ,,the ,,coach 7#adej-afjj7 8,go--call a ,coach2 and let a ,coach be called3 ,let him that calls the ,coach1 be called the ,caller6 ,and in his calling1 let him no thing call1 ,but ,coach6 ,,coach66 ,,coach6660 ,chrononhotonthologos4 ,both horse-litters and early wheeled carriages seem to have had some pretensions towards comfort4 ,they afforded protection against the inclemency of the weather2 there had been certain rude attempts at suspension1 and the soft cushions helped to minimise the unpleasant joltings to which every carriage was liable4 ,when1 however1 the renaissance of carriage-building occurred1 people seem to have been but little more progressive than they had been centuries before4 ,there were1 as ,i have already hinted1 still two factors which militated against a speedy adoption of such vehicles1 more comfortable though they undoubtedly were1 as now began to be made--the state of the roads1 and the dislike of anything bordering upon the effeminate4 ,the roads had become no better4 ,even those most eager to welcome the new carriages must have been dismayed at the state of the country1 not only in ,england1 but in every ,european country4 ,as one writer of the sixteenth century complains1 the roads1 8by reason of straitness and disrepair1 breed a loathsome weariness to the passenger40 ,nor is this writer a solitary grumbler3 there are numerous complaints4 ,in #aecg ,richard ,bellasis1 one of the monastery-wreckers1 was unable to proceed with his work3 8lead from the roofs10 he reports1 8cannot be conveyed away till next summer1 for the ways in that countrie are so foule and deepe that no carriage cart can pass in winter40 ,indeed1 no one seems to have looked after the roads with any care1 either in the fifteenth or the sixteenth century4 ,yet there were1 in this country1 repeated bequests for their preservation4 ,henry ,clifford1 ,earl of ,cumberland1 a sufferer himself1 left one hundred marks to be bestowed on the highways in ,craven1 and the same sum on those of ,westmorland4 ,john ,lyon1 the founder of ,harrow ,school1 gave certain rents for the repair of the roads from ,harrow and ,edgware to ,london4 ,this was in #aeib1 and ,lyon's example was speedily followed by ,sutton1 the founder of the ,charterhouse4 ,there was1 indeed1 legislation of a kind1 but in general the roads were in a terrible condition1 and for a long time1 so far as men were concerned1 the saddle remained triumphant4 ,and for an even longer time continued that prejudice against carriages which led to the framing of actual prohibitive laws4 ,even women were occasionally forbidden the use of coaches1 and there is the story of the luxurious duchess who in #aedf found great difficulty in obtaining from the ,elector of ,saxony permission to be driven in a covered carriage to the baths--such leave being granted only on the understanding that none of her attendants were to be allowed the same privilege4 ,so1 too1 in #aefd1 ,pope ,pius ,,iv was exhorting his cardinals and bishops to leave the new-fangled machines to women1 and twenty-four years later ,julius1 ,duke of ,brunswick1 found it necessary to issue an edict--it makes quaint reading now--ordering his 8vassals1 servants1 and kinsmen1 without distinction1 young and old10 who 8have dared to give themselves up to indolence and to riding in coaches 444 to take notice that when ,we order them to assemble1 either altogether or in part1 in ,times of ,turbulence1 or to receive their ,fiefs1 or when on other occasions they visit ,our ,court1 they shall not travel or appear in ,coaches1 but on their riding ,horses40 ,more stringent is the edict1 preserved amongst the archives of the ,german county of ,mark1 in which the nobility was forbidden the use of coaches 8under penalty of incurring the punishment of felony40 ,so1 also1 we have the case of ,ren de ,laval1 ,lord of ,bois-,dauphin1 an extremely obese nobleman living in ,paris1 whose only excuse for possessing a coach was his inability to be set upon a horse1 or to keep in that position if the horse chanced to move4 ,this was in #aeej4 ,in ,england there was a similar feeling of opposition4 ,in #aehd ,john ,lyly1 in his play ,alexander and ,campaspe1 makes one of his characters complain of the new luxury4 ,in the old days1 he says1 those who used to enter the battlefield on hard-trotting horses1 now ride in coaches and think of nothing but the pleasures of the flesh4 ,the once famous ,bishop ,hall speaks bitterly of the 8sin-guilty0 coach3-- 8,is't not a shame to see each homely groome ,sit perched in an idle chariot roome ,that were not meete some pannel to bestride ,sursingled to a galled hackney's hide8 ,nor can it nought our gallant's praises reap1 ,unless it be done in staring cheap ,in a sin-guilty coach1 not closely pent1 ,jogging along the harder pavement40 ,possibly the same idea is to be found in the framing of a ,parliamentary ,bill of #afja 8to restrain the excessive use of coaches10 which1 however1 was thrown out4 ,so again in #afbc1 the delightful though sadly biased water-poet1 ,john ,taylor1 is lamenting the decadence of ,england1 due1 according to him1 to the growing custom of driving in coaches4 8,for whereas10 he says1 8within our memories1 our ,nobility and ,gentry would ride well mounted 7and sometimes walke on foote7 gallantly attended with three or four1 score brave fellowes in blue coates1 which was a glory to our ,nation2 and gave more content to the beholders1 then sic forty of your ,leather tumbrels3 ,then men preserv'd their bodies strong and able by walking1 riding1 and other manly exercises3 ,then saddlers was a good ,trade1 and the name of a ,coach was ,heathen ,greek4 ,who ever saw 7but upon extraordinary occasions710 he goes on to ask1 8,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ,sir ,john ,norris1 ,sir ,william ,winter1 ,sir ,roger ,williams1 or 7whom ,i should have nam'd first7 the famous ,lord ,gray and ,willoughby1 when the renowned ,george ,earle of ,cumberland1 or ,robert ,earle of ,essex8 ,these sonnes of ,mars1 who in their time were the glorious ,brooches of our ,nation1 and admirable terrour to our ,enemies3 these1 ,i say1 did make small use of ,coaches1 and there were two mayne reasons for it1 the one was1 that there were but few ,coaches in most of their times3 and the second is1 they were deadly foes to all sloth and effeminacy40 ,to ,taylor1 indeed1 and probably to every one of his fellow-watermen1 a coach was always a 8hell-cart0 designed on purpose to put an end to his own most worthy calling4 ,but less biased poets than outspoken ,taylor gave tongue to an opposition which continued for nearly two centuries4 ,gay1 for instance1 looked on the vastly improved vehicle of his day as no more than an excuse for extravagant display3-- 8,o happy streets1 to rumbling wheels unknown1 ,no carts1 no coaches shake the floating town6 ,thus was of old ,britannia's city bless'd1 ,ere pride and luxury her sons profess'd40 ,and again3-- 8,now gaudy pride corrupts the lavish age1 ,and the streets flame with glaring equipage2 ,the tricking gamester insolently rides1 ,with ,loves and ,graces on his chariot's sides2 ,in saucy state the griping broker sits1 ,and laughs at honesty1 and trudging wits40 ,perhaps he is thinking of some personal inconvenience1 rather than of mere unnecessary luxury1 when he asks3-- 8,what walker shall his mean ambition fix ,on the false lustre of a coach and six80 ,and so late as #aggj1 the eccentric ,lord ,monboddo1 who still maintained the superiority of a savage life1 refused to 8sit in a box drawn by brutes40 ,it is1 of course1 easy to magnify such opposition to coaches as followed on the grounds of mere luxury and display1 but in the earlier history of the coach1 to which we are now come1 it is a factor which must by no means be neglected4 ,the coach1 like every other novelty1 had to fight its way1 and if one is inclined to believe1 after reading such accusations as there are of the earliest coaches with their magnificent adornments and numerous attendants1 that the owners altogether deserved the reproaches of their more ,spartan fellows1 it may be well to recall ,macaulay's words4 ,in his sketch of the state of ,england in #afhe1 when coaches were still lavishly adorned1 he says of them3 8,we attribute to magnificence what was really the effect of a very disagreeable necessity4 ,people in the time of ,charles the ,second travelled with six horses1 because with a smaller number there was great danger of sticking fast in the mire40 ,and what is true of #afhe is certainly true of #aehe4 ,buckingham is supposed to have been the first man to use a coach and six in this country1 though this is by no means certain4 ,of him a well-known story apropos of this question of undue luxury is told4 8,the stout old ,earl of ,northumberland10 it runs1 8when he got loose1 hearing that the great ,favourite ,buckingham was drawn about with a ,coach and six horses 7which was wondered at then as a novelty1 and imputed to him as a mastring pride7 thought if ,buckingham had six he might very well have eight in his ,coach1 with which he rode through the ,city of ,london to the ,bath1 to the vulgar talk and admiration4444 ,nor did this addition of two horses by ,buckingham grow higher than a little murmur4 ,for in the late ,queen's time there were no coaches1 and the first had but two ,horses2 the rest crept in by ,degrees as men at first venture to sea40#ah ,yet what may have been true of ,buckingham1 whose love of luxury was notorious1 need not have been true of those other owners of coaches1 who were constantly travelling about the country4 ,finally there is the other side of the question to be remembered1 and1 as ,m4 ,ramde quaintly points out in his ,history of ,locomotion1 the very luxury which people so disliked had a beneficent effect2 for 8after the development of the use of carriages1 and their frequent employment by the court and nobility1 the liberty to throw everything out of the window became intolerable6 ,thus the carriage of luxury has been the cause of cleanliness in the streets40 ,now it must be understood that the coach proper differs from all earlier vehicles in being not only a covered1 but also a suspended carriage4 ,the canopy has given place to the roof1 a roof1 that is to say1 which forms part of the framing of the body2 and the body itself is swung in some fashion1 however primitive1 from posts or other supports4 ,further1 it seems reasonable to suppose1 on the analogy of the berlin and the landau--two later carriages which took their names from the towns in which they were first made--that the first coaches were built in a small ,hungarian town then called ,kotzee4 ,yet it is to be observed that ,spain1 ,italy1 and ,france1 in the persons of various enthusiasts1 have claimed the invention--their claims being mainly based on such similarities as may be observed between the real coach and the earlier cars and charettes4#ai ,bridges ,adams1 indeed1 not to be outdone1 hazards the suggestion that ,england might also be included in such a list by reason of her invention of the whirlicote1 though he is obliged to admit that nobody knows exactly what a whirlicote was like4 ,it is probably due to these patriotic gentlemen that several rather ludicrous suggestions have been made to explain the derivation of the word coach1 which has a similar sound in nearly all ,european languages4 ,menange rashly suggests a corruption of the ,latin vehiculum4 ,another writer puts forward the ,greek verb 1 to carry4 ,wachten1 a ,german1 finds in kutten1 to cover1 a suitable explanation1 and ,lye produces the ,flemish koetsen1 to lie along4 ,this last1 perhaps1 is the most reasonable suggestion of those unwilling to give the palm to ,hungary1 for not only were the ,flemish vehicles well known before the introduction of the new carriage1 but there is also some confusion1 at any rate1 in this country1 between the two words coach and couch1 both being found in the old account books4 ,even in the sixteenth century the word seems to have bothered people4 ,there is an amusing reference to this point in an early seventeenth-century tract called ,coach and ,sedan ,pleasantly ,disputing1 of which ,i shall have more to say in the next chapter4 8,their first invention10 says a character in this dialogue1 8and use was in the ,kingdome of ,hungarie1 about the time when ,frier ,george1 compelled the ,queen and her young sonne the ,king1 to seeke to ,soliman the ,turkish ,emperour1 for aid against the ,frier1 and some of the ,nobilitie1 to the utter ruine of that most rich and flourishing ,kingdome1 where they were first called ,kottcze1 and in the ,slavonian tongue ,cottri1 not of ,coucher the ,french to lie-downe1 nor of ,cuchey1 the ,cambridge ,carrier1 as some body made ,master ,minshaw1 when hee 7rather wee7 perfected his ,etymologicall dictionarie1 whence we call them to this day ,coaches40 ,it is also to be noted that the first ,english coaches1 so called1 were probably not suspended at all1 but merely upholstered carts for reclining--in fact nothing more than the old chariots4 ,in the second half of the sixteenth century1 practically every pleasure carriage in ,england1 though not on the ,continent1 was called a coach or a carroche4 ,consequently it is difficult to give a date for the importation of the first real coach into this country4 ,indeed1 it is impossible to say with any degree of certainty precisely when carriages of the suspended type were first made4 ,such early accounts as exist are at once fragmentary and obscure1 and the few illustrations little better than caricatures with a perspective reminiscent of that in ,hogarth's famous example of false drawing4 ,it can only be repeated that the hammock slung from the four posts of a waggon1 such as we have seen existed amongst the ,anglo-,saxons and possibly was also in use in parts of ,europe1 may have provided the idea of permanent suspension as a means to comfort1 and that such scanty evidence as there is goes to prove that the carriages exported from ,hungary towards the end of the fifteenth century seem to have been the first coaches to be built4 ,so early as #adeg there is mention of such a carriage1 given by ,ladislaus1 ,king of ,hungary1 to the ,french ,king1 ,charles ,,vii4 ,the ,parisians who saw it described it as 8branlant et moulte riche40 ,what this 8trembling0 carriage was like there is no means of discovering1 but it certainly suggests an attempt at suspension1 and may perhaps be taken for the earliest coach to be recorded by history4 ,this obviously was ,hungarian1 and ,hungary is again mentioned in the same connection by ,stephanus ,broderithus1 who relates that in #aebf1 8when the archbishop received intelligence that the ,turks had entered ,hungary1 not content with informing the ,king of this event1 he speedily got into one of those light carriages which from the name of the place we call kotcze1 and hastened to ,his ,majesty40 ,and apparently these light carriages were actually used for military purposes1 ,taylor avowing that 8they carried soldiers on each side with cross-bowes10 this being the best purpose to which he considered the coach had ever been put or was likely to be put in the future4 ,all this is clear enough1 but ,beckmann1 in his ,history of ,inventions1 mentions another circumstance which strengthens the evidence3 8,siegmund1 ,baron de ,herberstein1 ambassador from ,louis ,,ii1 to the ,king of ,hungary1 says in his ,commentarie de rebus ,moscoviticis1 where he occasionally mentions some travelling-stages in ,hungary3 #8,the fourth stage for stopping to give the horses breath is six miles below ,taurinum1 in the village of ,cotzi1 from which both drivers and carriages take their name1 and are generally called cotzi4'0#bj ,very probably these new ,hungarian carriages were seen in most ,european countries before #aecj4 8,at tournaments10 says ,bridges ,adams1 8they were made objects for display2 they are spoken of as being gilded all over1 and the hangings were of crimson satin4 ,electresses and duchesses were seldom without them2 and there was as much rivalry in their days of public exhibition as there is now #ahcg amongst the aspirants of fashion in their well-appointed equipages at a queen's drawing-room40 ,what did these early coaches look like8 ,shorn of their hangings1 they must have resembled nothing so much as the hearse of to-day4 ,the first illustrations show no signs of suspension1 and portray what appear to be gaudily decorated waggons1 and that in effect is what they were4 ,the first coach makers of ,hungary1 like their predecessors1 were certainly content to take for their model the common agricultural waggon of ,germany4 ,indeed1 ,hungary seems to have played pioneer in this respect at a very early date4 ,von ,ginzrot1 in his work on early vehicles1 gives an illustration of a closed passenger carriage which bears more than a superficial resemblance to the later coaches4 8,the body10 says ,thrupp1 8is a disguised waggon2 the tilt-top has two leather flaps to fall over the doorway1 and the panels are of wicker-work40 ,it would have been quite easy1 he continues1 to use such waggons1 as had been the case long before1 for passenger traffic1 8by placing the planks across the sides1 or suspending seats by straps from the sides02 and he further mentions an oil painting at ,nuremberg1 of two waggons 8with carved and gilt standard posts both in front and behind the body0--an interesting stage in the transformation from rude cart to private coach4 ,there is a detailed and technical description of these waggons in ,thrupp's own book1 but it will be enough here to notice that they were generally narrower at the bottom than at the top1 as were the first coaches1 and that the four wheels were nearly of the same size4 ,working from such a model1 the ,hungarian artificers produced a comparatively light1 though large1 four-wheeled carriage with some pretensions to grace of line1 a roofed body1 broad seats1 and a side entrance4 ,the body1 however1 was not completely enclosed by solid panels1 which only took the place of the curtains at a later date4 ,carvings and other ornamentation followed on the owner's rank and taste4 ,and towards the end of the sixteenth century1 if not before1 the actual body was suspended on straps or braces4 ,there are preserved at ,coburg and ,verona one or two coach-bodies which show signs of the iron hoops by which they were hung4 ,the earliest of these was built for ,duke ,frederick of ,saxony in #aebg1 and ,count ,gozzadini1 in a slim folio which he privately printed some sixty years ago1 describes a coach-body built in #aedi which still shows traces of its heraldic ornamentation on the framework4 8,this coach10 says ,thrupp1 acting as the ,count's translator1 8was built under the direction of an ,italian at ,brussels1 for the ceremony of the marriage of ,alexander1 the son of ,octavius ,farnese1 ,duke of ,parma1 with a ,portuguese princess4 ,the wedding took place in #aefe at ,brussels4 ,there were four carriages ,flanders fashion 8 charettes and four coaches after the ,italian fashion1 swinging on leather braces4 ,the chief1 or state1 coach is described as being in the most beautiful manner1 with four statues at the ends1 the spokes of the wheels like fluted columns4 ,there were seraphims' heads at the end of the roof and over the doorway1 and festoons of fruit in relief over the framing of the body4 ,the coachman was supported by two carved figures of lions1 two similar lions were at the hind wheel1 and the leather braces that supported the body and the harness were embossed with heads of animals4 ,the ends of the steps were serpents' heads4 ,the whole of the wood and ironwork was covered with gold relieved with white4 ,the coach was drawn by four horses1 with red and white plumes of feathers1 and the covering of the body and of the horses was gold brocade with knotted red silk fringe4 ,the cushions of gold-embroidered stuff were perfumed with amber and musk1 that infused the soul of all who entered the coach with life1 joy1 and supreme pleasure40 ,truly a ,southern notion6 ,what is apparently the oldest coach to be preserved practically intact is to be seen at ,coburg4 ,this coach was built for a particular occasion--the marriage of ,john1 ,elector of ,saxony1 in #aehd4 ,the body is long and ornate1 and is hung from four carved standard posts surmounted by crowned lions4 ,the wheels are large--four feet eight inches and five feet--and the roof is at a slightly higher level than the lions' heads4 ,mounting steps must have existed1 but have been lost4 ,not unnaturally the advent of these coaches followed upon the commercial prosperity of each country4 ,germany seems to have imported a number of carriages from ,hungary1 and made others from ,hungarian models1 but even more prosperous than ,germany at this time was ,holland1 which probably possessed more coaches than any other country in ,europe4 ,here there would have been native designs to follow and improve upon1 and1 as ,i shall show in a moment1 it was probably from the ,netherlands that the first coach was imported into ,england4 ,antwerp1 for instance1 a superlatively rich city in the sixteenth century1 is credited by ,macpherson with having no less than five hundred coaches --and so five hundred scandals1 according to the local philosophers--in #aefj1 at which date ,london had but two1 and ,paris no more than three4 ,of the ,french trio of carosses1 as they were called1 one was the ,queen's property1 a second belonged to the fashionable ,diana of ,poitiers1 and the third had been built for the use of that corpulent noble who has already been mentioned4 ,some ,italian towns possessed many1 others none4 ,there is preserved at the ,muse ,cluny in ,paris a ,veronese carriole built in the sixteenth century by ,giovanna ,batta ,maretto1 with panels painted by a distinguished artist of the time4 ,verona1 indeed1 seems to have had many coaches4 ,but it was easily surpassed by ,ferrara1 which so early as #aeji is credited with the possession of no less than sixty coaches1 the whole of these forming the ,duke's procession on the occasion of a state visit from the ,pope4 ,and1 as ,thrupp points out1 these sixty carriages were not litters or cars1 as might be supposed1 but coaches1 for it is particularly mentioned by the historian that 8the ,duchess of ,ferrara rode in a litter1 and her ladies followed her in twenty-two cars40 ,spain had apparently no coaches until #aedf1 and here again there was considerable opposition to their use4 ,yet although ,england1 ,france1 and ,spain seem to have been behind other countries in taking to the new carriages1 all three possessed a flourishing1 if not very large1 coach-building trade before #afjj4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,print by ,hofnagel1 #aehb ,here1 perhaps1 we may consider the introduction of the coach into ,england in rather greater detail4 8,it is a doubtful question10 remarks ,taylor in his ill-natured way10 whether the divell brought ,tobacco into ,england in a ,coach1 or else brought a ,coach in a fogge or mist of ,tobacco40 ,apparently he had an equal dislike for both coach and tobacco4 ,but although we owe to the water-poet such contemporary satirical writings on the subject as there are1 he is not to be trusted as an historian4 ,taylor1 indeed1 is a very bad historian1 not so much on account of his inability to see two sides of a question1 as because1 like many another poet1 he has made of exaggeration a fine art1 and allowed his memory to play second fiddle to his inclinations4 ,it is to the worthy ,stowe that we must turn for the facts4 ,stowe liked the coaches little better than did ,taylor1 but his training had made him exact1 and we may take it for granted that he is more or less correct when he says that the first coach to be seen upon ,british roads belonged to the year #aeee4 ,curiously enough1 this is the date of the first ,general ,highways ,act4 ,the preamble of this ,bill stated that certain roads were 8now both very noisesome and tedious to travel in and dangerous to all passengers and carriages carts40 ,the local authorities were empowered to compel parishioners to give four days' work every year to the repairing of the roads1 though how far such orders were carried out it would be impossible to say4 ,the merit of actually introducing the coach is given by ,stowe to ,henry ,manners1 second ,earl of ,rutland1 who caused one ,walter ,rippon to build him a carriage from some foreign1 most probably ,dutch1 pattern4 ,this ,earl of ,rutland had borne the ,spurs at the coronation of ,edward ,,vi1 and in #aedg had been made ,constable of ,nottingham ,castle4 ,he had received the ,french hostages in #aeej at the time of the treaty which followed on the loss of ,boulogne4 ,it is to be regretted that neither in his correspondence nor in the family account-books preserved at ,belvoir is there mention of either ,rippon or his coach4 ,there is1 indeed1 the 8,book of ,john ,leek of riding charges carriages carts and forrene paymentes0 in #aeej1 and another book compiled by ,leek's successor1 ,george ,pilkington1 in the following year1 but all travelling entries concern only horses and the cartage of goods4 ,in #aeee 8,george ,lassells1 ,esquyer0 was 8,comptroller to the householde0 and paid 8to ,edward ,hopkynson for ij ryding roddes of bone for my ,ladye and other thinges1 xxijd10 but there is no mention of any carriage for his ,lordship's own use4 ,what is more unfortunate is that there are no account-books of the ,manners family between #aeei and #aehe1 and it is not until #aehg1 when a fourth ,earl of ,rutland was head of his house1 that this significant entry occurs3-- 8,coach1 a newe1 bought in ,london1 xxxviijli4xiijs4ijd40 ,to go back to ,rippon1 it is not known who he was4 ,he is supposed to have built a coach for ,queen ,mary in #aeef1 and in #aefd the first 8hollow turning coach0 with pillars and arches1 for ,queen ,elizabeth1 though precisely what is meant by a 8hollow turning0 coach it is difficult to conjecture4 ,this same ,rippon twenty-four years later built another coach for the ,queen1 which is described as 8a chariot throne with foure pillars behind1 to beare a crowne imperiale on the toppe1 and before two lower pillars1 whereon stood a lion and a dragon1 the supporters of the armes of ,england40 ,it cannot have been very comfortable1 and ,elizabeth seems to have preferred another coach brought out of ,holland by one ,william ,boonen1 who about #aefj was made her coachman1 a position he was still occupying at the end of the century4 ,this ,boonen was a ,dutchman1 whose wife is said to have introduced the art of starching into ,england1 whence followed those huge ruffs so conspicuous in all the ,elizabethan portraits4 ,boonen's coach could be opened and closed at pleasure4 ,on the occasion of the ,queen's passing through the town of ,warwick1 she had 8every part and side of her coach to be opened1 that all her subjects present might behold her1 which most gladly they desired40 ,this coach is described as 8on four wheels with seven spokes1 which are apparently bound round with a thick wooden rim secured by pegs4 ,it is precisely such a vehicle10 adds the anonymous historian in the ,carriage ,builder's and ,harness ,maker's ,art ,journal1 8as is now #ahfj used by the brewers1 with a tilt over it1 which opens in the centre on one side1 and would contain half a dozen persons40 ,on the other hand1 one may safely assert that no brewer's cart was ever decorated in the same way1 for the framing of ,elizabeth's carriage was of wood carved in a shell pattern and gilded4 8,the whole composition10 runs another account1 8contains many beautiful curves4 ,the shell-work creeps up to the roof1 which it supports1 and which is dome-shaped4444 ,the roof is capped by five waving ostrich feathers1 one at each corner1 and the fifth on the centre of the roof1 and springing from a kind of crown40 ,the driver's seat was apparently a kind of movable stool1 and two horses were used4 ,even this coach1 however1 of which there is a print by ,hoefnagle1 dated #aehb1 cannot have been very comfortable1 and in #aefh1 when the ,french ambassador obtained an audience1 ,elizabeth was complaining of 8aching pains0 from being knocked about in a coach driven too fast a few days before4 8,no wonder10 comments one historian1 8that the great queen used her coach only when occasions of state demanded40 ,whenever possible1 indeed1 she used her horse4 8,when ,queen ,elizabeth came to ,norwich1 #aegh10 wrote ,sir ,thomas ,browne a hundred years later1 8she came on horseback from ,ipswich1 by the high road to ,norwich1 in the summer time2 but she had a coach or two10 he added1 8in her trayne40 ,in the print just mentioned there is shown a second coach1 which is perhaps a better example of the carriage of the period4 ,one sees again its hearse-like appearance1 though the top is broader than the bottom1 and the body is partially enclosed2 but there is one peculiarity which deserves particular mention4 ,this was a small seat which projected on either side1 between the wheels4 ,it was known as the boot4 ,here sat the pages or grooms or the ladies in attendance4 ,taylor1 of course1 has his fling against it4 ,the booted coach1 he says1 is like a perpetual cheater1 wears 8two ,bootes and no ,spurs1 sometimes having two paire of ,legs and one boote2 and oftentimes 7against nature7 most preposterously it makes faire ,ladies weare the boote2 and if you note1 they are carrried backe to backe like people surpriz'd by ,pyrats to be tyed in that miserable manner1 and throwne overboard into the ,sea4 ,moreover1 it makes people imitate ,sea-crabs1 in being drawne ,side-wayes1 as they are when they sit in the boote of the ,coach40 ,the boot1 however1 was already tending to disappear in ,taylor's day4 ,how it originated is not clear4 ,it was always uncovered1 whence followed much hardship1 particularly if the weather was unfavourable4 ,nor can one think that it was very capacious4 ,there is an early seventeenth-century pamphlet entitled ,my ,journie1 in which a stout old lady is put into the boot of a coach1 and cannot move4 ,when going uphill all the passengers are supposed to get out and walk1 but the old lady1 once settled1 refuses to budge1 and1 indeed1 cannot be extricated until the end of the journey4 ,there is further mention of the discomfort in a boot in #affc1 when ,edward ,barker1 writing to his father1 a ,lancashire squire1 complains of his troubles in the side seat4 8,i got to ,london10 he says1 8on ,saturday last1 my journey was noe ways pleasant1 being forced to ride in the boote all the waye1 y company y came up w mee were persons of greate quality as knightes and ladyes4 ,my journeys expence was #cj s4 ,this traval hath soe indisposed mee1 y ,i am resolved never to ride againe in y coatch4 ,i am extreamly hot and feverish40 ,the monstrous width of these early coaches followed1 of course1 on their projecting side seats1 which only entirely disappeared when the coach had come to be completely enclosed and provided with glass windows4 ,it may be that the boot in process of time was metamorphosed into the large1 deep1 four-sided basket which was strapped to the back of public coaches in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 and1 indeed1 this basket seems to have been called the boot in eighteenth-century stage coaches4 ,it was probably in such a basket-boot as this that ,mr4 ,pepys put his great barrel of oysters1 8as big as sixteen others10 which was given him in #affd4 ,an interesting point in this connection is that those who travelled on the seatless and presumably most uncomfortable roof of a coach plying for hire1 paid more for the privilege than did those who rode in the boot4 ,however greatly the chroniclers may differ as to the date of the actual introduction1 and others besides ,taylor disagree with ,stowe1 there seems no doubt that by #aehe many of the nobility and some wealthy commoners owned private coaches1 and1 indeed1 certain enterprising tradesmen1 as will appear1 let other coaches on hire at so much per day4 8,after a while10 says ,stowe1 8divers great ladies1 with a great jealousy of the ,queen's displeasure1 made them coaches and rid them up and down the countries1 to the great admiration of all the beholders1 but then little by little they grew usual amongst the nobilitie and others of sort1 and within twenty years became a great trade of coach-making40 ,indeed1 every one of any wealth was eager to possess them4 ,a private coach settled any doubts as to your quality4 ,it was a new fashion1 a new excitement4 8,so a woman10 says ,quicksilver1 the rake1 in ,eastward ,hoe1 8marry to ride in a coach1 she cares not if she rides to her ruin4 ',tis the great end of many of their marriages40 ,and again1 in ,ben ,jonson's ,alchemist it is said of the ,countess that she 8444 has her pages1 ushers ,her six mares-- ,nay1 eight6 ,to hurry her through ,london1 to the ,exchange1 ,bethlem1 the china-houses-- ,yes1 and have ,the citizens gape at her1 and praise her tires40 ,even the plain country-folk seem to have been smitten with the new toy1 for toy it was to them4 8,has he ne'er a little odd cart10 asks ,waspe in ,bartholomew ,fair1 8for you to make a coach on1 in the country1 with four pied hobby-horses80 ,any shift for a coach1 thought he1 and no doubt voiced public opinion4 ,the first owners of coaches appear to have been those who had travelled abroad4 ,so early as #aeef1 ,sir ,thomas ,hoby1 who had been our ambassador to ,france1 possessed a coach and offered to lend it to the ,lady ,cecil4 ,the account-book for #aegc of the ,kytson family1 of ,hengrave1 in ,suffolk1 mentions another early coach4 8,for my m mistress's coche1 with all the furniture thereto belonging except horses--xxxiiijli4xiiijs4 ,for the painting of my m and m armes upon the coche--ijs4vjd40 ,in #aegi the ,earl of ,arundel is said to have brought a coach into ,england from ,germany1 and this coach is interesting from the fact that certain historians have credited it with being the first coach in ,england4 ,how such a tradition arose is not clear1 but it may be that this ,german coach had certain features which more nearly approached those of the later ,stuart1 fully-enclosed1 coaches4 ,further details are to be found in the ,manners notebooks1 and these afford a glimpse of the methods adopted by the coachmakers1 not yet a large body1 of the day4 ,in the notebooks of ,thomas ,screven1 #aeif-ig1 after an item for twenty-eight shillings for three-quarters of 8scarlet sleves and labelles for his ,lordship's parlyament robes0 comes another of six shillings 8to my ,lady ,adeline's coachman10 and one1 just below1 of greater interest3-- 8,item paid to ,wm4 ,wright1 coachmaker1 in parte of xlli4 for a coache now made1 xxli40 ,after that1 in the #aeih-ii book comes an item to 8the ,countess of ,southampton's coachman that wayted on my ,lord to ,dertford1 vs40 ,this suggests the growing popularity of the coach1 more especially as there is another disbursement in the same year to the ,countess of ,essex's coachman4 ,then follow from ,november #beth1 #aeih1 details of the expenses of the new coach for my ,lord's own use--which apparently took considerable time to furnish4 8,item for ij paire of new wheeles for the coache1 tymber worke and iron work1 and setting them on the axeltrees1 iijli4xiijs4iiijd42 payntinge them in oyle colour1 vjs4viijd42 a new pole for the horses to drawe by1 ijs4vjd42 a paire of springe trees1 iijs4iijd40 ,the provender bill for six horses is given1 also an item 8for setting up the coach horses at dyvers times at ,walsingham ,howse1 iiijs42 at ,hatton ,howse1 xijd42 at ,baynardes ,castle1 ijs42 dressing and oyling the coach1 ijs402 while the most necessary whip costs ,mr4 ,screven twelve pence4 ,other payments are six shillings for two new bearing braces for the 8double hanging0 of the coach--here at any rate is definite mention of suspension1 a fact which might suggest that1 after all1 either ,rippon's or ,lord ,arundel's coach had been of the suspended type--four shillings for a long spring brace1 two shillings and sixpence for a new 8wynge10 and sixteen pence for two 8bearing raynes40 ,the new coach1 however1 is not ready in time for his ,lordship1 who thereupon hires one with three horses to take him 8to the ,court at ,nonesuch1 #bc1 #bd1 and #be of ,september1 at xvjs4 per diem40 ,meanwhile payments for his own coach continue4 ,for four 8skynnes of orange colour leather goate0 he pays various sums2 for the timber work1 for more painting1 for a covering in 8black lether10 and for making the 8curtaynes1 and setting on the firinge1 and making the blew cloth cover0 a sum of twenty-six pounds1 nineteen shillings1 is expended4 ,nor is this all4 ,my ,lord was evidently determined to make his coach as gorgeous as possible4 ,nine yards of 8marygold coulour velvet for the seat and bed in the coach0 were required1 and each yard cost twenty-three shillings4 ,the quilting for the bed cost forty shillings4 ,in addition1 there was a lace of 8crymosin silk0 and no less than 8v elles of crymosin taffaty for curtaynes10 costing three pounds fifteen shillings2 also 8#i yardes of blew clothe for a cover40 ,then1 of great interest1 comes the final entry3-- 8,item1 paid to ,ryly1 embroderer1 in full for embrodering iij sumpter clothes of crymosin with his ,lordship's armes thereon at large1 and vij otheres embrodered onely with great peacocks1 with carsey for the garding and tasselles and frynge1 #ad ,july1 lxiiijli40 ,mr4 ,ryly was well paid for his work#ba4 ,from such details it is possible to imagine what this and other coaches of the time were like4 ,you figure a huge1 gaudy1 curtained apparatus with projecting sides and incomplete panels1 large enough to contain a fair-sized bed1 hung roughly from four posts1 and capable of being dragged at little better than a snail's pace--8four-wheeled ,tortoyses0 ,taylor calls them--along roads hardly worthy of the name4 ,twenty miles a day was considered good going4 ,says ,portia1 in the ,merchant of ,venice3-- 8444 ,i'll tell thee all my whole device ,when ,i am in my coach1 which stays for us ,at the park gate2 and therefore haste away1 ,for we must measure twenty miles to-day40 ,the coachman1 as we learn from the water-poet1 was 8mounted 7his fellow-horses and himselfe being all in a finery7 with as many varieties of laces1 facings1 ,clothes and ,colours as are in the ,rainebowe40 ,nor was he over-polite1 particularly if the coach he drove was hired4 ,in ,jonson's ,staple of ,news one of the pieces of mock-news to appear in the ideal paper concerns the fraternity3-- 8and coachmen ,to mount their boxes reverently1 and drive ,like lapwings with a shell upon their heads ,through the streets40 ,they seem to have thought that their finery allowed them to treat the pedestrians with but scant respect4 ,and no wonder these 8way-stopping whirligigges10 as ,taylor calls the coaches1 surprised the inhabitants4 ,when one of them was seen for the first time1 8some said it was a great ,crab-shell brought out of ,china1 and some imagin'd it to be one of the ,pagan ,temples in which the ,cannibals adored the devill40 ,for some time1 indeed1 the coaches must have given the common folk something to think about4 ,a coach rumbling along brought them to their windows1 just as the horseless carriage1 centuries later1 proved a similar attraction4 ,there is a scene in ,eastward ,hoe which well illustrates this point4 ,enter a ,coachman in haste in 's frock1 feeding4 ,coach4 ,here's a stir when citizens ride out of town indeed1 as if all the house were afire6 ',slight1 they will not give a man leave to eat 's breakfast afore he rises4 ,enter ,hamlet1 a footman1 in haste4 ,ham4 ,what coachman8 ,my lady's coach1 for shame6 her ladyship's ready to come down4 ,enter ,potkin1 a tankard bearer4 ,pot4 ',sfoot1 ,hamlet1 are you mad8 whither run you now8444 ,enter ,mrs4 ,fond and ,mrs4 ,gazer4 ,fond4 ,come1 sweet mistress ,gazer1 let's watch here1 and see my ,lady ,flash take coach4 ,gazer4 ,o' my word1 here's a most fine place to stand in4 ,did you see the new ship launch'd last day1 ,mrs4 ,fond8 ,fond4 ,o ,god1 and we citizens should lose such a sight6 ,gazer4 ,i warrant here will be double as many people to see her take coach1 as there were to see it take water4 ,my lady's point of view is put forward by ,lady ,eitherside in ,the ,devil is an ,ass4 ,says she3-- 8,if we once see it under the seals1 wench1 then1 ,have with them for the great caroch1 six horses1 ,and the two coachmen1 with my ,ambler bare1 ,and my three women2 we will live1 i' faith1 ,the example of the town1 and govern it4 ,i'll lead the fashion still40 ,contemporary references to coaches1 however1 are but scarce4 ,the most important of these is ,taylor's own ,the ,world runnes on ,wheeles3 or1 ,oddes betwixt ,carts and ,coaches1 an amusing pamphlet written in prose and not in verse1 because the author1 as he says1 was lame at the time of its composition1 and because beyond the three words1 broach1 ,roach1 and encroach1 he could find no suitable rhymes4 ,encroach1 however1 he thinks might have done1 for that word1 as he explains in his dedication to various companies likely to suffer from the importation of the coach1 8best befits it1 for ,i think never such an impudent1 proud ,intruder or ,encroacher came into the world as a ,coach is2 for it hath driven many honest ,families out of their ,houses1 many ,knights to ,beggers1 ,corporations to poverty1 ,almesdeedes to all misdeedes1 ,hospitality to extortion1 ,plenty to famine1 ,humility to pride1 ,compassion to oppression1 and all ,earthly goodnes to an utter confusion40 ,to the cart he does not object1 but for the 8hyred ,hackney-hell-carts0 he cannot find sufficient abuse4 ,his arguments in favour of carts as against coaches are certainly novel1 if not entirely convincing as coming from a waterman well used to live passengers himself4 8,and as necessities and things10 he says1 8whose commodious uses cannot be wanted1 are to be respected before ,toyes and trifles 7whose beginning is ,folly1 continuance ,pride1 and whose ,end is ,ruine7 ,i say as necessity is to be preferred before superfluity1 so is the ,cart before the ,coach2 ,for ,stones1 ,timber1 ,corne1 ,wine1 ,beere1 or any thing that wants life1 there is a necessity they should be carried1 because they are dead things and cannot go on foot1 which necessity the honest ,cart doth supply3 ,but the ,coach1 like a superfluous bable1 or uncharitable ,miser1 doth seldom or never carry or help any dead or helplesse thing2 but on the contrary1 it helps those that can helpe themselves 444 and carries men and women1 who are able to goe or run2 ,ergo1 the ,cart is necessary1 and the ,coach superfluous40 ,in fact1 the coach1 according to poor ,taylor1 is directly responsible for every calamity from which the country has suffered since its introduction4 ,leather has become dearer1 the horses in their traces are being prostituted1 and there is a 8universal decay of the best ash-trees40 8,a ,wheele-wright10 he continues1 8or a maker of ,carts1 is an ancient1 a profitable and a ,trade1 which by no meanes can be wanted3 yet so poore it is1 that scarce the best amongst them can hardly ever attaine to better than a ,calves skin fate1 or a piece of beefe and ,carret rootes to dinner on a ,sunday2 nor scarcely any of them is ever mounted to any ,office above the degree of a ,scavenger1 or a ,tything-man at the most4 ,on the contrary1 your ,coachmakers trade is the most gaine-fullest about the ,towne1 they are apparelled in ,sattens and ,velvets1 and ,masters of their ,parish1 ,vestry-men1 who fare like the ,emperors ,heliogabalus or ,sardanapalus1 seldome without their ,mackroones1 ,parmisants1 ,jellies and ,kickshawes1 with baked ,swannes1 ,pasties hot1 or cold red ,deere ,pyes1 which they have fro their ,debtor ,worships in the ,country3 neither are these ,coaches onely thus cumbersome by their ,rumbling and ,rutting1 as they are by their standing still1 and damming up the streetes and lanes1 as the ,blacke ,friers1 and divers other places can witnes1 and against ,coachmakers doores the streets are so pestered and clogg'd with them1 that neither man1 horse or cart can passe for them2 in so much as my ,lord ,maior is highly to bee commended for his care in their restraint1 sending in ,february last1 many of them to the ,courtes for their carelessnesse herein40 ,in another work of ,taylor's1 ,the ,thiefe1 there is a passage of equal interest3-- 8,carroaches1 ,coaches1 ,jades and ,flanders ,mares ,do rob us of our shares1 our wares1 our ,fares3 ,against the ground we stand and knock our heeles1 ,whilest all our profit runs away on wheeles2 ,and whosoever but observes and notes1 ,the great increase of ,coaches and of ,boats1 ,shall finde their number more than e'r they were ,by halfe and more within these thirty yeeres4 ,then watermen at ,sea had service still1 ,and those that staid at home had worke at will3 ,then upstart ,helcart-,coaches were to seeke1 ,a man could scarce see twenty in a weeke1 ,but now ,i thinke a man may daily see1 ,more than the ,whirries on the ,thames can be4 ,when ,queen ,elizabeth came to the ,crowne1 ,a ,coach in ,england1 then was scarcely knowne1 ,then 'twas as rare to see one1 as to spy ,a ,tradesman that had never told a lye40 ,it will be seen from the first of these lines1 that a difference is made between the coach and the caroche 7carroch or carroache74 ,on this point there is a definite statement in the ,elizabethan play ,tu ,quoque3-- 8,prepare yourself to like this gentleman1 ,who can maintain thee in thy choice of gowns1 ,of tires1 of servants1 and of costly jewels2 ,nay1 for a need1 out of his easy nature1 ,may'st draw him to the keeping of a coach ,for country1 and carroch for ,london40 ,this1 too1 is borne out by the speech of ,lady ,eitherside already quoted4 ,many servants were needed for the carroch4 ,massinger speaks of one being drawn by six ,flanders mares1 and having its coachman1 groom1 postilion1 and footman1 to look after it4 8,these carroaches10 says ,croal#bb 8were larger and clumsier0 than the coaches1 8but were considered more stately40 ,taylor speaks of the town ,vehicle as 8a mere ,engine of ,pride10 and gives a rather ludicrous account of some common women who had hired one of them to go to 8the ,greene-,goose faire at ,stratford the ,bowe40 ,the occupants of this carroch 8were so be-madam'd1 be-mistrist1 and ,ladified by the beggers1 that the foolish ,women began to swell with a proud ,supposition or ,imaginary greatnes1 and gave all their mony to the mendicanting ,canters40 ,poor ,taylor6 ,he felt very deeply on the question of these new coaches which were to put an end once and for all time to his trade4 ,he must have felt that ,henry of ,navarre's assassination in #afaj would never have taken place but for that monarch's affection for his coach2 yet in spite of his deep hatred1 he was once prevailed upon to ride inside one of them4 8,it was but my chance0 he records1 8once to bee brought from ,whitehall to the ,tower in my ,master ,sir ,william ,waades ,coach1 and before ,i had been drawn twenty yardes1 such a ,timpany of ,pride puft me up1 that ,i was ready to burst with the winde chollicke of vaine-glory4 ,in what state ,i would leane over the boote1 and looke1 and pry if ,i saw any of my acquaintance1 and then ,i would stand up vailing my ,bonnet40 ,it almost looks as though he had enjoyed his ride6 ,chapter the ,fourth ,,interlude ,,of ,,the ,,chair 8,i love sedans1 cause they do plod ,and amble everywhere1 ,which prancers are with leather shod1 ,and ne'er disturb the eare4 ,heigh doune1 derry derry doune1 ,with the hackney ,coaches doune1 ,their jumping make ,the pavements shake1 ,their noise doth mad the toune40 ,ancient ,ballad4 ,just as the horse-litter gave way before the coach1 so the coach1 not long after its appearance1 found a serious rival in the man-drawn litter or ,sedan chair4 ,when or where this chair came from1 or who brought it into use once again1 is not known4 ,that ,sedan itself was the first place to adopt this chair may be true--the analogy already mentioned holding good--but beyond a few half-serious words in a curious seventeenth-century pamphlet to be quoted in a little1 there is no positive evidence whatever4 ,several writers1 indeed1 assert that ,sedan had nothing to do with the chair for ever associated with its name1 but in that tantalising manner which is unfortunately characteristic of former times1 omit to state their reason4 ,it has been suggested that sedan was the name of the cloth with which the chair was lined1 but if this were so1 the cloth most probably took its name from the chair it adorned4 ,but wherever it was first made it is reasonable to suppose that the narrowness of the streets made a smaller vehicle than either coach or horse-litter convenient4 ,the earliest chair1 other than those ancient lectic and mentioned in the first chapter1 appears to have belonged to the ,emperor ,charles ,v1 in the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,this1 indeed1 does bear some resemblance to the common conception of a chair1 but the first ,sedans of some fifty years later resembled nothing so much as a modern dog-kennel provided with two poles4 ,a more unsociable apparatus was surely never built1 and yet its almost immediate popularity is easily explained4 ,with the urban streets not yet properly paved and the eternal jolting of the coach1 to the accompaniment of such a clatter as must have made speech almost impossible1 anything in the nature of a conveyance that made at once for physical comfort and comparative silence would have been favourably received4 ,there is mention of a chair being shown in ,england in #aeha--;just at the time when the country was beginning to show an interest in carriages--but it was not until after the death of ,elizabeth that such a novelty was seen in the streets of ,london4 ,you are not wholly surprised1 moreover1 to hear that the innovation was due to ,buckingham1 that apostle of luxury1 who probably first saw the chair on his visit to ,spain with ,prince ,charles4 ,indeed the ,prince is supposed to have brought back three of them with him4 ,at first1 of course1 there was opposition4 8,every new thing the ,people disaffect10 wrote ,arthur ,wilson1 the historian1 8,they stumble sometimes1 at the action for the person1 which rises like a little cloud but soon after vanishes4 ,so after1 when ,buckingham came to be carried upon ,men's shoulders the clamour and the noise of it was so extravagant that the ,people would rail on him in the ,streets1 loathing that ,men should be brought to as servile a condition as ,horses4 ,so irksome is every little new impression that breaks an old ,custom and rubs and grates against the public humour4 ,but when ,time had made these ,chairs common1 every loose ,minion used them1 so that that which got at first so much scandal was the means to convey those privately to such places where they might give much more4 ,just like long hair1 at one time described as abominable1 at another time approved as beautiful4 ,so various are the fancies of the times60 ,it is to be noticed that ,buckingham1 according to this account1 was carried upon men's shoulders4 ,this was the case at first1 but such a mode was speedily changed for that of hand-poles--at once safer and more comfortable for the occupant1 and certainly more convenient for the men4#bc ,john ,evelyn disagrees with ,wilson and ascribes the introduction of the chair into ,england to ,sir ,saunders ,duncombe1 a ,gentleman-,pensioner knighted by ,james ,i in ,scotland in #afag1 who enjoyed ,buckingham's patronage4 ,in his ,diary for #afde1 he writes of the ,neapolitans3 8,they greatly affect the ,spanish gravity in their habit2 delight in good horses2 the streets are full of gallants on horseback1 in coaches and sedans1 from hence brought first into ,england by ,sir ,saunders ,duncombe40 ,undoubtedly ,duncombe was responsible for the great popularity of the chair in ,england1 and for a time held a monopoly in such chairs as could be had for hire1 but it may be that ,buckingham suggested this monopoly in the first place1 after the temporary opposition to their use had been overcome4 ,which rather suggests that ,spain was actually the first country where they were used1 though this is mere conjecture4 ,in the meantime much was happening to the coaches4 ,they were increasing enormously in number1 not only those privately owned1 but also those hired out by the day4 ,these latter soon became known as hackney-coaches4#bd ,they seem to have been put on the streets as early as #afje1 but 8remained in the owner's yards until sent for40 ,in #afcc the ,strand was chosen as the first regular stand for such coaches by a ,captain ,bailey1 one of the pioneers of the movement4 8,i cannot omit to mention10 writes ,lord ,stafford1 8any new thing that comes up amongst us though ever so trivial4 ,here is one ,captain ,bailey1 he hath been a sea captain1 but now lives on land about this city where he tries experiments4 ,he hath erected1 according to his ability1 some four hackney coaches1 put his men in livery and appointed them to stand at the ,maypole in the ,strand1 giving them instructions at what rate to carry men into several parts of the town where all day they may be had4 ,other hackney men veering this way1 they flocked to the same place and performed their journeys at the same rate1 so that sometimes there is twenty of them together1 which dispose up and down1 that they and others are to be had everywhere1 as watermen are to be had at the waterside4 ,everybody is much pleased with it1 for whereas before coaches could be had but at great rate0--one recalls the prices paid by ,lord ,rutland a few years before--8now a man may have one much cheaper40 ,most of these coaches that were put on to the streets seem to have been old and disused carriages belonging to the quality4 ,many of them still bore noble arms1 and1 indeed1 it would seem that when the hackneys were no longer disused noblemen's carriages1 the proprietors found it advisable to pretend that they were4 ,nearly every hansom and four-wheeled cab at the end of the nineteenth century bore some sort of coronet on its panels4 ,the drivers of these first hackneys wore large coats with several capes1 one over the other1 for warmth4 ,london1 however1 seems to have been the only town in which they were to be seen4 8,coaches10 wrote ,fynes ,morison in #afag1 8are not to be hired anywhere but in ,london4 ,for a day's journey a coach with two horses is let for about #ajs4 a day1 or #aes4 with three horses1 the coachman finding the horses' feed40 ,from the same author it would appear that most travellers still doggedly kept to their horses1 and indeed1 in some counties a horse could be hired for threepence a day1 an incredibly small sum4 8,carriers10 he also records1 8have long covered waggons in which they carry passengers too and fro2 but this kind of journeying is very tedious2 so that none but women and people of inferior condition travel in this sort40 ,these were the stage-waggons which in due course gave rise to the stage-coaches1 which in their turn were superseded by the mail-coaches4 ,a similar movement in ,france gave rise to the fiacres1 so called from the sign of ,st4 ,fiacre1 which adorned one of the principal inns in ,paris1 in front of which the public coaches stood4 ,in ,scotland1 too1 one ,henry ,andersen1 a native of ,pomerania1 had in #afaj been granted a royal patent to provide public coaches in ,scotland1 and for some years ran a service between ,edinburgh and ,leith4 ,england had yet to follow ,andersen's example1 but the hackneys were increasing so rapidly in ,london that in #afce a proclamation was issued to suppress them4 ,and it is to be noticed that ,taylor's diatribes were directed more particularly against these public conveyances than against the privately owned carriages1 which1 after all1 could hardly affect his trade4 ,the proclamation was as follows3-- 8,that the great numbers of ,hackney ,coaches of late time seen and kept in ,london1 ,westminster1 and their ,suburbs1 and the general and promiscuous use of ,coaches there1 were not only a great disturbance to his ,majesty1 his dearest ,consort the ,queen1 the ,nobility1 and others of place and degree1 in their passage through the ,streets2 but the ,streets themselves were so pestered1 and the pavements so broken up1 that the common passage is thereby hindered and more dangerous2 and the prices of hay and provender and other provisions of stable1 thereby made exceeding dear3 ,wherefore ,we expressly command and forbid1 ,that1 from the feast of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist next coming1 no ,hackney or ,hired ,coach1 be used or suffered in ,london1 ,westminster1 or the ,suburbs or ,liberties thereof1 excepting they be to travel at least three miles out of ,london or ,westminster1 or the ,suburbs thereof4 ,and also1 that no person shall go in a ,coach in the said ,streets1 except the owner of the ,coach shall constantly keep up ,four able ,horses for our ,service1 when required40 ,it is dated ,january #aith1 #afce_/f1 and must have had a considerable1 if temporary1 effect1 for as ,samuel ,pegge points out in his unfinished manuscript on the early use of coaches#be it could not 8operate much in the ,king's favour1 as it would hardly be worth a ,coach-master's while to be at so great a contingent charge as the keeping of four horses to be furnished at a moment's warning for ,his ,majesty's occasional employment40 ,it was then that ,sir ,saunders ,duncombe obtained his monopoly1 and1 of course1 everything was in his favour4 ,the actual patent granted to him belongs to the previous year1 but the two are approximately contemporary4 ,from a letter written in #afcd to ,lord ,stafford1 it appears that ,duncombe had in that year forty or fifty chairs 8making ready for use40 ,possibly the whole thing was worked up by ,buckingham and his satellites4 ,duncombe's patent gave the enterprising knight the right 8to put forth and lett for hire0 the new chairs for a term of fourteen years4 ,in his petition he had explained that 8in many parts beyond the seas1 the people there are much carried in the ,streets in ,chairs that are covered2 by which means very few ,coaches are used amongst them40 ,and so ,duncombe was allowed to 8reap some fruit and benefit of his industry10 and might 8recompense himself of the costs1 charges1 and expences0 to which he had1 or said he had1 been put4 ,for two years these covered chairs held the advantage1 and indeed seem to have been exceedingly popular4 ,there is a most amusing pamphlet1 which ,i have already mentioned1 8printed by ,robert ,raworth1 for ,john ,crooch10 in #afcf1 entitled ,coach and ,sedan pleasantly disputing for ,place and ,precedence1 the ,brewer's ,cart being ,moderator4 ,it is signed 8,mis-amaxius10 and is dedicated 8to the ,valorous1 and worthy all title of ,honor1 ,s ,elias ,hicks40 8,light stuffe10 the author calls it1 and tells us that he is 8no ordinary ,pamphleteer 444 onely in ,mirth ,i tried what ,i could doe upon a running subject1 at the request of a friend in the ,strand3 whose leggs1 not so sound as his ,judgement1 enforce him to keepe his ,chamber1 where hee can neither sleepe or studie for the clattering of ,coaches40 ,it is an interesting little production1 both for its own whimsicalities and for the sidelights it affords into the town's views on the subject of vehicles at the time4 ,it starts with the cuckoo warning the milkmaids of ,islington to get back to ,finsburie4 ,the writer1 accompanied by a ,frenchman and a tailor1 walks back to the city1 and in a narrow street comes across a coach and a sedan quarrelling about which of them is to 8take the wall40 8,wee perceived two lustie fellowes to justle for the wall1 and almost readie to fall together by the eares1 the one 7the lesser of the two7 was in a suite of greene after a strange manner1 windowed before and behind with ,isen-glasse1 having two handsome fellowes in greene coats attending him1 the one went before1 the other came behind2 their coats were lac'd down the back with a greene-lace sutable1 so were their halfe sleeves1 which perswaded me at first they were some cast suites of their ,masters2 their backs were harnessed with leather cingles1 cut out of a hide1 as broad as ,dutch-collops of ,bacon4 8,the other was a thick burly square sett fellow1 in a doublet of ,black-leather1 ,brasse-button'd down the brest1 ,backe1 ,sleeves1 and winges1 with monstrous wide bootes1 fringed at the top1 with a net fringe1 and a round breech 7after the old fashion7 guilded1 and on his back-side an ,atcheivement of sundry ,coats in their propper colors1 quarterd with ,crest1 ,helme and ,mantle1 besides here and there1 on the sides of a single ,escutchion or crest1 with some ,emblematicall ,word or other2 ,i supposed1 they were made of some ,pendants1 or ,banners1 that had beene stollen1 from over some ,monument1 where they had long hung in a ,church4 8,hee had onely one man before him1 wrapt in a red cloake1 with wide sleeves1 turned up at the hands1 and cudgell'd thick on the backe and shoulders with broad shining lace 7not much unlike that which ,mummers make of strawe hatts7 and of each side of him1 went a ,lacquay1 the one a ,french boy1 the other ,irish1 all sutable alike3 ,the ,frenchman 7as ,i learned afterward7 when his ,master was in the ,countrey1 taught his lady and his daughter ,french3 ,ushers them abroad to publicke meetings1 and assemblies1 all saving the ,church whither shee never came3 ,the other went on errands1 help'd the maide to beate ,bucks1 fetch in water1 carried up meate1 and waited at the ,table40 ,the writer attempts mediation1 and his offer is favourably received4 ,the combatants explain who they are4 ,the burly fellow speaks first3-- 8,my name ,sir 7quoth hee7 is ,coach1 who am a ,gentleman of an anciente house1 as you may perceive by my so many quarter'd coates1 of ,dukes1 ,marquises1 ,earles1 ,viscounts1 ,barons1 ,knights1 and ,gentlemen1 there is never a ,lord or ,lady in the land but is of my acquaintance2 my imployment is so great1 that ,i am never at quiet1 day or night2 ,i am a ,benefactor to all ,meetings1 ,play-houses1 ,mercers shops1 ,taverns1 and some other houses of recreation4444 ,this other that offers me the wrong1 they call him ,mounsier ,sedan1 some ,mr4 ,chair1 a ,greene-goose hatch'd but the other day 444 and whereas hee is able with all the helpe and furtherance hee can make and devise1 to goe not above a mile in an houre2 as grosse as ,i am1 ,i can runne three or foure in halfe an houre2 yea1 after dinner1 when my belly is as full as it can hold 7and ,i may say to you7 of dainty bitts too40 ,whereupon the sedan chimes in3-- 8,sir1 the occasion of our difference was this3 ,whether an emptie ,coach1 that has a ,lords head painted ,coate and ,crest1 as ,lion1 ,bull1 ,elephant1 c4 upon it without1 might take the wall of a ,sedan that had a knighte alive within it40 ,i confess1 he goes on to say1 ,i am 8a meere stranger1 till of late in ,england2 therefore1 if the ,law of ,hospitalitie be observed 7as ,england hath beene accounted the most hospitable kingdome of the ,world17 ,i ought to be the better entertained1 and used1 7as ,i am sure ,i shall7 and find as good friends1 as ,coach hath any1 it is not his bigge lookes1 nor his nimble tongue1 that so runnes upon wheeles1 shall scare mee2 hee shall know that ,i am above him both in esteeme1 and dignitie1 and hereafter will know my place better4444 ,neither1 ,i hope1 will any thinke the worse of mee1 for that ,i am a ,forreiner2 hath not your ,countrey ,coach of ,england been extreemly enriched by strangers80 ,indeed1 all your luxuries1 he continues1 are foreign1 your perfumes are ,italian1 and your perukes made in ,france4 ,for some time it seems that ,sedan is getting the best of it4 ,whereas the coach1 he argues1 has to wait out in the cold streets often for hours at a time1 he is many times admitted into the privacy of my ,lady's chamber1 where he is rubbed clean both within and without4 8,and the plain troath is10 he concludes1 8,i will no longer bee made a foole by you 444 the kenell is your naturall walke40 ,at this moment a carman appears and supports the sedan4 ,coaches1 he says1 keep the town awake1 endanger the lives of children1 and1 particularly in the suburbs1 8be-dash gentlemen's gowns40 ,there then follows a curious piece of dialogue between ,sedan and ,powel1 a ,welshman1 one of his attendants3-- 8,sedan4 ,we have our name from ,sedanum1 or ,sedan1 that famous ,citie and ,universitie1 belonging to the ,dukes of ,bevillon1 and where hee keepes his ,court40 8,powel4 ,nay1 doe you heare mee ,master1 it is from ,sedanny1 which in our ,british language1 is a brave1 faire1 daintie well-favoured ,ladie1 or prettie sweete wench1 and wee carrie such some time ,master44440 ,most of the morning is wasted by such desultory talk1 and the street becomes blocked4 ,there comes on the scene a waterman1 who1 of course1 is equally antagonistic to both1 and would throw coach and sedan into the ,thames if he were not afraid of blocking the stream1 and so bringing harm to himself4 ,there follows him a country farmer1 who thinks the sedan the honester and humbler of the two1 but really knows very little about it4 8,i heare no great ill of you10 he is good enough to say1 but is bound to add1 8,i have had no acquaintance with your cowcumber-cullor'd men40 ,yet in the country he has in his way tried a sedan-chair1 which is a 8plaine wheele-barrow10 just as his cart is his coach 8wherein now and then for my pleasure ,i ride1 my maides going along with me40 ,but if they both come to ,lincolnshire1 the sedan1 he thinks1 will receive a warmer welcome than the coach4 ,after him comes a country vicar who has no hesitation in accusing the coach of all sorts of robberies4 ,soon1 he cries1 you will be 8turned off40 ,you never cared for church1 and indeed1 during service1 you disturb everybody rumbling your loudest outside4 ,also you are so set up that you will never give place 8either to cart or carre40 ,a surveyor is less personal than the vicar1 but has little good to say of the coach1 although he agrees with most of the others that for a nobleman of high rank1 it is something of a necessity4 ,finally the brewer appears and speedily puts an end to the wrangle4 8,with that1 comes up unto us a lustie tall fellow1 sitting betweene two mstrous great wheeles1 drawne by a great old jade blinde of an eie1 in a leather pilch1 two emptie beere-barrels upon a brewer's slings besides him1 and old blew-cap all bedaub'd1 and stincking with yest4444 ,my name is ,beere-cart1 quoth hee1 ,i came into ,england in ,henry the ,seventh's time40 ,and the decision of the cart is1 of course1 that both coach and sedan shall give way to him4 ,they are both to exercise great care1 and the sedan is to have the wall4 ,and he adds1 turning to the smaller vehicle1 a sentence which it is difficult to understand4 8,you shall never10 he says1 8carrie ,coachman againe1 for the first you ever carried was a ,coachman1 for which you had like to have sufferd1 had not your ,master beene more mercifull40 ,such quarrels were very frequent1 not only at this time1 but right on through the eighteenth century4 ,swift in one of his letters to ,stella mentions an accident due to the carelessness of a chairman4 8,the chairman that carried me10 he says1 8squeezed a great fellow against a wall1 who wisely turned his back1 and broke one of the side glasses in a thousand pieces4 ,i fell a scolding1 pretended ,i was like to be cut to pieces1 and made them set down the chair in the ,park1 while they picked out the bits of glasses3 and when ,i paid them1 ,i quarrelled still1 so they dared not grumble1 and ,i came off for my fare3 but ,i was plaguily afraid they would have said1 ,god bless your honour1 won't you give us something for our glass80 ,swift was the author of an amusing satire on the same subject1 wherein coach and sedan were no better friends than of old4 ,a ,,conference ,,between ,,sir ,,harry ,,pierce',s ,,chariot ,,and ,,mrs4 ,d4 ,,stopford',s ,,chair ,,chariot 8,my pretty dear ,cuz1 tho' ,i've roved the town o'er1 ,to dispatch in an hour some visits a score2 ,though1 since first on the wheels1 ,i've been everyday ,at the ',change1 at a raffling1 at church1 or a play2 ,and the fops of the town are pleased with the notion ,of calling your slave the perpetual motion2-- ,though oft at your door ,i have whined out my love ,as my knight does grin his at your ,lady above2 ,yet1 ne'er before this though ,i used all my care1 ,i e'er was so happy to meet my dear ,chair2 ,and since we're so near1 like birds of a feather1 ,let's e'en1 as they say1 set our horses together4 ,,chair 8,by your awkward address1 you're that thing which should carry1 ,with one footman behind1 our lover ,sir ,harry4 ,by your language1 ,i judge1 you think me a wench2 ,he that makes love to me1 must make it in ,french4 ,thou that's drawn by two beasts1 and carry'st a brute1 ,canst thou vainly e'er hope1 ,i'll answer thy suit8 ,though sometimes you pretend to appear with your six1 ,no regard to their colour1 their sexes you mix3 ,then on the grand-paw you'd look very great1 ,with your new-fashion'd glasses1 and nasty old seat4 ,thus a beau ,i have seen strut with a cock'd hat1 ,and newly rigg'd out1 with a dirty cravat4 ,you may think that you make a figure most shining1 ,but it's plain that you have an old cloak for a lining4 ,are those double-gilt nails8 ,where's the lustre of ,kerry1 ,to set off the ,knight1 and to finish the ,jerry8 ,if you hope ,i'll be kind1 you must tell me what's due ,in ,george's-lane for you1 ere ,i'll buckle to4 ,,chariot 8,why1 how now1 ,doll ,diamond1 you're very alert2 ,is it your ,french breeding has made you so pert8 ,because ,i was civil1 here's a stir with a pox3 ,who is it that values your ---- or your fox8 ,sure 'tis to her honour1 he ever should bed ,his bloody red hand to her bloody red head4 ,you're proud of your gilding2 but ,i tell you each nail ,is only just tinged with a rub at her tail2 ,and although it may pass for gold on a ninny1 ,sure we know a ,bath shilling soon from a guinea4 ,nay1 her foretop's a cheat2 each morn she does black it1 ,yet1 ere it be night1 it's the same with her placket4 ,i'll ne'er be run down any more with your cant2 ,your velvet was wore before in a mant1 ,on the back of her mother2 but now 'tis much duller1-- ,the fire she carries hath changed its colour4 ,those creatures that draw me you never would mind1 ,if you'd but look on your own ,pharaoh's lean kine2 ,they're taken for spectres1 they're so meagre and spare1 ,drawn damnably low by your sorrel mare4 ,we know how your lady was on you befriended2 ,you're not to be paid for 'till the lawsuit is ended3 ,but her bond it is good1 he need not to doubt2 ,she is two or three years above being out4 ,could my ,knight be advised1 he should ne'er spend his vigour ,on one he can't hope of e'er making bigger40 ,gay seems to have shared the watermen's disgust at both coach and sedan4 8,boxed within the chair1 contemn the street ,and trust their safety to another's feet10 he says of those willing to use the chair4 ,in another place he is comparing the two3-- 8,the gilded chariots while they loll at ease ,and lazily insure a life's disease2 ,while softer chairs the tawdry load convey ,to court1 to ,white's1 assemblies or the play40 ,elsewhere he exhorts the pedestrian to assert his rights3-- 8,let not the chairman1 with assuming stride1 ,press near the wall1 and rudely thrust thy side2 ,the laws have set him bounds2 his servile feet ,should ne'er encroach where posts defend the street40 ,by this time1 however1 many changes in the chairs had taken place4 ,they seem to have been introduced into ,paris in #afag by ,m4 de ,montbrun1 though unfortunately from whence this gentleman brought them we are nowhere informed4 ,they were called chaises porteurs4 ,possibly ,english and ,french chairs were at first quite similar to each other in appearance--square boxes with a pent-house--but in the middle of the century--in ,paris1 at any rate1 they became far more elegant in form1 and began to be ornamented and richly upholstered4 ,some of them resembled1 in shape1 the body of the modern hansom-cab4 ,this was particularly the case with a new carriage1 introduced about #affh1 called the brouette 7wheelbarrow71 roulette1 or vanaigrette1 which was merely a sedan upon two wheels4 ,it was drawn in the usual way by a man1 and was an early form of that vehicle which still survives in the ,east as the jin-rick-shaw4 ,the brouette held but one person1 its wheels were large1 and its two poles projected some way in front4 ,one ,dupin was apparently the only person to manufacture them1 and after his first experiments he applied 8two elbow-springs beneath the front1 and attached them to the axle-tree by long shackles1 the axle-tree working up and down in a groove beneath the inside-seat40 ,this improvement is of more than ordinary interest in so far as it is the first mention of steel springs to carriages4 ,in the ordinary coaches these steel springs were first applied beneath the bottom of the body4 ,they were probably formed out of a single piece of metal4 ,in the case of the brouette there was the usual opposition--this time from the proprietors of the ordinary sedans--but although a temporary prohibition was made1 the brouette triumphed1 and in #afga was a common sight in the streets of ,paris4 ,it was not very suitable for decoration4 ,as one ,french writer remarks1 it was enough if the machine were solidly constructed4 ,the brouette had windows at the sides and a small support in front of the wheels to allow the carriage to maintain its proper position when not held up by an attendant4 ,the brouette does not seem to have come immediately to ,england1 though in the eighteenth century there was a sedan cart1 similar in appearance to it1 to be seen in ,london4 ,on the other hand1 the ordinary sedans were rapidly gaining in popularity1 and maintained that popularity right through the reigns of the first three ,georges4 ,illustration3 ,neapolitan ,sedan ,chair ,early ,sixteenth ,century 7,at ,south ,kensington7 ,in appearance they became rather more graceful towards the middle of the century1 though less so in later days4 ,the public chairs were generally made of black or dark green leather1 ornamented with gold 8beading10 the frame and roof1 which had a double slope1 being of wood1 as was also the small square window-frame4 ,private chairs1 however1 could be as gorgeous as the owner pleased1 though in this respect continental chairs far surpassed our own4 ,at ,paris are shown two magnificent chairs which belonged to ,louis ,,xv4 8,these10 says ,croal1 8have glass windows in side and front1 through which the sumptuous lining of crimson velvet is discernible4 ,the outside is beautifully painted and gilt1 and though now somewhat faded1 the splendour of the vehicles can be imagined1 even in their decay4 ,the gorgeously attired king within1 or it might be the queen or some reigning favourite1 would be attended by a gay escort of gentlemen of the court1 with a crowd of bearers and lacqueys1 not to speak of armed guards1 whose liveries probably equalled in grandeur the courtly habits of the greater men who surrounded the royal chair40 ,at ,south ,kensington a private ,english chair of about #agfj is shown1 8rather handsomely ornamented in ormolu1 the sides being divided into four panels1 but without windows4 ,in form10 continues ,croal1 8the chair may be described as #8carriage-bodied1' not being1 as the later chairs1 square at the bottom4 ,at the two front corners heavy tassels are hung1 and through the door in front it can be seen that the interior lining is of figured damask4 ,the bearing rings through which the poles passed are of brass40 ,this1 however1 cannot compare with an ,italian nobleman's large conveyance of the early eighteenth century which shows a profusion of gold filigree work on the roof that calls to mind nothing so strongly as a ,buszard wedding-cake4 ,it belonged to a member of the ,grand ,ducal family of ,tuscany1 by whom it was used on baptismal occasions4 ,here1 besides the gilt work on the roof1 there is a medallion-painting of figures in antique costume over the door4 ,the walls are painted a pale ,french grey 8with elaborately carved mouldings round the panels1 with groups of flowers painted in the middle4 ,the interior is lined with satin corresponding to the painting outside1 being in gold and colours upon a pale ground40 ,the chairmen do not seem to have been a particularly agreeable lot of fellows4 ,in ,london they were generally ,irish or ,welsh4 ,they were often drunk1 often careless1 and nearly always uncivil4 ,says ,gay3-- 8,the drunken chairman in the kennel spurns1 ,the glasses shatter1 and his charge o'erturns40 ,in ,edinburgh1 however1 where there were ninety chairs in #agch1 the chairmen were ,highlanders and rather more civil4 8,an inhabitant of ,edinburgh10 says ,hugh ,arnot in his history of that city 7#aghi71 8who visits the metropolis can hardly suppress his laughter at seeing the awkward hobble of a street chair in the city of ,london40 ,we learn from ,markland that in #agdj a chair in ,edinburgh could be hired for four shillings a day or twenty shillings a week4#bf ,in ,london1 according to ,george ,selwyn1 you could be carried three miles for a shilling4#bg ,in ,edinburgh1 again1 where chairs were used at a later date than anywhere in ,england1 rules were made for the public convenience in #agdj1 the most interesting of these being one which forbade a soldier in the service of the city guard to carry a chair at any time4 ,by #aghi their numbers had increased to #bch1 including fifty privately owned4 ,scattered mention of them occurs amongst ,british authors4 ,steele1 in one of his ,tatler papers1 proposes to levy a tax upon them1 and regrets that the sumptuary laws of the old ,romans have never been revived4 ,the chairmen1 or 8slaves of the rich10 he says1 8take up the whole street1 while we ,peripatetics are very glad to watch an opportunity to whisk across a passage1 very thankful that we are not run over for interrupting the machine1 that carries in it a person neither more handsome1 wise1 nor valiant1 than the meanest of us40 ,matthew ,bramble in ,humphrey ,clinker is made to draw a wretched picture of the chairs which abounded in ,bath at the middle of the century3-- 8,the valetudinarian10 he writes1 8is carried in a chair1 betwixt the heels of a double row of horses1 wincing under the curry-combs of grooms and postilions1 over and above the hazard of being obstructed or overturned by the carriages which are continually making their exit or their entrance4 ,i suppose1 after some chairmen shall have been maimed1 and a few lives lost by those accidents1 the corporation will think in earnest about providing a more safe and commodious passage4444 ,if1 instead of the areas and iron rails1 which seem to be of very little use1 there had been a corridor with arcades all round1 as in ,covent ,garden1 the appearance of the whole would have been more magnificent and striking2 those arcades would have afforded an agreeable covered walk1 and sheltered the poor chairmen and their carriages from the rain1 which is here almost perpetual4 ,at present the chairs stand soaking in the open street from morning to night1 till they become so many boxes of wet leather1 for the benefit of the gouty and rheumatic1 who are transported in them from place to place4 ,indeed1 this is a shocking inconvenience1 that extends over the whole city2 and ,i am persuaded it produces infinite mischief to the delicate and infirm4 ,even the close chairs1 contrived for the sick1 by standing in the open air1 have their fringe linings impregnated1 like so many sponges1 with the moisture of the atmosphere40 ,it was to ,bath that ,princess ,amelia was carried in a sedan by eight chairmen from ,st4 ,james's1 in ,april1 #agbh4 ,this must easily have been the longest1 and1 so far as the chairmen were concerned1 the most wearisome journey ever performed by a chair4 ,illustration3 8,the ,social ,pinch0 ,by ,john ,kay ,illustration3 ,sedans in 8,the ,present ,age0 ,by ,l4 ,p4 ,boitard 7#agfg7 ,john ,wilkes mentions in one of his letters to his daughter that he ascended ,mont ,cenis in a chair 8carried by two men and assisted by four more40 8,this10 he says1 8was not a sedan chair1 but a small wicker chair with two long poles2 there is no covering of any kind to it40 ,such open chairs seem to have been very uncommon1 and were1 ,i imagine1 unknown in ,england4 ,some1 however1 had more glass than others1 and their size fluctuated4 ,fashionable ladies must have found a difficulty in getting into a public chair of the ordinary size at the time of the large hoop petticoat1 and there is a satiric print1 dated #agcc1 which shows a lady thus attired1 being hauled out through the opened roof of one with ropes and pulleys4 ,similarly1 when forty or fifty years later the head-dress of the women became so enormous1 a ludicrous print appeared showing a patent arrangement whereby the roof of a chair could be raised on rods to as great a height as was required4 ,in general the roof opened upwards1 being hinged at the back4 ,this is clearly shown in a print published in #agfh1 called ,the ,female ,orators1 in which a clergyman is stepping out of his chair1 and the chairmen very obviously demanding their fare4 ,another print published about #aghf1 called the ,social ,pinch1 shows a very famous chairman1 ,donald ,kennedy1 offering his 8mull0 to ,donald ,balack1 a native of ,ross-shire1 whom he had just set down4 ,here the structure of the public chair in use at this date is clearly shown4 ,at the beginning of the nineteenth century1 however1 the chair as a mode of conveyance was on the wane4 ,fenimore ,cooper in his ,sketches of ,english ,society 7#ahcg7 was able to write3 8,sedan chairs appear to have finally disappeared from ,st4 ,james' ,street4 ,even in #ahbf ,i saw a stand of them that has since vanished4 ,the chairs may still be used on particular occasions1 but were ,cecilia now in existence1 she would find it difficult to be set down in ,mrs4 ,benfield's entry from a machine so lumbering40 ,which suggests that the chair had not only degenerated in numbers1 but also in appearance4 ,they had become larger and uncouth in ,cooper's day4 ,one is reminded of that chair in ,pickwick1 which 8having been originally built for a gouty gentleman with funded property1 would hold ,mr4 ,pickwick and ,mr4 ,tupman at least as comfortably as a modern post-chaise40 ,yet so late as #agge the popularity of the chair had been at its highest4 ,it was the old story4 ,with the new century were coming new ideas4 ,the chair slowly and quite naturally was dropping out of existence4 ,in ,edinburgh1 as ,i have said1 it lingered on for rather a longer time4 ,in #ahjf stringent regulations were still required4 ,those chairs which maintained their stand at night had to have 8a light fixed on the fore part of one of the poles40 ,on the occasion of a fire or a mob the chairmen had to hurry to the scene of excitement1 and there await the magistrate's orders4 ,they were not allowed to charge more than ninepence a mile1 seven-and-six a day1 or a guinea and a half a week4 ,such rates1 too1 continued to be set out in the ,edinburgh ,almanac until #ahcj4 ,after that comes an ominous silence4 ,by that time only the private chair was in use4 8,lady ,don10 says ,lord ,cockburn in his ,memorials1 8was about the last person 7so far as ,i recollect7 in ,edinburgh1 who kept a private sedan chair4 ,hers stood in the lobby and was as handsome and comfortable as silk1 velvet1 and gilding could make it4 ,and when she wished to use it two well-known respectable chairmen1 enveloped in her livery cloaks1 were the envy of her superannuated brethren4 ,she and ,mrs4 ,rochead both sat in ,tron ,church2 and well do ,i remember how ,i used to form one of the cluster that always took its station to see these beautiful relics emerge from coach and chair40 ,the time1 indeed1 had come when the sight of a chair was as much a public entertainment as it had been when ,buckingham had been borne through the streets 8on men's shoulders40 ,yet although they so rapidly disappeared off the face of ,europe1 in ,asia they lost little of their popularity1 and in many places to-day are the only methods of conveyance in common use4 ,china1 in particular1 had long been a land of sedans4 ,john ,barrow in his ,collection of ,authentic1 ,useful1 and ,entertaining ,voyages and ,discoveries1 #agfe1 mentions the fact that at an early date the ,chinese 8small covered carriages on two wheels1 not unlike in appearance to our funeral hearses1 but only about half their length10 had been superseded by chairs4 ,to a ,european1 he relates1 this was hardly surprising1 as the carriage was anything but comfortable1 and required you to sit on your haunches at the bottom--8the most uneasy vehicle that can be imagined40 8#8,the ,chinese1' records another eighteenth-century traveller1 #8occasionally travel on horseback1 but their best land conveyance by far is the sedan1 a vehicle which certainly exists among them in perfection4 ,whether viewed with regard to lightness1 comfort1 or any other quality associated with such mode of carriage1 there is nothing so convenient elsewhere4 ,two bearers place upon their shoulders the poles1 which are thin and elastic and in shape something like the shafts of a gig1 connected near the ends1 and in this manner they proceed forward with a measured step in an almost imperceptible motion1 and sometimes with considerable speed4 ,instead of panels1 the sides and back of the chair consist of woollen cloth for the sake of lightness with a covering of oilcloth against rain4 ,the front is closed with a hanging blind of the same materials in lieu of a door1 with a circular aperture of gauze to see through4444 ,private persons among the ,chinese are restricted to two bearers1 ordinary magistrates to four1 and the viceroys to eight1 while the ,emperor alone is great enough to require sixteen4'0 ,there is further mention of these ,chinese chairs in ,oliphant's much later account of ,lord ,elgin's mission4 ,lord ,elgin himself travelled in a chair of the kind usually reserved for mandarins of the highest rank1 which was larger than those in ordinary use and had a fine brass knob on the top4 ,eight bearers carried it4 ,in processions a hwakeaou or flowered chair was often used4 ,japan1 too1 had early had sedans both for travelling and for more purely ceremonial purposes4 ,light bamboo chairs1 they were1 called kangoes or norimons1 which were borne by two or more persons4 ,on the introduction of the ,european coach1 however1 a kind of brouette1 as ,i have said1 was substituted1 and in a few years there were hundreds of thousands of these jin-rick-shaws on the streets1 not only in ,japan1 but throughout ,asia4 ,at first many of these were grotesquely adorned1 but their appearance is too well-known at the present day for need of a lengthy description4 ,equipped with 8every modern convenience0 and very well built indeed1 they afford a ,european a delightful sensation on his first ride1 even though he may have visions of those earlier days of his youth when he was carried about in a similar way 7though at a less speed7 in the homely perambulator4 ,chapter the ,fifth ,,seventeenth-,,century ,,innovations 8,we took our coach1 two coachmen and four horses1 ,and merrily from ,london made our courses4 ,we wheel'd the top of th' heavy hill called ,holborne 7,up which hath been full many a sinful soule borne17 ,and so along we jolted past ,st4 ,gileses1 ,which place from ,brainford six 7or neare7 seven miles is40 ,taylor4 ,the seventeenth century saw great changes in vehicular design4 ,in #affj the first berlin was made4 ,steel springs1 as we have seen1 appeared a few years later in the brouette4 ,about this time1 too1 a hooded gig or calche made its appearance in the streets of ,paris1 the first of many carriages to be built upon entirely new lines4 ,glass windows and complete doors were used in the coaches1 both public and private1 which became smaller1 more compact1 and certainly more graceful4 ,improvements were not confined to one country1 but proceeded simultaneously not only in various ,european countries1 but also in ,south ,america4 ,roads1 too1 were improved1 and laws for the regulation of traffic framed with some regularity and effect4 ,john ,evelyn in his ,diary gives interesting glimpses of such carriages and other vehicles as he saw during his several ,european tours4 ,in ,brussels 7#afda7 he was allowed the use of ,sir ,henry de ,vic's coach and six1 and travelled luxuriously in it as far as ,ghent4 8,on the way10 he notes1 8,i met with divers little waggons1 prettily contrived1 and full of peddling merchandize1 drawn by mastiff dogs1 harnessed completely like so many coach-horses2 in some four1 in others six1 as in ,brussels itself ,i had observed4 ,in ,antwerp ,i saw1 as ,i remember1 four dogs draw five lusty children in a chariot40 ,when dogs were first used for the purpose of traction does not appear1 but they are still to be seen in the ,netherlands in a like capacity4 ,a few days later1 to continue with ,evelyn's observations1 he was going from ,ostend to ,dunkirk 8by waggon 444 the journey being made all on the sea sands40 ,on his return to ,england1 however1 it is to be noticed that he rode post to ,canterbury4 ,in #afdc he was again in ,paris1 mentioning 8the multitude of coaches passing every moment over the bridge10 this being1 he says1 to a new spectator1 8an agreeable diversion40 ,in the following year1 while standing in the garden of the ,tuileries1 he saw 8so many coaches as one would hardly think could be maintained in the whole city1 going late as it was1 towards the course0--the fashionable rendezvous of the day--8the circle being capable of containing a hundred coaches to turn commodiously1 and the larger of the plantations for five or six coaches abreast40 ,the road from ,paris to ,orleans he describes as 8excellent40 ,coming to ,italy1 he found ,milan1 in spite of the narrowness of its streets1 abounding in rich coaches4 ,in ,paris again1 two or three years afterwards1 the design of a new coach so took his fancy that he determined1 like his friend ,mr4 ,pepys1 to possess one for himself4 ,and so on ,may #bith1 #afeb1 8,i went10 he writes1 8to give orders about a coach to be made against my wife's coming1 being my first coach1 the pattern whereof ,i brought out of ,paris40 ,this was probably 8booted10 but differed from the earlier coaches in having a curved roof4 ,the commonest ,french coach of this time seems to have been the corbillard1 a flat-bottomed1 half-open1 half-close coach1 furnished with curtains of cloth or leather in the front part4 ,these were merely tied on to the supports1 and would roll up when required4 ,doors there were none1 but there was a 8movable rail1 over which a leather screen was hung0 at the back portion of the carriage1 which was about six feet long1 and here were the seats4 ,there were also projecting movable step-seats4 ,possibly ,evelyn saw a newer model with a curved bottom and door half-way up1 panelled in the lower part1 but curtained above4 ,such a carriage was hung low1 and would have swung from side to side1 giving such passengers as were 8bad sailors0 a fit of nausea4 ,the ,english-designed coaches of this time1 though without glass windows1 were almost completely enclosed1 and1 compared with the new chariots1 which were just upon making their appearance1 of a huge size4 ,in many of them three people could sit abreast1 and seven or eight find room for themselves4 ,in #afda when ,charles ,i passed through ,london on his return from ,scotland1 his was the only coach in the royal procession1 but seven people1 including ,his ,majesty1 were driving1 apparently in comfort1 within it4 ,the ,commonwealth produced no new carriage1 although isolated experiments were already being made4 ,cromwell himself was wont to drive his own coach and six 8for recreation-sake0 in ,hyde ,park1 then as now a fashionable resort4 8,when my ,lord ,protector's coach10 wrote ,misson1 a ,frenchman then on a visit to ,england1 8came into the ,park with ,colonel ,ingleby and my ,lord's three daughters1 the coaches and horses flocked about them like some miracle4 ,but they galloped 7after the mode court-pace now7 round and round the ,park1 and all that great multitude hunted them and caught them still at the turn like a hare1 and then made a lane with all reverent haste for them1 and so after them again1 and ,i never saw the like in my life40 ,cromwell's desire to play coachman once led to an accident which might have been serious4 ,the particulars are given in a letter from the ,dutch ,ambassador to the ,states-,general1 dated ,october #afth1 #afed3-- 8,his ,highness1 only accompanied with secretary ,thurloe and some few of his gentlemen and servants1 went to take the air in ,hyde ,park1 when he caused some dishes of meat to be brought1 when he had his dinner2 and afterwards had a mind to drive the coach himself4 ,having put only the secretary into it10 he whipped up 8those six grey horses1 which the ,count of ,oldenburgh had presented unto ,his ,highness1 who drove pretty handsomely for some time4 ,but at last1 provoking these horses too much with the whip1 they grew unruly and ran so fast that the postillion could not hold them in1 whereby ,his ,highness was flung out of the coach upon the pole4444 ,the secretary's ankle was hurt leaping out1 and he keeps his chamber40 ,illustration3 ,coach in the time of ,charles ,i 7,from 8,coach and ,sedan ,pleasantly ,disputing07 ,illustration3 ,coach in the time of ,charles ,,ii 7,from ,thrupp's 8,history of ,coaches07 8,from this10 comments ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 who quotes the letter1 8it is evident that when six horses were used a postillion rode one of the leaders and controlled them2 while the driver managed the wheelers and middle pair4 ,when four horses were driven10 he continues1 8it was the custom to have two outriders1 one to ride at the leaders' heads1 and one at the two wheelers'4 ,in town this would be merely display1 but on a journey the outriders' horses might replace those of the team in case of accident1 or1 more frequently1 be added to them to help drag the coach over a stretch of bad road40 ,it is just possible that this coach which was overturned by ,cromwell's faulty driving is at present in existence1 repaired1 of course1 and redecorated1 and1 incidentally1 painted by ,cipriani1 as ,mr4 ,speaker's coach4 ,this undoubtedly belongs to the period1 and one writer actually commits himself to the statement that the two are identical4 ,a commoner report assigns the ,speaker's coach in the first place to ,lenthall1 ,cromwell's ,speaker4 ,whatever be its history1 the coach is a fine example of ,jacobean work4 ,it is of carved oak1 the body being hung upon leather braces4 ,the workmanship1 ,mr4 ,oakley ,williams thinks1#bh is ,flemish4 ,cipriani's work1 added late in the eighteenth century1 is still in good preservation4 ,five people can comfortably sit inside4 8,the ,speaker10 says ,mr4 ,williams1 8presumably occupied the seat of honour alone4 ,opposite him sat his ,chaplain and the ,sergeant-at-,arms4 ,for the accommodation of his other attendants 444 a low bench is arranged across the floor of the coach1 with a semicircular space for the legs of its occupants scooped out against either door0--relic1 of course1 of the boot4 8,the coach10 he continues1 after mentioning that the ,speaker always has his own arms painted on the side of the body1 and is allowed an escort of a single ,lifeguardsman1 8weighs two tons one hundredweight and several pounds1 yet for all its size it so beautifully hung and balanced that an able-bodied man was able without undue effort to draw it out for my inspection4 ,its coach-house is one of the vaults in the inner courtyard of the ,house of ,lords40 ,both origin and subsequent history of this coach1 however1 are wrapped in an impenetrable mystery4 ,cromwell's mishap naturally gave the ,royalist writers an opportunity for satire4 ,cleveland wrote the following lines3-- 8,the whip again2 away6 'tis too absurd ,that thou should lash with whipcord now1 but sword4 ,i'm pleased to fancy how the glad compact ,of ,hackney coachmen sneer at the last act4 ,hark6 how the scoffing concourse hence derives ,the proverb1 #8,needs must go when th' devil drives4' ,yonder a whisper cries1 #8',tis a plain case ,he turned us out to put himself in place2 ,but1 ,god-a-mercy1 horses once for aye ,stood to 't1 and turned him out as well as we4' ,another1 not behind him with his mocks1 ,cries out1 #8,sir1 faith1 you were in the wrong box4' ,he did presume to rule because1 forsooth1 ,he's been a horse-commander since his youth1 ,but he must know there's a difference in the reins ,of horses fed with oats and fed with grains4 ,i wonder at his frolic1 for be sure ,four hamper'd coach-horses can fling a brewer2 ,but pride will have a fall2 such the world's course is4 ,he who can rule three realms can't guide four horses2 ,see him that trampell'd thousands in their gore2 ,dismounted by a party but of four4 ,but we have done with 't1 and we may call ,the driving ,jehu1 ,phaeton in his fall4 ,i wish to ,god1 for these three kingdoms' sake1 ,his neck1 and not the whip1 had giv'n the crack40 ,evelyn met with a similar mishap1 but fortunately escaped injury4 ,he1 too1 was accustomed to ride in ,hyde ,park1 and on one occasion is grumbling that 8every coach0 there 8was made to pay a shilling1 and a horse sixpence1 by a sordid fellow who had purchased it of the ,state1 as they called it40 ,such experiments as were being made in this country were in the direction of a safer and swifter vehicle than those in general use4 ,so early as #afbe1 one ,edward ,knapp had been granted a patent for 8hanging the bodies of carriages on springs of steel40 ,apparently ,knapp was wholly unsuccessful1 but forty years later ,colonel ,blunt1 working upon similar lines1 produced several carriages which1 if not entirely satisfactory in themselves1 led the way towards a wider appreciation of the problems in question4 ,if1 as seems probable1 he was identical with the ,blunt or ,blount of ,wicklemarsh1 near ,blackheath 7afterwards ,sir ,harry ,blount71 who had travelled extensively in ,turkey and elsewhere1 it may be that he had brought back with him several continental curiosities4 ,we hear1 indeed1 of a ,french chariot in his possession4 ,in #afeg the ,colonel was making experiments with a 8way-wiser0 or 8adometer0 which exactly 8measured the miles 444 showing these by an index as we went on4 ,it had three circles1 one pointing to the number of rods1 another to the miles1 by #aj to #ajjj1 with all the subdivisions of quarters2 very pretty10 opines ,evelyn1 8and useful40 ,this seems to have been the first instrument of the kind1 and is overlooked by ,beckmann in his account of such contrivances4 ,the ,colonel's work was brought to the notice of the newly formed ,royal ,society1 and a committee was formed to investigate it4 ,the first model shown to this committee was of 8a chariot with four springs1 esteemed by him very easy both to the rider and the horse1 and at the same time cheap40 ,the ,committee also examined the designs of ,dr4 ,robert ,hooke1 a distinguished member of the ,society1 and ,professor of ,geometry at ,gresham ,college1 who 8produced the model of a chariot with two wheels and short double springs to be driven by one horse2 the chair of it being so fixed upon two springs that the person sitting just over or rather a little behind the axle-tree was1 when the experiment was made at ,colonel ,blunt's house1 carried with as much ease as one could be in the ,french chariot without at all burthening the horse40#bi ,dr4 ,hooke showed 8two drafts of this model having this circumstantial difference--one of these was contrived so that the boy sitting on a seat made for him behind the chair and guiding the reins over the top of it1 drives the horse4 ,the other by placing the chair behind and the saddle on the horse's back being to be borne up by the shafts1 that the boy riding on it and driving the horse should be little or no burden to the horse40 ,the ,colonel continued experimenting both with the older coaches and a new light chariot4 ,in #affe ,mr4 ,pepys was taken to see an improvement of his on a coach4 8,i met my ,lord ,brouncker1 ,sir ,frederick ,murrey1 ,dean ,wilkins1 and ,mr4 ,hooke1 going by coach to ,colonel ,blunt's to dinner4444 ,no extraordinary dinner1 nor any other entertainment good2 but afterwards to the tryal of some experiments about making of coaches easy4 ,and several we tried2 but one did prove mighty easy1 not here for me to describe1 but the whole body of the coach lies upon one long spring1 and we all1 one after another1 rid in it2 and it is very fine and likely to take40 ,a few months later ,pepys saw the new chariot itself4 8,after dinner comes ,colonel ,blunt in his new chariot made with springs2 as that was of wicker1 where in a while since we rode at his house4 ,and he hath rode1 he says1 now his journey1 many miles in it with one horse1 and out-drives any coach1 and out-goes any horse1 and so easy he says4 ,so for curiosity1 ,i went into it to try it1 and up the hill ,shooter's ,hill to the heath ,blackheath1 and over the cart ruts1 and found it pretty well1 but not so easy as he pretends40 ,the ,colonel persevered4 ,at the beginning of the next year the ,royal ,society's committee met again at his house to consider1 says ,pepys1 8of the business of chariots1 and to try their new invention1 which ,i saw here my ,lord ,brouncker ride in3 where the coachman sits astride upon a pole over the horse1 but do not touch the horse1 which is a pretty odde thing2 but it seems it is most easy for the horse1 and1 as they say1 for the man also40 ,others were also at work upon carriage improvement1 and in #affg the ,royal ,society 8generally approved0 of a chariot invented by a ,dr4 ,croune4 8,no particulars of the vehicle are given10 says ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8we are only told that #8some fence was proposed to be made for the coachman against the kicking of the horse4'0 ,in the same year1 ,sir ,william ,pen possessed a light chariot in which ,pepys drove out one day4 ,this1 he says1 was 8plain1 but pretty and more fashionable in shape than any coaches he hath1 and yet do not cost him1 harness and all1 above #cb40 ,all such experiments were undoubtedly in the direction of a light1 swift carriage1 such as was built about #affj in ,germany by ,philip de ,chiesa1 a ,piedmontese1 in the service of the ,duke of ,prussia4 ,indeed1 it is quite possible that ,colonel ,blunt either possessed1 or had seen1 one of de ,chiesa's carriages1 which were none other than the famous and popular berlins4#cj ,so far ,germany had been taking the lead4 ,her ,state coaches were the most wonderful in the world1 and her coachbuilders were designing lesser coaches for the ordinary folk4 ,but the berlin was the first of these lesser carriages to catch the public fancy1 and enjoy more than a local success4 ,now the berlin differed in the first place from previous carriages in having two perches instead of the single pole1 8and between these two perches1 from the front transom to the hind axle-bed1 two strong leather braces were placed1 with jacks or small windlasses1 to wind them up tighter if they stretched40 ,the bottom of the coach was no longer flat1 and these braces of leather allowed the body to play up and down instead of swinging from side to side as before4 ,here1 then1 you had an entirely new principle4 8,in the ,imperial mews at ,vienna10 says ,thrupp1 8are four coach berlins1 which1 ,i think1 may belong to this period4 ,they are said to have been built for the ,emperor ,leopold who reigned at ,vienna from #afeh to #agjj1 and ,kink describes this ,emperor's carriage as covered with red cloth and as having glass panels2 he also says they were called the ,imperial glass coaches4 ,it is possible that the coaches have been a little altered from the time of their construction1 but ,i consider that in these four we have the oldest coaches with solid doors and glasses all round that exist in ,europe4 ,whether they are identical with the ,emperor ,leopold's wedding-carriages matters much less than the influence the berlin undoubtedly had upon the coach-building of that period4 ,it was the means of introducing the double perch1 which1 although it is not now in fashion1 was adopted for very many carriages both in ,england and abroad1 up to #ahaj4 ,crane-necks to perches were suggested by the form of the berlin perch2 and as bodies swinging from standard posts suggested the position of the ,c spring1 so bodies resting upon long leather braces suggested the horizontal and elbow springs to which we owe so much4 ,the first berlin was made as a small vis--vis coach--small because it was to be used as a light travelling carriage1 and narrow because it was to hang between the two perches1 and was only needed to carry two persons inside4 ,it was such an improvement in lightness and appearance upon the cumbersome coaches that carried eight persons1 that it at once found favour1 and was imitated in ,paris and still more in ,london40 ,these early berlins were not nearly so gorgeous as the heavier coaches which they gradually supplanted4 ,red cloth and black nails had taken the place of the gilt ornamentation and crimson hangings of the previous generation4#ca ,only on festivals1 we learn1 the black harness 8was ornamented with silk fringe40 ,the coaches used by the ,emperor himself had leather traces1 but the ladies of his suite had to be content with carriages the traces of which were made of rope4 ,the glass windows which were such a conspicuous feature of the berlins1 were also used in the larger coaches1 finally1 as ,i have said1 eliminating the boot4 ,mr4 ,charles ,harper thinks that the first ,english coach to possess them belonged in #affa to the ,duke of ,york4 ,at first these windows seem to have caused trouble1 and there is the ludicrous incident mentioned by ,pepys1 of my ,lady ,peterborough who 8being in her glass-coach with the glass up and seeing a lady pass by in a coach whom she would salute1 the glass was so clear that she thought it had been open1 and so ran her head through the glass60 ,lady ,ashly did not like the new invention1 because1 as she said1 the windows were for ever flying open while the coach was running over a bad piece of road4 ,lady ,peterborough's misfortune was tribute indeed to the maker6 ,in this matter of the glass it would seem that ,spain had taken the lead1 and it is quite possible that ,spain invented the first two-seated chariots4 ,in #afca1 thirty years before the first berlin was made1 an ,infanta of ,spain is reported to have traversed ,carinthia 8in a glass-carriage in which no more than two persons could sit40 ,what this was like we do not know4 ,it may have had rude springs1 and been built from the common coach models to a smaller measurement2 it was certainly bootless1 and framed glass or mica took the place of curtains4 ,in ,france the first coaches to have glass windows1 according to ,m4 ,roubo1 created something of a ,court scandal in the time of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,the glass1 he says1 was first used in the upper panels of the doors1 but was soon extended to the whole of the upper half of the sides and front of the body1 so making of the carriage literally a glass-coach4 ,you may learn more of the ,english seventeenth-century carriages from ,pepys than from any other writer2 nor is this a matter for wonder4 ,pepys had a knack of knowing just exactly what posterity would desire to know4 ,from his ,diary1 we learn incidentally that the watermen were still endeavouring to regain their lost prestige and custom1 but by this time coaches had enormously increased in number--in #affb there were nearly #bejj hackneys in ,london alone--and thenceforth they are hardly heard of4 ,to be any one1 moreover1 you had to have your private coach4 ,doctors1 for instance1 found it very well worth their while to keep a coach1 though1 as ,sir ,thomas ,browne told his son1 they were certainly 8more for state than for businesse40 ,on the other hand those who were well able to keep a private carriage occasionally preferred the use of a hackney1 and sometimes at times when they had no business to do so4 ,mr4 ,pepys1 with clear ideas upon the dignity and responsibilities of rank1 was indignant at any such foolery4 ,he was told1 he recalls in one place1 8of the ridiculous humour of our ,king and ,knights of the ,garter the other day1 who1 whereas heretofore their robes were only to be worn during their ceremonies and service1 these1 as proud of their coats1 did wear them all day till night1 and then rode into the ,park with them on4 ,nay1 and he tells us he did see my ,lord ,oxford and ,duke of ,monmouth in a hackney-coach with two footmen in the ,park1 with their robes on2 which is a most scandalous thing1 so as all gravity may be said to be lost amongst us40 ,the private coach1 too1 was the last luxury to be given up after financial embarrassment4 ,so we have ,lady ,flippant1 in ,wycherley's ,love in a ,wood1 saying1 8,ah1 ,mrs4 ,joyner1 nothing grieves me like the putting down my coach6 ,for the fine clothes1 the fine lodgings1--let 'em go2 for a lodging is as unnecessary a thing to a widow that has a coach1 as a hat to a man that has a good peruke4 ,for1 as you see about town1 she is most probably at home in her coach3--she eats1 and drinks1 and sleeps in her coach2 and for her visits1 she receives them in the playhouse40 ,no lady's virtue1 according to this cynical dramatist1 was proof against a coach and six4 ,at the time of the introduction of the light1 two-seated chariots1 ordinary private coaches were also changing in shape4 ,in ,charles ,i's reign they had been both very long and very wide2 in his son's time they became much slenderer and less unwieldy4 ,alterations in this direction were possibly suggested by the ubiquitous and most convenient sedans1 and1 indeed1 there is an allusion to this change of shape in ,sir ,william ,davenant's ,first ,day's ,entertainment at ,rutland ,house1 in which1 during a dialogue between a ,russian and a ,londoner1 the foreigner says3 8,i have now left your houses1 and am passing through your streets2 but not in a coach1 for they are uneasily hung1 and so narrow that ,i took them for sedans upon wheels40 ,stage-coaches1 however1 remained just as huge and just as gorgeous as ever4 ,they were built1 more particularly in ,italy1 in the old fashion--unenclosed and curtained4 ,count ,gozzadini describes a ,state coach built in #afbi for the marriage of ,duke ,edward ,farnese with the ,lady ,margaret of ,tuscany1 and as we shall see in a moment1 this differed only in the details of its ornamentation from the ,state coach in which ,lord ,castlemaine made his public entry into ,rome sixty years later4 ,the body of the ,farnese coach1 says ,gozzadini1 8was lined with crimson velvet and gold thread1 and the woodwork covered with silver plates1 chased and embossed and perforated1 in half relief4 ,it could carry eight persons1 four on the seats attached to the doors1 and four in the back and front4 ,the roof was supported by eight silver columns1 on the roof were eight silver vases1 and unicorns' heads and lilies in full relief projected from the roof and ends of the body here and there4 ,the roof was composed of twenty sticks1 converging from the edge to the centre1 which was crowned with a great rose with silver leaves on the outside1 and inside by the armorial bearings of the ,princes of ,tuscany and ,farnese held up by cupids4 ,the curtains of the sides and back of the coach were of crimson velvet1 embroidered with silver lilies with gold leaves4 ,at the back and front of the coach-carriage were statues of unicorns1 surrounded by cupids and wreathed with lilies1 grouped round the standards from which the body was suspended2 on the tops of the standards were silver vases1 with festoons of fruit1 and wraught in silver4 ,in the front were also statues of ,justice and ,mercy1 supporting the coachman's seat4 ,the braces suspending the body were of leather1 covered with crimson velvet2 the wheels and pole were plated with polished silver4 ,the whole was drawn by six horses1 with harness and trappings covered with velvet1 embroidered with gold and silver thread1 and with silver buckles4 ,it is said that twenty-five excellent silversmiths worked at this coach for two years1 and used up #be1jjj ounces of silver2 and that the work was superintended by two master coachbuilders1 one from ,parma and the other from ,piacenza40 ,lord ,castlemaine's procession into ,rome contained three hundred and thirty coaches1 of which thirteen were his own property2 and of these two were ,state coaches4 ,these likewise were not properly enclosed1 and had no glass4 8,they were hung10 says ,thrupp1 8inside and out1 with beautifully embroidered cloths1 the one coach with crimson1 the other with azure-blue velvet1 and gold and silver work4 ,the roofs were adorned with scroll work and vases gilt2 under the roof were curtains of silver fringes1 and the ambassador's armorial bearings4 ,the carriage of the principal coach was adorned in front with two large ,tritons1 of carved wood1 gilt all over1 that supported a cushion for the coachman between them1 and from their shoulders the braces depended4 ,the footboard was formed by a conch shell1 between two dolphins4 ,in the rear of the coach were two more ,tritons1 supporting not only the leather braces of the coach1 but two other statues of ,neptune and ,cybele1 who in turn held a royal crown4 ,below ,neptune and ,cybele1 and projecting backwards1 were a lion and a unicorn1 and several cupids and wreaths of flowers4 ,the wheels had moulded rims1 and the spokes were hidden by curving foliage carving4 ,the second coach had plainer wheels and fewer statues about it40 ,they may have been magnificent1 but they were certainly not very beautiful4 ,much the same1 too1 might be said of those coaches in which foreign ambassadors made their public entry into ,london4 ,in #affj ,evelyn saw the ,prince de ,ligne1 ,ambassador-,extraordinary from ,spain1 make a splendid entry with seventeen coaches1 and a month later ,pepys was watching 8the ,duke de ,soissons go from his audience with a very great deal of state3 his own coach all red velvet covered with gold lace1 and drawn by six barbes1 and attended by twenty pages very rich in cloths40 ,in this year1 #affj1 there was a proclamation against the excessive number of hackney-coaches1 and two years later ,commissioners were appointed 8for reforming the buildings1 ways1 streets and incumbrances1 and regulating the hackney-coaches in the city of ,london40 ,of this body ,evelyn was sworn a member in ,may1 #affb4 ,pepys1 however1 never found any difficulty in obtaining one when he desired1 and1 indeed1 of late years1 pressure of business had made a hackney-coach an almost daily necessity4 ,finally1 he found it cheaper to possess one of his own1 and the story of this coach is particularly interesting1 and may be told in some detail4 ,long ago1 ,mr4 ,pepys had dreamt of owning a private coach4 8,talking long in bed with my wife10 he writes on ,march #bnd1 #affa-b1 8about our frugal life for the time to come1 proposing to her what ,i could and would do1 if ,i were worth #bjjj1 that is1 be a knight1 and keep my coach1 which pleased her40 ,times were bad1 however1 and although ,pepys enjoyed many a ride in a friend's coach and witnessed ,colonel ,blunt's experiments1 the great idea did not mature4 ,but one of his particular friends1 ,thomas ,povey1 ,m4,p41 who had been a colleague of his on the ,tangier committee1 himself the owner of at least one coach1 seems to have kept ,pepys's ambitions astir4 ,this was more especially the case in #affe1 at which time ,mr4 ,povey had purchased one of the new and already fashionable chariots4 ,this excited ,pepys's admiration4 8,comes ,mr4 ,povey's coach10 he records1 8and so rode most nobly1 in his most pretty and best-contrived chariot in the world1 with many new contrivances1 his never having till now1 within a day or two1 been yet finished40 ,povey was something of an inventor himself4 ,evelyn calls him a 8nice contriver of all elegancies1 and most formal40 ,the necessary money was apparently not forthcoming for a year or two1 but in ,april1 #affg1 ,pepys had a mind 8to buy enough ground to build a coach-house and stable2 for10 says he1 8,i have had it much in my thoughts lately that it is not too much for me now1 in degree or cost1 to keep a coach1 but contrarily1 that ,i am almost ashamed to be seen in a hackney40 ,accordingly1 ,mr4 ,commander1 his lawyer1 was bidden to look for a suitable piece of ground4 ,the idea had now taken definite shape1 and ,pepys was committed4 8,i find it necessary10 he says1 8for me1 both in respect of honour and the profit of it also1 my expence in ,hackney coaches being now so great1 to keep a coach1 and therefore will do it40 ,the next entry shows the first of his disappointments3-- 8,mr4 ,commander tells me1 after all1 that ,i cannot have a lease of the ground for my coach-house and stable1 till a lawsuit be ended4 ,i am a little sorry1 because ,i am pretty full in my mind of keeping a coach2 but yet10 he adds philosophically--the date was ,june #dth1 #affg--8when ,i think of it again1 the ,dutch and ,french both at sea1 and we poor1 and still out of order1 ,i know not yet what turns there may be40 ,so the summer passed1 and 8most of our discourse10 he admits1 8is about our keeping a coach the next year1 which pleases my wife mightily2 and if ,i continue as able as now1 it will save me money40 ,at the beginning of the new year ,will ,griffin was ordered to make fresh inquiries about the most necessary coach-house1 but nothing seems to have been done until the autumn4 ,then ,pepys1 more or less it would seem on the spur of the moment1 chose a coach for himself1 and immediately disliked it4 ,no one seems to have given him the same advice4 ,some ladies1 for instance1 ,mrs4 ,pepys amongst them1 preferred the large old-fashioned coaches4 ,others wanted the latest thing from ,paris4 ,says ,mrs4 ,flirt in ,the ,gentleman ,dancing-,master3 8,but take notice1 ,i will have no little1 dirty1 second-hand chariot1 new furnished1 but a large1 sociable1 well-painted coach2 nor will ,i keep it till it be as well-known as myself1 and it comes to be called ,flirt-coach40 ,her friend1 ,monsieur ,paris1 shrugs his shoulders4 8',tis very well10 says he1 8you must have your great1 gilt1 fine painted coach4 ,i'm sure they are grown so common already amongst you that ladies of quality begin to take up with hackneys again40 ,it was felt1 no doubt1 that fashion in carriages as in everything else would speedily change4 ,mr4 ,pepys must have found considerable difficulty in making up his mind4 ,the new chariots were small1 light and1 so far as he knew1 most fashionable2 but possibly they were not quite to his taste1 and equally possibly they might not be fashionable in ten years' time4 ,also they perhaps lacked the solid dignity of the older carriages1 and were less likely to attract public attention--two important considerations4 ,in the end1 however1 he seems to have chosen a large coach of the old style4 ,mr4 ,povey saw it1 and poor ,pepys knew at once that a dreadful mistake had been made4 8,he and ,i 444 talk of my coach10 runs the ,diary for #cjth ,october1 8and ,i got him to go and see it1 where he finds most infinite fault with it1 both as to being out of fashion and heavy1 with so good reason1 that ,i am mightily glad of his having corrected me in it2 and so ,i do resolve to have one of his build1 and with his advice1 both in coach and horses1 he being the fittest man in the world for it40 ,accordingly on the following ,sunday1 8,mr4 ,povey sent his coach for my wife and ,i to see1 which we liked mightily1 and will endeavour to have him get us just such another40 ,mr4 ,povey thought that his own coachmaker had a replica for sale4 ,pepys thereupon went down into the neighbourhood of ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 found the man1 but learnt to his disgust that the coach had been sold that very morning4 ,at the end of the week1 however1 in company with his friend1 he 8spent the afternoon going up and down the coachmakers in ,cow ,lane1 and did see several1 and last did pitch upon a little chariott1 whose body was framed1 but not covered1 at the widow's1 that made ,mr4 ,lowther's fine coach2 and we are mightily pleased with it1 it being light1 and will be very genteel and sober2 to be covered with leather1 but yet will hold four4 ,being much satisfied with this1 ,i carried him to ,white ,hall4 ,home1 where ,i give my wife a good account of the day's work40 ,having bought the coach1 it was necessary to complete the arrangements about a coach-house1 and in the same week ,pepys fared forth again for the purpose4 8,this afternoon ,i did go out towards ,sir ,d4 ,gauden's1 thinking to have bespoke a place for my coach and horses1 when ,i have them1 at the ,victualling ,office2 but find the way so bad and long that ,i returned1 and looked up and down for places elsewhere1 in an inne1 which ,i hope to get with more convenience than there40 ,this not proving satisfactory1 ,sir ,richard ,ford was persuaded to lend his own coach-yard4 ,then follow in quick succession the other entries3-- 8#bhth ,november1 #affh4--;,all the morning at the ,office1 where1 while ,i was sitting1 one comes and tells me that my coach is come4 ,so ,i was forced to go out1 and to ,sir ,richard ,ford's1 where ,i spoke to him1 and he is very willing to have it brought in1 and stand there3 and so ,i ordered it1 to my great content1 it being mighty pretty1 only the horses do not please me1 and1 therefore1 resolve to have better40 8#bith ,november4--,this morning my coachman's clothes come home and ,i like the livery mightily4444 ,sir ,w4 ,warren 444 tells me1 as soon as he saw my coach yesterday1 he wished that the owner might not contract envy by it2 but ,i told him it was now manifestly for my profit to keep a coach1 and that1 after employments like mine for eight years1 it were hard if ,i could not be thought to be justly able to do that40#cb 8#cjth ,november4--,my wife after dinner1 went abroad the first time in her coach1 calling on ,roger ,pepys1 and visiting ,mrs4 ,creed1 and my cozen ,turner4 ,thus ended this month1 with very good intent1 but most expenseful to my purse on things of pleasure1 having furnished my wife's closet and the best chamber1 and a coach and horses1 that ever ,i knew in the world2 and ,i am put into the greatest condition of outward state that ever ,i was in1 or hoped ever to be1 or desired2 and this at a time when we do daily expect great changes in this office2 and by all reports we must1 all of us1 turn out40 8#bnd ,december4--,abroad with my wife1 the first time that ever ,i rode in my own coach1 which do make my heart rejoice1 and praise ,god1 and pray him to bless it to me and continue it40 8#crd ,december4-- 444 and so home1 it being mighty pleasure to go alone with my poor wife1 in a coach of our own1 to a play1 and makes us appear mighty great1 ,i think1 in the world2 at least1 greater than ever ,i could1 or my friends for me1 have once expected2 or1 ,i think1 than ever any of my family ever yet lived1 in my memory1 but my cozen ,pepys in ,salisbury ,court40 8#dth ,december4--,i carried my wife 444 to ,smithfield1 where they sit in the coach1 while ,mr4 ,pickering1 who meets me at ,smithfield and ,i1 and ,w4 ,hewer and a friend of his1 a jockey did go about to see several pairs of horses1 for my coach2 but it was late1 and we agreed on none1 but left it to another time3 but here ,i do see instances of a piece of craft and cunning that ,i never dreamed of1 concerning the buying and choosing of horses40 ,there were plenty of horses to be had1 it seems1 but either ,mr4 ,pepys did not like them or he was afraid of being cheated4 8,up and down10 he is recording a week or so later1 8all the afternoon about horses1 and did see the knaveries and tricks of jockeys4 ,at last1 however1 we concluded upon giving #ej for a fine pair of black horses we saw this day se'nnight2 and so set ,mr4 ,pickering down near his house1 whom ,i am much beholden to1 for his care herein1 and he hath admired skill1 ,i perceive1 in this business1 and so home40 ,so the horses were changed1 and for a while ,mr4 ,pepys was obliged to revert to the despised hackney1 his 8coachman being this day about breaking of my horses to the coach1 they having never yet drawn40 ,towards the end of the month the new horses were ready1 and their master made his first ride behind them on a visit to the ,temple1 though later in the day he was again using the old pair1 8not daring yet to use the others too much1 but only to enter them40 ,then1 before the new year1 came the first mishap4 8,up1 and vexed a little to be forced to pay #djs4 for a glass of my coach1 which was broke the other day1 nobody knows how1 within the door1 while it was down2 but ,i do doubt that ,i did break it myself with my knees40 ,at the beginning of ,february another misfortune is recorded3-- 8,just at ,holborn ,circuit the bolt broke1 that holds the fore-wheels to the perch1 and so the horses went away with them1 and left the coachman and us2 but being near our coachmaker's and we staying in a little ironmonger's shop1 we were presently supplied with another40 ,accidents of this kind were continually happening4 ,glasses smashed1 bolts broke1 and1 what seems incredible1 doors were lost6 ,even so late as #agaj1 a reward of #cjs4 was offered for a lost door4 8,lost10 runs this remarkable advertisement1 8the side door of a ,chariot1 painted ,coffee ,colour1 with a ,round ,cipher in the ,pannel1 ,lin'd with ,white ,cloath embos'd with ,red1 having a ,glass in one ,frame1 and ,white ,canvas in another1 with ,red ,strings to the ,frames40 ,to return to ,pepys4 ,in a month or two another matter connected with his coach was occupying his attention4 ,there were some people who did not think that a man in the comparatively humble position of ,secretary to the ,admiralty had any right to possess a coach1 even though1 in its owner's estimation1 it might be 8genteel and sober40 8,to the ,park10 he is recording in ,april1 8my wife and ,i2 and here ,sir ,w4 ,coventry did first see me and my wife in a coach of our own2 and so did also this night the ,duke of ,york1 who did eye my wife mightily4 ,but ,i begin to doubt that my being so much seen in my own coach at this time1 may be observed to my prejudice1 but ,i must venture it now40 ,this was no idle fear1 for in a while there was printed an ill-written and scurrilous pamphlet called ,plane ,truth1 or ,closet ,discorse betwixt ,pepys and ,hewer1 in which the following passage occurs3-- 8,there is one thing more you must be mightily sorry for with all speed4 ,your presumption in your coach in which you daily ride as if you had been son and heir to the great ,emperor ,neptune1 or as if you had been infallibly to have succeeded him in his government of the ,ocean1 all which was presumption in the highest degree4 ,first1 you had upon the fore-part of your chariot1 tempestuous waves and wrecks of ships2 on your left hand1 forts and great guns1 and ships a fighting2 on your right hand was a fair harbour and galleys riding1 with their flags and pennants spread1 kindly saluting each other1 just like ,pepys and ,hewer--his chief clerk40 ,how far ,pepys's carriage was decorated is not known1 though this description does not tally in the least with ,pepys's own4 ,in any case1 he took no notice of such attacks1 and so far from making his coach less conspicuous1 arranged to have it newly painted and varnished4 8#aith ,april1 #affi4--;,after dinner out again1 and1 calling about my coach1 which was at the coachmaker's1 and hath been there for these two or three days1 to be new painted1 and the window-frames gilt against next ,may-day1 went on with my hackney to ,white ,hall40 ,a few days later he gave orders for some 8new sort of varnish0 to be used on the standards at a cost of forty shillings1 this being in his view very cheap4 ,indeed1 8the doing of the biggest coach all over10 he learnt1 8comes not above #f40 ,on his next visit to the coachmaker1 he was surprised to find several great ladies 8sitting in the body of a coach that must be ended tomorrow 444 eating of bread and butter and drinking ale40 ,his own coach had been silvered over1 8but no varnish yet laid on1 so ,i put it in a way of doing40 ,a few hours later he called back again1 8and there vexed to see nothing yet done to my coach1 at three in the afternoon2 but ,i set it in doing1 and stood by till eight at night1 and saw the painter varnish it which is pretty to see how every doing it over do make it more and more yellow3 and it dries as fast in the sun as it can be laid on almost2 and most coaches are1 now-a-days1 done so1 and it is very pretty when laid on well1 and not too pale1 as some are1 even to show the silver4 ,here ,i did make the workmen drink1 and saw my coach cleaned and oyled40 ,and so eager was he to have it without delay that his coachman and horses were sent to fetch it that very evening1 and on the following gala day1 ,may #ast1 8we went alone through the town with our new liveries of serge1 and the horses' manes and tails tied with red ribbons1 and the standards gilt with varnish1 and all clean1 and green reines1 the people did mightily look upon us2 and1 the truth is1 ,i did not see any coach more pretty1 though more gay1 than ours all the day4 ,but we set out1 out of humour--,i because ,betty1 whom ,i expected1 was not come to go with us2 and my wife that ,i would sit on the same seat with her1 which she likes not1 being so fine3 and she then expected me to meet ,sheres1 which we did in ,pell ,mell1 and against my will1 ,i was forced to take him into the coach1 but was sullen all day almost1 and little complaisant2 the day being unpleasing1 though the ,park full of coaches1 but dusty and windy1 and cold1 and now and then a little dribbling of rain2 and what made it worse1 there were so many hackney-coaches as spoiled the sight of the gentlemen's2 and so we had little pleasure40 ,henceforth ,mr4 ,pepys1 in spite of sundry warnings from his friend ,mr4 ,povey and others1 continued to use his coach1 and although perhaps as he grew older1 his coach was less brilliantly adorned1 there seems no reason to suppose that he ever regretted its purchase4 ,though it is not my intention to speak in any detail of public conveyances1 a word must be said here of the stage-coaches1#cc which made their appearance on ,english roads in #afdj4 ,these were large coaches1 leather-curtained at first--glass does not seem to have been used until #afhj--;and capable of seating six or eight passengers4 ,their chief feature was the huge basket strapped to the back4 8,there is of late10 says ,chamberlayne in his well-known ,present ,state of ,great ,britain 7#afdi71 8such an admirable commodiousness both for men and women1 to travel from ,london to the principal towns in the country1 that the like hath not been known in the world2 and that is by stage-coaches1 wherein one may be transported to any place sheltered from foul weather and foul ways1 free from endangering of one's health and one's body by hard jogging or over-violent motion on horseback2 and this not only at the low price of about a shilling for every five miles1 but with such velocity and speed in an hour as the foreign post can make but in one day40 ,of course1 there was opposition to these public coaches4 ,in #affb1 when there was not a round dozen of them1 one writer was already exhorting their extinction on the ground that simple country gentlemen and their simple country wives could now come to ,london without due occasion1 and there learn all the vice and luxury that were rampant4 ,so in #afgc1 in a singular production called ,the ,grand ,concern of ,england1 amongst the many proposals set forth for the country's good1 was one 8that the ,multitude of ,stage ,coaches and ,caravans be suppressed40 ,one or two pamphlets of no particular interest appeared1 both for and against these coaches1 but it may be sufficient here to observe that they steadily increased in numbers and maintained their existence until the mail-coaches finally superseded them4 ,illustration3 ,early 787 ,french ,gig at the ,south ,kensington ,museum ,one other public carriage of this time also deserves mention4 ,this was the carosse cinq sous1 which appeared in the streets of ,paris in #affb4 ,the history of this primitive omnibus is well told by ,mr4 ,henry ,charles ,moore4#cd 8,the leading spirits in this enterprise were the ,duc de ,rouans1 ,governor of ,poitou1 the ,marquis de ,sourches1 ,grand ,prvt1 the ,marquis de ,crenan1 ,grand ,cup-bearer1 and ,blaise ,pascal1 the author of ,lettres ,provinciales4 ,the idea was ,pascal's1 but not being sufficiently wealthy to carry it out unaided1 he laid the matter before his friend the ,duc de ,rouans1 who suggested that a company should be formed to start the vehicles4 ,pascal consented to this being done1 and the ,duc set to work at once to prevail upon members of the aristocracy to take shares in the venture40 ,after obtaining a royal decree1 8seven vehicles to carry eight passengers each1 all inside1 were built1 and on ,march #ahth1 #affb1 they began running4 ,the first one was timed to start at seven o'clock in the morning1 but an hour or two earlier a huge crowd had assembled to witness the inauguration ceremony1 which was performed by two ,commissaires of the ,chtelet1 attired in their official robes4 ,accompanying them were four guards of the ,grand ,prvt1 twenty men of the ,city ,archers1 and a troop of cavalry4 ,the procession1 on arriving at the line of route1 divided into two parts1 one ,commissaire and half of the attendants proceeded to the ,luxembourg1 and the others to the ,porte ,st4 ,antoine4 ,at the latter place three of the twopenny-halfpenny coaches were stationed1 the other four being at the ,luxembourg4 ,each ,commissaire then made a speech1 in which he pointed out the boon that carosses cinq sous would be to the public1 and laid great stress on the fact that they would start punctually at certain times whether full or empty4 ,moreover1 he warned the people that the king was determined to punish severely any person who interfered with the coaches1 their drivers1 conductors1 or passengers4 ,the public was also warned that any person starting similar vehicles without permission would be fined #cjjj francs1 and his horses and coaches confiscated4 8,at the conclusion of his address1 the ,commissaire commanded the coachmen to advance1 and1 after giving them a few words of advice and caution1 presented each one with a long blue coat1 with the ,city arms embroidered on the front in brilliant colours4 ,having donned their livery1 the drivers returned to their vehicles and climbed up to their seats4 ,then the command to start was given1 and the two vehicles drove off amidst a scene of tremendous enthusiasm4 ,the first coach each way carried no passengers--a very unbusinesslike arrangement--the conductor sitting inside in solitary state4 ,but the next two1 which were sent off a quarter of an hour after the first1 started work in earnest1 and it need scarcely be said that there were no lack of passengers4 ,the difficulty experienced was in preventing people from crowding in after the eight seats were occupied4 ,at the beginning of every journey the struggle to get into the coach was repeated1 and many charming costumes were ruined in the crush4 ,paris1 in short1 went mad over its carosses cinq sous1 and the excitement soon spread to the suburbs1 sending their inhabitants flocking to the city to see the new vehicles4 ,but very few of the visitors managed to obtain a ride1 for day by day the rush for seats became greater4 ,the king himself had a ride in one coach1 and the aristocracy and wealthy classes hastened to follow his example1 struggling with their poorer brethren to obtain a seat4 ,many persons who possessed private coaches daily drove to the starting-point1 and yet failed to get a drive in one for a week or two4 8,four other routes were opened in less than four months1 but at last the fashionable craze came to an end1 and as soon as the upper classes ceased to patronise the new coaches the middle and lower classes found that it was cheaper to walk than to ride4 ,the result was that ,pascal1 who died only five months after the coaches began running1 lived long enough to see the vehicles travelling to and fro1 half1 and sometimes quite1 empty4 8,for many months after ,pascal's death the coaches lingered on1 but every week found them less patronised1 and eventually they were discontinued4 ,they had never been of any real utility1 and were regarded by the public much in the same light as we regard a switchback railway40 ,and1 indeed1 it was a century and a half before the next omnibus was tried4 ,so then1 at the middle of the century1 when heavy and slow stage-coaches were making their appearance on the ,english country roads1 and the unsuccessful carosse cinq sous was being tried in the streets of ,paris1 the success of the berlin1 the brouette1 and other chariots1 was in process of remodelling men's ideas upon the most feasible carriage for town use4 ,the older coaches1 as ,i have said1 were still retained for particular occasions1 and1 indeed1 continued to be built with more ornamentation than ever before4 ,the very spokes of the wheels were decorated1 paintings appeared on the panels1 and every inch of the coach made as brilliant as possible4 ,france in particular possessed carriages of the most gorgeous possible description4 ,these were not only entirely gilded over1 but in some cases actually bejewelled4 ,the richest stuffs lined their interiors1 and masters painted their panels4 ,immense sums were spent4 ,there is preserved at ,toulouse a carriage of this date which shows most of these features4 ,the interior 8is1 or rather was1 lined with white brocade embroidered with a diaper of pink roses1 the roof being lined with the same1 while its angles are hidden by little smiling cupids gilded from top to toe4 ,the surface of the panels is1 or rather was1 a piece of opaque white1 exceedingly well varnished1 and edged with a thick moulding of pink roses2 the foliage1 instead of being green1 was highly gilded and burnished40 ,but the ever-increasing traffic rendered necessary a much smaller vehicle than these monstrosities for general use1 and this led1 somewhere about #afgj1 to the introduction of the gig4 ,this was a ,french invention1 which1 while no doubt the logical outcome of the brouette1 bore resemblance to the old ,roman cisium1 and led ultimately to the cabriolets1 once so popular both in ,france and ,england4 ,certain experiments tending towards a gig had been made earlier in the century with a chair fixed to a small cart4 ,the first successful gig was a slender1 two-wheeled contrivance1 8the body little more than a shell10 says ,thrupp1 provided with a hood 8composed of three iron hoop-sticks joined in the middle to fall upwards40 ,it was the prototype of the calche in ,france1 the carriole of ,norway1 the calesso of ,naples1 and the volante of ,cuba4 ,gozzadini describes one of them as 8an affair with a curved seat fixed on two long bending shafts1 placed in front on the back of the horse and behind upon the two wheels40 ,they were introduced into ,florence1 he says1 in #afgb1 and 8so increased in numbers that in a few years there were nearly a thousand in the city40 ,an early gig of this kind is preserved at ,south ,kensington4 ,it is a forlorn-looking vehicle4 ,the body is curved1 but there is no hood4 ,the seat is absurdly small and 8beneath the shafts are two long straps of leather and a windlass to tighten them--this apparatus was1 no doubt1 to regulate the spring of the vehicle to the road travelled over40 ,the gig speedily underwent several minor changes of form4 ,in ,france it was known as calche#ce or chaise1 in ,england1 as calash1 calesh1 or chaise1 in ,america as shay4 ,unfortunately there is small mention of them in contemporary writings1 and one is left to suppose that for some time they did not1 except in certain cities1 prove serious rivals to the berlins and other four-wheeled chariots4 ,it may be that the berlin itself was taken as a model from which these lighter carriages were evolved4 ,you had first the big double berlins for four people1 then you had a vis--vis for two or more persons facing each other4 ,later the front part of the carriage would be cut away for the sake of lightness4 ,when not covered such a vehicle as this seems to have been known as a berlingot4 ,two could travel in these berlingots sitting side by side1 8while a third person might travel uncomfortably in front on a kind of movable seat1 which was not much patronised2 for it was not only dangerous1 but what was much worse in the eyes of the grand court gentlemen who used them--ridiculous40 ,there was also evolved a smaller and narrower berlin with the front cut away and capable of holding only one passenger1 called the dsobligeante4 ,the bodies of the ordinary chaises1 which seated one or two people1 seem to have differed from those of the older berlins in being placed partly below the frame4 ,there were no side doors1 but one at the back which opened horizontally4 ,when and where all such changes were made1 however1 it is impossible to say4 ,the accounts1 such as they are1 are often contradictory1 and the same names used to describe what are obviously not identical carriages4 ,but the two-wheeled gig having appeared there was nothing to prevent improvements of every conceivable sort or shape1 and innumerable hybrid carriages appeared1 some of which are only known by name4 ,there is mention of a truly remarkable calash which was tried in ,dublin in #afhe4 ,exactly who the inventor was is not known1 but ,sir ,richard ,bulkeley interested himself in the experiments1 and read a paper on his carriage before the ,royal ,society4 ,evelyn was one of those who were present on this occasion4 8,sir ,richard ,bulkeley10 he says1 8described to us a model of a chariot he had invented which it was not possible to overthrow in whatever uneven way it was drawn1 giving us a wonderful relation of what it had performed in that kind1 for ease1 expedition1 and safety2 there were some inconveniences yet to be remedied--it would not contain more than one person2 was ready to take fire every few miles2 and being placed and playing on no fewer than ten rollers1 it made a most prodigious noise1 almost intolerable40 ,it is to be deeply regretted that there is no print of this remarkable carriage1 but further details may be found in a letter1 dated ,may #eth1 #afhe1 from ,sir ,richard ,bulkeley himself4 8,sir ,william ,petty10 he writes1 8,mr4 ,molyneux1 and ,i have spent this day in making experiments with a new invented calesh1 along with the inventor thereof2 'tis he that was in ,london when ,i was there1 but he never made any of these caleshes there1 for his invention is much improv'd since he came from thence3 it is in all points different from any machine ,i have ever seen3 it goes on two wheels1 carries one person1 and is light enough4 ,as for its performance1 though it hangs not on braces1 yet it is easier than the common coach1 both in the highway1 in ploughed fields1 cross the ridges1 directly and obliquely4 ,a common coach will overturn1 if one wheel go on a superficies a foot and a half higher than that of the other2 but this will admit of the difference of three feet and a half in height of the superficies1 without danger of overturning4 ,we chose all the irregular banks1 the sides of ditches to run over2 and ,i have this day seen it1 at five several times1 turn over and over2 that is1 the wheels so overturned as that their spokes laid parallel to the horizon1 so that one wheel laid flat over the head of him that rode in the ,calesh1 and the other wheel flat under him2 so much ,i all but once overturned4 ,but what ,i have mentioned was another turn more1 so that the wheels were again in statu quo1 and the horse not in the least disordered3 if it should be unruly1 with the help of one pin1 you disengage him from the ,calesh without any inconvenience4 ,i myself was once overturned1 and knew it not1 till ,i looked up1 and saw the wheel flat over my head2 and1 if a man went with his eyes shut1 he would imagine himself in the most smooth way1 though1 at the same time1 there were three feet difference in the heights of the ground of each wheel4 ,in fine1 we have made so many1 and so various experiments1 and are so well satisfied of the usefulness of the invention1 that we each of us have bespoke one2 they are not 7plain7 above six or eight pounds a-piece40 ,illustration3 ,early ,italian ,gig at the ,south ,kensington ,museum ,why the nobility1 gentry1 and worthy burgesses of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland did not go and do likewise1 history hides from us4 ,there is no further mention of ,sir ,richard's truly remarkable carriage1 and one is left to imagine that some of the ,irish roads were too bad even for its freakish agility4 ,on the other hand1 they were probably superior to the ,scottish roads of the time1 even those in the more civilised southern districts4 8,it is recorded10 says ,croal1 8that in #afgh0--the year after the founding of the ,coach and ,coach-,harness ,makers' ,company in ,london--8the difficulties in the way of rapid communication were such that an agreement was made to run a coach between ,edinburgh and ,glasgow1 a distance of forty-four miles1 which was to be drawn by six horses1 and to perform the journey to ,glasgow and back in six days60 ,cross-country travelling1 indeed1 was very bad1 and the rough tracks over which the heavy stage-coaches rumbled along would have proved too much for the lighter chariots and gigs which were so popular in town4 ,i may conclude this chapter by quoting an amusing description of such cross-country travelling at the end of the century1 taken from ,sir ,john ,vanbrugh's ,provoked ,husband4 ,a family is going in its private coach from ,yorkshire to ,london3-- ,lord ,townley4 ,mr4 ,moody1 your servant2 ,i am glad to see you in ,london4 ,i hope all the family is well4 ,john ,moody4 ,thanks be praised1 your honour1 they are all in pretty good heart1 thof' we have had a power of crosses upo' the road4 ,lady ,grace4 ,i hope my ,lady has no hurt1 ,mr4 ,moody4 ,john4 ,noa1 an't please your ladyship1 she was never in better humour3 ,there's money enough stirring now4 ,manly4 ,what has been the matter1 ,john8 ,john4 ,why1 we came up in such a hurry1 you mun think that our tackle was not so tight as it should be4 ,manly4 ,come1 tell us all3 pray how do they travel8 ,john4 ,why i' the auld coach1 ,measter2 and cause my ,lady loves to do things handsome1 to be sure1 she would have a couple of cart horses clapt to th' four old geldings1 that neighbours might see she went up to ,london in her coach and six6 ,and so ,giles ,joulter the ploughman rides postilion6 ,lord ,townley4 ,and when do you expect them here1 ,john8 ,john4 ,why1 we were in hopes to ha' come yesterday1 an' it had no' been that th' owld wheaze-belly horse tired2 and then we were so cruelly loaden1 that the two fore-wheels came crash down at once in ,waggon-,rut ,lane2 and there we lost four hours 'fore we could set things to rights again4 ,manly4 ,so they bring all their baggage with the coach then8 ,john4 ,ay1 ay1 and good store on't there is4 ,why1 my ,lady's gear alone were as much as filled four portmantel trunks1 besides the great deal box that heavy ,ralph and the monkey sit on behind4 ,lady ,grace4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,moody1 and pray how many are there within the coach8 ,john4 ,why1 there's my ,lady and his ,worship1 and the young squoire1 and ,miss ,jenny1 and the fat lap-dog1 and my lady's maid ,mrs4 ,handy1 and ,doll ,tripe the cook2 that's all4 ,only ,doll puked a little with riding backward1 so they hoisted her into the coach-box1 and then her stomach was easy4 ,lady ,grace4 ,oh6 ,i see 'em go by me4 ,ah6 ha6 ,john4 ,then1 you mun think1 ,measter1 there was some stowage for the belly1 as well as th' back too2 such cargoes of plum cake1 and baskets of tongues1 and biscuits and cheese1 and cold boiled beef1 and then in case of sickness1 bottles of cherry-brandy1 plague-water1 sack1 tent1 and strong beer1 so plenty as made the owld coach crack again6 ,mercy upon 'em6 and send 'em all well to town1 ,i say4 ,manly4 ,ay6 and well on't again1 ,john4 ,john4 ,ods bud6 ,measter1 you're a wise mon2 and for that matter1 so am ,i4 ,whoam's whoam1 ,i say2 ,i'm sure we got but little good e'er we turned our backs on't4 ,nothing but mischief6 ,some devil's trick or other plagued us1 aw th' day lung4 ,crack goes one thing3 ,bawnce goes another4 ,woa1 says ,roger4 ,then souse6 we are all set fast in a sleugh4 ,whaw6 cries ,miss2 scream go the maids2 and bawl6 just as thof' they were struck6 ,and so1 mercy on us6 this was the trade from morning to night4 ,chapter the ,sixth ,,early ,,georgian ,,carriages 8,may the proud chariot never be my fate1 ,if purchased at so mean1 so dear a rate4 ,oh1 rather give me sweet content on foot1 ,wrapt in my virtue and a good surtout40 ,,gay's ,trivia4 ,few new private carriages seem to have been designed during the earlier decades of the eighteenth century1 although improvements and small alterations were constantly being carried out4 ,there is an isolated reference to a sociable built apparently in ,germany1 and the four-wheeled chaise1 or chariot l',anglaise1 which was to be so popular thirty or forty years later1 put in an appearance about this time4 ,of the sociable little enough can be said4 ,the particular carriage mentioned from its small size would appear to have been built for the royal children4 ,it was a low-hung1 open carriage over a single perch1 and with seats facing each other4 ,the four-wheeled chaise was a small chariot with a wide window in front4 ,gray1 writing to his mother in #agci1 speaks of the ,french chaise in which he was making the grand tour with ,horace ,walpole4 8,the chaise10 he writes1 8is a strange sort of conveyance1 of much greater use than beauty2 resembling an ill-shaped chariot1 only with the door opening before instead of the side4 ,three horses draw it1 one between the shafts1 and the other two on each side1 on one of which the postillion rides1 and drives too3 ,this vehicle will upon occasion1 go fourscore miles a day1 but ,mr4 ,walpole1 being in no hurry1 chooses to make easy journies of it1 and they are easy ones indeed2 for the motion is much like that of a sedan1 we go about six miles an hour1 and commonly change horses at the end of it4 ,it is true they are not very graceful steeds1 but they go well1 and through roads which they say are bad for ,france1 but to me they seem gravel walks and bowling-greens2 in short1 it would be the finest travelling in the world1 were it not for the inns40 ,such a chaise as ,gray describes came to be known as a diligence1 while in ,england the one-horse chaise was more frequently spoken of as a one-horse chair4 ,contemporary prints of carriages1 however1 are scarce1 and for the most part show only the larger coaches4 ,illustration3 ,the ,state ,carriage of ,bavaria4 ,early ,eighteenth ,century 7,from ,smith's 8,concise ,history of ,english ,carriages07 ,these coaches were of two distinct patterns4 ,there were the large square coaches of ,charles ,,ii's time1 but there was also a new type of coach or chariot which had a curious backward tilt to the body4 ,from a superficial examination of such a carriage1 it would appear impossible for the seats to have been horizontal1 and1 indeed1 one wonders why this form was adopted4 ,the result of this backward tilt was to leave a space between the coachman's box and the carriage-body itself4 ,here one of the grooms sat or sprawled as best he could4 ,four1 five1 or even six other grooms stood uncomfortably huddled together on a seat or slab at the back4 ,these men must have added considerably to the weight of the coach1 and certainly did not make travelling any swifter2 but how necessary they were is shown by a letter of the period in which one nobleman's servant in ,london informs another in ,essex that my lord is resolved to set out4 ,the ,essex man is bidden to have 8the keepers and persons who know the holes and the sloughs0 ready to meet his lordship 8with lanterns and long poles0 to keep the coach on its way4 ,so many accidents happened even on the shortest journeys that five or six men were necessary to put the coach aright4 ,a road1 such as we think of one now1 simply did not exist4 ,you had often to drive across fields in tracks which exceedingly heavy waggons had made4 ,in #agjc1 to take another instance1 the ,king of ,spain1 then in this country1 was journeying from ,portsmouth to ,windsor4 ,the difficulties he experienced on that occasion were recorded by one of the attendants4 8,we set out at six in the morning to go to ,petworth1 and did not get out of the coaches 7save only when we were overturned or stuck fast in the mire7 till we arrived at our journey's end4 ',twas hard service for the prince to sit fourteen hours in the coach that day without eating anything and passing through the worst ways that ,i ever saw in my life2 we were thrown but once indeed in going1 but both our coach1 which was the leading1 and his highnesse's body-coach would have suffered very often if the nimble boors of ,sussex had not frequently poised it or supported it with their shoulders from ,goldalmin almost to ,petworth2 and the nearer we approached to the ,duke's house the more unaccessible it seemed to be4 ,the last nine miles of the way cost us six hours' time to conquer them1 and indeed we had never done it if our good master had not several times lent us a pair of horses out of his own coach1 whereby we were enabled to trace out the way for him40 ,after reading such an account1 it is difficult to understand why any one preferred coach to horseback on a cross-country journey4 ,no wonder ,gay was goaded to ask3-- 8,who can recount the coach's various harms1 ,the legs disjointed1 and the broken arms80 8,in the wide gulph10 he says in another place1 8the shatter'd coach o'erthrown ,sinks with the snorting steeds2 the reins are broke1 ,and from the crackling axle flies the spoke40 ,yet1 according to ,swift1 ,gay was not so averse to the coach in his later years4 ,writing to him in #agca1 the ,dean says3-- 8,if your ramble was on horseback1 ,i am glad of it on account of your health2 but ,i know your arts of patching up a journey between stage-coaches and friends' coaches3 for you are as arrant a cockney as any hosier in ,cheapside4444 ,you love twelve-penny coaches too well1 without considering that the interest of a whole thousand pounds brings you but half a crown a day40 8,a coach and six horses10 he goes on to say in another letter1 8is the utmost exercise you can bear1 and this only when you can fill it with such company as is best suited to avoid your taste1 and how glad would you be if it could waft you in the air to avoid jolting40 ,there is preserved a chariot of this period which is probably typical of a nobleman's carriage of the time4 ,it was built for one of the ,bligh family1 possibly the first ,lord ,darnley1 about #agbj4 ,it is a small carriage1 curved curiously in a fashion which recalls some of the ,french furniture of the period4 ,the body is slung upon leather braces1 there is a single wide perch1 and there are small elbow springs under the body at the back4 ,it is very elaborately ornamented1 and still keeps some of its pristine magnificence4 ,a curious point about the ,darnley chariot1 to which some people have wrongfully ascribed a much earlier date1 is the length of the door1 which reaches nearly a foot below the bottom of the body4 ,a similar peculiarity is to be seen in another coach of the period which was built in #agac for the ,spanish representative at the time of the ,peace of ,utrecht4 ,here 8the quarters rake towards the roof considerably1 the roof over the doorway is arched upwards1 the upper quarters are filled with large glasses of mirror plate glass4444 ,the wheels have carved spokes and felloes4444 ,there is a hammercloth cushion in front and a footboard supported by ,tritons blowing horns40 ,another ,spanish coach1 with spiral spokes and similar peculiarities1 is preserved at ,madrid4 ,this elongated door seems peculiar to the period and may have followed upon a desire to hide the steps1 though the lowness of the carriage made more than one or two of these unnecessary4 ,many of the ,spanish coaches of this time1 by the way1 were without the coach-box1 postilions only being employed--the story being that a certain ,duke of ,olivarez found that his coachman had heard and betrayed a ,state secret4 ,there was1 ,i believe1 actually a law passed in ,spain forbidding coachmen altogether4 ,french coaches were very resplendent4 8,when ,i was in ,france10 writes ,addison in one of the earlier ,spectators1 8,i used to gaze with great ,astonishment at the ,splendid ,equipages and ,party-,coloured ,habits1 of that ,fantastick ,nation4 ,i was one ,day in particular contemplating a ,lady1 that sate in a ,coach adorned with gilded ,cupids1 and finely painted with the ,loves of ,venus and ,adonis4 ,the ,coach was drawn by six milk-white ,horses1 and loaden behind with the same ,number of powder'd ,footmen4 ,just before the ,lady were a ,couple of beautiful ,pages that were stuck among the ,harness1 and1 by their gay ,dresses and smiling ,features1 looked like the elder ,brothers of the little ,boys that were carved and painted in every corner of the ,coach40 ,the boys 8stuck among the harness0 obviously were resting in that space which was made by the back-tilting of the body4 ,the ,viennese coaches of this time seem to have had a very great deal of glass about them1 but the ,turkish coaches had none4 ,writing home from ,adrianople in #agag1 ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu says3-- 8,designing to go to ,sophia incognita1 ,i hired a ,turkish coach4 ,these voitures are not at all like ours1 but much more convenient for the country1 the heat being so great that glasses would be very troublesome4 ,they are made a good deal in the manner of the ,dutch coaches1 having wooden lattices painted and gilded2 the inside being painted with baskets and nosegays of flowers1 intermixed commonly with little poetical mottoes4 ,they are covered all over with scarlet cloth1 lined with silk1 and very often richly embroidered and fringed4 ,this covering entirely hides the persons in them1 but may be thrown back at pleasure1 and the ladies peep through the lattices4 ,they hold four people very conveniently1 seated on cushions1 but not raised40 ,illustration3 ,the ,darnley ,chariot4 ,early ,eighteenth ,century 7,from ,smith's 8,concise ,history of ,english ,carriages07 ,they were1 it would seem1 mere covered waggons1 and1 indeed1 in another place ,lady ,mary speaks of them as such4 ,turkey possessed also 8open gilded chariots10 but in these the women were not allowed to drive4 ,russia1 too1 at this time possessed coaches1 and we read that ,peter the ,great in his trans-,european journey travelled with 8thirty-two four-horse carriages and four six-horse waggons40 ,one or two particulars are forthcoming of the royal coach-house4 ,it contained but two coaches1 with four places in each1 for the use of the ,empress and a smaller1 low-hung carriage1 painted red1 for the ,emperor4 ,this was replaced in winter by a small sledge4 ,peter1 however1 was not fond of his carriage4 8,he never10 says ,waliszewski1#cf 8got into a coach1 unless he was called upon to do honour to some distinguished guest1 and then he always made use of ,menshikof's carriages4 ,these were magnificent4 ,even when the favourite went out alone1 he drove in a gilded fan-shaped coach1 drawn by six horses1 in crimson velvet trappings1 with gold and silver ornaments2 his arms crowned with a prince's coronet1 adorned the panels2 lacqueys and running footmen in rich liveries ran before it2 pages and musicians1 dressed in velvet1 and covered with gold embroideries1 followed it4 ,six gentlemen attended it at each door1 and an escort of dragoons completed the procession40 ,it is difficult to conceive the appearance of this fan-shaped coach1 but it must have been almost startlingly magnificent1 just the kind of carriage for the ,russian ,buckingham4 ,in the imperial collection at ,petersburg are preserved one or two ,russian carriages of this period4 8,one10 says ,bridges ,adams1 8is close1 made of deal1 stained black1 mounted on four wheels1 the windows of mica instead of glass1 and the frames of common tin3 the other is open1 with a small machine behind of the shipwright-emperor's invention--its purpose to determine the number of miles traversed on a journey4 ,in the same collection10 he adds1 8is the litter of ,charles ,,xii used at the battle of ,pultowa40 ,in ,england glass seems to have been reserved for the private coaches4 ,for the commoner hackneys a substitute had been found4 8,for want of ,glasses to our ,coach10 wrote the inimitable ,ned ,ward in ,the ,london ,spy1 a book whose outspokenness unfortunately must1 ,i suppose1 have prevented its reprinting in modern days1 8we drew up our ,tin ,sashes1 pink'd like the bottom of a ,cullender1 that the ,air might pass thro' the holes1 and defend us from ,stifling40 ,if1 however1 contemporary plates are singularly scarce1 and the historians have little to say of the period1 there is a new source of information to be tapped1 at any rate in this country1 in the advertisements which just now began to fill whole pages in the periodicals4 ,of these ,i may quote one or two4 ,one deals specifically with the question of glass windows3-- 8,these are to give notice to all ,persons that have occasions for ,coach ,glasses1 or ,glasses for ,sash ,windows1 that they may be furnished with all sorts1 at half the prices they were formerly sold for40 ,twelve inches square cost half a crown1 thirty-six inches two pounds ten shillings4 ,other advertisements concern the coaches themselves4 ,in ,anne's day calashes1 chaizes1 both two-and four-wheeled1 as well as the larger chariots--these often flamboyantly decorated--were constantly for sale4 8,a very fine ,,chaize10 we read1 8very well ,carved1 gilded and painted1 and lined with ,blue ,velvet1 and a very good ,,horse for it1 are to be sold together1 or apart40 8,a curious #d-,wheel ,,shaze1 ,crane ,neck'd1 little the worse for wearing1 it is to be used with #a or #b ,horses1 and there is a fine ,harness for one ,horse1 and a ,reputable ,sumpture ,laopard ,covering40 ,here then is mention of a four-wheeled chaise with a perch curved in front after the ,german fashion4 ,other chaises for sale had only two wheels3-- 8,at the ,greyhound in ,west ,smithfield is to be sold a ,two-,wheeled ,chaize1 with a pair of ,horses well match'd3 ,it has run over a ,bank and a ,ditch #e ,foot ,high2 and likewise through a deep ,pit within the ,ring at ,hide ,park1 in the presence of several persons of ,quality2 which are very satisfied it cannot be overturn'd with fair ,driving4 ,it is to be ,lett for #gs4 #f;d4 a ,day1 with some ,abatement for a longer ,time40 ,one is reminded of ,sir ,richard ,bulkeley's wonderful calash4 ,here was surely a rival4 ,calashes were now common1 though precisely what the difference was between them and the two-wheel chaises ,i am unable to say4 ,indeed1 there is some confusion also between the small chariots and the four-wheel chaises1 and the words seem to have become interchangeable4 ,both came to resemble the coup of a later day1 being like a modern coach with the front part removed4 ,sometimes the coachman's box was on a level with the roof1 but often much lower1 and sometimes altogether absent1 the horses being ridden by a postilion4 ,probably the carriage was called a chariot when it possessed a coachman's box1 such as was used in town1 and a chaise when it was absent4 ,it was a calash that ,squire ,morley of ,halstead wished for1 but did not obtain1 in ,prior's ballad of ,down-,hall1 #agae4 8,then answer'd ,squire ,morley2 ,pray get a calash1 ,that in summer may burn1 and in winter may splash2 ,i love dust and dirt2 and 'tis always my pleasure1 ,to take with me much of the soil that ,i measure4 8,but ,matthew thought better3 for ,matthew thought right1 ,and hired a chariot so trim and so tight1 ,that extremes both of winter and summer might pass3 ,for one window was canvas1 the other was glass40 ,prior evidently liked the chaises of ,holland4 8,while with labour assiduous due pleasure ,i mix1 ,and in one day atone for the business of six1 ,in a little ,dutch chaise on a ,saturday night1 ,on my left hand my ,horace1 a nymph on my right3 ,no ,memoirs to compose1 and no ,post-boy to move1 ,that on ,sunday may hinder the softness of love2 ,for her1 neither visits1 nor parties at tea1 ,nor the long-winded cant of a dull ,refugee3 ,this night and the next shall be hers1 shall be mine1 ,to good or ill-fortune the third we resign3 ,thus scorning the world and superior to fate1 ,i drive on my car in processional state40 ,another advertisement tells of a gentleman who brought a one-horse calash to an ,inn near ,hyde ,park ,corner1 took away the horse ten days later1 but left his carriage 8as a pawn for what was due for the same40 ,in a while the inn-keeper was advertising the fact that unless the owner claimed it within ten days he should sell the carriage for what it would fetch4 ,a more curious advertisement belonging to this period may be quoted in full3-- 8,lost the #bfth of ,february1 about #i a ,clock at ,night1 between the ,angel and ,crown ,tavern in ,threadneedle ,street1 and the end of ,bucklers ,berry1 the side door of a ,chariot1 ,painted ,coffee ,colour1 with a ,round ,cypher in the ,pannel1 ,lin'd with ,white ,cloath embos'd with ,red1 having a ,glass in one ,frame1 and ,white ,canvas in another1 with ,red ,strings to both ,frames4 ,whoever hath taken it up are desir'd to bring it to ,mr4 ,jacob's a ,coachmaker at the corner of ,st4 ,mary ,ax near ,london ,wall1 where they shall receive #cjs4 ,reward if all be brought with it2 or if offer'd to be ,pawn'd or ,sold1 desire it may be stop'd and notice given1 or if already ,pawn'd or ,sold1 their money again40 ,at this time1 if not before1 it became customary for wealthy people to possess coaches used only when they were in mourning4 ,so we have3-- 8,at ,mr4 ,harrison's1 ,coach ,maker1 in the ,broadway1 ,westminster1 is a ,mourning ,coach and ,harness1 never used1 with a whole ,fore ,glass1 and ,two ,glasses and all other ,materials 7the ,person being deceased72 also a ,mourning ,chariot1 being little used1 with all ,materials likewise1 and a ,leather ,body ,coach1 being very fashionable with a ,coafoay ,lining and #d ,glasses1 and several sorts of ,shazesses1 at very reasonable rates40 ,what these reasonable rates were does not appear1 but we learn from an agreement made in #agah between one ,hodges1 a job-master1 and a private gentleman1 the cost of hiring a complete equipage4 ,hodges was to maintain 8a coach1 chariot1 and harness neat and clean1 and in all manner of repair at his own charge1 not including the wheels1 for a consideration of five shillings and sixpence a day--this to include a pair of well-matched horses and a good1 sober1 honest1 creditable coachman40 ,if extra horses were required for country work1 they were to be had for half a crown the pair per day4 ,and if the coachman should break the glass when the coach was empty1 ,hodges and not the private gentleman should be responsible for the damage4 ,from another advertisement of about the same time comes the information that the hammercloth of carriages was constantly being stolen4 ,ashton#cg gives three such advertisements4 8,lost off a ,gentleman's ,coach ,box a ,crimson ,coffoy ,hammer ,cloth1 with #b yellow ,laces about it40 8,lost off a ,gentleman's ,coach ,box1 a ,blue ,hammer ,cloth1 trimm'd with a ,gold colour'd ,lace that is almost turn'd yellow40 8,lost a ,red ,shag ,hammock ,cloth1 with white ,silk ,lace round it1 embroider'd with white and blue1 and #c ,bulls ,heads and a ,squirrel for the ,coat of ,arms40 ,the etymology of this hammercloth1 which was simply a covering over the coach-box1 seems to have puzzled people considerably4 ,most coachbuilders consider that the box beneath the seat used to contain a hammer and other tools necessary in case of a breakdown1 whence the name4 ,the anonymous author of the coach-building articles in the ,carriage ,builders' and ,harness-,makers' ,art ,journal scouts this idea1 and suggests that it is merely a corruption of hamper-cloth--the box or chest having originally contained a hamper of provisions4 ,the last advertisement quoted above gives hammock-cloth1 which vaguely suggests suspension of a kind4 ,it is perhaps not a very important question4 ,illustration3 ,queen ,anne's ,procession to the ,cathedral of ,s4 ,paul 7,from ,pennant's 8,london07 ,advertisements also mention a 8,curtin ,coach for #f ,people10 and 8a ,chasse mare ,coach10#ch which was some form of covered waggon2 but1 unfortunately1 ,i have not been able to discover any information about them4 ,the ,state ,coaches of this time were as handsome as ever4 ,george ,i1 ,mrs4 ,delaney has recorded1 rode in a coach that was 8covered with purple cloth2 the eight horses the beautifullest creatures of their kind were cream colour0--the custom of using cream-coloured horses still obtains in the ,state ,coach of ,great ,britain--8the trapping purple silk1 and their manes and tails tied with purple riband40 ,luttrell in his ,diary for ,may #bjth1 #agjg1 says of a foreign coach3-- 8,yesterday the ,venetian ,ambassadors made their public entry thro' this citty to ,somerset ,house in great state and splendour1 their ,coach of ,state embroidered with gold1 and the richest that ever was seen in ,england3 they had two with #h horses1 and eight with #f horses1 trimm'd very fine with ribbons1 #dh footmen in blew velvet cover'd with gold lace1 #bd gentlemen and pages on horseback1 with feathers in their hats40 ,the ,venetians apparently prided themselves on a magnificent display1 and four years later ,swift1 in one of his letters to ,stella1 was commenting upon their ambassador's coach again--8the most monstrous1 huge1 fine1 gilt thing that ever ,i saw10 he says of it4 ,every possible luxury was commandeered for these ,state vehicles4 ,one of the ,emperors built a coach 8studded with gold0 for his bride4 ,another's consort rode in a carriage 8covered with perfumed leather40 ,the wedding carriage of the first wife of the ,emperor ,leopold had cost #ch1jjj florins4 ,but the ,austrian ,state ,imperial ,coach1 built in #afif1 was perhaps the most gorgeous of all4 ,immense sums too were being spent on coaches by private individuals4 ,swift writes on ,february #fth1 #agab3 8,nothing has made so great a noise as one ,kelson's chariot1 that cost nine hundred and thirty ,pounds1 the finest was ever seen4 ,the rabble huzzaed him as much as they did ,prince ,eugene40 ,fashion decreed six horses4 8,i must have ,six ,horses in my ,coach10 says ,mrs4 ,plotwell in the ,beau's ,duel1 8four are fit for those that have a ,charge of ,children1 you and ,i shall never have any02 and in another of ,mrs4 ,centlivre's comedies1 ,lucinda says to ,sir ,toby ,doubtful3 8,you'll at least keep ,six ,horses1 ,sir ,toby1 for ,i wou'd not make a ,tour in ,high ,park with less for the ,world3 for me thinks a pair looks like a ,hackney40 ,abroad even more display was made4 8,two coaches10 wrote ,lady ,mary from ,naples in #agdj1 8two running footmen1 four other footmen1 a gentleman usher1 and two pages1 are as necessary here as the attendance of a single servant is at ,london40 ,nor was carriage-driving confined to the gentry4 ,every retired tradesman appeared abroad in his coach and aped the noble1 a matter which disturbed ,sir ,richard ,steele1 who in one of the ,tatlers drew attention to the truly lamentable fact that you could not possibly estimate the social position of the occupant of a coach by the appearance of his equipage4 8,for the better understanding of things and persons10 he writes1 8in this general confusion1 ,i have given directions to all the coachmakers and coachpainters in town1 to bring me in lists of their several customers2 and doubt not1 but with comparing the orders of each man1 in the placing of his arms on the door of his chariot1 as well as the words1 devices and ciphers to be fixed upon them1 to make a collection which shall let us into the nature1 if not the history1 of mankind1 more usefully than the curiosities of any medallist in ,europe4 ,it is high time10 he continues1 8that ,i call in such coaches as are in their embellishment improper for the character of their owners4 ,but if ,i find ,i am not obeyed herein1 and think ,i cannot pull down those equipages already erected1 ,i shall take upon me to prevent the growth of this evil for the future1 by inquiring into the pretensions of the persons1 who shall hereafter attempt to make public entries with ornaments and decorations of their own appointment4 ,if a man1 who believed he had the handsomest leg in this kingdom1 should take a fancy to adorn so deserving a limb with a blue garter1 he would be justly punished for offending against the ,most ,noble ,order2 and1 ,i think1 the general prostitution of equipage and retinue is as destructive to all distinction1 as the impertinences of one man1 if permitted1 would certainly be to that illustrious fraternity40 ,the temptation for display must have been great4 ,nothing attracted the public attention like a fine coach4 ,in the north of ,scotland1 indeed1 any carriage caused the profoundest astonishment4 8,i was entertained10 says a contemporary writer1 8with the ,surprise and ,amusement of the ,common ,people when in the year #agbe a ,chariot with six monstrous great ,horses arrived here by way of the ,sea ,coast4 ,an ,elephant publicly exhibited in the ,streets of ,london could not have excited greater admiration4 ,one asked what the ,chariot was2 another1 who had seen the gentlemen alight1 told the first with a ,sneer at his ,ignorance1 it was a great cart to carry people in1 and such like40 ,and even in ,johnson's day1 when there were few coaches to be found in this part of the country1 though a lighter vehicle called in old account books a cheas was sometimes used1 public astonishment was great4 ,yet it was in the north of ,scotland that military roads were constructed in #agbf and #agcg--not particularly good roads1 but very necessary--and the first of their kind4 ,swift in ,apollo1 or a ,problem ,solved1 satirised the prevailing luxury4 ,compared with ,apollo1 he says3-- 8,no heir upon his first appearance1 ,with twenty thousand pounds a year rents1 ,e'er drove1 before he sold his land1 ,so fine a coach along the ,strand3 ,the spokes1 we are by ,ovid told1 ,were silver1 and the axle gold3 ,i own1 'twas but a coach-and-four1 ,for ,jupiter allows no more40 ,but whether ,jupiter allowed it or not1 your fashionable dame had six horses put into her coach1 and the more grooms in attendance upon her1 the better for her reputation as a ,person of ,quality4 ,there is a good story1 by the way1 of ,swift and a hackney coach4 ,it is told by ,leigh ,hunt in his essay on ,coaches4 8,he was going10 says ,hunt1 8one dark evening1 to dine with some great man1 and was accompanied by some other clergymen1 to whom he gave their clue4 ,they were all in their canonicals4 ,when they arrive at the house1 the coachman opens the door1 and lets down the steps4 ,down steps the ,dean1 very reverend in his black robes2 after him comes another personage1 equally black and dignified2 then another2 then a fourth4 ,the coachman1 who recollects taking up no greater number1 is about to put up the steps1 when another clergyman descends4 ,after giving way to this other1 he proceeds with great confidence to toss them up1 when lo6 another comes4 ,well1 there cannot1 he thinks1 be more than six4 ,he is mistaken4 ,down comes a seventh1 then an eighth2 then a ninth2 all with decent intervals2 the coach in the meantime rocking as if it were giving birth to so many daemons4 ,the coachman can conclude no less4 ,he cries out #8,the devil6 the devil6' and is preparing to run away1 when they all burst into laughter4 ,they had gone round as they descended1 and got in at the other door40 ,it may be that the private coaches and chariots were rather more comfortable than the hackneys1 but nothing1 it seems1 could equal the tortures which were inflicted upon the unfortunate passengers who were forced to ride in the public carriages4 8,when our ,stratford ,tub10 writes ,ned ,ward1 8by the ,assistance of its ,carrionly ,tits of different colours1 had outrun the ,smoothness of the ,road1 and enter'd upon ,london-,stones1 with as frightful a ,rumbling as an empty ,hay-,cart1 our ,leathern-,conveniency#ci being bound in the ,braces to its good ,behaviour1 had no more ,sway than a ,funeral ,hearse1 or a ,country-,waggon1 that we were jumbled about like so many ,pease in a ,childs-,rattle1 running1 at every ,kennel-,jolt1 a great hazard of a ,dislocation3 ,this we endured till we were brought within ,white-,chappel ,bars1 where we ,lighted from our ,stubborn ,caravan1 with our ,elbows and ,shoulders as ,black and ,blew as a ,rural ,joan1 that had been under the ,pinches of an ,angry ,fairy4 ,our weary ,limbs being rather more ,tir'd than ,refresh'd1 by the ,thumps and ,tosses of our ill-contriv'd ,engine1 as unfit to move upon a ,rugged ,pavement as a ,gouty ,sinner is to valt o'er ,london ,bridge1 with his ,boots on4 ,for my part1 said ,i1 if this be the ,pleasure of ,riding in a ,coach thro' ,london-,streets1 may those that like it enjoy it1 for it has loosen'd my ,joynts in so short a ,passage1 that ,i shall scarce recover my former ,strength this ,fortnight2 and1 indeed1 of the two1 ,i would rather chuse to cry ,mouse-,traps for a ,livelihood1 than be oblig'd every day to be drag'd about ,town under such uneasiness2 and if the ,qualities ,coaches are as troublesome as this1 ,i would not be bound to do their ,pennance for their ,estates4 ,you must consider1 says my ,friend1 you have not the right ,knack of ,humouring the ,coaches ,motion2 for there is as much ,art in ,sitting in a coach finely1 as there is in riding the ,great ,horse2 and many a younger ,brother has got a good ,fortune by his ,genteel ,stepping in and out1 when he pays a ,visit to her ,ladyship40 ,in ,fleet ,street1 it seems1 things were very bad4 8,the ,ratling of ,coaches10 says ,ward1 8loud as the ,cataracts of ,nile ,rob'd me of my ,hearing1 and put my ,head into as much disorder as the untunable ,hollows of a ,rural ,mob at a ,country ,bull-,baiting40 ,more trouble followed later in the day4 8,now1 says my ,friend1 ,i believe we are not tired with the ,labours of the ,day2 let us therefore ,dedicate the latter part purely to our ,pleasure1 take a ,coach and go see ,may-,fair4 ,would you have me1 said ,i1 undergo the ,punishment of a ,coach again1 when you know ,i was made so great a sufferer by the last1 that it made my ,bones rattle in my ,skin1 and has brought as many ,pains about me1 as if troubled with ,rheumatism4 ,that was a ,country ,coach1 says he1 and only fit for the ,road2 but ,london ,coaches are hung more loose to prevent your being ,jolted by the ,roughness of the ,pavement4 ,this ,argument of my ,friends prevail'd upon me1 to venture my ,carcase a second ,time to be ,rock'd in a ,hackney ,cradle4 ,so we took ,leave of the ,temple1 turn'd up without ,temple-,bar1 and there took ,coach for the ,general ,rendezvous aforementioned4 8,by the help of a great many ,slashes and ,hey-ups1 and after as many ,jolts and ,jumbles1 we were dragg'd to the ,fair1 where our ,charioteer had difficulty with his fare--the gay ladies refusing to pay1 but one eventually pledging her scarf and taking his number40 ,it is to be remembered that at this time1 as in the last century1 the hackney coaches were used much in the manner of the modern omnibus4 ,you did not necessarily have one to yourself4 ,the same held good with regard to the post-chaises4 ,advertisements were constantly appearing for a 8partner40 ,the uneasy motion which so disturbed ,ned ,ward was a matter which was receiving the attention of carriage-builders1 but little enough was done4 ,yet in ,england1 ,france and ,spain1 quite a number of strange machines 7including one which was supposed to go without horses7 were invented1 and had their day1 and disappeared into the lumber-room of time4 ,two in particular1 though in the main unsuccessful1 deserve mention4 ,one1 properly belonging to the seventeenth century1 concerned a new steel spring1 patented in #afia by a ,mr4 ,john ,green4 ,it was thus advertised3-- 8,all the nobility and gentry may have the carriages of their coaches made new or the old ones altered1 after this invention1 at reasonable rates2 and hackney and stage coachmen may have licences from the ,patentees1 ,mr4 ,john ,green and ,mr4 ,william ,dockwra1 his partner1 at the rate of #ab;d4 per week1 to drive the roads and streets1 some of which having this week began1 and may be known from the common coaches by the words patent ,coach being over both doors in carved letters4 ,these coaches are so hung as to render them easier for the passenger and less labour for the horses1 the gentleman's coaches turning in narrow streets and lanes in as little or less room than any ,french carriage with crane neck1 and not one third of the charge4 ,the manner of the coachman's sitting is more convenient1 and the motion like that of a sedan1 being free from the tossing and jolting to which other coaches are liable over rough and broken roads1 pavements or kennels4 ,these great ,conveniences 7besides others7 are invitation sufficient for all persons that love their own ease and would save their horses draught1 to use these sort of carriages and no other1 since these carriages need no alteration40 ,here1 in addition to the spring1 there was some kind of turning head--a question which occupied the attention of designers throughout the next century1 but nothing more of ,mr4 ,john ,green or of his partner was heard of1 and his patent coaches found few if any purchasers4 ,the other contrivance was a primitive form of gear invented by one ,james ,rowe4 ,in #agbg this ,rowe wrote a book--not1 however1 published until #agcd--;called ,all ,sorts of ,wheel ,carriage1 ,improved4 ,this was a small tract 8wherein is plainly made to appear1 that a much less than the usual ,draught of ,horses1 etc41 will be required1 in ,waggons1 ,carts1 ,coaches1 and all other ,wheel ,vehicles0 by the application of small 8friction wheels and pulleys40 ,rowe obtained a patent for his gear and apparently applied his small wheels to the axle just within the ordinary wheels1 but his own coach was probably the only one ever to be so fitted4 ,it was felt no doubt that the whole question was one of roads rather than of carriages4 ,improve your roads1 and the discomforts of travelling would disappear4 ,the ,british stage-coaches of this time were1 according to ,sir ,walter ,scott1 8constructed principally of a dull black leather1 thickly studded1 by way of ornament1 with black-headed nails tracing out the panels2 in the upper tier of which were four oval windows1 with heavy red wooden frames1 and green stuff or leathern curtains4 ,upon the doors1 also1 there appeared but little of that gay blazonry which shines upon the numerous quadrigae of the present time2 but there were displayed in large characters the names of the places whence the coach started1 and whither it went1 stated in quaint and ancient language4 ,the vehicles themselves varied in shape4 ,sometimes they were like a distiller's vat2 sometimes flattened1 and hung equally balanced between the immense front and back springs2 in other instances they resembled a violincello case1 which was past all comparison the most fashionable form2 and they hung in a more genteel posture1 namely1 inclining on to the back springs1 and giving to those who sat within the appearance of a stiff ,guy ,faux1 uneasily seated4 ,the roofs of the coaches1 in most cases1 rose into a swelling curve1 which was sometimes surrounded by a high iron guard4444 ,the coachman1 and the guard1 who always held his carabine ready bent1 or1 as we now say1 cocked upon his knee1 then sat together2 not as at present1 upon a close1 compact varnished seat1 but over a very long and narrow boot1 which passed under a large spreading hammer cloth1 hanging down on all sides1 and finished with a flowing and most luxurious fringe4 ,behind the coach was the immense basket stretching far and wide beyond the body1 to which it was attached by long iron bars or supports passing beneath it2 though even these seemed scarcely equal to the enormous weight with which they were frequently loaded4 ,they were1 however1 never very great favourites1 although their difference of price caused them frequently to be well filled1 for1 as an ancient ,teague observed1 #8they got in so long after the coach1 that they ought to set out a day sooner1 to be there at the same time4 ,arrah6' continued he1 #8can't they give it the two hind wheels1 and let it go first8' ,the wheels of these old carriages were large1 massive1 ill-formed1 and usually of a red colour2 and the three horses that were affixed to the whole machine--the foremost of which was helped onward by carrying a huge long-legged elf of a postillion1 dressed in a cocked hat1 with a large green and gold riding coat--were all so far parted from it by the great length of their traces1 that it was with no little difficulty that the poor animals dragged their unwieldy burthen along the road4 ,it groaned1 and creaked1 and lumbered1 at every fresh tug which they gave it1 as a ship1 rocking or beating up1 through a heavy sea1 strains all her timbers with a low-moaning sound1 as she drives over the contending waves40 ,no wonder1 said ,scott1 that at this time people invariably made their wills before setting out on a journey of any length4 ,the dangers were manifold and very real4 ,in ,france the stage-coaches1 or diligences1 were very similar 8with large bodies1 having three small windows on each side and hung by leather braces on long perch carriages1 with high hind wheels and low front wheels1 without any driving box and fitted with large baskets1 back and front for passengers or luggage2 they were drawn by five horses and driven by a postillion on the off wheeler instead of the near wheeler as in ,england40 ,one1 at any rate1 of these diligences had springs of a kind4 ,another public coach in ,france at this time was the gondola1 holding ten or twelve passengers inside1 these sitting sideways with one at each end1 a second attempt at a kind of omnibus4 ,still another public vehicle popular about this time in ,paris was the coucou4 ,of this weird machine ,rame says3-- 8,figure a box1 yellow1 green1 brown1 red1 or sky blue1 open in front1 having two foul benches which had formerly been stuffed1 on which were placed six unfortunate voyagers4 ,in the sides it had1 right and left1 one or two square openings1 to give air during the day or in summer4 ,while the interior was sufficiently open to the world1 there was built an apron in front1 framed in woodwork and covered with sheet iron4 ,upon this apron was thrown a third bench1 on which were seated the driver of the coucou and two passengers who were termed lapins 7rabbits740 ,the coucou was regularly to be seen lumbering painfully along with its ten or a dozen passengers1 its snail's pace giving it the ironical name of vigoureux4 ,the poorer people almost exclusively used the coucou1 although a smart woman with her pet dog1 or a gentleman who had been unable to find a place in the more aristocratic gondola1 were occasionally to be seen in its interior sandwiched in between two peasants4 ,in ,spain the coucou found an equivalent in the galera1 which was provided with the ubiquitous basket--a low waggon it was1 with its sides formed of a number of wooden spokes at a considerable distance from each other1 and having no bottom save a strip of spartum on which the trunks and packages were heaped4 ,in ,spain there were several types of cart1 two-or four-wheeled1 which likewise plied for passenger hire4 ,one of these1 called a correo real1 seems to have travelled at rather a greater pace1 though with even less comfort to the unfortunate passengers than the others4 ,a century later this correo real was described by ,thophile ,gautier1 who speaks of it as 8an antediluvian vehicle1 of which the model could only be found in the fossil remains of ,spain1 immense bell-shaped wheels1 with very thin spokes1 considerably behind the frame1 which had been painted red somewhere about the time of ,isabella the ,catholic2 an extravagant body full of all sorts of crooked windows1 and lined in the inside with small satin cushions1 which may at some period have been rose-coloured1 and the whole decorated with a kind of silk that was once probably of various colours40 ,in #agdc the system of travelling post1 which so long before as #affd had been common in ,france1 was introduced into ,england by one ,john ,trull1 an artillery officer1 who obtained a patent for letting carriages for hire across country4 ,these were the post-chaises1 of which the first were two-wheeled with the door in front--in this respect being similar to the ,french chaises de poste1 from which the idea was taken4 ,trull's scheme1 however1 though successful in itself does not seem to have brought money to its inventor1 who thirty years later died in the ,king's ,bench4 ,the door of these first post-chaises 8was hinged at the bottom and fell forward on to a small dasher like a gentleman's cabriolet10 and there was a window on either side4 8,it was hung upon two very lofty wheels10 says ,thrupp1 8and long shafts for one horse1 and the body was rather in front of the wheels1 so that the weight on the horse's back must have been considerable4 ,it was suspended at first upon leather braces only1 but later upon two upright or whip springs behind1 and two elbow springs in front from the body to the cross-bar1 which joined the shafts and carried the step40 ,soon1 however1 these post-chaises were built with four wheels1 and resembled the ordinary private chariots of the day1 though without their lavish ornamentation4 ,in less than ten years1 however1 a larger body was given to them1 so that they came to resemble the coach rather than the smaller and slimmer chariots1 while the coachman's box was made very much higher4 ,the post-chaise became extraordinarily popular4 ,the literature of the mid-eighteenth century is full of references to it4 ,all kinds of adventures happened to people in post-chaises4 ,they were seen in every part of the country1 they could be hired here1 there1 and everywhere4 ,dr4 ,johnson was only one amongst thousands who loved them4 8,if ,i had no duties10 he records1 8and no reference to futurity1 ,i would spend my life in driving briskly in a post-chaise with a pretty woman40 8,i have tried almost every mode of travelling since ,i saw you10 wrote ,wilkes to his daughter1 8in a coach1 chaise1 waggon1 boat1 treckscuyt1 traineau1 sledge1 etc4 ,i know none so agreeable as my ,english post-chaise40 ,one thinks naturally of ,laurence ,sterne4 ,both in ,tristram ,shandy and in the ,sentimental ,journey he has much to say of the post-chaises4 8,something is always wrong10 he is grumbling somewhere1 8in a ,french post-chaise1 upon first setting out4444 ,a ,french postillion has always to alight before he has got three hundred yards out of town40 ,and then1 of course1 there is that never-to-be-forgotten dsobligeante which he purchased from ,m4 ,dessein at ,calais4#dj 8,there being no travelling in ,france and ,italy10 he recounts1 8without a chaise--and nature generally prompting us to the thing we are fittest for1 ,i walk'd out into the coach-yard to buy or hire something of that kind to my purpose3 an old ,dsobligeante1 in the furthest corner of the court1 hit my fancy at first sight1 so ,i instantly got into it40 ,and there it was in that queer little carriage which would hold but one person1 that ,sterne wrote his famous ,preface about ,travellers1 8though it would have been better10 he observed1 when interrupted1 8in a ,vis--,vis40 ,the particular dsobligeante seems to have proved satisfactory1 but for the species ,sterne could not find much praise4 8,in ,monsieur ,dessein's coach-yard10 he says1 8,i saw another old tatter'd dsobligeante2 and notwithstanding it was the exact picture of that which had hit my fancy so much in the coach-yard but an hour before1 the very sight of it stirr'd up a disagreeable sensation within me now2 and ,i thought 'twas a churlish beast into whose heart the idea could first enter1 to construct such a machine2 nor had ,i much more charity for the man who could think of using it40 ,it was certainly not a very sociable carriage1 but then neither was the sedan3 both were very useful4 ,i may conclude this chapter by drawing attention to the tax upon coaches which was levied at the beginning of #agdg4 ,from the fuss that was made when such a bill was first introduced--it was temporarily abandoned--you might imagine that one of the most treasured articles of the ,constitution was about to be swept away4 8,it is impossible to express10 wrote a country clergyman to his bishop in a letter which deserves quotation as affording an insight into the lesser equipages used in the country at this time1 8the various impressions your lordship's letter1 relating to the tax upon coaches1 made here2 as people imagined it a jest1 or serious3 ,as most inclined to the former1 it would be too tedious to trouble you with the witticisms and conundrums it occasioned4 ,b4 said the ,church was in danger2 ,c4 observed it would be like the gospel-feast inverted1 that the maimed and lame being the only guests admitted there1 would be the only ones excluded here4444 ,as we have now no reason to doubt such a tax being really intended1 give me leave to represent to you our thoughts of it here4 ,my living1 your ,lordship knows1 is under #gj per ,ann41 yet out of this1 some years since1 ,i made a shift to lay out six pounds on an old chariot1 which1 with the help of my ploughman and a pair of cart-horses1 has drawn my wife1 etc41 half a mile to church1 who1 for the future1 must go in a cart1 or stay at home4 ,repairs1 etc41 have cost me1 communibus annis1 for the eleven years ,i have had it1 about #gs4 so the interest of my money1 at #e per cent1 on the #f and #gs4 in repairs1 is #acs4 per ,ann41 which with tax on this my pompous luxury1 will be increased to #d #acs4 per ,ann41 almost the prime cost of setting up my ,equipage4 ,i am afraid this is not my case singly1 but will be found pretty nearly so1 of most of the small clergy in ,england4 ,among the laity we have several gentlemen farmers1 who manage1 in some degree1 with the same frugality1 and who1 for the same reasons1 are prepared to part with1 or continue them according to the fate of this bill2 insomuch1 that ,i can compute that in sixteen parishes ,i have in my eye three times that number of coaches will be disposed of1 for we look on the same sum1 which is but a trifling duty on grand equipages1 to amount to a prohibition on ours1 which resembles them no more than a ragged coat does an embroidered suit4 ,i shall not dwell on the quantity of glass 7not to mention leather1 etc471 this will bring to market1 nor the future consumption of these commodities it will prevent4444 ,to me ,i own it looks a little like the son eating the father4444 ,how many single gentlemen10 he goes on to ask1 after pointing out that it is the poorer married men who will suffer most1 8from #b1 #c1 to #hjjl4 a year1 and more1 have no coaches1 yet keep a stable of hunters 7the worst of which would purchase my equipage7 and a pack of hounds1 whom this duty will not affect80 ,but the bill was passed1 and so we must suppose that our clergyman and his farmer friends were forced to walk to church4 ,some verses printed in the ,gentleman's ,magazine at this time may also be quoted as reflecting the general opinion about the bill4 8,before ,bohemian ,anne was ,queen1 ,astride their steeds were ladies seen2 ,and good ,queen ,bess to ,paul's1 ,i wot1 ,full oft astride has jogg'd on trot3 ,beaus then could foot it thro' all weather1 ,and nothing fear'd but wear of leather4 ,but now 7so luxury decrees7 ,the polish'd age rolls on at ease3 ,coach1 chariot1 chaise1 berlin1 landau#da 7,machines the ancients never saw7 ,indulge our gentle sons of war1 ,who ne'er will mount triumphant car4 ,the carriage marks the peer's degree1 ,and almost tells the doctor's fee2 ,bears ev'ry thriving child of art2 ,ev'n thieves to ,tyburn claim their cart4 ,o cruel law6 replete with pain1 ,that makes us use our feet again2 ,or1 half our pair oblig'd to lack1 ,bids us bestride the other's back4 ,a shilling stage would suit with many1 ,who cannot reach an eighteen penny4 ,rock must enhance the price of pills1 ,or drive again--one pair of wheels4 ,the graduate too will be to seek1 ,who mounts his chariot twice a week3 ,for if the hackneymen should grumble1 ,i fear our ,phaeton#da must tumble4 ,o cruel law6 to raise the fare ,of ,christmas turkey1 chine1 and hare2 ,the vails or wages to retrench ,of country serving-man or wench1 ,who twice a year ride up and down1 ,betwixt their native place and town4 ,o cruel tax6 who must not say1 ,which only those who will--need pay80 ,from this bill1 those who used the one-horse chaises certainly suffered4 ,rusticus thereupon offered the following advice to his fellow-sufferers at the time of the next ,general ,election3-- 8,ye who late loll'd in easy chaise and one1 ,and now must walk1 or ride ,old ,grey or ,dun1 ,enquire when wheels were tax'd 7to mend your fate7 ,what patriots1 spokesmen were in the debate4 ,and get this act1 a promise to revoke1 ,or put into each spokesman's wheel a spoke40 ,chapter the ,seventh ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,wheels3 ,,with ,,some ,,curiosities1 ,,regal ,,and ,,otherwise 8,the morning came1 the chaise was brought1 ,but yet was not allowed ,to drive up to the door1 lest all ,should say that she was proud4 8,so three doors off the chaise was stayed1 ,when they did all get in1 ,six precious souls1 and all agog ,to dash through thick and thin40 ,john ,gilpin4 8,in my journey to ,london10 wrote an indignant correspondent to the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 early in #agdg1 8,i travell'd from ,harborough to ,northampton1 and well was it that ,i was in a light ,berlin1 and six good horses1 or ,i might have overlaid in that turnpike road4 ,but for fear of life and limb1 ,i walk'd several miles on foot1 met #bj waggons tearing their goods to pieces1 and the drivers cursing and swearing for being robb'd on the highway by a turnpike1 screen'd under an ,act of ,parliament40 ,these turnpikes1 or toll-gates1 had been but lately established in ,england for the preservation of the roads4 ,that they did very much immediate good1 however1 may be doubted4 ,a few years afterwards an ,english traveller was grumbling at the superiority of the ,french roads over our own4 8,nothing piques me more10 he wrote in an amusingly satirical passage1 8than that a trumpery despotic ,government1 like ,france1 should have enchanting roads from the capital to each remote part40 ,he seems to have taken trouble to find out the cause for so lamentable a difference1 and for this purpose consulted 8the most solemn looking waggoner on the road40 8,this prov'd to be ,jack ,whipcord of ,blandford4 ,jack's answer was #8,that roads had but one object1 namely1 waggon-driving4 ,that he requir'd but five feet wedth in a line which he resolved never to quit1 and all the rest might go to the d---- l4 ,that the gentry ought to stay at home and be d---- and not run gossiping up and down the country4 ,but1 added ,jack1 we will soon cure them1 for my brethren since the late act have made a vow to run our wheels in the coach quarter4 ,we tack on a sixth or seventh horse at pleasure4 ,what a plague would they send us to the galleys for this1 as papishes do in beyond-sea countries4'0 ,the ,act to which ,jack referred had been passed in #agde4 ,it followed upon the fact that while coaches1 generally speaking1 were in process of becoming lighter1 carts and waggons were becoming much heavier4 ,and so it had been proposed that no waggon should be drawn by more than four horses1 no matter whether these were 8in length1 pairs or sideways10 and no cart should have more than three4 ,every horse above these numbers could be forfeited together 8with all geers1 bridles1 halters1 harness and accoutrements40 ,there were to be collectors of tolls1 and gentlemen's private carriages and purely agricultural waggons were to be exempt4 ,also certain roads1 presumably those but lately laid down according to the best ideas of the time1 were to be treated as outside the scope of the ,act4 ,and if the wheels of these heavy waggons and carts possessed 8wheels bound with streaks or tire of the breadth of eight inches at least when worn and not set on with rose-headed nails10 they might likewise be exempt4 ,this ,bill gave rise to a curious wordy warfare1 which was carried on for some years1 and may be said to have interested people in the general questions of wheeled traffic right on until the time when ,mc,adam's schemes altogether altered general opinion4 ,this war1 of course1 hardly touched private carriages1 but was waged in so many quarters and with such various weapons that it deserves some mention in any account of carriages4 ,it was immediately 8objected by multitudes0 that the ,bill of #agde would 8greatly enhance the price of carriage of goods10 but its apologists argued that even if it did1 better-designed carriages and carts would be built1 so that the roads would improve1 and the price of cartage ultimately go down4 8,it is urged10 they said1 8that light carts or waggons may be used1 and the horses draw double1 as in the rabbet waggons of ,norfolk1 which improves the road and contributes to expedition40 ,at an early stage in this war two factions arose4 ,on the one hand you had coachbuilders and others filling the newspapers and publishing tracts1 some very serious1 some extraordinarily mathematical1 others merely facetious1 to prove that the roads could be preserved only by using very broad wheels--some1 indeed1 advocated rollers1 which1 as we shall see1 were actually tried--and on the other hand you had people filling more columns1 and very dull columns some of them were1 to show that a low broad wheel was the one thing which no really satisfactory vehicle could possibly possess4 ,these were the apologists for the lighter waggons with large but slender wheels4 ,decrease your weight1 said they1 and never mind about the wheels2 it is the great weight that ruins the roads4 ,how can you decrease the weight1 asked the broad-wheel faction1 without increasing the cost of carriage8 ,increase the cost of carriage for a while1 was the reply1 and see what happens to the roads4 ,for a time1 however1 the broad-wheel faction held the advantage1 and when further legislation was made in #aged1 it was entirely in their favour4 8,it is enacted that after next ,michaelmas1 no wheel carriage of burthen 7except it be drawn by oxen only1 or if by horses with less than five1 if a four-wheeled carriage1 with less than four7 shall travel any turnpike road1 unless the fellies of the wheels shall be nine inches from side to side under a penalty of #e1 or the forfeiture of one of the horses1 with all his accoutrements1 to the sole use of the person who shall seize them40 ,so soon as such proposals had become law1 it was asked with some pertinence3 where were these huge wheels to come from8 ,what of the heavy expenses that would fall on the farmers8 ,the parrot cry1 8,your wheels will cost you more10 was hinted at1 if not expressed in so modern a way4 ,arguments were put forward to show that the correct height for wheels was anything between two and eight feet1 and the correct breadth from three to eighteen inches4 ,and the disputes became tinged with personalities4 ,but the net result seems to have been that most people fought shy of the very wide wheels1 and were content to use less horses4 ,the war dragged on1 and particular inventions to cope with the difficulty began to appear4 ,a new tire was widely advertised4 ,an enthusiastic inventor occupied two or three pages of the ,gentleman's ,magazine with details of his particular waggon1 which had the front and back wheels of very different sizes1 but what exactly its advantages might be were not very clear to any one but himself4 ,then on the #adth of ,april1 #agfd1 one ,daniel ,bourn of ,leominster produced a waggon on small rollers4 ,though it was unsuccessful1 it led the way to further experiments1 and as will be seen from the contemporary account immediately below1 contained at any rate one novel feature which was subsequently widely adopted not only in waggons and carts1 but also in four-wheeled carriages of every description4 8,mr4 ,bourn's new machine for travelling the roads was tried against a common broad-wheeled waggon1 but did not answer1 the common waggon going as well with four horses1 as the new one with eight4 ,the weight carried was five ton besides the carriage4 ,the wheels of this waggon are #ad inches2 the fore wheels go within the hind wheels1 and are so shallow as to turn under the bed of the waggon4 ,the ,leominster stage waggon has these wheels40 ,the experiment took place 8abreast between the new road just by ,pancras to within a small distance of ,bog-house ,bar40 ,apparently the only advantage which the new waggon possessed was its ability to turn in a narrow road1 but although ,mr4 ,bourn not only continued to build such waggons1 but also answered his opponents in two tracts1 we hear little more of him4 ,such 8rolling-carts10 however1 were also made by one ,james ,sharpe1 of ,leadenhall ,street4 ,sharpe was a pushful man4 ,he believed in his system1 and apparently made those in authority see its advantages4 ,his rollers1 you learn1 were cylinders of cast iron1 two feet in diameter and sixteen inches broad4 ,an iron spindle was inserted through the centre of each4 ,several of ,sharpe's waggons were on the roads1 but although every facility was given them1 they never really took the popular fancy4 ,and indeed1 they must have been uncouth monsters rattling along the roads something after the fashion of the steam-roller of ten years ago4 ,just about this time1 too1 the light-cart faction showed that it was not in the least moribund4 ,it indited learned and highly technical articles which the newspapers found space to print with some regularity4 ,a typical reply to such articles was inserted in the ,public ,advertiser early in #agfg3-- 8,there are people1 ,i may say10 runs this most impolite retort1 8a depraved ,number1 who write long letters upon this ,subject in an ignorant ,manner4 ,their ,errors confirm ,mankind of a sensible ,turn what ,measures ought to be taken for the ,benefit of the trading ,part of this ,nation4 ,the illiterate ,scribblers he the last correspondent means to lash are those that insist upon the ,necessity of ,horses going at length instead of being placed abreast4 ,the ,power that draft ,horses have in being placed abreast is so well known1 that 'tis amazing any body is absurd enough to advance a ,doctrine to the contrary4 ,then again1 these deluded ,idiots propagate1 that the ,loads drawn by eight ,horses1 having the ,wheels placed nine ,inches within nine1 are destructive to the ,roads1 and that the ,weight had better be divided into several narrow wheeled ,carriages4 ,being thus destitute of ,judgment upon the ,subject1 they do not reflect that the more ,horses and ,carriages the more the ,expence increases1 consequently that the internal ,trade of this ,kingdom would advance in this ,article #ajj per ,cent4 ,one ,waggon with eight ,horses in ,pairs1 drawing eight ,ton upon the new ,plan1 don't do near the ,mischief that the same ,weight would in two ,waggons with narrow ,wheels4 ,besides1 four ,horses at length cannot draw four ,ton ,weight4 ,a late trifling ,writer upon the ,subject says1 the ,appearance of a broad ,wheel ,waggon was terrific4 ,i think he may be pronounced a ,cockney without ,ceremony--a ,cit that carries his ,wife and ,children four ,miles out of ,town in a ,tim-,whisky1 and1 being most likely an aukward ,driver1 suffers the ,squalls of his ,horn-making ,spouse to alarm his ,dove-like ,pusillanimity40 ,such a man1 the article goes on to say1 would surely be frightened if he saw a three-master sailing the seas1 and he and his kind had better keep quiet upon a subject of which they appeared so entirely and pitiably ignorant4 ,the contest began to embrace wider issues than the mere wheels of waggons4 ,it took in the whole question of wheeled carriages4 ,it even went so far as to include a denunciation of the general policy of the ,government1 whose legislation1 or lack of it1 on this vexed question was1 so the light-cart faction maintained1 leading directly to an increase in the price of provisions4 ,nothing1 apparently1 was right4 ,if waggons were constructed on principles which were as bad as they could be1 so were the ,stage-coaches1 which also were using the public roads1 though some of the controversialists seemed to forget the fact4 8,we are desired10 runs a paragraph in the newspapers of this time1 8to inform the ,masters of ,stage-,coaches1 ,machines1 c41 that their present ,method of hanging their ,carriages high with a low ,fore-,wheel1 and the body of the ,coach hung forwards with the ,stems of the ,box leaning likewise forwards1 is all upon a ridiculous wrong ,principle1--the ,effect of the ,stupidity of ,coachmen and ,wheelwrights2 that if they pursue the following ,regulations1 they will find the same ,advantage that the ,nobility and ,gentry have already done by adopting this ,plan3 ,let the fore ,wheels be three ,feet1 six1 eight1 or ten ,inches high1 the ,stems of the ,box upright1 and admit as little ,weight forward as possible upon the low ,wheel2 the ,body of the ,coach to hang low for the ,convenience of ,passengers1 as no ,benefit arises from its ,hanging high to the ,horses1 their ,advantage laying intirely upon the ,height of the ,fore-,wheels40 ,this in its turn was argued4 ,then came a proposal to tax private carriages according to the number of horses used1 and see whether such revenue would not counterbalance in some way the increase in the prices of provisions1 which1 of course1 was following on this eternal wrangle of the waggons4 ,also there was more legislation4 ,some of the new regulations read curiously4 8,no tree or bush is to be allowed to grow or stand within fifteen feet of the center of the highway1 on forfeiture of #ajs4 by the owner40 ,cartways were to be at least twenty feet wide1 and horse causeways three feet wide4 ,no waggon with more than four horses might have wheels less than nine inches in width1 and some one on horseback or on foot had to go in front of it4 ,more criticism filled the newspapers1 and more inventions appeared4 ,meetings were held4 ,one advertisement which appeared in #agfg has an agreeable air of mystery about it4 8,all persons working ,shod-wheel'd ,carts1 ,waggons1 ,drays1 c4 of all ,breadths1 are desired to meet at the ,sun ,tavern in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 on ,friday next1 at four o'clock in the ,afternoon4 ,enquire for ,no4 #a40 ,and more pamphlets appeared1 but the roads failed to improve4 ,then in #aggj another ,act was passed giving privileges to the roller-carts which were denied to the ordinary waggons4 8,all carriages10 it ordered1 8moving upon rollers the breadth of fifteen inches1 are allowed to be drawn with any number of horses1 or other cattle40 ,and1 as a further inducement1 such carts were to be toll-free for a year4 ,mr4 ,sharpe1 of ,leadenhall ,street1 prospered1 and wrote to the papers to say so4 ,the rollers1 he maintained1 were light and strong1 and there was considerably less friction when they were used4 ,and he challenged the world to disprove his statement4 ,whereupon an anonymous writer belonging to the rival faction--possibly ,joseph ,jacob1 a coachbuilder who had already written against the system--entered the field1 and ventured to suggest that cast iron was exceedingly brittle and not very light4 ,mr4 ,sharpe speedily replied4 8,the principle10 he said1 and his point is of interest1 8upon which rolling carriages are adopted is simply this1 ,that1 by the use of them the roads may be made smooth and hard1 and by that means1 become part of the mechanism3 for thus the rollers are made to answer all the purposes of light wheels40 ,the anonymous writer appears to have felt the point of this argument1 and was forced to retort1 quite unworthily1 that in any case ,mr4 ,sharpe's rollers were not his own ideas4 8,no10 replied ,sharpe1 8they were ,mr4 ,daniel ,bourn's idea--a very sensible man and good mechanic1 and who was also the first contriver of nine-inch broad wheels1 who so long as ten or eleven years ago built a waggon on rollers at ,leominster where he then lived1 and brought it to the ,society of ,arts and ,sciences in the ,strand1 by whom upon trial it was rejected40 ,the anonymous writer left it at that1 but the controversy raged fiercely4 ,it became so highly technical and apparently so interminable that somebody suggested we should all use flying machines and leave the wretched roads to look after themselves4 ,we may leave the war of the wheels here4 ,the roller-carts were discarded soon afterwards1 and ,m',adam and his successors rendered for ever such wars unnecessary4 ,but it must not be wholly neglected1 and is a tiny chapter by itself in the history of locomotion4 ,we come to the curiosities4 ,to this period belongs the present ,state ,coach of ,great ,britain--that famous 8glass-coach0 which ,londoners had an opportunity of seeing at ,king ,george's ,coronation4 ,who built it is not known4 ,sir ,william ,chambers1 8an amateur10 as ,thrupp is careful to point out1 designed it in #agfa for ,george ,,iii4 8,there is come forth10 wrote ,walpole to ,horace ,mann1 8a new ,state ,coach which has cost #hjjj4 ,it is a beautiful object1 though crowded with improprieties4 ,its supports are ,tritons1 not very well adapted to land carriage1 and formed of palm trees1 which are as little aquatic as ,tritons are terrestrial4 ,the crowd to see it on the opening of ,parliament was greater than at the ,coronation1 and much more damage done40 ,the ornamentation of the coach1 indeed1 is a mass of contradictions1 but ,sir ,william ,chambers did no more than follow tradition4 ,for over a century the principal ,state ,coaches had had ,tritons and other queerly inept figures1 and ,tritons there were in the new coach for ,king ,george4 ,gorgeousness was aimed at1 and gorgeousness obtained4 ,there is a detailed contemporary description of this coach which may be given with an account of the expenditure1 not quite #hjjj as ,walpole writes1 which it entailed4 8,the carriage is composed of four ,tritons1 who support the body by cables fastened to the roots of their fins3 ,the two placed on the front of the carriage1 bear the driver on their shoulders1 and are represented in the action of sounding shells to announce the approach of the monarch of the sea2 and those on the back part1 carry the imperial fasces1 topt with tridents instead of the ancient axes4 ,the driver's footboard is a large scollop shell1 supported by a bunch of reeds1 and other marine plants4 ,the pole represents a bundle of lances1 and the wheels are imitated from those of the ancient triumphal chariots4 ,the body of the coach is composed of eight palm-trees1 which1 branching out at the top1 sustain the roof4 ,the four angular trees are loaded with trophies1 allusive to the victories obtained by ,britain during the course of the present glorious war4 ,on the center of the roof stand three boys1 representing the ,genii of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 supporting on their heads the ,imperial ,crown1 and holding in their hands the scepter1 the sword of state1 and ensigns of knighthood4 ,their bodies are adorned with festoons of laurel1 which fall from thence towards the four corners of the roof4 ,the intervals between the palm-trees which form the body of the coach1 are filled in the upper parts with plates of glass1 and below with pannels adorned with paintings4 ,on the front pannel is represented ,,britannia seated on a throne1 holding in her hand1 a staff of liberty1 attended by ,religion1 ,justice1 ,wisdom1 ,valour1 ,fortitude1 and ,victory1 presenting her with a garland of laurels4 ,on the back pannel1 ,neptune issuing from his palace1 drawn by sea-horses1 and attended by the ,winds1 the ,rivers1 ,tritons1 ,naids1 c41 bringing the tribute of the world to the ,british shore4 ,on one of the doors are represented ,mars1 ,minerva1 and ,mercury1 supporting the ,imperial ,crown of ,britain2 and on the other1 ,industry and ,ingenuity1 giving a cornucopia to the ,genius of ,england4 ,the other four pannels represent the liberal ,arts and ,sciences protected2 ,history burning the implements of war4 ,the inside of the coach is lined with ,crimson ,velvet richly embroidered with gold4 ,all the wood work is triple gilt1 and all the paintings highly varnished4 ,the harness is of ,crimson ,velvet1 adorned with buckles and other embelishments of silver gilt2 and the saddle-cloths are of ,blue ,velvet1 embroidered and fringed with gold40 ,the account was as follows3-- s4 d4 ,coachmaker #afgc #ae #j ,carver #bejj #j #j ,gilder #icc #ad #j ,painter #cae #j #j ,laceman #gcg #aj #g ,chaser #ffe #d #f ,harnessmaker #che #ae #j ,mercer #bjb #e #aj-a_/b ,bitt-maker #ii #f #f ,millener #ca #c #d ,sadler #aj #af #f ,woollen-draper #d #c #f ,cover-maker #c #i #f ------------------------------ #gefb #d #c-a_/b ,hardly less resplendent was the ,lord ,mayor's coach which had been built at a cost of over a thousand pounds in #ageg1 and still performs its duties at stated and regular intervals4 ,it was in #agaa that a ,lord ,mayor of ,london had ridden for the last time on horseback in his ,state procession1 this distinction falling to ,sir ,gilbert ,heathcote4 ,since that date he has been driven in his coach4 ,the #ageg coach was not at first the property of the corporation1 but had been built by subscription amongst the aldermen1 to whom it belonged until #aggh1 when the corporation bought it4 ,in that year it had been repaired and repainted--the panels possibly by ,cipriani1 the heraldic devices by ,catton1 one of the original members of the ,royal ,academy and 8coach-painter to ,george ,,iii40 ,the ,lord ,mayor's coach1 like many other ,state coaches of this date1 is full of allegorical devices of ornamentation1 very plutocratic1 very rich1 very gorgeous1 and incidentally rather more comfortable to drive in than that in which the ,british ,sovereign drives to his ,coronation4 ,coming to lesser matters1 we have mention of a carriage which performed a remarkable feat in #agej4 8,on ,wednesday #bi10 runs a notice of this1 8at seven in the morning was decided at ,newmarket a remarkable wager for #ajjj guineas1 laid by ,theobald ,taaff1 ,esq41 against the ,e4 of ,march and ,lord ,eglington1 who were to provide a four-wheel carriage with a man in it to be drawn by four horses #ai miles in an hour2 which was performed in #ec minutes and #bg seconds4 ,the pole was small but lapp'd with fine wire2 the perch had a plate underneath1 two cords went on each side from the back carriage to the fore carriage1 fastened to springs3 the harness was of thin leather covered with silk2 the seat1 for the man to sit on1 was of leather straps and covered with velvet2 the axles of the wheel were brass1 and had tins of oil to drop slowly for an hour4 ,the breechens for the horses were whale-bone2 the bars were small wood1 straightened with steel-springs1 as were most parts of the carriage1 but all so light that a man could carry the whole with the harness40 ,then followed the names of each of the four horses--all had riders--and 8lord ,march's groom sat in the carriage4 ,two or three other carriages had been made before1 but disapproved2 and several horses killed in trials--to the expence of #f or #gjjl40 ,now such a carriage--there is a print of it by ,bodger--was1 of course1 little more than a freak4 ,it was a mere skeleton1 fragile and entirely useless as a mode of conveyance over the ordinary roads4 ,but the knowledge of those nineteen miles covered easily within the hour must have set people thinking4 ,such a speed was almost incredible to those accustomed to five or six miles an hour4 ,the carriage itself was the work of ,mr4 ,j4 ,wright1 a coachmaker in ,longacre1 already becoming the home of his brother tradesmen1 and it was doubtless exhibited in ,london4 ,it showed what could be done1 and must have opened out agreeable vistas4 ,twenty miles an hour was something to aim for1 and with the war with ,france concluded1 people were able and willing to give rather more attention to the peaceful arts4 ,amongst other things they showed a desire for strange vehicles4 ,i have mentioned the rolling-carts2 there were far queerer carriages1 as we shall see1 used by the gentry4 ,the next curiosity ,i may speak of was seen in the streets of ,london during the following year4 8,an odd machine1 like an ,english waggon1 drawn by #aj horses1 after the ,danish manner1 belonging to ,baron ,rosencrantz1 the new ,danish envoy1 came to his house in ,cleveland ,row1 ,st4 ,james's1 from ,harwich2 a coachman drove it and a postilion rode upon the #dth horse40 ,it suggests rather a primitive type of coach1 possibly innocent of springs4 ,what the ,baron suffered during his journey through ,east ,anglia must be left to the imagination4 ,eight years later1 on ,august #cjth1 #ageh1 another strange carriage was seen4 8,this day a remarkable carriage set out from ,aldersgate-street for ,birmingham1 from which it arrived on ,thursday last full of passengers and baggage1 without using coomb1 or any oily1 unctuous1 or other liquid matter whatever1 to the wheels or axles1 its construction being such as to render all such helps useless4 ,the inventor has caused to be engraved on the boxes of the wheels1 these words1 ,,friction ,,annihilated1 and is very positive that the carriage will continue to go as long and as easy1 if not longer and easier1 without greasing1 than any of the ordinary stage-carriages will do with it3 ,this invention1 if really answerable in practice1 is perhaps the must useful improvement in mechanicks that this century has produced40 ,illustration3 8,the ,carriage ,match0 7,from a ,print by ,bodger7 ,one would like to know who was the inventor of this coach1 which1 however1 did not prosper--,i doubt if it performed another journey--for it dropped out of history as suddenly as it had appeared4 ,it would seem that the inventor was a ,birmingham man4 ,possibly he was helped in his scheme by a very extraordinary character who lived and flourished in that town at this time--,john ,baskerville1 successively footman1 schoolmaster1 graver1 japanner1 typefounder1 and printer--a man whose beautifully printed books have hardly been excelled to this day4 ,baskerville had made a fortune japanning bread-baskets and the like1 and now drove about the country wonderfully dressed in a coach apparently of his own design--he was a man who had to do everything for himself1 and being of somewhat eccentric disposition1 never did anything like anybody else--and his coach1 like his house and his printing and his religious opinions1 was like nothing in the world4 ,he had a considerable idea of his own importance1 and his coach was a reflection of his character4 ,with its wonderful arms--the real ,baskerville arms1 to which the printer had no right whatever--it was standing until quite recently in an old barn in a field at ,manton4 ,it was thus described fifty years ago3-- 8,the body hangs by double straps1 from the coachman's seat under the carriage1 to which they are fastened1 to the frame behind4444 ,it could be either closed or open1 and when open the leather top was rolled back upon crossed straps hung from the coachman's seat1 and hooks secured to the front part of the body4 ,the whole framework of the carriage has been elaborately carved and gilt1 and the panels painted with what appears to be a brownish green1 with flowers and vases1 rock and shell-work1 among which were numerous figures of boys and emblems4 ,in the centre panel on each side were the arms1 on the side panel the crest44440 ,none of the panels were identical1 but all had been decorated by his workmen4 8,the pattern-cart of his trade10 ,hutton1 the ,birmingham historian1 calls this curiosity1 which was once familiar to every village in the ,midlands1 and his daughter1 ,catherine ,hutton1 could remember the printer1 8in his gold-laced waistcoat1 and his painted chariot1 each panel a picture1 fresh from his own manufactory of japanned tea-boards40 ,a most extraordinary conveyance appeared in ,london in #agga--this being 8,mr4 ,moore's new-invented ,coal-carriage10 the wheels of which were no less than fifteen feet high4#db ,a great concourse of people followed it through the streets1 and no doubt applauded its ability to draw two caldrons and two sacks of coal1 using only two horses abreast1 8with more ease and expedition than the common carts do one caldron with three horses at length40 ,unfortunately ,i have not been able to discover a print of this monstrous vehicle1 which1 like so many of the other mid-century freaks1 disappeared almost at once4 ,to this period also belongs that wondrous phaeton1 which in a few years threatened to become so lofty as to suggest to some ingenious artist the possibility of applying to it some pantograph arrangement whereby its seat could be raised or lowered at will4 ,this print1 called ,the ,new ,fashioned ,phaeton--,sic itur ad ,astra1 was published in #aggf1 a curious mezzotint showing a lady of fashion stepping out of a first-floor window into the seat of a phaeton which has been raised to the required height4 ,the phaetons1 indeed1 seem to have been built high since their invention1 and the importance of this feature must not be overlooked1 when one remembers that almost every carriage1 both ,english and foreign1 was hung enormously high in the last years of the century1 nine or ten steps being sometimes necessary to get inside4 ,exactly when or where the phaeton was first made ,i cannot determine1 but1 like the landau1 which has generally1 though incorrectly1 been considered to have been first built in #ageg1 it is mentioned so early as #agdg in the poem quoted at the end of the last chapter4 ,that it was already popular with the fashionable people is shown by ,tom ,warton's poem1 ,the ,phaeton and the ,one ,horse ,chair1 which was first published in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,december1 #agei4 ,this is worth quoting in its entirety3-- 8,at ,blagrave's once upon a time1 ,there stood a phaeton sublime3 ,unsully'd by the dusty road ,its wheels with recent crimson glow'd2 ,its sides display'd a dazzling hue1 ,its harness tight1 its lining new3 ,no scheme-enamoured youth1 ,i ween1 ,survey'd the gaily deck'd machine1 ,but fondly long'd to seize the reins1 ,and whirl o'er ,campsfield's tempting plains4 ,mean time it chanc'd1 that hard at hand ,a one-horse chair had took its stand2 ,when thus our vehicle begun ,to sneer the luckless chair and one4 #8,how could my master place me here ,within thy vulgar atmosphere8 ,from classic ground pray shift thy station1 ,thou scorn of ,oxford education6 ,your homely make1 believe me1 man1 ,is quite upon the ,gothic plan2 ,and you1 and all your clumsey kind1 ,for lowest purposes design'd3 ,fit only with a one ey'd mare1 ,to drag1 for benefit of air1 ,the country parson's pregnant wife1 ,thou friend of dull domestic life1 ,or1 with his maid and aunt1 to school1 ,to carry ,dicky1 on a stool4 ,or1 haply to some christ'ning gay1 ,a brace of godmothers convey4-- ,or1 when blest ,saturday prepares ,for ,london tradesmen rest from cares1 ',tis thine1 o'er turnpikes newly made1 ,when timely show'rs the dust have laid1 ,to bear some alderman serene ,to fragrant ,hampstead's sylvan scene4 ,nor higher scarce thy merit rises ,among the polish'd dons of ,isis4 ,hir'd for a solitary crown1 ,canst thou to schemes invite the ,gown8 ,go1 tempt some prig1 pretending taste1 ,with hat new cock'd and newly lac'd1 ,o'er mutton chops1 and scanty wine1 ,at humble ,dorchester to dine6 ,mean time remember1 lifeless drone6 ,i carry ,bucks and ,bloods alone4 ,and oh6 when 'er the weather's friendly1 ,what inn at ,wallingford or ,henley1 ,but still my vast importance feels1 ,and gladly greets my entring wheels4 ,and think1 obedient to the throng1 ,how yon gay streets we sneak along3 ,while all with envious wonder view ,the corner turn'd so quick and true4' ,to check an upstart's empty pride1 ,thus sage the one horse chair reply'd4 #8,pray1 when the consequence is weigh'd ,what's all your spirit and parade8 ,from mirth to grief what sad transitions1 ,to broken bones--and impositions6 ,or if no bones are broke1 what's worse1 ,your schemes make work for ,glass and ,nourse4 ,on us pray spare your keen reproaches1 ,from one-horse chairs men rise to coaches2 ,if calm discretion's steadfast hand1 ,with cautious skill the reins command1 ,from me fain health's fresh mountain springs1 ,o'er me soft snugness spreads her wings3 ,and innocence reflects her ray ,to gild my calm sequester'd way2 ,e'en kings might quit their state to share ,contentment and a one horse chair4-- ,what though1 o'er yonder echoing street1 ,your rapid wheels resound so sweet1 ,shall ,isis' sons thus vainly prize ,a rattle of a larger size8' ,blagrave1 who during the dispute1 ,stood in a corner1 snug and mute1 ,surpriz'd no doubt1 in lofty verse1 ,to hear his carriages converse1 ,with solemn care1 o'er ,oxford ale1 ,to me disclos'd this wondrous tale4 ,,moral 8,things may be useful if obscure2 ,the pace that's slow is often sure2 ,when empty pageantries we prize1 ,we raise but dust to blind our eyes4 ,the ,golden ,mean can best bestow ,safety for unsubstantial ,show40 ,from this poem it is possible to understand that this new-fangled carriage was used rather as a toy than anything else4 ,that it was dangerous clearly appears1 and it was this very danger which must have contributed not a little to its popularity4 ,it was driven at a very great rate1 and with a recklessness that excited the anger of the commoner folk--unless1 as was often the case1 it excited their admiration instead4 ,the phaeton was the most sporting carriage you could have4 ,it lent itself to the idea of racing1 and there was always the chance that an accident might be fatal--an allurement in itself4 ,and so in a very few years there was hardly a fashionable young gentleman in ,london who did not possess one of these carriages and drive about1 insolently staring down from his enormously high seat on to the heads of the crowds below4 ,experiments1 too1 were being made with them4 ,the position of the body was gradually brought forward until it was directly over the front axle4 ,in #agff 8the ,hon4 ,sir ,francis ,blake ,delavel1 ,knight of the ,bath10 was experimenting with a 8new-invented phaeton the other side of ,westminster ,bridge1 where he put his horses in a full gallop1 and in a moment1 by pulling a string1 the horses galloped off and left him in the carriage1 which stood still40 ,sir ,francis was apparently working at some contrivance to be used in case the horses chose to run away--a common occurrence1 no doubt1 and apt to be far more dangerous to the driver than would be the case with other carriages1 for the body of these early phaetons was slung high above the undercarriage by the most delicate supports1 which bent and creaked and were obviously unfitted to bear any great strain4 ,the body itself must have resembled that of the curious chaises which were still to be seen at this time in ,france and ,italy--just a small chair varnished and sometimes painted1 fixed to four thin and often carved and curled posts1 which as often as not rose merely from the shafts1 there being no springs of any kind4 ,the shafts were very long1 and the common practice seems to have been to drive two horses tandem1 with1 no doubt1 a postilion on the leader4 ,the phaeton was probably slimmer than these equally curious vehicles1 and much higher1 and their ability to turn corners with ease may be deduced from the lines just quoted4 ,illustration3 8,phaetona1 or ,modern ,female ,taste10 #aggf ,illustration3 8,sir ,gregory ,gig0 7,from a ,print by ,bunbury1 #aghb7 ,a phaeton built for a lady is shown in a print published in #aggf1 called ,phaetona2 or ,modern ,female ,taste4 ,here the carriage has a very small body1 hung very high on large wheels1 the undercarriage being abnormally long in consequence4 ,the two horses which draw it are very undersized--another peculiarity possibly demanded by contemporary fashion4 ,two years later the scandalous ,town and ,country ,magazine published a short and probably true tale called ,the ,rival ,phaetons1 which shows to what lengths1 or1 rather1 what heights the ,bucks of the time would go4 8,lord ,m----10 it runs1 8emulous of shining in the most elevated sphere1 first drove a phaeton seven feet from the ground3 ,sir ,john ,lade immediately made an addition of a supernumerary travelling case to his1 and raised it six inches higher4 ,lord ,m---- applied immediately to his coachmaker in ,liquor-pond-street for two travelling cases1 with which he speedily drove about the streets for the entertainment of the public4 ,sir ,john ,lade was stung to the quick2 and ,lord ,m---- 's round hat was now a mere pigmy to his4 ,his ,lordship1 happy at rival inventions1 immediately added two more horses to his triumphal car1 and drove four for expedition1 from ,grosvenor ,square to ,gray's-inn-lane4 #8,now1 my ,lad1' said he1 #8,i have you2' but how vain are the boastings of mankind8 ,the knight appeared the very next day with a phaeton and six in ,holborn4 #8,zounds1' said his lordship1 #8this is too much6 what shall ,i do8--how can ,i match my four with two more8 ,no credit at my banker's--in arrears with my horse-dealer--,i am at my wit's end4 ,john1 ,i shall not take an airing in ,smithfield to-day2 ,i'll give my horses some rest--they were hard worked over the stones yesterday4' ,here the contest now lies--its importance must be obvious to every beholder--his lordship has not slept these three nights1 and it is imagined he will at length be obliged to take the hint from ,colman's prologue to the ,suicide1 and preposterous as it may appear1 add a fifth wheel to his phaeton4 ,sir ,john is greatly elated1 and may literally be said to be in very high spirits upon his temporary triumph40 ,writing to ,mann in ,june1 #agee1 ,walpole1 after regretting the absence of social news in ,england1 mentions the latest ,paris fashion4 8,all the news from ,france10 he says1 8is that a new madness reigns there1 as strong as that of ,pantins was4 ,this is la fureur des cabriolets1 ,anglic1 one-horse chairs1 a mode introduced by ,mr4 ,josiah ,child2 they not only universally go in them1 but wear them2 that is1 everything is to be en cabriolet2 the men paint them on their waistcoats and have them embroidered for clocks to their stockings2 and the women1 who have gone all the winter without anything on their heads1 are now muffled up in great caps calash hoods with round sides1 in the form of1 and scarce less than the wheels of chaises40 8,the cabriolet head-dress10 says ,wright1#dc 8was soon improved into post-chaises1 chairs-and-chairmen1 and even broad-waggons40 ,so we have ,a ,modern ,morning1 published in #ageg3-- 8,then ,caelia to her toilet goes1 ,attended by some favourite beaux4 #8,nelly6 why1 where's the creature fled8 ,put my post-chaise upon my head4' #8,your chair-and-chairman1 ma'am1 is brought4' #8,stupid6 the creature has no thought6' #8,and1 ma'am1 the milliner is come1 ,she's brought the broad-wheel'd waggon home4'0 ,in which structures ,caelia sallies forth4 ,these cabriolets rivalled the phaetons as fashionable carriages1 and indeed as the new gigs came to resemble them in every point save the number of the wheels4 ,there is a print by ,colley1 dated #agha1 showing one of these new gigs4 ,the small chair1 very high1 holding two people1 is supported by long curved supports1 which in themselves of course acted as springs of a kind4 ,two horses are being driven tandem1 with a postilion driving the leader4 ,another print1 by ,bunbury1 called ,sir ,gregory ,gigg1 shows a young man driving a pair of horses abreast4 ,he is seated in a still smaller1 and slightly lower1 chair4 ,this was a curricle rather than a cabriolet1 and it was such a carriage which the braggart sportsman1 ,john ,thorpe1 describes to ,catharine in ,northanger ,abbey3 8,curricle-hung1 you see1 seat1 trunk1 sword-case1 splashing board1 lamps1 silver-moulding1 all1 you see1 complete2 the ironwork as good as new1 or better4 ,he the first owner asked fifty guineas2 ,i closed with him1 threw the money down1 and the carriage was mine40 ,the shape of these curricles is well seen in ,bunbury's drawing4 ,a glance at the newspaper advertisements of the day will afford an insight into the various carriages in use4 ,so1 for instance1 in #agfg we have3-- ,an exceeding good ,post chariot1 the ,box to take off4 ,a neet genteel ,single ,horse ,chaise1 painted green1 and hung upon ,steel ,springs4 ,an exceeding fine black gelding that goes well in an ,italian ,chair1 with a ,tail4 ,a very neat fashionable ,chaise4 ,a very good second-hand ,phaeton ,chaise1 that goes either with one horse or two1 with ,shafts1 ,poles1 and ,harness suitable1 ,steel ,springs1 and ,iron ,axletrees4 ,also a good second-hand ,landau1 which alters occasionally into a ,phaeton1 steel springs and ,iron ,axletrees to the ,carriage4 ,the landau1 by the way1 was a recent invention 7though made1 as we have seen1 before #ageg7 which may be dismissed with the observation that it was a coach made to open when required4 ,and put up for auction together on one occasion were3-- ,a green windsor chair1 ,a good ,post-,coach1 ,a ,post ,landau1 ,a very neat ,italian ,chair1 #c old ,chariots1 #d ,post-,chaises1 and #c single ,chaises4 ,so run these advertisements1 with scraps of information interspersed and little puffs of the advertiser on every other line4 ,what the windsor chair was ,i have not been able to discover2 but it is to be noticed both that ,italian chairs 7or chaises7 were apparently popular1 and that the ,english-built carriages were being constructed on rather a loftier scale4 ,the curious reason for this will appear in the next chapter4 ,meanwhile ,i may conclude by drawing attention to two other advertisements of a curious nature4 ,the first of these deals with a hackney coachman who had refused to carry a fare4 ,the second1 which ,i do not think has been reprinted since it originally appeared in #agfg1 shows the dangers to which travellers were still liable4 ,from the time when the dramatist ,congreve had been appointed a ,commissioner for ,licensing ,hackney ,coaches 7#afie7 there had been frequent legislation with regard to these hackney coaches4 ,at this time there were stringent regulations1 some of which are still in force1 with regard to the taking up of passengers4 ,it was the refusal of a coachman to drive a gentleman who had hailed him that led to the following pitiful notice3-- 8,whereas ,i ,william ,ford1 late driver of an hackney coach1 ,no4 #fid1 did refuse to carry a gentleman1 and did also grosly abuse him2 for this ,i was fined thirty shillings by the ,commissioners4 ,i then most wickedly and falsely swore an assault against1 and had the same gentleman carried before ,sir ,john ,fielding1 who discharged the warrant4 ,for this false imprisonment1 ,i had a prosecution commenced against me1 and though ,i made frequent application for pardon1 ,i could not obtain it until the expence amounted to a sum which has almost ruined me1 and which ,i have paid4 ,i therefore voluntarily 8 insert this as a caution to other hackney coachmen1 who well know that it is from the hope of forgiveness1 which they too often meet1 that they venture so daringly to abuse and insult their fare4 8,,william ,x ,,ford 8,his mark40 ,it was this same ,sir ,john ,fielding1 the blind magistrate1 who inserted1 some little time afterwards1 the following warning to travellers and others3-- 8,to the ,stage ,coachmen1 ,carriers1 ,book-keepers1 8,tradesmen in general1 and others4 8,public ,office1 ,bow ,street1 ,september #bd1 #agfg4 8,a most necessary caution at this season of the year4 8,the remainder of that ,gang of unhappy wretches1 who live in ,idleness and subsist on ,plunder1 and who make it their particular ,business1 from this ,time to the ,end of ,winter to cut off ,trunks from behind ,post ,chaises1 to steal ,goods out of ,waggons1 from the ,baskets of ,stage-,coaches1 ,boots of ,hackney ,coaches1 and out of ,carts which carry ,goods to and from ,inns1 c4 7though but few in ,number7 having already begun to wait in the ,dusk of the ,evenings1 at the different ,avenues leading to ,town1 and at several ,inns1 c41 for the above ,purposes2 'tis hoped that an ,attention to the following ,observation1 may be the ,means of preserving much ,property1 which when once lost by these ,means1 is difficult to recover1 or the ,offenders to be detected4 8#a4 ,those who cannot conveniently fasten their ,luggage before them in ,post ,chaises1 should take care to secure it behind with a small ,chain instead of a ,rope or ,strip1 and to place the ,padlock that fastens it out of ,sight or ,reach2 and those who have ,servants to attend them1 should direct them to keep close to the ,carriage as they come to ,london1 for these ,plunderers extend themselves for fifteen ,miles out of ,town to the very ,inns themselves in ,london1 and are ready in an amazing ,manner to take ,advantage of the least ,neglect4 8#b4 ,as it is common for ,persons on their ,arrival in ,town to take a ,hackney ,coach when they come on the ,stones1 in the ,boot of which they generally deposit their ,luggage1 they should be cautious never to send the ,coachman from his ,box1 to make an ,enquiry1 c4 for if he be absent a ,minute his ,fare will be in great danger of losing his ,property1 by some of the above ,offenders1 who attend at the ,inns at the ,entrance of the ,town1 in order to follow ,hackney ,coaches to the ,places where they set down or stop1 to watch an ,opportunity to plunder4 8#c4 ,nothing can secure the ,goods in ,waggons1 or the ,baskets of ,stage ,coaches1 but the ,care of the ,drivers1 who should have them watched both on and off the ,stones1 and the ,proprietors of the several ,road ,waggons should have a ,man at least on ,purpose to guard them five or ten ,miles out of ,town1 a step which is absolutely necessary4 8,j4 ,,fielding40 ,also1 of course1 there were the highwaymen4 ,chapter the ,eighth ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,transition 8,so down thy hill1 romantic ,ashbourne1 glides ,the ,derby ,dilly1 carrying three insides4 ,one in each corner sits and lolls at ease1 ,with folded arms1 propt back1 and outstretched knees2 ,while the press'd ,bodkin1 pinch'd and squeezed to death1 ,sweats in the mid-most place1 and scolds1 and pants for breath40 ,canning4 8,in the year #agij10 wrote ,mr4 ,william ,felton in an account of the carriages of his day1 8the art of ,coach-building had been in a gradual state of improvement for half a century past1 and had now arrived at a very high degree of perfection1 with respect to the beauty1 strength1 and elegance of our ,english carriages40 ,and the most cursory glance at his carefully compiled1 if technical book1 is evidence enough of the truth of his statement4 ,at this time1 indeed1 the old flamboyant ornamentation had all but disappeared from the carriages1 which were in process of taking on the appearance they largely retain to this day4 ,most vehicles1 it is true1 were still hung far higher than those of the nineteenth century--a fact due to the curious1 though mistaken1 belief1 8that a high and short load possessed some mysterious property which made it easier to draw than a long one10 but new principles were being adopted as the result of careful experiments4 ,prizes were offered by learned societies1 and won4 ,men like ,dr4 ,lovell ,edgeworth1 who had been experimenting so early as #agfh1 and had shown that springs--then but little understood--were at least as advantageous to the horses as to the passengers1 were at work4 ,but it was only in #ahjd1 when ,mr4 ,obadiah ,elliott produced his patent elliptic springs1 which rendered unnecessary the old heavy perch1 that a definite period in the art of coach-building was clearly marked4 ,thenceforth the older1 cumbrous machines disappeared from the roads and made way for the lighter and more comfortable carriages which were to be seen at the time of ,queen ,victoria's accession4 ,the question of the roads1 too1 was receiving the attention of experts4 ,anstice and ,edgeworth published the results of their investigations1 but were both completely overshadowed by ,james ,m',adam1 who about #ahaj started those metal roads which have proved so wonderfully successful4 ,before his time gravel and the like had formed the basis of road-material2 ,m',adam used granite and other allied substances1 and produced such a surface as had not been seen since the ,romans had constructed their vast highways hundreds of years before4 ,methods of travelling1 moreover1 were altering4 ,the stage-coaches1 useful though they were1 disappeared before ,palmer's mail-coaches1 which held their supremacy until the era of steam revolutionised locomotion4 ,post-chaises were still in favour1 and less dangerous than of old4 ,incidentally1 the highwaymen were taking to less romantic pursuits4 ,and what is true of ,england was also in a great measure true of ,europe as a whole4 ,north ,america1 too1 at this period was providing herself with coachbuilders1 who produced distinctive vehicles peculiarly adapted to the conditions of that country4 ,it was1 in fact1 a transition period4 ,we may consider in the first place such types of carriages as already existed4 ,there is a whole catalogue of them1 and only one of the older carriages is conspicuously absent4 ,this was the calash--8now almost obsolete for any purpose10 comments ,leigh ,hunt1 and indeed there is hardly a reference to it4 ,but the others still survived1 and one characteristic is immediately noticeable2 the wheels of almost every sort of carriage at this time were enormously large4 ,consequently the carriages were generally very long4 ,crane-neck perches were still used1 and what was called an upright spring4 ,a coach of this period1 belonging to the museum at ,south ,kensington1 is now exhibited in ,edinburgh4 ,it was built for the ,lord ,chancellor of ,ireland4 ,it has 8a large body10 says ,thrupp1 describing it1 8with deep panels1 flat-sided1 longer on the roof than at the elbow1 with windows in the upper quarters2 the carriage with two crane perches 7easily seen in the accompanying photograph71 ,berlin fashion1 whip springs1 and very high wheels4 ,there is no footboard1 whilst a hammercloth for the footman is raised upon scroll ironwork1 very well made40 ,napoleon's state coach1 built at the time of his second marriage1 and preserved at ,vienna along with a chariot and barouche1 is of a somewhat similar pattern4 ,his travelling coach1 with all its household contrivances1 is now at ,madame ,tussaud's exhibition1 and must be familiar to all ,londoners4 ,two ,spanish coaches of the period are also to be seen at ,madrid4 ,illustration3 ,george ,,iii's ,posting ,chariot 7,at ,south ,kensington7 ,the ,lord ,chancellor's coach was of course an exceptional carriage1 and ,mr4 ,felton is careful to give details of such lesser coaches as were being made4 ,these he catalogues as a plain coach1 a neat ornamental town coach1 a landau1 a travelling coach1 an elegant crane-neck coach1 and a vis--vis1 which last1 he says1 8is seldom used by any other than persons of high character and fashion40 ,and1 indeed1 this particular carriage is to be seen in numerous plates and caricatures of the time4 ,coming to the chariots and post-chaises1 there is a good example of an ,english carriage of the kind at ,south ,kensington4 ,this apparently belonged to ,george ,,iii4 ,the photograph gives but a poor idea of the great size of the original4 ,the wheels are taller than an average man1 and the length of the carriage is prodigious4 ,the single window on either side is small1 the panels are deep1 and there is a small platform at the back of the body to carry luggage4 ,a footboard still remains with supports for the driver's seat that has disappeared4 ,it was in such a chariot1 though even larger than ,george ,,iii's1 that the unhappy ,king and ,queen of ,france attempted to escape from ,paris--that 8miserable new ,berline10 as ,carlyle calls it1 which was the very last carriage to be used for such a purpose4 8,on ,monday night1 the ,twentieth of ,june1 #agia10 runs ,carlyle's own wonderful account1 8about eleven o'clock1 there is many a hackney-coach and glass-coach 7carrosse de remise71 still rumbling1 or at rest1 on the streets of ,paris40 ,into one of these glass-coaches steps 8a hooded ,dame with two hooded ,children1 a thickset ,individual1 in round hat and peruke40 ,the coachman is ,fersen himself4 8,dust shall not stick to the hoofs of ,fersen3 crack6 crack6 the ,glass-coach rattles1 and every soul breathes lighter4 ,but is ,fersen on the right road8 ,northeastward1 to the ,barrier of ,saint ,martin and ,metz ,highway1 thither were we bound2 and lo1 he drives right ,northward6 ,the royal ,individual1 in round hat and peruke1 sits astonished2 but right or wrong1 there is no remedy4 ,crack1 crack1 we go incessant1 through the slumbering ,city4 ,seldom1 since ,paris rose out of mud1 or the ,longhaired ,kings went in ,bullock-carts1 was there such a drive4 ,mortals on each hand of you1 close by1 stretched out horizontal1 dormant2 and we alive and quaking6 ,crack1 crack1 through the ,rue de la ,chausse d',antin1--these windows1 all silent1 of ,number #db1 were ,mirabeau's4 ,towards the ,barrier not of ,saint-,martin1 but of ,clichy on the utmost ,north6 ,patience1 ye royal ,individuals2 ,fersen understands what he is about4 ,passing up the ,rue de ,clichy1 he alights for one moment at ,madame ,sullivan's3 #8,did ,count ,fersen's ,coachman get the ,baroness de ,korff's new ,berline8'--#8,gone with it an hour-and-half ago' grumbles responsive but drowsy porter4 #8,c'est bien4' ,yes1 it is well2--though had but such hour-and-half been lost1 it were still better4 ,forth therefore1 ,o ,fersen1 fast1 by the ,barrier de ,clichy2 then ,eastward along the ,outer ,boulevard1 what horses and whipcord can do6 ,illustration3 ,the ,lord ,chancellor of ,ireland's ,coach 7,now in ,edinburgh7 8,thus ,fersen drives1 through the ambrosial night4 ,sleeping ,paris is now all on the right-hand of him2 silent except for some snoring hum3 and now he is ,eastward as far as the ,barrier de ,saint-,martin2 looking earnestly for ,baroness de ,korff's ,berline4 ,this ,heaven's ,berline he at length does descry1 drawn up with its six ,horses1 his own ,german ,coachman waiting on the box4444 ,the august ,glass-,coach fare1 six ,insides1 hastily packs itself into the new ,berline2 two ,bodyguard ,couriers behind4 ,the ,glass-coach itself is turned adrift1 its head towards the ,city2 to wander whither it lists1--and be found next morning in a ditch4 ,but ,fersen is on the new box1 with its brave new hammer-cloths2 flourishing his whip2 he bolts forward towards ,bondy4 ,there a third and final ,bodyguard ,courier of ours ought surely to be1 with post-horses already ordered4 ,there likewise ought that purchased ,chaise1 with the two waiting-maids and their band-boxes1 to be2 whom also her ,majesty could not travel without4444 8,once more by ,heaven's blessing1 it is all well4 ,here is the sleeping ,hamlet of ,bondy2 ,chaise with ,waiting-women2 horse all ready1 and postilions with their churn-boots1 impatient in the dewy dawn4 ,brief harnessing done1 the postilions with their churn-boots vault into the saddles2 brandish circularly their little noisy whips4444 8,but scouts1 all this while1 and aides-de-camp1 have flown forth faster than the leathern ,diligences44440 ,the grand new ,berline has been seen in the ,wood of ,bondy4 8,miserable new ,berline60 apostrophises ,carlyle4 8,why could not ,royalty go in some old ,berline similar to that of other men8 ,flying for life1 one does not stickle about his vehicle4 ,monsieur1 in a commonplace travelling-carriage1 is off ,northwards2 ,madame1 his ,princess1 in another1 with variation of route2 they cross one another while changing horses1 without look of recognition2 and reach ,flanders1 no man questioning them4444 8,all runs along1 unmolested1 speedy1 except only the new ,berline4 ,huge leathern vehicle3--huge ,argosy1 let us say1 or ,acapulco-ship2 with its heavy stern-boat of ,chaise-and-pair2 with its three yellow ,pilot-boats of mounted ,bodyguard ,couriers1 rocking aimless round it and ahead of it1 to bewilder1 not to guide6 ,it lumbers along lurchingly with stress1 at a snail's pace2 noted of all the world40 ,it has indeed been seen1 and soldiers rush after it1 and the huge ,berline is brought back to ,paris in what was surely the most terrible procession ever witnessed4444 ,the ,korff ,berline was probably not built so high as some of the ,english posting chariots of the time4 ,the perch of these was often more than four feet from the ground4 ,according to ,felton you could buy a plain post-chaise for #ic1 or a neat town chariot for #ia4 ,or you might have a landaulet1 a demi-landau1 or a sulky1 which at this time was 8a light carriage built exactly in the form of a post-chaise1 chariot1 or demi-landau10 and like the vis--vis was 8contracted on the seat1 so that only one person can sit thereon1 and is called a sulky from the proprietor's desire of riding alone40 ,the landaulet was to the landau as the chariot was to the coach4 ,it was simply a chariot made to open4 ,the hood was of 8greasy harness leather1 disagreeable to the touch or smell1 and continually needing oil and blacking0 rubbed into it to keep it supple and black4 ,then there was the phaeton1 which had lost none of its popularity1 and was built as lofty as ever4 8,the handsomest mixture of danger with dignity10 wrote ,leigh ,hunt1 8in the shape of a carriage1 was the tall phaeton with its yellow wings4 ,we remember looking up to it with respect in our childhood1 partly for its loftiness1 partly for its name1 and partly for the show it makes in the prints to novels of the period4 ,the most gallant figure which modern driving ever cut was in the person of a late ,duke of ,hamilton2 of whom we have read or heard somewhere1 that he used to dash round the streets of ,rome1 with his horses panting1 and his hounds barking about his phaeton1 to the equal fright and admiration of the ,masters of the ,world1 who were accustomed to witness nothing higher than a lumbering old coach1 or a cardinal on a mule40 ,but far more conspicuous a figure than this ,duke of ,hamilton was ,colonel 7,tommy7 ,onslow1 afterwards ,lord ,cranley1 of whom there is a caricature by ,gillray1 with the following once famous lines3-- 8,what can little ,t4 ,o4 do8 ,why drive a phaeton and two4 ,can little ,t4 ,o4 do no more8 ,yes1 drive a phaeton and four60 ,the ,colonel1 however1 was surpassed1 as we have seen1 by ,sir ,john ,lade1 who drove six greys4 ,george ,,iv1 when ,prince of ,wales1 was satisfied with a pair1 but his horses were 8caparisoned with blue harness stitched with red10 their manes 8being plaited with scarlet ribbons1 while they wore plumes of feathers on their heads40 ,the structure of these phaetons differed4 ,gillray's picture shows the body hung midway between the two axles1 though he may not have troubled to be exact in this respect4 ,the commonest form was the perch-high phaeton1 in which the body was hung directly over the front axle1 the hind wheels being much larger than those in front1 and the bottom of the body being five feet from the ground4 ,others were less lofty4 ,in the one-horse phaeton the body was hung over the back axle with 8grasshopper0 springs1 and 8was joined to the forecarriage1 which was without springs1 by wooden stays0--a very different carriage4 ,this in time led to the pony phaeton used by ,george ,,iv in #ahbd4 ,here all idea of great height had been abandoned so as to allow ,his ,majesty to enter his carriage without the fatigue of climbing several steps4 ,queen ,victoria's pony phaeton was a similar vehicle1 and indeed it was from such a carriage that the victoria was evolved at a rather later date4 8,what connexion there could be10 wrote ,bridges ,adams some forty years later in a passage not altogether devoid of epithets1 8between this vehicle and the fabled car of the ,sun-,god1 to obtain for it such a title1 it is difficult to conceive4444 ,the vehicle looked like a mechanical illustration of the play of ,much ,ado about ,nothing4 ,it was a contrivance to make an enormously high and dangerous seat for two persons1 inconvenient to drive from1 and at the same time to consume as much material and mix as many unsightly and inharmonious lines as possible4 ,the framework of the carriage was constructed with two iron perches1 the outline of which was hideously ugly2 but the camel-like hump had at least the mechanical advantage of permitting a higher fore wheel than could otherwise be used4 ,the shape of the body was as though the rudest possible form capable of affording a seat had been put together4 ,an ungraceful form of upright pillar or standard was first selected1 into which was framed a horizontal ugly curve for a seat1 connected at the top by an ungainly-looking elbow1 and a formal serpentine curve behind1 from which was projected like an excrescence an ugly leathern box called a sword-case4 ,the front of the upright pillar was continued into a most formal curve1 and from its point rose an ungraceful bracket1 to support a footboard1 on the extreme edge of which was coiled an ugly piece of leather called an apron4 ,the construction of the body was such that it could not possibly hold together by the strength of its own framing2 and to remedy this1 a curved iron stay was introduced in the worst possible taste4444 ,the fore springs rather resembled the flourishing strokes made by a schoolmaster1 when heading a copy-book or ,christmas piece1 than any legitimate mechanical contrivance2 and the motion must have been detestable1 rendering the act of driving difficult1 and lessening the power of the drivers over their horses4 ,the servant's seat behind0--not always present--8placed on curved blocks without any springs1 completed this extraordinary-looking vehicle4 ,to sit on such a seat1 when the horses were going at much speed1 would require as much skill as is evinced by a rope-dancer at the theatre40 ,which shows that in #ahcg1 at any rate1 people's ideas had undergone a considerable change with regard to a really fashionable equipage4 ,the only other four-wheeled vehicle ,i need mention here was the sociable which1 according to ,felton1 was 8merely a phaeton with a double or treble body40 ,it was made with or without doors1 and with or without a driving seat4 ,a good example of this carriage is shown in ,gillray's print ,the ,middlesex ,election of #ahjd4 ,coming to the two-wheeled vehicles1 the chief of these were the curricle1 the gig or chaise1 and the whiskey4 ,as a general rule it may be taken that when a gig had two horses it was called a curricle1 and when there was only one1 a chaise4 ,in the ,prince ,regent's time the curricle was 8the most stylish of all conveyances40 ,in shape nearly all these gigs were identical1 though one reads that the notorious 8,romeo0 ,coates drove in one whose body was shaped like a shell4#dd ,they were of various heights1 a particularly lofty one being known in ,ireland as the suicide gig4 ,the caned whiskey was a gig whose body1 8fixed upon the shafts--which again were connected with the long horizontal springs by scroll irons10 had a movable hood4 ,the ,rib ,chair was similar to the whiskey1 but without springs4 ,it is really only possible to differentiate properly between these light carriages and the other hybrids1 so soon to appear1 by means of prints and photographs4 ,to the non-technical mind they are almost identical with each other4 8,the prettiest of these vehicles10 ,leigh ,hunt writes1 after confessing that he has no ambition to drive tandem1 as was so often done1 or to run into danger with a phaeton1 8is the curricle1 which is also the safest4 ,there is something worth looking at in a pair of horses1 with that sparkling pole of steel laid across them4 ,it is like a bar of music1 comprising their harmonious course4 ,but to us1 even gigs are but a sort of unsuccessful gentility4 ,the driver1 to all intents and purposes1 had better be on the horse40 ,i need say very little of the public carriages4 ,there is1 however1 one point in connection with the later stage-coaches which bears upon the question that was only solved by ,obadiah ,elliott in #ahjd4 ,on ,september #bj1 #aggj1 according to the ,annual ,register1 there was an accident to one of them which was growing increasingly common4 8,it were greatly to be wished10 runs this account1 8the stage coaches were put under some regulations as to the number of persons and quantity of baggage4 ,thirty-four persons were in and about the ,hertford ,coach this day when it broke down by one of the braces giving way40 ,no wonder it broke down6 ,it is interesting to note1 however1 that even the more humane stage-coachmen1 so far from objecting1 as you might imagine they would have done1 to such overcrowding1 actively encouraged it and for a very odd reason4 ,at this time springs of a kind were being applied to the coaches1 which consequently travelled with greater ease than before1 but the coaches themselves happened also to be built very high1 like all other vehicles1 and nothing could convince the silly coachmen that the easy running was not due to a heavy load being applied to the top of a high carriage4 ,it became necessary1 therefore1 to pass legislation1 which was accordingly done in #aghe and again in #agij1 restricting the number of passengers allowed4 ,at this time1 too1 ,mr4 ,john ,palmer's first diligence1 or mail-coach1 had appeared as a quick and cheap method of carrying letters1 and these mail-coaches very rapidly took the fancy of passengers4 ,palmer1 however1 was a man with great powers of organisation1 and before the new century had dawned1 had his coaches running upon every high road in the country4#de 8,the mail coaches10 wrote a ,french nobleman after visiting this country at the beginning of the new century1 8afford means of travelling with great celerity into all parts of ,england4 ,they are ,berlins1 firm and light1 holding four persons2 they carry only letters1 and do not take charge of any luggage4 ,they are drawn by four horses1 and driven by one coachman2 they travel never less than seven to eight miles an hour40 ,one or two particular inventions may also be noted4 ,this same nobleman1 continuing his account1 says3-- 8,stage ,coaches are very numerous1 they are kept in every ,city1 and even in small towns2 all these carriages have small wheels1 and hold six persons1 without reckoning the outside passengers4 ,about twenty years ago a carriage was invented in the form of a gondola2 it is long1 and will hold sixteen persons sitting face to face2 the door is behind1 and this plan ought to be generally adopted1 as the only means of escaping a great danger when the horses run away4 ,what adds to the singularity of these carriages is1 that they have eight wheels2 thus dividing equally the weight1 they are less liable to be overturned1 or cut up the roads2 they are1 besides1 very low and easy4 8,when these long coaches first appeared at ,southampton1 a ,city much frequented in summer by rich inhabitants of ,london1 who go there to enjoy sea bathing1 they had 7as every new thing has7 a great run1 so that it was nearly impossible to get a place in them4 8,one of the principal ,innkeepers1 jealous of this success1 set up another1 and1 to obtain the preference1 he reduced the fare to half-price1 at that time a guinea4 ,in order to defeat this manuvre1 the first proprietor made a still greater reduction1 so that1 at last1 the receipts did not cover the expenses4 ,but the two rivals did not stop here2 for one of them announced that he would take nothing of gentlemen who might honour him by choosing his ,coach1 but he would beg them to accept a bottle of ,port before their departure40 ,illustration3 8,english ,travelling1 or the ,first ,stage from ,dover0 7,from a ,drawing by ,rowlandson1 #agib7 ,but not even such a temptation seems to have made these long coaches a success4 ,the other innovation1 though properly belonging to a slightly later date1 was the patent coach invented by the ,reverend ,william ,milton4 ,he explained his coach in a letter to ,sir ,john ,sinclair4#df 8,permit me1 ,sir1 to explain1 in a few words1 the nature of my invention4--,in a stage-coach1 an overturn is rendered much less likely to happen1 by placing as much as possible of the heavy luggage of each journey1 in a luggage-box below the body of the carriage2 the body not being higher than usual4 ,this brings down the centre of gravity of the total coach and load 7a point which at present1 at every inequality of the road and change of quarter1 vacillates most dangerously71 it brings it down to a place of great comparative safety4 8,to prevent the fatal and disastrous consequences of breaking down1 there are placed1 at the sides or corners of this luggage-box1 small strong idle wheels1 with their periphery below its floor2 ready1 in case of a wheel coming off or breaking1 or an axle-tree failing1 to catch the falling carriage1 and instantly to continue its previous velocity2 thereby preventing that sudden stop to rapid motion1 which at present constantly attends the breaking down1 and which has so frequently proved fatal to the coachman and outside passengers4--,the bottom of this luggage-box is meant to be about twelve or thirteen inches from the ground1 and the idle wheels seven1 six1 or five4 ,if at a less distance still1 no inconvenience will result2 for when either of them takes over an obstacle in the road1 it instantly1 and during the need1 discharges its respective active wheel from the ground1 and works in its stead40 ,several coaches were built to ,mr4 ,milton's specifications1 but like so many other patent coaches they were speedily forgotten4 ,it is only necessary to add here that about #ahjj 8outside passengers were first enabled to ride on the roofs of coaches without incurring the imminent hazard of being thrown off whenever their vigilance and their anxious grip relaxed40 ,for it was then1 says ,mr4 ,harper1 8that fore and hind boots1 framed to the body of the coach1 became general1 thus affording foothold to the outsides4 ,mail coaches were not the cause of this change1 for they originally carried no passengers on the roof4 ,we cannot fix the exact date of this improvement10 he adds1 8and may suppose that in common with every other innovation1 it was gradual1 and only introduced when new coaches became necessary on the various routes4 ,the immediate result was to democratise coach-travelling40 ,on the other hand1 it became a common practice amongst the smart youths of the day to drive the stage-coaches themselves4 ,so we read in a paper of this time3-- 8,the education of our youth of fashion is improving daily3 several of them now drive ,stage ,coaches to town1 and open the door of the ,carriage for passengers1 while the coachman remains on the box4 ,they farm the perquisites from the ,coachman on the road1 and generally pocket something into the bargain40 ,which was1 according to the writer1 8a fit subject for ridicule on any stage40 ,the post-chaises were as ubiquitous as ever4 ,the ,french nobleman1 from whose book ,i have already quoted1 entered one so soon as he landed at ,dover4 ,illustration3 8,french ,travelling1 or the ,first ,stage from ,dover0 7,from a ,drawing by ,rowlandson1 #aghe7 8,the ,post10 he records1 8is not1 as on the ,continent1 an establishment dependent upon the ,government2 individuals undertake this business2 most of the inns keep ,post ,chaises2 they are good ,carriages with four wheels1 shut close1 the same kind as we call in ,france diligences de ville4 ,they hold three persons in the back with ease are narrow1 extremely light2 well hung1 and appear the more easy1 because the roads are not paved with stone4 ,the postilions wear a jacket with sleeves1 tight boots1 and1 altogether1 their dress is light1 and extremely neat2 and they are not only civil1 but even respectful4 ,on your arrival at the ,inn1 you are shown into a good room1 where a fire is kept in winter1 and tea is ready every hour of the day4 ,in five minutes at most1 another ,chaise is ready for your departure4 ,if we compare these customs with those of ,germany1 or particularly in the ,north1 where you must often wait whole hours to change horses1 in a dirty room1 heated by an iron stove1 the smell of which is suffocating2 or even those of ,france1 where the most part of the post-houses1 not being ,inns1 have no accommodation for travellers1 it is evident that the advantage is not in favour of the ,continent40 ,indeed1 ,england at this time was superior to most ,european countries so far as her posting-carriages and roads were concerned4 ,leigh ,hunt1 in expressing his delight of them1 was only following in the wake of ,johnson and the others who had always enjoyed their cross-country rides4 8,a post-chaise10 he says1 8involves the idea of travelling which1 in company of those we love1 is home in motion4 ,the smooth running along the road1 the fresh air1 the variety of scene1 the leafy roads1 the bursting prospects1 the clatter through a town1 the gaping gaze of a village1 the hearty appetite1 the leisure 7your chaise waiting only upon your own movements71 even the little contradictions to home-comfort1 and the expedients upon which they set us1 all put the animal spirits at work1 and throw a novelty over the road of life4 ,if anything could grind us young again1 it would be the wheels of a post-chaise4 ,the only monotonous sight is the perpetual up-and-down movement of the postilion1 who1 we wish exceedingly1 could take a chair4 ,his occasional retreat to the bar which occupies the place of a box1 and his affecting to sit upon it1 only remind us of its exquisite want of accommodation4 ,but some have given the bar1 lately1 a surreptitious squeeze in the middle1 and flattened it a little into something obliquely resembling an inconvenient seat40 ,prints of these post-chaises are common4 ,rowlandson1 in particular1 loved to draw them4 ,gillray1 too1 shows the post-chaise in ,scotland and ,ireland1 where apparently things were not quite so easy as in ,england4 ,the ,scottish post-chaise is shown breaking to pieces1 and the ,irish chaise is little better than a wreck1 with the body held together by a piece of rope1 with hardly a spoke left to the wheels1 and a roof put roughly together of thatched straw4 ,the unfortunate lady inside has put one foot through the panelling and another through the floor1 which reminds one that it was of an ,irish post-chaise that the famous story of the poor man who had to run with the carriage because the bottom had fallen out was originally told4 ,it remains to consider a few particular eighteenth-century carriages of other countries4 ,illustration3 ,early ,american ,shay 7,from 8,stage ,coach and ,tavern ,days0 ,a4 ,m4 ,earle7 ,illustration3 ,english ,posting ,chariot--,early ,nineteenth ,century 7,from a ,photograph7 ,mr4 ,stratton thinks that the ,indians of ,north ,america had rude litters at an early date4 ,the ,incas of ,peru certainly possessed magnificently decorated sedans or palanquins1 in which they progressed through their kingdom4 ,it was not1 however1 until the seventeenth century that wheeled carriages appeared in ,america4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne quotes from an ,english traveller's book1 which states that by the middle of this century there were at least twenty thousand coaches in ,mexico1 and possibly this was true4 ,but into ,north ,america carriages filtered but slowly4 ,there had been coaches in ,boston so early as #affi1 and in ,connecticut in #afhe4 ,william ,penn1 writing to ,logan in #agjj1 bids his servants have the coach ready4 ,the calash was also known at that time1 but being 8clumsy0 was less popular than the ,french cabriolet or gig1 which had been brought over by the ,huguenots1 and rapidly transformed into the well-known one-horse shay1 which in its turn was supplanted by the more comfortable and certainly more distinctive buggy4 ,bennet1 travelling in ,america in #agdj1 saw many carriages in ,boston4 8,there are several families10 he records1 8in ,boston that keep a coach and a pair of horses1 and some few drive with four horses2 but for chaises and saddle-horses1 considering the bulk of the place1 they outdo ,london4 ,they have some nimble1 lively horses for the coach1 but not any of that beautiful black breed so common in ,london4444 ,the country carts and wagons are generally drawn by oxen1 from two to six1 according to the distance1 or the burden they are laden with40 ,a ,boston advertisement of #agdc mentions 8a very handsome chariot1 fit for town or country1 lined with red coffy1 handsomely carved and painted1 with a whole front glass1 the seat-cloth embroidered with silver1 and a silk fringe round the seat40 ,this was offered for sale by ,john ,lucas1 a local coachbuilder1 and had most probably been built by him4 ,at this time several stage-coaches were running1 and the shay was being used by even the poorer folk4 ,a ,philadelphian advertisement of #agdf speaks of 8two very handsome chairs1 with very good geers10 and at this time1 too1 the ,italian chairs and curricles were also popular4 ,they were generally driven tandem4 ,even more distinctive than the shay1 however1 was the coachee1 which is described by ,isaac ,weld in his travels 7#agie73-- 8,the body of it is rather longer than a coach1 but of the same shape4 ,in the front it is left quite open down to the bottom1 and the driver sits on a bench under the roof of the carriage4 ,there are two seats in it for passengers1 who sit in it with their faces to the horses4 ,the roof is supported by small props1 which are placed at the corners4 ,on each side of the door1 above the panels1 it is quite open2 and1 to guard against bad weather1 there are curtains which let down from the roof and fasten to buttons on the outside4 ,the light wagons are in the same construction10 he adds1 8and are calculated to hold from four to twelve people4 ,the wagon has no doors1 but the passengers scramble in the best way they can over the seat of the driver4 ,the wagons are used universally for stage-coaches40 ,the ,american stage-waggon is also described by another ,englishman1 ,thomas ,twining1 who visited the country in #agie4 8,the vehicle10 says he1 8was a long car with four benches4 ,three of these in the interior held nine passengers4 ,a tenth passenger was seated by the side of the driver on the front bench4 ,a light roof was supported by eight slender pillars1 four on each side4 ,three large leather curtains suspended to the roof1 one at each side and the third behind1 were rolled up or lowered at the pleasure of the passengers4 ,there was no place nor space for luggage1 each person being expected to stow his things as he could under his seat or legs4 ,the entrance was in front over the driver's bench4 ,of course1 the three passengers on the back seat were obliged to crawl across all the other benches to get to their places4 ,there were no backs to the benches to support and relieve us during a rough and fatiguing journey over a newly and ill-made road40 ,the body of these public carriages was high1 and the back wheels were larger than those in front4 ,a somewhat similar conveyance is still used to-day in some of the northern districts of ,australia4 ,the commonest vehicle in ,russia at this time seems to have been the taranta1 which is described as 8a travelling carriage whose body resembles a flat-bottomed punt40 ,the natives apparently considered that it was a very comfortable carriage1 and it certainly could hold a great quantity of luggage and wraps1 but the foreigners using it did not always express a similar opinion4 8,we travelled certainly with speed10 says ,madame ,pfeiffer of the taranta1 in her ,journey round the ,world1 8but any one who had not a body of iron1 or a well-cushioned spring carriage1 would not find this very agreeable1 and would certainly prefer to travel slower upon these uneven1 bad roads4 ,the post-carriage1 for which ten kopecs a station is paid1 is nothing more than a very short wooden open car1 with four wheels4 ,instead of a seat some hay is laid in it1 and there is just room enough for a small chest1 upon which the driver sits4 ,these cars naturally jolt very much4 ,there is nothing to take hold of1 and it requires some care to avoid being thrown out4 ,the draught consists of three horses abreast2 over the centre one a wooden arch is fixed1 on which hang two or three bells1 which continually made a most disagreeable noise4 ,in addition to this1 imagine the rattling of the carriage1 and the shouting of the driver1 who is always in great activity urging on the poor animals1 and it may be easily understood that1 as is often the case1 the carriage arrives at the station without the travellers40 ,even less 8genteel0 than the taranta was the kibitka1 8a common posting-waggon10 according to ,stratton1 8consisting of a huge frame of unhewn sticks1 fastened firmly upon two axles1 the fore part of it having underneath a solid block of hard wood1 on which it rests1 elevating it so as to allow the wheels to play40 ,other ,russian carriages were the teleka1 the telashka1 and the better-known droitzschka1 or1 as it was known in ,england1 drosky--an improvement originally of the sledge by the mere addition of springs and wheels4 ,in ,norway the carriole was very similar to the original ,french gig1 and like the char--cote of ,switzerland1 was long and narrow and peculiarly adapted for mountainous countries4 ,but in nearly all the colder regions1 wheel carriages were scarcely used at all1 the snow making some kind of sledge far more convenient4 ,captain ,king1 in his ,journey across ,asia1 gives a detailed description of the sledges then in use 7#aghd7 in ,kamtschatka4 8,the body of the sledge10 he says1 8is about four feet and a half long and a foot wide1 made in the form of a crescent1 of light1 tough wood1 strongly bound together with wicker-work2 which in those belonging to the better sort of people is elegantly stained of a red and blue colour1 and the seat covered with bear-skins1 or other furs4 ,it is supported by four legs1 about two feet high1 which rest on two long flat pieces of wood1 extending a foot at each end beyond the body of the sledge4 ,these are turned up before1 in the manner of a skate1 and shod with the bone of some sea animal4 ,the fore part of the carriage is ornamented with thongs of leather and tassels of coloured cloth2 and from the cross-bar1 to which the harness is joined1 are hung links of iron1 or small bells1 the jingling of which they conceive to be encouraging to the dogs4 ,they are seldom used to carry more than one person at a time1 who sits aside 8 astride1 resting his feet on the lower part of the sledge1 and carrying his provisions and other necessaries1 wrapped up in a bundle1 behind him4 ,the dogs are usually five in number1 yoked two and two1 with a leader4 ,the reins not being fastened to the head of the dogs1 but to the collar1 have little power over them1 and are therefore generally hung upon the sledge1 whilst the driver depends entirely on their obedience to his voice for the direction of them4444 ,the driver is also provided with a crooked stick1 which answers the purpose both of whip and reins2 as by striking it into the snow1 he is enabled to moderate the speed of the dogs1 or even to stop them entirely4444 ,our party consisted in all of ten sledges4 ,that in which ,captain ,gore was carried1 was made of two lashed together1 and abundantly provided with furs and bear-skins2 it had ten dogs1 yoked four abreast1 as had also some of those that were heavy laden with baggage40 ,in ,europe and ,north ,america these sledges were also used1 and could be highly ornamented4 ,two of this kind1 narrow and low1 may be seen at ,south ,kensington4 ,they are mentioned by several travellers4 ,edward ,wright1 visiting ,amsterdam in #agai1 had seen 8several coach-bodies drawn upon sledges10 and explained that the inhabitants did not use wheels 8to avoid shaking the foundations of the houses40 ,holcroft1 too1 at the end of the century1 journeyed from ,hamburg to ,paris by way of ,holland1 and did not hide his surprise at the appearance of these sledges4 8,and pray1 sir1 what are you80 he asks in the ,shandean manner4 8,we never saw so staring or so strange an animal before40 8',tis a tropical bird1 on a mast40 8,can it be8 ,a coach without wheels8 ,yes3 dragged on a sledge by a single horse1 and a lady in it40 ,holcroft also noticed in ,amsterdam what he called 8a travelling haberdasher's shop with wheels1 rolled through the streets by its master40 ,this appears to have been some sort of light travelling booth4 ,in ,paris itself1 he records1 8there is scarcely a street which is not so narrow as to be extremely dangerous to foot passengers4 ,they are rendered more so at some times by the extreme carelessness1 and at others by the brutal insolence1 of coachmen4 ,there is no foot pavement2 and the only guard against carriages is formed by large stones placed at certain distances1 but close to the wall40 ,in ,germany1 too1 he found little to please him1 and warns ,englishmen against bringing ,english-built carriages into that country1 for of a surety they will be 8broken up40 ,england1 indeed1 about this time1 seems to have been by far the most progressive country as regards locomotion4 ,chapter the ,ninth ,,inventions ,,galore 8,prime of ,life to #8go it6' where's the place like ,london3 ,four-in-hand to-day1 tomorrow you may be undone3 ,where the ,duke and the 'prentice they dress much the same3 ,you cannot tell the difference1 excepting by the name6 ,then push along with four-in-hand1 while others drive at random1 ,in buggy1 gig or dog-cart1 in curricle or tandem40 ,,egan1 ,life in ,london4 ,if ,william ,felton's book shows the great improvements that had taken place in ,english carriage-building during the latter half of the eighteenth century1 ,william ,bridges ,adams's ,english ,pleasure ,carriages1 published in #ahcg1 sufficiently shows the enormous improvements which had followed upon ,obadiah ,elliott's invention of the elliptic springs4#dg ,in the first place you had a whole series of light1 perchless carriages being built1 and in the second you had the new macadamised roads upon which to run them4 ,in treating of all these various carriages1 it is difficult to know where to begin4 ,a mere catalogue with a few lines of description cannot be very satisfactory1 and yet there seems no other method to adopt4 ,bridges ,adams1 who was a coachbuilder himself and the inventor of several novel carriages1 is a good guide1 but one could have wished that his book had been illustrated by anything rather than those fearsome diagrams which mean so little to any one but a coachbuilder himself4 ,from the beginning of the century1 indeed1 illustrations of carriages began to take on that diagrammatic aspect which the trade-papers still maintain2 while at the same time the old prints and caricatures began to disappear4 ,it is a pity1 but it cannot be helped4 8,though it would be difficult10 says ,bridges ,adams1 8to describe every particular variety of carriage now in use1 it is comparatively easy to set forth the leading features--the original models1 as it were1 of each particular class4 ,the distinguishing characteristics are to be found in the form of the bodies and not in the mechanism of the springs or framework4 ,thus a particular shaped body entitles the carriage to the term ,chariot1 whether it be constructed with under springs or ,c springs1 or with both1 or whether it be with or without a perch4 ,this rule obtains throughout the whole varieties of carriages2 and in those bodies which are formed by a combination0--as now began to be the case--8it is customary to call them by a double name--as ,cab-,phaeton1 ,britzschka-,chariot1 ,britzschka-,phaeton1 c40 ,accordingly1 ,i shall endeavour in a brief catalogue to point out such changes as were being made in each broad class of vehicle4 ,the coach was still being made with a perch4 ,it was not hung so high1 but in other respects it differed but little from its predecessors4 ,the ,salisbury boot1 which carried the coachman's seat1 and the hammercloth1 were still used1 but for travelling long distances were removed1 a smaller platform being substituted in their place4 ,in the ,driving ,coach1 a novelty which now became popular with gentlemen of means1 and at a later date came to be commonly known as the four-in-hand1 the wheels were rather nearer together1 and the perch was short and straight4 ,this had the boots which1 as we have seen1 had been already added to the mail-coaches for the convenience of outside passengers4 8,the boots and body10 says ,bridges ,adams1 8are framed together1 and suspended on springs before and behind--the connection with the carriage being by means of curved blocks40 ,another variety of the coach was the barouche1 which1 though1 ,i suppose1 not technically a coach at all1 if one accepts ,thrupp's definition--for it was roofless--is generally classed with this kind of vehicle4 ,there had been1 ,i believe1 a barouche in ,england so early as #agfg1 but it was not popular until a much later date4 ,the barouche was simply a coach-body without its upper portion--an open carriage1 that is to say1 with high driving seat1 and a hood fixed to the back if required--not indeed unlike an opened landau to look at4 ,it was purely a town carriage4 ,its driving seat1 similar to that in a landau1 was built to hold both coachman and footman1 8the hinder part being unprovided with a standard1 which would10 says ,bridges ,adams1 8be useless1 as when the head is down there is little convenience for the servant's holders1 and he would moreover be unpleasantly placed1 looking down on the sitters within1 and listening to all the conversation10 a matter of course which he would have been only too pleased to do4 ,the barouche would hold four or six persons1 and in fine weather was considered to be 8the most delightful of all carriages40 ,there was1 too1 a certain amount of state about it1 and several noble families continued to drive in them long after most other people had given them up4 ,when ,ackermann1 the publisher1 invented his patent movable axles about #ahaf1 the barouche was one of the carriages to which these axles were fitted4 ,a print of this carriage is shown in the accompanying illustration4 ,a barouchet1 corresponding to the landaulet1 was also built at this time1 but was never popular4 ,bridges ,adams speaks of it as a graceless carriage for one horse4 ,the town chariot1 or coup1 as it was called in ,france1 and indeed1 at a later date in ,england1 was being built lower than before1 but otherwise remained unaltered4 ,the high driving seat was still removed to transform the carriage into a post-chaise4 ,amusing instructions for buying a chariot are given by ,john ,jervis1 an old coachman1 in the second volume of the ,horse and ,carriage ,oracle1 #ahbh4 8,the form of ,carriages10 he opines1 8is as absurdly at the ,mercy of ,fashion1 as the ,cut of a ,coat is--however1 if the ,reader is willing to let the ,builder please himself with the form of the ,exterior1 he will not be quite so polite as to submit the construction of the ,interior entirely to the caprice of his ,coachmaker40 ,don't1 he advises1 have too much stuffing inside3 8,the present fashion of ,stuffing is preposterous1 it reduces a ,large ,body to the size of a small ,one3 however10 he adds obligingly1 8if you like to ride about for the benefit of public inspection1 as your friends1 my ,lady ,look-out1 the ,widow ,will-be-seen--and ,sir ,simon ,stare1 do1 pray1 study ,geoffrey ,gambado on the ,art of sitting politely in ,carriages1 with the most becoming attitudes1 c41 and choose wide ,door ,lights and full ,squabbing2--if you wish to go about peaceably and quietly1 like ,sir ,solomon ,snug1 and are contented with seeing without being seen1 adopt the contracted ,lights1 and common ,stuffing1 which1 among others1 have this great advantage that when you sit back1 you may have the side ,window down1 and a thorough ,air passing through the ,carriage1 without it blowing directly in upon you3 this1 to ,invalids who easily catch ,cold1 is very important40 ,the lining of the chariot1 he recommends1 should be 8green1 with ,lace to correspond1 and the ,green silk ,sun ,shades of the same ,colour10 green being pleasant to the eye4 ,venetian blinds1 he says1 are very nice in warm weather1 and should be painted verdigris green on the inside and on the outside a colour which matches with that of the coach-body4 ,further instructions follow4 ,you are advised never to permit officious strangers to shut your carriage door--a piece of sound advice which might well be followed to-day when seedy people expect a small tip for having watched you get into a cab--and if your coachman sees any one about to do so1 he is to say 8loudly and imperatively1 #8,don't meddle with the ,door6'0 ,the chief maker of these chariots was the celebrated ,samuel ,hobson1 8who may be truly said to have improved and remodelled every sort of carriage1 which came under his notice1 especially as regards the artistic form and construction1 both of body and carriage40 8,hobson's ,chariots10 indeed1 were in a class by themselves4 8,he lowered the wheels of coaches and chariots10 says ,thrupp1 8to #c ft4 #c in4 in front and #d ft4 #e in4 behind1 and lengthened the carriage part once more to such a true proportion to the whole vehicle as has approved itself as correct to each succeeding generation of ,coachbuilders and users of carriages4 ,he lowered the body1 too1 so that it could be entered by a moderate double step instead of the three-fold ladder previously in use40 ,illustration3 ,barouche ,with ,ackerman's ,patent ,movable ,axles ,illustration3 ,landaulet ,with ,patent ,roof and ,movable ,axles ,mr4 ,jervis's remarks about the coachmaker's being allowed to choose the exterior of his customer's carriage no doubt followed on the practice1 mentioned by ,bridges ,adams1 of building particular carriages upon a general chariot basis4 ,of these hybrids1 perhaps the most popular was the ,briska-chariot4 ,the briska itself 7more correctly the britzschka7 had been introduced into ,england from ,austria about #ahah by ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,adams1 though ,bridges ,adams thinks that it was first brought here at a rather later date by the ,earl of ,clanwilliam1 8who liked it for its lightness2 for which reason it probably obtained1 amongst coachmen and mechanics1 the translated name ,brisker or ,brisky40 ,in ,england it was made in various sizes and with various modifications4 ,a small one for one horse was 8a light open carriage1 fitted with a leathern top over the front inside seat2 which top had a glazed front and sides1 or glazed front and ,venetian blinds to the sides40 ,its chief characteristics were a small seat at the back of the main body and a straight bottom line to the body itself--this giving it 8a ship-like and fast-going appearance40 ,ten years after its introduction it was so immensely popular as to threaten every other carriage2 nor was this altogether surprising1 for in addition to being liked for the sake of its own lightness1 it lent itself so well to every variety of purpose4 ,and of these modified briskas1 the briska-chariot was one of the most favoured4 ,it was in particular demand with those travelling abroad1 inasmuch as its great length enabled its passengers to lie at full length4 ,another variety1 the droitzschka or drosky1 was a modification of the ,russian vehicle of that name4 ,this was built low1 an open perch carriage with a hood1 used chiefly by 8languid1 aged1 or nervous persons1 and children40 ,the drosky seems to have given the idea to ,mr4 ,david ,davies for his pilentum1 which was very similar in appearance4 ,this ,mr4 ,davies is also supposed to have been the inventor of the popular cab-phaeton1 a one-horse1 low-hung carriage suspended on four elliptic springs4 ,on the ,continent this carriage became known as a milord1 once most aristocratic1 but by #ahej little better than a hack4 ,it was somewhat similar in appearance to the victoria4 ,the phaeton was still made1 but was being superseded by the briska4 ,the main seat of the carriages1 as in the old perch-high phaetons1 was still over the front axle1 but the body was now hung low on elliptic springs4 ,such a perchless carriage was called by ,adams 8the very simplest form of wheeled vehicle in ordinary use4 ,it is literally a long box1 with an arm-chair in front1 and a bench behind40 ,and that is a remarkably good description4 ,here1 too1 as with the chariots1 there were also various hybrids4 ,landaulets were very popular in ,london1 and were made in great quantities by the firm with which ,obadiah ,elliott himself was connected4 ,a patent roof and ,ackermann's movable axles are shown in the accompanying illustration of this carriage4 ,illustration3 ,stanhope ,illustration3 ,tilbury ,illustration3 ,cabriolet ,we come now to the two-wheeled carriages4 ,of these the most fashionable was still the curricle1 though ,bridges ,adams considered the shape of the body 8certainly unsightly40 ,it is interesting to notice in this connection that the mode of attaching the two horses to the curricle was 8precisely that of the classic car1 only more elegant40 ,it was in a curricle that ,charles ,dickens rode about so soon as he was able to afford the luxury of a private carriage4 ,the cabriolet1 somewhat similar to it in form1 was simply the old one-horse chaise brought up to date4 ,the body resembled a nautilus shell1 thus differing from the popular two-wheeled carriage called a tilbury4 ,this had been built first by a carriage-maker of the same name4 ,it was constructed without a boot 7or hind seat7 and was a very light carriage1 with1 however1 rather too much ironwork and too many springs--seven in all--about it4 ,italy and ,portugal seem to have taken to this particular gig and numerous consignments were sent south by water4 ,another vehicle1 not very different1 was the stanhope1 also built by ,tilbury to the order of the ,hon4 ,fitzroy ,stanhope1 a brother of ,lord ,petersham4 ,this was much like the old rib chair1 but hung from four springs4 ,the only difference1 so far as the shape of their bodies goes1 between the tilbury and the stanhope is to be found in the fact that in the stanhope it is rather larger and more capacious4 ,the dennet1 invented by a ,mr4 ,bennett of ,finsbury1 had a body resembling that of a phaeton4 ,it had three springs1 and ,bridges ,adams1 without being certain upon the point1 thinks that it took its name from these three springs1 which were named after the three ,misses ,dennet1 8whose elegant stage-dancing was so much in vogue about the time the vehicle was first used40 ,the lightest of all these carriages1 however1 was the common gig1 such as that arch-joker1 ,theodore ,hook1 was accustomed to drive in1 which at this time was 8simply an open railed chair1 fixed on the shafts1 and supported on two side springs1 the harder ends of which were connected to the loop irons by leathern braces--to give more freedom to the motion40 ,small alterations in the gig1 such as the addition of a deep boot and ,venetian blinds to the lockers 7to carry dogs7 led to the first dog-cart4 ,here the passengers sat back to back4 ,tandem-carts were very similar1 though here the driver's seat was raised4 ,the dog-cart itself gave rise to numerous varieties1 such as the ,newport1 the ,malvern1 the ,whitechapel1 the sliding body1 and the ,norwich carts4 ,in ,america the buggy1 a light waggon1 the sulky1 the fantail gig1 the tub-bodied gig1 the chariotee1 and the public sociable were the chief carriages4 ,the rockaway1 made first in #ahcj1 was a light waggon with wooden springs on the outside of the body4 ,the volante1 much used at this time by the ,spanish ladies of ,south ,america and ,cuba1 was a hooded gig upon two high wheels4 ,but in ,america1 as in ,europe1 no entirely new bodies or methods of framing were needed1 and such little differences as there were are only of interest to the coachbuilder or the expert4 ,before passing1 however1 to the public conveyances1 to which1 it would seem1 most carriage-builders of an inventive turn were now giving their attention1 ,i may mention one or two particularly quaint or fanciful carriages which do not readily fall into a recognised class4 ,about this time several people seem to have been at pains to produce a three-wheeled carriage1 8apparently designed10 says ,croal1 8to overcome an element of danger in the ordinary two-wheeled gig1 in which so much of the business and pleasure of travelling took place40 ,in ,america1 the chief experiments in this direction were made by ,dr4 ,nott1 president of ,union ,college at ,schenectady1 who produced a three-wheeled chariot1 in which he drove about4#dh 8,the body of the vehicle was supported by the near axle on two wheels1 while a third wheel in front was in close connection with the shafts1 so that it revolved with them as they turned4 ,by this arrangement the body of the carriage could be hung low1 supported entirely by the wheels1 while the third wheel in front1 revolving in a small circle with the shaft1 enabled the occupants to make a short and safe turn40 ,what became of this weird vehicle is not known1 but its inventor's memory was enshrined in a song1 one verse of which runs as follows3-- 8,where1 oh where1 is the good old ,doctor8 ,where1 oh where1 is the good old ,doctor8 ,he went up in the ,three ,wheel ,chariot1 ,safe into the ,promised ,land60 ,a six-wheeled carriage was also proposed by ,sir ,sidney ,smith4 ,here1 as in ,bridges ,adams's various equirotal carriages 7never successful and particularly ugly1 so far as the pictures of them are concerned71 the wheels were all of equal size4 ,great things were promised of it1 but that was all4 ,the question1 however1 of safety carriages was being very widely considered4 ,accidents must have been all too frequent4 ,runaway horses and high gigs between them were constantly bringing the more reckless drivers to an untimely end4 ,in #ahbe a good proposal was made for a safety gig1 which was to have a contrivance fixed to the shafts so that they should remain in a horizontal position1 whether the horse were between them or not4 ,experiments were also made with some such contrivance as ,sir ,francis ,delavel had first tried with his eighteenth-century phaeton4 ,and then came a time when almost every coachbuilder had some 8pet dodge0 with which the dangers of travelling were supposed to be reduced to a minimum4 ,in ,ireland1 where at a very early date a rough1 flat-boarded waggon on two solid wheels had been used for passenger-traffic--in which case the passengers sat on the boards back to back with their legs dangling over the sides--a peculiar vehicle called a noddy was now popular4 ,a writer in ,blackwood's ,magazine for #ahbf speaks of this carriage4 8,a chaise and pair1 miserable in show and substance as both really were1 was a species of luxurious conveyance to which the ambition of the middle class of travellers in ,ireland before #ahjj never ventured to aspire4 ,such as were content with a less dignified mode of travelling on wheels1 the city of ,dublin accommodated with a vehicle unparalleled1 ,i believe1 in any part of the world1 and singular in name as well as construction4 ,it was called a ,noddy1 drawn by one horse1 and carrying two1 or if not of overgrown dimensions1 three passengers4 ,the body of this #8leathern convenience1' which bore some resemblance to an old-fashioned phaeton1 #8beetled o'er its base' in front1 the better to protect the inmates2 and being slung from cross-bars by strong braces instead of springs1 nodded formidably at every movement of the horse1 hence deriving the appropriate appellation of ,noddy4 ,in case of rain blowing in1 a curtain of the same material afforded its friendly shelter1 wrapping the passengers in total darkness1 though1 as far as the prospect was concerned1 the inconvenience was little2 the only visible object when it was withdrawn being the broad back and shoulders of the brawny driver1 who rested his legs upon the shaft1 and his sitting part on a sort of stool a very little way removed from the knees of the person seated within4 ,simple1 awkward1 and uneasy as this contrivance was1 it was not disdained even by senators at an earlier period than that of which ,i write2 and a nobleman1 some thirty years older than myself1 too1 of high rank and large estate1 assured me that it was his usual conveyance to and from college accompanied by a trusty servant or private tutor40 ,the ordinary jaunting car and the larger bian--the invention of ,bianconi1 a rich tradesman in ,dublin1 though for many years an itinerant dealer--hardly differed in points of construction from ,english carriages1 though the passengers sat back to back on a seat that ran parallel to the shafts4 ,in ,wales the market cart was even more primitive than the noddy of ,ireland4 ,this was a low1 two-wheeled1 springless box of an affair1 in which you sat as best you could on the boards4 ,there was no covering at all4 ,a rail at the back1 extending some way along the sides1 helped to prevent you from falling out behind1 if the horse gave a sudden lurch forward4 ,whilst ,european carriages were thus taking on a soberer aspect1 ,eastern coaches were maintaining all their old magnificence4 ,the ,maharajah of ,mysore1 to take one instance1 travelled in a truly marvellous elephant carriage in the early years of the nineteenth century4 8,its interior was a double sofa for six persons1 covered with dark green velvet and gold1 surmounted by an awning of cloth of gold1 in the shape of two small scalloped domes1 meeting over the centre1 and surrounded by a richly ornamented verandah1 supported by light1 elegant1 fluted gilt pillars4 ,the whole was capable of containing sixty persons1 and was about twenty-two feet in height4 ,it moved on four wheels1 the hinder ones eight feet in diameter1 with a breadth of twelve feet between them4 ,it was drawn by six immense elephants1 an exact match in size1 with a driver on each1 harnessed to the carriage by traces1 as in ,england1 and their huge heads covered with a sort of cap made of richly embroidered cloth4 ,the pace at which the elephants moved was a slow trot1 of about seven miles an hour--they were very steady1 and the springs of the coach particularly easy4 ,the shape of the body was that of an extremely elegant flat scallop-shell1 painted dark green and gold4 ,this magnificent carriage was the production of native workmen1 assisted by a half-caste ,frenchman40 ,even this vehicle1 however1 was eclipsed by the state carriage of a ruling ,burmese chief1 captured by the ,british in #ahbd4 8,this carriage presented one entire blaze of gold1 silver1 and precious stones2 the last-named amounting to many thousands1 including diamonds1 rubies1 blue and white sapphires1 emeralds1 amethysts1 garnets1 topazes1 crystals1 and the curious and rare stones known as cat's eyes4 ,the carriage stood nearly thirty feet in height10 and was drawn by elephants4 8,in form and construction10 says ,croal1 8in its elaborate and superior carving1 and its grand and imposing effect1 this coach takes rank as one of the most splendid equipages in existence40 ,many changes1 meanwhile1 were taking place in the public carriages4 ,of the mail-coaches ,i need say nothing at all4 ,numerous books exist which retell all those romances of the road which even in these days of motor-cars cannot be altogether forgotten4 ,the ,golden ,age of coaching was at hand1 and no print-shop is complete without some score or more of carefully coloured engravings of one or other of 8the ,mails40 ,they bore particular names--there were ,flying ,machines and ,telegraphs and the like--and they were larger than in the days when ,palmer had inaugurated the system1 but that was all4#di ,coming to such public vehicles1 however1 as were in general confined to the metropolis1 we find many changes4 ,the old hackney-coaches still plied for hire4 ,they had their particular stands1 and the fares were subject to strict1 though sometimes exceedingly quaint1 regulations4 ,the first section of the new ,orders issued in #ahba may be quoted as bearing upon the structure of the hackneys4 8,it is ordered1 constituted1 and ordained1 that1 from and after the four-and-twentieth ,day of ,june next ensuing the ,day of the ,date of these ,presents1 the ,perch of every ,coach shall be ,ten ,feet long at the least2 and such ,coach shall have cross ,leather ,braces before1 and not braced down1 but shall hang upon a ,level1 and not higher behind than before1 and to be decent1 clean1 strong1 and warm1 with ,glass ,windows on each ,side1 or ,shutters with ,glasses of ,nine ,inches in ,length1 and ,six ,inches in ,breadth in each ,shutter2 and large enough to carry ,four ,persons conveniently2 and the ,horses to every such ,coach shall be able and sufficient for the ,business when such ,coach and ,horses come from ,home1 to ,ply2 on a ,penalty not exceeding ,ten ,shillings1 at the ,discretion of the said ,commissioners1 to be paid by the ,owner of the ,license1 if the same be not rented out1 and in ,case the same shall be rented out1 then upon a ,renter thereof40 ,leigh ,hunt could find little good to say of them4 ,says he1 quoting from a supposititious poetess3-- 8,thou inconvenience6 thou hungry crop ,for all corn6 thou small creeper to and fro ,who while thou goest ever seem'st to stop1 ,and fiddle-faddle standest while you go2 ,i'the morning1 freighted with a weight of woe1 ,unto some ,lazar-house thou journiest1 ,and in the evening tak'st a double row ,of dowdies1 for some dance or party drest1 ,besides the goods meanwhile thou movest east and west4 8,by thy ungallant bearing and sad mien1 ,an inch appears the utmost thou couldst budge2 ,yet at the slightest nod1 or hint1 or sign1 ,round to the curb-stone patient dost thou trudge2 ,school'd in a beckon1 learned in a nudge2 ,a dull-eyed ,argus watching for a fare2 ,quiet and plodding1 thou doest bear no grudge ,to whisking ,tilburies1 or ,phaetons rare1 ,curricles1 or ,mail-coaches1 swift beyond compare40 ,dickens was familiar with these hackneys1 and in one of the ,sketches by ,boz draws a picture of them4 8,take a regular1 ponderous1 rickety1 ,london hackney-coach1 of the old school1 and let any man have the boldness to assert1 if he can1 that he ever beheld any object on the face of the earth which at all resembles it unless1 indeed1 it were another hackney-coach of the same date4 ,we have recently observed on certain stands1 and we say it with deep regret1 rather dapper green chariots1 and coaches of polished yellow1 with four wheels of the same colour as the coach1 whereas it is perfectly notorious to every one who has studied the subject1 that every wheel ought to be of a different colour1 and a different size4 ,these are innovations1 and1 like other miscalled improvements1 awful signs of the restlessness of the public mind1 and the little respect paid to our time-honoured institutions4 ,why should hackney-coaches be clean8 ,our ancestors found them dirty1 and left them so4 ,why should we1 with a feverish wish to #8keep moving1' desire to roll along at the rate of six miles an hour1 while they were content to rumble over the stones at four8 ,these are solemn considerations4 ,hackney-coaches are part and parcel of the law of the land2 they were settled by the ,legislature2 plated and numbered by the wisdom of ,parliament4 8,then why have they been swamped by cabs and omnibuses8 ,or why should people be allowed to ride quickly for eightpence a mile1 after ,parliament had come to the solemn decision that they should pay a shilling a mile for riding slowly8 ,we pause for a reply--and1 having no chance of getting one1 begin a fresh paragraph4444 8,there is a hackney-coach stand under the very window at which we are writing2 there is only one coach on it now1 but it is a fair specimen of the class of vehicles to which we have alluded--a great1 lumbering1 square concern1 of a dingy yellow colour 7like a bilious brunette71 with very small glasses1 but very huge frames2 the panels are ornamented with a faded coat of arms1 in shape something like a dissected bat1 the axle-tree is red1 and the majority of the wheels are green4 ,the box is partially covered by an old great-coat1 with a multiplicity of capes1 and some extraordinary-looking clothes2 and the straw1 with which the canvas cushion is stuffed1 is sticking up in several places1 as if in rivalry of the hay1 which is peeping through the chinks in the boot4 ,the horses with drooping heads1 and each with a mane and tail as scanty and straggling as those of a worn-out rocking-horse1 are standing patiently on some damp straw1 occasionally wincing1 and rattling the harness2 and now and then1 one of them lifts his mouth to the ear of his companion1 as if he were saying in a whisper1 that he should like to assassinate the coachman4 ,the coachman himself is in the watering-house2 and the waterman1 with his hands forced into his pockets as far as they can possibly go1 is dancing the #8double shuffle1' in front of the pump1 to keep his feet warm4444 8,talk of cabs6 ,cabs are all very well in cases of expedition1 when it's a matter of neck or nothing1 life or death1 your temporary home or your long one4 ,but1 besides a cab's lacking that gravity of deportment which so peculiarly distinguishes a hackney-coach1 let it never be forgotten that a cab is a thing of yesterday1 and that he never was anything better4 ,a hackney-cab had always been a hackney-cab1 from his first entry into life2 whereas a hackney-coach is a remnant of past gentility1 a victim to fashion1 a hanger-on of an old ,english family1 wearing their arms1 and in days of yore1 escorted by men wearing their livery1 stripped of his finery1 and thrown upon the world1 like a once-smart footman when he is no longer sufficiently juvenile for his office1 progressing lower and lower in the scale of four-wheeled degradation1 until at last it comes to--a stand60 ,these new cabs1 indeed1 were1 as ,dickens says1 a thing of yesterday1 but they had had ancestors4 ,their immediate forefathers came from ,paris1 where they had been known for some time under the name of cabriolets de place4 ,light two-wheeled carriages1 these were1 which had been evolved quite naturally from the original ,french gig of the seventeenth century4 ,the popularity of these cabriolets in ,paris naturally led certain enterprising people in ,london to attempt their importation1 but there was a difficulty to be surmounted4 ,the proprietors of the hackney-coaches had secured a monopoly for carrying people in the streets of ,london4 ,in #ahje1 however1 licences were obtained for nine cabriolets1 which thereupon started to run4 ,in these two passengers could be carried1 and the driver sat side by side with his fares4 ,they were not a great success4 ,in the first place they were not allowed except in certain areas1 and in the second passengers did not apparently appreciate the close proximity of the driver4 ,a number of years passed before they either increased in numbers or caught the public fancy4 ,but in #ahbc1 the ,mr4 ,davies who had designed the cab-phaeton built twelve new cabriolets1 which were put on to the streets for hire at the end of ,april4 8#8,cabriolets1' runs a newspaper account1 #8were1 in honour of ,his ,majesty's birthday1 introduced to the public this ,april #bcrd morning4 ,they are built to hold two persons inside besides the driver 7who is partitioned off from his company71 and are furnished with a book of fares for the use of the public1 to prevent the possibility of imposition4 ,these books will be found in a pocket hung inside the head of the cabriolet4 ,the fares are one-third less than hackney-coaches4'0 ,these new cabs1 painted yellow1 had one novel feature which must have astonished the inhabitants1 for the driver's seat was a rather comical affair at the side--entirely outside the hood4 ,in this way privacy was ensured1 particularly if the curtains in front of the hood were drawn together4 8,the hood10 says ,mr4 ,moore1#ej 8strongly resembled a coffin standing on end1 and earned for the vehicle the nickname of #8coffin-cab4'0 ,cruikshank's picture of one of these1 to illustrate a ,sketch by ,boz1 shows the curious shape of the hood very well4 ,in a short while these cabriolets became popular--there were over one hundred and fifty of them in #ahcj--particularly with the younger generation4 ,a verse of a then popular song mentions them3-- 8,in days of old when folks got tired1 ,a hackney-coach or a chariot was hired2 ,but now along the streets they roll ye ,in a shay with a cover called a cabrioly10 which hints at a slightly incorrect pronunciation6 ,but in a short while the cockney found it easier to say cab1 did so1 and has done so ever since4 ,dickens describes these cabs in his essay on the ,london streets3-- 8,cabs1 with trunks and band-boxes between the drivers' legs and outside the apron1 rattle briskly up and down the streets on their way to the coach-offices or steam-packet wharfs2 and the cab-drivers and hackney-coachmen who are on the stand polish up the ornamental part of their dingy vehicles--the former wondering how people can prefer #8them wild beast cariwans of homnibuses1 to a riglar cab with a fast trotter1' and the latter admiring how people can trust their necks into one of #8them crazy cabs1 when they can have a 'spectable 'ackney cotche with a pair of 'orses as von't run away with no vun'2 a consolation unquestionably founded on fact1 seeing that a hackney-coach horse never was known to run at all1 #8except1' as the smart cabman in front of the rank observes1 #8except one1 and he run back'ards4'0 ,illustration3 ,the ,coffin-,cab 7,from a ,drawing by ,cruikshank7 ,illustration3 ,london ,cab of #ahbc1 with ,curtains drawn 7,from 8,omnibuses and ,cabs07 ,there is another sketch of ,dickens which merits quotation here4 ,the two-wheeled cabs were1 of course1 soon superseded by others of more modern appearance1 and ,dickens speaks of the last of the cab-drivers and his particular cab1 with a few instructions upon riding in it4 ,this cabriolet 8was gorgeously painted--a bright red2 and wherever we went1 ,city or ,west ,end1 ,paddington or ,holloway1 ,north1 ,east1 ,west1 or ,south1 there was the red cab1 bumping up against the posts at the street corners1 and turning in and out1 among hackney-coaches1 and drays1 and carts1 and waggons1 and omnibuses1 and contriving by some strange means or other1 to get out of places which no other vehicle but the red cab could ever by any possibility have contrived to get into at all4 ,our fondness for that red cab was unbounded4 ,how we should have liked to have seen it in the circle at ,astley's6444 8,some people object to the exertion of getting into cabs1 and others object to the difficulty of getting out of them2 we think both these are objections which take their rise in perverse and ill-conditioned minds4 ,the getting into a cab is a very pretty and graceful process1 which1 when well performed1 is essentially melodramatic4 ,first1 there is the expressive pantomime of every one of the eighteen cabmen on the stand1 the moment you raise your eyes from the ground4 ,then there is your own pantomime in reply--quite a little ballet4 ,four cabs immediately leave the stand1 for your especial accommodation2 and the evolutions of the animals who draw them are beautiful in the extreme1 as they grate the wheels of the cabs against the curb-stones1 and sport playfully in the kennel4 ,you single out a particular cab1 and dart swiftly towards it4 ,one bound1 and you are on the first step2 turn your body lightly round to the right1 and you are on the second2 bend gracefully beneath the reins1 working round to the left at the same time1 and you are in the cab4 ,there is no difficulty in finding a seat3 the apron knocks you comfortably into it at once1 and off you go4 8,the getting out of a cab is1 perhaps1 rather more complicated in its theory1 and a shade more difficult in its execution4 ,we have studied the subject a good deal1 and we think the best way is to throw yourself out1 and trust to chance for alighting on your feet4 ,if you make the driver alight first1 and then throw yourself upon him1 you will find that he breaks your fall materially4 ,in the event of your contemplating an offer of eightpence1 on no account make the tender1 or show your money1 until you are safely on the pavement4 ,it is very bad policy attempting to save the fourpence4 ,you are very much in the power of a cabman1 and he considers it a kind of fee not to do you any wilful damage4 ,any instruction1 however1 in the art of getting out of a cab is wholly unnecessary if you are going any distance1 because the probability is that you will be shot lightly out before you have completed the third mile4 8,we are not aware of any instance on record in which a cab-horse has performed three consecutive miles without going down once4 ,what of that8 ,it is all excitement4 ,and in these days of derangement of the nervous system and universal lassitude1 people are content to pay handsomely for excitement2 where can it be procured at a cheaper rate80 ,thomas ,hood also mentions both hackney-coaches and cabs in one of his comic poems1 ,conveyancing4 8,o1 ,london is the place for all ,in love with loco-motion6 ,still to and fro the people go ,like billows of the ocean2 ,machine or man1 or caravan1 ,can all be had for paying1 ,when great estates1 or heavy weights1 ,or bodies want conveying4 8,there's always hacks about in packs1 ,wherein you may be shaken1 ,and ,jarvis is not always drunk1 ,tho' always overtaken2 ,in racing tricks he'll never mix1 ,his nags are in their last days1 ,and slow to go1 altho' they show ,as if they had their fast days6 8,then if you like a single horse1 ,this age is quite a cab-age1 ,a car not quite so small and light ,as those of our ,queen ,mab age2 ,the horses have been broken well1 ,all danger is rescinded1 ,for some have broken both their knees1 ,and some are broken-winded40 ,while these cabs were still running1 several experiments were being made with patent carriages4 ,one of these1 placed on the streets for a short while1 was the invention of ,mr4 ,william ,boulnois4 8,it was a two-wheeled closed vehicle10 says ,mr4 ,moore1 8constructed to carry two passengers sitting face to face4 ,the driver sat on a small and particularly unsafe seat on the top of it1 and the door was at the back4 ,it was1 in fact1 so much like the front of an omnibus that it was well known as the omnibus slice4 ,its popular name was the back-door cab4 ,superior people called it a minibus4 ,this cab was quickly followed by a very similar1 although larger1 vehicle invented by ,mr4 ,harvey4 ,it was called a duobus40 ,these two cabs cannot have been very comfortable2 the shafts were too short1 and the knowledge that a possibly heavy coachman was sitting just above your head seems to have militated against their success4 ,another cab1 not wholly successful in itself1 led the way to the widely popular hansom4 ,this was a carriage invented in #ahcd by ,mr4 ,aloysius ,hansom1 the architect of the ,birmingham ,town ,hall4 ,here the body was 8almost square and hung in the centre of a square frame40 ,the driver1 as before1 sat on the roof1 but had a small seat fixed there for his convenience4 ,the doors were in front1 on either side of the driver's seat4 ,and the wheels were of a prodigious height--being seven feet six inches4 ,mr4 ,hansom1 who had obviously seen one of ,francis ,moore's patent carriages of #agij1ea himself drove this carriage from ,hinckley in ,leicestershire to ,london1 and found financial support from ,mr4 ,boulnois4 ,further experiments were made--in one model you had to enter the carriage actually through the wheels1 the door being in this case at the sides--and it was found that the wheels could be made considerably smaller without danger or inconvenience4 ,whereupon a company was formed to purchase the invention for a sum of ten thousand pounds4 ,hansom1 however1 obtained no more than three hundred1 the balance being used to perfect the far from satisfactory cabs which had been placed on the streets4 ,such improvements as were carried out were the work of ,mr4 ,john ,chapman1#eb then secretary to the ,safety ,cabriolet and ,two-,wheel ,carriage ,company1 who produced a much safer vehicle1 afterwards purchased by ,hansom's company4 ,this new cab was placed on the streets in #ahcf1 and proved such a success that it was imitated by numerous other companies4 ,legal proceedings were instituted1 but proved both expensive and not particularly successful1 and the 8pirate0 cabs were allowed to flourish as best they could4 ,then1 in #ahcf1 was made the first of those four-wheeled cabs1#ec which were not really cabs at all1 but which will never be known by any other name4 ,the first of these was built by the ingenious ,mr4 ,davies4 ,it bore superficial resemblance to the chariot4 ,two passengers could ride inside1 and a third on the box at the coachman's side4 ,at this date the old two-wheeled cabs were 8a source of acknowledged disgrace1 of many alarming accidents1 and of lamentable loss of life10 and a company was formed to provide 8a cheap1 expeditious1 safe1 and commodious mode of conveyance in lieu of the present disgraceful and ill-conducted cabriolets40 ,two years later ,lord ,brougham was so pleased with the appearance of these new cabs that he ordered one for his own use4 ,so was the first brougham constructed--the earliest private four-wheeled closed carriage to be drawn by a single horse4 8,the original brougham10 says ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1#ed 8differed in many particulars of design1 proportion1 construction1 and finish from the modern carriage4 ,the body 444 was several inches wider in front than at the back1 and though both larger and heavier1 was neither so comfortable nor so convenient4444 ,it was held together by heavy1 flat iron plates throughout1 and the front boot was connected with the front pillars by strong outside iron stays1 fixed with bolts4 ,the wheels were at once smaller in diameter and much heavier4 ,the carriage carried a large guard or #8opera board' at the back of the body to protect the occupants from risk of injury in a crush1 when the pole of a carriage behind might otherwise break through the back panel--an accident now occasionally seen in our crowded streets4 ,like all other carriages of the time there was a sword case in the back panel for weapons4 ,it was painted olive green1 a very fashionable colour at that period40 ,another hansom1 the tribus1 may be noticed here1 though it was not invented until #ahdd4 ,in this carriage the driver's seat was at the back on a level with the roof1 and the door to his left at the back--the reason of this being that the driver could open or close it without leaving his seat4 ,another peculiarity was the presence of five windows1 two in front1 one at either side1 and a fifth at the back underneath the driver's seat4 ,the tribus was the invention of ,mr4 ,harvey1 who also built a curricle tribus1 for two horses1 but neither was successful4 ,the quartobus 7#ahdd7 of ,mr4 ,okey1 a four-wheeled vehicle to hold four inside passengers1 was likewise withdrawn after a short trial4 ,illustration3 ,roch's ,patent ,dioropha1 #ahea ,illustration3 ,brougham1 #ahei ,a word may here be said of the omnibus1 which had been introduced in #ahai into ,paris1 though not under that name1 by ,m4 ,jacques ,laffitte4 ,it was a modern outcome of the old gondola4 ,nine years later the modern name was given to it by ,m4 ,baudry1 a retired military officer4 ,laffitte had rivals1 and ultimately determined to triumph over them by building a superior vehicle4 ,at this time one of the most celebrated coachbuilders in ,paris was an ,englishman1 once in the ,navy1 named ,george ,shillibeer4 ,to him came ,laffitte1 and ,shillibeer1 whilst at work on the new conveyance1 conceived the idea of starting a similar one in ,london4 ,accordingly he shipped one over and ran it from ,paddington to the ,bank4 ,this first omnibus of his was a long1 much be-windowed1 four-wheeled carriage with a door at the back1 and not unlike a private omnibus of to-day4 ,a top-hatted coachman sat on a high seat in front and drove three horses abreast4 ,this was in #ahai1 and from that time1 in spite of the usual opposition1 these new and rather unsightly vehicles increased in numbers until there were forty or fifty routes in ,london alone upon which they were to be hourly seen4 ,a song sung with great success at a time when ,shillibeer was extending his operations1 particularly in the direction of ,greenwich1 whither it was proposed to run one of the new railroads1 may be quoted3-- 8,by a ,joint-,stock ,company taken in hand1 ,a railroad from ,london to ,greenwich is plann'd1 ,but they're sure to be beat1 'tis most certainly clear1 ,their rival has got the start--,george ,shillibeer4 8,i will not for certainty vouch for the fact1 ,but believe that he means to run over the ,act ,which ,parliament pass'd at the end of last year1 ,now made null and void by the new ,shillibeer4 8,his elegant omnis1 which now throng the road1 ,up and down every hour most constantly load2 ,across all the three bridges how gaily appear ,the ,original ,omnibus--,george ,shillibeer4 8,these pleasure and comfort with safety combine1 ,they will neither blow up nor explode like a mine2 ,those who ride on the railroad might half die with fear-- ,you can come to no harm in the new ,shillibeer4 8,how exceedingly elegant fitted1 inside1 ,with mahogany polished--soft cushions--beside ,bright brass ventilators at each end appear1 ,the latest improvements in the new ,shillibeer4 8,here no draughts of air cause a rick in the neck1 ,or huge bursting boilers blow all to a wreck1 ,but as safe as at home you from all danger steer ,while you travel abroad in the gay ,shillibeer4 8,then of the exterior ,i safely may say ,there never was yet any carriage more gay1 ,while the round-tire wheels make it plainly appear ,that there's none run so light as the smart ,shillibeer4 8,his conductors are famous for being polite1 ,obliging and civil1 they always act right1 ,for if just complaint only comes to his ear1 ,they are not long conductors for ,george ,shillibeer4 8,it was meant that they all should wear dresses alike1 ,but bad luck has prompted the tailors to strike4 ,when they go to their work1 his men will appear ,a la ,franaise1 ,conducteur ,mons4 ,shillibeer4 8,unlike the conductors by tailors opprest1 ,his horses have all in new harness been drest3 ,the cattle are good1 the men's orders are clear1 ,not to gallop or race--so says ,shillibeer4 8,that the beauties of ,greenwich and ,deptford may ride ,in his elegant omni is the height of his pride-- ,so the plan for a railroad must soon disappear ,while the public approve of the new ,shillibeer40 ,chapter the ,tenth ,,modern ,,carriages 8,soon shall thy arm1 unconquered steam1 afar ,drag the slow barge1 or urge the rapid car2 ,or on wide waving wings expanded bear ,the flying chariot through the realms of air40 ,erasmus ,darwin4 ,the year of ,queen ,victoria's ,coronation saw the successful opening of the ,london and ,birmingham ,railway1 and from that time all but a few obstinate folk recognised the fact that the horse as a necessary adjunct to cross-country travelling was doomed4 ,for some time1 indeed1 certain ingenious gentlemen had been carrying out a number of experiments with self-propelled carriages4 ,fifteen years before1 several inventors had produced cumbrous machines which1 without requiring rails1 were able to progress along the roads at speeds which compared favourably with those attained by the ordinary coaches4 ,sir ,goldsmith ,gurney--to mention1 perhaps1 the most prominent of these men--had patented a steam-carriage in #ahbg which1 in spite of attacks from an irate populace who feared machinery as they feared the devil1 was quite successful enough to lead the enterprising ,mr4 ,hanning to ask for1 and obtain1 permission to run similar machines on many of the principal roads of ,england4 ,indeed1 for a short while1 there seems to have been a regular service of these primitive automobiles4 ,many people1 it is true1 fought shy of ,gurney's boilers1 which in spite of the fact that they had been 8constructed upon philosophical principles0 occasionally exploded4 ,it was after such an explosion at ,glasgow that ,tom ,hood seized the opportunity to write the following lines3-- 8,instead of journeys1 people now ,may go upon a ,gurney1 ,with steam to do the horses' work ,by power of attorney3 8,tho' with a load it may explode ,and you may all be undone2 ,and find you're going up to ,heaven ,instead of up to ,london40 ,similarly1 many people declared their intention of never patronising the railroads4 ,steam1 however1 had come to stay1 and the days of coaching were already numbered4 ,the net result of the new state of things1 so far as private carriages were concerned1 seems to have been that the coachbuilders set themselves to perfect the urban vehicles1 which became lighter1 soberer1 and more various4 ,new and less conventional 8models0 were constantly being exhibited1 while for those who could not afford more than a single carriage adaptable bodies were devised4 ,so you might order a vehicle which with small trouble could be entirely changed in appearance4 ,the older dignity1 moreover1 was giving place to a new smartness4 8,carriage people0 still formed a class1 but families which before had been satisfied to use such public conveyances as there had been1 now drove forth in one or other of the cheaper private carriages which were being constructed particularly for their convenience4 ,the dog-cart1 for instance1 had become common and was undergoing various metamorphoses1 and the brougham was rapidly becoming the most popular of all town vehicles4 ,in country lanes1 too1 appeared the waggonette and its kind4 ,nothing1 indeed1 was quite so light as the ,american buggy with its shallow dish of a body and its extraordinarily thin wheels1 but there was no longer that heaviness of line which gives to the older carriages what is to modern eyes such an uncomfortable appearance4 ,so in #ahfj a ,london coachbuilder could write to the ,american author of ,the ,world on ,wheels3-- 8,ten years have completed a total revolution in the carriage trade in ,england4 ,not only have the ,court and the nobility adopted economical habits1 and insisted on cheap carriages1 but they carry no luggage1 as was formerly the case when carriages had to sustain great weight1 both of passengers and luggage4 ,the cumbrous ,court carriages of former times are being gradually abolished1 and instead of the rich linings1 laces1 fringes1 and elaborate heraldry usual to the carriages of the nobility1 light vehicles1 furnished only with a crest1 are used4 ,the changes in construction1 and consequent depreciation of stock1 were a heavy blow to the master coachbuilders2 many of the large houses must have lost1 in this manner1 from ten to twenty thousand pounds4 ,the trade1 having recovered from this blow1 is in a more healthy state4 ,the favourite carriages in ,england at this time were waggonettes1 sociables1 ,stanhope and mail phaetons1 basket phaetons and landaus40 ,i may speak first of the state or 8dress0 carriages4 8,these vehicles10 says ,thrupp1 8had long passed the period in which beautiful carving and elegant painting had been used to disguise1 as far as possible1 the clumsy state carriages of the eighteenth century4 ,ever since the building of the ,irish ,lord ,chancellor's state coach by ,hatchett or ,baxter in #agij1 coachbuilders had endeavoured to produce a graceful outline of body1 of a fair size no larger than was necessary2 the ,c-springs had been made of a perfect curve1 the perch followed the sweeps of the body1 the carving was reduced to a moderate amount1 the ornamental painting was confined to the stripes upon the wheels1 and the heraldic bearings of the owners of the carriages were beautifully emblazoned on the panels4 ,for further ornament they relied on plated work in brass or silver round the body and on loops and wheel hoops4 ,in every capital of ,europe such carriages had superseded the old style1 and ,london and ,paris had supplied other countries with most of these state carriages40 ,at the ,queen's ,coronation in #ahch1 ,londoners had a good opportunity of seeing these dress carriages1 a number of which early in the day were lined up in ,birdcage ,walk4 ,most of these belonged to the various ambassadors4 ,the one which excited the widest admiration belonged to ,marshal ,soult--a ,french-built carriage1 originally built for one of the ,royal family4 ,thrupp describes it4 8,the body had four upper quarter glasses1 with a very elegant deep and pierced cornice of silver round the roof2 there were four lamps with large coronets on the tops1 and the coach bore a coronet on the roof also4 ,the colouring of the painting was a lovely blue1 such as was then called ,adelaide blue2#ee this had been varnished with white spirit varnish1 and seemed almost transparent in lustre4 ,the whole coach was ornamented with silver and was finished in great taste40 ,other particulars of these carriages are to be found in the contemporary newspaper reports4 ,we are told of the enormous prices paid4 ,count ,strogonoff purchased for #afjj the carriage which had originally been built at a cost of #cjjj by the ,duke of ,devonshire for his state visit to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,another ambassador1 finding that it was too late to buy a carriage1 hired one from one of the ,sheriffs at a cost of #bej for the occasion1 which strikes one as an excessive price even for ,coronation ,day4 ,illustration3 ,edward ,,vii's ,coronation ,landau 7,from ,sir ,walter ,gilbey's 8,modern ,carriages07 ,modern state carriages retain all their former magnificence with little if any of the old cumbersome and unnecessary ornament4 ,one of the finest examples of this kind of carriage is the state landau built for ,king ,edward and used by him in the ,coronation procession4 8,this magnificent example of the coachbuilder's art10 says ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8is over eighteen feet long4 ,the body is hung upon ,c-springs by strong braces covered with ornamentally stitched morocco2 each brace is joined with a massive gilt buckle with oak leaf and crown device4 ,between the hind springs is a rumble for two footmen2 there is no driving seat1 as the carriage is intended to be drawn only by horses ridden postilion4 ,the panels are painted in purple lake considerably brighter than is usual in order to secure greater effect2 marking the contours of the body and the outlines of the rumble are mouldings in wood carved and gilt1 the design being one of overlapping oak leaves4 8,the door panels1 back and front panels1 bear the ,royal ,arms with crown1 supporters1 mantle1 motto1 helmet1 and garter4 ,on the lower quarter panel is the collar of the ,order of the ,garter1 encircling its star and surmounted by the ,tudor crown4 ,springing in a slow1 graceful curve from the underpart of the body over the forecarriage is a #8splasher' of crimson patent leather4 ,ornamental brass lamps are carried in brackets at each of the four corners of the body4 8,as regards the interior of this beautiful carriage1 it is upholstered in crimson satin and laces which were woven in ,spitalfields2 the hood is lined with silk1 as better adapted than satin for folding4 ,the rumble is covered with crimson leather4 ,it is to be observed that with the exception of the pine and mahogany used for the panels1 ,english-grown wood and ,english-made materials only have been used throughout4 8,while less ornate than the wonderful #8gold coach' designed by ,sir ,william ,chambers and ,cipriani in #agfa1 the new state landau1 in its build1 proportions1 and adornment1 is probably the most graceful and regal vehicle ever built40 ,illustration3 ,dress ,coach ,illustration3 ,george ,v's ,state ,carriage 7,from a ,photograph7 ,other ,english state carriages hardly less successfully designed have been made for the ,lord ,mayor of ,london 7#ahhg71 for ,sir ,marcus ,samuel1 when holding that position in #aijb-c1 for the ,sheriffs1 and for various ,indian ,princes4 ,coming to less pretentious vehicles1 we may briefly consider in the first place the coach proper4 ,at the time of ,queen ,victoria's ,coronation1 coaches of the old pattern were1 of course1 still being constructed4 ,there is in possession of ,messrs4 ,holland and ,holland a mail-coach built by ,waude1 one of the best-known coachbuilders of that time1 which is typical of the period4 ,this1 says ,mr4 ,charles ,harper1 8is substantially and in general lines as built in #ahcj4 ,the wheels have been renewed1 the hind boot has a door at the back1 and the interior has been relined2 but otherwise it is the coach that ran when ,william ,,iv was ,king4 ,it is a characteristic ,waude coach1 low-hung1 and built with straight sides1 instead of the bowed-out type common to the productions of ,vidler's factory4 ,it wears1 in consequence1 a more elegant appearance than most coaches of that time2 but it must be confessed that what it gained in the eyes of the passers-by it must have lost in the estimation of the insides1 for the interior is not a little cramped by those straight sides4 ,the guard's seat on the #8dickey'--or what in earlier times was more generally known as the #8backgammon-board'--remains1 but his sheepskin or tiger-skin covering1 to protect his legs from the cold1 is gone4 ,the trap-door into the hind boot can be seen4 ,through this the mails were thrust and the guard sat throughout the journey with his feet on it4 ,immediately in front of him were the spare bars1 while above1 in the still remaining case1 reposed the indispensable blunderbuss4 ,the original lamps in their reversible cases remain4 ,there were four of them--one on either forequarter1 and one on either side of the fore boot1 while a smaller one hung from beneath the footboard1 just above the wheelers4 ,the guard had a small hand lamp of his own to aid him in sorting his small parcels4 ,the door panels have apparently been repainted since the old days1 for although they still keep the maroon colour characteristic of the mail-coaches1 the ,royal ,arms are gone1 and in their stead appears the script monogram in gold1 ,v4,r40 ,it is the coach which of all vehicles has least changed its appearance in the last hundred years4 ,the drag of to-day and the old coach just described differ from one another only in a few minor details of construction4 ,the reason for this is not far to seek4 8,the brief #8,golden ,age1'0 says ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8of fast coaching saw the vehicle1 of which such hard and continuous work was required1 brought as near perfection as human ingenuity and craftsmanship was capable of bringing it4 ,no effort was spared to make the mail or road-coach the best possible conveyance of its kind1 and in retaining the model of a former age the modern coachbuilder confesses his inability to improve upon the handiwork of his progenitors40 ,it is curious to note1 by the way1 that for a short time such coaches were hardly made at all1 and the ,report on the carriages shown at the ,london ,exhibition of #ahfb speaks of the 8revival of an almost obsolete carriage1 the four-in-hand coach1 which had taken place within a few years40 ,this was undoubtedly due to the founding in #ahef of the ,four-in-,hand ,driving ,club4 ,nor was this revival confined to ,england4 ,in the official ,reports upon ,carriages at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahgh1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,budd draws attention to the fact that 8the ,french have closely adhered to the ,english styles in the general design and shape of the bodies of their vehicles1 especially in broughams 444 landaus 444 and drags4 ,in the latter description of carriage1 which has become so popular during the last few years1 though it is peculiarly an ,english carriage1 the style has been closely followed1 and with such considerable success1 that the ,french builders now appear as our formidable rivals in this branch of the manufacture40 8,a novelty10 he continues1 8in the design 444 consists in the roof being so constructed as to admit of being opened in the centre 444 a cover is placed on the top of the two portions of the head thus opened1 and so forms1 to all appearance1 an ordinary luncheon-case with the ends open3 it thus serves the purpose of a table when required 444 and affords an increase of ventilation to those riding inside the vehicle40 ,similarly in ,america drags began to be built after the establishment of a driving club4 ,these are identical with the ,english models4 ,with regard to the other four-wheeled carriages1 we have now arrived at a period when it is almost impossible to speak at any length of each particular kind4#ef ,for in the first place such a classification as ,i have used to describe the older vehicles must to a large extent break down1 and in the second place1 from the time when the great exhibitions did so much to make the manufacturers of all nations familiar with each other's work1 nearly every coachbuilder of standing has produced one model1 if not more1 peculiar to itself4 ,so1 in the middle of last century1 you had carriages which approximated to the barouche1 yet which had been evolved indirectly from so different a vehicle as the phaeton4 ,you saw carriages1 obviously dissimilar in appearance1 yet bearing1 to the layman1 the same name4 ,you had new combinations of perches and springs4 ,and carriages were being exported from one country to be improved upon the lines most suitable to the roads and tastes of another4 ,of all these carriages perhaps the two which deserve most mention are the landau and the victoria1 both open carriages1 which can be closed at will4 ,the landau1 as ,i have said1 had originally been a coach made to open4 ,at the beginning of the century it had hardly been so popular as the landaulet1 but at this time it underwent several improvements at the hands of ,mr4 ,luke ,hopkinson1 a celebrated coachbuilder of ,holborn4 ,it was ,hopkinson who first built what was known as a briska-landau1 but he chiefly concerned himself not so much with the shape of the carriage-body as with the hood4 ,he built his new landaus in such a way as to allow the hood to be folded1 so that it lay horizontally at the back of the seat4 ,at the same time the floor and the seats were raised so as to make the whole carriage a far more spacious and comfortable vehicle than had been possible when the hood could not be completely opened4#eg ,and with the hood entirely 8down0 you had practically the landau of to-day1 possibly the commonest carriage on the road4 ,nearly every 8fly0 which so often is to be seen standing rather forlornly outside the village station as your train thunders past is a landau modelled on ,hopkinson's designs4 ,he was not1 however1 the only coachbuilder whose attention was being given to this useful carriage4 ,of one of the new landaus built by other firms a trade journal of the day observed with some truth that 8its graceful outline and roominess0 made it 8the very beau-ideal of vehicular luxury40 ,and as the years passed the landau in its several varieties increased in popularity4 ,improvements tended almost solely in the direction of lightness4 ,the ,report on the carriages at the exhibition of #ahfb pays particular attention to the landau4 8,the demand for them10 it runs1 8has 444 increased4 ,they are well suited to the variable climate of the ,british ,isles1 as they can readily be changed from an open to a closed carriage and vice versa40 ,at a later exhibition--in #ahhe--the landau#eh had become so popular that there was actually shown one1 built for the ,earl of ,sefton1 suited to the capabilities of a single horse4 ,this was an important departure from tradition which seems to have shocked some of the old-fashioned designers4 8,that an established house with an aristocratic connection10 lamented one trade paper at the time1 8should exhibit a landau for one horse would have been considered incredible twenty years ago40 ,no doubt this was true1 but people persisted in their desire for light carriages1 and a one-horse landau was the natural outcome4 ,at a later date there was a tendency to alter the shape of the body4 ,hitherto this had generally been angular2 now the lines became curving1 the body1 looked at from the side1 forming the arc of a huge circle4 ,such a carriage was known as the canoe landau4 ,to-day the canoe bodies1 both in ,england and abroad1 are made rather deeper than at the time of their introduction1 but the square shape still persists4 ,if there is one ,english vehicle which may be called the favourite carriage it is surely the landau4 ,illustration3 ,princess ,victoria in her ,pony ,phaeton 7,from a ,drawing by ,lowes ,dickinson1 #ahce7 ,the earlier history of the victoria1 the landau's chief rival1 is rather obscure4 ,as ,i have mentioned1 the once popular cab-phaeton was still to be seen in the 'forties in many continental cities as the milord1 which from a most aristocratic vehicle had descended into the realms of hackdom4 ,an ,english coachbuilder1 however1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper1 saw possibilities in such a vehicle and prepared a series of designs4 ,his drawings were scornfully treated in ,england1 but 8found favour in the eyes of his continental clients10 who about #ahde constructed from them a four-wheeled cabriolet with seats for two4 ,this small open carriage was copied in more than one place1 particularly1 it would seem1 in ,paris and ,vienna4 ,whether these copies were still called milords ,i am not sure1 but in #ahef they seem to have been described as victorias4 ,in the meantime the pony phaeton had become popular in ,england1 and in #ahea a new model designed for ,her ,majesty was1 according to ,stratton1 also called a victoria4 8,in the summer of #ahea10 he writes1 8a unique little pony phaeton was built by ,mr4 ,andrews1 of ,southampton1 for the ,queen4 ,the original announcement stated that when the carriage was delivered in front of the palace in the ,isle of ,wight1 #8the ,queen and ,prince expressed to ,mr4 ,andrews their entire satisfaction with the style1 elegance1 and extraordinary lightness and construction of the carriage1' which scarcely weighed three hundredweight4 ,the height of the fore wheels is only eighteen inches1 and of the hind ones thirty inches4 ,the phaeton is cane-bodied1 of ,george ,,iv style1 with movable head2 the fore part is iron1 but very light and elegant and beautifully painted4 ,this carriage is known as the victoria1 and has since been much improved in ,england and ,america40 ,mr4 ,stratton is probably right2 but it was the ,french-built carriage which the then ,prince of ,wales brought to ,england in #ahfi to which the name may be more correctly ascribed4 ,it is to be noticed1 however1 that the pony phaeton and the victoria proper differ from one another only in size and in the presence or absence of a driver's seat4 ,the ,prince of ,wales's carriage was curved in shape and hooded1 but about the same time ,baron ,rothschild imported a victoria from ,vienna of the square shape4 ,both forms persist4 ,at first1 of course1 the victoria was looked on with suspicion1 but the ,princess of ,wales speedily showed her liking for it--it did indeed make an ideal lady's carriage--and in a short while the world followed suit4 8,light1 low1 easy1 fit for one horse1 and looking very well behind a pair of cobs10 remarks ,thrupp1 8it is not surprising that the victoria meets with so much patronage40 ,at first it would seem that the hood was not made to lie flat1 a fact amongst others which prompted a caustic critic in #ahgg to grumble at the conservatism of ,english manufacturers4 8,even with so good a model of this carriage as that presented to them in the victoria10 he wrote1 8the ,english builders do not see fit to maintain the same lines1 and for some inscrutable reason deem that the hood when down should rest at an angle2 whereas the #8cachet' of the ,parisian equipages lies in the absolute straight line it maintains with the horizon40 ,only a few years later1 however1 another critic was drawing attention to the superiority of the ,english victoria over its ,french counterpart4 8,their rattle10 he wrote of the latter1 8is enough to distinguish them4 ,the ,french victoria is a low-mounted and decidedly unsymmetrical machine4 ,the pole is a foot longer than it should be1 the splinter bar and fore carriage too low0--a criticism which holds good to-day with most of the ,italian carriages of this type4 ,varieties of the victoria were constructed almost as soon as the carriage had reached to any degree of popularity4 ,a hinge-seat was fitted into the front boot to face the ordinary seat1 and this not proving enough1 a permanent seat for two was built in its place1 this innovation giving rise to the double victoria1 which was built with or without doors4 ,i need not1 perhaps1 dwell further on the victoria1 except to observe that such changes as took place in the landau also took place in its more delicate rival4 ,illustration3 ,canoe-shaped ,landau1 #ahfj ,illustration3 ,drag1 #ahfj ,another open carriage which remained popular until the introduction of automobiles is the phaeton4 ,sir ,walter ,gilbey mentions several varieties4 ,of these the largest seems to have been the mail phaeton4 8,it was a favourite carriage10 he writes1 8seventy years ago or more1 and was frequently used by gentlemen for long posting journeys in ,england and on the ,continent4 ,in these days this carriage was always built with a perch1 the undercarriage resembling that of a coach1 whence its name4 ,for a time elliptical springs were adopted1 but during the last ten years the fashionable mail phaeton has been a solid-looking square-bodied vehicle on its old undercarriage40 ,in #ahhi1 he also observes that a jointed perch was used1 the object being 8to prevent the vehicle being twisted on bad roads1 and also to preserve its equilibrium under trying conditions of roads40 ,the demi mail phaeton1 to which ,sir ,walter gives the credit of having ousted the ugly perch high phaeton from public favour1 8derives its names from the peculiar arrangement of the springs in the construction of the undercarriage40 ,another variety1 the ,beaufort phaeton1 is large enough to carry six people1 and was1 in the first place1 expressly designed to carry people to the meet4 ,yet another modification1 the ,stanhope phaeton1 invented by the peer of that name1 is smaller than the last-mentioned1 and has achieved a world-wide popularity4 8,the head and apron render it suitable for winter work1 and when the hood is thrown back the stanhope is an admirable vehicle for summer use whether in town or country40 ,the ,t-cart is a smaller stanhope 8with compassed rail and sticked body in front and a seat for the groom behind40 ,sir ,walter records the fact that its greatest popularity was about #ahhh1 after which it was supplanted by the spider phaeton--a 8tilbury body on four wheels with a small seat for the groom supported on branched irons behind40 ,it would be possible to mention half a dozen other varieties of the phaeton1#ei but such a list is best relegated to a coachbuilder's catalogue4 ,there is only one innovation which should not be allowed to pass unnoticed here4 ,many of the phaeton bodies during the 'sixties were constructed of basket-work2 indeed1 ,croydon1 where lived the inventor1 received all the benefits which a new industry brings in its trail1 but the popularity of these basket-carriages waned as rapidly as it had waxed--due1 according to one writer1 to the ridicule heaped upon them by ,punch4 ,a revival was attempted in #ahhf1 and 8we have a reminiscence of it in the imitation cane-work painted on the panels of many carriages0 at a still later date4#fj ,we come to the closed carriages4 ,the brougham was undergoing about as many changes and improvements as fell to the lot of any other carriage1 yet superficially it maintained much the same appearance4 ,the coup brougham so popular to-day is the relic of the old chariot4#fa ,of its several varieties the best-known is1 or rather was--for it is rarely1 if ever1 seen now--the clarence4 8,it was introduced10 says ,sir ,walter1 8about the year #ahdb by ,messrs4 ,laurie and ,marner1 of ,oxford ,street1 and has fairly been described as 8midway between a brougham and a coach40 ,it had very curved and rather fanciful lines1 seated four persons inside1 and was entered by one step from the ground1 carried the coachman and footman on a low driving seat1 and was used with a lighter pair of horses than the family coach40 ,certain models1 however1 show the driver's seat to have been high1 on a level1 that is to say1 with the roof2 and not long after the first clarence was designed1 ,lytton ,bulwer caused to be built what was called a ,surrey clarence1 which possessed a hammercloth4 ,the attempt1 however1 to produce a miniature chariot did not succeed4 ,another variety1 named uncomfortably the dioropha1 was shown at the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea4fb ,here the side windows would slide up and down upon a new principle1 and 8the whole upper part of the body from the elbow-line could be lifted from the lower1 leaving a barouche body40 ,you were shown models of this upper portion hanging rather forlornly from the roof of a coach-house4 ,but improvements in the landau caused the extinction of the dioropha1 which does not seem to have been built after #ahge4 ,the amempton1 invented by a ,mr4 ,kesterton1 was a smaller form of this carriage4 ,the one-horse 8growler0 or 8four-wheeler10 by the way1 which still wanders up and down the streets of ,london1 is the lineal descendant of the clarence4 ,of the more unconventional four-wheeled carriages1 the waggonette seems to have been introduced about #ahde by the ,prince ,consort after a ,german model1 though one writer gives the credit of the design to the ,prince himself4 ,here1 as every one knows1 the seats faced each other at right-angles to the driver's seat1 the door being at the back4 ,at first they were built very large--to carry out the original intention of providing a family carriage which should really be worthy of the name4 ,afterwards smaller models were produced1 and proved equally popular4 8,the principle of riding sideways10 remarks ,thrupp1 8was not new4 ,the ,irish car1 the four-wheeled ,inside car of the ,westmorland district1 the old ,break1 and the ,omnibus all contributed to the design of the modern vehicle40 ,a few particular varieties may be mentioned4 ,the now forgotten perithron1 a ,suffolk invention1 was a waggonette in which the driving seat was bisected down its centre1 so as to allow a passenger entering from the back to reach the front seat4 ,the ,portland waggonette1 built for the ,duke of ,portland in #ahic1 was a large carriage with a folding hood4 ,another carriage of the kind with a folding leather hood was presented by ,lord ,lonsdale to the ,king and ,queen at the time of their wedding4 ,this is known as a ,lonsdale waggonette4 8,lord ,lonsdale10 remarks ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8allowed his name to be given to this device under the impression that he was the first to originate a head of this description2 but his claim for invention of it was disputed at the time4 ,mr4 ,robertson stated that he had built such a waggonette so far back as #ahfd2 ,mr4 ,kinder had built one in #ahfe2 and ,messrs4 ,morgan stated that they had turned out a similar vehicle before the year #ahgj40 ,a very large waggonette1 the brake1 is a common enough object to-day1 and is built in various forms4 ,sometimes a second seat is placed directly behind and parallel to the driver's seat4 ,in some models these seats stretch back throughout the length of the carriage1 in which case it is a char--banc4 ,awnings1 permanent or temporary1 are generally provided4 ,in ,america the commonest four-wheeled carriage is the light wagon or buggy1 a name given in ,england to a light two-wheeled1 single-seated cart 7also called a sulky#fc7 towards the end of the eighteenth century4 ,the buggy has one seat fixed on to a long1 shallow tray2 the wagon is similar1 but has two or more seats4 8,these ,american waggons10 says ,thrupp1 8were modelled from the old ,german waggon1 but they have been so much improved as to be scarcely recognised4 ,the distinctive feature of the ,german waggon was a light1 shallow tray1 suspended above a slight perch carriage on two grasshopper springs placed horizontally and parallel with and above the front and hind axle-tree2 on the tray one or two seats were placed1 the whole was light and inexpensive1 and well adapted to a new1 rough country without good roads4 ,these waggons may still be found in ,germany and ,switzerland4444 8,american ingenuity was lavished upon these waggons1 and they have arrived at a marvel of perfection in lightness4 ,the two grasshopper springs have been replaced with two elliptical springs4 ,the perch1 axle-trees1 and carriage timbers have been reduced to thin sticks4 ,the four wheels are made so slender as to resemble a spider's web2 in their construction of the wheels the principle of the patent rim used in ,england in #agij has been adopted4 ,instead of five1 six1 or seven felloes to each wheel1 there are only two1 of oak or hickory wood1 bent to the shape by steam4 ,the ironwork of the ,american buggy is very slender1 yet composed of many pieces1 and1 in order to reduce the cost1 these pieces of iron are mostly cast1 not forged1 of a sort of iron less brittle than our cast iron4444 ,the weight of the whole waggon is so small that one man can lift it upon its wheels again if accidentally upset1 and two persons of ordinary strength can raise it easily from the ground4 ,the four wheels are nearly of the same height1 and the body is suspended centrally between them4 ,there are no futchels2 the pole or shafts are attached to the front axle-tree bed1 and the front of the pole is carried by the horses just as they carry the shafts2 the splinter-bar and whipple-trees are attached to the pole on swivels4 ,some are made without hoods and some with hoods4 ,these are made so that the leather of the sides can be taken off and rolled up1 and the back leather removed1 rolled1 or fixed at the bottom1 a few inches away from the back1 the roof remaining as a sunshade4444 8,the perfection to which the ,american buggy or waggon has been carried1 and every part likely to give way carefully strengthened1 is marvellous4 ,those made by the best builders will last a long time without repair4 ,the whole is so slender and elastic that it #8gives'--to use a trade term--and recovers itself at any obstacle4 ,the defect in ,english eyes of these carriages consists in the difficulty of getting in or out by reason of the height of the front wheel1 and its proximity to the hind wheel--it is often necessary partly to lock round the wheel to allow of easy entrance4 ,there is also a tremulous motion on a hard road which is not always agreeable4 ,it is not surprising that1 with the great advantages of extreme lightness1 ease1 and durability1 and with lofty wheels1 the ,american waggons travel with facility over very rough roads1 and there is a great demand for them in our colonies4 ,it must be remembered that the price is small1 less than the price of our gigs and four-wheeled dog-carts40 ,illustration3 ,modern ,american ,station ,wagon ,illustration3 ,modern ,american ,buggy ,both from ,studebaker's 7,chicago7 ,catalogue ,indeed1 the tourist in ,america will come away with the impression that there is hardly a family in the continent which does not possess at least one buggy or waggon4 ,they can be driven1 too1 at a very great pace4 ,in this connection it is interesting to notice that it was a buggy which ,lord ,lonsdale selected in order to carry out his great driving feat in #ahia1 when 8he undertook to drive four stages of five miles within an hour1 using for the first three stages one1 a pair1 a team1 and riding postilion in the fourth40 ,there are1 of course1 many varieties1 several invented after ,thrupp wrote the above account4 ,of these some are peculiar to a particular ,state1 while others seem to be in general use throughout the continent4 ,in ,chicago1 for instance1 and other towns of the middle west1 the commonest buggy seems to be the bike wagon1 of which a variety is the cut-under bike wagon1 where the tray is double--the seat forming a bridge between its two parts4 ,stanhopes and phaetons are also manufactured in ,america1 though on a much lighter scale than in ,england4 ,another popular ,american carriage is the surrey1 which has the two-seated arrangements of the larger waggons1 but is without the tray4 ,the station wagon1 very popular in ,new ,england1 resembles the old ,english chariot1 and differs from it only in its driving seat1 which is on a level with the inside seat and directly against the front lines of the carriage-body4 ,this is one of the most comfortable carriages in the country4 ,the buckboard1 even slenderer than the buggy1 is hardly more than the skeleton of a carriage1 but seems none the less popular on that account4 ,the barge is the name given in ,massachusetts to a two-seated waggon1 and the word has a curious origin4 ,it seems probable that it is a relic of the days when in that part of the country the boat sleighs used in the winter were put upon wheels in the summer4 ,at a later date ordinary waggons were used for summer traffic1 but the old name stuck4 ,and ,i dare say there are a dozen or more local names of some peculiarity in other parts of ,america which to-day are given to carriages not in the least like those to which the name was originally applied4 ,coming to the two-wheeled carriages1 we find similar changes to those described above showing themselves4 ,the old curricle1 for instance1 is now but rarely seen1 its place being taken by one or other of the dog-carts4 ,what was probably the most fashionable of these carriages during the early ,victorian era is now practically extinct4 ,this was the cabriolet1 rather different in appearance from the vehicles of that name which had plied for hire but a few years before1 yet built on the same principles as the earliest ,french gigs4 8,they were greatly improved10 wrote ,mr4 ,g4 ,n4 ,hooper in #ahii1fd 8about fifty years ago by the well-known ,count ,d',orsay and the late ,mr4 ,charles ,b4 ,courtney1 who greatly refined the outlines and proportions1 making them lighter1 more compact1 and far more stylish4 ,they became par excellence the equipage of the jeune noblesse1 and no more stylish two-wheel carriages for one horse were driven for many years while they were fashionable4 ,a large1 well-bred horse was a necessity1 and this the cabriolet generally had4 8,the groom1 or #8tiger' as he was then called1 was a special ,london product3 he was produced in no other city1 ,british or foreign2 all the genuine tigers hailed from ,london4 ,his age varied from fifteen to twenty-five4 ,few there were that were not perfect masters of their horses1 were they never so big4 ,in shape and make he was a man in miniature1 his proportions perfect1 his figure erect and somewhat defiant3 his coat fitted as if it had been moulded on him2 his white buckskin breeches were spotless2 his top-boots perfection2 his hat1 with its narrow binding of gold or silver lace1 and brims looped up with gold or silver cord1 brilliant with brushing1 was worn jauntily4 ,as he stood at his horse's head1 ready to receive his noble master1 you might expect him to say1 #8,my master is a duke1 and ,i am responsible for his safety4'0 ,there is little enough to say of the gigs4 ,the curricle1 as ,i have said1 is now rarely seen1 though ,sir ,walter ,gilbey mentions a particular one introduced about #ahhc 8which differed materially from the vehicle formerly known by that name4 ,it consisted of a cabriolet1 or whisky body1 having an #8ogee' or chair back1 the body being suspended by braces from ,c or ,s springs upon the undercarriage4 ,its peculiarity lay in the use of long lancewood shafts1 set so far apart that the pole could be placed between them2 the saddle-bar being used to support the pole1 the shafts1 it would seem1 were somewhat unnecessary40 ,the ,cape cart brought into ,england from ,south ,africa is a two-wheeled vehicle of this class with a pole in place of shafts1 and 8the sides being framed so as to present three panels40 8,at the back10 says ,sir ,walter1 8was built in a large box for provisions1 the full width and depth of the cart1 the back seat forming the lid2 the tail-board was used only as a foot-rest4 ,an adjustable centre seat with backrest could be used so as to provide accommodation for six passengers4 ,a white canvas tilt on wooden hoops with sunblinds at the sides1 which could be strapped up when not wanted1 covered the whole body of the cart40 ,and similar to the ,cape cart is the ,whitechapel cart1 which brings me to a brief consideration of the dog-carts4 ,as originally designed1 the dog-cart seems to have been built high1 and1 as its name implies1 for the purpose of carrying dogs4 ,such a vehicle would seat four1 a roomy1 comfortable trap 8with space under the seats1 where a brace of pointers or other dogs could lie at ease40 ,as ,i have said in a preceding chapter1 the sides of the cart 8were made with ,venetian slats to provide ventilation40 ,such a cart1 however1 proved so agreeable that no long time elapsed before its original purpose was lost sight of1 and it became one of the commonest of country carriages4 ,built on a small scale it was admirably suited for pony or cob4 ,numerous varieties exist4 ,in the tandem cart1 as generally constructed1 the driver's seat is high--the only cart1 indeed1 of the kind to maintain any height at all4 ,in the ,ralli cart two seats are placed back to back1 the foot-rest to the latter closing on the body when required4 7,built somewhat on the lines of the ralli1 by the way1 is the ,indian tonga1 8a rather low1 hooded vehicle 444 furnished for draught by a pair of ponies on the curricle principle with pole and bar407 ,the ,battlesden1 ,bedford1 and ,malvern carts are other varieties4 ,more popular1 perhaps1 than any of these is the governess cart1 which1 while really in a class by itself1 may be mentioned here4 ,this is a low and particularly safe carriage1 in which the seats are placed at the sides1 as in the waggonette1 and the door is at the back4 ,an improvement on the governess cart1 though not nearly so popular1 is the ,princess car1 first designed in #ahic4 ,here the back door is dispensed with1 the entrance being in front4 8,the driving seat is arranged on a slide1 whereby it can be moved forwards or backwards to adjust the balance2 and it also enables the driver to sit facing the horse instead of sitting sideways as in the governess cart40 ,in the last chapter ,i pointed out the chief varieties of public carriages4 ,of these the hansom and the omnibus have undergone considerable changes4 ,the hansom was enormously improved by ,mr4 ,forde1 a ,wolverhampton coachbuilder1 in #ahgc1 when the ,society of ,arts offered a prize for the best two-wheeled public conveyance4 ,mr4 ,forde's carriage was much lighter than the older hansoms1 and 8its merits attracted the appreciative attention of foreigners1 whereby an export trade became established40 ,four years later another vehicle1 the two-wheeled brougham1 was introduced1 but did not meet with success4 ,the ,floyd hansom of #ahhe showed other improvements1 and for the first time the hansom became a private carriage4 ,here the 8side windows were made to open1 as were two small windows at the back of the cab40 ,for a short while1 indeed1 the private hansom was one of the smartest of gentlemen's carriages4 ,then in #ahhi was shown another hansom with a movable hood4 ,this was wholly unsuccessful1 but the ,arlington cab1 a ,dorchester invention of this time1 may still be seen in provincial towns to which the taximeter petrol cab has not yet reached4 ,the chief peculiarity about this hansom is its doors1 which1 instead of reaching only half-way up and being constructed at a backward angle1 reach from door to roof and are upright--thus giving a more spacious interior4 ,these doors are 8fitted with sliding glasses in the top part after the manner of an ordinary brougham door40 ,a brougham hansom was introduced in #ahhg4 8,this afforded sitting-room inside for three or four2 it was entered at the back1 and when the door was shut1 a seat across it was so arranged that there was no possibility of the door opening till the occupants' weight was off the seat4 ,the driver's seat was in front1 on the roof of the vehicle40 ,a four-wheeled hansom was also seen in ,london some twenty-five years ago4 ,here the driver's seat was behind the carriage on a level with the roof4 8,everybody knows10 remarks ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 8that the hansom1 by reason of its steadiness1 is an exceedingly comfortable conveyance2 there is no vehicle that runs more easily1 particularly when the load is truly balanced40 ,but in spite of such improvements as rubber tyres and patent windows1 the hansom seems doomed4 ,shillibeer's huge omnibuses were succeeded by smaller vehicles of similar construction4 ,for some years no passengers were carried upon the roof except one or two beside the driver4 ,then in #ahdi an 8outside seat down the centre of the roof was added10 to reach which you had to climb an iron ladder4 ,this continued until #ahij1 when the much more convenient 8garden-seats0 were substituted1 and a curved flight of steps took the place of the rather dangerous ladder4 ,private omnibuses were first constructed about #ahfg4 ,they contained a rumble at the back for the footman1 but this was speedily dispensed with4 ,as built to-day1 they are of various sizes4 ,one other carriage may be mentioned1 and then ,i am done4 ,this is the ,irish car4 ,here1 as in the larger bian1 the seats are arranged back to back and sideways4 8,the wheels are very low and are concealed as far as the axle-boxes1 or farther1 by the panel of the footboard1 which panel is hinged to the end of the tray1 either side of which forms the seat1 to allow of its being turned up when not in use40 ,occasionally there is a well between the seats for small packages4 ,in private cars of this kind there is a small seat in front for the driver1 but this is rarely to be found in the public vehicles4 ,the width of the ,irish car is enormous1 and occasionally leads the neophyte into trouble4 ,outside ,ireland1 ,i believe1 the car is not seen4 8,walking in the pleasant environs of ,paris10 wrote ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,marillier some seventeen years ago1 in an article entitled ,the ,automobile3 ,a ,forecast1 8or even further afield1 upon the broad routes nationales of ,charente and ,la ,beauce1 it is no uncommon thing to meet on a summer's day a little open vehicle flitting along without apparent means of motion1 upon noiseless rubber-shod wheels1 or panting forth a gentle warning from a square-shaped box in front4 ,two1 and sometimes three1 persons are seated in it1 one of whom drives by means of a handle4 ,to stop or to start again requires the turn of a screw or the push of a pedal4 ,such1 in its most accomplished and most graceful form1 is the automobile4 ,to see it pass at racing speed--some of these little machines can spurt at twenty miles an hour--takes one's breath away at first4 ,the apparition is uncanny40 ,in another passage he speaks of these horseless carriages as playing 8a prominent part as the natural successors of the hansom cab and the omnibus10 and draws what must then have been a fanciful picture of a city upon whose roads there would be seen almost as many horseless as horse-driven vehicles4 ,to-day we know what has happened since these words were written4 ,the hansom is a rarity1 except during a strike of petrol-car drivers4 ,the omnibus is a speedy machine with a powerful engine4 ,the growler persists1 but only for the benefit of those with much luggage or for those afraid of the internal combustion engine1 that extraordinary discovery which has revolutionised locomotion even more than did steam eighty years ago4 ,with such facts as these it would be easy to prophesy a total extinction of horse-driven vehicles except for purely ornamental purposes4 ,yet ,i believe that there may be a reaction in favour of a more leisurely means of locomotion4 ,as yet it is impossible to be truly dignified in even the most gorgeously appointed motor-car4 8,carriage people0 no longer form a class1 and the old coach-building firms which have not followed the times and shown one or other make of automobile in their rooms are few in number4 ,mr4 ,marillier1 moreover1 in the article just quoted1 speaks of 8that ideal future when life shall consist of sitting in a chair and pressing buttons02 but the horse is not yet extinct1 and although it is not probable that any horse-carriages of an entirely new type will be constructed1 ,i imagine that the older forms will persist1 at any rate1 for the next century or two4 ,indeed1 to my mind1 there must always be the man who will prefer the reins to the driving wheel4 ,and who can blame him for the choice8 ,,footnotes #a 8,in ,europe1 sledge is the name applied to a low kind of cart1 but in ,america the word has been abbreviated to sled or changed to sleigh1 which in either case involves the idea that a sliding vehicle is meant4 ,in the rural districts1 the farmer employs a machine we call a stone-sledge4 ,this is commonly made from a plank1 the flat under surface of which is forced along the surface of the ground by ox-power40 ,the ,world on ,wheels4 ,ezra ,n4 ,stratton4 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 #b ,english ,pleasure ,carriages4 ,by ,william ,bridges ,adams4 ,london1 #ahcg4 #c 8,they also possessed baggage-carts shaped like the chariots4 ,one of these appears to have had a very high1 six-spoked wheel and a curved roof box4 ,in front of the box is a low seat1 from underneath which projects a crooked drag-pole40 ,stratton4 #d ,a ,history of ,egypt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,breasted4 ,new ,york4 #aiji4 #e ,dictionary of the ,bible4 #aijf4 ,edited by ,j4 ,hastings4 ,art4 ,chariot4 #f 8,we account for this difference by supposing that in battle1 when success depended in a great measure upon the stability of the chariot1 special care was taken to provide a strong wheel1 while a weaker one was considered good enough for a more peaceful employment1 a four-spoked wheel in those days being much cheaper and lighter40 ,stratton4 #g ,the ,assyrians also possessed curious litters4 8,two eunuchs10 says ,stratton1 8are shown carrying a sort of arm-chair on their shoulders1 elegant in design1 supplied with wheels1 to be drawn by hand should the king have occasion to visit mountainous regions inaccessible for chariots40 #h ,the ,history of ,coaches4 ,g4 ,a4 ,thrupp4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #i ,see p4 #ci4 #aj ,stratton treats of these ,roman carriages and carts in considerable detail1 and mentions in addition to the plostellum1 or small plaustrum1 the carrus1 monarchus1 and birotum4 ,of these the carrus1 or cart1 differed from the plaustrum in the following particulars3 8,the box or form could not be removed1 as in the former case1 but was fastened upon the axle-tree2 it lacked the broad flooring of planks or boards1 which served as a receptacle for certain commodities when the sides were removed2 the wheels were higher and 444 spoked1 not solid like the tympana40 ,the carrus clabularius1 or stave-waggon1 could be lengthened or shortened as required4 ,the monarchus was a very light two-wheeled vehicle something like the cisium4 ,the birotum was also a small two-wheeled vehicle1 with a leather-covered seat1 used in the time of ,constantine1 an 8early post-chaise10 as ,stratton puts it4 #aa ,the carts of north ,italy in the eighteenth century had remained practically unchanged4 ,edward ,wright1 who visited ,italy in #agai1 thus describes them3 8,the carriages in ,lombardy1 and indeed throughout all ,italy1 are for the most part drawn with oxen2 which are of a whitish colour3 they have very low wheels4 ,some ,i saw without spokes1 solid like mill-stones2 such as ,i have seen describ'd in some antique basso-relievos and ,mosaicks4 ,the pole they draw by is sloped upwards towards the end2 which is rais'd considerably above their heads2 from whence a chain1 or rope1 is let down and fasten'd to their horns2 which keeps up their heads1 and serves to back the carriage4 ,in some parts they use no yokes1 but draw all by the horn1 by a sort of a brace brought about the roots of them3 the backs of the oxen are generally cover'd with a cloth4 ,in the kingdom of ,naples1 and some other parts1 they use buffaloes in their carriages1 c4 ,these do somewhat resemble oxen3 but are most sour1 ill-looking animals1 and very vicious2 for the better management of them they generally put rings in their noses40 #ab ,the ,world on ,wheels4 #ac ,on the other hand1 the scythes used by other nations may well have been on the wheels4 ,livy describes those used by ,antiochus 7currus falcatus73 8,round the pole were sharp-pointed spears which extended from the yoke of the two outside horses about fifteen feet2 with these they pierced everything in their way4 ,on the end of the yoke were two scythes1 one being placed horizontally1 the other towards the ground4 ,the first cut everything from the sides1 the others catching those prostrate on the ground or trying to crawl under4 ,the long spears 7cuspides7 were not on the yoke1 as some say40 #ad ,english ,wayfaring ,life in the ,middle ,ages4 ,j4 ,j4 ,jusserand4 ,london1 #ahhh4 #ae ,early ,carriages and ,roads4 ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 ,bart4 ,london1 #aijc4 #af ,this appears to have been similar to the carroccio1 described by ,stratton as a very heavy four-wheeled car1 surmounted by a tall staff1 painted a bright red4 ,stratton also mentions the cochio1 which he describes as a thirteenth-century carriage having a covering of red matting1 under which1 in the fore-part of the body1 the ladies were seated1 the gentlemen occupying the rear end4 ,both these words1 however1 seem to belong to a much later date and may be translations of an earlier original4 #ag 8,the ,,xxx day of ,september the ,queen's ,grace came from the ,tower through ,london1 riding in a charrett gorgeously beseen1 unto ,westminster40 ,,ms4 ,cotton4 ,vitellius1 ,f4v4 #ah ,history of ,great ,britain4 ,arthur ,wilson4 ,london1 #afec4 #ai cf4 ,spenser1 who uses three words which appear to be interchangeable4 8,tho'1 up him taking in their tender hands ,they easily unto her charett beare2 ,her teme at her commandement quiet stands1 ,whiles they the corse unto her wagon reare4 ,and strowe with flowers the lamentable beare2 ,then all the rest into their ,coches climb40 #bj ,it is probable that the closed carriage in which the ,emperor ,frederick ,,iii paid a visit to ,frankfort in #adgd was one of these cotzi4 ,here the interesting point is that the ,emperor's attendants1 apparently for the first time1 were relieved of the necessity of holding a canopy over ,his ,majesty's head1 except when he went to and returned from the ,council ,chamber4 #ba ,taylor mentions in one place that 8for the mending of the ,harnesse1 a ,knights ,coachman brought in a bill to his master of #be pounds40 ,he also says that the owners of coaches liked to match their horses if possible4 #bb ,a ,book about ,travelling1 ,past and ,present4 ,thomas ,croal4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #bc ,so ,massinger in ,the ,bondman says3-- 8,for their pomp and ease being borne ,in triumph on men's shoulders40 #bd ,the word hackney1 possibly derived from the old ,french ,haquene1 was the natural word to be used for a public coach1 it being merely a synonym1 used by ,shakespeare and others1 for common4 #be ,curialia ,miscellanea4 ,samuel ,pegge1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 #ahah4 #bf ,which was about the same sum that ,defoe had to pay in ,london earlier in the century4 8,we are carried to these places the coffee-houses10 he wrote in #agjb1 8in chairs which are here very cheap--a guinea a week1 or a shilling per hour2 and your chairmen serve you for porters1 to run on errands1 as your gondoliers do at ,venice40 #bg cf4 8,with chest begirt by leathern bands1 ,the chairman at his corner stands2 ,the poles stuck up against the wall ,are ready at a moment's call4 ,for customers they're always willing ,and ready aye to earn a shilling40 ,echoes of the ,street4 #bh ,in an article in the ,pall ,mall ,magazine for ,march1 #aiab4 #bi ,birch's ,history of the ,royal ,society4 #cj ,some people have considered that the name was not derived from the city of ,berlin1 but from an ,italian word berlina1 8a name given by the ,italians to a kind of stage on which criminals are exposed to public ignominy40 ,this seems rather far-fetched4 ,in ,england it was always thought to have been built first in ,berlin1 and was a common enough term for a coach early in the eighteenth century4 ,swift mentions it in his ,answer to a ,scandalous ,poem 7#agcc73-- 8,and jealous ,juno1 ever snarling1 ,is drawn by peacocks in her berlin40 8,it should be noted10 says ,croal1 8that we find the word differently applied in the earlier years of the century1 and in such a way as to cast doubts on the derivations quoted4 ,in some of the last ,acts passed by the ,scottish ,parliaments before the ,union1 there are references to a kind of ship or boat1 called a berline4 ,the royal burghs on the west coast of ,scotland were in #agje ordered to maintain two #8berlines' to prevent the importation of #8victual' from ,ireland1 this importation being forbidden at the time1 and two years later an ,act was passed to pay the expenses of the berlines40 #ca ,a point of minor interest may here be noticed4 ,when leather was first used for the covering of the coach quarters1 the heads of the nails showed4 ,but about #affj1 8these nail-heads were covered with a strip of metal made to imitate a row of beads2 from this practice arose the name of #8beading' which has been retained1 although beading is now made in a continuous1 level piece1 either rounded or angular40 ,thrupp4 #cb ,see below1 p4 #acc4 #cc ,the reader is referred for the fullest information on the subject of these stage-coaches to ,mr4 ,charles ,g4 ,harper's ,stage-,coach and ,mail in ,days of ,yore4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 #cd ,omnibuses and ,cabs4 ,london1 #aijb4 #ce ,it was over a calche presented by the ,chevalier de ,grammont to ,charles ,,ii1 that the famous quarrel took place between ,lady ,castlemaine and ,miss ,stewart1 afterwards the ,duchess of ,richmond4 ,the ladies had been complaining that coaches with glass windows1 but lately introduced1 did not allow a sufficiently free display of their charms1 whence followed the gift of a ,french calche which cost two thousand livres4 ,when the queen drove out in it1 both the ladies agreed with de ,grammont that it afforded far better opportunities than a coach for showing off their figures1 and both endeavoured to get the first loan of it4 ,in the fierce quarrel that followed ,miss ,stewart came off the conqueror4 #cf ,peter the ,great4 ,by ,k4 ,waliszewski4 ,translated by ,lady ,mary ,loyd4 ,london1 #ahih4 #cg ,social ,life in the ,reign of ,queen ,anne4 ,john ,ashton4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #ch ,originally1 ,i understand1 a fish-cart or lugger4 #ci ,this well-known expression for a carriage is generally thought to have been used first by an ,american quaker later in the century4 ,ned ,ward1 however1 would seem to have been its real inventor4 #dj ,at this time ,m4 ,dessein used to advertise in the ,london papers4 ,in ,the ,gazetteer and ,new ,daily ,advertiser for ,july #ba1 #agfg1 is the following3 8,to be sold1 at ,calais1 a ,travelling ,vis--,vis1 built at ,paris about a year and a half ago2 very fit also to use in the towns on the ,continent upon occasion2 being varnished in the newest taste1 and covered with an oiled case to preserve it from the weather in travelling1 and requires nothing but a new set of wheels to be in perfect repair to make the tour of ,europe4 ,enquire of ,mr4 ,dessein1 at the ,htel ,d',angleterre at ,calais1 with whom the lowest price is left40 #da ,see next chapter4 #db ,this was the ,mr4 ,francis ,moore1 of ,cheapside1 who in #aghf and #agij obtained patents for two two-wheeled carriages4 ,the second of these bore considerable resemblance to the hansom-cab of a later date4 ,it had enormous wheels--higher1 indeed1 than the body of the carriage--and the driver sat on a small box-seat in front and at a level with the top of the roof4 ,the door was at the back4 #dc ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 ,thomas ,wright4 ,london1 n4d4 #dd 8,the shape of the body10 says ,bridges ,adams1 describing ,coates's carriage1 8was that of a classic sea-god's car1 and it was constructed in copper4 ,this vehicle was very beautiful in its outline1 though disfigured by the absurdity of its ornamental work40 ,when ,coates had a fall1 ,horace ,smith1 of ,rejected ,addresses fame1 seized the occasion to write a mock condoling poem4 #de ,for a detailed account of these mail-coaches the reader is referred to ,mr4 ,charles ,harper's book1 ,stage ,coach and ,mail in the ,days of ,yore4 #df ,the ,danger of ,travelling in ,stage-,coaches2 and a ,remedy ,proposed to the ,consideration of the ,public1 by the ,rev4 ,william ,milton1 ,a4,m41 ,vicar of ,heckfield1 ,hants4 ,reading1 #ahaj4 #dg ,it may be well to add here a note on the simpler springs which were in use at this time4 ,these seem to have been of five distinct varieties--the straight or elbow spring1 the elliptic spring1 the regular-curved1 and the reverse-curved springs1 all these being either single or double1 and the spiral spring4 ,the straight spring was used in the stage-coaches1 in the later phaetons1 in the ,tilbury1 and in most of the two-wheeled carriages4 ,the elliptic spring1 invented by ,elliott1 was 8used single in what are called under-spring carriages1 where the spring rests on the axle1 and is connected with the framework by means of a dumb or imitation spring so as to form a double or complete ellipse4 ,this is technically called an under spring40 ,its importance1 of course1 followed on its power of acting as a complete support1 no perch being required to hold the two parts of the undercarriage together4 ,sometimes four of these springs were 8hinged together in pairs10 and used thus in the larger four-wheeled carriages4 ,when a regular-curved or ,c spring was used1 8a leathern brace was suspended from it to carry the body or weight40 ,the reverse-curved spring was used in the older phaetons1 and in the fore springs of the ,tilbury1 and springs similar to this had been used as body springs in place of suspension brackets or loops1 or as upright springs1 to the earlier coaches and chariots1 under the technical name of ,s springs--8in which case leather braces were attached to them1 and they were supported by a bracket or buttress of iron called the spring stay4 ,the whip spring which succeeded them 444 was used in the same way40 ,but in addition to these springs1 there were all kinds of combinations1 and the whole subject is too complicated for the lay mind to understand4 ,the chief point1 however1 to notice is the changes in structure which were made possible by the elliptic spring of ,elliott's resting on the axle4 #dh ,which reminds me that at the present day there is a singular three-wheeled cab to be hired in ,london1 if only you know where to look for it4 ,it is the only one of its kind1 and rarely1 ,i believe1 appears until after nightfall4 ,it is the kind of carriage which is to be avoided by those who have drunk not wisely but too well4 #di ,a good description is given of the appearance of these coaches by ,baron d',haussez1 an exiled ,frenchman1 in #ahcc4 8,the appointments of an ,english coach are no less elegant than its form4 ,a portly1 good-looking coachman seated on a very high coach-box1 well dressed1 wearing white gloves1 a nosegay in his button-hole1 and his chin enveloped in an enormous cravat1 drives four horses perfectly matched and harnessed1 and as carefully groomed as when they excited admiration in the carriages of ,grosvenor and ,berkeley ,squares4 ,such is the manner in which ,english horses are managed1 such also is their docility1 the effect either of temperament or training1 that you do not remark the least restiveness in them4 ,four-horse coaches are to be seen rapidly traversing the most populous streets of ,london1 without occasioning the least accident1 without being at all inconvenienced in the midst of the numerous carriages which hardly leave the necessary space to pass4 ,the swearing of ostlers is never heard at the relays any more than the neighing of horses2 nor are you interrupted on the road by the voice of the coachman or the sound of his whip1 which differs only from a cabriolet whip in the length of the thong1 and serves more as a sort of appendage than a means of correction in the hand which carries it40 #ej ,omnibuses and ,cabs4 #ea ,see note on p4 #aib4 #eb ,according to ,mr4 ,moore1 whose account of this matter seems perfectly clear1 the actual vehicle which proved so popular when plying the streets contained very much more of ,chapman's work than of ,hansom's1 and1 indeed1 if full justice had been done1 these light carriages should have come down to posterity as chapmans and not hansoms at all4 ,on the other hand it is quite possible1 that but for ,hansom's work1 ,chapman would never have given such careful attention to this class of vehicle4 #ec ,it seems1 however1 that so long as ten years before one-horse cars of this form had been plying for hire in ,birmingham and ,liverpool4 #ed ,modern ,carriages4 ,sir ,walter ,gilbey1 ,bart4 ,london1 #aije4 #ee ,bridges ,adams has an amusing passage on the question of colour4 ,he had his own ideas upon the best colours to use on a carriage body4 8,for bright sunny days10 he thinks1 8the straw or sulphur yellow is very brilliant and beautiful2 but for the autumnal haze1 the rich deep orange hue conveys the most agreeable sensations4 ,the greens used are of innumerable tints1 commencing with the yellowish olive1 and gradually darkening till they are barely distinguishable from black4 ,neither apple green1 grass green1 sea green1 nor any green of a bluish tint1 can be used in carriage painting with good effect as a ground colour2 but in some species of light carriages a pleasing effect may be produced for summer by the imitation of the variegated grasses40 ,quite a poetical idea6 8,blues10 he continues1 8were formerly principally used as a ground colour for bodies1 to contrast with a red carriage and framework4 ,of late very dark blues have been used as a general ground colour1 and when new they are very rich1 being a glazed or partially transparent colour2 but they very soon become worn and faded1 the least speck of dust disfiguring them4 ,blue is also a cold colour1 and while it is unfitted for summer by reason of its easy soiling1 it is unpleasant in winter1 owing to its want of warmth40 #ef ,for full and particular accounts of all such carriages as have been constructed since the middle of last century1 the reader is referred to the various trade journals4 ,further information is to be obtained from the ,reports on carriages at the successive ,london and ,paris ,exhibitions4 ,here the more important differences between ,english1 ,french1 and ,austrian carriages are clearly shown in a language which is not too technical for the ordinary reader to understand4 #eg ,this was also the case in ,france4 #eh ,there is an interesting passage in the #ahgh ,report which may be quoted here4 8,it is somewhat singular10 this runs1 8that while the attention of the ,english coachbuilders has1 for the past few years1 been directed to perfect an arrangement to open and close landau heads in a simple and effectual manner1 the ,french builders have paid little or no heed to the attainment of this desideratum1 but have instead adopted a plan which allows of the doors of a landau being opened when the glass is up1 being first introduced by ,m4 ,kellner 444 in #ahff4444 ,the simplest method is to have two pieces of brass1 about ten inches long1 in the form of a groove1 for the glass frame to slide in1 hinged to the upper extremities of the door pillars1 and to close down on the fence rail when not required for use40 #ei ,here1 ,i suppose1 should be included the ,eridge cart1 invented by ,lord ,abergavenny4 ,it holds four persons on two parallel seats4 #fj ,the phaeton has found particular favour in ,france4 ,at the ,paris ,exhibition in #ahgh was shown a phaeton built at ,rouen1 which1 according to the official ,report1 was 8the finest small carriage exhibited in the ,french department for ingenuity and fitness for work40 #fa ,sir ,walter ,gilbey had a posting brougham built for his own use1 which to an even greater extent resembled the old chariot4 ,in this case postilions were used4 #fb 8,the ,patent ,dioropha1 or two-headed carriage1 combining in one a clarence or pilentum coach1 complete with all its appointments2 a barouche1 with folding head and three-fold knee-flap2 and an open carriage4 ,the heads can be removed or exchanged with facility by means of a pulley attached to the ceiling of the coach-house1 aided by a counterpoise weight40 ,vide the ,official ,catalogue1 which also gives illustrations of several ,indian carriages1 such as the ,keron1 the rath1 a ,mahratta carriage from ,bengal1 and a lady's carriage from ,lahore--the last being a four-wheeled conveyance covered with scarlet and crimson cloth1 and shut in with thick curtains4 #fc ,the only sulky now to be seen in this country is the trotting carriage used in races--a mere skeleton4 ,see also p4 #baj4 #fd ,suspension of ,road ,carriages4 ,a ,paper read before the ,institute of ,british ,carriage ,manufacturers at ,york4 #ahii4 ,,index ,index ,abergavenny1 ,marquis of1 #bgj n4 ,ackermann1 ,william1 #bcj1 #bcd ,adams1 ,t4 ,g41 #bcb ,adams1 ,william ,bridges1 #ai1 #di1 #fb1 #fe1 #aed1 #bab1 #bad n41 #bbg-bcj1 #bcb-bcf1 #beh n4 ,addison1 ,joseph1 #aea adometer1 #aae ,adrianople1 #aeb ,africa1 ,south1 #bgh ,agrippina1 #cc ,alchemist1 ,the1 #ge ,aldersgate ,street1 #aij ,alexander and ,campaspe1 #eh ,alexander of ,parma1 #fg ,alexander ,severus1 #ce ,alexander the ,great1 #bg ,alexandria1 #bg ,all sorts of ,wheel ,carriage1 ,improved1 #aff 1 #bf1 #bg ,amelia1 ,princess1 #ajd amempton1 #bgb ,america1 ,north1 #cf1 #adj1 #bje1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bcf1 #bfc ,america1 ,south1 #bj1 #ahi1 #bcf ,amsterdam1 #bbe1 #bbf ,andersen1 ,henry1 #ij ,andrews1 coachbuilder1 #bfg ,anne1 wife of ,richard ,,ii1 #di ,anne1 ,queen1 #aed1 #agd ,anne1 ,social ,life in the ,reign of ,queen1 #aeh n4 ,anne ,boleyn1 #ed ,annual ,register1 #bad ,anstice1 ,j41 #bje ,antioch1 #bi ,antiochus1 #dj n4 1 #be ,antwerp1 #fh1 #aaj 1 #bf-bh ,apollo1 or a ,problem ,solved1 #afb ,appian ,way1 #bh araba1 #dj ,arabia1 #dj arcera1 #bi ,arlington cab1 #bhj 1 #be1 #bf1 #bi 1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi ,arnot1 ,hugh1 #ajb ,arundel1 ,earl of1 #gf1 #gg ,ashby1 ,lady1 #abj ,ashton1 ,john1 #aeh ,asia1 #ajg1 #ajh ,assyrian chariot4 ,see chariot ,athens1 #cf ,ausonius1 #ca ,australia1 #bbc ,austria1 #ea1 #bcb automobile1 #bef1 #bfi1 #bhb ,automobile3 a ,forecast1 ,the1 #bha axles1 movable1 #bef1 #bfi1 #bhb ,babylon1 #bg back-door cab1 #bdi ,bailey1 ,captain1 #hh ,balack1 ,donald1 #aje barcos de tierra1 #bj barge1 #bgf ,barker1 ,edward1 #gd barouche1 #bjf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bfd1 #bgan4 barouchet1 #bcj ,barrow1 ,john1 #ajg ,bartholomew ,fair1 #ge ,baskerville1 ,john1 #aia basket1 the1 #afh1 #afi4 ,see also under boot basterna1 #cb1 #cg1 #eb ,bath1 #fa1 #ajc1 #ajd ,battlesden cart1 #bgi ,baudry1 ,m41 #beb ,baxter1 coachbuilder1 #beh ,baynardes ,castle1 #gg beading1 #abjn4 ,beatrice of ,anjou1 #ej ,beau's ,ideal1 ,the1 #afj ,beckmann1 #fe1 #aaf ,bedford cart1 #bgi ,belgium1 #ce ,bellasis1 ,richard1 #eg ,belvoir1 #ga benna1 #cb1 #ce ,bennet1 ,mr41 #bba ,bennett1 coachbuilder1 #bce ,berlin1 #aah n4 berlin1 #fb1 #aji1 #aah-aba1 #aci1 #ada1 #age1 #agf1 #baf2 ,korff berline1 #bjg et seq4 berlina1 #aah n4 berline4 ,see berlin berlingot1 #ada bian1 #bci1 #bha ,bianconi1 #bci ,bible1 ,dictionary of the1 #bb n4 bike wagon1 #bge2 cut-under bike wagon1 #bge ,birch1 ,thomas1 #aaf n4 ,bird-,cage ,walk1 #beh ,birmingham1 #db1 #aij1 #aia1 #bej1 #bea n41 #bee birotum1 #cb n4 ,blackfriars1 #hb ,blackheath1 #aae-aag ,blackwood's ,magazine1 #bch ,bligh family4 ,see ,darnley ,blount4 ,see ,blunt ,blunt1 ,colonel ,sir ,harry1 of ,wicklemarsh1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abf ,bodger1 #ahi ,bondman1 ,the1 #hg n4 ,boonen1 ,william1 #ga1 #gb boot1 first mention of1 #gc2 metamorphosed into basket1 #gd1 #hd1 #aaa1 #aad1 #afh1 #bah1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bce ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a41 #bba ,boulnois1 ,william1 #bdi1 #bej ,boulogne1 #gj ,bourn1 ,daniel1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe brake1 #bgc ,breasted1 ,j4 ,h41 #ba brewer's cart1 #if ,britain1 #cj1 #ci ,british ,museum1 #dh britzschka 7briska1 brisker1 brisky71 #bcb-bcd2 briska-chariot1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcc2 briska-phaeton1 #bbi2 briska-landau1 #bfd broad-waggons1 #aih ,broderithus1 ,stephanus1 #fe brouette 7wheelbarrow71 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aci ,brougham1 ,lord1 #bea brougham1 #bea1 #beb1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bga2 posting-brougham1 #bgj n42 two-wheeled brougham1 #bgi2 brougham-hansom1 #bhj ,brouncker1 ,lord1 #aag ,browne1 ,sir ,thomas1 #gc1 #aba1 #bba ,brussels1 #fg1 #aaj buckboard1 #bgf ,buckingham1 ,duke of1 #fa1 #hf-hh1 #ia1 #ajg1 #aec ,buckingham1 ,earl of1 #di ,budd1 ,g4 ,f41 #bfb buggy1 #bba1 #bcf1 #beg1 #bgc-bge ,bulkeley1 ,sir ,richard1 #adb1 #adc1 #aee ,bulwer ,lytton1 #bga ,bunbury1 ,h41 #aii ,burgh1 ,elizabeth de1 ,lady ,clare1 #dh cab1 hackney4 ,see cabriolet cab-phaeton1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bff cabriolet1 #aci1 #agj1 #aih1 #aii1 #bba1 #bcd1 #bdd et seq41 #bff1 #bgf2 cabriolet de place1 #bdd ,csar1 ,julius1 #bi1 #cf ,csarius1 #bi ,calais1 #agb calash 7calesh1 calche71 #aji1 #adj et seq41 #aed1 #aee1 #bjf1 #bba calesse 7calesso71 #ce1 #adj caned whiskey1 #bad ,canterbury1 #aaj ,cape cart1 #bgh ,capua1 #bh ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 #aih n4 ,carinthia1 #aba ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #bjg1 #bji carpentum1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd carretta1 #ej carriage1 early use of the word1 #de2 early ,english carriage described1 #dg2 ,chinese1 #ch1 #ajg2 ,dacian1 #cg ,carriage ,builder's and ,harness ,maker's ,art ,journal1 #gb1 #aeh carriage-match1 #ahh carriole1 #ce1 #fi1 #adj1 #bbd carroccio1 #ej n4 carroch 7caroch1 carroach1 carroche71 #fd1 #hj1 #hc carrosse1 #fi2 carosse cinq sous1 #acf et seq4 carruca1 #cb1 #cd2 carruca argentata1 #ce2 carruca domestoria1 #ce carrus1 #cb n42 carrus stabularius1 #cb n4 cart1 #bd1 #ha1 #hb1 #bdg2 early ,english cart described1 #de ,castlemaine1 ,earl of1 #abc1 #abd2 ,countess of1 #adj n4 cathedra1 #cg ,catherine of ,aragon1 #ed ,catton1 coach-painter1 #ahh ,cecil1 ,lady1 #gf ,cenis1 ,mont1 #ajd ,centlivre1 ,mrs41 #afj chaer4 ,see chare chair1 sedan1 #he et seq42 introduced into ,england1 #hg2 hackney chairs established1 #hg1 #ia2 characteristics of chairmen1 #if1 #ajb2 appearance1 #ii-aja2 at ,bath1 #ajd2 persist at ,edinburgh1 #ajf2 regulations1 #ajf2 ,eastern chairs1 #ajg2 mentioned1 #abc1 #adh1 #aff1 #agc1 #bba1 #bbb chair1 one-horse4 ,see chaise chairs-and-chairmen1 #aih chaise1 #adj1 #ada1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #aef1 #agj1 #aga1 #age1 #aif2 ,french chaise described1 #adg1 #adh2 chaise porteur1 #ii2 chaise de poste1 #agj ,chamberlayne1 ,william1 #ace ,chambers1 ,sir ,william1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bfj ,chapman1 ,john1 #bej char4 ,see chare char--banc1 #bgc char--cote1 #bbd chare 7car71 #df1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed1 #fi charette 7chariette71 #di1 #ej1 #fb1 #fg chariot1 ,hittite1 #ba1 #bc2 ,egyptian1 #bj1 #bb2 ,assyrian1 #bb1 #bd1 #ci2 ,persian1 #bc1 #ch-dj2 ,grecian1 #bd et seq42 ,lydian1 #bf2 ,british1 #bi1 #cj2 mentioned1 #di1 #ed1 #ee1 #ig1 #aaa1 #abj et seq41 #ada1 #add2 ,col4 ,blunt's chariots1 #aae et seq42 ,spanish1 #aba2 ,mr4 ,povey's1 #abf2 ,sir ,richard ,bulkeley's1 #adb2 chariot ,l'anglaise1 #adg2 the ,darnley chariot1 #aej et seq42 advertisements of1 #aeg2 ,george ,,iv's1 #bjg2 cost of1 #baj2 ,hobson's chariots1 #bcb2 also mentioned1 #adh1 #aej1 #aec1 #afa1 #aga1 #age1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bea1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgf chariotee1 #bcf ,charles of ,anjou1 #ej ---- ,i1 #hf1 #ij1 #ia1 #aaa1 #abc ---- ,,ii1 #ee1 #fa1 #adj n41 #adh ---- ,v1 #hf ---- ,,vii1 of ,france1 #fd ---- ,,xii1 #aed chasse mare1 #aei ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 #di ,cheapside1 #aej1 #aib n4 cheas1 #afb ,chicago1 #bge ,chiesa1 ,philip de1 #aah ,child1 ,josiah1 #aih ,chili1 #bj ,china1 #ch1 #gi1 #ajg ,cicero1 #cj1 #cb ,cipriani1 #aac1 #ahh1 #bfj cisium1 #ca1 #cb n41 #aci2 cisiarii1 #ca ,clanwilliam1 ,earl of1 #bcc clarence1 #bga1 #bgb2 ,surrey clarence1 #bga ,claudius1 the ,emperor1 #cf ,cleveland1 ,john1 #aad ,clinker1 ,humphrey1 #ajc coach1 introduction of1 #ef et seq42 women forbidden their use1 #eg2 ,taylor's opinion of1 #ei2 first coach-and-six1 #fa2 definition of1 #fb2 where first made1 #fb2 derivation of the word1 #fc2 similar to couch1 #fc2 first ,english coaches only carts1 #fd2 appearance of early coaches1 #ff2 how evolved from the waggon1 #ff2 a sixteenth-century coach described1 #fg2 oldest coach in existence1 #fh2 introduction into ,england1 #fi2 first 8hollow1 turning coach0 for ,queen ,elizabeth1 #ga2 her ,dutch coach1 #gb2 ,earl of ,rutland's coach1 #gg1 #gh2 coach compared with cart1 #ha2 ,taylor's ride in1 #hd2 hackney coaches1 #hh1 #afe1 #bja1 #bda et seq42 proclamations concerning1 #ij1 #abe2 early ,french coach1 #aaa2 size of ,english coaches1 #aaa2 oldest coaches with solid doors1 #aai2 ,roman coaches1 #abc2 overturning of1 #adb2 early ,georgian coaches1 #adh2 ,turkish1 #aeb2 ,russian1 #aec1 #aed2 ,venetian1 #aei2 patent coaches1 #aff1 #bag1 #bah2 ,spanish1 #agj2 8frictionless0 coach1 #aij2 ,baskerville's1 #aia2 ,lord ,chancellor's ,irish coach1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #beh2 reasons for overcrowding1 #bae2 nineteenth-century coach1 #bbi2 ,victorian1 #bfa ,coach and ,coach ,harness ,makers' ,company1 #adc ,coach and ,sedan pleasantly disputing1 #fc1 #ib et seq4 coachee1 #bbb ,coaches1 ,the ,history of1 #bd n4 coal-carriage1 #aib ,coates1 8,romeo10 #bac ,coburg1 #fg1 #fh ,cockburn1 ,lord1 #ajf cochio1 #ej n4 ,colley1 #aii ,colman1 ,j41 #aih ,commander1 ,mr41 #abg ,conference between 444 chariot 444 and 444 chair1 ,a1 #ig ,congreve1 ,william1 #bja ,connecticut1 #bba ,consort1 ,prince1 #bgb ,constantine1 #cb n4 ,constantinople1 #bi ,conveyancing1 #bdh ,cooper1 ,fenimore1 #aje ,cooper1 ,j4 ,c41 coach-designer1 #bff corbillard1 #aaa correo real1 #agj cottri1 #fc ,cotzi4 ,see ,kotzee couch4 ,see coach coucou1 #afi coup1 #aee1 #bcj1 #bgj ,courtney1 ,c4 ,b41 #bgg ,covent ,garden1 #ajd ,coventry1 ,sir ,william1 #acb covinus1 #cj ,cow ,lane1 #abi crane-neck perches1 #aai ,craven1 #eg ,creed1 ,mrs41 #acj ,crenan1 ,marquis de1 #acf ,croal1 ,thomas1 #hd1 #aja1 #aah n41 #adc1 #bcf1 #bdj ,cromwell1 ,oliver1 #aab-aad ,crooch1 ,john1 #ib ,croune1 ,dr41 #aag ,croydon1 #bgj ,cruikshank1 ,george1 #bdf ,c-spring1 #aai ,cuba1 #adj1 #bcf ,cuchey1 ,cambridge carrier1 #fc ,cumberland1 ,george1 ,earl of1 #ei2 ,henry ,clifford1 ,earl of1 #eg ,curialia ,miscellanea1 #ia n4 curricle1 #aii1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbb1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #bgf1 #bgg2 curricle tribus1 #beb currus1 #bi2 currus arcuatus1 #cc2 currus falcatus1 #dj n4 curtin coach1 #aei ,curtius1 #ci1 #dj ,cyprus1 #ci ,darnley1 ,lord1 #aej ,dashour1 #bd ,davenant1 ,sir ,william1 #abc ,davies1 ,david1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bea decoration of carriages1 #aci ,defoe1 ,daniel1 #ajb n4 ,delaney1 ,mrs41 #aei ,delavel1 ,sir ,francis1 #aif1 #bcg demi-landau1 #baj dennet1 #bce2 the ,misses1 #bce ,dertford1 #gg dsobligeante1 #ada1 #agb ,dessein1 ,m41 #agb ,devil is an ,ass1 ,the1 #hj ,devonshire1 ,duke of1 #bei ,diana of ,poitiers1 #fi ,dickens1 ,charles1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdg diligence1 #adh1 #afh2 diligence de ville1 #bai4 ,see also mail-coach ,diomed1 #bf dioropha1 #bga 4 ,see ,dockwra1 ,william1 #aff dog-cart1 #bce1 #beg1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgh dogs used as beasts of burden1 #aaj ,don1 ,lady1 #ajf ,dorchester1 #bhj ,dover1 #bah ,down-,hall1 #aef drag1 #bfb1 #bfc ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 #ei driving-coach1 #bbi droitzschka 7drosky71 #bbd1 #bcc ,dublin1 #adb1 #bch1 #bci ,duncombe1 ,sir ,saunders1 #hg1 #ia ,dunkirk1 #aaj duobus1 #bdi ,dupin1 #ii ,early ,carriages and ,roads1 #ej n4 ,early ,use of ,carriages in ,england1 #ed ,eastward ,hoe1 #ge1 #gi ,echoes of the ,streets1 #ajc n4 ,edgeworth1 ,dr4 ,lovell1 #bje ,edgware1 #eg ,edinburgh1 #ij1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #add1 #bjf ,edinburgh ,almanac1 ,the1 #ajf ,edward ,,iii1 #dc1 #dh ,edward ,,vi1 #gj ,edward ,,vii1 #bei effeminacy and carriages1 #dd1 #ef et seq4 ,eglinton1 ,earl of1 #ahh ,egypt1 #bc1 #bd1 #df ,egypt1 ,a ,history of1 #ba n4 ,eleanor1 the ,lady1 #dh elephant carriage1 #bci1 #bdj ,elgin1 ,earl of1 #ajh2 ,elgin marbles1 #bf ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 #ga-gc1 #hc1 #hf1 #agd ,elliott1 ,obadiah1 #bje1 #bad1 #bbg1 #bbh n41 #bcd elliptic springs1 #bje ,english ,pleasure ,carriages1 #ai n41 #bbg ,english ,wayfaring ,life in the ,middle ,ages1 #dc n4 ,entertainment at ,rutland ,house1 ,first ,day's1 #abc equirotal carriages1 #bcg ,erichthonius1 #cf ,eridge cart1 #bgj n4 ,ermengarde1 the ,lady1 #ea essedum1 #bi-ca2 essedum deauratum1 #cj ,essex1 ,robert1 ,earl of1 #ei2 ,countess of1 #gg ,eugene1 ,prince1 #afj ,evelyn1 ,john1 #hg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abe1 #abf1 #adb ,expeditions to ,prussia and the ,holy ,land1 of ,henry1 ,earl of ,derby1 #ea ,fantail gig1 #bcf ,farnese1 ,duke ,edward1 #abc ,felton1 ,william1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbg ,ferrara1 #fi2 ,duchess of1 #fi ,ferrers1 ,earl1 #ec ,fersen1 ,count1 #bjh1 #bji fiacre1 #ij ,fielding1 ,sir ,john1 #bja1 #bjc ,finsbury1 #ib1 #bce ,flanders1 #ea1 #bji2 ,flemish mares and carriages1 #eb1 #fc1 #hc ,flandres1 ,anciennes ,chroniques de1 #ej ,fleet ,street1 #afd ,florence1 #bc1 #adj fly1 #bfe ,ford1 ,sir ,richard1 #abi ,ford1 ,william1 #bja ,forde1 coachbuilder1 #bgi four-in-hand1 #bbi1 #bfb ,four-in-,hand ,driving ,club1 #bfb 8four-wheeler10 #hi ,france1 #dc1 #fb1 #gf1 #ij1 #id1 #aba1 #aci1 #adj1 #adh1 #aea1 #afe1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb1 #agg1 #ahi1 #aif1 #aih1 #bai1 #bcj ,frankfort1 #fe ,frederick1 ,duke of ,saxony1 #fg ,frederick ,,iii1 the ,emperor1 #fe n4 ,friola1 #ea ,froissart1 ,sir ,john1 #di1 #ec galera1 #afi ,gauden1 ,sir ,d41 #abi ,gaul1 #ca ,gautier1 ,thophile1 #agj ,gay1 ,john1 #fj1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aej ,gazetteer1 ,the1 #agb n4 ,general ,highways ,act1 the first1 #gj ,gentleman ,dancing ,master1 ,the1 #abg ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #agd1 #agf1 #ahj1 #aic ,george ,i1 #aei ,george ,,iii1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bjg ,george ,,iv1 #baa1 #bab1 #bfg ,george ,v1 #ahe ,germany1 #ce1 #ff1 #fh1 #gf1 #aah1 #adg1 #bai1 #bbf1 #bgc gharry1 #dj ,ghent1 #aaj ,gibbon1 ,edward1 #bh1 #bi gig1 #ajg1 #aci-ada1 #add1 #aii1 #bac1 #bad1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bce-bcg1 #bde1 #bge-bgg2 primitive form of1 #ca ,gigg1 ,sir ,gregory1 #aii ,gilbey1 ,sir ,walter1 ,bart41 #ej1 #ed1 #aac1 #aag1 #bea1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bfi-bgb1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj ,gild of the ,holy ,cross1 #db ,gillray1 ,james1 #baa1 #bac1 #bbj ,ginzrot1 von1 #ci1 #ff ,glasgow1 #add1 #bef glass for coaches and chairs1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abj1 #aba1 #aca1 #ace1 #aed glass-coach1 #aai1 #aba1 #ahe1 #bjg ,godalming1 #adi ,godelak1 ,walter1 #dc gondola1 #afi1 #baf1 #beb governess cart1 #bgi ,gozzadini1 ,count1 #fg1 #abc1 #adj ,grammont1 ,chevalier de1 #adj n4 ,grand ,concern of ,england1 ,the1 #acf ,gray1 ,thomas1 #adg1 #adh ,gray's-inn-lane1 #aig ,green1 ,john1 #afe1 #aff ,greenwich1 #bec1 #bed ,gregory ,x1 ,pope1 #ej ,gresham ,college1 #aaf ,griffin1 ,will1 #abg ,grosvenor ,square1 #aig1 #bda n4 ,gurney1 ,sir ,goldsmith1 #bee1 #bef ,hackney1 #hh1 #aba1 #abg2 derivation of the word1 #hh n4 ,hamburg1 #bbf ,hamilton1 ,duke of1 #baa hammercloth1 #aeh1 #bjf1 #bbi1 #bga ,hanning1 ,mr41 #bee ,hansom1 ,aloysius1 #bej1 #bea hansom-cab1 #hi1 #ii1 #aib n41 #bej et seq41 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb2 ,floyd hansom1 #bgi2 four-wheeled hansom1 #bhj ,harborough1 #agf ,harper1 ,charles1 #abj1 #ace n41 #bae n41 #bah1 #bfa ,harrow1 #eg2 ,harrow ,school1 #eg ,harvey1 ,mr41 #bdi1 #beb ,harwich1 #ee1 #aij ,hastings1 ,j41 #bb n4 ,hatchett1 coachbuilder1 #beh ,hatton ,house1 #gg ,haussez1 ,baron ,d'1 #bda n4 ,heathcote1 ,sir ,gilbert1 #ahh ,heliogabalus1 #hb 8hell-cart10 #ha ,hengrave1 #gf ,henry ,,iv1 #ea ,henry ,,vi1 #ed ,henry ,,vii1 #if ,henry of ,navarre1 #hd2 his widow1 #ed ,herodotus1 #bg ,hesiod1 #bh ,hewer1 ,will1 #aca1 #acc ,hicks1 ,sir ,elias1 #ib ,hieronymus1 #bg ,hinckley1 #bej ,history of ,great ,britain1 #fa n4 ,history of ,inventions1 #fe ,history of ,locomotion1 #fb ,hobson1 ,samuel1 #bcb ,hoby1 ,sir ,thomas1 #gf ,hodges1 coachmaster1 #aeg1 #aeh ,hoefnagle1 #gb ,hogarth1 #fd ,holborn1 #acb1 #aig1 #bfd ,holcroft1 ,thomas1 #bbf ,holinshed1 #ed ,holland1 #fh1 #ga1 #aef1 #bbf ,holland ,holland1 #bfa ,holloway1 #bdg ,hood1 ,thomas1 #bdh1 #bef ,hook1 ,theodore1 #bce ,hooke1 ,dr4 ,robert1 #aaf1 #aag ,hooper1 ,g4 ,n41 #bgf ,hopkinson1 ,luke1 #bfd1 #bfe ,hopkynson1 ,edward1 #ga ,horse and ,carriage ,oracle1 ,the1 #bca ,hungary1 #cg1 #ea1 #fc-ff1 #fh ,hunt1 ,leigh1 #afb1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bad1 #bai1 #bdb ,hutton1 ,catherine1 #aib ,hutton1 ,william1 #aia ,hyde ,park1 #aab1 #aae1 #abb1 #aee1 #aef hwakeaou1 #ajh idol-car1 ,persian1 #ci ,indian carriages1 early1 #dj ,ingleby1 ,colonel1 #aab ,ipswich1 #gc ,ireland1 #adc1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bch1 #bci1 #bha ,irish car1 #bha ,isabella of ,spain1 #agj isinglass1 or talc1 used for windows1 #ib ,islington1 #ib ,italy1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc n41 #ce1 #fb1 #aaj1 #abc1 #agb1 #aif1 #bce ,jacob1 #ba1 #df ,jacobs1 ,joseph1 coachbuilder1 #aeg1 #ahd ,james ,i1 #hg ,japan1 #ajh jaunting car1 ,irish1 #bci ,jervis1 ,john1 coachman1 #bci jin-rick-shaw1 #ii1 #ajh ,john1 ,elector of ,saxony1 #fh ,john1 ,king1 #ec ,johnson1 ,samuel1 #afb1 #aga1 #bai ,jonson1 ,ben1 #ge1 #gi ,joseph1 #ba1 #df ,journey across ,asia1 ,king's1 #bbd ,journey round the ,world1 ,pfeiffer's1 #bbc ,jowermarsh1 #dc ,julius1 ,duke of ,brunswick1 #eh ,juno1 #be1 #aah n4 ,jupiter1 #afb ,jusserand1 ,j4 ,j41 #dc1 #dg1 #dh 1 #bg ,kamtschatka1 #bbd 1 #bf1 #bh kangoe1 #ajh ,kellner1 ,m41 #bfe n4 ,kelson1 ,mr41 #afj ,kennedy1 ,donald1 #aej keron1 #bga n4 ,kesterton1 ,mr41 #bgb kibitka1 #bbd ,kinder1 coachbuilder1 #bgc ,king1 ,captain1 #bbd ,kink1 #aii ,kin-sai1 #ch ,knapp1 ,edward1 #aae ,korff1 ,baroness de1 #bjh ,kottcze 7,kotcze71 #fc1 #fe ,kotzee 7,kotzi71 #fb1 #fe ,kytson family1 #gf ,lade1 ,sir ,john1 #aig1 #baa ,ladislaus1 ,king of ,hungary1 #fd ,lafitte1 ,jacques1 #beb1 #bec landau1 #fb1 #age1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bcj1 #beg1 #bfc-bff1 #bfh1 #bga2 state landau1 #bei1 #bfj2 canoe landau1 #bff landaulet1 #baj1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bfd ,lassells1 ,george1 #ga ,laurie ,marner1 #bga ,laval1 ,ren de1 #eh ,leadenhall ,street1 #aha1 #ahd 8leathern-conveniency10 #afc1 #bch lectica1 #bi1 #cf1 #hf2 lecticarii1 #cf ,leek1 ,john1 #ga ,leith1 #ij ,lenthall1 ,speaker1 #aac ,leominster1 #ahj1 #ahe ,leopold1 the ,emperor1 #aai1 #afj ,ligne1 ,prince de1 #abe lilies1 a common form of decoration1 #eb ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 #abi ,lincolnshire1 #ie litter1 ,grecian1 #bf2 ,roman1 #bi2 ,babylonian1 #cf2 mentioned1 #cf1 #de1 #eb et seq41 #fi2 on wheels1 #di ,liverpool1 #bea n4 ,livy1 #dj n4 ,lombardy1 #cc n4 ,london1 #dc1 #eg1 #fa1 #fi1 #gd1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #abj1 #ace1 #acf1 #adc-ade1 #adi1 #afj1 #agf1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aif1 #baf1 #bba1 #bcf n41 #bda n41 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bec1 #bee1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bgg1 #bhj ,london ,spy1 ,the1 #aed ,longacre1 #ahi ,lonsdale1 ,earl of1 #bgb1 #bge ,lords1 ,house of1 #aad ,louis ,,ii1 of ,hungary1 #fe ,louis ,,xiii1 #aba ,louis ,,xv1 #aja ,louterell ,psalter1 #df1 #dh ,love in a ,wood1 #abb ,lowther1 ,mr41 #abi ,loyd1 ,lady ,mary1 #aec n4 ,lucas1 ,john1 coachbuilder1 #bbb ,luttrell1 ,mr41 #aei ,lye1 #fc ,lyly1 ,john1 #eh ,lyon1 ,john1 #eg ,macaulay1 ,lord1 #fa ,macpherson1 #fh ,m',adam1 ,james1 #agh1 #ahe1 #bje ,madrid1 #aea1 #bjf mail-coach1 #hi1 #acf1 #bje1 #bae1 #bah1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bdf ,malvern cart1 #bce1 #bgi ,mann1 ,sir ,horace1 #ahe1 #aih ,manners1 ,henry1 #bnd ,earl of ,rutland1 #gj2 #dth ,earl of ,rutland1 #ga1 #hi ,manton1 #aia ,march1 ,earl of1 #ahh1 #ahi ,marco ,polo1 #cg ,maretto1 ,giovanna ,batta1 #fi ,margaret1 daughter of ,henry ,,vii1 #ec ,marillier1 ,h4 ,c41 #bha1 #bhc market cart1 ,welsh1 #bci ,markland1 ,j4 ,h41 #ed1 #ajb ,martial1 #cf ,mary1 ,queen1 #ee1 #ga ,mary de ,medicis1 #ee ,massachusetts1 #bgf ,massinger1 ,philip1 #hc1 #hg n4 ,matthew of ,westminster1 #ec 8,maypole10 ,the1 #hh ,megiddo1 battle of1 #ba ,meliadus1 le ,roman du ,roy1 #dh ,menange1 #fc ,menshikof1 #aec ,merchant of ,venice1 #gi metal roads1 #bje ,mexico1 #bba ,middlesex ,election1 ,the1 #bac ,milan1 #ej1 #aaj ,mile ,end1 #di milord1 #bcc1 #bff ,milton1 ,rev4 ,william1 #bag1 #bah minibus1 #bdi ,mirabeau1 ,g4 ,h41 #bjh ,misson1 ,m41 #aab ,modern ,carriages1 #bea n4 ,modern ,morning1 ,a1 #aih ,molyneux1 ,mr41 #adb monarchus1 #cb n4 ,monboddo1 ,lord1 #fj monks as roadmakers1 #db ,monmouth1 ,duke of1 #abj ,montagu1 ,lady ,m4 ,w41 #aeb1 #afj ,montbrun1 ,m4 de1 #ii ,moore1 ,francis1 #aib1 #bej ,moore1 ,henry ,charles1 #acf1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej n4 ,morgan1 ,messrs41 coachbuilders1 #bgc ,morison1 ,fynes1 #hi mourning chariot1 #aeg ,much ,ado about ,nothing1 #bab ,murrey1 ,sir ,frederick1 #aag ,muse ,cluny1 #fi ,my ,journie1 #gd ,mysore1 ,maharajah of1 #bci ,nahum1 #bd ,naples1 #cc n41 #ej1 #adj1 #afj2 ,neapolitans1 the1 #hg ,napoleon1 #bjf ,nero1 #cd ,newark1 #ec ,newenham1 #dc ,newmarket1 #ahh ,newport cart1 #bce ,new ,york1 #bc ,nineveh1 #bd noddy1 #bch1 #bci ,nonesuch1 #gg ,norfolk1 #agh norimon1 #ajh ,norris1 ,sir ,john1 #ei ,northampton1 #agf ,northanger ,abbey1 #aii ,northumberland1 ,earl of1 #fa ,norway1 #adj1 #bbd ,norwich1 #gc ,norwich cart1 #bce ,nott1 ,dr41 #bcf ,numa1 #cc ,nuremberg1 #ff ,okey1 ,mr41 #beb ,oldenburgh1 ,count of1 #aab ,olivarez1 ,duke of1 #aea omnibus1 #ach1 #afe1 #afi1 #bdg1 #beb et seq41 #bgb1 #bgi-bhb2 omnibus slice1 #bdi ,omnibuses and ,cabs1 #acfn41 #bdfn4 one-horse cars1 #bean4 ,onslow1 ,colonel ,tommy 7,lord ,cranley71 #baa ,orators1 ,the ,female1 #aje ,orleans1 #aaj ,orsay1 ,count ,d'1 #bgg ,ostend1 #aaj ,oxford1 ,lord1 #abb ,paddington1 #bdg1 #bec ,palestine1 #bd ,pall ,mall1 #acc ,palmer1 ,john1 #bje1 #bae1 #bda ,paris1 #dd1 #eh1 #fi1 #ij1 #ii-aja1 #aji-aaa1 #abj1 #abg1 #acf1 #ach1 #afi1 #agbn41 #aih1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bbf1 #bdd1 #bde1 #beb1 #bec1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bha ,parma1 #abd ,pascal1 ,blaise1 #acf1 #ach ,pegge1 ,samuel1 #ia pegma1 #cb 1 #be ,pen1 ,sir ,william1 #aah ,penn1 ,william1 #bba ,pepys1 ,samuel1 #gd1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abe2 his coach1 #abf et seq42 ,mrs4 ,pepys1 #abg2 ,roger ,pepys1 #acj perambulator1 #ajh perch1 #aai perithron1 #bgb ,peru1 #bbj ,peter the ,great1 #aec ,peter the ,great1 #aecn4 ,peterborough1 ,lady1 #abj1 #aba ,petersburg1 #aec1 #bei ,petersham1 ,lord1 #bce ,petty1 ,sir ,william1 #adb ,petworth1 #adi ,pfeiffer1 ,madame1 #bbc phaeton1 #cd1 #age1 #aib1 #aic1 #aie-aih1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bab1 #bad1 #bbg n41 #bbh n41 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bfb1 #bfi1 #bge2 perch-high phaeton1 #baa1 #bcd1 #bfi2 one-horse phaeton1 #bab2 pony phaeton1 #bab1 #bfg2 spider phaeton1 #bgj2 phaeton chaise1 #aii2 mail-phaeton1 #beg1 #bfi2 basket phaeton1 #beg1 #bgj2 demi-mail phaeton1 #bfi2 ,beaufort phaeton1 #bfi4 ,see also cab-phaeton ,phaeton1 ,the ,new ,fashioned1 #aib ,phaeton1 and the ,one ,horse ,chair1 ,the1 #aic ,phaetona1 or ,modern ,female ,taste1 #aig ,philip the ,fair1 #dd ,philistia1 #bd 1 #bf1 #cf1 #hf ,piacenza1 #abd ,pickering1 ,mr41 #aca ,pickwick1 #aje ,pierce1 ,sir ,harry1 #ig ,piers the ,plowman1 #db pilentum1 #cb1 #cd1 #bcc1 #bga n4 ,pilkington1 ,george1 #ga ,pinch1 the ,social1 #aje ,pius ,,iv1 ,pope1 #eh ,plane ,truth1 #acb plaustrum1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc ,pliny1 #cd plostellum1 #cb n4 ,pomerania1 #ij ,pontife ,brothers1 #db ,portland1 ,duke of1 #bgb ,portsmouth1 #adi ,portugal1 #bj1 #bce post-chaise1 #cb n41 #afe1 #agj et seq41 #aih1 #bjj1 #bje1 #baj1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bca2 cost of1 #baj2 post-coach1 #bjj2 post-landau1 #bjj postilion1 #bf1 #ca1 #dg1 #ej1 #hc1 #aac1 #aef1 #afh1 #aga1 #aij1 #aif1 #aii1 #bbj1 #bfj1 #bgj n41 #bge ,povey1 ,thomas1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #ace ,princess car1 #bgi ,prior1 ,matthew1 #aef ,procopius1 #bh ,provoked ,husband1 ,the1 #add ,prussia1 ,duke of1 #aah ,public ,advertiser1 #aha ,pultowa1 #bed ,punch1 #bgj quar obus1 #beb raft1 primitive1 #ah ,ralli car1 #bgh ,rame1 ,m41 #fa1 #afi ,ramses ,,ii1 #aa1 #ba rath1 #bga n4 ,raworth1 ,robert1 #ib reda1 #cb1 #ce2 reda caballaria1 #ec ,rejected ,addresses1 #bad n4 ,reports on ,carriages1 #bfb rib chair1 #bad1 #bce ,richard ,,ii1 #db1 #dh1 #di1 #ec ,richmond1 ,duchess of 7,arabella ,stewart71 #adj n4 ,rippon1 ,walter1 #gj1 #ga1 #gg roads1 #bh1 #dc1 #ef ,robertson1 coachbuilder1 #bgc ,rochead1 ,mrs41 #ajf rockaway1 #bcf rolling-carts1 #aha1 #ahi2 rollers used1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe ,rome1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb-cf1 #abc1 #abd1 #baa ,rosencrantz1 ,baron1 #aij ,ross-shire1 #aje ,rothschild1 ,baron1 #bfg ,rouans1 ,duc de1 #acf ,roubo1 ,m41 #aba ,rouen1 #bgj n4 ,rouland1 ,roger1 #dh roulette4 ,see brouette4 ,rowe1 ,james1 #aff ,royal ,society1 #aaf1 #aag1 #adb ,russia1 #aec1 #bbc ,rutland1 ,earl of4 ,see ,manners ,ryly1 8embroderer10 #gh ,saint ,james's1 #ajd1 #aje #aij ,salisbury ,court1 #acj ,salvard1 ,lord of ,rousillon1 #ej ,samuel1 ,sir ,marcus1 #bfj ,sardanapalus1 #hb sarracum1 #ca-cc ,saxony1 ,elector of1 #eg ,schenectady1 #bcf ,scotland1 #hg1 #ij1 #aaj1 #adc1 #afa1 #afb1 #bbj ,scott1 ,sir ,walter1 #afg1 #afh ,screven1 ,thomas1 #gf1 #gg ,scythes used for chariots1 #cj1 #ci1 #dj n4 ,scythian cart1 #cg ,sedan1 #he1 #ie ,sedan cart1 #ajj ,sedan chair4 ,see chair ,sedanny1 #ie ,sefton1 ,earl of1 #bfe sella1 #cf2 sella portatoria1 #cg2 sella muliebris1 #cg ,selwyn1 ,george1 #ajb ,seneca1 #cj1 #ca ,sentimental ,journey1 #aga ,shakespeare1 ,william1 #hh n4 ,sharpe1 ,james1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe shay1 #adj1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdf shaze4 ,see chaise ,shillibeer1 ,george1 #bec1 #bed1 #bhj ,shippon1 ,general1 #ee ,shooter's ,hill1 #aag ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 #ei ,siegmund1 ,baron de ,herberstein1 #fe ,sinclair1 ,sir ,john1 #bag six-wheeled carriage1 #bcg ,sketches by ,boz1 #bdb ,sketches of ,english ,society1 #aje 4 ,see sled1 #ah n4 sledge1 #ah1 #aga1 #bbd1 #bbe sleigh1 #ah n41 #bgf sliding body1 #bce ,smith1 ,horace1 #bad n4 ,smith1 ,sir ,sidney1 #bcg ,smithfield1 #aca1 #aih sociable1 #bf1 #adg1 #bac1 #beg2 public sociable1 #bcf ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 #ahe ,soissons1 ,duc de1 #abe ,soliman1 ,emperor of ,turkey1 #fc ,solomon1 #bd ,somerset ,house1 #aei ,sophia1 #aeb ,soult1 ,marshal1 #beh ,sourches1 ,marquis de1 #acf ,southampton1 #baf1 #bfg ,southampton1 ,countess of1 #gf ,south ,kensington1 #adj1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bbe ,spain1 #fb1 #fi1 #hf1 #hh1 #aba1 #abe1 #aea1 #afe1 #afi1 #agj2 ,king of1 #afi ,speaker1 ,mr41 #aac2 his coach and privileges1 #aac1 #aad ,spectator1 ,the1 #aea ,spenser1 ,edmund1 #fb n4 springs1 steel1 first applied to brouette1 #ajj2 ,knapp's patent1 #aae1 #bje1 #bbg n41 #bbh n4 ,squyr of ,low ,degree1 ,the1 #eb ,stafford1 ,lord1 #hh1 #ia stage-coach1 #hi1 #abc1 #ace1 #acf1 #add1 #afg1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bje1 #bad-bah1 #bbb1 #bbg n4 ,stage-,coach and ,mail in ,days of ,yore1 #ace n41 #bae n4 ,stage-,coaches1 ,the ,dangers of ,travelling in1 #bag n4 stage-waggon1 #hi1 #bbb ,stanhope1 ,hon4 ,philip1 #bce stanhope1 #bce1 #bge2 stanhope phaeton1 #beg1 #bfi ,staple of ,news1 #gi state coach1 #abc-abe1 #aei1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #beg2 of ,great ,britain1 #ahe et seq42 ,lord ,mayor's1 #ahh station wagon1 #bge steam-carriage1 #bee ,steele1 ,sir ,richard1 #ajc1 #afj ,sterne1 ,lawrence1 #aga1 #agb ,stopford1 ,mrs4 ,diana1 #ig ,stowe1 ,john1 #dh1 #gj1 #ge ,strand1 the1 #hh1 #ib1 #ahe ,stratford-le-bowe1 #hd ,stratton1 ,ezra ,n41 #ah n41 #ba n41 #bb n41 #bc n41 #cb n41 #ej n41 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bfg ,strogonoff1 ,count1 #bei ,strutt1 #df ,suetonius1 #cg suicide gig1 #bad sulky1 #baj1 #bcf1 #bgc surrey1 #bge suspension1 early attempts at1 #ce1 #df1 #fd2 new ideas on1 #fg1 #gg ,suspension of ,road ,carriages1 #bgf n4 ,sutton1 founder of the ,charterhouse1 #eg swing-poles1 #cd ,swinstead ,abbey1 #ec ,switzerland1 #bbd1 #bgc ,syria1 #bd ,taaff1 ,theobald1 #ahh talc used for windows1 #cf1 #aba1 #aed tandem cart1 #bce1 #bgh taranta1 #bbc1 #bbd ,tarquin1 #cc ,tartar carriage1 #cg ,tatler1 ,the1 #ajc1 #afj ,taurinum1 #fe tax on coaches1 #agc1 #agd ,taylor1 ,john1 #ei1 #fj1 #fe1 #fi1 #gj1 #gc1 #ge1 #gh-hj1 #hb-hd1 #ij ,t-cart1 #bfi telashka1 #bbd teleka1 #bbd ,temple1 ,the1 #aca2 ,temple ,bar1 #afe ,thiefe1 ,the1 #hc ,thorpe1 ,john1 #aii three-wheeled carriage1 #bcf2 -- cab1 #bcf n4 ,thrupp1 ,g4 ,a41 #bd1 #bg1 #ce1 #dj1 #eb1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #aai1 #abj n41 #abd1 #adj1 #agj1 #ahe1 #bjf1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfh1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bge ,thurloe1 ,mr4 ,secretary1 #aab ,thutmose ,,iii1 #ba 8tiger10 the1 #bgg ,tilbury1 coachbuilder1 #bcd1 #bce tilbury1 #bbg n41 #bbh n41 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdb ,timoleon1 #bg tim-whisky1 #ahb tonga1 #bgi ,toulouse1 #aci ,tower of ,london1 #di1 #ee n41 #hd ,town ,country ,magazine1 #aig traineau1 #aga ,travelling1 ,past and ,present1 ,a ,book about1 #hd n4 treckscuyt1 #aga ,treves1 #ca tribus1 #beb ,tristram ,shandy1 #aga ,tron ,church1 #ajf ,trull1 ,john1 #agj tub-bodied gig1 #bcf ,tuileries1 ,the1 #aaj ,tu ,quoque1 #hc ,turkey1 #aae1 #aeb ,turner1 ,mr41 #acj turnpikes1 #agi ,tuscany1 ,grand ,duke of1 #ajb2 ,lady ,margaret of1 #abc ,tussaud's exhibition1 #bjf ,twining1 ,thomas1 #bbb ,tyler1 ,wat1 #dh tympanum1 #cb ,utrecht1 ,peace of1 #aea ,vanaigrette4 ,see brouette ,vanbrugh1 ,sir ,john1 #add ,venice1 #ajb n4 ,verona1 #fg1 #fi ,vic1 ,sir ,henry de1 #aaj ,victoria1 ,queen1 #bje1 #bab1 #bee1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfg victoria1 #bab1 #bcd1 #bfd1 #bff-bfh ,vidler1 coachbuilder1 #bfa ,vienna1 #aai1 #bjf1 #bff1 #bfg vigoureux1 #afi vis--vis1 #aai1 #ada1 #agb1 #bjg1 #baj volante1 #adj1 #bcf ,voyages and ,discoveries1 ,collection of1 #ajg ,waade1 ,sir ,william1 #hd ,wachten1 #fc waggon1 primitive1 #bj2 ,roman1 #cb1 #ahj2 wagon1 ,american1 #bgc waggonette1 #beg1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgi2 ,portland waggonette1 #bgb2 ,lonsdale waggonette1 #bgb ,wales1 #bci ,wales1 ,princess of 7,queen ,alexandra71 #bfg ,waliszewski1 ,k41 #ec ,wallachia1 #ce ,walpole1 ,horace1 #adg1 #adh1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aih ,walsingham ,house1 #gg ,ward1 ,ned1 #aed1 #afc-afe ,warren1 ,sir ,william1 #acj ,warton1 ,thomas1 #aic ,warwick1 #gb ,waude1 coachbuilder1 #bfa ,weld1 ,isaac1 #bbb ,westminster1 #dc1 #ee n41 #ij2 ,westminster ,bridge1 #aif ,westmorland1 #eg1 #bgb wheel1 primitive1 #ag1 #ai2 how made1 #bj2 ,egyptian1 #bd2 war of the wheels1 #agf et seq4 whirlicote1 #dh1 #di1 #fb1 #fc whiskey1 #bac1 #bad ,white1 ,h4 ,a41 #bb1 #bd ,whitechapel cart1 #bce1 #bgh ,whitehall1 #hd1 #abi1 #acc ,wicliffe1 #di ,wilkes1 ,john1 #ajd1 #aga ,wilkins1 ,dean1 #aag ,william ,rufus1 #ec ,william ,,iv1 #bfa ,william of ,malmesbury1 #ec ,williams1 ,oakley1 #aac ,williams1 ,sir ,roger1 #ei ,willoughby1 ,lord ,grey and1 #ei ,wilson1 ,arthur1 #fa n41 #hf1 #hg ,windsor1 #adi windsor chair1 #bjj ,wolverhampton1 #bgi ,world on ,wheels1 ,the1 #ah n41 #ci n41 #beg ,world runnes on ,wheels2 or ,oddes ,betwixt ,carts and ,coaches1 ,the1 #ha ,wright1 ,edward1 #cc n41 #bbe ,wright1 ,john1 #ahi ,wright1 ,william1 #gf ,xerxes1 #bf ,yarmouth cart1 #ce ,york1 ,duke of1 #abj1 #acb ,yorkshire1 #add ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,brendon ,,and ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,plymouth 99 99 99 99 99 ,,grahame ,,of ,,claverhouse ,,viscount ,,dundee ,by ,michael ,barrington ,with many ,portraits reproduced in ,photogravure1 ,military ,maps of the ,campaigns1 a ,pedigree1 ,facsimile ,letter1 and copious ,bibliography4 ,in one volume1 ,imperial ,octavo 7#aa in4 #g-a_/b in47 ,price ,thirty ,shillings net4 ,it is now precisely two hundred and twenty-two years since ,lord ,dundee fell mortally wounded at ,killiecrankie1 lamented by his followers as the 8last and best of ,scots10 and cited by his most inveterate opponents as the man upon whose life ,king ,james's cause depended4 ,few famous leaders have been more violently condemned by partisan historians than the 8,bluidy ,claver'se0 of ,whig tradition1 few more fervently eulogised than the 8,bonnie ,dundee0 of ,jacobite romance and song2 but the time has now come when it is possible to form a dispassionate and comprehensive estimate of a much-disputed character and career4 ,the book is valuable for its vivid picture of the ,highland ,campaign1 which 7though constituting ,dundee's chief claim to immortality7 has hitherto been very inadequately treated by historians4 ,in this latest and most complete biography of ,claverhouse1 the requirements of the student1 the man of action1 and the general public1 have all been considered4 ,the illustrations form an attractive feature and include amongst others the famous ,glamis and ,melville portraits of the 8,persecutor10 a facsimile of one of his letters to ,lord ,queensberry1 and a beautiful1 but little-known1 contemporary pencil drawing1 which in its delicacy of execution rivals the art of the miniature painter4 ,new and excellent military maps 7bearing the imprint of ,mr4 ,edward ,stanford71 an itinerary of the ,highland ,campaign and a copious bibliography1 much enhance the practical utility of ,mr4 ,barrington's work4 ,especial care has been devoted to the production of the book1 and its appearance will be found to please the most critical4 ,the paper used is an ,antique ,laid1 specially manufactured for the volume4 ,the edition is limited to #ijj copies for sale in ,england and ,america1 and in addition to these there is an ,edition de ,luxe1 strictly limited to #ej copies1 each one numbered and signed by the ,author4 ,the ordinary edition is bound in brown buckram1 with a cover design embodying the arms of ,claverhouse reproduced in gilt2 the ,edition de ,luxe is bound in full vellum1 and the photogravures are specially printed on ,india paper4 ,the price of the latter is ,three ,guineas net1 and only a small number remain4 ,,martin ,,secker1 ,,number ,,five ,,john ,,street1 ,,adelphi ,martin ,seeker's ,books ,grahame of ,claverhouse1 ,viscount ,dundee4 ,by ,,michael ,,barrington4 ,with ,portraits in ,photogravure1 ,military ,maps of the ,campaigns1 c4 ,imperial #hvo1 #cjs4 net4 ,the ,battle of the ,boyne3 ,together with an ,account based on ,french and other ,unpublished ,records of the ,war in ,ireland 7#afhh-afia71 and of the ,formation of the ,irish ,brigade in the ,service of ,france4 ,by ,,demetrius ,,charles ,,boulger4 ,fully illustrated with ,portraits in ,photogravure4 ,medium #hvo1 #bas4 net4 ,the ,linleys of ,bath4 ,by ,,clementina ,,black4 ,fully illustrated in ,half-tone and ,photogravure4 ,medium #hvo1 #afs4 net4 ,old ,english ,houses3 ,the ,record of a ,random ,itinerary4 ,by ,,allan ,,fea4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure and over #ajj ,illustrations in ,half-tone4 ,demy #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,nooks and ,corners of ,old ,england4 ,by ,,allan ,,fea4 ,with ,frontispiece and over #ajj ,illustrations in ,half-tone4 ,pocket ,edition1 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,mary ,wollstonecraft3 ,a ,study in ,economics and ,romance4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,stirling ,,taylor4 ,with ,photogravure ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,oscar ,wilde3 ,a ,critical ,study4 ,by ,,arthur ,,ransome4 ,with a ,portrait in ,photogravure4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,edgar ,allan ,poe3 ,a ,critical ,study4 ,by ,,arthur ,,ransome4 ,with a ,portrait in ,photogravure4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,thomas ,love ,peacock3 ,a ,critical ,study4 ,by ,a4 ,,martin ,,freeman4 ,with a ,portrait in ,photogravure4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,people and ,questions4 ,a ,new ,volume of ,essays by ,g4 ,s4 ,,street4 ,wide ,crown #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,second ,thousand ,hieroglyphics3 ,a ,note upon ,ecstasy in ,literature4 ,by ,,arthur ,,machen4 ,wide ,crown #hvo1 #es4 net ,the ,hoofmarks of the ,faun4 ,a ,book of ,stories by ,,arthur ,,ransome4 ,fcap #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,the ,repertory ,theatre3 ,a ,record and a ,criticism4 ,by ,p4 ,p4 ,,howe4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,coronal3 ,a ,new ,anthology of ,prose and ,verse1 ,classical and ,modern in ,selection4 ,chosen by ,l4 ,m4 ,,lamont4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure from a ,picture by ,,vittore ,,carpaccio4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,limp ,cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 ,cream ,buckram1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,carmina ,varia4 ,a ,new ,volume of ,verses by ,c4 ,,kennett ,,burrow4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure from a ,picture by ,,joachim ,,patinir4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,limp ,cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 ,cream ,buckram1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,the ,tenth ,muse4 ,by ,,edward ,,thomas4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,limp ,cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 ,cream ,buckram1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,some ,eccentrics and a ,woman4 ,by ,,lewis ,,melville4 ,with a ,frontispiece reproduced in ,colour from a ,deighton ,portrait1 and many other ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,leaders of the ,people3 ,studies in ,democratic ,history from the ,twelfth ,century to the ,time of the ,chartist ,movement4 ,by ,,joseph ,,clayton4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure and many interesting ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,number ,five ,john ,street1 ,adelphi1 ,london