,florida ,cav]ns3 ,a ,nature-,made      
,und]gr\nd ,wond]l&      ,illu/ration3  
,! /one adm9i/ration build+1 :i* has be5
 erect$  ne> ! entrance to ! cav]ns1 0  
built by h& f ! solid rock  f\ndation to
 ! h&-riv5 cypress %ake ro(4 ,! walls   
are built (  beautifully wea!r$ native  
lime/one & ! %elt] ro( is support$  by  
h&-hewn timb]s prep>$ on ! gr\nd4       
,p>ties1 :o t\r !  cav]ns1 jo9 guides "h
 & return aft] ! t\r4    ,illu/ration3  
,florida ,cav]ns                        
,,florida ,,cav]ns        ,"h we behold 
mo/ wondr\s sights        ,no mortal    
und]/&s1    ,( /alactites & /alagmites1 
,a h\se n made ) h&s4      ,"h ,nature  
set to "w h] h&s        ,9 ages long    
s9ce gone1    ,t man might quit 8 "w on 
l&s        ,to see & pond] on4      ,:at
 means ^! flut$ columns tall1--         
,^! p5dants f ! dome8    ,^! sculptur$  
figures l>ge & small1        ,excell+   
,greece & ,rome8      ,?is drap]y /rip$ 
) ,nature's hues1        ,9 regul>      
spaces wr\ght8    ,^! sc5es man's pride 

at once subdues--        ,!y are beyond 
8 ?\ght4      ,! brute w\ld look & turn 
away        ,to seek 8 fill ( food2     
',tis ours to seek :ile "h we /ay1      
,! ,great ,creative ,good4      ,!      
,ar*itect )9 ^: m9d        ,! wond]s ( !
 sea1    ,! l&1 ! sky1 & all _! k9d1    
,has wr\ght = y & me4      ,t we may    
look ^u ,8 de$s        ,& make our own  
exp&1    ,= we alone be/ s]ve all ne$s  
,z tools )9 ,8 h&4                      
--,*>les ,cott+ham                      
,m>ianna1 ,florida    ,illu/ration3 ,!  
/alagmite on ! "r is almo/ jo9$ ) a     
/alactite4 ,if x does1 x w make a       
column4 ,! grape-l clu/]s 9  ! upp]     
=egr\nd result :5 ! fl[ ( wat] is s sl[ 
t all (  x evaporates f ! ceil+s &      
deposits its m9]al load !re4            
,,florida ,,cav]ns                      
,a ,,nature-,,made ,,wond]l&            
,by ,rob]t ,o4 ,v]non                   
,assi/ant ,director1 ,florida           
,geological ,survey    ,florida is truly
 a *ild ( ! sea1 s9ce all ! rocks       

compos+ its  l& 7 =m$ directly on !     
ocean bottoms or by /reams empty+  along
 ! %ores4 ,f ! record ( ^! rocks we "k t
 ,florida has  be5 alt]nately above &   
bel[ ! sea _m times 9 ! geologic pa/4   
,9 fact1 ! rocks visible 9 ! p>k area at
 ,florida ,cav]ns1 ne>  ,m>ianna1       
,florida1 & 9 ! caves 7 =m$ f ! h>d     
%ells (  animals t liv$ 9 "o ( ^! seas4 
,z ! animals di$1 _!  %ells accumulat$  
on ! sea bottoms1 :]e !y 7 cov]$ by o!r 
%ells & h>d5$ into lime rock4    ,^!    
%ells1 call$ 8fossils0 by ! geologi/1   
are rema9s repres5t+  cemet]ies ( ! pa/4
 ,along mo/ ( our coa/al areas & sea    
bottoms  ^! %ells are accumulat+ & =m+  
lime/one today4 ,su* lime/one  has =m$  
also 9 ! areas _m miles remov$ f !      
pres5t seas1 z  9 ,i[a & o!r middle     
we/]n /ates1 tell+ u :]e seas h be5  9 !
 pa/4    ,illu/ration3 ,z visitors      
explore ! well-light$ trails &          
passageways1 !y notice ! icicle-l       
=mations t hang f !  ceil+s & ! heavi]  
ones t project f ! floor4 ,!y /udy !    

columns t seem to help support ! rock   
above & ! small passages  t ext5d 9 _m  
directions4 ,!y notice sea %ells imb$d$ 
9 walls  & ceil+s4    ,h[ d we "k t ^!  
lime/ones 7 =m$ 9 ! sea8 ,! next  "t y g
 ?r\gh ! caves at ,florida ,cav]ns look 
closely at !  walls & y w be able to f9d
 ! %ells ( ,scollops & o!r  clams4 ,^!  
animals liv$ only 9 %all[ seas4 ,! mo/  
common %ell  t y w notice w be _m small 
coil$ flat %ells ab\t ! size  ( b>ley   
se$ & flat ?9 disks ab\t ! size ( dimes 
& qu>t]s4  ,! animals t =m$ ^! %ells are
 kn[n z ,=am9if]a & h  ! fancy names (  
,op]cul9oides & ,lepidocycl9a4 ,!y are  
"o  cell$ animals 7our mo/ primitive7 & 
are relat$ to "s ( !  p>asites t cause  
disease4 ,^! p>ticul> animals are ext9ct
 &  are kn[n only f ^! rocks4 ,f _!     
association ) o!r %ells  !y are kn[n to 
h liv$ 9 %all[ salt-wat] seas1 & by     
means (  !m ! geologi/ is able to       
recognize ?is p>ticul> lime/one1 ev5  :5
 x has be5 tak5 f a well drill$ _m feet 
bel[ ! gr\nd  surface1 = ^! small %ells 

are recognizable ev5 :5 ! lime/one  has 
be5 brok5 into f9e fragm5ts4    ,!      
lime/one 9 :i* ! caves ( ,florida       
,cav]ns 7 c>v$ is kn[n  f geologic      
/udies made ?r\gh\t ! /ate to h be5     
rais$ f  ! sea by l& movem5ts aft] be+  
=m$ & to h be5 ext5sively  erod$1 foll[+
 :i* x 0 aga9 subm]g$ "u ! sea & o!r    
lime/ones deposit$ ov] ! erod$ surface4 
,^! lime/ones 7  subsequ5tly rais$ out (
 ! sea to be erod$4 ,ov] ?is second     
erod$  surface a delta deposit ( s&1    
clay & gravel 0 =m$ by /reams  t empti$ 
into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4    ,! lime/one t
 y w see 9 ! caves is kn[n z ! ,ocala   
lime/one1 nam$ f deposits ne> ,ocala1   
,florida4 ,9 ! region ab\t  ! ,florida  
,cav]ns1 lime/ones nam$ ! ,suwannee     
lime/one & !  ,m>ianna lime/one ov]lie !
 ,ocala lime/one4 ,^! lime/ones 7  nam$ 
= deposits recogniz$ along ! ,suwannee  
riv] & at ,m>ianna1  ,florida4 ,! s&1   
clay & gravel ov]ly+ all ( ^! lime/ones 
are  n nam$ b are believ$ to be ! same  
age z deposits ( ! geologic  p]iod      

popul>ly kn[n z ! 8ice age40            
,illu/ration3 ,! 8duck0 results f       
irregul> resi/ance ( !  lime/one to     
solution by gr\nd wat]4 ,^! nodul>      
masses 7 m  resi/ant & ! less-resi/ant1 
usually s(t] lime/one has be5  remov$ f 
ab\t !m1 leav+ ! =m resembl+ a duck4    
,sev]al  /alagmites are 9 ! backgr\nd4  
,^! are y\ng] ?an ! 8duck40    ,s9ce    
em]g+ f ! sea = ! la/ "t1 ?is "p (      
,florida ab\t  ! /ate p>k area has be5  
und]go+ *anges con/antly4 ,! rocks  h   
be5 cont9u\sly attack$ by elem5ts ( !   
wea!r1 &  dis9tegrat$ :]e expos$4 ,runn+
 /reams c>ry away mu* ( ^!  products (  
wea!r+1 b ! "w ( wat] "u ! gr\nd is !   
major factor 9 ! creation ( ^! caves & !
 deposits 9 !m4  ,?is und]gr\nd wat]1   
runn+ ?r\gh ! pores 9 ! lime/one1 has   
be5 & is n[ we>+ away portions ( ! l&4  
,^! wat] *annels  are isolat$ along     
fractures1 b$d+ planes & o!r /ructural  
weaknesses1 or along poorly consolidat$ 
rock4 ,! wat] dissolves !  lime/one &   
c>ries x out into surface /reams & on to

 ! sea1 &  z ?is mat]ial is c>ri$ away !
 rock1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[$  to !      
surface1 is be+ worn away an equal      
am\nt4 ,! am\nt ( ?is  mat]ial be+ c>ri$
 away is illu/rat$ at ,silv] ,spr+s1 "o 
( our  l>g] spr+s1 :]e ea* day ab\t #dej
 tons ( rock is c>ri$ away  dissolv$ 9  
wat]4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t ?is is only "o 
(  ?\s&s ( spr+s 9 ,florida1 y c readily
 see :at a l>ge am\nt  ( rock is be+    
dissolv$ f b5ea? ! gr\nd & j h[ cav]n\s 
! rock mu/ be4      ,all =ms ( wildlife 
are protect$ 9 ,florida's ,/ate ,p>ks4  
,hunt+1  trapp+1 or %oot+ are n p]mitt$4
 ,^! ,/ate ,p>ks belong to y4  ,help    
protect !m4    ,= fur!r in=mation on    
specific p>ks & hi/oric memorials write3
  ,director1 ,florida ,bo>d ( ,p>ks &   
,hi/oric ,memorials1 ,tallahassee1      
,florida4    ,illu/ration3 ,gr\nd wat]  
cascad+ d[n a g5tle lime/one face 0     
pond$ irregul>ly & ! evaporation ( !    
wat] along ! out] edges  =m$ small      
t]races4                                
,solution ( ,lime/one      ,! rocks 9   

:i* ! caves ( ! ,florida ,cav]ns ,/ate  
,p>k 7  =m$ are lime/one4 ,?is rock is  
made ( ! m9]al calcite1 calcium         
c>bonate1 & x is soluble 9 pure wat] "u 
conditions ( favorable  /ructure1 a     
cont9u\s supply ( mov+ wat] & "t4       
,h[ev]1 9 !  wat] ( ,florida ?is        
lime/one is readily dissolv$1 because ! 
humid  climate & prolific vegetation    
contribute organic & m9]al acids to     
wat] & make x a highly pot5t solv5t t is
 capable ( dissolv+  l>ge am\nts ( ?is  
rock4    ,lime/one is z a rule jo9t$    
v]tically & b$d$ horizontally4  ,op5+s  
along ^! jo9ts & b$s provide easy av5ues
 ( travel =  wat]4 ,! ultimate s\rce (  
all ( ,florida's gr\nd wat] is f !  ra9 
& precipitates f ! air4 ,z ?is ra9 wat] 
falls ?r\gh !  air x becomes *>g$ )     
c>bon dioxide gas :i* comb9es ) wat]  to
 =m c>bonic acid4 ,on ! gr\nd humic     
acids f rott+ vegetation  is add$4 ,^!  
are ! common natural solv5ts ( lime/one4
 ,a good  portion ( ?is acid *>g$ wat]  
soaks into ! gr\nd1 & z x  desc5ds ?r\gh

 lime rock small portions ( ! rock are  
dissolv$4  ,h[ev]1 relatively little    
solution occurs until suffici5t wat]    
ent]s  ! rock to fill completely all !  
available pores4 ,9 ?is portion (  !    
rock1 saturat$ ) wat] & ba!d ) weak     
acids1 solution is  mo/ active4 ,because
 ( ! pressure ( wat] ent]+ ! rock1 gr\nd
  wat] t5ds to move horizontally along  
b$d+ planes :i* (f] !  easie/ exit4     
,?us1 cave sy/ems g5]ally are develop$  
horizontally &  "o sy/em may lie ov]    
ano!r & !y may be connect$ by v]tical   
tubes & rooms4    ,illu/ration3 ,weird  
vi/as & e]ie silh\ettes meet ! eyes (   
visitors :o explore ! amaz+ networks (  
trails 9 ,florida ,cav]ns4  ,droplets ( 
m9]al wat]1 dripp+ ?r\gh ! ages1 =m$ ^! 
und]gr\nd caves into a natural1 b highly
 arti/ic wond]l&4    ,any ra9 wat] ent]+
 ! rock f ! surface makes its way d[nw>d
  to fill completely all ! pores ( !    
rock at "s dep?4 ,at x moves  d[nw>d &  
!n into ! saturat$ rock ?r\gh pores &   
op5 spaces  x acts z a sl[ solv5t to    

increase ! size ( ! op5+s & to  connect 
!m to =m a cont9u\s sy/em ( *annels     
?r\gh :i*  /reams fill+ ! cavities may  
run4    ,z l>ge cav]ns are =m$1 solution
 cavities ( irregul> %ape are  gradually
 cut out & enl>g$4 ,"s ( ^! may be exp&$
 to a po9t  ne> ! surface :]e surface   
deposits 7l>gely s& 9 ,florida7 w       
collapse into ! cav]n & a s9k is =m$4 ,!
 l>g] "p (  ,florida's natural lakes1   
s9ks1 depressions & ponds are ! result (
  solution ( ! und]ly+ lime/one4 ,^!    
features range f small  pits a few feet 
9 diamet] to l>ge depressions sev]al    
miles broad4  ,_m are p]fectly r\nd1    
o!rs are highly irregul>4 ,"s are       
cone-%ap$ ) rocky bottoms1 "s h broadly 
develop$ flat bottoms  & are kn[n z     
prairies4 ,/ill o!rs are v]tical tubes1 
only a few  in*es 9 diamet] 9 "s cases1 
t ext5d z mu* z "o hundr$ feet  d[n into
 ! lime/ones4 ,^! are 8natural wells40  
,florida's ,/ate ,p>ks include miles (  
:ite s& bea*es1 f9e /reams1  beautiful  
spr+s1 excell5t fi%+ wat]s1 floral      

displays1 wood$  rav9es & out/&+        
recreational areas4 ,x is ! ,florida 9  
:i*  ! ,indians hunt$1 fi%$ & liv$ 9    
orig9al surr\nd+s ( great  natural *>m &
 wildlife pr(usion 444 :]e yet rema9s ! 
memory &  impr9t ( ,spani%              
conqui/adores1 ,fr5* crusad]s &         
,anglo-,saxon  coloniz]s4 ,ph5om5a su* z
 disappe>+ riv]s1 vani%+ lakes1  hi/oric
 %r9es1 virg9 c\ntry1 /range subt]ranean
 l&scapes are all  to be se5 inside !   
p>ks4    ,illu/ration3 8,fre% crisp     
bacon0 =m$ by wat] fl[+ orig9ally  f a  
crack or elongate hole & cascad+ d[n !  
face ( !  lime/one4 ,! deposit =m$ z a  
small ridge t !n act$ z !  c\rse (      
subsequ5t wat] :i* add$ additional      
deposits4 ,! d>k  b&s conta9 "s impurity
 to give a color to ! ord9>ily :ite     
calcite4                                
,l& ,movem5ts 9 ,florida      ,if ^!    
caves1 we see 9 ! ,florida ,cav]ns ,p>k 
area1 7 =m$  "u wat]1 h[ is x possible  
to walk ?r\gh !m today8 ,?is is an      
obvi\s "q :i* requires an answ]4 ,if    

rocks =m$ "u m>9e  wat]s are expos$ on !
 l& surface today x is obvi\s t ! l&    
has be5 rais$ out ( ! sea1 or ! sea has 
l[]$4 ,f geologic  evid5ce x is kn[n t  
,florida has be5 ris+ s9ce late geologic
  "t4 ,?is elevation is believ$ to be   
caus$ by d[nw>p+ at ! m\?  ( !          
,mississippi ,riv]1 :]e _m ?\s&s ( box  
c> loads (  s$im5t are dump$ ea* day1   
accompani$ by adju/m5ts 9 ! e>?'s  cru/ 
& ! elevation ( l& areas surr\nd+ !     
delta ( !  ,mississippi ,riv]4    ,!n   
!re is a second cause by :i* ^! caves   
are made dry4 ,ev]yone  has he>d t ice  
caps ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles ( ! e>?1 b few
  p realize t1 if all ?is ice melt$1 !  
level ( ! sea z x  is kn[n today w\ld be
 high] by ab\t #aaj feet4 ,if all pol>  
ice  melt$1 ! ,*ipola ,riv] at ,florida 
,cav]ns1 w\ld become a salt bay1        
,m>ianna a seaport t[n1 & a bay bea*    
w\ld be locat$ ne> ! p>k  area4 ,h[ev]1 
d n sell y\r pres5t bea* prop]ty too    
quickly s9ce  ?is pol> ice is kn[n to be
 melt+ only a few in*es a c5tury4       

,illu/ration3 ,well-light$1 und]gr\nd   
trails make accessible ,florida's  amaz+
 network ( und]gr\nd passageways4 ,!    
temp]ature rema9s at  ab\t #fc degrees1 
,f4 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 addition1 natural 
rock  g>d5s1 wildlife1 hi/orical values 
& recreational facilities make  ,florida
 ,cav]ns "o ( ! ,s\?'s out/&+ ,/ate     
,p>ks4    ,consid]+ ! sub-tropical      
climate ( ,florida1 isn't x peculi> t   
ice _h s mu* to d 9 %ap+ our l& surface8
 ,z a matt] ( record  all ( ! surficial 
deposits mak+ up ! l>ge "p ( ! l&       
surface ( ,florida 7 creat$ & %ap$ dur+ 
! geologic pa/ 7"o  to t5 million ye>s  
ago7 :5 ice pil$ up on ! poles & mov$   
d[n  ov] l[] latitudes or :5 ?is ice 0  
be+ melt$4 ,9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates z ?is ice
 pil$ up on ! ,nor? ,pole & mov$ d[n ov]
 mo/ (  ! middle we/]n /ates1 ! wat] =m+
 ?is ice came f ocean  bas9s & ! wat] 9 
!m 0 l[]$ z mu* z ?ree to f\r hundr$    
feet4 ,at ?is "t mu* ( ! ,gulf &        
,atlantic bottoms 0 uncov]$1  l& /reams 
cut _! valleys mu* deep]1 gr\nd wat]    

circulat$ mu*  m vigor\sly & rocks ?r\gh
 :i* x pass$ 7 dissolv$ fa/]4  ,lat] z  
?is ice 0 melt$ ! l[] p>ts ( /ream      
valleys 7  fill$ ) salt wat] & ! /reams 
became sluggi% & deposit$  s$im5t 9 _!  
valleys to make _! flood-pla9s4         
,gr\nd-wat]  circulation 0 ret>d$ & !   
bottoms ( ! ,gulf & ,atlantic 7  aga9   
cov]$4 ,?is uncov]+ ( ! bottoms ( !     
,gulf & ,atlantic  foll[$ by cov]+      
con/itutes a cycle4 ,five ( ^! cycles h 
be5  recogniz$ 9 ,florida1 & ! r$ s&s1  
clay & gravel t make up  ! surface ( mo/
 ( ,florida repres5t =m] bottoms ( !    
,gulf &  ,atlantic1 n[ rais$ out ( ^!   
seas by l& movem5ts4    ,today we are   
liv+ 9 a p]iod foll[+ a "t ! nor!rn &   
s\!rn extremes ( ! e>? 7 cov]$ by ice1 &
 ?is ice is /ill  melt+ (f ( ^! areas4  
,9 #ga1jjj acres ( p>ks1 valu$ at       
approximately #ej1jjj1jjj1 ,florida     
(f]s ! vacation] a natural wond]l& he c 
explore4 ,)9 ^!  p>k areas ! visitor c  
discov] = himself ! 8true0 ,florida by  
c>1 along foot trails1 navigat+ tropical

 riv]s & /reams--or by  foll[+ elevat$  
bo>dwalks ?r\gh haunt+ly beautiful      
swamps4    ,illu/ration3 ,/alagmites    
result+ f v>i$ orig9s4 ,! c5t] "o  0 =m$
 f ! int]gr[? ( sev]al /alagmites4 ,!   
deposit on  ! left 0 develop$ z a s]ies 
( flat bas9-l p>ts1 ov] :i*  wat] spla%$
 & cascad$ to ! floor1 ! bas9s be+      
incl9$ 9  v>i\s directions4 ,! "r       
/alagmite began z did ! left "o b  !    
bas9s 7 soon elim9at$ & ! gr[? 0 made m 
regul>ly4                               
,deposits 9 ,cave      ,we h se5 !n 9 ! 
prec$+ discussion h[ caves are =m$      
l>gely 9 rocks saturat$ ) wat]1 & h[ by 
l& movem5ts &  *anges ( sea level !     
caves & pores =m$ 9 ?is rock are mov$   
above p]man5t wat] levels & expos$ to   
air4 ,x !n becomes possible  to deposit 
rock 9 ! pores & caves r ?an to increase
 _! size  by solution4 ,z y g ?r\gh !   
caves y w notice t ! walls  are wet & t 
wat] is ooz+ out ( ! pores ( ! rock4    
,?is wat] has j pass$ ?r\gh lime/one &  
has dissolv$ p>ts (  ! rock4 ,! read]   

und\bt$ly kn[s t wat] w dissolve a      
sub/ance 9 l>ge quantities & m rapidly  
if x is hot1 & t x  c hold m gases to   
make /rong] acids if x is "u pressure4  
,s1  hav+ be5 releas$ f a relatively w>m
 rock 9 :i* x 0 "u  "s pressure & :]e   
!re 0 little air circulat+1 into a l>ge 
cave :]e rapidly circulat+ air cools !  
cave & evaporates !  wat]1 ?is wat] c no
 long] hold all ! lime/one x has        
dissolv$  & x releases "p ( x4    ,small
 drops ( wat] em]g+ f ! lime rock on    
cave walls are  evaporat$ & calcite &   
o!r rock m9]als are deposit$ along ^!   
walls4 ,:]e ^! drops cascade along !    
walls a cont9u\s elongat$  ridge is     
deposit$4 ,if ! wat] oozes out 9 an     
extremely f9e coat+  ( wat]1 ! entire   
ceil+1 walls & floor may be pav$ )      
calcite4    ,illu/ration3 ,^! deposits  
comb9e a r ev5 & g5]al fl[ (  wat] &    
possible int]gr[? ( ! /alactites to make
 ! ?ick5$  deposit4 ,! gr\nd wat] issu$ 
m rapidly & 0 conc5trat$ at "o  po9t to 
make ! long tubul> deposits1 ! tube be+ 

made by rapid  evaporation along ! out] 
m>g9s ( ! drops ( wat] z !y hang on  !  
/alactite be=e ! l>ge "p ( ! wat] falls 
to ! floor4    ,:]e individual drops    
collect on ! cave ceil+s1 a ?9 deposit  
may  be =m$ on ! ceil+ aft] :i* ! rema9+
 wat] may drop to !  cave floor :]e m   
calcite is deposit$4 ,cont9u\s dripp+   
results  9 pair$ deposits ext5d+ d[n f !
 ceil+ & up f ! floor4  ,! deposit on ! 
floor is commonly ?ick] & m column>1    
:]eas  t on ! ceil+ is ?9 & tap]+ mu* l 
an icicle4 ,^?  hang+ f ! ceil+ are     
call$ /alactites & ^? on ! floor  are   
/alagmites4 ,:]e ^! two deposits are    
jo9$ !y are kn[n z  a column4    ,^!    
cave =mations are all compos$ ( ! m9]al 
calcite1 :i*  =ms all lime rock4 ,if y w
 notice 9 ! cave ?is m9]al is           
cry/all9e1 & x is rem>kable t z calcite 
cry/allizes f !  _m individual drops (  
wat] x is arrang$ always 9 a p>ticul>   
patt]n4 ,^! cry/al faces reflect light &
 =m ! _m unusual &  beautiful           
arrangem5ts :i* y w see 9 a visit to !  

caves4                                  
,e>ly ,hi/ory      ,s9ce e>ly "t1       
,florida ,cav]ns h _h int]e/4 ,!y 7 fir/
  m5tion$ 9 writ+s by ,fri> ,b>r$a1 :o 0
 ) ! fir/ ov]l&  exp$ition made by !    
,spani>ds to ,p5sacola ,bay4 ,! foll[+  
p>agraph is 9 ! ,fri>'s own words1      
writt5 #bef ye>s ago3    8,on ,june #ab 
7#afic7 we cont9u$ nor?we/ & aft] we _h 
j\rney$ a  little m ?an ?ree leagues 444
 we rea*$ an ab&on$ village ( !  ,*octaw
 tribe call$ ,san ,ni*olas :]e ,i came  
to prea* ! holy gospel  9 ! ye> #afgd4  
,"h we sp5t ! night 9 ! holl[ ( su* a   
beautiful & unusual rock t ,i c /ate    
positively t m ?an #bjj  m5 c\ld be     
lodg$ mo/ com=tably 9 x4 ,inside1 !re is
 a brook  :i* gu%es f ! liv+ rock40     
,illu/ration3 ,?is =m is ! result ( !   
irregul> et*+ ( !  lime/one by gr\nd    
wat] at ! "t ! caves 7 =m$1 comb9$  ) ! 
lat] developm5t ( /alagmites & a pavem5t
 ( calcite  8drip-/one0 ^u ! irregul>   
surface4 ,du/ & small debris h be5      
incorporat$ 9 ! cry/als ( calcite :i* =m

 ! /alagmites4  ,visitors l to make a   
game ( f9d+ =mations 9 ! cave t         
resemble animals & o!r ?+s4 ,note ! wolf
 head to ! "r &  ! ,da*%und head to !   
left c5t] ( ! photograph4    ,exp]ts1 :o
 "k h[ to read /ories told 9 ! designs  
on ,indian  pott]y1 /ate t ! caves 7    
kn[n to ! ,indians ( ?is section  long  
be=e ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,!re is      
consid]able evid5ce  t ,indians1 ev5    
prior to #afic1 _h be5 9 ! habit ( us+  
,florida  ,cav]ns & caves 9 ! vic9ity = 
%elt] dur+ _! hunt+ trips  into ! region
 & = refuge f _! enemies4 ,9 "s ( !     
small]  & dry caves !re h be5 f\nd      
pot%]ds1 or small brok5 pieces (        
,indian pott]y4 ,accord+ to !           
ar*aeologi/1 all ( ! %]ds s f>  discov]$
 are ( a late po/-,columbian type4 ,a%es
 f fires1 dead =  _m ye>s1 fl9t         
arr[heads1 & animal bones h also be5    
f\nd4    ,sev]al times 9 hi/ory1        
,florida ,cav]ns--a nature-made %elt]--0
 us$  z a refuge f arm$ =ces4 ,dur+     
,&rew ,jackson's punitive  exp$ition    

aga9/ ! ,indians 9 #ahah1 a l>ge b& (   
,indians escap$  f 8 soldi]s by conceal+
 !mselves )9 ! und]gr\nd caves4  ,aga91 
dur+ ! ,w> ,betwe5 ! ,/ates1 an outfit (
 ,union soldi]s en  r\te to ,p5sacola 0 
resi/$ by a home gu>d unit f ,m>ianna1  
compos$ ( m5 too "y or too old to fight 
9 ! armies ( !  ,conf$]acy4 ,:ile !     
battle 0 rag+1 wom51 *ildr5 & slaves    
took  refuge 9 ,florida ,cav]ns4        
,illu/ration3 ,ne/l$ 'mid/ hundr$s (    
p9es1 hickories1 sweetgum &  oak trees1 
,florida ,cav]ns golf c\rse is "o ( !   
mo/ sc5ic 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 laid 
out aft] ! design ( ! fam\s ,/4 ,&rews  
,golf ,c\rse ( ,scotl&4    ,a cle> spr+1
 :i* 9 reality is a subt]ranean riv]1   
ris+ out (  ! lime rock1 s5ds its lovely
 azure /ream d[n ?r\gh ! p>k ov] a  mile
 be=e x ent]s ! ,*ipola ,riv]4 ,!       
,*ipola ,natural ,bridge1  locat$ 9 !   
p>k1 is a f\r?-mile long & has be5      
re/or$ to its  orig9al int]e/+          
geological condition ) ! removal ( logs 
&  lumb] :i* _h jamm$ into x 9 bygone   

days :5 ! riv] 0 us$ to  float !m d[n to
 a mill4    ,op5 ! ye> r\nd1 ,florida   
,cav]ns ,/ate ,p>k is comp>able 9 int]e/
  to ,c>lsbad ,cav]ns1 ,n4 ,m41 ,mammo? 
,caves1 ,ky41 & ,luray ,cav]ns1 ,va4    
,9 addition to its geological           
attractions1 ! area 9 :i* ,florida      
,cav]ns is locat$ is ( peculi> int]e/   
biologically4 ,9 x are f\nd  _m species 
( bo? plants & animals t are n expect$ s
 f>  s\?1 z well z a l>ge numb] (       
typically s\!rn =ms4    ,! ,/ate ,p>k   
sy/em ( ,florida has be5 develop$ z a   
coord9at$  gr\p ( ,p>ks1 ea* "o ( :i*   
/&s ^u its own m]its & ea* "o  possess+ 
z _m z possible ( ! foll[+ values3      
,out/&+  hi/oric1 sc5ic & sci5tific     
attractions4 ,florida ,cav]ns is ri*ly  
end[$ ) !m all4    ,i hope t y h f\nd   
?is discussion ( ! creation ( lime rock1
  ! =mation ( caves "u wat]1 ! elevation
 ( ^! caves above  p]man5t wat] levels &
 ! subsequ5t deposition 9 !m1 (         
int]e/4444 ,we ( ! ,florida ,geological 
,survey & ,florida ,p>k ,s]vice  hope t 

y enjoy y\r visit to ! ,florida ,cav]ns 
,/ate ,p>k4      ,?is booklet publi%$ by
 ,! ,florida ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,tallahassee2
  photography by ,monte de ,oca1 ,f4,s4 
,n4,b41 & ,william ,z4 ,h>mon2 design$  
& pr9t$ by ,rose ,pr9t+ ,co41 ,inc41    
,tallahassee4    ,illu/ration3 ,ov]hang+
 rock projection caus$ by erosion (     
anci5t  riv]4 ,note l>ge tree gr[+ 9    
rock beh9d upp] visitor4 ,?is feature   
may be all t rema9s ( a l>ge cave1 !    
surr\nd+ lime/one hav+  be5 remov$4 ,if 
! ov]hang+ portion 7 connect$ to l& a   
p]fect  natural bridge w\ld be =m$4     
,illu/ration3 ,:o w\ld expect to f9d ?is
 cav]n sc5e 9 ,florida8  ,icicle-l      
=mations & a mirror pool are features ( 
"o ( !  /ate's mo/ unexpect$ attractions
 at ,florida ,cav]ns ,/ate ,p>k4        
,,m>ianna1 ,,florida                    
,! ,home ( ,florida ,cav]ns             
,m>ianna is locat$ 9 ! nor?we/ section (
 ,florida1 approximately  tw5ty miles f 
bo? ! ,georgia & ! ,alabama /ate l9es4  
,! ,gulf  ( ,mexico lies =ty-five miles 

to ! s\?1 ! ,apala*icola ,riv]  fifte5  
miles to ! ea/1 & ,port ,/4 ,joe only   
sev5ty miles s\!a/  ( ,m>ianna4 ,x is   
relatively easy to travel to ! v>i\s    
population  c5t]s ( ! s\!a/ because (   
,m>ianna's c5traliz$ location4          
,airl9e ,s]vice--,! city is s]v$ by     
,national ,airl9es1 ) ?ree  flights     
daily1 ) direct s]vice to ,mobile1 ,new 
,orleans1 &  ,jacksonville1 & good      
connections to all major cities4 ,also  
available is  *>t] s]vice ?r\gh local   
fly+ ag5cies4    ,bus ,s]vice--,m>ianna 
is a t]m9al /ation = ,greyh\nd &        
,trailway ,bus  ,l9es1 & approximately  
#b1jjj pass5g]s daily are h&l$ ?r\gh ?is
  /ation4 ,?irty-six regul> bus s*$ules 
s]ve ! city ea* tw5ty-f\r  h\rs4 ,lee's 
,coa* ,l9es1 a ,jackson ,c\nty bus      
sy/em1 regul>ly s]ves  surr\nd+         
communities4    ,rail                   
,transportation--,m>ianna is s]v$ by !  
,l\isville & ,na%ville  ,railroad1 & by 
! ,m>ianna & ,bl\nt/[n ,railroad4 ,!    
,atlanta &  ,/4 ,&rews ,railroad        

trav]ses ,jackson ,c\nty1 s]v+          
,cottondale1 n9e  miles we/ ( ,m>ianna1 
& gives direct connections f ,panama    
,city &  ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ,atlanta &
 o!r po9ts4    ,hotels1 ,motels &       
,re/aurants--,m>ianna is a fir/-class   
hotel & motel  city1 boa/+ ?ree hotels1 
! l>ge/ ( :i* has #abe rooms1 z well  z 
a numb] ( out/&+ mod]n1 air-condition$  
motels4 ,a numb] (  re/aurants & d9+    
rooms s]ve ! travel+ & work+ public4    
,also  rat+ fir/-class are sev]al t\ri/ 
homes along ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #ij4       
,highways--,m>ianna is s]v$ by ,u4 ,s4  
,highway #ij1 & by ,/ate ,highways      
#bgf1 #gc1 #afg1 & #ga4 ,u4 ,s4 ,highway
 #bca connects ) ,u4 ,s4 #ij only a few 
miles outside ,m>ianna4 ,an excell5t    
sy/em ( h>d surfac$ highways &  roads   
s]ve ! c\nty4    ,= fur!r or def9ite    
in=mation write ,m>ianna-,jackson ,c\nty
 ,*amb]  ( ,comm]ce1 ,m>ianna1 ,florida4
    ,illu/ration3 ,map %[+ pr9cipal     
highways lead+ to ,m>ianna1 home  (     
,florida ,cav]ns ,/ate ,p>k4            

,sc5ic & ,hi/oric ,florida              
,ye> ,ar\nd ,attractions      ,:e!r y   
are a visitor or a resid5t1 y w want to 
"k m ab\t  ,florida's ,/ate ,p>k ,sy/em 
:i* pres]ves ! tropic lure ( primitive  
,florida & p]petuates memorials (       
,florida's absorb+ hi/ory4    ,?is sy/em
 ( p>ks & hi/oric memorials1 9 areas    
rang+ f a few  hundr$ to #bf1jjj acres1 
embraces m ?an #ga1jjj acres ( ! mo/    
wond]ful l& 9 ,florida4    ,^! p>ks 9 _!
 v>i$ appeals (f] recreation            
possibilities  ext5d+ f a few h\rs      
div]sion to ext5d$ vacations4           
,,/ate ,,p>ks ,,9 ,,op]ation            
7,acreage %[n 9 p>5!ses7        ,hugh   
,taylor ,bir* 7#ahj7                    
,ft4 ,laud]dale    ,florida ,cav]ns     
7#a1aca7                                
,m>ianna    ,=t ,cl9* 7#a1jhf7          
,f]n&9a    ,gold ,head ,bran* 7#a1cch7  
,key/one ,heights    ,highl&s ,hammock  
7#c1hjj7                                
,sebr+    ,hillsbor\gh ,riv] 7#b1ggg7   
,zephyrhills    ,little ,talbot ,isl&   

7#b1ejj7                                
,jacksonville    ,myakka ,riv] 7#bf1gdg7
                                        
,s>asota    ,o',l5o 7#a1chh7            
,high ,spr+s    ,kille>n ,g>d5s 7#cjf7  
,tallahassee                            
,,sci5tific ,,area        ,john ,f4     
,roll9s ,bird & ,plant ,sanctu>y 7#abj7 
,ft4 ,george ,isl&                      
,,/ate ,,p>ks ,,p>tially ,,develop$     
,=t ,pick5s 7#a1fei7                    
,p5sacola    ,manatee ,spr+s 7#a1cha7   
,*iefl&    ,colli]-,sem9ole 7#f1dbc7    
,royal ,palm ,hammock    ,tomoka 7#gab7 
,ormond    ,torreya 7#a1ach7            
,rock ,bluff                            
,,undevelop$ ,,/ate ,,p>ks              
,ana/asia 7#heb7                        
,/4 ,augu/9e    ,de,soto 7#baf7         
,titusville    ,jona?an ,dick9son       
7#aa1abd7                               
,hobe ,s\nd    ,lake ,griff9 7#gbf7     
,leesburg    ,pellic] ,creek 7#gbi7     
,/4 ,augu/9e    ,ribaut ,refuge 7#aci7  
,flagl] ,bea*    ,/4 ,&rews 7#a1jjj7    

,panama ,city    ,santa ,rosa 7#a1cci7  
,p5sacola    ,suwannee ,riv] 7#a1hca7   
,ellaville                              
,,hi/oric ,,memorials        ,olu/ee    
,battlefield 7#e7                       
,olu/ee    ,battle ( ,m>ianna           
,m>ianna    ,con/itution ,conv5tion     
7#ab7                              ,port
 ,/4 ,joe    ,dade ,memorial ,p>k 7#dj7 
,bu%nell    ,battle ( ,natural ,bridge  
7#f7                                    
,woodville    ,conf$]ate ,monum5t       
,de,funiak ,spr+s    ,madira ,bickel    
,m\nd 7#aj7                             
,t]ra ,ceia ,isl&    ,yell[ ,bluff 7#b7 
,jacksonville    ,gorrie ,/ate ,p>k     
,apala*icola    ,bul[ ,ru9s &           
,plantation 7#aji7                      
,bunnell    ,ormond ,tomb 7#i4c7        
,korona    ,addison ,blockh\se 7#e7     
,ormond    ,turtle ,m\nd 7#aj7          
,coronado ,bea*    ,hi/oric ,sug> ,mill 
7#ag7                              ,new 
,smyrna ,bea*    ,gre5 ,m\nd 7#f7       
,wilbur-by-!-,sea    ,yulee ,sug> ,mill 

,homosassa    ,hugu5ot ,hi/oric ,site   
7#ajd7                                  
,jacksonville    ,gamble                
,mansion--,judah ,p4 ,b5jam9 ,memorial  
7#e7                 ,ell5ton           
,,p>kway        ,florida ,ov]seas       
,p>kway                                 
,monroe ,c\nty                          
7,int]nal ,improvem5t ,fund ,l&s7       
,,visit                                 
,florida                      ,,/ate    
,,p>ks & ,,hi/oric ,,memorials          
,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,we/]n ,florida    
,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,ea/]n ,florida    
,illu/ration3 ,back ,cov] ,illu/ration  
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,orig9al    
publication in=mation 0 reta9$1 al?\gh  
?is book is    public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry (
 publication4    --,"s obvi\s typos 7   
sil5tly correct$4    --,mov$ ! in=mation
 ab\t o!r ,florida /ate p>ks f !        
c5t]fold to ! end ( ! text4