,,history ,,of ,,the ,,fan ,this edition is limited to #dej copies for sale in ,europe and the ,british ,dominions1 of which this is ,no4 #ic4 ,illustration3 ,rinaldo in the garden of ,armida1 ,louis ,,xv4 skin mount1 stick mother of pearl1 guards jewelled1 given by ,king ,william ,,iv to ,augusta1 ,duchess of ,cambridge left by her to her grand-daughter ,victoria ,mary4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess of ,wales4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,fan ,,by ,g4 ,,woolliscroft ,,rhead ,r4,e42 ,,hon4 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 ,,lond42 ,,author ,,of #8,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,design'2 #8,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,etching'2 #8,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,drapery ,,in ,,art'2 #8,,studies ,,in ,,plant ,,form'2 #8,,chats ,,on ,,costume1' ,,etc42 ,,joint ,,author ,,of #8,,staffordshire ,,pots ,,and ,,potters'2 #8,,british ,,pottery ,,marks' ,illustration ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,trench1 ,,tr,,bner ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,dryden ,,house1 ,,gerrard ,,street1 ,w4 #aiaj ,edinburgh3 ,t4 and ,a4 ,,constable1 ,printers to ,his ,majesty ,,dedicated 7,,by ,,gracious ,,permission7 ,,to ,,her ,,royal ,,highness ,,the ,,princess ,,of ,,wales ,,publishers' ,,note ,the majority of the blocks in this work were made direct from the actual ,fans by ,messrs4 ,,john ,,swain ,,and ,,sons1 to whom the ,publishers are indebted for the skill and ingenuity with which they have overcome the many special difficulties incidental not only to the subjects themselves1 but to the conditions under which many of those in private houses had to be reproduced4 ,the ,colour ,plates are printed by ,messrs4 ,,edmund ,,evans4 ,the block of the ,fan ,mount by ,,rosa ,,bonheur was made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,,jenkins in ,paris4 ,the block of the ,japanese ,fan ,mount1 ,the ,tamagawa ,river1 is by the ,,grout ,,engraving ,,company4 ,the lithograph of ,bacchus and ,ariadne is by ,messrs4 ,,martin1 ,,hood ,,and ,,larkin4 ,,preface ,illustration ,it is1 perhaps1 a little singular that up to the present no work making any pretension to completeness has appeared in ,english dealing with that little instrument so intimately associated with both civil and religious life of the past1 the ,fan4 ,even on the ,continent the literature of the ,fan is exceedingly scanty4 ,m4 ,blondel's work1 ,histoire des ventails1 published in #ahge1 is but sparsely illustrated1 and is mainly based upon the researches of ,m4 ,natalis ,rondot1 whose ,rapport sur les objets de ,parure was undertaken at the instance of the ,french ,government in #ahed4 ,an ,english translation of ,m4 ,octave ,uzanne's brilliant sketch appeared in #ahhd1 and is unillustrated except by fanciful border designs2 while ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber's stately tomes and ,mrs4 ,salwey's ,fans of ,japan deal only with more or less isolated portions of the subject4 ,these1 together with ,der ,fcher1 by ,georg ,buss1 appearing in #aijd1 one or two illustrated catalogues and a few desultory magazine articles1 form the sum-total of the ,fan's literature4 ,this paucity of book material1 and the general absence of information amongst individuals1 is at once an advantage and a disadvantage4 ,i have in dealing with this subject such benefits as the breaking of new ground gives2 ,i have at the same time to contend with the difficulty of collecting information from sources so scattered1 and in many instances so obscure4 ,to the works above mentioned1 which indeed have been most helpful1 it is only justice to add the admirable article on #8,les ,disques crucifres1 le ,flabellum1 et l',umbella1' in ,la ,revue de l',art ,chrtien1 by ,m4 ,charles de ,linas2 the sparkling and entertaining #8,history on ,fans' by ,henri ,bouchot in ,art and ,letters for #ahhc2 an excellent article on ,chinese ,fans by ,h4 ,a4 ,giles in ,fraser's ,magazine for ,may #ahgi2 articles in various publications by ,,mm4 ,paul ,mantz and ,charles ,blanc2 all these ,i have freely used1 and gladly acknowledge my indebtedness4 ,but1 since it is scarcely possible1 in a subject covering such an extended area1 to avoid inaccuracies of some sort1 ,i must endeavour to forestall any possible criticism by saying that no pains have been spared to render the book as free from errors as may be4 ,as to the line illustrations1 they must be considered merely diagrammatic1 and not in any sense realistic representations of the various objects4 ,i welcome this opportunity of making what is an unusually long list of acknowledgments of help received4 ,firstly1 to my ,publishers for their enterprise1 the admirable manner in which the book is produced1 and for their uniform courtesy4 ,secondly1 to the many owners of fans1 these including the most exalted personages1 who have so generously responded to my invitation to lend their fragile treasures4 ,my thanks are also due to the officials of the various ,museums1 those of the ,print ,room of the ,british1 and the ,national ,art ,library1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museums2 to ,sir ,c4 ,purdon ,clarke1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,f4,s4,a41 and his son1 ,mr4 ,stanley ,clarke of the ,india ,museum2 ,dr4 ,peter ,jessen of the ,kunstgewerbe ,museum1 ,berlin2 ,professor ,pazaurek1 ,stuttgart2 ,dr4 ,hans ,w4 ,singer2 to ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,c4,s4,i41 who has kindly read the three chapters on ancient fans2 to ,professor ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders ,petrie1 ,d4,c4,l42 ,mr4 ,w4 ,holman ,hunt1 ,o4,m41 ,r4,w4,s42 ,sir ,l4 ,alma-,tadema1 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a42 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,foster1 ,d4,c4,l42 the ,clerk of the ,worshipful ,company of ,fanmakers2 the ,librarian at ,welbeck2 ,mr4 ,wilson ,crewdson2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,harding ,smith2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,behrens2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,phen ,spiers2 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,clausen2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,ettlinger2 ,mons4 ,j4 ,duvelleroy2 ,mr4 ,h4 ,granville ,fell2 ,mr4 ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a42 ,mr4 ,talbot ,hughes2 ,mr4 ,frank ,falkner1 for help in various ways2 and last1 though by no means least1 to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,p4 ,medley1 for most valuable assistance in translation4 ,,london1 #aiji4 ,g4 ,,woolliscroft ,,rhead4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface ix ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations xiii ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,fan #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,ancients #aj ,,chapter ,,iii ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,far ,,east #cc ,,chapter ,,iv ,,fans ,,of ,,primitive ,,peoples #gg ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,flabellum ,,and ,,early ,,feather-,,fan #hg ,,chapter ,,vi ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries 7,,italian ,,and ,,spanish7 #ajg ,,chapter ,,vii ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries 7,,french7 #ach ,,chapter ,,viii ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries 7,,english1 ,,dutch1 ,,flemish1 ,,and ,,german7 #agf ,,chapter ,,ix ,,engraved ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,,part ,i4 #bjd ,,chapter ,x ,,engraved ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,,part ,,ii4 #bcb ,,chapter ,,xi ,,modern ,,and ,,present-,,day ,,fans #bgb ,,index #cja ,illustration3 ,,peacock-,,feather ,,fan4 7,from a ,japanese ,painting4 ,british ,museum47 ,illustration ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour #a4 ,,rinaldo ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,armida4 ,,louis ,,xv4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,the ,,princess ,,of ,,wales ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page #b4 ,a ,,concert4 ,,dutch4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,louise1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,argyll #a #c4 ,,la ,,danse1 ,,after ,,lancret4 ,,dr4 ,,law ,,adam #h #d4 ,,sea ,,nymphs4 ,,italian4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #bg #e4 ,,the ,,rape ,,of ,,helen4 #8,,vernis ,,martin4' ,,lady ,,lindsay #cj #f4 ,,chinese ,,fan4 ,,filigree ,,and ,,enamel4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,,tomkinson #df #g4 ,,chinese ,,fan4 ,,red ,,lacquer4 ,,miss ,,moss #ec #h4 ,,hotei ,,and ,,the ,,children4 ,by ,,kan-,,sh-,,yei1 #aeia4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson ,,crewdson4 #fg #i4 ,,the ,,tamagawa ,,river4 ,by ,,kan ,,san ,,raku4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson ,,crewdson #fh #aj4 ,,cut ,,vellum ,,fan4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #ajg #aa4 ,,fan ,,mount4 ,,bacchus ,,and ,,ariadne4 ,,mrs4 ,,bruce-,,johnston ,between pages #abb and #abc #ab4 ,,piazza ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #abe #ac4 ,,spanish ,,fan ,,painted ,,in ,,the ,,chinese ,,taste4 ,,lady ,,lindsay #abg #ad4 ,,pastorelle4 ,,spanish4 ,h4,s4,h4 ,,princess ,,victor ,,of ,,hohenlohe-,,langenburg #acb #ae4 ,,bull ,,fights4 ,,spanish4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #acd #af4 ,,pastorelle4 ,,louis ,,xv4 ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #ach #ag4 ,,momens ,,musicals4 #8,,vernis ,,martin4' ,,mr4 ,,leopold ,,de ,,rothschild1 ,c4,v4,o4 #adb #ah4 ,,the ,,rape ,,of ,,helen4 #8,,vernis ,,martin4' ,,lady ,,northcliffe #aeh #ai4 ,,dido ,,and ,,neas4 ,,mrs4 ,,bischoffsheim4 ,facing reverse of same ,fan between pages #afb and #afc #bj4 #8,,cabriolet' ,,fan4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #afd #ba4 ,,directoire ,,and ,,empire ,,fans4 ,,miss ,,ethel ,,travers ,,birdwood1 ,,and ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel1 ,,facing #8,,sans ,g,,ne' ,,and ,,empire ,,fans between pages #agj and #aga #bb4 ,,telemachus ,,and ,,calypso4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #agf #bc4 ,,wedding ,,fan4 ,directoire4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #ahh #bd4 ,,wedding ,,fan4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,henry ,,of ,,battenberg #bgb #be4 ,,le ,,cerf ,,de ,,st4 ,,hubert4 ,,by ,,rosa ,,bonheur4 ,m4 ,,georges ,,cain #bhj #bf4 ,,the ,,red ,,fan4 ,,conversations ,,galantes4 ,,by ,,charles ,,conder4 ,,mr4 ,,john ,,lane #bid #bg4 ,,the ,,blue ,,fan4 ,,by ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 #bif ,,illustrations ,,in ,,half-,,tone #bh4 ,,le ,,bal ,d',,amours4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,louise1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,argyll #b #bi4 ,,hommages ,,offered ,,to ,,madame ,,de ,,pompadour4 ,,mrs4 ,,bruce-,,johnston #f #cj4 ,,egyptian ,,fan ,,handles4 ,,british ,,museum #ad #ca4 ,,terra-,,cotta ,,statuettes 0 #bh #cb4 ,,an ,,eastern ,,potentate ,,taking ,,tea4 ,,mrs4 ,,hungerford ,,pollen #cc #cc4 ,,indian ,,fly-,,whisks ,,and ,,peacock ,,emblem ,,of ,,royalty4 ,,india ,,museum #ch #cd4 ,,large ,,hand-,,fan ,,of ,,sandalwood4 ,,mrs4 ,,hungerford ,,pollen #da #ce4 ,,flag ,,and ,,palm-,,leaf ,,fans4 ,,india ,,museum #db #cf4 ,,chinese ,,fan4 ,,filigree ,,and ,,enamel4 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #dh #cg4 ,,hand-,,screen1 ,,front ,,and ,,reverse4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson ,,crewdson #ej #ch4 ,,lacquered ,,fan4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #ed ,,carved ,,ivory ,,fan ,,with ,,the ,,name ,,angela4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #ed #ci4 ,,chinese ,,fan ,,with ,,ivory ,,miniatures4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #ef #dj4 ,,chinese ,,feather-,,fan 7,,argus ,,pheasant7 ,,with ,,case4 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #ei #da4 ,,netsuki 7,,dai ,,tengu74 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,behrens #fj ,,camp-,,fan ,,of ,,eagle ,,feathers4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #fj ,,dagger-,,fan4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,behrens #fj #db4 ,,suye ,,hiro ,,ogi 7,wide ,end7 ,open and ,closed4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,harding ,,smith #fc #dc4 ,,akom ,,ogi 7,,court-,,fan74 ,,mr4 ,,wilson ,,crewdson #fd ,,war ,,fan 7,,gun ,,sen74 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,harding ,,smith #fd #dd4 ,,four ,,war ,,fans 7,,gumbai ,,uchiwa74 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,harding ,,smith1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,behrens #fi #de4 ,,war ,,fans 7,,gun ,,sen74 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel ,,and ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,harding ,,smith #gb #df4 ,,modern ,,japanese ,,fans4 ,,ivory ,,with ,,gilt ,,lacquer ,,and ,,painted ,,fan ,,signed #8,,kunihisa4' ,,mr4 ,m4 ,,tomkinson #gd #dg4 ,,three ,,ch,,kei4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #gf #dh4 ,,palm-,,leaf ,,and ,,hide ,,fans4 ,,british ,,museum #gg #di4 ,,palm ,,fans1 ,,cockade ,,inscription ,,fan1 ,,fly-,,whisks 7,,tahiti71 ,,and ,,north ,,american ,,indian ,,fan4 ,,british ,,museum #hb #ej4 ,,the ,,tournament4 ,,by ,a4 ,,moreau4 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #hg #ea4 ,,flabellum ,,of ,,tournus4 ,,museo ,,nazionale1 ,,florence ,facing each other #eb4 0 0 0 ,,details between pages #ij and #ia #ec4 ,,ivory ,,fan ,,and ,,flabella ,,handles4 ,,british ,,museum ,,and ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #ib #ed4 ,,fan ,,of ,,queen ,,theodolinda4 ,,cathedral ,,of ,,monza #if #ee4 ,,coptic ,,flag-,,fans4 ,k,,nigl4 ,,museum1 ,,berlin #ih #ef4 ,,queen ,,anne ,,feather-,,screen4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #ajb #eg4 ,d,,coup ,,fan4 ,,mus,e ,,de ,,cluny #aji #eh4 ,,fan ,,of ,,mica4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #aaj #ei4 ,,venus ,,and ,,adonis4 ,,by ,,leonardo ,,germo4 ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #aad #fj4 ,,an ,,embarcation4 ,,mrs4 ,,hamilton ,,smythe #aaf ,,cupid',s ,,hive4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #aaf #fa4 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,bacchus4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #aah ,,bacchus ,,and ,,ariadne4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #aah #fb4 ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,cupid ,,and ,,psyche4 ,,mr4 ,,frank ,,falkner #aba #fc4 ,a ,,sacrifice4 ,,mrs4 ,,bruce-,,johnston4 ,facing the ,colour ,plate of ,bacchus and ,ariadne ,between pages #abb and #abc #fd4 ,,rinaldo ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,armida4 ,,miss ,,moss #abi ,,capture ,,of ,,the ,,balearic ,,islands4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #abi #fe4 ,,betrothal ,,of ,,louis ,,xvi4 ,,with ,,marie-,,antoinette4 ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,w4 ,,gibson 7,,eug,,nie ,,joachim7 #acj #ff4 ,,spangled ,,fan4 ,spanish4 ,,mr4 ,,talbot ,,hughes #acf ,f,,te ,,de ,l',,agriculture1 #agih4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #acf #fg4 ,,la ,,danse1 ,,and ,,pastorelle4 ,,duchess ,,of ,,portland #ada #fh4 ,,pastorelle1 ,,after ,,lancret4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,louise1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,argyll #add #fi4 ,,act,,on ,,fan4 ,,mus,e ,,de ,,cluny #adf #gj4 ,,cephalus ,,and ,,aurora4 ,,mrs4 ,,bischoffsheim #adh ,,vernis ,,martin4 ,,mrs4 ,f4 ,r4 ,,palmer #adh #ga4 ,a ,,pastorelle1 ,,with ,,two ,,portrait ,,medallions4 ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #aej #gb4 ,,the ,,parting ,,of ,,helen ,,and ,,andromache4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #aec #gc4 ,,battoir ,,fan4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #aed #gd4 ,f,,te ,,champ,,tre4 #8,,vernis ,,martin4' ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #aef #ge4 ,,belshazzar',s ,,feast4 ,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,,new ,,york #afj #gf4 ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,place ,,louis ,,xv4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #afb #gg4 ,,dido ,,and ,,neas4 ,,reverse4 ,,mrs4 ,,bischoffsheim4 ,facing the ,colour ,plate of same ,fan ,between pages #afb and #afc #gh4 #8,,cabriolet' ,,fan4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol ,facing each other #gi4 00 00 00 00 between pages #afd and #afe #hj4 ,,wedding ,,fan4 ,,the ,,countess ,,of ,,bradford ,facing each other #ha4 0 0 ,,lady ,,lindsay between pages #aff and #afg #hb4 ,,stick ,,of ,,marie-,,antoinette ,,fan4 ,,mus,e ,,du ,,louvre #afi #hc4 ,,sans ,g,,ne ,,and ,,empire ,,fans4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel4 ,facing ,colour ,plate of ,directoire and ,sans ,gne ,fans ,between pages #agj and #aga #hd4 #8,,lorgnette' ,,fans4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #agc #he4 ,,spangled ,,gauze ,,fans4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #age #hf4 ,a ,,london ,,fan ,,shop4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #agh ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,malta4 ,,mrs4 ,,hungerford ,,pollen #agh #hg4 ,f,,tes ,,on ,,the ,,occasion ,,of ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,dauphin4 ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #ahj ,,english ,,fan4 ,,the ,,visit4 ,,collection ,,of ,,baroness ,,meyer ,,de ,,rothschild #ahj #hh4 ,,english ,,fan ,,with ,,medallions ,,after ,,cosway4 ,,wyatt ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum #ahb #hi4 ,,ivory ,,empire ,,fan4 ,,lady ,,northcliffe #ahd ,,spangled ,,fan ,,with ,,painted ,,medallions4 ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,w4 ,,gibson #ahd #ij4 ,,wedding ,,fan4 ,,mrs4 ,,hawkins #ahf ,,st4 ,,peter',s1 ,,rome4 ,,by ,j4 ,,goupy4 ,,dr4 ,,law ,,adam #ahf #ia4 ,,early ,,dutch ,,fan4 ,,the ,,dowager ,,marchioness ,,of ,,bristol #aij #ib4 ,,antony ,,and ,,cleopatra4 ,,dutch4 ,,miss ,,moss ,facing each other #ic4 ,,an ,,embarcation4 ,,dutch4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,duvelleroy between pages #aib and #aic #id4 ,,dutch ,,fan ,,with ,,head ,,on ,,stick4 ,,sir ,l4 ,,alma-,,tadema1 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a4 #aid #ie4 ,,an ,,offering ,,to ,,ceres4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,louise1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,argyll #aif #if4 ,,dutch ,,fan 7,d,,coup74 ,,mrs4 ,,davies-,,gilbert #aih ,,dutch ,,fan ,,with #8,,pagoda' ,,stick4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,messel #aih #ig4 ,,medallion ,,fan4 ,german4 ,,given ,,by ,h4,r4,h4 ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,coburg ,,to ,h4,r4,h4 ,,the ,,princess ,,victoria1 #ahcf4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,princess ,,louise1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,argyll #bjj #ih4 ,,german ,,fan4 ,,given ,,by ,h4,r4,h4 ,,the ,,prince ,,consort ,,to ,,queen ,,victoria #bjj 0 0 ,,landesgewerbe ,,museum1 ,,stuttgart #bjj #ii4 ,,two ,,german ,,fans4 ,,kunstgewerbe ,,museum1 ,,berlin #bjb #ajj4 ,,engraved ,,hand-,,screen4 ,a4 ,,carracci4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bjd 0 0 0 ,c4 ,f4 ,h,,rman4 00 00 #bjd #aja4 ,f,,te ,,on ,,the ,,arno1 #8,,ventail ,,de ,,callot4' ,,british ,,museum #bjf #ajb4 ,,grotesque ,,fan1 ,,style ,,of ,,callot4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bjh #ajc4 ,,the ,,four ,,ages4 ,,abraham ,,bosse #baj #ajd4 ,,title-,,page4 ,nicholas ,,loire4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bab ,,la ,,coquette4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bab #aje4 ,,taking ,,of ,,the ,,bastille4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bad ,,duc ,d',,orleans4 ,,miss ,,moss #bad #ajf4 ,,abolition ,,of ,,the ,,slave-,,trade4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bbb #8,,cabriolet' ,,fan4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bbb #ajg4 ,,napoleon ,,shows ,,his ,,troops ,,the ,,channel4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bbd #ajh4 ,,projected ,,invasion ,,of ,,england1 #ahjc4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bbf #aji4 ,,marriage ,,of ,,napoleon4 ,,biblioth,,que ,,nationale1 ,,paris #bbh ,,adventure ,,in ,,russia4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bbh #aaj4 ,a ,,new ,,game ,,of ,,piquet4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bcb #aaa4 ,,the ,,motion4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bcf ,,the ,,new ,,nassau ,,fan4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bcf #aab4 ,,the ,,harlot',s ,,progress4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,,fairfax ,,murray #bch #aac4 ,,visit ,,of ,,george ,,iii4 ,,to ,,the ,,royal ,,academy4 ,,mr4 ,f4 ,,perigal #bdf #aad4 ,,mr4 ,,thomas ,,osborne',s ,,duck-,,hunting4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #beb #aae4 ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,,warren ,,hastings4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #beh ,,the ,,parades ,,of ,,bath4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,burdett-,,coutts1 ,m4,p4 #beh #aaf4 ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,gretna4 ,,schreiber ,,collection1 ,,british ,,museum #bfd #8,,bartolozzi' ,,fan4 ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,w4 ,,gibson 7,,eug,,nie ,,joachim7 #bfd #aag4 ,,miss ,,charlotte ,,yonge',s ,,fan4 ,,miss ,,moss #bgd ,,fan ,,of ,,asses' ,,skin4 ,,miss ,,moss #bgd #aah4 ,,painted ,,ivory ,,bris ,,fan4 ,,mr4 ,,leopold ,,de ,,rothschild1 ,c4,v4,o4 #bgf ,,portuguese ,,fan4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,etherington-,,smith #bgf #aai4 ,,lace ,,mount4 ,,youghal ,,co-,,operative ,,lace ,,society #bgh ,,an ,,entomologist4 ,,countess ,,granville #bgh #abj4 ,,cocks ,,and ,,hens4 ,,claudius ,,popelin4 ,,mus,e ,,des ,,arts ,d,,coratifs1 ,,paris #bhb #aba4 ,,autograph ,,fan4 ,,sir ,,lawrence ,,alma-,,tadema1 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a4 #bhd 0 0 ,,japanese4 ,,mr4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 #bhd #abb4 ,,lace ,,fan ,,presented ,,to ,,queen ,,alexandra ,,for ,,use ,,at ,,coronation4 ,,her ,,majesty ,,the ,,queen #bhf #abc4 ,,feather-,,fan4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,,the ,,princess ,,of ,,wales #bhi #abd4 ,,the ,,meet4 ,,by ,,charles ,,detaille4 ,m4 ,j1 ,,duvelleroy #bij #abe4 ,,lace ,,fan4 ,,by ,,alexandre4 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum ,to face each other between #abf4 ,,lace ,,fan4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,duvelleroy pages #bib and #bid #abg4 ,,design ,,for ,,fan4 ,,by ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 #bih ,a ,,garland ,,of ,,children4 ,,by ,g4 ,,woolliscroft ,,rhead #bih ,,illustrations ,,in ,,line ,,page ,feather-fan1 ,nimroud ix ,peacock-feather ,fan xii ,head-piece xiii ,initial--,boy with ,fan #a ,tea-fan #i ,initial--,vulture with ,emblem of ,protection #aj ,fire-fan1 ,colombia #ab ,portuguese #8,abano' #ab ,plaited ,hand-fan1 ,egyptian #ac ,hand-fan1 ,egyptian #ac ,hand-fan1 ,egyptian #ad ,fly-whisk1 ,egyptian #ad ,ceremonial ,fans--from ,rosellini #ae 0 0 #af ,investiture of the ,office of ,fan-bearer #ag ,umbrella or ,canopy of ,chariot of ,rameses ,,iii4 #ai ,initial--,assyrian ,fly-whisk #bj ,assyrian and ,persian ,fly-whisks #ba ,covers of ,fly-whisks #ba ,tail-piece--from an ,assyrian relief #bf ,initial--,greek ,girl with ,fan #bg ,greek ,fans #bh ,greek ,girl with ,fan #cj ,tail-piece--,girl with ,fan #cb ,initial--from printed ,cotton ,hanging1 ,india #cc ,cingalese ,ssata #cg ,fly-whisk--from an illumination #ch 0 from a painting on talc1 ,madras #ch ,emblem of ,royalty #ci ,royal ,standards #dj ,hand-fan #da ,plaited-,grass ,fan #da ,flag-fan #da ,talapat ,fan and ,pankhs #db ,burmese ,fan of ,gold #dc ,portion of ,embroidered ,muslin 7,chamba1 ,nineteenth ,century7 #dd ,fly-whisk used by ,jains #de ,circular ,fan1 #8,like the ,moon' #df ,fan of ,hsi ,wang ,mu 7,japanese ,painting1 ,british ,museum7 #dg ,fan of ,ming ,dynasty 7,painting1 ,british ,museum7 #dg ,white ,plumed ,fan of ,hsi ,wang ,mu #dh ,two ,pear-shaped ,screens #di ,initial--,japanese #fj ,feather-fan1 ,japanese ,painting #fa ,hand-screen1 0 0 #fa ,fly-whisk1 ,upper ,nile #gg ,plaited ,fans1 ,south ,pacific ,islands #gi ,plaited ,fans1 ,hawaiian #hj ,various ,fans1 ,samoa #ha 0 ,british ,guiana #ha 0 ,ecuador and ,peru #ha 0 ,south-,eastern ,pacific #ha ,flag-fan1 ,west ,africa #hc ,fly-whisk1 ,andaman ,islands #he 0 ,tahiti #he 0 ,matabele #hf 0 ,east ,african #hf ,angel with ,flabellum #hg ,processional ,flabellum #hh ,coptic ,flabellum #hi ,flabellum1 from ,greek ,psalter #ic 0 from ,goar #id 0 ,monza #if ,flag-fan1 from ,vatican 7a glass vase7 #ih ,banner-fan1 from ivory diptich #ii ,ghost-fan1 ,malay ,archipelago #ajf ,fan of ,ferrara1 or ,duck's-foot #ajg ,fragments of ,fan from ,chteau de ,pierre #aji ,small ,rigid ,fans1 #aeij #aji ,feather-fan1 ,milan #aaj ,diagram of parts of ,folding-fan #aaf ,rigid ,screen of ,bologna1 #aeij #abg ,fan of ,rice-straw1 ,fifteenth ,century #ach ,dimensions of ,fans1 #aeej-aghj #adh ,japanese ,lady's ,court-fan #age ,long-handled ,feather-fan #agf ,ostrich-feather ,folding-fan1 ,amsterdam #aif ,flag-fan1 ,titian #bjd ,ivory ,fan1 ,madras1 ,nineteenth ,century #bca ,plaited ,fan #bcb ,hide-fan1 from ,benin #bga ,queen ,kapiolani's ,fan #bgb ,from a ,chinese ,screen1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #bii ,illustration3 ,a ,concert4 ,dutch1 #agbj-cj1 given by the ,duke of ,cobury to ,princess ,victoria 7afterwards ,queen7 in #ahcf1 from the collection of ,fans at ,gotha4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,fan ,in the beginning1 before the human advent1 when the earth was peopled only by the ,immortals1 a bright son was born to ,aurora1 whose soft and agreeable breath was as honey in the mouth of the gods1 and the beating of whose gossamer wings imparted a delicious coolness to the air1 moderating the heat of summer1 and providing the first suggestion of1 and occasion for1 the dainty little plaything we have under consideration1 somewhat waggishly described as a kind of wind instrument1 not1 perhaps1 so much to be played upon as to be played with1 and invaluable as assisting to follow out the wisest of the ,sage's maxims when he bids us keep cool4 ,this delicate toy1 this airy creation of gauze1 ivory1 and paint1 frail and fragile almost as the flowers kissed by ,aurora's son1 endowed apparently with the gift of perpetual youth1 may claim a lineage older than the ,pyramids2 having its origin and being in the infancy of the world1 before the birth of history1 in that golden age when life was a perpetual summer1 and care was not1 when all was concord and harmony1 and old age1 long protracted1 was dissolved in a serene slumber1 and wafted to the mansions of the gods1 the regions of eternal love and enjoyment4 ,it was in these halcyon days that the human family sat in its palm groves1 which afforded not only refreshing shade1 during the hours when the sun is at its height1 but also provided the precursor of this #8,servant of ,zephyrus'--serving further to temper those beams which are the source of all life1 and light1 and music1 for are not all the learned agreed with the late ,mr4 ,george ,augustus ,sala1 that if a thorn was the first needle1 doubtless a palm leaf was the first fan8 #8,beneath this shade the weary peasant lies1 ,plucks the broad leaf1 and bids the breezes rise4'#a ,the poets1 however1 who lay claim rather to inspiration than to the dry bones of mere learning1 supply us with many fanciful suggestions as to the fan's origin--a ,spanish story 7duly told on a printed fan7 has it that the first fan was a wing which ,cupid tore from the back of ,zephyrus for the purpose of fanning ,psyche as she lay a-sleeping on her bed of roses4 ,a quaint1 though somewhat inconsequent1 conceit is that of the ,french eighteenth-century poet1 ,augustin de ,piis1 quoted by ,m4 ,uzanne in his work on the fan1 in which ,cupid1 at an inopportune moment1 surprises the ,graces1 who were as much embarrassed as the god was delighted--to hide their confusion1 with the hand that was unemployed1 they endeavoured to cover up both eyes by spreading the fingers4 #8,and soon ,dan ,cupid was aware ,that though they veiled their eyes1 between ,the fingers of that ,trio fair ,himself was very clearly seen2 ,on which his little curly head ,deeply to meditate began1 ,till from their fair hands thus outspread ,he took his first hint for the ,fan4' ,illustration3 ,le ,bal d',amours1 by ,a4 ,sold1 reverse1 a group of cupids4 stick mother of pearl4 ,from ,queen ,victoria's collection4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,whether we accept this explanation or not1 and whatever circumstances attended the origin of the fan1 it is abundantly clear that ,cupid had a hand in it4 ,has not ,gay told how the master ,cupid traced out the lines1 conceived the shape1 converted his arrows into sticks1 and from their barbed points1 softened by love's flame1 forged the pin8 ,is not the fan one of the chief weapons in the armoury of the ,love-,god8 ,is it not the rampart from behind which the fiercest fire of love's artillery is directed8 ,nay1 is it not in very truth the sceptre of the ,love-,god8 ,did not the ,greeks early recognise this fact by placing the plumed fan in the hands of ,eros himself8 ,the fan is at once the creation of ,amor and the chief ensign of his sovereignty6 ,and its uses8 ,madame la ,baronne de ,chapt1 in the first volume of her uvres ,philosophiques1 discovers a hundred such3--#8,it is so charming1 so convenient1 so suited to give countenance to a young girl1 and to extricate her from embarrassment1 that it cannot be too much exalted2 we see it straying over cheeks1 bosoms1 hands1 with an elegance which everywhere provokes admiration4 #8,love uses a fan as an infant does a toy--makes it assume all sorts of shapes2 breaks it even1 lets it fall a thousand times to the ground4444 #8,is it a matter of indifference1 this fallen fan8 ,such a fall is the result of reflection1 of careful calculation1 intended as a test of the ardour and celerity of aspiring suitors4--,and the successful suitor1 the favoured swain8 ,is it not he who discovers the greatest celerity in returning the fan to its charming owner1 and1 in doing so1 imprints a secret but chaste kiss upon the fair hand that takes it1 and is rewarded by a look ten thousand times more eloquent than speech8' ,and if1 peradventure1 by the spell of some magician1 this little instrument could itself be endowed with speech6 ,aha6 ma chre madame1 what tales could it not unfold from the recesses of its fluted leaves1 what whispers6 what confidences6 what assignations6 what intrigues6 #8,pour une ,espagnole1' writes ,charles ,blanc1 #8toutes les intrigues de l'amour1 tous les manuvres de la galanterie1 sont caches dans les plis de son ventail4 ,les audaces furtifs du regard1 les aventures de la parole1 les aveux risqus1 les demi-mots profrs du bout des lvres1 tout cela est dissimul par l'ventail1 qui a l'air d'interdire ce qu'il permet de faire1 et d'intercepter ce qu'il envoie4' ,disraeli 7,contarini ,fleming71 in similar strain1 with no less eloquence1 says3 #8,a ,spanish lady with her fan might shame the tactics of a troop of horse4 ,now she unfolds it with the slow pomp and conscious elegance of the bird of ,juno2 now she flutters it with all the languor of a listless beauty1 now with all the liveliness of a vivacious one4 ,now in the midst of a very tornado she closes it with a whirr1 which makes you start4 ,magical instrument6 in this land it speaks a particular language1 and gallantry requires no other mode to express its most subtle conceits1 or its most unreasonable demands1 than this delicate machine4' #8,women1' says the witty ,spectator1 #8are armed with ,fans as men with ,swords--and sometimes do more execution with them4444 ,there is an infinite variety of motions to be made use of in the flutter of a ,fan4 ,there is the angry ,flutter1 the modest ,flutter1 the timorous ,flutter1 the confused ,flutter1 the merry ,flutter1 and the amorous ,flutter4 ,not to be tedious1 there is scarce any emotion in the mind which does not produce a suitable agitation in the ,fan2 insomuch that if ,i only see the ,fan of a disciplined ,lady ,i know very well whether she laughs1 frowns1 or blushes4 ,i have seen a ,fan so very angry1 that it would have been dangerous for the absent lover who provoked it to have come within the wind of it3 and at other times so very languishing1 that ,i have been glad for the ,lady's sake the lover was at a sufficient distance from it4 ,i need not add that a ,fan is either a ,prude or ,coquette according to the nature of the person who bears it4' ,mr4 ,george ,meredith1 too1 would appear to have studied its motions3 #8,lady ,denewdney's fan took to beating time meditatively4 ,two or three times she kept it elevated1 and in vain3 the flow of their interchanging speech was uninterrupted4 ,at last my father bowed to her from a distance4 ,she signalled3 his eyelids pleaded short sight1 awakening to the apprehension of a pleasant fact2 the fan tapped1 and he halted his march1 leaning scarce perceptibly in her direction4 ,the fan showed distress4'#b ,in one of the sprightliest of ,steele's letters to the ,tatler1 the beauteous ,delamira1 upon the eve of her marriage1 resigns her fan1 having no further occasion for it4 ,she is entreated by the matchless ,virgulta1 who had begun to despair of ever entering the matrimonial state1 to confide to her the secret of her success4 #8,that swimming air of your body1' says she2 #8that jaunty bearing of your ,head over your shoulder2 and that inexpressible ,beauty in your manner of playing your ,fan1 must be lower'd into a more confined ,behaviour2 to show1 ,that you would rather shun than receive ,addresses for the future4 ,therefore1 dear ,delamira1 give me these excellencies you leave off1 and acquaint me with your ,manner of ,charming4'444 ,delamira explained that all she had above the rest of her ,sex and contemporary ,beauties was wholly owing to a ,fan 7left to her by her ,mother1 and had been long in the ,family71 which1 whoever had in ,possession1 and used with ,skill1 should command the hearts of all her ,beholders2 #8and since1' said she1 smiling1 #8,i have no more to do with extending my ,conquests or ,triumphs1 ,i'll make you a present of this inestimable ,rarity4' #8,you see1 ,madam1' continued she1 upon ,virgulta's inquiry as to the ,management of that utensil1 #8,cupid is the principal ,figure painted on it2 and the skill in playing this ,fan is1 in your several ,motions of it to let him appear as little as possible3 for honourable ,lovers fly all ,endeavours to ensnare 'em2 and your ,cupid must hide his ,bow and ,arrow1 or he'll never be sure of his ,game4 ,you may observe that in all publick ,assemblies1 the sexes seem to separate themselves1 and draw up to attack each other with ,eye-shot2 ,that is the time when the ,fan1 which is all the ,armour of ,woman1 is of most use in her ,defence2 for our minds are constructed by the waving of that little ,instrument1 and our thoughts appear in ,composure or ,agitation according to the ,motion of it4 ,you may observe when ,will ,peregrine comes into the side ,box1 ,miss ,gatty flutters her ,fan as a ,fly does its ,wings round a ,candle2 while her elder ,sister1 who is as much in ,love with him as she is1 is as grave as a ,vestal at his ,entrance1 and the consequence is accordingly4 ,he watches half the ,play for a ,glance from her ,sister1 while ,gatty is overlooked and neglected4 ,i wish you heartily as much ,success in the ,management of it as ,i have had24444 ,take it1 good ,girl1 and use it without ,mercy2 for the ,reign of ,beauty never lasted full ,three ,years1 but it ended in ,marriage1 or ,condemnation to ,virginity4'#c ,if the fan is efficacious as a weapon of offence in ,love's sieges1 it is no less effective as a shield against ,love's darts4 ,on a painted ,spanish fan in the ,schreiber ,collection in the ,british ,museum are represented three fair nymphs in a wooded landscape1 one of whom is receiving on her fan an arrow discharged by the ,love-,god1 who is accompanied by my lady ,venus in her car4 ,on a scroll is the inscription1 #8l'utilit des ventails1' #8la utilidad de los abanicos4' ,this use of the fan as shield1 is adopted also by the shinlung1 or monastic novitiate of ,burma1 who employs his large palm-fan1 both as a shelter from the fierceness of the sun's rays1 and as a screen from the sight of womankind1 moving1 in the latter instance1 his fan from right to left as occasion requires1 i4e4 whenever a woman happens to pass4 ,illustration3 ,epoch ,louis ,,xv4 ,fan ,mount--,unfolded4 ,hommages offered at the ,altar of ,madame de ,pompadour by ,church and ,state1--,literature1 ,art1 ,music1 ,etc4 ,hommages ,offered to ,madame de ,pompadour4 ,mrs ,bruce ,johnston4 ,a story1 the source of which is not given1#d is told of ,goldoni1 who1 being one evening the guest of a ,venetian lady1 was complimented by her upon the productions of his genius4 #8,why1 my lady1' he replied1 #8anything provides a subject for a comedy4' #8,anything8' replied the lady4 #8,anything1' emphatically replied the dramatist4 #8,even this fan8' insisted the ,beauty4 #8,i shall be indebted to you for life1' exclaimed ,goldoni1 struck with a happy thought4 #8,you have suggested to me my best comedy2 in a week you will read it4'#e ,many and manifold are the uses of the fan4 ,what device1 for example1 could better display the beauty of a rounded arm1 or the ivory whiteness of tapered fingers8 ,such an instrument provides graceful and often much-needed employment to those same delicate fingers2 it supplies that necessary sense of completeness to the tout ensemble of the picture4 ,and the comedy actress1 desiring some trifle to emphasise a movement1 to give point and expression to some particular action--what more effective instrument than a fan1 the use of which1 on the stage1 has almost been elevated into a fine art6 #8,pray1 ladies1 copy ,abington2 ,observe the breeding in her air3 ,there's nothing of the actress there6 ,assume her fashion if you can ,and catch the graces of her fan4' ,this at once recalls the saying of ,northcote1 who1 although reluctantly compelled to admit ,queen ,charlotte's excessive plainness1 an elegant and not a vulgar plainness--she had a beautifully shaped arm1 and was fond of exhibiting it--exclaimed1 #8,she had a fan in her hand4 ,lord6 how she held that fan6'#f ,madame ,d',arblay1 in one of her most delightful letters1 records a conversation between herself and ,mr4 ,fairly 7,col4 ,stephen ,digby71 who1 upon the occasion of a visit to her1 #8finding she entered into nothing1' took up a fan which lay on the table and began playing off various imitative airs with it1 exclaiming1 #8,how thoroughly useless a toy6' #88,no10 ,i said1 8on the contrary1 taken as an ornament1 it was the most useful of any belonging to full dress2 occupying the hands1 giving the eyes something to look at1 and taking away stiffness and formality from the figure and deportment40 #88,men have no fans10 cried he1 8and how do they do80 #88,worse10 quoth ,i plumply4 99 99 99 99 99 #88,but the real use of the fan10 cried he1 8if there is any1 is it not--to hide a particular blush that ought not to appear80 #88,oh no1 it would rather make it the sooner noticed40 #88,not at all2 it may be done under pretence of absence--rubbing the cheek1 or nose--putting it up accidentally to the eye--in a thousand ways40' ,the uses of the ,fan8 ,they are legion6--,they record for us public events1 military1 political1 civil2 they tell us our fortunes2 instruct us in ,botany1 in ,heraldry1 in tricks with cards2 they propound conundrums2 take us to the theatre1 to bull-fights1 to church1 to the first balloon ascent2 and to ,mr4 ,thomas ,osborne's ,duck-hunting6 ,in ,shakespeare's day no lady thought of stirring abroad without this accompaniment1 the care of the toy devolving upon the gentleman usher-- #8,peter1 take my fan and go before4' ,romeo and ,juliet4 ,from the ,aubrey ,,ms41 #afgh1 we learn that #8the gentlemen 7temp4 ,henry ,,viii47 had prodigious fans1 as is to be seen in old pictures1#g like that instrument which is used to drive feathers1 and in it a handle at least half a yard long2 with these the daughters were oftentimes corrected 7,sir ,edward ,coke1 ,lord ,chief-,justice1 rode the circuit with such a fan2 ,sir ,william ,dugdale told me he was an eye-witness of it2#h the ,earl of ,manchester also used such a fan72 but fathers and mothers slasht their daughters in the time of their besom discipline when they were perfect women4'#i ,illustration3 ,la ,danse1 after ,lancret4 ,dr ,law ,adam ,hotspur's exclamation1 ,i ,henry ,,iv41 ,,ii4 iii41 further serves to show that this instrument could1 upon occasion1 be used as an offensive weapon3 #8,zounds6 an ,i were now by this rascal1 ,i could brain him with his lady's fan4' ,the strength hidden in such an apparently harmless toy is thus recognised equally by both sterner and gentler sex3 the hint contained in the quaint and charming conceit addressed to the fan of his mistress by ,louis de ,boissey1 author of ,le ,babillard1 will not be lost upon lovers3 #8,deviens le protecteur de ma vive tendresse1 ,bel ventail6 je te remets mes droits2 ,et si quelque rival avait la hardiesse ,d'approcher de trop prs du sein de ma matresse1 ,bel ventail3 donne-lui sur les doigts6' ,illustration3 ,,tea ,,fan4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,ancients ,,egypt ,illustration ,the word fan1 or van1 is derived from the ,latin vannus1 the ,roman instrument for winnowing grain4 ,this winnowing-fan1 held sacred by all the peoples of the ancient world1 together with the fire-fan 7bellows71 also a sacred instrument1 and used by the priestesses of ,isis to fan the flame of their altars--these must be accounted amongst the earliest of the ancient and prolific fan-family4 ,to the first named are several references in ,holy ,writ4 ,isaiah1 xxx4 #bd1 speaks of the oxen and young asses that shall eat clean provender which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan4 ,jeremiah1 xv4 #f-g1 lamenting the backsliding of ,jerusalem1 exclaims1 #8,i am weary with repenting2 and ,i will fan them with a fan in the gates of the land'2 and again in li4 #b1 #8,send unto ,babylon fanners that shall fan her1 and shall empty her land4' ,in ,matt4 iii4 #ab1 and ,luke iii4 #ag1 ,john the ,baptist1 announcing the coming of #8one mightier than ,i'--#8,he shall baptize you with the ,holy ,ghost and with fire3 whose fan is in his hand1 and he will throughly purge his floor1 and will gather the wheat into his garner4' ,both these instruments appear on a bas-relief from a tomb at ,sakkarah1 of the twelfth ,pharaonic dynasty1 circa ,b4,c4 #bcff-bbff1 sixteen hundred years before ,isaiah wrote4 ,in this some shepherds are roasting trussed and spitted ducks over fires which are being kept alive by the plaited1 wedge-shaped hand-fan2 the winnowing-fan appearing in the same picture4 ,servius1 in commenting on ,virgil's mystical fan of ,bacchus1 7#8mystica vannus ,iacchi1' ,georg4 i4 #aff7 affirms that the sacred rites of ,bacchus pertained to the purification of souls2 in ,assyria1 also1 it was introduced in the ceremonies connected with the worship of ,bacchus and became a sacred emblem4#aj ,this instrument1 carried at the ,dionysia or festivals in honour of ,bacchus1 was called ,lichnon 771 and was so essential to the solemnities of this god1 that they could not be duly celebrated without it4 ,so also ,osiris1 when judge of ,amenti1 holds in his crossed hands the crook and flagellum1 the mystical vannus--#8whose fan is in his hand1'#aa each of these instances having reference to the generative principle1 and the improvement of the world by tillage4 ,the passage in ,jeremiah xiii4 #bd1 #8,therefore will ,i scatter them as the stubble that passeth away by the wind of the wilderness1' suggested the proud motto of the ,kentish family of ,septvans 7,setvans73 #8,dissipabo inimicos ,regis mei ut paleam4' #8,the enemies of my king will ,i disperse like chaff4'#ab ,on the brass of ,sir ,robert de ,septvans1 #acjf1 ,chartham1 ,kent1 the knight's shield and aillettes upon the shoulders are charged with the winnowing-fans from which he takes his name1 and small fans are embroidered upon his surcoat4 ,in the ,lansdowne ,,mss4 #hee ,b4,m41 the arms are thus given3 #8,sir robt de sevens dazur e iij vans dor4' ,the ,greeks named the large flat instrument which was used to fan the fire3 the diminutive was applied to objects of similar form in ordinary use amongst both sexes for the purpose of fanning as well as to drive away the flies4 ,indeed the use of the fan as bellows appears to have been practically universal1 and to have dated from a very early period of the world's history4 ,illustration ,the employment of these instruments1 as well as the forms which they assumed1 is continued even to the present day3#ac in the ,republic of ,colombia1 where fans are employed as much by men as by women1 the kitchen of every hut and house throughout the country is provided with a fan in lieu of bellows1 rectangular in form1 albeit broader at the outside than at the short handle1 and about #ab inches by #i inches in size3 ,these are formed of the young inside leaf of the cabbage-palm1 the handle and back being the rib of the leaf1 the fan portion being the fronds of the leaf plaited4 ,illustration ,the ,portuguese fire-fans 7,abano7 made in the south of ,portugal1 and in universal use in that country1 are round in shape1 coarsely plaited in straw or rush1 and fixed in a rough wooden handle4 ,these1 representing the two simplest elemental forms1 are the primeval fans which have come down to us from the remotest periods of history1 have endured through the centuries1 and1 like the fans in use in ,india at present1 identical as a matter of fact with these in form1 are as modern as they are ancient4 ,these two fans1 the winnowing-fan and the fire-fan1 minister to the two most pressing of man's necessities--to the first of his physical necessities1 his daily bread1 and to his chief mental necessity1 the attainment of the bread of life2 the fire-fan keeping alive the flame sacred to the great goddess who is the mother of all things1 mistress of the elements1 giver of the golden grain1 which1 when ripened1 is separated from the chaff by the winnowing-fan2 the one instrument1 therefore1 being the complement and counterpart of the other4 ,the ,egyptian plaited hand-fan1 used for fanning the fire1 as well as for other domestic purposes1 was made in a precisely similar way to the ,portuguese #8,abano' above referred to1 except that instead of being a complete circle1 it assumed the form of a rather full crescent4 ,in the painted decoration of a tomb at ,eileithyia1 representing the interior of a storeroom1 a workman is cooling1 by means of one of these hand-fans1 the liquid which is contained in a number of vases or amphor4 ,illustration ,in a great funeral procession of a royal scribe at ,thebes1 servants carry1 among other offerings1 similar crescent-shaped matted fans1 together with1 in three instances1 the more ornamental semicircular feather hand-fan used by ladies for the purpose of fanning themselves1 and also1 with a somewhat longer handle1 waved by servitors in attendance upon great personages of both sexes4 ,illustration ,on an ,egyptian tablet or stele of the twelfth dynasty1 in the ,british ,museum1 the lady ,khu is seated with her husbands1 receiving offerings from their children2 a hand-fan of semicircular form rests against the seat2 this evidently not of feathers1 but rigid1 since the construction is suggested in the representation1 and obviously used by the lady herself rather than by attendants4 ,illustration ,the handles of these fans were of ivory1 of wood painted1 or of sandalwood1 which latter1 when warmed by the fingers1 exhaled a delicious perfume4 ,a few fan-handles exist in the various public museums2 two occur in the ,british ,museum1 together with a portion of a handle inscribed with the name of ,nebseni1 inspector of the goldsmiths of ,amen1 eighteenth dynasty1 illustrated opposite4 ,a primitive fly-whisk1 of the type seen on the ,assyrian monuments1 appears in the ,louvre1 under ,egypt1 but undated and undescribed2 it is formed of grassy reeds of a buff ochre colour1 bent backwards at the handle1 and rudely tied with the same substance1 the length being about #b feet #f inches4 ,illustration ,the standard1 banner1 and processional fans are usually formed of the feathers of the larger birds1 fixed in a long wooden handle1 the feathers1 as well as the handle1 being painted or dyed in brilliant colours4 ,these1 as will be seen by a reference to the examples from ,rosellini1 are designed with the consummate sense of proportion distinguishing all ,egyptian work4 ,in both the examples given1 the tips of the feathers are surmounted by a tuft of small fluffy feathers1 this being a device common to many countries1 and is seen in the ,north ,american ,indian fan illustrated1 page #hb4 ,illustration3 ,two ,fan ,handles4 ,portion of a ,fan ,handle1 inscribed with the name of ,nebseni4 ,egyptian1 #ahth ,dynasty4 ,british ,museum4 ,many of these standard and processional fans1 doubtless1 were formed of some material stretched upon a semicircular frame1 the fan decorated in various ways4 ,they were in attendance on the king wherever he went2 they were also used as standards in war1 the king's chariot being always accompanied by at least two4 ,the fact that they were dedicated to the service of the gods is evidenced by a stele in the museum at ,boulak1 on which is represented ,osiris enthroned with a flabellifer behind1 waving the long-handled fan4 ,the radiate fans1 writes ,professor ,flinders ,petrie1 were used as sunshades1 appearing in hieroglyphs as the determination of ,khaib1 i4e4 shadow4 ,illustration3 ,,ceremonial ,,fans 7,from ,rosellini47 ,in the temple of ,rameses ,,xii41 ,b4,c4 #aace1 a tablet represents the departure of the ,khonsu from ,thebes to the land of ,bakhatana4 ,a standard fan of ostrich feathers of the ,indian murchal type is fixed in the bow of the boat bearing the god in his ark1 and a semicircular standard fan in the stern2 both being inclined so as to meet above1 and overshadow the ark4#ad ,in the temple of ,derri in ,nubia1 the sacred barque of the god ,phr is solemnly borne by twelve priests1 the king accompanying in military costume2 a flabellifer waves the long-handled fan4 ,numerous representations of these long-handled1 semicircular1 standard fans occur on the monuments4 ,at ,thebes 7,rhamessium7 is figured a reception of the military chiefs and foreign envoys by ,rameses ,,iii4 ,two servitors behind the king carry these fans1 and two fan-bearers wave the ostrich-feather emblem4 ,illustration3 ,,ceremonial ,,fans 7,from ,rosellini47 ,at ,medinet ,abu1 the same king is seated in his chariot with three servitors waving the long-handled1 semicircular fans4 ,the tall1 single ostrich plume was probably in the first instance a fly-whisk4 ,it was the principal ensign of the office of fan-bearer1 which was one of great distinction1 and one of the highest in the gift of the monarch1 none but royal princes or scions of the first nobility being permitted to hold it4 ,the ceremony of investiture took place in the presence of the king seated upon his throne1 and was usually performed after a victory1 and granted for some distinguished service in the field4 ,two priests invest the holder with the robe1 chain1 and other insignia of his office1 the fortunate recipient of the honour raising aloft the flabellum and crook1 thus expressing his fidelity to his king and master4 ,this was the usual formula of investiture of high office2 its resemblance to the biblical account of ,joseph's advancement will at once be apparent4 #8,and ,pharaoh took off his ring from his hand and put it upon ,joseph's hand1 and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen1 and put a gold chain about his neck4' ,upon the field of battle the fan-bearers either attended the monarch on foot or took command of a division with the rank of general4 ,during the heat of battle1 whether mounted in cars or engaged on foot1 they either carried the emblem of their office in their hand1 or slung it behind them4 ,their privileges were many1 amongst them being the right of presenting prisoners to the king after a victory4 ,the office was divided into two grades--those who served upon the right and left of the king respectively1 the most honourable post being always conferred upon those of the highest rank1 or for the most distinguished services4 ,a certain number were always on duty1 and were required to carry the monarch in the palanquin or chair of state1 and to attend during the grand solemnities of the temple and upon all occasions of high state ceremonial4 ,illustration3 ,,investiture ,,of ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,fan-,,bearer 7,from ,wilkinson47 ,the monuments bear eloquent testimony to the importance and significance of this object4 ,at ,thebes 7palace of ,medinet ,abu71 ,rameses ,miamoun appears in a magnificent palanquin1 surrounded by no less than twenty bearers of the fan emblem1 amongst whom are the sons of the king4 ,in the same palace the ten sons of ,rameses appear in the order of their precedence1 bearing the emblem2 the hieroglyphics1 by their side1 indicating their name and functions4 ,on an occasion when the king 7,rameses ,,iv47 receives the homage of the chiefs of the army1 two servitors with the long semicircular fans1 and two bearers of the fan emblem1 are in attendance4 ,the highest significance of the fan emblem is when it is grasped by the talons of the sacred vulture1 guardian and protectress of the monarchs4 ,this figure occurs repeatedly on the monuments2 at ,medinet ,abu1 ,rameses-,miamoun is seen subduing an army of ,asiatics1 the vulture waving the fan emblem over the head of the king4 ,in the temple of ,beit ,oually in ,nubia1 ,rameses ,,ii41 helmeted1 is striding over a fallen barbarian2 the vulture of protection hovers around the head of the hero4 ,on the same monument ,rameses seizes by the hair a barbarian with broken bow1 the vulture again in attendance4 ,upon the completion of the victory1 four fan-bearers1 each with crook and flabellum1 offer the spoils of conquest to the king4 ,on a bas-relief at ,thebes1 ,seti ,i4 is seen in his war-chariot subduing the barbarians1 also accompanied by the vulture4 ,at ,phil1 ,ptolemy ,philometor appears with a group of vanquished ,asiatics1 the vulture once more in attendance4 ,in the papyrus of ,hunefer 7,book of the ,dead7 a winged ,utchat1 with ,eye of ,horus1 waves the fan emblem over the head of ,osiris4 ,in the papyrus of ,anhai1 over the ,standard of the ,west1 which crowns the ,solar ,mount and supports the hawk ,r-,harmachis1 two winged ,hori appear as the protecting principle4 ,this symbol of the vulture forms a motif for surface decoration on the ceiling of the hypostyle hall of the ,rhamessium4 ,above the great bell capital1 the vulture1 grasping in each talon a fan emblem1 is treated as a repeated ornamental pattern2 it also appears as decoration of the umbrella or canopy of the chariot of ,rameses ,,iii4 7,sesostris74 ,we are thus enabled to realise the great part played by the fan alike in the military1 civil1 and religious life of ,egypt4 ,as an instrument in the hands of private persons1 or even of slaves in attendance on individuals1 it is less in evidence on the monuments1 although we may naturally assume that in a climate such as ,egypt this instrument would be in constant requisition4 ,we strain the eye of imagination to the very earliest period of the history of this mystic land1 and see in fancy the ,queen of ,menes the ,thinite1 surrounded by slaves only a little less fair than herself1 waving the fan of square form actually appearing on a cylinder in the ,louvre2 we see1 also in fancy1 the famed and beautiful ,queen ,nitcris1 the handsomest woman of her time1 builder of the third ,pyramid1 reclining upon her couch1 the air being rendered less oppressive by the waving of the soft feather fan with which the monuments have made us familiar4 ,lastly1 have we not ,shakespeare's glowing picture of the fanning of the voluptuous #8serpent of old ,nile1' ,cleopatra8 ,illustration3 ,,umbrella ,,or ,,canopy ,,of ,,the ,,chariot ,,of ,,rameses ,,iii4 #8,for her owne person1 ,it begger'd all description3 she did lye ,in her ,pavillion1 ,cloth of ,gold1 of tissue1 ,o'er-picturing that ,venus1 where we see ,the fancie out-worke nature2 on each side her ,stood pretty-,dimpled boyes1 like smiling ,cupids1 ,with divers-colour'd fannes whose winde did seem ,to glowe the delicate cheekes which they did coole1 ,and what they undid1 did4' ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,ancients--,continued ,,assyria ,illustration ,the employment of the fan in the religious ceremonies of ,assyria has already been hinted at4 ,there can be no possibility of doubt that the ceremonies and customs1 both sacred and secular1 connected with the fan1 were common to all the countries of the ,east1 these being the offspring of similar conditions and necessities4 ,thus we have in ,assyrian sculpture frequent representations of the fly-whisk4 ,on a bas-relief from ,nimroud ,king ,sennacherib is standing in his chariot superintending the moving of a colossal figure at the building of his palace at ,kouyunjik1 two attendants behind the chariot bearing an umbrella and fly-whisk2 on another relief we see ,assur-bani-pal standing1 bow and arrow in hand1 pouring out a libation over four dead lions before an altar1 his umbrella-bearer and fly-flapper being in attendance4 ,we are also introduced to the garden or palm-grove of ,assur-bani-pal's palace1 wherein the king is being entertained by his queen at a banquet2 the queen holding in her left hand what is evidently a small fan and of the shape and general appearance of the pleated fan1 but probably rigid4 ,the royal fan-bearers were two in number1 invariably eunuchs1 their usual place being behind the monarch4 ,the long-tasselled scarf appears to be the badge of the office1 which was one of great dignity4 ,its holder was privileged to leave his station behind the throne and hand his master the sacred cup1 the royal scent-bottle1 or handkerchief1 which latter article invariably appears in the left hand4 ,the usage of this office seems to have been very similar to that of ,egypt2 in the absence of the vizier1 or in subordination to him1 he introduced captives to the king1 reading out their names from a scroll or tablet in his left hand4#ae ,illustration3 ,,assyria ,illustration3 ,,persia ,the matter of the #8handkerchief' opens up an important question4 ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 in a masterly address before the ,society of ,arts on the subject of ancient fans1 says3 #8,on a 8marble0 in the ,british ,museum1 from ,kouyunjik 7near ,mossul1 i4e4 ,nineveh71 representing ,sennacherib1 ,b4,c4 #fha-gje1 enthroned before ,lachish1 two attendants stand behind the throne1 each waving in his right hand1 over the monarch's head1 a murchal 7fly-whisk7 of undoubted peacocks' feathers1 and each bearing in his left hand what ,i identify as the cover of the murchal4 ,it is absurd to take it to be a pocket-handkerchief4' ,illustration ,on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,bushell1 in his ,handbook of ,chinese ,art1 refers to the fan- and towel-bearers in the ,chinese sculptures of the ,han dynasty2 these1 although somewhat differing in shape from those of the ,assyrian reliefs1 evidently served a similar purpose4 ,it is an extremely difficult point to determine2 in the reliefs of ,assur-bani-pal at ,susiana1 of ,sennacherib at ,kouyunjik1 and others1 two flabellifer walk behind the king's chariot bearing in their right hands the fly-whisks1 their left hands not being seen4 ,standing in the umbrella-covered chariot1 immediately behind the king and charioteer1 a figure bears a smaller handkerchief or cover in his right hand1 but no evidence of a fly-whisk4 ,the left hand in this instance also does not appear in the relief4 ,in a representation of ,assur-bani-pal in the ,louvre 7,layard1 ,monuments1 ,series ,,ii4 ,plate #ea71 the king holds in his right hand a small fan2 an attendant behind holds the cover or handkerchief in his right hand1 but no fly-whisk4 ,these objects are in most instances fringed1 and in some cases embroidered with a narrow border4 ,assyrian fly-whisks were usually of feathers1 set in a short handle of ivory1 wood1 or other material1 carved or otherwise ornamented4 ,there were two kinds1 a smaller one which was a kind of brush1 made of horse-hair or vegetable fibre1 and a larger one of feathers2 the short brush fan belongs to the earlier period1 the long feathered form to the later4#af ,the two forms1 however1 appear at the same time4 ,in the bas-relief of the banquet above referred to1 attendants bear dishes of fruits and meats1 each being provided with the small fly-whisk1 evidently for the purpose of driving away insects from the royal dishes4 ,the ceremonies and usages connected with the fly-whisk open up a vast field of inquiry1 far too involved to be adequately dealt with here2 some few aspects may1 however1 be touched upon4 ,baal-zebub1 ,beel-zebub1 ,beel-zebut1 ,bel-zebub1 the ,philistine god of ,ekron1 whom the ,jews represented as ,prince of ,devils1 was literally ,lord ,fly1 or ,lord of the ,flies4 ,when ,ahaziah was sick he sent to consult the ,lord ,fly's oracle4#ag ,the word ,baal simply means owner1 master1 or lord4 ,in ,phnicia and ,carthage it was the custom of kings and great men to unite their names with that of their god1 as ,hannibal1 #8grace of ,baal1' ,hasdrubal1 #8help of ,baal4' ,amongst the ,jews also many names of cities were compounded with ,baal2 as ,baal-,gad1 ,baal-,hammon1 ,baal-,thamar4 ,in the #8authorised version' the name is ,baal-zebub1 afterwards changed to ,beel-zebub2 the original conception is1 however1 one of great difficulty and obscurity1 unless1 indeed1 we may directly connect the worship of ,baal with that of the sun4 ,josephus declares that the ,assyrians erected the first statue of ,mars1 and worshipped him as a ,god1 calling him ,baal4 ,we read in the book of ,kings how ,josiah destroyed the altars which had been reared by ,manasseh1 and #8put down the idolatrous priests1 444 them also that burned incense unto ,baal1 to the sun and to the moon1 and to the planets1 and to all the host of heaven'2 these instances suggesting that ,baal and the sun were two separate deities4 ,on the other hand1 ,baal-,hammon is represented on a ,carthaginian monument with a crown of rays4 ,baalbek was called by the ,greeks ,heliopolis 7sun-city7 and at ,baal-,shemeh 7house of the sun7 there was a temple to ,baal4 ,if1 therefore1 we may regard ,baal and the sun as synonymous1 the matter is at once simplified1 since the sun is the bringer of flies1 and is in actual fact ,lord of the ,flies4 ,according to ,pliny1 the ,cyrenians offered sacrifices to the fly-catching god ,achor1 because the flies bred pestilence1 and this author remarks that no sooner is the sacrifice offered1 than the flies perish4 ,the ,greeks had their ,jupiter ,myiodes1 or fly-hunter1 to whom a bull was sacrificed in order to propitiate him in driving away the flies which infested the ,olympic ,games4 ,there was also a ,hercules ,myiodes1 the origin of whose worship ,pausanias declares to have been the following3--,hercules1 being molested by swarms of flies while he was about to offer sacrifice to ,olympian ,jupiter in the temple1 offered a victim to that god under the name of ,myagron1 upon which all the flies flew away beyond the river ,alpheus4 ,pausanias further refers to the festival of ,athena at ,aliphera in ,arcadia1 which was opened with a sacrifice and prayer to the ,fly-catcher1 and states that after the sacrifice1 the flies gave no further trouble4 lian 7,nat4 ,an41 xi4 #h7 affirms that at the festival of ,apollo in the island of ,leucas1 an ox was sacrificed2 the flies1 glutted with the blood1 gave no further trouble4 ,the same author states that the flies of ,pisa 7,olympia7 were more virtuous1 because they did their duty1 not for a consideration1 but out of pure regard for the god4#ah ,scaliger derives the name of ,beel-zebub1 the false god1 from ,baalim-,zebabim1 which signifies lord of sacrifices4 ,this deity was worshipped during the time of our ,saviour1 who is accused by the ,pharisees of casting out devils by ,beel-zebub1 the prince of the devils4 ,so ,holman ,hunt1 in his picture of the finding of the ,saviour in the ,temple1 with fine perception1 places a fly-whisk in the hand of a child4#ai ,a child is here propounding to his elders a purer and loftier system of ethics than had heretofore been dreamed of2 a child1 likewise1 banishes the servants of ,belial4 ,with the ,jewish writers of the ,middle ,ages the worship of ,baal frequently signified the practising of the rites of the ,christian religion2 thus ,rabbi ,joseph ,ben ,meir in his ,chronicles states that ,clovis forsook his ,god and worshipped ,baal1 and that a high place was built at ,paris for ,baal ,dionysius1 i4e4 the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,denis4#bj ,the ,assyrians employed the tall standard and sceptral fans in a precisely similar way to the ,egyptians4 ,in the restoration of the palace of ,sargon 7,khorsabad71 compiled by ,felix ,thomas1 given by ,perrot and ,chipiez1 ,history of ,art in ,chalda and ,assyria1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bd1 two enormous frond standards are placed at the entrance to the ,harem ,court1 these being circular1 formed of palm fronds in bronze gilt4 #8,in ,india1 as in ,japan1' to quote again ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 #8the standard is often blazoned with some totemistic1 symbolical1 or heraldic device1 and it was probably so blazoned in ,assyria1 for from ,assyria the practice spread to ,greece and ,rome of using such devices on both standards and shields4 ,later this ritual was revived by the ,saracens1 and was spread over medival ,europe by the ,crusaders returning from the ,holy ,land4' ,the ,assyrian disc-standards were probably of brass or other metal1 fixed to the inside of the chariot4 ,two devices appear on the monuments--the ,divine ,archer standing on a bull1 and two bulls running in opposite directions4 ,these were enclosed in a circle at the end of a long staff ornamented with streamers and tassels4#ba ,the ,assyrians employed the primitive plaited fan1 used in ,egypt1 both crescent-shaped1 square1 and triangular4 ,on a relief from ,nimroud1 in the ,british ,museum1 in a circular arrangement divided into four compartments1 representing the interior of a castle with towers and battlements1 a eunuch is waving in his right hand1 over a stand on which are vases and bowls1 a square1 flag-shaped fan1 certainly of the plaited variety2 in the left hand is what appears to be a fly-whisk4 ,on a silver dish in the ,strogonoff collection illustrated in ,orientalische ,teppiche1 ,alois ,riegl1 a ,sassanian monarch is seated1 cross-legged1 holding a tazza1 and attended by two servitors1 one of whom waves a plaited flag-fan of oblong shape4 ,the dish1 which bears strong traces of ,indian influence1 is probably of the period of ,varannes ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #bgc-bgg4 ,the swinging-fan1 suspended from the ceiling1 and operated by pulling a cord1 is an ancient device for cooling the air of rooms4 ,the testimony of an ,assyrian bas-relief from ,nineveh indicates its use at the period to which these sculptures belong--seventh to tenth century ,b4,c4 ,wicquefort1 in his translation of the embassy of ,garcias de ,figueron1 gives the name of fan to a kind of chimney or ventiduct1 in use among the ,persians1 to furnish air and wind into their houses1 without which the heat would be insupportable4#bb ,a variant of this device for ventilating rooms is recorded in ,chinese annals4 ,under the ,han dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #bje-;,a4,d4 #be1 a skilful workman at ,ch'ang--and named ,ting ,huan--made a fan of seven large wheels #aj feet in diameter1 the whole turned by a single man4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,bas-,,relief4 7,nimroud47 ,the luxurious ,guez de ,balzac1 in the twentieth letter1 written from ,rome in #afba1 to the ,cardinal de la ,villette1 with his customary extravagant hyperbole1 describes his method of guarding against the heat during the broiling month of ,july--#8,four servants constantly fan my apartments2 they raise wind enough to make a tempestuous sea4' ,illustration3 ,sea ,nymphs1 ,italian1 #agfj1 gouache on skin2 horn stick1 finely piqu in gold1 panaches with crown fleurs de lys of ,france4 ,mr ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,ancients--,continued ,,greece ,,and ,,rome ,illustration ,in ,greece1 as in ,egypt1 the fan had a sacred as well as a secular use4 ,m4 ,uzanne refers to the fan of feathers which those discreet and irreproachable ladies1 the ,vestals1 made use of to fan the flame of their sacrifices1 and1 rather roguishly1 seizes the idea of fanning the flame to suggest that of inward flames kindled by the arrows of the little god ,cupid1 in place of the chaste ardours of the sacred mysteries4 ,the fans of the priests of ,isis1 when ,isis was a ,grecian divinity1 were formed of the wings of a bird1 attached to the end of a long wand1 and thus made to resemble the caduceus of ,mercury4 ,the ,greeks received the fan from ,egypt and ,assyria through the ,phnicians1 who were the traders between the east and the west4 ,in the sarcophagus of ,amanthus 7,cyprio-,phnician71 representing a train of horsemen1 footmen1 and chariots1 the horses' heads are adorned with a pleated fan crest1 similar to that which was used by the ,persians2 the figure in the first biga carries a parasol4 ,thus ,perrot and ,chipiez in their description of this monument3 #8,the parasol which shades the head of the great person in the first biga is the symbol of ,asiatic royalty3 the fan-shaped plume which rises above the heads of all the chariot horses1 is an ornament that one sees in the same position in ,assyria and ,lycia1 when the sculptor desires to represent horses magnificently caparisoned4' ,this remarkable example is of the highest interest as showing that the pleated form--in this instance1 doubtless1 rigid1 and fixed to a short handle1 also seen in both ,egyptian and ,assyrian monuments--has been employed from a very remote period4#bc ,the earliest ,greek fans were1 doubtless1 branches of the myrtle1 acacia1 the triple leaves of the ,oriental plantain1 and also the leaves of the lotus1 which latter1 together with the myrtle1 were consecrated to ,venus1 were symbols of the dolce far niente1 and therefore peculiarly appropriate to this instrument of reposeful ease4 ,the myrtle bough was also used by the ,romans1 as we learn from ,martial1 iii4 #hb1 serving at the same time as fan and fly-flap-- #8,et aestuanti tenue ventilat frigus ,supina prasino concubina flabello2 ,fugtque muscas myrte puer virg4' ,illustration ,illustration3 ,terra ,cotta ,statuettes4 ,british ,museum4 ,the single leaf or heart-shaped fan occurs constantly in ,greek terra-cottas2 a number of examples are to be seen in the ,british and other ,museums4 ,in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum is a charming little winged ,amor1 draped1 tripping gaily along1 hiding his face behind a fan of this shape4 ,blondel refers to a female figure in the ,louvre1 seated at a feast1 holding a leaf-fan2 also in a fresco at ,pompeii a figure is seen holding a fan which this author mistakes for that of a different shape1 but which is really a perspective view of the plantain-leaf4 ,we see the triform leaf-fan in the hands of a ,tanagra figure in the collection of ,louis ,fould1 illustrated in the ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts for #ahfj2 this1 as well as a number of ,tanagra figures1 evidently representing priestesses of ,venus4 ,it is impossible to determine with any degree of accuracy the material and construction of these fans3 in some instances they are evidently stretched on a frame1 and adorned with ornament either painted or embroidered2 occasionally1 also1 the decorative motif is that of the natural veining of the leaf2 the handles being usually very short1 in many cases scarcely visible4 ,the slight vestiges of colour remaining on these statuettes must in no instance be taken as suggesting the colouring of the original fans4 ,the business of the ,tanagra sculptor was to make a statuette and not a portrait of any particular fan2 the colouring of the fan of the statuette would therefore be determined by the general colour scheme of which it formed a part4 ,the circular fan of peacocks' feathers appears as early as the fifth century ,b4,c41 and even at this date had already been used in ,asia ,minor4 ,references to the feather-fan are of constant occurrence in the writings of ,greek authors4 ,a slave in the ,orestes of ,euripides exclaims3 #8,after the ,phrygian fashion ,i chanced with the close circle of feathers to be fanning the gale1 that sported in the ringlets of ,helen4' ,instances of the feather-fan are common on ,greek vases1--on the ,campanian ,hydra 7,f4 #bab71 ,british ,museum1 the shape in this instance being that of the reversed heart4 ,in the fourth vase room1 on an oil-flask1 with ,aphrodite seated in the lap of ,adonis1 a figure appears holding a very large fan1 but similar in shape to the first mentioned2 and on the ,apulian ,hydra1 ,f4 #ceb1 a fan appears which is evidently a conventional representation of the peacock feather-fan4 ,the long-handled fan was also adopted by the ,greeks1 these being waved by servants or attendants1 as in ,egypt4 ,the ,etruscans1 amongst whom the luxury of the fan is early seen1 and who transmitted it later to the ,romans1 used the peacock feathers1 of different lengths1 in a semicircle3 such a fan appears on a large vase in the ,louvre4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,,an ,,apulian ,,hydra4 7,british ,museum47 ,on an ,etruscan crater1 representing ,heracles strangling the serpents1 surrounded by the greater gods1 a fan of plain feathers is held in the hand of one of the attendants4 ,on a sarcophagus at ,vulci1 found in the winter of #ahde-f1 a female figure appears waving a large fan1 1 identical in shape with fans used in ,india at the present day4 ,in the ,grotta del ,sole e della ,luna 7tomb of the ,sun and ,moon7 at ,vulci1 discovered in #ahcj1 one of the ceilings has a singular fan-pattern1 given in ,mon4 ,ined4 ,inst41 i4 tav4 xli41 the counterpart of which is found in two tombs at ,cervetri1 whence we may conclude it was no uncommon decoration in ,etruscan houses4#bd ,in the ,museo ,gregorio1 ,rome1 are half-a-dozen handles of fans1 with holes for threads or wire1 to tie in feathers or leaves4 ,illustration3 ,the ,rape of ,helen4 #8,vernis ,martin4' ,lady ,lindsay4 #8,the fashion of the fan1' says ,m4 de ,linas1#be #8was probably introduced into ,italy in the sixth century ,b4,c4 ,we learn from ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus1 that ,aristodemus1 tyrant of ,cum1 and ally of ,porsenna1 corrupted the youths of this town by making them effeminate buffoons1 accompanied by followers who carried the flabellum and umbrella4' ,the fan1 although perhaps in less constant use by the ,romans1 was still an article of very general employment4 ,in the ,eunuchus of ,terence we are introduced to a pretty scene in which the fan plays an important part4 ,chaerea is relating to ,antipho his good fortune with the fair ,thais3 ,,chaerea4 ,while ,i was revolving these things in my mind1 the virgin meanwhile was called away to bathe2 she goes1 bathes1 and returns1 after which they laid her on a couch2 ,i stand waiting to see if they had any orders for me4 ,at last1 one came up and said--#8,here1 ,dorus1 take this fan1 and1 while we are bathing1 fan her thus4 ,when we have done you may bathe too1 if you have a mind4' ,i take it very demurely4 ,,antipho4 ,i could have then wished to see that impudent face of thine1 and the awkward figure so great a booby must make holding a fan4 ,,chaerea4 ,scarce had she done speaking1 when in a moment they all hurried out of the room1 and ran to the bath in a noisy manner1 as is usual when masters are absent4 ,meantime1 the virgin falls asleep4 ,i steal a private glance thus1 with the corner of my eye1 through the fan2 at the same time look round everywhere1 to see if the coast was quite clear4444 ,the ,romans employed the fly-flap 7muscarium7 formed of peacocks' feathers1 which was often provided with a long handle1 so that the fan could be waved by a servant 7flabellifer71 who protected his mistress from the insects during sleep4 ,plautus1 ,trinummus1 ,,ii4 i41 refers to these flabilliferae1 but in this instance the term is obviously applied to female fan-bearers4 ,propertius1 ,,ii4 xxiv4 #aa1 speaks of flabella of the tail feathers of the peacock4 ,the peacock fly-flap is also referred to by ,martial1 xiv4 #fg3 #8,what1 from thy food1 repels profaning flies1 ,strutted1 a gorgeous train1 with ,gemmy eyes4' #8,lambere quae turpes prohibet tua prandia muscas1 ,alitis eximiae cauda superba fuit4' ,the same author1 ,,iii4 lxxii4 #aj-aa1 says of ,zoilus that when overcome by the heat1 a pleasant coolness is wafted about him with a leek-green flabellum4 ,the ,romans also adopted the tail of the yak1 but this last1 which appears to have been imported from ,india1 was not so commonly used as the tabell1 a species of fan of square or circular shape1 formed of precious wood or very finely cut ivory1 referred to by ,ovid in the third book of his ,amores4 #8,wouldst thou1' he exclaims1 #8have an agreeable zephyr to refresh thy face8 ,this tablet agitated by my hand will give you this pleasure4' ,those also were the fans the young ,roman exquisites carried when accompanying their mistresses along the ,via ,sacra1 fanning them gallantly1 representations of which appear on vases in the ,louvre4#bf ,propertius1 also1 in the fourth book of his ,elegies1 represents ,hercules as seated at the feet of ,omphale1 fan in hand4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,,an ,,etruscan ,,vase4 7,british ,museum47 ,illustration3 ,an ,eastern ,potentate taking tea4 finely painted in gouache on gold ground1 ,french1 c4 #aghj4 stick modern4 ,mrs ,hungerford ,pollen ,,chapter ,,iii ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,far ,,east ,,india ,illustration ,it is difficult for the ,western mind to realise the degree of importance assumed by the fan1 the fly-flap1 and the umbrella1 in the countries of the ,far ,east1 especially ,india2 these objects being regarded with an affection almost1 indeed actually1 amounting to reverence4 ,its primal cause is to be found in the overpowering insistence of the sun's rays1 and the sense of grateful relief afforded by shade and disturbance of the air4 ,to discover its origin we must look back1 beyond the age of legendary lore1 to actual mythology1 when we find representations of the ,puranic snake gods of ,india with the sacred umbrella over their heads1 attended by ,cherubim waving the fan and the fly-flap4 ,similarly we find the sacred five- or seven-headed cobra itself assuming the office of sunshade1 uprearing its hood to form a canopy for ,buddha or for the ,hindoo gods4 ,in the ,mahbhrata1 the ancient epic of ,hindostan1 we have a description of the death of the monarch ,pndou1 in which great crowds assemble at the bier to do homage to the dead1 bringing offerings of fly-flaps and white umbrellas1 the latter having each a hundred ribs of pure gold1 the donors thereby ensuring for themselves a place in ,paradise4 ,in the same epic1 the poet represents the sacred ,karna1 in the midst of the acclamations of victory1 seated majestically upon his throne1 beneath the emblems of the umbrella1 the fan1 and the fly-flap2 these being regarded as the most solemn symbols of state throughout the ,east4 ,thus1 the title of the ,king of ,burmah is #8,lord of the twenty-four umbrellas1' this being the number always borne before the ,emperor of ,china upon every state occasion1 and accompanying him even to the hunting-field4#bg ,the connection between this umbrella-reverence and primitive tree-worship is abundantly established1 both having their origin in climatic conditions4 ,on the ,sanchi ,tope is figured the sacred flowering ,sal tree 7beneath which ,gautama ,buddha died at ,kasia71 surmounted by two ,chhatras1 these1 together with the tree1 being adorned with garlands4 ,again1 on the ,great ,tope at ,buddha ,gaya1 ,b4,c4 #bej1 erected in front of the sacred ,bo tree 7,ficus religiosa71 beneath which ,gautama attained to the ,buddhahood1 are umbrellas hung with garlands4 ,also in a ,thibetan picture of the death of ,gautama given in ,dr4 ,waddell's ,buddhism of ,thibet1 we see a garlanded and festooned umbrella in the centre over ,buddha1 with attendants waving fly-flaps1 and on the right a large standard fan4 ,so deeply rooted1 indeed1 is the reverence for the umbrella1 and so completely in the minds of the populace are these objects identified with regal power1 that1 upon the occasion of the visit of the ,prince of ,wales 7,king ,edward ,,vii47 to ,india1 it was deemed necessary for his ,royal ,highness to appear beneath a golden umbrella on an elephant in order that his sovereign dignity might be demonstrated4 ,in the manuscript of ,nieder ,muenster of ,ratisbon1 now in the library at ,munich1 we find a curious blending of the tree and umbrella form1 introduced as accessories in representations of the four evangelists1 doubtless merely intended as conventional floral forms1 but evidently the work of some monkish illuminator who had become influenced by ,oriental mythology4 ,in ,ratisbon1 also1 is an illumination of ,christ bearing the cross1 to one arm of which is attached a half-closed umbrella1 reproduced in ,curiosits ,mystrieuses4 #8,le pommeau1' says the chronicler1 #8est orn de ce que les ,romains nomment ,ombrellino 7petit dais en parasol74 ,s'il s'agissait coup sr de ce baldaquin 7qui est le propre de certains dignitaires7 nous pourrions rappeler que ce mot figurait dj dans l'tiquette impriale avant ,constantin4'#bh ,on ,attic and other ,greek vases of the third and fourth century ,b4,c41 to quote ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 it is often very difficult to distinguish the fan from the umbrella4 #8,where it is distinctly an umbrella1 it is either of the peaked ,assyrian form1 or of the dome-7#8rondel' of ,valentijin1 etc41 and #8arundels' of ,fryer7 topped ,indian form 7chhatra72 and when it is distinctly a fan1 it is usually of the ,indian type1 determined by the fan palm frond and the peacock feather1 and rarely of the ,egyptian type determined by the date-palm and the ostrich feather4' ,in the early ,persian bas-reliefs1 says ,chardin in his ,voyages1 the kings of ,persia are frequently represented in the act of mounting on horseback surrounded by beautiful slaves2 the duty of one being that of holding an umbrella over the head of the monarch4 ,this1 not only for the purpose of protecting the sovereign from the rays of the sun1 but also to demonstrate his absolute right of life and death over both prisoners and subjects4 ,umbrellas formed an important feature in the ,greek ,bacchic processions4 ,aristophanes refers to white umbrellas and baskets1 signifying pomp and joy1 as being intended to recall to men the acts of ,ceres and ,proserpine1 and constantly borne by virgins at all religious ceremonials4 ,in a miniature in the ,royal ,library at ,paris1 of ,sivaji on the march1 a sayiban or sun-fan is seen1 having an arrangement of drapery in form of a curtain or valance4#bi ,here we discover a point of contact between the fan and the umbrella1 although it is probable that in this instance its use as a shade-giving instrument had not developed4 ,a much closer form-connection1 however1 between fan and umbrella is seen in the simple leaf section of the ,palmyra palm1 cut level at the top1 used by the natives in most parts of ,india4 ,this assumes exactly the shape of the pleated fan1 the pleating formed by ,nature's deft hands4 ,the large ,cingalese umbrella used by headsmen and at weddings is of the same shape1 made of the young leaves of the talipot palm1 often richly decorated with plaited patterns in various colours1 and with mica inlay4 ,of similar form1 also1 is the sacred processional parasol of the ,indian ,mussulmans 7,shia sect7 and the ,hindus4 ,the fan1 therefore1 must be considered as part of a continuous development from the umbrella symbol of might and power1 employed equally in the ,east as in the ,west1 and the infinitude of military and processional fan-like standards and sceptral fans1 to the hand-fan and fly-whisk4 ,we discover a direct affinity between the hissing of the wind through the open metal mouth and silken bag of the ,roman ,dragon standard1 and the beating of the wings of the ,norse ,raven1 used for a similar purpose2 between the ,assyrian disc standards with the divine archer standing on the sacred bull1 and the cruciferal discs employed at a more recent date in ,christian ,church ceremonial2 between the chauri waved over the head of ,krishna1 and the wafting of divine influence by the angelic attendants upon the ,saviour in early ,christian missal-painting4 ,the alums or allums used in the ,moharram procession in ,india are analogous to the standards used by the ,greeks and ,romans1 and those figured on the gates of the ,sanchi ,tope1 consisting not only of flags and banners1 but of all sorts of devices in metal1 raised on the top of a long staff and carried to battle4#cj ,illustration3 ,,cingalese ,s,,sata 7,made of the leaf of the talipot palm1 enriched with plates of mica1 the handle lacquered wood2 length1 including handle1 #g feet47 ,the ,cingalese ,ssata1 a ceremonial fan for royal and religious use1 or for attendance upon great personages1 consists of an embroidered cloth disc1 or talipot leaf1 decorated with images of the sun1 moon1 etc41 with mica and other materials introduced1 mounted on a lacquered staff4 ,tenants of the first rank attend the ,disvta 7lord chief7 on journeys1 convey his orders1 carrying the great banner1 state umbrella1 and ,ssata4#ca ,a smaller disc-fan1 the disc covered with crimson velvet1 the handle about fifteen inches long1 of carved ivory1 richly inlaid1 occurs in the ,louvre4 ,the royal standard1 banner1 or ensign1 employed in ,india1 composed of peacocks' feathers1 is illustrated in a ,,ms4 copy of the ,akbar-,namah 7c4 #aeig71 the form being circular1 and also that of a somewhat elongated semicircle4 ,illustration ,the fly-flap1 chowr1 chowrie1 chourie1 chaurie1 is next in dignity to the umbrella1 and was in the first instance devoted to the service of the gods4 ,on a bas-relief of the pagoda of ,elephanta1 described by the ,orientalist ,langls in his ,history of ,hindostan1 a servant is seen behind ,brahma and ,indra holding in each hand chauries or fly-whisks4 ,in the ,india ,museum is a charming little chaurie with silver handle and ribbons of silver gauze tipped with red silk1 used by ,jains to drive away insects from their idol without destroying them4 ,illustration3 ,,fly-,,whisk 7,from a painting on talc4 ,madras4 ,nineteenth century47 ,chauries are formed of various materials--of ivory1 the strips of which are sometimes cut to incredible fineness for such a substance2 in these cases the handles are formed of the same material1 richly carved--of the bushy tail of the ,himalayan yak1 both black and white1 the handles either of metal1 ivory1 or wood--of sandalwood1 also cut into the finest possible strips1 the handles richly carved2 the waving of these chauries emitting a fine fragrance--of the stripped quills of the larger birds1 more generally the peacock--of horse-hair and the various grasses4 ,the handles were often formed of the horns of various animals2 an example occurs in the ,horniman ,museum1 in which instance it is the antelope4 ,the chaurie from the tail of the yak was in ancient ,india fixed upon a gold or ornamented shaft between the ears of the war-horse1 like the plume of the war-horse of chivalry2 the banner or banneret1 with the device of the chief1 rose at the back of the car4 #8,the waving chaurie on the steed's broad brow points backwards1 motionless as a picture4'#cb ,illustration3 ,quill1 ,sandal ,wood ,chauries1 ,peacock ,emblem of ,royalty1 ,yak1 ,ivory ,chauries4 ,india ,museum4 ,this1 it will be seen1 is in strict conformity to the usage of the ancient ,egyptians1 who employed the tall fan emblem in a precisely similar way2 these proud plumes serving a double purpose--an ornamental1 and1 in the case of ,egypt1 even an heraldic purpose1 and also the purely utilitarian one of affording the animal some relief from fly pests4 ,the peacock has ever been regarded as a sacred bird1 both by the peoples of the ,east and the ,west4 ,the ,greek fable of ,argus the hundred-eyed1 the sleepless guardian of ,io1 serves to connect the idea of extreme vigilance with that of true kingship1 i4e4 the universal preserver and father of the people4 ,the peacock therefore presented a double significance to the minds of the ,hindu peoples2 it expressed the vigilance of kingship together with its magnificence4 ,the peacock feather emblem of royalty is the sign or insignia of the king's high office1 and the principal evidence of his sovereignty3 wherever a king appears he is accompanied by an attendant bearing this emblem1 which appears in all pictorial or other representations of royalty4 ,it was1 doubtless1 in the first instance a fly-flap1 and is either composed entirely of feathers1 or1 it consists of a bunch of feathers enclosed two-thirds of the distance in a silver casing1 usually ornamented with an imbricated pattern2 the handle also of silver4 ,several examples of this object appear in the ,india ,museum1 and numberless representations occur in sculpture1 illumination1 embroidery1 etc4 ,the poet ,valmiki tells of the sumptuous sceptre1 studded with jewels1 prepared for the sacrifices to ,rama--a magnificent fan with a radiant garland resembling the full moon in the clear night sky4 ,illustration3 ,,emblem ,,of ,,royalty 7,from an illumination of a ,court reception by the ,king of ,oudh47 ,the word punkh1 or pankh1 from pankh1 a feather1 a bird1 is a generic term applied in ,india to all fans1 pankhi meaning a small fan4 ,this derivation serves as an indication of the early use of the plumed fan in ,india1 which divides honours with the palm-leaf fan in point of antiquity1 and doubtless also as suggesting a similarity between the beating of a bird's wings and the movement of the fan4 ,the earliest plumed fans probably consisted of a pair of complete wings set shoulder to shoulder1 resembling the caduceus of ,mercury1 which was regarded as a symbol of happiness1 peace1 and concord1 the wings expressing diligence4 ,feather-fans assume all manner of shapes1 as the large round banner-fans already referred to2 the familiar crescent-like form with a short handle set horizontally at its base2 and the various hand-screens1 these either composed entirely of peacocks' feathers1 the breast and neck feathers forming a pattern in the centre1 with a border of tail feathers2 or1 the centre formed of plaited pith and cane of various colours1 beetles' wings1 etc41 with the border again of feathers2 the handles being of cane or wood1 or of wood covered with cane strippings or other material4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,standards 7,from a ,,ms4 copy of the ,akbar-,namah4 ,sixteenth century47 ,in ,persia and ,arabia1 from the first centuries of our era1 fans were made of ostrich feathers1 many being ornamented with that form of inscription which is such a leading feature of the decorative art of these countries4 ,illustration3 ,large ,hand ,fan of ,sandal ,wood1 ,indian4 #ahth ,cent4 pierced carved4 ,mrs ,hungerford ,pollen4 ,the crescent-shaped hand-fan also dates from a very early period4 ,in its primitive form1 it is seen in the painted decoration of the ,buddhist cave-temples of ,ajanta 7first century ,b4,c4 to eighth century ,a4,d471 the example given being probably ornamented with strips or panels of mica1 the constructional portion of cane or pith4 ,illustration3 ,,hand-,,fan 7,from the cave paintings at ,ajanta47 ,a variant of this form1 still more simple in its construction1 is seen in one of the sculptured roundels of the ,buddhist tope at ,amaravati1 ,southern ,india1 circa second century ,a4,d42 an attendant upon a great personage waves a circular fan1 having the handle stretched across the face1 with a circular opening near the lower edge to enable the handle to be gripped4 ,all the foregoing types obtain at the present day1 and are as modern as they are ancient4 ,illustration3 ,,plaited ,,grass-,,fan 7,from the ,amaravati ,tope47 ,the flag form of fan is1 if possible1 a still more remarkable instance of the persistence of certain decorative motifs throughout long periods of the world's history4 ,this type1 again1 is in use at the present day--the page of examples illustrated are of the mid-nineteenth century--this identical form appears in the wall-paintings at ,ajanta2#cc it is also seen in ,egyptian and ,assyrian sculptured reliefs2 it was employed by the ,copts from the third to the sixth century1 and earlier in ,arabia2 it was in general use in ,italy during the period of the ,renaissance4 ,there can be no possibility of doubt that this form of fan was common to the whole of the ,east and to a greater portion of the ,west1 and has endured throughout the centuries4 ,illustration3 ,,flag-,,fan 7,from the cave paintings at ,ajanta47 ,these fans are of two kinds--rigid and flexible2 in both instances they are invariably plaited1 the material being stripped palm1 bamboo1 ivory1 peacock quills1 etc4 ,the rigid variety is often placed loose in the handle1 to allow of its being swung round and round like a policeman's rattle4 ,see illustration opposite4 ,the hatchet or halberd shape is a development of the flag form1 and varies from the simple blade to that of a highly ornamental shape4 ,the material is silk1 velvet1 cloth or other tissue1 often richly embroidered with gold and silver thread1 spangles1 beetles' wings1 etc41 with a fringe of either silver tinsel or peacocks' feathers2 the handles being of wood1 cane1 or silver4 ,these are at present largely made at ,delhi4 ,occasionally the fan is entirely formed of threaded glass beads of various colours forming a pattern upon a wire framework1 with a fringe of tinsel1 the handle also overlaid with beads4 ,the primitive palm-fan occurs on the oldest ,hindostani bas-reliefs1 and is described by the poets4 ,this primeval fan still forms part of the attire of certain ,buddhist priests in ,siam1 and from it they take their name of #8,talapoins'2 the fan's name being #8talapat1' or #8palm-tree-leaf' in the ,siamese language4 ,illustration3 #8,,talapat' ,,fan ,,pankh4 7,embroidered velvet1 with silver handle4 ,moorshedabad4 ,india ,museum47 ,,from ,,an ,,illumination ,this form 7the reversed heart7 is common to both the smaller hand-fans and the larger ceremonial and processional fans4 ,the natural palm-leaf is employed1 trimmed to the required shape1 and used either plain1 or painted in brilliant colours1 or forming a base for a covering of embroidery1 feathers or stuffs1 as in the example from ,moorshedabad 7illustrated71 which is of velvet1 embroidered with silver4 ,illustration3 ,flag ,fans1 split palm bamboo4 #aith4 ,cent4 ,beaded ,fan1 ,palm ,leaf ,fan with mica insertions4 ,india ,museum4 ,the lateral form1 in which the leaf is set sidewise on the stem1 follows the same principle of decorative development4 ,it is used plain1 painted1 inlaid with talc as in the example illustrated1 is embroidered with silk1 spangles1 beetles' wings1 etc42 it also supplies the shape or decorative motif for fans of a different material1 as in the instance of the four long-handled fans1 forming portion of the ,burmese regalia1 obtained from ,mandalay in #ahhe1 examples of a barbaric splendour only to be found in the gorgeous ,east4 ,these are of gold1 jewelled with rubies and the #8nan-ratan' or nine stone1 the handles overlaid with gold and also jewelled4 ,amongst fans formed of the more precious materials is a disc-shaped fan of gold1 set with cabochon sapphires1 an offering dedicated by ,krti ri to the #8,tooth relic4'#cd ,figured in ,medival ,sinhalese ,art1 ,a4 ,k4 ,coomaraswarmy4 ,in the collection of the ,baroness ,salomon de ,rothschild at ,paris is a fan of jade1 richly studded with jewels4 ,illustration3 ,,fan ,,of ,,gold 7,forming portion of the ,burmese ,regalia4 ,india ,museum47 ,fans are also made of the sweet-scented ,khaskhs root 7,andropogon muricatus71 and as these are generally used after being wetted1 they impart to the air a cool fragrance2 they are often highly ornamented with gold and silver spangles1 gold thread1 tinsel1 beetles' wings1 etc41 and occasionally provided with ivory handles4 ,a pretty example occurs at ,kew1 where there is an excellent collection of fans made of the various vegetable substances4 ,fans of talc1 decorated with exquisite illumination1 were made at ,tanjore during the eighteenth century4 ,specimens occur in the ,india ,museum1 ,south ,kensington4 ,illustration3 ,,portion ,,of ,,an ,,embroidered ,,muslin ,,napkin4 7,chamba4 ,nineteenth century47 ,representations of the fan are of constant occurrence in ,indian work1 both illumination1 embroidery1 sculpture1 and other material4 ,on a curiously primitive embroidered napkin from ,chamba1 we are introduced to the worship of a ,hindu deity--a king and queen are kneeling under a palm-tree1 the god ,ganesh in the distance with flag-fan2 an attendant bears the peacock feather emblem of royalty1 a second attendant waves a large heart-shaped fan4 ,on a small mat or pad of enamelled leather 7,hyderabad1 nineteenth century71 we see a whimsical combination of ,krishna and his damsels forming the similitude of an elephant1 the umbrella1 pankh1 and two fly-flappers being in evidence4 ,a beautiful illumination from a ,,ms4 copy of the ,akbar-,namah1 above quoted1 shows a prince seated upon his throne in the act of receiving offerings2 an attendant waves a fly-flap behind the throne1 a second attendant bears one of the large pankhs beautifully embroidered in gold and colours4 ,we are also in another illumination introduced to a beautiful flowered parterre1 in which a ,mongol princess is seated before a rippling fountain2 attendants wait upon her with fruits1 vases containing unguents1 spices1 etc42 behind1 a female attendant waves the fly-flap4 ,in the decoration of the entrance gate of the temple at ,ajmir1 a prince appears in a howdah on the back of an elephant1 an attendant sits behind waving a fly-flap1 a second flabellifer is seated on the head of the animal2 the prince himself holds a small fan in his hand1 an attendant on foot bears the pankh1 and another the insignia of royalty4 ,fair and delicate though these creations of ,eastern ingenuity may be1 the genius of ,oriental imagery and fancy has discovered for us a still more delicate and effective instrument--a ,sanskrit poet recounts a graceful fable of a princess of extreme beauty1 who1 although constantly attending and fanning the divine fire with a view to increasing the prosperity of her father1 never succeeded in producing a flame save by the breath of her charming lips4 ,illustration ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,far ,,east--,continued ,,china ,illustration3 ,,circular ,,fan #8,like the ,moon' borne by the guard of an ,imperial concubine4 ,chinese authorities are at variance concerning the invention of the fan1 which has been attributed to the ,emperor ,hsien ,yan1 ,b4,c4 #bfig2 to the ,emperor ,shun1 ,b4,c4 #bbee1 and to the first ruler of the ,chou dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #aabb4 ,according to a ,chinese legend1 it had its origin at the ,feast of ,lanterns1 where1 on an occasion when the heat became particularly oppressive1 the beautiful daughter of a mandarin took off her mask1 and agitated it so as to fan the air into a gentle breeze2 the rest of the fair revellers were so much struck with the grace of the motion that they one and all let fall their masks and followed the example of the mandarin's daughter4 ,the earliest fans were of the dyed feathers of various birds1 and those of the peacock4 ,we have an account of a present of two fans of feathers of #8tsio rouge1' offered to the ,emperor ,tchao-wang of the ,chou dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #ajeb1 by the ,king of ,thou-sieou1 and it is affirmed in the #8,tchou-li' that one of the chariots of the empress carried a feather-fan for the purpose of keeping the wheels free from dust4 ,the poet ,thou-fou1 in the #8,song of ,autumn1' refers to fans of pheasants' feathers as in royal use4 ,the ,emperor ,kao-,tsong1 of the ,chang dynasty1 #acbc-abff ,b4,c41 having heard the cry of the pheasant1 an omen of good luck1 resolved thenceforth to use only fans composed of the tail feathers of this bird4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,fan1 paper mount1 painted1 with medallion of ,the ,visit1 stick silver-gilt filigree enamel1 #ahth ,cent4 ,mr ,m4 ,tomkinson4 ,these have continued in the service of royalty to a late period4 ,a wing-shaped example1 set laterally in a red lacquered handle1 appearing in the hand of an attendant1 in a fine painted roll1 by ,ch'in ,ying of the ,ming dynasty1 illustrating the occupations of ,court ladies1 the larger feathers numbering seven1 this being the sacred number composing the fan1 which is the attribute of ,chung-li ,ch'uan1 one of the eight ,taoist ,immortals1 the seven broad feathers corresponding to the constellation of seven stars on the left of the moon 7,great ,bear71 the seat in the ,taoist heavens of their supreme deity1 ,shang ,ti1 round whom all the other star gods circulate in homage4 ,this fan is illustrated on the large lacquered screen at the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 representing the ,taoist ,genii worshipping the god of ,longevity1 and constantly figures in pictorial and other representations4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,painted ,,roll ,,of ,,ming ,,dynasty 7,british ,museum47 ,similar fans with several rows of pointed feathers appear in painted and decorative work2 a curious example being seen in a large drawing from ,tonkin 7,louvre74 ,the outer row of feathers1 white and pale blue2 the second1 yellow2 the third1 those of the peacock2 the body of the fan1 green1 red1 white1 and blue4 ,in the lacquered screen above referred to1 a large fan of this character is waved over the head of one of the devotees riding aloft on a cloud1 wending his way towards the mountain paradise1 the home of the ,god4 ,illustration3 ,,fan ,,of ,,hsi ,,wang ,,mu 7,from a ,japanese painting4 ,british ,museum47 ,the feather-fan is one of the chief attributes of ,hsi ,wang ,mu1 the famed ,queen of the ,genii 7,royal ,mother of the ,west71 whose dwelling was a mountain palace in ,central ,asia1 where she held ,court with her fairy legions and received the great ,taoist ,rishis and certain favoured mortals1 and whose amours with the ,han ,emperor ,wu ,ti have given much occupation for both author and artist4#ce ,illustration3 ,,white ,,plumed ,,fan ,,of ,,hsi ,,wang ,,mu 7,from a painting of the ,chinese ,school of ,japan4 ,british ,museum47 ,her fan is borne by one of her four handmaidens1 who1 like the ,dva ,kings of ,mount ,sumeru1 are severally related to the four points of the compass4 ,it assumes various shapes1 as that of a wing1 in the painting by a pupil of ,itcho ri of the ,japanese popular school1 ,british ,museum1 #agbb2 a bunch of long pointed plumes set in a bamboo handle1 in the painting 7,chinese ,school of ,japan1 ,british ,museum1 #ggh71 in which a young girl in deer-skin1 standing beneath the sacred peach-tree of the ,immortals1 offers the fruit to the goddess who1 with her attendant bearing the fan1 appears upon a cloud above the waves4 ,the queen is also represented with the large pear-shaped screen1 as in the painting of the same school1 ,british ,museum1 #ajbb1 the screen decorated with the sun1 moon1 and clouds4 ,in the painting previously referred to 7,no4 #agbb71 the goddess herself holds a smaller pear-shaped screen4 ,each of the #8fore-mentioned paintings are ,japanese1 but the fan forms are1 unquestionably1 taken from older ,chinese originals4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,fan4 filigree enamel4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,the earliest illustrations1 however1 of this personage and her fan1 and probably the oldest representations of fans in ,chinese art1 are those of the sculptures of the ,han dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #bjf-;,a4,d4 #be4 ,in these1 ,hsi-wang ,mu1 wearing a coroneted hat1 is attended by ladies carrying cup1 mirror1 and fan4 ,on the same relief the ,emperor ,mu ,wang of the ,chou dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #ajja1 is attended by a servitor with fan and towel or handkerchief4 ,in the frieze forming the lower part of the relief1 we see the #8,chariot of the ,sage' preceded by two men on foot1 with staves and fans4 ,illustration3 ,,pear-,,shaped ,,screens 7,from paintings in the ,british ,museum47 ,on another of these reliefs1 representing the discovery of one of the sacred bronze tripods1 the ancient palladia of the kingdom1 the two commissioners deputed by the ,emperor to superintend its recovery from the river are attended by servitors bearing fans4 ,these are the small hand-screens 7pien-mien7 described by ,m4 ,rondot as being larger in the upper part1 their shape approaching that of a reversed trapezium with the angles rounded off4 ,this same author refers to four screens of white jade 7regarded by the ,chinese as the most precious of precious stones71 the handles of an odoriferous amber1 that were offered by the ,emperor ,chun-,hi of the ,southern ,sung dynasty1 #aagd-aaij1 to his ,empress4 ,at this time the screens were ornamented with incrustation and inscription1 which was much esteemed1 and this author quotes a curious passage from the ,annals of the ,thsi to the effect that ,wang-sun-pen1 of ,kin-ling1 represented in the space of a few inches a perspective view of rivers1 mountains1 valleys1 and plains1 stretching over a thousand miles of land4 ,these screen pictures are referred to in the ,ku y t'ou pu1 an illustrated catalogue of ancient jade1 in one hundred books1 compiled in #aagf by an imperial commission headed by ,lung ,ta-,yuan1 ,president of the ,board of ,rites4 ,the small hand-screens assume a variety of forms--circular1 pear-shaped1 heart-shaped1 etc41 and are made of various materials1 as--7#a7 ,the natural palm leaf1 seen in the ,chinese painting1 ,british ,museum1 #cg4 7#b7 ,the palm leaf cut to various shapes1 with a bamboo handle running up the middle1 as in the ,japanese example given on page #fa4 7#c7 ,of bamboo2 from ,chinese records we learn that on the fifth day of the fifth month of the year corresponding to our #bai1 the ,emperor presented to the members of the ,imperial ,academy a fan of bamboo1 carved and painted blue4 ,there is also a record of an existing fan of oblong form1 made of bamboo leaf1 ornamented with bulrushes1 an inscription on the field of the fan4 ,this dates from the sixth century ,a4,d4 7#d7 ,of the turtle shell3 the two portions held together with metal plates1 with a wooden or other handle1 examples of which occur in the ,muse ,guimet1 ,paris4 7#e7 ,of silk stretched upon a frame1 with painted or other decoration1 as in the two charming examples illustrated from the collection of ,mr4 ,w4 ,crewdson4 ,both front and reverse are given3 the latter decorated in that system of feather-work much affected by the ,chinese1 and in which they display great skill4 ,the feathers are usually the turquoise tinted plumes of the kingfisher3 in the present instance the design is alternated by an imbrication of peacocks' feathers4 ,the handles are of carved ivory4 ,illustration3 ,hand screen1 ,chinese1 painted silk1 reverse embroidered feather work1 carved ivory handle4 ,mr ,wilson ,crewdson4 ,there are also the cockade screens1 usually of ivory or sandalwood4 ,representations of the earlier large ceremonial banner screens appear on a carved pedestal of a ,buddhist image1 ,northern ,wei dynasty1 ,a4,d4 #ebd2 these are oval in form1 and are seen in both sculptured and painted representations down to recent times4 ,in the ,muse ,guimet in ,paris is a large fan of red lacquer framework 7reversed heart shape7 enclosing a series of metal ribs through which the wind plays2 in the centre are painted dragons4 ,among the painted representations in the ,india ,museum1 of objects from the ,summer ,palace at ,pekin1 is a circular screen1 #8like the moon1' borne by the guard of an imperial concubine4 ,see illustration1 p4 #df4 ,a favourite device for the decoration of these larger screens is that of the fabled ,phnix1 the ,ho bird of the ,japanese4 ,this is seen in the painting of the ,chinese school of ,japan1 ,british ,museum1 #hbb1 in which one of the two attendants on a ,chinese ,emperor carries a long oval screen bordered with peacocks' feathers1 and ornamented with two ,phnixes4#cf ,we therefore perceive that the ceremonies and customs relating to the fan1 no less than the various forms which this instrument assumed1 were practically identical with the ancient peoples of the ,east and ,west2--the same order of development1 having its origin in the natural suggestion afforded by the wings of birds and of the broader leaved plants2 the fans of the ,han dynasty reliefs1 their exact counterpart being found in ,egypt and ,assyria2 the rigid hand-screens corresponding to those tabell which the ,romans derived from the ,greeks1 who in turn received them from the peoples of ,asia ,minor1 and which1 doubtless1 had their origin in the more remote ,east2 the employment of the fan in both religious and civil ceremonial and in war4#cg ,among the ,bat ,bu'u 7eight precious things7 carried at the end of staves by the inhabitants of ,annam in their ceremonial processions1 is a fan 7,quat7 symbolising the graceful perfection of the form of woman1 and the light breeze that tempers the heat of the summer sun4#ch ,these ,bat ,bu'u are made in three ways-- #a4 ,of carved wood lacquered and gilt4 #b4 ,of tin or pewter4 #c4 ,in the form of transparencies to be lighted from within4 ,a huge wooden fan is carried as part of the insignia of a mandarin's procession4#ci ,the invention of the folding-fan is generally credited to the ingenious little inhabitants of the land of the rising sun2 its date1 however1 as well as its precise character1 is impossible to determine with anything approaching to accuracy4 ,tradition says that it was designed by an artist who lived in the reign of the ,emperor ,jen-ji1 about #fgj ,a4,d41 and was formed upon the principle of the construction of a bat's wing1 this being in conformity with the general usage of ,japanese designers1 who derived their artistic motifs from natural constructive forms4 ,the date of its introduction into ,china is also a matter of considerable uncertainty3 we have a reference to it in a ,chinese work of the date #ifj1 to the effect that the tsin-theou-chen1 or folding-fan1 was introduced by ,tchang-ping-hai1 and was supposed to be offered as a tribute by the barbarians of the south-east1 who came1 holding in their hands the pleated fan1 which occasioned much laughter and ridicule4 ,all ,chinese authors agree1 however1 that it was the invention of foreigners1 i4e4 the ,japanese1 who1 together with the ,tartars1 possessed folding-fans before they were known in ,china4#dj ,illustration3 ,chinese ,fan1 paper mount1 painted richly gilt1 red lacquered stick4 ,miss ,moss4 ,m4 ,rondot records the fact that at first1 only courtesans made use of folding-fans1 honest women carried round screens4#da ,since the appearance of the folding-fan1 various materials have been pressed into its service1 including ivory1 tortoise-shell1 lacquer1 mother of pearl1 the various woods--especially sandalwood1 the more precious metals1 silk1 skin1 and paper4 ,no nation possesses a keener appreciation of ivory as a vehicle for artistic expression than the ,chinese1 whose carved balls in concentric spheres of open work are the wonder of western peoples4 ,ivory fans date from a very remote period1 it is believed as early as #iij ,b4,c41 and are marvels of patient ingenuity4 ,the ,imperial ,ivory ,works within the palace at ,peking was founded toward the close of the seventeenth century1 and became the centre for the best production in this delicate material4 ,ivory fans are either of pierced flat open work1 or elaborately carved with subjects1 the backgrounds of which are formed by delicate ribbing1 imparting a lightness and softness to the fan not obtainable by any other means4 ,an extraordinarily skilful example is the cockade-fan in the ,wyatt collection at ,south ,kensington2 this1 together with several others in the same collection1 have monograms in cursive ,european characters1 and were executed to the order of ,europeans4 ,in each instance the blades are connected by means of a ribbon running through the whole4 ,one example only of these fans is given2 that bearing the word #8,angela'--fitting name of the gentle lady whose memory is revered wherever the ,english language is spoken4 ,tortoise-shell is carved with the same consummate skill as ivory1 and on the same principle of delicate piercing and ribbing4 ,two such fans occur in the ,wyatt collection1 profusely decorated in relief with figures of horsemen1 buildings1 boats1 and flowers4 ,the material1 which is softened both by warm water and dry heat1 is obtained from the loggerhead turtle of the ,malay ,archipelago and ,indian ,ocean1 and imported to ,canton1 a centre both for tortoise-shell and ivory workers4 ,an extremely effective and picturesque fan is that in the same collection1 formed of the feathers of the ,argus pheasant1 cut short to the fan shape1 the sticks of carved tortoise-shell4 ,in this the colours of the feathers harmonise extremely well with the translucent red brown of the tortoise-shell4 ,this material is also lacquered1 one of the earliest and most prized of the ,chinese arts1 and the technique of which is fully described in the ,ko ku yao lun1 a learned work on antiquities published in the reign of ,hung ,wu1 the founder of the ,ming dynasty1 #achg4 ,this substance is obtained from the lac-tree 7,rhus vernicifera71 cultivated for the purpose throughout ,central and ,southern ,china4 ,the tree exudes a resinous sap that becomes black upon its exposure to the air1 the sap being extracted from the tree at night1 during the summer months1 and dried1 ground1 and strained through hempen cloth to an evenly flowing liquid1 which is applied by the brush4 ,gold plays an important part both in the composition of the lacquer itself1 to which it imparts a richness and pellucidity which is extremely beautiful1 and also in its subsequent decoration4 ,the fan and case of ,canton lacquer in the ,wyatt collection are richly decorated with panels of buildings and gardens1 on a diapered background1 overlaid with flowers1 butterflies1 and other devices1 and are excellent examples of ,chinese gold lacquer1 an art which1 although originating in ,china1 has been somewhat neglected1 and has1 at a later period1 been brought by the ,japanese to a greater perfection than the ,chinese have at any time attained4 ,illustration3 ,lacquered ,fan4 ,lady ,northcliffe ,illustration3 ,carved ,ivory ,fan1 with name #8,angela'4 ,mr ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,sandalwood is largely employed for fans1 on account of its lightness1 the ease with which it is worked1 and also its fine aroma4 ,the tree is indigenous to ,india1 and is imported by the ,chinese1 who employ it for a variety of purposes1 including the perfumed joss-sticks which are common throughout the ,east4 ,these fans are worked on the same principle of flat piercing as those of ivory4 ,they are also carved in relief1 but can scarcely be said to rival the last-named substance with its delicate variety of translucent softness4 ,the large fan at ,south ,kensington is a good example4 ,mother of pearl is a favourite material for fan-sticks on account of its beautiful play of iridescent colour4 ,a number of fans of ,chinese workmanship1 both of mother of pearl and ivory1 have found their way to ,europe and have been remounted4 ,such a fan is that in the ,wyatt collection with a subject finely painted on chicken skin by ,eugne ,andr4 ,bamboo has already been referred to as in early use4 ,it is extensively employed for the cheaper fans on account of its durability as well as cheapness4 ,the number of ribs vary from sixteen to thirty-six2 the former may be regarded as the standard number4 ,the art of filigree is practised by the ,chinese with the most consummate skill2 it is occasionally in gold1 but more often in silver gilt1 the gilding being employed for the double purpose of preventing tarnishing and for decorative effect4 ,filigree work is often enriched by means of inlay1 either enamel1 or the turquoise feathers of the kingfisher1 which latter1 however1 are merely gummed on the surface of the metal1 and1 as a consequence1 are wanting in durability4 ,enamelling has been practised in western ,asia from a very early period1 i4e4 previous to the ,christian era1 and is believed to have reached ,china about the thirteenth century4 ,there are two kinds1 both accomplished by the process known as incrustation--cloisonn1 in which the pattern is raised on the surface of the metal by soldering on to it metal or wire strips of copper1 silver1 or gold1 thus forming a series of cells or cloisons2 and champlev1 in which the cell-walls enclosing the pattern are either modelled and cast1 or cut and hollowed out of the metal itself by means of graving tools3 in both1 the pattern is filled in with enamel4 ,of the colours1 there are two well-contrasted shades of blue--a dark tint made from cobalt and resembling the lapis-lazuli tone1 and a light sky blue or turquoise2 several greens made from copper1 a dark coral red1 a fine yellow1 black1 and white4 ,chinese enamels are usually fired in the open courtyard1 protected only by a primitive cover of iron network1 the charcoal fire being regulated by a number of men standing round with large fans in their hands4#db ,of the interesting fans in which the combined arts of filigree and enamel are employed we give a charming example from the ,wyatt collection at ,south ,kensington4 ,in this1 the effective colour scheme is that of the two blues and gold2 the design being a conventional rendering of a ,phnix and foliage4 ,in the colour plate given of the fan in the collection of ,mr4 ,m4 ,tomkinson1 the leaf has a large cartouche in the centre representing a ,chinese garden1 with the hostess welcoming a visitor who has arrived on horseback1 the servant bringing tea4 ,on either side are small medallions of a sun-dial and a broken column1 evidently introduced to the order of a ,european patron4 ,of the familiar class of fans having large compositions of figures of which the heads are of applied ivory1 painted1 the costumes of silk appliqu1 the sticks of ivory elaborately carved1 the example illustrated from the collection of ,mr4 ,burdett-,coutts belonged to a mandarin of the first rank4 ,a beautiful example was formerly in the possession of ,illustration3 ,chinese ,fan with ivory miniatures ,mr ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,h4,i4,m4 the ,empress ,eugnie1#dc the stick of sandalwood4 ,the brins of these fans1 twelve in number1 are occasionally varied1 as follows3--,two of white ivory1 pierced and carved2 two of silver filigree and enamel2 two of ivory1 pierced and carved1 coloured scarlet2 two of tortoise-shell1 carved and pierced2 two of engraved white pearl2 and two of gilt filigree enamel4 ,the panaches of gilt filigree1 with silver dragons in relief4 ,an example occurs in the collection of ,mr4 ,messel1 another was in the possession of the late ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,edis4 ,almost every important city or district in ,china has its characteristic fan--something distinctive in the make1 colour1 or ornamentation of the folding-fan1 which is the fan par excellence in the ,chinese mind4 ,the convenience of this fan will at once be apparent--it occupies but little space1 it may1 when not in use1 be stuck in the high boot of the full-dressed ,chinaman1 or in the ample folds of his dress4 ,these fans are made to suit every class of society from mandarin to peasant--to suit the changing seasons1 in different sizes in proportion to the quantity of breeze required4 ,the ,son of ,heaven1 during the sultry summer months1 employs fans of feathers1 and during winter of silk4 ,fashion1 however1 lays down inexorable laws as to the time and period of their use1 and to be seen with a fan too early or too late in the year is considered as mauvais ton4 ,a poem by ,ow-,yang ,hisu informs us that #8,in the tenth moon the people of the capital turn to their warm fans4' ,during the warm weather the fan forms part of the ceremony of tea-drinking2 the host takes his fan as soon as tea is drunk1 and1 bowing to the company1 says1 #8,thsing-chen' 7,i invite you to fan yourselves72 each guest immediately using his fan with great gravity and modesty4 ,it is considered a breach of etiquette to be without a fan on such an occasion1 or to refrain from its use4#dd ,the ,chinese have exhausted every species of ingenuity in the construction of fans of an outr character4 ,the #8broken fan1' a curious trick1 is to all intents and purposes a simple folding-fan1 and opened from left to right presents no feature uncommon4 ,on being opened to the reverse1 the whole fan appears to fall to pieces1 each bone1 with the part attached1 being separated from the other as though the connecting strings were broken3 the principle is extremely simple1 but the effect is surprising4 ,a fan which has been styled the #8impracticable1' is of circular form1 the radiants of ivory1 tortoise-shell1 sandalwood1 or metal filigree1 perforated to such a degree as to render it useless as a means of disturbing the air4 ,these are elaborately carved with figures1 scroll-work1 and other designs1 or with birds1 flowers1 etc41 in silver gilt filigree4 ,the #8double-entente' fan1 opened in the ordinary manner1 exhibits some harmless motif such as a flower1 bird1 or landscape2 opened the reverse way1 it discloses a ribald sketch that would entail severe penalties on its maker if discovered4 ,the ,peking variety shows two such pictures which are not seen when the fan is opened1 but are disclosed by turning back the two end ribs of the fan4 ,the #8dagger-fan' is an invention of the ,japanese1 its importation into ,china being strictly forbidden4 ,in its outward appearance it is sufficiently harmless1 being apparently an ordinary lacquered folding-fan3 in reality it is a sheath containing a deadly blade1 short and sharp1 resembling a small ,malay kris 7see illustration facing page #fj74 ,these dagger or stiletto fans are by no means confined to the ,east2 in the ,british ,museum is a print of an ,italian stiletto concealed in a case made in imitation of a fan2 the panaches of ivory1 engraved with ,italian arabesques4 ,illustration3 ,feather ,fan1 7,argus ,pheasant7 with embroidered case4 ,chinese1 early #aith ,cent4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,inscription fans are common1 and exhibit an endless variety of devices4 ,some are literary tours de force1 the most famous being that associated with the ,emperor ,chien ,wn1 of the ,liang dynasty1 ,a4,d4 #eej1 and said to be the composition of the monarch himself4 ,this consists of a couplet of eight characters written in the eight corners of an octagon fan4 ,on beginning at any one of the eight characters and reading round the way of the sun1 it forms a couplet of perfect sense and rhythm4 ,a story is told of a favourite of the ,emperor ,ch'ng ,ti of the ,han dynasty1 ,b4,c4 #cb1 whose name was ,pan1 and who for some time had been a confidante of his ,majesty and the ,queen of the ,imperial ,seraglio4 ,having persuaded herself that something more than an ordinary attachment of the hour existed between herself and the #8,son of ,heaven1' finding her influence on the wane and being unable to conceal any longer her mortification1 grief1 and despair1 she forwarded to the ,emperor a circular screen-fan1 upon which were inscribed the following lines expressing the contrast between the summer of her reciprocated love and the autumn of her desertion3-- #8,o fair white silk1 fresh from the weaver's loom1 ,clear as the frost1 bright as the winter snow-- ,see1 friendship fashions out of thee a fan3 ,round as the round moon shines in heaven above2 ,at home1 abroad1 a close companion thou2 ,stirring at every move the grateful gale1 ,and yet ,i fear1 ah me6 that autumn chills ,cooling the dying summer's torrid rage1 ,will see thee laid neglected on the shelf1 ,all thought of bygone days1 bygone like them4'#de ,from this period1 in ,china1 a deserted wife has been called an autumn fan4 ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,far ,,east--,continued ,,japan ,illustration ,the fan is regarded by the ,japanese as an emblem of life1 that widens and expands as the sticks radiate from the rivet or starting-point1 and for this reason is selected for the new-year's gift4#df ,it enters into almost every affair of the life of the people1 from ,emperor to peasant2 friends greet each other with a wave of the fan2 it is one of the gifts which the bride takes with her to her husband's house2 it is presented to the youth on the attainment of his majority2#dg it is used by jugglers in feats of skill1 by the umpires of wrestling matches as signal1 by singers to modulate their voices2 the condemned man marches to the scaffold fan in hand2 the executioner does not relinquish his fan during the performance of his duty4 ,illustration3 ,netsuki4 ,the ,dai ,tengu with feather uchiwa4 ,mr ,w4 ,l4 ,behrens4 ,illustration3 ,dagger ,fan4 ,mr ,w4 ,l4 ,behrens4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,fan of ,eagles ,feathers1 horn handle4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,the early history of the fan in the country of ,dai ,nippon is substantially the same as in all the countries of the far and nearer ,east1 and presents us with the same order of development1 the earliest being formed of the primitive palm leaf1 or of feathers4 ,we have1 in the story of #8,the ,tengus' a description of the ,dai or ,master ,tengu1 who wears a long grey beard down to his girdle1 moustaches to his chin1 and carries in his left hand as a sign of his rank a fan made of seven wide feathers pointed at the tip3 this he waves while singing a song1 doubtless for the purpose of modulating his voice4 ,the fan is identical in form with that of ,chung-li ,ch'uan1 one of the eight ,taoist immortals1 referred to on page #dg4 ,illustration3 ,,feather-,,fan 7,from a ,japanese painting4 ,british ,museum47 ,illustration3 ,,hand-,,screen1 ,,bamboo ,,handle 7,from a ,japanese painting4 ,british ,museum47 ,the rigid screens received from ,china at the close of the sixth century are referred to in the earlier part of this chapter1 under ,china4 ,those in use in ,japan present no material difference to the ,chinese except in the details of their decorative significance4 ,the larger screens were employed both in civil and religious ceremonial1 as war standards1 and waved by servants in attendance upon royal and distinguished personages4 ,these latter denoted the rank of the owner1 the material being of silk or other fabric stretched over a wooden framework1 painted or otherwise decorated1 the forms extremely varied1 but more usually those of the circle1 oval1 or pear4 ,the pear-shaped hand-screen is seen in the hands of ,hotei1 the fat god of prosperity1 and of ,juro1 the god of longevity1 as an invariable accompaniment of those divinities4 ,an example is given from a portrait of ,l ,t'ung-pin1 a ,taorist ,rishi of the eighth century1 by ,go-gaku1 nineteenth century1 ,british ,museum1 #fdj4 ,this has a red tassel or tail at the end of the fan1 a kind of combination of fan and fly-whip4 ,a similar fan appears in a painting of the ,caligraphic school1 ,british ,museum1 #afag4 ,this fan is of ,chinese origin1 and is constantly represented in the art of that country4 ,fly-whips were also used4 ,of the representations of the sixteen ,arhats 7,buddhist divinities7 given in the #8,butsu z dzu-i1' three hold fly-whips 7futsujin7 in their hands4 ,this instrument is also seen in the right hand of ,vimalakrrti1 an ,indian priest1 in the painting on silk attributed to ,shingetsu1 ,sesshiu school1 fifteenth century1 ,british ,museum collection4 ,the fly-whip or chasse-mouche was also used by generals while on horseback1 this being made of strips of tough paper suspended from a lacquered handle mounted with bronze4 ,a list of the more important varieties of ,japanese fans1 together with the dates of their introduction1 as given by native authorities1 will probably be of service4 ,rigid fans or hand-screens1 introduced from ,china1 end of sixth century ,a4,d4 ,folding-fans 7bamboo71 invented by the ,japanese1 #ffh-fga ,a4,d4 ,gumbai ,uchiwa1 flat iron battle-fans1 eleventh century4 ,gun ,sen1 folding iron battle-fans1 twelfth century4 ,hi ogi1 court-fans1 eleventh century4 ,mai ogi1 dancing-fans1 beginning of seventeenth century4 ,rikiu ogi1 tea-fans1 0 0 0 ,water-fans for kitchen use1 eighteenth century4 ,the invention of the folding-fan has already been referred to4 ,its earliest form is the ,kmori 7bat71 so named from the supposition of the wing of this animal suggesting the principle of its construction4 ,it is formed of fifteen bamboo sticks having a slight re-divergence springing from the handle end1 so that when held closed in the hand as it is by courtiers while fulfilling the office of fan-bearing1 it still appears open4 ,it is stated that this spread-out form was adopted as court-fan on account of the misuse of the dagger-fan4 ,the mount is of paper1 which may be painted with any design in any colour except the unlucky green and light purple4 ,illustration3 ,suye hiro ogi4 open closed1 decorated with crests on a gold ground4 ,mr ,w4 ,harding ,smith ,one of the many traditions of its invention may be given4 ,it is attributed to a fan-maker of the ,tenji period1 #ffh-fgb1 whose name is forgotten1 living at ,tamba near ,kyoto4 ,he was married to a shrew1 and on a certain night a bat having found its way into the sleeping-room1 the woman reviled her husband for not getting up to throw the vampire out4 ,the animal coming in contact with the lamp1 scorched its wings and fell to the floor4 ,as the man picked it up1 the opening of the creature's wings suggested to him the principle of a folding-fan that might be carried in one's sleeve4#dh ,the ,suye hiro ogi 7wide end7 has a similar divergence to the foregoing1 with the addition of a slight curve or rounding of the outward sticks4 ,it was used for the dances in the ,n drama2 the number of sticks varying from fifteen to twenty-five4 ,this also dates from the seventh century4 ,the example illustrated is decorated with a series of crests of various families on a gold ground4 ,in a drawing by ,bun-chin1 nineteenth century1 ,british ,museum1 #hia1 of ,performers in the #8,n' ,theatre1 is represented a beautiful fan of a peacock with outspread tail and branches of bamboo1 in gold1 blue1 and green4 ,this fan is of the ordinary shape4 ,the ,akom ogi is the earlier court-fan1 and dates from the invention of the folding-fan in the seventh century4 ,it consists of thirty-eight blades of wood painted white1 decorated with cherry1 pine1 plum1 or chrysanthemum1 on a ground of gold and silver powder1 #8among the mist4' ,the fan is ornamented at the corners with an arrangement of artificial flowers in silk1 with twelve long streamers of different coloured silks2 the rivet is formed of either a bird or butterfly4 ,this type of fan was in use by the court ladies until #ahfh4 ,by the courtesy of ,mr4 ,w4 ,crewdson we are enabled to reproduce one of these rare fans1 bearing the following inscription3-- #8,the decorations at the end of this ,akom-ogi show that it was used by a court lady4 ,at ,kioto1 the ,mikado's ,palace had ,lemon trees at the right-hand side of the entrance and ,cherry trees at the left2 hence these ornaments composed of ,cherry flowers and ,pine knots4' ,the description which ,pierre ,loti has given us of these fans is so charming that we cannot refrain from quoting it4 #8,they wave with constant motion1 or carry shut1 their court-fans1 on the pleated silk 787 of which are delicately painted dreamy fancies1 of inexpressible charm1 picturing the reflection in the water of cloud forms1 of moons wintry pale1 the flight of birds1 or showers of peach blossom wafted by the wind in ,april mists4 ,at each angle of the mount is tied an enormous tassel with shades of chenille1 the ends of which trail along the ground1 brushing the fine sand at each movement of the fan4' ,the ,hi-ogi court-fans are made of the ,hi wood 7,chamcyparis obtusa71 this being a soft light velvety wood of a beautiful golden brown1 having the additional advantage of immunity from the attacks of wood-eating insects4 ,the brins are twenty-five in number1 fastened with a metal rivet1 and threaded through with silk strings having very long ends1 looped at the top corner of the outer ribs to form a rosette or other floral device4 ,these fans were first introduced with the simple ornament of the owner's crest2 afterwards they were painted with great elaboration and delicacy4 ,at court ceremonial the ,emperor and nobles often bear the ,hi-ogi instead of the ,shaku1 which is a short staff or sceptre made of wood 7yew7 or ivory1 generally held vertical in the right hand against the lower part of the chest1 to give the body a more dignified bearing2 when the fan is borne1 it is generally carried closed1 and held in the same manner as the ,shaku4#di ,before the age of fifteen a fan of common wood is carried1 painted on the outside1 and ornamented with silk threads or strings in five colours2 on his sixteenth birthday the ,japanese youth attains his majority and receives a present of a fan4 ,illustration3 ,court ,lady's ,fan4 #8,akom ,ogi'4 ,mr4 ,wilson ,crewdson4 ,illustration3 ,war ,fan4 #8,gun ,sen4' ,mr ,w4 ,harding ,smith4 ,the code regulating all the details of court ceremonial is absolute1 and always observed2 the use of ivory for the ,shaku is confined to the highest ranks1 or the most important ceremonial2 no noble could use an ivory ,shaku on any occasion4 ,the various usages connected with the fan are subjected to similar restrictions4 ,ladies carried in place of the ,shaku the ,hi-ogi4 ,a fan of special make and design is used by the ,empress1 and its use is forbidden to any subject4 ,the blades are twenty-three in number1 connected with a white silk ribbon4 ,the decoration is confined to the chrysanthemum1 pine1 orange blossom1 plum1 or ,camellia ,japonica4 ,the ribbon rosettes or loops1 affixed to the top of the outer blades1 are arranged in keeping with the particular flower which is represented on the fan2 these have seven long streamers1 four feet long1 of different colours4 ,the rivet also is of a particular kind--paper string4#ej ,chkei are fans borne by priests and nobles2 these have a re-divergence at the ends1 and date from the period of the introduction of the folding-fan2 they are often painted with the most consummate skill1 reflecting the best traditions of ,japanese art4 ,many of these paintings exist2 in most cases the leaves have been removed from the sticks and mounted as pictures4 ,fabulous stories are extant recounting the marvellous accomplishment of the painters of the earlier epochs2 amongst these is an account of ,tadahira1 who is said to have painted upon a fan a cuckoo which uttered its characteristic note whenever the fan was opened1 and of ,tsunenori1 who drew a lion so life-like that other beasts fled from it4 ,the leading schools of ,japanese painting are the ,buddhist1 ,yamato-,tosa4 ,chinese1 ,sesshiu ,kano1 ,matahei 7popular71 ,korin1 ,shij 7naturalistic71 and ,ukiyo2 each of these has well-marked characteristics preserved even to the present day4 ,the art of ,japan was to a great extent founded upon1 and is in certain directions a development of1 that of the older civilisation of ,china4 ,the earliest artist1 therefore1 recorded in ,japanese annals1 is a ,chinese1 ,nanriu by name1 of royal descent1 who came to ,japan about the end of the fifth century2 but of this master1 and of his immediate successors1 there are no known examples4 ,it was in the succeeding century1 upon the introduction of ,buddhism into ,japan1 that we find the first establishment of a school of ,japanese art1 initiated by the ,chinese and ,coreans1 and dedicated to the mural decoration of ,buddhistic temples4 ,from the sixth to the ninth centuries1 the history of ,japanese painting is more or less clouded in doubt1 and the first great artist who emerges from the general obscurity is ,kanaoka 7ninth century71 although the few examples extant which are attributed to this painter are doubted by the best experts4 ,the ,yamato-,tosa school1 though the direct outcome of the study of ,chinese methods1 was essentially ,japanese and naturalistic in character1 and was founded by ,kasuga ,motomitsu in the latter part of the tenth century4 ,in the thirteenth century ,tsunetaka1 son of ,kasuga ,mitsunaga1 assumed the name of ,tosa and gave to the ,yamato school the name it has since retained4 ,an important movement set in at the beginning of the fifteenth century1 no less than a ,chinese renaissance4 ,for centuries ,chinese influence had been waning1 and the national style of ,yamato and ,tosa had held the field4 ,illustration3 ,hotei and the ,children4 by ,kan ,sh-,yei1 #aeia4 ,japanese3 ,mr ,wilson ,crewdson4 ,sesshiu1 the remarkable painter who founded the school bearing his name1 was of the noble family of ,ota1 and was born in #addj4 ,at the age of twelve or thirteen he was intended for the ,church and placed under the instruction of the abbot of the temple of ,hfukuji4 ,sesshiu's sympathies1 however1 were all in the direction of the fine arts1 he neglected religious training1 and a story is told of him--one of those extraordinary legends familiar in ,chinese and ,japanese annals--that upon one occasion1 when bound to a pillar as punishment for some misconduct1 he beguiled the weary hours of waiting by drawing rats upon the floor1 using his toes for pencil and his tears for ink 7671 the representation being so life-like as to alarm his janitor4 ,some versions of the story affirm that1 upon the approach of the priest1 the rats scampered away4 ,at the age of forty he visited ,china1 the fountain-head1 but was surprised to find that he had more to teach than to learn4 ,the fan of ,hotei and the children1 probably by ,kan ,sh-yei1 #aeia1 may be accepted as one of the finest examples of a painted fan of the ,kan school1 the last of the three branches of the fifteenth-century revival of ,chinese teaching4 ,the school was founded by ,masanobu1 a painter of landscape1 born c4 #adbc and died #aebj1 its actual head1 however1 being ,motonobu1 his son1 born #adgf4 ,hotei 7,master ,linen-sack71 the god of prosperity1 was a ,chinese priest of the tenth century1 famous for his fatness and his love of children4 ,he could sleep in the snow1 never washed himself1 and had the power of infallibly predicting future events4 ,the legends attached to his name are very similar to those narrated of many ,taoist ,rishis1 but his claim to a position as ,divinity appears to be due to the view enunciated in the ,butsu-,z dzu-i and other works1 that he was an incarnation of ,miroku ,bosatsu ,mitrya1 the ,messiah of the ,buddhists1 in which capacity his image has long been worshipped in ,chinese temples4 ,he is usually represented with a fan of the pear-shaped gourd type1 and carries a cloth bag as a trap for little boys and girls1 who are enticed inside to see the wonderful things it is supposed to contain1 and then imprisoned until they can beg their way out4 ,these #8,precious ,things' include the ,lucky ,rain ,coat1 the ,sacred ,key1 the ,inexhaustible ,purse1 etc4#ea ,innumerable pictures of ,hotei by ,japanese artists are in existence1 some dating from the fifteenth century4 ,the charmingly poetic view of the ,tamagawa ,river1 with the tea-plant in blossom1 and flying cuckoo 7,hoto-,togisu71 is probably by ,kan ,san ,raku1 #afcc4 ,both these fans are accompanied by a ,japanese certificate of authenticity4 ,autograph1 motto1 and inscription fans are referred to in another part of this work4#eb ,the practice of inscribing sacred texts upon fans1 obtained during the latter part of the eleventh and beginning of the twelfth century1 the period #8when the ,buddhist religion was openly professed by the wealthy and warmly supported by the luxurious4' ,fragments of ,buddhist stras written on fans and fan leaves exist at the temples at ,yamato1 saka1 the ,imperial ,museum ,tky1 and elsewhere4 ,these are copied from the #8,lotus of the ,true ,law1' or other ,mahyna texts of a like nature4 ,the fans1 though differing somewhat in size1 are all alike in paper1 pigments1 and style of painting1 and evidently had a common origin2 they are overlaid with gold-leaf and dusted with fine sand2 upon this a thin wash of red or black pigment is applied4 ,the sacred text is written in ink1 over a painting1 usually a figure-subject and bearing no reference to the text2 the faces sketched in a curious convention known as ,hikim ,kagihana 7eye with a line1 the nose with a key71 in which the eye is represented by a straight line and the nose with a somewhat acute angle4 ,this convention has been traced to ,kasuga ,takayoshi 7beginning of the twelfth century71 who painted a number of picture rolls illustrating the tales of the ,genii4 ,illustration3 ,the ,tamagawa ,river4 with tea-plant flying cuckoo4 by ,kan ,san ,raku1 #afcc4 ,japanese3 ,mr ,wilson ,crewdson4 ,illustration3 ,japanese ,war ,fans1 ,gumbai ,uchiwa4 ,mr ,l4,c4,r4,messel4 ,mr4 ,w ,harding ,smith4 ,mr ,w4,l4,behrens4 ,a fan leaf owned by the ,temple of ,saikyji1 ,sakamoto1 ,omi1 is illustrated in ,selected ,relics of ,japanese ,art1 ,s4 ,tajima4 ,a hi-ogi1 with figures and pine-tree1 in the ,shinto ,temple1 ,itsukushima-,jinsha ,aki1 is illustrated in the same work3 this latter1 doubtless1 is a production of the ,taira era1 possibly a dedication to the temple from a scion of the ,taira family1 and painted by a daughter of ,taira ,kiyomori1 the premier1 #aafg-aahj1 the writer of the #8,lotus of the ,true ,law4' ,a similar combination of painting and writing obtained later1 and was practised by ,kyetsu ,hon-,ami1 the predecessor of ,krin ,ogata1 the reputed founder of the ,korin school4 ,this artist was a skilful writer of ,chinese ideographs1 in which art he was one of the #8,three ,pens' of his time1 being the founder of the ,kyetsu school of caligraphy4#ec ,a fine example of ,kyetsu in the possession of ,baron ,ryichi ,kuki is reproduced in ,mr4 ,tajima's work4 ,this is painted on a gold ground1 and represents a rabbit in a flowered field4 ,the fan is divided in two parts1 the writing1 which is by the artist1 being on the gilt portion4 ,kyetsu died at ,kyoto in #afcg1 aged eighty-two4 ,the ,ukiyoy school included most of the makers of colour prints2 two of the more famous of them1 ,masanobu ,kiato1 and ,hokusai ,katsushika1 born in the same year1 #agfj1 also painted fans4 ,the former opened a shop at ,ginza for the sale of smokers' implements and medicine1 and sold besides folding-fans and long panels upon which poems were written2 both of these he ornamented with sketches2 they became renowned far and wide1 and from their sale he derived large profit4 ,a fan leaf by ,hokusai1 a masterly sketch of the head and shoulders of a #8,beauty1' is illustrated in ,tajima's work1 as also several fans painted with courtesans1 by an almost equally celebrated maker of colour prints1 ,kunisada4 ,battle- or war-fans are of two kinds--the flat1 rigid screen 7uchiwa7 which is the earliest1 and the folding 7ogi74 ,in both1 iron is the material of which it is mainly composed4 ,the first named is sometimes formed completely of metal 7iron and brass71 is of considerable weight1 and is used by officers both for direction1 offence and defence1 i4e4 as baton1 weapon1 and shield4 ,this sometimes assumes a circular form1 and is occasionally inlaid with the more precious metals2 more often1 however1 it resembles the pear- or gourd-shaped screen4 ,in the centre example illustrated1 belonging to ,mr4 ,w4 ,harding ,smith1 the handle is of lacquered wood1 the ornaments at its extremities1 together with the rim of the fan blade1 of bronze gilt2 it bears an inscription on the obverse in ,japanese1 and on the reverse in ,chinese1 as follows3-- ,japanese script4 #8,kisei ai shozaru jun-kwan no hashi naki-ga gotoshi4' #8,wrong and right 7or odd and even7 happen for ever1 impartially1 like the revolving ball4' ,this may1 possibly1 be rendered by the following3-- #8,defeat and victory succeed each other by a turn of ,fortune's wheel4' ,chinese script4 #8,sono toki-koto kaz no gotoku ,sono shizuka-nuru koto hayashi no gotoshi4' #8,its sharpness is as the wind1 its softness as the grave4' ,the fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,behrens is ornamented with two dragons in low relief1 the motto #8,tenka tai hei' 7international peace74 ,in the folding battle-fan1 the stick is of wrought iron1 the branches varying from ten to fourteen in number2 in many military fans1 the stick is of bamboo1 painted black1 the guards of iron1 often arrow-shaped1 and richly inlaid with silver4#ed ,the decoration of the mount1 of thick paper1 consists of the sun1 moon1 or north star1 usually in red1 but also in gold1 on a black or coloured ground4 ,an unusual example1 illustrated1 has a gold sun on the one side1 and a silver crescent moon and nine golden planets on the reverse2 the ground being light1 the guards of yellow bronze1 #8seutoku4' ,the fine fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel has on the obverse a golden sun with two flying birds1 and on the reverse a silver sun with similar birds4 ,the sun motif is occasionally abandoned in favour of a figure-subject4 ,m4 ,ph4 ,burty exhibited at ,liverpool in #ahgg a fan that belonged to a commander-in-chief2 the leaf1 of stout buff paper covered with silk tissue1 is painted in india ink with the ,seven ,sages in the ,forest of ,bamboru4 ,the brins are of plain whalebone1 the panaches of oxidised iron1 elaborately inlaid with scroll-work and crests in silver1 the latter being of the powerful family of ,nai-,to4 ,another fan from the same collection belonged also to an officer of high rank4 ,the brins are of bronze gilt1 the panaches of polished iron1 shaped like slips of bamboo1 and chased with lions and flowers4 ,on the inside of one panache is an inscription in inlaid gold1 stating that the ironwork was made by ,u4 ,da-,kane-,signe2 the leaf of glistening paper4 ,the most characteristic war-fans are1 however1 those having the simple red sun1 with no superfluous decoration1 the initial purpose of these instruments being that of a signal4 ,they constantly appear in representations of battle-scenes1 the general on his war-horse in the heat of battle brandishing in his right hand the fan1 the symbol of his authority and command4 ,in ,hokusai's painting of #8,tamtomo and the ,demons' 7,british ,museum1 ,no4 #agdg71 the hero is grasping a huge bow in his right hand1 and waving the folding battle-fan in his left4 ,in a print by ,kuniyoshi 7c4 #ahbj7 of the battle of ,kawanakajima between ,uyesugi ,kenshin and ,takeda ,shingen 7fifteenth century71 a sword-cut is parried by the war-fan4 ,in a representation of the same battle by ,yoshitora1 a dismounted general is directing with a war-fan an attack by spearmen4 ,in the colour print by ,hiroshige ,,ii4 of ,yoshitsune and ,benkei1 the war-fan also appears4 ,in the print by ,shunsui of ,atsumori and ,kumagai1 the hero1 mounted1 is plunging into the sea followed closely by his adversary ,kumagai1 also mounted1 brandishing the war-fan as a signal and challenge4#ee ,two of the many stories or legends relating to the war-fan may be given4--,the first refers to ,nasu no ,yoichi1 an archer1 whose clan took the fan as their crest1#ef in allusion to his performance at the battle of ,yashima in #aahe4 #8,when the ,taira were driven from ,kyoto by the ,minamoto in #aahb1 the ,empress ,ni no ,ama flew with the child-emperor ,antoku1 to the shrine of ,itsukumisha1 where thirty pink fans1 bearing the design of the sun disc 7,hi no ,maru7 were kept4 ,the head-priest gave one to ,antoku1 saying that it contained in the red disc the ,kami of the dead ,emperor ,takakura 7#aafi-aahj71 and would cause arrows to recoil upon the enemy4 ,the fan was accordingly attached to a mast of the ,taira ship1 on which a court lady is always depicted1 and a challenge sent to ,minamoto no ,yoshitsune1 which was accepted by one of his archers1 ,nasu no ,yoichi1 who on horseback rode in the waves1 and with a well-directed arrow broke the rivet which held the leaves together1 and thus shattered the fan4' ,illustration3 ,war ,fans1 ,gun ,sen4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,harding ,smith4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,the second tells of ,araki1 a ,samurai whom ,oda ,nobunaga wished to kill1 summoning him to audience1 placing himself in such a position that the neck of the ,samurai came in line with the sliding panels separating the audience chamber from the daimio's room1 intending to have the shoji slammed together as the man knelt1 and thus decapitate him4 ,araki1 suspecting the trap1 promptly laid his iron fan in the groove1 jamming the shutters1 and thus saving himself4#eg ,the ,ha uchiwa 7jin sen7 is a camp-fan originally introduced from ,china in the seventh century and made of the feathers of the eagle1 pheasant1 or peacock1 the handle usually lacquered red1 black1 or blue2 the interesting example illustrated is formed of eagles' feathers fixed in a horn handle4 ,dancing-fans 7,mai ogi7 were introduced at the beginning of the seventeenth century4 ,the brins are ten in number1 the mount of thick paper1 usually bearing a family crest4 ,one of the earliest of these fans is to be seen in the painting of a dancer by ,matabei 7born #aegh71 in the ,morrison collection 7reproduced in ,painting in the ,far ,east1 ,laurence ,binyon71 the decoration of the mount consisting of a few scattered leaves4 ,the fan is the most usual accompaniment of the dance1 and is generally seen in the hands of the ,kagura dancers or of the performers with the ,shishi mask4 ,the fan dance1 which is more nearly allied to jugglery than to the dance1 is said to commemorate the performance of ,uzume while alluring the ,sun ,goddess ,amaterasu from the cavern1 whither she once retired1 plunging the world into temporary darkness by her absence4 ,in this1 the fan represents the leaves of the pine-tree1 the performer balancing a number on his forehead1 nose1 mouth1 hands and feet4 ,tea-fans 7,rikiu ogi7 are for use at the tea ceremonies celebrated in honour of tea in every province on the first day of the first month1 and commemorating the curing of the ,emperor ,murakami1 #idg-ifg ,a4,d41 of a disease against which the physicians were powerless4 ,the ,emperor recovered after drinking an offering of tea made to the ,goddess ,kwanyin4 ,the code1 that formerly was of a gorgeous description1 was modified later by ,sen-no ,rikiu1 from whom the fan set apart as cake tray or saucer derives its name4 ,the ,rikiu fan is of the simplest possible construction1 having only three sticks1 the decoration also being of a simple character4 ,it is used for handing round little cakes1 and for no other purpose1 fanning being strictly tabooed during such a dignified proceeding4#eh ,the giant closing fans 7,mita ogi7 were used in the processions at ,ise in honour of the ,sun ,goddess1 the traditional originator of the ,japanese dynasty4 ,these were six or seven feet long1 five men being appointed to carry one of this huge magnitude4 ,water-fans 7,mizu uchiwa71 for kitchen use1 date from the eighteenth century4 ,these are of bamboo split into segments1 covered with stout paper1 and varnished or lightly lacquered so as to allow of the fan being dipped in water1 thus securing extra coolness by evaporation4 ,they are often decorated with figures and other subjects1 the varnish subsequently applied being of a rich warm brown4 ,roll-up fans 7,maki uchiwa7 are circular1 the paper stiffened with thin strips of bamboo2 the handle is of bamboo cut through with a slit to allow the circular fan1 which is set on a pivot1 to have free play4 ,when open1 the strips of the bamboo foundation are horizontal1 thus securing rigidity2 when not in use1 the position of the strips may be reversed1 and the disc rolled round the stick and tied4 ,illustration3 ,modern ,japanese ,fan1 ,ivory with gilt ,lacquer1 and ,painted ,fan signed ,kunihisa4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,tomkinson4 ,of modern fans1 those of ivory and tortoise-shell1 carved or decorated with lacquer and inlay1 are1 for the most part1 made for exportation1 and are often of extreme beauty4 ,the excellent example in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum is decorated with circular medallions in gold lacquer of various shades1 portions being carved in relief4 ,it is finely inlaid in places with mother of pearl2 signed by ,taishin 7a pupil of ,zesshin71 and dated #ahhd4 ,an example1 equally fine1 is given from the collection of ,mr4 ,m4 ,tomkinson4 ,this is decorated with a view of ,fuji san1 or ,fuji-no-yama 7peerless mountain72 those born within its watch are considered most happy and fortunate beings4 #8,great ,fujiyama1 tow'ring to the sky6 ,a treasure art thou giv'n to mortal man1 ,a god-protector watching o'er ,japan-- ,on thee for ever let me feast mine eye4'#ei ,of the cheaper hand-screens exported in large quantities to ,europe1 the simplest form is that of a dried palm leaf cut to the required shape1 and bound round the edge1 the stem forming the handle4 ,the most common variety is made by splitting bamboo into thin strips that are spread out radially1 fastened with thin cord1 and covered with paper2 these are decorated with designs displaying high qualities of arrangement and graphic skill1 and are printed in that process of chromoxylography which1 if not actually invented by the ,japanese1 has been carried by them to its highest point of excellence4 ,a more elaborate hand-screen is also exported1 the covering of silk1 painted4 ,it will be readily understood1 that the fan1 entering as it does so closely into the daily life of the ,japanese1 should also form the subject of many games4 ,two characteristic instances may be cited4 ,the #8fan and cup' game was particularly favoured by court nobles and ladies4 ,a company met by the river1 each member launching on the water a fan prepared with varnish or lacquer to ensure buoyancy and to prevent absorption of moisture4 ,the game consisted in the composition of a verse or couplet of poetry during the time the fans were at the mercy of wind and wave1 and before they regained terra-firma4 ,tea-cups were also used1 this last being illustrated in a ,chinese makimono by ,hwei-chi ,ku-,yuen1 ,british ,museum1 #bgf4 ,in the ogi otoshi or fan target game1 a target called #8cho1' made somewhat in the form of a butterfly1 is placed on a low table or pedestal on the floor4 ,a fan is thrown from a given distance with a sudden and peculiar turn of the wrist1 causing it to reverse itself in its passage through the air and strike the target with the rivet end4 ,this game is played by two people facing the target at opposite ends4 ,bells are attached to the outer edge of the #8cho1' that sound when a successful hit has been accomplished4#fj ,no notice1 however brief1 of the fans of ,japan would be complete without some reference to the constant employment of the fan form as a decorative motif in ,japanese design1 one of the many evidences of the important place the fan holds in the affections of the people4 ,lacquered tea-trays assume the shape of the fan2 inkstands take the form of a closed fan1 the ink-well at the rivet end1 the body of the fan forming a case for pens2#fa while in diapered patterns1 borders1 and other decoration1 both flat and in relief1 the fan motif is constantly made use of4 ,the interesting series of fan-shaped panels illustrative of ,japanese history1 by an unknown artist of the ,yamato ,tosa school1 seventeenth century1 ,british ,museum1 #cje-cbd1 are excellent instances of the use of the fan form in flat decoration1 these being probably removed from an old screen4 ,three kakmonos in the collection of ,mr4 ,r4 ,phen ,spiers are each finely painted with four full-sized fans1 decorated with various lilies1 drawn with that consummate skill and knowledge of plant form which would appear to be the peculiar heritage of the sons of ,dai ,nippon4 ,illustration3 ,three ,chkei4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,illustration3 ,palm ,leaf ,fan1 used by the ,great ,chiefs1 ,fiji4 ,hide ,fan1 ,nigeria4 ,british ,museum4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,fans ,,of ,,primitive ,,peoples ,illustration ,in any survey of the industrial arts of the more primitive nations or peoples1 three facts must be taken into consideration3 #ast1 climatic conditions2 #bnd1 the natural products indigenous to the country1 and the outcome of its climatic conditions2 #crd1 the degree of the intellectual development of its inhabitants4 ,the study of any particular branch of art presupposes some acquaintance with the history of the people among whom the art was practised4 ,in considering1 however1 the art of primitive peoples1 this matter of history and association plays but a minor part4 ,pictorial storiation is practically non-existent1 individualism is lost in the collective racial influence4 ,moreover1 the raw material of industry is precisely the kind readiest to hand1 and generally demanding the minimum of skill in its working4 ,the fans of primitive or more or less uncivilised peoples may therefore be divided into three or four distinct types3 #ast1 the natural palm-leaf fans1 common in most palm-producing countries2 #bnd1 the plaited rush-1 grass-1 or cane-fans1 these being generally of the spatula1 or half-halberd shape2 #crd1 hide-fans1 which usually take the form of round or oval screens2 #dth1 feather-fans1 the character being necessarily determined by the kind of feathers employed4 ,it will readily be perceived that the earliest and simplest forms are those supplied ready to hand by ,nature herself1 viz4 palm-leaf fans4 ,these may be divided into two great classes4 ,in the one1 the leaf is set symmetrically on the stem2 in the other1 it is fixed laterally2 in both instances the natural stem forms the handle4 ,an excellent example of the first named is the large fan made from the leaf of the ,pritchardia pacifica1 used only by the great chiefs of the ,fiji ,islands4 ,in this the leaf is cut to the shape of a reversed heart1 bound round the border by a wisp1 the ends of the fronds being arranged in tufts at intervals round the edge of the fan1 forming an agreeable contrast to the simple radiating lines of the leaf4 ,in the second class of palm-fan1 one side of the leaf is either cut away or bent laterally1 the large leaves of the ,palmyra or ,talipot palms being used1 cut short1 the edges worked round with an applied border of thin strips of the leaf4 ,this form appears to be ubiquitous2 it is common1 not only to primitive peoples1 but also to the more civilised countries of the ,east4 ,in ,india it appears both in the form of the smaller hand-fans and the larger pankhs1 often richly decorated in colour1 with inserted plaques of mica1 or other ornamental device4 ,the art of plaiting with rush1 straw1 grass1 cane1 roots1 and other flexible materials is one of the very earliest practised by man2 we find it in constant use amongst savage tribes1 who employ the process for mats1 baskets1 various coverings for the person1 and other articles of personal and domestic use2 both the technical skill and the sthetic effect being often of a very high order4 ,it will at once be perceived that this process is especially suited to the fan1 which demands1 above all things1 lightness of construction2 the plaited fan is therefore the most usual form in that vast group of islands known as ,polynesia1 as well as in most other countries situated within the equatorial belt4 ,the principle of plaiting is to commence from the stick or handle1 which generally extends two-thirds of the distance along the blade or leaf of the fan4 ,the stick is generally of wood1 occasionally of ivory1 and in some instances both substances are employed1 the handle often elaborately carved4 ,the most usual shape is that of a spear cut crosswise and shortened3 the ordinary principle of form-development is followed1 from extreme attenuation lengthwise1 to extreme width and shortness1 the form of the lower border varying from an acute angle to a semicircle1 the top varying from straight line to arched or curved4 ,illustration ,the plaiting is of varying degrees of fineness according to the character of the leaf1 straw1 cane1 or fibre employed4 ,the patterning also varies1 occasionally straw of a different colour 7black or brown7 being introduced4 ,this type of fan is found in the ,marquesas ,islands 7,south ,pacific71 the ,hervey 7,cook7 ,islands1 ,solomon ,islands1 ,samoa1 and the ,hawaiian or ,sandwich ,islands4 ,a large plaited broad rush-fan appears in the ,horniman ,museum1 made and presented by ,queen ,kapiolani of the ,hawaiian ,islands 7illustrated p4 #bgb72 a similarly formed fan appears in the same collection from ,tahiti4 ,in some examples from ,samoa in the ,british ,museum collection1 the shapes are slightly more varied1 remarkably so in one instance in which the top border assumes a pointed or zigzag pattern4 ,the kite shape also is found in various forms4 7,page #ha1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,illustration3 ,,hawaiian ,,islands ,in the ,hawaiian group a spatula shape appears1 this also being developed to its utmost limit of breadth or width1 the handles of plaited hair1 in two colours1 forming a pattern4 ,in ,british ,guiana a curious fan 7warri warri7 is used1 formed of strips of the ,ita palm1 having no stem1 but simply a rolled edge1 either single or double 7crosswise71 forming a finish to the leaf or blade1 and affording a grip for the hand4 ,the size of these fans varies from six to fifteen inches4 ,a development of the above form is used as bellows by the natives of ,ecuador and ,peru2 the double handle slightly longer1 the forms varied to leaf and shield shape4 ,in ,india1 also1 the two-handled bellows-fan is used1 made of strips of the leaf-stalk of the ,tucuma palm4 ,in the ,british ,museum is a curious little fan having only a loop for handle1 formed of plaited reed 7,iturite7 of two colours1 brown and black4 7,page #ha1 ,no4 #h47 ,in the hide-fans common on the western border of ,africa1 the form approaches that of a circular screen1 set on a wooden handle4 ,in these the ornamentation is either formed of the natural markings of the hide1 or an #8appliqu' of leather1 painted white1 and cut to various perforated patterns1 so as to show a bright vermilion feather stuff in the perforations2 the three colours1 the brown or black of the hide1 the white leather1 and the vermilion perforations forming a very effective contrast4 ,examples from ,nigeria appear in the ,british ,museum collection4 ,a smaller fan of goatskin is in the ,horniman ,museum4 ,these hide-fans form part of the fantastic death-dance costumes of ,old ,calabar4 ,illustration3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,samoa4 #d1 #e4 ,,british ,,guiana4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,,ecuador ,,and ,,peru4 #i1 #aj4 ,,south-,,eastern ,,pacific4 ,feathers1 although constantly employed as ornaments to the person1 are less commonly used for fans than might generally be supposed1 especially in countries where bird life is abundant4 ,amongst the ,blackfoot nation of ,north ,american ,indians1 eagles' feathers were used as a standard of valour at the advent of the white man1 and the capture of eagles was regarded as a sacred ceremony4 ,in the ,british ,museum is a fan of these eagles' feathers1 with a handle covered with coarse linen of a printed pattern2 to the tip of each feather is affixed a small pink fluffy feather1 thus forming a pink border to the top of the fan1 the border being repeated at the top of the handle4 ,this was procured from #8,little ,ears1' a ,blood ,indian4 ,a similar fan1 minus the handle1 appears in the same collection2 in this instance the tips of the feathers are ornamented with little tails made of hair1 varied at the lower ends by white fur4 ,in consequence of a dream that appeared to a ,blood chief named ,bears' ,lodge1 a dance was instituted in which these fans were waved1 and whistles made of eagles' bones were carried and used4 7,illustrated opposite47 ,ceremonial fans were employed by the ,indians of the ,great ,west2 we have an account of the visit of a ,taensas chief on the banks of the ,lower ,mississippi to ,le ,sieur de ,la ,salle in #afhb3 #8,the ,chief condescended to visit ,la ,salle at his camp2 a favour which he would by no means have granted1 had the visitors been ,indians4 ,a master of ceremonies and six attendants preceded him1 to clear the path and prepare the place of meeting4 ,when all was ready1 he was seen advancing clothed in a white robe1 and preceded by two men bearing white fans1 while a third displayed a disc of burnished copper1 doubtless to represent the ,sun1 his ancestor1 or1 as others will have it1 his elder brother4'#fb ,it is safe to assume that these fans were of feathers1 and the incident is an evidence that the use of the fan in high ceremonial was universal1 and common to both ,east and ,west4 ,illustration3 ,two small ,palm ,fans4 ,west ,africa4 ,fly ,whisks1 ,tahiti4 ,cockade ,fan1 with inscription4 ,fan of ,eagles ,feathers1 ,north ,american ,indian4 ,there still remains the cockade form of fan1 found amongst the ,west ,african tribes2 an example appearing in the ,british ,museum collection1 of paper1 with primitive painted ornaments in black1 red1 and yellow1 alternated with inscription2 the fan measuring some twenty inches in diameter4 ,a most interesting example of hide appears in the ,horniman ,museum1 taken from the king's palace at ,benin in #ahig4 ,this1 doubtless1 from its size and the cumbrous nature of its material1 as well as the foregoing example1 was waved by the attendants of some highly placed personage1 probably the king4 ,illustration ,the square or oblong flag-fan is made by the natives of the ,niger settlements of ,west ,africa4 ,an example in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum is of plaited grass with strips of the natural shades of brown and yellow1 and others stained red and black2 the handle is covered with reddish-brown leather1 fringed along the side of the leaf1 the fan edged with the same material4 ,the appearance of similar decorative motifs in countries widely separate opens up an interesting field of speculation4 ,some explanation1 however1 of the fact of the cockade 7though in itself1 together with the flag form1 a simple device7 appearing among the ,west ,african tribes1 may be found in the fact that the natives of the interior of ,west ,africa were long exposed to the influence of the ,mohammedan culture of the ,western ,sudan2 the races were to some extent intermingled1 and a close commercial relationship has been maintained during a long period4 ,fly-whisks are obviously articles of necessity throughout the countries of the ,torrid ,zone4#fc ,these are formed either of feathers1 of vegetable fibre1 of the hair of the larger animals1 of hempen string1 or other materials4 ,these instruments occasionally acquire a sacred significance2 ,blondel affirms that they were common in ,peru and ,mexico before the ,spanish conquest1 and1 together with the fan1 were used also as a symbol of authority1 the handles being adorned with the precious stone #8theoatz-ehuaquetzalli4' ,a species of fly-whisk1 formed of dried grass1 is used as a war fetish by the natives of the ,gold ,coast2 in some instances an iron bell is attached1 carried and rung by the magician in front of the warriors4 ,sticks and also fan handles bound with feathers are used as propitiatory offerings to the gods by the natives of the ,south-,eastern ,pacific4 7,page #ha1 ,nos4 #i1 #aj47 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands feather wands 7,kahili7 are carried as a symbol of rank2 these appear to have been originally fly-whisks1 and are formed of the tail feathers of various birds4 ,six examples are included in the ,british ,museum collection1 the handles formed of ivory alternated with horn1 the extremity of the handle being formed of the bone of an enemy4 ,a long fly-whisk from ,hawaii appears in the same collection1 formed of the neck feathers of the cock1 of varying colours1 white1 orange1 and brown1 with black tip2 the handle of wood1 bound round with black and buff cane4 ,the most primitive form of fly-whisk is that from the ,andaman ,islands in the ,bay of ,bengal1 made of grass fibre1 bound to a stick1 and resembling a rough besom4 ,illustration ,vegetable fibre of various kinds would appear1 indeed1 to be the material most commonly employed for these articles1 being1 doubtless1 the readiest substance to hand4 ,a remarkable series of fly-whisks from ,tahiti1 formed of fibre1 were presented to the ,british ,museum by ,sir ,w4 ,c4 ,trevelyan1 ,bart42 in these1 the handles 7of wood7 are finely plaited half-way with fibre of two colours1 the rest of the handle of a spiral form1 the head carved to a fantastic shape4 ,illustration ,an interesting fly-whisk from the ,tonga ,islands is formed of cocoa-nut fibre1 finely plaited at its junction with the wooden handle2 small turquoise1 black1 and white beads1 are affixed to the plaited portion1 these forming an extremely effective contrast to the rich red brown of the fibre4 ,in ,samoa1 enormous fly-whisks are formed of this material1 sometimes affixed to a handle of wood1 and occasionally bound round with the same material to form the handle4 7,page #ha1 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab47 ,a curious fly-whisk from ,tahiti is of twisted fibre1 the handle being formed of two birds' wing-bones bound together1 with a portion of plaited fibre in two colours forming the extremity of the stem at its junction with the whisk4 ,the ,matabeles employ fly-whisks of horse-hair1 both white and black4 ,an example of white horse-hair bound with brass1 fixed in a handle of cane1 and also one of black hair1 with the handle formed of plaited brass wire1 are to be seen in the ,british ,museum4 ,a similar fly-whisk of black horse-hair is in the same collection2 the handle of steel wire1 bound round a double leather thong1 the extremity forming a loop ornamented by blue glass beads4 ,these are used by the elders 7,elmoru7 of the ,east ,african ,protectorate4 ,illustration ,black horse-hair forms the material of fly-whisks used by the natives of the ,upper ,nile4 ,in the example illustrated the hair is set in an open-shaped piece of leather1 with a long bone handle4 ,illustration ,in ,abyssinia1 also1 fly-whisks formed of the tails of the smaller animals are employed4 ,an example occurs in the ,india ,museum1 the hair dyed red and yellow1 the handle of silver parcel-gilt4 ,probably the most curious of all fans and fan-like objects in use among primitive peoples is the so-called ,ghost ,fan of ,south ,celebes 7,malay ,archipelago74 ,this mysterious object consists of a triangular arrangement at the end of a stick1 of fine spun red stuff embellished with a bordering of gold tinsel1 together with spangles or hanging ornaments along its lower edge4 ,around the stick is tightly twisted a piece of paper1 probably containing an incantation4 ,an example occurs in the ,ethnological ,museum1 ,berlin1 referred to and illustrated in ,der ,fcher1 ,georg ,buss4 7,see p4 #ajf47 ,illustration3 ,the ,tournament1 by ,e4 ,moreau4 ,ivory bris1 painted gilt4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,flabellum ,,and ,,early ,,feather-,,fan ,illustration3 ,,angel ,,waving ,a ,,flabellum 7,from the ,book of ,kells47 ,the ,christian ,church was quick to perceive the utility of the fan as an instrument of religious ceremonial1 imparting to this object a mysterious importance1 a sacerdotal distinction1 preserving and shielding it from common use2 it has even been claimed that this appropriation was instituted by the ,apostles themselves1 ,bishop ,suarez attempting to substantiate this by an appeal to an apocryphal liturgy attributed to ,st4 ,james4 ,the earliest recognised notice1 however1 of the flabellum as a liturgical ornament is in the ,apostolical ,constitutions1 which direct that after the oblation1 before and during the prayer of consecration1 two deacons are to stand1 one on either side of the altar1 holding a fan made of thin membrane 7parchment71 or of peacocks' feathers1 or of fine linen1 and quietly drive away the flies and other small insects1 that they may not stick against the vessels2 this use of the flabellum being derived1 not from the ritual of the synagogue of the ,jews1 but from that of the ,pagan temples4 ,butler 7,ancient ,coptic ,churches of ,egypt7 quotes a similar rubric from the liturgy of ,st4 ,clement4 ,the same author refers also to flabella waved by the deacons in the ,syrian ,jacobite1 and probably also in the ,coptic1 rite for the ordination of a priest at laying on of hands--they appeared at solemn festivals and at regular celebrations of mass4#fd ,on ,good ,friday1 also1 they were used at the consecrations of ,chrism--seven deacons holding flabella1 walking on either side of the holy oil when carried in procession4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,processional ,,flabellum 7,from ,butler47 ,many evidences of its early adoption by the ,latin ,church are extant4 ,moschus 7,prat4 ,spirituale1 #aej7 cites an occurrence showing its employment in the time of ,pope ,agapetus1 ,a4,d4 #ece1 in which a deacon1 who had falsely accused his bishop1 was removed from the altar when he was holding the fan in the presence of the ,pope1 because he hindered the descent of the ,holy ,spirit on the gifts4 ,this same author 7,prat4 ,spirituale1 #aif71 in narrating how some shepherd boys near ,apamea were imitating the celebration of the ,eucharist in childish sport1 is careful to mention that two of the children stood on either side of the celebrant1 vibrating their handkerchiefs like fans1#fe thus showing that the use of the flabellum was general even at this early period4 ,in a letter of ,st4 ,hildebert1 ,archbishop of ,tours1 c4 #ajih1 accompanying the present of a flabellum made to a friend1 its use and mystic import are explained--the flies1 representing the temptations of the devil1 are to be driven away by the ,catholic faith4 ,gradually the waving of the flabellum acquired a deeper symbolic meaning--it was held to signify the wafting of divine influence upon the ceremony1 the movements to and fro symbolising the quivering of the wings of the ,seraphim2 hence we find representatives of the ,seraphim playing an important part in its ornamentation4 ,in the ,book of ,kells we have a representation of the four evangelists in which the ,seraphic symbol of ,st4 ,matthew is figured by the crossed flabella1 each having a pair of bells with triple hammers2 the remaining three evangelists being represented by the usual symbols of the ,lion in the centre1 and the ,bull and ,eagle at the lower corners4 ,germanus 7,neale1 ,eastern ,church1 p4 #cif7 goes even further1 and holds that the vibration of the flabellum typifies the tremor and astonishment of the angels at our ,lord's ,passion4 ,in a ,byzantine fresco at ,nekrsi 7,caucasus71 of a date uncertain but somewhat late1 an open sanctuary is represented with two angelic winged deacons waving seraphic flabella around the head of the second person of the ,trinity4 ,illustration3 ,,coptic ,,flabellum4 7,from ,butler47 ,we have1 then1 in these flabella1 two distinct types--the one composed of some yielding material such as vellum or peacocks' feathers1 the handles usually of ivory2 the other rigid1 and formed of metal1 either silver or silver gilt1 this latter being essentially a processional fan2 both being used in ceremonial processions and celebrations of the mass4 ,metal flabella also divide themselves into two classes--the large-handled processional fan1 and the short hand-fan2 an example of the latter is given from ,butler1 and consists of a circular disc of metal decorated with two rude figures of the ,seraphim interspersed with ,romanesque ornament4 ,actual specimens of ancient flabella are almost non-existent1 although a few have been preserved on the ,continent2 one of the most famous being that of the abbey church of ,tournus1 on the ,sane1 south of ,chalon1 at present in the ,carrand collection1 ,museo ,nazionale1 ,florence4 ,this remarkable example1 which may be taken as a characteristic type1 is formed of a strip of vellum folded la cocarde1 painted on both sides with figures of ,st4 ,philibert and other saints divided by conventional trees4 ,the outer borders consist of a continuous scroll of ,romanesque ornament interspersed with figures of animals4 ,latin hexameters and pentameters are inscribed on the three concentric borders of the fan1 as follows3-- ,,flaminis ,,hoc ,,donum1 ,,regnator ,,summe ,,polorum1 ,,oblatum ,,puro ,,pectore ,,sume ,,libens4 ,,virgo ,,parens ,,xpi ,,voto ,,celebraris ,,eodem1 ,,hic ,,coleris ,,pariter1 ,,tu ,,filiberte ,,sacer4 ,,sunt ,,duo ,,quae ,,modicum ,,confert ,,estate ,,flabellum2 ,,infestas ,,abigit ,,muscas ,,et ,,mitigat ,,aestus1 ,,et ,,sine ,,dat ,,tedio ,,gustare ,,munus ,,ciborum4 ,,propterea ,,calidum ,,qui ,,vult ,,transire ,,per ,,annum1 ,,et ,,tutus ,,cupit ,,ab ,,atris ,,existere ,,muscis1 ,,omni ,,se ,,studeat ,,aestate ,,munire ,,flabello4 ,,hoc ,,decus ,,eximium ,,pulchro ,,moderamine ,,gestum1 ,,condecet ,,in ,,sacro ,,semper ,,adesse ,,loco2 ,,namque ,,suo ,,volucres ,,infestas ,,flamine ,,pellit1 ,,et ,,strictim ,,motus ,,longius ,,ire ,,facit4 ,,hoc ,,quoque ,,flabellum ,,tranquillas ,,excitat ,,auras1 ,,stus ,,dum ,,sevit ,,ventum ,,facit ,,atque ,,serenum1 ,,fugat ,,et ,,obscenas ,,importunasque ,,volucres4 ,the handle is formed of four cylinders of white bone1 two being ornamented with semi-naturalistic vine foliage running spirally round the stem1 the two lower fluted4 ,these cylinders are united by nodes or pommels1 tinted green2 on the middle node the inscription ,,michel ,m 1 on the upper ,,iohel ,,me ,,scae ,,fecit ,,in ,,honore ,,mariae4 ,the stem is surmounted by a capital with four figures of saints1 whose names appear on the node immediately beneath3 ,s ,,maria ,s ,,agn ,s ,,filib ,s ,,pet4 ,on the capital rests the guard or box which receives the flabellum when closed2 the four sides are of elaborately carved white bone with green-tinted borders2 the front and back panels1 betraying evidence of a different hand1 are now in the ,muse de ,cluny1 ,paris1 and consist of arabesques of foliage with figures1 birds1 animals1 etc41 modelled with great spirit4 ,the two lateral panels or faces form the richest portion of the fan1 and are carved with six subjects from the ,eclogues of ,virgil4 ,three seated senators with other figures1 two shepherds with oxen2 three shepherds1 two of whom are playing pipes1 some sheep in the foreground2 a seated shepherd blowing a horn2 another shepherd with oxen and goats2 a shepherd and satyr with dog and goats2 and a seated shepherd with two oxen4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,alinari4 ,the ,flabellum of ,tournus4 ,,ix4 cent4 ,museo ,nazionale1 ,florence4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,alinari4 ,the ,flabellum of ,tournus1 details4 ,museo ,nazionale1 ,florence4 ,the modelling is somewhat rude and archaic1 but extremely rich in decorative effect4 ,one edge of the fan is fixed in the box1 the other is attached to one of the lateral panels1 which1 in order to open the fan1 is drawn over and attached to the reversed side by means of a cord4 ,both sides are figured in colours in ,du ,sommerard's work ,les ,arts du ,moyen ,age4 ,of other flabella which exist1 one is preserved in the ,dominican ,monastery of ,prouille1 in the diocese of ,toulouse2 another1 with a handle of silver1 was formerly at ,st4 ,victor1 near ,marseilles4 ,in the ,british ,museum is a portion of an ivory handle of a flabellum1 ,french1 of the twelfth century1 about twelve inches in length1 finely carved with figures of the twelve ,apostles and emblems of the ,evangelists4 ,in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum is a similar fragment1 but smaller1 carved with compartments of animals1 mythical beasts1 monsters1 etc42 these probably formed the two divisions of one single flabellum4 ,these handles were sometimes square-shaped1 as in the instance of the fragment in the ,salting collection at present in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,this is also ,french1 of the fourteenth century1 and is carved on each of its sides with figures of saints in niches1 with crocketed arches4 ,a portion of the cylindrical stem of a flabellum or aspergillum1 probably ,french of the twelfth century1 is in the ,british ,museum4 ,this represents the occupations of the twelve months of the year in three bands1 as follows3 ,january1 a two-headed ,janus looking in opposite directions2 ,february1 a figure seated before a fire2 ,march1 cutting trees with a hatchet2 ,april1 gathering blossoms2 ,may1 an equestrian figure with hawk2 ,june1 a mower with sickle and hooked stick2 ,july1 a mower with scythe2 ,august1 a reaper with sickle2 ,september1 thrashing wheat2 ,october1 sowing corn2 ,november1 killing a pig2 ,december1 pouring wine into a cask4 ,the figures are separated from each other by trees1 and the three bands by rings ornamented with foliage and zigzag patterns with semi-rosettes1 and at top and bottom are rings with half-defaced inscriptions4 ,there is also in the same collection a capital of morse ivory for the handle of a flabellum1 ,north ,german1 twelfth century4 ,these instruments figure repeatedly in inventories of church and abbey property4 ,butler quotes from one at ,st4 ,riquier1 near ,abbeville1 in #hca1 #8a silver fan for chasing flies from the sacrifice4' ,at ,amiens1 in #abej1 there existed a fan for a similar purpose1 #8flabellum factum de serico et auro ad repellendas muscas et immunda4' ,in #acfc ,la ,sainte ,chapelle possessed #8duo flabella vulgariter nuncupata muscalia1 ornata perlis'2 in #acgf1 #8ij flabella1 ,gallice esmouchoirs1 ornata de perlis4' ,in the sacrist rolls of ,ely1 #8,item1 j flabello empt4 ad ,aurifabrum1 #g;d4 ,item1 in pari flabellorum pro le ,colpeyt empt4 #f;d4' ,a ,salisbury inventory mentions two fans of vellum or other material4#ff ,the ,chapel of ,st4 ,faith in the crypt of old ,st4 ,paul's possessed1 in #abih1 a muscatorium or fly-whip of peacocks' feathers4#fg ,there is record of a gift to ,york ,minster1 between the years #acic and #adac1 of a silver-gilt handle for a flabellum4#fh ,in #acdf1 ,hamo1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 presented to the cathedral #8unum flabellum de serico cum virga eburnea4'#fi ,in the inventory of the ,chapel of ,west ,exeter1 ,abbey of ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds1 #8i4 muscifugium de pecock4'#gj ,in the enumeration of the valuable effects of the deceased ,queen ,isabella1 daughter of ,philippe le ,bel1 and consort of ,edward ,,ii41 the following entry appears3 #8,de ,capella1 ,duo flagella pro muscis fugandis4'#ga ,illustration3 ,portion of ,ivory ,handle of a ,flabellum1 ,french1 #abth ,cent4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,lower portion of the same handle4 ,british ,museum4 ,ivory ,fan ,handle1 ,italian1 #afth ,cent4 ,salting ,colln4 ,portion of an ,ivory ,fan ,handle1 ,italian1 ,,xiv4th ,cent4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,capital or node of a ,flabellum4 ,british ,museum4 ,portion of handle of a ,flabellum1 #adth ,cent4 ,salting ,colln4 ,in ,england the flabellum was in use even in remote parishes4 ,in the churchwarden's accounts at ,walderswick1 ,suffolk1 in #adic1 is an entry of ,i,vd4 for #8a bessume of pekoks fethers4' ,although the flabellum is very rarely represented in illuminated ,,mss41 in the ,book of ,kells we find miniatures of angels waving these instruments2 in the ,gospel of ,trves 7eighth century7 is a conjoined evangelistic1 symbolic figure holding a small flabellum in one hand and a eucharistic lance in the other4 ,in a ,hiberno-,saxon ,,ms4 of the eighth century a figure of ,st4 ,matthew is seen holding in his hand a flabellum4 ,in the public library at ,rouen are two representations of the use of this instrument2 in the one1 a thirteenth-century missal1 formerly belonging to the abbey of ,jumiges1 the fan is held by the deacon in front of the altar at which the priest officiates2 in the other1 it is waved over the head of the priest as he elevates the wafer3 this in a pontifical of the church of ,rheims1 thirteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,greek ,,psalter4 7,british ,museum47 ,a psalter in ,greek1 ,british ,museum1 additional ,,mss4 #ai1ceb1 gives a miniature of an angel waving a large flabellum over the head of ,david who is asleep2 another instance occurs in a thirteenth-century ,service-,book in the ,barberini ,library1 given by ,paciandi4#gb ,representations in printed books are still more rare4 ,in ,barclay's ,ship of ,fools of the ,world1 #aeji1 we find1 however1 a woodcut illustration of a spectacled bibliophile wearing cap and bells1 seated among his books1 holding in his hand a flabellum of feathers1 saying3 #8,attamen in magno per me servantur honore3 ,pulueris et cariem1 plumatis tergo flabellis4'#gc the word flabellis being here applied to the ordinary hand-brush or duster4 ,by the end of the sixteenth century the flabellum had fallen into complete disuse1 its original purpose having been long abandoned or forgotten1 although as late as #afhh ,randle ,holmes1 ,academy of ,armory1 refers to #8the flap or fann to drive away flies from the chalice4' ,its sole reminiscence in the west is in the large flabella of peacocks' feathers carried at solemn festivals in procession before the ,pope4 ,in the ,greek ,church1 the fan is still delivered to the deacon at ordination as the symbol of his sacred office4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,,goar4 ,from the period of the final break up of the ,roman ,empire to that of the ,crusades the general use of the fan was discontinued in ,europe1 and was probably only adopted by highly placed personages2 during these early periods1 however1 it was still the religious fly-flap or flabellum1 d'mouchoir1 and ,blondel infers from the circumstance1 of tienne ,boileau not referring to it in his ,livre des ,mestiers 7#abjj71 that even at this time it no longer served any domestic purpose except in very rare instances4 ,the earliest ,english reference to the fan appears to be the following3-- #8,in the thirtieth year of ,king ,edward ,i41 precept was given to ,nicholas ,pycot1 ,chamberlain1 of the ,guildhall of ,london that he should cause to be sold all pledges for any debt whatsoever then in his custody4 #8,in an inventory of pledges sold for arrears on the ,king's ,tallage1 #ca ,edward ,i41 #acjc4 ,one fan 7value not stated7 taken from ,henry ,gyleberd of the ward of ,basseshawe for #bs4 #h;d41 which he owes of arrears of the fifteenth4'#gd ,the oldest existing ,christian fan1 and the most famous of the few fans of which we have any record during the ,middle ,ages1 is that which has become identified with ,theodolinda1 ,queen of the ,lombards1 the saintly princess1 who possessed a nail of the holy cross which was ultimately used as a setting to the ,iron ,crown of the kings of ,lombardy4 ,this fan is preserved as a sacred relic in the ,cathedral of ,monza near ,milan4 ,superstition has invested it with magical powers4 ,pilgrimages are made to ,monza by village maidens1 often from a long distance1 on a certain day of the year1 as the act of touching it is believed to facilitate and promote their marriage projects4 ,it is of the cockade shape1 formed of vellum1 of the beautiful purple hue we find in contemporary manuscripts2 it is decorated with an alternating diaper of ,romanesque ornament in gold and silver1 and round its outer border on either side is the following inscription in ,latin hexameters1 which is given by ,mr4 ,w4 ,burges1 ,archological ,journal1 vol4 xiv41 on the one side3 #8,ut sis conspectu praeclara et cara venusta1 ,hac rogo defendens solem requiesce sub umbra1 ,has soror obtutu depictas arte figuras ,praelegeris flavido ut decoreris casta colore4' and on the reverse1 now much obliterated3 #8,pulchrior ut facie dulcis videaris amica 444 fervores solis 444 ,me retinere manu ,ulfeda 787 poscente memento 444 splendoris 444' ,mr4 ,burges has pointed out that the form of the letters of the inscription1 which are ,roman with slight ,rustic variations1 as also the purple dye1 are sufficiently similar to contemporary manuscripts of ,st4 ,augustine of the end of the sixth century4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,monza ,,flabellum4 ,details4 ,the case which accompanies the fan is constructed on the same principle as the handle of the ,tournus flabellum1 although less elongated4 ,it is of wood1 covered with silver1 the wooden part probably modern1 made to the original shape1 with the old silver used again4 ,the length of the case with handle is #ae-a_/b inches1 the diameter of the leaf #aj inches4 ,illustration3 ,fan of ,queen ,theodolinda1 ,,vi4 cent4 ,cathedral of ,monza4 ,the side flap was originally fastened to the fan1 and drawn round until it formed a complete circle1 as in the instance of the ,tournus flabellum4 ,with respect to the identity of the original owner of this fan1 although the claim which has been made for its association with ,queen ,theodolinda cannot be substantiated1 its identification with any well-defined personage is equally difficult4 ,who was ,ulfeda8 ,mr4 ,burges states with reference to this name that it is by no means the most legible part of the inscription--that he has been able to discover no one so named who lived during this period4 ,m4 de ,linas points out that the name ,ulfda is a variant of the ,saxon ,elpheid1 which the marvellous cloisonn fibula1 exhumed1 as is said1 from a ,carlovingian sepulchre at ,wittislingen 7,bavaria71 gives under the softened form of ,ufeila4 ,this ,monza fan is not mentioned in an inventory of the treasury in #abge2 in that of #acec the following1 however1 occurs3 #8,item1 fabella1 seu orata una argenti facta ad modum unius maze cum manica ligni ligata in argento4' ,m4 de ,linas infers from the fact of the extremity of the handles being provided with a ring1 that it was not a liturgic fan1 and certainly this circumstance1 together with the smallness of its size1 would appear to be a sufficient evidence of its secular use2 in any event1 and whatever its original use1 this fan1 together with that of ,tournus1 must be accounted among the most precious relics preserved to us from that dim and dark1 but extremely fascinating period4 ,the rigid flag-fan1 which appears to have been in intermittent use in ,europe from the early centuries of our era1 consists of an oblong parallelogram with a handle fitted to one of its longer sides4 ,these were made either of plaited straw of various colours1 of linen painted and embroidered1 of parchment or vellum1 or of silk1 woven or embroidered1 often with lozenge-shaped diapering4 ,the earliest examples remaining to us are ,coptic or ,saracenic4 ,m4 ,robert ,forrer in his ,reallexikon figures two which were obtained from the cemetery of ,akhmn1 the ,greek ,panopolis1 presumably belonging to the fourth-sixth century4 ,of these1 one is finely plaited of brown1 red1 and black straw1 with a representation of four hearts encircling a cross1 the other of a reticulated diapered pattern with a border of linen4 ,a similar flag-fan of plaited straw appears in the ,berlin ,museum3 this example1 also1 is probably ,coptic4 ,m4 ,charles de ,linas1 quoting from the life of ,st4 ,fulgentius1 sixth century1 affirms that the ,bishop of ,ruspa1 whilst he was a monk and even an abbot1 occupied his leisure hours in copying ,holy ,writ or in plaiting #8fly-flaps' of palm leaves4 ,this same author#ge figures a flag-fan from an engraved glass vase1 exhumed from the catacombs1 and now preserved in the library of the ,vatican1 representing the ,virgin ,mother seated with the infant ,saviour on her lap1 a deacon behind agitating a rectangular flabellum fixed in a lateral handle4 ,the zigzag ornamentation indicates that this1 also1 was formed of plaited straw4 ,illustration ,in the ,observances of the ,augustinian ,priory at ,barnwell1 ,cambridge1 #8,the ,fraterer ought to provide mats and rushes to strew the ,frater and the alleys of the ,cloister at the ,frater door1 and frequently to renew them2 in summer to throw flowers1 mint1 and fennel into the air to make a sweet odour1 and to provide fans4' #8,muscatoria in estate providere4'#gf ,illustration3 ,coptic ,fans1 ,akhmn4 ,ethnological ,museum4 ,berlin4 ,the most remarkable example1 however1 of this banner form is on a diptich of ivory offered by ,charles the ,bald to the abbey of ,saint-,corneille de ,compigne1 and at present in the ,cabinet de ,mdailles at ,paris4 ,on the inferior compartment of the diptich is a eunuch 787 holding with both hands a flabellum apparently of metal1 the handle long1 thick at the end1 and engraved with lines representing masonry2 the top in the form of a turret1 from which hangs a cord4 ,the leaf1 in all probability embroidered1 has a plain broad border enclosing a laurel wreath4 ,the banner form of fan became fashionable with the ,venetian women of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,these were of two kinds3 the one1 of a more ornate character1 was used by matrons2 the other1 abanico di novia1 of a delicate whiteness1 used only by engaged maidens or the newly married4 ,an example of the latter occurs in the portrait of the painter's daughter ,lavinia1 by ,titian1 in the ,dresden ,gallery1 probably painted in #aeee4 ,titian painted this favourite daughter some eighteen years later2 in this portrait she carries a feather-fan1 the sign of ,venetian nobility1 ,titian having been1 in the interval1 created a ,count ,palatine by the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,,an ,,ivory ,,diptich4 7,cabinet de ,mdailles1 ,paris47 ,authentic examples of these flag-fans are exceedingly rare4 ,a richly embroidered ,venetian fan of the sixteenth century is in the collection of the ,grand ,duke ,frederick of ,baden2 another1 also ,italian1 has a large oval medallion with ornaments of silver and brown1 and is in the collection of ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,rosenberg of ,karlsruhe2 a third1 abanico di novia1 of white vellum enriched with ,venetian lace of the sixteenth century1 is referred to by ,blondel as being in the possession of ,madame ,achille ,jubinal of ,paris4 ,these fans were probably introduced into the western countries of ,europe by the returning ,crusaders4 ,they never1 apparently1 obtained any great vogue except in ,italy2 they continued1 however1 in intermittent use until the close of the sixteenth century1 when1 together with feather1 tuft1 and cockade fans1 they gradually gave place to the modern folding-fan which had by this time made its appearance in ,portugal from the ,far ,east4 ,from the fourteenth century onwards1 the history of the fan becomes more clear1 and ,blondel quotes a number of ,french inventories in which the fan figures--that of the ,comptesse ,mahaut d',artois 7#acaf71 an mouchoir with silver handle2 of ,queen ,clmence 7#acbh71 an mouchoir of silk brocade2 and also in the will or testament of ,queen ,johanne of vreux 7#acgb71 a jewelled mouchoir costing five golden francs4#gg ,the cockade form1 la cocarde1 has been in use during all periods subsequent to its first introduction from the ,east in the early centuries of our era4 ,we have already referred at some length to the cockade flabella at ,tournus and ,monza4 ,in an inventory of ,charles ,v4 of ,france1 #achj1 we read of #8un esmouchouer rond1 qui se ploye1 en yvoire1 aux armes de ,france et de ,navarre1 un manche d'ybenus4'#gh ,during the fourteenth century1 the long-handled flabellum was also in use1 waved by attendants as at ,thebes and ,rome4 ,in the inventory above quoted 7,charles ,v47 occurs--#8,trois bannires1 ou esmouchoers1 de cuir ouvr1 dont les deux ont les manches d'argent dorez4' #8,deux bannires de ,france1 pour esmoucher le ,roy quand il est ,table1 semes de fleurs de lys brodes de perles4'#gi ,the feather-fan1 also1 was in use during this reign1 as we learn from a curious entry in a letter of the ,queen--alluding to a criminal prosecution against some manufacturer of spurious coin--#8,le suppliant trouva d'aventure un esventour de plumes1 duquel il esceuta le feu--o l'on faisoit la ditte fausse monnoye4'#hj ,the feather and tuft fans in use from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries and later were formed of the plumes of the peacock1 the ostrich1 and the paroquet1 dyed various colours3 the number of the feathers varied from three to twenty or more1 and were arranged so as to imbricate the plumes in the gradation of their natural growth4 ,these were set in handles of carved ivory and the more precious metals1 generally silver1 and were often richly jewelled1 and suspended from the girdle by a slender chain4 ,of their cost we have a hint in ,marston's satires3 #8,how can she keepe a lazie serving-man ,and buy a hoode and silver-handled fan ,with fortie pound8' ,silver was probably the material of the handle of ,mistress ,bridget's fan in the theft of which ,falstaff and his ,ancient were implicated4 ,,falstaff4 ,and when ,mistress ,bridget ,lost the handle of her fan1 ,i took't upon ,mine honour thou hadst it not4 ,,pistol4 ,didst thou not share8 hadst thou not fifteen pence8 ,references to the silver-handled fan occur commonly in old plays3 #8,she hath a fan with a short silver handle1 ,about the length of a barber's syringe4' ,the ,floire1 #afaj4 #8,all your plate1 ,vasco1 is the silver handle of ,your old prisoner's fan4' ,love and ,honour1 ,sir ,w4 ,davenant1 #afdi4 #8,another he ,her silver handled fan would gladly be4' ,in ,marston1 ,scourge of ,villainie1 lib4 ,,iii4 sat4 #h4 ,the above references are to fans of the ordinary sort2 the cost of the more precious fans of history was considerable4 ,brantme 7c4 #aeij7 refers to the fan of ,queen ,eleanor with its mirror all ornamented with precious stones of great value1 and also to the new-year's gift of ,queen ,margaret to ,queen ,louise of ,lorraine--a jewelled fan of mother of pearl of such beauty and richness that it was valued at more than fifteen hundred crowns1#ha a sum equal to a thousand pounds of our present money4 ,the employment of the fan as fire-screen is indicated by the new-year's gift to ,queen ,mary of ,england in #aeef1 when she received #8seven fannes to kepe the heate of the fyer1 of strawe1 the one of white silke4' ,queen ,elizabeth's partiality for fans is historic1 and it is upon record that she regarded a fan as a suitable gift for a queen4 ,leicester's new-year's gift in #aegd is recorded3 #8,a fan of white feathers set in a handle of gold1 garnished on one side with two very fair emeralds1 and fully garnished with diamonds and rubies2 the other side garnished with rubies and diamonds1 and on each side a white bear his cognisance and two pearls hanging1 a lion ramping with a white muzzled bear at his foot4' ,among the new-year's gifts1 #aehh-i3-- #8,by the ,countess of ,bath1 a fanne of ,swanne downe1 with a maze of gilene ,velvet1 ymbrodered with seed pearles and a very small chayne of silver gilte1 and in the middest a border on both sides of seed pearles1 sparks of rubyes and emerods1 and thereon a monster of gold1 the head and breast mother of pearles4 #8,by a ,gentleman unknown1 a fanne of sundry collored fethers1 with a handle of aggets garnished with silver gilte4' ,illustration3 ,feather ,hand-,screen1 ,queen ,anne4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,in #aehi1 #8a fanne of ffethers1 white and redd1 the handle of golde1 inameled with a halfe moone of mother of perles1 within that a halfe moon garnished with sparks of dyamonds1 and a fewe seede perles on th' one side1 having her majestie's picture within it3 and on the back-side a device with a crowe over it4' #8,geven by ,sir ,frauncis ,drake4' ,in #aeii3-- #8,by ,mrs4 ,wingfeilde1 mother of the maydes1 four ruffes of lawne and a fanne4' ,from a letter of ,rowland ,whyte to ,sir ,robert ,sydney1 ,december #ac1 #aeie1 we learn that #8upon ,thursday she dined at ,kew1 my lord keeper's 7,sir ,john ,packering7 house 7who lately obtained of her majestie his sute for #ajj a yeare land in fee farm74 ,his intertainment for that meale was great and exceeding costly4 ,at her first lighting1 she had a fine fanne1 with a handle garnished with diamonds4' ,it is also recorded that upon her visit to ,hawsted ,hall1 the seat of ,sir ,thomas ,cullum1 she dropped a silver-handled fan into the moat4#hb ,in the year #afjj1 a commission was issued to the ,lord ,high ,treasurer1 the ,lord ,chamberlain1 the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 and the ,treasurer of ,her ,highness's ,chamber1 to examine and take a perfect survey of all #8robes1 garments1 and jewels1' as well within the ,court as at the ,tower and ,whitehall4 ,in this1 no less than twenty-seven fans appear4 ,the following are enumerated3-- ,item1 one fanne of white feathers1 with a handle of golde1 havinge two snakes wyndinge aboute it1 garnished with a ball of diamondes in the ende1 and a crowne on each side within a paire of winges garnished with diamondes1 lackinge #f diamondes4 ,item1 one fanne of feather of divers colours1 the handle of golde1 with a bare and a ragged staffe on both sides1 and a lookinge glass on thone side4 ,item1 one handle of golde enamelled1 set with small rubies and emerodes1 lackinge #i stones1 with a shipp under saile on thone side4 ,item1 one handle of christall1 garnished with sylver guilte1 with a worde within the handle4 ,item1 one handle of elitropia 7q71 garnished with golde1 set with sparks of diamondes1 rubies1 and sixe small pearls1 lackinge one diamonde4 ,the feather-fan appears in the following portraits of ,queen ,elizabeth1 painted and engraved3-- ,jesus ,college3 white feather-fan with jewelled handle4 ,the ,newcome picture1 now in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery3 part of a feather-fan1 the portrait being three-quarter length4 ,welbeck3 a small feather-fan hanging from girdle4 ,the engraving by ,johann ,rutlinger3 a large feather-fan1 the handle of elaborate design set with jewels4 ,also pictures at ,cobham2 ,woburn ,abbey2 ,charlecote ,park2 ,christ ,church1 ,oxford2 ,penshurst2 ,powerscourt1 and other places4 ,the folding-fan was not introduced into this country until the latter part of the queen's reign2 in the following pictures it appears3-- ,jesus ,college1 half length1 #aeij4 ,the ,ditchley portrait1 whole length1 #aeib2 fan attached to the girdle and held in right hand4 ,bodleian ,library1 portrait attributed to ,f4 ,zucharo4 ,to enumerate the different portraits1 painted and engraved1 in which the feather-fan appears1 would be an impossible task2 sufficient has been said to indicate the various forms these articles assumed4 ,reference may1 however1 be made to the feather-fan appearing in ,renold ,elstracke's engraving of ,anne of ,denmark 7queen of ,james ,i472 this consisting of three large ostrich plumes set in a jewelled handle4 ,to the same engraver's portrait of the ,princess ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,king ,james1 a similar feather-fan4 ,also on a monumental brass1 illustrated in ,lipscomb's ,buckinghamshire1 vol4 iii4 #bia1 the wife of ,john ,pen1 ,esquire1 #afda1 appears with an ostrich feather-fan hung from her girdle4 ,in a portrait attributed to ,sebastian del ,piombo at ,frankfurt is an extremely ornate feather-fan with a silver handle4 ,we also obtain an excellent idea of the form these feather-fans assumed in ,italy in the fifteenth century from the engraved design for a hand-screen by ,agostino ,carracci 7illustrated facing p4 #bjd74 ,this consists of an admirably designed cartouche enclosing a subject of a satyr and nymphs bathing2 above is a bust of ,diana enclosed in a second cartouche1 at the top of which is a head and wings of a ,cupid2 the whole is surmounted by a tuft of ostrich feathers4 ,on the same plate are three other medallions1 ,neptune and ,minerva1 a head of ,mars1 and the ,graces1 these latter either intended as alternative subjects or for introduction at the back of the fan4 ,the engraving is signed #8,agust4 ,carazza ,inv4 e fe4' ,the feather-fan was used by both sexes1 as we learn from ,bishop ,hall1 describing a fashionable gallant3 #8,when a plum'd fan may shade thy chalked face1 ,and lawny strips thy naked bosom grace4' ,an ostrich-plume folded fan is given in a miniature of ,mademoiselle ,d',hautefort in the cabinet of ,m4 de la ,msangre4 ,this consists of ten sticks each with a single feather attached1 dyed alternatively yellow and blue4 ,feather-fans continued in general use until the time of ,vandyck and later1 and are in evidence in several portraits by this master2 indeed the use of the tuft- and feather-fan has never been completely abandoned1 the article having remained in intermittent use even to the present day4 ,none of these ancient feather-fans exist in their complete form1 from the perishable nature of the ostrich plume1 which1 in the lapse of time1 crumbles to fragments1 and from this circumstance the remarkable feather hand-screen in the possession of ,mr4 ,messel is of the highest interest4 ,a few handles1 however1 are to be found in the various collections1 both public and private4 ,a pretty ivory handle of a sixteenth-century ,italian feather-fan is in the ,salting collection1 at present at ,south ,kensington4 ,this is delicately carved with two half-length female figures issuing from acanthus-leaved ornament1 and holding a festoon of drapery1 a mask of ,cupid above4 ,near the handle end are two winged terminal monsters4 ,the head of an ivory-fan handle1 also ,italian of the same period1 is in the ,south ,kensington collection3 this has a female terminal 7head restored7 and two dolphins forming the top1 two masks on either side1 with other terminals and cornucopi4 ,illustration3 ,,ghost ,,fan4 ,malay ,archipelago 7,ethnological ,museum1 ,berlin47 ,illustration3 ,italian ,fan1 cut vellum mount4 finely painted with miniatures1 end of #agth ,cent41 stick ivory1 of later date4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries 7,,italian ,,and ,,spanish7 ,the establishment of the ,portuguese as a conquering power in the far ,east dates from the first expedition of ,vasco da ,gama in #adig4 ,five years earlier1 ,christopher ,columbus had sailed westward over the ,atlantic1 bearing a letter from his royal mistress to the great ,khn of ,tartary1 seeking ,india and far ,cathay1 and finding instead--,america4 ,illustration3 ,,fan ,,of ,,ferrara1 ,,or #8,,duck',s-,,foot' ,the three expeditions of ,vasco da ,gama1 during the first twenty years of the sixteenth century1 together with the operations of ,alfonso d',albuquerque1 resulted in the complete supremacy of ,portugal as a trading power with the ,east4 ,from ,japan and the ,spice ,islands to the ,red ,sea and the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 they were the sole masters and dispensers of the treasures of the ,east1#hc and during the whole of the sixteenth century enjoyed a complete monopoly of the ,oriental trade4 ,as early as #aejb1 the ,king of ,portugal obtained from ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 a bull constituting him #8,lord of the ,navigation1 ,conquests1 and ,trade of ,ethiopia1 ,arabia1 ,persia1 and ,india1' but it was not until #aeaf that the ,portuguese made their appearance in ,china1 where1 #8at ,ningpo1 they succeeded in establishing a colony1 carrying on a gainful trade with other parts of ,china1 as well as with ,japan4'#hd ,it was thus that the folding-fan found its way first to ,portugal through its traders4 ,this introduction of the folding-fan into ,europe marks the beginning of a new era of the fan's history1 as1 although both ,chinese and ,japanese fans possess qualities which are absolutely individual and unique1 yet it must be confessed that the fan1 in the hands of ,european artists1 its early ,oriental influence notwithstanding1 ultimately developed a character and style quite its own1 and reflecting the artistic conditions of its epoch and surroundings4 ,there are1 however1 considerable grounds for supposing that some form of the folding-fan1 as we now know it1 existed in ,europe at a period considerably anterior to the ,portuguese expedition to the ,east4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 ,dictionnaire ,raisonn du ,mobilier ,franais1 makes a remarkable statement in connection with some thin metal fragments which were unearthed during some excavation at the ,chteau de ,pierre4 ,these fragments1 says this distinguished author1 which are very characteristic of a fan constructed like those of our own times1 should be anterior to the siege of #adbb1 as they were found in the carbonised dbris belonging to that epoch4 ,they are composed of an alloyed metal1 cuivre et argent4 ,the piece ,b represents one of the outside flats1 and was fixed to a guard of wood or very thin metal1 to which was glued the stuff1 or vellum2 the piece ,a one of the branch pieces or brins4 ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc infers from the fact of the pieces not being pierced at the handle end1 but finished with a cross1 that the branches were tied with a silken cord1 which would also be attached to the waist belt2 he points out the great antiquity of the flabellum 7doubtless meaning the cockade form71 and concludes by saying1 #8,it is difficult to allow that the fan1 which is merely a derivation of it 7qui n'en est qu'un driv71 was not in use until the sixteenth century1 as several writers have contended4' ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,leroy4 ,dcoup ,fan4 ,muse de ,cluny4 ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc's meaning as to the probable construction of this fan is not so clearly stated as might possibly be desired4 ,we take it that these pieces were but the ornaments of a folding-fan formed of ivory1 wood1 or other material on the modern principle--that the large piece ,b formed the shoulder1 to be completed by another piece forming the guard proper4 ,however this may be1 and whether these pieces really formed part of a folding-fan or not1 this author1 in the concluding portion of his note1 has expressed a truth which it is not possible to gainsay1 viz4 that the principle of the folding-fan already existed1 in the form of the cockade1 and that it is only necessary to divide the cockade in two parts1 and to protect the ends with some firm substance1 to arrive at the folded fan as we now know it4 ,indeed this was done--fans were carried towards the close of the sixteenth century which consisted of a segment of a cockade1 inserted in a long handle similar to that of the plumed fan1 thus uniting the characteristics of both plumed and folded fan4 ,vecellio1 ,habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo1 #aeij1 figures these small fans1 of which two illustrations are given4 ,we are thus presented with a decorative development which is gradual1 reasonable1 and complete1 a development quite conceivably independent of any importation from the ,east1 and of itself bridging over the gap that otherwise would have existed between two apparently opposing types4 ,illustration3 ,a ,illustration3 ,b ,illustration3 ,,small ,,rigid ,,fans4 7,from ,vecellio47 ,any speculations as to how this fan of ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc came to exist would therefore be idle2 the type was no new one4 ,we have already referred to the pleated fan crest1 seen on the heads of horses in ,phnician and ,persian monuments4#he ,a similar fan crest appears on the horse's head in the ,brtigny seal of ,edward ,,iii41 engraved in consequence of the ,treaty of ,brtigny1 #acfj1 by which this monarch renounced the title of ,king of ,france4 ,this appeared again in the seal with the altered legend in which he resumed the title--the period of its use1 #acgb-gg4 ,this same seal with fan crest was used successively by ,richard ,,ii41 ,henry ,,iv4 7first seal71 and ,henry ,,vi4 7silver seal71 the legend only altered4 ,a still more remarkable example is the large displayed fan crest 7the earliest authenticated instance of a regular crest71#hf in the centre of which is a lion passant1 on the top of the flat helmet of ,cur de ,lion 7second seal1 #aaig-ii71 used after his return from captivity1 and quite possibly1 therefore1 borrowed from the ,east4 ,the fan-plume or panache appears also on the flat-topped helmet of ,alexander ,,iii41 ,king of ,scots 7second seal72 the horse also bearing the fan-plume4 ,these fan crests are also seen on the seal of ,richard ,fitz-,alan1 ,earl of ,arundel2 of ,humphrey de ,bohun1 ,earl of ,hereford1 #acja2 and of ,edward of ,carnarvon1 ,prince of ,wales1 #acje2 and on the effigy of ,sir ,geoffrey de ,luttrel1 c4 #acdj1 showing a fan upon which the entire ,luttrel arms are depicted4 ,a large fan crest1 having little tufts of feathers at each division of the fold1 appears on the arms of the family of ,schaler1 ,basle2 another is to be found on the common seal of the ,city of ,london 7dated #aeci71 charged with the cross of the city arms4 #8,in course of time this fan1 in the case of ,london1 as in so many instances1 has through ignorance been converted or developed into a wing1 but the 8rays0 of the fan in this instance are preserved in the 8rays0 of the dragon's wing 7charged with a cross7 which the crest is now supposed to be4'#hg ,illustration3 ,,feather-,,fan4 7,milan47 ,illustration3 ,fan of ,mica1 ,italian1 decorated with painted arabesques1 ivory stick1 guards with mica insertions4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,with respect to the origin of these fan crests1 we must go back1 says ,mr4 ,fox-,davies1 to the bed-rock of the peacock popinjay vanity ingrained in human nature2 the same impulse which nowadays leads to the decoration of the helmets of the ,life ,guards with horse-hair plumes and regimental badges1 the cocked-hats of field-marshals and other officers with wavy plumes4444 ,the matter was just a combination of decoration and vanity4 ,notwithstanding the foregoing instances1 it is abundantly clear that the folding-fan1 though it may have been in intermittent use during these early periods1 obtained no great vogue in ,europe until the sixteenth century1 when it was in general use in ,portugal1 ,spain1 and ,italy1 and that the prevalence of the fashion was resultant upon the influx of ,eastern manufactures4 ,the feather-fan1 referred to in the last chapter1 although regarded as the sign of nobility1 was occasionally carried by the wives of the rich merchants of ,venice4 ,a noble ,venetian matron carries a tuft fan with a mirror in the centre garnished with pearls2 the plumed fan is seen in the hands of the noble demoiselles of ,milan1 of married ,genoese ladies1 of the noble matrons of ,siena1 the latter of whom1 together with the ladies of ,venice1 ,perugia1 and other cities1 also carried the flag-fan4 ,the smaller fan1 with long thin handle1 surmounted with five or seven feathers set symmetrically1 is carried by the ,parmese1 ,ferrarese1 and ,florentine ladies1 and by the noble matrons of ,genoa4 ,the ,milanese ladies carried a fan made apparently of feathers1 rigid1 and bound round in five sections4 ,the married ladies of ,naples and ,bologna carried rigid screens designed in the form of a cartouche of the strap-work so usual in sixteenth-century ,renaissance ornament4 ,the later hand-screens1 seen in the engravings of ,callot and others1 were obviously a development of this form4 ,the above instances are cited from the engraved work of ,a4 de ,brun1#hh in which also appears a long-handled fan of seven feathers carried by a ,turkish lady4 ,in an earlier work by the same engraver1 ,imperii ac ,sacerdotii ornatus1 #aegi1 a bishop holds in his left hand the feather fan1 in his right a crozier4 ,in the art library1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 are several designs for feather-fans and handles1 by an unknown artist1 but certainly ,italian1 drawn vigorously with a pen and washed with bistre4 ,in the same collection is a design in pencil for the panache of a folding-fan1 in the ,italian manner1 displaying great knowledge of ,renaissance design4 ,at the commencement of the seventeenth century1 and indeed earlier1 small screens were the fashion1 painted either with love scenes1 inscribed with suitable verses1 or views of ,italian towns1 with a short description1 and were sold for a sum equivalent to an ,english groat4 ,the ,english traveller1 ,thomas ,coryat1 in his ,crudities 7#afjh71 writes3 #8,these fans both men and women of the country ,italy do carry to cool themselves withal in the time of heat1 by the often fanning of their faces4 ,most of them are very elegant and pretty things1 for whereas the fan consisteth of a painted piece of paper and a little wooden handle1 the paper1 which is fastened at the top1 is on both sides most curiously adorned with excellent pictures4' ,these1 probably1 are the fans referred to above as seen in ,vecellio and the work of other engravers4 ,many were apparently rigid1 and probably formed of ivory or similar hard substance2 the size would be about six inches4 ,they were by no means confined to ,italy1 but became the vogue in ,spain1 ,france1 and other countries4 ,a long fan1 carried by a noble ,neapolitan lady1 is given by ,hefner-,altenek1 in his work on costume4 ,this is apparently rigid1 since no sign of pleating is apparent in the representation1 which is1 however1 small4 ,the colour is blue with decorations of gold1 the figure taken from a picture in an album in the possession of this author1 #aeif-afaa4 ,doubtless one of the earliest forms of the folded fan in ,italy was the so-called #8duck's foot1' used by the ladies of ,ferrara2 the leaf1 which opened to a quarter of a circle1 was formed of alternate strips of vellum and mica1 with delicately painted ornaments4 ,the stick was of ivory and consisted of eight narrow blades4 ,blondel would seem to infer that this type of fan originated in ,france1 and cites a contemporary portrait of #8un personnage du ,bal sous ,henri ,,iii4' ,a fan1 evidently the #8duck's foot1' with a pattern agreeing with the system of mica or other insertion1 appears in an engraved portrait of ,louise de ,lorraine1 queen of ,henri ,,iii4 ,this form of fan is1 however1 probably ,italian in its origin2 it is figured by ,vecellio1 in the hands of a lady of ,ferrara2 it is also seen in the earlier engraved work of de ,brun1 above referred to4 ,legendary accounts of the woes of the unfortunate ,torquato ,tasso1 who had dared to #8lift his love' to a princess of the house of ,este1 have afforded many themes for the imagination of subsequent writers from ,byron and ,goethe downwards4 ,the story of the fan of ,eleonora d',este1 which was of the form above described1 surmounted with rubies1 is a pretty one1 and may be given for what it is worth4 ,on a day when reading to the princess his ,gerusalemme1 in which the episode of ,olindo and ,sofronia in the second canto was intended as portraying ,tasso's own situation with regard to her1 his enraptured listener1 won by the charm of the moment1 was on the point of yielding1 when1 by a supreme effort1 she recalled herself to her sense of duty1 hesitated for a moment1 grasped her fan1 kissed it1 flung it at the poet's feet--and fled4 ,this association of vellum and mica appears to have been pretty general for the leaves of the folding-fans upon their first introduction in the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,there were two different systems3 in the one1 the decoration consisted of painting on the plain surface of the mica or vellum1 or both1 as in the fan of ,ferrara1 or the ,acton fan1 described on page #adf2 and in the other1 the leaf is cut to such a degree of elaboration as almost to rival the finest lace1 as in the charming fan in the ,muse de ,cluny1 illustrated4 ,the system of mica insertion was developed until fans were made entirely of this material1 with painted arabesque decoration similar in character to that of the ,acton fan at ,cluny1 illustrated page #adf4 ,an extremely interesting example is illustrated from the collection of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,in this1 the stick is of plain ivory1 perforated on the panaches1 the blades numbering thirteen4 ,the leaf is divided into three rows of twenty-five panels each1 decorated with a medley of arabesques of children1 animals1 birds1 and flowers1 the panels separated by narrow borders in blue and black4 ,of dcoup fans1 no finer example could be given than that from the ,muse de ,cluny1 the stick of which is composed of ten blades of bone1 the two outer ones extending the whole length of the leaf1 the rest to a little less than half-way across4 ,the leaf1 which occupies exactly three-fourths of the whole length1 is of paper cut to an extremely refined geometrical pattern of circles and lozenges1 with small1 and even minute pieces of mica inserted at intervals1 imparting a richness and variety to the fan without destroying its lightness and elegance4 ,this type of fan appears constantly in the portraits1 both painted and engraved1 of the latter half of the sixteenth century4 ,it reached ,england1 apparently1 about #aeij1 or a little earlier1 and is seen in the portraits of ,queen ,elizabeth painted about this date4 ,this art of elaborate perforation 7dcoup7 is essentially ,italian in its origin1 and was evidently practised to a considerable extent during the period we have been considering4 ,in the fan which has become associated with ,mademoiselle ,desroches1 the utmost degree of elaboration is attained1 and this example may be accepted as a type of a number of fans produced during the seventeenth century and later4 ,illustration3 ,venus ,adonis by ,leonardo ,germo41 stick tortoiseshell1 gilt4 ,italian1 early #ahth ,cent4 ,wyatt ,colln ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,it was at a gathering of wits at ,poitiers in #aegi that tienne ,pasquier1 perceiving a flea on the neck of ,mlle4 ,desroches1 exclaimed that #8la petite bestiole' deserved to be immortalised4 ,a collection of poems in ,greek1 ,latin1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,italian1 was published in ,paris in #aehb1 under the title of ,la ,pulce de ,mademoiselle ,desroches1 the most felicitous of these plaisanteries being1 according to ,la ,monnaye1 from the pen of the lady herself4 ,the fan leaf1 said to commemorate this event1 once in the possession of the fair ,pompadour1 and now in the ,jubinal collection at ,paris1 is of paper1 elaborately cut to imitate lace4 ,this leaf--the stick has long since perished--was exhibited at the great exhibition of fans at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj4 ,it bears five finely painted miniatures representing the senses2 in the centre picture 7touch7 a young man places his finger on the bosom of a sleeping lady1 the spot on the neck presumably representing #8la petite bestiole4'#hi ,the charming fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel was obtained in ,florence4 ,the vellum leaf is finely perforated throughout2 the large centre cartouche and series of small oblong panels are painted with exquisite minuteness and care4 ,the character of the decoration is that of the later years of the seventeenth century1 the stick of a subsequent date4 ,the great spirit of the ,renaissance had well-nigh exhausted itself by the time the folded fan had become the vogue in ,europe4 ,michael ,angelo1 the last of the ,titans1 died in #aefd1 and had lived long enough to witness the gradual extinction of the school he in great part created4 ,pierino del ,vaga and ,sebastian del ,piombo had died seventeen years earlier4 ,the eclectic principle1 developed to its highest attainable point by ,raphael1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,leonardo1 was carried on by a crowd of men working on similar lines1 but possessing far less knowledge and power1 and what was vital truth in the work of the master was reduced to mere affectation in the hands of the follower4 ,during the closing years of the century1 ,italian art1 it is true1 received some sort of impetus as a result of the labours of the ,carracci1 but the revival was short-lived1 and it remained to ,guido1 ,guercino1 ,albani1 ,maratta1 to continue the declension during the seventeenth1 to be followed by ,tiepolo and ,canaletto in the eighteenth centuries4 ,it would serve no good purpose to quarrel with the painted folding-fan on account of its inability to rise to the high ideals of the quattro and cinque-cento4 ,it belonged to a less spacious age1 and if it descended to banality1 it was because the times had become banal3 it was entirely in tune with its surroundings4 ,it will be convenient1 at this juncture1 to describe in detail the various elements composing this fan-type which has easily distanced all others in the affections of the fair--a triumph so absolute and complete1 that to ninety-nine women out of every hundred the idea of a fan is an instrument which may be folded4 ,the folding-fan1 then1 is made up of two principal parts--the stick 7la monture7 ,b ,b and the leaf or mount 7la feuille7 ,a4 ,the former consists of a number of blades 7brins7 ,c ,c ,c ,c1 which have varied at different periods1 and are folded between two guards 7panaches7 ,d4 ,the guard is made up of three dimensions3 the handle-end 7la tte7 ,i1 through which passes the pin 7rivure7 ,e--this is often jewelled2 the shoulder 7gorge7 ,,ii1 reaching to the lower edge of the mount2 and the guard proper ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,an ,embarcation1 stick ivory4 silver piqu4 ,italian or ,french4 end of #agth4 ,cent4 ,mrs ,hamilton ,smythe4 ,illustration3 ,cupid's ,hive4 ,child's ,fan1 or ,pocket ,fan4 ,italian1 early #ahth4 ,cent41 #ab-a_/b x #f-g_/h4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,the stick of the richer painted fans is composed of either ivory1 mother of pearl1 tortoise-shell1 or bone3 often carved with great minuteness1 elaboration1 and skill1 and further enriched by gilding and inlay1 painted miniatures1 enamels1 and precious stones2 that of the less elaborate fan is of wood of various kinds--ebony1 rosewood1 bamboo1 etc4 ,it is also carved1 gilt1 inlaid1 or lacquered in different ways4 ,the character of ,italian sticks is that of simplicity and reticence1 even to plainness1 this being more in keeping with the generally grave character of the mounts4 ,in a number of instances the brins present a perfectly flat1 plain surface of ivory1 relieved only by a little carving on the panaches4 ,this is ornamented in various ways1 the most characteristic method being that of gold and silver piqu4 ,the work is done by means of a drill1 the metal pressed into the spaces4 ,one of these ,italian fans of the end of the seventeenth century1 with plain white stick1 is in the ,wyatt collection1 the skin mount painted with the ,storming of ,jerusalem1 and the miraculous curing of ,godfrey de ,bouillon's wound1 the guards piqu with silver4 ,the beautiful ,italian fan1 with sea-nymphs upon a sandy shore1 once belonging to the unfortunate ,marie-,antoinette1 and now in the possession of ,mr4 ,burdett-,coutts1 is an example of the best quality of piqu work4 ,the stick is of horn of a light transparent golden hue4 ,the panaches bear the crown and fleur-de-lys of ,france1 and appear to be of somewhat later date than the brins and feuille1 which may be put about #agfj4 ,the fan was acquired in ,paris during the troublous times of the ,revolution by the father of the late ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,edwards of ,trentham1 and exhibited by the last named at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj4 ,upon the death of ,mr4 ,edwards in #ahhe it was purchased by the late ,baroness ,burdett-,coutts4 ,another method of ornamentation is that of delicate piercing1 the surface of the stick remaining flat and without carving4 ,these pierced ivory sticks are occasionally alternated with those of another material1 as light golden tortoise-shell1 horn1 and1 in an instance in the ,wyatt collection1 with a mount of classical landscape and ,pompeian ornament1 pierced cedar4 ,the ,italians1 as also the ,greeks1 discovered early the resources offered to the artist by the material of ivory4 ,ariosto in his sixth elegy makes a charming reference to it in addressing his mistress3 #8,as when ivory or marble wrought by the hand of the artist becomes unchangeable1 so my heart1 more inflexible than these1 though it may fear the hand of the assassin1 is incapable of receiving the image of any new love to remove thine which is engraven upon it4' ,the richest sticks are either those in which the piercing is associated with carved panels or cartouches of figures1 ornament1 etc41 with the ribbed backgrounds familiar to us in ,chinese workmanship1 or those of which the whole surface is treated in the most delicate relief1 exhibiting the most consummate skill of handling4 ,this is occasionally further enriched by gilding1 silvering1 and painting2 in some instances1 these several processes are associated1 with the addition of mother-of-pearl and tortoise-shell inlay4 ,mother-of-pearl is treated in precisely the same way as ivory1 i4e4 flat-pierced2 pierced and carved2 pierced1 carved1 and engraved2 with1 in some instances1 the addition of painting1 and occasionally tinsel and silvering or gilding4 ,the various kinds of mother-of-pearl used in the manufacture of fans are as follows3--,the ,burgan or ,burgandine pearl obtained from ,japan2 the white pearl1 #8poulette1' from ,madagascar2 a black mother-of-pearl from the ,east4 ,the shells being relatively small1 it becomes necessary to piece them together by a system of splicing4 ,this is done so skilfully that none but a practised eye is able to detect it4 ,for the process of inlay and incrustation1 the splendid ,eastern pearl called #8gold fish' is used4 ,this1 upon its introduction1 caused a complete revolution in the #8ventail de luxe'2 the magnificent rainbow tints of this pearl are said to be further enhanced by a process invented by ,m4 ,meyer4 ,illustration3 ,bacchus ,ariadne1 after ,guido1 c4#ahcj4 #bj-a_/b x #aa-a_/b ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,triumph of ,bacchus1 after ,annibale ,carracci1 #ai-c_/d x #aa4 ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,tortoise-shell follows the same principle of decorative development1 and when piqu is employed1 it is usually gold1 as being more in harmony with the colour of the shell4 ,the #8ventail bris' dates from the period of the first introduction of the folded fan into ,europe4 ,this is so named because it has no mount1 but is entirely made up of a number of blades1 which may be of any material--ivory1 mother-of-pearl1 the various woods1 etc41 and are painted1 carved1 or otherwise decorated1 fastened at the head by means of a pin or rivet1 and further connected with a ribbon running through each blade1 at or near the circumference of the fan4 ,the earliest are those which were imported in such large quantities from the ,east1 from the latter part of the sixteenth century onwards4 ,the ,western modification of these is seen in that class of fans produced in ,italy and elsewhere during the latter part of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries1 which consisted of a system of flat1 pierced scroll-work1 of a somewhat severe and reticent character4 ,this was supplemented by panels en cartouche painted and gilt1 with portions of the ornament enriched with gold and colour2 these usually opened out to rather less than a third of a circle4 ,miss ,moss of ,fleet possesses an interesting example with a painted #8pastorale' of three figures in the centre of the fan1 together with lesser subjects en cartouche1 the floral portion of the scroll ornament being emphasised with colour4 ,in the ,wyatt collection is an interesting example of about #agcj1 in which the ornament forms a large cartouche in the centre1 enclosing a subject of two ,cupids holding a wreath over a heart with a canopy above4 ,the cartouche is gilt and the figures painted2 the lower portion of the fan is painted and gilt with flowers in the ,chinese taste4 ,the guards are carved1 painted1 and gilt2 the connecting ribbon of green silk ornamented with a pattern in gold4 ,this system was practised later1 with the addition of carving in low relief1 the ornament having developed a rococo character4 ,horn is treated in the same process of flat piercing3 this was extensively practised during the whole of the eighteenth century1 and many #8minuet' fans were made4 ,a beautiful ,italian example of these #8minuet' fans is in the ,wyatt collection1 decorated with silver spangles1 with a white silk connecting ribbon4 ,double or reversible fans open both ways--either from left to right or the reverse4 ,these were in vogue during the latter years of the eighteenth century1 and were made of various materials1 but usually ivory1 with painted ornaments4 ,the most interesting were1 however1 those of sandalwood1 with three printed medallions on either side of the fan1 giving twelve subjects4 ,the device1 although surprising at first sight1 is really simple1 and consists of printing each blade with portions of two different subjects in the centre1 one set of halves being exposed1 the other covered by the blade next following4 ,these fans were common to most of the ,western countries of ,europe1 a large number being made in ,england with subjects after ,angelica ,kauffmann and others4 ,the materials employed for the mount are chicken skin 7so called1 but really kid subjected to a particular treatment71 asses' skin1 vellum1 parchment1 silk of various kinds1 satin1 lace1 and paper4 ,the leaf or mount is sometimes single1 but more often double4 ,those of the richer fans are painted either in transparent colour or in gouache 7body colour72 the latter1 however1 must not be applied too thickly on account of its liability to crack4 ,illustration3 ,marriage of ,cupid ,psyche1 c4 #agfj4 stick modern4 ,mr ,frank ,falkner4 ,when the leaf is ready for mounting1 i4e4 after the painting is finished1 it is pleated in a mould consisting of two pieces of thick1 strong paper or cardboard1 specially prepared with a coating of an oily nature2 the leaf being placed between1 and the mould closed and pressed4 ,the brins are then introduced between the folds1 and fixed by means of glue4 ,this mould was invented about #agfj1 and the manufacture of it has remained since that date in the ,french family of ,petit4#ij #8,this operation of pleating1' says ,m4 ,duvelleroy 7,rapports du ,jury ,international1 ,exposition ,universelle1 #ahfg1 vol4 iv471 #8very simple at present1 was formerly very complicated2 it was necessary for the ventaillistes to exercise the most scrupulous exactitude2 now the mould dispenses with this care4' ,nothing that woman uses in the great art of pleasing can1 however1 be considered simple2 do you doubt this fact8 asks ,charles ,blanc1 speaking of the modern collective mercantile system1 rather than that of the artist1 who begins his work and carries it to completion with his own hands4 #8,no less than fifteen or twenty persons are employed in the making of a fan1 which passes through three series of operations--#ast1 the work of the stick1 in which are employed the cutter1 the carver1 the polisher1 the gilder1 the inlayer1 the riveter1 and sometimes the jewel setter1 who inserts the precious stones2 #bnd1 the leaf1 which requires the designer1 painter1 or printer as the case may be2 #crd1 the work altogether1 employing the gluer1 and in the case of spangled or embroidered fans1 the embroiderer or sempstress1 and the folder or pleater4' ,finally1 as in fitting1 the last finishing touches--the tassels1 tufts1 and marabouts are added by the deft hand of a woman1 and to quote again ,charles ,blanc1 #8when this formidable weapon of coquetry is completed1 it is enclosed in a case1 like a well-tempered blade in its sheath4'#ia ,the most distinctive ,italian mounts are those in which the whole field is occupied by subjects1 usually from classic mythology4 ,these are either direct replicas or rearrangements of the works of the later ,italian masters--,giulio ,romano1 the ,carracci1 ,guido1 ,guercino1 as well as those ,french artists who either worked in ,italy1 or whose works found their way to that country1 as ,poussin1 who spent the greater part of his life in ,rome1 ,le ,brun1 and others4 ,in these the chief interest centres in the mount1 which is usually deep1 and generally of skin1 but occasionally of paper4 ,the painting is in pure water-colour and also in gouache4 ,in many instances these leaves have never been mounted2 in others1 the mount has been removed from the stick1 and framed as a picture4 ,none can with any measure of certainty be traced to a master-hand1 although a fan appeared at the exhibition held in ,drapers' ,hall 7#ahgh71 which is declared to be by ,pietro da ,cortona 7,berrettini71 #aeif-affg1 and said to have belonged to the ,marquise de ,pompadour4 ,one of the earliest of these fan-mounts is in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rosenberg of ,karlsruhe2 the subject ,orpheus and ,iphigenia1 the date about #afgj4 ,in the ,jubinal collection is a ,rape of the ,sabines1 an original design by ,f4 ,romanelli1 who was employed by ,louis ,,xiv4 on the frescoes in the ,bibliothque ,mazarine4 ,bacchus and ,ariadne was a favourite subject--,guido's well-known composition in the ,accademia di ,luca1 at ,rome1 being often pressed into the service4 ,the large engraving of ,jacobus ,freij was issued in #agbg1 and it is probable that the majority of mounts decorated with this subject were produced after the publication of the engraving4 ,the version illustrated is from the collection of ,lady ,northcliffe2 a skin mount1 with slight differences in the arrangement1 was exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj by ,captain ,j4 ,e4 ,ottley2 a third is in the cabinet of an ,american collector4 ,illustration3 ,bacchus ,ariadne1 ,italian1 from a fresco at ,pompeii1 #ahth ,cent41 bought in ,naples by ,lady ,duncannnon4 ,mrs4 ,bruce ,johnston4 ,illustration3 ,fan mount1 ,italian1 from a fresco at ,pompeii1 gouache on skin bought in ,naples by ,lady ,ponsonby4 ,mrs ,bruce ,johnston4 ,the famous composition by ,annibale ,carracci in the ,farnese ,palace also appears on a number of mounts2 a portion of this picture forms the subject of the centre medallion of ,lady ,northcliffe's fan 7illustrated74 ,the still more popular #8,aurora' of ,guido supplied the subject of many mounts1 including one in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum4 ,fans painted with ,raphael's well-known composition of the #8,marriage of ,cupid and ,psyche1' in the ,villa ,farnesina at ,rome1 appear in many collections1 the landscape being added2 the example illustrated is a typical one2 the stick1 however1 is modern4 ,the fan in the ,wyatt collection with the subject of ,venus and ,adonis1 by ,leonardo ,germo of ,rome1 is interesting from the fact that it is an example of an artist1 who1 apparently1 signed a number of fans1 and also from the circumstance that it formerly belonged to ,benjamin ,west4 ,the mount is kid1 the stick tortoise-shell1 engraved1 silvered1 and gilt4 ,a fan with the subject of the ,triumph of ,mordecai1 signed #8,germo1' was exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj by ,m4 ,chardin of ,paris4 ,another example in the possession of ,lady ,northcliffe has an allegorical subject by ,germo1 on skin1 the stick of ivory finely carved1 the guards mother-of-pearl4 ,somewhat akin to the mounts above described are those elaborate compositions finely drawn in ,india ink1 with pen or brush1 on skin mounts1 usually vellum4 ,these1 from the absence of colour1 were used as mourning fans1 the sticks invariably of ivory1 piqu1 or carved2 they are included in most collections that make any pretension to completeness4 ,lady ,bristol possesses one with the subject of ,bacchus and ,ariadne after ,carracci2 but by far the most splendid example of this class of fan appeared in the ,walker sale in #ahhb4 ,this is a crowded composition of the ,triumph of ,alexander 7after ,le ,brun71 in which the conqueror is seated in a chariot drawn by elephants2 on the reverse the death of ,acton4 ,the stick and guards mother-of-pearl1 carved with ,cupids and ornaments1 painted in panels with episodes in the life of ,alexander4 ,finely variegated gilding4 ,these fans are characteristically ,italian1 certainly ,italian in their origin4 ,their production1 however1 was by no means confined to ,italy4 ,m4 ,duvelleroy has a ,dutch example with ivory stick carved jour1 the mount vellum1 the subject on the obverse representing an embarkation with numerous figures1 on the reverse a dance of peasants with musicians4 7,illustration facing p4 #aib47 ,neapolitan fans divide themselves into two distinct classes or groups--the first having a figure subject en cartouche in the centre1 usually taken from classic mythology1 the field being occupied by that form of arabesque 7grotteschi71 so usual in ,pompeian wall decoration4 ,this class of mount dates from the re-discovery and unearthing of ,pompeii in #agdh1 and its production was continued until the end of the century and later4 ,two excellent examples are given from the collection of ,mrs4 ,bruce ,johnston1 formerly in the possession of ,lord ,bessborough4 ,the one with the subject of ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 from a fresco at ,pompeii1 bought in ,naples by ,lady ,duncannon2 the other of a sacrificial subject1 also from a ,pompeian fresco1 obtained in the same city 7in the eighteenth century7 by ,lady ,ponsonby4 ,many of these mounts have1 in lieu of a single central subject1 several miniatures en cartouche1 associated with arabesques similar in character to those above referred to4 ,a good example appears in the ,wyatt collection at ,south ,kensington4 ,in the second type of ,neapolitan mounts1 the field is similarly divided into panels1 usually one superior and two inferior1 representing views1 generally the bay of ,naples with ,vesuvius in the distance1 forming the centre panel1 and ,vesuvius in eruption1 and a classic ruin on either side4 ,these1 with other ,italian views1 as the ,colosseum in ,rome1 form a very large class2 the panels being associated with arabesque or other ornaments4 ,illustration3 ,piazza of ,st ,mark1 after ,canaletto1 skin mount1 ivory stick finely carved with characters of the theatre c4 painted gilt4 ,mr ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,another1 important class of ,italian mounts gives a view of some famous building or place1 occupying the whole field of the fan4 ,of this1 no finer example could be given than the magnificent fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts1 ,m4,p41 of the ,piazza of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 after ,canaletto 7,antonio ,canal1 b4 #afhg1 d4 #agfh74 ,the mount is skin2 on the right is a group of performing acrobats surrounded by spectators2 on the left some strolling players1 with peregrinic theatre2 on the reverse a view of ,venice from the sea4 ,the stick ivory1 carved jour1 with characters of the pantomime1 some being gilt and painted in #8vernis ,martin1' others in the pure ivory2 the guards carved with marks and musical trophies4 ,these acrobats1 one of the popular ,venetian amusements of the period1 appear in #8,a ,fte on the ,piazzetta1' school of ,canaletto1 in the ,wallace collection4 ,this fan1 together with one of a similar class1 with a view of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 was acquired by the late ,baroness at the ,walker sale in #ahhb4 ,fans were made for children in ,italy and most other countries during the eighteenth century4 ,these were both painted and printed1 the latter variety often having the numerals #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #j1 on the leaf1 doubtless as serving an educational purpose4 ,a collection of these children's fans was exhibited by ,miss ,marie ,josephs at ,drapers' ,hall in #ahij4 ,the beautiful ,italian fan1 #8,cupid's ,hive1' contributed by ,lady ,bristol1 is so charming in the skill of its painted leaf1 and the delicate carving of its ivory-jewelled stick1 that it is difficult to conceive of its having been placed in the hands of a child4 ,these fans occasionally appear in painted portraits1 the ,infanta ,margaretha-,theresia1 by ,velasquez1 in the ,vienna ,gallery1 being an instance4 ,the foregoing includes all the principal types of fans produced in ,italy during the period we have under consideration2 they each present well-marked characteristics1 and are therefore not difficult of identification4 ,we have abundant written testimony to the superiority of the ,italian workmen during the seventeenth century1 and to the extent of the ,italian export trade in fans during this period and even later4 ,we have also the evidence of the fans themselves2 we shall see1 too1 how the ,paris ventaillistes first learned their craft from the ,italian workmen who migrated northward4 ,at the beginning of the eighteenth century1 however1 a complete change had taken place in the conditions of fan production1 this period witnessing the rise of the ,french export trade1 and the middle of the century its highest development1 at which latter period ,paris supplied not only ,italy but ,spain1 and to some extent ,england also4 ,of this we have more than a hint from the pen of one of the most distinguished ,italians of the latter half of the century4 ,the fan of ,goldoni's comedy was one of the ordinary sort1 #8not worth perhaps five paoli4' ,the concluding lines of the play make it clear that a considerable trade in the cheaper ,french fans was done in ,italy at this period 7#agfc71 and1 by inference1 that ,paris fans had the best reputation1 unless indeed we are to suppose that this was a compliment paid by ,goldoni to the country of his adoption1 from which1 too1 he enjoyed a pension3 ,,candida 7to ,,susanna74 ,it is from ,paris1 this fan8 ,,susanna4 ,yes1 from ,paris2 ,i guarantee it4 ,,geltrude4 ,come1 ,i invite you all to supper1 and we will drink to this fan which did all the harm and brought all the good4 ,illustration3 ,spanish ,fan1 skin mount1 painted in the ,chinese taste4 stick ivory1 richly carved4 ,lady ,lindsay4 ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries--,continued ,,spanish ,illustration3 ,,rigid ,,screen 7,carried by the married ladies of ,bologna47 ,the ,spaniards1 says ,henri ,estienne1 carried towards #addj large round screens garnished with plumes1 and in the sixteenth century folded fans1 ventails plisss1 enriched with gold and attached to the waist by a gold cord4 ,of these latter1 many1 doubtless1 were imported from ,italy2 few1 probably1 were of native workmanship4 ,a very small pleated fan appears in the hand of a ,spanish lady1 illustrated in ,vecellio1 #aeij4 ,the rigid flag-fan employed in ,italy at this period was also used in ,spain1 together with the various plumed fans1 some in the shape of a peacock's tail2 others formed of the feathers of the ostrich1 pheasant1 parrot1 and ,indian raven4 ,during the seventeenth century and later1 a large export trade in unpainted pleated fans was done in ,paris to ,madrid and other ,spanish cities1 where they were decorated by native artists2 many were exported complete1 the authenticity of many so-called ,spanish fans must always therefore remain a more or less doubtful question4 ,the well-known story of ,cano de ,arevalo1 given in ,quilliet's ,dictionnaire des peintres espagnols1 sufficiently testifies to the extent of the ,paris export trade and the popularity of ,french fans during this period4 ,this painter1 who was a capable miniaturist1 finding himself impoverished after a period of extravagance and dissipation1 secluded himself for a whole winter1 produced a number of fans1 and passed them off as newly-imported ,french ones4 ,the trick proved completely successful1 for upon its discovery1 he was not only hailed as a master1 but was subsequently appointed abaniquero 7fan-maker7 to the queen4 ,cano was born at ,valdemoro in #afef1 and was assassinated in a bull-fight at ,madrid in #afif4 ,from the same source 7,quilliet7 we learn that ,cano also #8essayed water-colour painting on a larger scale1 but only succeeded with fans1' which are still esteemed1 the few that are preserved4 ,this success of ,cano must necessarily have given a considerable impetus to the native production of fans1 largely used from the fifteenth century onwards by men as well as women4 ,in brief1 the story of ,spanish painting during the whole of the sixteenth century is that of a general migration of ,spanish artists to ,italy for purposes of study1 with a consequent strong ,italian influence2 and an immigration of ,italian artists to ,spain1 chiefly at the invitation of ,charles ,v4 ,the seventeenth century witnessed the rise and full development of a purely native school of painting1 headed by ,velasquez and ,murillo1 who1 however1 can scarcely be said to have exercised any influence upon the fan1 since they were painters pure and simple1 i4e4 their works were distinguished by the qualities of the painter rather than those of the designer2 and1 especially in the case of ,velasquez1 their subjects were unsuitable to the fan4 ,we do not usually look to the last-named painter for elaboration of detail4 ,the folding-fan in the hands of the ,spanish lady by ,velasquez1 #8,la ,femme l'ventail1' at ,hertford ,house1 would appear to be of leather1 judging from the colour and texture1 with applied ornaments at regular intervals4 ,this is probably of the scented variety1 peau de senteur1 made both in ,italy and ,spain at this period4#ib ,we have already referred to the portrait of the little ,infanta ,margaretha-,theresia by ,velasquez in the ,vienna ,gallery1 in which a closed folding-fan is represented4 ,illustration3 ,rinaldo in the ,garden of ,armida1 ,french1 ,louis ,,xv4 stick tortoise-shells finely carved1 painted gilt4 ,miss ,moss4 ,illustration3 ,capture of the ,balearic ,islands1 #agei1 ,spanish4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,in the ,prado at ,madrid appear the following portraits3-- ,,mengs4 ,maria ,giuseppa1 ,archduchess of ,austria1 a closed folding-fan1 jewelled4 0 ,maria ,carolina1 ,queen of ,naples1 a folding-fan4 ,,lopez4 ,queen ,maria ,cristina di ,borbone1 a closed folding-fan4 ,,goya4 ,queen ,maria ,luisa1 a closed folding-fan4 ,the interesting fan representing the capture of the ,balearic ,islands by the ,spaniards in #agei may be taken as of ,spanish workmanship4 ,the subject is taken from a painting in the ,escurial4 ,the stick is ivory1 carved jour with three cartouches1 painted and gilt2 in the centre appear figures of commanders on horseback1 a march of troops on the one side and warships on the other2 the background #8gold-fish' inlay4 ,the paper mount is painted in gouache2 and on the reverse is a view of a fort4 ,the style of the painting presents similar characteristics to a fan mount in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum1 in which we are introduced to a #8,carrousel at ,madrid1' with a large square filled with spectators appearing at the windows of the houses2 in the centre of the background is a pavilion with the king and suite1 inscribed ,carlos ,,iii41 and a performance of a number of horsemen led by the #8,duque de ,mdinacli1' the #8,marques de ,tabara1' and the #8,marques de ,aztorga4' ,the leaf1 which has been removed from the stick1 is of paper1 painted in gouache4 ,a fan of this subject appeared in the exhibition of fans at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 in the possession of ,madame ,charles ,heine of ,paris2 the stick of tortoise-shell1 carved and gilt4 ,this same king1 who succeeded to the ,spanish throne in #agei1 figures as the subject of two fan designs in the ,schreiber collection1 the one representing his triumphal entry into ,naples in #agcd on his election to the crown of the ,two ,sicilies1 with the subject inscribed in ,spanish2 the leaf signed #8,fo ,la ,vega ,hisp4 ,let4 ,d4'2 below the picture1 #8,miado por ,cayetano ,pichini ,romano4' ,the other1 a companion fan design1 represents the sham-fight and siege of ,gaeta in #agcd on the occasion referred to above2 a canopy bears the arms of ,spain1 and on either side a trophy with the arms of ,medicis and ,farnese2 the subject inscribed in ,spanish3 #8,foo ,la ,vega ,hispas ,bilbilitanus ,inv e ,delineavit ,roma' and #8,minado ,por ,leonardo ,egiarmon ,flamenco4' ,both these fan designs are vigorously drawn with pen in bistre and worked with ,india ink1 the style betraying a strong late ,italian influence4 ,one of the first acts of ,charles1 upon his accession to the throne1 was to enter into a treaty with ,louis ,,xv4 known as the #8,pacte de famille1' by which these two kings of the house of ,bourbon united themselves into an offensive and defensive alliance4 ,by the terms of this treaty1 signed #aeth ,august #agfa1 ,spain was obliged to take part in the war in which ,france and ,england were then engaged1 ,france hoping to avail herself of the maritime power of ,spain1 and to prevent ,portugal from declaring common cause with ,england4 ,its only effect1 however1 was to inflict upon her ally a series of disasters similar to her own1 ,spain losing ,cuba1 ,manilla1 and the ,philippine ,islands1 and ,france ,martinique1 besides being finally expelled from ,canada1 thus completing the work begun by ,wolfe at ,quebec some two years previously4 ,the sequel to these events was the ,treaty of ,paris in #agfc1 the preliminaries of peace being signed at ,fontainebleau on the #crd ,november of the previous year4 ,by the terms of this instrument1 ,canada1 the islands of ,minorca1 ,grenada and the ,grenadines1 ,st4 ,vincent1 ,dominica and ,tobago were ceded to ,britain1 while to ,france were restored ,belleisle on the ,french coast1 the islands of ,st4 ,pierre and ,miquelon near ,newfoundland1 ,martinique1 ,guadaloupe1 ,marigalante1 ,desirade1 and ,st4 ,lucia in the ,west ,indies4 ,havannah was restored to ,spain1 the ,spaniards in return ceding ,florida to the ,english1 and agreeing also to make peace with ,portugal4 ,illustration3 ,the betrothal of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,marie ,antoinette1 ,spanish1 skin mount1 tortoiseshell stick1 gold silver incrustations4 ,mrs ,frank ,w4 ,gibson 7,eugnie ,joachim7 ,in ,la ,revue ,hispanique1 tome viii41 appeared an article by ,m4 ,gabriel ,marcel1 reprinted in pamphlet form under the title of #8,un ventail ,historique du dix-huitime sicle1 ,paris1 #aija1' describing and illustrating a remarkable fan in the cabinet of a ,parisian amateur whose name is not given1 commemorating the event above referred to4 ,the stick is ivory1 carved with an agreeable pell-mell of cartouches1 gilt2 the centre being occupied by a conversation galante of four figures in the costume of the ,watteau period4 ,in the centre of the skin leaf1 finely painted in gouache1 is a stone table carved in high relief with figures of ,cupids1 near which are the ,kings of ,france and ,spain1 each accompanied by a female figure representing the respective countries1 and bearing a shield of arms2 above1 a figure of ,peace crowned with olive leaves appears from the clouds and directs the ceremony4 ,in the middle distance is a tribune on which are seated three female figures1 with a cornucopia of abundance1 and the arms of ,france and ,spain2 above is a figure of ,fame with a trumpet4 ,in the more immediate foreground are the ,kings of ,england and ,portugal1 their identity being determined by the blazoning of the shields which accompany them4 ,court officials1 together with their ladies1 complete the composition4 ,the reverse1 which is less interesting1 and probably by another hand1 represents an architectural structure with1 again1 the arms of ,france1 and above1 those of ,france and ,spain entwined4 ,although it is possible that the fan may be of ,spanish manufacture1 it is more probably ,french1 since it bears all the characteristics of ,french work of the period of ,louis ,quinze4 ,it was probably made either for a royal princess1 or for the wife of some prominent official who took part in the negotiations of the treaty4 ,the classical revival of the middle of the eighteenth century was not without its effect on ,spain2 fans being painted in this country also with subjects from the ,greek mythology4 ,at the exhibition at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 the ,dowager-,countess of ,craven exhibited a large ,spanish dress fan1 the mount richly painted on vellum1 with a centre subject of ,aurora and ,zephyr1 the floral ornaments embossed in gold and spangled2 the stick carved ivory and mother-of-pearl1 with figures in gold relief variegated and spangled1 jewelled stud4#ic ,towards the middle of the eighteenth century onwards1 a class of fan was made in which the stick1 usually of tortoise-shell1 but also of ivory and other material1 was elaborately pierced and carved1 occasionally in the most ornate fashion1 the brins numbering from eight to ten1 the guards wide1 both being heavily incrusted with gold and silver4 ,the mounts of these fans were always narrow1 measuring about three-sevenths of the length of the stick4 ,this class of fan1 examples of which appear in most collections1 by general consent has been associated with ,spain1 although1 doubtless1 it was produced in other countries also4 ,one of the earliest of these fans1 as well as one of the finest1 is that in the possession of ,lady ,bristol1 described and illustrated in the succeeding chapter1 page #afc4 ,this1 from the skill displayed in its finely designed stick1 and the style of its delicately painted leaf1 is more probably ,french than ,spanish4 ,interesting examples of this class of fan are given from the collections of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,victor of ,hohenlohe-,brandenburg and ,mrs4 ,frank ,w4 ,gibson4 ,in the first-named instance the stick is tortoise-shell1 with gold incrustations of figures of ,roman warriors1 musicians in the costume of the period of the fan 7c4 #aghj71 ,cupids1 and other ornaments3 the leaf a pretty pastoral2 the work1 although probably ,spanish1 showing a strong ,french influence4 ,mrs4 ,gibson's fan belonged to her grandmother1 who was a ,spaniard2 the leaf1 probably1 represents the betrothal of ,louis ,,xvi4 and ,marie ,antoinette1 ,louis being but sixteen at the time of his marriage in #aggj4 ,the ,austrian ,court was closely allied to that of ,spain2 and this subject1 therefore1 would naturally appeal to the ,spaniards4 ,a wedding fan occurs in the collection of ,lady ,lindsay1 having for its centre medallion a lady's dressing-room1 with ,cupid holding a mirror2 on the sides are a ,cupid lighting his torch from an altar1 and a ,cupid with bow and arrows4 ,the stick of tortoise-shell1 finely silvered and gilt4 ,,corrigendum ,page #acb1 line #ab from bottom1 for ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,victor of ,hohenlohe-,brandenburg1 read ,h4,s4,h4 the ,princess ,victor of ,hohenlohe ,langenburg4 ,,end ,,of ,,corrigendum ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 ,spanish1 c4 #aghj4 skin mount1 tortoiseshell stick1 gilt incrustations4 ,h4,s4,h4 ,princess ,victor of ,hohenlohe-,langenburg4 ,a remarkable fan in this same collection was brought from ,madrid by ,lady ,canning1 who accompanied ,sir ,stratford ,canning to ,spain on a special mission from ,queen ,victoria1 and was given to ,lady ,lindsay in #ahgh4 ,the stick is of ivory1 finely and elaborately carved2 the mount1 skin1 painted in the ,chinese taste2 illustrated facing p4 #abg4 ,the character of ,spanish work of the stick1 which1 with a few isolated exceptions1 never reached a high level of attainment1 materially deteriorated towards the close of the century4 ,a fan appears in the ,schreiber collection1 with ivory stick1 indifferently carved and gilt1 the silk leaf having for its subject a large medallion of the surrender of ,minorca in #aghb1 with the ,english army evacuating the island1 and the ,spanish flag waving over the fort of ,s4 ,phelippe2 the sides decorated with vases of flowers embroidered1 painted1 and spangled2 the subject inscribed in ,spanish along the top border of the fan4 ,of the treatment of the stick1 two interesting examples in the ,wyatt collection may be referred to--the one1 belonging to the early part of the century1 in which painted trellis-work in blue and brown is introduced as a background to finely pierced and carved cartouches of figures and other subjects1 the ornament being enriched with gold2 the other with a paper mount representing the visit of the ,queen of ,sheba to ,solomon 7probably a church-fan71 the mother-of-pearl sticks engraved with three figure subjects en cartouche1 with elaborate scroll-work2 the leading features of the ornament1 together with portions of the figures1 being emphasised with thin lines of gold1 having an extremely pleasant effect2 c4 #agej4 ,spanish painting in the latter half of the eighteenth century experienced some revival in the person of ,francisco ,goya1 one of the most extraordinary personalities who ever wielded a brush1 and whose greatness is only just beginning to be adequately recognised1 chiefly1 however1 on account of his etchings1 of which he produced a number4#id ,if we may conceive ,goya as ever touching the fan1 the example illustrated1 from the collection of ,lady ,northcliffe1 is just such a one as he might have painted4 ,at any rate this may be considered as a typical ,spanish fan4 ,the silk leaf has in the centre a mounted picador1 with six medallions of bull-fights2 above the picador are two ,cupids holding a shield of arms1 with thirteen other shields along the upper border1 bearing the arms of ,biscaria1 ,cordova1 ,majorca1 ,valencia1 ,arragonia1 ,leon1 ,castillia1 ,navarra1 ,toledo1 ,gallicia1 ,andalusia1 ,murcia1 and ,catalonia4 ,the shields1 together with the medallions1 are bordered with embroidered spangles2 the ivory stick and guards finely pierced and inlaid with gold and silver4 ,the charming spangled fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,talbot ,hughes may also be accepted as of undoubted ,spanish workmanship4 ,in this1 the leaf is of white silk1 painted with a female figure in a garden1 arranging flowers from a basket4 ,the head is an applied miniature on ivory1 a device much affected by the ,chinese2 the necklace1 seed pearls appliqu2 the dress completely of spangles4 ,the leaf is enriched with a border of gold and silver sequins of various forms1 some being set with crystals4 ,the stick ivory1 coloured1 gilt1 and decorated la paillette4 ,the date about #ahjj4 ,illustration3 ,spanish ,fan1 ,bull ,fights1 c4 #aghj1 silk mount spangled ivory stick carved jour1 gold silver incrustations4 ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,it has been shown1 beyond any possibility of doubt1 that during the seventeenth century ,french exportation of this dainty article to ,spain was considerable1 ,french fans enjoying the best reputation in that country1 as well as in ,italy1 and that this pre-eminence was maintained during the succeeding century1 the period of the highest development of the fan industry in ,france2 but while it is difficult to associate the native ,spanish workmanship with fans of the highest calibre1 a preference for the richer ,french fans having always prevailed1 it is certain that the production of the cheaper fans was1 and is1 considerable1 ,valencia being the chief centre of the industry4 ,it is equally certain that in no country in ,europe is the employment of the fan so general1 or the toy so gracefully wielded1 as in this land of light1 colour1 and romance4 ,thophile ,gautier 7,tra los montes7 thus refers to the importance of the fan in ,spain3 #8,the ,fan corrects in some measure the pretension of the ,spaniards to ,parisianism4 ,a woman without a fan is a thing ,i have never yet seen in that favoured land2 ,i have seen women wearing satin shoes without any stockings1 but they had1 nevertheless1 their fans1 which follow them everywhere1 even to church1 where you meet groups of all ages1 kneeling or sitting1 praying and fanning themselves with equal fervour4' #8,we should remember1' says ,disraeli 7,contarini ,fleming71 #8that here ,cadiz1 as in the north1 the fan is not confined to the delightful sex4 ,the cavalier also has his fan2 and1 that the habit may not be considered an indication of effeminacy1 learn that in this scorching clime the soldier will not mount guard without this solace4' ,in ,spain1 as in ,china and ,japan1 there is a fan for every occasion--for the street1 where paper ones are used1 these affording more breeze on a sultry day than do lace or silk2 for feast days1 bull-fights1#ie and the theatre1 silk or lace fans1 mounted on sandalwood1 bone1 ivory1 or mother-of-pearl4 ,a favourite material is silk1 mounted on a carved wooden frame which opens and shuts easily1 a most essential thing in a ,spanish fan1 which is perpetually in motion1 portraying the feelings and thoughts that are passing through the mind of its owner4 ,the fan is in the hands of every one1 from the merest baby to the big toreador1 who employs it as a means of exciting the ire of his bovine adversary4 ,it serves as convenient screen for the dark-eyed beauty1 who1 seated in the balcony in the still evening1 listens eagerly to the impassioned serenade beneath4 ,at the theatre1 says ,blondel1 nothing is more curious than the manipulation of these instruments1 playing with the expressive grace which is a silent flirtation4 ,before the play begins1 or during the intervals1 every one talks in the midst of a confused noise resembling the buzzing of an immense swarm of flies4 ,the curtain rises--all resume their places2 the conversation ceases2 the fans1 everywhere waving in varied movement1 gradually1 one by one1 tone down into regularity of time2 they flutter in captivating cadence1 suggesting in appearance a crowd of variegated butterflies1 and charming the ear with their delightful #8frou-frou4' ,it is this play of the fan 7manejo del abanico7 in which fair dames and demoiselles have become such adepts1 that it has been necessary to coin a word to express this charming art4 ,thus1 #8abanicar' means the play of the fan1 while #8ojear' signifies the language of the eyes4 ,these two manuvres1 remarks ,m4 ,louis nault shrewdly1 are closely allied1 and one alone suffices for a man's destruction4 ,the fan1 indeed1 has its own particular language1 more eloquent than that of flowers--the ,spanish novia 7lady-love7 communicates her thoughts by code to her novio 7sweetheart71 as--engaged couples in ,spain being never allowed alone--woman's ready wit has devised this means of private conversation4 ,illustration3 ,spanish ,fan1 silk mount spangled1 the head an ivory miniature4 necklace of seed pearls4 c4 #ahjj4 ,mr ,talbot ,hughes4 ,illustration3 ,fte de l',agriculture1 #agih1 silk mount1 spangled4 ,mr ,,lcr4 ,messel4 ,the instructions are set forth in fifty different directions in a little booklet published in ,german by ,frau ,bartholomus1 from the original ,spanish of ,fenella4 ,a few examples will probably suffice as an indication of the method3-- #a4 ,you have won my love4 ,place the shut fan near the heart4 #b4 ,when may ,i be allowed to see you8 ,the shut fan resting upon the right eye4 #c4 ,at what hour8 ,the number of the sticks of the fan indicate the hour4 #d4 ,i long always to be near thee4 ,touch the unfolded fan in the act of waving4 #e4 ,do not be so imprudent4 ,threaten with the shut fan4 #f4 ,why do you misunderstand me8 ,gaze pensively at the unfolded fan4 #g4 ,you may kiss me4 ,press the half-opened fan to the lips4 #h4 ,forgive me1 ,i pray you4 ,clasp the hands under the open fan4 #i4 ,do not betray our secret4 ,cover the left ear with the open fan4 #aj4 ,i promise to marry you4 ,shut the full-opened fan very slowly4 ,and so on1 through the whole gamut of the language of love4 ,a shorter code has been published in ,english 7duly copyrighted7 by ,m4 ,j4 ,duvelleroy4 ,this1 although the principle is the same1 differs materially in the details2 thus1 #8,i love you' in ,spanish is to hide the eyes behind the opened fan2 in ,english1 to draw the fan across the cheek4 #8,i hate you1' in the former instance1 is to raise the shut fan to the shoulder in the right hand2 in the latter1 to draw the fan through the hand3 either code being sufficiently expressive and acquired with tolerable ease4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries 7,,french7 ,illustration3 ,,fan ,,of ,,rice ,,straw 7,from a ,fifteenth-,century ,,ms4 in the ,national ,library1 ,paris47 ,the so-called ,renaissance of the arts of ,france in the sixteenth century was the outcome of an increased knowledge of1 and familiarity with1 ,italian ideals of life1 and the splendours of a more refined civilisation2 it represented the assimilation of the national spirit1 the union of ,french #8nettet d'excution' with the more sober learning of ,italian tradition4 ,the beginnings of this ,italian influence are to be discovered earlier1 in the visit of ,jean ,foucquet to ,italy in #addj-adde2 this event being the signal for a general migration of ,italian artists northward4 ,for the purposes of the fan1 however1 we are concerned only with the history of ,french art from the period when1 in #aecj1 at the invitation of ,franois ,i41 ,le ,rosso and ,primaticcio repaired to ,paris for the purpose of decorating the palace at ,fontainebleau4 ,at this period architecture was creating ,chenonceau and ,chambord4 ,sculpture1 in the hands of ,cellini and ,jean ,goujon1 was providing the decorative details for the chteau then being built by ,philibert de l',orme for ,diana de ,poitiers4 ,in the sister art of ,painting1 ,jean ,cousin and ,franois ,clouet1 together with ,primaticcio1 who continued working until #aegj1 were the dominant influences4 ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 style of ,watteau1 skin mount1 stick mother of pearl1 finely pierced1 carved1 embossed with a sacrificial scene in gold4 ,french4 c4 #agej4 ,wyatt ,colln4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,simon ,vouet1 recalled to ,paris after a lengthy sojourn in ,rome1 was painting the nobles of the ,french court1 and decorating for ,richelieu the ,palais ,royal and the ,chteau de ,rueil4 ,poussin1 ,french by birth1 ,italian and classic in sympathy1 found the artistic atmosphere of ,rome more congenial to him4 ,in #afdj1 upon a pressing invitation from ,louis ,,xiii41 he migrated to ,paris1 but1 on account of court intrigues1 the jealousies of his brother artists1 and the malignity of ,vouet1 under pretence of bringing his wife from ,rome1 he left ,paris in #afdb1 never to return4 ,the pupils of ,vouet were ,le ,sueur and ,charles le ,brun4 ,with this latter artist ,french painting enters upon a new phase1 and it is impossible to overestimate the influence for good or for evil exercised by him during the latter half of the seventeenth century2 nay1 it extended practically over the whole of the century1 since he began painting almost from his infancy4 ,the work of ,le ,brun1 in spite of its many affectations1 possesses many admirable qualities3 such a composition1 for example1 as #8,the ,entry of ,alexander into ,babylon1' now in the ,louvre1 which1 by the way1 appears on an ,italian fan in the ,wyatt collection1 at once stamps him as a master of decorative arrangement1 and is typical both of his qualities and his limitations4 ,one of the most significant events in the history of ,french art was the founding of the ,academy in #afdh3 in this ,le ,brun naturally took a leading part1 as also in the foundation of the ,french ,school in ,rome1 of which he was the first director4 ,the establishment of the ,academy had a direct as well as an indirect bearing upon the fan1 since on more than one occasion it #8used the power of its prestige in defence of the just liberties of the ventaillistes4'#if ,pierre ,mignard 7,le ,romain71 the lifelong rival of ,le ,brun1 possessed something of the grand manner1 derived from his study of the ,carracci and ,domenichino4 ,in #affd he was the head of the ,academy of ,st4 ,luke1 and in #afij1 upon the death of ,le ,brun1 he was appointed ,director of the ,academy of ,painting1 a post which he filled until his death in #afie4 ,we have said that during the sixteenth century1 ,italian influences on ,french art were paramount--these influences being entirely healthy and regenerative4 ,throughout the succeeding century the dominant influence was still ,italian1 but its effect was as deleterious as it had been formerly beneficent4 ,by #agjj the decorative arts were well on the downward path4 ,bernini had been dead twenty years1 but his influence1 together with that of ,borromini1 was still a living thing1 and was still working irreparable mischief4 ,sir ,m4 ,digby ,wyatt1 in a powerful article written for ,owen ,jones's ,grammar of ,ornament1 referring to ,borromini1 says3 #8,from his fervid imagination and rare facility as a draughtsman and designer1 he soon obtained ample employment2 and in his capricious vagaries1 every tendency to extravagance that ,bernini's style possessed ,borromini contrived to caricature4 ,until his death1 in #affg1 he continued sedulously occupied in subverting all known principles of order and symmetry1 not only to his own enrichment1 but to the admiration of the leaders of the fashion of the day4 ,the anomalies he introduced into design1 the disproportionate mouldings1 broken1 contrasted1 and re-entering curves1 444 became the mode of the day1 and all ,europe was speedily busy in devising similar enormities4 ,in ,france the fever raged speedily1 and the popular style1 in place of the quaint but picturesque forms to be seen in the engravings of ,du ,cerceau1 #aegf1 substituted the more elaborate but less agreeable ones to be found in ,marot1 #agbg1 and ,mariette1 #agbf-g4444 ,despite this debasing influence1' continues our author1 #8many of the ,french artists of the time1 both of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,,xv41 in the midst of their extravagances1 made many beautiful ornamental designs1 showing in them a sense of capricious beauty of line rarely surpassed4' ,illustration3 ,la ,danse1 ,louis ,,xv1 skin leaf1 mother of pearl stick1 carved1 painted1 gilt4 #bb0 ,x #aa-c_/d04 ,the ,duchess of ,portland4 ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 ,louis ,,xv1 skin leaf1 tortoiseshell stick1 with gold incrustations #ah-a_/d0 #aj04 ,the ,duchess of ,portland4 ,this1 although written at the period of perhaps the very lowest ebb of the decorative arts1 the mid-,victorian era1 pretty well sums up the matter1 and is a fair estimate of the decorative tendencies that obtained at the beginning of the eighteenth century4 ,the general character of the fan1 therefore1 necessarily partook of this debasing influence1 and reflected the ornamental vulgarities and fashionable inanities of the time4 ,thus we have1 in moulded ornament1 a profusion of those extravagant shell-like cartouches which have become identified with the periods of ,louis ,,xv4 and ,,xvi42 curly structures elaborately perforated1 beginning and ending at will1 observing no reasonable or well-defined law1 but expressing only the caprice of the artist4 ,these either formed the starting-point for the lighter ornaments1 or were associated with naturalistic swags and festoons of fruit and flowers1 masks1 ribbons1 etc4 ,with the dawn of the eighteenth century1 ,french pictorial art enters upon that era of ftes galantes1 conversations galantes1 and amusements champtres1 which1 whatever its shortcomings1 was purely ,french and native to the soil4 ,the pernicious influence of the ,italian decadence is about to be shaken off4 ,watteau was sixteen years old1 and just commencing those labours which resulted in the practical regeneration of ,french painting4 ,he may be said to dominate the art of the eighteenth century as completely as ,le ,brun had overshadowed the century which preceded4 ,he sums up in himself that spirit of the joyousness of life1 that careless1 impulsive frivolity which is the note of the age4 ,his immediate followers1 ,lancret1 ,pater1 and in some sense ,de ,troy1 carried on the tradition1 but with a more pronounced convention3 the shimmer and sheen of silk and satin draperies are painted according to a recipe1 the general treatment of the subjects reveals a less delicate fancy1 and a less tender sympathy4 ,boucher1 friend and servant of ,la ,pompadour1 #8with her fan that breaks through halberds1'#ig has been styled1 with more or less semblance to truth1 the ,anacreon of painters4 ,his convention is of an entirely different order to that of ,watteau and his school2 but if his method and style is more artificial1 it is because life and manners have become less sincere1 and because he is true to his belief that #8,nature wanted harmony and seduction'2 he yields nothing to his predecessors in artistic power1 he is completely master of his technique1 and understands exactly the measure of his gifts4 ,in his pupil ,fragonard1 we have in reality the true heir and successor of ,watteau--the same supple touch1 the same alluring grace1 the same captivating invention and suggestiveness which always summons us to an enchanted land of love1 and music1 and dalliance4 ,it was an exceedingly gay1 light-hearted1 and pleasant time--in painting at any rate4 ,strephon sat at the feet of ,phyllis1 warbling soft nothings to the accompaniment of the lute4 ,dan ,cupid1 who was everywhere in evidence1 took it for granted that his presence was always propos1 and never troubled his curly head as to whether his decorative surroundings were in the nicest possible taste4 ,the fan necessarily reflected this eccentricity and extravagance--indeed it took its natural place in the general decorative scheme2 the #8dainty rogues' of the sideboard and mantel-shelf were in complete harmony with the still more dainty rogues of the fan2 the shepherdess in her flowered skirt rubbed shoulders1 or attempted to do so1 with the fine lady in crinoline4 ,illustration3 ,momens ,musicals1 #8,vernis ,martin4' ,mr ,leopold de ,rothschild4 ,the fun waxed faster and more furious2 the times grew madder and still more mad2 the exuberance of the rococo became more and more pronounced1 until no inanity remained untried1 no extravagant banality overlooked4 ,then came the inevitable reaction4 ,the latter half of the century witnessed the sowing of the seed1 and1 indeed1 the full fruition1 of that neo-classicism1 which1 although a relief from the barocco of the preceding period1 was the outcome of no settled conviction except the desirability of entering any port in a storm2 it had its origin in the interest which was then being taken in archology and classical research4 ,with the ,revolution came artistic chaos1 and--the nineteenth century4 ,the cold1 correct classicalities of the #8style de l',empire' were due1 in great part1 to the influence of the painter ,david1 although the inauguration of this new epoch was claimed by ,vien4 ,the work of ,david and that of his immediate followers1 ,girodet1 ,gros1 ,grard1 and ,ingres1 represented perhaps the natural antidote to the decorative debauch which is here passed rapidly in review2 its final overthrow was brought about by that riot of academic tradition in which it subsequently indulged1 rather than by the labours of ,delacroix and the school of ,romanticists which followed4 ,this1 in the briefest possible terms1 is an account of the general and more obvious tendencies of ,french art during the two centuries we have under consideration4 ,how far1 then1 and to what extent may we trace the direct handiwork of these artists upon the fan8 ,what of the authors of these dainty creations1 that fluttered and shimmered like so many butterflies through the summer sunshine--what do we know of their personality8 ,several references are made in this work to the similarity which exists between the ventaillistes and the ceramists4 ,the conditions of production were precisely the same1 the workers in the two arts were1 broadly speaking1 of the same artistic calibre2 indeed1 it is on record that1 upon a shortage of painters at the royal factory of ,svres1 the ventaillistes were called in to fill the breach4 ,at the close of the reign of ,louis ,,xv41 says ,paul ,mantz1 the most prominent ventaillistes were ,chevalier1 ,josse1 ,boguet1 ,hbert1 ,race1 and ,mme4 ,vrit4 ,amongst the painters1 almost in every instance obscure1 were doubtless some young artists who had still their position to make1 and the signature of ,cahaigue is recorded with the date #agff4 ,in the ,louvre are two fan leaves signed by ,raymond ,la ,farge1 c4 #afhj4 ,an ivory bris fan1 with the subject of ,blindman's ,buff1 signed #8,tiquet ,fecit1 #agbj1' appeared in the ,walker sale in #ahhb4 ,le ,sieur ,pichard1 also1 is mentioned in an almanac of #aggc1 as being very well known as a fan painter2 ,mme4 ,dor1 at the same date1 painted on silk and gauze3 both the last-named worked for the ventaillistes4--,but the greater names1 which have become illustrious in the annals of ,french art1 ,watteau1 ,boucher1 ,fragonard2 is it possible to claim these also for the fan8--,a fan bearing the ineffably gracious touch of a ,fragonard1 what a possession6 ,lancret painted a picture in the form of a fan1 representing two figures in a wooded landscape4 ,m4 ,paul ,mantz1 referring to the fan in the collection of ,dr4 ,poigey of ,paris1 decorated with light simple ornament and medallion heads of a youth and two young girls1 says3 #8,the delicacy of refined rose tint1 the sureness of touch1 the free manipulation of the gouache1 show a master-hand2 of a certainty1 if ,boucher ever painted a fan1 it is this one4' ,balzac 7,cousin ,pons7 refers to a #8gem of a fan' found at a second-hand dealer's1 enclosed in a little box of ,west ,india wood1 signed by ,watteau7871 and formerly the property of ,la ,pompadour4 ,the old musician turns towards his cousin with a courtly bow1 offers her the fan of the favourite1 saying3 #8,it is time for that which has served ,vice to be in the hands of ,virtue2 a hundred years will be required to work such a miracle4 ,be sure that no princess can have anything comparable with this chef d'uvre1 for it is unhappily in human nature to do more for a ,pompadour than for a virtuous ,queen4' ,illustration3 ,pastorelle after ,lancret1 stick mother of pearl1 richly carved1 pierced gilt belonged to an ,aunt of ,queen ,victoria1 ,french4 c4 #agej4 ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,we learn from ,brantme that ,catherine de' ,medicis1 who made her first public entry into ,paris as queen in #aedi1 introduced into the ,french court the ,italian feather-fans1 in general use in ,italy at that period2 these being made and sold by the perfumers who came in the queen's retinue4 ,in a half-length engraved portrait in the ,british ,museum1 the queen bears a plumed fan with an elaborately ornamented handle garnished with pearls2 in another portrait1 a plumed fan with a mirror in the centre4 ,brantme records that1 upon the untimely death of the king1 her husband1 ,catherine caused to be put round her device#ih broken fans1 with the feathers falling to pieces and the mirror cracked2#ii this in token of having abandoned worldly frivolities4 ,in a small oval engraved portrait in the ,british ,museum collection1 this broken fan motif is introduced as forming a diapered border2 the fans alternated with twisted cords and scythes4 ,it is not until the reign of ,henry ,,iii41 that we find the first authentic evidence of the use of l'ventail pliss2 fans were then much in fashion1 and1 says ,henri ,estienne1 #8were held so much in esteem1 that1 now the winter is come1 the ladies cannot give them up1 but having used them in summer to cool themselves against the heat of the sun1 they make them serve in winter against the heat of the fire4'#ajj ,pierre de l',estoile1 in his ,isle des ,hermaphrodites1 #aehh1 gives us a detailed account of the fan used by this effeminate monarch1 evidently some form of cockade1 #8expanding and folding merely by a turn of the fingers4' ,it was sufficiently large to be used also as a parasol1 and served therefore the double purpose of cooling the air1 and preserving the delicate complexion of the king4 ,the material was vellum1 cut as delicately as possible1 with lace around of similar stuff4#aja #8,i could see in the other chambers1' continues this author1 #8fans of the same material1 or of taffetas1 with borders of gold and silver lace4' ,this art of elaborate cutting1 in vellum1 paper1 and other material1 was1 as a matter of fact1 a favourite pastime of the period2 it is said to have been indulged in by the king himself1 and it may be taken that this method of dcoup1 or dcoup in association with other forms of ornamentation1 was employed in a large number of the fans of this epoch1 both of the cockade and semicircular form4 ,of this latter type1 now beginning to be the vogue1 the ,acton fan in the ,muse de ,cluny is one of the earliest known examples4 ,the leaf is of parchment1 cut in a series of slits through which the ten sticks1 shaped to an ornamental profile1 are inserted4 ,the vellum around the sticks is painted to the shape of arrows2 the spaces between are cut away1 to allow of the insertion of strips of mica1 upon which are painted devices representing ,acton1 his hounds1 a stag1 a swan1 etc4 ,the general character of the ornamentation is that of the earlier ,french ,renaissance2 the date1 c4 #aehj4 ,the fan industry in ,france had become of such importance under ,henry ,,iv41 that it was necessary to regulate it by statute2 certain concessions were therefore granted in ,december #aeid to the several bodies of craftsmen engaged in the art of fan-making4 ,these were confirmed1 and fresh regulations added1 towards #affd4 ,on a petition presented to ,louis ,,xiv4 in #afgc by the master fan-makers to the number of sixty1 they were constituted a corporate body by the edict of ,march #bcrd of that year1 and their privileges further strengthened by edicts of ,december #afgf and ,january and ,february #afgh4 ,these ordained that the company should be ruled by four jurors1 two of whom were re-nominated every year in ,september in an assembly at which every master could assist irrespectively4 ,no one could be a master without having served four years' apprenticeship and having produced a chef-d'uvre4 ,nevertheless1 the sons of a master were exempt from the chef-d'uvre as well as the members who married the widows or daughters of masters4 ,the widows enjoyed the privileges of their departed husbands so long as they remained single4 ,they could not1 however1 engage new apprentices4 ,the entrance fee was fixed at four hundred livres4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,leroy ,cut ,vellum ,fan with insertions of mica1 painted with subjects of ,acton1 4c4 ivory stick1 ,french1 end of ,,xvi4 century4 ,muse de ,cluny4 ,in #agec1 the period of the highest development of the industry1 there were no less than one hundred and fifty master fan-makers in ,paris1 and from a rare book 7,journal du ,citoyen71 published at the ,hague in #aged1 we learn the prices usually obtained3 ,wooden fans 7les ventails de bois de palissandre71 #f to #ah livres a dozen2 fans in gilt wood 7bois d'or71 #i to #cf livres a dozen2 those partly of wood and partly of ivory 7les maistres brins en yvoire et la gorge en os71 #bd to #gb livres a dozen4 ,ivory fans1 #dh to #fj livres a dozen2 others more elaborate sold for #cj or #dj pistoles apiece4 ,the fan-makers were united with the wood-polishers and lute-makers by the edict of ,august #aath1 #aggf1 as was also the painting1 carving1 and varnishing relative to these crafts4 ,the proportions of the folded fan have varied considerably at different periods1 in obedience to the caprices of fashion1 and this1 together with other features1 is a general indication as to date4 ,an attempt is here made1 by means of a series of diagrams1 to formulate1 from well-authenticated examples1 a system of development2 but this can only be accepted in a general way1 since during most periods1 and especially during the eighteenth century1 many exceptions to this rule might be cited4 ,during the last half of the sixteenth century1 doubtless1 the general proportion of the fan was that of a fourth of a circle4 ,alex4 ,fabri1 #aeic1 gives the costume of the ,french ladies of his time and of older date1 and observes that these ladies held fans of a quarter circle plisss4 ,vecellio1 #afjj1 gives fans of a similar proportion4 ,these were both bris and leaf2 the fans of ,ferrara1 decorated with mica insertion1 were also of this shape4 ,at this same period1 fans were also made of a slightly extended width1 the ,acton fan of ,cluny being an example4 ,illustration3 #aeej ,illustration3 #aeej-afbj ,illustration3 #afbj-afej ,illustration3 #affj-agjj ,illustration3 #afhj-agdj ,illustration3 #agbj-agfj ,illustration3 #aghj ,the width was gradually extended during the first half of the seventeenth century1 until1 at the close of the reign of ,louis ,,xiii41 it had attained almost a full semicircle1 the engraved fans of ,abraham ,bosse being authentic instances4 ,during the reign of the ,grand ,monarque the mount is deep1 the shoulder1 as a consequence1 low2 the fan1 after a slight reduction1 again opening out to a full semicircle4 ,the blades1 which in the first half of the seventeenth century varied in ,france from four to eighteen1 had increased by the end of the century to twenty-four or twenty-six1 the number again falling to between eighteen to twenty-one by the middle of the succeeding century4 ,during the reign of ,louis ,,xv4 the width of the fan was lessened1 being reduced to one-third of a circle1 the shoulder being raised about #agbj1 thus leaving less space for the mount1 the blades numbering eighteen to twenty-two4 ,illustration3 ,cephalus ,aurora1 ,french4 ,mrs ,bischoffsheim4 ,illustration3 #8,vernis ,martin4' ,mrs ,f4 ,r4 ,palmer4 ,in the succeeding reign 7,louis ,,xvi47 the fan once again unfolded itself to a full semicircle2 the blades were either straight and narrow1 the incrustations of a correspondingly reticent character1 or very broad1 showing no space between1 the decorations extremely ornate2 their number in either instance varying from twelve to sixteen or eighteen4 ,the above scale of proportion is1 however1 by no means absolute2 we have fans with high shoulders1 and correspondingly shallow mounts during the period of ,louis ,,xiv42 we also have1 during the same period1 fans which open out only to the third of a circle4 ,the size of the folding-fan has also been subject to many variations4 ,from the period of its introduction it increased under ,louis ,,xiv41 fluctuated to the middle of the eighteenth century1 and gradually lessened its proportions to the period of the ,revolution and ,first ,empire4 ,in #agbi the ,duc de ,richelieu writes3 #8,small fans have quite gone out1 and the newest are bigger than ever4 ,ladies are now never without them1 summer or winter4' ,from the ,mercure de ,france1 ,october #agcj1 we learn that #8,many fans are of a very considerable price and excessively large1 so that some little folks are not quite twice the height of their own fans1 a circumstance which ought to fill with a due sense of respect the light and playful cavaliers4' ,this continued during the hoop period or second blossoming of the whalebone petticoat1 when the fan1 not to be outdone1 assumed similar vast proportions1 and again dwindled to such an extent that it acquired the name of #8imperceptible4' ,another important consideration in determining the date of a fan is in the fact that the sticks1 being of a more enduring substance than the mount1 have often been remounted with paintings of a later date2#ajb the careful collector will1 therefore1 in selecting a specimen1 consider the fan in all its various characteristics--the style of the painting1 and the general character of its ornamentation4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,redgrave1 in his catalogue of the fans exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 refers to the difficulty in assigning fans to the country to which their manufacture might be most correctly attributed3 #8,workmen of one country have been tempted to another2 ,chinese carvers brought to ,europe2 parts of fans in which a particular country has excelled have been imported to another1 and used with its native manufacture4 ,in all cases1 novel taste1 approved by fashion1 has never failed to become the object of universal imitation4' ,the art of painting during the reign of ,louis ,,xiii4 began to play a more important part in the decoration of fans2 the subject1 in the few examples existing of this epoch1 being usually enclosed in a florid cartouche with festoons of fruit1 flowers1 amorini1 etc41 as in the three engraved examples by ,abraham ,bosse1 who was working in ,paris at this period4 ,indeed it is extremely probable that the publication of these fans strongly influenced the character of the decoration of fan mounts2 it is more than possible that ,bosse himself painted fans1 since he was painter as well as engraver1 although his pictures are extremely rare4 ,the label1 #8ventails de ,bosse1' appearing on the box handed by the merchant to the lady in the engraving #8,la ,galerie du ,palais1' may quite conceivably refer to painted as well as engraved fans4 ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 with two portrait medallions1 mount paper1 stick mother of pearl1 finely carved with medallions c4 gilt4 ,french4 c4 #aghj4 ,wyatt ,colln4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,la ,galerie du ,palais1 besides forming the subject of ,bosse's engraving1 supplied ,corneille with the motif of one of his comedies produced in #afcd4 #8,la ,galerie' was situated in the midst of the city1 beside the ,palais de ,justice1 between the two branches of the ,seine1 and had become1 at the close of the reign of ,henry ,,iv41 a #8lively and animated centre4' ,in the latter years of the reign of ,louis ,,xiii4 it was1 as we learn from the explanatory verses at the foot of ,bosse's engraving1 as also from ,corneille's comedy1 a place of rendezvous for1 and assignations with1 the beau-monde4 #8,icy faisant semblant d'acheter devant tous ,des gands1 des ventails1 du ruban1 des danteles2 ,les adroits ,courtisans se donnent rendez-vous1 ,et pour se faire aimer1 gallantisent les ,belles4' ,it was furnished with wooden shops in which were arranged objets de luxe1 new fashions1 chefs-d'uvres of industry1 laces1 and jewellery4 ,the engraving shows a mercer's shop with a cavalier and lady examining fans1 these objects being also exposed to view in the window4 ,we have here a genuine bit of old ,paris of the time of ,louis ,,xiii41 and thus obtain a clear idea of what the ,paris fan shops were like at this epoch4 ,fans had1 indeed1 at this period obtained a firm hold upon the affections of the fair1 though not so firm as to preclude the possibility of a powerful rival4 ,the witty author of the lines appended to ,bosse's engraving of ,summer1 in the circular composition of the four seasons1 a lady with a fan1 accompanied by a ,cupid bearing a parasol1 suggests that the love-god himself would be a better substitute for the fan1 not only for cooling the heated cheek1 but also to assuage the fire that burns within4 #8,qu'n ventail dans la chaleur ,semble oster de cette couleur ,dont vtre teint rougit encore2 ,vous ressemblez presque a l'aurore ,a cause de cette rougeur ,mais dans cette simple douleur ,qui semble afliger vtre cur ,est-ce tout ce qui vous honore ,qu'n ventail8 ,changez viste vtre maleur ,et sans me crre caioleur ,aimable ,phylis que j'adore ,croiez1 qu'au feu qui vous deuore ,un home vous servit meilleur ,qu'n ventail4' ,authenticated examples of ,louis ,,xiii4 fans are exceedingly rare4 ,in the ,jubinal collection at ,paris is a superb fan painted on skin1 representing the king playing blind-man's buff with the four quarters of the globe4 ,this is designed upon the same principle as the three engraved fans of ,bosse above referred to1 i4e4 the subject enclosed in a large and elaborate cartouche1 filling the whole field of the fan1 a system of decoration which lasted well into the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the ,countess de ,beaussier exhibited at ,south ,kensington1 in #ahgj1 a mount of vellum painted with a large medallion or cartouche in the centre1 of lords and ladies of the court of ,france joining in a dance in a park1 the border enriched with coloured ornament in the style of the period4 ,during the earlier part of the reign of ,louis ,,xiii41 ,anne of ,austria1 his queen1 introduced many ,spanish fashions into ,france1 amongst them being fans4 ,it is recorded of this princess that1 during a conference with ,richelieu1 some kittens amused themselves with the ribbons of her fan which had been left on a table in the antechamber2 from this circumstance the ribbons acquired the name of ,badins 7playful74#ajc ,it was from a similar light incident that1 later1 at the time of the unpopularity of ,mazarin1 the fan became a means of expressing political intrigue4 ,straw was adopted as the rallying sign of the ,frondeurs1 who1 after the victory in ,paris1 wore it in their hats and button-holes4 ,illustration3 ,hector ,andromache1 after ,coypel1 ,french1 gouache on skin stick ivory finely carved with an eastern subject1 guards set with plaques of agate1 paste jewels2 a watch at rivet4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 #8,if without straw a man was seen1 ,strike him down6 was the general scream1 ,for #8tis but a dog of a ,mazarine4' ,a great crowd was applauding the king and princess in the great alle1 and crying out against ,mazarin4 ,mademoiselle had appeared holding a fan as she walked1 to which was attached a bouquet of straw bound with blue ribbon4 ,straw also formed part of the decoration of fans1 both at this period and later4 ,the pattern of leaves1 flowers1 fruits1 or conventional ornament1 was cut in various coloured straws and applied4 ,the handsome fan in the possession of ,lady ,bristol1 with the subject of ,hector and ,andromache1 after ,antoine ,coypel1 belonging1 however1 to a later period1 is decorated at the sides with coloured straw-work4 ,this material was even employed in the decoration of the stick in the form of inlay upon ivory and other substance2 an example occurs in the collection of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,this also of a much later period4 ,d',alembert1 in his ,rflexions et ,anecdotes sur la ,reine de ,sude1 recounts how the irascible1 fierce1 and railing daughter of ,gustavus ,adolphus found herself at the court of ,louis ,,xiv41 when the fashion of fans was general 7#afef-afeg74 ,consulted by a fair ,frenchwoman as to whether she should ply her fan even during the winds of winter1 ,christina replied that the lady might fan herself or not1 as she pleased2 either way she would be a straw blown about by the wind4 ,upon this1 the court dames1 nettled at the rude reply of the haughty mistress of ,monaldeschi1 one and all armed themselves with fans1 and waved them furiously whenever the queen was present1 by way of exhibiting a wholesome ,french contempt for northern barbarism4#ajd ,this circumstance led to the adoption of fans of a richer and more ornate description4 ,fashion hastened to make the toy worthy of figuring in grand adornment2 the ordinary wood of the stick was replaced by other supports of a more precious material1 with incrustations of gold1 silver1 enamel1 and jewels4 ,more capable artists were employed for the execution of the mounts2 the ventaillistes learnt from the ,italians to derive their inspiration from the great masters of their school4 ,the decoration of the fan-leaves1 therefore1 acquired something of the suavity1 graciousness1 and courtliness associated with the work of the painters of the ,grand ,sicle4 ,it was1 doubtless1 some such fan1 some enchanting reminiscence of the dainty #8putti' of ,poussin1 that ,madame de ,svign sent to her daughter1 ,madame de ,grignan4--#8,the ,chevalier de ,buous brings you a fan1 which ,i think very pretty3 they are not little loves upon it1 for without doubt they are little chimney-sweeps1 the most charming little sweeps in the world4'#aje ,two fans are known of the beginning of the reign of the ,grand ,monarque4 ,one1 of which only the feuille is preserved1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rosenberg1 of ,karlsruhe1 the other in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum4 ,the former is painted in gouache on swan skin1 and represents the signing of the marriage contract between ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,maria ,theresa1 which event took place at ,st4 ,jean de ,luz on the ,spanish frontier in #affj4 ,the king and queen are seated before a table in the centre1 the courtiers standing in a semicircle1 the men in their fur-trimmed robes1 the ladies all bearing fans2 an official in the foreground is reading aloud the marriage contract4 ,the pattern of the carpet is seized upon as a decorative motif1 and forms a diapered groundwork to the composition after the manner of the earlier miniaturists4 ,this truly magnificent mount betrays no evidence of the ,italian influence2 no suggestion of #8le premier peintre du ,roi1'#ajf but entirely reminiscent of the great traditional ,french style4 ,it is1 moreover1 an original production1 rather than1 as is the case of so many fan leaves1 a mere transcription of the work of the greater artists4 ,illustration3 ,battoir ,fan1 leaf paper1 painted with medallions referring to the marriage of the ,dauphin with ,maria ,theresa of ,spain1 stick guards ivory finely carved gilt1 bearing the fleurs-de-lys of ,france arms of ,navarre4 #ah-a_/b #i-a_/b4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,in the ,schreiber fan leaf1 the king and queen are seated under a canopy1 a ,cupid above bearing a rose garland and palm branch4 ,the ladies of the court1 all holding fans1 are seated around in a semicircle1 and on the right ,cupids prepare the nuptial couch4 ,this leaf1 which has been much repainted1 is in gouache on paper1 with gilding in places2 it has been removed from the mount and pasted on an oak panel4 ,on a later fan1 the king is represented as ,phbus descending from his chariot1 holding in his hand the mirror of truth to the assembled court beauties1 on whose countenances fear1 alarm1 and doubt appear4 ,a figure on the right 7,louise de la ,vallire7 opens her arms eagerly to receive him4 ,the king also appears as ,endymion sleeping on ,mount ,latmos4 ,la ,vallire1 in the character of ,diana1 is alighting from her chariot and contemplating the beautiful shepherd4 ,a figure of ,spring scatters flowers4 ,in the background two attendants of the goddess2 c4 #affj4 ,mr4 ,robert ,walker in his sale catalogue 7#ahhb7 suggests that these two fans1 the sticks of which have perished and have been replaced by those of old ,english workmanship1 were painted for the ,duchess de la ,vallire in the early time of her attendance at the court of ,anne of ,austria4 ,she is said to have formed a real and virtuous attachment to the king4 ,a fan mount in the ,schreiber collection1 also belonging to the earlier years of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 has for its subject the #8,lovers' ,agency ,bureau4' ,in the midst of a semicircular temple1 on an island surrounded by a flowered border1 is a golden statue of ,cupid seated upon a globe1 bearing a banner inscribed1 #8,l',amour ,avec ces traits ,veut blesser tout ,le monde4 ,je ,reigne dans les sieux ,sur la terre et ,sur londe4' ,cupids are seated at a table covered with green cloth1 serving amorous couples with tablets inscribed1 #8,cong ,pour ,un ,amant ,constant3 ,cong ,pour ,un ,fidelle'2 #8,cong pour ,la ,belle ,iris4' ,in front of the table a ,cupid is seated on a large crimson cushion1 holding a scroll inscribed1 #8,le ,directeur ,du ,bureau ,d'amour4' ,two figures are kneeling at the end of the table1 the one holding a purse1 the other a scroll inscribed1 #8,contract ,de ,constitution ,de ,rente4' ,in the foreground on either side are couples who have married for money--a young man holding a purse is accompanied by an elderly woman1 and an old man who supports himself on a crutch1 accompanied by a young woman1 is carrying a box labelled #8,bijouteri'2 in both instances a ,cupid follows them with a rod for punishment4 ,around the island are moored ships with banners inscribed1 #8,vous qui cherchez ,d'un ,amoureux ,desir1' etc4 ,the fan leaf has been pasted on an oval panel and repainted to complete the shape4 ,the fine varnish1 celebrated in the verse of ,voltaire1#ajg which has become associated with the name of ,martin1 was not1 properly speaking1 a new invention1 but rather a fresh application of an old method4 ,attempts had been made during the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 to imitate the lacquers of ,japan1 and the process was first applied to furniture4 ,in an inventory of the effects of ,molire we read of a #8small cabinet with ,chinese varnish1' and of #8two dice-boxes of wood1 varnished after the ,chinese fashion4' ,this was the period when the artistic products of the ,east were so much exercising the minds of ,european craftsmen1 as a consequence of the opening up of ,china and ,japan to western traders4 ,the four brothers ,martin1 ,william1 ,simon-tienne1 ,julien1 and ,robert1 coach-painters1 sons of a tailor of the ,faubourg ,saint-,antoine1 in applying themselves to the task of imitating the processes of ,oriental lacquer1 by a fortunate accident developed a method admirably suited to the decoration of fans1 which1 in spite of many attempts to imitate1 has never since been rivalled4 ,illustration3 ,fte ,champtre1 #8,vernis ,martin' c4#agcj4 ,wyatt ,colln41 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,two concessions were obtained--those of ,november #bg1 #agcj1 and ,february #ah1 #agdd1 permitting the elder ,martin1 for the space of twenty years1 to execute all sorts of works in relief after the manner of the ,chinese and ,japanese4 ,an advertisement in ,le ,mercure1 which appeared during the year #agbd1 recommends to the curious the fine productions in ,chinese and ,japanese varnish1 of this #8excellent and unique craftsman who imitates and often surpasses his models4'#ajh ,in #agcb a fresh announcement is made in the same journal to the effect that #8,le ,sieur ,martin the elder1 who may be said to have considerably enriched the beaux-arts in ,europe by imitating and even surpassing in many respects the beautiful varnishes and reliefs of ,china and ,japan1 gives notice to the public that he undertakes panels1 friezes1 ceilings1 carriages1 etc41 in splendid varnishings4' ,this varnish1 with its brilliant translucency1 and its remarkable immunity from cracking1 was applied over painting done in the ordinary oil method1 the painting being necessarily thin1 almost to transparency1 the material of the fan usually ivory4 ,the decoration consists of either a single subject covering the whole field of the fan1 or a system of one1 three1 or many cartouches1 occasionally as many as twenty miniatures1 enclosed in an ornamental setting1 made up of a curious mixture of ,chinese diapered patterns1 semi-naturalistic semi-,persian ornament1 ,italian arabesques1 and ,french ornament of the character with which we are familiar in ,rouen ware4 ,the guards are in most instances decorated with miniatures1 usually two superior and two inferior1 divided by ornamental borders or arabesques4 ,on the handle end of the fan1 i4e4 the smaller semicircle1 are either one1 three1 or more miniatures1 often imitation ,chinese subjects3 these1 in some instances1 are in self-colour1 as pink1 red1 or blue4 ,the gilding is both in leaf and painted1 usually worked over with a pattern in red or brown4 ,the figure-painting is in no instance by a master-hand1 i4e4 by an artist of the first calibre1 but by skilled workmen1 or artificers1 deriving their inspiration from outside sources4 ,the subjects with which these fans were decorated embrace every class4 ,thus we have representations of ancient history1 both sacred and profane1 subjects which recorded important current events1 subjects fanciful of almost every description4 ,that of the #8,rape of ,helen' occurs often2 the fine fan in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rosenberg of ,karlsruhe has this subject for its principal medallion1 the style recalling ,le ,brun1 with sixteen smaller subjects from classic mythology1 these divided by a gold band4 ,also in the beautiful example in the possession of ,lady ,lindsay this same subject is treated1 though in a very different manner4 7,illustrated facing p4 #cj47 ,in the cabinet of ,madame ,riant is the #8,judgment of ,paris1' the subject en cartouche1 with smaller cartouches in the ,chinese taste4 ,probably one of the earliest of these #8,vernis ,martin' fans 7ivory bris fans had been painted earlier1 during the latter part of the seventeenth century7 is the bridal-fan of the ,duchess of ,burgundy1 ,adelaide of ,savoy1 mother of ,louis ,,xv4 ,the subject represents the ftes at ,versailles on the occasion of the marriage of the grandson of ,louis ,,xiv4 in #agji4 ,on the obverse the bride appears seated upon a dais with attendants bearing floral offerings4 ,in the centre the king dances a minuet with ,madame de ,maintenon1 #8ma tante1' as the dauphin endearingly called her4 ,other dancing figures1 musicians1 etc41 complete the composition1 which is enclosed in a large cartouche of fruits1 masks1 instruments1 etc42 on the field of the fan are representations of country life4 ,illustration3 ,the ,rape of ,helen1 #8,vernis ,martin'1 c4 #agde4 ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,on the lower semicircle1 en cartouche1 the bride again appears playing a guitar1 the remaining space being occupied by subjects of a ,chinese character4 ,on the reverse we have a representation of the ftes in the palace gardens1 with scenes from the life of the prince--as pupil of ,fnelon1 and as lover2 miniatures of the prince and princess appear on the panaches4 ,this important fan has been attributed to the pencil of ,watteau1 but with small grounds1 being quite unlike the character of ,watteau's work except in the type of some of the figures represented4 ,the example which formed part of the royal collection at ,windsor ,castle is so well known that it scarcely needs description here4 ,it consists of a large number of cartouches of classical and pastoral subjects divided by gold borderings4 ,it formerly belonged to ,marie-,antoinette1 and was procured for ,her ,majesty ,queen ,victoria by the ,queen of the ,belgians4 ,the fan representing the #8,toilette of ,madame la ,marquise de ,montespan1' and #8the ,promenade1' in the possession of the ,countess ,duchtel1 has become historic4 ,it was sent by ,madame de ,svign to her daughter1 ,madame de ,grignan1 and is thus referred to in her #adith letter3 #8,my fan has then become most useful1 doubtless4 ,do you not think it beautiful8 ,alas1 what a bagatelle6 ,you would not take away from me this small pleasure when occasion presents itself--you would thank me for that pleasure1 although it is a mere nothing4' ,we are enabled1 by the courtesy of ,mr4 ,leopold de ,rothschild1 to illustrate 7facing p4 #adb7 one of the best-preserved examples of this interesting type of fan4 ,the subject represents a company of musicians in a garden1 with trellised background and fountain2 on the lower cartouche a classical landscape2 on the panaches are figures of ,harlequin1 ,pierrot1 etc41 the ornamental portions being painted with the most minute finish4 ,upon the death of the elder ,martin in #agdi1 his widow associated herself with her brother-in-law1 ,julien ,martin1 who was acquainted with the secrets of this varnish and method4 ,the studio at the entrance to the ,faubourg ,saint-,denis1 therefore1 did not cease to prosper1 and production went on until #ageh4 ,this at least we learn of the engraver ,pasquier1 and it seems to us that the most successful varnishes are the earliest in date--those which appear to have been produced #agbj-agde4aji ,the foregoing quotation refers to ,martin's productions generally1 but is equally applicable to the fan1 and it is probable that although a few isolated examples of these delicate objects may have been produced during the latter years of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 production did not become very general until later in the lifetime of ,martin the elder1 who subsequently received the title of #8,vernisseur du roi4' ,the question as to whether the brothers ,martin themselves painted their fans1 or to what extent they were indebted to outside assistance1 opens up an interesting field of inquiry4 ,the order of their production1 also1 presents considerable difficulties4 ,in some cases1 as that of the bridal-fan of the ,duke of ,burgundy1 the event itself determines the date2 in the majority of instances1 however1 the subject affords no clue1 and any conclusions formed are necessarily more or less speculative and problematical4 ,the natural order of decorative development is from simplicity to complexity in both arrangement and detail2 it is therefore reasonable to assume that the earlier examples are those displaying a certain severity and reticence of style and method1 and a simple arrangement of either one or but few subjects1 and that the later fans are those exhibiting a profusion of medallions of various sizes1 divided by gold bands4 ,the variety in the style1 manner1 and handling1 of the subjects depicted on these fans1 to say nothing of the number extant1 of itself disposes of the theory that they were all the work of the brothers1 but in any case they must be credited with the original conception of a style and method of decoration which1 although it will scarcely bear searching analysis if judged from the standpoint of strict decorative principles1 is fresh1 piquant1 and unique4 ,illustration3 ,belshazzar's ,feast1 #8,vernis ,martin4' ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,to return to pleated fans4 ,in the ,franks collection appeared an example with the leaf of paper finely painted in gouache1 with the betrothal of ,louis ,,xv4 with ,marie ,leczinska1 and on the reverse a pastoral scene4 ,the brins and panaches are of white pearl1 richly ornamented with carved medallions of figures1 portraits1 heraldry1 and scroll-work in different coloured gold foils4 ,this fan belonged to ,marie1 queen of ,louis ,,xv4 ,the bridal-fan of ,marie ,leczinska has a skin mount1 the subject representing the king and his bride elect1 attended by ,cardinal ,fleury in lay habit1 bringing offerings of flowers to the altar of ,hymen2 a dog 7emblem of fidelity7 sits beside the king4 ,in the foreground on either side are groups in rural character2 on the reverse1 which is of paper1 is a pastorelle in which the royal couple again appear4 ,the brins and panaches are of mother-of-pearl1 richly carved with a centre medallion representing the queen as ,venus descending from her chariot1 receiving the homage of ,mars4 ,cupids1 heraldic devices1 fleurs de lys1 and a small medallion of ,louis ,,xiv4 complete the design1 which is enriched with variegated gilding4 ,the symbolical marriage of ,louis ,,xv4 with ,marie ,leczinska on ,mount ,olympus is depicted on a fine mount of vellum in the possession of ,m4 ,voisin1 with portraits of the king and princess surrounded by ,genii2 figures of ,jupiter1 ,juno1 and ,apollo en cartouche1 musicians1 etc41 in rose camaeu1 surrounded by the arms of ,france and ,poland2 the reverse1 a figure subject in blue camaeu on silver ground4 ,stick1 #8,vernis ,martin' on ivory2 guards1 incrustations of mother-of-pearl4 ,the fan in the collection of the ,dowager-,marchioness of ,bristol refers to the improvements made in ,paris during the reign of ,louis ,,xv42 it shows in the distance the fine square 7,place de ,louis ,,xv47 which adjoined the ,palace of the ,tuileries1 with the bronze equestrian statue of the king on a pedestal supported by four statues representing ,strength1 ,peace1 ,prudence1 and ,justice4 ,the group1 destroyed during the ,revolution1 gave occasion to the following epigram3 #8,o la belle ,statue6 ,o le beau pidestal6 ,les vertus sont pied1 le vice est cheval6' ,the king1 attended by ,minerva1 who holds her gis over his head1 is giving directions as to the building to a kneeling figure whose cloak and shield are ornamented with the fleurs de lys of ,france4 ,a seated winged genius is holding a large open book1 ,cupids are playing musical instruments and supporting a trophy of arms and a medallion portrait of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the square will remain for ever memorable as the scene of the execution of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,it was renamed ,place de la ,rvolution4 ,the stick is of ivory1 carved with allegorical subjects1 variegated gold enrichments1 the imbricated ornament painted blue1 the guards inlaid with mother-of-pearl2 on the reverse a tent1 with soldiers drinking and smoking at a table4 ,jewelled pin4 ,of the fans referring to the courtship and marriage of the dauphin 7son of ,louis ,,xv47 we have the royal courtships in two medallions on either side of the sun in full splendour 7emblem of the king71 decorated with spangles2 the mount of skin1 the stick ivory1 carved in open work with appropriate figures4 ,in the centre cartouche of another fan1 similar in treatment and evidently by the same hand1 the dauphin and dauphine bring floral offerings to ,hymen1 the field of the fan being occupied by two smaller medallions of ,cupids1 miniatures of the royal pair1 and marriage emblems at intervals1 the cartouches connected by spangles2 the stick ivory1 carved in open work with figures emblematic of the marriage4 ,illustration3 ,building of the ,place ,louis ,,xv4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,illustration3 ,dido neas1 ,louis ,,xv1 gouache on skin1 stick mother of pearl carved jour1 painted gilt1 #bb-a_/b x #aa-a_/b4 ,mrs ,bischoffsheim4 ,illustration3 ,dido neas4 7reverse7 ,mrs ,bischoffsheim4 ,the marriage of the dauphin with ,maria ,theresa of ,spain 7#agde71 or his second wife1 ,princess ,maria ,josephe de ,saxe1 is recorded on a magnificent mount representing the interior of a chapel1 with the bride and bridegroom on a raised dais1 a cardinal performing the ceremony4 ,these three fans appeared in the ,walker sale of #ahhb4 ,the ,battoir fan 7illustrated facing p4 #aed7 would appear to refer to this ,spanish marriage2 it is certainly a marriage fan4 ,the feuille of paper is decorated with eight variously shaped medallions4 ,in the centre the bride1 who bears a sufficient resemblance to the engraved portraits of ,maria ,theresa1 is taking tea2 also a heart-shaped composition with two figures kneeling at the altar of ,love1 ,father ,time in the distance2 a lover offering a bouquet to a lady1 etc4 ,the admirably designed stick and guards are of ivory1 carved and gilt1 decorated with emblematic figures1 amorini1 trophies of musical instruments1 etc41 bearing the fleurs de lys of ,france and the arms of ,spain4 ,the magnificent fan in the possession of ,mrs4 ,bischoffsheim reflects the general interest taken in the classics during the earlier part of the eighteenth century4 ,dryden's ,english translation of ,virgil was given to the world in #afig1 and the ,latin edition of ,p4 ,masvicius1 ,leovardiae1 #agag1 contained the commentaries of ,servius1 ,philargyrius1 and ,pierius4 ,the fan belongs to the earlier years of the reign of ,louis ,,xv41 and illustrates the story unfolded in the first book of the neid4 ,on the reverse the storm raised by olus at the bidding of ,juno1 a rock in the foreground being inscribed #8,naufrage d'ne'3 and the meeting of ,venus and neas4 ,on the obverse the banquet3 #8,embroidered coverlets ,are laid1 and gorgeous purple2 and the boards ,groan with the massive silver4' ,the love-god1 in the guise of the boy ,ascanius1 is presented to ,dido3 ,he--after he has clasped neas' neck ,in fond embrace1 and so has satisfied ,the doating love of his pretended sire-- ,turns to the ,queen4 ,her eyes and all her soul ,she fixes on him2 yea1 and in her lap ,at times she fondles him--unhappy ,dido-- ,not knowing how great a god is nestling there6'#aaj ,the so-called #8,cabriolet' fan1 introduced during the reign of ,louis ,,xv41 represents a new and interesting development4 ,in this the mount is divided into two parts1 superior and inferior1 the latter being half-way up the stick1 the former in its usual place at the top2 the intervening space imparting a lightness and richness to the fan not obtainable by other means1 the mount still affording a sufficiency of space for decoration on a less extended scale4 ,this usually consists of ,parisian scenes--persons driving in cabriolets1 or promenading1 either painted or engraved as the case may be1 since both processes were adopted4 ,the cabriolet1 introduced by ,josiah ,child in #agee1 was a light two-wheeled carriage which obtained great popularity in ,paris4 ,horace ,walpole1 writing to his friend ,mann in the same year1 says3 #8,all we hear from ,france is1 that a new madcap reigns there1 as strong as that of ,pantins was4#aaa ,this is la fureur de cabriolets1 ,anglic one-horse chairs1 a mode introduced by ,mr4 ,child4 ,everything is to be en cabriolet2 the men paint them on their waistcoats1 have them embroidered for clocks to their stockings1 and the women1 who have gone all the winter without anything on their heads1 are now muffled up in great caps1 with round sides1 in the form of1 and scarce less than1 the wheels of chaises4' ,two varieties of these rare fans appear in different collections2 a larger and richer fan measuring some twenty inches and opening out to a little more than a third of a circle1 the sticks numbering twenty-one1 including the panaches2 another about an inch smaller1 with less carving on the sticks1 and made at a later date4 ,illustration3 #8,cabriolet' ,fan1 stick ivory1 painted1 leaf paper4 ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,illustration3 #8,cabriolet' ,fan1 stick ivory1 finely carved1 painted gilt4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,illustration3 #8,cabriolet' ,fan1 stick ivory1 carved and painted4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,the fine example illustrated from the collection of ,lady ,bristol has nine cabriolets1 two on the larger and three on the smaller paper mounts1 two on the brins1 and two on the panaches4 ,the upper portion of the ivory stick is carved with three series of three figures enclosed in an ornamental setting1 and one on each panache1 with #8goldfish' inlay4 ,the lower portion has two large cartouches of figure subjects also with #8goldfish' inlay1 and a smaller one painted1 the whole of the stick elaborately painted and gilt4 ,a similar fan is in the possession of the ,comtesse de ,chambrun1 ,paris1 and was exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj4 ,two examples of the smaller variety are given from the collections of ,lady ,northcliffe and ,lady ,bristol1 similar in general character1 but presenting slight differences in detail4 ,on each of these fans only one cabriolet appears1 painted decoration taking the place of the rich carving and gilding on the stick of the larger fan4 ,towards the end of the reign of ,louis ,,xv4 the fan industry suffered a temporary relapse3 the fashion for the cheaper printed fans1 and also for the importations from the ,east1 spread even to the aristocrats4 ,we read of a fashionable jeweller at this period undertaking to supply to ,la ,pompadour a dozen fans direct from ,nankin for the insignificant sum of seventy-two livres4 ,an interesting design for a fan in the ,hennin collection 7,bibliothque ,nationale7 is probably intended as an effort to revive interest in the more expensive fans1#aab and is inscribed1 #8,combat du terrible torreau reprsent par des enfants en prsence de ,sa ,majest ,louis ,,xv41 roi de ,france et de ,navarre4' ,this was a spectacle devised for the king's amusement in #agfj4 ,in an enclosure1 a bull-fight1 in which the actors are children1 is taking place before a large concourse of spectators1 including the king and queen2 on the left are trumpeters and other figures1 on the right is a figure holding three hounds in leash4 ,la ,pompadour is glorified on a skin mount in the collection of ,mrs4 ,bruce ,johnston2 the subject being #8hommages' offered by ,church1 ,state1 ,literature1 ,art and ,music at the altar of madame1 who appears as ,venus seated on a raised throne in the centre of the composition1 her car and doves in the background4 ,a ,cupid strikes at her bosom with his arrow1 others dance to the music of a mandoline1 while another1 crowned with a laurel wreath1 rides on the back of the ,french ,eagle4 ,this was probably painted by one of the numerous artists employed by madame1 and never mounted4 7,illustrated facing p4 #f47 ,the story of ,rinaldo and ,armida supplied the subject of many fans produced during the century4 ,handel's opera ,rinaldo was first produced in ,london1 ,february #bd1 #agaa4 ,it was staged in the most sumptuous manner1 the gardens of ,armida being filled with live birds1 a piece of stage realism hardly to be surpassed even in these days3 it had1 however1 little vogue on the ,continent4 ,gluck's ,armide1 which appeared in #aggg1 fared better1 the composer being then in the height of his popularity1 and1 moreover1 under the powerful protection of his former pupil1 ,marie-,antoinette1 who1 upon the success of ,orphe1 granted him a pension of six thousand francs1 and a like sum for every fresh work he should produce on the ,french stage4 ,the charming fan1 here illustrated1 by the gracious permission of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess of ,wales1 is anterior to the date of the production of ,gluck's opera1 and is one of the best of the numerous versions of the subject4 ,it was given by ,king ,william ,,iv4 to ,augusta1 ,duchess of ,cambridge1 and left by her to her grand-daughter1 ,victoria ,mary1 ,princess of ,wales4 7,frontispiece47 ,in ,miss ,moss's fan1 also illustrated1 the stick is of ivory carved jour1 and painted with a cartouche in the centre1 of ,neptune1 ,venus1 and ,cupid4 ,illustration3 ,wedding ,fan1 silk leaf1 painted with medallions1 spangled ornaments4 ,ivory stick richly carved1 with subject of the ,alter of ,hymen c4 ,the ,countess of ,bradford4 ,illustration3 ,wedding ,fan1 satin mount1 painted with medallions1 spangled1 ivory stick1 finely carved with marriage emblems c41 ivory miniatures on guards1 ,french1 c4 #aghj4 ,lady ,lindsay4 ,the ftes given on the occasion of the marriage of the young dauphin1 afterwards ,louis ,,xvi41 with ,marie-,antoinette1 are recorded on a fan in the ,wyatt collection1 in the centre of which are shown the illuminations with fireworks1 a scroll inscribed1 #8,vive la ,france1 l'empire1 et tous leurs allis jamais'2 above is inscribed1 #8,feu d'artifice de ,mr4 ,l'ambassadeur ,excut le #aj ,juin #aggj par le ,sr4 ,torre ,artificier du ,roi4' ,on the left is a street scene with a band of musicians and spectators2 on the right1 four figures viewing the illuminations4 ,a cartouche on the right is inscribed1 #8,ftes ,publiques l'occasion du mariage de ,mr4 le ,dauphin4' ,the mount is of paper1 the stick and guards ivory1 pierced gilt1 and inlaid with mother-of-pearl4 7,illustrated facing p4 #ahj47 ,an allegory of this marriage appears as the subject of a fan that formed part of an important collection of a deceased ,parisian lady1 ,madame ,x41 sold at the ,htel ,drouot1 ,april #ahig4 ,in this the stick is mother-of-pearl1 carved with reliefs1 gilt1 and the arms of ,france and ,austria4 ,the leaf is in gouache on skin1 with medallions of the royal pair1 alternated with others emblematic of the ,fine ,arts4 ,another bridal-fan of ,marie-,antoinette has on the obverse an allegorical composition1 in which the dauphine1 enthroned upon a cloud1 is about to sign the marriage contract which ,cupid lays before her1 while ,hymen hovers above3 on the left1 the ,graces weave garlands of roses2 on the right1 ,midas and ,discordia are banished to the regions of obscurity4 ,on the reverse1 ,louis and his young bride appear walking in a wood1 guided by ,cupid1 blind1 and bearing a torch4 ,both these subjects have been attributed to ,fragonard2 they are1 however1 most certainly by two different hands4 ,the stick is mother-of-pearl1 carved jour1 with figures of the royal couple1 cupids1 and other appropriate emblems4 ,the custom of presenting fans on the occasion of a wedding was universal1 and surely no more acceptable offering than a fan could be made to a bride4 ,the fine fan1 illustrated by the kindness of the ,countess of ,bradford1 is typical of a whole class of fans produced during the latter years of the reign of ,louis ,,xvi41 having silk mounts1 with painted medallions1 usually one superior1 and the other inferior2 the borders and intervening spaces decorated with spangles of gold1 silver1 and colours2 the sticks either broad and ornate as in the example given1 or narrow2 the ornamentation being of a more reticent character4 ,the principal medallion figures the prospective bride and bridegroom nursing a figure of ,love4 ,on the extremely ornate mother-of-pearl stick1 lavishly gilt in dead and burnished gold of two colours1 the happy pair again appear clasping hands before the altar of ,hymen1 with an accompaniment of ,cupids2 on the two inferior cartouches are dancing figures with wreaths1 spangling being applied here as on the leaf4 ,the fan appeared at the recent exhibition of ,fair ,women at the ,grafton ,galleries1 where it attracted much attention4 ,on the occasion of the birth of the dauphin1 7,louis ,,xvii47 in #aghe1 eleven years after the marriage1 the royal pair renew their vows at the altar of ,hymen4 ,this on a fan from the unfortunate queen's collection1 which1 together with the last mentioned1 appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb2 the mount skin1 the stick mother-of-pearl1 carved in open with portraits of the queen and the young dauphin4 ,the fan 7bris7 presented by the town of ,dieppe to ,marie-,antoinette1 in celebration of the same event1#aac is declared by ,balzac to be the handsomest of all historical fans4 ,it is of ivory open work1 carved by the famous worker ,le ,flamand1 eulogised by ,bernardin de ,saint-,pierre4 ,the subject1 from the design for ,vien1 premier peintre to ,louis ,,xvi41 is an episode in the life of ,alexander the ,great4 ,porus1 an ,indian prince1 on the eastern bank of the ,hydaspes1 refused to submit to ,alexander1 but1 defeated and taken prisoner1 he was brought into the presence of the conqueror4 ,asked how he expected to be treated1 he boldly replied1 #8,as a brave man and a king4' ,alexander1 subdued by his foe's firmness1 restored to him his conquered territory4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,a4 ,girander4 ,fan stick1 ,ivory1 carved with subject of the ,assembly of ,notables #aghg1 figures of ,louis ,,xvi ,marie ,antoinette on panaches4 ,muse du ,louvre4 ,when the queen was obliged to quit ,versailles in #aghi1 she gave this fan to ,madame du ,cray1 who was keeper of her ,majesty's laces4 ,from ,madame du ,cray it passed into the possession of her daughter1 ,madame la ,bruyre1 who1 at her death1 bequeathed it to ,monsieur de ,thiac1 by whom it was exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj4 ,the ivory stick--the mount has long since perished1 if it ever possessed one--acquired by the ,louvre1 and formerly in the collection ,revoil1 in #ahbh1 is said to have been once the property of ,marie-,antoinette4 ,the brins carved are with a subject of the king1 with the two royal princes on his right hand1 receiving a deputation of ministers1 the whole enclosed within a florid and meandering cartouche1 the background and diapers jour4 ,on the panaches appear figures of ,louis and ,marie-,antoinette1 above their heads two genii bear the royal crown2 on the gorge are medallions of ,cupids1 with tragic and comic masks4 ,here1 then1 we have two typical examples of the ivory work of the last quarter of the eighteenth century1 the best1 presumably1 that the epoch could produce1 since both were executed for the queen4 ,the last named1 last also in the order of production1 although it carries picturesque richness of effect to its utmost possible limit1 nevertheless represents a worn-out tradition1 an art which had become moribund1 lifeless1 incapable of any fresh effort1 repeating the same tiresome platitudes with wearing and monotonous persistency2 the former1 on the other hand1 indicative of the commencement of that regeneration of ,french art1 which1 inaugurated by ,vien1 ultimately resulted in the creation of a school of painting and design1 finding1 in the vitality of its poetic invention1 no parallel in modern ,europe1 and making its influence felt even to the present day4 ,the reign of ,spartan simplicity of dress commenced early1 and was brought about by several causes1 the first being the visit to ,paris of the ,american deputies1 headed by ,benjamin ,franklin1 #aggf-gh4 ,thus ,count de ,sgur in his #8,memoirs'3 #8,it was as if the sages of ,greece and ,rome had suddenly appeared2 their antique simplicity of dress1 their firm and plain demeanour1 their free and direct language1 formed a contrast to the frivolity1 effeminacy1 and servile refinements of the ,french4 ,the tide of fashion and nobility ran after these republicans1 and ladies1 lords1 and men of letters all worshipped them4' ,among other contributory causes was the publication of ,saint-,pierre's novel1 ,paul et ,virginie1 in which the heroine is described as being attired in a simple robe of white muslin1 with plain straw hat1 a picture which instantly captivated the ,parisiennes4 ,moreover1 the classic revival which set in about the middle of the century had gathered force1 so that by the commencement of the ,revolution the time had become ripe for a complete change4 ,while the ladies were attired la ,grec1 the gentlemen cropped their hair la ,romain4 ,the fan followed the prevailing order of things1 and affected simplicity4 ,during the period of the ,directoire1 and the ,empire which succeeded1 the painted mounts gradually disappeared1 their place being taken by those of silk of various colours1 ornamented with spangles and similar devices4 ,the mount of ,miss ,ethel ,birdwood's fan1 an excellent example of the simple type1 is most certainly ,french1 obtained in ,france by the grandparents of ,sir ,george1 who were expelled ,huguenots1 and sent out by them to ,canton to be mounted4 ,the stick is admirably in keeping with the reticent character of the mount1 and exhibits no trace of the characteristic ,oriental vice of excess in ornamental detail4 ,illustration3 ,directoire ,fan1 green silk mount1 spangled mother of pearl stick carved jour4 ,miss ,ethel ,travers ,birdwood4 #8,sans ,gne' ,directoire ,fans1 red silk mounts1 sticks ivory and ebony respectively4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,illustration3 #8,sans ,gne' ,fan1 leaf green silk with figure of an opera dancer1 stick ivory1 applied leather on guards4 ,empire ,fan1 leaf red silk with band of net ornament in gold1 silver spangles1 stick ivory1 tinted crimson4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,it was inevitable that a system of decoration so easy of application1 and at the same time so effective as spangling1 should have an extended vogue4 ,the device was first introduced as a framework to pictures or miniatures en cartouche1 and as emphasising the leading lines of a design4 ,gradually a more lavish use of these glistening ornaments was made1 until1 during the ,directoire and ,empire periods1 spangling formed the chief decorative motif of the design2 figures being treated with spangled draperies1 the flesh painted4 ,in the ,directoire fan illustrated1 with ,ceres in a chariot drawn by two bullocks1 spangling is carried to its utmost limit1 the whole subject1 figures1 animals1 chariot1 and accessories1 being treated with these little gold and silver discs of varying sizes4 ,this refers to the ,fte de l',agriculture celebrated by the administration of the department of the ,seine #aj messidor an ,,vi4 7#bh ,june #agih74 ,a lavishly ornamented car drawn by six bullocks1 their hoofs and horns gilded1 the whole decorated with wreaths of flowers1 was accompanied by the ,free ,trade ,society of ,agriculture1 and the administrators of the ,natural ,history ,museum and ,veterinary ,school1 carrying agricultural implements1 surmounted by a sheaf of corn1 over which floated the oriflamme of ,france2 their destination being the ,temple dedicated to ,cybele in the middle of the grand square of the ,champs lyses4 ,the ancient form of the chariot1 says ,blondel1 the groups of stationary guards with entwined arms1 indicating thereby that those around cultivate and defend the fields1 serve equally to represent agriculture to the imagination and the ancient ftes that fertile ,phrygia celebrated in honour of the goddess of ,harvests at the foot of ,mount ,ida4 ,the event was commemorated on a number of fans1 both painted in gouache and printed2 ,blondel figures one in the possession of the heir of ,madame ,tallien1 printed and coloured by hand1 erroneously supposing it to refer to this event2#aad in this instance also1 as in the example illustrated facing p4 #acf1 two bullocks only are represented4 ,this glorification of ,ceres and ,cybele led to the general adoption of straw for the various articles of costume1 following an older fashion4 #8,there is nothing but straw in the impoverished dresses of the ladies1' exclaim ,,mm4 de ,goncourt in their ,socit ,franaise pendant le ,directoire1 echoing a curious vaudeville of the period1 #8mob caps of straw1 bonnets of straw1 fans of straw1 and spangles--nothing is made without spangles4' #8,paillette aux bonnets1 ,aux toquets1 ,aux petits corsets6 ,paillette ,aux fins bandeaux1 ,aux grands chapeaux6 ,paillette ,aux noirs colliers1 ,aux blancs souliers6 ,paillette ,paillette aux rubans1 ,aux turbans1 ,on ne voit rien sans ,paillette4' ,in the #8,sans ,gne' fan1 with figure of an opera dancer1 the dress of the lady is pink gauze4 ,the material of the leaf 7green silk7 is cut away1 leaving the dress semi-transparent in those parts which are not overlaid with spangles4 ,during the ,empire period and later1 this system of the introduction of gauze or net was carried further1 fans being treated with a broad border of net1 and various applied decorations in gold1 silver1 and spangles1 these being the precursors of the fans made entirely of gauze or net1 decorated in a similar manner1 and in vogue during the first quarter of the nineteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,lorgnette ,fans1 ivory1 in form of arrows1 silvered1 two circular horn1 with palliettes1 semicircular horn with paillettes4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,lorgnette or opera-glass fans are evidence of a fashion that obtained during the seventeenth and again during the latter half of the eighteenth centuries4 ,m4 ,blondel quotes from ,menagiana as follows3-- #8,the fans jour carried by the women1 when they go to ,porte ,saint-,bernard to take the air on the bank of the river1 are called 8lorgnettes40' ,a paper called ,ncessaire1 for #agei1 refers to this means of satisfying pardonable curiosity without wounding modesty4 ,a small opera- or spy-glass was set in the chief sticks of the fan1 either at the top of the panache1 probably the earliest form1 or at the rivet4 ,in the former case the whole of the blades were perforated1 the fan when opened showing a series of circular perforations round its upper border4 ,the advantage of such an arrangement will be obvious2 a fair reveller might see without being seen1 and the tell-tale blush be hid4 ,for more distant objects the opera-glass was called into requisition1 the fan used either open or closed4 #8,pour cacher la pudeur d'usage ,contre un beau front le papier sert ,et les brins forment un passage ,par o l'il voyage couvert4'#aae ,the material was either ivory1 horn1 or occasionally1 in the case of the semicircular folding-fans1 gauze1 decorated with spangles or embroidered work4 ,the briss were made to the semicircular shape1 and also to that of the full circle or cockade4 ,in the latter instance the long handle was provided with circular loops1 by which the fan might be held in the same manner as a pair of scissors4 ,the blades assume various shapes1 as that of ,love's arrow1 the bat's wing1 an umbrella1 a snake1 a violin1 and1 when made of horn1 were usually decorated with #8piqu4' ,a curious and uncommon lorgnette-fan of the period of ,louis ,,xiv41 in the possession of ,madame ,jubinal1 is entirely of ivory #8dcoup jour1' with appliqus in gelatine imitating mica1 forming a transparency through which roguish eyes may see and at the same time be protected as with a curtain4 ,a semicircular lorgnette-fan1 of fine design1 is seen in the hands of ,madame ,devauay1 in the portrait by ,ingres1 collection of ,m4 ,frdric ,reiset1 painted #ahjf4 ,these interesting fans remained in vogue during the first quarter of the nineteenth century and later4 ,the last stage of the fan during this foolish1 frivolous1 fascinating eighteenth century was that of a gradual dwindling into nothingness4 ,madame de ,genlis1 in her ,dictionary of ,etiquette 7#ahah71 remarks3 #8,when women were timid and blushed1 they were accustomed to carry large fans to hide their blushes1 serving at once as screen and veil3 now that they blush no longer1 and are intimidated by nothing1 they do not choose to hide their faces1 and therefore carry but microscopic fans 7ventails imperceptibles74'#aaf ,blondel states that #8this small degree of fashion continued under the ,first ,empire1 when fans1 still very small1 were for the most part briss or garnished with taffalas2 a few1 however1 were embellished with steel pearls1 like the jewels of ,petit ,dunkerque4' ,illustration3 ,spangled gauze with turtle doves4 ,blue gold1 spangled4 ,mr ,l4,c4,r4 ,messel4 ,mauve silk net1 spangled4 lorgnette embroidered gauze4 ,we have seen how1 during the period of the balloon petticoat1 the fan1 like the frog in the fable1 anxious to outdo his big neighbour the ox1 swelled--and swelled--and swelled4 ,the consequences were less disastrous in the case of the fan1 which is nothing if not consistent4 ,the small imps of the fan tribe carried by those truly miraculous creatures the ,merveilleuses1 whose costume was reduced to such exceedingly scanty proportions that a ,frenchman even was moved to inquire if nudity would not have been a gain to modesty1 were in perfect keeping with the tout ensemble4 ,the fan lessened its proportions1 grew more and more imperceptible as the rest of the costume grew scantier1 until1 as in the example in the collection of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel1 the blades measured but two and a half inches6 ,illustration3 ,,japanese ,,lady',s ,,court ,,fan1 ,,with ,,streamers4 7,ethnological ,museum1 ,berlin47 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,painted ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,,english1 ,,dutch1 ,,flemish1 ,,and ,,german4 ,the history of the folded fan in ,england may1 broadly speaking1 be said to date from the establishment of the ,east ,india ,company in #afjj2 this event marking the commencement of that ,oriental trade which assumed such vast proportions during the succeeding century4 ,isolated examples of the pleated fan had1 however1 found their way into this country earlier1 these either brought by individual traders from the ,east1 or imported from the ,continent of ,europe4 ,we have already referred to the remarkable instance of the pleated fan appearing on the great seal of ,england1 forming the crest of ,cur de ,lion2 a conclusive proof that this form of fan was at any rate known1 if not in occasional use1 in this country during the ,middle ,ages4 ,illustration3 ,,long-,,handled ,,feather-,,fan 7,used in the ,marie ,stuart dance47 ,illustration3 ,telemachus ,calypso1 ,english1 #aghj4 silk mount1 spangled1 stick ivory1 finely carved with medallions in imitation of ,wedgwood's ,jasper ware4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,the plumed fan1 nevertheless1 held its own for a considerable period1 although it is extremely unlikely that it was much in vogue before the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 when we are informed that #8even young gentlemen carried fans of feathers in their hands1 which in wars our ancestors wore on their heads4'#aag ,shakespeare refers to #8those remnants of fool and feather that they have got from ,france4' ,so1 also1 ,stephen ,gosson1 ,pleasant ,quips for upstart ,gentlewomen1 #aeif3 #8,were fannes and flappes of feathers fond ,to flit away the flisking flies1 ,as tail of mare that hangs on ground ,when heat of ,summer doth arise1 ,the wit of women we might praise ,for finding out so great an ease4 #8,but1 seeing they are still in hand1 ,in house1 in field1 in church1 in street1 ,in summer1 winter1 water1 land1 ,in cold1 in heate1 in dry1 in weet1 ,i judge they are for wives such tooles ,as bables are for playes for fooles4' ,the author of ,quips for an upstart ,courtier1 #afbj1 drawing a comparison between the degeneracy of his time and the purer manners of an earlier period1 says3 #8,then our young courtiers strove to exceed one another in vertue and in bravery2 they rode not with fannes to ward their faces from the wind4' ,in ,hall's ,satires1 #aeih1 describing the dandies of his day3 #8,tir'd with pinn'd cuffs1 and fans1 and partlet stryps4' ,in the play of ,lingua1 or ,the ,combat of the ,tongue and the ,five ,senses for ,superiority1 #afag1 the following directions are given for the character of ,phantastes at the head of the second scene of ,act ,,ii4 #8,a swart complexion'd fellow1 but quicke-ey'd1 in a white ,satten doublet of one fashion1 green ,velvet hose of another2 a phantasticall hat with a plume of fethers of severall colours1 a little short ,taffata cloake1 a paire of ,buskins cut1 drawne out with sundry coloured ,ribands with ,scarfes hung about him after all fashions1 and of all colours4 ,rings1 ,jewels1 a ,fanne1 and in every place odde complements4' ,in the woodcut headings to the ,roxburghe ,ballads 7c4 #afce71 both feather- and folding-fans are shown2 the frequent illustration of these instruments testifying to the popularity of the fan at this epoch4 ,the first appearance of the modern fan1 says ,fairholt1 may be seen in a print of the early part of the seventeenth century4 ,the long handle is still retained1 and the fan1 although arranged in folds1 does not appear to be capable of being folded4 ,the fans here referred to are those seen in the prints by ,vecellio and earlier engravers1 small in size1 referred to and illustrated in a previous chapter4#aah ,it is not until the last decade of the sixteenth century that the folded fan appears in painted portraits1 one of the earliest being that of ,queen ,elizabeth at ,jesus ,college 7#aeij71 in which the ,queen holds a dcoup fan of the character of that illustrated from ,cluny1 facing page #aji1 having similar pointed edging4 ,the edges of these fans were occasionally varied to a semicircular form1 a curiously interesting example appearing in a portrait of ,elizabeth1 ,lady ,wentworth1 by ,lucas de ,heere1 in which the leaf1 probably of vellum or parchment1 is elaborately dcoup2 the edges resembling a cheese-cutter in shape1 the blades1 apparently of ivory1 numbering seven4 ,the patterning often rivalled the finest lace1 of which it was obviously an imitation1 lace also being used for fan mounts at this period1 usually costly ,flanders or ,valenciennes4 ,in the series of prints by ,hollar of the ,four ,seasons1 #afda1 the veiled lady representing #8,summer' holds in her right hand an opened lace fan1 the quaint legend at the foot of the plate running as follows3 #8,in ,sumer when wee walke to take the ayre1 ,wee thus are vayl'd to keep our faces faire1 ,and lest our beautie should be soiled with sweate ,wee with our ayrie fannes depell the heate4' ,illustration3 ,a ,london ,fan ,shop1 c4#agde4 ,mr ,l4,c4,r4 ,messel ,illustration3 ,the surrender of ,malta4 ,mrs ,hungerford ,pollen4 ,the marriage of ,charles ,,ii4 with ,catherine of ,braganza in #affb is another landmark in the history of the fan in this country4 ,the ,queen and her ,portuguese ladies introduced the gigantic green shading fans of ,moorish origin1 which1 in the absence of parasols 7then unknown in ,england71 served also to shield the complexions of the ladies from the sun1 when they did not wish wholly to obscure their charms by putting on their masks4 ,the ,indian trade1 however1 opened up by ,catherine's marriage treaty1 soon supplied the ladies of ,england with fans better adapted1 by their lightness and elegance1 to be used as weapons of coquetry at balls and plays4#aai ,large numbers of fan mounts were also imported from ,italy1 both at this period and later4 ,these are referred to incidentally in one of ,steele's letters to the ,tatler1 ,april #bc1 #agji4 #8,i am just come from visiting ,sappho probably ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,haywood1 who had been some time on the ,irish stage4 ,as ,i came into the room she cries1 8,oh1 ,mr4 ,bickerstaff1 ,i am utterly undone2 ,i have broken that pretty ,italian fan ,i showed you when you were here last1 wherein were so admirably drawn our first parents in ,paradise asleep in each other's arms40'#abj ,the fan of ,pope's epigram was1 it will be remembered1 painted with the story of ,cephalus and ,procris1 the motto #8,aura ,veni4' #8,come gentle air6 th' ,eolian shepherd said ,while ,procris panted in the secret shade2 ,come gentle air6 the fairer ,delia cries1 ,while at her feet her swain expiring lies4 ,lo1 the glad gales o'er all her beauties stray1 ,breathe on her lips1 and in her bosom play6 ,in ,delia's hand this toy is fatal found1 ,nor could that fabled dart more surely wound2 ,both gifts destructive to the givers prove2 ,alike both lovers fall by those they love4' ,two fine examples of early fans with subjects from classic mythology appeared at the ,walker sale2 the first having a skin mount painted with the ,triumph of ,amphitrite1 in which the daughter of ,nereus is seated in a shell drawn by dolphins1 with attendant nymphs and tritons1 a figure of ,cupid1 blindfolded1 hovering above2 this in allusion to ,neptune having sent the ,dolphin to intercede for him1 and to bring his innamorata from the foot of ,mount ,atlas4 ,the stick is rosewood1 inlaid with rays of mother-of-pearl4 ,the second1 from the collection of the ,duchesse de ,nemours1 representing the marriage of ,neptune and ,amphitrite1 the subject covering the whole field of a deep mount2 the stick1 mother-of-pearl1 carved with a pastoral scene and smaller panels of warriors4 ,among the earliest ,english fans existing in private collections is a mount of the time of ,charles ,i41 the original stick of which is said to have been of gold1 jewelled4 ,the painting1 a copy of the #8,triumph of ,bacchus1' by ,a4 ,carracci1 is attributed 7probably erroneously7 to ,peter ,oliver4 ,the fan was given by the ,princess ,anne 7afterwards ,queen7 to her god-daughter1 ,sarah ,robinson1 daughter of ,sir ,john ,robinson1 ,master of the ,tower1 and widow of the eldest son of ,sir ,humphrey ,gore1 on her marriage1 in #afif1 with ,john ,harvey1 ,esq41 of ,ickwellbury1 ,beds4 ,it is an example of a large class of fan mounts produced at this period1 which were reproductions of the works of the greater ,italian masters1 many of which were1 doubtless1 copied by ,italian artists1 and either exported to ,england1 or acquired in ,italy by visitors to that country4 ,two interesting marriage fans of the period of ,charles ,,ii41 both painted by the same hand1 appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb2 the one1 #8,an ,ancient ,marriage1' with the bridegroom presenting ring1 the bride wearing a floral chaplet and attended by maidens with distaff and flowers2 the stick of ivory1 carved with emblematic figures1 mother-of-pearl inlay1 and silver piqu4 ,the subject of the other 7,achilles and ,deidamia7 referring to the taking of ,troy2 on the reverse a view of the park at ,st4 ,cloud2 the stick1 mother-of-pearl1 carved with subjects emblematic of marriage4 ,these1 doubtless1 were made by the ,french fan-makers who had become domiciled in ,england1 and probably1 as ,mr4 ,robert ,walker suggests1 for important court personages4 ,illustration3 ,ftes on the occasion of the marriage of the ,dauphin4 #aggj4 ,french1 ,wyatt ,colln4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,english ,fan1 painted with medallions of the ,visit c4 exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj by the ,baroness ,meyer de ,rothschild4 ,it was upon the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes1 #afhe1 that the ,french ,huguenots being obliged1 through the persecution of their compatriots1 to quit their own country1 sought refuge in ,england as well as other countries1 where they were received with open arms4 ,amongst these were a number of ventaillistes1 who established an industry1 having brought with them1 not only the money they had been able to save1 but what was still more valuable1 their skill as workers1 their habitual diligence and thrift4 #8,the countries whither they went were enriched by the arts and trades which the ,french refugees introduced1 and still more by the examples of industry1 probity1 and sincere piety which they exhibited in their own persons4'#aba ,in #agji1 upon the #8humble petition of the ,ffanmakers that exercise the ,art and ,mistery of ,ffanmaking in ,london and ,westminster and ,twenty ,miles round1' a ,charter of incorporation was granted by ,queen ,anne1 providing that #8all ,ffanmakers within the prescribed area1 and all persons who have served1 or shall hereafter serve1 as ,apprentices to the said ,art and ,mistery by the space of seven years1 and who hereafter1 from time to time1 shall be ,admitted into1 or made free of the ,society1 shall be one ,body ,corporate and ,politick in ,deed and in ,name1 with a common seal1 with power to hold lands1 and power to sue and defend the same4 ,power to make bye-laws touching the good estate1 ,rule1 and ,government of the ,society1 and for the ,reformation of such abuses and deceits as shall be found to be committed by them either in uttering or making bad and deceitfull works1 as also in their several ,offices1 functions1 ,misteries1 and business touching the said ,trade1' etc4 ,during the latter half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth centuries the importation of fans into this country from ,india1 ,china1 and the ,east was considerable1 and1 together with the ,italian importation1 already alluded to1 threatened to ruin the home industry4 ,the fanmakers addressed themselves to ,parliament1 and demanded its prohibition1 with the result that a tax of forty shillings a dozen was imposed upon all wooden- and feather-fans1 and for a time the importation of all painted fans was prohibited4 ,in #agej there appear to have been disputes between the ,fanmakers' ,company and journeymen fanmakers on account of non-payment of quarterage4 ,two interesting items of information appear in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,october and ,december #ahgj as follows3-- #8,on the #bhth ult4 was try'd a cause between the ,company of ,fanmakers1 incorporated by ,charter for the ,cities of ,london1 ,westminster1 and twenty miles round1 plaintiffs1 and one ,wagstaffe1 defendant1 for quarterage due to them1 who was ordered to pay it with costs4' #8,on the #bhth ult4 was a tryal in the ,court of ,requests1 ,westminster1 between the ,company of ,fanmakers1 plaintiffs1 and some fan-painters1 defendants1 for non-payment of quarterage1 which was determined for the defendants1 it appearing that they were not legal members of the said ,company4' ,the two following items will serve to show the extent of the fan industry in the middle of the eighteenth century1 and the adverse conditions under which it laboured4 #8,a writer in the ,westminster ,journal for ,february #bc1 #agea 7quoted by the ,gentleman's ,magazine for the same year71 proposes a tax upon plain and printed fan mounts4 ,painted ones not coloured to pass free as before4 ,a sixpenny stamp to be affixed in the midst of a plain or printed paper fan mount1 and a shilling stamp on a leather one4 ,this may produce a revenue of ten1 twenty1 or thirty thousand pounds per annum1 encourage a very ingenious branch of business1 and only hurt about half-a-dozen paultry plate printers1 who are enriching themselves and starving of hundreds4' ,illustration3 ,english ,fan1 ivory1 finely painted with medallions in the style of ,cosway ,wyatt ,colln4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,november #ageb quotes an advertisement which appeared in the ,daily ,advertiser1 #8from the poor unfortunate artificers in the several branches of the fan trade1 whose number is nearly #ajjj2 returning thanks to the ,company of ,fanmakers for petitioning the ,e4 ,india directors to discontinue the importation of fans4 ,to excite the regard and compassion of the ladies1 it asserts that the home-made fans are in every way preferable to foreign2 and that by discouraging the latter1 they will relieve a number of unfortunate families from the most grievous distress and despair4'#abb #8,on the #gth ,february' 7,gentleman's ,magazine1 ,march #agec71 #8the journeymen fanmakers presented the ,princess ,dowager of ,wales with a beautiful and elegant fan1 far superior to ,indian fans1 which was most graciously received4' ,this1 doubtless1 with the idea of obtaining patronage and support for the home-made article4 ,the imported fans were for the most part sold by tea-merchants and dealers in ,oriental wares4 ,a trade card in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum1 with an elaborate engraved portrait of ,queen ,anne1 states that ,john ,roberts at the ,queen's ,head in ,holborn1 near ,hatton ,garden1 ,london1 sells all sorts of ,fine ,china ,ware2 the finest ,hyson and ,congo ,teas1 ,fine ,double ,flint ,drinking ,glasses1 etc41 and ,india ,fans4 ,the fan makers also often combined the trade of fanmaking with the sale of millinery and stationery4 ,the ,banks collection of ,shop ,bills includes the following trade card3-- #8,robert ,pickeard1 at the ,swan and ,golden ,fan in ,cheapside1 near the ,conduit1 ,london4 #8,mounteth and ,maketh all sorts of ,fans1 and ,selleth ,silk ,gauze and ,silver ,handkerchiefs1 ,caps1 ,girdles1 ,ribbons1 ,roles1 ,wiers1 ,ferrits1 ,silver ,lace for ,shoes1 white ,buttons for ,shirts1 ,silk and ,ferrit ,laces1 ,masks and ,necklaces4 #8,n4,b4--,any ,merchant may be furnished with all kinds of ,milenary ,wares at ,cheap ,rates4' ,also we find ,honour ,chassereau1 ,fan ,maker and ,stationer1 ,fan and ,crown1 ,long ,acre1 ,london1 #8selling all sorts of ,stationery ,wares1 ,wholesale1 ,retail1 and for ,exportation4' ,the principal enactments for the regulation of the import trade in fans and materials of the fan are here enumerated3-- ,by the #aath ,geo4 ,i4 cap4 #g1 calpins for fans are rated in the ,custom ,house books at #gs4 #f;d4 a dozen1 and the duty paid on importation #as4 #e;d4 and #g_/hths a dozen4 ,if made of leather1 and the leather be the most valuable part1 for every #bjs4 of real value upon oath1 the duty is #fs4 ,by the #abth ,charles ,,ii4 cap4 #d1 fans for women or children1 of ,french make1 are rated in the ,custom ,house books at #b per dozen1 and the duty #a1 #es4 per dozen4 ,but if these fans are painted1 they are prohibited to be imported1 and are seizable as painted wares4 ,the laws regulating the importation of embroidery are still more stringent4 ,by the ,acts ,richard ,,iii4 cap4 #aj1 #crd ,edward ,,iv4 cap4 #c1 #aith ,henry ,,vii4 cap4 #ba1 #eth ,elizabeth1 cap4 #g1 #acth and #adth ,charles ,,ii4 cap4 #ac1 #dth and #eth ,william and ,mary1 cap4 #aj1 #ith and #ajth ,william ,,iii4 cap4 #i1 #aath and #abth ,william ,,iii4 cap4 #aa1 embroidery imported is forfeited1 the importer liable to #ajj1 and the seller to #ej4 ,the various materials1 as gold and silver thread1 or wire1 lace fringe1 work made of copper1 brass1 or any other inferior metal1 imported1 to be forfeited and burnt1 and #ajj paid by the importer of every parcel so imported4 ,this under #dth ,edward ,,iii41 #ajth ,anne1 cap4 #bf1 #aeth ,george ,,ii4 cap4 #bj1 and #bbnd ,george ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,ivory ,empire ,fan4 ,lady ,northcliffe4 ,illustration3 ,spangled ,fan1 with painted miniatures4 ,english4 ,mrs ,frank ,w4 ,gibson4 ,by the #fth ,anne1 cap4 #ai1 silks wrought or mixed with gold1 silver1 or other materials1 clandestinely imported1 are forfeited1 with #bjj for every importer1 and #ajj by the receiver1 seller1 or concealer4 ,it therefore appears that either mounts1 or fans that are painted1 are seizable2 and that all fans or mounts embellished with gold or silver are prohibited under very severe penalties1 particularly under #dth ,edward ,,iii41 and #aeth and #bbnd ,george ,,ii4 ,further1 paper fan-mounts could not be imported without paying a duty of #ee per cent42 the duty on plain fans being #bg-a_/b per cent41 or1 if imported as toys1 #cg per cent4 ,in a table of fees taken by packers and water-side porters for shipping and landing the goods or merchandise of strangers1 second charter of ,charles ,,ii41 #affj1 #8,for a load of fans1 one shilling4' ,the vogue of fans became general during the first half of the eighteenth century1 when fan-painting was a most lucrative profession4 ,the sculptor ,nollekens tells us that when his wife was a girl1 her father's intimate friend ,goupy 7a well-known water-colour draughtsman who died in ,london in #agfc7 was considered the most eminent of the fan-painters1 and that fan-painting was then so fashionable that the family of #8,athenian ,stuart' 7so called on account of his exquisite studies of ,athens7 placed him as a pupil to ,goupy1 conceiving that by so doing they had made his fortune2 and we learn from other sources that ,stuart originally gained his livelihood by painting fans4 ,a fan-mount in the ,schreiber collection is painted with three medallions of ,roman views1 ,the ,arch of ,constantine1 ,the ,arch of ,titus1 and ,the ,forum1 the field of the fan decorated with delicate classical grotesques and border1 signed #8,jose ,goupy1 #agch1 ,n4,a4' ,the views are skilfully drawn in pen line with wash1 in the style of the water-colour draughtsmen of this period1 i4e4 a low-toned scheme of colour1 a good deal of india ink being used4 ,this signed example is of the greatest value in determining the character of ,goupy's work1 and it is extremely probable that he was responsible for a good many mounts generally considered as ,italian4 ,it was from ,goupy1 too1 that ,stuart originally derived his interest in classic architectural remains1 and1 doubtless also1 much of his skill in depicting them4 ,fans had1 indeed1 at this period become an indispensable adjunct to a lady's toilet1 a temporary loss of this instrument1 upon occasion1 causing much perturbation of spirit4 ,an amusing story of such a catastrophe is told in ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,april #agcf3 #8,what whims1 what trifles1 light as air1 ,govern the passions of the fair1 ,and their dear1 thoughtless bosoms tear6 ,madame had come to grace the ball with her charming presence1 her powdered admirers crowding about her1 while1 ,some dance1 some sip their tea1 ,some chat the pleasing hours away1 ,and all is innocently gay1 when1 all on a sudden1 ,her ,ladyship confounds the company by appearing in furious mood1 with a voice like thunder1 every one demanding the matter4 ,then the charming ,celia1 moralising1 said3 #88,what pity #8tis 7in great affairs ,when prudence tempers all her cares7 ,this lady should our mirth destroy1 ,a vixen1 for so meer a toy6 ,oh6 how ,i blush to hear and see ,a nymph 7who1 all the world agree1 ,has acted well three parts in life1 ,the maid1 the widow1 and the wife71 ,once mistress of so firm a mind1 ,who wisely1 decently resign'd1 ,without a tear1 her good old man1 ,roar like ,othello--for a fan4 ,strange6 that this engine1 wont to prove ,the surest instrument of love1 ,should give to its illustrious dame1 ,while others freeze1 so fierce a flame60' ,illustration3 ,wedding ,fan1 with ,blanchard's balloon1 #aghd4 ,french ,mrs ,hawkins4 ,illustration3 ,st4 ,peters and the ,vatican1 ,rome1 probably by ,j4 ,goupy4 ,dr4 ,law ,adam4 ,the fan-shops of ,fleet ,street1 the ,strand1 and ,westminster are continually referred to in the advertisements which appeared from time to time in the ,craftsman4 ,the two following note a change of ownership3-- #8,feb4 #f1 #agda-b4 #8,to be sold1 at ,gordon's ,fan warehouse1 ,the ,crown and ,fan in ,tavistock ,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,all sorts of ,fans4 ,wholesale and ,retail1 very cheap4 ,the ,person leaving off trade4' #8,feb4 #ab #agdb-c4 #8,gordon's ,fan ,warehouse1 in ,tavistock ,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,mr4 ,gordon having left off ,trade1 the ,business1 as usual1 is carry'd on by his late journey-woman1 ,,mary ,,hitchcock1 ,at the same ,place1 where ,ladies may be accommodated with all sorts of ,fans1 at the most reasonable ,rates4' ,from the extremely nave and interesting #8fan-shop' fan belonging to ,mr4 ,messel we are able to gather some idea of what these shops were like4 ,the inscription on the shop sign is #8,fanmaker1 ,london1' showing that the district represented was within the ,london boundary of this period1 c4 #agde4 ,during the comparatively brief reign of ,queen ,anne fans were again made large4 ,sir ,roger de ,coverley1 upon his courting the perverse widow1 declared that he would have allowed her the #8profits of a windmill for her fans4'#abc ,with the proverbial fickleness of fashion1 however1 this vogue lasted but a short time2 the fan lessened its proportions in the second and third decades of the century1 when1 during the forties1 its size once again increased1 following the lead of ,france4 #8,ventosus1' writing in the ,london ,magazine for #agdd1 quotes1 with some amusing comments1 an epigram by ,dr4 ,atterbury1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 originally written upon a white fan borrowed from ,miss ,osborne1 afterwards his wife1 and referred to by ,steele in the ,tatler for ,october #ai1 #agaj3 #8,flavia1 the least and lightest toy ,can with relentless art employ3 ,this ,fan1 in meaner hands1 would prove ,an engine of small force in love2 ,yet she1 with graceful air and mien1 ,not to be told1 or sagely seen1 ,directs its wanton motions so1 ,that it wounds more than ,cupid's bow2 ,gives coolness to the matchless dame1 ,to ev'ry other breast a flame4' #8,the whole turn of this1' exclaims our commentator1 #8depends upon the smallness and slightness of the ,instrument--the least and lightest toy8 ,fans now in vogue are both monstrously large and monstrously strong4 ,to say that a fan of eight or nine inches long1 which1 when extended in a semicircle could not admit a string of more than fourteen or fifteen1 wounds more than ,cupid's ,bow1 is somewhat extraordinary1 but to ascribe the same excellence to one of our modern ventilators1 whose ,diagonal line1 when it is full spread1 is longer than one of the ,bowstrings of our ,hoxton ,archers1 is ascribing nothing miraculous to it from the fair ,hand that may happen to use it4' ,our good ,ventosus had witnessed an increase from #8#c ,quarters of a ,foot' to #8even #b ,foot within this week past'2 he looks forward to a still greater improvement when the fan would extend to the same distance as the fashionable ,hoop4 ,this would introduce #8somewhat of uniformity in a ,lady's ,dress1 and the age would be agreeably engaged at either meeting or following a fair ,toast1 with both her sails spread1 in observing the harmony between the ,curve at ,top and the ,curve at ,bottom1' etc4 ,our ingenious friend discovers other uses for such an instrument--#8a lady might mount it horizontally1 to skreen herself and ,family against all the ,inclemencies of the weather4' ,illustration3 ,wedding ,fan1 ,directoire1 stick horn1 piqu in gold1 leaf silk1 painted with subjects of the ,visit c4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,again1 at the ,playhouse1 a good-natured lady may #8have it in her power to oblige a whole ,side ,box by a single ,puff1 and prevent the ,beaux1 as well as the ,belles1 from fainting away at an extraordinary ,pathos4' ,the possibilities of such an instrument have1 apparently1 no limit--#8a ,blast or two from this machine would be sufficient to whiff away to a convenient ,distance all troublesome and worthless ,danglers1 who may attempt to besiege its fortunate possessor4' ,nay1 besides private benefits1 one of a national nature occurs to the mind of our imaginative friend--#8#bj1jjj such fans1 properly drawn up on the ,shore1 might blow back the next ,french invasion1 or at least keep off the ,enemies' ,fleet till our own had ,time to come up4' ,our author might indeed1 with strict adherence to truth1 have included the beaux as well as the belles in this fanciful defence1 with a proportionate increase in the probability of victory4 ,amongst the effects referred to in the inventory of a beau1 who was carried off dead upon the taking away of his snuff-box1 and remained unburied1 his goods being taken into execution to defray the charge of his funeral--#8,the strong-box of the deceased1 wherein were found five billet-doux1 a ,bath shilling1 a crooked sixpence1 a silk garter1 a lock of hair1 and three broken fans4'#abd ,in the postscript to ,addison's letter on the subject of his #8,fan ,academy'--#8,i teach young gentlemen the whole art of gallanting a fan4 ,n4,b4 ,i have reserved little plain fans1 made for this use1 to avoid expense4'#abe ,at the dancing assemblies in ,london1 ,bath1 and elsewhere1 it was customary for the gentlemen to select their partners by the ballot of fans1 which were placed in a hat1 the owner of the fan drawn becoming the partner of the gentleman who drew it4 ,mrs4 ,montagu1 in one of her letters1 refers to this custom4 #8,in the afternoon ,i went to ,lord ,oxford's ball at ,marylebone4 ,it was very agreeable2 and the partners were chosen by their fans1 but with a little supercherie4' ,a lady's fan was almost as well known as her face1 and it was not difficult1 with a little contrivance1 to know which to draw4 ,the same lady1 writing from ,bath in ,january #agdj1 says3 #8,last night ,i took to the more youthful diversion of dancing1 and am nothing but a fan 7which my partner tore7 the worse for it2 our beaux here may make a rent in a woman's fan1 but they will never make a hole in her heart4'#abf ,the popularity of the union of the #8,orange ,tree with the ,english ,rose' is abundantly testified by the number of painted fans issued of this subject4 ,a painted bridal-fan of the ,princess ,anne1 daughter of ,george ,,ii41 married to the ,prince of ,orange in #agcc1 appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 and sold for #bf4 ,in this the ,princess is seated1 attended by the ,loves and ,graces4 ,the preliminaries of peace between ,austria and ,france in #agdh provide a subject for a fan appearing at this same sale4 ,the scene represents a tented field4 ,maria ,theresa1 ,queen of ,hungary1 joins hands with la ,france1 the rival banners inscribed--#8,vive ,louis ,,xv41 and ,vive la ,reine d',hungrie'2 the ,english banner of ,st4 ,george in front2 at the back the victory of ,admiral ,hawke4 ,this probably executed for an ,english partisan on the occasion of the ,peace of ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,a characteristic fan in the ,wyatt collection1 of the early part of the century1 has a paper mount painted with merry-making scenes1 persons dancing1 drinking1 musicians1 etc42 the ivory stick carved jour1 painted with birds and flowers2 the guards1 mother-of-pearl1 carved and painted4 ,illustration3 ,early ,dutch ,fan mount4 ,a settlement in the ,east ,indies4 ,the ,dowager ,marchioness of ,bristol4 ,mr4 ,george ,augustus ,sala1 in his entertaining preface to the fan exhibition held at ,drapers' ,hall in #ahgh1 refers to a remarkably curious fan exhibited some twenty years earlier1 at a congress of the ,archological ,institute held at ,worcester4 ,this1 evidently an ,english production1 is a gouache on vellum1 representing either the ,great ,lottery of #agad1 or the equally remarkable gambling enterprise of #agah1 when the popular greed of gain was stimulated to such an extraordinary degree that a million and a half sterling was subscribed4 ,the scene is the interior of ,mercer's ,hall1 ,ironmonger ,lane1 ,cheapside1 where transactions connected with lotteries took place1 showing the platform with side galleries conveniently arranged for a crowd of gay gallants and fashionable dames in the full costume of the period2 the lottery tickets are in the course of being drawn by ,blue-coat boys1 a wheel on either side for blanks and prizes4 ,the design1 says our author1 is identified with a contemporary engraving by ,h4 ,parr1 #8,les divertissements de la ,loterie1' designed by ,t4 ,marchant1 drawn by ,gravelot1 and published by ,ryland4 ,gravelot was a ,french engraver and decorative painter1 invited to this country by ,claude ,dubosc to assist in illustrating a sumptuous history of the campaigns of ,marlborough4 ,of topographical fans1 that owned by ,miss ,moss1 giving a view of ,kensington ,square as it appeared in the latter half of the seventeenth century1 is amongst the most interesting3 it is extremely fresh in colour1 and exhibits a quaint sense of decorative treatment4 ,a fan with a view of ,cavendish ,square is attributed to ,canaletto1 who in the latter part of his life visited ,london1 where he was held in great estimation4 ,the subject is enclosed within a cartouche1 with flowers1 etc41 in the ,chinese taste covering the rest of the field4 ,the stick is of ivory1 carved jour1 with figures1 birds1 and foliated ornament2 the edges1 when closed1 form a subject in relief of birds1 insects1 and fruit1 this being a device adopted both in ,holland1 ,france1 and ,italy1 but especially in the first-named country4 ,see page #bjb4 ,this fan appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 when it was acquired by the late ,baroness ,burdett-,coutts4 ,spangles appeared about the middle of the century1 following the fashion of ,france4 ,these served as borderings to subject medallions1 and emphasised the leading lines of the design4 ,a characteristic fan of this period1 #agej-aghj1 has either one or three medallions or cartouches1 of pastoral or other subjects1 with graceful figures reminiscent of ,gainsborough1 ,hoppner1 and other masters of the ,english school4 ,these figure medallions were usually supplemented by smaller ones of musical or other trophies1 dainty flowers1 festoons1 and borders1 the mount being usually silk4 ,the sticks of these fans were narrow1 the number varying from fourteen to sixteen1 including the panaches1 the latter delicately carved jour4 ,the material was generally ivory1 but occasionally mother-of-pearl4 ,the brins were perfectly straight and flat in the shoulder portion1 but invariably richly decorated with embossed gold and silver work1 this often taking the form of a cartouche extending over six or eight of the sticks1 spangles also being freely used4 ,it would be difficult to discover a more perfect example of this class of fan1 so peculiarly ,english in type1 than the one exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj by the ,baroness ,meyer de ,rothschild4 ,in this the centre medallion represents a lady carrying a lap-dog1 visiting a friend who is seated at an embroidery frame2 on the inferior panels1 a girl playing with a dove1 and a boy with a bird-cage and a tethered bird4 ,the mount is silk1 with spangled borderings1 the stick ivory1 finely carved jour1 decorated in variegated gold2 jewelled stud4 7,illustrated facing p4 #ahj47 ,a number of fans were painted by ,poggi1 who was publishing engraved fans at this period1 and whose fans enjoyed a high reputation4 ,we find the following entry in ,madame ,d',arblay's ,journal for ,march #agha3-- #8,tuesday4--,i passed the whole day at ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds's with ,miss ,palmer1 who1 in the morning1 took me to see some beautiful fans painted by ,poggi1 from designs of ,sir ,joshua1 ,angelica1 ,west1 and ,cipriani1 on leather4 ,they are1 indeed1 more delightful than can well be imagined2 one was bespoke by the ,duchess of ,devonshire1 for a present to some woman of rank in ,france1 that was to cost #cj4' ,illustration3 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,dutch1 end of #agth cent4 stick ivory later date1 #ah-a_/b #aj-c_/d ,miss ,moss4 ,illustration3 ,an ,embarcation1 7pen ink47 reverse1 a dance of ,peasants1 stick ivory1 finely pierced carved1 ,dutch1 late #agth4 ,cent4 ,m4 ,j4 ,duvelleroy4 ,in the catalogue of drawings1 etc41 the property of ,mr4 ,poggi1 sold by auction by ,messrs4 ,christie and ,ansell at their ,great ,room1 next ,cumberland ,house1 ,pall ,mall1 on ,wednesday1 ,june the #aith1 #aghb1 and two following days4 ,second ,day's ,sale3-- #8,,drawings ,,of ,,fans #ii4 ,hope nursing ,love1 by ,mr4 ,poggi4 #ajj4 ,a ,nymph nursing the ,genius of ,love1 by ditto4 #aja4 ,the ,universal ,power of ,love1 by ditto4 #ajb4 ,the ,three ,fine ,arts1 ,painting1 ,architecture1 and ,sculpture3 from a design of ,angelica ,kauffmann1 by ,mr4 ,poggi4 #ajc4 ,the ,marriage of ,cupid and ,psyche1 by ditto4 #ajd4 ,the ,universal ,power of ,love1 by ditto4 #aje4 ,cornelia1 ,mother of the ,gracchi1 displaying her ,jewels1 by ditto4 #ajf4 ,the ,three ,fine ,arts1 ,painting1 ,architecture1 and ,sculpture3 an original drawing by ,a4 ,kauffmann4 #ajg4 ,a ,nymph nursing the ,genius of ,love1 by ,mr4 ,bartolozzi4 #ajh4 ,cephalus and ,procris1 with the portrait of ,mr4 ,pope and the lady to whom he presented a fan with the celebrated lines in the ,spectator1 #8,come gentle air1' etc43 an original drawing by ,mr4 ,cipriani4#abg #aji4 ,the ,bust of ,pope crowned by the ,graces1 who are admiring the beauty of his works3 an original drawing by ,a4 ,kauffmann4 #aaj4 ,a ,fan emblematical of ,victory1 composed by a ,lady of ,quality1#abh by ,mr4 ,poggi4 #aaa4 ,venus lending the ,cstus to ,juno3 an original drawing of ,a4 ,kauffmann4 #aab4 ,a ,subject from the ,etrusque3 an original drawing by ,mr4 ,bartolozzi4 #aac4 ,angelica and ,medoro3 an original drawing by ,mr4 ,cipriani4 #aad4 ,hope nursing ,love1 by ,mr4 ,poggi4 #aae4 ,the ,origin of ,painting3 an original drawing by ,mr4 ,bartolozzi4 #aaf4 ,cornelia1 ,mother of the ,gracchi1 displaying her ,jewels3 an original drawing by ,m787 ,west4'#abi ,church-fans are referred to more fully in another chapter of this work 7page #bdh74 ,the painted variety gave such subjects as #8,the ,meeting of ,isaac and ,rebecca1' #8,judith with the ,head of ,holofernes1' #8,the ,marriage at ,cana1' #8,solomon and the ,queen of ,sheba4' ,an early example appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 having a deep mount painted with the subject of ,adam and ,eve in the ,garden of ,eden2 the stick ivory1 with the silver piqu ornament so popular during the reigns of ,charles ,,ii41 ,queen ,anne1 and ,george ,i4 ,mourning-fans are easily recognisable from their generally sombre appearance4 ,in these1 the character of the subject is apparently a matter of small consequence so long as the general colour scheme is that of a funeral card1 viz4 black1 white1 and silver4 ,in the ,wyatt collection is an example of about #agej painted in black with a pastoral scene1 the stick and guards ivory1 painted in black in imitation of the ,chinese4 ,the extraordinary popularity of ,wedgwood's jasper ware was not without its influence on the fan4 ,the example in the possession of ,lady ,bristol has a richly carved ivory stick with medallion subjects of ,diana hunting1 etc41 with amorini1 terminal figures1 and fauns1 in imitation of blue and black jasper1 the panels silver piqu4 ,the mount is of silk1 with centre panel in the style of ,angelica ,kauffmann1 the border and ornaments in gold and silver spangles1 with painted ,wedgwood medallions again introduced4 7,illustrated facing p4 #agf47 ,it is not difficult to fix its date4 ,wedgwood had perfected his jasper process by #aggg1 and it may be taken that the fan was produced between this year and #aghj4 ,the painted ivory bris fans of the latter part of the eighteenth century are typically ,english1 though derived from an ,italian source4 ,they are quite easy of identification1 being invariably delicately pierced with a fretwork pattern1 painted with medallions usually one superior and two inferior1 and gilt1 the gold being usually applied with the brush2 the fan opening out to the third of a circle4 ,illustration3 ,dutch ,fan painted with subject of a botanist lady1 stick ivory1 carved painted4 ,sir ,l4 ,alma-,tadema4 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a4 ,an extremely interesting example is decorated with three medallions1 the centre representing a sleeping nymph with ,cupids4 ,this formerly belonged to ,georgiana1 ,duchess of ,devonshire1 and was presented to ,queen ,alexandra when ,princess of ,wales by the ,duke of ,sutherland in remembrance of his mother4 ,the marriage relations of the ,prince of ,wales 7afterwards ,george ,,iv47 with ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert formed the subject of an ivory fan1 exquisitely cut in fretwork1 with three painted cartouches by ,richard ,cosway1 the centre representing the ,prince and lady with ,religion descending in a chariot pointing with pleading looks to a figure of ,hymen1 who hovers above2 in the two other cartouches the pair are figured in the characters of ,fidelity and ,constancy4 ,this fan was exhibited at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj2 it appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 when it was sold for eighteen guineas4 ,in #ahhi it was in the possession of ,colonel de ,lancey1 and is now in the ,hennin collection1 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,the fan in the ,wyatt collection1 elaborately pierced1 painted1 and gilt1 has three medallions finely painted in the style of ,cosway1 with two small medallions of heads on the guards4 ,the connecting ribbon is green1 the general colour effect being extremely good4 ,the fan opens out to a third of a circle1 the length of the blades #aj inches4 7,illustrated facing p4 #ahb47 ,the leaf-fan belonging to ,mrs4 ,hungerford ,pollen1 of the taking of ,malta1 refers to the surrender of the island to the ,british by ,general ,vaubois1 the act being signed and concluded on the #eth ,september #ahjj4 ,the subject is on a large cartouche1 occupying three-fourths of the leaf1 the background representing a streamer of lace4 ,during the period of the ,napoleonic wars1 a number of ,french prisoners were installed in ,england at ,norman ,cross near ,peterborough1 ,porchester ,castle1 and ,edinburgh ,castle1 and during their confinement introduced the process of straw marquetry1 which had been practised on the ,continent since the time of ,henry ,,iii41 and possibly earlier4 ,boxes1 trays1 decorative pictures1 nick-nacks1 and hand-screens were made4 ,towards the end of the eighteenth century straw plaiting became vastly fashionable1 and straw was adopted for hats1 ribbons1 plumes1 girdles1 and tassels4 ,the fan was not behindhand1 but followed the prevailing taste4 ,several of these objects appear in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 amongst them being two hand-screens with plaited views4 ,the fashion lasted well into the nineteenth century1 when an extensive manufacture was also carried on in ,india 7,bengal7 for exportation to ,europe4 ,this chiefly consisted of hand-screens of the pear-shaped gourd type1 rush being the material employed4 ,illustration3 ,,ostrich ,,feather ,,folding-,,fan 7,from the portrait group by ,van ,loon at ,amsterdam47 ,the people of the ,netherlands have been famous1 from the ,middle ,ages onwards1 for the splendour of their costumes4 ,we have an account of ,jane of ,navarre1 wife of ,philippe le ,bel1 who1 upon the occasion of a visit to ,bruges in #acja1 was so much struck by the pomp and magnificence displayed by the inhabitants1 particularly the ladies1 that she exclaimed1 #8,what do ,i see6 ,i thought ,i alone was ,queen1 but here ,i find them by whole hundreds4' ,the fact that fans were largely used in the ,low ,countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is evidenced by the frequency of their appearance in painted and engraved representation4 ,in the #8,omnium pene ,europ1 ,asi1 ,aphric1 atque ,americ ,gentium habitus1' engraved by ,a4 de ,brun1 and published at ,antwerp in #aeha1 nine years anterior to the earliest edition of ,vecellio1 the long-handled plumed fan appears in the hands of a ,belgian lady2 the shorter-handled tuft-fan is also carried by noble ladies of ,england and ,france4 ,in the works of the great ,flemish painters1 ,vandyck and ,rubens1 the rigid feather-fan constantly occurs4 ,illustration3 ,an ,offering to ,ceres1 stick ivory painted with a rustic scene4 ,german or ,dutch1 #ba0 #aa04 ,from ,queen ,victoria's collection4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,in the engraving by #8,j4 ,cyens et ,c4 ,mortier1' of the family of ,frederick and ,elizabeth1 ,king and ,queen of ,bohemia1 the young ,princess ,louysa holds a dark ostrich feather-fan with a mirror in the centre4 ,in the large portrait group by ,van ,loon at ,amsterdam1 of the family of ,jan ,miense ,molenaer1 a lady holds a folding-fan of white ostrich feathers1 the wavy ivory sticks numbering five2 in the same picture another lady holds a small rigid feather-fan composed of the feathers of one of the smaller birds4 ,in the engraved work by de ,brun above referred to1 the large folding-fan appears constantly1 though not in the hands of the ,netherlandish ladies2 the fashion of the fan was1 however1 substantially the same in most countries of ,europe4 ,painted mounts appeared early1 and were also large2 the extremely interesting mount in the possession of the ,dowager-,marchioness of ,bristol being probably one of the earliest existing ,dutch examples4 ,the subject evidently refers to one of the ,dutch settlements in the ,east ,indies1 probably the town of ,batavia1 built by the ,dutch in the early years of the seventeenth century4 ,here is represented a quay1 where merchandise 7mostly fruits and fish7 is being landed from boats1 and on which buying and selling is taking place4 ,in the background are buildings of a ,european character1 with a volcanic range of mountains in the distance4 ,a high-masted vessel is moored in the bay1 and is partially seen behind the buildings4 ,in the immediate foreground are two cannon-balls mounted on low pedestals4 ,the long veils and other details of costume are similar to those worn by the ,dutch during the first half of the century1 seen in contemporary engravings2 the remarkable peaked1 plaited straw-hats are practically identical with those made by the natives of the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,the leaf1 which has been removed from the stick and stretched upon a frame1 is painted in gouache or paper1 probably a little later4 ,of subject fans1 historical or fanciful1 that illustrated from the collection of ,miss ,moss 7,antony and ,cleopatra7 is amongst the most charming in its quaint navet1 and is almost certainly ,dutch4 ,the ,queen is about to dissolve the pearl1 which she exhibits to the astonished ,antony and the serving-woman beside her4 ,cooks in the foreground prepare the dishes1 while servitors carry them to the table4 ,an old-fashioned chimney-corner is seen on the left1 with fire-dogs and pot hanging4 ,music is provided by harpsichord1 lute1 and fiddle4 ,the costume is of a nondescript character1 ,antony wearing an extraordinary plumed helmet1 the ,queen in ermined cloak1 both having diadems4 ,the mount1 of skin1 is particularly pleasant in colour quality1 and probably belongs to the last years of the seventeenth century4 ,the stick and guards of a later date4 ,a still finer example1 similar in the character of the painting1 though of a somewhat later date1 is the fan illustrated by gracious permission of ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll1 facing page #a2 this was the gift of the ,duke of ,coburg to ,princess ,victoria 7afterwards ,queen7 in #ahcf1 from the collection of fans at ,gotha4 ,these two fan leaves1 as also ,lady ,bristol's1 may be accepted as original productions1 i4e4 the work of artists possessing some inventive power1 rather than1 as in the case of so many fan leaves1 mere transcripts of well-known pictures4 ,an extremely interesting type of mount has a large vignette1 usually of two figures1 occupying the centre1 or the whole field of the fan4 ,in these fans the sticks are of carved ivory1 often strongly reminiscent of ,chinese design1 or having costume figures of the character with which we are familiar in early woodcuts4 ,two examples in the ,wyatt collection represent pastoral groups1 extremely good in style1 the colour scheme being most effective4 ,illustration3 ,dutch ,fan1 ,ivory stick1 carved1 painted1 gilt4 ,mrs ,davies-,gilbert4 ,illustration3 ,dutch ,fan1 #8,pagoda' stick1 applied straw work on leaf4 ,mr ,l4 ,c4 ,r4 ,messel4 ,in the treatment of the mount the ,dutch invariably followed the practice of ,italy and ,france4 ,many were painted in the ,chinese taste1 some in imitation of the finer fans of ,china4 ,the sticks of these were usually of pierced ivory4 ,an excellent example in the ,wyatt collection shows in the centre compartment the garden of a ,chinese house1 with seated figures and visitors arriving4 ,a panel on the right represents an astronomer making observations1 and on the left is a fight between men in boats on a river4 ,a capital effect is obtained in this fan by means of line work in gold1 this being particularly effective over the blue water in the boat scene4 ,the fan illustrated facing page #aih is interesting from the cut-work of the mount1 an imitation of the cut-work ,italian fans of the seventeenth century2 in this instance1 the pattern is produced by means of stamping1 done before the leaf is painted4 ,the stick and guards are extremely effective1 and are of ivory1 pierced1 carved1 painted and gilt4 ,flemish fans are often decorated with subjects from ,scripture history2 as ,jacob and ,rachel1 ,abraham entertaining the three ,angels1 scenes from the lives of ,elijah1 ,ruth1 and ,boaz2 these evidently for use at church4 ,a fine example of the end of the seventeenth century appeared at the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 and passed into the ,franks collection4 ,this is a crowded composition of the passage of the ,israelites through the ,red ,sea2 the stick of plain ivory1 the guards carved with figures of ,bellona4 ,the subject of ,rinaldo in the ,garden of ,armida also occurs on a fan in the ,wyatt collection1 the mount chicken skin1 the style and colouring that of the later ,roman school of painting4 ,the stick and guards of ivory1 carved with scroll-work and figures1 the date about #agjj4 ,embroidery was also employed4 ,an unusual example1 the method scarcely to be commended on account of the weight1 is also in the ,wyatt collection1 with a naturalistic landscape and figures1 the embroidered work covering the whole field of the fan1 and consequently rendering it heavy both in appearance and actual weight4 ,the stick and guards are tortoise-shell1 pierced and embossed with gold1 probably of a later date than the mount1 which may be put at c4 #afej4 ,the method of painting upon ivory1 with a subsequent covering of varnish1 if indeed it was not anticipated by the ,dutch1 was practised in ,holland concurrently with the brothers ,martin in ,france4 ,it was an instance in which a new departure or fresh invention occurred simultaneously in several places1 but whether the ,dutch1 ,italians1 or ,french were the first in the field with this method of decoration1 it is certain that the varnish was perfected by ,martin4 ,the ivory bris fans of the ,dutch were1 like the ,french1 small in size1 and at the end of the seventeenth century1 says ,redgrave1 were frequently imported into ,paris and decorated in #8,vernis ,martin4' ,in a most effective type of fan1 the plain cream white of the ivory forms part of the decorative scheme2 three medallions1 one large and two small1 of landscapes with figures in the foreground1 form the sole decorations2 the ivory background1 the green connecting ribbon1 and the prevailing blues and greens of the panels1 constitute a most pleasant harmony4 ,these fans usually open out to a little more than a quarter of a circle4 ,an example appears in the ,wyatt collection4 ,in another type1 the plain ivory sticks are painted in the ,chinese taste1 the fans slightly larger than those previously referred to4 ,in some1 purely ,chinese motifs are employed2 in others1 a semi-naturalistic arrangement of flowers and festoons is associated with the ,martin type of decoration on the guards and lower semicircle of the fan4 ,in an extremely interesting fan in the ,wyatt collection1 this principle is carried further by the introduction of three medallions of single figures--a man with a cask of wine on his back1 holding a lantern and goblet1 and two female figures of flower- and fruit-sellers2 the guards and lower semicircle in the ,chinese taste1 the blades connected by a green ribbon4 ,perhaps the prettiest and most characteristic of the ,dutch ivory fans are those in which the blades are cut in fine open work1 and a border of from #a-a_/b to #b inches1 delicately painted with flowers1 fruit1 birds1 and butterflies4 ,illustration3 ,german ,fan1 the gift of ,h4,r4,h the ,prince ,consort to ,queen ,victoria1 painted with medallions of dancers c4 ivory stick1 carved1 gilt1 painted with miniatures4 #ba0 #aj-c_/d04 ,h4,r4,h ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 ,german1 stick finely carved with figures1 canopies c4 given by the ,prince ,consort to ,queen ,victoria from the collection of ,fans at ,gotha4 ,illustration3 ,pastorelle1 ,french or ,german4 ,landesgewerbe ,museum ,stuttgart4 ,in some instances the principal portions of the decoration are of thin ivory applied and afterwards painted4 ,in these fans the connecting silk ribbon is usually white1 and placed immediately below the painted border1 instead of on the edge4 ,this arrangement allows the ends of the blades to be rounded or otherwise ornamented4 ,sandalwood is pierced and painted in a similar way to ivory1 forget-me-nots being a favourite motif for the decoration1 first on account of their suitability of sentiment--as love-gifts--and also by reason of the blue of the flower harmonising with the colour of the sandalwood4 ,in some examples the background of this forget-me-not wreath or border is pierced1 the connecting ribbon being also blue of a slightly different tint to the flowers4 ,the horn-fans are either pierced entirely in flat open work1 or painting is employed as an additional enrichment1 both sides of the fan being usually decorated with garlands in gouache4 ,a pretty fan in the ,wyatt collection has five heart-shaped garlands with the colour of the flowers alternately red and pink1 the light-blue connecting ribbon forming a very effective contrast to the natural colour of the horn2 indeed the connecting ribbon in each instance forms a decorative feature1 the colours being of pink1 blue1 brown1 or white1 as the colour scheme demands4 ,the horn is either of its natural colour1 or stained to various hues1 generally saffron4 ,there are also the small fans decorated with spangles1 much in vogue both in ,holland and elsewhere towards the close of the eighteenth century and later4 ,the mounts are of white gauze or net1 decorated with pierced and cut steel ornaments and spangles1 embroidered with gold thread and braid1 the stick and guards usually of stained horn inlaid with steel4 ,a charming example of the small spangled ,dutch fan is of silk1 with an inserted band of gauze ornamented with silver spangles and stamped silver ornaments1 the stick and guards of horn with inserted spangles4 ,dutch sticks often present qualities which are remarkable and unusual1 the curious example owned by ,mr4 ,messel being a case in point4 ,this1 by a device at once simple1 ingenious1 and effective1 is made to resemble1 when closed1 a ,chinese pagoda1 and is probably an imitation of a ,chinese original4 ,the leaf is of small interest1 being poorly painted in the ,chinese taste2 the costumes of the figures are1 however1 of applied straw of various colours4 ,the practice of carving the edges of the closed stick with figures1 heads1 or ornament1 though not confined to the ,dutch1 was employed by them to perhaps a greater extent than in other countries4 ,the curious example in the possession of ,sir ,l4 ,alma-,tadema1 showing a well-carved head at the handle1 presents interest at either front1 side1 or back view of the closed fan4 ,the leaf also of this fan1 no less than the stick1 presents points of exceptional interest1 and represents two figures of a botanist and lady seated in a garden laid out with fountains1 etc41 a villa in the distance1 and possibly refers to ,linnus1 and either the villa of ,harmanby1 about a league from ,upsala1 which he used as a summer residence and converted into a little university1 his pupils following him thither1 or the ,queen's gardens at ,ulriksdal1 near ,stockholm1 arranged by the illustrious botanist4 ,the great traditional school of ,german design has never affected the fan1 nor is it desirable that it should2 though a plumed fan1 or1 for that matter1 a folding one1 designed by a ,drer would indeed be a precious possession4 ,german fans present no characteristics peculiar to the ,teutonic race2 the type is ,french1 tinctured perhaps by a certain heaviness of effect1 lacking the light1 dainty touch of the ,french4 ,a few1 however1 reach a high level of excellence1 and compare favourably with the best ,french workmanship1 notably an early example1 illustrated1 which appeared at the ,exhibition at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 given to ,h4,m4 ,queen ,victoria by ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince ,consort1 from the collection of fans at ,gotha4 ,in this the mount is vellum painted with a pastorelle1 the stick of ivory1 carved with a series of miniature figures under canopies1 coloured1 and gilt4 ,the guards are extremely curious1 being cylindrical in shape1 the lower segment fluted1 the shoulder carved with arabesques1 and surmounted by small heads4 ,illustration3 ,telemachus4 ,german1 c4#agej4 stick mother of pearl1 carved1 gilt4 painted4 ,kunstgewerbe-,museum1 ,berlin4 ,illustration3 ,love's ,mirror4 ,german1 c4#agfj4 ,kunstgewerbe-,museum1 ,berlin4 ,another fine example 7illustrated facing p4 #d71 from the collection of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll1 was also the gift of the ,prince ,consort to ,queen ,victoria1 and is decorated with a series of medallions of dancing figures1 etc4 ,a type of fan1 apparently peculiar to ,germany1 common during the eighteenth century1 has painted subjects cut out and laid on lace or net1 a kind of painting appliqu1 the effect extremely good4 ,an example decorated with pastoral groups was exhibited at ,south ,kensington by ,h4,r4,h4 ,madame la ,comtesse de ,paris2 the stick ivory1 carved jour1 with figures laid on gold-foil2 the foliage1 etc41 coloured4 ,this was bought in ,dresden about #ahfj4 ,a fan similar in character1 the date about #agfe1 was exhibited at ,karlsruhe in #ahij4 #8,if the fans of the eighteenth century1' says ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,holt1#acj #8yielded in grace and elegance to those of the sixteenth1 they certainly 7upon occasion7 exceeded them in richness and magnificence1 the materials used being often costly ,flanders lace1 the handles splendidly ornamented and inlaid with jewels4 ,as the climax1 however1 of costly magnificence1' continues this writer1 #8,i will conclude with a description of the fan of the ,duchess of ,york1 who1 shortly after her arrival in ,england1 displayed a pleated fan entirely of diamonds1 with an ivory stick pierced and set with diamonds in a mosaic pattern2 the outside ones were set with a single row of diamonds1 whilst very large brilliants fastened the fan at the bottom4' ,the eighteenth century was indeed1 par excellence1 the era of the fan1 which was to be seen in the hands of every woman1 from princess to peasant4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,engraved ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,,part ,i ,illustration ,the practice of engraving fans1 begun tentatively in ,italy by ,agostino ,carracci in the latter half of the sixteenth century1 and in ,france by ,callot somewhat later1 did not become general until the close of the century that followed1 although two names--those of ,abraham ,bosse and ,nicholas ,loire--stand out prominently during this interval4 ,the engraving of ,carracci referred to in an early chapter of this work1 and illustrated opposite1 must be regarded as merely a design for a fan1 serving no other purpose apparently1 in its engraved form1 than as a record of a type of fan now practically obsolete1 and of which no examples in their complete or original state remain to us4 ,the earliest engraved fans take the form of the hand-screens in general use in ,italy and elsewhere at this period4 ,of these1 the engraving known as #8l'ventail de ,callot1' much sought after by iconophilists1 was produced in the year #afai1 and is one of the most esteemed plates of the master4 ,the subject is a fte or carnival on the ,arno1 given at ,florence on the #beth of ,july of that year by the ,corporations of ,weavers and ,dyers1 the whole subject being enclosed in a characteristic cartouche1 on the lower portion of which the name #8,jacomo ,callot fec4' appears4 ,illustration3 ,engraved design for ,feather ,fan1 by ,agostino ,caracci4 ,hand ,screen1 by ,c4,f4 ,hrman4 ,illustration3 ,schreiber ,colln4 ,british ,museum4 ,two states of this engraving are known4 ,the first1 before the inscription on the ribbon and the name on the cartouche1 being extremely rare4#aca ,callot has been credited with a second fan1 which also takes the form of a cartouche of similar shape to the first mentioned4 ,the subject is a dance in a garden--six persons are seen dancing a minuet before an assembled company4 ,this engraving1 however1 is rightly ascribed by the best authorities to ,stefano della ,bella4 ,this subject was imitated and amplified by ,nicolas ,cochin the elder1 the composition rearranged1 a larger number of figures introduced1 with a different and more elaborate background1 the cartouche being similar4 ,cochin also produced a subject of the ,triumph of ,david1 who is represented on horseback1 sword in hand1 with the head of ,goliath1 the cartouche copied from ,callot1 inscribed #8,balthasar ,montcornet1 ex ,cum privilegio a paris4' ,another of these engraved hand-screens consists of a frame composed of two large eagles1 with the arms of ,austria and ,medicis1 enclosing a view of the ,villa ,reale near ,florence1 freely etched in the manner of ,israel ,silvestre4 ,a set of four hand-screens was engraved by ,christopher ,fredr4 ,hrman2 prints of ,nos4 #c and #d appear in the ,british ,museum collection4 ,no4 #c is included in ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber's book1 ,no4 #d being reproduced here4 ,the subjects are ballet dancers in fantastic costume1 accompanied by1 in each instance1 a figure playing a musical instrument4 ,the distinguished ,french engraver1 ,abraham ,bosse 7born #afjb1 died #afgf71 engraved three fans during the years #afcg-ch1 much valued by collectors4 ,the ornament of these1 designed in a florid ,renaissance style1 consists of amorini1 masks1 festoons1 etc41 enclosing medallions of mythological subjects--the first being the birth of ,adonis1 ,venus and ,adonis1 and the death of ,adonis2 the second--the ,judgment of ,paris1 a ,cupid drawing his bow1 and a ,cupid with a crown2 the third--the four ages3 of gold1 silver1 bronze1 and iron4 ,no examples of these engravings appear in the ,british ,museum collection4 ,a print of the ,judgment of ,paris is in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 but permission to reproduce it could not be obtained4 ,the title-page of ,nicholas ,loire's work1 ,desseins de grands ventails1 appears in the ,schreiber collection1 together with six engravings from the work4 ,this title-page1 by far the most characteristic design of the series1 takes the form of a folding-fan1 full size4 ,its subject is an arabesque1 composed of a droll with cap and bells playing a guitar1 and two fantastic dancing figures on an ornamental festooned platform supported by the wings of female terminals2 cornucopia1 amorini1 vases and flowers serve to complete the composition4 ,it is inscribed3 #8,divers ,desseins de grands ,eventails1 ,ecrans1 et autres ,ornamens1 ,invents et ,gravs par ,nicholas ,loire1 ,a ,paris chez ,jombert rue ,dauphin1 ,no4 #ef1' and signed #8,loire fecit4' ,the designs1 which measure eight inches1 are evidently intended to form the central subjects of fans1 to be completed and coloured by hand4 ,they include #8,the ,judgment of ,paris1' enclosed in a cartouche with ,cupids1 fruit1 etc42 an eastern goddess1 seated under a canopy1 the drapery of which is sustained by two serving-men2 ,isaac and ,rebekah2 ,the finding of ,moses2 ,venus2 and ,europa4 ,illustration3 ,a ,fte on the ,arno4 7ventail de ,callot47 ,british ,museum ,the topical fan1 having reference to royal and distinguished personages1 or recording public events1 was entirely the product of the eighteenth century4 ,it was1 broadly speaking1 born with the century1 and died with it4 ,during this period1 the engraved fan became a purveyor of history1 a kind of running commentary on the affairs of the hour4 ,it was the fan of the people--the poor relation of the more aristocratic painted fan4 #8,ill drawn1 roughly modelled1 and often vilely bedaubed1' says ,henri ,bouchot in his entertaining #8,history on ,fans1'#acb #8its genesis is not hard to determine2 its fathers were ,callot and ,abraham ,bosse1 and its mothers the coquettes of the grand sicle4' ,we shall1 therefore1 lightly1 though perhaps somewhat too swiftly1 traverse the fascinating period above indicated1 with this sprightly annotator for guide1 which finds amusement in #8,malbrouk' and his mock burial1 follows ,stanislaus into his enforced retirement in ,alsace1 alternately sympathises with and mocks at the woes of the unfortunate ,louis and his family1 with apparent careless nonchalance records the chief scenes of the reign of terror1 celebrates the amazing triumphs1 and witnesses the ultimate defeat of ,napoleon4 ,naval and military events1 for reasons which will be sufficiently obvious1 play a comparatively unimportant part in ,french fan decoration4 #8,malbrouk' 7,marlborough7 is1 however1 lampooned in three scenes from the popular song of #8,malbrouk1' said to have been composed on the night after the battle of ,malplaquet1 ,september #aa1 #agji1 and a plagiarism of a ,huguenot song on the death of the ,duc de ,guise1#acc written by ,thodore de ,bze and published by the ,abb de la ,place in his collection of fragments1 the first verse of which runs as follows3 #8,qui veut our chanson8 7bis7 ,c'est du ,grand ,duc de ,guise2 ,et bon bon bon bon1 ,di dan di dan don4 ,c'est du ,grand due de ,guise6 ,qui est mort et enterr4' #8,malbrouk' provided the subject of several fans1 the most popular versions giving three vignettes4 ,in the centre his tomb inscribed #8,ci ,git ,malbrouk1' guarded by four soldiers4 ,below are portions of the thirteenth and fourteenth verses3 #8,a l'entour de sa tombe ,romarin l'on planta4' #8,sur la plus haute branche ,le rossignol chanta4' ,on the left1 his departure1 ,madame taking an affectionate leave2 below3 #8,malbrouk s'en va-t-en guerre4' ,on the right1 the tower1 ,madame with telescope1 page bringing news of ,malbrouk's death2 below1 a portion of fourth verse3 #8,madame sa tour monte ,si haut qu'elle peut monter4' ,on the back of the fan are nineteen verses of the song with music1 and the refrain3 #8,miron1 ton-ton-ton-miron4' ,an example appears in ,miss ,moss's collection1 with the reverse only engraved1 the obverse painted in gouache on skin1 the stick ivory1 pierced and carved4 ,several versions of the engraved fan are extant--one with similar arrangements to that above described1 and the ,histoire de ,malbrouk in thirty-one verses on the back4 ,a second has1 for centre1 ,malbrouk's body carried by soldiers2 on the left1 ,madame on tower1 page bringing news1 both in tears2 on the right the tomb1 ten verses from the second part of the song1 filling the field of the fan4 ,on a third1 in the centre1 ,malbrouk taking leave2 on the left1 page bringing news of his death2 on the right1 the tomb2 on the reverse1 the verses of the song1 with music1 and the refrain3 #8,miron ton-ton-ton-mirontaine4' ,the fan of #8,la ,coquette1' with those of #8la ,belle ,chanteuse' and #8le ,galant1' and portraits of ,babet the flower-girl 7a popular character of the period71 were issued by the dealer ,crpy and sold by the score to the frequenters of the theatre4 ,illustration3 ,grotesque ,fan1 in imitation of ,callot1 ,french or ,dutch1 #agth ,cent4 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,la ,coquette herself1 with her paniers occupying nearly a third of the fan1 demurely takes her tea4 ,she is1 doubtless1 the sister of ,mademoiselle ,allur1 who dances to the music of a viola1 while the small half-opened fan1 the fan within the fan1 sings3 #8,voil un ventaille mon cousin1 ,de plaisante figure4 ,admir son dessin1 mon cousin1 ,mais non pas la peinture1 ,elle est l'allure1 mon cousin1 ,mon cousin l'allure6' ,the half-opened fan of #8,la ,coquette' is also provided with a subject of which1 perhaps1 the less said the better3 #8,cette ,evantail est magnifique ,mais defectueux en cela4 ,que pour la mettre en musique ,il faut dire un sol1 la1 mi1 la4 7,un sot l'a mis l67' ,the peasant girl1 with her panier on hip and panier on arm1 is also a coquette2 #8,je vais en ,vendange remplir mon ,panier1' says she1 the sort of vintage the cunning ,margot hopes for being sufficiently obvious1 even without the love-knot that loops the frame of the miniature with its accompanying legend1 #8,j'ay bien des camarades sur la place1' and the knave of diamonds standing hard by4 ,the #8little air' with its explanatory picture says3 #8,je voudrois bien ,liset-te ,au son de ma musett-te ,je voudrois bien ,liset-te ,charmer vtre langueur2 ,que faittes vous seulette ,assis dessus l'herbette ,vtre ame est inquiette4 ,qui peut ,causer vtre langueur ,au son de ma muset-te ,je voudrois bien ,liset-te4' ,a pictorial rebus 7referring to #8l'ventail magnifique'71 a game board1 a harlequin1 and a billet-doux 7,n'oubliez pas le porteur7 complete the composition2 the whole being an instance of the ,parisian's insatiable love of badinage4 ,printed in ,paris in #agcd4 ,in ,le bal des ,nations1 the several countries are figured as pretty women at a costume ball2 this representing the fan's comment on the declaration of war with the ,emperor ,charles ,,vi4 ,each of the actors of the piece delivers a song1 the words of which are printed round the top of the fan4 ,la ,france sings3 #8,je suis certaine ,de bien cabrioler1 ,rien ne me gne1 ,je veux me signaler4 ,je connais mes appas2 ,sur tout j'aurai le pas1 ,d'un beau boquet pare1 ,que ,charles detacha ,de sa livre4' ,la ,france is followed by ,l',espagne1 ,la ,sardaigne1 ,l',italie1 ,l',allemagne1 ,la ,saxe1 ,la ,russie1 ,la ,pologne1 ,la ,turquie1 ,la ,hollande and ,l',angleterre4 ,the air1 7le ,bel ,age71 printed on the fan4 ,events failed to bear out the fan's predictions4 ,the news of the defeat of ,stanislaus was carefully concealed from ,queen ,marie1 the king causing a special copy of the ,gazette to be printed announcing her father's successes4 ,the queen1 however1 remained in ignorance but a short while2 the fan1 the popular newspaper of the period1 very speedily announced--#8,capture of ,dantzic by the ,russians1 unconditional surrender4' ,the picture--,stanislaus escaping through a gateway with his band of mounted followers4 ,illustration3 ,the ,four ,ages4 ,abraham ,bosse #8,malbrouk' crops up again towards the middle of the century2 the folly of #8,pantins'#acd and ,bilboquets had been superseded by le #8fureur de cabriolets1' to be in turn driven away by #8,malbrouk4' #8,une ,folie chasse l'autre' exhibits #8,malbrouk' fully equipped with sword and buckler1 issuing from a tent held open by a fool in cap and motley1 driving away figures of a woman playing bilboquet1 a dancing abb with ,pantin1 a cabaret-keeper1 and a man with flag and lantern4 ,to the air of #8,chacun son ,tour1' the fan sings3 #8,un rien suffit pour nous sduire ,la nouvaut par son attrait ,nous enflame jusqu'au delire ,nous fait en rire on tout fait ,et chez notre nation volage ,malbrouk est le ,hros du jour4 ,chacun son ,tour ,c'est notre usage ,chacun son tour4 ,au ,bilboquet ,pantin succede ,pantin fuit devant ,ramponeau l',elgant ,ramponeau ne cede ,que pour faire place ,janot ,la ,folie qui nous guide tout ge ,amene ,malbourg en ce jour4 ,chacun son tour1 etc4' ,we have also a satire on the separation of ,america from ,england1 who is represented as a cow1 with ,america in the act of sawing off its horns2 ,holland milking it2 ,spain waiting to receive the milk4 ,a lion representing ,england has lost its right paw4 ,to the left #8,jacques ,rosbif' and a companion in despairing attitudes1 with the deed of separation and a bale of goods labelled #8,,tee4' ,the whole scene is being witnessed by a group of figures representing the ,powers of ,europe1 with a paper inscribed #8poque fatale4 #d ,juillet1 #aggf1 le #ac ,mar4 #aggh4' ,on the reverse the #8,explication de l'emblme' as-- #a4 #8,la ,vache le ,lion sont le symbole de l',angleterre4' #b4 #8,la ,corne qu'on a scie la ,vache1 la ,patte qu'on a coupe au ,lion1 la tranquillit de ces ,animaux dsignent la foiblesse l'puisement actuels de la ,nation1' etc4#ace ,the capture of ,granada by the ,french fleet under the ,comte d',estaing1 in #agii1 is commemorated1 the fan illustrating the sea-fight between ,french and ,english ships4 ,the fortunes of the ill-fated ,louis ,seize and his beautiful consort are followed to the final tragedy of #agic with its momentous consequences4 ,we have seen how the good citizens of ,dieppe celebrated the joyful occasion of the birth of the dauphin by the gift to the queen-mother of a precious fan of carved ivory4 ,on the more humble printed fan1 ,immortality1 amid a great concourse of people1 with fireworks and illuminations in the background1 presents the royal infant on a cushion1 to kneeling1 admiring1 and devoted ,france1 who offers a basket of hearts4 ,the inscription1 #8,le ,dauphin prsent par l'immortalit1 la ,france saisie d'admiration offre pour hommage son ,prince chri les curs unis et respectueux de ses fidles sujets4' ,again the fan sings the birth of the dauphin2 in this the royal infant1 in leading-strings1 advances to meet the king1 his father1 who is standing near4 ,above1 a genius floats in the air1 with a wreath and two shields of arms bearing fleurs-de-lys and two dolphins4 ,on either side are verses entitled #8,chanson sur la ,naissance du ,dauphin4 ,air1 de la ,pantoufle4' ,illustration3 ,title ,page of ,nicolas ,loire's #8,desseins des grands ,eventails4' ,schreiber ,colln4 ,british ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,la ,coquette4 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 #8,vnus1 en ce jour1 ,comble nos curs d'allgresse ,vnus en ce jour ,donne naissance l'amour1 ,franois chrissons1 ,et donnons notre tendresse ,franois chrissons ,cet auguste rejetton1' etc4 ,the song of #8,malbrouk' came once again into fashion in #aghb4 ,it was sung by the nurse to the infant dauphin1 and hence became one of the favourite tunes of ,marie-,antoinette4 ,beaumarchais introduced it into ,le ,mariage de ,figaro in #aghd1 the piece having been privately performed before the king at ,versailles1 the queen taking the part of ,suzanne4 #8,malbrouk1' say the authors of the ,mmoires ,secrets de ,bachaumont1 #8has become the hero of every fashion--to-day everything is 8 la ,malbrouk0--ribbons1 head-dresses1 waistcoats1 above all1 hats 8 la ,malbrouk10 and one sees all the ladies1 either walking in the streets1 on the promenade1 or at the play1 8rigged out0 in this grotesque couvre-chef4' ,most things mundane1 however1 come to an end sooner or later--even the star of ,malbrouk1 in its turn1 is eclipsed3 #8,malbrouck n'a plus d'empire1 ,les beaux jours sont passs1 ,ce guerrier a fait rire ,les gens les plus senss1 ,mais changeant de mthode ,au gr de nos savans1 ,chacun se prend de mode ,pour les globes mouvants6' ,on a fine evening at the end of ,august #aghc1 the peasants of ,gonesse were astonished by a #8bolt from the blue' in the shape of ,professor ,charles's balloon4 #8,what is it8' they exclaim--#8some strange demon1 or a visitant from ,mars4' ,the machine1 which had no occupant1 ,king ,louis having objected to a man risking his neck1 only escaped destruction by the interference of the parish priest4 ,here1 surely1 was an opportunity for the fan1 by which1 as a matter of fact1 it was not slow in profiting4 ,balloon-fans became at once the mode1 and #8,la ,mode' appropriated the balloon2 hats #8au ballon1' everything--dresses1 ribbons1 even hair1 #8au ballon4' ,on ,december #ast of the same year1 ,,mm4 ,charles and ,robert made their ascent in the gardens of the ,tuileries4 ,we therefore have a fan representing the departure of #8les deux intrpides1' with a group of spectators1 among whom are two members of the ,royal ,house1 #8des seigneurs quantit4' ,on the reverse1 two lines of music and five stanzas of verse1 of which the first runs as follows3 #8,de l'aerostatique sphre franois admirez la splandeur voyez sa forme circulaire coup se par un ,equateur enslevant elle prsente le sigue qui nous attendrit c'est la maison interessante 7bis7 des gemeaux quelle nous ravit4' ,there was an echo in ,england4 ,an illustration of the event forms the centre subject of a fan in the ,schreiber collection4 ,on the left1 ,biaggini's ,air ,balloon is about to ascend2 and on the right1 ,the ,fall of ye ,balloon1 the confused mass being viewed with curiosity by three rustics4 ,in the following ,march1 ,m4 ,blanchard made his ascent in his balloon with four rudders2 the event duly recorded on a fan inscribed #8,la ,phisico ,mcanique ,ou le ,vaisseau ,volant de ,mr4 ,blanchard4' ,the song of four stanzas1 #8,oh parbleu voici du plaisant4 ,vive la ,phisique1' etc4 ,illustration3 ,taking of the ,bastille1 #aghi4 ,schreiber ,colln ,british ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,duc d',orlans4 ,miss ,moss4 ,there were painted as well as engraved balloon-fans--with a centre medallion of two fair damsels viewing #8sa forme circulaire1' a smaller medallion of a balloon on either side1 the field of the fan in the glitter of stars1 spangles1 and dotted ornaments4 ,thus ,carlyle1 with his characteristic double entente1 philosophising on these events3 #8,beautiful invention2 mounting heavenward1 so beautifully1--so unguidably6 ,emblem of much1 and of our ,age of ,hope itself2 which shall mount1 specifically-light1 majestically in this same manner2 and hover1--tumbling whither ,fate will4 ,well if it do not1 ,piltre-like1 explode2 and demount all the more tragically6--,so1 riding on windbags1 will men scale the ,empyrean4' ,the comments of the ,parisian wits were of a different order to the caustic satire of ,carlyle3 in the engraving by ,sargent1 which appeared in all the glory of printed colour1 a learned but absent-minded physicist1 instead of inflating his silken globes1 inflates himself with the result that he disappeared through the window4 #8,mon pauvre oncle1' exclaims a young man who exhibits the extreme of grief and despair4 ,a fan leaf #8 l'oncle' appears in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 having been removed from a mount4 ,wright1 ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 note1 p4 #ede1 says3 #8,the ascents in ,france during the year #aghd were very numerous1 and excited interest even in ,england4' ,horace ,walpole1 writing from ,london on ,may #g of the following year1 says3 #8,of conversation1 the chief topic is air-balloons2 a ,french girl1 daughter of a dancer1 has made a voyage into the clouds1 and was in danger of falling to earth1 and being ship wrecked4 ,three more balloons sail to-day2 in short1 we shall have a prodigious navy in the air1 and then what signifies having lost the empire of the ocean8' ,beaumarchais' comedy1 ,le ,mariage de ,figaro1 upon its production in ,paris in #aghd1 immediately became the rage1 and enjoyed its successful run of a #8hundred nights4' ,its story supplied the #8book' for ,mozart's opera1 which had been #8commanded' by the ,emperor 7,joseph ,,ii47 of ,germany4 ,this work1 first produced in ,vienna at the time when ,italian opposition to ,german opera as represented by ,gluck and ,mozart waxed fiercest1 failed1 being so indifferently performed under the direction of ,salieri1 the head of the opposing faction4 ,at ,prague1 however1 where it was subsequently given1 and which was outside the influence of ,salieri1 it was completely successful1 a circumstance which afforded ,mozart so much satisfaction that he declared that he would write an opera for the good people of ,prague1 and thereupon produced ,don ,giovanni6 ,while the ,italian opposition to ,mozart's music was so pronounced1 the feeling of antagonism was by no means reciprocated by the great ,salzburg composer1 who wrote a number of variations to airs by ,sarti1 ,paisiello1 and ,salieri4 ,the beautiful series of variations on the air #8,mio ,caro ,adone' from ,salieri's opera1 ,la fiera ai ,venezia1 was composed in #aggc1 the opera appearing in ,vienna a year previously4 ,two ,figaro fans appear in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum1 the one with a single medallion in the centre1 with scene from the play1 and four stanzas of verse commencing #8,jadis on voioit ,thalie1' etc42 the other with a centre medallion and two smaller ones1 and thirteen stanzas of verse commencing #8,curs sensibles1 curs fidelles1' etc41 with music4 ,inscribed at the top--#8,vaudeville du ,mariage de ,figaro4' ,beaumarchais collaborated with ,salieri in the opera of ,tarare1 first produced in ,paris in #aghg4 ,he claimed to have led the way to the ,revolution by this piece1 which formed the subject of several fans4 ,three scenes from ,grtry's opera of ,richard1 ,cur de ,lion1 first produced in #aghd1 and performed the following year before the king and queen at ,fontainebleau1 appear on a fan1 the costumes being of the period of the production of the opera1 the ladies wearing the hooped petticoat1 with long streamers from their heads4 ,on the reverse1 two songs commencing #8,que le ,sultan ,saladin1' and #8,la ,danse n'est pas ce que j'aime4' ,the song #8,o ,richard1 ,o mon ,roi1 l'univers t'abandonne1' which1 however1 does not appear on the fan1 became of historic importance at ,versailles1 ,october #a1 #aghi4 ,other operatic fans commemorate #8,nina ou la ,folle par ,amour' and #8,raoul de ,crqui' by ,dalayrac1 produced in #aghf and #aghi respectively4 ,the first named has a single scene with four figures in the centre of the fan1 and verses headed #8,romance de ,nina1 ,chante par ,mme4 ,dugazon4' ,the second much more elaborate1 with one large and two smaller panels1 verses and music from the opera on the back of the fan4 ,three scenes from ,dezde's ,alcidor1 produced #aghg1 commemorate an opera of which both composer and music are now forgotten4 ,the decorations are etched and rudely coloured by hand2 the sticks walnut1 inlaid with ivory4 ,three hand-screens appeared with a scene from the first1 second1 and third acts respectively of ,fanchon ,la ,vielleuse1 a ,french version of ,himmel and ,kotzebue's operetta1 ,fanchon1 das ,leyermdchen1 produced at ,berlin in #ahje4 ,these testify to the transient popularity of a now almost forgotten composer4 ,the screens are of cardboard1 coloured grey-brown1 shield-shaped1 having an oval medallion engraved in line and coloured by hand4 ,on the reverse1 extracts from the libretto4 ,of plays we have an illustration of a scene from ,voltaire's tragedy of ,brutus1 first produced in ,paris in #agcj1 and revived in #agij1 the names of the several characters inscribed below the figures4 ,on another fan1 three scenes from ,chnier's play of ,charles ,,ix4 ou l'cole des ,rois1 which appeared in ,paris in #aghi4 ,on the reverse1 a long quotation from the second scene of the third act4 ,an adventure of ,philippe-galit1 ,duc d',orlans1 provided the subject of several fans4 ,the story is related at length upon a fan which shows the interior of a cottage where the ,duke1 during a walk near ,bency1 in ,january #aghf1 had stopped to ask for a breakfast4 ,the peasant's wife was at the point of childbirth1 and was actually delivered whilst the unknown prince #8que la ,france admire' ate his frugal meal of bread and cheese4 ,with his natural bonhomie he proposed himself as godfather1 and only at the signing of the register he disclosed his identity by exhibiting his #8cordon-bleu4' ,a fan in the ,schreiber collection shows the interior of a parish church1 with the prince standing as sponsor4 ,the inscription1 #8,couplets ddis ,s4,a4,s4 ,monseigneur le ,duc d',orlans4' #8,admirons son noble courage1 ,son ,joquet se trouve en danger1 ,ce ,hros se jette la nage1 ,rien ne lui paroit tranger4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exaltons le ,prince fait homme ,clbrons ses nobles vertus ,et qu'en tous lieux on le renome ,comme on a renom ,titus1 fin4' ,the assembly of notables is duly recorded4 ,we see majesty enthroned with a royal prince on either side2 ,monsieur de ,calonne reads his speech1 a clerk seated at the table4 ,inscribed at the top of the fan1 #8,l',assemble des ,notables commence le #bb ,fvrier #aghg4' ,on the reverse1 the king's oration1 with the extract from that of ,monsieur ,calonne1 together with a song entitled #8,ronde ,joieuse l',occasion de l',assemble des ,notables4'#acf ,carlyle thus refers to the popular comments upon this event3--#8,the gaping populace gapes over ,wood-cuts or ,copper-cuts2 where1 for example1 a ,rustic is represented convoking the ,poultry of his barnyard1 with this opening address3 8,dear animals1 ,i have assembled you to advise me what sauce ,i shall dress you with02 to which a ,cock responding1 8,we don't want to be eaten10 is checked by 8,you wander from the point 7,vous vous cartez de la question740 ,laughter and logic2 ballad-singer1 pamphleteer2 epigram and caricature3 what wind of public opinion is this--as if the ,cave of the ,winds were bursting loose6' ,of the events which immediately preceded and culminated in that of the #adth ,july1 the fan says little1 except in reference to that dread disease #8consumption of the purse4' ,the people have their ,states-,general--the king is represented as leaning upon a bust of ,necker1 and holding a cornucopia from which issues gold2 inscribed above1 #8,l',heureuse ,union des trois tats ,gnraux sous le bon plaisir de ,louis ,auguste ,,xvi4 par les soins de ,mr4 ,necker en #aghi4' ,on another fan 7bris7 the three orders of clerg1 noblesse1 and ,tiers tat appear represented by single figures in medallions4 ,of two fans having reference to the enforcement of public contributions by ,necker1 one figures ,louis and the dauphin standing before an open box1 with a ,necker1 who has developed wings1 opening the box and abstracting a bag of money3 other matters1 less significant1 appear4 ,on the other fan is figured a lady and gentleman in a carriage driving through a wood1 with a parcel under the carriage inscribed ,contributions2 an officer with a woman riding on the opposite side of the fan1 the two meeting at the junction of the two roads4 ,and so we reach the lurid #ad ,juillet4 ,to describe this siege of the ,bastille passes the talent of mortals2 how much more that of the frail fan6--,of the actual storming1 therefore1 not a word2 we are given instead a view of the fortress with the white flag floating from the turret4 ,m4 de ,launay's house is in flames1 he himself is led between ,jam and the clock-maker1 ,hemert1 under arrest4 ,another fan gives us a view of the ,bastille with the drawbridge down1 ,de ,launay wringing his hands1 bemoaning his fate1 led prisoner4 ,on the right of the fan are soldiers headed by lie with the paper of capitulation on the end of his sword1 two ,invalides imploring mercy4 ,a third fan shows1 in a large medallion1 a view of the battlements1 with an unfortunate soldier being flung from the height1 as ,de ,launay himself had been threatened4 ,in the foreground ,de ,launay dragged in custody4 ,the fan 7bris7 strung with a tricolour ribbon4 ,in a fourth fan the ,bastille is relegated to the distance1 a company of soldiers drawn up at its gates4 ,in the foreground ,liberty is seated with cap in one hand1 and in the other a scroll labelled #8poque de la ,libert4' ,above1 a winged figure blowing a trumpet1 on the drapery of which is inscribed #8,prise a la ,bastile le #ad ,juilet #aghi'2 in the right hand a cockade3 the subject forming a medallion mounted in the centre of an ivory fan cut in fretwork and decorated with trophies1 etc41 in gold and colour4 ,an example of this fan was sold at the ,walker sale in #ahhb4 #8,souvenir de la ,bastille' gives a view of the building with neighbouring street4 #8,imp et ,fabrique d',eventails ,rabiet4 ,j4 ,gann ,succ #fc ,bould ,mnilmontant1 ,paris4 ,degovrnay1 diteur4 #bh ,rue ,mazarine1 ,paris4' ,on the back--fleurs de lys and ,vive le ,roy1 #aghi4 ,a sixth shows the conquerors issuing from the drawbridge1 ,de ,launay and #8,le lieutenant' in great distress2 on the reverse the fan sings #8,l'poque de la ,libert'3 #8,vive ,vive la libert1 ,c'est le cri de toute la ,france1 ,le ,parisien est en gat1 ,il va combattre1 en assurance ,le bonheur dsir longtems ,ne se voit plus en quilibre1 ,tous les curs se trouvent contens1 ,vive le roi d'un peuple libre4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,a ,dieu ,bastille1 dieu ,cachots ,sjour jamais excrable1 ,plus de victimes ni de maux ,dans votre enceinte abominable1 ,bientt nos yeux blouis ,comme on en voit aux bords du ,tibre ,la ,colonne portant ,louis ,annoncera le peuple libre4' ,the ,bastille has vanished1 the fan remaining as souvenir to be sold for a few sous1 and fluttered by the cheek of some light-hearted grisette4 #8,tiens6' she exclaims1 #8,la prise de ,la ,bastille6 c'est belle1 n'est-ce pas8' as happily ignorant of the trend of events as majesty in its gilded chamber4 #8,mais1' says the poor king1 #8c'est une rvolte6' #8,sire1 it is not a revolt1--it is a revolution4' ,the era of universal liberty has indeed arrived4 ,in #8,les ,droits de l',homme1 #aghi1' ,liberty dons her cap1 seats herself upon a pedestal to be saluted by all good citizens with song1 dance1 and flowers2 the former1 duly inscribed on the fan1 commencing #8,veillons au ,salut de l'empire4' ,in a variation of this subject ,la ,libert holds a plummet and triangle in her right hand1 in the other a staff surmounted by a cap of ,liberty2 the pedestal inscribed1 #8,libert1 galit1 ,fraternit1 ,unit4' ,in a third fan ,la ,libert becomes #8,patrone des ,franais1' and is still provided with plummet and cap4 ,in #8,le ,serment ,civique1 #aghi1' the attributes only of ,liberty appear1 in the shape of three flaming hearts and cap on a flaming altar4 ,mayor ,bailly and ,lafayette take the oath1 to the accompaniment of a song commencing #8,franais1 quand je pense nos maux4' ,the ,revolution is therefore sanctioned--one of its earliest results being ,le ,dmnagement du ,clerg4 ,on the fan we see a group of bishops1 monks1 nuns1 a number of servants carrying furniture and other effects4 ,a bishop1 with pipe and bottle1 is seated on the top of a baggagewagon on which is inscribed1 #8,j'ai perdu mes bnfices1 ,rien n'gale ma douleur4' ,a monk1 also smoking1 is riding on the horse and flourishing a flag inscribed1 #8,guidon4' #8,messieurs of the ,clergy1 you have to be shaved2 if you wriggle too much1 you will get cut4'#acg ,in the #8,dsespoir des ,pensionnaires1' we are introduced to a group of figures who are bewailing their loss2 a messenger in cockaded hat is delivering the notices4 ,cockades1 indeed1 were at this period #8de rigueur'--the ladies wore them in front of their head-dresses--wore gauze bonnets trimmed on either side with them1 a great bow of tricoloured streamers at the back4 ,stripes everywhere--stripes and cockades1 cockades and stripes--stripes on the dresses1 slippers1 and even the huge muffs of the women2 stripes on the waistcoats1 stockings1 and gloves of the men4 ,the patriotic ,frenchmen and ,frenchwomen of #aghi were the very incarnation of the tricolour2 it was the symbol of the gospel of the ,revolution1 ,blue of ,liberty1 ,white of ,equality1 ,red of ,fraternity4#ach ,the ,fte de la ,fdration1 #agij1 is commemorated on a fan giving in the centre a view of the altar in the ,champ de ,mars1 with ,lafayette waving the tricolour1 the fan incribed #8,le ,serment fait sur l',autel de la ,patrie le #ad ,juillet #agij1 la voix de ,mr4 la ,fayette1 ,major de la ,confdration s'est fait entendre au ,champ de ,mars4' ,on either side are busts of ,king ,louis and ,lafayette1 inscribed #8,louis ,,xvi41 ,roi des ,franais n ,versailles le #bc ,aoust #aged4' #8,m4 ,de ,la ,fayette ,com4 ,gn4 de la ,garde ,nat4 ,parisienne4' ,on another fan the altar1 with surrounding booths1 arches1 etc41 and groups of soldiers dancing4 ,on either side eight verses of a poem1 commencing1 #8,voil la ,fte de la ,fdration1' etc41 to the air #8,vive ,henri ,,iv4'#aci ,illustration3 ,the ,abolition of the ,slave ,trade4 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,illustration3 #8,cabriolet' ,fan4 ,schreiber ,colln4 ,british ,museum4 ,the #8,day of ,poignards' 7,february #bh1 #agia7 approaches1 and friends of ,royalty 7les chevaliers de poignard7 rally round the son of sixty kings4 ,we all know the issue3 chevaliers retreated with greater expedition than they came--flung ignominiously downstairs into the darkness of the ,tuileries garden1 accelerated by ignominious shovings from the sentries--#8spurnings a posteriori1 not to be named4'#adj ,our veracious chronicler the fan provides us with a representation of the scene4 ,the inscription1 #8,arestation e ,dsarmement de gens au suspects ,chau des thuileries le #bh ,fer #agia #aj;h du soir1' with six verses of a revolutionary song1 entitled1 #8,la ,soire des ,poignards1' the refrain3 #8,quoi l'habit bleu vous fait peur ,valeureux ,aristocrates1 ,quoi l'habit bleu vous fait peur ,brave ci-devant ,seigneur4' ,the event of the #bnd of ,april could not pass without the fan's comment2 we therefore have a medallion profile portrait of ,mirabeau1 inscribed1 #8,honor ,gabriel ,riquetti1 ,cte de ,mirabeau4 ,mort le #b ,avril #agia4' ,a second ,mirabeau fan1 in the possession of ,m4 ,philippe de ,saint-,albin1 has in the centre a portrait bust1 above which is inscribed1 #8,honor ,gabriel ,riquetti ,mirabeau1' and #8,je combattrai les factieux de tous les partis'2 on either side of the portrait two medallions1 the subjects including ,mirabeau as tribune1 and the great orator on his deathbed4 ,assignat-fans1 #agia1 refer to the difficulties with respect to paper-money1 the woes of the holders of rentes1 when paper-money was not worth one-tenth of its face value1 and draw a contrast between the ,dives of the past and the financier of the present4 ,on the obverse1 a medley of assignats of #agia-b2 on the reverse1 the two ,jeans1 the one in ragged clothing and poor surroundings1 weeping over his assignats1 crying1 #8,ils sont tombs' and #8,vous tes ,etonns1 je m'en apperois ,bien3 ,qu'avec du papier je ne possde ,rien'2 the other1 #8,jean qui ,rit1' the speculator1 who exchanges one louis d'or for #aj1jjj livres in assignats1 is seated at a table with a large coffer and numerous bags filled with gold4 ,he points to his brother #8,jean qui ,pleure' and says1 #8,il se dsole1' and #8,a de certaines gens1 je ne me suis point fi4 ,ce ,rsultat pour moi1 vaut mieux que du papier4' ,on several assignat-fans the money card1 the seven of diamonds1 is introduced1 its significance being sufficiently obvious4 ,and royalty in its gilded saloon1 what has become of it8 ,how fares it with the poor ,louis and his devoted family8 ,that flight from the ,rue de l'chelle in the darkness of the night of the #bjth ,june #agia1 when the lady shaded in broad gypsy-hat1 tapped1 from sheer playfulness1 with her badine--#8light little magic rod such as the ,beautiful then wore--the wheel of ,lafayette's carriage as it rolled past'2 this goes unrecorded1 as also the incident in the village of ,sainte-,menehould1 when ,post-master ,drouet recognises a familiar face in the lady with the slouched gypsy-hat and the #8,grosse-,tte' in round hat and peruke4 #8,quick1 ,sieur ,guillaume1 ,clerk of the ,directoire1 bring me a new ,assignat6 ,drouet compares the ,paper-money ,picture with the ,gross ,head in round hat there3 by ,day and ,night6 you might say this one was an attempted engraving of the other4'#ada ,and so event succeeds event--over the final tragedy of the #bast ,january #agic1 no less than over the more piteous scene of ,october #af1 the fan discreetly draws a veil4 ,illustration3 ,napoleon shows his troops the channel1 #ahjc4 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,several fans have for their subject the ,testament du ,louis ,,xvi41 and give medallion portraits of the king and various members of his family1 with the symbol of immortality2 the inscription1 #8,testament ,de ,louis ,seize1 ,n ,le #bc ,aoust #aged4 ,mort le ,lundi #ba ,janvier #agic4' ,on the sides or reverse of the fans1 the will written out at length4 ,in #8,le ,songe1' a female figure is represented asleep2 on a tomb in the centre of the fan1 a figure of ,louis appears when the fan is placed against the light2 the representation being veiled or concealed by means of a thin piece of paper pasted over it4 ,mourning-fans were common with the more loyal portion of the community2 these also consisted of concealed portraits of ,louis and his family1 and are usually decorated with black gauze and spangles2 the inscription1 #8,vive le ,roi6' ,a favourite device was a pansy or heart's-ease 7#8that's for thoughts'71 with the portraits appearing on the principal petal1 upon the fan being held against the light4 ,these obtained later1 when popular opinion1 becoming tired of the ,revolution and its consequences1 was again veering round in the direction of ,royalty4 ,but who is this pale-faced citoyenne of aristocratic mien1 in high #8constitutional' hat1 with black cockade1 fan in hand1 asking leave to speak with citizen ,marat8444 ,charlotte's fan is mentioned in the deposition of ,laurent ,bas1 who was working in the house at the time2 certain it is that the fan was not relinquished when the blow was struck4 ,the #8trade1' fearful lest the event should cast discredit on their goods1 immediately brought out fans #8 la ,marat4' ,the most popular of these reproduce the tribune with ,lepelletier1 ,charlier1 and ,barras4 ,this1 with its burden of pikes and caps of ,liberty1 was bought by the ,jacobin customers at forty-eight livres a gross4 ,an example occurs in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 where1 singularly enough1 it is pasted in an album bearing the arms of ,marie-,antoinette1 and is believed to have been arranged by the queen herself4#adb ,on another fan1 #8,liberty' is seated between medallion portraits of ,marat and ,lepelletier2 the inscription1 #8,marat1' #8,libert ,unit1' #8,peletier4' ,ultimately the event itself figured as the principal subject of a fan1 ,charlotte being represented as carrying a dagger in one hand and a fan in the other4 ,the debate on the #dth ,february #agid on the abolition of the slave-trade forms the subject of a fan 7illustrated74 ,three years previously1 ,grgoire and ,robespierre had passed an act whereby coloured persons born of free parents were placed on an equality with whites4 ,the fan-makers1 ever ready to seize upon a popular incident1 promptly issued a fan with five figures1 representing #8,france1' #8,mercury1' #8,the ,colonies1' #8,england1' and the #8,united ,states1' holding scrolls with inscriptions in ,english1 heraldic devices on either side4 ,la ,france1 with shield bearing staff of ,unity and cap of ,liberty1 is saying1 #8,we find true happiness but by making others happy4' ,mercury1 holding fetters1 says1 #8,don't go to deceive me nor believe you will escape4 ,i extend my power over ,sea and ,land1 and my vengeance will find you even at the end of the ,world4' #8,the ,colonies1' dressed after the fashion of ,marmontel's ,incas1 exclaims1 #8,charming hope of ,liberty1 come and comfort my agitated heart4' ,england1 crowned1 with a leopard crouching at her feet1 and holding #8,the ,colonies' by the hand1 says1 #8,she offers me ,guineas4' ,the ,united ,states is represented by a black woman1 plumed1 with a sheath of arrows over her shoulder2 the inscription1 #8,independence and trade all over the globe4' ,the etching is signed #8,martin4' ,illustration3 ,the projected invasion of ,england by ,napoleon1 #ahjc4 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,cabriolets had appeared much earlier1 and had continued in favour4 ,these formed the subject of printed as well as painted fans4#adc ,from ,cabriolets it is but a step to ,incroyables1 who had their incredible cabriolets as well as their racehorses with slim legs and tails cropped almost to the root1 the fan-makers indulging the public in their new-found ,anglomania4 ,in these curious prints1 a number of which were produced by ,carl ,vernet1 everything is incredible--the wheels of the #8cabs' incredibly thin1 the seats incredibly high1 the figures of both sexes incredibly tall and attenuated4 #8,cabriolets1' says ,mercier1 #8are made lighter every day to give increased speed in the race for wealth4444 ,there are now three things to admire in a fashionable 8cab0--the silver body1 the wheels1 and the horse2 the whole thing1 including the owner and his groom1 ought not to weigh more than a good-sized portmanteau4' ,incredibility became the order of the day4 ,the fashionables1 who abhorred the ,revolution1 adopted an incredible method of demonstrating their sentiments2 hair was cut incredibly short behind1 as it had been cut for the victims of the scaffold during the reign of terror4 ,further to recall the scene1 they let it fall as at the moment of execution over their eyes1 this being the style la victime4 ,a balle des victimes was given by its votaries1 to which no woman was admitted who had not had a relative guillotined4#add ,once again assignat-fans made their appearance3 upon the death of the ,republic and the birth of the ,directoire1 when the pendulum of public opinion was once more swinging in the direction of ,royalism1 the assignats being arranged so that the king's head appeared in the centre of the fan4 ,these1 with defiant glances1 were fluttered under the noses of the police by the fair aristocrats of the ,palais galit4#ade ,then came the period of the worship of ,nature and the triumph of ,rousseau1 with the cry of #8,long live the author of mile1 ,le ,contrat ,social1 ,la ,nouvelle ,hlose6'1 ,jean-,jacques being glorified in a triumphal car drawn by two bullocks garlanded with roses4#adf ,during the temporary lull by which every storm is followed1 the preternaturally high-waisted ladies banished ennui by devotion to the ,love-,god2 and we have many #8,ruses de l',amour'1 #8,triomphes de l',amour1 etc4 ,cagliostro had some years previously departed pour #8l',isle de ,malthe4' ,marat1 ,danton1 ,robespierre1 had been severally removed from the scene of their activities3 the fan-makers were at the point of despair at the absence of a new sensation1 when--enter le petit ,caporal666 ,among the myriad fans recording the multifarious activities of this amazing personality1#adg we have a representation of ,wurmser surrendering his sword to the young general1 a small medallion on either side of the battle1 and a view of the city3 the inscription1 #8,a ,buonaparte ,vienen4' ,the border1 formed of the word #8,buonaparte' in large capitals surrounded by rays of light1 these alternated by laurel wreaths2 the fan excellently engraved by ,bertaux4 ,at the psychological moment of ,bonaparte's appearance at the banquet given in his honour at the #8,salle d'audience1 #aj ,dec4 #agig4' his #8star1' in the shape of the planet ,venus1 appeared in the heavens at midday4 ,here indeed was an opportunity for the fan-makers1 who promptly produced a fan of an astrologer with telescope1 surrounded by an excited crowd1 who declared the appearance to be a comet4 ,this1 says ,henri ,bouchot1 gave the signal to the ,agrables who dressed themselves and their hair la comte1 l'toile1 and showered stars in all directions4 ,we also have a reference to the proposals of peace to the allied powers by ,napoleon on his elevation as ,first ,consul in #agii4 ,bonaparte is here crowned by ,fame and ,peace2 points to a map of ,europe held by a figure of the ,french ,republic1 who also bears the tricolour inscribed1 #8,nouvelles ,rpubliques1 ,rgne des ,arts1 ,alliance avec les ,franais4' ,from a pedestal the ,french cock utters its clarion note4 ,to the left1 ,victory inscribes on a monument the names of ,napoleon's generals4 ,above in a glory the legend1 #8,paix ,glorieuse ,an ,,vi4' ,illustration3 ,adventure in ,russia4 ,schreiber ,collection ,british ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,marriage of ,napoleon with ,marie ,louise4 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,on another fan referring to the same event1 ,napoleon is discovered standing by a figure of ,peace who bears the olive branch2 the inscription1 #8,bonaparte et ,la ,paix4' ,right and left are figures of ,commerce and ,agriculture1 and in the background a group of peasants express their joy4 ,in the really handsome fan engraved in stipple by ,godefroy we have an apotheosis of ,bonaparte4 ,a bust of the ,emperor within an oak wreath occupies the centre1 with the genii of ,immortality and ,plenty bearing their attributes2 on either side1 allegories of ,peace and ,war in medallions associated with arabesque4 ,the inscription1 #8,dessin ,par ,chaudet1 ,fontaine et ,persier2 ,grav ,par ,godefroy4'#adh ,the great #8,descente en ,angleterre1 #ahjc1' forms the subject of a number of fans4 ,napoleon1 to the accompaniment of ,fame's trumpet and the rataplan of the drum-major1 shows his troops the ,channel1 and points to ,st4 ,paul's767 and the ,tower 7,french version71 on an island4 ,the ,channel is tunnelled 7in imagination71 troops pour through with ammunition1 cannon1 and other paraphernalia of war4 ,above1 a fleet of vessels on the sea1 and an army of balloons in the air1 invade the devoted island1 which defends itself by means of captive kites1 sky rockets1 and the guns booming from the fortifications at ,dover4 ,this in several versions4#adi ,the crowning of ,napoleon as ,king of ,italy at ,milan1 on ,may #bc1 #ahje1 is recorded1 as also the ,peace of ,tilsit1 #ahjg1 by which ,prussia was stripped of almost half of its territory4 ,on this latter fan1 ,napoleon1 the ,emperor ,alexander1 and the ,king of ,prussia appear on a raft4 ,in #ahaj the ,emperor1 in all the bravery of feathers1 leads the ,archduchess ,marie-,louise to the altar of ,hymen2 ,la ,france offering a diadem of stars4 ,of fans referring to the ,russian campaign of #ahab two appear in the ,schreiber collection4 ,in the one1 ,napoleon is seen on horseback1 attended by a general1 surveying his army1 the troops saluting2 in the other1 the journey to ,paris in a sledge drawn by three horses at full gallop1 ,napoleon1 wrapped up in furs1 looking back on the wounded and dead lying in the snow4 ,both fans inscribed1 #8,aventuras de ,bonaparte en ,rusia en #ahab4' ,in the subject of the ,nicaragua ,canal the fan assumes the role of prophet1 and with this we must bring to a close this brief carnival of a century4 ,on the #ab ,vendmiaire of the year ,,xii41 one ,martin la ,bastide deposited in the ,bibliothque ,nationale two prints of a fan setting forth his scheme for uniting two oceans through the lake of ,nicaragua4 ,he had already made the suggestion twelve years previously in ,laborde's ,histoire abrge de la mer du ,sud4 ,he was not1 however1 the first to demonstrate the feasibility of cutting a canal at ,nicaragua2 a similar proposal had been made by the ,portuguese navigator1 ,antonio ,galvo1 as early as #aeej1 and in the following year the ,spanish historian1 ,gmara1 submitted a memorial to ,philip ,,ii41 urging in forcible terms that the work be undertaken forthwith4 #8,the project was1 nevertheless1 opposed by the ,spanish ,government1 who concluded that a monopoly of communication with their possessions in the ,new ,world was of greater importance than a passage by sea to ,cathay4'#aej ,two fans referring to this subject appear in the ,schreiber collection2 in the one1 the map of ,central ,america on the front1 and of ,north ,america on the reverse1 a portion missing3 and in the other1 the composition complete4 ,the fan is adorned with1 on the left1 a group of allegorical figures of the four ,regions of the world listening to ,mercury1 the god of commerce1 who points out the course of the proposed canal2 on the right1 a reference to ,la ,bastide's appeal to the ,king of ,spain1 who is here listening to the voice of ,france urging him to complete the canal2 and an elaborate border of ships1 tritons1 etc41 with a summary of ,la ,bastide's investigations4 ,alas for vain hopes1 and the futility of human endeavour1 the best laid schemes are often doomed to disappointment1 and it was not until nearly a century had elapsed that the canal1 which ,la ,bastide foresaw1 though as through a glass darkly1 had any prospect of realisation4#aea ,illustration3 ,,ivory ,,fan4 7,madras4 ,nineteenth ,century47 ,,chapter ,x ,,engraved ,,fans ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,in ,england the fan's comments on the public events of the eighteenth and the latter years of the preceding century begin with a satirical allusion to the intrigues of ,european diplomacy concerning the affairs of ,poland4 ,ten female figures representing ,france1 ,spain1 ,sardinia1 ,empire1 ,saxony1 ,russia1 ,poland1 ,britannia1 ,holland1 and ,prussia are seated round a table1 the first seven playing piquet2 an empty chair1 labelled #8,i pray to ,god for peace1' is reserved for the ,pope 7,innocent ,,xi471 who is seen on the left protesting that he does not understand the game4 ,a figure in civilian dress in the foreground is holding a scroll which is lettered1 #8',tis not the interest of the nation to play without advantage4 ,in time ,commerce might pay the cards4' ,on the extreme right is the ,sultan of ,turkey on horseback1 exclaiming1 #8,if you don't leave off1 ,i'll tear the cards1' with the ,shah of ,persia on foot1 saying1 #8,seigneur ,jack1 ,persia shall make you change your note4' ,the date is between #afgi and #afhi1 the period of the pontificate of ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 ,illustration3 ,a ,new ,game of ,piquet among the nations of ,europe4 ,schreiber ,colln4 ,british ,museum4 ,the coronation banquet of ,george ,,ii4 in ,westminster ,hall1 on ,october #aa1 #agbg1 is recorded in an extremely primitive etching4 ,the king and queen are enthroned on a dais in the centre of the fan2 in the background are galleries of spectators1 and in front the champion of ,england throws down his gauntlet4 ,the subject is enclosed in a cartouche1 and on the sides of the fan are the crown1 sceptre1 ampulla1 vestments1 etc42 the whole rudely coloured by hand4 ,it was1 possibly1 as some recompense for its author's gallant defence of their most powerful weapon that the ladies helped to swell the tide of prosperity of the ,beggar's ,opera1 produced in ,november of this same year 7#agbg74 ,fans were carried illustrating the favourite songs of the piece1 which enjoyed its successful run of sixty-three nights1 #8making ,gay rich and ,rich gay4' ,the defeat and withdrawal of ,sir ,robert ,walpole's excise scheme provided the occasion for many satires which appeared during the year #agcc4 ,in these ,walpole is represented as an itinerant quack doctor1 and as an exciseman1 in which latter character he was hanged and burned in effigy on ,april #abth of the same year4 ,in the fan a comparison is drawn between ,walpole and ,wolsey1 and on a medallion portrait of the last named is inscribed3 #8,wolsey and his ,successor here in one behold4 ,both serv'd their masters1 both their ,country ,sold4' ,a figure is seen walking in a garden with two papers in his hands1 the one inscribed1 #8,liberty and ,property1' and the other1 #8,no ,dutch ,politicks4 ,down with the ,excise4' ,in the mid-distance a figure holds a purse and draws attention to the portrait of ,wolsey4 ,two barrels are figured in the foreground1 together with the ,excise ,monster in the throes of death1 on the body of which are inscribed the various articles affected1 as ,printing1 ,salt1 ,malt1 ,gin1 etc4 ,the print has apparently been cut down1 and evidently forms part of a design or series of designs4 ,m4 ,gamble advertises as follows in the ,craftsman of ,june #i1 #agcc3-- #8,this day is published for all ,loyal ,ladies1 an ,excise ,fan2 or the ,political ,monster as described in ,fog's ,journal1 ,may the #eth1 curiously delineated1 ,being a ,memorial for ,posterity4 ,in this most agreeable fan is represented3 ,i4 ,a ,picture of ,cardinal ,wolsey 7the first ,excise ,master of ,england7 done from an original ,painting4 ,,ii4 ,a view of his ,feats on one ,hand1 and those of his ,successor on the other4 ,,iii4 ,an ,english ,lawyer with two honest ,briefs4 ,,iv4 ,the famous ,monster-,monger1 ,ferdinando ,ferdinandi1 drawn to the ,life4 ,v4 ,the ,death of the ,excise ,monster4 ,,vi4 ,a modern ,inquisition with an ,assembly of ,merry ,spectators 7as ,vintners1 ,tobacconist1 etc47 of ,ferdinando's ,lamentation over his departed ,beast4 #8,now6 #8,tis in the ,power of every ,british ,fair ,to turn ,excises of all kinds to ,air4' #8,sold by ,m4 ,gamble at the ,golden ,fan in ,st4 ,martin's ,court near ,leicester ,fields4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4' ,on ,august #be of the same year1 ,m4 ,gamble again advertises the fan and adds3-- #8,this is the ,fan mentioned in the ,london ,magazine2 it will be very useful at all meetings for nominating ,members of ,parliament1 not only for cooling the ,heats which may arise1 but to show the nature of an arbitrary ,monster4 #8,now is the ,time when every ,british ,fair ,may turn ,excises of all kinds to air4' #8,there is now published the third ,edition with additions4' ,the marriage of the ,crown ,princess with the ,prince of ,orange in #agcd was the occasion of much rejoicing1 and the nuptials were celebrated with the greatest magnificence1 the prince receiving with his bride the sum of #hj1jjj as portion4 ,in an address to ,his ,majesty from the loyal and dutiful citizens of ,london1 the greatest glory1 the brightest triumphs1 the most distinguished prosperity are presaged from another alliance with that truly illustrious house1 the house of ,nassau2 #8from whence so many heroes have sprung1 the scourges of tyrants and the asserters of liberty4' ,the fan joins in the general congratulatory chorus2 a view of the marriage ceremony in the ,french ,chapel of ,st4 ,james's ,palace is given2 the ,king and ,queen1 with the royal family1 are seated in boxes at the back4 ,there was an allegorical version of this event1 in which the contracting parties appear in classic costume1 with a bishop and other persons in the background in the costume of the period4 ,in front ,hymen lights his torch from that of ,cupid4 ,in other parts of the composition are seen3 ,an infant embracing a lamb1 a pelican in her piety1 an infant ,hercules killing serpents1 etc4 ,the whole surrounded by an orange border4 ,several variations of this are extant1 one omitting the orange-trees1 with a border printed from another plate4 ,the following advertisement appeared in the ,craftsman for ,july #g1 #agcc3-- #8,just ,published #8,by ,,jonathan ,,pinchbeck1 ,fanmaker1 at the ,fan and ,crown in ,new ,round ,court in the ,strand2 and sold by him1 and at the ,fan-shops of ,london and ,westminster4 #8,the ,nassau ,fan2 or ,love and ,beauty ,triumphant3 ,being an ,encomium on the ,nuptial ,ceremony which will shortly be consummated between his ,highness the ,prince of ,orange and the ,princess ,royal of ,england2 adorned with the ,pictures of those illustrious ,personages1 attended by ,hymen1 ,fame1 ,minerva1 ,cupids1 etc4 ,together with a copy of ,verses and other ,decorations suitable to the occasion4 #8,n4,b4--,beware of ,counterfeits2 the true original ,nassau ,fans having the name 7,pinchbeck7 prefix'd to the mount4' ,on ,august #ahth this advertisement is repeated1 with the additional statement that #8there are a few neatly printed on leather for the curious1' and a note to the following effect3--#8,a spurious edition of the ,nassau ,fan has been lately offer'd to the publick1 in ,prejudice to the ,original ,nassau ,fan2 but as all ,persons that have seen both are fully satisfy'd that it bears no comparison with the former1 #8tis no wonder that the ,design to lessen the original in the esteem of the ,publick1 proves as fruitless as the ,attempt is unfair and ungenerous'2 this evidently referring to the following1 which had appeared in the ,craftsman a week earlier1 ,august #aa3-- #8,this day is ,published #8,the ,new ,nassau ,fan1 humbly dedicated to her ,royal ,highness ,,princess ,,anne1 ,by her ,highness's most humble and devoted servant1 ,,richard ,,hylton4 #8,in this fan is represented the ,portraitures of his ,highness ,william1 ,prince of ,orange and ,nassau1 etc41 and her ,royal ,highness ,princess ,anne 7done from the original ,painting of ,van ,dyke and ,hysing71 in an ,orbit1 supported by ,cupids1 adorn'd with other emblematical ,ornaments1 disposed in a curious and beautiful ,manner4 #8,to be had of the aforesaid ,richard ,hylton1 at the ,golden ,fan in ,great ,george ,st41 ,hanover ,square4' ,on ,september #ast this advertisement is repeated1 with the addition of the following couplet3-- #8,just ,heaven does ,anne and ,nassau joyn1 ,to glad great ,george and ,caroline4' ,and the following reply to ,pinchbeck's advertisements of #gth ,july and #ahth ,august3-- #8,n4,b4--,this is to inform that ingenious ,gentleman 7who calls himself7 the ,proprietor of a ,nassau ,fan1 that he has been guilty of a very gross ,error1 and has prejudiced himself by informing the ,publick that he knows no ,difference between a ,fan which is made like the ,frontispiece of a ,halfpenny ,ballad1 and one that's done in a curious ,manner by one of the best ,hands in ,england4' ,illustration3 ,the ,motion4 #agda4 ,the ,new ,nassau ,fan4 #agcc4 ,schreiber ,colln4 ,british ,museum4 ,this sally calls forth the following rejoinder from ,pinchbeck1 who1 on ,september #aeth1 repeats his former advertisement1 with this footnote3-- #8,n4,b4--,i would not have the splenetick ,author of 7as he calls it7 the loyal ,nassau ,fan imagine that ,i think him capable either of doing1 or saying1 any ,thing ,worthy of ,notice1 tho' for once ,i condescend to inform him that the ,publick are sufficiently convinc'd of his ,ignorance in putting his ,trifle in ,competition with the ,original ,nassau ,fan1 as well as of his ,malice in perverting the ,sense of my ,advertisement4 ,i shall1 however1 submit my ,performance to the judgment of the ,publick1 and not trouble them with quackish ,epistles quite foreign to the ,purpose4 #8,beware of ,counterfeits4 ,the ,original ,nassau ,fan having the name 7,pinchbeck7 prefix'd to the ,mount4' ,on ,september #bbnd1 ,pinchbeck repeats his advertisement1 and once again cautions the public against counterfeits4 7,in the highest esteem among the ,ladies1 and infinitely surpasseth every ,thing of the ,kind offered to the ,publick47 ,a month earlier a fresh candidate for public favour had appeared in the shape of the #8,orange ,fan1' a composition of an orange-tree and a rose-bush1 with a view of ,london in the distance1 a three-masted vessel in the foreground1 and above1 a dove holding in his beak a letter addressed #8,to ,the ,lovely ,she1 ,who has more than #hj1jjj ,charms'2 on the upper and lower border of the fan1 an ode in five stanzas1 #8set to ,music3 ,tune1 ,let's be ,jolly2 fill our ,glasses4' ,this was advertised by ,m4 ,gamble in the ,craftsman for ,august #beth1 the charms of the #8,lovely ,she' being reduced in the advertisement to #cj1jjj4 #8,once more the ,orange joins the ,british ,rose1 ,and fragrant ,sweets they mutually disclose2 ,entwin'd by ,nature's ,bonds1 their ,charms unite1 ,and from the ,foil the ,jewel shines more bright4' ,the price of the ,mount painted in proper colours1 #as4 #f;d4 ,ready mounted upon neat sticks1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the #8,new ,nassau ,fan1' advertised by ,hylton1 is here given1 and must certainly be said to bear very fair comparison with ,pinchbeck's4 ,the portraits of the royal pair occupy a medallion in the centre1 supported by ,cupids above2 two winged figures are holding a wreath and blowing trumpets1 from which are suspended the royal arms of the two respective countries4 ,below is a ribbon inscribed1 #8,ad ,altiora ,speramus1' with a ,cupid holding a royal crown and star4 ,a scroll1 at the extremities of which are two medals of ,george ,,ii4 and ,william the ,silent1 ,prince of ,orange1 is inscribed3 #8,brittons now yr ,poems sing1 ,love and ,beauty ,garlands bring2 ,heavens ,ann and ,nassau joyn ,to glad ,george and ,caroline4' ,in addition are figures of ,peace with olive branch and dove1 and ,liberty holding cap on a staff1 together with a ,bible inscribed #8,b4 ,sacra1' a lion at her feet4 ,the fan is freely etched1 coloured by hand1 and mounted on plain wavy wooden sticks4 ,pinchbeck continued to advertise his fan until ,april #bj1 #agcd1 when1 presumably1 popular interest in the affair waned4 ,in #agcj-cc1 ,hogarth produced his #8,harlot's ,progress' 7commenced at the time of his marriage71 its various scenes being promptly pirated by the fan-makers4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,stephens1 in his ,catalogue of ,political and ,personal ,satires1 ,british ,museum1 vol4 iii4 part ,i1 page #bh1 refers to fans printed with copies from #8,a ,harlot's ,progress1' three designs being on each side of the fan1 usually printed in red ink4 ,these fans1 says ,nichols1 ,hogarth's biographer1 were customarily given to the maid-servants in ,hogarth's family1 doubtless as moral lessons4#aeb ,m4 ,gamble had advertised them during the year #agcc in the ,craftsman and ,daily ,journal4 ,in a footnote to his advertisement of the ,church of ,england fan we have the following3-- ,n4,b4--#8,for those that are ,curious1 a small number are work'd off on fine ,paper1 fit to ,frame4 ,likewise a new ,edition of the #8,harlot's ,progress' in ,fans1 or singly to ,frame4'--,daily ,journal1 ,jan4 #bd1 #agcc4 ,by the kindness of ,mr4 ,c4 ,fairfax ,murray we are enabled to illustrate an excellent example of one of these very rare fan leaves1 inscribed in ink 7probably by the collector ,baker71 #8,given to me by ,mrs4 ,hogarth1 #agha4' ,in the centre is the quack doctor1 printed in a greenish yellow1 the two side scenes of #8,bridewell' and the #8,funeral' in a rich red1 the fan being engraved in pure line4 ,the scenes are inscribed respectively--#8,in a high ,salivation'2 #8,in ,bridewell beating of ,hemp'2 and the #8,funeral'2 with suitable explanatory verses4 ,illustration3 ,the ,harlot's ,progress1 after ,hogarth4 ,mr ,c4 ,fairfax ,murray4 ,other fans were issued1 these probably by another publisher1 giving the various scenes grouped together1 the figures slightly rearranged to suit the space1 indifferently etched in outline1 and printed in red on skin4 ,five leaves appear in the ,schreiber collection2 the first gives the whole composition2 the second1 the same1 with several scenes omitted2 the third1 with further omissions2 the fourth1 with the central subject only1 of the arrival of #8,mary ,hackabout in ,london1' partially coloured by hand2 the fifth1 a spoiled1 indistinct print1 covered with a ,chinese landscape printed in black1 the evident intention being to utilise the skin mount4 ,the print of the ,midnight ,modern ,conversation1 #agcc1 copied by salt-glazed potters of the period1 and appearing on snuff-boxes and punch-bowls1 for the latter of which it was eminently suitable1 was used also for a fan mount4 ,in this print1 to quote ,mr4 ,austin ,dobson1 a party of eleven1 whose degrees of intoxication are admirably differentiated1 have finished some two dozen bottles of claret2 and at four in the morning are commencing a capacious bowl of punch1 presided over by a rosy-gilled parson--the #8,fortem validumque combibonem ,laetantem super amphora repleta' of the ,westminster ,latinist1 ,vincent ,bourne2 but in real life identified both with the famous #8,orator' ,henley1 and the ,rev4 ,cornelius ,ford1 a dissolute cousin of ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,in the ,daily ,journal for ,may #bd1 #agcc1 we have the following advertisement3-- #8,this ,day is ,published1 #8,a ,beautiful ,mount for a ,fan1 call'd the ,midnight ,modern ,conversation1 curiously performed from that incomparable ,design of that celebrated ,artist the ingenious ,mr4 ,hogarth2 to which is prefixed1 for the ,entertainment of the ,ladies1 a ,description of each particular ,person that ,gentleman hath introduced in that ,night ,scene4 ,sold at ,mr4 ,chinavax's great ,toyshop against ,suffolk-street1 ,charing ,cross2 ,mr4 ,deard's against ,st4 ,dunstan's ,church1 ,fleet ,street2 ,mrs4 ,cambal in ,st4 ,martin's ,court2 and by ,b4 ,dickinson at ,inigo ,jones' ,head against ,exeter ,change in the ,strand1 at which ,place they may be had ,wholesale at reasonable ,rates4' ,no print of this fan-mount is available for reproduction4 ,the victory of ,admiral ,vernon in his good ship the ,burford at ,portobello1 on the #bbnd ,november #agci1 though not a particularly significant feat even with six ships of the line1 was immensely popular with the masses4 ,it was a familiar subject with the potters1 especially the ,staffordshire potter ,astbury1 who commemorated it on tea-pots1 mugs1 and the ,portobello bowl4 ,the fan is not very interesting as a design1 the six ships appearing to overpower the fortress1 which was an old one4 ,five stanzas of verse appear1 expressing the determination to avenge the wrongs of ,britons1 to support her injured trade1 etc4 #8,hark1 the ,british ,cannon thunders1 ,see1 my ,lads1 six ,ships appear2 ,every ,briton acting ,wonders1 ,strikes the ,southern ,world with fear4 ,porto ,bello1 fam'd in ,story1 ,now at last submits to fate2 ,vernon's courage gains us ,glory1 ,and his ,mercy proves us great4' ,the etching is signed #8,f4 ,chassereau1 ,april ye #bb1 #agdj4' ,vernon's exploit at ,carthagena1 ,april #a1 #agdj1 is also recorded2 on the left1 a view of the ,english camp2 on the right1 the flying inhabitants1 including a figure named #8,don ,blas'2 the fan inscribed #8,cartagena4' ,the motion by ,mr4 ,sandys in the ,house of ,commons on ,january #bi1 #agdj1 and that of ,lord ,carteret in the ,house of ,lords on ,february #ac1 #agda1 to remove ,sir ,robert ,walpole 7who at that time was exceedingly unpopular7 from his post of ,prime ,minister1 is commemorated on a fan which is a free copy from a print published by ,t4 ,cooper at the ,globe in ,paternoster ,row1 #agda1 and referred to in a letter of ,horace ,walpole1 written from ,florence to his friend ,conway1 ,march #be1 #agda3 #8,i have received a print by this post that diverts me extremely3 the ,motion4 ,tell me1 dear1 now1 who made the design1 and who took the likenesses3 they are admirable2 the lines are as good as one sees on such occasions4 ,i wrote last post to ,sir ,robert1 to wish him joy2 ,i hope he received my letter4' ,the scene is ,whitehall1 with the ,treasury in the distance4 ,a coach containing ,lord ,carteret1 who is leaning out of the window and crying1 #8,let me get out1' is driven by the ,duke of ,argyll1 brandishing a flaming sword1 the ,earl of ,chesterfield as postilion4 ,bubb ,dodington1 in the form of a spaniel1 is seated between the ,duke's legs4 ,lord ,cobham behind as footman4 ,lord ,lyttelton follows on horseback1 whip in hand4 ,several persons are being overridden by the coach1 which is nearly overturned4 ,mr4 ,sandys1 in the foreground1 is dropping the #8,place ,bill1' and exclaiming1 #8,i thought what would come of putting him on the box4' ,pulteney1 exclaiming1 #8,z--nds6 they're over1' and leading his followers by the nose1 wheels a barrow laden with #8,craftsman1' #8,letters to the ,earl1' #8,state of ,nat--'1 #8,champion1' #8,common ,sense1' etc41 with a dice box and dice4 ,dr4 ,smalbroke1 ,bishop of ,lichfield1 accompanied by three pigs 7one only in the original print71 bows obsequiously4 ,the ten verses which appeared on the print are inscribed on the right hand of the fan4 ,in #8nigger' parlance they at once propound questions and supply the answers1 thus3 #8,who be dat de ,box do sit on8 #8,tis ,john1 the ,hero of ,north ,britain1 ,who out of ,place does ,placemen spit on4 ,doodle1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,who's dat behind8 #8,tis ,dicky ,cobby1 ,who first wou'd have hanged and then try'd ,bobby4 ,ah1 was not that a pretty ,jobb-e4 ,doodle1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so1 sirs1 me have shown you all de ,hero's1 ,who put you together by the ,ear-os1 ,and frighten you so with groundless ,fear-os4 ,doodle1 etc4' ,thomas ,wright 7,caricature ,history of the ,georges7 thus refers to the prints3 #8,several editions of 8,the ,motion0 were published1 and one1 in the collection of ,mr4 ,burke1 is fitted for a fan4 ,another1 very neatly drawn and etched on a folio plate1 and dated ,february #aith1 contains great variations1 and wants much of the pointed meaning of the genuine print4 ,they here appear to be driving into a river4 ,pulteney and ,sandys are omitted2 two prelates hold on to the straps behind the coach1 which seems in imminent danger of falling2 yet ,carteret cries out to his driver1 8,john1 if you drive so fast1 you'll overset us all1 by ,g--d40' ,on the #bnd of ,march the #8,patriots' retaliated with a caricature entitled #8,the ,reason1' in which we have another carriage with the portly form of ,sir ,robert ,walpole as coachman3 #8,who be dat de box do sit on8 ,dat's de driver of ,g-- ,b--1 ,whom all the ,patriots do spit on4' ,in this print1 the foppish and effeminate ,lord ,hervey1 well known by ,pope's sarcastic title of #8,lord ,fanny1' is riding1 fan in hand1 on a wooden horse1 drawn by two men1 one of whom cries1 #8,sit fast1 ,fanny2 we are sure to win4' #8,dat painted butterfly so prim-a1 ,on wooden ,pegasus so trim-a1 ,is something--nothing--'tis a whim-a4' ,the fan-makers were not slow in following up with a fan4 ,on ,april #be1 the following advertisement appeared in the ,craftsman3-- #8,this day is published1 by ,j4 ,pinchbeck at the ,fan and ,crown in ,new ,round ,court1 in the ,strand4 #8,the ,reason for the ,motion4 ,a ,satire1 whereon are the ,portraits of divers ,noble ,personages4 ,to which is annexed1 ,explanatory ,verses1 which will serve as a ,key to the ,whole4 #8,where may be had1 ,all sorts of ,fans and ,fan-,mounts4 ,the newest fashion1 and suited to the nicest ,taste4 ,wholesale or ,retail4 #8,n4,b4--,gentlemen and ,ladies may have any ,device done in a curious ,manner1 according to their own ,direction4 #8,there is a ,spurious ,sort about the ,town1 which has not the ,verses1 and but part of the ,figures4' ,the ,jacobite rebellion of #agde was commemorated by a fan leaf engraved by ,sir ,robert ,strange1 intended for the sympathisers with the ,pretender4 ,the moment for the rebellion was well chosen--the king was in ,hanover1 the ,duke of ,cumberland had fought and lost ,fontenoy in ,april of the same year1 and was still engaged in ,flanders4 ,the fan shows the ,prince in armour1 with ,cameron of ,lochiel as ,mars1 and ,flora ,macdonald as ,bellona4 ,in the fan representing the apotheosis of the ,young ,pretender1 the ,prince1 supported by ,mars and ,bellona1 is claiming the inheritance of the ,english crown2 a figure of ,fame bears the laurel wreath1 at his side is an altar blazing with devoted hearts1 and above are ,venus and ,cupid seated on a cloud4 ,on the left1 ,britannia smiles through her tears as a dove approaches bearing the palm branch1 emblem of ,peace4 ,on the right1 ,jupiter with his thunder scatters the ,hanoverian faction into obscurity1 and ,rapine and ,murder are prostrated4 ,an example1 carefully coloured1 appeared in the ,walker sale in #ahhb1 and passed into the possession of ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber for the sum of #g4 ,the stick is ivory1 carved with subjects and fretwork4 ,the peace of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 signed ,october #g1 #agdh1 was celebrated in the following ,april by a grand display of fireworks in the ,green ,park1 opposite to ,his ,majesty's library4 ,a fan fairly well engraved1 the design well disposed1 shows a view of the temporary building erected for this purpose1 which consisted of a #8magnificent ,doric temple1' with two extended wings terminated by pavilions1 the whole being one hundred and fourteen feet high and four hundred and ten feet long4 ,the exhibition began about nine o'clock in the evening1 and was introduced by #8a grand overture of warlike instruments composed by ,mr4 ,handel4' ,about eleven o'clock the whole building was illuminated1 in which state it continued till between two and three in the morning2 ,his ,majesty and the royal family retiring about twelve4 ,the untimely death of the ,prince of ,wales in #agea threw ,london into mourning1 the fan following suit with a portrait bust of ,frederick on a cenotaph1 with mourning figures of ,art1 ,science1 and ,britannia1 a figure of ,hope with an anchor occupying the foreground4 ,the fan here1 true to its antecedents1 discovers more loyalty than did some of the rhymesters of the period1 one of whom produced an epitaph of which the following is a portion3-- 444 #8,since #8tis only ,fred1 ,who was alive and is dead4 ,there's no more to be said4' ,wolfe's victory in #agei1 commemorated in ,bow statuettes and ,staffordshire busts and jugs1 supplied the fan-makers also with a subject for illustration3 in a life of ,wolfe it is mentioned that fans were printed of the taking of ,quebec4 ,admiral ,rodney is another instance in which both potters and fanmakers vied with each other in honouring the hero of the hour4 ,the fan in the ,schreiber collection is delicately engraved in mezzotint1 and shows ,rodney trampling upon the ,french and ,spanish flags4 ,neptune is offering a sea crown1 while a ,cupid above bears a laurel wreath4 ,the picture is supplemented by festoons1 ribbons1 and other devices2 the whole coloured by hand4 ,the fan abundantly testifies to the popularity of the reigning house of ,hanover4 ,thus we have1 in addition to the loyal fans already referred to1 a medallion portrait of ,george ,,iii41 held in the hand of ,neptune1 who is seated in his chariot drawn by four horses1 and driven by a ,cupid who blows a blast from a trumpet4 ,this designed by ,uwins and engraved in stipple by ,cardon4 ,the king also appears as the subject of a large medallion on a pedestal surrounded by ,cupids and a figure of ,fame with trumpet4 ,in the foreground are figures of ,britannia and ,commerce2 on a tripod with a flaming heart is inscribed1 #8,the ,heart of the ,nation4' ,on each side the initials ,g4 ,r4 and the royal crown4 ,published ,may #ac1 #agia1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,birman1 the fan being signed ,a4 ,p4 ,birnam1 ,invt42 ,w4 ,hinks1 ,sculpt4 ,this fan leaf is a free copy from that engraved by ,d4 ,chodowiecki in #aghg1 commemorating the accession of ,frederick ,william ,,ii4 to the throne of ,prussia1 and was made to do duty both for the ,king and the ,duke of ,york by the alteration of the bust1 and the substitution of the initials ,d4 ,y4 for ,g4 ,r41 the arabesques re-engraved4 ,the royal family appear on six medallion portraits united by a ribbon1 with the royal crown1 feathers1 and a trophy of arms1 flags1 etc41 the latter indicating the martial proclivities of the ,duke of ,york4#aec ,another fan gives a large ,royal ,arms surmounted by the crowned lion1 with the rose and thistle and the initials ,g4 ,r4 in medallions on either side1 united by festoons of flowers with doves2 the royal motto1 #8,dieu et mon ,droit1' on a scroll below2 the fan inscribed1 #8,vive ,le ,roy4' ,published by ,t4 ,balster1 ,march #ai1 #aghi4 ,a #8,representation of a ,royal ,concert at ,buckingham ,house' is a copy of an engraving by ,barlow after a drawing by ,cruikshank4 #8,publish'd as the ,act directs1 ,october #af1 #agha1 by ,j4 ,preston at his ,music ,warehouse1 ,no4 #ig1 near ,beaufort ,buildings1 ,strand4' ,in the subject occupying the centre of the fan1 the king appears seated at the right-hand corner4 ,at the sides1 a canone and canzonet by ,giordani1 together with a ,french and ,venetian canzonet1 with music4 ,in #aghh the royal family honoured the exhibition of the ,royal ,academy with a visit2 this event being commemorated on two fans varying considerably in the number and disposition of the figures1 and in the arrangement of the background4 ,the fan leaf in the ,schreiber collection is designed by #8,p4 ,ramberg1 ,p4 ,martini1 ,sculpt4 ,pubd ,march #f1 #aghi1 by ,a4 ,poggi1 ,st4 ,george's ,row1 ,hyde ,park1' this being from ,martini's original plate1 also published by ,poggi1 cut down to the shape of a fan4 ,the fan leaf at present in the collection at ,south ,kensington is printed on vellum and tinted1 and is accompanied by an engraved key to the different personages depicted on the fan4 ,illustration3 ,visit of ,george ,,iii4 to the ,royal ,academy4 ,mr ,f4 ,perigal4 ,the marriage of the ,prince of ,wales 7afterwards ,george ,,iv47 to ,princess ,caroline of ,brunswick1 in #agie1 provides the occasion for a fan1 with two oval medallion portraits in stipple of #8,the ,illustrious ,pair1' on either side of a large ,prince of ,wales's feathers4 #8,publish'd ,janry #a1 #agie1 by ,j4 ,read1 #acc ,pall ,mall4' ,the same plate was printed in colours and published on the same date4 ,the #8,royal ,pair' again appear in the form of medallion portraits1 with the ,royal ,arms of ,great ,britain and ,brunswick4 ,still another fan commemorative of this event shows bust portraits of the prince and princess in the midst of a medley of prints1 riddles1 etc41 with a frieze of caricature busts of various personages4 #8,published at ,sudlow's ,fan ,warehouse1 #aia ,strand4' #8,the ,prince of ,wales' 7,schreiber collection of unmounted fan leaves1 ,no4 #aa7 is a quite charming fan leaf4 ,the medallion portrait is printed in a warm brown1 the field of the fan painted in blue of a pleasant quality1 the ornaments painted in silver and ,chinese white4 ,this is a scheme of colour adopted on many fans of the period2 the four colours forming an extremely effective harmony4 ,the popularity of ,lord ,howe's victory over the ,french on the #8glorious first of ,june1' #agid1 is evinced by the frequency with which it was commemorated on ,english pottery in the shape of statuettes1 medallions1 mugs1 jugs1 etc4 ,on the fan also we have the subject of a seated ,britannia bearing a medallion portrait of the admiral2 the union jack1 lion1 cornucopia1 and a figure of ,fame completing the composition4 ,the fan inscribed1 #8,lord ,howe's decisive victory over the ,grand ,french fleet1 ,june #a1 #agid4' ,this published by ,b4 ,coker1 #aah ,fleet ,street1 ,august #ai1 #agid4 ,an example occurs in the collection of ,mr4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,a #8view of the trial of ,warren ,hastings1 ,esq41 at ,westminster ,hall' in #aggh1 is given in the centre of a fan having oval medallions at the sides with references to the numbers on the engraving1 as follows3-- #8,a4 ,honble ,house of ,commons4 ,b4 ,foreign ,ministers4 ,c4 ,duke of ,newcastle's ,gallery4 ,d4 ,councell for the ,prosecution4 ,e4 ,councell for the ,prisoner4 ,f4 ,dukes1 c4 c4 ,g4 ,peeresses4 ,h4 ,board of ,works4 ,i4 ,the ,throne4 ,k4 ,recess for ,his ,majesty4 ,l4 ,recess for the ,royal ,family4 ,m4 ,judges4 ,n4 ,lord ,high ,chancellor4 ,o4 ,vicounts and ,barons4 ,p4 ,warren ,hastings1 ,esq41 ,prisoner4 ,q4 ,committee of the ,house of ,commons4 #8,publish'd as the ,act directs by ,cock ,co41 ,no4 #cf ,snow ,hill4 ,septr4 #bbnd1 #aghh4' ,church-fans appeared in the early part of the century4#aed ,these were designed for the purpose of inculcating the spirit of true piety during the hours of divine worship4 ,comments were made in the public journals on the unsuitable character of fan mounts used in church1 and also on the general behaviour of persons of both sexes4 ,these culminated in an amusing satire which appeared in the form of a letter from ,vetustus1 in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,may #agec4 ,in this the writer expresses some surprise that #8in the course of the controversy now on foot concerning the expedience of a revision of our liturgy1 no mention has been made of some ceremonies introduced by certain polite persons of both sexes1 who1 if they may not be styled the pillars1 have undoubted right to be called the ornaments of the ,church of ,england4 ,that of the snuff-box may be allowed to obviate some part of the objection to the length of the service1 since it precludes the drowsy members of the congregation from any subterfuge in that excuse of ,horace3 8,operi longo fas est obrepere somnum40 ,the writer desires also #8to do a piece of justice to the ladies who have lately contrived to improve the service of the ,church1 though by so inconsiderable an implement as a fan mount2 for1 reflecting that some of the grosser sex may probably come to church chiefly on account of these fair beings1 and that the devotion of these their brethren might cool by having the immediate object of it withdrawn from their view1 during the tedious intervals of prayer1 they have been so charitable as to supply them with some edifying subjects of contemplation1 depicted on the very cloud which intercepts the beatific vision4' ,as an instance of the taste and discretion of these fair votaries1 a list is subjoined of a dozen designs elegantly executed1 which were actually displayed by way of screens to so many pretty faces1 disposed in a semicircular arrangement about the holy table3 #a4 ,darby and ,joan1 with their attributes4 #b4 ,harlequin1 ,pierrot1 and ,columbine4 #c4 ,the ,prodigal ,son with his harlots1 copied from the #8,rake's ,progress4' #d4 ,a rural dance1 with a band of musick1 consisting of a fiddle1 a bag-pipe1 and a ,welch-harp4 #e4 ,the taking of ,porto ,bello4 #f4 ,the ,solemnities of a ,filiation4 #g4 ,joseph and his ,mistress4 #h4 ,the humours of ,change-,alley4 #i4 ,silenus1 with his proper symbols and supporters4 #aj4 ,the first interview of ,isaac and ,rebecca4 #aa4 ,the ,judgment of ,paris4 #ab4 ,vauxhall ,gardens1 with the decorations and company4 ,the writer is #8well aware that the authors of the free and candid disquisitions will be humbly suggesting1 in their canting way1 whether some of these figures may be altogether suitable to the original design of that sacred rite1 at which they assist on these occasions2 and whether1 if our ,british ladies are too nicely modest to worship ,god with naked faces1 they should not return to the ancient simplicity of a plain linnen or ,sarcenet veil1 after the manner of the ,jewish females4 ,but1 besides that all impropriety is absolutely removed from these representations by the mixture of so much ,scripture history1 these ,cavillers must be told that this is an old objection answered and baffled long ago by the pious and conscientious ,dr4 ,swift 7whose tender concern for the honour of the ,church of ,england is well known7 in a religious sonnet which closes with an elevated sentiment couched in the following couplet3 8,how beauteous is the ,church1 which makes clean linnen ,as decent to repent in1 as to sin in40' ,this bone of contention1 apparently1 lasted during a considerable period4 ,in the ,lady's ,magazine for ,march #aggf1 a #8,female ,reformer' addresses to the fair sex some #8moral reflections' on ladies' fans1 and draws attention to the loose1 almost indecent1 mounts ladies have to their fans at the present day1 giving too much reason to suppose that a coarse1 indelicate1 and immodest picture is not so offensive to the view of the fair as prudence1 virtue1 and chastity could wish4 #8,not many ,sundays ago1 ,i was seated in a dissenting place of worship in the next pew to two young ladies1 who appeared suitably attentive and devout2 but1 happening to cast my eyes on the fan mount of the youngest of the two1 as she stood up in prayer time1 ,i was really ashamed to see naked ,cupids1 and women almost so1 represented as sleeping under trees1 while dancing shepherds and piping fawns compleated the shameful groupe4 ,what a pity it is that any lady should seem to countenance immodesty or indecency in the least degree1 especially in the house of ,god6 ,would it not have been much better for ladies to have no fans at all1 than to have such mounts to them1 as1 on beholding1 tend only to inflame the passions1 and promote the loosest ideas8' ,evidently this protest bore good fruit1 as1 three months later1 a church-fan of chaste design appeared4 ,this gives1 in the centre1 a diagram of a good woman's heart1 divided1 as a phrenological diagram divides the brain1 into the several virtues or attributes1 as ,charity1 ,humility1 ,chastity and ,honour1 ,virtue and ,truth1 etc4 etc4 ,above the heart appears a drapery inscribed1 #8,the ,address of a ,scripture ,looking-glass to every ,woman'--this consisting of the following texts3 ,proverbs xxxi4 #cj2 #a ,peter iii4 #c2 #a ,timothy iv4 #h4 ,at the two extremities of the fan are scrolls with #8a description of a good woman1' and a poem entitled #8,the ,wish'--this latter being a prayer and supplication to the ,almighty to #8,be the guardian of the virtuous fair1 ,bless them with all things that they truly need1 ,and in ,religion's paths their footsteps lead4' ,the whole design enclosed in a scroll with a rose and honeysuckle filling the intervening spaces4 ,printed1 as the ,act directs1 for ,j4 ,french1 ,no4 #ag ,holborn ,hill4 ,in ,may #agif #8the new church-fan' appears1 a much more pretentious design1 engraved in stipple1 and #8published with the ,approbation of the ,lord ,bishop of ,london4' ,the ,ten ,commandments are given in the centre1 with the ,lord's ,prayer and the ,creed on either side2 these are alternated with medallions of angels1 above which are prayers for the king's majesty and the royal family4 ,at the extreme top of the fan is a figure of the ,holy ,spirit with three cherubs1 the whole being enclosed within an elaborate border formed of royal crowns and ,prince of ,wales's feathers4 ,mindful of the protest of the #8,female ,reformer' in the ,lady's ,magazine1 although perhaps somewhat belated 7it will be remembered that the #8naked ,cupids and ladies almost so' were observed in a dissenting place of worship71 the #8chapel-fan' appears1 in ,july of this same year1 #agif1 having in the centre a large medallion of the resurrection of a pious family1 after a picture by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,peters1 inscribed1 #8,glory to ,god in the ,highest1' and on either side smaller medallions representing #8,st4 ,cecilia' and #8,the ,infant ,samuel at ,prayer4' ,the fan is further inscribed with a morning and evening prayer and two hymns--#8,the ,example of ,christ1' and #8,on ,retirement and ,meditation4' ,a number of fans were from time to time issued with subjects from ,scripture history1 doubtless for church use1 as #8,the ,birth of ,esau and ,jacob1' in which we have an illustration of ,rebekah in bed1 attended by female servants2 #8,moses striking the ,rock1' ,published by ,m4 ,gamble1 according to the late ,act1 #agdj2 #8,paul ,preaching at ,athens1' etc4 ,these1 however1 are extremely weak productions1 exhibiting none of that sense of character distinguishing similar subjects treated by the ,staffordshire potter of this and a later period4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,osborne's ,duck-,hunting records an event in the history of a bookseller of ,gray's ,inn ,gate1 ,holborn1 at his country-house at ,hampstead in #aged4 ,a certain ,captain ,pratten1 who had obtained some notoriety through his very particular attentions to the wife of ,mr4 ,scarlett1 an optician of ,soho1 #8whose ,microscope for viewing opake objects is still in use1' but who1 apparently1 did not possess any microscope or optic glass through which he might view events which were sufficiently transparent to every one but himself1 had proposed to ,mr4 ,osborne that by way of house-warming he should ingratiate himself with the families of ,hampstead1 #8then a ,watering-place and very gay1' by giving a public breakfast for the ladies and a duck-hunting for the gentlemen4 ,on the morning of the #ajth of ,september of the year in question the company assembled1 the broad panniered petticoats of the ladies making a very brave array1 and1 the breakfast and duck-hunting proving so successful1 our waggish ,captain1 who had installed himself master of the ceremonies1 mindful1 doubtless1 of his own private and particular duck-hunting1 persuaded the vain and simple bookseller to prolong the entertainment1 first by a cold collation and other diversions1 and finally by a dance1 in which the #8younger part of the company tripped on the light fantastic toe till bedtime4' ,as a souvenir of the event1 the gallant and resourceful ,captain further persuaded ,mr4 ,osborne to have a fan engraved and presented to each of the lady visitors4 ,illustration3 ,mr ,thomas ,osborne's ,duck ,hunting1 ,schreiber ,colln41 ,british ,museum4 obverse reverse4 ,this is engraved on both sides2 on the obverse1 the duck-hunting1 with the ,captain and his innamorata in the immediate foreground2 on the reverse1 a general view of the house and grounds4#aee ,conversation- or speaking-fans are devices by which the different motions of the fan are made to correspond with the letters of the alphabet1 a code being established by means of which a silent and secret conversation is carried on4 ,five signals are given1 corresponding to the five divisions of the alphabet1 the different letters1 omitting the ,j1 being capable of division into five1 the movements #a #b #c #d #e corresponding to each letter in each division4 #a4 ,by moving the fan with left hand to right arm4 #b4 ,the same movement1 but with right hand to left arm4 #c4 ,placing against bosom4 #d4 ,raising it to the mouth4 #e4 ,to forehead4 ,example3--,suppose ,dear to be the word to be expressed4 ,d belonging to the first division1 the fan must be moved to the right2 then1 as the number underwritten is #d1 the fan is raised to the mouth4 ,e1 belonging to the same division1 the fan is likewise moved to the right1 and1 as the number underwritten is #e1 the fan is lifted to the head and so forth4 ,the termination of each word is distinguished by a full display of the fan1 and as the whole directions with illustrations are displayed on the fan1 this language is more simple than at first sight might appear4 ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #agdj prints the following effusion1 referring presumably to one of the earliest of these fans3-- #8,a speaking fan6 a very pretty thought2 ,the toy is sure to full perfection brought3 ,it is a noble1 useful1 great design1 ,may the projector's genius ever shine6 ,the fair one now need never be alone6 ,a hardship sometimes on the sex is thrown2 ,for female notions are of that extent ,impossible1 one ,i thought should give #8em vent4 ,new schemes of dress1 intrigue and play1 ,want new expressions every day3 ,and doubly blest6 must be that mortal man1 ,who may converse with ,sylvia and her ,fan4' #8,the ,original ,fanology1 or ,ladies' ,conversation fan1' was invented by ,charles ,francis ,badini1 and published as the ,act directs by ,wm4 ,cock1 #db ,pall ,mall1 ,aug4 #g1 #agig4 #8,the telegraph of ,cupid in this fan1 ,though you should find1 suspect no wrong2 #8,tis but a simple and diverting plan ,for ,ladies to chit-chat and hold the tongue4' ,a fanology fan1 of different design but with the same directions1 invented by ,badini1 was published five months earlier 7,march #ah7 by ,robert ,clarke1 ,fanmaker1 ,no4 #bf ,strand1 ,london4 ,the new conversation or tte-a-tte fan gives as a centre medallion ,venus robbing ,cupid of his ,bow1 with inscribed compartments on both sides1 having reference to the ,answer and ,question of the ,lady to the ,gentleman4 ,the language of the fan has already been referred to in an earlier chapter1 portions of the code being given4 ,see ,spanish fans1 page #acg4 ,gypsy1 fortune-telling and necromantic fans form a large class1 and were common during the latter part of the eighteenth century4 ,as early1 however1 as ,aug4 #c1 #agcd1 a necromantic fan was advertised in the ,craftsman as follows3-- #8,by ,eo1 ,meo1 ,areo4 ,on ,monday last was published ,the ,necromantick ,fan2 or1 ,magick ,glass4 ,being a new-invented ,machine ,fan1 that by a slight ,touch unseen a ,lady in the ,fan changes her ,dressing-,glass according to the following ,invitations3 ,if any one himself would see1 ,pray send the ,gentleman to me3 ,for in my ,magick ,glass ,i show ,the ,pedant1 ,poet1 ,cit1 or ,beau2 ,likewise a ,statesman wisely dull1 ,whose plodding ,head's with ,treaties full4 ,etc4 ,made and sold by ,,edward ,,vaughan1 ,fanmaker1 at the ,golden ,fan near the ,chapel in ,russel ,court1 ,drury ,lane4' ,a necromantic fan was issued by ,gamble2 #8,dear ,doctor consult the ,stars1' representing an old necromancer being consulted by ladies4 #8,gypsy' fans are invariably arranged according to a regular principle4 ,a medallion in the centre1 of a ,gypsy telling fortunes1 the different cards1 together with their significance1 arranged in four rows over the general field of the fan1 and at the top1 or on the reverse1 the explanation1 or directions for telling fortunes4 ,the #8,gypsy ,fan' conforms to this rule so far as the medallion is concerned3 in lieu1 however1 of the cards with their explanation we have a series of floral festoons1 borders1 etc41 painted by hand4 ,the fan #8made by ,clarke and ,co41 at their ,warehouse1 the ,king's ,arms1 near ,charing ,cross1 ,strand1 ,london4 ,inventors of the much esteemed sliding ,pocket ,fan4'#aef ,the #8,oracle' has in the centre a wheel of fortune with two winged children on clouds1 one of whom holds a scroll inscribed #8,oracle4' ,on the sides of the fan the names of the ten greater gods and goddesses1 in ten columns1 the names disposed differently in each4 ,on the lower part of the fan the #8,explication' of the ,oracle1 and #8examples' together with the questions1 as--#8,whether one is to get ,riches2 ,whether one will be successful in ,love2 ,what sort of a ,husband shall ,i have'2 etc4 etc4 ,on the reverse are heads of the gods and goddesses with their attributes1 with ten columns of inscriptions1 each containing ten answers to questions4 ,pub4 accord4 to ,act1 ,jany4 #a1 #ahjj1 by ,ino4 ,cock1 ,i4 ,p4 ,crowder ,co41 ,no4 #ba ,wood ,street1 ,cheapside1 ,london4 ,the #8,wheel of ,fortune1 by which may be known most things that can be required1' presents us with a variation of the foregoing4 ,the wheel occupies the centre of the fan1 with four female heads representing--#a4 ,bath ,gypsy4 #b4 ,norwood ,gypsy4 #c4 ,corsican ,gypsy4 #d4 ,york ,gypsy4 ,on the one side of the fan1 #8,phisiognomy1' with directions how to read it2 on the other1 #8,perilous ,days1' with a prognostication of the date and manner of death of ,napoleon1 viz41 by suffocation or drowning1 at the latter end of #ahaj or beginning of #ahab4 ,j4 ,fleetwood1 ,sc41 #dh ,fetter ,lane4 ,an interesting class of fans is that illustrating popular and fashionable resorts1 entertainments1 etc41 as ,bartholomew ,fair1 ,bath1 ,ranelagh1 ,vauxhall ,gardens1 the ,crescent at ,buxton1 etc4 ,henry ,morley1 in his interesting ,memoirs of ,bartholomew ,fair1 has given us an amusing description of the fan sold in that annual saturnalia1 where ,henry ,fielding once had an interest4 #8,here are drolls1 hornpipe-dancing1 and showing of postures2 ,plum-porridge1 black pudding1 and opening of oysters3 ,the tap-house guests swearing1 and gallery folks squalling1 ,with salt-boxes solus1 and mouth-pieces bawling2 ,pimps1 pick-pockets1 strollers1 fat landladies1 sailors1 ,bawds1 baileys1 jilts1 jockies1 thieves1 tumblers1 and taylors4 ,here's ,punch's whole game of the gun-powder plot1 sir1 ,wild beasts all alive1 and pease porridge hot1 sir2 ,fine sausages fried1 and the black on the wire2 ,the whole court of ,france1 and nice pig at the fire2 ,the ups-and-downs1 who'll take a seat in the chair-o1 ,there are more ups and downs than at ,bartleme ,fair-o4' ,g4 ,a4 ,,stevens4 #ahth ,cent4 ,the humours of the piece are mainly technical4 ,our ,bartholomew artist1 having his own views of perspective1 has carefully economised the number of his figures and left out at discretion bodies or legs in the treatment of which he was embarrassed4 ,thus the leg of a drinking-stall serves also for the wooden leg of a bibulous person standing by4 ,a man with1 apparently1 but one arm1 salutes1 in a manner at once distant and peculiar1 an apple-woman1 who lifts up her basket by the apples that are in it4 ,our artist1 finding that the fourth stall of his machine #8,ups and ,downs' would complicate his picture1 has left it out altogether1 and with a view also to artistic effect1 has denied legs to the gentleman who is tasting his ale with so much relish1 while the hot sausages 7for these curious figures of eight are intended for sausages7 grow cold upon his plate4 ,pie ,corner1 with its delicate pig and pork1 is depicted1 with ,sir ,robert ,walpole1 orders and all1 issuing from the shop4 ,the fan is engraved in mezzotint1 the various subjects forming a very excellent mosaic of pattern3 it was re-engraved and published by ,j4 ,f4 ,setchel in #ahbi1 and was accompanied by a description of the fair1 in which the date of #agba was assigned to the original4 ,this and other inaccuracies being first pointed out by ,henry ,morley1 who showed that the ,droll of the siege of ,bethulia1 containing the ancient history of ,judith and ,holofernes1 with the comical humours of ,rustego and his man ,terrible1 said to be performing in ,lee and ,harper's ,booth1 was not presented at that famous establishment until #agcb4aeg ,a version of the well-known print1 after ,canaletto1 of the ,rotunda1 garden1 and buildings at ,ranelagh is given on a fan in the ,schreiber collection1 engraved by ,n4 ,parr1 #agea4 ,a view of the ,crescent at ,buxton also appears enclosed in an oval medallion1 with the inscription1 #8,crescent1 ,buxton4' ,the following advertisements relative to these subjects appeared in the ,craftsman3-- #8,june #ae1 #agcd4 #8,just ,published4 ,by ,jonathan ,pinchbeck1 ,fan ,maker1 etc4 7accurately delineated on a ,fan ,mount7 #8,the ,humours of ,new ,tunbridge ,wells2 being a ,draught of the ,house1 ,gardens1 ,well1 ,walks1 etc41 with the different ,airs1 ,gestures1 and ,behaviour of the ,company1 and all other rural ,entertainments of the ,place4 ,taken from the ,life3 by an eminent ,hand4' #8,july #b1 #agcg4 #8,this day is ,published #8,the new ,vaux ,hall ,fan2 or the rural ,harmony and delightful ,pleasures of ,vaux-,hall ,gardens2 with the different ,air1 ,altitude1 and ,decorum of the ,company that frequent that beautiful place2 done to its utmost ,beauty and ,perfection4 #8,whereon is shewn the ,walks1 the ,orchestra1 the grand ,pavillion1 and the ,organ1 which far excels any ,thing of the kind yet offer'd to the ,publick4 #8,sold at ,pinchbeck's ,fan ,warehouse1 etc4 #8,where may be had1 ,the ,dumb ,oracle2 and the ,royal ,repository1 or ,merlin's ,cave2 and all sorts of ,fans of the newest ,fashion1 wholesale or retail4' ,illustration3 ,the ,trial of ,warren ,hastings4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,illustration3 ,the ,parades of ,bath1 #agcg4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,burdett-,coutts4 ,m4,p4 ,in the interesting fan1 giving1 within a large cartouche1 a view of the ,parades1 and ,old ,assembly ,rooms at ,bath1 #agcg1 ,beau ,nash appears in the foreground in lilac coat1 with a white hat under his arm1#aeh addressing a bevy of fashionable ladies2 at the sides are floral and diapered ornaments in the ,chinese taste4 ,the example illustrated1 which is coloured with extreme care1 was acquired by the ,baroness ,burdett-,coutts at the ,walker sale in #ahhb4 ,this is the mount referred to by ,pinchbeck in his advertisement of #8,june #c1 #agch4 #8,this day is ,published on a ,fan ,mount 7,fit for the ,second ,mourning or in colours7 ,an accurate and lively ,prospect of the celebrated ,grove at ,bath1 whereon the rural ,pleasures and exact ,decorum of the company are curiously represented1 with some cursory ,observations on the ,behaviour of ,sundry ,persons1 particularly the famous ,b4 ,n4 #8,likewise the rural ,harmony and delightful ,pleasures of ,vaux-,hall ,gardens4 ,also the ,royal ,repository1 or ,merlin's ,cave2 being an exact ,emblem of that beautiful ,structure erected by the late ,queen in the ,royal ,gardens at ,richmond4 #8,sold wholesale or retail at ,pinchbeck's ,fan ,warehouse1 etc41 by ,mr4 ,crowbrow1 at the ,india ,house on the ,walks3 and at ,mr4 ,dalassol's and ,mr4 ,weakstead's ,shops in the ,grove at ,bath4' ,two fans were published in ,june #ageg by ,g4 ,speren1 giving a view of the interior of the ,pump-,room at ,bath1 and the ,orange ,grove1 with obelisk1 garden1 and buildings4 ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber quotes the following advertisement which appeared in the ,craftsman during this year3-- #8,this day is publish'd1 by ,jonathan ,pinchbeck1 ,fan-maker1 at the ,fan and ,crown in ,new ,road-,court in the ,strand1 and sold by him ,wholesale and ,retail4 #8,the ,bath ,medley2 ,being an accurate and curious ,draught of the ,pump ,room at ,bath1 and most of the known ,company who frequent it1 adorn'd with the ,portraitures of her ,royal ,highness the ,princess ,amelia#aei and other illustrious personages who honour'd the ,place with their ,presence the last ,season2 wherein the ,topicks of ,discourse and ,conversations of ,companies are impartially consider'd2 their different ,behaviours1 ,airs1 ,attitudes1 etc41 judiciously represented2 the ,foppery of the ,beaus hinted at1 and the ,intrigues of the famous ,b-- ,n-- and others fully exploded4 ,taken from the ,life1 and finely delineated in above fifty ,hieroglyphical figures4 #8,n4,b4--,a spurious pyratical ,copy of this ,fan is lately publish'd1 which is not like the ,place it should represent1 and may easily be discover'd from the ,original by its having ,pillars to support the ,musick ,gallery1 and in the ,middle is wrote ,the ,bath ,medley4' ,the first ,pump-,room was opened in #agjf1 with all the clat of a public procession1 and a musical fte1 at which was sung a song specially composed in honour of ,king ,bladud1 the father of ,lear1 and mythical founder of ,bath1 recounting the story of his glorious deeds1 and his soaring ambition1 which1 ,icarus-like1 finally overreached itself4#afj ,the sequel to the story is to be found in the following quotation in ,meehan1 ,famous ,houses of ,bath3-- #8,vex'd at the brutes alone possessing ,what ought to be a common blessing3 ,he drove them thence in mighty wrath1 ,and built the stately town of ,bath4 ,the ,hogs1 thus banished by the ,prince1 ,have liv'd in ,bristol ever since6' ,the ,pump-,room illustrated on the fan was erected in #agcb1 and was1 together with the ,assembly-rooms1 really the creation of ,beau ,nash1 who persuaded one ,thomas ,harrison to build a room for dancing on the east side of the ,grove1 with access to the bowling-green1 which then became known as ,harrison's ,walks4 ,to maintain his supremacy1 ,nash rented the ,pump-,room from the corporation1 and put it under the charge of an officer called the ,pumper1 and for a while induced ,harrison to accept three guineas a week for the ,assembly-rooms and candles4#afa ,the ,grove was re-named the ,orange ,grove by this same worthy1 who erected the obelisk in the centre in commemoration of the visit of the ,prince of ,orange who came to ,bath for the benefit of his health4 ,,in ,,memoriam ,,sanitatis ,,principi ,,auriaco ,,aquarum ,,thermalium ,,potu ,,favente ,,deo ,,ovante ,,britannia ,,feliciter ,,restitutae ,m4,,dcc4,,xxxiv4#afb ,the exterior of the ,rotunda1 house1 gardens1 etc41 at ,ranelagh1 is given on a fan mount in the ,schreiber collection1 this being a copy of a print entitled #8,vue de l',extrieur de la ,rotonde4 ,maison ,jardins1 etc41 ,ranelagh4 #8,canaleti1 delin4' #8,n4 ,parr1 sculpt4' ,published according to ,act of ,parliament4 ,december #b1 #agea4' ,opera fans give plans of the boxes at the ,opera1 with names of the occupants4 ,an example in the ,schreiber collection is inscribed3 #8,new ,opera ,fan for #agig4 ,w4 ,cock4 ,publish'd as the ,act ,directs for the ,proprietor1 by ,permission of the ,manager of the ,opera ,house1 #db ,pall ,mall4' ,the following advertisement appeared in the ,times of ,january #a1 #aghh3-- #8,,the ,,opera ,,fans4 #8,to the subscribers and frequenters of the ,king's ,theatre4 #8,last ,saturday were published according to ,act of ,parliament4 ,the ,delivery1 however1 was put off until the re-opening of the ,opera ,house next week1 for the purpose of presenting them in the best state of improvement4 #8,these fans are calculated to present at one view both the number of boxes including the additional ones1 names of subscribers1 etc41 and have been carefully compared with the plan of the ,house or kept at the office1 and will be sold only by the proprietor1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,m41 ,no4 #ha ,haymarket1 where she will receive with respectful gratitude any commands from the ladies and wait on them if required4' ,a fan published on the same date1 ,january #a1 #aghh1 by ,clarke and ,co41 appears in the ,schreiber collection1 and gives the plan of the ,king's ,theatre for #aghh2 the centre box bears the names of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,cumberland and that of the ,duke of ,york2 the ,prince of ,wales and ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert being in box sixty-three on the right4#afc ,fans illustrative of the #8tender passion' naturally form a large class1 and may be divided into the following groups3-- #a4 ,satirical and ,amusing4 #b4 ,pastoral1 ,social1 and ,fancy4 #c4 ,subjects from ,classic ,mythology1 as #8,the ,marriage of ,cupid and ,psyche1' #8,the ,theft of ,cupid's ,bow1' #8,the ,offering of ,love1' etc4 ,maps of the affections were common both in this country and on the ,continent1 and are invariably designed on the principle of the ,italian fan1 #8,il ,paese del ,matrimonio1' referred to page #bfi4 ,the following advertisement appeared in the ,craftsman for ,january #ac1 #agcb-c3-- #8,daniel ,chandler1 ,fan maker in the ,strand over against ,southampton ,st41 who invented and sold the ,lilliputian ,fans1#afd and ,variety of other pleasant ,fans1 is now provided with a ,parcel of fashionable ,fans1 neatly mounted1 representing the map of ,tender1 which may afford ,entertainment both for ,ladies and ,gentlemen who are ,tenderly inclined1 and disposed to be agreeably merry4 #8,these fans and ,mounts are likewise sold by ,michael ,burnet1 ,fan maker1 at the ,hand and ,fan1 over against ,friday ,st4 in ,cheapside4' ,on the same date1 ,saturday1 ,january #ac1 #agcb-c1 ,pinchbeck announces the #8,courting ,fan ,mounts4' #8,an ,embleme of the ,four different ,stages of life finely delineated in seven hieroglyphical ,figures4 ,being a lively representation of the ,address of young ,lovers1 the ,raptures of a new-married couple2 the reciprocal ,harmony of ,antient wedded companions2 and the abject1 wretched state of an ,old ,maid4 ,illustrated with a ,paraphrase1 on each cut1 which serves as a ,key to the whole4 #8,n4,b4--,at the abovesaid ,place may be had all sorts of ,fans and ,fan-mounts of the newest ,fashion1 and at the lowest prices1 wholesale or retail4' ,on ,april #bj1 #agcd1 ,pinchbeck advertises3 #8,the ,old ,man's ,folly4--,in this ,fan is represented an old ,miser1 who at the age of ,fourscore had the ,vanity to court a young lady of ,twenty2 she despises his ,addresses1 and ,cupid shoots ,thunder at his ,head3 in this ,dilemma1 ,bacchus invites him to a ,banquet at the ,nectarius ,grove2 whilst the ,eye of ,heaven shines propitious on the ,raptures of a youthful couple4 #8,where may be had #8,the abject1 wretched state of an ,old ,maid1 and divers other curious ,fans2 the ,designs taken from the best ,masters4' ,these two fans had been announced earlier by ,pinchbeck on ,jan4 #aeth of the same year1 as follows3-- #8,just ,published4444 ,the ,amours of an ,old ,batchellor1 or the ,downfall of ,sir ,limberham2 likewise the four different ,stages of ,life2 or the abject1 wretched ,state of an ,old ,maid4 ,to each of these ,fans are prefix'd1 ,verses suitable to the ,occasion1 which explain the ,design4' ,m4 ,gamble1 on ,august #aa1 #agci1 advertises #8,a new ,fan1 wherein is delineated a ,damsel bewailing the ,loss of her ,lover1 who is represented as cast away in a ,storm4 #8,where may also be had1 a ,fan lately publish'd entitled ,the ,sailor's ,wedding1 being made to the glorious and immortal ,majesty of ,queen ,elizabeth4' #8,before and after ,marriage' gives expression to an idea which also supplied a favourite motif for ,english and especially ,staffordshire pottery4 ,on a cream ware jug1 with illustrations of courtship and matrimony1 we have the following couplets expressive of the two contrasting conditions3-- #8,in courtship ,strephon careful hands his lass ,over a stile a child with ease might pass4' 99 99 99 99 99 #8,but wedded1 ,strephon now neglects his dame1 ,tumble or not1 to him #8tis all the same4' ,the fan leaf1 published in ,paris1 but also issued in ,england1 illustrates two scenes1 in the former of which ,cupid smiles approvingly3 in the latter1 ,cupid in the background is overwhelmed with grief at this instance of ,strephon's indifference2 above are inscriptions in ,french and ,spanish3 #8,la ,complaisance de l',amant ou ,huit jours avant1' and #8,l'indiffrence du ,mari ou ,huit jours aprs4' ,the fan etched from drawings by ,william ,williams1 a name which suggests an ,english origin of the idea4 ,illustration3 ,a ,trip to ,gretna4 ,schreiber ,colln1 ,british ,museum4 ,illustration3 #8,bartolozzi' ,fan4 ,mrs ,frank ,w4 ,gibson4 7,eugnie ,joachim47 ,a similar contrast is drawn in two fans published by ,j4 ,read1 ,feb4 #bj1 and ,nov4 #a1 #agie1 #acc ,pall ,mall3 #8,the ,good ,swain' gives three oval medallions of #8,the ,morning of ,youth1' #8,mid-,day of ,life1' and #8,chearful ,evening of ,old ,age1' each subject being provided with four lines of verse commencing with1 #8,unless with my ,amanda blest4' ,the #8,good-for-nothing ,swain' gives #8,the ,vow of ,constancy1' #8,the ,hour of ,infidelity1' and #8,cupid's ,farewell1' the verses commencing1 #8,with soothing ,smiles he won my easy heart4' ,both fans bear the name of #8,g4 ,wilson1' who appears on a number of fans of this period both as designer1 engraver1 and publisher1 and evidently supplied designs1 or stock1 to other publishers4 ,among the more successful humorous fans are those giving1 in a series of medallions along the border of the fan1 #8,a selection of ,beau's1 ,whimsical1 ,comical1 and ,eccentrical2 or ,candidates for the ,ladies' ,favour'2 and #8,the ,ladies' ,bill of ,fare1 or a ,copious ,collection of ,beaux4' ,the various kinds of lovers are each provided with a suitable inscription above and below1 as3 #8,a ,spark of some ,conceit1 ,let me die if ,i don't believe she thinks of me ,night and ,day1' #8,a ,man of high price1 ,i am determined not to ,marry any ,woman under a ,dutchess1' etc4 #8,the ,merry ,lover1' and #8,i ,live1 ,love1 and ,laugh1' etc4 ,in the centre of the fans1 underneath a flying ,cupid1 are verses in further elucidation of the subject3 #8,that simple thing--,a woman's ,heart1 ,how oft #8tis play'd upon2 ,what ,beau's oft cause its painful smart1 ,and triumph when they've done4' #8,mark well our ,motley ,group above1 ,the little shun--the ,honest love4' and on #8,the ,ladies' ,bill of ,fare'3 #8,to plague and please all womankind1 ,here's ,gallants sure a plenty6-- ,chuse then a ,beau to suit your mind1 ,or change #8till one content ye4' ,these fans are engraved in mixed line and stipple1 the name #8,g4 ,wilson1 delt41' appearing on the first mentioned1 with #8,london1 published ,may #be1 #agie1 by ,i4 ,read1 ,no4 #acc ,pall ,mall4' ,on the latter1 #8,published as the ,act directs by ,g4 ,wilson1 #ad ,feb4 #agie1 #ajh ,st4 ,martin's ,lane4' ,other fans having reference to the affections1 and issued by the same publisher1 are3 #8,the ,progress of ,love' in the five stages of #8,cupid ,relieved'2 #8,amantha ,rewarded'2 #8,pastime of ,love'2 #8,altar of ,hymen'2 #8,connubial ,bliss'2 #8,the ,lady's ,adviser1 ,physician1 and ,moralist1 or1 ,half-an-,hour's ,entertainment at the ,expense of ,nobody6' and #8,the ,quiz ,club'--the latter giving twelve circular medallions of ridiculous characters round the border of the fan1 with suitable descriptions underneath3 #8,this young ,spark is perfectly a man of ,taste--dresses like a gentleman--swears like a ,nabob1 and believes the ,ladies think him a clever fellow4' 99 99 99 99 99 #8,this ,man 7wonderful man he should be called7 is a learned ,ass4 ,speaks gramatically nice1 looks very solemn1 and expects ye ,ladies to understand his consequence1 happy are they who win his smiles4' 99 99 99 99 99 #8,a fit ,man for a closet--give this gentleman retirement1 he requires to bear ,compy with none but invissibles--,gods1 ,goddesses1 ,genii1 ,fauns1 ,sylphs1 ,naiads1 ,dryads1 ye like4' #8,an unfit ,man to be alone--one that his associates have nicknamed ,bob ,drowsy1 he can find no amusement but in his tongue1 if he is left half an hour alone he falls asleep4' ,in an oval medallion in the centre is the following3-- #8,,the ,,quiz ,,club4 ,dedicated to all ,beaus in ,christendom4 ,by ,s4 ,a41 ,professor of ,physiognomy and ,correction of the ,heart4 ,dear ,madam1 ask your loving ,quiz ,if here he #8,spies his own ,dear ,phiz2 ,and if mark'd out some fault he find1 ,like one or two which warp his mind1 ,bid the defaulter hence amend ,and be the ,sexes honour'd friend4 #8,publish'd by ,ashton ,co41 ,no4 #bh ,little ,britain1 ,may #ast1 #agig1 ,enter'd at ,stationers' ,hall4' ,trips to ,gretna were among the earliest results of the abolition of ,fleet marriages by ,lord ,hardwicke's ,new ,marriage ,act of #agec1 one of the most famous of these clandestine marriages being that of ,richard ,lovell ,edgeworth ten years later4 ,the fan illustrates1 in six scenes1 the progress of a love match from the first meeting1 to a marriage at ,gretna1 and final forgiveness by the bride's father--#8,the ,first ,impression1' #8,mutual ,declaration1' #8,the ,refusal1' #8,the ,flight1' #8,the ,journey's ,end1' #8,the ,reconciliation4' ,this subject also formed a favourite motif for the ,staffordshire potter of the period1 who produced a number of groups characterised by that quaint humour which appears to be native to him4 ,it will be observed that in the fan1 as in the pottery figure groups1 the popular idea of the #8blacksmith' is perpetuated4 ,this popular notion1 however1 is thus disposed of by ,jeaffreson1 the historian of matrimony 7,brides and ,bridals73 #8,there is no evidence that any one of the ,gretna ,green marriages was solemnised in a smithy1 or that any one of the famous ,gretna ,green #8couplers' ever followed the smith's calling4 ,one of these so-called parsons had been a common soldier1 another a tobacconist1 a third a pedlar1 and all of them drunkards and cheats1 but no one of them ever shod a horse or wrought an iron bolt4' ,the state of widowhood also supplies the motif of a number of fans1 the subject usually taking the form of a woman in classical costume1 mourning over an altar1 urn1 or tomb2 the central figure-subject generally engraved in stipple1 the landscape completed by hand4 ,several examples are in the ,schreiber collection1 the most successful being that signed #8,f4 ,burney1 del42 ,h4 ,meyer1 sculpt4' ,in the third group1 subjects from classic mythology1 the prevailing method or decorative scheme is that of an engraved medallion1 large or small1 occupying the centre of the fan1 to be enclosed in1 or incorporated with1 an ornamental setting painted by hand2 the character and treatment of the subject representing that pretty1 sentimental quasi-classicism which set in about the middle of the century1 and which we associate with the names of ,cipriani1 ,angelica ,kauffmann1 and the engraver ,bartolozzi4 ,a characteristic example is the design by ,g4 ,b4 ,cipriani1 ,r4,a41 of ,orpheus and ,eurydice emerging from ,hades1 their way being lighted by the torch of ,cupid4 ,the medallion is engraved in stipple1 the field of the fan being completed by ornaments in black1 grey1 pale blue1 and silver4 ,a variation of this decorative scheme has three medallions with arabesque ornamentation also engraved1 the fan usually being sold uncoloured but occasionally tinted2 an example being #8,the ,power of ,love'--a ,cupid riding on the back of a lion1 engraved by ,bartolozzi from the antique gem by ,protarchos at ,florence1 with two smaller medallions of ,cupids4 #8,publish'd as the ,act directs1 ,march #a1 #aghj1 by ,a4 ,poggi4'#afe ,an interesting fan in the ,wyatt collection is printed on chicken skin1 with an almanac in ,spanish1 decorated with the signs of the ,zodiac in circles1 and borders of fruit1 flowers1 etc41 coloured and gilt4 ,the stick and guards of pierced and carved ivory1 painted4 ,a class of fan popular both in ,france and ,england1 during the middle and latter half of the eighteenth century1 has a medallion subject or series of subjects superimposed upon a streamer of lace2 this last being carefully engraved and coloured1 the subjects painted1 often with great elaboration4 ,an excellent ,french example occurs in the ,wyatt collection1 with a cartouche enclosing a battle-piece1 flowers1 and insects introduced amongst the lace2 the stick mother-of-pearl1 gilt and silvered1 with #8gold-fish' inlay2 the whole colour effect extremely fine4 ,printed fans were by no means confined to ,france and ,england1 although it is in these countries that the practice obtained most extensively2 fans were issued in ,germany giving portraits of the ,emperor ,leopold ,,ii4 and his wife1 ,maria ,louisa of ,spain1 and their family2 of ,frederick ,,ii41 who is represented as in ,elysium1 having just embarked from ,charon's boat2 of ,frederick ,william ,,iii4 and ,queen ,louise of ,prussia1 and of ,madame ,royale1 in allusion to her release in #agie and her subsequent arrival in ,vienna4 ,the famous engraver ,chodowiecki also produced several fans1 prints of which occur in the ,berlin ,museum4 ,two ,italian examples may be referred to4 ,the subject known as grotesque animals was obviously executed as a central subject1 the field of the fan to be completed by hand4 ,it is an extraordinarily skilful engraving of a number of animals playing different antics4 ,in the centre is a monkey in cocked-hat and feather1 extracting with a pair of forceps a tooth from a fowl who is laying an egg the meanwhile4 ,sympathetic birds are perched around1 and a squirrel is in attendance with a glass of refreshment on a tray4 ,the design is made up of similar grotesque incidents--as a dog with a pair of tongs over his shoulder1 returning from a rat-catching expedition2 a porcupine reading a book with the aid of a magnifying glass2 a fox with two young foxes riding on the back of a fish which is duly provided with a huge pair of spectacles1 etc4 etc4 ,the humours of the piece are too many to be described in detail4 ,no publisher's or artist's name appear4 ,the extreme length is nine inches4 ,in the subject #8,il ,paese del ,matrimonio1' the centre of the fan is occupied by a ,cupid standing in a boat1 saying3 #8,andiamo1 chi viene al paese del matrimonio1' and #8,venite1 signorine1 ,ciascana delle vostre madri falto prima di voi questo viaggio4 ,la mia barca della pi leggiere1 se non vi condurre a buon porto non mi pagherete4' ,on either side are maps of two imaginary countries--,terra del celibato and ,paesi del matrimonio1 with pictorial representations of the various places4 ,the former apparently is the country of tranquillity2 on it are figured the ,tempio della pace1 the ,fontana della quiete1 the ,citt dell' independenza1 the ,paradiso terrestre4 ,the country of matrimony is approached by the ,golfo del ,rimprovero which lies between the ,capo della dissimulazione and the ,rupe della gelosia4 ,in this country are discovered the ,citt d'isagiosa2 the ,tempio della discordia1 shown as falling to pieces with a volcano hard by2 the montagna dell' infedelt1 from which springs a stream emptying itself into the ,lago dell' indifferenza4 ,on the farther side of this country of unrest lies the ,golfo della luna di miele4 ,of the processes of engraved fans1 the most usual is that of etching1 often finished 7sweetened is the technical term7 by means of the graver or burin4 ,pure line-engraving is frequently employed1 although most line-engravers make use of the etched line as a foundation for subsequent work with the burin4 ,etching is occasionally supplemented by stipple-engraving and the free use of the roulette4 ,many fans are painted in a brownish black ink with the flesh-tints in red2 in others several colours are introduced1 thus anticipating the modern process of coloured etching4 ,this latter is practically a system of painting upon the plate in colours1 and can scarcely be considered as a legitimate process1 although the result in modern coloured etching is often interesting1 and in some instances even admirable4 ,aquatint was also employed1 especially during the earlier years of the nineteenth century1 on a number of fan leaves illustrating the ,peninsular ,war4 ,many of these were produced in ,london by ,behrmann and ,collman1 for the ,spanish market1 with inscriptions in ,spanish4 ,portraits of the ,duke of ,wellington were also popular4 ,after the introduction of lithography many fans were produced by means of this process1 invented by ,aloys ,senefelder of ,munich about #agih2 all lithographed fans must therefore be of a subsequent date to this4 ,this process was employed as a groundwork for subsequent painting1 often carried to a high pitch of finish1 so much so1 that it is difficult for any but a practical eye to detect the lithographic foundation4 ,examples of these fans1 which include a great variety of subjects1 appear in most collections4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,hide ,,fan 7,taken from the ,king's ,palace at ,benin1 #ahig4 ,horniman ,museum1 ,forest ,hill47 ,lithography has been employed during the whole of the nineteenth century for the decoration of fans1 and is largely in use at the present time4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,modern ,,and ,,present-,,day ,,fans ,illustration ,we now gather together the various threads of our subject at the point where they were left1 viz4 the close of the ,empire4 ,we have found that during two centuries and a half--from #afjj to #ahjj1 with a little overlapping at either end--the fan passed through the various stages of development and decline2 that during the latter years of the sixteenth century both ,italy and ,france1 but especially the former1 produced objects which may be legitimately described as fine art2 that in ,france1 if we make allowance for1 and accept a different standard of taste and fashion1 the most exquisitely dainty things were produced1 the period of ,louis ,,xv4 being that of the highest development of the art1 with a steady decline from thence onwards4 ,during the first three decades of the nineteenth century the fan languished4 ,the storm and upheaval of the ,revolution1 the general unrest caused by the ,napoleonic wars1 were among the chief contributing causes1 together with the fact that the great families had fled from ,france1 taking their fans with them4 ,for the first fifteen years of the century1 there is little to record except a difference of proportion4 #8,towards #ahjj1' to quote ,m4 ,rondot1 #8the brins were only #f or #g centimetres to the gorge2 towards #ahac this was increased to #h centimetres1 and to #ai centimetres in #ahda4' ,illustration3 ,wedding ,fan1 the gift of ,queen ,victoria1 silk leaf4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,henry of ,battenberg4 #8,when the briss returned into favour in #ahjd1' continues this author1 #8the fan-makers employed leather1 silver1 copper1 asses' skin1 and cardboard4 ,the blades were short1 and were made by the cutters who ornamented them2 this was also the case with the fans of horn which were fashionable towards #ahbi-cj4' ,three examples are given of the earlier years of the century3 the first1 from the collection of ,miss ,moss1 formerly belonged to ,miss ,charlotte ,yonge the authoress1 and is worked upon a foundation of net1 with cut and pierced steel decorations4 ,the painted subject in the centre represents a lady seated in a garden1 and a boy with hoop and dog2 the stick of pierced ivory piqu with silver4 ,an ,italian example almost identical with this1 with the exception of the painted subject1 appears in the ,museo ,civico1 ,venice4 ,the fan of asses' skin1 from the same collection1 is cut to a perforated pattern1 painted in the centre with a subject of birds and flowers1 the outside blades of ivory1 the whole piqu with silver4 ,these peau d'ne fans were used by lgantes at balls1 as tablets upon which the names of partners for the dance were inscribed by means of a leaden or silver pencil4 ,the colour is a light slaty-grey2 their size averaged from #i to #aj inches4 ,the fan which1 by the courtesy of ,mr4 ,leopold de ,rothschild1 we are enabled to illustrate1 is elaborately cut to fine perforations1 and painted with a large medallion in the centre representing a music lesson1 a number of smaller miniatures on the blades1 with gilding4 ,in #ahbg the fan was the provocative cause of the conquest of ,algeria by the ,french4 ,a blow on the head of the ,french consul from the plumed fan of ,hussein ,dey resulted in an apology being demanded and refused1 with the consequent declaration of war4 #8,in the course of the year #ahbh1' says ,m4 ,uzanne1 #8at the time of representations of a comic opera entitled ,corisandre1 as the heat was suffocating1 the youthful dandies fainting languidly in their boxes1 it occurred to a ,paris manufacturer to sell green paper fans to the men1 and the whole theatre was therefore furnished with them4 ,fashion adopted this innovation of masculine fans1 which received the name of ,corisandres1 but this originality endured but a short time in ,paris1 as also in ,venice and the principal cities in ,italy1 where men became familiar with the play of the fan2--the beaux abdicated the sceptre of the woman1 and resumed as before their ,malacca canes4' ,an amusing story is told of a near-sighted ,french writer1 who1 on a sultry summer evening at the ,opra1 was much incommoded by the flip-flapping of the fans of two persons who sat immediately behind him4 ,turning to the two delinquents1 ,my dear ladies1' said he1 in the politest of tones1 #8if you will kindly moderate the use of your fans you will render me the happiest of men4' ,instead1 however1 of the dulcet tones of a lady's voice1 a deep bass smote his ear1 and he found himself confronted with the black-bearded1 furious1 and reddened visages of two lieutenants of the ,guards4 ,the amende quickly followed4 ,it was the circumstance of a grand ball given at the ,tuileries in #ahbi that occasioned the renaissance of the fan4 ,madame la ,duchesse de ,berri was organising a ,louis ,,xv4 costume quadrille--fans of the period were required to complete the tout ensemble1 and none were available4 ,at length one of the guests recollected an old parfumeur in the ,rue ,caumartin1 named ,vanier1 who had collected ancient fans3 these were conveyed to the palace1 where1 in the quadrille1 they created extraordinary interest--were eagerly purchased1 and from this time onward in the most exclusive circles1 in spite of the fickleness of that jade1 ,fashion1 the fan has retained its hold upon the affections of the fair4 ,the earliest result of this revival of taste for old fans was1 perhaps naturally1 a general imitation of old models1 and lifeless reproductions of the fans of the ,louis ,quinze period were made4 ,illustration3 ,fan of ,asses ,skin1 perforated painted1 silver paillettes4 ,miss ,moss4 ,illustration3 ,miss ,charlotte ,yonge's ,fan4 ,miss ,moss4 ,it will readily be perceived that this way did not lead to artistic salvation--that it served no good purpose to open up the graves of a dead century and to disturb its poor ghosts4 ,it is true that things were changing for the worse1 but there is a healthiness in the very act and spirit of change1 even though that change should represent a temporary decline4 ,this is the epoch of which it will be said that men actually1 by some mysterious means1 were deprived of what may for present purposes be called their sixth sense1 when1 though their eyelids were unclosed1 they saw not1 or only in a perverted manner2 it is1 nevertheless1 one of the curiosities of this most singular epoch that while the general level of artistic attainment was so low1 its pictured shadows so dark1 the prevailing gloom should be illuminated here and there by lights more bright and intense than in the two preceding epochs4 ,in other words1 while we fail to trace with any measure of certainty any single instance1 during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 of an artist of the first calibre touching the fan1 during the first half of the century that succeeded1 the fan may boast of such names as ,horace ,vernet1 ,ingres1 ,isabey1 and others only a little less distinguished4 ,these represent the welcome oasis in the dreary desert of mediocrity--the limpid springs at which from time to time we may pause for a few moments to refresh ourselves4 ,of the work of these famous painters1 an #8,arab dance' by ,horace ,vernet is recorded2 as also #8,diana and ,endymion1' the subject treated in the ,etruscan style by ,ingres1 who constantly in his pictures introduced fans1 as witness the portrait of ,madame ,devauay1 referred to in an earlier chapter1 #8,the ,odalisque1' and #8,the ,harem4' ,we have also1 later1 an #8,allegory of the ,arts' by ,robert ,fleury1 a #8,fte' by ,grome1 and fans by ,diaz1 ,vibert1 ,lami1 ,glaize1 and ,jacquemart4 #8,the revolution of #ahdh1' says ,m4 ,rondot1 in his report on the #ahea ,exhibition1 #8would have crushed the ,french fan industry if it had not been for the orders for exportation4 ,the production1 which in ,paris amounted to the value of three million francs in #ahdg1 was reduced by half in the disastrous year that followed2 of #efe workers of both sexes #cae were thrown out of employment4 ,at the time of writing' 7#ahed71 continues this author1 #8the industry was in a very flourishing condition4' ,this prosperity has been maintained to the present day1 #8,paris being still the only city where a fan may command the price of a hundred pounds4'#aff ,the number of artists and workers employed in ,paris and the ,oise1 says ,m4 ,duvelleroy in his report on the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahfg1 is #djjj2 the annual value of the production being ten million francs1 of which three-fourths is for the foreign market4 #8,paris et la ,chine ont seuls le monopole du commerce des ventails1 mais c'est aujourd'hui1 en ,europe1 une industrie toute franaise1 pour laquelle le monde entier est notre tributaire4'#afg ,the evidence of this exhibition1 further affirms this author1 showed that ,france incontestably held the first rank4 #8,spain1 who for thirty years had tried to organise her industry1 has only arrived at the production of the commoner classes of fans4 ,italy1 who uses fans greatly1 does not make them2 ,portugal being only the third in the ,european market4' ,the ,british record is correspondingly poor4 #8,in the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1' says ,lady ,bristol1 #8there was not one single fan of ,british manufacture exhibited1'#afh and so far as painted fans are concerned1 the statement made by ,redgrave in his notes to the ,catalogue of the ,fan ,exhibition at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 #8that there were no ,english fanmakers living except those who made cheap and coarse fans1 is substantially correct to-day4'#afi ,illustration3 ,empire ,fan1 ,ivory bris1 #aj0 x #e-g_/h04 ,mr ,leopold de ,rothschild4 ,c4,v4,o4 ,illustration3 ,portuguese ,fan1 painted view1 lacquered stick1 c4#ahjj4 ,mr ,j4,h4 ,etherington ,smith4 ,the evidence of the fans themselves bears out these statements4 ,the instance may be cited of an engraved fan in the ,schreiber collection 7,no4 #fi1 ,mounted ,fans7 recording ,mr4 ,albert ,smith's ascent of ,mont ,blanc in #ahea1 bearing the imprint of the ,french firm1 #8,leroux et ,cie41 ,fan's ,manufactr41 #da rue ,notre ,dame de ,nazereth1 ,paris4' ,this obviously produced exclusively for the ,british market4 ,from ,germany comes similar evidence of ,french pre-eminence2 the wedding fan of the ,grand ,duchess of ,baden1 exhibited at ,karlsruhe in #ahia1 is signed by a ,french artist1 #8,a4 ,sold1 #ahee1' who produced a number of fans1 and is made by a well-known ,french maker1 ,frdric ,meyer of ,paris4 ,this is painted with the subject of a sacrifice at the ,altar of ,hymen1 and portrait busts of the ,grand ,duke and ,grand ,duchess1 the initials ,f4 and ,l41 together with #8,coblentz1 #cj ,sept4 #ahee1' and is a typical fan of the mid-nineteenth century4 ,of the work of ,sold1 a most excellent example1 ,le ,bal d',amours1 is given1 graciously lent by ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,the leaf is signed on both obverse and reverse1 #8,a4 ,sold1' and inscribed1 #8,grand ,bal donn sous le patronage de ,madame4' ,the mother-of-pearl stick finely pierced and carved4 ,this formed part of the famous collection of ,queen ,victoria4 ,in #ahei an event occurred of the most fateful interest for the fan1 ,m4 ,alphonse ,baude of ,sainte-,genevive 7,oise7 having invented his system of cutting and carving the sticks jour by machinery6 ,let us understand clearly what this means to us4 ,nature1 ever bounteous1 provides us gratis1 without any patent dues1 with an instrument--the human hand--the most exquisitely delicate and complicated machine known to us2 this instrument is directed by a force--the human mind--still more subtle1 if possible1 in the delicacy of its operations4 ,in place of this1 ,m4 ,alphonse ,baude1 in his wisdom1 offers us his conglomeration of wheels1 axles1 metal bolts1 and screws6 ,the intelligent fan-lover will therefore note this date1 and carefully examine any fan sticks made subsequent to it4 ,fans1 however1 have been made from time to time having reasonable claims to the possession of artistic qualities4 ,m4 ,rondot mentions a fan carved in mother-of-pearl and signed by ,camille ,roqueplan for ,duvelleroy1 that sold for #ajjj francs4 ,a ,danish sculptor1 ,m4 ,s4 ,g4 ,schwartz of ,copenhagen1 exhibited at ,paris in #ahfg an ivory fan carved with reliefs of the ,seasons after ,thorwaldsen2 a most beautiful work4 ,another bris fan1 finely pierced and carved1 presented by the ladies of ,copenhagen to ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess of ,wales 7,queen ,alexandra7 on the occasion of her marriage in #ahfc1 gives five circular medallions1 the centre having the initials ,a4 ,a4 surmounted by the crown1 the other four of classical subjects4 ,underneath1 a processional group of ,apollo in his chariot1 the ,graces and the ,muses2 above1 a border of ,cupids holding wreaths of flowers2 the guards richly embossed in gold1 with foliage1 flowers1 etc41 in high relief4 ,the above instances1 as well as others that might be named1 are exceptional2 there can be no possibility of doubt that while the leaves of fans1 upon occasion1 due to the fact of artists of high calibre having essayed the fan1 present some advance1 the work of the stick1 during the whole of the nineteenth century1 exhibits a serious falling off from that of the preceding epochs4 ,this unsatisfactory state of things can only be remedied by a general advance in public taste1 by the creation of a demand for the higher class fans1 and by individual artists of approved skill turning their attention to this class of work4 ,during the latter half of the nineteenth century1 three prominent ventaillistes of ,paris1 ,,mm4 ,duvelleroy1 ,alexandre1 and ,aloys van de ,voorde1 have made most strenuous efforts to revive interest in the higher class of fans1 and have exhibited work by such distinguished painters as ,gavarni1 ,colin1 ,hamon1 ,philippe1 ,rousseau1 ,karl ,mller1 ,diaz1 ,eugne ,lami1 ,glaize1 ,compte-,calix1 ,couture1 ,corot1 ,wattier1 ,sold1 ,garnier1 ,mme de ,girardin3 and such well-known sculptors as ,jean ,feuchre1 ,klagmann1 ,jacquemart1 ,riester1 the brothers ,fannire1 ,eugne ,berger1 ,bastard1 ,lanoy1 ,vaillant1 and others4 ,illustration3 ,lace ,mount presented by the ,earl of ,crewe to ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,mary on her marriage4 ,youghal ,co-operative ,lace ,society4 ,illustration3 ,an ,entomologist painted by ,j4,l4 ,hamon1 stick by ,g4 ,rembert4 ,the ,countess ,granville4 ,of the work of ,gavarni we have unfortunately no example illustrated2 a fan by him appeared at ,south ,kensington in #ahgj1 exhibited by the ,comtesse de ,nadaillac4 ,of other fans enlivened by his light and humorous touch1 two1 says ,blondel1 have become famous3 the first was commissioned by ,duvelleroy for ,queen ,victoria3 the second1 estimated of perhaps greater value1 formed part of the ,empress ,eugnie's rich collection4 ,mirecourt1 in his biography of ,gavarni1 tells the following anecdote4 ,upon an occasion of the contents of his fine portfolios being praised1 he cried1 #8,allons donc6 in drawing ,i have never done but one thing passable2 it is a fan for the ,empress4' ,gavarni visited this country in #ahdg1 but does not appear to have recommended himself personally to his hosts4 ,he may be counted fortunate in the fact of his having1 in spite of a certain spirit of contradiction in his character1 impressed the value of his work upon his fellows during his lifetime4 ,great men1 like angels1 but too often come upon us unawares1 and it is only upon their leave-taking1 or after1 that we become sensible of the loss of a gracious presence4 ,the delicate and refined art of ,jean ,louis ,hamon was especially suited to the fan4 ,for a considerable period he was associated with the ,royal ,porcelain works at ,svres1 producing a number of designs of that light fanciful character with which we are familiar in his paintings4 ,he continued this style of composition1 says ,m4 ,walther ,fol1 but applied it to the decoration of fans1 in which he excelled4 #8,in every sovereign court they were a coveted possession1 and if he had desired to supply all demands he could have produced nothing besides4' ,the subjects of these delicate fancies in almost every instance have reference to love or marriage4 ,there were ,loves who shot arrows transfixing two hearts at once2 there was ,love with outspread wings1 seated upon the raised end of a see-saw1 while ,hymen1 crowned with flowers1 held him on high by his weight4 ,a dress fan made by ,alexandre1 and painted by ,hamon with the subject of #8,an ,entomologist1' and groups of flowers on either side by a well-known flower painter1 was presented to the ,countess ,granville by the foreign commissioners of the ,universal ,exhibition1 ,paris1 ,october #bf1 #ahfg4 ,the stick is of ivory1 carved by ,c4 ,rambert with dancing ,cupids and foliage1 enriched with ormolu and jewelled turquoise4 ,the gift was accompanied by a graceful letter from ,mr4 7afterwards ,sir ,henry7 ,cole1 the ,british ,commissioner1 referring to the fan as a work of fine art by #8two distinguished ,french painters and one sculptor4' ,it is1 however1 more valuable as a souvenir of an interesting occasion1 and for the beautiful carving of the stick1 than as a representative example of ,hamon's work4 ,in #ahfb1 ,j4 ,l4 ,hamon journeyed to ,rome1 where he painted #8,l',aurore1' exhibited in ,paris in the following year1 and purchased by the ,empress ,eugnie4 ,he died in #ahgd at the early age of fifty-three4 ,wattier signed a number of fans1 of which an exceedingly rich example1 an elaborate composition of nymphs and ,cupids1 is in the possession of the ,countess ,granville4 ,he was born at ,lille in #ahjj1 and died in #ahfh4 ,the fan leaf1 #8,le ,cerf de ,st4 ,hubert1' by ,rosa ,bonheur 7born #ahbb1 died #ahig71 is dated #ahif1 and is consequently one of the latest works of this illustrious painter1 whose fame has become universal4 ,the legend of ,st4 ,hubert and his ,christ vision1 an unusual subject with modern artists1 though greatly favoured by the painters of the ,renaissance1 engaged the attention of ,rosa ,bonheur as early as #ahfh1 when she produced a crayon study1 similar in treatment to this fan leaf1 with the stag shown a little more in perspective1 illustrated in ,rosa ,bonheur1 sa ,vie1 son uvre1 ,anna ,klumpke1 #aijh4 ,the stag of the fan leaf1 reversed however1 presents many similarities to the famous picture #8,le ,roi de la ,fort1' painted in #ahgh1 the same studies probably being utilised for both works4 ,the leaf is of silk1 the painting in transparent pigment1 with very little body colour introduced4 ,it appeared at the ,franco-,british ,exhibition in #aijh1 and is in the possession of ,m4 ,georges ,can1 ,muse ,carnavalet1 ,paris1 by whose courtesy we are enabled to give the illustration4 ,another fan1 #8,trois ,vachers1' is referred to in the above-mentioned biography4 ,illustration3 ,le ,cerf de ,st ,hubert1 by ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,m4 ,georges ,can ,claudius ,popelin is an artist of the ,napoleon ,,iii4 epoch1 who1 in addition to his work in enamel1 produced a number of fans1 examples of which appear in the ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs1 ,paris4 ,these are mostly flowers and objects of natural history1 drawn with considerable skill4 ,he was much befriended by the late ,princess ,mathilde 7cousin of ,napoleon ,,iii47 who presented a fan of her own work to the ,empress ,eugnie4 ,in the same collection appear two fans by ,ch4 ,chaplin1 whose graceful work in painting is well known here as on the ,continent4 ,in the art library1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 is a small collection of designs for fans1 acquired from the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahfg1 and typical of the work done during the middle of the century2 the fans from these designs being made1 in each instance1 by ,alexandre4 ,amongst these is a silk leaf representing the four ages of ,infancy1 ,youth1 ,manhood1 and ,old ,age1 forming one group in a large cartouche1 occupying three-fourths of the entire space1 extremely ably painted1 somewhat recalling the style of the ,french painter ,flandrin2 the colour scheme being a monotone of mauve with gold embellishments1 the panel on a green ground with lightly designed ornaments1 signed ,f4 ,fossey1 ,,mdccclxiii4 ,a group of ,watteau figures dancing1 cleverly touched on a light buff silk mount1 and a shepherd piping1 with shepherdess and ,cupid1 a circle of ,cupids hovering round a tree1 also in the ,watteau style1 are examples of the lighter and daintier style of mount affected by the ,french artists of this epoch2 the last named signed by ,madame ,callamatta4 ,madame ,bisschop1 who also has a dainty touch1 executed a number of fans during the sixties and seventies1 including the silver-wedding fan of ,mr4 and ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber4 ,this skin mount1 now in the ,schreiber collection1 ,british ,museum1 though it can scarcely lay claim to the highest qualities1 is1 nevertheless1 charming in idea and pretty in colour2 it represents a sylvan scene on the borders of a lake upon which are two white swans1 a delicate allusion to the bride and bridegroom4 ,in the centre1 underneath a tree1 is a ,cupid turning over the pages of a large book1 inscribed #8,april #aj1 #ahhj1 ,,xxv4' ,the subject is enclosed within a cartouche of gold and flowers4 ,once again1 the ,royal ,fan1 in its hour of need1 finds a friend in royalty1 on this occasion the most powerful monarch in ,europe1 ,queen ,victoria4 ,in #ahgj1 the period of perhaps the lowest ebb of the fan's fortunes in this country1 at the initiative of this royal lady1 an exhibition was organised at the ,south ,kensington ,museum 7now ,victoria and ,albert71 when a prize of #djj was offered by ,her ,majesty1 and four hundred and thirteen examples from the finest collections both here and abroad were shown4 ,the great success of this exhibition1 and the absorbing interest displayed in it1 naturally led to the organisation of others4 ,among the measures adopted by the ,worshipful ,company of ,fanmakers for the purpose of reviving what was at one time #8a flourishing industry in this ancient city1' a competitive exhibition of fans was held at ,drapers' ,hall in #ahgh1 again under the protecting gis of royalty 7,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,louise1 now ,duchess of ,argyll74 ,twelve hundred and eighty-four fans1 ancient and modern1 were exhibited2 gold1 silver1 and bronze medals1 and money prizes amounting in the aggregate to #agb were awarded1 the freedom of the ,company being in most instances granted to the prize-winners4 ,eleven years later 7#ahhi7 this experiment was repeated4 ,in addition to prizes offered by the ,fanmakers' ,company1 others were offered by private individuals and public newspapers1 and one hundred and six works were entered for competition4 ,illustration3 ,fan mount by ,claudius ,popelin4 ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs1 ,paris4 ,the ,queen newspaper1 the donor of one of the prizes1 commenting on the exhibition1 held at ,drapers' ,hall during the month of ,may1 said3 #8,considered as a whole1 the exhibition did not come up to our expectations4 ,the liberal prizes offered ought to have brought forward finer and more original work in a branch of minor art which is to be considered as the special province of lady artists1#agj and presents so many opportunities for fanciful composition and refined taste in arranging and grouping1' etc4 ,in the following year1 #ahij1 the ,fanmakers' ,company decided to hold their third competitive exhibition4 ,the ,daily ,graphic of ,may #ag said3 #8,the exhibition of fans organised last year by the ,company of ,fanmakers gave so valuable an impetus to ,english trade in this direction1 that the ,company very wisely and patriotically decided to hold another this season4' ,on this occasion no less a sum than #bge was placed at the disposal of the ,company1 to be distributed as prizes for fans and fan designs1 the exclusive work of ,british subjects1 the number of exhibits reaching the very respectable total of six hundred4 ,in #ahia an important exhibition of ancient and modern fans was held at ,karlsruhe1 under the patronage of the ,grand ,duke and ,grand ,duchess of ,baden1 a sumptuous illustrated record of the exhibition being issued1 the text written by ,professor ,marc ,rosenberg4 ,sixteen prizes and forty-three diplomas of honour were offered for competition1 in which some of the foremost continental artists took part4 ,of these the distinguished ,austrian painter ,hans ,makart claims a leading place1 and may be included in the already long list of artists of the foremost rank who have given their attention to fan painting4 ,a design in crayons and water-colour by him appeared at this exhibition1 and is now in the ,royal ,gallery at ,berlin2 a charming vision of a procession of children crowding the whole field of the fan1 suggesting the impossibility of having too many4 ,professor ,eugen ,klimsch of ,frankfurt1 the winner of one of the prizes1 was represented by #8,the ,dance1' a composition of figures in the style of ,watteau1 a number of ,cupids occupying the centre of the fan1 which was priced at the high figure of #ejj4 ,professor ,hermann ,gtz1 director of the ,school of ,arts and ,crafts at ,karlsruhe1 showed an excellent classical composition on paper1 of the chariot of an orb or planet4 ,professor ,ferdinand ,keller1 of ,karlsruhe1 exhibited an apotheosis of the ,emperor ,william ,i41 an excellent fan mount of a pretty ,cupid on a cloud1 with a medallion portrait of the ,empress and a large eagle4 ,this in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rosenberg1 who also owns an extremely able composition of a dance of bacchantes by ,georg ,papperitz4 ,there was also a powerful painting of the plein air school1 of a pier with fishing-boats1 #8,bewegte ,see1 ,schwanenhaut1' by ,professor ,gustav ,schnleber2 and an excellent naturalistic painting on silk of parrots1 paroquets1 etc41 by ,max ,seliger of ,berlin4 ,the above by no means exhausts the good things of this important exhibition1 in which was represented practically every phase of modern art1 and amply demonstrated the fact that the ,germans1 artists and public alike1 are much more alive to the importance of the fan1 both as affording an opportunity for artistic expression1 and as an accessory of costume1 than we are in this country4 ,upon occasion1 the fan has led to unforeseen and undesired consequences2 a story is told of the eccentric ,king ,ludwig of ,bavaria1 the gallant and prodigal admirer of the dancer ,lola ,monts4 ,at one of the balls of his ,court1 a fair princess having inadvertently let her fan fall to the ground1 the monarch hastened to pick it up and to restore it to the hands of the giddy beauty1 when his forehead came in sharp contact with that of another gentleman1 no less desirous than the king of paying homage to the fair4 ,the shock was so great and so violent that ,king ,ludwig1 stunned for the moment1 soon afterwards discovered growing on his forehead that enormous wen1 so well known1 and as celebrated as it was unlucky4#aga ,illustration3 ,autograph ,fan4 ,sir ,lawrence ,alma-,tadema4 ,o4,m41 ,r4,a4 ,illustration3 ,autograph ,fan ,japanese4 ,mr ,frank ,brangwyn ,a4,r4,a4 ,autograph and inscription fans1 which have1 during the last two or three decades become popular with the few fortunate ladies who are happy in the possession of a circle of artistic friends1 are but a revival of an old-world fashion4 ,we have referred1 early in this work1 to the custom of poetic inscription which prevailed in ,china during the ,liang dynasty1 and to the love-sick lady ,pan1 of the ,han dynasty1 who adopted this by way of giving expression to her unrequited love4 ,m4 ,achille ,poussielgue1 ,voyage en ,chine de ,m4 et ,mme ,bourboulon1 says3 #8,there are fans of two kinds1 open and folding4 ,the former are made of a sheet of ivory or paper1 and are used as autograph albums2 and it is upon the surface of these white fans that a ,chinaman begs his friend to leave a sentence1 a drawing1 or some characters1 by way of recalling the absent to his memory4 ,these album fans1 to which great or noted men affix their seals1 become of great value4' #8,in the romance1 ,ping-chan-ling yen1 a eunuch attached to the ,emperor's household1 ,lieou by name1 begs ,chn-,tai1 the noble daughter of ,chn-hien-jin1 to honour him by writing on a fan with her own fair hand4 8,my sole desire10 he says1 8is to possess a fan ornamented with your verses40' ,some of these autograph fans from the ,negroni collection were sold in ,london about #ahff1 after the ,chinese war1 and are said to have reached the extraordinary figure of #ijj apiece4 ,in ,japan1 also1 a charming device for the entertainment of the guests at artistic social gatherings consisted in each member of the company making little sketches expressive of some dainty fancy1 or historic incident1 on fans4 ,these were passed round1 exchanged1 and carried away as souvenirs of a friendly and interesting occasion4 ,it was a happy inspiration of the late ,lady ,alma ,tadema to revive the autograph fan in the form of sign manuals of famous artists and musicians4 ,the fan consists of twenty-six blades of plain wood on which appear the signatures of such famous painters as ,bastien-,lepage1 ,joseph ,israels1 ,du ,maurier1 ,legros1 accompanied in most instances by characteristic sketches2 and of such musical executants as ,charles ,hall1 with1 in several instances1 the addition of a few bars of music4 ,the sketches are dated #ahgi4 ,the fan of ,mrs4 ,arthur ,lewis is a development of the same idea4 ,this has nineteen blades1 and the space between the rounded edge and the connecting ribbon is utilised for sketches by ,orchardson1 ,colin ,hunter1 ,pettie1 ,millais1 ,leslie1 ,alma ,tadema1 ,du ,maurier1 ,phil ,morris1 ,ansdell1 ,j4 ,c4 ,hook1 ,frank ,dicksee1 ,goodall1 ,herkomer1 ,fildes1 ,marks1 ,boughton1 and ,adrian ,stokes4 ,the outer blades are ornamented by arabesques enclosing the monogram of the owner1 a laurel wreath1 and painter's palettes4 ,the dates recorded are #ahhj-hd4 ,the popularity on the ,continent of this form of autograph fan is evidenced by the fact that three examples were shown at ,karlsruhe in #ahia from the collection of ,herr ,conrad ,dreher of ,munich4 ,these included the work of such well-known ,german artists as ,ernst ,zimmermann1 ,franz ,stuck1 ,lenbach1 ,holmberg1 ,lwith1 ,diez1 ,hermann ,kaulbach1 and others4 ,at ,karlsruhe1 also1 was shown an autograph fan belonging to the ,baroness ,friederichsy1 on which were the signatures of all the diplomatists who attended the ,berlin ,congress4 ,countess ,onola possesses a similar fan1 with the autographs of the royal family and the more distinguished personages of the ,berlin ,court1 including ,prince ,bismarck and ,count ,moltke4 ,mrs4 ,joachim-,gibson has a #8,wagner' fan1 with printed portrait of the master1 views of the ,wagner theatre and of ,bayreuth1 and1 on the reverse1 autographs of famous ,wagner singers4 ,illustration3 ,lace ,fan1 presented to ,h4,m4 ,queen ,alexandra for use on ,coronation day1 #aijb1 by the ,worshipful ,company of ,fan ,makers4 ,her ,majesty the ,queen4 ,among novelties or curiosities in fans is an example shown at the ,vienna ,exhibition in #ahgc1 in which each rib was a knife or a fork1 or a spoon1 or a comb1 or a pair of scissors1 etc4 ,any single piece could be removed for use without spoiling the tout ensemble4 ,in the exhibition of the ,fanmakers' ,company at ,drapers' ,hall in #ahij1 a #8butterfly fan' appeared4 ,two large gauze wings1 speckled and veined to imitate a gigantic insect1 form the fan1 the body represented by the handle2 upon pressing a button or spring1 the wings are set in motion1 and1 by their fluttering1 fan the bearer4 ,mrs4 ,kendal1 the famous actress1 is also credited with a little surprise1 in the shape of a #8dressing-case fan4' ,this is a fan and entire toilet-case in one1 and affords its owner an opportunity of beautifying herself on occasions when the ordinary means are unattainable4 ,the sticks are of silver1 the leaf of black gauze1 with a black velvet mask1 resembling those the ,venetians carry at ,carnival time1 set in the centre4 ,behind this mask1 which permits the owner to see everything1 may be carried on all the toilet duties for which the fan contains conveniences4 ,upon turning back one of the broad outer sticks1 a little mirror is revealed1 and underneath the other is a receptacle for hair-pins1 scissors1 glove-hook1 etc4 ,at the lower end of the fan is a silver box containing a small powder-puff4 ,this was advertised some ten or fifteen years ago as manufactured by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,thornhill and ,co4 ,the employment of the ostrich feather for the folding-fan has been revived during recent years1 following an older custom4 ,many examples occurring in old engravings and pictures may be cited2 amongst them the portrait group of the family of ,jan ,miense ,molenaer1 by ,van ,loon1 previously referred to1 in which a lady holds a folding-fan of white ostrich feathers4 7,see illustration1 p4 #aif47 ,in the sixteenth century1 and for a long subsequent period1 ,venice continued to be the principal emporium for supplying ostrich feathers to ,europe1 and in no country were they more extensively used than in ,england4 ,at present ,england is the mart of the world for feathers2 foreign manufacturers1 therefore1 must perforce come here to make their selections4 ,it is this latter circumstance1 doubtless1 together with the universal popularity of the feather itself1 which has occasioned their revival--some of the handsomest fans made at present being of that character4 ,the sthetic value of these fans1 for the most part depends1 no doubt1 from considerations of cost1 upon the beauty of the ostrich feather itself1 the sticks being generally of plain ivory1 tortoise-shell1 horn1 or bone--thus justifying the criticism passed upon one of the prize-winners at a competitive exhibition at ,drapers' ,hall1 that it was to the ostrich that the prize ought really to go4 ,under no circumstances1 however1 could these folding-fans hope to vie with the magnificent rigid fans of the ,elizabethan era1 the form of these handles1 apparently1 offering better opportunities to the designer than do the radiating sticks of the folding-fan4 ,if we might have feathers set in handles designed in the sumptuous manner of these early fans1 well and good2 if we could have the sticks of the folding-fans more in keeping with the sumptuous nature of the feather1 well also1 though not quite so good2 but the ever-present question of cost must always remain a determining factor4 ,the feathers of other birds have also been1 and are at present1 employed for the purposes of the fan2 in this connection the charming ,chinese fan at ,south ,kensington of the feathers of the ,argus pheasant may be cited4 7,illustrated facing p4 #ei47 ,illustration3 ,woodcock ,feather ,fan composed of #fbej feathers supplied by ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess of ,wales4 ,the system of applied feather-work is referred to on a number of occasions in this work1 several illustrations being given1 notably the ,chinese feather screens belonging to ,mr4 ,crewdson1 and the ,queen ,anne screen of ,mr4 ,messel4 ,the practice was common during the latter half of the eighteenth century1 used both for fans and other purposes1 and it was a favourite pastime with ,mrs4 ,montague1 who refers to it in one of her letters1 dated #aghe3--#8;,i am obliged to you for your kind attention to my feather-work4 ,the neck and breast feathers of the stubble goose are very useful1 and ,i wish your cook would save those of the ,michaelmas goose for us4 ,things homely and vulgar are sometimes more useful than the elegant1 and the feathers of the goose may be better adapted to some occasions than the plumes of the ,phnix4' ,thus ,cowper1 ,on ,mrs4 ,montagu's ,feather ,hangings3 #8,the ,birds put off their ev'ry hue1 ,to dress a room for ,montagu4' ,fashion has again1 during recent years1 adopted this system of feather decoration for fans4 #8,the latest craze of ,viennese society1' says the ,new ,york ,commercial1 ,november #bc1 #ahij1 #8is a passion for fans of mountain-cock feathers4 ,the last question the young ,austrian belle asks her admirer before he goes on a hunt is1 8,won't you try1 please1 to bag me a fine fan80 ,an ideal fan of this kind must contain only feathers from birds brought down by the most expert shots1 and every feather must be the lone representative of the giver's skill2 consequently1 such a fan may record the admiration and skill of sixty or seventy hunters4 ,it is not unusual to have cut in the ribs of the fans a brief account of the circumstances under which the birds were shot4 ,the ,german ,empress is said to have expressed a wish last summer for such a fan1 and ever since that time the young bloods of the ,austrian ,court1 who have already bagged fans for their own women1 have been shooting right and left for the ,empress's sake4 ,the handle of the fan1 now being completed in ,vienna1 will be set with jewels in the ,prussian colours4' ,a more unique example of the spoils of sport is the fan which1 by the graciousness of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess of ,wales1 we are enabled to illustrate here4 ,in this1 the blades are of red tortoise-shell1 twenty in number4 ,the feather portion is composed of a series of tiny feathers from the wing of the woodcock4 ,these1 #febj in number1 were supplied by ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales from the wings of #cbfj woodcocks1 there being one only of these miniature feathers in each wing of the bird4 ,each single feather is fixed with two stitches of thread and worked upon a linen base1 the back being formed of the ordinary feathers from the breast and wings4 ,the fan was commenced on the #ahth ,august #aijj1 and only completed on the #bhth ,october #aija4 ,the lady who worked it was unable to apply herself for more than an hour or so at a time1 the work being so excessively fine and tedious4 ,the manufacture of the fan was entrusted to ,mr4 ,alfred ,clark1 of #cc ,new ,bond ,street1#agb the work being carried out under his direction1 and1 we believe1 on a principle of his own4 ,m4 douard ,moreau signed a number of fans from #ahfj onwards1 characterised by a charming delicacy of execution and elaboration of detail4 ,a representative example is given1 which appeared in the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb1 and was purchased for the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,this1 an ivory bris1 is painted with three medallions of #8,the ,tournament1' #8,before the ,tournament1' and #8,after the ,tournament4' ,the fan was made by ,alexandre1 and bears very favourable comparison with the best work of the eighteenth century4 7,facing p4 #hg47 ,a fan1 also manufactured by ,alexandre and painted by ,moreau1 was exhibited in #ahgj by ,madame ,maurice ,richard 7au ,ministre des ,beaux-,arts1 ,paris74 ,the vellum mount has for centre a medallion1 with the initials #8,h4 ,r4' 7,hlne ,richard7 surmounted by two doves4 ,on either side are medallions with figures emblematic of ,sculpture and ,music1 ,poetry and ,painting1 painted en camaeu on a gold ground by ,moreau4 ,on the reverse1 in a medallion1 the ,genius of the ,arts awarding wreaths to ,sculpture1 ,architecture1 ,painting1 ,music1 and ,poetry4 ,the ivory stick1 carved and pierced in the style of the sixteenth century1 is also painted by ,moreau1 with medallions of seraphs playing musical instruments1 and supporting emblems of the arts they represent2 the guards bearing the initials #8,h4 ,r4' in gold4 ,illustration3 ,the ,meet4 by ,charles ,detaille4 ,m4 ,j4 ,duvelleroy4 ,many fans bearing ,moreau's signature have mounts of lace1 the ivory stick being minutely painted with medallions of figure subjects near the handle end1 usually three subjects enclosed in an ornamental setting4 ,an excellent example is given from the collection at the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,m4 ,duvelleroy 7of ,regent ,street7 also has a fan arranged on similar lines2 another1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,rosenberg1 was exhibited at ,karlsruhe in #ahia1 both the last named being made by ,alexandre4 ,this leads us to the important subject of lace mounts4 ,the use of this delicate material for the fan1 especially suited by its lightness and daintiness1 has been revived during recent years4 ,a lace fan having in the centre the word #8,elena1' surmounted by a royal crown1 was made at ,burano and presented to ,queen ,elena of ,italy on her marriage in #ahif4 ,in ,devonshire1 also1 lace mounts have been made2 in the ,paris ,exhibition of #aijj appeared a fan with a coat of arms in the centre1 in which ,miss ,trevelyan adapted an ,italian design to the old ,honiton stitches1 illustrated by ,mrs4 ,bury ,palliser in her work on ,lace4 ,fans have been1 and are1 a feature of the ,youghal lace industry1 established by the sisterhood of the ,presentation ,convent1 county ,cork1 the oldest of the many that have sprung up under the fostering care of the ,irish nuns1 and dating back to the dark times of #ahdg1 when famine decimated the rural population of the south and west of ,ireland4 ,the designs are in each instance furnished by the sisters1 who are qualified under the ,board of ,education4 ,the ,irish flat needle-point of ,youghal1 though doubtless derived in the first instance from foreign sources1 may be said to have developed into a purely native art1 capable of well holding its own against any contemporary foreign work4 ,fan leaves have been worked for many highly placed personages2 the example illustrated was presented by the ,earl of ,crewe to ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,mary on her marriage1 and is1 perhaps1 one of the most successful in point of design and richness of effect4 ,a wedding gift to ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,maud of ,wales has for centre the initial ,m4 surmounted by a crown4 ,a beautiful example1 of the finest workmanship1 was presented to ,h4,m4 ,queen ,alexandra on the occasion of her first visit to ,ireland after the ,coronation1 in #aijc1 and has for centre the ,irish harp1 with the appropriate inscription in ,celtic half uncials1 on a ribbon running over the whole field of the fan3 #8,i cool1 ,i refresh1 and ,i can keep secrets4' ,another fan was presented to ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,margaret of ,connaught as a wedding gift1 and obtained a prize at an exhibition in ,dublin in #ahig4 ,the number of medals awarded by the various international and other exhibitions testify to the universal appreciation of this delicate industry1 which has for some years past1 with the full consent of the nuns1 been formed into a co-operative society1 thus enabling the workers to participate fully in the profits accruing to the association4 ,the thread is a linen one of various degrees of fineness1 from the strong ,no4 #a to the almost invisible ,no4 #djj1 and though so delicately wrought1 it wears better than most other laces1 and can be cleaned repeatedly without suffering injury in texture or appearance4#agc ,illustration3 ,lace ,fan1 by ,alexandre1 stick ivory1 carved by ,brisevin1 painted by ,moreau4 ,victoria ,albert ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,lace ,fan1 worked by ,mdme ,minne ,dausaert1 stick ivory1 finely carved with cupids c4 ,m4 ,j4 ,duvelleroy4 ,we are enabled1 by the gracious permission of ,her ,majesty1 to illustrate the lace fan presented by the ,worshipful ,company of ,fan-makers to ,queen ,alexandra for use on ,coronation ,day1 #aijb4 ,this bears two crossed ,a's surmounted by the royal crown4 ,on the panaches the royal monogram again appears surmounted by the crown4 ,lace may be said to be the one single industry remaining comparatively uninfluenced by the modern art movement1 which is professedly a return to the independent study of natural forms4 ,we say comparatively uninfluenced1 since most praiseworthy1 and1 indeed1 successful attempts have been made both in this country and abroad to profit by the abundant ornamental suggestion which ,nature everywhere offers us4 ,the beautiful lace fan contributed by ,m4 ,duvelleroy suggests almost infinite possibilities in the treatment of this charming material2 it is designed on a convention essentially modern2 it is the art of to-day1 of the present moment1 owing practically nothing to the past1 and representing that revolt against tradition1 which1 for good or for ill1 has come to be one of the most significant features of modern art4 ,nor is this the only instance that might be cited4 ,excellent designs for lace mounts1 based upon natural forms1 have from time to time been made in our schools2 in this connection may be mentioned the work of ,miss ,lydia ,hammett1 of the ,taunton ,school of ,art1 who has produced charming fan mounts in ,brussels and other lace in which bird and plant life are happily treated1 and with a proper and due sense of the limitations imposed by the material4 ,miss ,l4 ,oldroyd1 also1 has worked a number of charming lace mounts1 including one for a fan presented to ,queen ,victoria by the ,worshipful ,company of ,fanmakers on the occasion of the diamond jubilee4 ,on the ,continent1 among some of the most admirably reticent work1 a treatment more frankly unusual has been adopted1 not without successful results4 ,in the article on #8,der ,moderne ,fcher1' in the ,kunstgewerbe-blatt for ,september #aijd1 ,frau ,m4 ,erler gives several admirable examples from ,vienna and elsewhere1 together with illustrations of her own work1 consisting of a happy arrangement of appliqu embroidery and network or gauze insertion1 extremely effective1 and losing none of its value from the fact of its having been obtained by simple means4 ,we have festoons of flowers embroidered on a light ground of gauze1 with ornamental spaces of network insertion2 we have the mountain-ash arranged symmetrically1 the leaves painted red with embroidered outline2 the #8honesty' treated as a broad border1 the outline embroidered2 the rose treated as an all-over pattern1 the groundwork in artfully alternated lace and net4 ,at the time of writing1 the news of ,charles ,conder's death reaches us4 ,he was a man of singular gifts1 a modern of the moderns1 whose work1 though doubtless derived from that of a past age1 would have been impossible at any other epoch than our own4 ,what ,conder undoubtedly possessed1 and in a very high degree1 was that subtle quality which for lack of a better word we call style1 a quality not easy of definition1 but readily felt4 ,it would be difficult to say what style is1 it is far easier to say what it is not2 it is not for example1 design2 a man may possess considerable power of design without much perception of style2 it is not a sense of proportion1 although this comes nearer the mark2 it is not originality either1 since a man may be very original indeed1 and only prove himself ridiculous2 it is rather1 a happy blending of these several elements1 and some others also4 ,to this great gift of nature1 since this quality in its highest form cannot be acquired1 ,conder added practically nothing4 ,it is with a feeling akin to resentment that we find faculties so exceedingly rare and so precious1 allied to such a lamentable lack of training and art education4 ,it is indeed possible that1 if his life had been prolonged1 these shortcomings would have been supplied1 as ,burne-,jones taught himself the human figure after he became famous2 but1 after all1 criticism is perhaps somewhat ungracious where there is so much that is admirable1 and the utility of speculations as to the #8might have beens' is extremely questionable4 ,illustration3 ,the ,red ,fan4 ,conversations ,galantes1 painted on silk by ,charles ,conder4 ,mr4 ,john ,lane4 ,the number of ,conder fans existing in various collections must be considerable4 ,mr4 ,lane has a dozen1 or possibly more1 of which perhaps the finest is reproduced here4 ,silk is the material employed1 to which his method is especially suited4 ,they appear to have been mounted only in very rare instances1 and are generally framed for purposes of decoration4 ,there is no reason why they should not be used--in fact1 there is every reason why they should1 since suitability to a prescribed purpose is one of the very first canons of good art4 ,mrs4 ,lane has a blue fan1 mounted1 and in use4 ,the work of ,frank ,conder is obviously founded on that of ,charles1 with which it presents many features in common4 ,among the several fans by this artist illustrated in the winter number of the ,studio1 that representing two young girls holding masks1 with ,cupids1 and in the background a river and bridge1 is perhaps the most individual4 ,the many admirers of ,mr4 ,brangwyn's work1 and they are legion1 will doubtless welcome the two characteristic examples given of fans by his hand4 ,in both instances1 the colour scheme is a play upon blue1 somewhat similar to1 and at the same time1 necessarily1 vastly different from1 the red fan of ,mr4 ,conder4 ,the motto of ,danton the ,republican--#8de l'audace1 et encore de l'audace1 et toujours de l'audace1' #8to dare1 and again to dare1 and always and evermore to dare1' would seem to be peculiarly fitting to the work of ,mr4 ,brangwyn4 ,in the hands of a less gifted artist this would probably mean disaster2 in the instance of the original of the coloured illustration1 a bold gouache on silk1 the result is one of almost overpowering brilliance4 ,the half-tone illustration represents a sketch on grey paper1 and must be considered merely as the first idea of a fan1 to be materially modified in the working out4 ,mr4 ,brangwyn has1 among his multifarious activities1 found time to produce quite a number of fans and designs for fans1 which have found their way into various hands4 ,in the ,studio winter number for #aija-b appeared a coloured illustration--a rich composition of young girls gathering roses--also painted on silk4 ,in the article on #8,der ,moderne ,fcher1' in ,kunstgewerbe-blatt for ,september #aijd1 by ,frau ,margaret ,erler of ,berlin1 previously alluded to1 appeared the first sketch for this ,studio fan1 vigorously drawn in chalk4 ,it is impossible at the present stage of a career having in the natural order of things so much before it1 and in the face of such superabundant energy1 to form any definite idea of the ultimate outcome of ,mr4 ,brangwyn's art2 of his present accomplishment1 his etched work1 which ranks amongst the most remarkable produced during recent periods1 seems likely1 in the opinion of the present writer1 to earn for him the most enduring fame4 ,if we might conceive etched or engraved fans becoming again popular in the twentieth1 as they were in the eighteenth century1 it might be an interesting speculation as to how ,mr4 ,brangwyn would treat an etched fan4 ,the material of zinc1 which he so much affects1 and in which he has discovered such great possibilities1 would1 doubtless1 be unsuitable for such a delicate object2 nevertheless1 we can imagine some rapid and characteristic note on copper1 the print further enlivened here and there by a touch of colour1 as a suitable thing to be fluttered in the hand of the fair4 ,such work would provide1 in these days of lack of patronage1 other artists also with a means of augmenting their too often1 it is to be feared1 but slender incomes1 since there would be an additional incentive to purchase a print that might be applied to a definite purpose1 or made the occasion of some graceful offering4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,granville ,fell1 whose ,court of ,love1 a composition in the shape of a reversed heart1 with ,cupid enthroned in the centre1 was illustrated in the ,studio winter number above referred to1 is another instance of an ,english present-day artist who has essayed fan painting or designing4 ,illustration3 ,the ,blue ,fan1 silk1 by ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 by permission of the ,artist4 ,miss ,jessie ,king1 whose charmingly original style is admirably suited to the fan1 was also represented in the same publication4 ,the beautiful fan graciously lent for reproduction by ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,henry of ,battenberg1 the wedding gift of ,queen ,victoria1 is entirely of ,english workmanship1 designed and painted by a lady student of the ,training ,school at ,south ,kensington4 #8,what style of ornament is most suitable for the fan8' asks ,charles ,blanc1 who draws attention to the fact of the pleats breaking up or distorting the design or picture4 ,our author suggests as a possible way out of this difficulty #8that each pleat or fold should have a separate subject1 or1 at least1 that the subject be so arranged that the pleats have relation to each other1 as1 a ,watteau harlequin kissing his hand to a columbine1 a ,leander quarrelling with ,isabelle1 these being placed on blades that in refolding would reunite the lovers and reconcile the disputants4 ,but to develop a graceful subject on a series of projecting and retreating angles1 all more or less acute1 would be a waste of labour4 ,is it not better to use in these cases a different or a radiating ornament8 ,is it not better to scatter over a fan a charmingly discordant arrangement of pictures and colours1 or even to place isolated subjects between the folds1 in order that elegant women1 in manipulating their fans1 may have twenty opportunities of showing in each fancy group the artist's talent1 and at the same time1 of displaying some special charm of their own--a pretty hand1 a well-turned arm1 or beautiful eyes8'#agd ,our author has drawn attention1 in his light and charming way1 to a difficulty which is practically insuperable2 there is nothing new in this suggestion of decorating each pleat with a separate subject1 or of a consecutive series of subjects4 ,many instances of its application might be cited2 some are given in this work1 notably the ,italian fan of mica1 in which subdivision is carried to its utmost limit4 ,but we must not take our author too seriously1 and although his suggested fan1 if carried out1 would be a most exquisite experience1 especially if drawn with the power of a ,gavarni1 or designed with the skill of a ,sambourne or a ,caran d',ache1 the opportunity afforded to the painter by the full space of the mount far outweighs any slight disturbance of the design caused by the pleating2 moreover1 is it not a fact that silk1 the material most favoured by modern artists1 which1 when prepared with rice size and stretched1 offers as suitable a material as could be desired for the free play of the brush1 opens out to practically a flat surface8 ,george ,augustus ,sala has referred to the fan painted by ,sir ,matthew ,digby ,wyatt with the subject of the #8,triumph of ,love1' as marking the period of the ,english revival of fan painting1 and as a striking exemplification of the folly of assuming that a great artist derogates from the dignity of his calling by painting fans4 ,he may stoop1 indeed1 says this author felicitously1 but it will be to conquer6 ,our task is at length completed2 we have endeavoured to trace to its source in the dimmest past the chequered history of this little toy1 once the pride and the glory of kings1 and now the plaything of queens4 ,we trust we have shown that1 in the words of ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 there is perhaps more in a fan than was dreamt of in ,johnson's matter-of-fact definition3--#8,an instrument used by ladies to move the air and cool themselves4' ,what1 then1 of the future8 ,may we reasonably look forward in this twentieth century for a renaissance of the fan2 for a re-attainment1 if not of its past spiritual significance1 at least of something of its artistic possibilities8 ,illustration3 ,sketch ,design for ,fan1 by ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,illustration3 ,a ,garland of ,children1 by ,g4 ,woolliscroft ,rhead4 ,the future is full of hope2 we have turned our backs upon the bad old nineteenth century1 with its manifold outrages upon the sthetic sense2 the foundations1 at any rate1 of a living art have begun to be laid--were begun1 as a matter of fact1 by this same nineteenth century1 following that strange natural order of the outcome of good from evil and the apparent inseparability of both2 a new ,phnix has arisen out of the ashes of the old2 a new era has come1 showing everywhere signs of a revived artistic life1 with plenty of capable heads to invent and willing hands to carry out4 ,mesdames1 it is with your charming selves that the issue rests4 ,you have but to utter the word and your sceptre shall again become a wonder of wreathed beauty and woven grace1 rivalling in its blossoming the golden-flowered sceptres of eld6#age ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,chinese ,,lacquered ,,screen4 7,victoria and ,albert ,museum47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,gay1 ,the ,fan4 #b ,adventures of ,harry ,richmond 7the italics are ours74 #c ,tatler1 ,no4 #eb1 ,aug4 #i1 #agji4 #d ,goldoni in his ,mmoires gives an account of #8,the ,fan4' ,it was written and first brought out in ,paris1 and soon became universally popular1 especially in ,venice4--,helen ,zimmern1 ,masterpieces of ,foreign ,authors4 #e ,m4 ,a4 ,flory1 ,a ,book about ,fans4 #f ,letter of ,mrs4 ,scott1 #agfa1 to her sister-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,robinson4--,dr4 ,doran1 ,a ,lady of the ,last ,century 7,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,montagu74 #g ,in an engraving of an ,english ,noblewoman by ,gaspar ,rutz1 #aeha1 a long-handled feather-fan appears4 #h ,the fan here referred to was chiefly used inside the ,courts as punkah1 to create a little circulation of the air1 and to dissipate the horrible odours for which these places were notorious4 #i ,this assertion that the handles of fans were occasionally employed in the castigation of refractory children is borne out by the droll story of ,sir ,thomas ,more punishing his daughters with a fan of peacock's feathers for the offence of running him into debt with the milliner4 #aj ,layard1 ,nineveh4 #aa ,wilkinson1 ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians4 #ab ,thus ,agamemnon in ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ,i4 ,scene iii43 #8in the wind and tempest of her frown1 ,distinction1 with a broad and powerful fan1 ,puffing at all1 winnows the light away2 ,and what hath mass1 or matter1 by itself ,lies1 rich in virtue1 and unmingled4' #ac ,in a painting which represents a sacrifice to ,isis1 ,ant4 di ,ercolano1 ii4 #fj1 a priest is seen fanning the fire upon the altar with a triangular flabellum1 such as is still used in ,italy4 7,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities47 #ad ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 ,society of ,arts1 #aijc4 #ae ,george ,rawlinson1 ,five ,great ,monarchies of the ,ancient ,world4 #af ,rawlinson4 #ag #b ,kings i4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #af4 #ah ,pausanias1 ,frazer1 vol4 iii1 #eeh4 #ai #8,the fly-whisk in the picture is introduced because flies were held to be creatures of ,beel-zebub1 the god of flies1 and therefore to be driven away4' 7,letter of ,mr4 ,w4 ,holman ,hunt to the author47 #bj ,national ,encyclopdia4 #ba ,layard1 ,nineveh4 #bb ,chambers's ,dictionary of ,arts and ,sciences4 #bc ,see page #aji4 #bd ,dennis1 ,cities and ,cemeteries of ,etruria4 #be ,revue de l',art ,chrtien1 #ahhc #bf ,in a wall-painting of a sacrifice1 ,rome 7,vatican71 given by ,george ,buss1 ,der ,fcher1 a circular fan-tablet is seen4 #bg ,this also is the number lining the shed in which the ,king of ,dahomey holds his ,court1 the outer ones1 white1 those in the centre1 marking the spot occupied by his ,majesty1 displaying the brightest hues4 #bh ,c4 ,f4 ,gordon-,cumming1 #8,pagodas1 ,aureoles1 and ,umbrellas1' ,english ,illustrated ,magazine1 #ahhh4 #bi ,in the ,ayin ,akbari1 or ,institutes of the ,emperor ,akbar1 by ,abdul ,fazl1 ,akbar's great minister1 the following enumeration is given of the ensigns of state #8which wise monarchs consider as marks of divine favour'3-- ,the ,aurung or throne1 the ,chuttur or umbrella1 the ,sayiban or sun-fan1 and the ,kowkebah or stars in gold and other metals which are hung up in front of the palace2 and these four ensigns are used only by kings4 ,the ,alum1 the ,chuttertowk1 and the ,tementowk1 all varieties of standards of the highest dignity1 appropriated solely by the king and his military officers of the highest rank4--,birdwood1 ,industrial ,arts of ,india4 #cj ,hon4 ,wilbraham ,egerton1 ,handbook of ,indian ,arms4 #ca ,coomaraswarmy1 ,medival ,sinhalese ,art4 #cb ,hindu ,theatre4 #cc ,in the painting supposed to represent an ,irnian ,embassy of ,khosru ,,ii4 of ,persia to ,puliksi ,,ii41 both flag-fan1 long-handled pankh1 and fly-flap appear4 #cd ,the ,tooth relic of ,buddha1 brought by a ,brahman princess from ,klinga in ,a4,d4 #cac1 and since rendered the highest honours4 #ce ,anderson1 ,b4,m4 ,catalogue1 p4 #bba4 #cf ,in the romance of ,amadis of ,gaul it will be remembered that ,appolidon gathered up the superb purple and gold feathers of the ,phnix which had remained long enough in the island to change its plumage1 to make a fan ornamented with a diamond and carbuncle1 as a present from ,amadis to ,oriane on arriving at the island4 #cg ,m4 ,rondot quotes a passage from a native authority stating that the ,chinese general1 ,tchou-ko-liang1 commanded his three army corps holding a fan of white plumes4 #ch ,g4 ,dumoutier1 ,les ,symboles1 les ,emblmes et les ,accessoires du culte chez les ,annamites1 pp4 #aaf-ah4 #ci ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,strange ,stories from a ,chinese ,studio1 p4 #fd1 note #ac4 #dj ,the traditional account is here given--some explanation of the absence of definite dates may be found in the hypothesis that there were always folding-fans--that the device of pleating a piece of paper or other material is so simple that it might occur to the youngest child4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,nature herself invented the folded fan1 as she may be said to suggest every invention4 ,the palmetto leaf in its undeveloped shape is pleated and packed as neatly and completely as any folding-fan ever made4 #da ,this circumstance of the introduction of a new fashion by courtesans finds a curious parallel in ,europe4 ,stow's ,chronicle1 ,howes's edit41 #afcb1 says3 #8,womens ,maskes1 ,buskes1 ,muffes1 ,fanns1 ,perewigs1 and ,bodkins were first devised 7sic7 and used in ,italy by ,curtezans1 and there received of the best sort for gallant ornaments1 and from thence they came to ,england1 about the time of the massacre of ,paris4' #db ,s4 ,w4 ,bushell1 ,chinese ,art4 #dc ,her ,imperial ,majesty's collection of fans has for some time been dispersed4 #dd ,abel ,rmusat1 ,mlanges posthumes d'histoire et de littrature1 quoted by ,g4 ,ashdown ,audsley4 #de ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 #8,chinese ,fans1' ,fraser's ,magazine1 ,may #ahgi4 #df ,kaname1 the rock which holds the earth together and keeps it quiet1 means the rivet of a fan4 ,the great earthquake fish ,namazu has the ,giant ,kashima for keeper1 who was charged to subdue the eastern part of the world1 and accomplished this feat by running his sword through the earth4 ,in time the sword hardened into stone and was named ,kaname 7rivet74 ,when ,namazu becomes too violent and shakes the earth1 ,kashima jumps upon him with the rock ,kaname4 #dg #8,upon a male child being presented at his birth to the temple of his father's particular deity1 he receives1 amongst other gifts1 two fans1 while a girl receives a cake of pomade1 which brings good looks4' #dh ,henri ,l4 ,joly1 ,legend in ,japanese ,art4 #di ,josiah ,conder1 ,japanese ,costume4 #ej ,mrs4 ,salwey1 ,fans of ,japan4 #ea ,anderson1 ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,japanese ,paintings4 #eb ,chapter ,,xi4 page #bhe4 #ec ,beautiful writing is highly prized both in ,china and ,japan4 ,caligraphy1 says ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,bushell 7,chinese ,art1 p4 #ca71 is a branch of the fine arts in ,china1 and the penman who can write elegantly in sweeping lines with a flowing brush is ranked above the artist4 #ed ,in this process of metal inlay1 the ground is broken up by means of an engraver's tool1 the pattern formed of silver wire1 hammered in4 #ee ,the widow of ,atsumori who was killed in the fight here referred to1 in #aahd1 is credited with the invention of the folding-fan1 although dates are somewhat confusing4 ,at the temple of ,mieido in ,kyoto1 whither she had retired to hide her grief under the garb of a nun1 she cured the abbot of a fever by fanning him with a paper folding-fan over which she muttered incantations3 and to this day the priests of the temple are considered special adepts in the manufacture of fans2 hence the name ,mieido is adopted by many fan shops all over the islands4 7,basil ,chamberlain1 ,things ,japanese47 #ef ,the fan was used as crest by many ,japanese families4 ,a number of examples are given in ,mrs4 ,salwey's ,fans of ,japan4 #eg ,henri ,l4 ,joly1 ,legend in ,japanese ,art4 #eh ,mrs4 ,salwey1 ,fans of ,japan4 #ei ,ode from the ,manyoshin1 translated by ,basil ,chamberlain4 #fj ,transactions of the ,japan ,society1 vol4 v4 ,paper by ,mrs4 ,salwey on ,pastimes and ,amusements of the ,japanese4 #fa ,in the ,muse ,guimet1 ,paris1 is a tea-service1 fine in execution1 signed #8,kawamoto ,hansouke1' an artist of the province of ,owari1 the saucers being shaped like fans4 ,in the same collection is a large plate1 fourteen inches in its longest dimension1 shaped like a folding-fan4 #fb ,francis ,parkman1 ,la ,salle and the ,discovery of the ,great ,west4 #fc ,miss ,kingsley refers to their use at ,egaja1 #8for the purpose of battling with the evening cloud of sand-flies4' #fd ,in the liturgy of ,st4 ,chrysostom1 after the ,benedictus--#8,supra sancta ventilet reverenter flabello4 ,si desit flabellum1 velo idem praestat4' 7,divina ,missa ,s4 ,joan4 ,chrysostomi1 ,goar4 ,rituale ,graecorum4 p4 #gf47 #fe ,smith1 ,dictionary of ,christian ,antiquities4 #ff #8,a4,d4 #abad1 ,ornamenta ,ecclesie ,sarum1 inventa in ,thesauraria4 ij4 flabella de serico et pergameno4' #fg ,dugdale1 ,history of ,st4 ,paul's4 #fh #8,manubrium flabelli argentum deauratum1 ex dono ,joh4 ,newton1 thesaurarii1 cum ymagine ,episcopi in fine enamelyd1 pond4 v4 unc4' #fi ,registrum ,roff4 p4 #eed4 #gj ,journal of the ,archological ,association1 vol4 xxvi4 #ga ,archological ,journal1 vol4 v4 #gb ,pauli ,paciandi de ,umbellae ,gestatione ,commentarius1 ,romae1 #ageb1 p4 lxiii4 #gc #8,but yet ,i have them in great reverence ,and honour1 saving them from filth and ordure ,by often brusshyng and moche dylygence4' #gd ,memorials of ,london and ,london ,life in the ,thirteenth1 ,fourteenth1 and ,fifteenth ,centuries1 by ,henry ,thomas ,riley4 #ge ,revue de l',art ,chrtien1 #ahhc4 ,les ,disques crucifres1 le ,flabellum1 et l'umbella4 #gf ,harl4 ,,mss4 #cfja1 the date #abie-f1 edited by ,j4 ,w4 ,clark4 #gg ,un esmouchior de drap d'or1 a fleur-de-lys1 escartel des armes de ,france et de ,navarre a un baston d'yvoire et de geste1 pris v ,francs d'or4--,du ,cange4 #gh ,viollet-le-,duc4 #gi ,blondel4 #hj ,henry ,f4 ,holt1 ,journal of the ,archological ,association1 vol4 xxvi4 7#ahgj74 #ha ,elle donna la reyne ,louise de ,lorraine une fois pour ses estreines ung esventail faict de nacre de perles1 enrichy de pierreries et grosses perles1 si beau et si riche1 qu'on disoit estre un chef d'uvre1 et l'estimoit on plus de quinze cens escus4--,pierre de ,bourdeilles1 ,seigneur de ,brantme1 ,mmoires des dames illustres de ,france4 #hb ,sir ,john ,cullam1 ,bart41 ,history of ,hawsted4 #hc ,dr4 ,birdwood1 ,report on ,old ,records in the ,india ,office1 #ahih4 #hd ,sir ,john ,francis ,davis1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,the ,chinese4 #he ,fans of the ,ancients1 p4 #bg4 #hf ,a4 ,c4 ,fox-,davies1 ,complete ,guide to ,heraldry4 #hg ,ibid4 #hh ,omnium pene ,europae1 ,asiae1 ,aphricae1 atque ,americae ,gentium habitus4 ,antwerp1 #aeha4 #hi ,it is extremely improbable that this fan leaf had ever any connection with the story given above4 ,it probably belongs to the latter years of the seventeenth1 or the early years of the eighteenth century4 #ij ,m4 douard ,petit has written an exhaustive monograph on the manufacture of fans1 tudes1 souvenirs et considrations sur la fabrication de l'ventail4 ,versailles1 #ahei4 #ia ,art and ,ornament in ,dress4 #ib ,fans of scented wood had1 earlier1 been introduced into the ,french ,court by ,anne of ,austria4 #ic ,s4 ,redgrave1 ,south ,kensington ,catalogue of ,fan ,exhibition1 #ahgj4 #id ,one of the most potent earlier influences on ,spanish painting was that of ,titian1 who1 although probably never in ,spain1 painted a number of pictures for the ,escurial4 #ie #8,they all love the feasts of bulls1 and strive to appear gloriously fine when they see them4'--,memoirs of ,lady ,fanshawe4 #if ,procs ,verbaux1 ,april #bf1 #agfb1 ,jan4 #agfe4 ,lady ,dilke1 ,french ,painters of the ,eighteenth ,century1 p4 #ab4 #ig ,walter ,thornbury1 ,legendary ,ballads and ,songs4 #ih ,qui estoit un montagne de chaux vive sur laquelle les gouttes d'eau du ciel tumboient foison et disoient les mots tels en latin3 #8,ardorem extincta testantur vivere flamma4' #ii ,des ventails et pennaches rompus des carquans briss et ses pierreries et perles espandues par terre les chaisnes toutes en pieces6 #ajj ,deux ,dialogues du nouveau ,langage ,franois1 #aegh4 #aja ,il toit d'un vlin aussi dlicatement dcoup qu'il toit possible avec la dentelle l'entour de pareille toffe4 #ajb ,there are instances in which this order is reversed1 the leaf having been preserved and mounted on more modern sticks4 #ajc ,ribbons constantly appear on the fans depicted in ,bosse's engravings1 either at the side1 half-way up the panache1 or at the rivet4 #ajd ,the well-known story of the portrait of ,christina1 painted by ,michael ,dahl1 may be given4 ,one day1 while the ,queen was sitting to him1 she asked him what he intended to put in her hand4 #8,a fan1 please your ,majesty4' #8,a fan6' exclaimed ,christina1 starting up with a tremendous oath4 #8,a fan6--,a lion1 man1 is fitter for the ,queen of ,sweden4' ,the ,order of the ,fan was instituted later by ,louisa ,ulrica1 in #agdd1 for the ladies of the ,swedish court1 in which the sterner sex was afterwards included4 #aje ,letter #dia1 #h ,mai #afgf4 #ajf ,le ,brun was appointed #8premier peintre' in #affb1 with twelve thousand francs a year4 #ajg 444 #8,courant de belle en belle1 ,sous des lambris dors et ,vernis par ,martin4' #ajh #8,les cabinets o ,martin ,a surpass l'art de la ,chine4'--,,voltaire4 #aji ,paul ,mantz1 ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts1 vol4 ,,xx4 #aaj ,translation by ,henry ,smith ,wright1 ,b4,a4 #aaa #8,pantins ,mchanique1' a performing figure worked by a string1 much in vogue at this period4 ,see ,engraved ,fans of the ,seventeenth and ,eighteenth ,centuries1 part i4 page #bbf4 #aab ,henri ,bouchot1 #8,history on ,fans' 7,art and ,letters1 vol4 ii474 #aac ,a congratulatory address on this occasion was offered to the ,queen by the market-women of ,paris1 written by ,m4 de la ,harpe on the inside of the fan of the spokeswoman1 to which she repeatedly referred without the least embarrassment4--,henry ,f4 ,holt1 ,journal of the ,archological ,association1 vol4 xxvi4 #aad ,see ,engraved ,fans of the ,seventeenth and ,eighteenth ,centuries1 page #bbg4 #aae ,menagiana4 #aaf ,pope had1 nearly a century earlier1 made allusion to the discontinuance of the fashion3 #8,the modest fan was lifted up no more1 ,and virgins smiled at what they blushed before4' #aag ,steevens4 #aah ,see ,italian fans1 p4 #aji4 #aai ,agnes ,strickland1 ,lives of the ,queens of ,england4 ,in most of the early engraved portraits of ,catherine of ,braganza1 the ,queen is represented with a folding-fan1 in each instance closed2 in one instance1 that of an equestrian portrait1 a large fan is depicted4 #abj ,in ,campbell's ,london ,tradesman1 #agdg1 it is recorded that #8the ,italian mounts are much more in request than anything of our own manufacture1 and large prices are given for them4' #aba ,h4 ,m4 ,baird1 ,the ,huguenots and the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes4 #abb ,the ,fanmakers' ,company1 created by ,charter in #agji1 for nearly #ajj years protected and regulated the trade1 until the reduction of protective duties on foreign fans annihilated the ,english trade4 7,notes by ,colonel ,sewell 7,fanmakers' ,company71 ,schreiber ,,ms41 ,british ,museum47 #abc ,spectator1 ,no4 #bif4 #abd ,tatler1 ,december #bi1 #agji4 ,letter ,no4 #aac4 ,john ,hughes4 #abe ,spectator1 ,no4 #ajb4 #abf ,e4 ,j4 ,climenson1 ,elisabeth ,montagu1 ,queen of the ,blue-stockings4 #abg ,the fan of ,pope's epigram was probably ,italian4 ,see page #agi4 #abh #8,please notice ,no4 #aaj1 which rather points to one of your fans not being by ,bartolozzi4 ,perhaps the 8,lady of ,quality0 was ,lady ,duncannon4'--,letter by ,mr4 ,lionel ,cust to ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber4 ,schreiber ,,mss41 ,british ,museum4 #abi ,schreiber ,,mss41 ,british ,museum4 ,extracts1 p4 #ajj4 #acj ,journal of the ,archological ,association1 vol4 xxvi41 #ahgj4 #aca ,see ,meaume1 ,recherches sur la vie et les ouvrages de ,jacques ,callot1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg4 #acb ,art and ,letters1 ,jan4 #ahhh4 #acc ,honor de ,balzac 7,sur ,catherine de ,mdicis74 #acd ,in ,french salons1 about the year #agbh1 the fashion prevailed of #8,les ,pantins ,mchaniques1' that every one carried and worked by the aid of strings while chatting of one thing and another4 ,lacroix1 ,,xviii ,sicle1 ,france1 #agjj-hg1 p4 #ejg4 ,from #agdh to #agej it was in high vogue among the beau monde as a diverting plaything for gentlemen and ladies4 ,wright1 ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 note1 p4 #bea4 #ace ,the subject of ,america is returned to later1 when in the #8,george ,washington' fan we have in the centre a portrait of ,washington1 and1 ranged on either side1 portraits of the succeeding ten presidents of the ,united ,states4 ,this1 a lithograph1 with painted decorations in silver1 bearing the inscription1 #8,vagneur-,dupr4 ,no4 #ecj4 ,lith4 de ,lemercier4' #acf ,several versions of the above subject appear3 #a4 ,king seated under canopy1 three notables and three ecclesiastics on either side1 ,m4 ,calonne reading speech1 #b4 ,king and his two brothers under canopy1 four nobles and four ecclesiastics on either side4 #c4 ,a much more elaborate performance1 king and two royal princes under canopy2 four nobles and six ecclesiastics1 ,m4 ,calonne1 and clerk at table2 a courtier on each side of the composition4 #acg ,dictionnaire des ,hommes ,marquans1 ii4 p4 #eai1 quoted by ,carlyle4 #ach ,richard ,heath1 #8,politics in ,dress1' ,woman's ,world1 ,june #ahhi4 #aci ,in the ,muse du ,louvre is a remarkable drawing of the great arch1 with a vast concourse of people1 by ,jean ,louis ,prieur1 illustrated in ,lady ,dilke's work1 ,french ,engravers and ,draughtsmen of the ,eighteenth ,century4 #adj ,carlyle4 #ada ,carlyle4 #adb ,henri ,bouchot1 ,history on ,fans4 #adc ,see page #afd4 #add ,richard ,heath1 #8,politics in ,dress1' ,woman's ,world1 ,june #ahhi4 #ade ,henri ,bouchot4 #adf ,henri ,bouchot4 #adg ,of the two hundred engravings deposited in the ,bibliothque ,nationale in this year 7#agif7 a hundred and fourteen were fan-designs mostly in praise of ,napoleon4 7,henri ,bouchot1 ,history on ,fans47 #adh ,chaudet was a sculptor who made the first statue of ,napoleon in his military dress1 that on the ,vendme ,column4 ,fontaine and ,persier were architects to the ,tuileries4 #adi ,lord ,stanhope1 alluding to the medals prematurely struck in honour of ,admiral ,vernon's victories at ,portobello and ,carthagena1 says3 #8,perhaps the most remarkable of all these mdailles prmatures is that struck by ,napoleon for his intended conquest of ,england2 his head on the one side2 on the other1 ,hercules struggling with a monster2 the words 8,descente en ,angleterre02 and beneath1 8,frapp ,londres1 ,,mdccciv40'--,history of ,england1 chap4 xxii4 #aej ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #aea ,a company obtained a concession ratified #aeth ,april #ahgg4 ,the ,maritime ,canal ,company was organised ,may #ahii1 and in the following year a construction company was incorporated4 ,the question whether the canal would be constructed by this route or on the ,panama route was still undecided in ,september #aijb4--;,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #aeb #8,hogarth1' says ,walpole1 #8resembles ,butler2 but his subjects are more universal1 and amidst all his pleasantry1 he observes the true end of comedy--reformation4 ,there is always a moral to his pictures4' #aec ,a synopsis of ,english ,history1 given on a fan1 published #agic by ,i4 ,cock and ,j4 ,p4 ,crowder1 concludes by saying3 #8,we may with pleasure add that one of the ,princes1 ,his ,majesty's #b;d son1 the ,duke of ,york1 has lately gained honour for the ,english ,nation by the eminent distinction of the ,british ,troops under his command before ,valenciennes1 in the humanity they joined to their valour4 ,vive1 ,vive le ,roi6' #aed ,m4 ,gamble had advertised in the ,craftsman during the year #agcc #8,the ,church of ,england ,fan2 being an explanation of the ,oxford ,almanac for the year #agcc1 on which the several characters are curiously done1 in various beautiful colours4 ,price #bs4 ,likewise a new ,edition of the 8,harlot's ,progress in ,fans10 with prints of all the three sorts fit to ,frame4 ,sold at the ,golden ,fann in ,st4 ,martin's ,court1 near ,leicester ,fields4' #aee ,in ,boswell's ,johnson are references to ,osborne--to the purchase of the ,harleian ,library and the publication of the ,catalogue1 and to the personal chastisement which ,johnson inflicted on him3--#8,it has been confidently related1 with many embellishments1 that ,johnson one day knocked ,osborne down in his shop1 with a folio1 and put his foot upon his neck4 ,the simple truth ,i had from ,johnson himself3 8,sir1 he was impertinent to me and ,i beat him4 ,but it was not in his shop2 it was in my own chamber40' ,in ,johnson's ,life of ,pope1 ,osborne is thus referred to3--#8,pope was ignorant enough of his own interest to make another change1 and introduced ,osborne contending for the prize among the booksellers4' 7,dunciad1 ii4 p4 #afg47 #8,osborne was a man entirely destitute of shame1 without sense of any disgrace but that of poverty4' 7,johnson's ,works1 viii4 p4 #cjb47 #aef ,this latter is a device by which the second dimension of the stick 7the gorge7 is made to slide up into the shoulder1 the mount being double and loose1 so as to allow of passing up and down the stick4 ,by this means1 an ordinary sized fan of #aj-c_/d ins4 is reduced to #f-c_/d4 ,mr4 ,crewdson has an example1 with paper mount painted with figures variously occupied1 as a soldier drinking at a tent1 a travelling #8,punch1' etc4 ,the stick ivory1 carved1 painted and gilt4 #aeg #8,the ,fair was granted by ,henry ,i4 to one ,rahere1 a witty and pleasant gentleman of his ,court1 in aid1 and for the support of1 an ,hospital1 ,priory1 and ,church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,bartholomew1 which he built in repentance of his former profligacy and folly4 ,the succeeding ,priors claimed by certain ,charters to have a ,fair every year1 viz4 on the ,eve1 ,day1 and the ,morrow of ,st4 ,bartholomew4' #aeh ,the ,beau always carried a white beaver hat1 assumed after he had lost many of ordinary colours1 as he said1 to prevent any person taking it by mistake1 though the uncharitable declared the reason for this singularity was to attract attention4 ,nash was fond of fine clothes1 and celebrated the ,king's ,birthday in #agcd by appearing in gold-laced clothes1 in which1 says ,chesterfield1 #8he looked so fine that1 standing by chance in the middle of the dancers1 he was taken by many at a distance for a gilt garland4 7,lewis ,melville1 ,bath under ,beau ,nash47 #aei ,daughter of ,george ,,ii41 who paid her first visit to ,bath in #agbh4 #8,ye nymphs of ,bath1 come1 aid my lay2 ,come strike the trembling string2 ,amelia's name so sweetly flows1 ,her face and wondrous goodness shows1 ,who can refuse to sing4 #8,her presence1 like the sun benign1 ,sheds blessing1 where she deigns to shine3 ,and brightens all the place2 ,but1 when the ,goddess disappears1 ,our drooping heads and eyes in tears ,will witness our distress4' ,quoted by ,lewis ,melville1 ,bath under ,beau ,nash4 #afj #8,poor ,bladud1 he was manger grown2 his dad1 which zum call vather1 ,zet ,bladud pig1 and pig ,bladud1 and zo they ved together4 ,then ,bladud did the ,pigs invect1 who1 grumbling1 ran away1 ,and vound whot ,waters presently1 which made him fresh and gay4 ,bladud was not so grote a ,vool1 but seeing what ,pig did doe1 ,he ,beath'd and ,wash't1 and ,rins'd1 and ,beath'd1 from ,noddle down to ,toe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and then he built this gawdy ,toun1 and sheer'd his ,beard spade-ways1 ,which voke accounted then a ,grace1 though not so nowadays4 ,thwo thowsand and vive hundred ,years1 and ,thirty-vive to ,that1 ,zince ,bladud's ,zwine did looze their ,greaze1 which we ,moderns call ,vat4' ,,coryate1 ,crudities4 #afa ,goldsmith1 ,life of ,nash4 #afb ,in memory of the happy restoration to ,health of the ,prince of ,orange1 by drinking the ,bath ,waters1 through the favour of ,god1 and to the joy of ,britain1 #agcd4 #afc ,the painted fan alluding to the relations between the ,prince of ,wales and ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert is referred to on page #aie4 #afd ,in #agbf1 when ,swift took the town by storm with #8,gulliver1' every lady #8carried ,lilliput about with her1' and ,lilliputian fans became the vogue4 #afe #8,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,tuer1 in a list of ,bartolozzi's works 7page #aaf71 catalogues eighteen fan-mounts1 including the one published by ,a4 ,poggi in #aghj1 but not the one published by ,poggi in #aghb4 ,only four1 so far as he knows1 were completed as fans1 including the #aghj ,poggi4 ,the coppers on which the engravings were made were of large size1 so as to admit of the after addition of the form of the fan1 and its ornamentation4 ,some of the plates were afterwards cut down1 lettered1 and issued as separate prints4' 7,letter of ,mr4 ,lionel ,cust to ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber1 ,schreiber ,,mss41 ,british ,museum47 #aff ,redgrave1 ,south ,kensington ,catalogue1 #ahgj4 #afg ,duvelleroy1 ,exposition ,universelle1 ,paris1 #ahfg1 ,rapports du ,jury ,international1 vol4 iv4 #afh ,queen1 ,christmas ,number1 #ahij4 #afi ,e4 ,barrington ,nash1 ,catalogue of the ,third ,competitive ,exhibition of ,fans at ,drapers' ,hall1 #ahij4 #agj ,there is no reason why either sex should claim a monopoly of fan painting4 #aga ,octave ,uzanne1 ,the ,fan4 #agb ,these details are most kindly supplied by the ,private ,secretary1 the ,hon4 ,a4 ,nelson ,hood1 who also photographed the fan for this work4 #agc ,the above facts are taken from an article in the ,irish ,rosary for ,june #ahih4 #agd ,art and ,ornament in ,dress4 #age ,the ,etruscan sceptre in the gold ornament room1 ,british ,museum1 has the top formed like a flower1 the petals of beaten gold1 the inner core a large emerald4 ,,index ,,abanico ,,di ,,novia1 #ii4 ,abano1 ,portuguese fire-fan1 #ab1 #ac4 #8,abolition of the ,slave-,trade1' #bbf4 #8,achilles and ,deidamia1' #ahj4 ,acton fan1 #adf4 #8,adam and ,eve in the ,garden of ,eden1' #aid4 ,addison1 quotation1 #ahi4 lian4 ,festival of ,apollo at ,lencos1 #bd4 ,ajanta1 cave-temples1 #da4 ,akbar-,namah1 #de4 ,akom ogi1 #fc1 #fd4 ,albin1 ,st4 ,m4 ,philippe de1 #bbc4 ,alexander ,,vi41 ,pope1 #ajg4 ,alexandra1 ,h4,m4 ,queen1 #aie1 #bgh1 #bib1 #bic4 ,alexandre1 ,m41 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bij1 #bia4 ,alma-,tadema1 ,lady1 #bhe4 ---- ,sir ,l41 #bjb4 ,alum1 #cf1 note1 #cg4 ,amaravati tope1 #da4 #8,ancient ,marriage1' #ahj4 ,andaman ,islands1 #he4 ,anderson1 ,dr41 quotation1 #dh1 note1 #fh4 ,andr1 ,eugne1 #ee4 ,angelo1 ,michael1 #aae4 ,anne1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess1 #ahj4 ---- ,queen1 screen of1 #bhh4 ,antoinette1 ,marie-1 #aag1 #acb1 #aei1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #bac1 #bbe4 #8,antony and ,cleopatra1' #aih4 ,apostolical ,constitutions1 #hg4 ,araki1 #gc4 ,archological ,association1 ,journal of1 #ic1 note4 ,archological ,journal1 #ic1 note4 ,arevalo1 ,cano de1 #abg1 #abh4 ,arhats1 #fb4 ,aristophanes1 #cf4 ,aristotle1 #aah4 #8,ascent of ,mont ,blanc1' #bgf4 ,assignat-fans1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbg4 ,assur-bani-pal1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,assyrian plaited hand-fan1 #be4 #8,athenian ,stuart1' #ahe4 ,atsumori1 #gb1 note1 #gc4 ,atterbury1 ,dr41 ,bishop of ,rochester1 epigram #ahg4 ,aubery1 ,,ms41 prodigious fans1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii41 #h4 ,audsley1 ,g4 ,ashdown1 #eg1 note4 ,augustine1 ,st41 #if4 #8,aurora1' by ,guido1 #abc4 #8,aurora and ,zephyr1' #acb4 ,autograph and inscription fans1 #eh1 #ei1 #fh1 #fi1 #bhe4 #8,autumn' fan1 #ei4 ,baal1 #bb4 ,baalbek1 #bc4 ,baal-,shemeh1 #bc4 ,bacchus1 mystical fan of1 #aa4 ---- and ,ariadne1 fans of1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,baden1 ,grand ,duke ,frederick of1 #ii4 ---- ,grand ,duchess of1 wedding fan1 #bgg4 ,badini1 ,charles ,francis1 #bed4 ,baird1 ,h4 ,m41 quotation1 #aha4 #8,bal d',amours1' #bgg4 #8,bal des ,nations1' #baj4 ,bald1 ,charles the1 #ih4 ,ball at the ,tuileries1 #ahbi1 #bgd4 ,balloon-fan1 #bad4 ,balzac1 ,guez de1 #bf1 #add1 #afh4 ,bamboo-fan1 #ej1 #ee1 #fb1 #gd1 #ge4 ,barclay1 ,ship of ,fools1 #id4 ,barnwell1 ,cambridge1 #ih4 ,bartholomus1 ,frau1 #acf4 ,bartolozzi1 #aic1 #bfh4 ,bastard1 #bgh4 ,bat ,bu'u1 #eb4 ,battoir fan1 #afc4 ,baude1 ,alphonse1 #bgg4 ,beaumarchais1 #bac1 #bae4 ,beaussier1 ,countess de1 #aeb4 #8,before and after ,marriage1' #bfd4 ,behrens1 ,w4 ,l41 #gj4 ,bella1 ,stefano della1 #bje4 #8,belle ,chanteuse1' #bjh4 ,bellows or fire fans1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 and note1 #ac1 #hj2 ,queen ,mary1 #ajb4 ,benin1 #hc4 ,berger1 ,eugne1 #bgh4 ,berlin ,museum1 #ih1 #bfi4 ,berrettini 7,pietro da ,cortona71 #abb4 ,berri1 ,madame la ,duchesse de1 #bgd4 ,bessborough1 ,lord1 #abd4 #8,betrothal of ,louis ,,xv4 and ,marie ,leczinska1' #afa4 #8,betrothal of ,louis ,,xvi4 and ,marie-,antoinette1' #acb4 ,bze1 ,thodore de1 #bjg4 ,binyon1 ,laurence1 #gc4 ,birdwood1 ,miss ,ethel1 #agj4 ---- ,sir ,george1 #ae1 note1 #ba1 #bd1 quotation1 #ce1 #cf1 note1 #ajg1 #agj1 #bih4 ,bischoffsheim1 ,mrs41 #afc4 ,bisschop1 ,madame1 #bha4 ,blanc1 ,charles1 #c1 #aba1 #big4 ,blauchard1 ,m41 #bad4 ,blondel3--,greek figures1 #bi2 ,peru and ,mexico1 #hd2 ,middle ,ages1 #id2 flag-fan1 #ii1 #ajj1 #acf2 agricultural ftes1 #aga2 lorgnettes1 #agc2 quotation1 #bgi4 ,boileau1 tienne1 #id4 ,boissy1 ,louis de1 quotation1 #i4 ,bonheur1 ,rosa1 #bhj4 ,bosse1 ,abraham1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bjd1 #bjg4 ,boucher1 #adb4 ,bouchot1 ,henri1 #afe1 note1 #bjg1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,bradford1 ,countess of1 #afg4 ,brangwyn1 ,frank1 ,a4,r4,a41 #bie1 #bif4 ,brantme1 #aja1 #ajb1 note1 #add1 #ade1 #aff4 ,brtigny seal of ,edward ,,iii41 #aaj4 ,bridal-fan of ,adelaide of ,savoy1 ,duchess of ,burgundy1 #aeh4 ---- of ,marie-,antoinette1 #aff1 #afg4 ---- of ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,anne1 #aij4 ,bris fan1 its construction and decoration1 #aai2 period of1 #aai2 modern1 #bgh2 exhibitions of1 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,bristol1 ,dowager ,marchioness of1 #abc1 #abe1 #acb1 #aec1 #afa1 #afe1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih1 #bgf4 ,british ,guiana1 #hj4 ---- ,museum1 #dh1 #ej1 #ea1 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #gb1 #gf1hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #ia1 #ic1 #bje1 #bcb4 #8,broken' ,chinese fan1 #eh4 ,bruyre1 ,madame la1 #afi4 ,brun1 ,a4 de1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aif1 #aig4 ,buddha1 ,gautama1 #cd2 ,gaya1 #cd4 ,buddhist priests1 ,siam1 #db4 ,bulrushes1 #ej4 ,burdett-,coutts1 ,baroness1 #aia1 #bei4 ---- ,w41 #ef1 #aag1 #abe1 #bdg4 ,burges1 ,w41 #ie1 note1 #if1 #ig4 ,burma1 monastic novitiate of1 #f2 ,king of1 #cd4 ,burmese regalia1 #dc4 ,burty1 ,ph41 #ga4 ,bushell1 ,s4 ,w41 #ba1 #ef1 note1 #fi1 note4 ,butler1 #hg1 #hi4 ,cabinet de ,mdailles1 ,paris1 #ii4 #8,cabriolet' fan1 #afd1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,can1 ,georges1 #bha4 ,caligraphic ,school1 ,japan1 #fb4 ,caligraphy1 #fi1 note4 ,callamatta1 ,madame1 #bha4 ,callot ,jacques1 #bjd1 #bjg4 ,cambridge1 ,augusta1 ,duchess of1 #aff4 ,camp-fan 7jin sen71 #gc4 ,campbell's ,london ,tradesman1 #agdg1 quotation1 #agi4 ,canal1 ,antonio 7,canaletto71 #abe1 #aia1 #beh4 ,canning1 ,lady1 #acc4 #8,capture of the ,balearic ,islands1' #abi4 ,carlos ,,iii41 ,king of ,spain1 #agei1 #abi1 #acj4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #bae1 #bah4 ,carracci1 ,agostino1 #aje1 #ahj1 #bjd4 ---- ,annibale1 #abb1 #abc4 ,carrand collection1 #ij4 #8,carrousel at ,madrid1' #abi4 ,case or 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