,transcrib]'s ,note ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores1 & bold text by equals signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,y\rs v truly ,e4 ,h[>d4 ,,g>d5 ,,cities ,,( ,,to-,,morr[ 7,,be+ ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,,( 8,,to-,,morr[3 ,a ,,peaceful ,,pa? ,,to ,,real ,,re=m07 ,,by ,,eb5ez] ,,h[>d 8,new occasions tea* new duties2 ,"t makes anci5t good unc\?2 ,!y mu/ upw>d /ill1 & onw>d1 ,:o w\ld keep abrea/ ( ,tru?4 ,lo1 be=e u1 gleam h] camp-fires6 ,we ourselves mu/ ,pilgrims be1 ,laun* our #8,mayfl[]1' & /e] boldly ,?r\gh ! desp]ate w9t] sea1 ,nor attempt ! ,future's portal ,) ! ,pa/'s blood-ru/$ key40 --8,! ,pres5t ,crisis40--,j4 ,r4 ,l[ell4 ,illu/ration ,,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #aijb ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,introduction1 #i ,i4 ,! ,t[n-,c\ntry ,magnet1 #bj ,,ii4 ,! ,rev5ue ( ,g>d5 ,city1 & h[ x is obta9$--,! ,agricultural ,e/ate1 #bh ,,iii4 ,! ,rev5ue ( ,g>d5 ,city--,t[n ,e/ate1 #ch ,,iv4 ,! ,rev5ue ( ,g>d5 ,city--,g5]al ,obs]vations on its ,exp5diture1 #dc ,v4 ,fur!r ,details ( ,exp5diture on ,g>d5 ,city1 #eg ,,vi4 ,adm9i/ration1 #fh ,,vii4 ,semi-,municipal ,ent]prise--,local ,option--,temp]ance ,re=m1 #gf ,,viii4 ,pro-,municipal ,"w1 #hf ,,ix4 ,"s ,difficulties ,consid]$1 #id ,x4 ,a ,unique ,comb9ation ( ,proposals1 #aja ,,xi4 ,! ,pa? foll[$ up1 #aad ,,xii4 ,social ,cities1 #abf ,,xiii4 ,! ,future ( ,london1 #ada ,index1 #aec ,po/script1 #afa ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,! ,,?ree ,,magnets #af ,,g>d5 ,,city #bb ,,w>d ,,& ,,c5tre ,,g>d5 ,,city #bb ,,adelaide #abh ,,diagram ,,repres5t+ ,,true ,,mode ,,( ,a ,,city',s ,,gr[? #abh ,,g>d5 ,,cities ,,( ,,to-,,morr[4 ,,introduction4 8,new =ces1 new crav+s1 new aims1 :i* _h be5 sil5tly ga!r+ b5ea? ! cru/ ( re-action1 bur/ sudd5ly into view40--,gre5's 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p10 ,*ap4 x4 8,*ange is consummat$ 9 _m cases aft] mu* argum5t & agitation1 & m5 d n obs]ve t almo/ ev]y?+ has be5 sil5tly effect$ by causes to :i* few p paid any he$4 ,9 "o g5]ation an in/itution is unassailable1 9 ! next bold m5 may assail x1 & 9 ! ?ird bold m5 def5d x4 ,at "o "t ! mo/ conclusive argum5ts are advanc$ aga9/ x 9 va91 if inde$ !y are all[$ utt]ance at all4 ,at ano!r "t ! mo/ *ildi% sophi/ry is en\gh to secure its condemnation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! in/itution1 ?\gh probably indef5sible by pure reason1 0 congru\s ) ! consci\s habits & modes ( ?\ght ( ! community4 ,9 ! second1 ^! _h *ang$ f influ5ces :i* ! acute/ analysis w\ld probably fail to expla91 & a brea? suffic$ to topple ov] ! sapp$ /ructure40--,! ,times1 #bg? ,novemb]1 #ahia4 ,9 ^! days ( /rong p>ty feel+ & ( ke5ly-conte/$ social & religi\s issues1 x might p]haps be ?\ght difficult to f9d a s+le "q hav+ a vital be>+ ^u national life & well-be+ on :i* all p]sons1 no matt] ( :at political p>ty1 or ( :at %ade ( sociological op9ion1 w\ld be f\nd to be fully & entirely agre$4 ,discuss ! temp]ance cause1 & y w he> f ,mr4 ,john ,morley t x is 8! greate/ moral movem5t s9ce ! movem5t = ! abolition ( slav]y02 b ,"l ,bruce w rem9d y t 8e ye> ! trade contributes #dj1jjj1jjj to ! rev5ue ( ! c\ntry1 s t practically x ma9ta9s ! ,army & ,navy1 besides :i* x af=ds employm5t to _m ?\s&s ( p]sons0--t 8ev5 ! teetotal]s owe mu* to ! lic5s$ victuall]s1 = if x 7 n = !m ! refre%m5t b>s at ! ,cry/al ,palace w\ld h be5 clos$ long ago40 ,discuss ! opium traffic1 &1 on ! "o h&1 y w he> t opium is rapidly de/roy+ ! morale ( ! p ( ,*9a1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ?is is q a delusion1 & t ! ,*9ese are capable1 ?anks to opium1 ( do+ "w :i* to a ,european is q impossible1 & t on food at :i* ! lea/ squeami% ( ,engli% p w\ld turn up _! noses 9 disgu/4 ,religi\s & political que/ions too (t5 divide u into ho/ile camps2 & s1 9 ! v realms :]e calm1 dispassionate ?\ght & pure emotions are ! ess5tials ( all advance t[>ds "r beliefs & s\nd pr9ciples ( action1 ! d9 ( battle & ! /ruggles ( cont5d+ ho/s are m =cibly sugge/$ to ! on-look] ?an ! really s9c]e love ( tru? & love ( c\ntry :i*1 "o may yet be sure1 animate ne>ly all brea/s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a "q 9 reg>d to :i* "o c sc>cely f9d any diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x is well-nigh univ]sally agre$ by m5 ( all p>ties1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b all ov] ,europe & ,am]ica & our colonies1 t x is deeply to be deplor$ t ! p %\ld cont9ue to /ream into ! already ov]-cr[d$ cities1 & %\ld ?us fur!r deplete ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,"l ,roseb]y1 speak+ "s ye>s ago z ,*airman ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 dwelt ) v special emphasis on ?is po9t3-- 8,!re is no ?\ght ( pride associat$ 9 my m9d ) ! idea ( ,london4 ,i am always haunt$ by ! awfulness ( ,london3 by ! great appall+ fact ( ^! millions ca/ d[n1 z x w\ld appe> by haz>d1 on ! banks ( ?is noble /ream1 work+ ea* 9 _! own groove & _! own cell1 )\t reg>d or k ( ea* o!r1 )\t he$+ ea* o!r1 )\t hav+ ! slighte/ idea h[ ! o!r lives--! he$less casualty ( unnumb]$ ?\s&s ( m54 ,sixty ye>s ago a great ,engli%man1 ,cobbett1 call$ x a w54 ,if x 0 a w5 !n1 :at is x n[8 ,a tum\r1 an elephantiasis suck+ into its gorg$ sy/em half ! life & ! blood & ! bone ( ! rural di/ricts40--,m>*1 #ahia4 ,sir ,john ,gor/ po9ts out ! evil1 & sugge/s ! rem$y3 8,if !y want$ a p]man5t rem$y ( ! evil !y mu/ remove ! cause2 !y mu/ back ! tide1 & /op ! migration ( ! p into ! t[ns1 & get ! p back to ! l&4 ,! int]e/ & ! safety ( ! t[ns !mselves 7 involv$ 9 ! solution ( ! problem40--,daily ,*ronicle1 #f? ,novemb]1 #ahia4 ,dean ,f>r> says3 8,we are becom+ a l& ( great cities4 ,villages are /ation>y or rec$+2 cities are enorm\sly increas+4 ,& if x be true t great cities t5d m & m to become ! graves ( ! physique ( our race1 c we wond] at x :5 we see ! h\ses s f\l1 s squalid1 s ill-dra9$1 s vitiat$ by neglect & dirt80 ,dr4 ,rhodes1 at ! ,demographic ,congress1 call$ att5tion to 8! migration :i* 0 go+ on f ! ,engli% agricultural di/ricts4 ,9 ,lanca%ire & o!r manufactur+ di/ricts #ce p] c5t4 ( ! population 7 ov] #fj ye>s ( age1 b 9 agricultural di/ricts !y w\ld h ov] #fj p] c5t4 ,_m ( ! cottages 7 s abom9able t !y c\ld n call !m h\ses1 & ! p s det]iorat$ 9 physique t !y 7 n able to d ! am\nt ( "w :i* able-bodi$ p]sons %\ld d4 ,unless some?+ 0 done to make ! lot ( ! agricultural lab\r] bett]1 ! exodus w\ld g on1 ) :at results 9 ! future he d>$ n say40--,times1 #ae? ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,! ,press1 ,lib]al1 ,radical1 & ,cons]vative1 views ?is grave symptom ( ! "t ) ! same al>m4 ,! ,/4 ,james's ,gazette1 on ,june #f1 #ahib1 rem>ks3 8,h[ be/ to provide ! prop] antidote aga9/ ! greate/ dang] ( mod]n exi/5ce is a "q ( no mean significance40 ,! ,/>1 #i? ,octob]1 #ahia1 says3 8,h[ to /em ! drift f ! c\ntry is "o ( ! ma9 problems ( ! day4 ,! lab\r] may p]haps be re/or$ to ! l&1 b h[ w ! c\ntry indu/ries be re/or$ to rural ,engl&80 ,! ,daily ,news1 a few ye>s ago1 publi%$ a s]ies ( articles1 8,life 9 our ,villages10 deal+ ) ! same problem4 ,trade ,unioni/ lead]s utt] ! same note ( w>n+4 ,mr4 ,b5 ,tillett says3 8,h&s are hungry = toil1 & l&s are />v+ = lab\r40 ,mr4 ,tom ,mann obs]ves3 8,! conge/ion ( lab\r 9 ! metropolis is caus$ ma9ly by ! influx f ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ^? :o 7 ne$$ !re to cultivate ! l&40 ,all1 !n1 are agre$ on ! press+ nature ( ?is problem1 all are b5t on its solution1 & ?\gh x w\ld d\btless be q ,utopian to expect a simil> agreem5t z to ! value ( any rem$y t may be propos$1 x is at lea/ ( imm5se importance t1 on a subject ?us univ]sally reg>d$ z ( supreme importance1 we h su* a cons5sus ( op9ion at ! outset4 ,?is w be ! m rem>kable & ! m hopeful sign :5 x is %[n1 z ,i believe w be conclusively %[n 9 ?is "w1 t ! answ] to ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ press+ que/ions ( ! day1 makes ( comp>atively easy solution _m o!r problems :i* h hi!rto tax$ ! +5uity ( ! greate/ ?9k]s & re=m]s ( our "t4 ,yes1 ! key to ! problem h[ to re/ore ! p to ! l&--t beautiful l& ( ours1 ) its canopy ( sky1 ! air t bl[s ^u x1 ! sun t w>ms x1 ! ra9 & dew t moi/5 x--! v embodim5t ( ,div9e love = man--is inde$ a ,ma/]-,key1 = x is ! key to a portal ?r\gh :i*1 ev5 :5 sc>ce aj>1 w be se5 to p\r a flood ( light on ! problems ( intemp]ance1 ( excessive toil1 ( re/less anxiety1 ( gr9d+ pov]ty--! true limits ( ,gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 ay1 & ev5 ! relations ( man to ! ,supreme ,p[]4 ,x may p]haps be ?\ght t ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 t[>ds ! solution ( ?is "q--h[ to re/ore ! p to ! l&--w\ld involve a c>eful consid]ation ( ! v num]\s causes :i* h hi!rto l$ to _! aggregation 9 l>ge cities4 ,7 ?is ! case1 a v prolong$ enquiry w\ld be necess>y at ! outset4 ,=tunately1 alike = writ] & = read]1 su* an analysis is n1 h[ev]1 "h requisite1 & = a v simple reason1 :i* may be /at$ ?us3--,:atev] may h be5 ! causes :i* h op]at$ 9 ! pa/1 & are op]at+ n[1 to draw ! p into ! cities1 ^? causes may all be summ$ up z 8attractions02 & x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t no rem$y c possibly be effective :i* w n pres5t to ! p1 or at lea/ to consid]able portions ( !m1 great] 8attractions0 ?an our cities n[ possess1 s t ! =ce ( ! old 8attractions0 %all be ov]come by ! =ce ( new 8attractions0 :i* are to be creat$4 ,ea* city may be reg>d$ z a magnet1 ea* p]son z a ne$le2 &1 s view$1 x is at once se5 t no?+ %ort ( ! discov]y ( a me?od = con/ruct+ magnets ( yet great] p[] ?an our cities possess c be effective = re-di/ribut+ ! population 9 a spontane\s & heal?y mann]4 ,s pres5t$1 ! problem may appe> at fir/ sight to be difficult1 if n impossible1 ( solution4 8,:at10 "s may be dispos$ to ask1 8c possibly be done to make ! c\ntry m attractive to a "w-a-day p ?an ! t[n--to make wages1 or at lea/ ! /&>d ( physical com=t1 high] 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! t[n2 to secure 9 ! c\ntry equal possibilities ( social int]c\rse1 & to make ! prospects ( advancem5t = ! av]age man or woman equal1 n to say sup]ior1 to ^? enjoy$ 9 our l>ge cities80 ,! issue "o con/antly f9ds pres5t$ 9 a =m v simil> to t4 ,! subject is treat$ cont9ually 9 ! public press1 & 9 all =ms ( discussion1 z ?\gh m51 or at lea/ work+-m51 _h n n[1 & nev] c\ld h1 any *oice or alt]native1 b ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 to /ifle _! love = human society--at lea/ 9 wid] relations ?an c be f\nd 9 a /raggl+ village--or1 on ! o!r h&1 to =ego almo/ entirely all ! ke5 & pure delights ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "q is univ]sally consid]$ z ?\gh x 7 n[1 & = ev] mu/ rema91 q impossible = work+ p to live 9 ! c\ntry & yet be engag$ 9 pursuits o!r ?an agricultural2 z ?\gh cr[d$1 unheal?y cities 7 ! la/ ^w ( economic sci5ce2 & z if our pres5t =m ( indu/ry1 9 :i* %>p l9es divide agricultural f indu/rial pursuits1 7 necess>ily an endur+ "o4 ,?is fallacy is ! v common "o ( ignor+ altoge!r ! possibility ( alt]natives o!r ?an ^? pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,!re are 9 reality n only1 z is s con/antly assum$1 two alt]natives--t[n life & c\ntry life--b a ?ird alt]native1 9 :i* all ! advantages ( ! mo/ en]getic & active t[n life1 ) all ! beauty & delight ( ! c\ntry1 may be secur$ 9 p]fect comb9ation2 & ! c]ta9ty ( be+ able to live ?is life w be ! magnet :i* w produce ! effect = :i* we are all /riv+--! spontane\s movem5t ( ! p f our cr[d$ cities to ! bosom ( our k9dly "m e>?1 at once ! s\rce ( life1 ( happ9ess1 ( weal?1 & ( p[]4 ,! t[n & ! c\ntry may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z two magnets1 ea* /riv+ to draw ! p to itself--a rivalry :i* a new =m ( life1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( bo?1 comes to take "p 94 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a diagram ( 8,! ,?ree ,magnets10 9 :i* ! *ief advantages ( ! ,t[n & ( ! ,c\ntry are set =? ) _! correspond+ drawbacks1 :ile ! advantages ( ! ,t[n-,c\ntry are se5 to be free f ! disadvantages ( ei!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,magnets4 ,no4 #a ,! ,t[n magnet1 x w be se51 (f]s1 z comp>$ ) ! ,c\ntry magnet1 ! advantages ( high wages1 opportunities = employm5t1 tempt+ prospects ( advancem5t1 b ^! are l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by high r5ts & prices4 ,its social opportunities & its places ( amusem5t are v allur+1 b excessive h\rs ( toil1 di/ance f "w1 & ! 8isolation ( cr[ds0 t5d greatly to r$uce ! value ( ^! good ?+s4 ,! well-lit /reets are a great attraction1 especially 9 w9t]1 b ! sunlight is be+ m & m %ut out1 :ile ! air is s vitiat$ t ! f9e public build+s1 l ! sp>r[s1 rapidly become cov]$ ) soot1 & ! v /atues are 9 despair4 ,palatial edifices & fe>ful slums are ! /range1 complem5t>y features ( mod]n cities4 ,! ,c\ntry magnet decl>es h]self to be ! s\rce ( all beauty & weal?2 b ! ,t[n magnet mock+ly rem9ds h] t %e is v dull = lack ( society1 & v sp>+ ( h] gifts = lack ( capital4 ,!re are 9 ! c\ntry beautiful vi/as1 lordly p>ks1 violet-sc5t$ woods1 fre% air1 s\nds ( rippl+ wat]2 b too (t5 "o sees ^? ?reat5+ words1 8,trespass]s w be prosecut$40 ,r5ts1 if e/imat$ by ! acre1 are c]ta9ly l[1 b su* l[ r5ts are ! natural fruit ( l[ wages r ?an a cause ( sub/antial com=t2 :ile long h\rs & lack ( amusem5ts =bid ! bright sun%9e & ! pure air to gladd5 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,! "o indu/ry1 agriculture1 suff]s frequ5tly f excessive ra9falls2 b ?is wondr\s h>ve/ ( ! cl\ds is seldom prop]ly +a!r$1 s t1 9 times ( dr\ght1 !re is frequ5tly1 ev5 = dr9k+ purposes1 a mo/ insuffici5t supply4#a ,ev5 ! natural heal?fulness ( ! c\ntry is l>gely lo/ = lack ( prop] dra9age & o!r sanit>y conditions1 :ile1 9 p>ts almo/ des]t$ by ! p1 ! few :o rema9 are yet frequ5tly huddl$ toge!r z if 9 rivalry ) ! slums ( our cities4 ,b nei!r ! ,t[n magnet nor ! ,c\ntry magnet repres5ts ! full plan & purpose ( nature4 ,human society & ! beauty ( nature are meant to be enjoy$ toge!r4 ,! two magnets mu/ be made "o4 ,z man & woman by _! v>i$ gifts & faculties supplem5t ea* o!r1 s %\ld t[n & c\ntry4 ,! t[n is ! symbol ( society--( mutual help & fri5dly co-op]ation1 ( fa!rhood1 mo!rhood1 bro!rhood1 si/]hood1 ( wide relations betwe5 man & man--( broad1 exp&+ sympa?ies--( sci5ce1 art1 culture1 religion4 ,& ! c\ntry6 ,! c\ntry is ! symbol ( ,god's love & c>e = man4 ,all t we are & all t we h comes f x4 ,our bodies are =m$ ( x2 to x !y return4 ,we are f$ by x1 clo!d by x1 & by x are we w>m$ & %elt]$4 ,on its bosom we re/4 ,its beauty is ! inspiration ( art1 ( music1 ( poetry4 ,its =ces propel all ! :eels ( indu/ry4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all heal?1 all weal?1 all k4 ,b its fulness ( joy & wisdom has n reveal$ itself to man4 ,nor c x ev]1 s long z ?is unholy1 unnatural sep>ation ( society & nature endures4 ,t[n & c\ntry mu/ be m>ri$1 & out ( ?is joy\s union w spr+ a new hope1 a new life1 a new civilisation4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is "w to %[ h[ a fir/ /ep c be tak5 9 ?is direction by ! con/ruction ( a ,t[n-c\ntry magnet2 & ,i hope to conv9ce ! read] t ?is is practicable1 "h & n[1 & t on pr9ciples :i* are ! v s\nde/1 :e!r view$ f ! e?ical or ! economic /&po9t4 ,i w und]take1 !n1 to %[ h[ 9 8,t[n-c\ntry0 equal1 nay bett]1 opportunities ( social int]c\rse may be enjoy$ ?an are enjoy$ 9 any cr[d$ city1 :ile yet ! beauties ( nature may encompass & enfold ea* dwell] !re92 h[ high] wages are compatible ) r$uc$ r5ts & rates2 h[ abundant opportunities = employm5t & bright prospects ( advancem5t may be secur$ = all2 h[ capital may be attract$ & weal? creat$2 h[ ! mo/ admirable sanit>y conditions may be ensur$2 h[ beautiful homes & g>d5s may be se5 on e h&2 h[ ! b\nds ( fre$om may be wid5$1 & yet all ! be/ results ( conc]t & co-op]ation ga!r$ 9 by a happy p4 ,! con/ruction ( su* a magnet1 c\ld x be effect$1 foll[$1 z x w\ld be1 by ! con/ruction ( _m m1 w\ld c]ta9ly af=d a solution ( ! burn+ "q set be=e u by ,sir ,john ,gor/1 8h[ to back ! tide ( migration ( ! p into ! t[ns1 & to get !m back ^u ! l&40 ,a full] description ( su* a magnet & its mode ( con/ruction w =m ! !me ( subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,,footnote3 #a ,dr4 ,b>wise1 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil ( ,d]by%ire1 giv+ evid5ce be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on #be? ,april1 #ahid1 on ! ,*e/]field ,gas & ,wat] ,bill1 said1 9 answ] to ,"q #ahgc3 8,at ,brim+ton ,common ,s*ool ,i saw "s bas9s full ( soapsuds1 & x 0 all ! wat] t ! :ole ( ! *ildr5 _h to wa% 94 ,!y _h to wa% "o aft] ano!r 9 ! same wat]4 ,( c\rse1 a *ild ) r+worm or some?+ ( t k9d might spread x ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! *ildr54444 ,! s*oolmi/ress told me t ! *ildr5 came 9 f ! playgr\nd hot1 & %e _h se5 !m actually dr9k ?is dirty wat]4 ,9 fact1 :5 !y 7 ?ir/y !re 0 no o!r wat] = !m to h40 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,t[n-,,c\ntry ,,magnet4 8,i w n cease f m5tal /rife1 ,nor %all my sword sleep 9 my h&1 ,till we h built ,j]usalem ,9 ,engl&'s gre5 & pleasant l&40 --,blake4 8,?or\gh sanit>y & rem$ial action 9 ! h\ses t we h2 & !n ! build+ ( m1 /rongly1 beautifully1 & 9 gr\ps ( limit$ ext5t1 kept 9 proportion to _! /reams & wall$ r\nd1 s t !re may be no fe/]+ & wret*$ suburb any:]e1 b clean & busy /reet )9 & ! op5 c\ntry )\t1 ) a belt ( beautiful g>d5 & or*>d r\nd ! walls1 s t f any "p ( ! city p]fectly fre% air & grass & sight ( f> horizon might be rea*able 9 a few m9utes' walk4 ,?is ! f9al aim40--,john ,rusk91 8,sesame & ,lilies40 ,! read] is ask$ to imag9e an e/ate embrac+ an area ( #f1jjj acres1 :i* is at pres5t purely agricultural1 & has be5 obta9$ by pur*ase 9 ! op5 m>ket at a co/ ( #djb an acre1 or #bdj1jjj4 ,! pur*ase money is suppos$ to h be5 rais$ on mortgage deb5tures1 be>+ int]e/ at an av]age rate n exce$+ #d p] c5t4#c ,! e/ate is legally ve/$ 9 ! names ( f\r g5tlem5 ( responsible position & ( und\bt$ probity & hon\r1 :o hold x 9 tru/1 fir/1 z a security = ! deb5ture-hold]s1 &1 secondly1 9 tru/ = ! p ( ,g>d5 ,city1 ! ,t[n-c\ntry magnet1 :i* x is int5d$ to build !reon4 ,"o ess5tial feature ( ! plan is t all gr\nd r5ts1 :i* are to be bas$ ^u ! annual value ( ! l&1 %all be paid to ! tru/ees1 :o1 aft] provid+ = int]e/ & s9k+ fund1 w h& ! balance to ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil ( ! new municipality1#d to be employ$ by su* ,c\ncil 9 ! creation & ma9t5ance ( all necess>y public works--roads1 s*ools1 p>ks1 etc4 ,! objects ( ?is l& pur*ase may be /at$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b x is suffici5t "h to say t "s ( ! *ief objects are ^!3 ,to f9d = our indu/rial population "w at wages ( high] pur*as+ p[]1 & to secure heal?i] surr\nd+s & m regul> employm5t4 ,to ent]pris+ manufactur]s1 co-op]ative societies1 ar*itects1 eng9e]s1 build]s1 & me*anicians ( all k9ds1 z well z to _m engag$ 9 v>i\s pr(essions1 x is int5d$ to (f] a means ( secur+ new & bett] employm5t = _! capital & tal5ts1 :ile to ! agriculturi/s at pres5t on ! e/ate1 z well z to ^? :o may migrate ?i!r1 x is design$ to op5 a new m>ket = _! produce close to _! doors4 ,its object is1 9 %ort1 to raise ! /&>d ( heal? & com=t ( all true work]s ( :atev] grade--! means by :i* ^! objects are to be a*iev$ be+ a heal?y1 natural1 & economic comb9ation ( t[n & c\ntry life1 & ?is on l& own$ by ! municipality4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b ,g>d5 ,city ,g>d5 ,city1 :i* is to be built ne> ! c5tre ( ! #f1jjj acres1 cov]s an area ( #a1jjj acres1 or a six? "p ( ! #f1jjj acres1 & might be ( circul> =m1 #a1bdj y>ds 7or ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile7 f c5tre to circumf]5ce4 7,diagram #b is a gr\nd-plan ( ! :ole municipal area1 %[+ ! t[n 9 ! c5tre2 & ,diagram #c1 :i* repres5ts "o section or w>d ( ! t[n1 w be useful 9 foll[+ ! description ( ! t[n itself--a description :i* is1 h[ev]1 m]ely sugge/ive1 & w probably be mu* dep>t$ f47 ,six magnific5t b\lev>ds--ea* #abj feet wide--trav]se ! city f c5tre to circumf]5ce1 divid+ x into six equal p>ts or w>ds4 ,9 ! c5tre is a circul> space conta9+ ab\t five & a half acres1 laid out z a beautiful & well-wat]$ g>d52 &1 surr\nd+ ?is g>d51 ea* /&+ 9 its own ample gr\nds1 are ! l>g] public build+s--t[n hall1 pr9cipal conc]t & lecture hall1 !atre1 libr>y1 museum1 picture-gall]y1 & hospital4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 ,,w>d ,,& ,,c5tre ,g>d5 ,city ,! re/ ( ! l>ge space encircl$ by ! 8,cry/al ,palace0 is a public p>k1 conta9+ #ade acres1 :i* includes ample recreation gr\nds )9 v easy access ( all ! p4 ,runn+ all r\nd ! ,c5tral ,p>k 7except :]e x is int]sect$ by ! b\lev>ds7 is a wide glass arcade call$ ! 8,cry/al ,palace10 op5+ on to ! p>k4 ,?is build+ is 9 wet wea!r "o ( ! fav\rite resorts ( ! p1 :il/ ! k t its bright %elt] is ev] close at h& tempts p into ,c5tral ,p>k1 ev5 9 ! mo/ d\btful ( wea!rs4 ,"h manufactur$ goods are expos$ = sale1 & "h mo/ ( t class ( %opp+ :i* requires ! joy ( delib]ation & selection is done4 ,! space enclos$ by ! ,cry/al ,palace is1 h[ev]1 a good deal l>g] ?an is requir$ = ^! purposes1 & a consid]able "p ( x is us$ z a ,w9t] ,g>d5--! :ole =m+ a p]man5t exhibition ( a mo/ attractive "*1 :il/ its circul> =m br+s x ne> to e dwell] 9 ! t[n--! fur!/ remov$ inhabitant be+ )9 #fjj y>ds4 ,pass+ out ( ! ,cry/al ,palace on our way to ! out] r+ ( ! t[n1 we cross ,fif? ,av5ue--l9$1 z are all ! roads ( ! t[n1 ) trees--front+ :i*1 & look+ on to ! ,cry/al ,palace1 we f9d a r+ ( v excell5tly-built h\ses1 ea* /&+ 9 its own ample gr\nds2 &1 z we cont9ue our walk1 we obs]ve t ! h\ses are = ! mo/ "p built ei!r 9 conc5tric r+s1 fac+ ! v>i\s av5ues 7z ! circul> roads are t]m$71 or front+ ! b\lev>ds & roads1 :i* all conv]ge to ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,ask+ ! fri5d :o accompanies u on our j\rney :at ! population ( ?is little city may be1 we are told ab\t #cj1jjj 9 ! city itself1 & ab\t #b1jjj 9 ! agricultural e/ate1 & t !re are 9 ! t[n #e1ejj build+ lots ( an av]age size ( #bj feet #acj feet--! m9imum space allott$ = ! purpose be+ #bj #ajj4 ,notic+ ! v v>i$ ar*itecture & design :i* ! h\ses & gr\ps ( h\ses display--"s hav+ common g>d5s & co-op]ative kit*5s--we le>n t g5]al obs]vance ( /reet l9e or h>moni\s dep>ture f x are ! *ief po9ts z to h\se-build+ ov] :i* ! municipal au?orities ex]cise control1 =1 ?\gh prop] sanit>y arrangem5ts are /rictly en=c$1 ! fulle/ measure ( individual ta/e & pref]5ce is enc\rag$4 ,walk+ /ill t[>d ! outskirts ( ! t[n1 we come ^u 8,gr& ,av5ue40 ,?is av5ue is fully entitl$ to ! "n x be>s1 = x is #dbj feet wide1#e &1 =m+ a belt ( gre5 upw>ds ( ?ree miles long1 divides t "p ( ! t[n :i* lies outside ,c5tral ,p>k into two belts4 ,x really con/itutes an additional p>k ( #aae acres--a p>k :i* is )9 #bdj y>ds ( ! fur!/ remov$ inhabitant4 ,9 ?is spl5did av5ue six sites1 ea* ( f\r acres1 are occupi$ by public s*ools & _! surr\nd+ play-gr\nds & g>d5s1 :ile o!r sites are res]v$ = *ur*es1 ( su* d5om9ations z ! religi\s beliefs ( ! p may det]m9e1 to be erect$ & ma9ta9$ out ( ! funds ( ! wor%ipp]s & _! fri5ds4 ,we obs]ve t ! h\ses front+ on ,gr& ,av5ue h dep>t$ 7at lea/ 9 "o ( ! w>ds--t ( :i* ,diagram #c is a repres5tation7--f ! g5]al plan ( conc5tric r+s1 &1 9 ord] to ensure a long] l9e ( frontage on ,gr& ,av5ue1 are arrang$ 9 cresc5ts--?us also to ! eye yet fur!r enl>g+ ! already spl5did wid? ( ,gr& ,av5ue4 ,on ! out] r+ ( ! t[n are factories1 w>eh\ses1 dairies1 m>kets1 coal y>ds1 timb] y>ds1 etc41 all front+ on ! circle railway1 :i* encompasses ! :ole t[n1 & :i* has sid+s connect+ x ) a ma9 l9e ( railway :i* passes ?r\gh ! e/ate4 ,?is arrangem5t enables goods to be load$ direct into trucks f ! w>eh\ses & work%ops1 & s s5t by railway to di/ant m>kets1 or to be tak5 direct f ! trucks into ! w>eh\ses or factories2 ?us n only effect+ a v great sav+ 9 reg>d to pack+ & c>tage1 & r$uc+ to a m9imum loss f breakage1 b also1 by r$uc+ ! traffic on ! roads ( ! t[n1 less5+ to a v m>k$ ext5t ! co/ ( _! ma9t5ance4 ,! smoke fi5d is kept well )9 b\nds 9 ,g>d5 ,city2 = all ma*9]y is driv5 by electric en]gy1 ) ! result t ! co/ ( electricity = light+ & o!r purposes is greatly r$uc$4 ,! refuse ( ! t[n is utilis$ on ! agricultural portions ( ! e/ate1 :i* are held by v>i\s individuals 9 l>ge f>ms1 small hold+s1 allotm5ts1 c[ pa/ures1 etc42 ! natural competition ( ^! v>i\s me?ods ( agriculture1 te/$ by ! will+ness ( occupi]s to (f] ! highe/ r5t to ! municipality1 t5d+ to br+ ab\t ! be/ sy/em ( husb&ry1 or1 :at is m probable1 ! be/ sy/ems adapt$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,?us x is easily conceivable t x may prove advantage\s to gr[ :eat 9 v l>ge fields1 involv+ unit$ action "u a capitali/ f>m]1 or by a body ( co-op]ators2 :ile ! cultivation ( vegetables1 fruits1 & fl[]s1 :i* requires clos] & m p]sonal c>e1 & m ( ! arti/ic & inv5tive faculty1 may possibly be be/ dealt ) by individuals1 or by small gr\ps ( individuals hav+ a common belief 9 ! efficacy & value ( c]ta9 dress+s1 me?ods ( culture1 or artificial & natural surr\nd+s4 ,?is plan1 or1 if ! read] be pleas$ to s t]m x1 ?is abs5ce ( plan1 avoids ! dang]s ( /agnation or dead level1 &1 ?\gh enc\rag+ individual initiative1 p]mits ( ! fulle/ co-op]ation1 :ile ! increas$ r5ts :i* foll[ f ?is =m ( competition are common or municipal prop]ty1 & by f> ! l>g] "p ( !m are exp5d$ 9 p]man5t improvem5ts4 ,:ile ! t[n prop]1 ) its population engag$ 9 v>i\s trades1 call+s1 & pr(essions1 & ) a /ore or dept 9 ea* w>d1 (f]s ! mo/ natural m>ket to ! p engag$ on ! agricultural e/ate1 inasmu* z to ! ext5t to :i* ! t[nspeople dem& _! produce !y escape altoge!r any railway rates & *>ges2 yet ! f>m]s & o!rs are n by any means limit$ to ! t[n z _! only m>ket1 b h ! fulle/ "r to dispose ( _! produce to :omsoev] !y please4 ,"h1 z 9 e feature ( ! exp]im5t1 x w be se5 t x is n ! area ( rights :i* is contract$1 b ! area ( *oice :i* is enl>g$4 ,?is pr9ciple ( fre$om holds good ) reg>d to manufactur]s & o!rs :o h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! t[n4 ,^! manage _! affairs 9 _! own way1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! g5]al law ( ! l&1 & subject to ! provision ( suffici5t space = workm5 & reasonable sanit>y conditions4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to su* matt]s z wat]1 light+1 & telephonic communication--:i* a municipality1 if effici5t & hone/1 is c]ta9ly ! be/ & mo/ natural body to supply--no rigid or absolute monopoly is s\ght2 & if any private corporation or any body ( individuals prov$ itself capable ( supply+ on m advantage\s t]ms1 ei!r ! :ole t[n or a section ( x1 ) ^! or any commodities ! supply ( :i* 0 tak5 up by ! corporation1 ?is w\ld be all[$4 ,no really s\nd sy/em ( action is 9 m ne$ ( artificial support ?an is any s\nd sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! area ( municipal & corporate action is probably de/9$ to become greatly enl>g$2 b1 if x is to be s1 x w be because ! p possess fai? 9 su* action1 & t fai? c be be/ %[n by a wide ext5sion ( ! area ( fre$om4 ,dott$ ab\t ! e/ate are se5 v>i\s *>itable & philan?ropic in/itutions4 ,^! are n "u ! control ( ! municipality1 b are support$ & manag$ by v>i\s public-spirit$ p :o h be5 invit$ by ! municipality to e/abli% ^! in/itutions 9 an op5 heal?y di/rict1 & on l& let to !m at a pepp]-corn r5t1 x occurr+ to ! au?orities t !y c ! bett] af=d to be ?us g5]\s1 z ! sp5d+ p[] ( ^! in/itutions greatly b5efits ! :ole community4 ,besides1 z ^? p]sons :o migrate to ! t[n are among its mo/ en]getic & res\rceful memb]s1 x is b j & "r t _! m helpless bre?r5 %\ld be able to enjoy ! b5efits ( an exp]im5t :i* is design$ = humanity at l>ge4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,?is 0 ! av]age price paid = agricultural l& 9 #ahih3 &1 ?\gh ?is e/imate may prove f> m ?an suffici5t1 x is h>dly likely to be mu* exce$$4 #c ,! f9ancial arrangem5ts describ$ 9 ?is book are likely to be dep>t$ f 9 =m1 b n 9 ess5tial pr9ciple4 ,& until a def9ite s*eme has be5 agre$ ^u1 ,i ?9k x bett] to repeat !m precisely z !y appe>$ 9 8,to-,morr[10 ! orig9al title ( ?is book--! book :i* l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association4 ,see ,app5dix4 #d ,?is ^w1 8municipality10 is n us$ 9 a te*nical s5se4 #e ,portl& ,place1 ,london1 is only #ajj feet wide4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,rev5ue ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,obta9$--,,! ,,agricultural ,,e/ate4 ,among/ ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ,g>d5 ,city & o!r municipalities1 "o ( ! *ief is its me?od ( rais+ its rev5ue4 ,its entire rev5ue is d]iv$ f r5ts2 & "o ( ! purposes ( ?is "w is to %[ t ! r5ts :i* may v reasonably be expect$ f ! v>i\s t5ants on ! e/ate w be amply suffici5t1 if paid into ! c(f]s ( ,g>d5 ,city1 7a7 to pay ! int]e/ on ! money ) :i* ! e/ate is pur*as$1 7b7 to provide a s9k+-fund = ! purpose ( pay+ (f ! pr9cipal1 7c7 to con/ruct & ma9ta9 all su* works z are usually con/ruct$ & ma9ta9$ by municipal & o!r local au?orities out ( rates compulsorily levi$1 & 7d7 7aft] r$emption ( deb5tures7 to provide a l>ge surplus = o!r purposes1 su* z old-age p5sions or insurance aga9/ accid5t & sickness4 ,p]haps no diff]5ce betwe5 t[n & c\ntry is m noticeable ?an ! diff]5ce 9 ! r5t *>g$ = ! use ( ! soil4 ,?us1 :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ,london ! r5t is equal to #cj1jjj an acre1 #d an acre is an extremely high r5t = agricultural l&4 ,?is enorm\s diff]5ce ( r5tal value is1 ( c\rse1 almo/ entirely due to ! pres5ce 9 ! "o case & ! abs5ce 9 ! o!r ( a l>ge population2 &1 z x _c be attribut$ to ! action ( any p>ticul> individuals1 x is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! 8une>n$ increm5t10 i4e41 une>n$ by ! l&lord1 ?\gh a m correct t]m w\ld be 8collectively-e>n$ increm5t40 ,! pres5ce ( a consid]able population ?us giv+ a greatly additional value to ! soil1 x is obvi\s t a migration ( population on any consid]able scale to any p>ticul> area w be c]ta9ly att5d$ ) a correspond+ rise 9 ! value ( ! l& s settl$ ^u1 & x is also obvi\s t su* increm5t ( value may1 ) "s =esight & pre-arrangem5t1 become ! prop]ty ( ! migrat+ p4 ,su* =esight & pre-arrangem5t1 nev] be=e ex]cis$ 9 an effective mann]1 are display$ conspicu\sly 9 ! case ( ,g>d5 ,city1 :]e ! l&1 z we h se51 is ve/$ 9 tru/ees1 :o hold x 9 tru/ 7aft] paym5t ( ! deb5tures7 = ! :ole community1 s t ! entire increm5t ( value gradually creat$ becomes ! prop]ty ( ! municipality1 ) ! effect t ?\gh r5ts may rise1 & ev5 rise consid]ably1 su* rise 9 r5t w n become ! prop]ty ( private individuals1 b w be appli$ 9 relief ( rates4 ,x is ?is arrangem5t :i* w be se5 to give ,g>d5 ,city mu* ( its magnetic p[]4 ,! site ( ,g>d5 ,city we h tak5 to be wor? at ! "t ( its pur*ase #dj an acre1 or #bdj1jjj4 ,! pur*ase money may be assum$ to repres5t #cj ye>s' pur*ase1 & on ?is basis ! annual r5t paid by ! =m] t5ants 0 #h1jjj4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re 0 a population ( #a1jjj p]sons ^u ! e/ate at ! "t ( ! pur*ase1 !n ea* man1 woman1 & *ild 0 contribut+ t[>ds ?is r5t-roll an av]age sum ( #h p] annum4 ,b ! population ( ,g>d5 ,city1 includ+ its agricultural l&1 is1 :5 complet$1 #cb1jjj1 & ! e/ate has co/ !m a sum on :i* !y pay an annual *>ge by way ( int]e/ ( #i1fjj4 ,?us1 :ile be=e ! exp]im5t 0 initiat$1 #a1jjj p]sons out ( _! unit$ e>n+s contribut$ #h1jjj a ye>1 or #h a head1 on ! completion ( ! t[n #cb1jjj p]sons out ( _! unit$ e>n+s w contribute #i1fjj a ye>1 or an av]age ( #fs4 a head4 ,?is sum ( #fs4 p] head p] annum is all ! r5t1 /rictly speak+1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,g>d5 ,city w ev] be call$ ^u to pay2 = x is all ! r5t :i* !y pay away1 any fur!r sum !y pay be+ a contribution t[>ds _! rates4 ,let u n[ suppose t ea* p]son1 besides contribut+ annually #fs4 a head1 contributes an av]age annual sum ( #a #ads41 or #b 9 all4 ,9 t case two ?+s may be notic$4 ,fir/1 ea* p]son w be pay+ = gr\nd r5t & rates only "o-f\r? ( ! sum :i* ea* p]son be=e ! pur*ase paid 9 gr\nd-r5t alone2 &1 secondly1 ! ,bo>d ( ,managem5t1 aft] ! paym5t ( int]e/ on ! deb5tures1 w receive an annual sum ( #ed1djj1 :i*1 z w be pres5tly %[n1 w\ld1 aft] provid+ a s9k+ fund 7( #d1djj71 defray all ^? co/s1 *>ges1 & exp5ses :i* are usually met by local taxation4 ,! av]age annual sum contribut$ by ea* man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ,engl& & ,wales = local purposes is ab\t #b a head1 & ! av]age sum contribut$ = gr\nd r5t is1 at a v l[ e/imate1 ab\t #b #ajs4 ,! av]age ye>ly contribution = gr\nd-r5t & local rates is1 !re=e1 ab\t #d #ajs4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be safely assum$ t ! p ( ,g>d5 ,city w\ld will+ly pay #b p] head 9 complete dis*>ge ( gr\nd-r5t & local rates2 b to make ! case ! cle>] & /rong]1 we w te/ ! suppos$ will+ness ( ! t5ants ( ,g>d5 ,city to pay su* a sum z #b a ye> = rates & r5ts 9 ano!r way4 ,= ?is purpose1 let u deal fir/ ) ! agricultural e/ate1 leav+ ! t[n e/ate to be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,obvi\sly ! r5t :i* c be secur$ w be consid]ably great] ?an be=e ! t[n 0 built4 ,e f>m] n[ has a m>ket close to 8 doors4 ,!re are #cj1jjj t[nspeople to be f$4 ,^? p]sons1 ( c\rse1 are p]fectly free to get _! food /uffs f any "p ( ! _w1 & 9 ! case ( _m products w d\btless cont9ue to be suppli$ f abroad4 ,^! f>m]s are h>dly likely to supply !m ) tea1 ) c(fee1 ) spices1 ) tropical fruits or ) sug>1#f & _! /ruggle to compete ) ,am]ica & ,russia = ! supply ( :eat or fl\r to ! t[n may be z ke5 z ev]4 ,b surely ! /ruggle w n be s despair+4 ,a ray--a beam ( hope w gladd5 ! he>t ( ! despair+ home-produc] ( :eat1 = :ile ! ,am]ican has to pay railway *>ges to ! sea-bo>d1 *>ges = ,atlantic transit & railway *>ges to ! consum]1 ! f>m] ( ,g>d5 ,city has a m>ket at 8 v doors1 & ?is a m>ket :i* ! r5t he contributes w help to build up4#g ,or1 consid] vegetables & fruits4 ,f>m]s1 except ne> t[ns1 d n (t5 gr[ !m n[4 ,:y8 ,*iefly because ( ! difficulty & unc]ta9ty ( a m>ket1 & ! high *>ges = freights & commission4 ,to quote ! words ( ,dr4 ,f>quh>son1 ,m4,p41 :5 !y 8try to dispose ( ^! ?+s !y f9d !mselves /ruggl+ s hopelessly 9 a spid]'s web ( r+s1 & middlem51 & speculators1 t !y are m ?an half-incl9$ to give up ! attempt 9 despair1 & fall back on ^? ?+s t /& up /raight & squ>e to _! prices 9 ! op5 m>ket40 ,a curi\s calculation may be int]e/+ ) reg>d to milk4 ,assum+ ea* p]son 9 ! t[n consum$ only "o-?ird ( a p9t a day1 !n #cj1jjj w\ld consume #a1bej gallons a day1 & might ?us save1 tak+ railway *>ges at a p5ny p] gallon1 upw>ds ( #a1ijj p] annum 9 railway rates ^u ! "o item ( milk1 a sav+ :i* mu/ be multipli$ by a l>ge figure 9 ord] to realise ! g5]al sav+ to be effect$ by plac+ consum] & produc] 9 su* close association4 ,9 o!r words1 ! comb9ation ( t[n & c\ntry is n only heal?ful1 b economic--a po9t :i* e /ep tak5 w s]ve to make yet m cle>4 ,b ! r5ts :i* ! agricultural t5ants ( ,g>d5 ,city w\ld be will+ to pay w\ld increase = ano!r reason4 ,! wa/e products ( ! t[n c\ld1 & ?is )\t heavy *>ges = railway transport or o!r exp5sive ag5cies1 be readily br\ght back to ! soil1 ?us increas+ its f]tility4 ,! "q ( sewage disposal is naturally a difficult "o to deal )1 b its inh]5t difficulty is (t5 mu* increas$ by artificial & imp]fect conditions already 9 exi/5ce4 ,?us1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak]1 9 8 jo9t report ) ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,alex&] ,b9nie to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 says3 8,9 approa*+ ! consid]ation ( ! va/ "q ( ! :ole sew]age sy/em ( ! ,metropolis1 & ! /ate ( ! ,?ames1 z a practical problem 444 we _h cle>ly at once to recognise ! fact t ! g5]al features ( ! ma9 dra9age sy/em 7 unalt]ably settl$1 & mu/ be accept$ 9 ! same way z ! ma9 l9es ( ?or\ghf>es h to be accept$ :e!r q z we c\ld wi% !m to be or n40 ,b on ,g>d5 ,city site1 giv5 ! skilful eng9e]1 he w\ld h comp>atively little difficulty4 ,he w\ld h1 z x 71 a clean %eet on :i* to prep>e 8 plans1 & ! :ole e/ate be+ equally ! prop]ty ( ! municipality1 he w\ld h a free c\rse be=e him1 & w\ld d\btless succe$ 9 add+ greatly to ! productiv5ess ( ! agricultural e/ate4 ,! great increase 9 ! numb] ( allotm5ts1 especially su* fav\rably situat$ allotm5ts z are %[n 9 ,diagram #b1 w\ld also t5d to raise ! total sum (f]$ 9 r5t4 ,!re are yet o!r reasons :y ! r5t :i* a f>m] on ! ,g>d5 ,city e/ate w\ld be will+ to pay = 8 f>m1 or a lab\r] = 8 allotm5t1 w\ld t5d to increase4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! agricultural "p ( ! e/ate1 besides be+ increas$ by a well-devis$ sy/em ( sewage disposal1 & by a new & some:at ext5sive m>ket1 ) unique conv5i5ces = transit to m di/ant m>kets1 w\ld also be increas$ because ! t5ure on :i* ! l& is held enc\rages maximum cultivation4 ,x is a j t5ure4 ,! agricultural portion ( ! e/ate is let at fair r5ts1 ) a "r to cont9ue 9 occupation z long z ! t5ant is will+ to pay a r5t equal to t (f]$ by any w\ld-be occupi]1 less1 say1 #aj p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! occupy+ t5ant--! incom+ t5ant hav+ also to comp5sate ! outgo+ t5ant = all unexhau/$ improvem5ts4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 :ile x w\ld be impossible = ! t5ant to secure to himself any undue %>e ( t natural increm5t ( l&-value :i* w\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! g5]al gr[? 9 well-be+ ( ! t[n1 he w\ld yet h1 z all t5ants 9 possession probably %\ld h1 a pref]5ce ov] any new-com]1 & w\ld "k t he w\ld n lose ^? fruits ( 8 pa/ indu/ry :i* 7 n yet +a!r$ b 7 /ill add+ _! value to ! soil4 ,surely no "o c d\bt t su* a t5ure w\ld1 ( itself1 t5d greatly to increase at once ! activity & indu/ry ( ! t5ant1 ! productivity ( ! soil1 & ! r5t :i* ! t5ant w\ld be will+ to pay4 ,t !re w\ld be ?is increas$ (f] ( r5t w become yet m obvi\s if we consid] = a mom5t ! nature ( ! r5t paid by a t5ant ( ,g>d5 ,city4 ,"p ( :at he pays w\ld be 9 respect ( int]e/ on ! deb5tures on :i* ! money to pur*ase ! e/ate 0 rais$1 or 9 ! r$emption ( ^? deb5tures1 & w\ld ?us1 except s f> z ! deb5tures 7 held by resid5ts on ! e/ate1 pass away f ! community altoge!r2 b ! :ole ( ! rema9+ sum paid w\ld be exp5d$ locally1 & ! f>m] w\ld h a %>e equal to t ( e adult 9 ! adm9i/ration ( su* money4 ,! t]m 8r5t10 !re=e1 has1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 acquir$ a new mean+1 &1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 x w be necess>y 9 future to use t]ms :i* w n be ambigu\s4 ,t "p ( ! r5t :i* repres5ts int]e/ on deb5tures w be h]eaft] call$ 8l&lord's r5t02 t "p :i* repres5ts repaym5t ( pur*ase-money 8s9k+ fund02 t "p :i* is devot$ to public purposes 8rates02 :ile ! total sum w be t]m$ 8rate-r5t40 ,f ^! consid]ations1 surely x is obvi\s t ! 8rate-r5t0 :i* ! f>m] w be will+ to pay into ! treasury ( ,g>d5 ,city w be consid]ably high] ?an ! r5t he w\ld be will+ to pay to a private l&lord1 :o1 besides increas+ 8 r5t z ! f>m] makes 8 l& m valuable1 w also leave him ) ! full burd5 ( local taxation re/+ ^u him4 ,9 %ort ! plan propos$ embraces a sy/em ( sewage-disposal :i* w return to ! soil 9 a transmut$ =m _m ( ^? products ! gr[? ( :i*1 by exhau/+ its natural f]tility1 dem& else:]e ! application ( manures s exp5sive t ! f>m] becomes sometimes bl9d$ to _! necessity1 & x also embraces a sy/em ( rate-r5ts by :i* _m ( ! f>m]'s h>d-e>n$ sov]eigns1 hi!rto lo/ to him by be+ paid away to 8 l&lord1 %all return to 8 exhau/$ ex*equ]1 n inde$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y left x1 b 9 a v>iety ( useful =ms1 su* z roads1 s*ools1 m>kets1 :i* w assi/ him mo/ mat]ially1 ?\gh indirectly1 9 8 "w1 b :i*1 "u pres5t conditions1 entail s sev]e a burd5 z to make him naturally sl[ to see _! inh]5t necessity1 & ev5 to look ^u "s ( !m ) suspicion & dislike4 ,:o c d\bt t if ! f>m & ! f>m] c be plac$ "u conditions s heal?ful & natural alike 9 a physical & moral s5se1 ! will+ soil & ! hopeful f>m] w alike respond to _! new environm5t--! soil becom+ m f]tile by e blade ( grass x yields1 ! f>m] ri*] by e p5ny ( rate-r5t he contributes8 ,we are n[ 9 a position to see t ! rate-r5t :i* w be readily paid by f>m]1 small occupi]1 & allotm5t hold]1 w\ld be consid]ably great] ?an ! r5t he paid be=e 7#a7 because ( ! pres5ce ( a new t[n population dem&+ new & m pr(itable f>m products1 9 respect ( :i* railway *>ges c be l>gely sav$2 7#b7 by ! due return to ! soil ( its natural elem5ts2 7#c7 by ! j1 equitable1 & natural conditions on :i* ! l& is held2 & 7#d7 by reason ( ! fact t ! r5t n[ paid is rate & r5t1 :ile ! r5t =m]ly paid left ! rates to be paid by ! t5ant4 ,b c]ta9 z x is t ! 8rate-r5t0 w\ld repres5t a v consid]able increase ov] ! b>e r5t =m]ly paid by ! t5ants on ! e/ate1 x is /ill v mu* a matt] ( conjecture :at ! 8rate-r5t0 w\ld be2 & we %all1 !re=e1 be act+ prud5tly if we greatly "u-e/imate ! 8rate-r5t0 :i* w\ld probably be (f]$4 ,if1 !n1 9 view ( all ! circum/ances1 we e/imate t ! f>m+ population ( ,g>d5 ,city w be prep>$ to pay = rates & r5t #ej p] c5t4 m ?an !y be=e paid = r5t alone1 we %all rea* ! foll[+ result3-- ,e/imat$ ,gross ,rev5ue f ,agricultural ,e/ate4 ,orig9al r5t paid by t5ants ( #e1jjj acres1 say #f1ejj ,add #ej p] c5t4 = contributions to rates & s9k+ fund1 #c1bej ------ ,total 8rate-r5t0 f agricultural e/ate1 #i1gej ,we %all 9 ! next *apt] e/imate ! am\nt :i* may1 on ! mo/ reasonable calculation1 be expect$ f ! t[n e/ate1 & !n proce$ to consid] ! suffici5cy ( ! total rate-r5ts = ! municipal ne$s ( ! t[n4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,! electric light1 ) *eap motive p[] = its g5]ation1 ) glass-h\ses1 may make ev5 "s ( ^! ?+s possible4 #g ,see 8,fields1 ,f>ms1 & ,work%ops10 by ,pr9ce ,krapotk91 #a_/-1 & 8,! ,com+ ,revolution10 by ,capt4 ,petavel1 #a_/-1 bo? publi%$ by ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rev5ue ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,city--,,t[n ,,e/ate4 8,:atev] re=ms be introduc$ into ! dwell+s ( ! ,london poor1 x w /ill rema9 true t ! :ole area ( ,london is insuffici5t to supply its population ) fre% air & ! free space t is want$ = :olesome recreation4 ,a rem$y = ! ov]cr[d+ ( ,london w /ill be want$4444 ,!re are l>ge classes ( ! population ( ,london ^: removal into ! c\ntry w\ld be 9 ! long run economically advantage\s2 x w\ld b5efit alike ^? :o mov$ & ^? :o rema9$ beh9d4444 ,( ! #aej1jjj or m hir$ work]s 9 ! clo!s-mak+ trades1 by f> ! great] "p are v poorly paid1 & d "w :i* x is aga9/ all economic reason to h done :]e gr\nd-r5t is high40--,pr(essor ,m>%all1 8,! ,h\s+ ( ! ,london ,poor10 ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahhd4 ,hav+ 9 ! la/ *apt] e/imat$ ! gross rev5ue :i* may be anticipat$ f ! agricultural "p ( ! e/ate at #i1gej1 we w n[ turn to ! t[n e/ate 7:]e1 obvi\sly1 ! conv]sion ( an agricultural area into a t[n w be att5d$ ) a v l>ge rise 9 l& values71 & endeav\r r\ghly to e/imate--aga9 tak+ c>e to keep well )9 ! m>k--! am\nt ( 8rate-r5t0 :i* w be freely (f]$ by ! t5ants ( ! t[n e/ate4 ,! site ( ! t[n prop] consi/s1 x w be rememb]$1 ( #a1jjj acres1 & is assum$ to h co/ #dj1jjj1 ! int]e/ ( :i*1 at #d p] c5t41 is #a1fjj p] annum4 ,?is sum ( #a1fjj is1 !re=e1 all ! l&lord's r5t :i* ! p ( ! t[n site w be call$ ^u to pay1 any additional 8rate-r5t0 !y may contribute be+ devot$ ei!r to ! paym5t ( ! pur*ase-money z 8s9k+-fund10 or appli$ z 8rates0 to ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( roads1 s*ools1 wat]works1 & to o!r municipal purposes4 ,x w be int]e/+1 !re=e1 to see :at sort ( a burd5 8l&lord's r5t0 w repres5t p] head1 & :at ! community w\ld secure by su* contribution4 ,n[1 if ! sum ( #a1fjj1 be+ ! annual int]e/ or 8l&lord's r5t10 be divid$ by #cj1jjj 7! suppos$ population ( ! t[n71 x w be f\nd to equal an annual contribution by ea* man1 woman1 & *ild ( r less ?an #as4 #a;d4 p] head4 ,?is is all ! 8l&lord's r5t0 :i* w ev] be levi$1 any additional sum collect$ z 8rate-r5t0 be+ appli$ to s9k+-fund or to local purposes4 ,& n[ let u notice :at ?is =tunately-plac$ community obta9s = ?is insignificant sum4 ,x obta9s = #as4 #a;d4 p] head p] annum1 fir/1 ample sites = homes1 ^! av]ag+1 z we h se51 #bj feet by #acj feet1 & accommodat+1 on an av]age1 #e-a_/b p]sons to ea* lot4 ,x obta9s ample space = roads1 "s ( :i* are ( truly magnific5t proportions1 s wide & spaci\s t sunlight & air may freely circulate1 & 9 :i* trees1 %rubs1 & grass give to ! t[n a semi-rural appe>ance4 ,x also obta9s ample sites = t[n-hall1 public libr>y1 museum & picture-gall]y1 !atre1 conc]t-hall1 hospital1 s*ools1 *ur*es1 swimm+ ba?s1 public m>kets1 etc4 ,x also secures a c5tral p>k ( #ade acres1 & a magnific5t av5ue #dbj feet wide1 ext5d+ 9 a circle ( ov] ?ree miles1 unbrok5 save by spaci\s b\lev>ds & by s*ools & *ur*es1 :i*1 "o may be sure1 w n be ! less beautiful because s little money has be5 exp5d$ on _! sites4 ,x secures also all ! l& requir$ = a railway #d-a_/d miles long1 encompass+ ! t[n2 #hb acres = w>eh\ses1 factories1 m>kets1 & a spl5did site = a cry/al palace devot$ to %opp+1 & s]v+ also z a w9t] g>d54 ,! leases "u :i* all build+ sites are let d n1 !re=e1 conta9 ! usual cov5ant by ! t5ant to pay all rates1 taxes1 & assessm5ts levi$ 9 respect ( su* prop]ty1 b1 on ! contr>y1 conta9 a cov5ant by ! l&lord to apply ! :ole sum receiv$1 fir/1 9 paym5t ( deb5ture int]e/2 secondly1 t[>ds ! r$emption ( ! deb5tures2 & ?irdly1 z to ! :ole ( ! balance1 into a public fund1 to be appli$ to public purposes1 among ^! be+ ! rates levi$ by public au?orities1 o!r ?an ! municipal au?ority1 ( ! city4#h ,let u n[ attempt to e/imate ! rate-r5ts :i* may be anticipat$ 9 respect ( our t[n-e/ate4 ,fir/1 we w deal ) ! home-build+ lots4 ,all are excell5tly situat$1 b ^? front+ ,gr& ,av5ue 7#dbj feet7 & ! magnific5t b\lev>ds 7#abj feet7 w\ld probably call =? ! highe/ t5d]s4 ,we c "h deal only ) av]ages1 b we ?9k anyone w\ld admit t an av]age rate-r5t ( #fs4 a foot frontage = home lots w\ld be extremely mod]ate4 ,?is w\ld make ! rate-r5t ( a build+ lot #bj feet wide 9 an av]age position #f a ye>1 & on ?is basis ! #e1ejj build+ lots w\ld yield a gross rev5ue ( #cc1jjj4 ,! rate-r5ts f ! sites ( factories1 w>eh\ses1 m>kets1 etc41 _c p]haps be s well e/imat$ by ! foot frontage1 b we may p]haps safely assume t an av]age employ] w\ld will+ly pay #b 9 respect ( ea* employee4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n sugge/$ t ! rate-r5t levi$ %\ld be a poll-tax2 x w\ld1 z has be5 said1 be rais$ by competition among ! t5ants2 b ?is way ( e/imat+ rate-r5t to be paid w p]haps give a ready means by :i* manufactur]s or o!r employ]s1 co-op]ative societies1 or individuals work+ on _! own acc\nt1 w\ld be able to judge :e!r !y w\ld be lightly rat$ & r5t$ z comp>$ ) _! pres5t position4 ,x mu/ be1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly borne 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) av]ages2 & if ! figure %\ld seem high to a l>ge employ]1 x w seem ridicul\sly l[ to a small %opkeep]4 ,n[1 9 a t[n ) a population ( #cj1jjj1 !re w\ld be ab\t tw5ty ?\s& p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #fe2 & if x is assum$ t #aj1fbe ( ^! w\ld be employ$ 9 factories1 %ops1 w>eh\ses1 m>kets1 etc41 or 9 any way :i* involv$ ! use ( a site1 o!r ?an a home-build+ site1 to be leas$ f ! municipality1 !re w\ld be a rev5ue f ?is s\rce ( #ba1bej4 ,! gross rev5ue ( ! entire e/ate w\ld !re=e be3-- ,rate-r5t f agricultural e/ate 7see p4 #cf71 #i1gej #e1ejj home build+ lots at #f p] lot1 #cc1jjj f bus9ess premises #aj1fbe p]sons employ$ at an av]age ( #b a head1 #ba1bej ------- #fd1jjj ,or #b p] head ( population = rates & r5t4 ,?is sum w\ld be available z foll[s3-- ,= l&lord's r5t or int]e/ on pur*ase money #bdj1jjj at #d p] c5t41 #i1fjj ,= s9k+ fund 7#cj ye>s71 #d1djj ,= su* purposes z are else:]e defray$ out ( rates1 #ej1jjj ------- #fd1jjj ,x is n[ important to inquire :e!r #ej1jjj w suffice = ! municipal ne$s ( ,g>d5 ,city4 ,,footnote3 #h ,! "q ( ! =m ( ,leases to be grant$ is "o :i* is be+ c>efully consid]$ by ! ,l& ,t5ure ,section ( ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rev5ue ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,city--,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,its ,,exp5diture4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! "q :i* pres5t$ itself at ! conclusion ( ! la/ *apt]--t ( endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! e/imat$ net available income ( ,g>d5 ,city 7#ej1jjj p] annum7 w\ld be suffici5t = its municipal ne$s1 ,i w v %ortly /ate h[ x is propos$ to raise ! money requir$ = comm5c+ op]ations4 ,! money w\ld be borr[$ on 8,b0 deb5tures1#i & w\ld be secur$ by a *>ge ^u ! 8rate-r5t10 subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! paym5t ( int]e/ & s9k+ fund 9 respect ( ! 8,a0 deb5tures on :i* ! pur*ase money ( ! e/ate is rais$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sup]flu\s to rem>k t1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! l& pur*ase x might be requisite to raise ! :ole1 or at lea/ "s v consid]able "p ( ! pur*ase money be=e possession w\ld be giv5 ( ! e/ate1 or op]ations ^u x comm5c$1 yet 9 reg>d to public works to be c>ri$ out ^u ! e/ate1 ! case is q diff]5t1 & x w\ld be by no means necess>y or advisable to def] ! comm5cem5t ( op]ations until ! :ole sum :i* might be ultimately requir$ %\ld be rais$4 ,probably no t[n 0 ev] built on su* on]\s conditions z w\ld be involv$ 9 ! rais+ at ! outset ( su* a v consid]able sum z w\ld defray ! co/ ( all its public works2 & ?\gh ! circum/ances "u :i* ,g>d5 ,city is to be built may be unique1 !re is1 z w by & by be se51 n only no ne$ = mak+ an exception ( ! t[n 9 respect ( initial capital1 b q exceptional reasons w become m & m app>5t :i* make ! ov]lay+ ( ! ent]prise ) sup]abundant capital altoge!r unnecess>y1 & !re=e inexp$i5t2 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t sum to enable all real economies to be readily effect$4 ,p]haps x may be well 9 ?is connection to draw a di/9ction z to ! am\nt ( capital requir$ betwe5 ! case ( ! build+ ( a t[n & ! build+1 let u say1 ( a l>ge iron bridge across an e/u>y4 ,9 ! case ( ! bridge x is highly exp$i5t to raise ! entire sum requir$ be=e comm5c+ op]ations1 = ! simple reason t ! bridge is n a bridge until ! la/ rivet is driv5 home1 nor1 until its entire completion & its connection ) ! railways or roadways at ei!r end1 has x any rev5ue-e>n+ p[]4 ,except1 !re=e1 on ! assumption t x is to be fully complet$1 x (f]s v little security = ! capital sunk ^u x4 ,h5ce x w\ld be v natural = ^? :o are ask$ to inve/ to say1 8,we w n put any money into ?is ent]prise until y %[ u t y c get en\gh to complete x40 ,b ! money :i* x is propos$ to raise = ! developm5t ( ,g>d5 ,city site leads to spe$y results4 ,x is to be exp5d$ ^u roads1 s*ools1 etc4 ,^! works w be c>ri$ out ) due reg>d to ! numb] ( lots :i* h be5 let to t5ants1 :o und]take to build z f a c]ta9 date2 &1 !re=e1 ! money exp5d$ w v soon beg9 to yield a return 9 ! %ape ( a rate-r5t1 repres5t+1 9 reality1 a greatly-improv$ gr\nd-r5t2 :5 ^? :o h advanc$ money on ! 8,b0 deb5tures w h a really fir/-class security1 & fur!r sums %\ld be easily obta9able1 & at a r$uc$ rate ( int]e/4 ,aga91 x is an important "p ( ! project t ea* w>d1 or "o-six? "p ( ! city1 %\ld be 9 "s s5se a complete t[n by itself1 & ?us ! s*ool build+s might s]ve1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 n only z s*ools1 b z places = religi\s wor%ip1 = conc]ts1 = libr>ies1 & = meet+s ( v>i\s k9ds1 s t all outlay on exp5sive municipal & o!r build+s might be def]r$ until ! lat] /ages ( ! ent]prise4 ,"w1 too1 w\ld be practically complet$ 9 "o w>d be=e comm5c+ on ano!r1 & ! op]ations 9 ! v>i\s w>ds w\ld be tak5 up 9 due & prop] sequ5ce1 s t ^? portions ( ! t[n site on :i* build+ op]ations 7 n 9 progress w\ld also be a s\rce ( rev5ue1 ei!r z allotm5ts1 c[-pa/ures1 or1 p]haps1 z brickfields4 ,let u n[ deal ) ! subject imm$iately be=e u4 ,w ! pr9ciples on :i* ,g>d5 ,city is to be built h any be>+ on ! effectiv5ess ( its municipal exp5diture8 ,9 o!r words1 w a giv5 rev5ue yield great] results ?an "u ord9>y conditions8 ,^! que/ions w be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,x w be %[n t1 p\nd = p\nd1 money w be m effectively sp5t ?an else:]e1 & t !re w be _m great & obvi\s economies :i* _c be express$ 9 figures ) mu* accuracy1 b :i* w\ld c]ta9ly repres5t 9 ! aggregate a v l>ge sum4 ,! fir/ great economy to be notic$ is t ! item ( 8l&lord's r5t10 :i*1 "u ord9>y conditions1 l>gely ent]s into municipal exp5diture1 w1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 sc>cely ent] at all4 ,?us1 all well-ord]$ t[ns require adm9i/rative build+s1 s*ools1 swimm+ ba?s1 libr>ies1 p>ks2 & ! sites :i* ^! & o!r corporate und]tak+s occupy are usually pur*as$4 ,9 su* cases ! money necess>y = ! pur*ase ( ! sites is g5]ally borr[$ on ! security ( ! rates2 & ?us x is t a v consid]able "p ( ! total rates levi$ by a municipality are ord9>ily appli$1 n to productive works1 b ei!r to :at we h t]m$ 8l&lord's r5t10 9 ! %ape ( int]e/ on money borr[$ to effect ! pur*ase1 or to ! provision ( a s9k+ fund 9 paym5t ( ! pur*ase money ( ! l& s acquir$1 :i* is l&lord's r5t 9 a capitalis$ =m4 ,n[1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 all su* exp5diture1 ) su* exceptions z road sites on ! agricultural e/ate1 has be5 already provid$ =4 ,?us1 ! #bej acres = public p>ks1 ! sites = s*ools & o!r public build+s1 w co/ ! ratepay]s no?+ :atev]1 or1 to put x m correctly1 _! co/1 :i* 0 really #dj p] acre1 has be5 cov]$1 z we h se51 by ! annual av]age contribution ( #as4 #a;d4 p] head1 :i* ea* p]son is suppos$ to make 9 dis*>ge ( l&lord's r5t2 & ! rev5ue ( ! t[n1 #ej1jjj1 is ! net rev5ue aft] all int]e/ & s9k+ fund 9 respect ( ! :ole site has be5 d$uct$4 ,9 consid]+1 !re=e1 ! "q :e!r #ej1jjj is a suffici5t rev5ue1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 no case has any co/ ( municipal sites to be fir/ d$uct$ f t am\nt4 ,ano!r item 9 :i* a great economy w be effect$ w be f\nd 9 a comp>ison betwe5 ,g>d5 ,city & any old city l ,london4 ,london wi%es to brea! a full] municipal _s1 & s proce$s to con/ruct s*ools1 to pull d[n slums1 to erect libr>ies1 swimm+ ba?s1 etc4 ,9 ^! cases1 x has n only to pur*ase ! freeholds ( ! sites1 b also has usually to pay = ! build+s :i* _h be5 previ\sly erect$ !reon1 & :i* are pur*as$ solely1 ( c\rse1 ) a view to _! demolition & to a cle>+ ( ! gr\nd1 & frequ5tly x has also to meet claims = bus9ess-di/urbance1 toge!r ) heavy legal exp5ses 9 settl+ claims4 ,9 ?is connection x may be rem>k$ t ! inclusive co/ ( sites ( s*ools pur*as$ by ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d s9ce its con/itution1 i4e41 ! co/1 includ+ old build+s1 bus9ess-di/urbance1 law *>ges1 etc41 has already rea*$ ! enorm\s sum ( #c1eaf1jgb1aj & ! exclusive co/ ( ! sites 7#cgj acres 9 ext5t7 ready = build+ by ! ,bo>d is equal1 on ! av]age1 to #i1ejj p] acre4 ,at ?is rate ! co/ ( ! #bd acres ( s*ool sites = ,g>d5 ,city w\ld be #bbh1jjj1 s t ano!r site = a model city c\ld be pur*as$ out ( :at w\ld be sav$ 9 ,g>d5 ,city 9 respect ( s*ool sites alone4 8,oh1 b10 x may be said1 8! s*ool sites ( ,g>d5 ,city are extravagantly l>ge1 & w\ld be out ( ! "q 9 ,london1 & x is altoge!r unfair to comp>e a small t[n l ,g>d5 ,city ) ,london1 ! weal?y capital ( a mighty ,empire40 ,i w\ld reply1 8,x is q true t ! co/ ( l& 9 ,london w\ld make su* sites extravagant1 n to say prohibitive--!y w\ld co/ ab\t #dj1jjj1jjj /]l+--b does n ?is ( itself sugge/ a mo/ s]i\s defect ( sy/em1 & t at a mo/ vital "p8 ,c *ildr5 be bett] taught :]e l& co/s #i1ejj an acre ?an :]e x co/s #dj8 ,:atev] may be ! real economic value ( ! ,london site1 = o!r purposes--z to :i* we may h some?+ to say at a lat] /age--= s*ool purposes1 :]e9 lies ! advantage t ! sites on :i* its s*ools are built are frequ5tly surr\nd$ by d+y factories or cr[d$ c\rts & alleys8 ,if ,lomb>d ,/reet is an ideal place = banks1 is n a p>k l ! ,c5tral ,av5ue ( ,g>d5 ,city an ideal place = s*ools8--& is n ! welf>e ( our *ildr5 ! prim>y consid]ation ) any well-ord]$ community80 8,b10 x may be said1 8! *ildr5 mu/ be educat$ ne> _! homes1 & ^! homes mu/ be ne> ! places :]e _! p>5ts "w40 ,precisely2 b does n ! s*eme provide = ?is 9 ! mo/ effective mann]1 & 9 t respect also are n ! s*ool sites ( ,g>d5 ,city sup]ior to ^? ( ,london8 ,! *ildr5 w h to exp5d less ?an an av]age am\nt ( en]gy 9 go+ to s*ool1 a matt]1 z all educationi/s admit1 ( imm5se importance1 especially 9 ! w9t]4 ,b fur!r1 h we n he>d f ,pr(essor ,m>%all 7see head+ to ,*apt] ,,iii47 t 8#aej1jjj p1 9 ,london1 engag$ 9 ! clo!s-mak+ trades1 are do+ "w :i* x is aga9/ all economic reason to h done :]e gr\nd-r5t is high0--9 o!r words1 t ^! #aej1jjj p %\ld n be 9 ,london at all2 & does n ! consid]ation t ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( su* work]s is c>ri$ on at once "u inf]ior conditions & at enorm\s co/ add weight & significance to ! ,pr(essor's words8 ,if ^! work]s ought n to be 9 ,london1 !n _! homes1 = :i*1 insanit>y z !y are1 !y pay heavy r5ts1 ought n to be 9 ,london2 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! %opkeep]s :o supply _! wants %\ld n be 9 ,london2 & v>i\s o!r p to :om ! wages e>n$ by ^! p]sons 9 ! clo!s-mak+ trade give employm5t %\ld n be 9 ,london4 ,h5ce1 !re is a s5se--& a v real "o--9 :i* x is fair to comp>e ! co/ ( s*ool sites 9 ,g>d5 ,city ) ! co/ ( s*ool sites 9 ,london2 because obvi\sly if ^! p d1 z sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%all1 migrate f ,london1 !y c at once effect 7if !y make1 z ,i h sugge/$1 prop] provision be=eh&7 n only a great sav+ 9 respect ( gr\nd-r5t = _! work%ops1 b also a va/ sav+ 9 respect ( sites = homes1 s*ools1 & o!r purposes2 & ?is sav+ is obvi\sly ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is n[ paid & :at w\ld be paid "u ! new conditions1 m9us ! loss incurr$ 7if any71 & plus ! num]\s ga9s secur$ z ! result ( su* removal4 ,let u = ! sake ( cle>ness make ! comp>ison 9 ano!r way4 ,! p ( ,london h paid a capital sum repres5t+1 :5 spread ov] ! :ole population ( ,london 7?is be+ tak5 at #f1jjj1jjj71 upw>ds ( #aas4 #f;d4 p] head ( population = s*ool sites held by ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 a sum :i* is1 ( c\rse1 exclusive ( ! sites = volunt>y s*ools4 ,! population ( ,g>d5 ,city1 #cj1jjj 9 numb]1 h entirely sav$ t #aas4 #f;d4 p] head1 mak+ a total sav+ ( #ag1bej1 :i* at #c p] c5t4 involves an annual sav+ ( #eag 9 p]petuity4 ,& besides ?us sav+ #eag a ye> z int]e/ on co/ ( sites = s*ools1 ,g>d5 ,city has secur$ sites = its s*ools incomp>ably bett] ?an ^? ( ,london s*ools--sites :i* af=d ample accommodation = all ! *ildr5 ( ! t[n1 & n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 accommodation = only half ( ! *ildr5 ( ! municipality4 7,! sites ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d are #cgj acres 9 ext5t1 or ab\t #a acre to e #af1jjj ( ! population1 :ile ! p ( ,g>d5 ,city h obta9$ #bd acres or #a acre = e #a1bej47 ,9 o!r words1 ,g>d5 ,city secures sites :i* are l>g]1 bett] plac$1 & 9 e way m suitable = educational purposes1 at a m]e fraction ( ! co/ :i* 9 ,london is incurr$ = sites va/ly inf]ior 9 e respect4 ,! economies ) :i* we h ?us dealt are1 x w be se51 effect$ by ! two simple exp$i5ts we h ref]r$ to4 ,fir/1 by buy+ ! l& be=e a new value is giv5 to x by migration1 ! migrat+ p obta9 a site at an extremely l[ figure1 & secure ! com+ increm5t = !mselves & ^? :o come aft] !m2 & secondly1 by com+ to a new site1 !y d n h to pay l>ge sums = old build+s1 = comp5sation = di/urbance1 & = heavy legal *>ges4 ,! practicability ( secur+ = ! poor work]s ( ,london ! fir/ ( ^! great advantages appe>s to h be5 = ! mom5t ov]look$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%all 9 8 article 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1#aa = ! ,pr(essor rem>ks 8,ultimately all w\ld ga9 by ! migration1 b mo/0 7! italics are my own7 8! l&[n]s & ! railroads connect$ ) ! colony40 ,let u !n adopt ! exp$i5t "h advocat$ ( secur+ t ! l&[n]s1 8:o 444 w ga9 mo/0 by a project specially design$ to b5efit a class n[ l[ d[n 9 ! social scale1 %all be ^? v p !mselves1 z memb]s ( a new municipality1 & !n a /rong additional inducem5t w be held out to !m to make a *ange1 :i* no?+ b ! lack ( comb9$ ef=t has hi!rto prev5t$4 ,z to ! b5efit to be d]iv$ by ! railways1 :ile no d\bt ! build+ up ( ! t[n w\ld specially b5efit ! ma9 l9e ( railway :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! e/ate1 x is also true t ! e>n+s ( ! p w\ld n be dim9i%$ to ! usual ext5t by railway freights & *>ges4 7,see ,*ap4 ii41 also ,*ap4 v41 page #fj47 ,we n[ come to deal ) an elem5t ( economy :i* w be simply incalculable4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! t[n is def9itely plann$1 s t ! :ole "q ( municipal adm9i/ration may be dealt ) by "o f>-rea*+ s*eme4 ,x is n by any means necess>y1 & x is n1 humanly speak+1 possible1 t ! f9al s*eme %\ld be ! "w ( "o m9d4 ,x w no d\bt be ! "w ( _m m9ds--! m9ds ( eng9e]s1 ( ar*itects & surveyors1 ( l&scape g>d5]s & electricians4 ,b x is ess5tial1 z we h said1 t !re %\ld be unity ( design & purpose--t ! t[n %\ld be plann$ z a :ole1 & n left to gr[ up 9 a *aotic mann] z has be5 ! case ) all ,engli% t[ns1 & m or less s ) ! t[ns ( all c\ntries4 ,a t[n1 l a fl[]1 or a tree1 or an animal1 %\ld1 at ea* /age ( its gr[?1 possess unity1 symmetry1 complet5ess1 & ! effect ( gr[? %\ld nev] be to de/roy t unity1 b to give x great] purpose1 nor to m> t symmetry1 b to make x m symmetrical2 :ile ! complet5ess ( ! e>ly /ructure %\ld be m]g$ 9 ! yet great] complet5ess ( ! lat] developm5t4 ,g>d5 ,city is n only plann$1 b x is plann$ ) a view to ! v late/ ( mod]n requirem5ts2#ab & x is obvi\sly always easi]1 & usually f> m economical & completely satisfactory1 to make out ( fre% mat]ial a new in/rum5t ?an to pat* up & alt] an old "o4 ,?is elem5t ( economy w be p]haps be/ dealt ) by a concrete illu/ration1 & "o ( a v /rik+ nature at once pres5ts itself4 ,9 ,london ! "q ( build+ a new /reet betwe5 ,holborn & ! ,/r& has be5 = _m ye>s "u consid]ation1 & at l5g? a s*eme is be+ c>ri$ out1 impos+ an enorm\s co/ on ! p ( ,london4 8,e su* *ange 9 ! /reet geography ( ,london displaces ?\s&s ( ! poor0--,i quote f ! ,daily ,*ronicle ( ,july #f1 #ahih--8;& = _m ye>s all public or quasi-public s*emes h be5 *>g$ ) ! liability to re-h\se z _m ( !m z possible4 ,?is is z x %\ld be2 b ! difficulty beg9s :5 ! public is ask$ to face ! music & pay ! bill4 ,9 ! pres5t case "s ?ree ?\s& s\ls ( ! work+ population h to be turn$ out4 ,aft] "s se>*+ ( he>t1 x is decid$ t mo/ ( !m are s closely ti$ to ! spot by _! employm5t t x w\ld be a h>d%ip to s5d !m m ?an a mile away4 ,! result1 9 ca%1 is t ,london mu/ sp5d 9 re-h\s+ !m ab\t #ajj a head--or #cjj1jjj 9 all4 ,z to ^? :o _c fairly be ask$ to g ev5 a mile away--hang]s-on to ! m>ket1 or o!rs te!r$ to ! spot--! co/ w be ev5 high]4 ,!y w require to h p>cels ( ! preci\s l& cle>$ by ! great s*eme itself1 & ! result ( t w be to h\se !m at ! h&some figure ( #bfj a-piece1 or "s #a1djj = e family ( five or six4 ,f9ancial /atem5ts convey little to ! ord9>y m9d4 ,let u make x a little m intelligible4 ,a sum ( #a1djj means1 9 ! h\se m>ket1 a r5tal ( ne>ly #ajj a ye>4 ,x w\ld buy an excell5t1 9 fact a sumptu\s1 h\se & g>d5 at ,hamp/ead1 su* z ! bett] middle-class delight 94 ,x w\ld pur*ase any:]e 9 ! ne>] suburbs su* h\ses z m5 ) #a1jjj a ye> inhabit4 ,if "o w5t fur!r afield1 to ! new neighb\rhoods :i* ! ,city cl]k c easily rea* by rail1 a #a1djj h\se repres5ts actual magnific5ce40 ,b on :at scale ( com=t w ! poor ,cov5t ,g>d5 lab\r] ) a wife & f\r *ildr5 live8 ,! #a1djj w by no means repres5t a fair /&>d ( com=t1 to say no?+ ( magnific5ce4 8,he w live 9 ?ree rooms suffici5tly small 9 a block at lea/ ?ree /oreys high40 ,contra/ ?is ) :at might be done on a new area1 by c>efully plann+ a bold s*eme at ! outset4 ,/reets ( great] wid? ?an ?is new /reet w\ld be laid out & con/ruct$ at a m]e fraction ( ! co/1 :ile a sum ( #a1djj1 in/ead ( provid+ #a family ) 8?ree rooms suffici5tly small 9 blocks at lea/ ?ree /oreys high10 w\ld provide #g families 9 ,g>d5 ,city ) a com=table six-room$ cottage ea*1 & ) a nice little g>d52 &1 manufactur]s be+ concurr5tly induc$ to build on ! sites set ap>t = !m1 ea* breadw9n] w\ld be plac$ )9 easy walk+ di/ance ( 8 "w4 ,!re is ano!r mod]n ne$ :i* all t[ns & cities %\ld be design$ to meet--a ne$ :i* has aris5 ) ! evolution ( mod]n sanitation1 & :i* has ( rec5t ye>s be5 acc5tuat$ by ! rapid gr[? ( inv5tion4 ,subways = sew]age & surface dra9age1 = wat]1 gas1 telegraph & telephone wires1 electric light+ wires1 wires = convey+ motive p[]1 pneumatic tubes = po/al purposes1 h come to be reg>d$ z economic if n ess5tial4 ,b if !y w\ld be a s\rce ( economy 9 an old city1 h[ mu* m s 9 new ones2 = on a clean %eet x w be easy to use ! v be/ appliances = _! con/ruction1 & to avail ourselves to ! fulle/ ext5t ( ! ev]-gr[+ advantages :i* !y possess z ! numb] ( s]vices :i* !y accommodate increases4 ,be=e ! subways c be con/ruct$1 tr5*es some:at wide & deep mu/ be excavat$4 ,9 mak+ ^! ! mo/ approv$ excavat+ ma*9]y c\ld be employ$4 ,9 old t[ns ?is might be v objectionable1 if n1 inde$1 q impossible4 ,b "h1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 ! /eam navvy w\ld n make its appe>ance 9 ! p>ts :]e p 7 liv+1 b :]e !y 7 com+ to live aft] its "w 9 prep>+ ! way _h be5 complet$4 ,:at a gr& ?+ x w\ld be if ! p ( ,engl& c\ld1 by an actual illu/ration "u _! v eyes1 be conv9c$ t ma*9]y c be s us$ z to conf] n only an ultimate national b5efit1 b a direct & imm$iate advantage1 & t n only ^u ^? :o actually own x or use x1 b on o!rs :o are giv5 "w by its magic aid4 ,:at a happy day x w\ld be = ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 & ( all c\ntries1 if !y c\ld le>n1 f practical exp]i5ce1 t ma*9]y c be us$ on an ext5d$ scale to give employm5t z well z to take x away--to implace lab\r z well z to displace x--to free m5 z well z to enslave !m4 ,!re w be pl5ty ( "w to be done 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,t is obvi\s4 ,x is also obvi\s t1 until a l>ge numb] ( h\ses & factories are built1 _m ( ^! ?+s _c be done1 & t ! fa/] ! tr5*es are dug1 ! subways f9i%$1 ! factories & ! h\ses built1 & ! light & ! p[] turn$ on1 ! soon] c ?is t[n1 ! home ( an indu/ri\s & a happy p1 be built1 & ! soon] c o!rs />t ! "w ( build+ o!r t[ns1 n l x1 b gradually becom+ z mu* sup]ior to x z our pres5t locomotives are to ! fir/ crude attempts ( ! pione]s ( me*anical traction4 ,we h n[ %[n f\r cog5t reasons :y a giv5 rev5ue %\ld1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 yield va/ly great] results ?an "u ord9>y conditions4 7#a7 ,t no 8l&lord's r5t0 or int]e/ 9 respect ( freeholds w\ld be payable o!r ?an ! small am\nt :i* has be5 already provid$ = 9 e/imat+ net rev5ue4 7#b7 ,t ! site be+ practically cle> ( build+s & o!r works1 b little exp5diture w\ld be incurr$ 9 ! pur*ase ( su* build+s1 or comp5sation = bus9ess-di/urbance1 or legal & o!r exp5ses 9 connection !re)4 7#c7 ,! economy aris+ out ( a def9ite plan1 & "o 9 accordance ) mod]n ne$s & requirem5ts1 ?us sav+ ^? items ( exp5diture :i* are incurr$ 9 old cities z x is s\ght to br+ !m into h>mony ) mod]n ideas4 7#d7 ,! possibility1 z ! :ole site w be cle> = op]ations1 ( introduc+ ma*9]y ( ! v be/ & mo/ mod]n type 9 road-mak+ & o!r eng9e]+ op]ations4 ,!re are o!r economies :i* w become app>5t to ! read] z he proce$s1 b1 hav+ cle>$ ! gr\nd by discuss+ g5]al pr9ciples1 we %all be bett] prep>$ to discuss ! "q z to ! suffici5cy ( our e/imates 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,see note on page #ba4 #aj ,see ,report1 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 #f? ,may1 #ahig1 p4 #adhj4 #aa ,no "o is1 ( c\rse1 bett] aw>e ( ?is possibility ?an ! ,pr(essor himself4 7,see 8,pr9ciples ( ,economics10 7#bnd ed47 ,book v41 ,*ap4 x4 & xiii47 #ab 8,london has gr[n up 9 a *aotic mann]1 )\t any unity ( design1 & at ! *ance discretion ( any p]sons :o 7 =tunate en\gh to own l& z x came into dem& at successive p]iods = build+ op]ations4 ,sometimes a great l&lord laid out a qu>t] 9 a mann] to tempt ! bett] class ( resid5ts by squ>es1 g>d5s1 or retir$ /reets1 (t5 cut (f f ?r\gh traffic by gates & b>s2 b ev5 9 ^! cases ,london z a :ole has n be5 ?\ght (1 & no ma9 art]ies h be5 provid$ =4 ,9 o!r & m frequ5t cases ( small l&[n]s1 ! only design ( build]s has be5 to cr[d ^u ! l& z _m /reets & h\ses z possible1 reg>dless ( any?+ ar\nd !m1 & )\t op5 spaces or wide approa*es4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( a map ( ,london %[s h[ absolutely want+ 9 any k9d ( plan has be5 its gr[?1 & h[ little ! conv5i5ce & wants ( ! :ole population or ! consid]ations ( dignity & beauty h be5 consult$40--,"r ,hon4 ,g4 ,j4 ,%aw-,lefevre1 ,new ,review1 #ahia1 p4 #dce4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,fur!r ,,details ,,( ,,exp5diture ,,on ,,g>d5 ,,city4 ,to make ?is *apt] int]e/+ to ! g5]al read] w\ld be difficult1 p]haps impossible2 b if c>efully /udi$1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd to abundantly e/abli% "o ( ! ma9 propositions ( ?is book--t ! rate-r5t ( a well-plann$ t[n1 built on an agricultural e/ate1 w amply suffice = ! creation & ma9t5ance ( su* municipal und]tak+s z are usually provid$ = out ( rates compulsorily levi$4 ,! net available rev5ue ( ,g>d5 ,city1 aft] paym5t ( int]e/ on deb5tures & provid+ a s9k+ fund = ! l&$ e/ate1 has be5 already e/imat$ at #ej1jjj p] annum 7see ,*ap4 iii41 page #db74 ,hav+1 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 giv5 special reasons :y a giv5 exp5diture 9 ,g>d5 ,city w\ld be unusually productive1 ,i w n[ ent] into full] details1 s t any criticism :i* ?is book may elicit1 hav+ some?+ tangible to deal )1 may be ! m valuable 9 prep>+ ! gr\nd = an exp]im5t su* z is "h advocat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,exp5diture4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,on ,ma9t5ance & ,on ,capital ,work+ ,acc\nt4 ,exp5ses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 7,see ,note ,a7 #be ,miles road 7city7 at #d1jjj a mile #ajj1jjj #b1ejj 7 ,b7 #f miles additional roads1 c\ntry e/ate at #a1bjj #g1bjj #cej 7 ,c7 ,circul> railway & bridges1 #e-a_/b miles at #c1jjj #af1ejj #a1ejj 7 ,d7 ,s*ools = #f1djj 7ma9t5ance *ildr51 or #a_/e ( ! only7 total population1 at #ab p] s*ool place = capital acc\nt1 & #c ma9t5ance1 etc4 #gf1hjj #ai1bjj 7 ,e7 ,t[n ,hall #aj1jjj #b1jjj 7 ,f7 ,libr>y #aj1jjj #fjj 7 ,g7 ,museum #aj1jjj #fjj 7 ,h7 ,p>ks1 #bej acres at #ej #ab1ejj #a1bej 7 ,i7 ,sewage disposal #bj1jjj #a1jjj ------------------------------ #bfc1jjj #bi1jjj ------------------------------ 7 ,k7 ,int]e/ on #bfc1jjj at #d-a_/b p] c5t4 #aa1hce 7 ,l7 ,s9k+ ,fund to provide = ext9ction ( debt 9 #cj ye>s #d1dhj 7 ,m7 ,balance available = rates levi$ by local bodies )9 ! area ( :i* ! e/ate is situat$ #d1fhe --------------- #ej1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,besides ! above exp5diture1 a consid]able outlay w\ld be incurr$ 9 respect ( m>kets1 wat] supply1 light+1 tramways1 & o!r rev5ue-yield+ und]tak+s4 ,b ^! items ( exp5diture are almo/ inv>iably att5d$ ) consid]able pr(its1 :i* g 9 aid ( rates4 ,no calculation1 !re=e1 ne$ be made 9 respect ( ^!4 ,i w n[ deal sep>ately ) mo/ ( ! items 9 ! above e/imate4 ,a4 ,roads & ,/reets4 ,! fir/ po9t to be obs]v$ "u ?is head is t ! co/ ( mak+ new /reets to meet ! gr[? ( population is g5]ally n borne by ! gr\nd l&lord nor defray$ out ( ! rates4 ,x is usually paid by ! build+-own] be=e ! local au?orities w cons5t to take ! road ov] z a free gift4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! great] "p ( ! #ajj1jjj might be /ruck out4 ,exp]ts w also n =get t ! co/ ( ! road sites is else:]e provid$ =4 ,9 consid]+ ! "q ( ! actual suffici5cy ( ! e/imate1 !y w also rememb] t ( ! b\lev>ds "o-half & ( ! /reets & av5ues "o-?ird may be reg>d$ z 9 ! nature ( p>k1 & ! co/ ( lay+ out & ma9t5ance ( ^! portions ( ! roads is dealt ) "u ! head 8,p>ks40 ,!y w also note t road-mak+ mat]ials w\ld probably be f\nd ne> at h&1 & t1 ! railway reliev+ ! /reets ( mo/ ( ! heavy traffic1 ! m exp5sive me?ods ( pav+ ne$ n be resort$ to4 ,! co/1 #d1jjj p] mile1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 be d\btless inadequate if subways are con/ruct$1 z probably !y ought to be4 ,! foll[+ consid]ation1 h[ev]1 has l$ me n to e/imate = ^!4 ,subways are1 :]e useful1 a s\rce ( economy4 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ roads is less5$1 z ! cont9ual break+-up = lay+ & repair+ ( wat]1 gas1 & electric ma9s is avoid$1 :ile any wa/e f leaky pipes is quickly detect$1 & ?us ! subways pay4 ,_! co/ %\ld1 !re=e1 be debit$ r to co/ ( wat]1 gas1 & electric supplies1 & ^! s]vices are almo/ inv>iably a s\rce ( rev5ue to ! ,company or ,corporation :i* con/ructs !m4 ,b4 ,c\ntry ,roads4 ,^! roads are only #dj feet wide1 & #a1bjj a mile is ample4 ,! co/ ( sites has 9 ?is case to be defray$ out ( e/imate4 ,c4 ,circul> ,railway & ,bridges4 ,! co/ ( site is else:]e provid$ = 7see p4 #dj74 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance does n1 ( c\rse1 include work+ exp5ses1 locomotives1 etc4 ,to cov] ^! a *>ge bas$ on co/ might be made to trad]s us+ ! l9e4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t1 z 9 ! case ( roads1 by %[+ t ! exp5se ( ?is und]tak+ c\ld be defray$ out ( ! rate-r5t1 ,i am prov+ m ?an ,i und]took to prove4 ,i am prov+ t ! rate-r5t is suffici5t to provide = l&lords' r5t1 = su* purposes z are usually defray$ out ( r5t1 & also = greatly ext5d+ ! area ( municipal activity4 ,x may "h be well to po9t out t ?is circle railway n only w save ! trad] ! exp5se ( c>t+ to & f 8 w>eh\se or factory1 b w enable him to claim a rebate f ! railway company4 ,section #d ( ! ,railway & ,canal ,t>iff ,act1 #ahid1 enacts3 8,:5ev] m]*&ise is receiv$ or deliv]$ by a railway company at any sid+ or bran* railway n belong+ to ! company1 & a dispute arises betwe5 ! railway company & ! consignor or consignee ( su* m]*&ise1 z to any all[ance or rebate f ! rates *>g$ to su* consignor or consignee1 9 respect t ! railway company does n provide /ation accommodation or p]=m t]m9al s]vices1 ! ,railway & ,canal ,commission]s %all h jurisdiction to he> & det]m9e :at1 if any1 is a j & reasonable all[ance or rebate40 ,d4 ,s*ools4 ,?is e/imate ( #ab p] s*ool place repres5ts :at 0 only a few ye>s ago 7#ahib7 ! av]age co/ p] *ild ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d = build+1 ar*itect1 & cl]k ( ! works1 & = furniture & fitt+s2 & no "o c d\bt t build+s greatly sup]ior to ^? 9 ,london c\ld be obta9$ = ?is sum4 ,! sav+ 9 sites has be5 already dealt )1 b x may be rem>k$ t 9 ,london ! co/ p] *ild = sites has be5 #f #aas #aj;d4 ,z %[+ h[ ample ?is e/imate is1 x may be obs]v$ t ! co/ ( s*ools :i* h be5 propos$ to be built by a private company at ,ea/b\rne1 8) a view ( keep+ out ! ,s*ool ,bo>d10 is e/imat$ at #b1ejj = #djj places1 or b little m ?an half ! sum p] s*ool place provid$ 9 ! e/imate = ,g>d5 ,city4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance1 #c p] head1 is probably suffici5t1 9 view ( ! fact t ! 8exp5diture p] s*ol> 9 actual av]age att5dance0 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 z giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education1 #ahif-ig1 c4 #hede1 is #b #aas4 #aa-a_/b;d4 ,x mu/ be especially notic$1 too1 t ! :ole co/ ( education is1 9 ^! e/imates1 assum$ to be borne by ,g>d5 ,city1 ?\gh a consid]able "p w\ld be1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 borne by ! ,national ,ex*equ]4 ,! am\nt ( income p] s*ol> 9 actual av]age att5dance 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 z giv5 9 ! same report1 is #a #as4 #b;d4 z aga9/ a rate 9 ,g>d5 ,city ( #c4 ,s t ,i am aga91 9 ! case ( ! s*ools1 z 9 ! case ( roads & circle railway1 prov+ m ?an ,i set out to prove4 ,e4 ,t[n ,hall & ,exp5ses ( ,managem5t4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! e/imates ( ! v>i\s und]tak+s are int5d$ to cov] pr(essional direction & sup]vision ( ar*itects1 eng9e]s1 tea*]s1 etc4 ,! #b1jjj = ma9t5ance & work+ exp5ses "u ?is head is1 !re=e1 int5d$ to include only ! sal>ies ( t[n cl]k & ( (ficials o!r ?an ^? compris$ "u special heads1 toge!r ) incid5tal exp5ses4 ,f4 ,libr>y1 & ,g4 ,museum4 ,! latt] is usually & ! =m] n infrequ5tly else:]e provid$ = out ( funds o!r ?an rates4 ,s1 "h aga91 ,i am m ?an prov+ my case4 ,h4 ,p>ks & ,road ,ornam5tation4 ,?is item ( co/ w\ld n be incurr$ until ! und]tak+ 0 9 a ?or\ghly s\nd f9ancial condition1 & ! p>k space = a consid]able p]iod might be a s\rce ( rev5ue z agricultural l&4 ,fur!r1 mu* ( ! p>k space w\ld probably be left 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,=ty acres ( ?is p>k space is road ornam5tation1 b ! plant+ ( trees & %rubs w\ld n entail great exp5se4 ,aga91 a consid]able "p ( ! area w\ld be res]v$ = cricket-fields1 lawn-t5nis c\rts1 & o!r playgr\nds1 & ! clubs us+ public gr\nds might p]haps be call$ ^u to contribute to ! exp5se ( keep+ ^! 9 ord]1 z is cu/om>y else:]e4 ,i4 ,sewage4 ,all t ne$ be said on ?is subject has be5 said 9 ,*ap4 i41 page #be1 & ,*ap4 ii41 page #cb4 ,k4 ,int]e/4 ,! money to con/ruct ! public works ) :i* we h be5 deal+ is suppos$ to be borr[$ at #d-a_/b p] c5t4 ,! "q "h arises--a "q p>tly dealt ) 9 ,*ap4 iv4--:at is ! security = ^? :o l5d money on ! 8,b0 deb5tures8 ,my answ] is ?ree-fold4 7#a7 ,^? :o advance money to effect any improvem5ts on l& h a security ! safety ( :i* is 9 reality l>gely det]m9$ by ! effectiv5ess ) :i* ! money s advanc$ is sp5t2 &1 apply+ ?is truism1 ,i v5ture to say t1 = effectiv5ess ( exp5diture1 no money :i* ! inve/+ public has be5 = _m ye>s ask$ to subscribe = improvem5ts ( a l nature has an equal security1 :e!r x be measur$ by miles ( road1 acres ( p>k1 or numb]s ( s*ool *ildr5 well provid$ =4 7#b7 ,^? :o advance money to effect improvem5ts on l& h a security ! safety ( :i* is l>gely det]m9$ by ! consid]ation1 aye or no1 are o!r & yet m valuable works to be simultane\sly c>ri$ out by o!rs at _! own exp5se1 :i* o!r works are to become a security 9 respect ( ! fir/-m5tion$ advance2 &1 apply+ ?is second truism1 ,i say t1 z ! money = effect+ ! public improvem5ts "h describ$ w\ld only be ask$ = z & :5 o!r improvem5ts--factories1 h\ses1 %ops1 etc4 7co/+ f> m money ?an ! public works necess>y at any giv5 p]iod7--7 ab\t to be built or 7 9 process ( build+1 ! quality ( ! security w\ld be a v high "o4 7#c7 ,x is difficult to "n a bett] security ?an t (f]$ :5 money is to be exp5d$ 9 conv]t+ an agricultural e/ate into an urban1 & ?is ( ! v be/ kn[n type4 ,t ! s*eme is 9 reality a #c p] c5t4 security1 & w\ld 9 its lat] /ages become s1 ,i ent]ta9 little d\bt2 b ,i d n =get t1 ?\gh its po9ts ( novelty are ! v elem5ts :i* really make x secure1 !y may n make x seem s1 & t ^? :o are m]ely look+ out = an inve/m5t may eye x ) "s di/ru/ because ( its novelty4 ,we %all h 9 ! fir/ in/ance to look to ^? :o w advance money ) some:at mix$ motives--public _s1 love ( ent]prise1 & possibly1 z to "s p]sons1 ) a lurk+ belief t !y w be able to dispose ( _! deb5tures at a premium1 z !y probably w4 ,!re=e1 ,i put d[n #d-a_/b p] c5t41 b if anyone's consci5ce prick him he may t5d] at #b or #b-a_/b1 or may ev5 advance money )\t int]e/4 ,l4 ,s9k+ ,fund4 ,?is s9k+ fund1 :i* provides = ! ext9ction ( ! debt 9 ?irty ye>s1 comp>es mo/ fav\rably ) t usually provid$ by local bodies = works ( s p]man5t a "*4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d frequ5tly all[s loans to be creat$ ) a s9k+ fund ext5d+ ov] mu* long] p]iods4 ,x is to be rememb]$ also t an additional s9k+ fund = ! l&$ e/ate has be5 already provid$ 7see ,*apt] iv41 p4 #db74 ,m4 ,balance available = ,rates levi$ by ,local ,bodies )9 ^: jurisdiction ! e/ate is situat$4 ,x w be se5 t ! :ole s*eme ( ,g>d5 ,city w make extremely few dem&s ^u ! res\rces ( outside local au?orities4 ,roads1 sew]s1 s*ools1 p>ks1 libr>ies1 etc41 w be provid$ out ( ! funds ( ! new 8municipality10 & 9 ?is way ! :ole s*eme w come to ! agriculturi/s at pres5t on ! e/ate v mu* l 8a rate 9 aid02 =1 z rates are only rais$ = ! purpose ( public exp5diture1 x foll[s t1 !re be+ little or no fre% call ^u ! rates :ile ! numb] ( ratepay]s is greatly increas$1 ! rate p] head mu/ fall4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 =get t !re are "s functions :i* su* a volunt>y organisation z ,g>d5 ,city c\ld n take ov]1 su* z ! police & ! adm9i/ration ( ! poor-law4 ,z to ! latt]1 x is believ$ t ! :ole s*eme w 9 ! long run make su* rates unnecess>y1 z ,g>d5 ,city w provide1 at all ev5ts f ! "t :5 ! e/ate has be5 fully paid =1 p5sions = all its ne$y old citiz5s4 ,meantime & f ! v outset x is do+ its full %>e ( *>itable "w4 ,x has allott$ sites ( #cj acres = v>i\s in/itutions1 & at a lat] /age w d\btless be prep>$ to assume ! :ole co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m4 ,) reg>d to police rates1 x is n believ$ t ^! c be l>gely increas$ by ! com+ into ! t[n ( #cj1jjj citiz5s1 :o1 = ! mo/ "p1 w be ( ! law-abid+ class2 =1 !re be+ b "o l&lord1 & ?is ! community1 x w n be difficult to prev5t ! creation ( ^? surr\nd+s :i* make ! int]v5tion ( ! police s frequ5tly necess>y4 7,see ,*apt] vii47 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 n[ fully e/abli%$ my cont5tion t ! rate-r5t :i* w\ld be will+ly (f]$ by ! t5ants ( ,g>d5 ,city1 9 respect ( ! advantages af=d$ !m1 w\ld be amply suffici5t1 7#a7 to pay l&lord's r5t 9 ! =m ( int]e/ on deb5tures2 7#b7 to provide a s9k+ fund = ! entire abolition ( l&lord's r5t2 & 7#c7 to provide = ! municipal ne$s ( ! t[n )\t rec\rse to any ,act ( ,p>liam5t = ! en=cem5t ( rates--! community dep5d+ solely on ! v l>ge p[]s x possesses z a l&lord4 ,n4 ,rev5ue-be>+ ,exp5diture4 ,if ! conclusion already arriv$ at--t ! exp]im5t advocat$ af=ds an outlet = an extremely effective exp5diture ( lab\r & capital--is s\nd 9 reg>d to objects ! co/ ( :i* is usually defray$ out ( rates1 t conclusion mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be equally s\nd 9 reg>d to tramways1 light+1 wat]-supply1 & ! l1 :i*1 :5 c>ri$ on by municipalities1 are usually made a s\rce ( rev5ue1 ?us reliev+ ! rate-pay] by mak+ 8 rates light]4#ac ,& z ,i h add$ no?+ to ! propos$ rev5ue = any prospective pr(its on su* und]tak+s1 ,i d n propose to make any e/imate ( exp5diture4 ,,footnote3 #ac 8,birm+ham rates are reliev$ to ! ext5t ( #ej1jjj a ye> out ( pr(its on gas4 ,! ,electrical ,committee ( ,man*e/] has promis$ to pay #aj1jjj ?is ye> to ! city fund1 9 relief ( rates out ( a net pr(it ( ov] #af1jjj40--;,daily ,*ronicle1 #i? ,june1 #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,adm9i/ration4 ,i h 9 ! #d? & #e? *apt]s dealt ) ! fund at ! disposal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,managem5t1 & h endeav\r$ to %[1 & ,i believe ) success1 t ! rate-r5ts collect$ by ! tru/ees 9 _! capacity ( l&lords ( ! t[ns w suffice1 7#a7 to provide int]e/ on ! deb5tures ) :i* ! e/ate is pur*as$1 7#b7 to provide a s9k+ fund :i* w at a comp>atively e>ly date leave ! community free f ! burd5 ( int]e/ on su* deb5tures1 & 7#c7 to enable ! ,bo>d ( ,managem5t to c>ry on su* und]tak+s z are else:]e1 = ! mo/ "p1 c>ri$ out by means ( rates compulsorily levi$4 ,a mo/ important "q n[ arises reg>d+ ! ext5t to :i* municipal ent]prise is to be c>ri$1 & h[ f> x is to sup]s$e private ent]prise4 ,we h already by implication /at$ t ! exp]im5t advocat$ does n involve1 z has be5 ! case 9 s _m social exp]im5ts--! complete municipalisation ( indu/ry & ! elim9ation ( private ent]prise4 ,b :at pr9ciple is to guide u 9 det]m9+ ! l9e :i* %all sep>ate municipal f private control & managem5t8 ,mr4 ,joseph ,*amb]la9 has said3 8,! true field = municipal activity is limit$ to ^? ?+s :i* ! community c d bett] ?an ! individual40 ,precisely1 b t is a truism1 & does n c>ry u "o :it fur!r1 = ! v "q at issue is z to :at ^? ?+s are :i* ! community c d bett] ?an ! individual2 & :5 we seek = an answ] to ?is "q we f9d two directly conflict+ views--! view ( ! sociali/1 :o says3 ,e phase ( weal?-production & di/ribution c be be/ p]=m$ by ! community2 & ! view ( ! individuali/1 :o cont5ds ^! ?+s are be/ left to ! individual4 ,b probably ! true answ] is to be f\nd at nei!r extreme1 is only to be ga9$ by exp]im5t1 & w diff] 9 diff]5t communities & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,) a gr[+ intellig5ce & hone/y 9 municipal ent]prise1 ) great] fre$om f ! control ( ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 x may be f\nd--especially on municipally-own$ l&--t ! field ( municipal activity may gr[ s z to embrace a v l>ge area1 & yet ! municipality claim no rigid monopoly & ! fulle/ rights ( comb9ation exi/4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! municipality ( ,g>d5 ,city w1 at ! outset1 ex]cise great caution1 & n attempt too mu*4 ,! difficulty ( rais+ ! necess>y funds ) :i* to c>ry on municipal und]tak+s w\ld be greatly increas$ if ! ,bo>d ( ,managem5t attempt$ to d ev]y?+2 &1 9 ! prospectus to be ultimately issu$1 a cle> /atem5t w be made ( :at ! ,corporation und]takes to d ) ! moneys entru/$ to x1 & ?is w at fir/ embrace little m ?an ^? ?+s :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ municipalities c p]=m bett] ?an individuals4 ,t5ants1 too1 w1 x is obvi\s1 be f> m ready to (f] adequate 8rate-r5ts0 if !y are giv5 di/9ctly to und]/& to :at purpose ^? 8rate-r5ts0 are to be devot$1 & aft] ^? ?+s are done1 & done well1 little difficulty w be plac$ 9 ! way ( fur!r appropriate ext5sions ( ! field ( municipal ent]prise4 ,our answ]1 !n1 to ! "q1 :at field is to be cov]$ by municipal ent]prise1 is ?is4 ,its ext5t w be measur$ simply by ! will+ness ( ! t5ants to pay rate-r5ts1 & w gr[ 9 proportion z municipal "w is done effici5tly & hone/ly1 or decl9e z x is done di%one/ly or ineffici5tly4 ,if1 = example1 ! t5ants f9d t a v small additional contribution1 rec5tly made 9 ! %ape ( 8rate-r5t10 has enabl$ ! au?orities to provide an excell5t supply ( wat] = all purposes1 & !y are conv9c$ t s good a result at s small a co/ w\ld n h be5 a*iev$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( any private und]tak+ work+ = a pr(it1 !y w naturally be will+ & ev5 anxi\s t fur!r hopeful-look+ exp]im5ts 9 municipal "w %\ld be und]tak54 ,! site ( ,g>d5 ,city may1 9 ?is respect1 be comp>$ ) ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,b(f9's fam\s ap>tm5t1 :i*1 ! read] ( ,dick5s w rememb]1 0 furni%$ at "o end to suit ! ta/e ( ,mrs4 ,b(f91 :o 0 8a dab at fa%ion10 :ile at ! o!r end x 0 furni%$ to con=m to ! notions ( solid com=t :i* s gratifi$ ,mr4 ,b(f91 b ) ! mutual und]/&+ betwe5 ! p>ties t if ,mr4 ,b4 %\ld get by degrees to be 8a high-fly]0 at fa%ion1 !n ,mrs4 ,b4's c>pet w\ld gradually 8come ='ard]10 :il/ if ,mrs4 ,b4 %\ld become 8less ( a dab at fa%ion10 ,mrs4 ,b4's c>pet w\ld 8g back'ard]40 ,s1 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 if ! inhabitants become great] 8dabs0 at co-op]ation1 ! municipality w 8come ='ard]02 if !y become less 8dabs0 at co-op]ation1 ! municipality w 8g back'ard]02 :ile ! relative numb] ( positions occupi$ by municipal work]s & non-municipal work]s at any p]iod w v fairly reflect ! skill & integrity ( ! public adm9i/ration & ! degree ( value :i* is !re=e associat$ ) municipal ef=t4 ,b ! municipality ( ,g>d5 ,city1 besides sett+ its face aga9/ any attempt to emb>k ^u too l>ge a field ( ent]prise1 w s frame its con/itution t ! responsibility = ea* bran* ( ! municipal s]vice w be ?r[n directly ^u ! (fic]s ( t bran* & n be practically lo/ sight ( because loosely ?r[n ^u ! l>g] c5tral body--a plan :i* makes x difficult = ! public to p]ceive :]e any leakage or friction may be tak+ place4 ,! con/itution is modell$ ^u t ( a l>ge & well-appo9t$ bus9ess1 :i* is divid$ into v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 ea* dep>tm5t be+ expect$ to ju/ify its own cont9u$ exi/5ce--its (fic]s be+ select$1 n s mu* = _! k ( ! bus9ess g5]ally z = _! special fitness = ! "w ( _! dep>tm5t4 ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,managem5t consi/s (-- 7#a7 ,! ,c5tral ,c\ncil4 7#b7 ,! ,dep>tm5ts4 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,c\ncil 7see ,diagram #e74 ,9 ?is c\ncil 7or its nom9ees7 are ve/$ ! rights & p[]s ( ! community z sole l&lord ( ,g>d5 ,city4 ,into its treasury are paid 7aft] provision has be5 made = l&lord's r5t & s9k+ fund7 all rate-r5ts receiv$ f its t5ants1 z well z ! pr(its d]iv$ f its v>i\s municipal und]tak+s1 & ^!1 we h se51 are amply suffici5t to dis*>ge all public burd5s )\t any resort to ! exp$i5t ( compulsory rates4 ,! p[]s possess$ by ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil are1 x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 m ample ?an ^? possess$ by o!r municipal bodies1 = :il/ mo/ ( ^! enjoy only su* p[]s z are expressly conf]r$ on !m by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil ( ,g>d5 ,city ex]cises on behalf ( ! p ^? wid] rights1 p[]s & privileges :i* are enjoy$ by l&lords "u ! common law4 ,! private own] ( l& c d ) 8 l& & ) ! rev5ue he d]ives f x :at he pleases s long z he is n a nuisance to 8 neighb\r2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 public bodies :i* acquire l& or obta9 p[] to levy rates by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 c only use t l& or sp5d ^? rates = su* purposes z are expressly prescrib$ by ^? ,acts4 ,b ,g>d5 ,city is 9 a greatly sup]ior position1 =1 by /epp+ z a quasi public body into ! rights ( a private l&lord1 x becomes at once clo!d ) f> l>g] p[]s = c>ry+ out ! w ( ! p ?an are possess$ by o!r local bodies1 & ?us solves to a l>ge ext5t ! problem ( local self-gov]nm5t4 ,b ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil1 ?\gh possess+ ^! l>ge p[]s1 delegates _m ( !m1 = conv5i5ce ( adm9i/ration1 to its v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 reta9+1 h[ev]1 responsibility =-- 7#a7 ,! g5]al plan on :i* ! e/ate is laid out4 7#b7 ,! am\nt ( money vot$ to ea* ( ! v>i\s sp5d+ dep>tm5ts1 z s*ools1 roads1 p>ks1 etc4 7#c7 ,su* measure ( ov]sight & control ( ! dep>tm5ts z is necess>y to pres]ve a g5]al unity & h>mony1 b no m4 ,,! ,,dep>tm5ts4 ,^! are divid$ into v>i\s gr\ps--= example3 7,a7 ,public ,control4 7,b7 ,eng9e]+4 7,c7 ,social ,purposes4 ,,gr\p ,a1 ,,public ,,control4 ,?is gr\p may consi/ ( ! foll[+ sub-gr\ps3 ,f9ance4 ,assessm5t4 ,law4 ,inspection4 ,f9ance4 ,into ?is dep>tm5t are paid1 aft] mak+ provision = l&lord's r5t & s9k+ fund1 all rate-r5ts2 & out ( x ! necess>y sums = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts are vot$ by ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil4 ,assessm5t4 ,?is dep>tm5t receives all applications f w\ld-be t5ants1 & fixes ! rate-r5t to be paid--su* rate-r5ts n1 h[ev]1 be+ fix$ arbitr>ily by ! dep>tm5t1 b ^u ! ess5tial pr9ciple adopt$ by o!r ,assessm5t ,committees--! really det]m9+ factor be+ ! rate-r5t :i* an av]age t5ant is f\nd will+ to pay4#ad ,law4 ,?is dep>tm5t settles ! t]ms & conditions "u :i* leases %all be grant$1 & ! nature ( ! cov5ants to be ent]$ into by & ) ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil4 ,inspection4 ,?is dep>tm5t c>ries out su* reasonable duties 9 relation to inspection z ! municipality1 9 its capacity ( l&lord1 may ) ! t5ants ( ! municipality mutually agree ^u4 ,,gr\p ,b1 ,,eng9e]+4 ,?is gr\p may consi/ ( ! foll[+ dep>tm5ts--"s ( :i* w\ld be lat] creations4 ,roads4 ,subways4 ,sew]s4 ,tramways4 ,municipal ,railway4 ,public ,build+s 7o!r ?an s*ools74 ,p>k & op5 spaces4 ,dra9age4 ,canals4 ,irrigation4 ,wat]-supply4 ,motive-p[] ,light+4 ,messages4 ,,gr\p ,c1 ,,social ,,& ,,educational4 ,?is gr\p is also divid$ into v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 deal+ )3-- ,education4 ,libr>ies4 ,ba?s & ,wa%-h\ses4 ,music4 ,recreation4 ,election ( ,memb]s ( ,bo>d ( ,managem5t4 ,memb]s 7:o may be m5 or wom57 are elect$ by ! rate-r5t]s to s]ve on "o or m dep>tm5ts1 & ! ,*airm5 & ,vice-,*airm5 ( ! dep>tm5ts con/itute ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil4 ,"u su* a con/itution x is believ$ t ! community w\ld h ! readie/ means ( rightly e/imat+ ! "w ( its s]vants1 &1 at election times1 w\ld h cle> & di/9ct issues br\ght be=e x4 ,! c&idates w\ld n be expect$ to specify _! views ^u a hundr$ & "o que/ions ( municipal policy ^u :i* !y _h no def9ite op9ions1 & :i* w\ld probably n give rise )9 _! t]m ( (fice to ! necessity = record+ _! votes1 b w\ld simply /ate _! views z to "s special "q or gr\p ( que/ions1 a s\nd op9ion ^u :i* w\ld be ( urg5t importance to ! electors1 because imm$iately connect$ ) ! welf>e ( ! t[n4 ,,footnote3 #ad ,?is individual is kn[n to ,assessm5t ,committees "u ! "n ( ! 8hypo!tical t5ant40 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,semi-,,municipal ,,ent]prise--,,local ,,option--,,temp]ance ,,re=m4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t no l9e c\ld be %>ply drawn betwe5 municipal & individual ent]prise1 s t "o c\ld def9itely say ( "o or ! o!r1 8,hi!rto %alt ?\ come1 b no fur!r02 & ?is ev]-*ang+ "* ( ! problem c be usefully illu/rat$ 9 our exam9ation ( ! indu/rial life ( ,g>d5 ,city by ref]5ce to a =m ( ent]prise !re c>ri$ on :i* is nei!r di/9ctly municipal nor di/9ctly individuali/ic1 b p>tak+1 z x does1 ( ! "* ( bo?1 may be t]m$ 8semi-municipal40 ,among ! mo/ reliable s\rces ( rev5ue possess$ by _m ( our exi/+ municipalities are _! s-call$ 8public m>kets40 ,b x is important to notice t ^! m>kets are by no means public 9 ! same full s5se z are our public p>ks1 libr>ies1 wat] und]tak+s1 or ^? num]\s o!r bran*es ( municipal "w :i* are c>ri$ on ^u public prop]ty1 by public (ficials1 at ! public exp5se1 & solely ) a view to ! public advantage4 ,on ! contr>y1 our s-call$ 8public m>kets0 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 c>ri$ on by private individuals1 :o pay tolls = ! p>ts ( ! build+s :i* !y occupy1 b :o are n1 except on a few po9ts1 controll$ by ! municipality1 & ^: pr(its are p]sonally enjoy$ by ! v>i\s deal]s4 ,m>kets may1 !re=e1 be fitly t]m$ semi-municipal ent]prises4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 sc>cely necess>y to t\* on ?is "q1 b t x naturally leads up to ! consid]ation ( a =m ( semi-municipal ent]prise :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,g>d5 ,city4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 is a wide arcade1 skirt+ ! ,c5tral ,p>k1 9 :i* ! mo/ attractive w>es on sale 9 ,g>d5 ,city are exhibit$1 &1 ?is be+ a w9t] g>d5 z well z ! great %opp+ c5tre1 is "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite resorts ( ! t[nspeople4 ,! bus9ess at ! %ops is c>ri$ on1 n by ! municipality1 b by v>i\s individuals & societies1 ! numb] ( trad]s be+1 h[ev]1 limit$ by ! pr9ciple ( local option4 ,! consid]ations :i* h l$ to ?is sy/em arise out ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! cases on ! "o h& ( ! manufactur]s1 & on ! o!r ( ! di/ributive societies & %opkeep]s :o are invit$ to ! t[n4 ,?us1 = example3--,9 ! case ( ! manufactur]1 say1 ( boots1 ?\gh he may be glad ( ! cu/om ( ! p ( ! t[n1 he is by no means dep5d5t on x2 8 products g all ov] ! _w2 & he w\ld sc>cely wi% t ! numb] ( boot manufactur]s )9 ! area %\ld be specially limit$4 ,he w\ld1 9 fact1 lose m ?an he w\ld ga9 by re/rictions ( ?is k9d4 ,a manufactur] frequ5tly pref]s to h o!rs c>ry+ on ! same trade 9 8 vic9ity2 = ?is gives him a l>g] *oice ( skill$ workm5 or workwom51 :o !mselves desire x also1 because x gives !m a l>g] range ( employ]s4 ,b 9 ! case ( %ops & /ores ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,an individual or a society propos+ to op5 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 say a drap]y /ore1 w\ld be mo/ anxi\s to "k :at1 if any1 arrangem5ts 7 to be made = limit+ ! numb] ( 8 competitors1 = he w\ld dep5d almo/ entirely on ! trade ( ! t[n or neighb\rhood4 ,inde$ x frequ5tly happ5s t a private l&lord1 :5 lay+ out a build+ e/ate1 makes arrangem5ts ) 8 %opkeep+ t5ants design$ to prev5t !m f be+ swamp$ by o!rs 9 ! same trade />t+ on 8 e/ate4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 seems to be h[ to make su* suitable arrangem5ts z w at once-- 7#a7 ,induce t5ants ( ! %opkeep+ class to come & />t 9 bus9ess1 (f]+ to ! community adequate rate-r5ts4 7#b7 ,prev5t ! absurd & wa/eful multiplication ( %ops ref]r$ to 9 ! note at ! foot ( page #ha4 7#c7 ,secure ! advantages usually ga9$ 7or suppos$ to be7 by competition--su* z l[ prices1 wide range ( *oice1 fair deal+1 civility1 etc4 7#d7 ,avoid ! evils att5d+ monopoly4 ,all ^! results may be secur$ by a simple exp$i5t1 :i* w h ! effect ( conv]t+ competition f an active into a lat5t =ce to be br\ght into play or held 9 res]ve4 ,x is1 z we h said1 an application ( ! pr9ciple ( local option4 ,to expla93--,g>d5 ,city is ! sole l&lord1 & x c grant to a propos$ t5ant--we w suppose a co-op]ative society or an individual trad] 9 drap]y or fancy goods--a long lease ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( space 9 ! ,gr& ,arcade 7,cry/al ,palace71 at a c]ta9 annual rate-r5t2 & x c say1 9 effect1 to its t5ant1 8,t site is ! only space 9 t w>d :i* we = ! pres5t int5d to let to any t5ant engag$ 9 y\r trade4 ,! ,arcade is1 h[ev]1 design$ to be n only ! great %opp+ c5tre ( ! t[n & di/rict1 & ! p]man5t exhibition 9 :i* ! manufactur]s ( ! t[n display _! w>es1 b a summ] & w9t] g>d54 ,! space ?is ,arcade cov]s w1 !re=e1 be consid]ably great] ?an is actually requir$ = ! purposes ( %ops or /ores1 if ^! are kept )9 reasonable limits4 ,n[1 s long z y give satisfaction to ! p ( ! t[n1 none ( ! space devot$ to ^! recreative purposes w be let to anyone engag$ 9 y\r call+4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to gu>d aga9/ monopoly4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! p become dissatisfi$ ) y\r me?ods ( trad+1 & desire t ! =ce ( competition %all be actively br\ght into play aga9/ y1 !n1 on ! requisition ( a c]ta9 numb]1 ! necess>y space 9 ! ,arcade w be allott$ by ! municipality to "s "o desir\s ( />t+ an opposition /ore40 ,"u ?is arrangem5t x w be se5 ! trad] w dep5d ^u ! good-w ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,if he *>ges prices :i* are too high2 if he misrepres5ts ! quality ( 8 goods2 if he does n treat 8 employees ) prop] consid]ation 9 reg>d to h\rs ( lab\r1 wages1 or o!r matt]s1 he w run a great risk ( los+ ! good-w ( 8 cu/om]s1 & ! p ( ! t[n w h a me?od ( express+ _! s5tim5ts reg>d+ him :i* w be extremely p[]ful2 !y w simply invite a new competitor to ent] ! field4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 z long z he p]=m 8 functions wisely & well1 8 good-w re/+ on ! solid basis ( ! good-w ( 8 cu/om]s1 he w be protect$4 ,8 advantages are1 !re=e1 enorm\s4 ,9 o!r t[ns a competitor might ent] ! field aga9/ him at any mom5t )\t w>n+1 p]haps at ! v "t :5 he _h pur*as$ "s exp5sive goods1 :i*1 unless sold dur+ ! season1 c\ld only be realis$ at an enorm\s sacrifice4 ,9 ,g>d5 ,city1 on ! o!r h&1 he has full notice ( 8 dang]--"t to prep>e = x & ev5 to av]t x4 ,besides1 ! memb]s ( ! community1 except = ! purpose ( br++ a trad] to reason1 w n only h no int]e/ 9 br++ a competitor into ! field1 b _! int]e/s w be be/ s]v$ by keep+ competition 9 ! backgr\nd z long z possible4 ,if ! fire ( competition is br\ght to be> ^u a trad]1 !y mu/ suff] ) him4 ,!y w lose space !y w\ld f> r see devot$ to "s o!r purpose--!y w be b\nd to pay high] prices ?an ^? at :i* ! fir/ trad] c\ld supply !m if he w\ld1 & !y w h to r5d] municipal s]vices to two trad]s in/ead ( to "o1 :ile ! two competitors c\ld n af=d to pay s l>ge a sum 9 rate-r5t z c\ld ! orig9al trad]4 ,= 9 _m cases ! effect ( competition is to make a rise 9 price absolutely necess>y4 ,?us1 ,a4 has a trade ( #ajj gallons ( milk a day1 & c1 we w suppose1 pay 8 exp5ses1 e>n a b>e liv+1 & supply 8 cu/om]s ) milk1 say1 at #d;d4 a qu>t4 ,b if a competitor ent]s ! field1 !n ,a4 c only sell milk & wat] at #d;d4 a qu>t if he is to cont9ue to pay 8 way4 ,?us ! competition ( %opkeep]s absolutely t5ds n only to ru9 ! competitors1 b to ma9ta9 & ev5 to raise prices1 & s to l[] real wages4#ae ,"u ?is sy/em ( local option x w be se5 t ! tradesm5 ( ! t[n--be !y co-op]ative societies or individuals--w\ld become1 if n /rictly or te*nically s1 yet 9 a v real s5se1 municipal s]vants4 ,b !y w\ld n be b\nd up 9 ! r$-tape ( (ficialism1 & w\ld h ! fulle/ rights & p[]s ( initiation4 ,x w\ld n be by any lit]al con=mity to ca/-iron & inflexible rules1 b by _! skill & judgm5t 9 =eca/+ ! wi%es & 9 anticipat+ ! ta/es ( _! con/itu5ts1 z well z by _! integrity & c\rtesy z bus9ess m5 & wom51 t !y w\ld w9 & ma9ta9 _! good-w4 ,!y w\ld run c]ta9 risks1 z all tradesm5 mu/1 & 9 return !y w\ld be paid1 n ( c\rse 9 ! =m ( sal>y1 b 9 pr(its4 ,b ! risks !y w\ld run w\ld be f> less ?an !y mu/ be :]e competition is un*eck$ & uncontroll$1 :ile _! annual pr(its 9 proportion to capital inve/$ might also be great]4 ,!y might ev5 sell consid]ably bel[ ! ord9>y rate prevail+ else:]e1 b yet1 hav+ an assur$ trade & be+ able v accurately to gauge dem&1 !y might turn _! money ov] ) rem>kable frequ5cy4 ,_! work+ exp5ses1 too1 w\ld be absurdly small4 ,!y w\ld n h to adv]tise = cu/om]s1 ?\gh !y w\ld d\btless make ann\ncem5ts to !m ( any novelties2 b all t wa/e ( ef=t & ( money :i* is s frequ5tly exp5d$ by tradesm5 9 ord] to secure cu/om]s or to prev5t _! go+ else:]e1 w\ld be q unnecess>y4 ,& n only w\ld ea* trad] be 9 a s5se a municipal s]vant1 b ^? 9 8 employ w\ld be also4 ,x is true su* a trad] w\ld h ! fulle/ "r to engage & dismiss 8 s]vants2 b if he act$ arbitr>ily or h>%ly1 if he paid insuffici5t wages1 or treat$ 8 employees inconsid]ately1 he w\ld c]ta9ly run ! risk ( los+ ! good-w ( ! majority ( 8 cu/om]s1 ev5 al?\gh 9 o!r respects he might prove himself an admirable public s]vant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! example 7 set ( pr(it-%>+1 ?is might gr[ into a cu/om1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ma/] & s]vant w\ld be gradually lo/ 9 ! simple process ( all becom+ co-op]ators4#af ,?is sy/em ( local option z appli$ to %opkeep+ is n only bus9ess-l1 b x af=ds an opportunity = ! expression ( t public consci5ce aga9/ ! sweat] :i* is n[ be+ /irr$1 b :i* sc>cely kn[s h[ to effectually respond to ! new impulse4 ,?us !re 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london "s ye>s ago ! ,consum]s' ,league1 ! object ( :i* 0 n1 z its "n might lead "o to suspect1 to protect ! consum+ public aga9/ ! unscrupul\s produc]1 b x 0 to protect ! sweat$1 ov]-driv5 produc] aga9/ a consum+ public ov]-clamor\s = *eapness4 ,its aim 0 to assi/ su* ( ! public z hate & dete/ ! sweat+ sy/em to avail !mselves ( ! ,league's c>efully compil$ in=mation1 s t !y might be able to /udi\sly avoid ! products :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh sweat]s' h&s4 ,b su* a movem5t z ! ,consum]s' ,league advocat$ c\ld make b little headway )\t ! support ( ! %opkeep]4 ,t consum] mu/ be an uncommonly e>ne/ oppon5t ( sweat+ :o insi/s ^u kn[+ ! s\rce :5ce e article he pur*ases has come1 & a %opkeep] "u ord9>y circum/ances w\ld sc>cely be dispos$ ei!r to give su* in=mation or to gu>antee t ! goods he sold 7 produc$ "u 8fair0 conditions2 :ile to e/abli% %ops 9 l>ge cities1 :i* are already ov]cr[d$ ) di/ributive ag5cies1 & to d ?is ) ! special object ( putt+ d[n sweat+1 is to c\rt failure4 ,"h 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 h[ev]1 !re w be a spl5did opportunity = ! public consci5ce to express itself 9 ?is reg>d1 & no %opkeep] w1 ,i hope1 v5ture to sell 8sweat$ goods40 ,!re is ano!r "q ) :i* ! t]m 8local option0 is mo/ closely associat$ :i* may be dealt ) "h4 ,i ref] to ! temp]ance "q4 ,n[ x w be notic$ t ! municipality1 9 its position ( sole l&lord1 has ! p[] ( deal+ 9 ! mo/ dra/ic mann] possible ) ! liquor traffic4 ,!re are1 z is well kn[n1 _m l&lords :o w n p]mit a public-h\se to be op5$ on _! e/ate1 & ! l&lord ( ,g>d5 ,city--! p !mselves--c\ld adopt ?is c\rse4 ,b w\ld ?is be wise8 ,i ?9k n4 ,fir/1 su* a re/riction w\ld keep away ! v l>ge & increas+ class ( mod]ate dr9k]s1 & w\ld also keep away _m ( ^? :o are sc>cely mod]ate 9 _! use ( alcohol1 b z to :om re=m]s w\ld be mo/ anxi\s t !y %\ld be br\ght "u ! heal?ful influ5ces :i* w\ld surr\nd !m 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,! public-h\se1 or its equival5t1 w\ld1 9 su* a community1 h _m competitors = ! fav\r ( ! p2 :ile1 9 l>ge cities1 ) few opportunities ( *eap & rational enjoym5t1 x has its own way4 ,! exp]im5t1 z "o 9 ! direction ( temp]ance re=m1 w\ld1 !re=e1 be m valuable if ! traffic 7 p]mitt$ "u reasonable regulations ?an if x 7 /opp$2 because1 :ile1 9 ! =m] case1 ! effects 9 ! direction ( temp]ance w\ld be cle>ly traceable to ! m natural & heal?y =m ( life1 if ! latt] c\rse 7 adopt$ x c\ld only prove1 :at no "o n[ d5ies1 t x may be possible1 by re/rictive measures1 to entirely keep away ! traffic f "o small area :ile int5sify+ ! evils else:]e4 ,b ! community w\ld c]ta9ly take c>e to prev5t ! undue multiplication ( lic5s$ h\ses1 & x w\ld be free to adopt any "o ( ! v>i\s me?ods :i* ! m mod]ate ( temp]ance re=m]s sugge/4 ,! municipal au?orities might conduct ! liquor traffic !mselves1 & employ ! pr(its 9 relief ( rates4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* =ce 9 ! objection t x is n desirable t ! rev5ue ( a community %\ld be s d]iv$1 &1 !re=e1 x might be bett] t ! pr(its %\ld be entirely appli$ to purposes :i* w\ld compete ) ! traffic1 or 9 m9imis+ its evil effects by e/abli%+ asylums = ^? affect$ ) alcoholism4#ag ,on ?is subject1 z on all po9ts involv$1 ,i e>ne/ly invite correspond5ce f ^? :o h practical sugge/ions to (f]2 &1 al?\gh ! t[n is b a small "o1 x w\ld p]haps n be impracticable to te/ v>i\s promis+ sugge/ions 9 ! diff]5t w>ds4 ,,footnotes3 #ae 8,x has be5 calculat$ by ,mr4 ,neale0 78,economics ( ,co-op]ation07 8t !re are #da1gce sep>ate e/abli%m5ts = #bb ( ! pr9cipal retail trades 9 ,london4 ,if = ea* ( ^! trades !re 7 #fdh %ops--t is #i to ! squ>e mile1 no "o w\ld h to g m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile to ! ne>e/ %op4 ,!re w\ld be #ad1bef %ops 9 all4 ,assum+ t ?is supply w\ld be suffici5t1 !re are 9 ,london #bea %ops = e hundr$ t are really want$4 ,! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry w be mu* increas$ :5 ! capital & lab\r t are n[ wa/efully employ$ 9 ! retail trade are set free = o!r "w40--8,economics ( ,indu/ry10 ,a4 & ,m4 ,p4 ,m>%all1 ,*ap4 ix41 sec4 #aj4 #af ,?is pr9ciple ( local option1 :i* is *iefly applicable to di/ributive call+s1 is p]haps applicable to production 9 "s ( its bran*es4 ,?us bak]ies & laundries1 :i* w\ld l>gely dep5d ^u ! trade ( ! locality1 seem to pres5t in/ances :]e x might ) "s caution be appli$4 ,few bus9esses seem to require m ?or\gh sup]vision & control ?an ^!1 & few h a m direct relation to heal?4 ,inde$1 a v /rong case might be made out = municipal bak]ies & municipal laundries1 & x is evid5t t ! control ( an indu/ry by ! community is a half-way h\se to its assumption ( x1 %\ld ?is prove desirable & practicable4 #ag ,s9ce 8,to-,morr[0 0 publi%$1 v>i\s ,companies h be5 =m$ by ! ,public ,h\se ,tru/ ,association1 #aaf ,victoria ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w41 ) ! object ( c>ry+ on ! trade on pr9ciples advocat$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,*e/]4 ,a limit$ divid5d ( #e p] c5t4 is fix$2 all pr(its beyond are exp5d$ 9 useful public ent]prises1 & ! ,manag]s h no int]e/ :atev] 9 pu%+ ! trade 9 intoxicat+ liquors4 ,x may be int]e/+ also to obs]ve t ,mr4 ,george ,cadbury1 9 ! ,de$ ( ,f\ndation ( ! ,b\rneville ,tru/1 provides = ! complete re/riction ( ! traffic at ! outset4 ,b z a practical man1 he sees t z ! ,tru/ gr[s 7& its p[] ( gr[? is among its mo/ admirable features7 x may be necess>y to remove su* complete re/rictions4 ,& he provides t 9 t ev5t 8all ! net pr(its aris+ f ! sale & co-op]ative di/ribution ( intoxicat+ liquors %all be devot$ to secur+ recreation & c\nt] attractions to ! liquor trade z ord9>ily conduct$40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pro-,,municipal ,,"w4 ,!re w be f\nd 9 e progressive community societies & organisations :i* repres5t a f> high] level ( public _s & ent]prise ?an t possess$ or display$ by su* communities 9 _! collective capacity4 ,x is probable t ! gov]nm5t ( a community c nev] rea* a high] tone or "w on a high] plane ?an ! av]age s5se ( t community dem&s & en=ces2 & x w greatly conduce to ! well-be+ ( any society if ! ef=ts ( its ,/ate or municipal organisations are inspir$ & quick5$ by ^? ( its memb]s ^: ideals ( society duty rise high] ?an ! av]age4#ah ,& s x may be 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,!re w be discov]$ _m opportunities = public s]vice :i* nei!r ! community z a :ole1 nor ev5 a majority ( its memb]s1 w at fir/ recognise ! importance (1 or see _! way to embrace1 & :i* public s]vices x w\ld be useless1 !re=e1 to expect ! municipality to und]take2 b ^? :o h ! welf>e ( society at he>t w1 9 ! free air ( ! city1 be always able to exp]im5t on _! own responsibility1 & ?us quick5 ! public consci5ce & enl>ge ! public und]/&+4 ,! :ole ( ! exp]im5t :i* ?is book describes is inde$ ( ?is "*4 ,x repres5ts pione] "w1 :i* w be c>ri$ out by ^? :o h n a m]ely pi\s op9ion1 b an effective belief 9 ! economic1 sanit>y1 & social advantages ( common own]%ip ( l&1 & :o1 !re=e1 are n satisfi$ m]ely to advocate t ^? advantages %\ld be secur$ on ! l>ge/ scale at ! national exp5se1 b are impell$ to give _! views %ape & =m z soon z !y c see _! way to jo9 ) a suffici5t numb] ( k9dr$ spirits4 ,& :at ! :ole exp]im5t is to ! nation1 s may :at we t]m 8pro-municipal0 und]tak+s be to ! community ( ,g>d5 ,city or to society g5]ally4 ,j z ! l>g] exp]im5t is design$ to lead ! nation into a ju/] & bett] sy/em ( l& t5ure & a bett] & m common-s5se view ( h[ t[ns %\ld be built1 s are ! v>i\s pro-municipal und]tak+s ( ,g>d5 ,city devis$ by ^? :o are prep>$ to lead ! way 9 ent]prises design$ to fur!r ! well-be+ ( ! t[n1 b :o h n z yet succe$$ 9 gett+ _! plans or s*emes adopt$ by ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil4 ,philan?ropic & *>itable in/itutions1 religi\s societies1 & educational ag5cies ( v>i\s k9ds occupy a v l>ge "p 9 ?is gr\p ( pro-municipal or pro-national ag5cies1 & ^! h be5 already ref]r$ to1 & _! nature & purposes are well kn[n4 ,b in/itutions :i* aim at ! m /rictly mat]ial side ( well-be+1 su* z banks & build+ societies1 may be f\nd "h too4 ,j z ! f\nd]s ( ! ,p5ny ,bank pav$ ! way = ! ,po/ ,(fice ,sav+s ,bank1 s may "s ( ^? :o /udy c>efully ! exp]im5t ( build+ up ,g>d5 ,city see h[ useful a bank might be1 :i*1 l ! ,p5ny ,bank1 aims n s mu* at ga9 = its f\nd]s z at ! well-be+ ( ! community at l>ge4 ,su* a bank might arrange to pay ! :ole ( its net pr(its or all its pr(its ov] a c]ta9 fix$ rate1 into ! municipal ex*equ]1 & give to ! au?orities ( ! t[n ! option ( tak+ x ov] %\ld !y be conv9c$ ( its utility & its g5]al s\ndness4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge field = pro-municipal activity 9 ! "w ( build+ homes = ! p4 ,! municipality w\ld be attempt+ too mu* if x essay$ ?is task1 at lea/ at ! outset4 ,to d s w\ld be p]haps to dep>t too widely f ! pa? :i* exp]i5ce has ju/ifi$1 h[ev] mu* might be said 9 fav\r ( su* a c\rse on ! "p ( a municipal body 9 comm& ( ample funds4 ,! municipality has1 h[ev]1 done mu* to make ! build+ ( bright & beautiful homes = ! p possible4 ,x has effectually provid$ aga9/ any ov]-cr[d+ )9 its area1 ?us solv+ a problem f\nd insoluble 9 exi/+ cities1 & x (f]s sites ( ample size at an av]age rate ( #f p] annum = gr\nd-r5t & rates4 ,hav+ done s mu*1 ! municipality w pay he$ to ! w>n+ ( an exp]i5c$ municipal re=m]1 ^: desire = ! ext5sion ( municipal ent]prise _c be d\bt$ 7,mr4 ,john ,burns1 ,m4,p41 ,l4,c4,c471 :o has said3 8,a lot ( "w has be5 ?r[n ^u ! ,works ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil by c\ncillors :o are s anxi\s = its success t !y w\ld *oke x by a burd5 ( "w40 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r s\rces to :i* ! work]s may look = means to build _! own homes4 ,!y may =m build+ societies or induce co-op]ative societies1 fri5dly societies1 & trade unions to l5d !m ! necess>y money1 & to help !m to organise ! requisite ma*9]y4 ,grant$ ! exi/5ce ( ! true social _s1 & n its m]e lett] & "n1 & t _s w manife/ itself 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry--:o c d\bt x8--_m individuals & societies :o w\ld be ready to raise funds & organise associations = assi/+ bodies ( workm5 secure ( good wages to build _! own homes on fav\rable t]ms4 ,a bett] security ! l5d]s c\ld sc>cely h1 especially hav+ reg>d to ! ridicul\sly small l&lord's r5t paid by ! borr[]s4 ,c]ta9 x is t if ! build+ ( ! homes = ^! workm5 is left to speculative build]s ( a /rongly-pron\nc$ individuali/ic type1 & ^! reap gold5 h>ve/s1 x w be ! fault1 among/ o!rs1 ( ^? l>ge organisations ( work+-m5 :i* n[ place _! capital 9 banks1 :5ce x is )drawn by ^? :o ) x 8exploit0 ! v m5 :o h plac$ x !re4 ,x is idle = work+-m5 to compla9 ( ?is self-impos$ exploitation1 & to talk ( nationalis+ ! entire l& & capital ( ?is c\ntry "u an executive ( _! own class1 until !y h fir/ be5 ?r\gh an appr5tice%ip at ! humbl] task ( organis+ m5 & wom5 ) _! own capital 9 con/ructive "w ( a less ambiti\s "*--until !y h assi/$ f> m l>gely ?an !y h yet done 9 build+ up capital1 n to be wa/$ 9 /rikes1 or employ$ by capitali/s 9 fight+ /rik]s1 b 9 secur+ homes & employm5t = !mselves & o!rs on j & hon\rable t]ms4 ,! true rem$y = capitali/ oppression :]e x exi/s1 is n ! /rike ( no "w1 b ! /rike ( true "w1 & aga9/ ?is la/ bl[ ! oppressor has no weapon4 ,if lab\r lead]s sp5t half ! en]gy 9 co-op]ative organisation t !y n[ wa/e 9 co-op]ative disorganisation1 ! end ( our pres5t unju/ sy/em w\ld be at h&4 ,9 ,g>d5 ,city su* lead]s w h a fair field = ! ex]cise ( pro-municipal functions--functions :i* are ex]cis$ = ! municipality1 ?\gh n by x--& ! =mation ( build+ societies ( ?is type w\ld be ( ! greate/ possible utility4 ,b w\ld n ! am\nt ( capital requir$ = ! build+ ( ! dwell+-h\ses ( a t[n ( #cj1jjj be enorm\s8 ,"s p]sons ) :om ,i h discuss$ ! "q look at ! matt] ?us4 ,s _m h\ses 9 ,g>d5 ,city at s _m hundr$ ( p\nds a-piece1 capital requir$ s mu*4#ai ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 q a mi/ak5 way ( reg>d+ ! problem4 ,let u te/ ! matt] ?us4 ,h[ _m h\ses h be5 built 9 ,london )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s8 ,%all we say1 at ! v r\ghe/ ( guesses #aej1jjj1 co/+ on an av]age #cjj a-piece--to say no?+ ( %ops1 factories1 & w>eh\ses4 ,well1 t is #de1jjj1jjj4 ,0 #de1jjj1jjj rais$ = ?is purpose8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 or ! h\ses w\ld n h be5 built4 ,b ! money 0 n rais$ all at once1 & if "o c\ld recognise ! actual sov]eigns t 7 rais$ = ! build+ ( ^! #aej1jjj h\ses1 "o w\ld (t5 f9d ! v same co9s turn+ up aga9 & aga94 ,s 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,be=e x is complet$1 !re w be #e1ejj h\ses at1 say1 #cjj a-piece1 mak+ #a1fej1jjj4 ,b ?is capital w n be rais$ all at once1 & "h1 f> m ?an 9 ,london1 ! v same sov]eigns w\ld be employ$ 9 build+ _m h\ses4 ,= obs]ve1 money is n lo/ or consum$ :5 x is sp5t4 ,x m]ely *anges h&s4 ,a workman ( ,g>d5 ,city borr[s #bjj f a pro-municipal build+ society1 & builds a h\se ) x4 ,t h\se co/s him #bjj1 & ! #bjj sov]eigns disappe> s f> z he is conc]n$1 b !y become ! prop]ty ( ! brickmak]s1 build]s1 c>p5t]s1 plumb]s1 pla/]]s1 etc41 :o h built 8 h\se1 :5ce ^? sov]eigns w\ld f9d _! way into ! pockets ( ! tradesm5 & o!rs ) :om su* workm5 deal1 & !nce w\ld pass into ! pro-municipal bank ( ! t[n1 :5 pres5tly1 ^? #bjj id5tical sov]eigns might be drawn out & employ$ 9 build+ ano!r h\se4 ,?us !re w\ld be pres5t$ ! app>5t anomaly ( two1 & !n ?ree1 & !n f\r or m h\ses1 ea* co/+ #bjj1 be+ built ) #bjj sov]eigns4#bj ,b !re is no real anomaly ab\t x4 ,! co9s1 ( c\rse1 did n build ! h\ses 9 any ( ! suppos$ cases4 ,! co9s 7 b ! measure ( value1 & l a pair ( scales & weights1 may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 )\t any p]ceptible less5+ ( _! wor?4 ,:at built ! h\ses 0 really lab\r1 skill1 ent]prise1 work+ up ! free gifts ( nature2 & ?\gh ea* ( ! work]s might h 8 rew>d weigh$ out to him 9 co9s1 ! co/ ( all build+s & works 9 ,g>d5 ,city mu/ be ma9ly det]m9$ by ! skill & en]gy ) :i* its lab\rs are direct$4 ,/ill1 s long z gold & silv] are recognis$ z ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 x w be necess>y to use !m1 & ( great importance to use !m skilfully--= ! skill ) :i* !y are us$1 or _! unnecess>y use disp5s$ )1 z 9 a bank]'s cle>+ h\se1 w h a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! co/ ( ! t[n1 & ^u ! annual tax levi$ 9 ! %ape ( int]e/ on borr[$ capital4 ,skill mu/ be !re=e direct$ to ! object ( s us+ co9s t !y may quickly effect _! object ( measur+ "o value1 & be set to "w to measure ano!r--t !y may be turn$ ov] z _m times z possible 9 ! ye>1 9 ord] t ! am\nt ( lab\r measur$ by ea* co9 may be z l>ge z possible1 & ?us ! am\nt repres5t$ by int]e/ on ! co9s borr[$1 ?\gh paid at ! normal or usual rate1 %all be> z small a proportion z possible to ! am\nt paid to lab\r4 ,if ?is is done effectively1 !n a sav+ to ! community 9 respect ( int]e/ z great z ! m easily demon/rat$ sav+ 9 l&lord's r5t may probably be effect$4 ,& n[ ! read] is ask$ to obs]ve h[ admirably1 &1 z x 71 automatically1 a well-organis$ migratory movem5t to l& held 9 common l5ds itself to ! economic use ( money1 & to ! mak+ ( "o co9 s]ve _m purposes4 ,money1 x is (t5 said1 is 8a drug 9 ! m>ket40 ,l lab\r itself1 x seems en*ant$1 & ?us "o sees millions 9 gold & silv] ly+ idle 9 banks fac+ ! v /reets :]e m5 are w&]+ workless & p5niless4 ,b "h1 on ! site ( ,g>d5 ,city1 ! cry = employm5t on ! "p ( ^? will+ to "w w no m be he>d 9 va94 ,only ye/]day x may h be5 s1 b to-day ! en*ant$ l& is awake1 & is l\dly call+ = its *ildr54 ,!re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ "w--pr(itable "w--"w t is really urg5tly1 imp]atively ne$$--! build+ ( a home-city1 &1 z m5 ha/5 to build up ?is & ! o!r t[ns :i* mu/ inevitably foll[ its con/ruction1 ! migration to ! t[ns--! old1 cr[d$1 *aotic slum-t[ns ( ! pa/--w be effectually *eck$1 & ! curr5t ( population set 9 precisely ! opposite direction--to ! new t[ns1 bright & fair1 :olesome & beautiful4 ,,footnotes3 #ah 8,only a proportion ( ea* 9 "o society c h n]ve en\gh to grasp ! bann] ( a new tru?1 & endurance en\gh to be> x along rugg$ & untrodd5 ways4444 ,to insi/ on a :ole community be+ made at once to submit to ! reign ( new practices & new ideas :i* h j begun to comm5d !mselves to ! mo/ advanc$ speculative intellig5ce ( ! "t--?is1 ev5 if x 7 a possible process1 w\ld d mu* to make life impracticable & to hurry on social dissolution4444 ,a new social /ate c nev] e/abli% its ideas unless ! p]sons :o hold !m confess !m op5ly & give !m an hone/ & effective adh]5ce40--,mr4 ,john ,morley1 8,on ,compromise10 ,*ap4 v4 #ai ,! position 0 s /at$ by ,mr4 ,buck+ham 9 8,national ,evils & ,practical ,rem$ies10 see ,*ap4 x4 #bj ,a simil> l9e ( argum5t to ?is is v fully elaborat$ 9 a mo/ able "w entitl$ 8,! ,physiology ( ,indu/ry10 by ,mumm]y & ,hobson 7,mac,millan ,co474 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,"s ,,difficulties ,,consid]$4 ,hav+ n[1 9 a concrete r ?an an ab/ract =m1 /at$ ! objects & purposes ( our s*eme1 x may be well to deal1 ?\gh some:at briefly1 ) an objection :i* may arise 9 ! ?\ght ( ! read]3 8,y\r s*eme may be v attractive1 b x is b "o ( a great numb]1 _m ( :i* h be5 tri$ & h met ) b little success4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% x f ^?8 ,h[1 9 ! face ( su* a record ( failure1 d y expect to secure t l>ge measure ( public support :i* is necess>y ere su* a s*eme c be put into op]ation80 ,! "q is a v natural "o1 & dem&s an answ]4 ,my reply is3 ,x is q true t ! pa?way ( exp]im5t t[>ds a bett] /ate ( society is /rewn ) failures4 ,b s is ! pa?way ( exp]im5t to any result t is wor? a*iev+4 ,success is1 = ! mo/ "p1 built on failure4 ,z ,mrs4 ,humphrey ,w>d rem>ks 9 8,rob]t ,elsm]e03 8,all great *anges are prec$$ by numb]s ( sporadic1 &1 z ! by/&] ?9ks1 int]mitt5t ef=ts40 ,a successful inv5tion or discov]y is usually a sl[ gr[?1 to :i* new elem5ts are add$1 & f :i* old elem5ts are remov$1 fir/ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! inv5tor1 & subsequ5tly 9 an outw>d =m1 until at la/ precisely ! "r elem5ts & no o!rs are br\ght toge!r4 ,inde$1 x may be truly said t if y f9d a s]ies ( exp]im5ts cont9u$ ?r\gh _m ye>s by v>i\s work]s1 !re w ev5tually be produc$ ! result = :i* s _m h be5 indu/ri\sly se>*+4 ,long-cont9u$ ef=t1 9 spite ( failure & defeat1 is ! =e-runn] ( complete success4 ,he :o wi%es to a*ieve success may turn pa/ defeat into future victory by obs]v+ "o condition4 ,he mu/ pr(it by pa/ exp]i5ces1 & aim at reta9+ all ! /rong po9ts )\t ! weaknesses ( =m] ef=ts4 ,to deal at all exhau/ively "h ) ! hi/ory ( social exp]im5ts w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is book2 b a few lead+ features may be notic$ ) a view ( meet+ ! objection ) :i* ?is *apt] op5s4 ,probably ! *ief cause ( failure 9 =m] social exp]im5ts has be5 a misconception ( ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! problem--human nature itself4 ,! degree ( /ra9 :i* av]age human nature w be> 9 an altrui/ic direction has n be5 duly consid]$ by ^? :o h essay$ ! task ( sugge/+ new =ms ( social organisation4 ,a k9dr$ mi/ake has aris5 f reg>d+ "o pr9ciple ( action to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,take ,communism1 = in/ance4 ,communism is a mo/ excell5t pr9ciple1 & all ( u are ,communi/s 9 "s degree1 ev5 ^? :o w\ld %udd] at be+ told s4 ,= we all believe 9 communi/ic roads1 communi/ic p>ks1 & communi/ic libr>ies4 ,b ?\gh ,communism is an excell5t pr9ciple1 ,individualism is no less excell5t4 ,a great or*e/ra :i* enraptures u ) its delightful music is compos$ ( m5 & wom5 :o are accu/om$ n only to play toge!r1 b to practise sep>ately1 & to delight !mselves & _! fri5ds by _! own1 x may be comp>atively feeble1 ef=ts4 ,nay1 m3 isolat$ & individual ?\ght & action are z ess5tial1 if ! be/ results ( comb9ation are to be secur$1 z comb9ation & co-op]ation are ess5tial1 if ! be/ results ( isolat$ ef=t are to be ga9$4 ,x is by isolat$ ?\ght t new comb9ations are work$ out2 x is ?r\gh ! lessons le>n$ 9 associat$ ef=t t ! be/ individual "w is accompli%$2 & t society w prove ! mo/ heal?y & vigor\s :]e ! free/ & fulle/ opportunities are af=d$ alike = individual & = comb9$ ef=t4 ,n[1 d n ! :ole s]ies ( communi/ic exp]im5ts owe _! failure l>gely to ?is--t !y h n recognis$ ?is duality ( pr9ciple1 b h c>ri$ "o pr9ciple1 excell5t en\gh 9 itself1 altoge!r too f>8 ,!y h assum$ t because common prop]ty is good1 all prop]ty %\ld be common2 t because associat$ ef=t c produce m>vels1 individual ef=t is to be reg>d$ z dang]\s1 or at lea/ futile1 "s extremi/s ev5 seek+ to aboli% altoge!r ! idea ( ! family or home4 ,no read] w confuse ! exp]im5t "h advocat$ ) any exp]im5t 9 absolute ,communism4 ,nor is ! s*eme to be reg>d$ z a sociali/ic exp]im5t4 ,sociali/s1 :o may be reg>d$ z ,communi/s ( a m mod]ate type1 advocate common prop]ty 9 l& & 9 all ! in/rum5ts ( production1 di/ribution1 & ex*ange--railways1 ma*9]y1 factories1 docks1 banks1 & ! l2 b !y w\ld pres]ve ! pr9ciple ( private own]%ip 9 all su* ?+s z h pass$ 9 ! =m ( wages to ! s]vants ( ! community1 ) ! proviso1 h[ev]1 t ^! wages %all n be employ$ 9 organis$ creative ef=t1 involv+ ! employm5t ( m ?an "o p]son2 = all =ms ( employm5t ) a view to remun]ation %\ld1 z ! ,sociali/s cont5d1 be "u ! direction ( "s recognis$ dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is to claim a rigid monopoly4 ,b x is v d\btful :e!r ?is pr9ciple ( ! ,sociali/1 9 :i* !re is a c]ta9 measure ( recognition ( ! individual side ( man's nature z well z ( 8 social side1 repres5ts a basis on :i* an exp]im5t c fairly proce$ ) ! hope ( p]man5t success4 ,two *ief difficulties appe> to pres5t !mselves4 ,fir/1 ! self-seek+ side ( man--8 too frequ5t desire to produce1 ) a view to possess+ = 8 own p]sonal use & enjoym5t2 &1 secondly1 8 love ( indep5d5ce & ( initiative1 8 p]sonal ambition1 & 8 consequ5t unwill+ness to put himself "u ! guidance ( o!rs = ! :ole ( 8 work+ day1 ) little opportunity ( /rik+ out "s indep5d5t l9e ( action1 or ( tak+ a lead+ "p 9 ! creation ( new =ms ( ent]prise4 ,n[1 ev5 if we pass ov] ! fir/ difficulty--t ( human self-seek+--ev5 if we assume t we h a body ( m5 & wom5 :o h realis$ ! tru? t conc]t$ social ef=t w a*ieve f> bett] results 9 enjoyable commodities = ea* memb] ( ! community ?an c possibly be a*iev$ by ord9>y competitive me?ods--ea* /ruggl+ = himself--we h /ill ! o!r difficulty1 aris+ out ( ! high] & n ! l[] nature ( ! m5 & wom5 :o are to be organis$--_! love ( indep5d5ce & ( initiative4 ,m5 love comb9$ ef=t1 b !y love individual ef=t1 too1 & !y w n be cont5t ) su* few opportunities = p]sonal ef=t z !y w\ld be all[$ to make 9 a rigid sociali/ic community4 ,m5 d n object to be+ organis$ "u compet5t lead]%ip1 b "s also want to be lead]s1 & to h a %>e 9 ! "w ( organis+2 !y l to lead z well z to be l$4 ,besides1 "o c easily imag9e m5 fill$ ) a desire to s]ve ! community 9 "s way :i* ! community z a :ole did n at ! mom5t appreciate ! advantage (1 & :o w\ld be preclud$ by ! v con/itution ( ! sociali/ic /ate f c>ry+ _! proposals into effect4 ,n[1 x is at ?is v po9t t a mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t at ,topolobampo has brok5 d[n4 ,! exp]im5t1 :i* 0 initiat$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,ow51 an ,am]ican civil eng9e]1 0 />t$ on a consid]able tract ( l& obta9$ "u concession f ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t4 ,"o pr9ciple adopt$ by ,mr4 ,ow5 0 t 8all employm5t mu/ be ?r\gh ! ,dep>tm5t = ! ,div]sity ( ,home ,indu/ries4 ,"o memb] _c directly employ ano!r memb]1 & only memb]s c be employ$ ?r\gh ! settlem5t40#ba ,9 o!r words1 if ,a4 & ,b4 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! managem5t1 :e!r ow+ to d\bts z to its compet5cy or hone/y1 !y c\ld n arrange to "w ) ea* o!r1 ev5 ?\gh _! sole desire might be ! common good2 b !y mu/ leave ! settlem5t4 ,& ?is is :at !y accord+ly did 9 v consid]able numb]s4 ,x is at ?is po9t t a great di/9ction betwe5 ! ,topolobampo exp]im5t & ! s*eme advocat$ 9 ?is "w is evid5t4 ,9 ,topolobampo ! organisation claim$ a monopoly ( all productive "w1 & ea* memb] mu/ "w "u ! direction ( ^? :o controll$ t monopoly1 or mu/ leave ! organisation4 ,9 ,g>d5 ,city no su* monopoly is claim$1 & any dissatisfaction ) ! public adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! t[n w\ld no m necess>ily lead to a widespread split 9 ,g>d5 ,city ?an 9 any o!r municipality4 ,at ! outset1 at lea/1 by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! "w done w be by individuals or comb9ations ( individuals q o!r ?an municipal s]vants1 j z 9 any o!r municipality1 at pres5t exi/+1 ! sph]e ( municipal "w is /ill v small z comp>$ ) ! "w p]=m$ by o!r gr\ps4 ,o!r s\rces ( failure 9 "s social exp]im5ts are ! consid]able exp5se incurr$ by migrants be=e !y rea* ! sc5e ( _! future lab\rs1 ! great di/ance f any l>ge m>ket1 & ! difficulty ( previ\sly obta9+ any real k ( ! conditions ( life & lab\r !re prevail+4 ,! "o advantage ga9$--*eap l&--seems to be altoge!r insuffici5t to comp5sate = ^! & o!r disadvantages4 ,we n[ come to :at is p]haps ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! s*eme advocat$ 9 ?is "w & mo/ o!r s*emes ( a l nature :i* h be5 hi!rto advocat$ or put into actual practice4 ,t diff]5ce is ?is3 ,:ile o!rs h s\ght to weld into "o l>ge organisation individuals :o h n yet be5 comb9$ into small] gr\ps1 or :o mu/ leave ^? small] gr\ps on _! jo9+ ! l>g] organisation1 my proposal appeals n only to individuals b to co-op]ators1 manufactur]s1 philan?ropic societies1 & o!rs exp]i5c$ 9 organisation1 & ) organisations "u _! control1 to come & place !mselves "u conditions involv+ no new re/ra9ts b r secur+ wid] fre$om4 ,&1 fur!r1 a /rik+ feature ( ! pres5t s*eme is t ! v consid]able numb] ( p]sons already engag$ on ! e/ate w n be displac$ 7except ^? on ! t[n site1 & ^! gradually71 b ^! w !mselves =m a valuable nucleus1 pay+ 9 r5ts1 f ! v inception ( ! ent]prise1 a sum :i* w g v f> t[>ds ! int]e/ on ! money ) :i* ! e/ate is pur*as$--r5ts :i* !y w be m will+ to pay to a l&lord :o w treat !m ) p]fect equity1 & :o w br+ to _! doors consum]s = _! produce4 ,! "w ( organisation is1 !re=e1 9 a v l>ge measure accompli%$4 ,! army is n[ 9 exi/5ce2 x has b to be mobilis$2 x is ) no undiscipl9$ mob t we h to deal4 ,or ! comp>ison betwe5 ?is exp]im5t & ^? :i* h prec$$ x is l t betwe5 two ma*9es--"o ( :i* has to be creat$ out ( v>i\s ores :i* h fir/ to be ga!r$ toge!r & !n ca/ into v>i\s %apes1 :ile = ! o!r all ! p>ts are ready to h& & h b to be fitt$ toge!r4 ,,footnote3 #ba 8,integral ,co-op]ation at ,"w10 ,a4 ,k4 ,ow5 7,u4,s4 ,book ,co41 #aej ,wor? ,/41 ,n4,y474 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a ,,unique ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,proposals4 ,9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,i po9t$ out ! great diff]5ces ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! project plac$ be=e ! read] ( ?is "w & "s ( ^? s*emes ( social re=m :i*1 hav+ be5 put to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce1 h end$ 9 disa/]1 & ,i urg$ t !re 7 features ( ! propos$ exp]im5t :i* s completely di/+ui%$ x f ^? unsuccessful s*emes t !y c\ld n be fairly reg>d$ z any indication ( ! results :i* w\ld probably foll[ f laun*+ ?is exp]im5t4 ,x is my pres5t purpose to %[ t ?\gh ! s*eme tak5 z a :ole is a new "o1 & is1 p]haps1 entitl$ to "s consid]ation on t acc\nt1 its *ief claim ^u ! att5tion ( ! public lies 9 ! fact t x comb9es ! important features ( sev]al s*emes :i* h be5 advocat$ at v>i\s times1 & s comb9es !m z to secure ! be/ results ( ea*1 )\t ! dang]s & difficulties :i* sometimes1 ev5 9 ! m9ds ( _! au?ors1 7 cle>ly & di/9ctly se54 ,%ortly /at$1 my s*eme is a comb9ation ( ?ree di/9ct projects :i* h1 ,i ?9k1 nev] be5 unit$ be=e4 ,^! are--7#a7 ,! proposals = an organis$ migratory movem5t ( population ( ,wakefield & ( ,pr(essor ,m>%all2 7#b7 ! sy/em ( l& t5ure fir/ propos$ by ,?os4 ,sp5ce & aft]w>ds 7?\gh ) an important modification7 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 & 7#c7 ! model city ( ,jas4 ,s4 ,buck+ham4#bb ,let u take ^! proposals 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,wakefield1 9 8 8,art ( ,colonisation0 7,london3 ,j4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 #ahdi71 urg$ t colonies :5 =m$--he 0 n ?9k+ ( home colonies--%\ld be bas$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,he said 7page #aji73 8,we s5d out colonies ( ! limbs1 )\t ! belly & ! head1 ( ne$y p]sons1 _m ( !m m]e paup]s1 or ev5 crim9als2 colonies made up ( a s+le class ( p]sons 9 ! community1 & t ! mo/ helpless & ! mo/ unfit to p]petuate our national "*1 & to become ! fa!rs ( a race ^: habits ( ?9k+ & feel+ %all correspond to ^? :i*1 9 ! meantime1 we are *]i%+ at home4 ,! anci5ts1 on ! contr>y1 s5t out a repres5tation ( ! p>5t ,/ate--coloni/s f all ranks4 ,we /ock ! f>m ) creep+ & climb+ plants1 )\t any trees ( firm] gr[? = !m to entw9e r\nd4 ,a hop-gr\nd )\t poles1 ! plants matt$ confus$ly toge!r1 & scrambl+ on ! gr\nd 9 tangl$ heaps1 ) "h & !re "s cl++ to rank ?i/les & hemlock1 w\ld be an apt emblem ( a mod]n colony4 ,! anci5ts began by nom9at+ to ! hon\rable (fice ( capta9 or lead] ( ! colony "o ( ! *ief m51 if n ! *ief man ( ! ,/ate1 l ! que5 bee lead+ ! work]s4 ,mon>*ies provid$ a pr9ce ( ! royal blood2 an ari/ocracy its *oice/ nobleman2 a democracy its mo/ influ5tial citiz54 ,^! naturally c>ri$ along ) !m "s ( _! own /ation 9 life--_! companions & fri5ds2 "s ( _! imm$iate dep5d5ts also--( ^? betwe5 !mselves & ! l[e/ class2 & 7 enc\rag$ 9 v>i\s ways to d s4 ,! l[e/ class aga9 foll[$ ) alacrity1 because !y f\nd !mselves mov+ ) & n away f ! /ate ( society 9 :i* !y _h be5 liv+4 ,x 0 ! same social & political union "u :i* !y _h be5 born & br$2 & to prev5t any contr>y impression be+ made1 ! utmo/ solemnity 0 obs]v$ 9 transf]r+ ! rites ( pagan sup]/ition4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m _! gods1 _! fe/ivals1 _! games--all1 9 %ort1 t held toge!r & kept entire ! fabric ( society z x exi/$ 9 ! p>5t /ate4 ,no?+ 0 left beh9d t c\ld be mov$ ( all t ! he>t or eye ( an exile misses4 ,! new colony 0 made to appe> z if "t or *ance _h r$uc$ ! :ole community to small] dim5sions1 leav+ x /ill ess5tially ! same home & c\ntry to its surviv+ memb]s4 ,x consi/$ ( a g5]al contribution ( memb]s f all classes1 & s became1 on its fir/ settlem5t1 a mature /ate1 ) all ! compon5t p>ts ( t :i* s5t x =?4 ,x 0 a transf] ( population1 !re=e1 :i* gave rise to no s5se ( degradation1 z if ! coloni/ 7 ?ru/ out f a high] to a l[] description ( community40 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 8 8,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy10 ,book ,i41 ,*ap4 viii41 #c1 says ( ?is "w3 8,wakefield's !ory ( colonisation has excit$ mu* att5tion1 & is d\btless de/9$ to excite mu* m4444 ,8 sy/em consi/s ( arrangem5ts = secur+ t ea* colony %all h f ! fir/ a t[n population be>+ due proportion to ! agricultural1 & t ! cultivators ( ! soil %all n be s widely scatt]$ z to be depriv$ by di/ance ( ! b5efit ( t t[n population z a m>ket = _! produce40 ,pr(essor ,m>%all's proposals = an organis$ migratory movem5t ( population f ,london h be5 already notic$1 b ! foll[+ passage f ! article already ref]r$ to may be quot$3-- 8,!re might be great v>iety ( me?od1 b ! g5]al plan w\ld probably be = a committee1 :e!r =m$ specially = ! purpose or n1 to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! =mation ( a colony 9 "s place well beyond ! range ( ,london smoke4 ,aft] see+ _! way to build+ or buy+ suitable cottages !re1 !y w\ld ent] into communication ) "s ( ! employ]s ( l[-wag$ lab\r4 ,!y w\ld select1 at fir/1 indu/ries t us$ v little fix$ capital2 &1 z we h se51 x =tunately happ5s t mo/ ( ! indu/ries :i* x is important to move are ( ?is k9d4 ,!y w\ld f9d an employ]--& !re mu/ be _m su*--:o really c>es = ! mis]y ( 8 employees4 ,act+ ) him & by 8 advice1 !y w\ld make !mselves ! fri5ds ( p employ$ or fit to be employ$ 9 8 trade2 !y w\ld %[ !m ! advantages ( mov+1 & help !m to move1 bo? ) c\nsel & money4 ,!y w\ld organise ! s5d+ ( "w backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! employ] p]haps op5+ an ag5cy 9 ! colony4 ,b aft] be+ once />t$ x ought to be self-support+1 = ! co/ ( c>riage1 ev5 if ! employees w5t 9 sometimes to get in/ructions1 w\ld be less ?an ! sav+ made 9 r5t--at all ev5ts1 if all[ance be made = ! value ( ! g>d5 produce4 ,& m ?an z mu* ga9 w\ld probably be sav$ by remov+ ! temptation to dr9k :i* is caus$ by ! sadness ( ,london4 ,!y w\ld meet ) mu* passive resi/ance at fir/4 ,! unkn[n has t]rors to all1 b especially to ^? :o h lo/ _! natural spr+4 ,^? :o h liv$ always 9 ! obscurity ( a ,london c\rt might %r9k away f ! free light2 poor z are _! acqua9tance%ips at home1 !y might fe> to g :]e !y knew no "o4 ,b1 ) g5tle insi/5ce1 ! committee w\ld urge _! way1 try+ to get ^? :o knew "o ano!r to move toge!r1 by w>m1 pati5t sympa?y1 tak+ (f ! *ill ( ! fir/ *ange4 ,x is only ! fir/ /ep t co/s2 e succe$+ /ep w\ld be easi]4 ,! "w ( sev]al firms1 n always 9 ! same bus9ess1 might1 9 "s cases1 be s5t toge!r4 ,gradually a prosp]\s indu/rial di/rict w\ld gr[ up1 & !n1 m]e self-int]e/ w\ld induce employ]s to br+ d[n _! ma9 work%ops1 & ev5 to />t factories 9 ! colony4 ,ultimately all w\ld ga91 b mo/ ! l&[n]s & ! railroads connect$ ) ! colony40 ,:at c\ld m /rongly po9t ?an ! la/ s5t5ce ( t quotation f ,pr(essor ,m>%all's proposal to ! necessity ( fir/ buy+ ! l&1 s t ! mo/ admirable project ( ,?omas ,sp5ce c be put into practice1 & ?us prev5t ! t]rible rise 9 r5t :i* ,pr(essor ,m>%all =sees8 ,sp5ce's proposal1 put =w>d m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 at once sugge/s h[ to secure ! desir$ end4 ,"h x is3-- 8,!n y may behold ! r5t :i* ! p h paid into ! p>i% treasuries employ$ by ea* p>i% 9 pay+ ! ,gov]nm5t its %>e ( ! sum :i* ! ,p>liam5t or ,national ,congress at any "t grants2 9 ma9ta9+ & reliev+ its own poor & p out ( "w2 9 pay+ ! necess>y (fic]s _! sal>ies2 9 build+1 repair+1 & adorn+ its h\ses1 bridges1 & o!r /ructures2 9 mak+ & ma9ta9+ conv5i5t & delightful /reets1 highways1 & passages1 bo? = foot & c>riages2 9 mak+ & ma9ta9+ canals & o!r conv5i5ces = trade & navigation2 9 plant+ & tak+ 9 wa/e gr\nds2 9 premiums = ! enc\ragem5t ( agriculture or any?+ else ?\ght wor?y ( enc\ragem5t2 &1 9 a ^w1 9 do+ :atev] ! p ?9k prop]1 & n1 z =m]ly1 to support & spread luxury1 pride1 & all mann] ( vice4444 ,!re are no tolls or taxes ( any k9d paid among !m by native or =eign] b ! a=esaid r5t1 :i* e p]son pays to ! p>i%1 accord+ to ! quantity1 quality1 & conv5i5ces ( ! l& 444 he occupies 9 x4 ,! gov]nm5t1 poor1 roads1 etc41 444 are all ma9ta9$ ) ! r5t1 on :i* acc\nt all w>es1 manufactures1 all[able trade employm5ts or actions are entirely duty-free40--,f a lecture read at ! ,philosophical ,society 9 ,newca/le1 on ,novemb] #h?1 #agge1 = pr9t+ :i* ! ,society did ! au?or ! hon\r to expel him4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is proposal & ! proposals z to l& re=m put =w>d 9 ?is book1 is n a diff]5ce ( sy/em1 b a diff]5ce 7& a v important "o7 z to ! me?od ( its inauguration4 ,sp5ce appe>s to h ?\ght t ! p w\ld1 by a fiat1 dispossess ! exi/+ own]s & e/abli% ! sy/em at once & univ]sally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 :ile1 9 ?is "w1 x is propos$ to pur*ase ! necess>y l& ) :i* to e/abli% ! sy/em on a small scale1 & to tru/ to ! inh]5t advantages ( ! sy/em lead+ to its gradual adoption4 ,writ+ "s sev5ty ye>s aft] ,sp5ce _h put =w>d 8 proposal1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7hav+ fir/ laid d[n ! gr& pr9ciple t all m5 are equally entitl$ to ! use ( ! e>?1 z a coroll>y ( ! law ( equal lib]ty g5]ally71 9 discuss+ ?is subject1 obs]ves1 ) 8 usual =ce & cle>ness3-- 8,b to :at does ?is doctr9e t m5 are equally entitl$ to ! use ( ! e>?1 lead8 ,mu/ we return to ! times ( un5clos$ wilds1 & subsi/ on roots1 b]ries1 & game8 ,or are we to be left to ! managem5t ( ,messrs4 ,f\rri]1 ,ow51 ,l\is ,blanc ,co48 ,nei!r4 ,su* a doctr9e is consi/5t ) ! highe/ civilisation1 may be c>ri$ out )\t involv+ a community ( goods1 & ne$ cause no v s]i\s revolution 9 exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,! *ange requir$ w\ld be simply a *ange ( l&lords4 ,sep>ate own]%ip w\ld m]ge 9 ! jo9t-/ock own]%ip ( ! public4 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 ! possession ( individuals1 ! c\ntry w\ld be held by ! great corporate body--society4 ,in/ead ( leas+ 8 acres f an isolat$ proprietor1 ! f>m] w\ld lease !m f ! nation4 ,in/ead ( pay+ 8 r5t to ! ag5t ( ,sir ,john & ,8 ,grace1 he w\ld pay x to an ag5t or deputy ag5t ( ! community4 ,/ew>ds w\ld be public (ficials in/ead ( private ones1 & t5ancy ! only l& t5ure4 ,a /ate ( ?+s s ord]$ w\ld be 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! moral law4 ,"u x all m5 w\ld be equally l&lords2 all m5 w\ld be alike free to become t5ants4 ,a41 ,b41 ,c4 & ! re/ might compete = a vacant f>m z n[1 & "o ( !m might take t f>m )\t 9 any way violat+ ! pr9ciples ( pure equity4 ,all w\ld be equally free to bid2 all w\ld be equally free to refra94 ,& :5 ! f>m _h be5 let to ,a41 ,b41 or ,c41 all p>ties w\ld h done t :i* !y will$1 ! "o 9 *oos+ to pay a giv5 sum to 8 fell[-m5 = ! use ( c]ta9 l&s--! o!rs 9 refus+ to pay ! sum4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 on su* a sy/em ! e>? might be enclos$1 occupi$1 & cultivat$ 9 entire subord9ation to ! law ( equal fre$om40--8,social ,/atics10 ,*ap4 ix41 sec4 #h4 ,b hav+ ?us writt51 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] at a lat] p]iod1 hav+ discov]$ two grave difficulties 9 ! way ( 8 own proposal1 unres]v$ly )drew x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! difficulties 0 ! evils :i* he consid]$ z insep>able f ,/ate own]%ip 7see 8,ju/ice10 publi%$ 9 #ahia1 app5dix ,b41 p4 #bij72 ! second1 ! impossibility1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>d$ x1 ( acquir+ ! l& on t]ms :i* w\ld be at once equitable to exi/+ own]s & remun]ative to ! community4 ,b if ! read] exam9es ! s*eme ( ,sp5ce1 :i* prec$$ ! n[-)drawn proposals ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 he w see t ,sp5ce's s*eme 0 entirely fre$ 7z is ! "o put =w>d 9 ?is little book71 f ! objections :i* might probably att5d control by ! ,/ate4#bc ,! r5ts 71 "u ,sp5ce's proposals1 z 9 my own1 n to be levi$ by a ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t f> remov$ f contact ) ! p1 b by ! v p>i% 79 my s*eme ! municipality7 9 :i* ! p reside4 ,z to ! o!r difficulty :i* pres5t$ itself to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s m9d--t ( acquir+ ! l& on equitable t]ms1 & ( yet mak+ x remun]ative to ! pur*as]s--a difficulty :i* ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 see+ no way out (1 ra%ly conclud$ to be insup]able--t difficulty is entirely remov$ by my proposal ( buy+ agricultural or sp>sely-settl$ l&1 lett+ x 9 ! mann] advocat$ by ,sp5ce1 & !n br++ ab\t ! sci5tific migratory movem5t advocat$ by ,wakefield & 7?\gh 9 a some:at less d>+ fa%ion7 by ,pr(essor ,m>%all4 ,surely a project1 :i* ?us br+s :at ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] /ill t]ms 8! dictum ( absolute e?ics0--t all m5 are equally entitl$ to ! use ( ! e>?--into ! field ( practical life1 & makes x a ?+ imm$iately realisable by ^? :o believe 9 x1 mu/ be "o ( ! greate/ public importance4 ,:5 a great philosoph] 9 effect says1 we _c con=m our life to ! highe/ moral pr9ciples because m5 h laid an immoral f\ndation = u 9 ! pa/1 b 8if1 :ile possess+ ^? e?ical s5tim5ts :i* social discipl9e has n[ produc$1 m5 /ood 9 possession ( a t]ritory n yet individually portion$ out1 !y w\ld no m hesitate to ass]t equality ( _! claims to ! l& ?an !y w\ld hesitate to ass]t equality ( _! claims to light & air0#bd--"o _c help wi%+--s inh>moni\s does life seem--t ! opportunity pres5t$ itself ( migrat+ to a new planet :]e ! 8e?ical s5tim5ts :i* social discipl9e has n[ produc$0 might be indulg$ 94 ,b a new planet1 or ev5 8a t]ritory n yet individually portion$ out10 is by no means necess>y if we are b 9 real e>ne/2 = x has be5 %[n t an organis$1 migratory movem5t f ov]-develop$1 high-pric$ l& to comp>atively raw & unoccupi$ l&1 w enable all :o desire x to live ?is life ( equal fre$om & opportunity2 & a s5se ( ! possibility ( a life on e>? at once ord]ly & free dawns ^u ! he>t & m9d4 ,! ?ird proposal :i* ,i h comb9$ ) ^? ( ,sp5ce & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ( ,wakefield & ,pr(essor ,m>%all1 embraces "o ess5tial feature ( a s*eme ( ,james ,s4 ,buck+ham1#be ?\gh ,i h purposely omitt$ "s ( ! ess5tial features ( t s*eme4 ,mr4 ,buck+ham says 7p4 #be73 8,my ?\ghts 7 ?us direct$ to ! great defects ( all exi/+ t[ns1 & ! desirability ( =m+ at lea/ "o model t[n :i* %\ld avoid ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! defects1 & sub/itute advantages n yet possess$ by any40 ,9 8 "w he exhibits a gr\nd plan & a sket* ( a t[n ( ab\t #a1jjj acres1 conta9+ a population ( #be1jjj1 & surr\nd$ by a l>ge agricultural e/ate4 ,buck+ham1 l ,wakefield1 saw ! great advantages to be d]iv$ by comb9+ an agricultural community ) an indu/rial1 & urg$3 8,:]ev] practicable1 ! lab\rs ( agriculture & manufacture to be s m+l$ & ! v>iety ( fabrics & mat]ials to be wr\ght ^u also s assort$ z to make %ort p]iods ( lab\r on ea* alt]nately ) o!rs produce t satisfaction & fre$om f t$ium & we>9ess :i* an unbrok5 r\nd ( monoton\s occupation s frequ5tly occasions1 & because also v>iety ( employm5t develops ! m5tal z well z physical faculties mu* m p]fectly ?an any s+le occupation40 ,b ?\gh on ^! po9ts ! s*eme is /rik+ly l my own1 x is also a v diff]5t "o4 ,buck+ham hav+ trac$1 z he ?\ght1 ! evils ( society to _! s\rce 9 competition1 intemp]ance1 & w>1 propos$ to annihilate competition by =m+ a sy/em ( complete or integral co-op]ation2 to remove intemp]ance by ! total exclusion ( intoxicants2 to put an end to w> by ! absolute prohibition ( gunp[d]4 ,he propos$ to =m a l>ge company1 ) a capital ( #d1jjj1jjj2 to buy a l>ge e/ate1 & to erect *ur*es1 s*ools1 factories1 w>eh\ses1 d9+-halls1 dwell+-h\ses1 at r5ts v>y+ f #cj a ye> to #cjj a ye>2 & to c>ry on all productive op]ations1 :e!r agricultural or indu/rial1 z "o l>ge und]tak+ cov]+ ! :ole field & p]mitt+ no rivals4 ,n[ x w be se5 t ?\gh 9 outw>d =m ,buck+ham's s*eme & my own pres5t ! same feature ( a model t[n set 9 a l>ge agricultural e/ate1 s t indu/rial & f>m+ pursuits might be c>ri$ on 9 a heal?y1 natural way1 yet ! inn] life ( ! two communities w\ld be entirely diff]5t--! inhabitants ( ,g>d5 ,city enjoy+ ! fulle/ rights ( free association1 & exhibit+ ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( individual & co-op]ative "w & endeav\r1 ! memb]s ( ,buck+ham's city be+ held toge!r by ! bonds ( a rigid ca/-iron organisation1 f :i* !re c\ld be no escape b by leav+ ! association1 or break+ x up into v>i\s sections4 ,to sum up ?is *apt]4 ,my proposal is t !re %\ld be an e>ne/ attempt made to organise a migratory movem5t ( population f our ov]cr[d$ c5tres to sp>sely-settl$ rural di/ricts2 t ! m9d ( ! public %\ld n be confus$1 or ! ef=ts ( organis]s wa/$ 9 a premature attempt to accompli% ?is "w on a national scale1 b t great ?\ght & att5tion %all be fir/ conc5trat$ on a s+le movem5t yet "o suffici5tly l>ge to be at once attractive & res\rceful2 t ! migrants %all be gu>ante$ 7by ! mak+ ( suitable arrangem5ts be=e ! movem5t comm5ces7 t ! :ole increase 9 l&-values due to _! migration %all be secur$ to !m2 t ?is be done by creat+ an organisation1 :i*1 :ile p]mitt+ its memb]s to d ^? ?+s :i* are good 9 _! own eyes 7provid$ !y infr+e n ! rights ( o!rs7 %all receive all 8rate-r5ts0 & exp5d !m 9 ^? public works :i* ! migratory movem5t r5d]s necess>y or exp$i5t--?us elim9at+ rates1 or1 at lea/1 greatly r$uc+ ! necessity = any compulsory levy2 & t ! gold5 opportunity af=d$ by ! fact t ! l& to be settl$ ^u has b few build+s or works ^u x1 %all be avail$ ( 9 ! fulle/ mann]1 by s lay+ out a ,g>d5 ,city t1 z x gr[s1 ! free gifts ( ,nature--fre% air1 sunlight1 brea?+ room & play+ room--%all be /ill reta9$ 9 all ne$$ abundance1 & by s employ+ ! res\rces ( mod]n sci5ce t ,art may supplem5t ,nature1 & life may become an abid+ joy & delight4 ,& x is important to notice t ?is proposal1 s imp]fectly put =w>d1 is no s*eme hat*$ 9 a re/less night 9 ! fev]$ bra9 ( an en?usia/1 b is "o hav+ its orig9 9 ! ?\ghtful /udy ( _m m9ds1 & ! pati5t ef=t ( _m e>ne/ s\ls1 ea* br++ "s elem5t ( value1 till1 ! "t & ! opportunity hav+ come1 ! smalle/ skill avails to weld ^? elem5ts into an effective comb9ation4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,i may1 p]haps1 /ate z %[+ h[ 9 ! se>* = tru? m5's m9ds run 9 ! same *annels1 & z1 possibly1 "s additional argum5t = ! s\ndness ( ! proposals ?us comb9$1 t1 till ,i _h got f> on ) my project1 ,i _h n se5 ei!r ! proposals ( ,pr(essor ,m>%all or ( ,wakefield 7beyond a v %ort ref]5ce to ! latt] 9 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's 8,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy071 nor _h ,i se5 ! "w ( ,buck+ham1 :i*1 publi%$ ne>ly fifty ye>s ago1 seems to h attract$ b little att5tion4 #bc ,?\gh ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 z if to rebuke 8 own !ory t ,/ate control is inh]5tly bad1 says1 8,political speculation :i* sets out ) ! assumption t ! ,/ate has 9 all cases ! same nature mu/ end 9 pr(\ndly errone\s conclusions40 #bd 8,ju/ice10 ,*ap4 xi41 p4 #he4 #be ,buck+ham's s*eme is set =? 9 a "w entitl$ 8,national ,evils & ,practical ,rem$ies10 publi%$ by ,pet] ,jackson1 ,/4 ,m>t9s le ,gr&1 ab\t #ahdi4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,pa? ,,foll[$ ,,up4 8,h[ c a man le>n to "k himself8 ,by reflection nev]--only by action4 ,9 ! measure t ?\ seeke/ to d ?y duty %alt ?\ "k :at is 9 !e4 ,b :at is ?y duty8 ,! dem& ( ! h\r40--,goe!4 ,! read] is n[ ask$ to k9dly assume1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t our ,g>d5 ,city exp]im5t has be5 fairly laun*$1 & is a decid$ success1 & to consid] briefly "s ( ! m important effects :i* su* an object-lesson1 by ! light :i* x w ?r[ ^u ! pa?way ( re=m1 mu/ inevitably produce ^u society1 & !n we w endeav\r to trace "s ( ! broad] features ( ! aft]-developm5t4 ,among ! greate/ ne$s ( man & ( society to-day1 z at all times1 are ^!3 ,a wor?y aim & opportunity to realise x2 "w & ends wor? work+ =4 ,all t a man is1 & all t he may become1 is summ$ up 9 8 aspirations1 & ?is is no less true ( society ?an ( ! individual4 ,! end ,i v5ture to n[ set be=e ! p ( ?is c\ntry & ( o!r c\ntries is no less 8noble & adequate0 ?an ?is1 t !y %\ld =?) gird !mselves to ! task ( build+ up clu/]s ( beautiful home-t[ns1 ea* zon$ by g>d5s1 = ^? :o n[ dwell 9 cr[d$1 slum-infe/$ cities4 ,we h already se5 h[ "o su* t[n may be built2 let u n[ see h[ ! true pa? ( re=m1 once discov]$1 w1 if resolutely foll[$1 lead society on to a f> high] de/9y ?an x has ev] yet v5tur$ to hope =1 ?\gh su* a future has (t5 be5 =etold by d>+ spirits4 ,!re h 9 ! pa/ be5 inv5tions & discov]ies on ! mak+ ( :i* society has sudd5ly leap$ upw>d to a new & high] plane ( exi/5ce4 ,! utilisation ( /eam--a =ce long recognis$1 b :i* prov$ some:at difficult to h>ness to ! task x 0 fitt$ to accompli%--effect$ mighty *anges2 b ! discov]y ( a me?od = giv+ effect to a f> great] =ce ?an ! =ce ( /eam--to ! long p5t-up desire = a bett] & nobl] social life "h on e>?--w "w *anges ev5 m rem>kable4 ,:at cle>ly m>k$ economic tru? is br\ght into view by ! successful issue ( su* an exp]im5t z we h be5 advocat+8 ,?is3--,t !re is a broad pa? op51 ?r\gh a creation ( new weal? =ms1 to a new indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* ! productive =ces ( society & ( nature may be us$ ) f> great] effectiv5ess ?an at pres5t1 & 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( ! weal? =ms s creat$ w take place on a f> ju/] & m equitable basis4 ,society may h m to divide among its memb]s1 & at ! same "t ! great] divid5d may be divid$ 9 a ju/] mann]4 ,speak+ broadly1 indu/rial re=m]s may be divid$ into two camps4 ,! fir/ camp includes ^? :o urge ! prim>y importance ( pay+ close & con/ant att5tion to ! necessity ( increas$ production3 ! second includes ^? ^: special aim is direct$ to m j & equitable division4 ,! =m] are con/antly say+1 9 effect1 8,increase ! national divid5d1 & all w be well02 ! latt]1 8,! national divid5d is fairly suffici5t 7 x b divid$ equitably40 ,! =m] are = ! mo/ "p ( ! individuali/ic1 ! latt] ( ! sociali/ic type4 ,z an in/ance ( ! =m] po9t ( view1 ,i may cite ! words ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r1 :o1 at a ,conf]5ce ( ! ,national ,union ( ,cons]vative ,associations held at ,sund]l& on #ad? ,novemb]1 #ahid1 said3 8,^? :o repres5t$ society z if x consi/$ ( two sections disput+ ov] _! %>e ( ! g5]al produce 7 utt]ly mi/ak5 z to ! real be>+ ( ! great social problem4 ,we _h to consid] t ! produce ( ! c\ntry 0 n a fix$ quantity1 ( :i*1 if ! employ]s got m1 ! employ$ w\ld get less1 or if ! employ$ got m1 ! employ]s w\ld get less4 ,! real "q = ! work+-classes ( ?is c\ntry 0 n prim>ily or fundam5tally a "q ( division3 x 0 a "q ( production40 ,z an in/ance ( ! second po9t ( view1 take ! foll[+3 8,! absurdity ( ! notion ( rais+ ! poor )\t1 to a correspond+ degree1 depress+ ! ri* w be obvi\s40--8,pr9ciples ( ,socialism made pla910 by ,frank ,fairman 7,william ,reeves1 #hc ,*>+ ,cross ,road1 ,w4,c471 page #cc4 ,i h already %[n1 & ,i hope to make ?is cont5tion yet m cle>1 t !re is a pa? along :i* soon] or lat]1 bo? ! ,individuali/ & ! ,sociali/ mu/ inevitably travel2 = ,i h made x abundantly cle> t on a small scale society may readily become m individuali/ic ?an n[--if by ,individualism is meant a society 9 :i* !re is full] & fre] opportunity = its memb]s to d & to produce :at !y w1 & to =m free associations1 ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds2 :ile x may also become m sociali/ic--if by ,socialism is meant a condition ( life 9 :i* ! well-be+ ( ! community is safe-gu>d$1 & 9 :i* ! collective _s is manife/$ by a wide ext5sion ( ! area ( municipal ef=t4 ,to a*ieve ^! desirable ends1 ,i h tak5 a leaf out ( ! books ( ea* type ( re=m] & b\nd !m toge!r by a ?read ( practicability4 ,n cont5t ) urg+ ! necessity ( increas$ production1 ,i h %[n h[ x c be a*iev$2 :ile ! o!r & equally important end ( m equitable di/ribution is1 z ,i h %[n1 easily possible1 & 9 a mann] :i* ne$ cause no ill-w1 /rife1 or bitt]ness2 is con/itutional2 requires no revolution>y legislation2 & involves no direct attack ^u ve/$ int]e/s4 ,?us may ! desires ( ! two sections ( re=m]s to :om ,i h ref]r$ be atta9$4 ,i h1 9 %ort1 foll[$ out ,"l ,roseb]y's sugge/ion1 & 8borr[$ f ,socialism its l>ge conception ( common ef=t1 & its vigor\s conception ( municipal life1 & f ,individualism ! pres]vation ( self-respect & self-reliance10 &1 by a concrete illu/ration1 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 disprov$ ! c>d9al cont5tion ( ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd 9 8 fam\s book1 8,social ,evolution10 t 8! int]e/s ( ! social organism & ( ! individuals compris+ x at any p>ticul> "t are actually antagoni/ic2 !y c nev] be reconcil$2 !y are inh]5tly & ess5tially irreconcilable0 7page #he74 ,mo/ sociali/ic writ]s appe> to me to exhibit too ke5 a desire to appropriate old =ms ( weal?1 ei!r by pur*as+ out or by tax+ out ! own]s1 & !y seem to h little conception t ! tru] me?od is to create new =ms & to create !m "u ju/] conditions4 ,b ?is latt] conception %\ld inevitably foll[ an adequate realisation ( ! ephem]al nature ( mo/ =ms ( weal?2 & !re is no tru? m fully recognis$ by economic writ]s ?an t ne>ly all =ms ( mat]ial weal?1 except1 inde$1 ! planet on :i* we live & ! elem5ts ( nature1 are extremely fugitive & prone to decay4 ,?us = in/ance1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 8,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy10 ,book #a1 ,*apt] v41 says3 8,! great] "p 9 value ( ! weal? n[ exi/+ 9 ,engl& has be5 produc$ by human h&s )9 ! la/ twelve mon?s4 ,a v small proportion inde$ ( t l>ge aggregate 0 9 exi/5ce t5 ye>s ago2--( ! pres5t productive capital ( ! c\ntry1 sc>cely any "p except f>m-h\ses & manufactories & a few %ips & ma*9es2 & ev5 ^! w\ld n 9 mo/ cases h surviv$ s long if fre% lab\r _h n be5 employ$ )9 t p]iod 9 putt+ !m into repair4 ,! l& subsi/s1 & ! l& is almo/ ! only ?+ t subsi/s40 ,! lead]s ( ! great sociali/ic movem5t1 ( c\rse1 "k all ?is p]fectly well2 yet ?is q elem5t>y tru? seems to fade f _! m9ds :5 !y are discuss+ me?ods ( re=m1 & !y appe> to be z anxi\s to seize ^u pres5t =ms ( weal? z if !y reg>d$ !m z ( a really la/+ & p]man5t nature4 ,b ?is inconsi/5cy ( sociali/ic writ]s is all ! m /rik+ :5 "o rememb]s t ^! writ]s are ! v ones :o insi/ mo/ /rongly ^u ! view t a v l>ge "p ( ! weal?-=ms n[ 9 exi/5ce are n really weal? at all--t !y are 8fil?10 & t any =m ( society :i* repres5ts ev5 a /ep t[>ds _! ideal mu/ involve ! sweep+ away ( su* =ms & ! creation ( new =ms 9 _! place4 ,) a degree ( inconsi/5cy t is positively />tl+1 !y exhibit an insatiable desire to become possess$ ( ^! =ms ( weal? :i* are n only rapidly decay+1 b are 9 _! op9ion absolutely useless or injuri\s4 ,?us ,mr ,hyndman1 at a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,democratic ,club1 #bi? ,m>*1 #ahic1 said3--8,x 0 desirable t !y %\ld map out & =mulate sociali/ic ideas :i* !y %\ld desire to see br\ght ab\t :5 ! s-call$ ,individualism ( ! pres5t day has brok5 d[n1 z x inevitably w\ld d4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t !y z ,sociali/s w\ld h to d w\ld be to depopulate ! va/ c5tres ( _! ov]-cr[d$ cities4 ,_! l>ge t[ns _h no long] any l>ge agricultural population f :i* to recruit _! ranks1 & ?r\gh bad & insuffici5t food1 vitiat$ atmosph]e1 & o!r insanit>y conditions1 ! physique ( ! masses ( ! cities 0 rapidly det]iorat+1 bo? mat]ially & physically40 ,precisely2 b does n ,mr4 ,hyndman see t 9 /riv+ to become possess$ ( pres5t weal? =ms1 he is lay+ siege to ! wrong =tress8 ,if ! population ( ,london1 or a l>ge "p ( ! population ( ,london1 is to be transplant$ else:]e1 :5 "s future ev5t has happ5$1 w\ld x n be well to see if we _c induce l>ge numb]s ( ^! p to transplant !mselves n[1 :5 ! problem ( ,london adm9i/ration & ( ,london re=m w\ld1 z we %all %ortly discov]1 pres5t itself 9 a some:at />tl+ fa%ion8 ,a simil> inconsi/5cy is to be notic$ 9 a little book :i* has _h an enorm\s & well-des]v$ sale1 8,m]rie ,engl&0 7,cl>ion ,(fices1 ,fleet ,/reet74 ,! au?or1 8,nunquam10 rem>ks at ! outset3 8,! problem we h to consid] is3--,giv5 a c\ntry & a p1 f9d h[ ! p may make ! be/ ( ! c\ntry & !mselves40 ,he !n proce$s to vigor\sly condemn our cities1 ) _! h\ses ugly & mean1 _! n>r[ /reets1 _! want ( g>d5s1 & emphasises ! advantages ( out-door occupations4 ,he condemns ! factory sy/em1 & says3 8,i w\ld set m5 to gr[ :eat & fruit1 & re> cattle & p\ltry = our own use4 ,!n ,i w\ld develop ! fi%]ies1 & con/ruct great fi%-bre$+ lakes & h>b\rs4 ,!n ,i w\ld re/rict our m9es1 furnaces1 *emical works1 & factories to ! numb] actually ne$$ = ! supply ( our own p4 ,!n ,i w\ld /op ! smoke nuisance by develop+ wat]-p[] & electricity4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve ^! ends1 ,i w\ld make all ! l&s1 mills1 m9es1 factories1 works1 %ops1 %ips1 & railways ! prop]ty ( ! p40 ,t is 7! italics are my own71 ! p are to /ruggle h>d to become possess$ ( factories1 mills1 works1 & %ops1 at lea/ half ( :i* mu/ be clos$ if ,nunquam's desires are atta9$2 ( %ips :i* w become useless if our =eign trade is to be ab&on$1 7see 8,m]rie ,engl&10 ,*ap4 iv472 & ( railways1 :i*1 ) an entire r$i/ribution ( population su* z ,nunquam desires1 mu/ = ! mo/ "p become d]elict4 ,& h[ long is ?is useless /ruggle to la/8 ,w\ld x n--,i ask ,nunquam to consid] ?is po9t c>efully--be bett] to /udy a small] problem fir/1 &1 to p>aphrase 8 words1 8,giv51 say1 #f1jjj acres ( l&1 let u endeav\r to make ! be/ use ( x08 ,= !n1 hav+ dealt ) ?is1 we %all h educat$ ourselves to deal ) a l>g] area4 ,let me /ate aga9 9 o!r t]ms ?is fugitiv5ess ( weal? =ms1 & !n sugge/ ! conclusion to :i* t consid]ation %\ld lead u4 ,s m>k$ are ! *anges :i* society exhibits--especially a society 9 a progressive /ate--t ! outw>d & visible =ms :i* our civilisation pres5ts to-day1 its public & private build+s1 its means ( communication1 ! appliances ) :i* x works1 its ma*9]y1 its docks1 its artificial h>b\rs1 its in/rum5ts ( w> & its in/rum5ts ( peace1 h mo/ ( !m und]gone a complete *ange1 & _m ( !m sev]al complete *anges1 )9 ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,i suppose n "o p]son 9 tw5ty 9 ?is c\ntry is liv+ 9 a h\se :i* is sixty ye>s old2 n "o sailor 9 a ?\s& is sail+ a %ip1 n "o artisan or lab\r] 9 a hundr$ is engag$ 9 a work%op or h&l+ tools or driv+ a c>t :i* 0 9 exi/5ce sixty ye>s ago4 ,x is n[ sixty ye>s s9ce ! fir/ railway 0 con/ruct$ f ,birm+ham to ,london1 & our ,railway ,companies possess "o ?\s& millions ( inve/$ capital1 :ile our sy/ems ( wat] supply1 ( gas1 ( electric light+1 & ( sew]age are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( rec5t date4 ,^? mat]ial relics ( ! pa/ :i* 7 creat$ m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 ?\gh "s ( !m are ( inf9ite value z mem5tos1 examples1 & heirlooms1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 c]ta9ly n ( a k9d :i* we ne$ wrangle ov] or fight ab\t4 ,! be/ ( !m are our univ]sities1 s*ools1 *ur*es1 & ca!drals1 & ^! %\ld c]ta9ly tea* u a diff]5t lesson4 ,b c any reasonable p]son1 :o reflects = a mom5t on ! rec5t unexampl$ rate ( progress & inv5tion1 d\bt t ! next sixty ye>s w reveal *anges fully z rem>kable8 ,c any p]son suppose t ^! mu%room =ms1 :i* h sprung up z x 7 9 a night1 h any real p]man5ce8 ,ev5 ap>t f ! solution ( ! lab\r problem1 & ! f9d+ ( "w = ! ?\s&s ( idle h&s :i* are eag] = x--a solution1 ! correctness ( :i* ,i claim to h demon/rat$--:at possibilities are op5$ up by ! b>e contemplation ( ! discov]y ( new motive p[]s1 new means ( locomotion1 p]haps1 ?r\gh ! air1 new me?ods ( wat] supply1 or a new di/ribution ( population1 :i* mu/ ( itself r5d] _m mat]ial =ms altoge!r useless & effete6 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we squabble & wrangle ab\t :at man has produc$8 ,:y n r seek to le>n :at man c produce2 :51 aim+ to d t1 we may p]haps discov] a gr& opportunity = produc+ n only bett] =ms ( weal?1 b h[ to produce !m "u f> ju/] conditions8 ,to quote ! au?or ( 8,m]rie ,engl&03 8,we %\ld fir/ ( all asc]ta9 :at ?+s are desirable = our heal? & happ9ess ( body & m9d1 & !n organise our p ) ! object ( produc+ ^? ?+s 9 ! be/ & easie/ way40 ,weal? =ms1 !n1 9 _! v nature are fugitive1 & !y are besides liable to con/ant displacem5t by ! bett] =ms :i* 9 an advanc+ /ate ( society are con/antly aris+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o =m ( mat]ial weal? :i* is mo/ p]man5t & abid+2 f ! value & utility ( :i* our mo/ wond]ful inv5tions c nev] detract "o jot1 b w s]ve only to make m cle>1 & to r5d] m univ]sal4 ,! planet on :i* we live has la/$ = millions ( ye>s1 & ! race is j em]g+ f its savag]y4 ,^? ( u :o believe t !re is a gr& purpose beh9d nature _c believe t ! c>e] ( ?is planet is likely to be spe$ily cut %ort n[ t bett] hopes are ris+ 9 ! he>ts ( m51 & t1 hav+ le>n$ a few ( its less obscure secrets1 !y are f9d+ _! way1 ?r\gh mu* toil & pa91 to a m noble use ( its inf9ite treasures4 ,! e>? = all practical purposes may be reg>d$ z abid+ = ev]4 ,n[1 z e =m ( weal? mu/ re/ on ! e>? z its f\ndation1 & mu/ be built up out ( ! con/itu5ts f\nd at or ne> its surface1 x foll[s 7because f\ndations are ev] ( prim>y importance7 t ! re=m] %\ld fir/ consid] h[ be/ ! e>? may be us$ 9 ! s]vice ( man4 ,b "h aga9 our fri5ds1 ! ,sociali/s1 miss ! ess5tial po9t4 ,_! pr(ess$ ideal is to make society ! own] ( l& & ( all in/rum5ts ( production2 b !y h be5 s anxi\s to c>ry bo? po9ts ( _! programme t !y h be5 a little too sl[ to consid] ! special importance ( ! l& "q1 & h ?us miss$ ! true pa? ( re=m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a type ( re=m]s :o pu% ! l& "q v mu* to ! front1 ?\gh1 z x appe>s to me1 9 a mann] little likely to comm5d _! views to society4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george1 9 8 well-kn[n "w1 8,progress & ,pov]ty10 urges ) mu* eloqu5ce1 if n ) complete accuracy ( reason+1 t our l& laws are responsible = all ! economic evils ( society1 & t z our l&lords are little bett] ?an pirates & robb]s1 ! soon] ! ,/ate =cibly appropriates _! r5ts ! bett]1 = :5 ?is is accompli%$ ! problem ( pov]ty w1 he sugge/s1 be entirely solv$4 ,b is n ?is attempt to ?r[ ! :ole blame ( & puni%m5t = ! pres5t deplorable condition ( society on to a s+le class ( m5 a v great mi/ake8 ,9 :at way are l&lords z a class less hone/ ?an ! av]age citiz58 ,give ! av]age citiz5 ! opportunity ( becom+ a l&lord & ( appropriat+ ! l& values creat$ by 8 t5ants1 & he w embrace x to-morr[4 ,if !n1 ! av]age man is a pot5tial l&lord1 to attack l&lords z individuals is v l a nation draw+ up an indictm5t aga9/ itself1 & !n mak+ a scape-goat ( a p>ticul> class4#bf ,b to endeav\r to *ange our l& sy/em is a v diff]5t matt] f attack+ ^? individuals :o repres5t x4 ,b h[ is ?is *ange to be effect$8 ,i reply--,by ! =ce ( example1 t is1 by sett+ up a bett] sy/em1 & by a little skill 9 ! gr\p+ ( =ces & manipulation ( ideas4 ,x is q true t ! av]age man is a pot5tial l&lord1 & z ready to appropriate ! une>n$ increm5t z to cry out aga9/ its appropriation4 ,b ! av]age man has v little *ance ( ev] becom+ a l&lord & ( appropriat+ r5t-values creat$ by o!rs2 & he is1 !re=e1 ! bett] able to consid]1 q dispassionately1 :e!r su* a proce$+ is really hone/1 & :e!r x may n be possible to gradually e/abli% a new & m equitable sy/em "u :i*1 )\t enjoy+ ! privilege ( appropriat+ r5t-values creat$ by o!rs1 he may himself be secur$ aga9/ expropriation ( ! r5t-values :i* he is n[ con/antly creat+ or ma9ta9+4 ,we h demon/rat$ h[ ?is may be done on a small scale2 we h next to consid] h[ ! exp]im5t may be c>ri$ out on a mu* wid] scale1 & ?is we c be/ d 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,footnote3 #bf ,i hope x is n ungrateful 9 "o :o has d]iv$ mu* inspiration f 8,progress & ,pov]ty0 to write ?us4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,social ,,cities4 8,human nature w n fl\ri%1 any m ?an a potato1 if x be plant$ & re-plant$ = too long a s]ies ( g5]ations 9 ! same worn-out soil4 ,my *ildr5 h _h o!r bir?places1 &1 s f> z _! =tunes may be )9 my control1 %all /rike _! roots into unaccu/om$ e>?40--8,! ,sc>let ,lett]10 ,na?aniel ,haw?orne4 ,! problem ) :i* we h n[ to deal1 %ortly /at$1 is ?is3 ,h[ to make our ,g>d5 ,city exp]im5t ! /epp+-/one to a high] & bett] =m ( indu/rial life g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,grant$ ! success ( ! initial exp]im5t1 & !re mu/ inevitably arise a widespread dem& = an ext5sion ( me?ods s heal?y & s advantage\s2 & x w be well1 !re=e1 to consid] "s ( ! *ief problems :i* w h to be fac$ 9 ! progress ( su* ext5sion4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be well1 9 approa*+ ?is "q1 to consid] ! analogy pres5t$ by ! e>ly progress ( railway ent]prise4 ,?is w help u to see m cle>ly "s ( ! broad] features ( ! new developm5t :i* is n[ s closely ^u u if only we %[ ourselves en]getic & imag9ative4 ,railways 7 fir/ made )\t any /atutory p[]s4 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ on a v small scale1 &1 be+ ( v %ort l5g?s1 ! cons5t ( only "o or at ! mo/ a few l&[n]s 0 necess>y2 & :at private agreem5t & arrangem5t c\ld ?us easily compass 0 sc>cely a fit subject = an appeal to ! ,legislature ( ! c\ntry4 ,b :5 ! 8,rocket0 0 built1 & ! supremacy ( ! locomotive 0 fully e/abli%$1 x !n became necess>y1 if railway ent]prise 0 to g =w>d1 to obta9 legislative p[]s4 ,= x w\ld h be5 impossible1 or at lea/ v difficult1 to make equitable arrangem5ts ) all ! l&[n]s ^: e/ates might lie betwe5 po9ts _m miles di/ant2 because "o ob/9ate l&lord might take advantage ( 8 position to dem& an altoge!r exorbitant price = 8 l&1 & ?us practically /ifle su* an ent]prise4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to obta9 p[] to secure ! l& compulsorily at its m>ket value1 or at a price n too extravagantly remov$ f su* value2 &1 ?is be+ done1 railway ent]prise w5t =w>d at s rapid a rate t 9 "o ye> no less ?an #acb1fjj1jjj 0 au?oris$ by ,p>liam5t to be rais$ = ! purpose ( railway con/ruction4#bg ,n[1 if ,p>liam5t>y p[]s 7 necess>y = ! ext5sion ( railway ent]prise1 su* p[]s w c]ta9ly be also ne$$ :5 ! inh]5t practicability ( build+ new1 well-plann$ t[ns1 & ( ! population mov+ into !m f ! old slum cities z naturally1 &1 9 proportion to ! p[] to be ex]cis$1 almo/ z easily z a family moves out ( a rott5 old t5em5t into a new & com=table dwell+1 is once fairly recognis$ by ! p4 ,to build su* t[ns1 l>ge areas ( l& mu/ be obta9$4 ,"h & !re a suitable site may be secur$ by arrangem5t ) "o or m l&[n]s1 b if ! movem5t is to be c>ri$ on 9 any?+ l a sci5tific fa%ion1 /ret*es ( l& f> l>g] ?an t occupi$ by our fir/ exp]im5t mu/ be obta9$4 ,=1 j z ! fir/ %ort railway1 :i* 0 ! g]m ( railway ent]prise1 w\ld convey to few m9ds ! conception ( a net-"w ( railways ext5d+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 s1 p]haps1 ! idea ( a well-plann$ t[n su* z ,i h describ$ w n h prep>$ ! read] = ! lat] developm5t :i* mu/ inevitably foll[--! plann+ & build+ ( t[n clu/]s--ea* t[n 9 ! clu/] be+ ( diff]5t design f ! o!rs1 & yet ! :ole =m+ "p ( "o l>ge & well-?\ght-out plan4 ,let me "h introduce a v r\gh diagram1 repres5t+1 z ,i conceive1 ! true pr9ciple on :i* all t[ns %\ld gr[4 ,g>d5 ,city has1 we w suppose1 gr[n until x has rea*$ a population ( #cb1jjj4 ,h[ %all x gr[--,h[ %all x provide = ! ne$s ( o!rs :o w be attract$ by its num]\s advantages8 ,%all x build on ! zone ( agricultural l& :i* is ar\nd x1 & ?us = ev] de/roy its "r to be call$ a 8,g>d5 ,city08 ,surely n4 ,?is disa/r\s result w\ld inde$ take place if ! l& ar\nd ! t[n 71 z is ! l& ar\nd our pres5t cities1 own$ by private individuals anxi\s to make a pr(it out ( x4 ,= !n1 z ! t[n fill$ up1 ! agricultural l& w\ld become 8ripe0 = build+ purposes1 & ! beauty & heal?fulness ( ! t[n w\ld be quickly de/roy$4 ,b ! l& ar\nd ,g>d5 ,city is1 =tunately1 n 9 ! h&s ( private individuals3 x is 9 ! h&s ( ! p3 & is to be adm9i/]$1 n 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( ! few1 b 9 ! real int]e/s ( ! :ole community4 ,n[1 !re are few objects :i* ! p s jeal\sly gu>d z _! p>ks & op5 spaces2 & we may1 ,i ?9k1 feel confid5t t ! p ( ,g>d5 ,city w n = a mom5t p]mit ! beauty ( _! city to be de/roy$ by ! process ( gr[?4 ,b x may be urg$--,if ?is be true1 w n ! inhabitants ( ,g>d5 ,city 9 ?is way be selfi%ly prev5t+ ! gr[? ( _! city1 & ?us preclude _m f enjoy+ its advantages8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re is a bright1 b ov]look$1 alt]native4 ,! t[n w gr[2 b x w gr[ 9 accordance ) a pr9ciple :i* w result 9 ?is--t su* gr[? %all n less5 or de/roy1 b ev] add to its social opportunities1 to its beauty1 to its conv5i5ce4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! case ( a city 9 ,au/ralia :i* 9 "s measure illu/rates ! pr9ciple = :i* ,i am cont5d+4 ,! city ( ,adelaide1 z ! accompany+ sket* map %[s1 is surr\nd$ by its 8,p>k ,l&s40 ,! city is built up4 ,h[ does x gr[8 ,x gr[s by leap+ ov] ! 8,p>k ,l&s0 & e/abli%+ ,nor? ,adelaide4 ,& ?is is ! pr9ciple :i* x is int5d$ to foll[1 b improve ^u1 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,,adelaide ,,%[+ ,,p>k ,,l&s ,,all ,,r\nd ,,city1 ,,& ,,its ,,mode ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,our diagram may n[ be und]/ood4 ,g>d5 ,city is built up4 ,its population has rea*$ #cb1jjj4 ,h[ w x gr[8 ,x w gr[ by e/abli%+--"u ,p>liam5t>y p[]s probably--ano!r city "s little di/ance beyond its own zone ( 8c\ntry10 s t ! new t[n may h a zone ( c\ntry ( its own4 ,i h said 8by e/abli%+ ano!r city10 &1 = adm9i/rative purposes !re w\ld be two cities2 b ! inhabitants ( ! "o c\ld rea* ! o!r 9 a v few m9utes2 = rapid transit w\ld be specially provid$ =1 & ?us ! p ( ! two t[ns w\ld 9 reality repres5t "o community4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,correct ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,a ,,city',s ,,gr[?--,,op5 ,,c\ntry ,,ev] ,,ne> ,,at ,,h&1 ,,& ,,rapid ,,communication ,,betwe5 ,,(f-,,%oots4 ,& ?is pr9ciple ( gr[?--?is pr9ciple ( always pres]v+ a belt ( c\ntry r\nd our cities w\ld be ev] kept 9 m9d till1 9 c\rse ( "t1 we %\ld h a clu/] ( cities1 n ( c\rse arrang$ 9 ! precise geometrical =m ( my diagram1 b s gr\p$ ar\nd a ,c5tral ,city t ea* inhabitant ( ! :ole gr\p1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se liv+ 9 a t[n ( small size1 w\ld be 9 reality liv+ 91 & w\ld enjoy all ! advantages (1 a great & mo/ beautiful city2 & yet all ! fre% delights ( ! c\ntry--field1 h$g][1 & wood-l&--n prim p>ks & g>d5s m]ely--w\ld be )9 a v few m9utes walk or ride4 ,& because ! p 9 _! collective capacity own ! l& on :i* ?is beautiful gr\p ( cities is built1 ! public build+s1 ! *ur*es1 ! s*ools & univ]sities1 ! libr>ies1 picture gall]ies1 !atres1 w\ld be on a scale ( magnific5ce :i* no city 9 ! _w ^: l& is 9 pawn to private individuals c af=d4 ,i h said t rapid railway transit w\ld be realis$ by ^? :o dwell 9 ?is beautiful city or gr\p ( cities4 ,ref]5ce to ! diagram w %[ at a glance ! ma9 features ( its railway sy/em4 ,!re is1 fir/1 an int]-municipal railway connect+ all ! t[ns ( ! out] r+--#bj miles 9 circumf]5ce--s t to get f any t[n to its mo/ di/ant neighb\r requires "o to cov] a di/ance ( only #aj miles1 :i* c\ld be accompli%$ 91 say1 #ab m9utes4 ,^! tra9s w\ld n /op betwe5 ! t[ns--means ( communication = ?is purpose be+ af=d$ by electric tramways :i* trav]se ! high-roads1 ( :i*1 x w be se51 !re are a numb]--ea* t[n be+ connect$ ) e o!r t[n 9 ! gr\p by a direct r\te4 ,!re is also a sy/em ( railways by :i* ea* t[n is plac$ 9 direct communication ) ,c5tral ,city4 ,! di/ance f any t[n to ! he>t ( ,c5tral ,city is only #c-a_/d miles1 & ?is c\ld be readily cov]$ 9 #e m9utes4 ,^? :o h _h exp]i5ce ( ! difficulty ( gett+ f "o suburb ( ,london to ano!r w see 9 a mom5t :at an enorm\s advantage ^? :o dwell 9 su* a gr\p ( cities z "h %[n w\ld enjoy1 because !y w\ld h a railway sy/em & n a railway *aos to s]ve _! ends4 ,! difficulty felt 9 ,london is ( c\rse due to want ( =e?\ght & pre-arrangem5t4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,i may quote ) advantage a passage f ! ,presid5tial address ( ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] to ! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,nov4 #ab?1 #ahie3 8,we ,london]s (t5 compla9 ( ! want ( sy/em 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! railways & _! t]m9al /ations 9 & ar\nd ! ,metropolis1 :i* necessitates our p]=m+ long j\rneys 9 cabs to get f "o railway sy/em to ano!r4 ,t ?is difficulty exi/s1 arises1 ,i feel sure1 *iefly f ! want ( =e?\ght ( no less able a /atesman ?an ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 =1 9 #ahcf1 a motion 0 propos$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t all ! ,railway ,bills seek+ p[]s = t]m9als 9 ,london %\ld be ref]r$ to a ,special ,committee1 s t a complete s*eme might be evolv$ out ( ! num]\s projects be=e ,p>liam5t1 & t prop]ty might n be unnecess>ily sacrific$ = rival s*emes4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel oppos$ ! motion on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 on ! gr\nds t #8no railway project c\ld come into op]ation till ! majority ( ,p>liam5t _h decl>$ t its pr9ciples & arrangem5ts appe>$ to !m satisfactory1 & its inve/m5ts pr(itable4 ,x 0 a recognis$ pr9ciple 9 ^! cases t ! probable pr(its ( an und]tak+ %\ld be %[n to be suffici5t to ma9ta9 x 9 a /ate ( p]man5t utility be=e a ,bill c\ld be obta9$1 & l&lords 7 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ & dem&+ su* a w>ranty f ,p>liam5t4' ,9 ?is in/ance1 incalculable injury 0 un9t5tionally inflict$ ^u ,london]s by n hav+ a gr& c5tral /ation 9 ! ,metropolis1 & ev5ts h %[n h[ false 0 ! assumption t ! pass+ ( an ,act impli$ any w>ranty z to ! f9ancial prospects ( a railway40 ,b are ! p ( ,engl& to suff] = ev] = ! want ( =esight ( ^? :o little dream$ ( ! future developm5t ( railways8 ,surely n4 ,x 0 9 ! nature ( ?+s little likely t ! fir/ network ( railways ev] con/ruct$ %\ld con=m to true pr9ciples2 b n[1 see+ ! enorm\s progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! means ( rapid communication1 x is high "t t we avail$ ourselves m fully ( ^? means1 & built our cities ^u "s su* plan z t ,i h crudely %[n4 ,we %\ld !n be1 = all purposes ( quick communication1 ne>] to ea* o!r ?an we are 9 our cr[d$ cities1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we %\ld be surr\nd+ ourselves ) ! mo/ heal?y & ! mo/ advantage\s conditions4 ,"s ( my fri5ds h sugge/$ t su* a s*eme ( t[n clu/]s is well en\gh adapt$ to a new c\ntry1 b t 9 an old-settl$ c\ntry1 ) its t[ns built1 & its railway 8sy/em0 = ! mo/ "p con/ruct$1 x is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,b surely to raise su* a po9t is to cont5d1 9 o!r words1 t ! exi/+ weal? =ms ( ! c\ntry are p]man5t1 & are =ev] to s]ve z h9drances to ! introduction ( bett] =ms2 t cr[d$1 ill-v5tilat$1 unplann$1 unwieldy1 unheal?y cities--ulc]s on ! v face ( our beautiful isl&--are to /& z b>ri]s to ! introduction ( t[ns 9 :i* mod]n sci5tific me?ods & ! aims ( social re=m]s may h ! fulle/ scope 9 :i* to express !mselves4 ,no1 x _c be2 at lea/1 x _c be = long4 ,:at ,is may h9d] ,:at ,might ,be = a :ile1 b _c /ay ! tide ( progress4 ,^! cr[d$ cities h done _! "w2 !y 7 ! be/ :i* a society l>gely bas$ on selfi%ness & rapacity c\ld con/ruct1 b !y are 9 ! nature ( ?+s entirely unadapt$ = a society 9 :i* ! social side ( our nature is dem&+ a l>g] %>e ( recognition--a society :]e ev5 ! v love ( self leads u to insi/ ^u a great] reg>d = ! well-be+ ( our fell[s4 ,! l>ge cities ( to-day are sc>cely bett] adapt$ = ! expression ( ! frat]nal _s ?an w\ld a "w on a/ronomy :i* taught t ! e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se be capable ( adaptation = use 9 our s*ools4 ,ea* g5]ation %\ld build to suit its own ne$s2 & x is no m 9 ! nature ( ?+s t m5 %\ld cont9ue to live 9 old areas because _! ance/ors liv$ 9 !m1 ?an x is t !y %\ld *]i% ! old beliefs :i* a wid] fai? & a m enl>g$ und]/&+ h outgr[n4 ,! read] is1 !re=e1 e>ne/ly ask$ n to take x = grant$ t ! l>ge cities 9 :i* he may p]haps take a p>donable pride are necess>ily1 9 _! pres5t =m1 any m p]man5t ?an ! /age-coa* sy/em :i* 0 ! subject ( s mu* admiration j at ! v mom5t :5 x 0 ab\t to be supplant$ by ! railways4#bh ,! simple issue to be fac$1 & fac$ resolutely1 is--,c bett] results be obta9$ by />t+ on a bold plan on comp>atively virg9 soil ?an by attempt+ to adapt our old cities to our new] & high] ne$s8 ,?us fairly fac$1 ! "q c only be answ]$ 9 "o way2 & :5 t simple fact is well grasp$1 ! social revolution w spe$ily comm5ce4 ,t !re is ample l& 9 ?is c\ntry on :i* su* a clu/] z ,i h "h depict$ c\ld be con/ruct$ ) comp>atively small di/urbance ( ve/$ int]e/s1 &1 !re=e1 ) b little ne$ = comp5sation1 w be obvi\s to anyone2 &1 :5 our fir/ exp]im5t has be5 br\ght to a successful issue1 !re w be no great difficulty 9 acquir+ ! necess>y ,p>liam5t>y p[]s to pur*ase ! l& & c>ry out ! necess>y works /ep by /ep4 ,c\nty ,c\ncils are n[ seek+ l>g] p[]s1 & an ov]burd5$ ,p>liam5t is becom+ m & m anxi\s to devolve "s ( its duties ^u !m4 ,let su* p[]s be giv5 m & m freely4 ,let l>g] & yet l>g] measures ( local self-gov]nm5t be grant$1 & !n all t my diagram depicts--only on a f> bett] plan1 because ! result ( well-conc]t$ & comb9$ ?\ght1--w be easily atta9able4 ,b x may be said1 8,are y n1 by ?us frankly av[+ ! v great dang] to ! ve/$ int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry :i* y\r s*eme indirectly ?reat5s1 arm+ ve/$ int]e/s aga9/ y\rself1 & s mak+ any *ange by legislation impossible80 ,i ?9k n4 ,& = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because ^? ve/$ int]e/s :i* are said to be rang$ l a solid phalanx aga9/ progress1 w1 by ! =ce ( circum/ances & ! curr5t ( ev5ts1 be = once divid$ into oppos+ camps4 ,secondly1 because prop]ty own]s1 :o are v reluctant to yield to ?reats1 su* z are sometimes made aga9/ !m by ,sociali/s ( a c]ta9 type1 w be f> m ready to make concessions to ! logic ( ev5ts z reveal+ itself 9 an und\bt$ advance ( society to a high] =m2 &1 ?irdly1 because ! l>ge/ & mo/ important1 &1 9 ! end1 ! mo/ influ5tial ( all ve/$ int]e/s--,i mean ! ve/$ int]e/s ( ^? :o "w = _! liv+1 :e!r by h& or bra9--w be naturally 9 fav\r ( ! *ange :5 !y und]/& its nature4 ,let me deal ) ^! po9ts sep>ately4 ,fir/1 ,i say ve/$-prop]ty int]e/s w be brok5 9 twa91 & w range !mselves 9 opposite camps4 ,?is sort ( cleavage has occurr$ be=e4 ,?us1 9 ! e>ly days ( railway legislation1 ! ve/$ int]e/s 9 canals & /age coa*es 7 al>m$1 & did all 9 _! p[] to ?w>t & hamp] :at ?reat5$ !m4 ,b o!r great ve/$ int]e/s bru%$ ?is opposition easily on "o side4 ,^! int]e/s 7 *iefly two--capital seek+ inve/m5t1 & l& desir+ to sell itself4 7,a ?ird ve/$ int]e/--namely1 lab\r seek+ employm5t--_h !n sc>cely begun to ass]t its claims47 ,& notice n[ h[ su* a successful exp]im5t z ,g>d5 ,city may easily become w drive into ! v b$-rock ( ve/$ int]e/s a great w$ge1 :i* w split !m asund] ) irresi/ible =ce1 & p]mit ! curr5t ( legislation to set /rongly 9 a new direction4 ,= :at w su* an exp]im5t h prov$ up to ! v hilt8 ,among o!r ?+s too num]\s to m5tion1 x w h prov$ t f> m heal?y & economic conditions c be secur$ on raw uncultivat$ l& 7if only t l& be held on j conditions7 ?an c be secur$ on l& :i* is at pres5t ( va/ly high] m>ket value2 & 9 prov+ ?is x w op5 wide ! doors ( migration f ! old cr[d$ cities ) _! inflat$ & artificial r5ts1 back to ! l& :i* c be n[ secur$ s *eaply4 ,two t5d5cies w !n display !mselves4 ,! fir/ w be a /rong t5d5cy = city gr\nd values to fall1 ! o!r a less m>k$ t5d5cy = agricultural l& to rise4#bi ,! hold]s ( agricultural l&1 at lea/ ^? :o are will+ to sell--& _m ( !m are ev5 n[ mo/ anxi\s to d s--w welcome ! ext5sion ( an exp]im5t :i* promises to place ,engli% agriculture once aga9 9 a position ( prosp]ity3 ! hold]s ( city l&s w1 s f> z _! m]ely selfi% int]e/s prevail1 greatly fe> x4 ,9 ?is way1 l&[n]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry w be divid$ into two oppos+ factions1 & ! pa? ( l& re=m--! f\ndation on :i* all o!r re=ms mu/ be built--w be made comp>atively easy4 ,capital 9 ! same way w be divid$ into opposite camps4 ,inve/$ capital--t is1 capital sunk 9 ent]prises :i* society w recognise z belong+ to ! old ord]--w take ! al>m & fall 9 value enorm\sly1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 capital seek+ inve/m5t w welcome an outlet :i* has long be5 its sore/ ne$4 ,inve/$ capital w 9 its opposition be fur!r weak5$ by ano!r consid]ation4 ,hold]s ( exi/+ =ms ( capital w /rive--ev5 ?\gh x be at a great sacrifice--to sell "p ( _! old "t-hon\r$ /ocks1 & inve/ !m 9 new ent]prises1 on municipally-own$ l&1 = !y w n wi% to 8h all _! eggs 9 "o basket02 & ?us w ! oppos+ influ5ces ( ve/$ prop]ty neutralise ea* o!r4 ,b ve/$-prop]ty int]e/s w be1 z ,i believe1 affect$ yet m rem>kably 9 ano!r way4 ,! man ( weal?1 :5 he is p]sonally attack$ & d5\nc$ z an enemy ( society1 is sl[ to believe 9 ! p]fect good fai? ( ^? :o d5\nce him1 &1 :5 ef=ts are made to tax him out by ! =cible h& ( ! ,/ate1 he is apt to use e endeav\r1 lawful or unlawful1 to oppose su* ef=ts--& (t5 ) no small measure ( success4 ,b ! av]age weal?y man is no m an unmix$ comp\nd ( selfi%ness ?an ! av]age poor man2 & if he sees 8 h\ses or l&s depreciat$ 9 value1 n by =ce1 b because ^? :o liv$ 9 or ^u !m h le>n$ h[ to erect f> bett] homes ( _! own1 & on l& held on conditions m advantage\s to !m1 & to surr\nd _! *ildr5 ) _m advantages :i* _c be enjoy$ on 8 e/ate1 he w philosophically b[ to ! inevitable1 &1 9 8 bett] mom5ts1 ev5 welcome a *ange :i* w involve him 9 f> great] pecuni>y loss ?an any *ange 9 ! incid5ce ( taxation is likely to inflict4 ,9 e man !re is "s measure ( ! re=m+ in/9ct2 9 e man !re is "s reg>d = 8 fell[s2 & :5 ^! natural feel+s run a?w>t 8 pecuni>y int]e/s1 !n ! result is t ! _s ( opposition is inevitably s(t5$1 9 "s degree 9 all m51 :ile 9 o!rs x is entirely replac$ by a f]v5t desire = ! c\ntry's good1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( _m *]i%$ possessions4 ,?us x is t :at w n be yield$ to a =ce f )\t may readily be grant$ z ! result ( an impulse f )94 ,& n[ let me deal = a mom5t ) ! greate/1 ! mo/ valuable1 & ! mo/ p]man5t ( all ve/$ int]e/s--! ve/$ int]e/s ( skill1 lab\r1 en]gy1 tal5t1 indu/ry4 ,h[ w ^! be affect$8 ,my answ] is1 ,! =ce :i* w divide 9 twa9 ! ve/$ int]e/s ( l& & capital w unite & consolidate ! int]e/s ( ^? :o live by "w1 & w lead !m to unite _! =ces ) ! hold]s ( agricultural l& & ( capital seek+ inve/m5t1 to urge ^u ! ,/ate ! necessity = ! prompt op5+ up ( facilities = ! recon/ruction ( society2 &1 :5 ! ,/ate is sl[ to act1 !n to employ volunt>y collective ef=ts simil> to ^? adopt$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ,city exp]im5t1 ) su* modifications z exp]i5ce may %[ to be necess>y4 ,su* a task z ! con/ruction ( a clu/] ( cities l t repres5t$ 9 our diagram may well inspire all work]s ) t en?usiasm :i* unites m51 = x w call = ! v highe/ tal5ts ( eng9e]s ( all k9ds1 ( ar*itects1 arti/s1 m$ical m51 exp]ts 9 sanitation1 l&scape g>d5]s1 agricultural exp]ts1 surveyors1 build]s1 manufactur]s1 m]*ants & f9anci]s1 organis]s ( trades unions1 fri5dly & co-op]ative societies1 z well z ! v simple/ =ms ( unskill$ lab\r1 toge!r ) all ^? =ms ( less] skill & tal5t :i* lie betwe54 ,= ! va/ness ( ! task :i* seems to fright5 "s ( my fri5ds1 repres5ts1 9 fact1 ! v measure ( its value to ! community1 if t task be only und]tak5 9 a wor?y _s & ) wor?y aims4 ,"w 9 abundance is1 z has be5 sev]al times urg$1 "o ( ! greate/ ne$s ( to-day1 & no su* field ( employm5t has be5 op5$ up s9ce civilisation began z w\ld be repres5t$ by ! task :i* is be=e u ( recon/ruct+ anew ! entire ext]nal fabric ( society1 employ+1 z we build1 all ! skill & k :i* ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies has taught u4 ,x 0 8a l>ge ord]0 :i* 0 pres5t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury to con/ruct iron highways ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ?is isl&1 unit+ 9 a va/ network all its t[ns & cities4 ,b railway ent]prise1 va/ z has be5 its influ5ce1 t\*$ ! life ( ! p at b few po9ts comp>$ ) ! new] call to build home-t[ns = slum cities2 to plant g>d5s = cr[d$ c\rts2 to con/ruct beautiful wat]-ways 9 flood$ valleys2 to e/abli% a sci5tific sy/em ( di/ribution to take ! place ( a *aos1 a j sy/em ( l& t5ure = "o repres5t+ ! selfi%ness :i* we hope is pass+ away2 to f\nd p5sions ) lib]ty = our ag$ poor1 n[ imprison$ 9 workh\ses2 to bani% despair & awak5 hope 9 ! brea/s ( ^? :o h fall52 to sil5ce ! h>% voice ( ang]1 & to awak5 ! s(t notes ( bro!rl9ess & goodwill2 to place 9 /rong h&s implem5ts ( peace & con/ruction1 s t implem5ts ( w> & de/ruction may drop uselessly d[n4 ,"h is a task :i* may well unite a va/ army ( work]s to utilise t p[]1 ! pres5t wa/e ( :i* is ! s\rce ( half our pov]ty1 disease1 & suff]+4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,clif=d's 8,hi/ory ( ,private ,bill ,legislation0 7,butt]wor?1 #ahhc71 ,introduction1 p4 #hh4 #bh ,see1 = in/ance1 ! op5+ *apt] ( 8,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian0 7,sir ,walt] ,scott74 #bi ,! *ief reason = ?is is t agricultural l& z comp>$ ) city l& is ( va/ly l>g] quantity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,london4 ,x w n[ be int]e/+ to consid] "s ( ! m /rik+ effects :i* w be produc$ on our n[ ov]-cr[d$ cities by ! op5+-up 9 new di/ricts ( su* a va/ field ( employm5t z ! read]'s m9d w1 x is hop$1 be n[ able to realise ) "s degree ( cle>ness4 ,new t[ns & gr\ps ( t[ns are spr++ up 9 p>ts ( our isl&s hi!rto well-nigh des]t$2 new means ( communication1 ! mo/ sci5tific ! _w has yet se51 are be+ con/ruct$2 new means ( di/ribution are br++ ! produc] & ! consum] into clos] relations1 & ?us 7by r$uc+ railway rates & *>ges1 & ! numb] ( pr(its7 are at once rais+ prices to ! produc] & dim9i%+ !m to ! consum]2 p>ks & g>d5s1 or*>ds & woods1 are be+ plant$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! busy life ( ! p1 s t !y may be enjoy$ 9 ! fulle/ measure2 homes are be+ erect$ = ^? :o h long liv$ 9 slums2 "w is f\nd = ! workless1 l& = ! l&less1 & opportunities = ! exp5diture ( long p5t-up en]gy are pres5t+ !mselves at e turn4 ,a new s5se ( fre$om & joy is p]vad+ ! he>ts ( ! p z _! individual faculties are awak5$1 & !y discov]1 9 a social life :i* p]mits alike ( ! complete/ conc]t$ action & ( ! fulle/ individual lib]ty1 ! long-s\ght-= means ( reconciliation betwe5 ord] & fre$om--betwe5 ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ( society4 ,! effects produc$ on our ov]-cr[d$ cities1 ^: =ms are at once1 by ! light ( a new contra/1 se5 to be old-fa%ion$ & effete1 w be s f>-rea*+ 9 _! "* t1 9 ord] to /udy !m effectively1 x w be well to conf9e our att5tion to ,london1 :i*1 z ! l>ge/ & mo/ unwieldy ( our cities1 is likely to exhibit ^? effects 9 ! mo/ m>k$ degree4 ,!re is1 z ,i said at ! outset1 a well-nigh univ]sal curr5t ( op9ion t a rem$y = ! depopulation ( our c\ntry di/ricts & = ! ov]cr[d+ ( our l>ge cities is urg5tly ne$$4 ,b ?\gh e "o recomm5ds t a rem$y %\ld be dilig5tly s\ght =1 few appe> to believe t su* a rem$y w ev] be f\nd1 & ! calculations ( our /atesm5 & re=m]s proce$ ^u ! assumption t n only w ! tide ( population nev] actually turn f ! l>ge cities c\ntryw>d1 b t x w cont9ue to fl[ 9 its pres5t direction at a sc>cely dim9i%$ rate = a long "t to come4#cj ,n[ x c h>dly be suppos$ t any se>* made 9 ! full belief t ! rem$y s\ght = w n be discov]$ is likely to be c>ri$ on ) great zeal or ?or\ghness2 &1 !re=e1 x is p]haps n surpris+ to f9d t ?\gh ! late *airman ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 7,"l ,roseb]y7 decl>$ t ! gr[? ( ?is huge city 0 fitly comp>able to ! gr[? ( a tum\r 7see p4 #aa7--;few v5tur+ to d5y ! correctness ( ! analogy--yet ! v>i\s memb]s ( t body1 in/ead ( b5d+ _! en]gies to re=m+ ,london by means ( a r$uction ( its population1 are boldly advocat+ a policy :i* involves ! pur*ase ( va/ und]tak+s on behalf ( ! municipality1 at prices :i* mu/ prove f> high] ?an !y w be wor? if only ! long-s\ght-= rem$y is f\nd4 ,let u n[ assume 7simply z an hypo!sis1 if ! read] is /ill sceptical7 t ! rem$y advocat$ 9 ?is "w is effective2 t new g>d5-cities are spr++ up all ov] ! c\ntry on sites own$ by ! municipalities--! rate-r5ts ( su* corporate prop]ty =m+ a fund ample = ! c>ry+ on ( municipal und]tak+s repres5t+ ! highe/ skill ( ! mod]n eng9e] & ! be/ aspirations ( ! enlight5$ re=m]2 & t 9 ^! cities1 heal?i]1 :olesom]1 clean] & m j & s\nd economic conditions prevail4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be ! m noticeable effects ^u ,london & ! population ( ,london2 ^u its l& values2 ^u its municipal debt1 & its municipal assets2 ^u ,london z a lab\r m>ket2 ^u ! homes ( its p2 ^u its op5 spaces1 & ^u ! great und]tak+s :i* our sociali/ic & municipal re=m]s are at ! pres5t mom5t s anxi\s to secure8 ,fir/1 notice t gr\nd values w fall enorm\sly6 ,( c\rse1 s long z ! #aba squ>e miles out ( ! #eh1jjj squ>e miles ( ,engl& ex]cise a magnetic attraction s great z to draw to x "o-fif? ( ! :ole population1 :o compete fi]cely ) ea* o!r = ! "r to occupy ! l& )9 t small area1 s long w t l& h a monopoly price4 ,b de-magnetise t p1 conv9ce l>ge numb]s ( !m t !y c bett] _! condition 9 e way by migrat+ else:]e1 & :at becomes ( t monopoly value8 ,its spell is brok51 & ! great bubble bur/s4 ,b ! life & e>n+s ( ,london]s are n only 9 pawn to ! own]s ( its soil1 :o k9dly p]mit !m to live ^u x at enorm\s r5ts--#af1jjj1jjj p] annum1 repres5t+ ! pres5t gr\nd value ( ,london1 :i* is ye>ly increas+2 b !y are also 9 pawn to ! ext5t ( ab\t #dj1jjj1jjj1 repres5t+ ,london's municipal debts4 ,b notice ?is4 ,a municipal debtor is q diff]5t f an ord9>y debtor 9 "o mo/ important respect4 ,he c escape paym5t by migration4 ,he has b to move away f a giv5 municipal area1 & he at once1 ipso facto1 %akes (f n only all 8 obligations to 8 l&lord1 b also all 8 obligations to 8 municipal cr$itors4 ,x is true1 :5 he migrates he mu/ assume ! burd5 ( a new municipal r5t1 & ( a new municipal debt2 b ^! 9 our new cities w repres5t an extremely small & dim9i%+ fraction ( ! burd5 n[ borne1 & ! temptation to migrate w1 = ?is & _m o!r reasons1 be extremely /rong4 ,b n[ let u notice h[ ea* p]son 9 migrat+ f ,london1 :ile mak+ ! burd5 ( gr\nd-r5ts less heavy = ^? :o rema91 w 7unless !re be "s *ange 9 ! law71 make ! burd5 ( rates on ! ratepay]s ( ,london yet heavi]4 ,=1 ?\gh ea* p]son 9 migrat+ w enable ^? :o rema9 to make bett] & yet bett] t]ms ) _! l&lords2 on ! o!r h&1 ! municipal debt rema9+ ! same1 ! int]e/ on x w h to be borne by few] & yet few] p1 & ?us ! relief to ! work+ population :i* comes f r$uc$ r5t w be l>gely disc\nt$ by increas$ rates1 & 9 ?is way ! temptation to migrate w cont9ue1 & yet fur!r population w remove1 mak+ ! debt ev] a l>g] & l>g] burd51 till at l5g?1 ?\gh accompani$ by a /ill fur!r r$uction ( r5t1 x may become intol]able4 ,( c\rse ?is huge debt ne$ nev] h be5 incurr$4 ,_h ,london be5 built on municipally-own$ l&1 its r5ts w\ld n only h easily provid$ = all curr5t exp5diture1 )\t any ne$ = a levy ( rates or = incurr+ loans = long p]iods1 b x w\ld h be5 enabl$ to own its own wat]-supply & _m o!r useful & pr(it-be>+ und]tak+s1 in/ead ( be+ 9 its pres5t position ) va/ debts & small assets4 ,b a vici\s & immoral sy/em is b\nd ultimately to snap1 & :5 ! break+-po9t is rea*$1 ! own]s ( ,london's bonds w1 l ! own]s ( ,london's l&1 h to make t]ms ) a p :o c apply ! simple rem$y ( migrat+ & build+ a bett] & bright] civilisation else:]e1 if !y are n all[$ to rebuild on a j & reasonable basis on ! site ( _! anci5t city4 ,we may next notice1 v briefly1 ! be>+ ( ?is migration ( population ^u two great problems--! problem ( ! h\s+ ( ! p ( ,london1 & ! problem ( f9d+ employm5t = ^? :o rema94 ,! r5ts n[ paid by ! work+ population ( ,london1 = accommodation mo/ mis]able & insuffici5t1 repres5ts ea* ye> a l>g] & l>g] proportion ( income1 :ile ! co/ ( mov+ to & f "w1 cont9ually increas+1 (t5 repres5ts 9 "t & money a v consid]able tax4 ,b imag9e ! population ( ,london fall+1 & fall+ rapidly2 ! migrat+ p e/abli%+ !mselves :]e r5ts are extremely l[1 & :]e _! "w is )9 easy-walk+ di/ance ( _! homes6 ,obvi\sly1 h\se-prop]ty 9 ,london w fall 9 r5tal value1 & fall enorm\sly4 ,slum prop]ty w s9k to z]o1 & ! :ole work+ population w move into h\ses ( a class q above ^? :i* !y c n[ af=d to occupy4 ,families :i* are n[ compell$ to huddle toge!r 9 "o room w be able to r5t five or six1 & ?us w ! h\s+ problem tempor>ily solve itself by ! simple process ( a dim9ution 9 ! numb]s ( ! t5ants4 ,b :at w become ( ?is slum prop]ty8 ,its p[] to extort a l>ge proportion ( ! h>d e>n+s ( ! ,london poor gone = ev]1 w x yet rema9 an eye-sore & a blot1 ?\gh no long] a dang] to heal? & an outrage on dec5cy8 ,no4 ,^! wret*$ slums w be pull$ d[n1 & _! sites occupi$ by p>ks1 recreation gr\nds1 & allotm5t g>d5s4 ,& ?is *ange1 z well z _m o!rs1 w be effect$1 n at ! exp5se ( ! ratepay]s1 b almo/ entirely at ! exp5se ( ! l&lord class3 9 ?is s5se1 at lea/1 t su* gr\nd r5ts z are /ill paid by ! p ( ,london 9 respect ( ^? classes ( prop]ty :i* reta9 "s r5tal value w h to be> ! burd5 ( improv+ ! city4 ,nor w1 ,i ?9k1 ! compulsion ( any ,act ( ,p>liam5t be necess>y to effect ?is result3 x w probably be a*iev$ by ! volunt>y action ( ! l&[n]s1 compell$1 by a ,nemesis f :om !re is no escape1 to make "s re/itution = ! great inju/ice :i* !y h s long committ$4 ,= obs]ve :at mu/ inevitably happ54 ,a va/ field ( employm5t be+ op5$ outside ,london1 unless a correspond+ field ( employm5t is op5$ )9 x1 ,london mu/ die1--:5 ! l&[n]s w be 9 a sorry plight4 ,else:]e new cities are be+ built3 ,london !n mu/ be trans=m$4 ,else:]e ! t[n is invad+ ! c\ntry3 "h ! c\ntry mu/ invade ! t[n4 ,else:]e cities are be+ built on ! t]ms ( pay+ l[ prices = l&1 & ( !n ve/+ su* l& 9 ! new municipalities3 9 ,london correspond+ arrangem5ts mu/ be made or no "o w cons5t to build4 ,else:]e1 ow+ to ! fact t !re are b few int]e/s to buy out1 improvem5ts ( all k9ds c g =w>d rapidly & sci5tifically3 9 ,london simil> improvem5ts c only be c>ri$ out if ve/$ int]e/s recognise ! inevitable & accept t]ms :i* may seem ridicul\s1 b are no m s ?an ^? :i* a manufactur] (t5 f9ds himself compell$ to submit to1 :o sells = a ridicul\sly l[ price ! ma*9e :i* has co/ a v l>ge sum1 = ! simple reason t !re is a f> bett] "o 9 ! m>ket1 & t x no long] pays1 9 ! face ( ke5 competition1 to "w ! inf]ior ma*9e4 ,! displacem5t ( capital w1 no d\bt1 be enorm\s1 b ! implacem5t ( lab\r w be yet great]4 ,a few may be made comp>atively poor1 b ! _m w be made comp>atively ri*--a v heal?y *ange1 ! slight evils att5d+ :i* society w be well able to mitigate4 ,!re are already visible symptoms ( ! com+ *ange--rumbl+s :i* prec$e ! e>?quake4 ,london at ?is v mom5t may be said to be on /rike aga9/ its l&[n]s4 ,long-desir$ ,london improvem5ts are await+ su* a *ange 9 ! law z w ?r[ "s ( ! co/ ( mak+ !m ^u ! l&[n]s ( ,london4 ,railways are project$1 b 9 "s cases are n built--= in/ance1 ,! ,epp+ ,=e/ ,railway--because ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 mo/ prop]ly anxi\s to keep d[n ! f>es by workm5's tra9s1 press = & secure1 at ! h&s ( a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee1 ! imposition ( t]ms ^u ! promot]s :i* seem to !m extremely on]\s & unremun]ative1 b :i* w\ld pay ! company extremely well 7 x n = ! prohibitive price ask$ = l& & o!r prop]ty along ! l9e ( its project$ r\te4 ,^! *ecks ^u ent]prise mu/ affect ! gr[? ( ,london ev5 n[1 & make x less rapid ?an x o!rwise w\ld be2 b :5 ! untold treasures ( our l& are unlock$1 & :5 ! p n[ liv+ 9 ,london discov] h[ easily ve/$ int]e/s1 )\t be+ attack$1 may be circumv5t$1 !n ! l&[n]s ( ,london & ^? :o repres5t o!r ve/$ int]e/s _h bett] quickly make t]ms1 or ,london1 besides be+ :at ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 t]m$ 8a squalid village10 w also become a des]t$ "o4 ,b bett] c\nsels1 let u hope1 w prevail1 & a new city rise on ! a%es ( ! old4 ,! task w inde$ be difficult4 ,easy1 comp>atively1 is x to lay out on virg9 soil ! plan ( a magnific5t city1 su* z repres5t$ on our ,diagram #e4 ,( f> great] difficulty is ! problem--ev5 if all ve/$ int]e/s freely effac$ !mselves--( rebuild+ a new city on an old site1 & t site occupi$ by a huge population4 ,b ?is1 at lea/1 is c]ta91 t ! pres5t area ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ought n 7if heal? & beauty1 & t :i* is too frequ5tly put 9 ! front rank--rapid production ( weal? =ms--are to be consid]$7 to conta9 m ?an1 say1 "o-fif? ( its pres5t population2 & t new sy/ems ( railways1 sew]age1 dra9age1 light+1 p>ks1 etc41 mu/ be con/ruct$ if ,london is to be sav$1 :ile ! :ole sy/em ( production & ( di/ribution mu/ und]go *anges z complete & z rem>kable z 0 ! *ange f a sy/em ( b>t] to our pres5t complicat$ comm]cial sy/em4 ,proposals = ! recon/ruction ( ,london h already be5 project$4 ,9 #ahhc ! late ,mr4 ,william ,we/g>? (f]$ ! ,society ( ,arts ! sum ( #a1bjj to be aw>d$ 9 prizes = essays on ! be/ means ( provid+ dwell+s = ! ,london poor1 & on ! recon/ruction ( ,c5tral ,london--an (f] :i* br\ght =w>d sev]al s*emes ( "s boldness4#ca ,m rec5tly a book by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,caw/on1 entitl$ 8,a ,compreh5sive ,s*eme = ,/reet ,improvem5ts 9 ,london10 0 publi%$ by ,/an=d1 :i* conta9s 9 its introduction ! foll[+ /rik+ passage3--8,! lit]ature relat+ to ,london1 ext5sive z x is1 conta9s no "w :i* aims at ! solution ( "o problem ( va/ int]e/ to ,london]s4 ,!y are beg9n+ to realise1 p>tly by _! m & m ext5sive travels1 & p>tly ?r\gh _! ,am]ican & =eign critics1 t ! gigantic gr[? ( _! capital1 )\t ! controll+ guidance ( a municipality1 has result$ 9 n only ! bigge/1 b 9 probably ! mo/ irregul>1 inconv5i5t1 & unme?odical collection ( h\ses 9 ! _w4 ,a compreh5sive plan = ! trans=mation ( ,p>is has be5 gradually develop$ s9ce #ahdh2 slums h disappe>$ f ,b]l9 s9ce #ahgj2 eighty-eight acres 9 ! c5tre ( ,glasg[ h be5 remodell$2 ,birm+ham has trans=m$ n9ety-?ree acres ( squalid slums into magnific5t /reets flank$ by ar*itectural build+s2 ,vi5na1 hav+ complet$ h] /ately out] r+1 is ab\t to remodel h] inn] city3 & ! aim ( ! writ] is to %[1 by example & illu/ration1 9 :at way ! means successfully employ$ = improv+ ^! cities c be be/ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ,london40 ,! "t = ! complete recon/ruction ( ,london--:i* w ev5tually take place on a f> m compreh5sive scale ?an t n[ exhibit$ 9 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,glasg[1 ,birm+ham1 or ,vi5na--has1 h[ev]1 n yet come4 ,a simpl] problem mu/ fir/ be solv$4 ,"o small ,g>d5 ,city mu/ be built z a work+ model1 & !n a gr\p ( cities su* z t dealt ) 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,^! tasks done1 & done well1 ! recon/ruction ( ,london mu/ inevitably foll[1 & ! p[] ( ve/$ int]e/s to block ! way w h be5 almo/1 if n entirely1 remov$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 fir/ b5d all our en]gies to ! small] ( ^! tasks1 ?9k+ only ( ! l>g] tasks :i* lie beyond z inc5tives to a det]m9$ l9e ( imm$iate action1 & z a means ( realis+ ! great value ( little ?+s if done 9 ! "r mann] & 9 ! "r _s4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,x is sc>cely necess>y to give in/ances ( :at is meant2 b "o t occurs to my m9d is t ?is assumption ( ! cont9u$ gr[? ( ,london =ms "o ( ! fundam5tal premises ( ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,metropolitan ,wat] ,supply1 #ahic4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is satisfactory to note t ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has rec5tly entirely *ang$ 8 views z to ! future gr[? ( ,london 7see 8,anticipations10 *ap4 ii4 74 ,read also 8,! ,di/ribution ( ,indu/ry10 by ,p4 ,w4 ,wilson1 9 8! ,he>t ( ! ,empire0 7,fi%] ,unw971 & ,pap] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,madg51 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 on 8,indu/rial ,r$i/ribution10 ,society ( ,arts ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y1 #aijb4 ,see also note on page #ca4 #ca ,see 8,recon/ruction ( ,c5tral ,london0 7,george ,bell & ,sons74 ,,index ,a ,act ( ,p>liam5t = en=cem5t ( rates unnecess>y1 #ff 7,see ,p>liam5t47 ,adelaide1 #abi ,adm9i/ration1 ,*apt]s vi41 vii41 viii42 effects ( dissatisfaction )1 n great] ?an 9 any o!r municipality1 #ii ,agricultural ,l&1 its l[ value comp>$ ) city l&1 #bh2 its probable future rise 9 value1 #acf ,all5's1 ,mr4 ,grant1 ,description ( ,london1 #adh ,allotm5ts1 _! fav\rable situations1 #cc ,appropriation ( weal?-=ms advocat$ by ,sociali/s1 #aag2 a new creation ( urg$ z a c\nt] programme1 #abb ,b ,bak]ies1 #hb ,balf\r1 ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j41 real "q = work+ classes is "o ( production1 n ( division1 #aaf ,bak]1 ,sir ,b5j41 ,sew]age ( ,london1 #cb2 ,london ,railways1 #aca ,banks1 ,p5ny1 precursors ( ,po/ ,(fice ,banks1 #hh2 ,pro-,municipal1 #hh ,b>wise1 ,dr41 ,wat] fam9e 9 ,d]by%ire1 #ag ,b9nie1 ,sir ,alex&]1 ,sew]age ( ,london1 #cb ,birm+ham1 pr(its on gas1 #fg ,blake's resolve1 #bj ,b(f91 ,mr4 & ,mrs41 #gj ,bruce1 ,"l1 ,liquor ,traffic1 #aj ,buck+ham1 ,j4 ,s41 8 s*eme comb9$ ) o!rs1 #aaj ,build+ lots1 numb] & size1 #ci2 e/imat$ r5ts1 #da -- ,societies1 a field =1 #hi ,burns1 ,mr4 ,j41 ,m4,p41 ,l4,c4,c41 #hi ,c ,cadbury1 ,george1 & temp]ance1 #he ,capital1 ,h[ rais$1 #bj1 #dc2 security =1 #fc1 #fd 7,see 8,weal? ,=ms & ,ve/$ ,int]e/s407 ,caw/on1 ,ar?ur1 ,s*eme = ,london improvem5t1 #adi ,c5tral ,c\ncil1 ,its ,rights1 p[]s1 & duties1 #ga2 delegation ( its p[]s1 #gb2 h[ con/itut$1 #gd ,*amb]la91 ,"r ,hon4 ,joseph1 ,limits ( ,municipal activity1 #fh ,*>itable ,in/itutions1 #bg1 #fe ,*e/]1 ,bi%op (1 ,temp]ance1 #he ,*ildr5 & wat] fam9e1 #ag2 ne>ness to s*ools1 #dh ,*9a1 ,alleg$ effects ( opium1 #aj ,*ur*es1 #bd1 #ci ,circle ,railway1 #be2 co/ (1 #eh1 #fj2 ,railway & ,canal ,traffic ,act 7#ahid71 #fj ,cities1 ,al>m+ gr[? (1 #aa2 true mode ( gr[?1 #ea1 #abh ,clif=d1 on gr[? ( railways1 #abg ,cobbett1 on ,london1 #aa ,common own]%ip ( l&1 h[ br\ght ab\t1 #ba1 #abd ,communism1 ,difficulties (1 #ie-f ,comp5sation = improvem5ts1 #cd ,competition1 ,r5ts fix$ by1 #ba2 z te/ ( sy/ems1 #bf1 #gd2 effect on prices1 #hj ,consum]s' ,league1 #hc ,co-op]ative f>ms1 #be -- kit*5s1 #bd -- organisation & disorganisation1 #ij -- /ores1 #hb -- pr9ciple1 ample scope = gr[? (1 #bg1 #gj1 #hd ,c\ntry1 depopulation (1 #aa ,c\ntry life & t[n life contra/$ & comb9$1 #ae1 #ai ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 ,l>g] p[]s =1 #acd ,c[ pa/ures1 #be ,cricket fields1 #fc ,cry/al ,palace1 #bc1 #gg ,d ,daily ,*ronicle4 ,co/ ( re-h\s+1 #ec ,daily ,news4 ,life 9 our villages1 #ab ,deb5tures ,a1 ,rate ( int]e/ & h[ secur$1 #bj1 #ba -- ,b1 ,rate ( int]e/ & h[ secur$1 #dc1 #fc ,dep>tm5ts1 ,!1 #gc ,di/ribution1 ,a m j1 ( weal?1 comb9$ ) great] production1 #aag ,e ,electricity1 pr(it on1 9 ,man*e/]1 #fg ,electric light1 #be1 #ca ,e/imates1 #eh ,f ,factories1 #be2 diagram1 #c2 e/imat$ r5ts1 #da ,failures f\ndation ( success1 #id2 causes ( =m] consid]$1 *ap4 ix4 ,fairman1 ,frank1 ,poor _c be rais$ )\t depress+ ri*1 #aaf ,f>quh>son1 ,dr41 on r+s ( middlem51 #cb ,f>r>1 ,dean1 ,gr[? ( cities1 #aa ,fields1 f>ms1 & work%ops1 ,krapotk91 #ca ,floods & wat] fam9e1 #ag ,=ce )\t1 comp>$ ) impulse )91 #ach ,fre$om4 7,see ,lib]ty47 ,g ,george1 ,h5ry1 ,all blame on l&lords1 #abd ,gor/1 ,sir ,john1 on gr[? ( cities1 #aa1 #ai ,gr& ,arcade4 7,see ,cry/al ,palace & ,local ,option47 -- ,av5ue1 #bd1 #ci1 #dj ,gre51 ,j4 ,r41 on sudd5 *anges1 #i ,gr\nd r5ts #as4 #a;d4 p] head1 #ci2 h[ appli$1 #dj ,h ,haw?orne4 ,human nature1 l a potato1 requires transplant+1 #abf ,hobson4 ,physiology ( indu/ry1 #ia ,hyndman1 ,mr41 ,views (1 #aai ,i ,increm5t ( l& value secur$ by migrants1 #bi ,individual ta/e enc\rag$1 #bd ,individualism1 an excell5t pr9ciple1 b %\ld be associat$ ) co-op]ation1 #if2 ?us c>ry+ out pr9ciple advocat$ by ,"l ,roseb]y1 #aag2 society may become m ,individuali/ic & m ,sociali/ic1 #aaf ,indu/ry1 ,r$i/ribution (1 #adb ,inspection1 #bd ,insurance aga9/ accid5t or sickness1 #bh ,int]e/4 7,see ,deb5tures47 ,isolat$ ef=ts1 necessity =1 #ie ,issues1 di/9ct1 rais$ at election times1 #ge ,j ,j]usalem1 ,blake's ,resolution1 #bj ,k ,kidd1 ,mr4 ,b5j41 on antagonism betwe5 int]e/s ( society & ( individual1 #aag ,krapotk91 ,pr9ce1 ,fields1 f>ms1 & work%ops1 #ca ,l ,lab\r lead]s1 a programme =1 #ij -- sav+ ma*9]y1 object lesson 91 #ee ,l& comp>$ ) o!r weal? =ms1 #aah1 #abb ,l&lord1 ,av]age man a pot5tial1 #abd2 l&lords w become divid$ into two camps1 #ace1 #acf2 _! ,nemesis1 #adg ,l&lord's r5t1 mean+ ( t]m1 #ce2 insignificant am\nt 9 ,g>d5 ,city1 #ci ,l& sy/em may be attack$ )\t attack+ individuals1 #bh1 #abd1 #ace ,l>ge f>ms1 #be ,laundries1 #hb ,lawn t5nis c\rts1 #fc ,leases conta9 fav\rable cov5ants1 #dj ,lib]ty1 ,pr9ciples (1 fully obs]v$1 #bf1 #hg1 #if1 #aab1 #ada ,libr>y ,public1 #bb2 diagram1 #c2 co/1 #eh1 #fb ,light+1 #be1 #bf1 #ff ,local option & %opp+1 #gg2 its effects on prices1 quality1 & wages1 #hj2 x dim9i%es risks1 #hj2 r$uces work+ exp5ses1 #hb2 *ecks sweat+1 #hc2 application to liquor traffic1 #hd ,local ,self-gov]nm5t1 ,problem (1 solv$1 #gb ,london1 ,gr[? (1 ,"l ,roseb]y on1 #aa2 high r5ts1 #bh1 #add2 _! imp5d+ fall1 #add2 sew]age sy/em 8unalt]ably settl$10 #cc2 area too small = its population1 #ch2 gr[? *aotic1 #eb2 ,g>d5 ,city contra/$ )1 #ea2 co/ ( its s*ool sites & build+s comp>$ ) ,g>d5 ,city1 #dh2 co/ ( dwell+s contra/$1 #ec1 #ed2 excessive numb] ( %ops1 #ha2 want ( railroad sy/em1 #aca2 contra/ ) ,g>d5 ,city's sy/em1 #acj2 its future1 *ap4 xiii42 its cont9u$ gr[? g5]ally anticipat$1 #adb2 ?is leads to mi/ak5 policy ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #adc2 its l>ge debt & small assets1 #add1 #ade2 simultane\s fall ( gr\nd values & rise ( rates z ! )drawal ( population makes debt p] head l>g]1 #ade2 co/ ( mov+ to & f "w ev] increas+1 #adf2 comp>ison ) ,g>d5 ,city 9 ?is respect2 slum prop]ty falls to z]o1 #adf2 trans=mation ( ,london1 #adg2 ,london on /rike aga9/ its l&lords1 #adh2 ! 8squalid village10 unless entirely recon/ruct$1 w become des]t$1 #adh2 proposals = recon/ruction (1 #adi ,m ,ma*9]y1 #ee ,madg51 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l41 on ,indu/rial ,r$i/ribution1 #adb ,magnets1 ,! ,?ree1 #af ,managem5t exp5ses1 #fb ,man*e/]1 pr(it on electricity1 #fg ,mann1 ,tom1 on ! depopulation ( ! c\ntry1 #ac ,manufactur]s1 *oice ( workm51 #gg ,m>kets1 #gf2 t[n =ms a natural m>ket = f>m]s1 #bb1 #bf ,m>%all1 ,pr(essor1 on ,london ov]cr[d+1 #ch2 on organis$ migration1 #ajd ,m>%all1 ,a4 & ,m4 ,p41 on excessive numb] ( %ops 9 ,london1 #ha ,ma/]-,key1 #ac 8,m]rie ,engl&10 inconsi/5cy ( its proposals1 #abj ,mexico exp]im5t1 #ih ,middlem51 _! numb] r$uc$1 #cb ,migration1 organis$1 secures1 7a7 comb9$ advantages ( t[n & c\ntry1 *apt]s i41 ii41 iii41 etc42 7b7 full increm5t ( l& values = migrants1 #bi2 7c7 sav+ ( comp5sation 9 respect ( bus9ess di/urbance1 #dg1 #ec2 7d7 l>ge r$uction 9 railway rates1 #cb1 #ea2 7e7 ! advantages & economies ( a well-plann$ city1 #ea2 7f7 a spl5did sy/em ( wat] supply )9 its own t]ritory2 7g7 proximity ( work]s to "w1 #ed2 7h7 a great] ext5t ( local self-gov]nm5t1 #gb2 7i7 pl5ty ( space & avoids ov]cr[d+1 #hh2 7j7 opportunities = economic use ( money1 #ib2 7k7 a way ( escape f pres5t municipal obligations1 #add2 7l7 a field ( "w = unemploy$1 #ic2 is advocat$ by ,wakefield1 #ajb2 by ,pr(essor ,m>%all1 #ajd ,milk1 sav+ effect$ 9 ! case (1 #cb ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 8 endorsem5t ( ,wakefield1 #ajd2 on ! ephem]al nature ( weal?1 #aah ,misgov]nm5t1 *eck ^u1 #ga ,money n consum$ by be+ sp5t1 #ia2 importance ( disp5s+ ) its unnecess>y use1 #ib2 set free f its en*antm5t1 #ic ,monopoly1 no rigid1 #bg2 evils ( may be avoid$ 9 ! case ( %ops1 & advantages ( competition secur$1 #gi ,morley1 ,"r ,hon4 ,j41 on ,temp]ance1 #aj2 on ! gradual adoption ( new ideas1 #hf ,mumm]y & ,hobson1 8,physiology ( ,indu/ry10 #ia ,municipal ent]prise1 gr[? (1 h[ det]m9$1 #bg1 #gj2 its limits1 #fi1 #gj2 at pres5t small range comp>$ ) private1 #ii ,n ,nationalisation mu/ be prec$$ by humbl] tasks1 #hi ,neale1 ,mr4 ,v41 on excessive numb] ( %ops 9 ,london1 #ha ,ne$1 ,an urg5t1 #aad ,nunquam4 7,see ,m]rie ,engl&47 ,o ,old age p5sions4 7,see ,p5sions47 ,ord] & fre$om1 reconciliation (1 #ada1 #adb ,ov]-cr[d+ prev5t$1 #hh ,ow51 ,a4 ,k41 ,exp]im5t (1 #ih ,p ,p>ks & g>d5s1 #bb1 #bd1 #ci2 co/ (1 #fb ,p>liam5t>y p[]s unnecess>y 9 ! e>ly /ages ( railway ent]prise1 b requisite lat]2 s 9 relation to ! re=m initiat$ by propos$ exp]im5t1 #abf1 #acd ,p5sions1 #bh1 #fe ,petavel1 ,capt41 #fa ,philan?ropic in/itutions1 #bg1 #fe1 #ff ,plan1 importance ( 9 build+ cities1 #ea ,playgr\nds4 7,see ,p>ks47 ,police1 #ff ,poor law adm9i/ration1 #ff ,p[]1 #be ,prices rais$ to produc]1 dim9i%$ to consum]1 #cb1 #ada ,private & public ent]prise4 7,see ,municipal47 ,production1 ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r on necessity ( increas$ production1 #aaf2 increas$ production secur$ & di/ribution r5d]$ m j1 #aaf ,pro-,municipal ent]prise1 *ap4 viii4 ,public-h\ses4 7,see ,temp]ance47 ,public-h\ses1 ,tru/1 #he ,r ,railways1 _! rapid gr[?1 #abg2 a c>efully plann$ sy/em (1 #acj2 *aos 9 ,london1 #aca2 con/ruction ( railway sy/em 0 8a l>ge ord]20 a l>g] "o rema9s to be execut$1 #aci1 #adj ,railway rates1 r$uction 91 #cb1 #ea1 #fj1 #ada 8,rate r5t10 mean+ ( t]m1 #cd1 #ce2 rev5ue rais$ entirely by rate-r5ts1 :i* are fix$ by competition1 #ba1 #bf1 #bh1 #gc2 t5ants 9 occupation h "s pref]5ce1 #cd2 assess$ by a committee1 #gc2 e/imate (1 f agricultural e/ate1 *ap4 ii42 f t[n e/ate1 *ap4 iii42 :at ^! suffice to d1 *ap4 iv4 & v4 ,rates levi$ by outside bodies1 provision =1 #eh1 #fe ,recreation1 boat+1 ba?+1 etc4 7,see ,p>ks47 ,r5ts1 computation (1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #cj 8,revolution1 ,! ,com+10 #ca ,revolution1 ,social1 at h&1 #acd ,rhodes1 ,dr41 on gr[? ( cities1 #ab ,risk ( %opkeep]s1 #hj ,roads1 co/ ( ma9t5ance small1 #be2 e/imat$ co/1 #ei ,roseb]y1 ,"l1 comp>es ,london to a tum\r1 #aa2 on borr[+ f ,individualism & ,socialism1 #aag ,rusk91 ,mr4 ,j41 #bj ,s ,sanitation1 #bd ,/4 ,james ,gazette on dang]\s gr[? ( cities1 #ab ,s*ools1 sites =1 #bd2 comp>ison ) ,london1 #dg2 e/imat$ co/ ( build+s & ma9t5ance1 #eh1 #fa ,semi-municipal indu/ry1 mean+ ( t]m1 #gf ,sewage1 #be2 co/ ( sy/em1 #eh2 difficulties 9 ,london1 #cb ,%aw-,lefevre1 ,"r ,hon4 ,g4 ,j41 on *aotic gr[? ( ,london1 #eb ,%ops1 factories1 etc41 e/imat$ r5ts f1 #da2 excess ( 9 ,london1 #ha2 multiplication ( prev5t$1 #gh2 risk ( %op-keep]s r$uc$1 #hj 7,see ,local ,option & ,cry/al ,palace47 ,s9k+ fund = l&1 #ba1 #bh1 #cd1 #db2 = works1 #eh1 #fe ,slum prop]ty decl9es to z]o1 #adf2 is de/roy$ & sites conv]t$ into p>ks1 #adf ,small hold+s1 #be ,smoke1 abs5ce (1 #be ,social cities1 *ap4 xii4 ,socialism1 does n repres5t a basis on :i* an exp]im5t c safely proce$1 #ig2 inconsi/5cy ( ,sociali/ic writ]s1 #aah2 _! neglect ( ! l& "q1 #abc2 _! ?reats little he$$1 #ace2 & _! ef=ts meet ) little success1 #acg ,sp5ce1 s*eme ( common l& adm9i/]$ by p>i%1 #ajf2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & my own *iefly "o ( me?od1 #ajg ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 advocat$ common l& adm9i/]$ by ,/ate1 #ajg2 8 reasons = )draw+ 8 proposals1 7a7 evils att5d+ ,/ate control1 #ajh2 7b my s*eme1 l ,sp5ce's1 free f ^! evils1 #aji72 7b7 difficulty ( acquir+ l& on equitable t]ms1 & ( yet mak+ x remun]ative to pur*as]s1 #ajh2 7?is difficulty completely ov]come 9 my proposals1 #aji72 ! 8dictum ( absolute e?ics0 t all m5 are equally entitl$ to ! use ( ! e>? practically realis$ "u my s*eme1 #aaj2 8 objection on pr9ciple to ,/ate control rebuk$ out ( 8 own m\?1 #aji ,/>1 ,!1 on depopulation ( c\ntry1 #ab ,/r& to ,holborn1 new /reet1 #eb ,/rikes1 ! true & ! false1 #ij2 ( ,london aga9/ l&lordism1 #adh ,subways1 gr[+ ne$ =1 #ed2 _! economy1 #ei ,sweat+1 opportunity = public consci5ce to express itself1 aga9/1 #hc ,t ,temp]ance1 ,"r ,hon4 ,john ,morley on1 #aj2 ,"l ,bruce on1 #aj2 exp]im5t may lead to temp]ance re=m1 #hd ,! ,times on sudd5 *anges1 #i -- ,?ree ,magnets1 ,diagram #a1 #af ,tillett1 ,mr4 ,b51 on depopulation ( c\ntry1 #ab ,topolobampo exp]im5t1 #ih ,t[n life & c\ntry life contra/$ & comb9$1 #af-ai ,tramways1 #ff1 #aca ,trees1 #bc1 #ci1 #fc ,u 8,une>n$ increm5t0 a misnom]1 #bi ,v ,v>iety 9 ar*itecture1 #bd2 9 cultivation ( soil1 #be2 9 employm5ts1 #aaa ,ve/$ ,int]e/s1 indirectly ?reat5$1 become divid$1 #ace2 ! same ?+ has occurr$ be=e1 #ace2 ve/$ int]e/s ( skill1 lab\r1 en]gy1 tal5t1 & indu/ry1 ! mo/ important ( all ve/$ int]e/s consolidat$ by ! same =ce :i* divides ! ve/$ int]e/s ( l& & capital 9 twa91 #ach ,villages1 ,depopulation (4 7,see ,c\ntry47 ,w ,wages1 ,effect ( competition ^u1 #ha ,wakefield1 ,art ( ,colonisation1 #ajb2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's view ( x1 #ajd ,w>1 implem5ts (1 drop d[n1 #adj ,w>d1 ,mrs4 ,humphrey1 all *anges prec$$ by sporadic ef=ts1 #id ,w>ds1 t[n divid$ into by b\lev>ds1 #bb2 ea* w>d 9 a s5se a complete t[n1 #de2 "w on "o practically complete be=e comm5c+ on ano!r1 #de ,wa/e products1 utilisation (1 #cc ,wat]1 sc>city ( 9 c\ntry1 #ag ,wat]-supply usually a s\rce ( rev5ue1 #ff ,weal?-=ms = ! mo/ "p extremely ephem]al1 #aah2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill on1 #aah ,wells1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 on future gr[? ( ,london1 #adb ,we/g>?1 ,mr4 ,william1 prizes = essays on recon/ruction ( ,london1 #adi ,wilson1 ,p4 ,w41 on ! di/ribution ( indu/ry1 #adb ,w9t] ,g>d54 7,see ,cry/al ,palace47 ,wom5 may fill all (fices 9 municipality1 #ge ,"w1 pl5ty (1 #ee1 #hh1 #abb1 #acj1 #adg ,workm5's tra9s1 #adh ,,po/script4 8,to-,morr[10 ( :i* ?is book is sub/antially a reproduction1 hav+ be5 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( #ahih1 ! read] :o has foll[$ me ?us f> w be int]e/$ to le>n :at has be5 done1 & :at is propos$ to be done to realise ! project :i* 0 !re set =?4 ,i w endeav\r to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,at ! outset1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! fir/ ?+ 0 to make ! project widely kn[n--t ! city :i* 0 pictur$ s vividly 9 my own m9d mu/ be pictur$ m or less vividly by _m1 & t a /rong & widespread desire = its up-re>+ mu/ be creat$ be=e a s+le /ep c\ld be wisely tak5 to put ! project 9 a concrete =m4 ,= ! task be=e me 01 ,i 0 fully consci\s1 a mo/ difficult "o1 & dem&$ ! he>ty co-op]ation ( m5 & ( wom5#cb exp]i5c$ 9 v num]\s dep>tm5ts ( human activity2 & _m ( ^! _h to be rea*$ & enli/$4 ,city build+1 z a delib]ately ?\ght-out ent]prise1 is inde$ a lo/ art1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 & ?is art has n only to be reviv$1 b has to be c>ri$ to f9] issues ?an ^? :o h be=e practis$ x ev] dreamt (4 ,autocrats l ,alex&] ! ,great & ,philip ,,ii4 c\ld build cities accord+ to well-?\ght out & c>efully-matur$ plans1 because !y c\ld impose _! w by =ce2 b a city :i* is to be ! outw>d expression ( a /rong desire to secure ! be/ int]e/s ( all its inhabitants c1 among a self-gov]n+ p1 only arise z ! outcome ( mu* pati5t & well-su/a9$ ef=t4 ,moreov]1 ! build+ ( ! fir/ ( su* cities necess>ily involves co-op]ation on new l9es--9 untri$ ways2 &1 z x is ess5tial t ! fre$om ( ! individual z well z ! int]e/s ( ! community %\ld be pres]v$1 v mu* "w mu/ ne$s be done to prep>e ! way = ! successful laun*+ ( su* an exp]im5t4 ,my task--h>dly a self-impos$ "o1 =1 :5 ,i comm5c$ my inve/igations _m ye>s ago1 ,i little dream$ :]e !y w\ld lead me--0 r5d]$ especially difficult by ! nature ( my pr(essional "w1 :i* x 0 impossible = me to give up2 & ,i c\ld1 !re=e1 only give odds & ends ( "t & en]gies l>gely exhau/$ to ! "w4 ,b1 =tunately1 ,i 0 n left )\t help4 ,fir/ ! press came to my aid4 8,to-,morr[0 0 v widely notic$4 ,_m books h be5 m fully review$1 b few h be5 notic$1 & fav\rably notic$1 9 su* a v>iety ( types ( j\rnals z 8,to-,morr[0 has be54 ,besides ! daily & weekly pap]s ( ,london & ! prov9ces1 ! project has be5 fav\rably comm5t$ ^u 9 j\rnals repres5t+ widely diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,i may m5tion1 m]ely z illu/rations ( ?is--8,comm]ce10 8,c\ntry ,g5tleman10 8,spectator10 8,leisure ,h\r10 8,c\rt ,circul>10 8,cl>ion10 8,build]'s ,j\rnal10 8,commonweal?10 8,"y ,man10 8,c\ncillor & ,gu>dian10 8,ladies' ,pictorial10 8,public ,heal? ,eng9e]10 8,municipal ,j\rnal10 8,argus10 8,veget>ian10 8,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+10 8,lab\r ,cop>tn]%ip10 8,hospital10 8,bro!rhood10 8,municipal ,re=m]40 ,nor 0 ! reason ( ?is widespread int]e/ difficult to discov]4 ,! project1 inde$1 t\*es life at e po9t1 & :5 once c>ri$ out w be an object-lesson :i* mu/ h f>-rea*+ & b5eficial results4 ,b1 al?\gh approval ( my aims 0 g5]al1 d\bts 7 (t51 especially at fir/1 express$ z to _! realisability4 ,?us1 ! 8,times0 said3 8,! details ( adm9i/ration1 taxation1 etc41 "w out to p]fection4 ,! only difficulty is to create ! city1 b t is a small matt] to ,utopians40 ,if ?is be s1 !n1 by ! 8,times'0 own %[+1 ,i am no ,utopian1 = to me ! build+ ( ! city is :at ,i h long set my m9d ^u1 & x is ) me no 8small matt]40 ,a few mon?s aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 ! 8,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+0 put my case v =cibly ?us3 8,:y %\ld ! creation ( a t[n be an insup]able difficulty4 ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,mat]ials = a t5tative realisation ( ,mr ,h[>d's ideal city exi/ 9 abundance 9 ,london at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,"t & aga9 x is ann\nc$ t "s ,london firm h transf]r$ _! factory to ,rugby1 or ,dun/able1 or ,high ,wycombe = bus9ess reasons4 ,x ought n to be impossible to sy/ematise ?is movem5t & give ! old c\ntry "s new t[ns 9 :i* intellig5t design %all direct ! social work+s ( economic =ces40 ,9 my sp>e "t ,i lectur$ on ! ,g>d5 ,city1 ! fir/ lecture aft] publication be+ giv5 9 ,decemb]1 #ahih1 at ! ,rectory ,road ,congregational ,*ur*1 ,/oke ,new+ton1 ,n4 ,9 ! *air 0 ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,"y1 pa/ ,presid5t1 ,in/itute ( ,actu>ies1 & ,i 0 support$ also by ,dr4 ,=man1 ,a4,l4,c4,c42 ,rev4 ,c4 ,flem+ ,williams1 ,a4,l4,c4,c42 ,mr4 ,james ,bran*1 ,l4,c4,c42 & ,mr4 ,lamp>d1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,! lecture 0 well report$ 9 a local j\rnal1 & ,i spe$ily f\nd t1 by means ( lectures1 int]e/ 9 ! project c\ld be wid5$1 because ! subject made 8good copy40 ,i1 !re=e1 z f> z possible1 h always giv5 lectures :5 reque/$1 & h spok5 9 ,london1 ,glasg[1 ,man*e/]1 & _m prov9cial t[ns4 ,fri5ds1 too1 began to help1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,bruce ,wallace1 ,m4,a41 ( ,bro!rhood ,*ur* be+ among ! fir/ to lecture ^u ! project2 nor %all ,i ev] =get ! pleasure ,i felt at he>+ 8 simple & =cible exposition ( x4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( 8,to-,morr[10 ,i began to receive _m lett]s1 & ^! (t5 f bus9ess m54 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! 0 f ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,bootl&1 ( ,daisy ,bank ,mills1 ,new*ur*1 ne> ,w>r+ton1 :o wrote he>tily comm5d+ ! project z 8s\nd bus9ess10 & yet z likely to conf] great public b5efits4 ,aft] a few mon?s ( su* fitful "w z ,i c\ld und]take1 ,i consult$ a fri5d1 ,mr ,f4 ,w4 ,fle>1 & we decid$ x w\ld be well to =m an ,association ) a view to secur+ support]s 9 a m sy/ematic mann]1 & ( =mulat+ ! s*eme m completely1 s t1 at z e>ly a date z possible1 a suitable organisation might be creat$ = c>ry+ x out4 ,accord+ly1 on ! #aj? ,june1 #ahii1 a few fri5ds met at ! (fices ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,w4 ,payne1 ,*>t]$ ,acc\ntant1 #gj ,f9sbury ,pavem5t1 ,e4,c41 ,mr ,fr$4 ,bi%op1 ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 9 ! *air1 & ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association 0 =m$--,mr4 ,payne be+ its fir/ ,hon4 ,treasur]1 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,/e]e1 a b>ri/]1 :o _h writt5 a v useful summ>y ( 8,to-,morr[0 9 ,uses1 its fir/ ,hon4 ,secret>y4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ! same mon?1 a public meet+ 0 held at ! ,memorial ,hall1 ,f>r+don ,/reet1 ,e4,c41 :i* 0 presid$ ov] by ,sir ,john ,l5g1 ,m4,p41 :o1 at a v %ort notice1 gave an int]e/+ outl9e ( ! project1 & urg$ ^? pres5t to support me 9 my v difficult task4 ,at ?is meet+ a ,c\ncil 0 =m$1 & at ! fir/ sitt+s ( t body ,mr4 ,t4,h4,w4 ,idris1 ,j4,p41 ,l4,c4,c41 0 elect$ *airman1 a po/ :i* he resign$ at a lat] /age on acc\nt ( ill-heal?1 ?\gh rema9+ z firmly conv9c$ z ev] ( ! s\ndness ( ! ,g>d5 ,city idea4 ,lectur]s n[ began to come =w>d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & additional int]e/ 0 af=d$ by lant]n slides & diagrams4 ,! ,association /eadily grew1 & ?ree mon?s aft] its =mation ,i 0 able to write to ! 8,citiz503--8,! ,association numb]s among/ its memb]s1 ,manufactur]s1 ,co-op]ators1 ,ar*itects1 ,arti/s1 ,m$ical ,m51 ,f9ancial ,exp]ts1 ,lawy]s1 ,m]*ants1 ,m9i/]s ( ,religion1 ,memb]s ( ! ,l4,c4,c41 ,mod]ate & ,progressive2 ,sociali/s & ,individuals1 ,radicals & ,cons]vatives40 ,our subscriptions1 h[ev]1 7 v small4 ,we _h put ! m9imum at ! democratic %ill+1 s t none %\ld be %ut out1 b1 un=tunately1 "s :o c\ld af=d mu* m 7 cont5t to subscribe t sum1 &1 f ! =mation ( ! ,association until ,augu/ #ac1 #aija--;a little m ?an two ye>s--! total subscriptions to ! g5]al funds ( ! ,association only rea*$ #bda #acs4 #i;d4 ,a *ange sudd5ly came ov] ! ,association4 ,i le>n$ e>ly 9 #aija t ,mr4 ,ralph ,neville1 ,k4,c41 _h writt5 9 8,lab\r ,cop>tn]%ip0 express+ 8 full approval ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! ,g>d5 ,city project1 & :5 ,i call$ ^u him he at once cons5t$ to jo9 our ,c\ncil1 &1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 0 unanim\sly elect$ its *airman4 ,at ab\t ! same "t1 ?\gh our f9ancial position h>dly ju/ifi$ su* a /ep1 we took an (fice ( our own1 & engag$ a paid secret>y1 :o agre$ to devote 8 :ole "t to ! "w4 ,& "h ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association 0 v =tunate4 ,x secur$ ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,adams1 a "y ,scot*man1 :o has prov$ active1 en]getic1 & res\rceful--to ^: sugge/ion 0 due ! ,conf]5ce held la/ ,septemb] at ,mr4 ,cadbury's beautiful village ( ,b\rnville1 :i* has done m ?an any?+ else to make ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association & its project kn[n to ! great public1 & to give to our memb]s ocul> pro( ( ! feasibility--inde$1 ! wond]ful success--( a s*eme 9 s _m respects l our own4#cc ,s9ce our ,annual ,meet+ 9 ,decemb] our memb]%ip has increas$--?anks ma9ly to a special ef=t ( memb]s--f #ecj to #a1cjj2 &1 z _m ( our fri5ds1 anxi\s to put ! project to ! te/ ( exp]im5t at an e>ly date1 are (f]+ to subscribe v consid]able sums1 a ,jo9t ,/ock ,company1 to be call$ ! ,g>d5 ,city ,pione] ,company1 ,limit$1 ) a small capital ( ab\t #bj1jjj1 is be+ =m$ = ! purpose ( secur+ ! option ( a site1 & ( prep>+ & pres5t+ to ! public a complete s*eme adapt$ to ! developm5t ( ! site ?us select$--a s*eme :i* w be 9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciples set =? 9 ?is book1 b diff]+1 ( c\rse1 9 _m details4 ,subscrib]s to ?is prelim9>y ,company w1 ( c\rse1 run consid]able risk2 &1 z ! pr(its1 ev5 9 ! ev5t ( ! mo/ complete success1 w only be nom9al1 ! appeal w be address$ only to ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! project z public-spirit$ citiz5s4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,g>d5 ,city ,association w give ! late/ in=mation on ?is subject1 & w also gladly enrol memb]s4 ,no "o c possibly be "u a great] obligation ?an he :o has an idea :i* he e>ne/ly wi%es to see c>ri$ out & :o f9ds o!rs help+ him to make visible t :i* exi/s only z a ?\ght4 ,"u ?is greate/ ( debts am ,i4 ,by writ+2 by speak+2 by organis+ public meet+s & draw+-room meet+s2 by sugge/ion1 enc\ragem5t1 & advice2 by secret>ial & o!r "w2 by mak+ ! project kn[n among _! fri5ds2 by subscrib+ funds = propag&a "w2 &1 n[1 by (f]+ to subscribe consid]able sums = practical /eps1 _m h help$ & are help+ me to d t :i*1 )\t _! aid1 mu/ h be5 q impossible4 ,!y h ?us multipli$ my /r5g? a ?\s&fold2 & f ! v bottom ( my he>t ,i ?ank !m = ! assurance ( spe$y success :i* _! ef=ts h ?us giv5 me4 ,ere long1 ,i tru/ we %all meet 9 ,g>d5 ,city4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,woman's influ5ce is too (t5 ignor$4 ,:5 ,g>d5 ,city is built1 z x %ortly w be1 woman's %>e 9 ! "w w be f\nd to h be5 a l>ge "o4 ,wom5 are among our mo/ active mission>ies4 #cc ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,lev] ,bro!rs1 a conf]5ce is be+ arrang$ = ,july ?is ye> at ,port ,sunlight1 a mo/ admirably plann$ indu/rial village 9 ,*e%ire4 ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,association4 ,,vice-,,presid5ts4 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,w>wick4 ,! ,e>l ( ,c>r+ton1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,l4,c4,c4 ,! ,e>l ( ,mea?1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,h]e=d4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4 ,p]cy ,ald51 ,m4,a4 ,dr4 ,tempe/ ,&]son 7,york74 ,y>bor\gh ,&]son4 ,l4 ,a4 ,a!rley-,jones1 ,k4,c41 ,m4,p4 ,william ,bak]4 ,r4 ,a4 ,b>rett 7,a%ton-"u-,lyne74 ,j4 ,williams ,b5n1 ,j4,p41 ,l4,c4,c4 ,sir ,m4 ,m4 ,bh[naggree1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,m4,p4 ,w4 ,r4 ,bootl& 7,man*e/]74 ,rev4 ,/op=d ,brooke1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,james ,bryce1 ,m4,p4 ,w4 ,p4 ,byles1 ,j4,p4 7,brad=d74 ,george ,cadbury1 ,j4,p4 7,b\rnville74 ,w4 ,s4 ,ca9e1 ,m4,p4 ,rob]t ,cam]on1 ,m4,p4 ,pr(essor ,*apman 7,man*e/]74 ,rev4 ,?omas ,*ild4 ,dr4 ,john ,clif=d1 ,m4,a4 ,miss ,m>ie ,corelli4 ,walt] ,crane4 ,ald]man ,w4 ,h4 ,dick9son1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,canon ,moore ,ede 7,sund]l&74 ,samuel ,edw>ds1 ,j4,p4 7,birm+ham74 ,! ,ma/] ( ,elibank1 ,m4,p4 ,alfr$ ,emmott1 ,m4,p4 ,f4 ,j4 ,f>quh>son1 ,j4,p4 ,mrs4 ,anna ,f>quh>son4 ,mi*ael ,flrs*eim4 ,lady ,=sy?4 ,sir ,walt] ,fo/]1 ,m4,p4 ,madame ,s>ah ,gr&4 ,corrie ,grant1 ,m4,p4 ,w4 ,w9sl[ ,hall1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,g4 ,a4 ,h>dy1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,cecil ,h>mswor?4 ,r4 ,leice/] ,h>mswor?1 ,m4,p4 ,h5ry ,b4 ,h>ris4 ,an?ony ,hope ,hawk9s4 ,! ,hon4 ,claude ,g4 ,hay1 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,rob]t ,head1 ,b>t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hobh\se1 ,m4,p4 ,h5ry ,holiday4 ,canon ,scott ,holl&4 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake4 ,rev4 ,alfr$ ,hood4 ,t4 ,h4 ,w4 ,idris1 ,j4,p4 ,b54 ,jones 7,*airman ,c4,w4,s4 ,london74 ,mrs4 ,a%ton ,jonson4 ,dean ,kit*9 7,durham74 ,george ,lamp>d1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,a4 ,l4 ,leon1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,sir ,john ,l5g1 ,m4,p4 ,w4 ,h4 ,lev] 7,port ,sunlight74 ,j4 ,w4 ,logan1 ,m4,p4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,macnam>a1 ,m4,p4 ,walt] ,t4 ,macnam>a4 ,mrs4 ,magra?4 ,r4 ,biddulph ,m>t91 ,m4,p4 ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,m>%all 7,cambridge74 ,rev4 ,f4 ,b4 ,mey]4 ,edw>d ,r4 ,p4 ,moon1 ,m4,p4 ,mrs4 ,morgan-,br[ne4 ,h>+ton ,morgan4 ,! ,hon4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji4 ,mrs4 ,ov]y4 ,gilb]t ,p>k]1 ,m4,p4 ,f4 ,platt-,higg9s1 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,rob]t ,pull> 7,p]?74 ,joseph ,r[ntree 7,york74 ,c4 ,e4 ,s*wann1 ,m4,p4 ,ar?ur ,%]well4 ,alb]t ,spic]1 ,j4,p4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,/eph5s1 ,j4,p4 ,miss ,julie ,sutt]4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sw9ton4 ,ivor ,h4 ,tuckett 7,cambridge74 ,j4 ,elliott ,v9ey4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,j4 ,bruce ,wallace1 ,m4,a4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,ri*>d ,:ite+4 ,j4 ,h4 ,:itley1 ,m4,p4 ,aneur9 ,williams4 ,ald]man ,rev4 ,flem+ ,williams1 ,l4,c4,c4 ,rob]t ,williams1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,l4,c4,c4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,wilson1 ,m4,p4 ,wm4 ,woodw>d1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,rob]t ,y]burgh1 ,m4,p4 ,t4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,j4 ,h4 ,yoxall1 ,m4,p4 ,,c\ncil4 ,*airman--,ralph ,neville1 ,k4,c4 ,hon4 ,treasur]--,a4 ,w4 ,payne1 ,f4,c4,a41 ,f4,s4,s4 ,a4 ,s4 ,e4 ,ack]man1 ,a4,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,c4 ,m4 ,bailha*e1 ,,ll4,b ,g4 ,m4 ,bi%op4 ,ar?ur ,blott4 ,miss ,edi? ,bradley 7,lady ,w>wick ,ho/el74 ,james ,bran*1 ,j4,p41 ,l4,c4,c4 ,william ,c>t]4 ,j4 ,cleghorn4 ,g4 ,crosc]4 ,f4 ,w4 ,fle>4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gray 7,secret>y1 ,co-op4 ,union ,man*e/]74 ,eb5ez] ,h[>d4 ,mrs4 ,eb5ez] ,h[>d4 ,james ,p4 ,hur/4 ,h4 ,c4 ,l&]1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,fr$4 ,w4 ,lawr5ce4 ,m4,a4 ,h4 ,d4 ,pe>sall1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,t4 ,p4 ,ritzema1 ,j4,p4 7,blackburn74 ,edw>d ,rose4 ,hon4 ,rollo ,russell4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gurney ,salt]4 ,sydney ,s*iff 7,*e/]74 ,w4 ,s4 ,%]r+ton1 ,m4,a41 ,l4,l4,m4 ,edw>d ,t4 ,/urdy4 ,ald]man ,w4 ,?ompson4 ,h]b]t ,w>r51 ,b4,a4 ,aneur9 ,williams4 7,! full ,c\ncil w consi/ ( #cj ,memb]s47 ,honor>y ,prov9cial ,secret>ies4 ,man*e/] ,di/rict--,r4 ,morrell1 ,mo/on ,lane1 ,new ,mo/on1 ,man*e/]4 ,liv]pool & ,*e%ire ,di/rict--,j4 ,norton1 #a ,morn+side ,road1 ,bootle1 ne> ,liv]pool4 ,n4,e4--,f4 ,w4 ,bricknell1 ,guyscliffe1 ,hessle1 ,ea/ ,yorks4 ,midl&s--,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,higham1 #be ,cop?orne ,road1 ,wolv]hampton4 ,rob]t ,mac,laurin1 #ci ,cald]cuilt ,road1 ,m>yhill1 ,glasg[4 ,scotl&--,james ,allport1 #ae ,montpeli]1 ,ed9burgh4 ,g5]al ,secret>y-- ,,?omas ,,adams1 #gg ,*anc]y ,lane1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,objects4 ,to promote ! discussion ( ! project sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,eb5ez] ,h[>d 9 8,to-morr[0#cd1 & ultimately to =mulate a practical s*eme on ! l9es ( t project1 ) su* modifications z may appe> desirable4 ,memb]%ip4 ,paym5t ( an ,annual ,subscription ( n less ?an #as4 conf]s ,memb]%ip4 ,a ,subscription ( #bs4 #f;d41 or m1 entitles ! ,subscrib] to all lit]ature publi%$ by ! ,association4 ,m funds are requir$ = ! imm$iate purpose ( br++ our proposals prom95tly be=e ! public1 & an av]age subscription ( #es4 p] memb] is necess>y to meet curr5t exp5diture4 ,! income = ! fir/ half ye> #aija-jb 0 t5 times t ( ! same p]iod ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,! ,memb]%ip is ov] #a1cjj1 be+ an increase ( #gjj s9ce ,janu>y #a/1 #aijb4 ,x is hop$ t all :o are desir\s ( improv+1 by con/itutional means1 ! pres5t physical1 social1 & indu/rial conditions ( life 9 t[n & c\ntry1 w help to imm$iately increase ?is numb]4 ,sectional ,committees4 ,committees h be5 or are be+ appo9t$ to consid] que/ions ( detail1 su* z ,l& ,t5ure1 ,manufactures & ,trade1 ,co-op]ative ,societies1 ,lab\r1 ,h\s+ & ,public ,heal?1 ,liquor ,traffic1 ,education1 ,smoke ,abatem5t1 ,art1 etc4 ,memb]s desir\s ( tak+ "p 9 ! "w ( any section are reque/$ to communicate ) ! ,g5]al ,secret>y4 ,publications4 ,! ,association publi%es a numb] ( tracts :i* are =w>d$ to memb]s on jo9+4 ,a li/ ( publications & "s explanatory lit]ature w be s5t free on application4 ,a few reports ( ! ,b\rnville ,conf]5ce may /ill be _h1 price #f;d41 po/ free4 ,^! reports consi/ ( #hj pages1 & conta9 reports ( spee*es by--,e>l ,grey1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,neville1 ,k4,c42 ,mr4 ,george ,cadbury1 ,mr4 ,aneur9 ,williams1 ! ,mayor ( ,camb]well1 ,sir ,m4 ,m4 ,bh[naggree1 ,m4,p42 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,m>t91 ,m4,p42 ,mr4 ,eb5ez] ,h[>d1 ,dr4 ,mansfield ,rob9son1 & o!rs4 ,all communications %\ld be address$ to ! ,secret>y1 ,g>d5 ,city ,association1 #gg ,*anc]y ,lane1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,*eques & po/al ord]s %\ld be cross$ ,london ,city & ,midl& ,bank1 ,=e ,/reet4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,rosem\nt ,press2 ,london ,(fice3 #adi ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,footnote3 #cd ,n[ publi%$ by ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 7,london71 "u ! title 8,g>d5 ,cities ( ,to-morr[40 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,diagrams h be5 mov$ next to ! text :i* !y illu/rate1 & may n mat* ! page numb]s 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,punctuation 9 ! index has be5 regul>is$ )\t comm5t4 ,"s index entries h no page numb]4 ,! text foll[+ see ,diagram #e on p4 #ga does n obvi\sly relate to t diagram4 ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 #ab ,tillet *ang$ to ,tillett p4 #if be comp>atively1 feeble *ang$ to be comp>atively feeble1 p4 #aah il? *ang$ to fil? p4 #afc an\nc$ *ang$ to ann\nc$ p4 #afi ,mey] *ang$ to ,mey]4 p4 #afi ,hon ,dadabhai *ang$ to ,hon4 ,dadabhai p4 #afi ,an5r9 *ang$ to ,aneur9 p4 #aga ,wililams *ang$ to ,williams ,! foll[+ are us$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! text3 goodwill & good-w ,mr & ,mr4 network & net-"w ov]cr[d$ & ov]-cr[d$ playgr\nds & play-gr\nds s & s4 %opkeep]s & %op-keep]s