,transcriber's ,note3 ,underscores are used as delimiters for italics ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,pullman ,,car ,illustration3 ,,george ,,mortimer ,,pullman #ahca-ahig ,the ,story of the ,pullman ,car ,,by ,,joseph ,,husband ,author of ,america at ,work and ,a ,year in a ,coal-,mine4 ,,illustrated ,illustration ,,chicago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co4 #aiag ,copyright ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co4 #aiag ,published ,may1 #aiag ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,company1 ,,chicago ,to ,george ,mortimer ,pullman ,,acknowledgment ,of the many books from which information was drawn for the preparation of this volume the author wishes to make particular acknowledgment to ,the ,modern ,railroad1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,hungerford1 to the article ,railway ,passenger ,travel1 by ,mr4 ,horace ,porter1 published in ,scribner's ,magazine1 ,september1 #ahhh2 and to ,contemporary ,american ,biography1 as well as to the many newspapers and magazines from whose files information and extracts have been freely drawn4 ,j4 ,h4 ,chicago1 ,april1 #aiag ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,the ,birth of ,railroad ,transportation #a ,,ii ,the ,evolution of the ,sleeping ,car #ai ,,iii ,the ,rise of a ,great ,industry #ci ,,iv ,the ,pullman ,car in ,europe #fa ,v ,the ,survival of the ,fittest #gc ,,vi ,the ,town of ,pullman #hi ,,vii ,inventions and ,improvements #ii ,,viii ,how the ,cars are ,made #abc ,,ix ,the ,operation of the ,pullman ,car #acc ,index #aei ,,illustrations ,,page ,george ,mortimer ,pullman ,frontispiece ,one of the earliest types of ,american passenger car #h ,first locomotive built for actual service in ,america #i ,early passenger cars #aa ,american ,bogie car in use in #ahce #ab ,cars and locomotive of #ahde #ad ,car in use in #ahdd #bj ,car of #ahca #ba ,midnight in the old coaches #bc ,convenience of the new sleeping cars #bd ,early type of sleeping car #bh ,j4 ,l4 ,barnes1 first ,pullman car conductor #cb ,one of the first cars built by ,george ,m4 ,pullman #db ,the car in the daytime #db ,making up the berths #db ,george ,m4 ,pullman explaining details of car construction #df ,one of the first ,pullman cars in which meals were served #eb ,the first parlor car1 #ahge #eh ,interior of ,pullman car of #ahhj #fd ,the rococo period car #fh ,more ornate interiors #gd ,the latest ,pullman parlor car #gf ,first step in building the car #hd ,fitting the car for steam and electricity #ij ,work on steel plates for inside panels #ij ,preparing the steel frame for an upper section #id ,sand blasting brass trimmings #id ,machine section1 steel erecting shop #ajj ,fitting up the steel car underframe #ajj ,making cushions for the seats #ajd ,making chairs for parlor cars #ajd ,making frame end posts #ajf ,assembling steel car partitions #ajf ,the vestibule in its earliest form #ajh ,axle generator for electric lighting #aaj ,the sewing room1 upholstering department #aad ,forming steel parts for interior finish #aah ,forming steel shapes for interior framing #aah ,punching holes for screws #abd ,shaping steel panelling #abd ,riveting the underframe #abf ,steel end posts in position #abf ,type of early truck #abh ,modern cast-steel truck #abh ,ready for the interior fittings #acj ,interior work #acj ,pullman sleeping car1 latest design #acd ,front end of a private car dining room #acf ,rear end of a private car dining room #acf ,robert ,t4 ,lincoln1 ex-,president #ach ,bedroom of a private car #adb ,observation section of a private car #adb ,modern ,pullman steel sleeping car ready for the night #adf ,modern ,pullman steel sleeping car during the day #adf ,cleaning and disinfecting the ,pullman car #aeb ,john ,s4 ,runnells1 ,president #aef ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,pullman ,,car ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,railroad ,,transportation ,since those distant days when man's migratory instinct first prompted him to find fresh hunting fields and seek new caves in other lands1 human energy has been constantly employed in moving from place to place4 ,the fear of starvation and other elementary causes prompted the earliest migrations4 ,conquest followed1 and with increasing civilization came the establishment of constant intercourse between distant places for reasons that found existence in military necessity and commercial activity4 ,for centuries the sea offered the easiest highway1 and the fleets of ,greece and ,rome carried the culture and commerce of the day to relatively great distances4 ,then followed the natural development of land communication1 and at once arose the necessity not only for vehicles of transportation but for suitable roads over which they might pass with comfort1 speed1 and safety4 ,over the ,roman roads the commerce of a great empire flowed in a tumultuous stream4 ,wheeled vehicles rumbled along the highways--heavy springless carts to carry the merchandise1 lightly rolling carriages for the comfort of wealthy travelers4 ,the elementary principle still remains4 ,the wheel and the paved way of ,roman days correspond to the four-tracked route of level rails and the ponderous steel wheels of the mighty ,mogul of today4 ,in speed1 scope1 capacity1 and comfort has the change been wrought4 ,the ,english stagecoach marked a sharp advance in the progress of passenger transportation4 ,with frequent relays of fast horses a fair rate of speed was maintained1 and comfort was to a degree effected by suspension springs of leather and by interior upholstery4 ,an interesting example of the height of luxury achieved by coach builders was the field carriage of the great ,napoleon1 which he used in the campaign of #ahae4 ,this carriage was captured by the ,english at ,waterloo1 and suffered the ignominious fate of being later exhibited in ,madame ,tussaud's wax-work show in ,london4 ,the coach was a model of compactness1 and contained a bedstead of solid steel so arranged that the occupant's feet rested in a box projecting beyond the front of the vehicle4 ,over the front windows was a roller blind1 which1 when pulled down admitted the air but excluded rain4 ,the secrtaire was fitted up for ,napoleon by ,marie ,louise1 with nearly a hundred articles1 including a magnificent breakfast service of gold1 a writing desk1 perfumes1 and spirit lamp4 ,in a recess at the bottom of the toilet box were two thousand gold napoleons1 and on the top of the box were places for the imperial wardrobe1 maps1 telescopes1 arms1 liquor case1 and a large silver chronometer by which the watches of the army were regulated4 ,in such quarters did the great emperor jolt along over the execrable roads of ,eastern ,europe4 ,the stagecoach was established in ,england as a public conveyance early in the sixteenth century1 and soon regular routes were developed throughout the country4 ,now for the first time a closed vehicle afforded travelers comparative comfort during their journey1 and in the stagecoach with its definite schedule may be seen the early prototype of the modern passenger railroad4 ,for three centuries the stagecoach slowly developed1 and its popularity carried it to the continent and later to ,america4 ,but by a radical invention transportation was suddenly transformed4 ,as early as the middle of the sixteenth century1 and actually contemporaneous with the inception of the stagecoach1 railways1 or wagon-ways1 had their origin4 ,at first these primitive railways were built exclusively to serve the mining districts of ,england and consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons might be moved with greater ease than over the rough and rutted roads4 ,the next step forward was brought about by the natural wear of the wheels on the wooden tracks1 and consisted of a method of sheathing the rails with thin strips of iron4 ,to avoid the buckling which soon proved a fault of this innovation1 the first actual iron rails were cast in #agfg by the ,colebrookdale ,iron ,works4 ,these rails were about three feet in length and were flanged to keep the wagon wheels on the track4 ,for a number of years this simple type of railroad existed with little change4 ,over it freight alone was carried1 and its natural limitations and high cost1 compared with the transportation afforded by canals1 seemed to hold but little promise for future expansion4 ,as early as #ahjd ,richard ,trevithick had experimented with a steam locomotive1 and in the ten years following other daring spirits endeavored to devise a practical application of the steam engine to the railway problem4 ,but in #ahad ,george ,stephenson's engine1 the ,blucher1 actually drew a train of eight loaded wagons1 a total weight of thirty tons1 at a speed of four miles an hour1 and the age of the steam railroad had begun4 ,the first railroad to adopt steam as its motive power was the ,stockton ,darlington1 a system comprising three branches and a total of thirty-eight miles of track4 ,on the advice of ,stephenson1 horse power was not adopted and several steam engines were built to afford the motive power4 ,this road was opened on ,september #bg1 #ahbe1 and preceded by a signalman on horseback a train of thirty-four vehicles weighing about ninety tons departed from the terminus with the applause of the amazed spectators4 ,the novelty of this new venture soon appealed so strongly to popular fancy that a month later a passenger coach was added1 and a daily schedule between ,stockton ,darlington was inaugurated4 ,this first railway carriage for the transportation of passengers was aptly named the ,experiment4 ,consisting of the body of a stagecoach it accommodated approximately twenty-five passengers1 of which number six found accommodations within1 while the others perched on the exterior and the roof of the vehicle4 ,the fare for the trip was one shilling1 and each passenger was permitted to carry fourteen pounds of baggage4 ,this early adaption of the stagecoach to the rapidly developed demand for passenger service necessitated the coinage of a new terminology1 and it is not surprising that many words of stagecoach days remained4 ,among these coach is still preserved1 and in ,england the engineer is still called the driver2 the conductor1 guard2 locomotive attendants in the roundhouse1 hostlers1 and the roundhouse tracks the stalls4 ,in #ahbi a prize of five hundred pounds 7#b1ejj7 for the best engine was offered by the directors of the ,liverpool ,manchester ,railway which was to be opened in the following year1 and at the trial which was held in ,october three locomotives constructed on new and high-speed principles were entered4 ,these were the ,rocket by ,george and ,robert ,stephenson1 the ,novelty by ,john ,braithwaite and ,john ,erickson1 and the ,sanspareil by ,timothy ,hackworth4 ,due to the failure of the ,novelty and the ,sanspareil to complete the trial run and the successful performance of the ,rocket in meeting the terms of the competition1 the ,stephensons were awarded the prize and received an order for seven additional locomotives4 ,it is interesting to learn that on its initial trip the ,rocket attained the unprecedented speed of twenty-five miles an hour4 ,in #ahai ,benjamin ,dearborn1 of ,boston1 memorialized ,congress in regard to a mode of propelling wheel-carriages for conveying mail and passengers with such celerity as has never before been accomplished1 and with complete security from robbery on the highway1 by carriages propelled by steam on level railroads1 furnished with accommodations for passengers to take their meals and rest during the passage1 as in packet2 and that they be sufficiently high for persons to walk in without stooping4 ,congress1 however1 failed to call this memorial from the committee to which it was referred4 ,illustration3 ,one of the earliest types of an ,american passenger car1 drawn by ,peter ,cooper's experimental locomotive1 ,tom ,thumb4 ,the tubular boilers of the locomotive were made from gun barrels4 ,the development of the locomotive in ,america approximates its development in ,england4 ,as early as #ahbg four miles of track were laid between ,quincy and ,boston for the transportation of granite for the ,bunker ,hill ,monument4 ,horses furnished the power1 and the cars were drawn over wooden rails fastened to stone sleepers4 ,illustration3 ,the ,best ,friend1 the first locomotive built for actual service in ,america1 hauling the first excursion train on the ,south ,carolina ,railroad1 ,january #ae1 #ahca4 ,but reports of the wonders of the new ,english railways soon crossed the water1 and in #ahbh ,horatio ,allen was commissioned by the ,delaware ,hudson ,canal ,company to purchase four locomotives in ,england for use on its new line from ,carbondale to ,honesdale1 ,pennsylvania4 ,of these locomotives three were constructed by ,foster1 ,rastrick1 and ,company1 of ,stourbridge1 and one by ,george ,stephenson4 ,the first engine to arrive was the ,stourbridge ,lion and on the ninth of ,august1 #ahbi1 it was placed on the primitive wooden rails and1 to the amazement of the spectators1 ,allen opened the throttle and in a cloud of smoke and hissing steam moved down the track at the prodigious speed of ten miles an hour4 ,one of the first railways in ,america was the old ,mohawk ,hudson1 which was chartered by an act of the ,new ,york legislature on ,april #ag1 #ahbf4 ,the commissioners who were entrusted with the duty of organizing the company met for the purpose in the office of ,john ,jacob ,astor1 in ,new ,york ,city1 on ,july #bi1 #ahbf4 ,one of their first official acts was to appoint ,peter ,heming chief engineer and send him to ,england to examine as to the feasibility of building a railroad4 ,mr4 ,heming's salary was fixed at #a1ejj a year4 ,in due course of time he returned from his ,european visit of observation and reported in favor of the project under consideration4 ,notwithstanding that he was absent six months1 the expenses of his trip1 charged by him to the company1 were only #cce4ei4 ,the road first used horse power and later on adopted steam for use in the day time1 retaining horses1 however1 for night work4 ,it was not deemed safe to use steam after dark4 ,at first the trains consisted of one car each1 in construction closely resembling the old-fashioned stagecoach4 ,the road connected the two towns of ,albany and ,schenectady1 and was seventeen miles in length1 but the portion operated by steam was only fourteen miles in length1 horses being used on the inclined plane division from the top of one hill to the top of another4 ,illustration3 ,early passenger cars1 designed after the then prevalent type of horse coach4 ,these cars were part of the train that ran on the formal opening of the ,mohawk ,hudson ,railroad 7the first link of the ,new ,york ,central ,system7 on ,july #e1 #ahca4 ,three years later a prize of #d1jjj was offered by the ,baltimore ,ohio ,company for an ,american engine1 and the following year a locomotive constructed by ,davis and ,gastner won the award by drawing fifteen tons at the rate of fifteen miles an hour4 ,in #ahcb1 ,matthias ,w4 ,baldwin1 founder of the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works in ,philadelphia1 designed his first locomotive1 ,old ,ironsides1 for the ,philadelphia1 ,germantown ,morristown ,railroad2 and soon after his second locomotive1 the ,e4 ,l4 ,miller1 was put in service on the ,south ,carolina ,railroad4 ,illustration3 ,one of the first important improvements made by ,america in passenger cars was the introduction of the bogie1 or truck2 the short curves of the ,american roads compelling the abandonment of the ,english type of four-wheeled car with rigid axles4 ,the illustration shows a bogie car used on the ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad in #ahce4 ,the first passenger service to be put in regular operation in ,america must be credited to the ,charleston ,hamburg ,railroad in the late fall of #ahcj4 ,the following year construction was begun on the ,boston ,lowell ,railroad1 and in the same year a passenger train1 previously mentioned1 was put in service between ,albany and ,schenectady on the new ,mohawk ,hudson ,railroad4 ,the journal of ,samuel ,breck of ,boston1 affords an interesting glimpse of the conditions of contemporary railroad travel3 ,july #bb1 #ahce4 ,this morning at nine o'clock ,i took passage on a railroad car 7from ,boston7 for ,providence4 ,five or six other cars were attached to the locomotive1 and uglier boxes ,i do not wish to travel in4 ,they were made to stow away some thirty human beings1 who sit cheek by jowl as best they can4 ,two poor fellows who were not much in the habit of making their toilet1 squeezed me into a corner1 while the hot sun drew from their garments a villainous compound of smells made up of salt fish1 tar1 and molasses4 ,by and by just twelve--only twelve--bouncing factory girls were introduced1 who were going on a party of pleasure to ,newport4 ,make room for the ladies6 bawled out the superintendent4 ,come gentlemen1 jump up on top2 plenty of room there6 ,i'm afraid of the bridge knocking my brains out1 said a passenger4 ,some made one excuse1 and some another4 ,for my part1 ,i flatly told him that since ,i had belonged to the corps of ,silver ,grays ,i had lost my gallantry and did not intend to move4 ,the whole twelve were1 however1 introduced1 and soon made themselves at home1 sucking lemons1 and eating green apples4444 ,the rich and the poor1 the educated and the ignorant1 the polite and the vulgar1 all herd together in this modern improvement in traveling 444 and all this for the sake of doing very uncomfortably in two days what would be done delightfully in eight or ten4 ,illustration3 ,cars and locomotive in use on the ,camden ,amboy ,railroad in #ahde4 ,the cars were heated by wood stoves1 the glass sash was stationary1 and ventilation was possible only from a wooden-panelled window which could be raised a few inches4 ,to follow further the rapid development of the railroad in ,america would require many volumes4 ,as the canal building fever had seized the fancy of the ,american public in preceding years1 so a similar enthusiasm was instantly kindled in the new railroad1 and railroad travel became immediately the most popular diversion4 ,in a relatively few years a web of track carried the smoking locomotive and its rumbling train of cars throughout the country4 ,crude1 and lacking almost every convenience of the passenger coach of the present day1 the early railway carriage served fully its new-born function4 ,to the latter half of the century was reserved the development of those refinements which have rendered travel safe and comfortable1 and the perfecting of those vast organizations that have placed in ,american hands the railroad supremacy of the world4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,sleeping ,,car ,the history of improved railway travel may be said to date from the year #ahcf1 when the first sleeping car was offered to the traveling public4 ,in the years which followed the actual inception of the railroad in the ,united ,states1 railway travel was fraught with discomfort and inconvenience beyond the realization of the present day4 ,travel by canal boat had at least offered a relative degree of comfort1 for here comfortable berths in airy cabins were provided as well as good meals and entertainment1 but the locomotive1 by its greatly increased speed over the plodding train of tow mules1 instantly commanded the situation1 and as the mileage of the pioneer roads increased1 travel by boat proportionately languished4 ,the first passenger cars were little better than boxes mounted on wheels4 ,over the uneven track the locomotive dragged its string of little coaches1 each smaller than the average street car of today4 ,from the engine a pall of suffocating smoke and glowing sparks swept back on the partially protected passengers4 ,herded like cattle they settled themselves as comfortably as possible on the stiff-backed1 narrow benches4 ,the cars were narrow and scant head clearance was afforded by the low1 flat roof4 ,from the dirt roadbed a cloud of dust blew in through open windows1 in summer mingled with the wood smoke from the engine4 ,in winter1 a wood stove vitiated the air4 ,screens there were none4 ,by night the dim light from flaring candles barely illuminated the cars4 ,illustration3 ,car in use in #ahdd on the ,michigan ,central ,railroad4 ,interesting as showing the rapid improvement in passenger coaches and how soon they approached the modern type of car in general appearance4 ,in addition to these physical discomforts were added the dangers attending the operation of trains entirely unprotected by any of the safety devices now so essential to the modern railroad4 ,no road boasted of a double track2 there was no telegraph by which to operate the trains4 ,the air brake was unknown until #ahfi1 when ,george ,westinghouse received his patent4 ,the ,hodge hand brake which was introduced in #ahdi was but a poor improvement on the inefficient hand brake of the earlier days4 ,the track was usually laid with earth ballast and the rail joints might be easily counted by the passengers as the cars pounded over them4 ,add to these discomforts the necessity of frequent changes from one short line to another when it was necessary for the passengers each time to purchase new tickets and personally pick out their baggage1 due to the absence of coupon tickets and baggage checks1 and the joys of the tourist may be realized4 ,illustration3 ,car constructed by ,m4 ,p4 and ,m4 ,e4 ,green of ,hoboken1 ,new ,jersey1 in #ahca for the ,camden ,amboy ,railroad4 ,as early as #ahcf the officers of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad of ,pennsylvania installed a sleeping-car service between ,harrisburg and ,chambersburg4 ,this first sleeping car was1 as was later the first ,pullman car1 an adaption of an ordinary day coach to sleeping requirements4 ,it was divided into four compartments in each of which three bunks were built against one side of the car1 and in the rear of the car were provided a towel1 basin1 and water4 ,no bed clothes were furnished and the weary passengers fully dressed reclined on rough mattresses with their overcoats or shawls drawn over them1 doubtless marveling the while at the fruitfulness of modern invention4 ,as time went on other similar cars1 with berths arranged in three tiers on one side of the car1 were adopted by various railroads1 and occasional but in no manner fundamental improvements were made4 ,candles furnished the light1 and the heat was supplied by box stoves burning wood or sometimes coal4 ,for a number of years these makeshift cars found an appreciative patronage1 and temporarily served the patrons of the road4 ,illustration3 ,midnight in the old coaches previous to the introduction of the ,pullman sleeping car4 ,a night journey in those days was something to be dreaded4 ,in the next ten years similar bunk cars were adopted by other railroads1 but improvements were negligible and their only justification existed in the ability of the passengers to recline at length during the long night hours4 ,the innovation of bedding furnished by the railroad marked a slight progress1 but the rough and none too clean sheets and blankets which the passengers were permitted to select from a closet in the end of the car1 must have failed even in that day to give satisfaction to the fastidious4 ,but in the early fifties these very inconveniences fired the imagination of a young traveler who had bought a ticket on a night train between ,buffalo and ,westfield1 and in his alert mind was inspired1 as he tossed sleepless in his bunk1 the first vision of a car that would revolutionize the railroad travel of the world and of a system that would present to the traveling public a mighty organization whose first purpose would be to contribute safety1 convenience1 luxury and a uniform and universal service from coast to coast4 ,george ,mortimer ,pullman was born in ,brockton1 ,chautauqua ,county1 ,new ,york1 ,march #c1 #ahca4 ,his early schooling was limited to the country schoolhouse1 and at the age of fourteen his education was completed and he obtained employment at a salary of #dj a year in a small store in ,westfield1 ,new ,york1 that supplied the neighboring farmers with their simple necessities4 ,but the occupation of a country storekeeper failed to fix the restless mind of the boy1 and three years later he packed his few possessions and moved to ,albion1 ,new ,york1 where an older brother had developed a cabinet-making business4 ,illustration3 ,harpers ,weekly ,,may #bh1 #ahei4 ,,convenience ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,sleeping ,,cars4 7,timid ,old ,gent1 who takes a berth in the ,sleeping ,car1 listens47 ,,brakeman4 ,jim1 do you think the ,millcreek ,bridge safe to-night8 ,,conductor4 ,if ,joe cracks on the steam1 ,i guess we'll get the ,engine and ,tender over all right4 ,i'm going forward6 ,here ,pullman found a wider field for his natural abilities1 and at the same time acquired a knowledge of wood working and construction that was soon to afford the foundation for larger enterprises4 ,during the ten years that followed there were times when the demands on the little shop of the ,pullman brothers failed to afford sufficient occupation for the two young cabinet makers1 and the younger brother1 eager to improve his opportunities1 began to accept outside contracts of various sorts4 ,the state of ,new ,york had begun to widen the ,erie ,canal which passed through ,albion4 ,clustered on its banks were numerous warehouses and other buildings1 and the young man soon proved his ability to contract successfully for the necessary moving of these buildings back to the new banks of the canal4 ,the venture was successful4 ,an opportunity fortuitously created was seized1 and not only was an increased livelihood secured1 but the wider scope of this new activity gave the young man an increased confidence in himself on which to enlarge his future activities4 ,it was during these years that ,george ,m4 ,pullman experienced his first night travel and the hardships of the sleeping car accommodations4 ,as ,fulton and ,watt and ,stephenson1 in the crude steam engine of their time1 saw the locomotive and marine engine of today1 so in this bungling sleeper ,george ,m4 ,pullman saw the modern sleeping car and the vast system he was in time to originate4 ,in his mind a score of ideas were immediately presented and on his return to ,albion he discussed the possibility of their amplification with ,assemblyman ,ben ,field1 a warm friend in these early days4 ,the contracting business had increased ,pullman's field of observation1 it had stimulated his invention1 it had accustomed him to the management of men4 ,when the widening of the ,erie ,canal had been accomplished1 the field for his new vocation was practically eliminated2 and it was but natural that the ambition of youth could not be satisfied to return to the cabinet-making business4 ,westward lay the future4 ,in the new town of ,chicago1 which had in so few years grown up at the foot of ,lake ,michigan1 young men were already building world enterprises4 ,chicago1 named from the wild onion that grew in the marsh lands about the winding river1 offered promise of greatness4 ,its romantic growth seized the imagination of the youthful ,albion contractor4 ,naturally his first thought was to profit by his contracting experience1 and again a happy chance favored him4 ,built on the low land behind the sand dunes and south of the sluggish river ,chicago suffered from a lack of proper drainage4 ,mud choked the streets2 cellars were wells of water after every rain4 ,in #ahee1 the year of his arrival1 ,pullman made a contract to raise the level of certain of the city streets4 ,it was a bold undertaking1 but his confidence knew no hesitation1 and the work was satisfactorily accomplished4 ,other contracts followed1 and in a short time ,pullman had built himself a substantial reputation and had raised a number of blocks of brick and stone buildings1 including the famous ,tremont ,house1 to the new level4 ,chicago in #aheh was a town of #ajj1jjj population4 ,here ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick had built his reaper factory on the banks of the river4 ,here ,r4 ,t4 ,crane was laying the small foundation for the mighty industry of future years4 ,here ,marshall ,field and ,levi ,z4 ,leiter were rising junior partners in their growing business1 and here the future heads of the meat-packing industry were developing their mighty business4 ,to the country boy from a ,new ,york village1 its muddy streets and rows of frame and brick buildings savored of a metropolis2 in its naked newness he sensed the vital energy that was so soon to place it among the cities of the world4 ,illustration3 ,early type of sleeping car4 ,the traveler rarely removed more than his outer clothing1 and oftentimes kept his boots on ,but even during these years of untiring activity the thought of a radical improvement in railway car construction was constantly working in the brain of the young contractor1 and in #aheh he determined to give his ideas the practical test4 ,the story of this first application of these revolutionizing ideas to the railroad coaches then in use is best told in the words of ,leonard ,seibert1 who was at that time an employee on the ,chicago ,alton ,railroad4 ,in #aheh ,mr4 ,pullman came to ,bloomington and engaged me to do the work of remodelling two ,chicago ,alton coaches into the first ,pullman sleeping-cars4 ,the contract was that ,mr4 ,pullman should make all necessary changes inside of the cars4 ,after looking over the entire passenger car equipment of the road1 which at that time constituted about a dozen cars1 we selected ,coaches ,nos4 #i and #ai4 ,they were forty-four feet long1 had flat roofs like box cars1 single sash windows1 of which there were fourteen on a side1 the glass in each sash being only a little over one foot square4 ,the roof was only a trifle over six feet from the floor of the car4 ,into this car we got ten sleeping-car sections1 besides a linen locker and two washrooms--one at each end4 ,the wood used in the interior finish was cherry4 ,mr4 ,pullman was anxious to get hickory1 to stand the hard usage which it was supposed the cars would receive4 ,i worked part of the summer of #aheh1 employing an assistant or two1 and the cars went into service in the fall of #aheh4 ,there were no blue-prints or plans made for the remodelling of these first two sleeping-cars1 and ,mr4 ,pullman and ,i worked out the details and measurements as we came to them4 ,the two cars cost ,mr4 ,pullman not more than #b1jjj1 or #a1jjj each4 ,they were upholstered in plush1 lighted by oil lamps1 heated with box stoves1 and mounted on four-wheel trucks with iron wheels4 ,there was no porter in those days2 the brakeman made up the beds4 ,in the construction of these first sleeping cars ,mr4 ,pullman introduced his invention of upper berth construction by means of which the upper berth might be closed in the day time and also serve as a receptacle for bedding4 ,other improvements and devices were worked out and tested1 and from these first experiments were drawn the detailed plans from which the first cars entirely constructed by him were made4 ,although without technical training himself1 ,mr4 ,pullman was quick to recognize the necessity of skilled assistance to express and improve his embryonic ideas4 ,to this end he soon established a small workshop1 and employing a number of skilled mechanics set himself to the mastery of the problems which confronted him4 ,another interesting personal reminiscence of the first days of the ,pullman car is afforded by ,j4 ,l4 ,barnes1 who was in charge of the first car run from ,bloomington to ,chicago over the ,chicago ,alton4 ,mr4 ,pullman had an office on ,madison ,avenue just west of ,la,salle ,street and ,i boarded with a family very close to his office4 ,i used to pass his office on my to meals1 and having read in the paper that he was working on a sleeping car1 one day ,i stopped in and made application to ,mr4 ,pullman personally for a place as conductor4 ,i gave him some references and called again and he said the references were all right and promised me the place4 ,i made my first trip between ,bloomington1 ,illinois1 and ,chicago on the night of ,september #a1 #ahei4 ,i was twenty-two years old at the time4 ,i wore no uniform and was attired in citizen's clothes4 ,i wore a badge1 that was all4 ,one of my passengers was ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 inventor of the sleeping car4444 ,all the passengers were from ,bloomington and there were no women on the car that night4 ,the people of ,bloomington1 little reckoning that history was being made in their midst1 did not come down to the station to see the ,pullman car's first trip4 ,there was no crowd1 and the car1 lighted by candles1 moved away in solitary grandeur1 if such it might be called4444 ,i remember on the first night ,i had to compel the passengers to take their boots off before they got into the berths4 ,they wanted to keep them on--seemed afraid to take them off4 ,the first month business was very poor4 ,people had been in the habit of sitting up all night in the straight back seats and they did not think much of trying to sleep while traveling4444 ,after ,i had made a few trips it was decided it did not pay to employ a ,pullman conductor1 and the car was placed in charge of the passenger conductor of the train which carried the sleeping car1 and ,i was out of a job4 ,the first ,pullman car was a primitive thing4 ,beside being lighted with candles it was heated by a stove at each end of the car4 ,there were no carpets on the floor1 and the interior of the car was arranged in this way3 ,there were four upper and four lower berths4 ,the backs of the seats were hinged and to make up the lower berth the porter merely dropped the back of the seat until it was level with the seat itself4 ,upon this he placed a mattress and blanket4 ,there was no sheets4 ,the upper berth was suspended from the ceiling of the car by ropes and pulleys attached to each of the four corners of the berth4 ,the upper berths were constructed with iron rods running from the floor of the car to the roof1 and during the day the berth was pulled up until it hugged the ceiling1 there being a catch which held it up4 ,at night it was suspended about half-way between the ceiling of the car and the floor4 ,we used curtains in front and between all the berths4 ,in the daytime one of the sections was used to store all the mattresses in4 ,the car had a very low deck and was quite short4 ,it had four wheel trucks and with the exception of the springs under it was similar to the freight car of today4 ,the coupler was link and pin2 we had no automatic brakes or couplers in those days4 ,there was a very small toilet room in each end1 only large enough for one person at a time4 ,the wash basin was made of tin4 ,the water for the wash basin came from the drinking can which had a faucet so that people could get a drink4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,l4 ,barnes1 the first ,pullman car conductor1 whose reminiscences of that early period are quoted in this book ,the two remodeled ,chicago ,alton coaches were instantly accepted by the public1 but despite their popularity1 and the popularity of a third car which followed them1 their originator considered them merely as experiments and in #ahfd plans for the first actual ,pullman car were completed which gave promise of a car radically different in its construction1 appointments1 and arrangement from anything heretofore attempted4 ,into this car ,pullman resolutely cast the small capital that he had accumulated2 in its success he placed the unswerving confidence that characterized his clear vision and indomitable determination to succeed4 ,this model car was built in ,chicago on the site of the present ,union ,station in a shed belonging to the ,chicago ,alton ,railroad1 at a cost of #ah1bci4ca1 without its equipment1 and almost a year was required before it was ready for service4 ,fully equipped and ready for service it represented an investment of #bj1agh4ad4 ,the ,pioneer was the name chosen for its designation1 and with the faith that other cars would soon be required the letter ,a was added1 an indication that even ,mr4 ,pullman's vision failed to anticipate the possible demand beyond the twenty-six letters of the alphabet4 ,never before had such a car been seen2 never had the wildest flights of fancy imagined such magnificence4 ,up to the building of the ,pioneer #e1jjj had represented the maximum that had ever been spent on a single railroad coach4 ,it was unbelievable that this #ah1jjj investment could yield a remunerative return4 ,the ,pioneer had improved trucks with springs reinforced by blocks of solid rubber2 it was a foot wider and two and a half feet higher than any car then in service1 the additional height being necessary to accommodate the hinged upper berth of ,mr4 ,pullman's invention4 ,combined with its unusual strength1 weight1 and solidity1 its beauty and the artistic character of its furnishing and decoration were unprecedented4 ,at one stride an advance of fifty years had been effected4 ,a further proof of ,mr4 ,pullman's faith in the success of the ,pioneer type of car is illustrated by the fact that due to its increased height and breadth the dimensions of station platforms and bridges at the time of its construction would not permit its passage over any existing railroad4 ,it is said that these necessary changes were hastened in the spring of #ahfe by the demand that the new ,pioneer be attached to the funeral train which conveyed the body of ,president ,lincoln from ,chicago to ,springfield4 ,in this way one railroad was quickly adapted to the new requirements1 and a few years later when the ,pioneer was engaged to take ,general ,grant on a trip from ,detroit to his home town of ,galena1 ,illinois1 another route was opened to its passage4 ,other roads soon made the necessary alterations to permit the passage of the ,pioneer and its sister cars which were now under construction4 ,the ,pioneer had1 by this time1 won wide recognition and popularity1 and a few months later was put in regular service on the ,alton ,road4 ,so well were its dimensions calculated by ,mr4 ,pullman that the ,pioneer immediately became the model by which all railroad cars were measured1 and to this day practically the only changes in dimensions have been in increased length4 ,to secure the continuous use of the ,pioneer and other similar cars an agreement was effected between ,mr4 ,pullman and the ,chicago ,alton which marked the beginning of the vast system which today embraces the entire country and makes possible continuous and luxurious travel over a large number of distinct railroads4 ,thus in the space of a few years ,george ,m4 ,pullman not only evolved a type of railroad car luxurious and beautiful in design and embracing in its construction patents of great originality and ingenuity1 but1 in addition1 evolved the rudimentary conception of a system by which passengers might be carried to any destination in cars of uniform construction1 equipped for day or night travel1 and served and protected by trained employees whose sole function is to provide for the passengers' safety1 comfort1 and convenience4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,a ,,great ,,industry ,the ,pioneer had cost ,mr4 ,pullman #bj1jjj4 ,compared with the finest sleeping cars previously in use1 it was clearly evident that a new development in luxurious travel had been accomplished4 ,the best ordinary sleeping cars were considered expensive at #d1jjj4 ,there was no more comparison between the ,pioneer and its predecessors in comfort than in cost4 ,but it remained to be seen what the public would think of it2 whether they preferred luxury1 comfort1 and real service1 to hardship1 discomfort1 and no service at a lower cost4 ,the new cars were larger1 heavier1 and more substantial than any previously constructed4 ,increased safety was one of their advantages4 ,moreover1 they were far more beautiful from every aspect--artistically painted1 richly decorated1 and furnished with fittings for that day remarkable for their elaborate nature4 ,they were universally admired1 and quickly became the topic of interest among the traveling public4 ,it is remarkable that at this early date the two features of the ,pullman car which characterize it today--the features of safety and luxury--should have been so clearly defined4 ,it is human nature to accept each step forward as a new standard and it is characteristically ,american to refuse to accept an inferior article as soon as one superior is available1 even if at greater cost4 ,the ,pioneer and its successors established such a standard1 and immediately those accustomed and able to afford the increased rate required by the greater investment in the car1 gladly and thankfully accepted it2 while those whose nature usually inclines to haggling when the purse is touched1 were convinced of the worth of the innovation by the assurance against disaster which the weight and strength of the ,pullman cars assured4 ,the next car constructed by ,mr4 ,pullman1 after the ,pioneer cost #bd1jjj4 ,and very soon after several additional cars were built at approximately the same cost1 and were put in operation on the ,michigan ,central ,railroad4 ,here was the great test4 ,in these luxurious carriages and in the verdict of the traveling public rested the future of ,mr4 ,pullman's project4 ,the question simply resolved itself to this3 ,did the public want them8 ,in the old sleeping cars a berth had cost considerably less than it was necessary to charge for one in the new ,pullman cars4 ,in the mind of the inventor there was no question as to the verdict4 ,the railroad authorities were equally certain the other way4 ,they did not think the public would pay the extra sum4 ,there was but one way to decide1 and ,mr4 ,pullman made the suggestion that both ,pullman cars and old style sleeping cars be operated on the same train at their respective prices4 ,the results would show4 ,what happened is best described in the words of a contemporary writer4 ,mr4 ,pullman suggested that the matter be submitted to the decision of the traveling public4 ,he proposed that the new cars1 with their increased rate1 be put on trains with the old cars at the cheaper rate4 ,if the traveling public thought the beauty of finish1 the increased comfort1 and the safety of the new cars worth #b per night1 there were the #bd1jjj cars2 if1 on the other hand1 they were satisfied with less attractive surroundings at a saving of #ej cents1 the cheaper cars were at their disposal4 ,it was a simple submission without argument of the plain facts on both sides of the issue--in other words1 an application of the good ,american doctrine of appealing to the people as the court of highest resort4 ,the decision came instantly and in terms which left no opening for discussion4 ,the only travelers who rode in the old cars were those who were grumbling because they could not get berths in the new ones4 ,after running practically empty for a few days1 the cars in which the price for a berth was #a4ej were withdrawn from service1 and ,pullmans1 wherein the two-dollar tariff prevailed1 were substituted in their places1 and this for the very potent reason1 that the public insisted upon it4 ,nor did the results stop there4 ,the ,michigan ,central ,railway1 charging an extra tariff of fifty cents per night as compared with other eastern lines1 proved an aggressive competitor of those lines1 not in spite of the extra charge1 but because of it1 and of the higher order of comfort and beauty it represented4 ,then followed a curious reversal of the usual results of competition4 ,instead of a levelling down to the cheaper basis on which all opposition was united1 there was a levelling up to the standard on which the ,pullman service was planted and on which it stood out single-handed and alone4 ,within comparatively a short period all the ,michigan ,central's rival lines were forced by sheer pressure from the traveling public to withdraw the inferior and cheaper cars and meet the superior accommodations and the necessarily higher tariff4 ,in other words1 the inspiration of that key-note of vigorous ambition for excellence of the product itself1 irrespective of immediate financial returns1 which was struck with such emphasis in the building of the ,pioneer1 and which ever since has rung through all the ,pullman work1 was felt in the railroad world of the ,united ,states at that early date1 just as it is even more commonly felt at the present time4 ,at one bound it put the ,american railway passenger service in the leadership of all nations in that particular branch of progress1 and has held it there ever since as an object lesson in the illustration of a broad and far-reaching principle4#a #a3 ,contemporary ,american ,biography1 p4 #bfj4 ,illustration3 ,one of the first cars built by ,george ,m4 ,pullman ,illustration3 ,interior of the car4 7#a7 the car in the daytime showing wood stove and fuel box2 7#b7 making up the berths4 ,there were no end divisions1 and a thin curtain only separated the berths ,illustration ,it will probably be interesting at this point to describe with some detail the ,pullman car of this early period4 ,in the ,daily ,illinois ,state ,register1 ,springfield1 ,may #bf1 #ahfe1 appears an interesting description of one of the new ,pioneer type of cars just installed on the ,chicago ,alton ,railroad4 ,to the train on the ,chicago1 ,alton ,st4 ,louis ,railroad1 which passed up at noon today1 was attached one of ,pullman's improved and beautiful sleeping carriages1 containing a party of excursionists from the ,garden ,city ,chicago1 to whom the trip was complimentarily extended by the company of the road1 and among whom was ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 ,esq41 of ,chicago1 the patentee of the car4 ,this carriage1 which we had the pleasure of inspecting during the stay of the train at our depot1 we found to be the most comfortable and complete in all its appurtenances1 and decidedly superior in many respects to any similar carriage we have ever seen4 ,it is fifty-four feet in length by ten in width1 and was built at a cost of #ah1jjj1 the painting alone costing upwards of #ejj4 ,besides the berths1 sufficient in number to accommodate upwards of a hundred passengers1 there are four state rooms formed by folding doors1 and so constructed with the berths that the whole can easily be thrown into one apartment4 ,when the car is not used for sleeping purposes1 as in the day1 every appearance of a berth or a bed is concealed1 and in their stead appear the most comfortable of seats4 ,westlake's patent heating and ventilating apparatus is applied so that a constant current of pure and pleasant air is kept in circulation through the car4 ,in fact1 it was useless to attempt to enumerate1 in so brief a notice1 even a few of the many improvements which have been introduced by the patentees into the carriage1 rendering it as they have1 superior to any that we have ever inspected4 ,to one fact1 however1 we will refer in this connection1 as especially conducive to the comfort of the traveling public1 viz41 that a daily change of linen is made in the berths of this new carriage1 thereby keeping them constantly clean and comfortable1 and rendering the car much more attractive than are similar carriages where this is neglected4 ,as we are informed by ,mr4 ,pullman that these cars will hereafter be run on the ,st4 ,louis and ,chicago line1 we would especially direct the attention of travelers to the fact1 and recommend them to investigate the matter of our notice for themselves4 ,exactly how upwards of a hundred passengers could have been accommodated is hardly clear1 but the enthusiasm of the reporter1 fired perhaps by the luxury of clean linen for each berth each day1 may account for this apparent exaggeration4 ,in the ,illinois ,journal1 another ,springfield paper1 of ,may #cj1 the reporter reduces the estimate of the capacity to fifty-two and comments with perhaps more detail on the decorative features of the car4 ,we are reminded by a prophecy which we heard some three years since--that the time was not far distant when a radical change would be introduced in the manner of constructing railroad cars2 the public would travel upon them with as much ease as though sitting in their parlors1 and sleep and eat on board of them with more ease and comfort than it would be possible to do on a first-class steamer4 ,we believed the words of the seer at the time1 but did not think they were so near fulfillment until ,friday last1 when we were invited to the ,chicago ,alton depot in this city to examine an improved sleeping-car1 manufactured by ,messrs4 ,field ,pullman1 patentees1 after a design by ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 ,esq41 ,chicago4 ,the writer describes his impressions of the interior4 ,the absence of mattresses or dingy curtains by day1 the beauty of the window curtains looped in heavy folds1 the ,french plate mirrors suspended from the walls1 as well as the several beautiful chandeliers1 with exquisitely ground shades hanging from a ceiling painted with chaste and elaborate design upon a delicately tinted azure ground1 while the black walnut woodwork and richest ,brussels carpeting make the picture complete4 ,it is small wonder that the ,pullman car excited admiration1 and that its first appearance in the ,illinois towns was probably recorded by similar editorial appreciation4 ,illustration3 ,george ,m4 ,pullman explaining details of car construction ,but perhaps one of the most interesting insights into the condition which the new ,pullman cars were so quick to remedy1 is found in the ,chicago ,tribune1 ,june #bj1 #ahfe4 ,after a veritable eulogy on the elegance and comfort of the ,pullman car1 the writer draws the following enviable contrast4 ,it leaves to others to ticket the actual transit1 so many miles for so much money1 and comes in with its cars as the ,ticket ,agent of ,comfort1 sells you coupons to rest and ease by the way4 ,so you wish to go through to ,new ,york or ,baltimore1 yourself1 ,belinda1 ,biddy and the baby1 baskets1 bundles1 etc8 ,you think of changes of cars by night1 and rushes for seats for your party by day1 of seats foul with the scrapings of dirty boots1 of floors flowing with saliva1 of coarse faces and coarse conversation1 of seats you cannot recline in1 of the ordinary discomforts of a long journey by rail6 ,it is small wonder that the new ,pullman cars found an appreciative welcome6 ,in #ahff five ,pullman sleeping cars were put in operation on the ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy ,railroad1 and late in ,may an excursion for several hundred invited guests was given from ,chicago to ,aurora1 ,illinois1 and return4 ,the new cars were named1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,aurora1 ,city of ,chicago1 and ,omaha4 ,occasioned by the comforts which this new equipment disclosed a current newspaper remarked3 ,pullman is a benefactor to his kind4 ,the dreaded journey to ,new ,york becomes a mere holiday excursion in his delightful coaches1 and1 by the way1 he will soon have a through line from ,chicago to ,new ,york1 in which a man need never leave his place from one city to the other4 ,the year #ahfg marks the incorporation of ,pullman's ,palace ,car ,company1 for the purpose of the manufacture and operation of sleeping cars4 ,at the time of incorporation ,george ,m4 ,pullman owned all of the sleeping cars on the ,michigan ,central ,railroad1 ,great ,western ,canada ,railroad1 and the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad lines1 a grand total of forty-eight cars4 ,in the operation of these cars he was ably assisted by his brother1 ,a4 ,b4 ,pullman1 who held the office of general superintendent4 ,in forming the ,pullman ,company1 the founder aspired to establish an organized system by which the traveling public might be enabled to travel in luxurious cars of uniform construction1 adapted to both night and day requirements1 without change between distant points1 and over various distinct lines of railroads4 ,in addition1 such a service would provide the heretofore unknown asset of responsible employees to whose care might be entrusted women1 children1 and invalids4 ,it was a service that was sorely needed1 and indication pointed to its prompt acceptance by the railroads and the public4 ,in the same year a remarkable achievement in railroad travel was accomplished4 ,due to the different gauge tracks in use by the several railroads connecting ,chicago and ,new ,york1 the continuous passage of a car from one city to the other was impossible4 ,but in #ahfg the standardization of the gauge was effected by the completion of a third rail on the ,great ,western ,canada ,railroad1 and to mark this opening of through communication1 an excursion was arranged from ,chicago to ,new ,york on the ,western ,world1 the newest ,pullman hotel sleeping car4 ,at this point it is interesting to note that the first hotel car1 the ,president1 was put in service by the ,pullman ,company in #ahfg on the ,great ,western ,railroad of ,canada4 ,the hotel car was a combination car1 in reality a sleeping car with a kitchen built in at one end4 ,the meals were served at tables placed in the sections4 ,to the ,pullman ,company1 accordingly1 must be accorded the credit of first supplying to the public the service of meals on board a train4 ,the success of the ,president led to the immediate construction of the ,western ,world and its sister car ,kalamazoo4 ,these cars1 however1 must not be confused with the dining car which was later developed from the hotel car by the ,pullman ,company1 and to which the hotel cars rapidly gave place4 ,the ,detroit ,commercial ,advertiser of ,june #a1 #ahfg1 comments3 ,but the crowning glory of ,mr4 ,pullman's invention is evinced in his success in supplying the car with a cuisine department containing a range where every variety of meats1 vegetables and pastry may be cooked on the car1 according to the best style of culinary art4 ,the following bill of fare illustrates the variety of edibles provided on this celebrated excursion4 ,,menu ,,oysters ,raw #ej ,fried and ,roast #fj ,,cold ,beef ,tongue1 ,sugar-cured ,ham1 ,pressed ,corned ,beef1 ,sardines #dj ,chicken ,salad1 ,lobster ,salad #ej ,,broiled ,beefsteak1 with ,potatoes #fj ,mutton ,chops1 with ,potatoes #fj ,ham1 with ,potatoes #ej ,,eggs ,boiled1 ,fried1 ,scrambled1 ,omelette ,plain #dj ,omelette with ,rum #ej ,chow-,chow1 ,pickles ,welsh ,rarebit #ej ,french ,coffee #be ,tea #be ,the excursion party left ,chicago on ,april #h1 #ahfg1 and comfortably established in the ,western ,world arrived in ,detroit the following day4 ,at ,detroit the river was crossed on the great iron ferry boat1 the first company of passengers that ever passed from ,chicago to ,canada without change of cars4 ,on the new third rail of the ,great ,western1 a speed of forty miles was often maintained for considerable periods4 ,the cars were decorated with ,american and ,british flags1 symbolizing the union which is destined to take place between the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,a train has just rolled by1 the engine and passenger cars on the broad gauge1 and freight cars from the ,east on the narrow gauge4 ,so goes the journal of one of the passengers4 ,large crowds visited the train at ,rochester1 ,syracuse1 and ,utica1 and at ,albany1 ,erastus ,corning telegraphed ,commodore ,vanderbilt that the car must be taken to ,new ,york1 if possible1 and the gauge of the ,harlem road be taken for that purpose4 ,the party arrived in ,new ,york on ,april #ad4 ,one of the purposes of sending the ,western ,world to ,new ,york was that it might transport on its return trip1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,durant1 vice president of the ,union ,pacific ,road1 and a committee of directors1 to examine a portion of their new transcontinental line which the contractors were ready to turn over4 ,a member of the party describes the call on ,dr4 ,durant in his office on ,nassau ,street and refers to the office as probably the finest in ,new ,york1 beautiful with paintings and statuary1 and enlivened with the singing of birds4 ,illustration3 ,one of the first ,pullman cars in which meals were served ,following the ,western ,world1 the hotel cars were promptly put in service and regular through service was established between ,chicago and eastern points4 ,the new ,city of ,boston and ,city of ,new ,york surpassed even the ,western ,world in magnificence and were popularly reported to have exceeded #cj1jjj each in cost4 ,these cars were known as hotel cars for the reason that each contained all the requirements for a protracted journey4 ,the main body of the car was occupied by the berths and seats and at one end a kitchen and pantry provided the culinary service4 ,the dining car1 devoted entirely to restaurant purposes1 was a second step which soon followed4 ,the first dining car personally designed by ,mr4 ,pullman was named the ,delmonico1 and was operated on the ,chicago ,alton in #ahfh4 ,but it was in #ahfi that the ,pullman car made perhaps its greatest advance in the interest and confidence of the public for in that year the ,union ,pacific1 building westward from the ,missouri ,river at ,omaha1 met the ,central ,pacific1 which built from ,san ,francisco eastward4 ,by their union a line was established between the two coasts of the continent1 a slender thread of track which stretched for #a1hdh miles through a practically uninhabited country4 ,almost simultaneously with the completion of the road there was put upon the rails one of the most superb trains ever turned out of the ,pullman shops4 ,its journey to ,california and its reception there were in the nature of a progressive ovation4 ,from that time forth the great population of the ,pacific coast knew no train for long distance travel save a ,pullman train1 and would hear of no other4 ,when people from ,california reached ,chicago on their way eastward1 the road over which ,pullman cars ran got their patronage1 and roads over which other cars were operated did not4 ,newspapers and magazines were awakened to studies of the ,pullman cars and the ,pullman system1 and scores of printed pages were filled with the marvels of a journey to the ,pacific ,ocean which was nothing more than a six days' sojourn in a luxurious hotel1 past the windows of which there constantly flowed a great panorama of the ,american continent1 thousands of miles in length and as wide as the eye could reach4 ,illustrated magazine articles which appeared telling the story of a trip to ,california had as many pictures of ,pullman interiors as they had of the big trees or the ,yosemite ,valley4 ,the effect of all this was far reaching4 ,the great ,pennsylvania line abandoned its own service and adopted the ,pullman1 and many other lines made application for inclusion in the ,pullman system4 ,in ,may1 #ahgj1 the first through train from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific crossed the continent1 engaged for a special excursion by the ,boston ,board of ,trade1 many distinguished ,bostonians being numbered among the passengers4 ,during the trip a daily newspaper entitled the ,trans-,continental was published4 ,in the issue of ,may #ca1 published on the sixth day out1 as the train was crossing the summit of the ,sierra ,nevadas1 an account is given of a meeting of the passengers in the smoking car1 and resolutions passed by them were printed4 ,the ,hon4 ,alex ,h4 ,rice presided at the meeting1 and the resolutions were offered by ,frank ,h4 ,peabody1 a ,boston banker1 and seconded by ,robert ,b4 ,forbes1 another ,bostonian4 ,resolved1 ,that we1 the passengers of the ,boston ,board of ,trade ,pullman excursion train1 the first through train from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 having now been a week en route for ,san ,francisco1 and having had1 during this period1 ample opportunity to test the character and quality of the accommodations supplied for our journey1 hereby express our entire satisfaction with the arrangements made by ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 and our admiration of the skill and energy which have resulted in the construction1 equipment and general management of this beautiful and commodious moving hotel4 ,resolved1 ,that we return our cordial thanks to ,mr4 ,pullman for the very great pains taken by him beforehand to make the present journey safe and pleasurable2 that we recognize the complete success which has followed all his efforts1 and that we extend to him our sincere wishes for such a degree of prosperity to attend all his operations as will be proportionate to his merits as one of the most public-spirited1 sagacious1 and liberal railroad men of the present day4 ,resolved1 ,that we take pleasure in witnessing1 as we journey from point to point1 through all the ,western ,states1 the many evidences of ,mr4 ,pullman's enterprise and the extent of his operations in the cars which we meet belonging to the ,pullman ,company1 attached to the regular trains for the use of the public1 or appropriated especially to private excursion parties1 and we earnestly hope that there will be no delay in placing the elegant and homelike carriages upon the principal routes in the ,new ,england ,states1 and we will do all in our power to accomplish this end4 ,the list of passengers on this notable excursion included3 ,hon4 ,alex4 ,h4 ,rice ,maj4 ,geo4 ,p4 ,denny ,hon4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,williams ,james ,w4 ,bliss ,edward ,w4 ,kingsley ,frederick ,allen and wife ,h4 ,s4 ,berry ,miss ,josie ,w4 ,bliss ,hon4 ,john ,b4 ,brown and wife ,e4 ,w4 ,burr and son ,john ,l4 ,bremer ,geo4 ,d4 ,baldwin and wife ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,billings ,chas4 ,w4 ,brooks ,m4 ,s4 ,bolles ,alvah ,crocker and wife ,mrs4 ,f4 ,cunningham ,thomas ,dana1 ,mrs4 ,thomas ,dana1 #bnd1 ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,dana ,mrs4 ,geo4 ,p4 ,denny ,arthur ,b4 ,denny ,cyrus ,dupee and wife ,john ,h4 ,eastburn and wife ,robert ,b4 ,forbes and wife ,joshua ,reed ,j4 ,s4 ,fogg ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,poole ,misses ,farnsworth ,robert ,o4 ,fuller ,j4 ,warren ,faxon ,n4 ,w4 ,farwell and wife ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,farwell ,miss ,evelyn ,a4 ,farwell ,curtis ,guild and wife ,c4 ,l4 ,harding and wife ,miss ,n4 ,harding ,edgar ,harding ,j4 ,f4 ,hunnewell ,j4 ,f4 ,heustis ,w4 ,s4 ,houghton and wife ,d4 ,c4 ,holder and wife ,miss ,c4 ,harrington ,a4 ,l4 ,haskell and wife ,miss ,alice ,j4 ,haley ,j4 ,m4 ,haskell and wife ,h4 ,o4 ,houghton and wife ,john ,humphrey ,hamilton ,a4 ,hill and wife ,benjamin ,james ,c4 ,f4 ,kittredge ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,kinglsey ,miss ,addie ,p4 ,kinglsey ,miss ,mary ,l4 ,kinglsey ,chas4 ,s4 ,kendall ,miss ,m4 ,c4 ,lovejoy ,john ,lewis ,jas4 ,longley and wife ,geo4 ,myrick and wife ,col4 ,l4 ,b4 ,marsh and wife ,c4 ,f4 ,mc,clure and wife ,joseph ,mc,intyre ,sterne ,morse ,fulton ,paul ,f4 ,h4 ,peabody1 wife and servant ,miss ,f4 ,peabody ,miss ,l4 ,peabody ,master ,f4 ,e4 ,peabody ,rev4 ,e4 ,g4 ,porter ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,prentiss ,james ,w4 ,roberts and wife ,wm4 ,roberts ,s4 ,b4 ,rindge and wife ,master ,f4 ,h4 ,rindge ,j4 ,m4 ,b4 ,reynolds and wife ,john ,h4 ,rice ,hon4 ,stephen ,salisbury ,m4 ,s4 ,stetson and wife ,d4 ,r4 ,sortwell and wife ,alvin ,sortwell ,f4 ,h4 ,shapleigh ,t4 ,albert ,taylor and wife ,e4 ,b4 ,towne ,lawson ,valentine and wife ,miss ,valentine ,rev4 ,r4 ,c4 ,waterston and wife ,a4 ,williams ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,williams and wife ,n4 ,d4 ,whitney and wife ,judge ,g4 ,w4 ,warren ,geo4 ,a4 ,wadley and wife ,henry ,t4 ,woods ,mrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,williams ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,williams ,miss ,c4 ,t4 ,williams ,j4 ,bert ,williams ,in the next few years the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company established manufacturing shops in ,detroit1 and in #ahge a new reclining-chair car1 the first parlor car to be operated in the ,united ,states1 was presented by ,mr4 ,pullman to the public4 ,for several years parlor cars of ,pullman design and construction had been in satisfactory use on the ,midland ,railway1 between ,london and ,liverpool1 ,england4 ,the success of these cars promptly resulted in the construction of the ,maritana for use in the ,united ,states4 ,the chairs in this new car were heavily and richly upholstered and revolved on a swivel1 on the same principle as the chairs in the parlor car of the present day4 ,illustration3 ,the first parlor car1 #ahge ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,pullman ,,car ,,in ,,europe ,a modest paragraph in many ,american newspapers in ,february1 #ahgc1 announced the momentous news that ,england was soon to enjoy the novelty of ,pullman transportation--,the ,midland ,railway ,company has entered into a contract with the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company for the equipment of their road with ,american drawing room and sleeping coaches4 ,the ,midland was the longest and most important of three great railroads which started from ,london and extended to ,liverpool and ,scotland1 transversing the rich central counties of ,england where so few years before the coach horn had sounded through the hills4 ,the adoption of ,pullman equipment by this prominent railroad was singularly conspicuous4 ,on ,february #ae1 #ahgc1 at a half-yearly meeting of the shareholders of the ,midland ,railway1 ,mr4 ,pullman personally addressed the officers of the company4 ,it appears that ,mr4 ,allport1 the general manager of the ,midland ,railway1 on a recent visit to the ,united ,states and ,canada1 had been greatly impressed by the accommodations afforded the traveling public1 and had made a particular study of the ,pullman cars4 ,acting on his advice the directors invited ,mr4 ,pullman to ,england to appear before the meeting4 ,mr4 ,pullman proposed that the ,midland ,company should authorize the speedy construction of carriages particularly adapted to their requirements1 and a motion was carried to authorize the construction of such cars on the basic ,pullman principles4 ,it was accordingly agreed that eighteen new cars should be constructed in ,america and shipped to ,england in ,august and that ,mr4 ,pullman should return to ,england at that time to superintend their installation4 ,by the contract the ,pullman ,company agreed to furnish as many dining-room1 drawing-room1 and sleeping cars as the demands of the traveling public required1 without charge to the road1 its compensation being in the extra fare paid for use of the cars4 ,the road1 on the other hand1 received its compensation in the free use of the cars1 in return for which it guaranteed to the ,pullman ,company the exclusive right to furnish such cars for fifteen years4 ,as in ,america1 the porters1 conductors1 cooks1 waiters and other attendants were hired by the ,pullman ,company4 ,two night trains and two day trains of ,american cars only1 were to be put on at the start4 ,the contract was not exclusive1 and other ,english railroads watched with interest the working out of the ,american innovation4 ,the popularity of the ,pullman car at home and abroad quite naturally inspired a host of imitators4 ,among the first was ,colonel ,w4 ,d4 ,mann1 the proprietor of the ,mobile ,register1 who designed a sleeping car embodying certain characteristic ,pullman features1 but divided transversely into compartments or boudoirs1 each entered directly from the sides1 and connected by a private door permitting the passage of the attendant to and through the several compartments4 ,each compartment contained seats for four persons1 which by night could be made up into beds4 ,the design was ingenious but failed in many vital respects to compete with the greater comfort and roominess of the ,pullman car4 ,as the ,pullman car was the first sleeping car to be installed for regular service in ,england1 so credit should be given to ,colonel ,mann for affording the first sleeping car for public service ever operated on the ,continent4 ,mann's ,boudoir ,cars were installed on the ,vienna and ,munich line in #ahgc1 and their favorable reception and popularity unquestionably went far to better the trying conditions of ,european travel4 ,illustration3 ,interior of a ,pullman car used about #ahhj4 ,here a tendency to ornamentation begins to show4 ,note the low-backed seats ,designed in ,america and introduced on the continent1 the ,mann boudoir cars enjoyed an almost unoccupied field in ,europe1 with the exception of ,england1 where the railway managers had adopted the ,pullman cars as their standard4 ,the ,mann car was developed to suit ,european railroads and ,european wants4 ,a ,belgian company was organized to introduce sleeping cars by contracts with railroad companies1 somewhat like those of the ,pullman ,company in ,america4 ,the ,mann cars which were put in service in the ,united ,states between ,boston and ,new ,york in #ahhc were divided into eight compartments1 some accommodating two persons1 some four4 ,the seats were arranged transversely instead of longitudinally4 ,due to their smaller passenger capacity a higher rate was necessarily charged than for ,pullman accommodations4 ,but exclusive possession of the ,continental field was not left to ,colonel ,mann undisputed1 for during the year #ahge ,mr4 ,pullman established a shop at ,turin1 ,italy1 and under the direction of a ,mr4 ,a4 ,rapp1 who was sent on from the ,detroit works1 a number of cars were constructed for use on through trains on the principal ,italian lines4 ,the following testimonial presented to ,mr4 ,rapp at the conclusion of the work by the men who had been employed expresses1 although in none too polished ,english1 their appreciation of the work that had been provided them4 ,,to ,,pullman ,,esquire1 ,,the ,,great ,,inventor ,,of ,,the ,,saloon ,,comfortable ,,carriages ,,and ,,master ,,rapp ,,the ,,civil ,,engineer1 ,,director ,,of ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,the ,,italian ,,workmen ,,beg ,,to ,,umiliate4 ,welcome1 ,welcome ,master ,pullman ,the great inventor of the ,saloon ,carriages1 ,italy will be thankful to the man ,for now and ever1 for ages and ages4 ,to ,master ,rapp we men are thankful4 ,cause of his kindness and adviser sages1 ,our hearts of true gladness is full3 ,and we shall remember him for ages4 ,should ,master ,pullman ever succeed ,to continue is work in ,italy ,what we wish to him indeed1 ,we hope to be chosen ,to finish the work and work as a man1 ,to show our gratitude to ,master ,pullman4 ,,fino ,,and ,,his ,,friends4 ,turin1 #aj ,january #ahgf4 ,the appearance of the new ,pullman cars in ,england created immediate and favorable comment1 for not only were the cars radical in the service which they afforded1 but their construction1 following the advanced principles of ,american car building1 offered sharp contrast to the less modern cars of ,english construction4 ,from the most gorgeous first-class carriage down to the dumpiest begrimed coal car1 all ,british railway conveyances rested on four iron wheels1 placed in the position where ,artemus ,ward located the legs of the horse--one at each corner4 ,until the ,pullman sleepers were introduced into ,britain1 the sight of a car resting on eight wheels was unprecedented1 as no one thought of doubting the entire security from danger of a carriage with only four points of support4 ,indeed1 the conservative ,briton saw no more real necessity for a railway carriage having eight wheels than for a horse to have more than four legs4 ,under arrangements with the ,great ,northern ,railway1 ,pullman dining room carriages were put in service on ,november #a1 #ahgi1 between ,leeds and ,king's ,cross ,station1 ,london4 ,luncheon and dinner were served and the menu included soups1 fish1 entrees1 roast joints1 puddings and fruits for dessert1 a truly ,english bill of fare4 ,the reception of this innovation is described by the ,london ,telegraph1 which concluded a comment on the dining car with this friendly suggestion3 ,if the ,british public can be brought to give this new refreshment-car system1 just inaugurated by the ,great ,northern ,railway1 a fair trial1 there will be another traveling infliction1 besides ,dyspepsia and ,discontent1 which will be speedily laid in the ,red ,sea4 ,i mean the ghost of ,ennui4 ,luncheon or dinner on board a ,pullman palace-car will surely banish ,boredom from railway journeys4 ,by the year #ahgi ,pullman sleeping and drawing room cars were in operation on three ,english and three ,scotch lines1 and at the invitation of the ,italian ,government1 cordially responded to by the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company1 sleeping cars1 similar to those in use in ,england on the ,midland and ,great ,northern railways were put in weekly service between ,brindisi and ,bologna1 in connection with the steamers of the ,peninsula and ,oriental ,company4 ,at ,bologna the service was taken up by the ,belgian ,societe ,anonyme des ,wagons ,lits--an interesting recognition by a foreign government of the superiority of the ,american railway carriages4 ,illustration3 ,the rococo period4 ,extravagance of florid ornamentation and design ,illustration ,in #ahhh ,the ,pullman ,limited ,express began regular service on the ,london1 ,brighton1 ,south ,coast ,line1 between ,victoria ,station and ,brighton4 ,single cars of the ,american pattern had been running on this line for five or six years1 but in this train for the first time the ,english public was offered a solid ,pullman equipment4 ,four cars comprised the train--a parlor car1 a drawing room car with ladies' boudoir and dining room1 a restaurant car1 and a smoking car1 while a compartment at each end of the train next to the luggage compartment was provided for servants4 ,on this train electric lighting was first employed by the ,pullman ,company for illuminating railroad cars--a particular feature that received wide advertisement4 ,the ,london1 ,brighton1 ,south ,coast ,railway opened the ,new ,year of #ahhi with the first vestibule train that had ever greeted the eyes of foreign travelers4 ,three ,pullman cars1 ,princess1 ,prince1 and ,albert ,victor1 were regularly attached to a train of three first-class cars4 ,the ,pullman cars were built at the ,pullman plant at ,detroit1 ,michigan1 and were shipped in sections to ,england4 ,by this innovation ,yankee genius again demonstrated its leadership1 and the travelers of a distant nation profited by the genius and energy of an ,american inventor4 ,the ,pullman ,company1 ,limited1 of ,england1 existed as a property of the ,american company until the year #aijf1 when1 due to the enormous development of the system in the ,united ,states1 it was deemed wise for economic reasons to separate the two companies4 ,but today the ,british company still proudly bears the name of ,pullman1 a tribute to the inventive genius1 untiring energy1 and wide vision of a country boy of the new world4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,survival ,,of ,,the ,,fittest ,one of the most interesting elements in the history of the ,pullman car and the ,pullman ,company is the story of imitation and competition which for a period after the foundation of the parent company thrived and later disappeared4 ,the success of the ,pullman car necessarily brought competition4 ,it was wholesome that such competition should arise4 ,if a car more convenient than the car of ,mr4 ,pullman's invention could be devised1 it was right that it should be given the test of public opinion4 ,that no car constructed along different basic lines survived1 established the right of the ,pullman car to its preeminence4 ,that certain cars patterned after ,mr4 ,pullman's basic ideas1 and in most cases directly infringing on his patents1 received a degree of popularity again reflects creditably to the ,pullman car4 ,distinct from the innovations afforded by ,pullman car construction1 the universal service of the ,company afforded the public a new service of equal value4 ,where formerly it was necessary for the traveler to change from car to car whenever and wherever one railroad connected with another line1 the uniform service of the ,pullman ,company created a new and infinitely more desirable situation1 for it was now possible to travel without inconvenience or interruption between practically any two points in the country regardless of the number of different railroads over whose tracks the traveler's ticket required passage4 ,by competition1 the value of such a service was tested2 tested alike by the individual railroads and their patrons4 ,that each and every competing company ultimately retired from the field1 and that practically every railroad in the ,united ,states has today contracted with the ,pullman ,company for its standardized service1 is tacit recognition to the worth of the service rendered4 ,illustration3 ,more ornate interiors4 7#a7 early ,pullman parlor car2 7#b7 old type ,pullman sleeping car ,illustration ,there are still other reasons why the control of sleeping and parlor service should be delegated to a single company4 ,due to the vast area embraced by the boundaries of the ,united ,states and the wide range of climate which these boundaries contain1 there are many railroads which require during certain months of the year a larger number of cars to transport their through passengers than in others4 ,other roads require an equally great number of sleeping and parlor cars during other months1 as for instance those roads which carry the winter tourists to the ,south and ,southwest in winter as opposed to the roads which feel the peak of passenger travel in summer when the vacationists are headed for the ,atlantic coast resorts or the northwestern mountains4 ,again1 there are special occasions1 like great conventions1 when the railroads touching the convention city must have hundreds of sleeping cars above their normal needs4 ,few railroads could afford to tie up capital in the cars required for such brief periods of demand2 it would be an economic fallacy to pass the expense of the maintenance and constant replacement of such an equipment on to the public4 ,to meet this situation is the mission of the ,pullman ,company4 ,of the numerous sleeping car companies the ,gates ,sleeping ,car ,company was perhaps the earliest4 ,this car was named after ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,gates1 ,general ,manager of the ,lake ,shore ,road1 and with the consolidation of the ,hudson ,river ,railroad and the ,new ,york ,central in #ahfi1 these cars1 previously only operated on the ,lake ,shore1 were put in the ,new ,york1 ,buffalo1 ,chicago service4 ,illustration3 ,the latest ,pullman parlor car1 showing simplicity of modern car decoration1 combining quiet elegance with good taste and comfort ,among the various competitors of the ,pullman ,company1 the ,wagner ,palace ,car ,company1 which succeeded1 in #ahfe1 the ,new ,york ,central ,sleeping ,car ,company1 and absorbed in #ahfi the ,gates ,sleeping ,car ,company1 developed by far the widest and most formidable competition and continued its service over the longest period4 ,the underlying reasons for the strength of this competition lay primarily in the fact that the ,wagner cars followed more closely the ,pullman characteristics1 and in fact the infringement of certain basic ,pullman patents by the ,wagner ,company was a cause of frequent litigation over a period of many years4 ,webster ,wagner1 the founder of the ,wagner ,palace ,car ,company1 began his career as a wagon maker4 ,the first cars which he constructed had a single tier of berths1 and the bedding was packed away by day in a closet at the end of the car4 ,commodore ,vanderbilt backed ,wagner and became interested in his company1 a connection which gave ,wagner invaluable assistance and a hold on the sleeping-car business of the lines controlled by the ,vanderbilt interests1 a connection which enabled him for many years to be a keen competitor of the ,pullman ,company4 ,early in ,june1 #ahha1 suit was brought by the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company against the ,new ,york ,central ,sleeping ,car ,company and ,webster ,wagner1 claiming #a1jjj1jjj damages for infringement and use of patents in the construction and use of ,wagner sleeping coaches4 ,the bill stated that in #ahgj the ,wagner ,company began building sleeping cars1 and for several years its coaches ran only on the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad and its various branches4 ,the company finding it impossible to build satisfactory cars without using the ,pullman patents1 contracted with the ,pullman ,company to use certain of its patented improvements4 ,this arrangement was made with the distinct understanding that the ,wagner ,company was to run its cars only over the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad4 ,for five years this arrangement was satisfactorily carried out4 ,but in #ahge the ,pullman ,company's contract with the ,michigan ,central ,railroad expired and the ,wagner ,company secured the contract to run the cars between ,detroit and ,chicago1 thus making a through connection for the ,vanderbilt lines between ,new ,york and ,chicago4 ,by this new routing of the ,wagner cars direct from ,new ,york to ,chicago and the elimination of the ,pullman cars from the ,chicago and ,detroit service1 an opportunity offered for some other road to avail itself of the ,pullman service and effect a through ,pullman service between ,new ,york and ,chicago4 ,the ,erie was the road that grasped the opportunity4 ,by arrangements with the ,baltimore ,ohio and several other roads1 through ,erie trains between ,new ,york and ,chicago1 comprising ,pullman hotel coaches1 sleeping cars and drawing room cars were put in service on ,november #a1 #ahge4 ,a circular published in ,chicago announcing the new arrangement said3 ,from the first of ,november1 the ,pullman hotel and drawing room coaches1 for many years so popular on the ,michigan ,central line1 will be withdrawn from that route1 and with new and increased improvements will thereafter run exclusively on the ,erie and ,chicago line1 forming the first and only ,pullman hotel coach line between ,chicago and ,new ,york4 ,the success of the new ,erie ,pullman coaches was immediately assured4 ,the hotel cars especially were a great attraction4 ,these were divided into two compartments1 in one of which the kitchen was located1 the other compartment being utilized as a sleeping car4 ,first-class meals1 including all manner of game and seasonable delicacies1 were served on movable tables placed in the sections4 ,in fact1 the ,new ,york ,tribune1 in commenting on the new ,pullman equipment1 asked3 ,should the ,erie have a monopoly of such comforts8 ,why does not ,wagner imitate or improve upon ,pullman8 ,these cars were nicknamed ,french ,flats4 ,all the modern conveniences of a first-class house are condensed into one of these hotels on wheels4 ,the beds at night are put away to make room for spacious seats by day1 between which a table is placed1 covered with damask cloths and napkins folded in quaint devices1 at which four may sit with ease4 ,the whole car--a ,pullman--is luxuriously fitted up1 and one end is partitioned into a storeroom and kitchen2 there is a smoking-room for lovers of the weed1 and a separate toilet room for ladies4 ,as the porter of the car blackens the boots1 and there is a telegraph office at each stopping place1 the waggish question of ,where is the barber shop8 is often made4 ,but this may come1 too1 as last summer an excursion party of ladies and gentlemen took a hair-dresser with them over the ,erie to ,niagara ,falls1 and two or three ladies actually had their hair crimped while traveling thirty or forty miles an hour6 ,at this time1 while game is plenty in the ,west1 the ,pullmans1 with their facilities1 and two fast trains each way per day1 are able to make a bill of fare and serve it in a style which would cause ,delmonico to wring his hands in anguish4 ,the service is on the ,european plan2 that is1 you pay for what you order1 and we give the prices of the principal articles1 to show at what a reasonable rate one can take a superior meal of fifty or a hundred miles long3 ,prairie chicken1 pheasant1 and woodcock1 whole1 #a2 snipe1 quail1 golden plover and blue-winged teal1 each #ge cents2 venison1 #fj cents2 chicken1 whole1 #ge cents2 cold tongue1 ham1 and corned beef1 #cj cents2 sardines1 lobster1 and broiled ham or bacon1 #dj cents2 mutton and lamb chops1 veal cutlets1 or half a chicken1 #ej cents2 sirloin steak1 #ej cents1 c4 ,every traveler who has missed his dinner to catch a train will rejoice in knowing that a warm meal awaits him at the cars1 and that he can wake up in the morning and choose his time for breakfast1 instead of bolting it down at the twenty minutes' convenience of the railroad company4#b #b3 ,new ,york ,commercial ,advertiser1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahge4 ,some time prior to #ahfa sleeping cars were being operated over the ,camden ,amboy and ,baltimore ,ohio railroads4 ,these cars were known as ,knight cars1 after their designer1 ,e4 ,c4 ,knight4 ,the ,knights were built at a cost of about #g1jjj1 and were regarded as the handsomest things on wheels4 ,as in the bunk cars1 all of which found their model in the sleeping arrangements of the canal boat1 the berths were only on one side of the car and consisted of a triple tier of two double and one single berth2 an arrangement later changed to one double and two single berths4 ,the ,woodruff sleeping car also was designed about this time by ,t4 ,t4 ,woodruff1 ,master ,car ,builder of the ,terre ,haute ,alton ,railroad4 ,in this car both sides of the car were utilized as in the ,pullman car1 and the sleeping accommodations consisted of twelve sections1 six on a side4 ,a company was formed to operate the ,woodruff cars in #ahga1 with a capital of #ajj1jjj4 ,the ,flower ,sleeping ,car ,company was another characteristic competitor4 ,this short-lived company was organized in #ahhb in ,bangor1 ,maine1 with a capital of #ejj1jjj4 ,the seats in this new car were placed in the middle instead of on the sides of the cars1 thus leaving an aisle on each side instead of one in the center4 ,claims were made that a freer circulation of air would result1 and a news item of the ,times further recommended this unique construction as more convenient to families1 the berths being so arranged1 side by side1 that two could be made up into a double bed4 ,mann's ,boudoir ,car ,company was incorporated in #ahhc1 with a capital of #a1jjj1jjj1 and experienced considerable popularity due to their unique arrangement1 which has been described in a previous chapter4 ,in #ahhc the ,erie ,railroad realized the long entertained ambition of entering ,chicago on its own rails4 ,to accomplish this1 the ,erie had leased the ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania ,ohio ,railroad and built the ,chicago ,atlantic4 ,through connection was actually made ,may #ae1 on which date freight traffic was begun4 ,the train by which the ,erie inaugurated the passenger business over the new trunk line was probably the most complete and elegant train ever to that time constructed4 ,all of the cars were of ,pullman manufacture and consisted of a baggage car1 second-class coach1 a smoking car1 and first-class coaches and sleepers that were models of perfection and beauty1 as might be expected where the ,pullman ,company had carte blanche to produce the best possible4 ,each coach was lighted with the new ,pintsch lights4 ,the smoking car deserves more than passing mention1 for it was the first one ever constructed of ,pullman standard4 ,the car was equipped with upholstered easy chairs1 and a refreshment buffet moistened the throats of the smokers4 ,early in #ahhi the ,pullman ,company acquired the control of the ,mann ,boudoir ,car ,company and the ,woodruff ,sleeping ,car ,company1 including the entire car equipment and plants4 ,by this acquisition a long step was taken for the unification of sleeping car service1 and the further development of a uniform and widely extended scope of operations4 ,for years the success of the ,pullman ,company's service had been too generally acknowledged to escape the notice of enterprising railroad men1 and these two companies were fair examples of the numerous competing companies that were organized4 ,but the success of the ,pullman service was based on an idea of too wide conception ever to be successfully imitated4 ,the success of the company engendered competition2 its success resulted only in a comparison of service injurious to the imitators4 ,behind all this lay the fundamental reason for ,pullman supremacy4 ,created to give a standardized service everywhere for the convenience of travelers1 it was quickly apparent that competition was but a reversal to the old order--the more companies1 the less uniform service4 ,about a month previous1 the ,mann ,boudoir ,company and the ,woodruff ,sleeping ,car ,company had joined hands and formed the ,union ,palace ,car ,company4 ,by the purchase of this combine the ,pullman ,company added about #ae1jjj miles of road to that already operated1 and by that many miles extended its through car service4 ,the only remaining sleeping car companies of any importance outside of the ,pullman ,company were the ,wagner ,company1 belonging to the ,vanderbilts1 and operated over the ,vanderbilt lines1 and the ,monarch ,sleeping ,car ,company1 which operated entirely in the ,new ,england ,states with the exception of one ,ohio line4 ,a newspaper of the time commented on the merger1 and closed with the verdict3 ,while this will add to the volume of the ,pullman business1 it will also render the service upon the absorbed lines far more efficient and satisfactory for the traveling public4 ,illustration3 ,the first step in the building of the car4 ,the center construction in position1 and the framework assembled ,in #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,pullman had put in operation his vestibule trains1 which immediately met with extraordinary favor and patronage4 ,in a very few days the ,wagner ,company also advertised a vestibule train and were promptly met with an injunction holding the ,wagner appliances to be an infringement of the ,pullman patent4 ,after another hearing1 the injunction was superseded1 the ,wagner ,company giving an unlimited bond1 signed by the ,vanderbilts1 to pay any damages ascertained by the courts4 ,after months occupied in taking the evidence of travelers1 expert mechanics1 railroad officials1 prominent citizens1 and others1 a final hearing was had4 ,the judges1 owing to the vast interests involved and the legal difficulties presented1 took ample time for consideration1 but finally adhered to their first conclusion4 ,the main feature of the ,pullman vestibule system was the ,sessions patent1 without which the vestibule system was worthless4 ,the court declared this invention to be of the highest order of utility1 not only as shown by the testimony in the ease and the adoption of the patent by the principal railroads of the country1 but also by the acts of the ,wagner ,company in appropriating the device1 and in the tenacity with which they clung to it in the courts under an immense bond for any damages to result1 and so1 in ,april1 #ahhi1 the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court delivered its opinion in favor of the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company in its long and stubborn fight with the ,wagner ,palace ,car ,company4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,town ,,of ,,pullman ,like most other industries1 the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company felt the effect of the financial depression immediately following #ahgc1 but the reaction followed1 and on the resumption of specie payments in #ahgi dawned a new era in the ,company's history and a rapid expansion of its business4 ,to meet this expansion and to extend the business still farther along the line of general car building1 it became necessary to enlarge the plant4 ,the shops already established in ,st4 ,louis1 ,detroit1 ,elmira1 and ,wilmington were unable to provide the volume required by the increasing demand for the ,company's output4 ,it was evident that new shops must be built on a larger and more comprehensive scale than any that had gone before4 ,in #ahgi the ,chicago newspapers were alert to confirm the rumor that ,george ,m4 ,pullman was planning to locate his new shops at ,chicago4 ,the following year the rumor became fact and the question of the exact location became of paramount interest4 ,chicago with its central position with reference to the railway systems of the continent1 seemed the natural site1 but there were weighty objections1 touching both finance and the matter of labor1 to be urged against building within the city limits proper4 ,sites were visited by representatives of the ,company at ,hinsdale1 ,illinois1 and ,wolf ,lake1 ,indiana1 but in ,april it was definitely announced that the works would be located on the ,illinois ,central ,railroad on the shore of ,lake ,calumet4 ,a ,chicago newspaper commented on the decision of the ,company as follows3 ,a notable addition to ,chicago's mercantile industry is to be the extensive car works of the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company1 ground for which is to be broken today4 ,a larger establishment for manufacturing purposes will not exist in the ,west1 and while it will contain all the latest and most improved mechanical appliances in use1 it will embody in its architecture grace and beauty that is quite characteristic of the palace car4 ,the works are to cost #a1jjj1jjj2 about #b1jjj men are to be employed in them1 and the extended arrangement of machinery is to be moved by the ,corliss engine1 one of the ,centennial wonders1 which has been purchased by the ,pullmans4 ,illustration3 ,fitting the car with steam pipes and electric conduits ,illustration3 ,at work on the steel plates for inside finish panels ,an interesting personal reminiscence of this famous real estate operation may be found in ,frederick ,francis ,cook's ,bygone ,days in ,chicago4 ,another ,pullman scoop was of an extraordinary real-estate and manufacturing interest when negotiated--the slang to be accepted for once in its proper meaning4 ,in the later seventies1 besides other duties1 ,i had charge of the real-estate department of the ,times4 ,it became known that the ,pullman ,company intended to build a manufacturing town somewhere1 but whether in the environs of ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,kansas ,city1 or other western point1 was for the public an open question for many months--and1 ,i dare say1 for a time was an unsettled proposition with the company itself1 for ,st4 ,louis offered large inducements in the way of land grants4 ,what finally turned the scales in favor of ,chicago1 according to ,mr4 ,pullman's declaration to me1 was the more favorable climatic conditions presented by ,chicago4 ,it was his contention that during the summer a man could do at least ten per cent more work near ,lake ,michigan than in the ,mississippi ,valley in the latitude of ,st4 ,louis4 ,during many disturbing weeks--for the whole real-estate market in at least three cities waited on the decision--frequent announcements were made that the directors of the company1 or its committee on site1 had inspected this locality1 or that1 in the vicinity of one city or another1 and so the wearisome time went on4 ,many places were visited about ,chicago--some to the north1 some on the ,desplaines1 some in the neighborhood of the ,canal1 but somehow none near ,calumet ,lake1 a fact which finally aroused my suspicions4 ,in the meantime1 unverifiable reports of large transactions in that locality floated about in real-estate circles4 ,finally1 ,i pinned down an actual sale of large dimensions1 with ,colonel ,jim ,bowen as the ostensible purchaser4 ,that opened my eyes1 for the colonel's circumstances at this time put such a transaction on his own account altogether out of the question4 ,almost daily at this time ,mr4 ,pullman was interviewed on the situation by the real-estate newspaper phalanx--,henry ,d4 ,lloyd was then in charge for the ,tribune--but nothing decided1 was the stereotyped reply4 ,by and by ,i discovered that almost invariably if ,i went at a certain hour1 ,colonel ,jim would be largely in evidence about the ,pullman headquarters1 with an air of doing a land-office business1 and1 as it turned out1 he was actually doing something very much like it4 ,slowly ,i picked up clue after clue1 pieced this to that1 and one day felt in a position to say to ,mr4 ,pullman that ,i had located the site4 ,he seemed amused1 and laughingly replied that he was pleased to hear it1 as it would save the committee on site a lot of trouble2 and1 as some of them were that very day looking at a ,desplaines ,river site near ,riverside--a trip most ostentatiously advertised in advance--he thought he would telegraph them to stop looking1 and come back to town4 ,it was always a pleasure to interview ,mr4 ,pullman1 for he had a way of making you feel at ease1 and ,i entered heartily into the humor of his jocularity4 ,but1 as in a bantering way1 ,i let out link after link of my chain of evidence1 he became more and more serious1 and finally--without committing himself1 however--took the ground that even if true1 in view of the importance of their plans1 no paper having the good of ,chicago at heart ought by premature publication to interfere with them4 ,he pressed this point more and more1 and finally made frank confession that ,i was on the right track1 by acknowledging that they had already bought many hundreds of acres1 were negotiating for many hundreds more which would be advanced to prohibitive prices by publication1 and the whole scheme would thus be wrecked4 ,on the other hand1 if ,i withheld publication1 he promised that ,i should have the matter exclusively--the whole vast improvement scheme1 unique plan of administration1 etc4 ,as there was the danger in waiting that one of my rivals might get hold of the facts1 exploit them1 and thus turn the tables on me1 ,i replied that the matter was of too great moment for me to take the responsibility of holding the news1 and that ,i should have to consult ,mr4 ,storey4 ,it happened that ,mr4 ,storey had invested quite extensively in ,south ,side boulevard property2 and1 as a great improvement southward could not fail to add to the value of his holding1 and there was the further prospect of a more complete exclusive account later than was possible with my skeleton information1 he gave a ready assent4 ,the town of ,pullman meant far more in the mind of its founder than a mere industrial establishment4 ,the dreary1 water-soaked prairie was raised to high1 dry land2 an entire town was planned and blocked out following ,mr4 ,pullman's own design4 ,architects and landscape architects worked together to carry out the plan to a harmonious and pleasing fulfillment4 ,among the more prominent details of this vast work were included a system by which the sewage of the town was collected and pumped far away to the ,pullman produce farm2 the equipment of every house and flat regardless of rental with the most modern appliances of water1 gas1 and plumbing2 the establishment of athletic fields2 the concentration of the merchandising of the town under the glass roof of the central arcade building1 and the construction of a handsome market house1 a fine schoolhouse to accommodate a thousand pupils1 a library containing over #h1jjj volumes1 a savings bank and a large and artistically decorated theater4 ,the population of ,pullman in ,january1 #ahha1 counted four souls4 ,in ,february1 #ahhb1 there were #b1jhd inhabitants1 a total which had increased to #h1bjc by ,september1 #ahhd4 ,illustration3 ,preparing the steel frame for the upper section of a ,pullman sleeping car ,illustration3 ,sand blasting the brass trimmings of the car before applying the finish ,a contemporary writer closes an enthusiastic description of the town of ,pullman with the following paragraph3 ,imagine a perfectly equipped town of #ab1jjj inhabitants1 built out from one central thought to a beautiful and harmonious whole4 ,a town that is bordered with bright beds of flowers and green velvety stretches of lawn2 that is shaded with trees and dotted with parks and pretty water vistas1 and glimpses here and there of artistic sweeps of landscape gardening2 a town where the homes1 even to the most modest1 are bright and wholesome and filled with pure air and light2 a town1 in a word1 where all that is ugly1 and discordant1 and demoralizing1 is eliminated1 and all that inspires to self-respect1 to thrift and to cleanliness of person and of thought is generously provided4 ,imagine all this1 and try to picture the empty1 sodden morass out of which this beautiful vision was reared1 and you will then have some idea of the splendid work1 in its physical aspects at least1 which the far-reaching plan of ,mr4 ,pullman has wrought4#c #c3 ,the ,story of ,pullman1 prepared for distribution at the ,world's ,fair1 #ahic4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,inventions ,,and ,,improvements ,the invention of the folding upper berth combination by ,mr4 ,pullman was the first of many contributions by himself1 and in later years by the ,pullman ,company and those associated with it1 to the development of railway travel4 ,sleeping cars for a number of years had given night accommodations to travelers2 there was nothing new in the idea that a night journey required sleeping accommodations4 ,but in the new and radical berth construction devised by ,mr4 ,pullman lay the difference between impracticability and practicability--between discomfort and luxury4 ,the earliest sleeping cars were mere bunk cars in which the male passengers might recline during the night hours4 ,later1 bedding was furnished1 but the necessity of storing it by day in a closet at the end of the cars created a situation in which order and cleanliness were far from practicable4 ,by the ,pullman invention1 however1 all this was changed4 ,a type of car was developed that was not only comfortable and convenient for day travel1 but one that might be quickly transformed into a comfortable sleeping apartment4 ,furthermore1 the new upper berth construction made it possible to pack away by day the entire bedding1 mattresses1 curtains1 and partitions necessary to convert each section into a double sleeping apartment4 ,with this simple mechanical innovation the inventor combined an idea characterized by a breadth of vision that ranks with the great ideas of the century4 ,in few words1 he conceived the thought that it would be possible at one stroke to supplant the inadequate and inefficient service of the day with a new service so complete in its comforts and conveniences that no one might express a wish that the service might be unable to fulfill4 ,illustration3 ,view of machine section4 ,steel ,erecting ,shops ,illustration3 ,fitting up the steel car underframe4 ,steel ,erecting ,shops ,it is interesting1 in passing1 to consider the fact that up to the development of the ,pullman car1 night trains were patronized exclusively by men1 for no woman would have considered subjecting herself to the inconvenience and lack of privacy of the ordinary sleeping car4 ,the development of the ,pullman car and ,pullman service made continuous day and night travel practical for women and children2 it created the comforts and privacies they naturally required4 ,to be sure it was several years before the new order of things received general recognition1 but the public quickly caught on4 ,travel by ,pullman soon became a popular diversion4 ,the story of the early years of the ,pullman sleeping car has been told in the foregoing chapters4 ,due in large measure to the comfort and convenience of the cars1 continuous travel lengthened1 and at once arose the necessity for eating as well as sleeping accommodations on the through long-distance trains4 ,for a number of years foreign travelers in ,america had praised the elaborate restaurant service afforded by certain station eating-houses4 ,towns developed keen rivalry in respect to the meals provided by their station counters1 and the station restaurants of certain towns developed among constant travelers a reputation for unusual culinary excellence4 ,our fathers will doubtless recall the glorious fame of dining rooms at ,poughkeepsie1 ,springfield1 and ,altoona1 and of certain dishes that enjoyed nation-wide reputation and might be had only at this or that particular station restaurant4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the uninviting1 indigestible nature of the so-called refreshment offered at some railway eating stations had long been a byword4 ,in most sections of the country it was practically impossible to procure a respectable meal or lunch while traveling4 ,railway officials had wrestled with the subject in vain4 ,recognizing the fact that the heart of the railway traveler is most susceptible to influences reaching it by way of his stomach1 they made repeated and continued endeavors to improve the fare offered during the twenty minutes for dinner stops4 ,with a few exceptions the results were not encouraging1 and the traveling public continued its dyspeptic round three times a day4 ,the station eating-house was on an unsound basis1 and its disadvantages were obvious4 ,with the increase of the speed of through trains and the demand for shorter running times between terminals it became quickly apparent that a train could not be stopped three times a day to permit the passengers to gorge a hasty meal at the station restaurant4 ,three meals at a minimum of twenty minutes each was an hour lost1 and twenty minutes for eating was as bad for the passenger as it was for the running time of the trains4 ,there were still other disadvantages4 ,in addition to the delay of the train and the tax on the passenger's digestion1 there was the frequent discomfort of wet or wintry weather4 ,on a fine day it was well enough to stretch one's legs1 but in rain or snow the tri-daily evacuation of the car was a decidedly unpopular feature4 ,the installation of hotel-car service by the ,pullman ,company sang the knell of the station eating-counter4 ,the ,president1 a car combining sleeping and eating accommodations1 was put in service in #ahfg on the ,grand ,trunk ,railway1 then the ,great ,western of ,canada4 ,its instant success necessitated the building of the ,kalamazoo and ,western ,world1 and in the years immediately following many hotel cars were put in service4 ,the second step in the evolution was inevitable4 ,at best1 the hotel car was only a sleeping car with restaurant accommodations4 ,eating and sleeping have never been associated in the modern mind2 there must be a separate place for each4 ,to meet the demand1 or rather to anticipate a demand which his keen eyes foresaw1 ,mr4 ,pullman set himself to the task of developing a car which would be only a dining car1 serving no other purpose1 and practical for operation in conjunction with through trains of the fastest speed4 ,the first real dining car which ,mr4 ,pullman constructed was aptly named the ,delmonico4 ,it was a complete restaurant with a large kitchen and pantries at one end4 ,the main body of the car was fitted up as a dining room in which the passengers from all the cars of the train could enter and take their meals with entire comfort4 ,the ,delmonico was put in regular service in #ahfh on the ,chicago ,alton1 and other ,pullman diners were added the same year4 ,at about the same time the ,michigan ,central and the ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy ,railroads also began to operate dining cars on their trains4 ,to the ,chicago ,alton1 however1 belongs the honor of having first inaugurated the dining-car system4 ,the ,michigan ,central and ,burlington did not put on dining cars until #ahge4 ,the ,chicago ,alton dining cars were run between ,chicago and ,st4 ,louis1 and were constructed and managed by ,mr4 ,pullman4 ,the price for a meal was #a4jj4 ,later the ,alton acquired an interest in the dining cars1 and finally assumed full control of them4 ,illustration3 ,making the cushions for the seats4 ,upholstery ,department ,illustration3 ,making the chairs for the parlor cars4 ,upholstery ,department ,although founded and developed1 and for a number of years successfully operated by the ,pullman ,company1 the dining car is no longer under its management4 ,due primarily to the vast increase in this particular share of the business and the variety of service required by travelers in different sections of the country1 it became advisable to turn over to the various roads the details of catering to their particular patrons4 ,on some of the leading railroads the highest type of dining-car service is maintained and advertised as a particular feature4 ,on other roads of lesser prominence a corresponding degree of service may be found4 ,it is1 perhaps1 unfortunate from the point of view of the traveler that the ,pullman ,company found it necessary to discontinue a service that it had so auspiciously inaugurated4 ,the installation of dining-car service immediately drew attention to a serious defect in railway train construction that had previously escaped notice1 a defect which was the more apparent in comparison with the relatively high development of other features of train construction4 ,by the adoption of the dining car it became necessary for the passengers to pass from car to car across the platform while the train was in motion1 and often during a condition of rain and snow which added discomfort to actual danger4 ,where the crossing of platforms while the train was in motion had formerly been prohibited1 the railroads were now forced to encourage passengers to subject themselves to this dangerous procedure in order that they might avail themselves of the convenience of the dining cars4 ,attempts had been made at different times to provide a safe and covered passageway between the cars1 especially on fast express trains1 but nothing of a practical nature had resulted4 ,in #aheb and #ahee patents were taken out for canvas devices to connect adjoining cars and create a passage way between them4 ,these appliances were installed in #aheg on a train on the ,naugatuck ,railroad1 in ,connecticut1 but soon proved to be of little practical use and were abandoned several years later4 ,illustration3 ,the frame end posts for ,pullman standard cars are made in this section of the shops ,illustration3 ,the assembling of the steel car partitions is shown in this picture ,but in #ahhf ,mr4 ,pullman1 realizing the handicap of existing conditions to the full enjoyment of the various types of cars which he had established1 set himself to the solving of the problem by devising a perfect system for constructing continuous trains and at the same time providing sufficient flexibility in the connecting passage ways to allow for the motion of the train1 particularly when rounding curves4 ,the result of his efforts combined with those of his associates was the complete solution of the problem and the establishment of the vestibule train1 practically as it exists today4 ,the vestibule patent was granted to ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,sessions1 of the ,pullman ,company1 and covered many important features1 and particularly the arrangement of the springs which kept the cars in line in a vertical plane4 ,the vestibule was patented in #ahhg4 ,by its application the appearance of the train as a unit was materially increased1 but of far greater importance was the contribution which it made to safety4 ,not only did the enclosed vestibule afford protection to passengers crossing the platform from one car to another1 but the entire vestibule construction immediately gave greater safety in case of wreck by preventing one platform from riding the other and producing a telescoping of the cars4 ,the vestibule as designed and patented did not extend to the full width of the car4 ,it consisted of elastic diaphragms on steel frames attached to the ends of the cars1 the faces of the diaphragms when the train was made up1 pressing firmly against each other by powerful spiral springs which held them in position4 ,a further advantage of the vestibule was the almost entire elimination of the oscillation of the cars4 ,illustration3 ,the vestibule was invented by ,george ,m4 ,pullman4 ,this illustration shows its earliest form which extended only to the width of the doorway of the car4 ,in #ahic it was extended to the full width of the car4 ,the first vestibuled trains were put in service in ,april1 #ahhg1 on the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and in a few years were adopted by every railroad using ,pullman equipment4 ,in #ahic the vestibule was redesigned to enclose the entire platform by means of a drop which lowered over the stair openings1 thus increasing the roominess of the car and utilizing every inch of possible space4 ,in the ,railway ,review of ,april #af1 #ahhg1 occurs an interesting description of the first solid-vestibuled train4 ,for a number of months following1 this radical innovation was widely recognized by the press throughout the country1 and ,pullman vestibuled cars were advertised by the railroads on which they were operated4 ,we quote in part from the article in the ,railway ,review3 ,this week there was turned out of the ,pullman works1 at ,pullman1 ,ill41 a train of three sleepers1 one dining car1 and one combination baggage and smoker1 that for perfection1 in detail of manufacture and ornament1 and in completeness of comfort and luxury1 is unquestionably far ahead of any train ever before made up4 ,this train was on public exhibition for a few days at ,chicago1 and on ,friday was taken on its christening trip1 over a short run on the ,illinois ,central ,railroad4 ,the train is intended for ,limited service on the ,pennsylvania system4 ,the trial trip was a success in every way4 ,the train went to ,otto1 a short distance south of ,kankakee1 sixty miles from ,chicago4 ,there it was reversed on a ,y1 and an opportunity afforded of witnessing its operation on a sharp curve4 ,the action of the flexible connection of the vestibules was perfect4 ,on the return trip the train was run at a high rate of speed1 and it was evident that the cars were held very firmly together1 by the springs at the top of the vestibules1 and that there was much less jarring and swaying than is usual even on a very level track4 ,illustration3 ,axle generator for electric lighting of the car ,the list of business men and railroad managers who made up the party indicates the importance of the occasion4 ,it included3 ,george ,m4 ,pullman ,g4 ,f4 ,brown ,t4 ,h4 ,wickes ,c4 ,h4 ,chappell ,j4 ,j4 ,janes ,orson ,smith ,o4 ,w4 ,potter ,w4 ,t4 ,baker ,h4 ,r4 ,hobart ,a4 ,n4 ,eddy ,jesse ,spalding ,frederick ,broughton ,w4 ,p4 ,nixon ,john ,m4 ,clark ,a4 ,c4 ,bartlett ,j4 ,w4 ,hambleton ,e4 ,l4 ,brewster ,henry ,s4 ,boutell ,d4 ,b4 ,fiske ,willard ,a4 ,smith ,stephen ,f4 ,gale ,edson ,keith ,o4 ,s4 ,a4 ,sprague ,a4 ,b4 ,pullman ,j4 ,t4 ,lester ,h4 ,j4 ,mac,farland ,s4 ,w4 ,doane ,murray ,nelson ,a4 ,h4 ,burley ,c4 ,k4 ,offield ,e4 ,t4 ,jeffery ,prof4 ,swing ,w4 ,k4 ,sullivan ,w4 ,k4 ,ackerman ,a4 ,c4 ,thomas ,j4 ,mc,gregor ,adams ,j4 ,f4 ,studebaker ,p4 ,e4 ,studebaker ,t4 ,b4 ,blackstone ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,mc,pherson ,c4 ,s4 ,tuckerman ,a4 ,a4 ,sprague ,p4 ,l4 ,yoe ,a4 ,f4 ,seeberger ,d4 ,s4 ,wegg ,f4 ,n4 ,finney ,during the days in which the train was exhibited at ,van ,buren street1 ,chicago1 it was visited by approximately #bj1jjj people4 ,the article continues3 ,this fact shows that the public has a deep interest in improvements in traveling conveniences4 ,we do not remember that any previous invention or improvement has ever excited such general public interest4 ,mr4 ,pullman has again struck the popular chord4 ,the first vestibule train to the land of the ,aztecs1 the ,montezuma ,special1 was naturally of ,pullman construction1 and began regular tri-monthly trips from ,new ,orleans to the ,city of ,mexico and return1 via the ,southern ,pacific1 ,mexican ,international1 and ,mexican ,central ,railway1 on ,february #g1 #ahhi4 ,four magnificent cars1 electrically lighted1 comprised the train4 ,the initial trip of #a1hce miles was made in about seventy-one hours1 and on its arrival in the ,city of ,mexico a banquet was given to ,president ,diaz and his cabinet to signalize the advent of the first international vestibule train into the capital of ,mexico4 ,the lighting of railway cars shows an interesting evolution4 ,undoubtedly candles were used at the earliest period1 but the use of oil dates back beyond the birthday of the ,pullman car4 ,oil lamps1 at best1 were a poor substitute for the light of day4 ,casting a dim1 yellow light1 flickering in every draught1 smelling and smoking when not properly cared for1 and vitiating the car atmosphere1 it was small wonder that the public showed prompt appreciation of the first substitute that was provided4 ,the brilliant ,pintsch light1 which for a number of years had had wide use in ,europe1 was first introduced into ,america by the ,pullman ,company on the crack ,erie train in the through ,new ,york-,chicago service in #ahhc4 ,the gas used for these lights was of high candle power and was manufactured from petroleum4 ,as a car illuminant it has held its own almost to the present day4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the part played by the ,pullman ,company in the development of electric lighting of cars4 ,without its inspired initiative and its vast resources for practical and costly experiment it is fair to believe that electricity would not have been successfully utilized for this purpose for many years4 ,the ,railroad ,gazette of ,january #be1 #ahhi1 expresses this thought3 ,without extended experiments we can scarcely hope to develop a good system of electric lighting for railroad service4 ,such experiments are rather expensive1 and it is only by the co-operation of liberal-minded managers that anything like a perfect system can be expected in a reasonable time4 ,the ,pullman ,company has great confidence in the success of electric lighting1 and therefore1 in spite of the annoyance and expense of the present system1 expresses a determination to use it1 expecting that something better will result in the near future from the extended experience now being obtained4 ,although the incandescent electric lamp was introduced by ,edison in #ahgi1 following by two years the introduction by ,brush of the arc lamp1 it was on an ,english railway in an ,american ,pullman car supplied with electricity by ,french accumulator cells that the electric light on ,october #ad1 #ahha1 barely fifty years from the first suggestion of the iron horse by ,stephenson1 cast its brilliant light for the first time in a railway carriage4 ,the trial was made in a ,pullman car1 forming part of a special train on the ,brighton ,railway4 ,a number of officials of the road1 a representative of the ,pullman ,company1 and ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,pincaffs and ,mr4 ,lachlan of the ,faure ,accumulator ,company composed the party1 and at #c3be the train pulled out of the ,victoria ,station for ,brighton4 ,only a few months before1 ,mr4 ,faure had sent to ,sir ,william ,thomson his little box of lead plates coated with red oxide and fully charged with electricity4 ,the great physicist saw at once its possibilities1 and in a relatively short time inventors were developing countless applications of the new wonder4 ,its application to car lighting was an important test4 ,the ,pullman car on which this first experiment was made1 carried beneath it on a shelf some thirty-two small metal boxes or cells1 each containing lead plates coated with oxide4 ,stored in these cells was the power to light the car4 ,it was nothing more than the most elementary storage battery1 a far cry from the compact batteries of today and the massive generator swung beneath the floor of the modern car4 ,illustration3 ,the sewing room4 ,upholstery ,department ,all the previous night a steam engine had created power to charge the cells4 ,in the roof of the car were twelve small ,edison incandescent lights with bamboo filaments4 ,the light was uneven2 it was garish1 but at the turn of a switch its rays filled the car4 ,with pardonable enthusiasm the ,london ,times stated that the car on the return journey in the evening was kept lighted the whole of the distance from ,brighton to ,victoria4 ,it is interesting to read in the ,london ,daily ,telegraph of ,october #ae1 #ahhe1 the following mention of this important event3 ,yesterday's trial was understood to have special reference1 however1 to a new train1 wholly composed of ,pullman cars1 which it is proposed shortly to put on the service between ,victoria and ,brighton1 and should the experiment be deemed fully satisfactory it is probable that the new train will from the first be fitted with the electric light4 ,so far as the travelers were concerned the result was eminently successful4 ,it would scarcely be possible to conceive a steadier1 more equable1 or more agreeable light4 ,on the down journey the first trial was made in the ,merstham tunnel1 and then in the ,balcombe and ,clayton tunnels4 ,all that was needed was to move the little switch1 and instantaneously the delicate carbon thread enclosed in the lamps was aglow with pure white light4 ,the return journey was made in the night1 and the electric lamps were alight during the whole distance4 ,there had been some question whether the supply would prove sufficient1 as owing to stoppages the special had taken a somewhat longer time than had been allowed for2 the event1 however1 showed that the storage had been ample4 ,it would be possible to generate electricity by the energy of the moving train itself1 and this has indeed been suggested to be done4 ,by this means enough energy could be supplied to the incandescent lamps1 but in any case the accumulator would be necessary to act as a reservoir when the train was not in motion4 ,it possesses1 however1 another advantage equally important4 ,experience shows that a current of absolutely uniform strength supplying an even and constant light can only be derived from stored electricity4 ,the oxide of lead which covers the plates not only prevents leakage1 but enables the supply to be withdrawn with perfect regularity1 and renders sub-division easy4 ,yesterday the smoke room and lavatory of the car were lighted1 and occasionally the lights were turned off without in any way interfering with the other lamps in the same circuit4 ,before the train started on the return journey the brightly illuminated carriage was an object of interest to many members of the ,iron and ,steel ,institute who visited ,brighton and ,newhaven yesterday4 ,with regard to expense1 it is claimed for the accumulator and the incandescent lamps that the expenditure would be decidedly less than on oil1 while1 as to the comparative value of the two there is no room for difference of opinion4 ,it was the general feeling of all who took part in the excursion that the question of the electric lighting of trains had been solved1 and that to the ,brighton ,company1 whatever may be the immediate results of the experiment1 would belong the honour of taking the first decisive and practical step in the way of reform4 ,four months later a correspondent of a ,sheffield1 ,england1 paper1 writing from ,london to the ,railway ,review of the recent trial of electric lights on the ,pullman train of the ,london1 ,brighton ,south ,coast ,railway1 says3 ,there is no doubt whatever on the point that this1 apart from the question of cost1 is a decided success4 ,it is easily manageable1 and diffuses through the train a pleasant1 equable light1 scarcely less agreeable than daylight4 ,it is turned on and off with instantaneous effect as the train enters and leaves a tunnel1 and of course is kept burning the whole of the time during the night journeys4 ,the electricity is stored in a number of lead plates1 which are kept in water in iron boxes in the guard's van4 ,there are two lots1 one at either end of the train1 and two mechanics in charge of them4 ,this discovery of the ability to store electricity for application to lighting purposes seems to carry the discovery farther than anything since it was first introduced4 ,it gets over many difficulties which seemed insuperable--especially the important one of the great waste of power which is illustrated every night at the ,savoy ,theatre--and would be applicable to the introduction of electricity for household use4 ,at the ,savoy1 when the exigencies of the play require that the lights should be turned down in the auditorium1 there is no cessation of the enormous power required to produce the full effect4 ,what happens is that by a mechanical contrivance1 the electricity is carried off from the light and goes to waste4 ,with this system of storing1 electricity can be used just like gas1 as much or as little as people chance to want4 ,another great advantage is the freedom from jumping1 inseparable from the action of the driving power of the steam engine1 or of the motion power of water4 ,the lights of the ,brighton train burn just as steadily as gas1 an effect not in any way obtained where the light is maintained directly by the driving power of steam4 ,but after all1 the question of gas vs4 electricity will resolve itself into one of cost1 and it is here where gas will inevitably hold its own4 ,the fundamental principle of the electric light is that for a given exertion of power you obtain a given proportion of light1 neither more nor less4 ,for every hour it is burning there will be required a certain exactly-ascertained proportion of revolutions of the steam engine1 and therefore1 if the whole town is lighted it can be done only at a strictly proportionate expense to the lighting of a single house4 ,as to what that expense will be1 as compared with gas1 the ,brighton train would1 if we had an idea of the actual figures1 afford a precise means of information4 ,i met on the train a well-known gas engineer1 attracted1 like myself1 by the novelty of the experiment4 ,what the electric light cost he was not able to say1 but when we take into account the capital sunk in plant1 involving a steam engine with the necessary buildings1 consumption of coal and necessary employment of skilled labor1 it must be something considerable4 ,against this is the bare fact that the ,brighton train could be lighted with gas for the double journey at the cost of #aj;d4 ,it is a physical impossibility that electricity should ever come anywhere near this1 and that probably explains the singular phenomenon that at the time when electricity is making conspicuous advances in public favor1 the value of gas shares is not only steadily maintained1 but is actually rising in the market4 ,illustration3 ,the steel parts used for interior car finish are all standardized1 and are formed by powerful presses ,illustration3 ,another large press at work on the forming of steel shapes for the interior framing of the cars ,the present method of heating an entire train with steam from the locomotive was satisfactorily tested out in the winter of #ahhg1 and was generally adopted the following year4 ,by this improved system the individual heaters in each car were abolished1 and a source of much discomfort and complaint was removed4 ,the ,pullman cars were immediately altered to benefit by the new system4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,how ,,the ,,cars ,,are ,,made ,in former chapters has been told the story of the birth of the ,pullman car and its development through the various phases of its evolution4 ,generally speaking1 this evolution for the first forty years was characterized chiefly by the addition1 at one time or another1 of certain inventions and improvements1 such as the electric light and the vestibule1 and by a changing style of interior decoration conforming to contemporary fashions4 ,but at no time is recorded a change in the basic idea of car construction that can in any measure compare with the revolutionizing change which was recorded in #aijh by the construction of the first all-steel ,pullman car4 ,for a number of years steel sills and under frames had furnished a staunch foundation for all cars manufactured by the ,pullman ,company for its operation4 ,further strengthened by steel vestibules1 it is to be doubted if the all-steel car offered any very material increase in the safety already afforded to the passengers4 ,but the change which the steel car brought in the process of manufacture was radical in the extreme4 ,the first ,pullman cars1 and in fact every car up to and through the nineties1 was of all-wood construction4 ,wood-making machinery filled the great shops at ,pullman2 carpenters and cabinet-makers numbered a big percentage of the pay roll4 ,it was a wood-working industry4 ,at one fell stroke the old order changed to the new4 ,the songs of the band-saw and the planer were stilled and in their stead rose the metallic clamor of steam hammer and turret lathe1 and the endless staccato reverberation of an army of riveters4 ,ponderous machines to bend1 twist1 or cut a bar or sheet of steel filled the vast workrooms4 ,an army of steel workers1 ,titans of the past reborn to fulfill a modern destiny1 fanned the flames in their furnaces and released the leash of sand blast1 air hose1 and gas flame4 ,illustration3 ,this machine is at work punching holes for screws etc4 in the steel for the inside finish ,illustration3 ,this great power press is engaged in shaping the steel panelling for the inside finish of the car ,but fascinating as unquestionably was the work of the patient artisans who inlaid the beflowered ,eastlake ,pullman or the ,moorish cars of another day1 there is equal romance in the product of the modern worker who builds these rolling hostelries of steel4 ,under the high glass roof the tumult of ponderous machines fills the air with pandemonium4 ,at one side of one of the main aisles a half dozen great steel girders1 like keels for giant ships1 lie on the floor4 ,these are the mighty box girders1 eighty-one feet in length and weighing over nine tons each1 which will form the backbone of future ,pullmans4 ,to each of these girders1 or sills1 are riveted plates1 angles1 and steel castings which extend the full length of the car and platforms1 as well as floor beams1 cross bearers1 bolsters1 and end sills of pressed steel4 ,on this foundation the side sills are riveted1 steel beams that run the entire length of the car4 ,when this gray mass of steel is finally riveted together with its coverplates1 tieplates1 and floorplates1 the underframe of the car is completed--an almost indestructible foundation which alone weighs #bg1cfe pounds4 ,on this underframe the superstructure or frame is erected to form the body of the car4 ,this frame is composed of pressed steel posts and plates forming for each side a complete girder which would by itself alone carry the entire weight of the loaded car4 ,the roof deck is separately assembled1 and as soon as the superstructure of the car is ready it is swung up by a crane and dropped into place4 ,like the rest of the car1 the roof is of steel1 braced and riveted to defy the greatest possible strains4 ,the ends and vestibules are now built on1 piece by piece1 until the skeleton of the car is complete4 ,the vestibules are particularly imposing1 for on each side1 framing the side doors through which the passengers enter the car1 are giant beams of steel so built into the construction of the frame that only under most extraordinary circumstances could the force of a collision crush the vestibule or the car behind it4 ,the trucks which carry this tremendous burden of steel are marvels of strength and efficiency4 ,each of the two trucks has six steel wheels weighing nine hundred pounds apiece4 ,added to this is the weight of the three six hundred pound axles1 the two steel castings which form the framework for the trucks together with the bolsters1 springs1 equalizers1 and brake equipment--a total weight of #db1jjj pounds for the trucks alone1 contributed to the total weight of the car4 ,illustration3 ,riveting the underframe ,illustration3 ,the steel end posts in position1 providing strongest possible protection in case of collision ,the car is now subjected to a thorough sand-blasting1 a process that removes every particle of scale1 grease1 or dirt and leaves the steel in perfect condition to receive the first coat of paint and the insulation4 ,to the passenger1 the presence of the steel construction is apparent1 but the insulation1 which forms a vital factor in the car's construction1 can be seen only during the process of building4 ,composed of a combination of cement1 hair1 and asbestos1 this insulating material is packed into every cubic inch of space between the inner and outer shells of the roof and sides1 forming a perfect non-conductor to protect the passengers against the biting cold of winter or the heat of summer sunshine4 ,a similar cement preparation is next laid on the floor1 combining the quality of a non-conductor of heat and cold with sanitary qualities invaluable as an aid in maintaining the cars in a strictly sanitary condition4 ,at this point in the construction the car is turned over to the steamfitters1 plumbers1 and electricians1 who perform their work with the skill and dispatch bred of a long familiarity with the particular requirements of car construction4 ,to see the ,pullman car at this stage is to see a network of steam-pipes and electric conduit lacing in and out between the gaunt steel frame of the car1 and everywhere the white plaster-like insulation packed into every cavity4 ,as soon as these gangs of workmen have finished1 other workers fit into place the interior panel plates1 partitions1 lockers1 and seat frames1 and the car instantly assumes a new and almost completed aspect4 ,meanwhile the painters have completed their work on the exterior of the car and begin the finer finish of the interior4 ,here coat upon coat is laid1 and after each coat laborious rubbing to give the required finish4 ,the graining1 by which various woods are so faithfully imitated1 is then applied1 and last the varnishing4 ,illustration3 ,type of wood-frame truck used on early cars2 four wheels only1 with a big rubber block over each in place of springs ,illustration3 ,modern cast-steel truck2 six wheels with powerful springs to take up the jars and jolts of the road ,the car is now completed with the exception of the fittings4 ,a gang of men hang curtains in the doors and windows2 the upholsterers contribute the carpets1 cushions1 mattresses1 and blankets2 the various little fixtures are added1 and the car is finished4 ,steel6 ,veritably6 ,one man can trundle in a single wheelbarrow all the wood that has gone into its construction4 ,rich ,brewster green1 the new paint gleaming in the sunlight1 a long line of these seventy-ton steel mile-a-minute hostelries are waiting for the hour when the white-jacketed porters will open their doors in welcome to their first passengers4 ,above the windows the word ,pullman in dull gold will carry from coast to coast the name of their founder4 ,below the windows is the name of the car1 selected usually with local significance in consideration of the lines over which that particular car will operate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a corner of the great yards at a track end stands a little yellow car1 smaller than many of our interurban trolley cars1 the paint peeling from the boards that have seen the changing seasons of half a century4 ,it is old number #i1 not the earliest1 but one of the early ,pullmans4 ,perhaps there are nights1 when the roar of the machines is stilled1 that the ghosts of a long-past day once again walk up and down the narrow aisles1 strangers to the age of steel4 ,illustration3 ,the car ready for the interior fittings4 ,the floor is of monolith construction ,illustration3 ,interior work4 ,the steel framework for seats and berths ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,operation ,,of ,,the ,,pullman ,,car ,on the magic carpet of ,bagdad the fortunate travelers of a fabulous age were transported to their destination1 over valley1 river1 and mountain with a certainty and dispatch that has been unparalleled in the annals of passenger transportation4 ,but the magic carpet1 despite the generous measure of its service1 seems to have been lost to following generations1 and only its reputation1 doubtless somewhat amplified by the telling1 remains to set a high standard to succeeding transportation enterprises4 ,service is a much-used and a much-abused word4 ,it has manifold significance4 ,it may be a personal thing and carry the conscientious effort of individuals eager to do for others offices which they desire performed2 it may be purely mechanical and consist only in the provision of the ways and means to secure a desired end4 ,it may be a combination of both2 a system or organization instituted for the accomplishment of a duty or work beneficial to a community4 ,a great railroad affords such a service4 ,greater in its scope than any railroad1 the ,pullman ,company provides a more vast1 intricate1 and complete service to the people of the ,united ,states1 a service unequaled in all the world4 ,illustration3 ,pullman sleeping car1 latest design1 with outline drawing showing how the car is supplied with light1 water1 and heat ,a study of the scope and ramifications of the ,pullman operations deserves more than passing comment2 it is of interest to everyone1 for everyone is to some degree a traveler2 an actual or a potential ,pullman patron4 ,in preceding chapters has been traced the story of passenger transportation in ,america2 how the first railroads offered communication only between a few closely related cities1 and how later the growth of the railroads brought into direct communication practically every village and metropolis throughout the land4 ,then came the time when the inadequacy of such complete but disconnected service struck the imagination of a man who saw the endless miles of track of countless railroads bound together by a supplemental system to which all railroads contributed and from which they profited1 and by which1 most of all1 the public would enjoy a service of a scope which could otherwise only be attained by an actual combination of these railroads into a single company4 ,but the vision of the founder of the ,pullman ,company did not stop at the idea of a unified system4 ,he had not only seen the discomfort and inconvenience of countless changes from one train to another at railroad junctions and the midnight gatherings on the station platform2 he had seen in tired eyes the fatigue of sleeplessness2 he had seen in the preponderance of male passengers the lack of a protection sufficient to permit the free travel of unescorted women2 he had realized1 and his realization ranks high with the thoughts of the world's innovators1 that travel was a hardship and that it could be made a pleasure4 ,with the realization constantly before him that the most perfect service could be given only by the most radically improved equipment and the widest extension of this company's activities1 ,mr4 ,pullman identified the early years of organization with a development of the passenger car to a degree of comfort1 convenience1 safety1 and luxury that passed popular comprehension4 ,nothing was too good for the ,pullman car2 too much money could not be invested in it4 ,hand in hand with this development of the mechanical side of service he developed its extension throughout the country1 by means of which it might be put into the hands of the greatest number of people for their greater convenience4 ,never has history more completely justified a business that from its character must be to a certain extent a monopoly4 ,never has competition more promptly yielded to unification4 ,it is natural to think of the ,pullman ,company as housed in some miraculous manner in the cars which it operates1 as a company which expends its restless existence in untiring travel from state to state4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1 the vast organization which makes possible the movement of the seventy-five hundred cars which comprise the present equipment holds an interest secondary only to the actual operation of the cars themselves4 ,illustration3 ,front end of a dining room in a private car ,illustration3 ,rear end of the same dining room ,there was a day when the run from ,albany to ,schenectady was the longest continuous railroad ride that a traveler might take4 ,today it is possible to travel in a ,pullman car without change from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 to ,san ,francisco1 a distance of #c1fbe miles1 requiring one hundred and eighteen hours1 or approximately five days4 ,but distance is not alone characteristic of ,pullman service2 equal attention is given to shorter hauls4 ,from ,greensboro to ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina1 for instance1 a distance of only eighty-one miles1 ,pullman sleeping cars are regularly operated4 ,here1 as in many other instances1 arrangements exist whereby the passengers may retire early in the evening while the car is at rest on a siding in the station1 and arise at a reasonable hour in the morning4 ,by such service hotel accommodations are practically afforded and it becomes possible for the travelers to have a whole day for pleasure or business at one place1 spend a night in which a hundred or five hundred miles are traversed1 and arrive without fatigue at another place the following morning4 ,the hotel desk corresponds to the ticket office of the ,pullman ,company4 ,imagine a hotel with #bfj1jjj beds and #b1iej office desks1 and a total registration of #bf1jjj1jjj people each year4 ,this is what the ,pullman ,company does1 however1 and incidentally it does it often at a mile a minute and in every state in the ,union4 ,the #b1iej offices where ,pullman berths1 seats1 drawing rooms or compartments may be purchased include ,quebec1 ,winnipeg1 ,manitoba1 and ,vancouver on the north2 ,san ,diego1 ,el ,paso1 ,new ,orleans1 ,key ,west1 and ,havana on the south2 ,san ,francisco on the west1 and the seaboard towns of ,maine on the east4 ,under normal conditions the southern limit is still further extended to fifty-six additional offices in the ,republic of ,mexico1 as far south as ,salina ,cruz on the ,gulf of ,tehuantepec1 and approximately two hundred miles from the boundary between ,mexico and ,guatemala1 ,central ,america4 ,the longest distance which it is possible to travel with a single ,pullman ticket is from ,portland1 ,maine1 to ,san ,francisco1 by the way of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,new ,orleans and ,los ,angeles4 ,this cannot be done1 however1 in one sleeper1 and changes must be made at ,new ,york and ,washington4 ,but a brief consideration of the perfect organization necessary to provide such continuous passage with berths reserved at each point of change by the mere purchase of a ticket at the starting point1 grants to the ,pullman ,company a measure of credit due4 ,in actual mileage the distance covered by this trip is #d1aii4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,t4 ,,lincoln ,president of the ,pullman ,company from #ahig to #aiaa ,as a rule the berths in sleeping cars and seats in parlor cars are on sale at the terminals of the different lines1 but to provide facilities at intermediate points where the demand is sufficient to justify it1 a limited number of sections are assigned for sale at such stations and tickets may be purchased from them on application4 ,at stations of less importance and where the demand is not sufficient to assign any definite space1 an arrangement exists whereby the vacant accommodations are telegraphed by ticket agents or conductors from point to point in order to accommodate passengers taking the trains at such stations4 ,it is also possible and a very common practice to purchase a single sleeping car ticket between stations a great distance apart--for instance1 between ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,washington1 to ,los ,angeles1 ,san ,francisco1 ,portland1 and ,seattle1 via any of the ordinary routes of travel1 by sufficient notice to the ticket agent to enable his reserving the accommodations1 and it is also possible to purchase under similar conditions a sleeping car ticket in ,havana1 ,cuba1 for a berth1 section1 or drawing room from ,key ,west1 ,florida1 to ,seattle1 ,washington1 a distance of #c1ibc miles1 taking one hundred and thirty-three hours2 not1 however1 without change1 but in connecting cars1 giving continuous sleeping car service over various routes4 ,during the year #aiaf1 #af1cih1dej tickets of various forms were printed in ,chicago and distributed to the various ticket offices1 and in addition1 #h1aej1jjj cash-fare tickets or checks were issued by conductors to travelers purchasing on the train4 ,in addition to offices where tickets may be purchased1 arrangements exist in many thousands of smaller points whereby the public may secure sleeping-car accommodations by application to the station agent or other representative of the railroad company1 who will arrange by telephone1 telegraph1 or letter the desired space to be called for1 with a reasonable time at a designated point4 ,in order to extend to the public every courtesy consistent with lawful requirements and good business principles1 the ,pullman ,company endeavors to provide prompt and careful attention to all requests for refund of fares where service paid for is not furnished1 whether through the acts of its agents or employees or the passenger1 or due to interruption of traffic4 ,applications of this nature are usually made to the company's general offices in ,chicago1 but when this is not convenient1 a report made to the company's representative in any of the important cities throughout the country is forwarded to the central offices and receives the most careful consideration4 ,it would seem of interest in this connection to state that during the year #aiaf1 #ec1gdc applications1 amounting to #aeb1ddf4jj1 were received for refund of fares1 an average of one hundred and seventy-nine for each working day4 ,of the total number received #dh1jbe were considered favorably and paid1 indicating the liberal policy of the company in such matters4 ,regardless of the amount involved1 great or small1 it is necessary that each case be considered on its individual merits1 and the result determined with due regard to fairness to the passenger and the company1 and not conflicting with legal necessities4 ,probably seventy-five per cent of these requests for refunds are occasioned by passengers changing their plans or missing their train4 ,most frequent is the reason given that the wife has packed the tickets in the trunk1 that the cab or taxi broke down1 or that the last act of the theater caused unrealized delay4 ,often the tickets are lost1 and not infrequently they are turned in by others for refund4 ,illustration3 ,bedroom and observation section of a costly private car4 ,this car represents the apotheosis of railroad travel ,illustration ,but one of the most convenient features of the ,pullman service is the ease with which the traveler may reserve in advance accommodations on the train which he intends to take4 ,in the ordinary railway coach it is a rule of first come1 first served and the late arrival is often obliged to take a seat with a stranger4 ,by the ,pullman system1 however1 a call over the telephone or a stop at the local ticket office is all that is necessary to make as definite reservation of space as for a theater1 and the traveler is wroth indeed when in rare instances a slip occurs and he finds his seat or berth has not been held for him and has been sold to another4 ,naturally so general a convenience has led to rank abuses from which the passengers invariably suffer4 ,chief among them is the practice of hotel clerks and porters1 especially in large cities and at summer and winter resorts1 to reserve far in advance all the desirable ,pullman accommodations on popular trains in the names of supposititious travelers whom they claim to represent1 and later sell these tickets to the hotel guests at a premium or for the tip which invariably follows4 ,by such practice the distribution of space is placed in the hands of outside parties1 out of the control of the railroads or the ,pullman ,company1 and the traveler is obliged to look to these irresponsible individuals for his accommodations4 ,in addition1 the tip or extra fee increases the cost of the ticket1 errors in duplicate sales are made more frequent1 and a critical and unfriendly feeling is created in the mind of the passenger who has been unable to secure a lower on early application at the ticket office1 but was able perhaps to secure one at train time from the unused tickets turned in by hotel porters4 ,naturally the feeling is created that the railroad or ,pullman agents are holding back space for a tip or a favorite1 and playing favorites is never popular with the public4 ,there are several good stories told of the action of the ,pullman ,company in cases where they had the goods on the offending hotel porters4 ,as the company is in no sense required by law to make refund1 but does so only for a convenience to its patrons1 it is possible to refuse to make a refund if the case justifies the action4 ,at a popular watering place an enterprising hotel employee figured out that on the day following ,easter a large number of guests would leave on a certain popular train4 ,accordingly1 like the theater scalper1 he purchased outright a large block of tickets on this train1 in fact1 every lower on the two ,pullman sleepers4 ,fortunately the local agent of the company sensed that there was something rotten in the state of ,denmark and made provision for two additional sleepers beyond the usual two which travel warranted4 ,being able to secure satisfactory accommodations direct from the agent the passengers failed to patronize the hotel porter's be-tipped and premiumed wares1 and he1 stuck with the goods1 tried a few days later to throw them back for refund on the ,pullman ,company4 ,their refusal cost him an even hundred dollars and broke up a peculiarly bad condition in that particular locality4 ,many1 indeed1 are the difficulties attending the operation of a system of such magnitude1 and it is only by a consideration of these difficulties that the true wonder of a service so nearly perfect can be appreciated4 ,the operation of a system of such magnitude as the ,pullman ,company necessitates an operating organization letter perfect in its detail4 ,such an organization cannot be built to order2 it must be a development1 the result of years of wearying experience and costly experiment4 ,in the introduction to the official book of instruction provided to car employees of the company1 occurs1 above the signature of the general superintendent1 this sentence3 ,the most important feature to be observed at all times is to satisfy and please passengers4 ,it is an apparently simple commission1 a natural expression of desire1 but a brief investigation of the requirements necessary to satisfy and please twenty-six million passengers1 traveling rapidly from place to place1 from north to south and from coast to coast1 regardless of climate or locality1 discloses a service and machinery for the carrying out of that service complete beyond the realization of the most discerning traveler4 ,to comprehend more clearly the details of this nation-wide service it must be considered in its two aspects--the material equipment which the operation of the cars requires1 and the personal service afforded by the employees of the company4 ,to give this service #g1ejj cars of the ,pullman ,company are operated over one hundred and thirty-seven railroads1 or a total of #bbc1dhi miles of track1 reaching practically every point in the country from which or to which a person might desire to travel4 ,to operate these cars an army of over ten thousand car employees are required1 while seven thousand more are employed to keep the cars in repair1 and maintain them in a clean and sanitary condition4 ,the ,pullman ,company maintains1 in addition to the great plant at ,pullman1 six repair shops situated at various convenient points throughout the country where cars are repaired and maintained in good condition4 ,in #aiaf1 a total of #e1aae cars were repaired at these various shops at a cost of over five million dollars4 ,only by such rigid maintenance can the cars be kept in the almost invariably excellent condition in which they are found by the public4 ,illustration3 ,modern ,pullman steel sleeping car1 ready to be made up for the night ,illustration3 ,modern ,pullman steel sleeping car during the day ,years ago the wearied traveler wrapped his great coat about him for his midnight journey4 ,later a few sleeping cars of primitive construction provided sheets and blankets which were stored in a cupboard in the end of the car4 ,as these were washed only at irregular intervals1 it was a lucky passenger who found clean linen for his bed1 and if he did not make up the bed himself1 it was the brakeman who provided this domestic service4 ,naturally no one thought of undressing for the night1 and when the ,pullman car was first introduced it was necessary to print on the back of the tickets and in the employees' rules book the warning that passengers must not retire with their boots on4 ,today the ,pullman ,company to provide clean linen nightly for each passenger1 keeps on hand #a1heh1agh sheets1 which are valued at #ihj1eec4jj1 and #a1djc1ced pillow slips worth #ahf1dge4jj4 ,in the twelve months ending ,april #bg1 #aiaf1 over two hundred thousand sheets1 valued at over one hundred thousand dollars1 and nearly two hundred thousand pillow cases1 valued at over twenty thousand dollars1 were condemned4 ,and during the same period #ajh1dib1cei pieces of linen1 including both sheets and pillow cases were washed and ironed4 ,in the matter of condemnation1 it is interesting to learn that the slightest tear or stain is considered sufficient cause4 ,these figures are staggering in their immensity1 but even more amazing is the system by which these articles are provided1 changed1 washed1 returned in traveling hotels1 at times hundreds of miles removed from the nearest supply station4 ,in the oldtime washroom a roller towel gave satisfaction to travelers less particular than those of the present day4 ,but now how things have changed4 ,two million seven hundred thousand towels are needed to supply an ever increasing demand4 ,three hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars was their cost and each year seventy million towels is the laundry order4 ,when ,brown has shaved in the men's washroom in good ,american style1 he will probably wipe his razor on a towel4 ,it is not his custom at home1 but the traveler seems to have scant respect for property4 ,that one little cut will destroy the towel for future service4 ,pullman towels rarely have a chance to wear out4 ,over a hundred thousand a year are condemned chiefly because of such usage1 and1 sad to relate1 each year over half a million are lost4 ,a ,pullman towel is a handy wrapping for a pair of shoes1 but the annual lost charge amounts to nearly seventy thousand dollars4 ,it is a charge that must be accepted by the company4 ,it will not do to question a passenger's integrity4 ,all told1 the investment by the ,pullman ,company in car linen amounts to #a1hef1gjh4jj1 representing #f1eig1gad separate pieces4 ,and this is only for sleeping and parlor cars and a relatively small number of buffet and private cars1 for the company no longer operates the diners4 ,to provide new linen to replace the lost and condemned costs an annual sum of over four hundred thousand dollars4 ,but the quantities and the cost of other articles which the company provides are even more impressive4 ,these1 for the most part1 are expressions of ,pullman service over and above the service itself1 but it is unquestionably true that by such over and above service is the whole service most truly judged4 ,who would think1 for instance1 that in one year #e1hai1fef women's hats were protected against dust by paper bags provided by the porters4 ,and yet these paper bags represented a total cost of #ad1edi4jj4 ,smokers in the same period consumed two million boxes of matches1 and over forty-two million drinking cups costing nearly eighty thousand dollars gave the modern touch of sanitation to the water coolers4 ,soap would naturally be considered an essential part of the service1 but a soap bill for one year of sixty thousand dollars is a large order for cleanliness4 ,so1 too1 is the sum of #bj1jjj for hair brushes and a third of that amount for combs4 ,back in the dark ages of blissful ignorance of germs1 railroad coaches were hallowed breeding places for sickness4 ,but times have changed1 and today it is a pretty safe remark to make that the ,pullman car is more healthful than almost any place where people frequently congregate4 ,it does not take many gray hairs to remember the days of sleeping cars furnished with heavy carpets tacked to wooden floors1 of stuffy hangings1 and plush upholstery1 of fancy woodwork rife with cracks and crannies1 and of washrooms and toilets that no amount of cleaning could ever maintain entirely innocuous4 ,it is difficult to enumerate the countless little details that are constantly incorporated into ,pullman car construction4 ,the berth light has been frequently changed to embody some new idea to improve its convenience and efficiency4 ,the coat hanger1 and the mirror in the upper berth are minor details1 but their convenience is attested by their constant use by passengers4 ,in the washrooms the design of the wash basins has been frequently altered to afford a more convenient resting place for the toilet articles unpacked from the traveler's bag4 ,even the location of a coat hook receives a consideration that would perhaps seem exaggerated to the casual outsider4 ,double curtains are now provided on the newer cars1 one set for the lower and another set for the upper berth4 ,once a month a ,committee on ,standards1 composed of the higher officials of the company1 meets at the big plant at ,pullman4 ,on a track near the main entrance1 stands a car in which every practical suggestion has been incorporated for the inspection of the committee4 ,some of these suggestions are quickly eliminated by their experienced verdict2 others1 possessing apparent worthiness1 are passed and are later incorporated in the construction of the next cars manufactured1 when the public will become the final judge4 ,many of these improvements are of a technical character1 and primarily affect the construction of the cars2 others are of a more directly personal nature and contribute more to the comfort and convenience of the traveler4 ,all that are passed by the committee serve to place still higher the standard that for fifty years has been constantly uplifted by the company4 ,illustration3 ,at the end of its journey the ,pullman car is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected4 ,the first picture on this page shows the bedding being given a sun bath4 ,the next1 the appearance of the car when ready for fumigation1 and the two illustrations at the bottom1 the vacuum machine at work4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,as a car-building material wood has had its day1 and the concrete floor of the ,pullman car is tacit tribute to the sanitary properties of a widely used material4 ,on the floor of concrete the familiar green carpet is lightly stretched to be easily removed at the journey's end1 and after the floor has been thoroughly scrubbed1 returned after a complete cleansing with vacuum cleaners4 ,instead of insanitary woodwork1 the smooth surfaces of steel which form the interior of the car offer no lurking place for germs1 and soap and water at frequent and regular intervals maintain a high degree of cleanliness4 ,of course1 the porter with his portable vacuum cleaners and his dustcloth1 can keep the car tidy en route1 but the real cleaning comes when the trip is over and a gang of professional workers with every appliance to serve this end attacks the cars4 ,then not only are the carpets renovated but the prying nozzles of powerful vacuum cleaners suck up every particle of dust from seats1 berths and cushions4 ,each mattress is given similar treatment1 and mattresses and pillows are hung in the open air for the action of that greatest of all purifiers1 the sun4 ,blankets are given a similar treatment4 ,water coolers are cleaned and sterilized with steam4 ,in fact1 nothing that could harbor a speck of dust is neglected4 ,the slight1 acrid odor sometimes noticeable in a ,pullman car at the beginning of a run is caused by the disinfectants which are liberally employed4 ,a jug of disinfectant solution is a part of the equipment of every car and this is used for all car washing and particularly on the floors and in the toilet and washrooms4 ,to protect still further the health of the passengers1 the cars are regularly fumigated with a gas which kills all disease-producing bacteria4 ,whenever a car has carried a sick person it is fumigated as soon as it is vacated1 in addition to the regular monthly1 weekly1 or other schedule of fumigation for various lines and terminals4 ,in order that the district offices may be promptly informed as to the necessity of this extra fumigation1 the conductor is required to note on his inspection report the fact that a sick passenger has been carried1 and the car is immediately taken out of service and thoroughly cleaned and fumigated4 ,moreover1 if space occupied by a sick passenger is vacated en route1 it must not be resold until the car has reached its terminal and has been fumigated4 ,to provide the necessary facilities for car cleaning1 the company maintains a cleaning force in two hundred and twenty-five principal yards1 and1 in addition1 at one hundred and fifty-eight outlying points4 ,these yards require the service of over four thousand cleaners4 ,stationed throughout the ,united ,states1 in nearly every city of prominence1 are six superintendents1 thirty-nine district superintendents and thirty agents4 ,these men each week make personal inspection of cars in operation with the sole purpose of keeping the service up to the highest standard4 ,in addition1 a corps of electrical and mechanical inspectors constantly inspect and test the cars and their devices1 at various places1 and another corps of local inspectors carefully examine every departing and every incoming train with particular attention to the appearance and deportment of the car employees and the apparatus for heating1 lighting and water4 ,the ,pullman ,company is today the greatest single employer of colored labor in the world4 ,trained as a race by years of personal service in various capacities1 and by nature adapted faithfully to perform their duties under circumstances which necessitate unfailing good nature1 solicitude1 and faithfulness1 the ,pullman porters occupy a unique place in the great fields of employment4 ,there are porters who for over forty years have been employed by the company1 and of all the porters employed1 an army of nearly eight thousand1 twenty-five per cent have been for over ten years in continuous service4 ,the reputation of any company depends in a large measure on the character of its employees1 and particularly in those concerns which render a personal service to the general public is it necessary that the standards of the employees be exceptionally high4 ,such standards of personal service cannot be quickly developed2 they can be achieved only through years of experience and the close personal study of the wide range of requirements of those who are to be served4 ,to inspire in the car employees1 conductors as well as porters1 the ambition to satisfy and please the passenger1 rewards of extra pay are made for unblemished records of courtesy2 pensions are provided for the years that follow their retirement from active service2 provision is made for sick relief1 and at regular intervals increases in pay are awarded with respect to the number of years of continuous and satisfactory employment4 ,one characteristic of the ,pullman business that is peculiarly significant is the average length of service of the employees4 ,in a general way it may truly be said that from the car porter to the highest official every man who enters the business enters it as a life work4 ,in most lines of business there is a variety of concerns operating along similar lines1 and it is a natural step for a man to pass up from one company to another4 ,but the unique position held by the ,pullman ,company has eliminated such a situation1 and a man entering its employ looks forward to a personal development in this one concern4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,s4 ,,runnells ,president of the ,pullman ,company ,during the half-century which has seen the sure and perfect development of this vast and complicated organization it is but natural to expect among the names of those who have guided its destiny many that must rank high in the business history of the country4 ,a glance at the list of past and present ,directors of the company confirms the expectation4 ,here are the names of men who have found high places in a variety of business activities not only in ,chicago but in other great cities4 ,the list includes3 ,george ,m4 ,pullman ,john ,crerar ,norman ,williams ,robert ,harris ,thomas ,a4 ,scott ,amos ,t4 ,hall ,c4 ,g4 ,hammond ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,marshall ,field ,j4 ,w4 ,doane ,h4 ,c4 ,hulbert ,o4 ,s4 ,a4 ,sprague ,henry ,r4 ,reed ,norman ,b4 ,ream ,william ,k4 ,vanderbilt ,john ,s4 ,runnells ,frederick ,w4 ,vanderbilt ,w4 ,seward ,webb ,robert ,t4 ,lincoln ,frank ,o4 ,lowden ,john ,j4 ,mitchell ,chauncey ,keep ,george ,f4 ,baker ,john ,a4 ,spoor ,in this same period but three men have occupied the office of president3 ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 the founder of the company1 who held office from #ahfg1 the year of incorporation1 until his death in #ahig1 and ,robert ,t4 ,lincoln until #aiaa1 when ,john ,s4 ,runnells1 the present president1 was elected4 ,pullman service has revolutionized the method of travel4 ,night has been abolished1 the sense of distance has been annihilated2 fatigue has been reduced to a minimum4 ,in the oldest districts of the east1 along the valleys of western rivers1 on the wide-spread plains1 among the remote peaks of the ,rockies1 in the deserts of the great southwest1 the ,pullman car1 served by the same trained employees1 furnishes the same comforts1 and gives the same nights' repose4 ,improved each year in its mechanical construction1 amplified in its service1 better served by its attendants1 it has set a high standard to the world in the development of railway travel1 and in the fifty years of its development it has contributed more to the safety1 comfort1 convenience1 and luxury of travelers than any other similar contribution that has been given to mankind4 ,,index ,berth construction1 ,mr4 ,pullman's new and radical1 #ii1 #ajj ,boudoir cars1 the ,mann1 introduced in ,europe1 #fd1 #ha ,bygone ,days in ,chicago1 its story of the locating of the ,pullman shops1 #ia ,chicago ,tribune1 the1 eulogy of the first ,pullman cars1 #df ,cleaning the cars1 #aeb-aed ,colebrookdale ,iron ,works1 cast the first rails1 #d ,construction of ,pullman cars1 #abc-abi ,detroit ,commercial ,advertiser1 the1 comments of1 on the hotel car1 #di ,dining car1 the first designed by ,mr4 ,pullman1 #eb2 he constructs ,the ,delmonico1 #ajd2 railroads adopt the1 #ajd2 its operation given up by the ,pullman ,company1 #aje ,electric lighting of cars1 #aab-aai2 in ,england1 #aac-aah ,england1 introduction of ,pullman cars in1 #fa-fc2 reception of cars in1 #ff2 ,the ,pullman ,limited ,express1 #fh1 #fi2 electric lighting of ,pullman cars in1 #aac-aah ,erie railroad1 gets the through ,pullman service1 #gh1 #gi1 #hb ,europe1 the ,pullman car in1 #fa-fi ,flower ,sleeping ,car ,company1 #ha ,gates ,sleeping ,car ,company1 competitor of the ,pullman ,company1 #ge ,gauge1 railway1 standardized1 #dh ,heating1 early1 #bb1 #ca2 by locomotive steam1 #aai ,hotel cars1 the first in service1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ajc2 give way to the diner1 #ajd ,illinois ,journal1 the1 comments on the first ,pullman cars1 #de ,illinois ,state ,register1 the1 describes the new type of car1 #dc1 #dd ,knight car1 used on eastern roads1 #hj ,lighting1 #ca1 #aab2 the ,pintsch light1 #hb1 #aab2 electric1 #aab-aai ,linen1 requirements to supply the cars1 #adg-adi ,locomotive1 the beginnings of the1 #e-i2 the ,american1 #aa1 #ab ,london ,telegraph1 the1 comments on the dining car1 #fg2 on the introduction of electric lighting in ,pullman cars1 #aae1 #aaf ,mann ,boudoir ,car ,company1 incorporated1 #ha2 acquired by the ,pullman ,company1 #hc ,mann1 ,colonel1 designs a sleeping car1 #fc2 his boudoir cars installed in ,europe1 #fd2 his ,company acquired by the ,pullman ,company1 #hc ,monarch ,sleeping ,car ,company1 competitor of the ,pullman ,company1 #hd ,napoleon's field carriage1 #b1 #c ,operation of the ,pullman car1 the1 #acc-aeh ,parlor car1 or reclining chair car1 the first1 #eh ,porter1 the1 of the ,pullman car1 #aee1 #aef ,presidents and directors of the ,pullman ,company1 #aeg ,pullman1 ,a4 ,b41 assistant of his brother1 ,george ,m41 #dg ,pullman car1 the first actual1 #cb-cd2 rise of the great industry1 #ci-eh2 first trip of1 to the ,pacific coast1 #ec1 #ed2 first through train from ,atlantic to ,pacific1 #ed-eg2 in ,europe1 #fa-fi2 shop for making1 established in ,turin1 #fe2 reception of in ,england1 #ff-fi2 imitation of1 and competition from others1 #gc-he2 acquires the ,mann and ,woodruff companies1 #hc2 wins suits against the ,wagner ,company1 #he2 rapid expansion of business1 #hi2 locates new shops at ,chicago1 #hi-ic2 berth construction for1 #ii1 #ajj2 vestibuled trains of1 #ajf-aaa2 electric lighting in1 #aab-aai2 heating of1 by locomotive steam1 #aai2 how the cars are made1 #abc-abi2 the first all-steel1 #abc;ff42 trucks for1 #abf2 fittings1 #abh2 operation of the1 #acc-aeh2 travel distances possible for1 #acf-aci1 #adf2 tickets sold yearly1 #adj2 linen required for1 #adg-adi2 other furnishings for1 #adi-aea2 cleaning1 #aeb-aed2 the working force1 #aed2 the porters1 #aee ,pullman1 ,george ,m41 birth and early years1 #bd1 #be2 first activities in ,chicago1 #bf1 #bg2 first sleeping-car work1 #bh-cb2 his first ,pullman car1 #cb-cd2 the second car1 #dj2 incorporates the ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company1 #dg2 his purpose1 #dh2 introduces the hotel car1 #di2 the first dining car1 #eb2 visits ,england1 #fa2 installs his cars there1 #fb1 #ff-fi2 establishes shop at ,turin1 #fe2 puts vestibule trains in operation1 #hd2 locates new shops at ,chicago1 #hi-ic2 builds town of ,pullman1 #ic-ie2 his radical changes in berth construction1 #ii1 #ajj2 introduces the dining car1 #ajc-aje2 invents the vestibule for trains1 #ajf-aaj2 his vision and achievement1 #ace1 #aeh2 president of the company till his death1 #aeg ,pullman ,palace ,car ,company1 incorporated1 #dg2 establishes shops in ,detroit1 #eg2 its business1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada2 list of directors and presidents1 #aeg ,pullman1 ,the ,story of1 quoted1 #id1 #ie ,pullman1 the town of1 #hi-ie ,railroad ,gazette1 the1 on electric lighting of trains1 #aac ,railroad restaurants1 the oldtime service1 #aja-ajc ,railroad transportation1 birth of1 #a-ae ,rails1 the first iron1 #d ,railway ,review1 the1 describes vestibuled trains1 #aji1 #aaj2 on trial of electric lighting in ,english trains1 #aaf-aah ,railways1 the first in ,england1 #d-g2 in ,america1 #g-ae2 change gauge to suit ,pullman cars1 #dh ,reclining chair car1 or parlor car1 the first1 #eh ,repairs and repair shops1 #adf ,sleeping car1 the evolution of the1 #ai-ce2 the early1 #bb1 #bc1 #ii2 ,mr4 ,pullman's first1 #bh-cb2 rise of the industry1 #ci-eh ,stagecoach1 the ,english1 #b-d1 #f ,steel1 the first all-1 ,pullman cars1 #abc;ff4 ,stephenson1 ,george and ,robert1 and the first steam engines1 #e1 #g1 #i ,trans-,continental1 the paper published by ,pullman car tourists in #ahgj1 #ed ,transportation1 birth of railroad1 #a-ae ,trevithick1 ,richard1 experiments with steam locomotive1 #e ,trucks1 the1 used for ,pullman cars1 #abf ,twenty minutes for dinner1 failure of the system of1 #ajb1 #ajc ,vanderbilts1 back the ,wagner car1 #gf1 #gg1 #hd1 #he ,vestibule invented1 #ajf1 #ajg2 vestibuled trains in service1 #aji2 trial trip1 #aaj2 welcomed in ,mexico1 #aaa ,wagner ,palace ,car ,company1 competitor of the ,pullman ,company1 #gf-gi1 #hd2 loses to the ,pullman ,company1 #he ,wagner1 ,webster1 founder of the ,wagner ,palace ,car ,company1 #gf ,woodruff sleeping car1 #ha2 acquired by the ,pullman ,company1 #hc ,transcriber's ,notes ,all words printed in small capitals have been converted to uppercase characters4 ,duplicate chapter headings have been removed4 ,the following modifications have been made1 ,page #abi3 carrry changed to carry 7will carry from coast to coast7