,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,ii4 ,no4 #af ,,typesett+ ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,work+ ,,at ,,! ,,case1 ,,ju/ify+1 ,,spac+1 ,,correct+1 ,,mak+-,,up1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,op]ations ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,sett+ ,,type ,,by ,,h& ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,/ew>t ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica #aiai ,,copyright1 #aiai ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,composition & electrotypes contribut$ by ,! ,frank ,d4 ,jacobs ,company ,philadelphia ,,preface ,!re is a preval5t notion t sett+ type by h& is n n[ z important a "p ( ! pr9t]'s vocation z x 0 ye>s ago4 ,+5i\s compos+ ma*9es n[ p]=m s mu* ( ! "w ( putt+ into pr9table %ape ! lit]ature ( ! _w t x is (t5 assum$ ! h& compositor's occupation is fa/ disappe>+ & does n (f] mu* inducem5t = an ambiti\s "y man to foll[ s]i\sly4 ,?is is a mi/ak5 notion ent]ta9$ only by ^? :o h a limit$ conception ( pr9t+ craftsman%ip & its possibilities = ! ex]cise ( individual skill4 ,x is true t ! great] "p ( ! composition = ord9>y pr9t+ is n[ done by ma*9es1 j z 9 o!r l9es ( indu/ry ma*9es are reliev+ human h&s ( ! drudg]y 9 l>ge-scale production by multiply+ products ?r\gh me*anical op]ations4 ,b t ! "w ( ! h& compositor is any less important n[ ?an x ev] has be5 is f> f ! fact4 ,beh9d ! great volume ( ma*9e "w1 & absolutely ess5tial = any effective use ( ma*9e product1 !re is great] ne$ ?an ev] be=e ( ! h&-"w & head-"w ( tra9$ compositors4 ,"o ( ! great defects ( ma*9e composition is its lack ( intellig5t1 tra9$ craftsman%ip 9 typography4 ,too (t5 x is ! "w ( ma*9e-?9k+ op]ators r ?an ( intellig5t compositors tra9$ to use ! ma*9e to increase _! product & make x ( bett] effect & wor?4 ,tra9+ 9 h& composition %\ld be a pr]equisite = ma*9e keybo>d op]ation4 ,9 no o!r way c ! niceties ( typography be s ?or\ghly or conv5i5tly le>n$ z ) compos+ /ick & type case4 ,:ile h& composition is ! p>ticul> k9d ( "w ! au?or _h 9 m9d :5 writ+ ! foll[+ pages1 _m ( ! in/ructions & sugge/ions giv5 apply directly to ma*9e-set matt]4 ,exp]tness & correctness are n[ dem&$ ( all workm52 correct composition is requir$ f ! ma*9e op]ator ev5 m insi/5tly ?an f ! h& compositor1 s9ce ! "w ( ! =m] _c be s readily rectifi$4 ,! fir/ & second volumes ( ?is s]ies1 ,type & ,compositor's ,tools1 deal+ m fully ) ! tools & mat]ials us$1 %\ld be read 9 connection ) ?is volume4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory #g ,,prelim9>y ,,sugge/ions #h ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,case #aj ,,units ,,= ,,measur+ #ad ,,spaces ,,& ,,quads #ae ,a ,,simple ,,spac+ ,,table #ag ,,hair ,,spaces ,,& ,,ju/ifi]s #bj ,,leads ,,& ,,slugs #ba ,,sett+ ,,! ,,compos+ ,,/ick #ba ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,compos+ ,,rule #bd ,,sett+ ,,type #be ,,ju/ify+ ,,! ,,l9es #bg ,,empty+ ,,! ,,/ick #bh ,,ty+ ,,up ,,! ,,page #ca ,,tak+ ,,pro(s #cd ,,mak+ ,,corrections #cg ,,importance ,,( ,,uni=m ,,spac+ #db ,,rules ,,= ,,spac+ #dc ,,spac+ ,,( ,,italic #dh ,,spac+ ,,capital ,,lett]s #di ,,wide ,,spac+ #ea ,,p>agraph ,,& ,,o!r ,,ind5tions #eb ,,sett+ ,,poetry #ee ,,head+s #eh ,,initial ,,lett]s #ei ,,mak+ ,,up ,,pages #fa ,,wa%+ ,,type #fg ,,di/ribut+ #fi ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ #gd ,,review ,,que/ions #ge ,,gloss>y #he ,,typesett+ ,introductory ,! be/ & mo/ useful pr9t+ is t :i* has be5 done by typography2 & ! be/ typography has be51 & /ill is1 t done by type1 h&-set & prep>$ = ! press by well-tra9$ compositors4 ,good typesett+ mu/ be ! product ( an educat$1 intellig5t m9d z well z a skillful h&4 ,x calls = close att5tion to practical details4 ,x dem&s ! ex]cise ( lit]>y & arti/ic s5se :i* p]ceives ! requirem5ts ( legibility & coh]5ce 9 ?\ght & ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( words & l9es necess>y to make ! pr9t$ page ( ! greate/ usefulness4 ,a composition ( movable types has _m advantages ov] o!r me?ods ( prep>+ =ms = pr9t+4 ,x (f]s ! readie/ means = secur+ a page ( correct read+ matt]4 ,! me*anical op]ations are relatively simple4 ,no o!r process w produce s good a pr9t+ surface z quickly or z inexp5sively z ! typographic me?od4 ,s]i\s faults ( ! orig9al copy1 9 spell+1 use ( po9ts1 words1 phrases1 9 p>agraph+1 9 spac+ ( l9es1 9 arrangem5t ( head+s1 & o!r errors c be readily correct$ 9 type4 ,! page c be made long] by lead+1 or %ort] by tak+ out leads4 ,any ( ^! *anges c be made ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 9 a mann] t is n practicable 9 any o!r bran* ( ! graphic arts4 ,! engrav$ plate1 :e!r produc$ by me*anical or by *emical means1 :5 once made1 c be *ang$ only 9 m9or details4 ,:at is cut mu/ /ay2 any consid]able v>iation f ! fir/ impression c be made only by great skill & by sl[ processes4 ,typography is peculi>ly ! vehicle = pr9t+ lit]ature quickly & effectively4 ,consid]+ ! great influ5ce x c wield1 no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an ! tools x employs4 ,an intellig5t boy ( fifte5 ye>s1 aft] a little practice1 c set type & pr9t x ) a press1 & ! product w be z acceptable z t done by a workman ( long exp]i5ce4 ,yet typesett+ is n an occupation easily ma/]$4 ,to f9d pr(it & satisfaction 9 ! "w an appr5tice mu/ acquire a broad k ( language & lit]ature & develop an int]e/ 9 subjects relat+ to art & design4 ,al?\gh ! me*anics ( 8 "w are giv5 ! *ief consid]ation 9 ! foll[+ pages1 he %\ld rememb] t 8 pr9cipal work+ mat]ial is ,language & 8 real tools are alphabets & words4 ,prelim9>y ,sugge/ions ,!re are sev]al habits :i* ! "y compositor %\ld beg9 to acquire at ! outset if he hopes to make 8 "w agreeable & successful4 ,! m5tion ( ^! may seem l an unnecess>y repetition ( trite injunctions1 b 9 "w ( ! k9d ^u :i* he is engag$ _! practice is p>ticul>ly important4 ,! compositor's "w is "o ( _m details1 & c>eless habits quickly lead to unpr(itable results & disappo9tm5t4 ,! *ief ( ! good habits may be enum]at$ z3 #a4 ,! habit ( sil5ce :ile at "w4 ,a *att]+ p]son 9 ! compos+ room is a nuisance4 #b4 ,! habit ( keep+ mat]ials cle>$ up4 ,a confusion ( articles on ! work/& w greatly ret>d 8 "w4 ,keep items ( ! same k9d gr\p$ toge!r z mu* z possible4 #c4 ,! habit ( pick+ up at once type & o!r articles dropp$ on ! floor4 ,a type /epp$ on is spoil$4 #d4 ,! habit ( n putt+ any?+ 9 ! m\? ) soil$ h&s4 ,always wa% ! h&s be=e eat+4 #e4 ,! habit ( /&+ on bo? feet & n lean+ ov] ! work/&4 #f4 ,! habit ( dress+ s z to be com=table & reasonably clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,/&+ at ! case ,a compositor %\ld /& com=tably on bo? feet 9 front ( 8 case1 j a little to ! left ( ! c5t]1 & ! case %\ld be adju/$ to all[ free motion ( 8 "r arm ov] ! front ( ! case4 ,?is w enable him to %ift 8 weight f "o foot to ! o!r occasionally z he rea*es f "o side ( ! case to ! o!r4 ,?is habit is "o t w h to be le>n$ ) "s ef=t1 b x w mean mu* to 8 heal? & com=t4 ,! coat %\ld be remov$ be=e beg9n+ "w1 & ! %irt sleeves %\ld be roll$ high en\gh to avoid int]f]+ ) ! "w on ! galley4 ,a "w apron or a loose-fitt+ coat ) %ort sleeves is advis$ 9 ord] to protect ! front ( ! usual clo?+ & to provide an extra pocket = small articles l ty+-up /r+s1 compos+ rules1 etc4 ,! pocket %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be a depository = types1 leads1 or brass rules t are usable2 ^! articles %\ld be di/ribut$ :]e !y belong4 ,le>n+ ! ,case ,!re are ?irty & m diff]5t /yles ( type cases %[n 9 ! catalogs ( deal]s 9 pr9t]s' supplies1 & "s ( ^! /yles are made 9 diff]5t sizes4 ,?is v>iety may seem bewild]+ to ! beg9n] :o sees ! case plans & realizes t a compositor mu/ become famili> ) ! location ( ! hundr$s ( *>act]s 9 ! _m boxes ( ! v>i\s cases4 ,_m ( ! case plans %[n1 h[ev]1 are n 9 common use1 "s ( !m nev] appe>+ 9 ! av]age compos+ room4 ,a numb] ( !m are = special mat]ial & _! box arrangem5t is readily und]/ood :5 "o becomes famili> ) compos+ room "w4 ,all unusual cases are 7or %\ld be7 m>k$ cle>ly1 ) labels on individual boxes if necess>y1 %[+ ! "n or %ape ( ! "* 9 ea* box4 ,! cases us$ = ord9>y h& composition are commonly laid out accord+ to "o ( two plans3 capital case & l[] case4 ,"s cases are a comb9ation ( bo? ^! plans4 ,:5 ! appr5tice becomes ?or\ghly famili> ) ^! two plans & _! m9or v>iations he w h little difficulty1 if he is obs]v+ & c>eful1 9 und]/&+ ! arrangem5t ( any o!r special cases :i* he may h to use occasionally4 ,! plan ( ! common capital case is a simple alphabetical ord] ( ! lett]s1 ) ! exception ( ,j & ,u4 ,! capital case is divid$ into two sections1 ea* hav+ sev5 boxes across & sev5 boxes 9 v]tical l9e--=ty-n9e 9 ea* half ( ! case4 ,( ! sev5 horizontal r[s1 only ! l[] f\r r[s are us$ = ! lett]s1 ! upp] boxes be+ us$ = miscellane\s *>act]s2 or 9 "s cases left vacant4 ,?is arrangem5t br+s ! lett]s ,,ahpx 9 a v]tical l9e1 !n ,,biqy1 & s on1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,note4 ,:5 ! e>ly pr9t]s made _! case plans ,i & ,j1 & also ! ,v & ,u1 7 treat$ z v>iants ( ! same symbols & no special boxes 7 provid$ = !m 9 ! capital case4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,j & ,u 7 us$ to express di/9ctive s\nds !y 7 add$ to ! case 9 ! tw5ty-fif? & tw5ty-six? places1 :i* expla9s :y !y are out ( ! usual alphabetical ord]4 ,! "y compositor is advis$ to read fur!r in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory ( ^! lett]s "u _! special heads 9 any ( ! unabridg$ g5]al diction>ies1 su* z ! ,/&>d1 ,c5tury1 ,web/]'s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b 7a7 ,! capital case ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b 7b7 ,! l[] case ,9 ! l[]-case plan !re is an irregul> arrangem5t ( ! alphabet & a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! boxes4 ,"s lett]s are us$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 & ! extra quantities ( ^! types ne$ l>g] boxes4 ,^! boxes are plac$ 9 ! case ne> ! compositor's h&1 :ile ! types less frequ5tly us$ are kept 9 boxes f>!r away4 ,! pair ( upp] & l[] cases1 = _m ye>s 9 use z ! /&>d cases = book composition & = l>ge roman fonts1 is be+ ab&on$ to a great ext5t4 ,! increas+ use ( ma*9es = book & p]iodical composition dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s is gradually elim9at+ ! d\ble cases :i* 7 necess>y = l>ge quantities ( type :5 type 0 set solely by h&-"w4 ,type cases 9 pairs are /ill g5]ally us$1 h[ev]1 & 9 _m compos+ rooms !y hold ! *ief work+ fonts ( l>ge z well z small sizes ( type4 ,a ?or\gh famili>ity ) ! box plans ( ! upp] & l[] cases %\ld be ! fir/ acquirem5t ( e appr5tice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,! ,cali=nia job case ,! /yle ( case n[ commonly us$ 9 ,am]ica is t kn[n z ! ,cali=nia job case1 :i* has boxes = alphabets ( bo? capitals & small lett]s & = figures1 po9ts1 spaces1 quads1 & a few o!r indisp5sable *>act]s l 1 1 da%es1 etc4 ,?is /yle ( case is popul> because x provides 9 a conv5i5t s+le tray en\gh boxes = a complete font ( types ne$$ to compose ,engli% s5t5ces4 ,! lay ( ! case may sometimes be le>n$ 9 a few h\rs by an al]t boy2 sometimes ! le>n+ may be a matt] ( days or ev5 weeks1 accord+ to ! opportunity & ! quickness ( ! le>n]4 ,x is a good te/ ( ! "y compositor's m5tal quality to note ! quickness & accuracy ) :i* he le>ns ?is prelim9>y task4 ,x may be safely pr$ict$ t ! boy :o works ar\nd a compos+ room = mon?s do+ odd jobs1 ev5 if he is n giv5 special p]mission to set type1 & fails to le>n some?+ ( ! case plan1 ?r\gh lack ( int]e/ or initiative on 8 "p1 w n prove an al]t1 intellig5t compositor lat] on4 ,"s =em5 in/ruct ! beg9n] to g to an old case ) a compos+ /ick & hunt = ! lett]s until1 by pick+ & fumbl+1 he manages to f9d ^? he ne$s = 8 fir/ /ickful4 ,ano!r practice is to place types ( a l>ge size 9 ! corn]s ( ! boxes ( ! pr9cipal lett]s z guides to ! unfamili> small types4 ,me?ods ( ?is k9d are slip%od & unc]ta92 !re is sure to be an imp]fect k ( ! cont5ts ( ! case1 = a "t at lea/1 & consequ5t mix+ ( ! types4 ,! be/ me?od ( le>n+ ! case is to draw a plan ( x4 ,?is c be done by a /udy ( ! case itself be=e beg9n+ to set type4 ,let ! appr5tice fir/ copy ! plan ( ! boxes )\t try+ to memorize ! lett]s 9 !m4 ,:5 ! outl9e ( ! boxes is complete ! lett]s c !n be m>k$ 9 place4 ,ano!r way is to make a copy on a l>ge scale f a pr9t su* z %[n on page #aa4 ,:5 ?is is done ! appr5tice %\ld ask ! advice ( 8 =eman or somebody famili> ) ! cases 9 8 p>ticul> room1 to be sure t 8 plan corresponds ) ! cases he w use4 ,n all cases are laid exactly alike1 ev5 if !y appe> to be ! same at fir/ glance4 ,_m fonts h peculi> *>act]s1 or !re may be 9 ! case types n ord9>ily belong+ to ! font1 :i* are kept 9 "s sp>e boxes1 or = "s reason *anges may be desirable 9 ! positions ( ! regul> *>act]s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 a safe rule = ! appr5tice w be3 ,:5 9 d\bt1 ask somebody :o kn[s4 ,x w always be wis] to proce$ c>efully at fir/ & "k t "o is "r ?an to "w along 9 an unc]ta91 helt]-skelt] fa%ion4 ,! draw+ ( plans ( ! diff]5t /yles ( cases 9 ! room is n only a good way to le>n ! cases accurately b is also a good ex]cise 9 ! use ( p5cil & type-measure2 x is a simple problem 9 me*anical draw+ :i* ! "y compositor %\ld practice1 9 prep>ation = m advanc$ lay\t "w :i* he may d lat]4 ,units = ,measur+ ,! unit ( measurem5t = types1 leads1 rules1 & o!r small items us$ 9 compos+ a page is ! po9t1 approximately #a_/gb ( an in*1 %[n by ! ?ickness ( ?is m>k3 ,! mo/ us$ type bodies are ^? ( #f-po9t & o!rs graduat$ by "o po9t up to #ab-po9t4 ,! am\nt ( type 9 a page is measur$ 9 ems ( ! size ( type us$4 ,an em is a squ>e ( ! body ,illu/ration3 example ( an em squ>e1 & v>ies 9 size ) ea* size ( type4 ,?us1 an #h-po9t em is #h po9ts deep & #h po9ts wide2 a #ab-po9t em is #ab po9ts deep & #ab po9ts wide4 ,! common me?od ( measur+ ! quantity ( type on a page is by us+ ! em z ! unit1 ! numb] ( ems 9 ! l9e be+ multipli$ by ! numb] ( l9es on ! page4 ,! t]m em is appli$ 9 _m ways to type2 ! em da% is "o ca/ on a squ>e body1 ! em fraction is a fraction ca/ on a squ>e body1 & s ) type bord]s & o!r *>act]s4 ,be=e ! adoption ( ! po9t sy/em type sizes 7 designat$ by a v>iety ( names :i* 7 mean+less s f> z indicat+ _! sizes 0 conc]n$4 ,9 ! po9t sy/em ! size ( #ab-po9t corresponds to ! old pica4 ,pica has be5 a /&>d type 9 _m c\ntries = a long "t1 ?\gh x has n always be5 uni=m 9 size4 ,all type f\nd]s made pica types1 b all picas 7 n ! same size 9 ?is c\ntry until aft] ! adoption ( ! po9t sy/em 9 #ahhg4 ,! old names pica & nonp>eil 7half pica1 or #f-po9t7 /ill survive z conv5i5t t]ms to use 9 nam+ ^! sizes4 ,= conv5i5ce & economy 9 ! compos+ room ! leads1 slugs1 rules1 metal & wood5 furniture1 wood type1 & o!r compos+ mat]ial are us$ 9 l5g?s graduat$ by #ab-po9t or pica4 ,:5 leads or rules are spok5 ( z be+ tw5ty picas1 or tw5ty ems1 x is und]/ood t !y are tw5ty #ab-po9ts long4 ,pica gages are scales m>k$ (f 9 units ( #ab-po9t 7& half1 or #f-po9t74 ,a graduat$ compos+ /ick is made to set to measures ( #ab-po9t & half4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! po9t size 0 giv5 z approximately #a_/gb ( an in*4 ,actually a po9t is 4#jachcg ( an in*1 b = conv5i5ce ! simpl] fraction ( #a_/gb is suffici5tly accurate = compos+-room purposes4 ,?is makes ! #ab-po9t or pica #a_/f ( an in*4 ,%op cu/om measures ! items ( a page 9 po9ts1 & ! page itself or its *ief divisions by picas4 ,pap]1 sizes & o!r l>ge dim5sions are measur$ 9 in*es4 ,x is important = ! appr5tice to le>n ^! units ( measurem5ts & _! relation to ea* o!r 9 ord] to make quick calculations = l9e l5g?s1 page sizes1 m>g9s1 etc4 ,spaces & ,quads ,trade cu/om gives ! "n spaces to ! small type blanks & quads to ! l>g] type blanks4 ,^! are fur!r specifi$ accord+ to _! ?ickness or fractional "p ( ! em1 or squ>e1 z #c-to-em1 #d-to-em1 #e-to-em 7h]eaft] 9 ?is treatise1 = conv5i5ce1 t]m$ respectively ! #c-space1 #d-space1 #e-space74 ,v ?9 blanks are hair spaces or ju/ifi]s4 ,! en quad 7half ! squ>e7 is sometimes call$ ! ?ick space4#b ,! l>ge blanks are ! em quad #b-;em quad1 & 7= types ( #ab-po9t & small]7 #c-;em quad4 ,footnote #b3 ,,note4 ,! #c-space is (t5 miscall$ ! ?ick space2 b z x is commonly kn[n z ! normal space 7i4e4 nei!r ?ick nor ?97 x seems illogical to call x also a ?ick space4 ,! en quad or any space ?ick] ?an ! #c-space is obvi\sly a ?ick space4 ,to ! beg9n] ! diff]5ce betwe5 "s spaces & quads is n always cle> because ( ! frequ5t id5tity ( size 9 diff]5t type bodies4 ,?us1 a #c-space ( an #ah-po9t font is #ahx#f po9ts1 :i* is ! same z a #c-;em quad ( #f-po9t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is 9 ! position ( ! nicks 7except :]e spaces & quads are ca/ )\t nicks74 ,on ! #f-po9t quad ! nick is along ! #c-;em side1 :ile on ! #ah-po9t space x is across ! n>r[ #f-po9t edge4 ,! id5tity 9 size is (t5 a conv5i5ce1 :5 quads or spaces ( "o size are exhau/$1 by all[+ ! use ( pieces f ano!r font4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d #aj-,,po9t ,,spaces ,,& ,,quads ,! appr5tice %\ld become famili> ) ^! regul> spaces ( 8 case at ! outset4 ,he may le>n to di/+ui% !m by putt+ "o ( ea* ?ickness side by side frequ5tly = comp>ison4 ,by do+ ?is ) ea* size ( type z he comes to use x he w soon le>n to di/+ui% ! spaces at a glance1 to select quickly ! space he wants1 & to sort !m prop]ly 9 di/ribut+4 ,^! f\r regul> ?ickness ( spaces meet mo/ ( ! requirem5ts ( type composition4 ,besides _! own individual wid?s !y may be comb9$ into any o!r wid?s = spac+ & ju/ify+ l9es4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ tw5ty-f\r diff]5t wid?s less ?an ! em :i* c be made ) ! f\r orig9al spaces1 %\ld be /udi$ by ! beg9n] :o is 9 despair because he _c f9d j ! "r ?ickness to fit 8 l9e4 ,a ,simple ,spac+ ,table ,tak+ #fj z ! common d5om9ator ( ! five blanks1 includ+ ! em quad1 :i* w\ld be #fj_/fj1 ! en quad is #cj_/fj1 ! #c-space is #bj_/fj1 ! #d-space is #ae_/fj1 & ! #e-space is #ab_/fj4 ,by comb9+ ! v>i\s spaces ! foll[+ fractions ( ! em squ>e may be obta9$3 #e-space #ab-fj?s #d-space #ae-fj?s #c-space #bj-fj?s #b #e-spaces #bd-fj?s #d-space & #e-space #bg-fj?s en quad #cj-fj?s #c-space & #e-space #cb-fj?s #c-space & #d-space #ce-fj?s #c #e-spaces #cf-fj?s #d-space & #b #e-spaces #ci-fj?s #b #c-spaces #dj-fj?s en & #e-space #db-fj?s #c-space & #b #e-spaces #dd-fj?s en & #d-space #de-fj?s #c-d-e-spaces #dg-fj?s #d #e-spaces #dh-fj?s en & #c-spaces #ej-fj?s #d-space & #c #e-spaces #ea-fj?s #b #c-spaces & #e-space #eb-fj?s en & #b #e-spaces #ed-fj?s #b #c-spaces & #d-space #ee-fj?s #c-space & #c #e-spaces #ef-fj?s en1 #d- & #e-spaces #eg-fj?s #c-space1 #d-space & #b #e-spaces #ei-fj?s em quad #fj-fj?s ,) a supply ( ! regul> spaces at h& x w be se5 t = av]age "w !re is ample opportunity = c>eful spac+ & prop] ju/ification4 ,! tr\ble (t5 comes1 h[ev]1 because ( an insuffici5t supply ( ! ?9n] spaces4 ,un=tunately 9 _m places ^! are n suppli$ 9 "r quantities & ! usual boxes = hold+ !m are inadequate = a prop] supply4 ,improp] di/ribution ( ! ?9 spaces is also responsible = ! lack ( a prop] supply1 z well z = great loss ( "t 9 sort+ & hunt+ dur+ composition4 ,! po9t sy/em ( wid?s has be5 appli$ to spaces1 ! ?ickness be+ graduat$ by po9ts & half-po9ts1 in/ead ( ! fractional division ( ! em4 ,9 a font ( #aj-po9t1 = in/ance1 ! f\r ord9>y spaces #e-space1 #d-space1 #c-space1 & en quad1 are respectively #b1 #b-a_/b1 #c-a_/c1 & #e po9ts ?ick4 ,9 ! po9t sy/em !re are five spaces )9 ^! limits1 namely3 #b1 #b-a_/b1 #c1 #d1 & #e po9ts ?ick4 ,! extra space & two int]m$iate wid?s betwe5 ! #d-space & ! en quad give _m advantages 9 spac+ = good composition2 ?\gh z yet ! use ( ^! po9t-wid? spaces is n g5]al 9 h& composition4 ,! lack ( prop] boxes to keep !m 9 ! ord9>y type cases is a s]i\s drawback to _! economical use4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! wid?s ( po9t spaces 9 six common sizes ( type3 ,,po9t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,space ,,wid?s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #f-to- #e-to- #d-to- #c-to- ,pat5t en em em em em em space quad quad ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f-po9t #a -- #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c #f #h-po9t #a #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c #d #h #aj-po9t #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c #d #e #aj #ab-po9t #b #b-a_/b #c #d #e #f #ab #ad-po9t #b #c #d #e #f #g #ad #ah-po9t #b #c #d #f -- #i #ah ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 type composition is to be us$ regul>ly = mak+ m\lds = electrotypes2 high spaces1 quads1 leads1 & slugs are employ$ in/ead ( ! ord9>y l[ spaces & quads4 ,^! rea* ne>ly z high z ! %\ld] ( ! type &1 unlike l[ spaces1 d n leave small holes & crevices betwe5 ! words & l9es into :i* ! m\ld+ wax is =c$ :5 m\ld+4 ,al?\gh a great deal ( miscellane\s job "w is m\ld$ = electrotyp+ ) l[ spaces & o!r blanks1 ! electrotyp] f9ds x difficult to obta9 ! be/ results ) =ms made up 9 ?is mann]4 ,! high blank spaces make a bett] m\ld+ =m & are us$ 9 compos+ rooms :]e ! major "p ( ! "w is electrotyp$4 ,l>ge holl[ quads1 kn[n z quotation quads 7quotation furniture1 9 ! l>g] sizes71 are us$ 9 place ( solid quads :]e !re are _m l>ge blanks 9 ! =m4 ,^! h ! advantage ( lightness 9 comp>ison ) regul> quads4 ,!y %\ld be set 9 ! =m ) ! holl[ space d[n1 s z n to cat* dirt & small p>ticles t w be likely to come out lat] on ! ink roll]s :5 ! =m is on ! press4 ,!re are occasionally places :]e x w be an advantage to use !m holl[-side up = ease 9 pick+ !m out :5 *ang+ ! =m2 b ! =m %\ld nev] be s5t to press or to ! electrotype f\ndry ) ! holl[ spaces up4 ,9 a font ( typewrit] type all *>act]s are ca/ on bodies ( ! same wid?4 ,only "o k9d ( space is us$ 7or ne$ be us$7 = spac+ ! l9es4 ,?is space is ! same wid? z ! lett]s1 s t ea* l9e conta9s exactly ! same numb] ( pieces4 ,! usual size = ?is k9d ( type is #ab-po9t & ! wid? ( ! lett]s & ! space is a little m ?an ! en4 ,! appr5tice %\ld notice t ! #ab-po9t typewrit] space & ! #ab-po9t en quad are n ! same4 ,script types usually ne$ spaces & quads t are bevel$ on two sides ne> ! top4 ,! bevels are to all[ = ! ov]hang+ k]n ( ! lett]s4 ,! spaces & quads are ca/ to fit ! p>ticul> design ( ! face4 ,! g5]al practice ( slug-ca/+ ma*9e composition is to ju/ify ! l9es by increas+ ! spaces1 :i* expla9s ! cu/om>y wide-spac$ appe>ance ( ma*9e-set matt]4 ,z ! same space-b&s are us$ = all sizes on ! ma*9e1 a #f-po9t size is spac$ relatively mu* wid] ?an a #aj-po9t face4 ,,note4 ,! sy/em ( spaces "h consid]$ is t ( regul> f\ndry type fonts4 ,l9otypes & ,monotypes h sy/ems ( spac+ :i* diff] consid]ably f ?is4 ,9 ,monotype composition a special unit sy/em is us$4 ,!re are #ah units 9 a quad1 :i*1 unlike ! em quad ( f\ndry type1 9 ! small] sizes is n usually an exact squ>e4 ,! space is #f units1 approximat+ ! f\ndry #c-to-em space2 ! #e-unit space equal+ ! #d-to-em space2 & ! #d-unit usually a little less ?an ! #e-to-em space4 ,^! are ca/ f matrices & repres5t fix$ wid?s4 ,b 9 ! process ( composition ! exp&+ or ju/ify+ space is us$ to fill out ! l9e4 ,:5 ! keybo>d op]ator sees t ano!r ^w or syllable c n g into ! l9e ! keys indicat+ ! wid? ( ! spaces to fill ! l9e are /ruck1 ! result be+ t all spaces are spread equally to fill ! l9e4 ,! actual spaces ca/ may be any numb] ( units 9 wid?4 ,on ! ,l9otype !re are ?ree fix$ spaces3 ! em quad1 ! en quad 7or figure space71 & ! ?9 space1 equal to a f\r? ( ! em4 ,! regul> space is made by space-b&s :i* c be us$ to make any size betwe5 a #c-to-em & d\ble ?is ?ickness4 ,if any?+ small] ?an ! ?9 space is ne$$1 x mu/ be put 9 by h&4 ,hair ,spaces & ,ju/ifi]s ,! t]m ju/ify+ ref]s to ! tight5+ ( a l9e to make x correspond ) o!r l9es or p>ts ( ! page1 s t ! :ole =m may be lock$ toge!r compactly1 ) no p>ts loose & none too tight4 ,! t]m spac+ ref]s to ! blanks betwe5 ! words 9 ! l9es4 ,! t]m lead+ ref]s to ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es 9 a p>agraph or page ( pla9 matt]4 ,a l9e ( type may be well spac$ b improp]ly ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be badly spac$ b nicely ju/ifi$4 ,!re are _m places :]e spaces ?9n] ?an ! #e-space are ne$$1 especially = lett]-spac+ & = c>eful ^w-spac+1 z well z = tabul> pages & o!r "w requir+ accurate ju/ification4 ,= su* purposes hair spaces1 copp]-?9s1 & brass-?9s are provid$4 ,! ?ickness ( hair spaces v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! type2 ! "n is giv5 g5]ally to any ca/ space ?9n] ?an ! #e-to-em4 ,copp] spaces are #a_/b-po9t 9 ?ickness & brass spaces are #a-po9t ?ick1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! metal us$ be+ = easy di/9ction ( ! ?icknesses4 ,copp] & brass spaces1 because ( great] durability1 are sup]ior to ca/ metal hair spaces = h& composition4 ,:5 metal ?9 spaces are n at h& x may be necess>y to resort to pieces ( pap] or ?9 c>d4 ,spaces ( ?is k9d %\ld be us$ only 9 exceptional cases & n at all z a common practice4 ,!re %\ld be nev] m ?an a few pieces ( pap] us$ 9 ju/ify+ a l9e4 ,a safe rule = ! appr5tice1 :5 he ?9ks he _c make 8 l9e come "r )\t "s su* exp$i5t1 is to ask an exp]i5c$ compositor1 :o w usually %[ him h[ to ju/ify )\t ! pap]4 ,leads & ,slugs ,l9es ( type are sep>at$ by leads & slugs4 ,^! are /rips ( metal l[] ?an type-high & are furni%$ by deal]s 9 labor-sav+ fonts & also 9 l5g?s ( two feet4 ,leads are made #a-po9t1 #a-a_/b-po9t1 #b-po9t1 & #c-po9t ?ick4 ,! #a-po9t size is furni%$ 9 #af-;in* l5g?s4 ,! #b-po9t is ! ?ickness mo/ly us$4 ,slugs are made usually #f-po9t1 #ab-po9t1 #ah-po9t1 & #bd-po9t ?ick1 b o!r sizes are also made4 ,leads & slugs are made 9 two heights2 "o slightly less ?an l[ spaces & quads1 = usual composition :5 ! type is to be us$ = pr9t+1 & ! o!r high en\gh to rea* ! %\ld] ( ! type1 = use ) high spaces & quads 9 electrotype m\ld+4 ,leads & slugs are also made ( brass1 9 sizes1 l5g?s1 & heights simil> to ! s(t metal v>ieties4 ,:ile ! co/ ( brass mat]ial is mu* great] ?an ord9>y metal /rips1 9 "s cases its great] durability makes x m economical4 ,?is is true ( ! #a-po9t & #a-a_/b-po9t ?icknesses us$ 9 /&>d l5g?s1 z 9 newspap] & p]iodical pages4 ,= occasional use 9 job "w ! s(t metal leads are usually satisfactory4 ,/rips ( wood1 call$ reglet1 are sometimes us$ z sub/itutes = leads & slugs 9 l>ge sizes4 ,^! are made 9 l5g?s ( "o y>d & 9 sizes ( #f-po9t 7nonp>eil71 #ab-po9t 7pica71 & #ah-po9t4 ,l>g] sizes ( ! same mat]ial are kn[n z wood5 furniture4 ,all ! mat]ial m5tion$ "u ?is head is commonly us$ 9 l5g?s graduat$ by ! pica 7#ab-po9t7 & is = ! mo/ "p 9 labor-sav+ fonts or assortm5ts4 ,ea* k9d %\ld be kept1 :5 n 9 use1 9 racks or cases ) comp>tm5ts = ! diff]5t l5g?s4 ,sett+ ! ,compos+ ,/ick ,! wid? ( a type page is call$ its measure4 ,be=e comm5c+ to set type ! /ick mu/ be set to ! measure requir$2 t is1 = ! l5g? ( ! type l9e4 ,if ! /ick is ( ! mod]n graduat$ patt]n :i* sets to /&>d measures by *ang+ ! movable side-piece to a slot or not* :]e x is fix$1 ! sett+ is a simpl] matt]4 ,^! /icks w no d\bt be 9 m common use lat] ?an !y are n[ because ( _! _m advantages2 b z !re are _m ( ! old /yle ?umbscrew /icks 7especially ! k9d kn[n z ! ,yankee job /ick7 9 use 9 compos+ rooms ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 x is necess>y to "k h[ to adju/ ^! correctly4 ,! old /yle /icks n only require c>e 9 sett+ b wat*fulness aft]w>d to see t !y d n *ange :ile be+ us$ = a job4 ,! mann] ( sett+ a /ick may dep5d ^u ! k9d ( "w to be done4 ,= job "w ( a few l9es only1 :]e ! l9es are to be lock$ by !mselves 9 a *ase1 ! /ick may be set by a bun* ( leads ( ! requir$ l5g?4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! /ick & ! movable knee setup to !m loosely1 s t ! leads d n b9d at ! ends4 ,if ! job is to be enclos$ 9 a bord] or rule panel ! /ick %\ld be adju/$ accurately to ems ( #ab-po9t or #f-po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,! ,compos+ ,/ick ,= ord9>y measures a l9e ( p]fect #ab-po9t quads w be a good gage4 ,= v %ort measures1 z 9 tabul> column heads1 #f-po9t quads %\ld be us$4 ,a gage t w be m uni=mly accurate is a l9e ( #ab-po9t lett]s 7= %ort measures7 or #bd-po9t lett]s 7= long] measures7 f a font ( f\ndry-ca/ type4 ,^! %\ld be set 9 ! /ick ) ! nicks sideways1 n 9 front z = composition4 ,! body-size ( ca/ type is ! mo/ accurate ( any po9t-size mat]ial1 & z #ab-po9t & #bd-po9t fonts are at h& 9 e compos+ room !y furni% a conv5i5t & reliable /&>d at all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,a r[ ( tw5ty sideways ems ,usually ! knee %\ld be set lightly aga9/ ! gage :5 ! ?umbscrew is tight5$4 ,a good plan is to put a slip ( pap] at "o end ( ! l9e ( quads or lett]s 7,see ,a1 ,fig4 #e71 & to pu% up ! knee firmly4 ,a l9e ( _m sep>ate types w n fit toge!r z solidly z a l9e ( a few quads2 to all[ = a little compression 9 ! l9e :5 x is lock$ up lat] ! slight fullness is giv5 9 sett+ ! /ick4 ,9 sett+ measures = tabul> columns & = v %ort l9es ! slip ( pap] is n necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,! ,compos+ ,/ick ,x is important t ! out] end ( ! knee %\ld be kept at a "r angle to make ! /ick squ>e1 9 ord] t ! fir/ & la/ l9es ( ! /ickful %\ld be ( exactly ! same l5g?4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ?is1 te/ ! front ( ! /ick by mov+ ! gage l9e =w>d :5 ! measure is adju/$4 ,if ! gage l9e is loos] "h ?an at ! back1 ! out] end ( ! knee may be clos$ 9 by ins]t+ a piece ( c>d betwe5 ! knee & ! back plate1 z is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,:5 ! measure is set1 make ! ?umbscrew z tight z possible ) ! f+]s4 ,d n use a wr5*1 z ?is is liable to give unnecess>y =ce & break ! small clamp4 ,make x a practice to try ! ?umbscrew occasionally :ile us+ ! /ick to prev5t ! knee f becom+ loose1 z x may 9 case ! l9es are ju/ifi$ tightly4 ,use ( ! ,compos+ ,rule ,l9es ( type are easi] h&l$ by ! aid ( a compos+ rule4 ,x is n practicable to set small types 9 ! /ick )\t "s support or to set a second l9e imm$iately next to ano!r )\t a lead or rule to sep>ate !m4 ,! compos+ rule furni%es a smoo? surface aga9/ :i* to place ! types z !y are assembl$ & to keep !m 9 l9e :ile ! respac+ & ju/ify+ is done4 ,! rule is also conv5i5t = lift+ l9es out into ! galley & = h&l+ !m 9 lat] op]ations4 ,sets ( ^! rules c be pur*as$ f supply h\ses or !y may be made f a disc>d$ /rip ( brass rule 7#b-po9t or #c-po9t71 by trimm+ "o end s z to leave a nib #aj po9ts long4 ,compos+ rules are n us$ n[ z mu* z =m]ly1 ow+ to ! fact t h& composition is l>gely 9 ! nature ( job "w4 ,a compositor 9 a day sets a great v>iety ( l9e-l5g?s1 _m ( !m 9 l>ge types1 & he disp5ses ) ! compos+ rule z a ne$less tool1 us+ in/ead ! ready-at-h& leads & slugs ne$$ = ! page4 ,9 _m cases ?is is advisable4 ,yet :5 !re are _m l9es ( "o l5g? to set & to correct & lat] to make up into pages1 ! compos+ rule is recomm5d$ z a useful accessory4 ,sett+ ,type ,) a correct plan ( ! case be=e him ! beg9n] at typesett+ may g at 8 "w ) confid5ce t "o "p ( 8 "w is simplifi$ & he c devote 8 att5tion to ! next /eps1 t is1 to le>n to hold ! /ick com=tably & to pick up ! types & put !m 9 l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,hold+ ! ,compos+ ,/ick ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! mann] ( hold+ ! /ick4 ,notice t x is held 9 ! left h&1 leav+ ! "r h& free to pick up ! lett]s4 ,type mu/ be set "r-h&$ly ev5 by left-h&$ p]sons4 ,! types are plac$ 9 ! left corn] ( ! /ick ) ! nicks outw>d1 & ea* type z x is plac$ is held g5tly by ! ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,! /ick is always held ) ! op5 side slightly tilt$ up to all[ ! types to lie aga9/ ! compos+ rule1 & ! left ?umb foll[s ea* type along ! l9e to keep x f fall+ out ( place4 ,! beg9n] w usually try to read 8 fir/ words 9 type by turn+ ! /ick s t ! bottom ( ! l9e is t[>d him4 ,?is is n ! way exp]i5c$ compositors d1 h[ev]4 ,! pr9t] reads 8 type l9es up-side-d[n1 ) ! top ( ! l9e t[>d him4 ,9 ?is way he reads ! l9es f left to "r1 j z he w\ld ! pr9t$ page except t ! top ( ! type page is ne>e/ to him4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t any pr9t+ =m is ! rev]se ( ! pr9t$ %eet4 ,! simple/ way is to rev]se ! page f top to bottom r ?an f "r to left4 ,j turn ?is page face d[n on ! table & y c readily imag9e :at ! types t pr9t$ x w\ld look l4 ,a compositor %\ld always read 8 copy ahead ( 8 sett+ & try to get ! s5se ( ! words4 ,?is w make x easi] = him to c>ry 9 8 m9d a numb] ( words at a "t 9 advance ( pick+ up ! types4 ,"o :o mu/ con/antly ref] to 8 copy ^w = ^w w wa/e valuable "t hunt+ = 8 place1 w h great] difficulty 9 keep+ ! sequ5ce ( words1 & w be f> m liable to make mi/akes4 ,conc5tration ( m9d is absolutely ess5tial if he hopes to become a good compositor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,example3 ,! pr9t] mu/ le>n to read lett]s & words up-side-d[n1 z !y appe> 9 ?is example4 7,text inv]t$7 ,! nicks on ! type bodies are important 9 help+ to pick !m up 9 su* a mann] t !y may be c>ri$ to ! /ick & put 9 place "r side up quickly4 ,look = a p>ticul> type 9 ! box & note ! nick fir/4 ,select "o t c be c>ri$ to ! /ick "r side up ) ! fewe/ motions4 ,:ile x is go+ to its place look = ! next type & h ! left ?umb 9 ! /ick d its %>e ( ! team "w4 ,fumbl+ = a type1 pick+ x up & turn+ x ov] sev]al times to f9d ! nick be=e x c be put 9 ! l9e is a habit t %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ z a positive h&icap4 ,/udy to avoid z mu* z possible all sup]flu\s motions4 ,d n mi/ake n]v\s1 fussy1 tru/-to-luck motions = spe$2 !y are usually ! rev]se4 ,be delib]ate & accurate1 ev5 if sl[ at ! />t4 ,le>n fir/ to d x "r1 !n /rive to d x quickly4 ,spe$ is important1 b correctness is mu* m s4 ,ju/ify+ ! ,l9es ,ea* l9e ( type mu/ end ) a complet$ ^w or a syllable4 ,:5 ! l9e is fir/ set1 h[ev]1 x r>ely happ5s t ! types fill ! l9e snugly )\t m or less *ang+ ( ! spaces4 ,if a little m room is ne$$ to take 9 ! la/ lett] or two ( a ^w1 ! spaces are *ang$ = ?9n] ones until ! ^w is br\ght 94 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re rema9s a little space aft] ! la/ ^w or syllable1 ! spaces are increas$ a little until ! l9e is full4 ,j :5 to ?9 space & br+ 9 a ^w or syllable or :5 to fill out ! l9e ) wid] spaces dep5ds ^u :e!r ! composition g5]ally is to be ?9 spac$ or is to be wide spac$4 ,*ang+ ! spaces is done by pu%+ ! top ( ! space f betwe5 ! words ) ! "o t is to be ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,! new space is dropp$ 9 & ! old "o pick$ out & put 9 ! case :]e x belongs1 ! ?umb 9 ! /ick mean:ile keep+ ! l9e f fall+4 ,*ang+ ! spaces 9 ?is mann] %\ld be done ) c>e 9 ord] to avoid injur+ ! face ( adjo9+ types4 ,ano!r me?od ( *ang+ spaces is to lift up ! wrong space by an upw>d pressure ( ! left ?umb & pick x out ) ! "r ?umb & =ef+]1 aft]w>d ins]t+ ! new space4 ,a l9e ( type is well ju/ifi$ :5 x w /& up 9 ! /ick )\t o!r support ?an its own tightness4 ,l9es t w fall d[n :5 ! compos+ /ick is slightly tipp$ =w>d are too loosely ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y %\ld n be s tight t !y w be difficult to lift out :5 ! /ickful is tak5 out on ! galley4 ,unnecess>y tightness is liable to injure small types at ! end ( ! l9es4 ,c>eless compositors w sometimes =ce a type into place s tightly t x w %ave a slight film ( metal f ! adjo9+ types1 ! metal rema9+ "u ! feet ( ! lett]s :i* w make !m high] ?an ! surr\nd+ lett]s4 ,long l9es require a little firm] ju/ification ?an %ort ones1 because ! great] numb] ( pieces1 especially if ! type is old1 w compress m ?an ! few] numb] 9 ! %ort l9e :5 !y are lat] lock$ up 9 ! *ase4 ,leads & brass rules %\ld n be s long t !y b9d tightly :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! measure4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! type l9es ne> !m w r>ely lock up tight )\t v great pressure 9 ! *ase4 ,! beg9n] at composition is n at fir/ apt to realize ! importance ( c>eful ju/ification4 ,x is n till lat] :5 he mu/ lock up ! types = pr9t+ t he le>ns :y !y mu/ be exactly upright to give ! prop] impression & c>efully fitt$ toge!r to hold solidly 9 ! =m4 ,! fir/ po9t to note is t ! types %\ld be squ>ely on _! feet 9 ! /ick :5 ! l9e is ju/ifi$4 ,if !y are lean+ =w>d or backw>d & left ?is way ! l9e w be %ort :5 ! types are lat] /raight5$ up on ! galley or 9 ! =m4 ,x is wise1 !re=e1 be=e go+ to ! next l9e to make sure t all types are on _! feet :5 ! f9al lett] or ju/ify+ space is ins]t$4 ,empty+ ! ,/ick ,= ! fir/ few /ickfuls1 until ! appr5tice le>ns h[ to h&le ! l9es )\t pi-+1 leads %\ld be put betwe5 all ! l9es 9 ! /ick1 ev5 if !y are to be tak5 out lat] to pr9t ! type z solid matt]4 ,a lead %\ld be put at ! top ( ! fir/ l9e & aft] ! la/ l9e 9 ! /ick4 ,if a compos+ rule is us$1 ?is may or may n be kept ) ! l9es4 ,_m compositors ins]t ! compos+ rule at ! top ( ! fir/ l9e :ile lift+ ! l9es out ( ! /ick1 z ! rule gives a good surface by :i* to take hold ( ! matt]4 ,x is a good plan n to fill ! /ick too full be=e empty+4 ,a few l9es at fir/ w be en\gh to practice )1 until ! knack ( grasp+ ! matt] all ar\nd & lift+ out is acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,empty+ ! ,compos+ ,/ick ,! galley %\ld be plac$ on ! case or on an adjo9+ /& or incl9$ support1 ) ! head turn$ t[>d ! "r4 ,if ! l9es h be5 prop]ly ju/ifi$1 !re is no ne$ to op5 ! measure ( ! /ick to extricate l9es t seem v tight4 ,9 ?is case take out ! l9es sep>ately1 b keep ! measure un*ang$ till ! "w is done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,! galley on ! case ,! /ick is empti$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram3 ,lay ! /ick ne> ! bottom ( ! galley1 ) ! top l9e or back ( ! /ick at ! l[] rim ( ! galley4 ,! two =ef+]s are !n plac$ 9 ! /ick aft] ! la/ l9e & ! two ?umbs beside ! top l9e4 ,! second f+]s1 d\bl$ up1 are press$ aga9/ ! ends ( ! l9es at bo? sides4 ,?us hold+ ! l9es ev5ly all ar\nd1 ! top l9es are lift$ slightly ) a turn+ motion to br+ ! feet ( ! type upw>d4 ,?is gives a *ance = ! ?umbs to get a bett] hold d[n beside ! top l9e4 ,! small f+]s are mean:ile hold+ ! /ick d[n aga9/ ! upw>d motion ( ! matt]1 :ile ! l9es are tak5 out4 ,! types %\ld !n be held 9 a horizontal position1 :ile ! compositor turns 8 "r side to ! galley4 ,/ill hold+ ! l9es firmly1 he next turns !m feet d[n 9 ! l[] corn]1 ) ! beg9n+ ( ! l9es at ! l[] rim4 7,d n release hold until ! matt] is close aga9/ ! rim ( ! galley1 keep+ ! middle f+]s at ! ends ( l9es to prev5t any types f dropp+ out ( place4 ,if any types %\ld drop1 take hold ( ! h&ful aga9 & move x f>!r d[n ! galley1 pick up ! loose type & !n slide ! l9es to ! head ( ! galley & ins]t ! miss+ type47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,hold+ ! l9es ( types ,:5 fir/ plac$ on ! galley ! type is liable to be a little (f its feet4 ,h a piece ( good metal furniture #h x #bj picas to place beside ! l9es1 fir/ at ! bottom & !n at ! ends ( ! l9es1 & use ?is to squ>e up ! types on _! feet4 ,an untra9$ compositor is prone to use m ?9 spaces ?an are necess>y1 & he quickly f9ds t !re are n en\gh 9 ! case to meet 8 wants4 ,he puts 9 extra ?9 spaces to fill out ! l9e in/ead ( *ang+ ! spaces already 9 = ?ick] ones4 ,he ins]ts #e-spaces beside #c-spaces ?r\gh ! l9e because ?is appe>s ! easie/ way1 ?\gh 9 ! end x is nei!r ! quicke/ nor ! be/ way4 ,:5 wide spac+ is necess>y x is usually bett] to *ange ! #c-spaces = en quads1 & if ! l9e does n !n q ju/ify to put d\ble spaces betwe5 long words or ^? hav+ tall lett]s4 ,obvi\sly x is n wise to put 9 two #d-spaces :5 !re is a pl5tiful supply ( en quads at h&4 ,by us+ two ?9 spaces :]e "o ?ick space w suffice ! supply ( ?9 spaces is soon exhau/$1 :ile !re w be an ov]-supply ( ! ?ick] k9ds left 9 ! case4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! same k9d ( composition is set by an exp]i5c$ workman ) half ! numb] ( ?9 spaces us$ by a novice & x w %[ great] uni=mity 9 spac+ & ju/ification4 ,comb9ations ( #c #e-spaces1 #c #d-spaces1 or #d #e-spaces %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 & only :5 !y are ne$$ to ju/ify ! l9e4 ,two #c-spaces toge!r are bett] ?an an en quad & a #e-space4 ,!re are usually m #c-spaces 9 ! case1 & !y are easi] to di/ribute ?an ! ?9n] spaces4 ,a good g5]al rule is nev] to use two or m pieces ( mat]ial :]e "o piece w suffice4 ,ty+ ,up ! ,page ,:5 ! compos$ l9es are on ! galley ready = prov+ !y mu/ be fa/5$ tempor>ily4 ,a column ( type is plac$ on a long n>r[ galley 9 :i* a side-/ick ( wood is laid beside ! l9es4 ,?is is held 9 place by pu%+ 9 a few wood5 w$ges or quo9s4 ,! ,hempel /yle ( metal quo9s are well adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,/>t+ to tie up ! page ,:5 ! composition is relatively small ! l9es are usually ti$ up ) a cord4 ,?is is done by w9d+ ! cord sev]al times ar\nd ! matt]1 ! numb] ( turns dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! page & ! /\tness ( ! cord4 ,pr9t]s' supply h\ses call ?is /r+ page cord4 ,!re is no /&>d ?ickness or br&4 ,any good cotton cord c be us$4 ,t :i* is kn[n among tw9e deal]s z ,se9e ,no4 #ab is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,/>t ! cord at ! left top corn] ( ! matt] z x lies on ! galley--t is1 usually at ! end ( ! la/ l9e4 ,) ! left h& hold an in* or less ( ! cord :ile ! "r h& w9ds x along ! upp] side1 ar\nd ! head1 & d[n ! l[] side ( ! matt] close to ! rim ( ! galley1 !n back to ! />t+ po9t4 ,"h ! cord is cross$ ov] ! fir/ end s z to b9d x1 ea* turn ( ! cord at ?is po9t go+ bel[ ! prec$+ "o4 ,at ! end ( ! cord turn 9 a loop j ar\nd ! corn]1 pu%+ ! cord betwe5 ! types & ! w9d+s ) ! nib-end ( ! compos+ rule4 ,draw ! loop up reasonably tight s t x w n slip out1 & leave a %ort end out1 to be f\nd lat] :5 necess>y to take ! cord (f4 ,hold ! left h& on ! page until ! end ( ! cord is made fa/1 to avoid any unexpect$ movem5t ( ! page dur+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! page is fa/5$1 move x a little f ! l[] rim ( ! galley & pu% ! cords d[n to ! middle ( ! type-height1 especially if l[ leads1 spaces1 & quads are us$ 9 ! matt]4 ,:5 ! cord is tight ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ! type !re is liability ( ! page d\bl+ up :5 x is pu%$ (f to ! impos+ table or ! pro( press4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,! fa/5$ page ,if ! galley has a high rim !re may be "s difficulty 9 gett+ ! cord d[n ov] ! lead at ! top l9e & along ! l[] edge4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! fir/ complete turn ( ! cord is made move ! page c>efully up on ! galley s t ! second & succe$+ w9d+s may come "u ! fir/ "o4 ,d n leave long ends ( ! cord hang+ out1 z !y are liable to get "u ! feet ( ! type & cause damage :5 ! pro( is made4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! feet ( ! type free f dirt or lumps ( any k9d4 ,a good practice ( _m compositors1 aft] ty+ up pages t are n too l>ge to all[ x1 is to lift ! page p]p5dicul>ly & hold x 9 ! left h& :ile ! bottom is bru%$ (f ) ! "r h&1 & !n to wipe (f ! surface ( ! press or impos+ table be=e lay+ ! page d[n4 ,9 compos+ rooms :]e a great deal ( job composition is done ! "t sp5t 9 ty+ up pages is consid]able1 & ! "w is (t5 done c>elessly4 ,ea* compositor %\ld h at h& 8 own supply ( page cords1 kept 9 ord]ly mann] = in/ant use4 ,a ball ( /\t :ite tw9e e week or (t5] co/s mu* less ?an ! "t sp5t 9 a week to hunt = pieces ( cords kept 9 no p>ticul> place4 ,an assortm5t ( ! l5g?s mo/ us$1 fold$ into little ske9s & kept 9 ! apron pocket1 w save "t & tr\ble4 ,avoid ! piec$-up1 knott$ /r+ ar\nd a page ( type t is to be plac$ on ! impos+ table = lock+ up4 ,leave no long loose ends1 b make ! fa/5+ loop s t x c be readily f\nd aft] ! furniture is plac$ ar\nd ! page4 ,/\t new rubb] b&s ( ! "r l5g? may be us$ = ty+ up pages & jobs1 b !y mu/ be manag$ c>efully1 especially 9 tak+ (f1 to avoid squabbl+ ! type4 ,!y are suitable only = tempor>y tie-ups & %\ld n be us$ if ! pages are to be kept /&+ _m days4 ,tak+ ,pro(s ,fir/ pro(s f compos$ types are tak5 = ! purpose ( correct+ any errors4 ,lat] pro(s are = v]ify+ corrections & to note :e!r in/ructions h be5 foll[$ 9 make-up & 9 v>i\s o!r matt]s necess>y to get ! type ready = pr9t+4 ,pro(s are sometimes tak5 by us+ a pro( plan] & mallet1 b m commonly by means ( a pro( press4 ,9 any ( ! usual me?ods employ$ x is fir/ necess>y to spread ink on ! type face ) an ink roll]4 ,a small h& roll] is us$ 9 comb9ation ) a smoo? /eel or /one surface on :i* to di/ribute ! ink4 ,! composition ( ! roll] %\ld be well season$ & ! roll] %\ld be well clean$4 ,a good grade ( sl[-dry+ black ink ( ! quality kn[n z book ink is necess>y = ! usual "w4 ,a v ?9 ink or a v /iff ink is n suitable4 ,! am\nt us$ %\ld be j en\gh to give a cle> impression ( ! type1 & no m4 ,?is is graduat$ to ! lightness or boldness ( ! face1 & also to ! f9i% ( ! pap]4 ,a glossy coat$ pap] w ne$ less ink ?an a ma*9e-f9i% pap]2 :ile an antique-f9i% pap] w ne$ mu* m ink ?an ei!r4 ,z a g5]al rule1 pro(s are made on smoo?-f9i% pap] ) a m9imum quantity ( mod]ately /iff ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,pro( ,plan] & ,r\nd-head ,mallet ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,pro( ,plan] & ,mallet 9 use ,a pro( plan] is a block ( wood ab\t #h in*es long by #c-a_/b in*es wide & #b-a_/b in*es high1 hav+ its face cov]$ ) a piece ( ?ick clo? or felt4 ,a plan] pro( mu/ be made :ile ! type is on ! impos+ /one or "s o!r solid surface4 ,:5 ink has be5 roll$ on ! type a %eet ( ?9 pap]1 slightly damp1 is laid on ! type & ! plan] is us$ = tak+ ! impression4 ,! %eet %\ld be damp5$ ev5ly all ov] ) a sponge1 en\gh to be a little limp4 ,! unspong$ side ( ! %eet is laid on ! type v c>efully to avoid slurr+ ! impression4 ,! pro( plan]1 held 9 ! left h&1 is plac$ /eadily on top1 & a mallet 9 ! "r h& is us$ to tap ! plan]4 ,if ! plan] does n cov] ! :ole page1 x mu/ be lift$ f "o "p to ano!r until ! :ole surface is cov]$4 ,?is requires "s practice1 to avoid a %ift+ ( ! %eet on ! type & mak+ a d\ble or sme>$ impression4 ,a firm f\ndation = ! type & a /eady bl[1 graduat$ 9 =ce to ! size ( ! pr9t+ surface1 are necess>y = a clean impression4 ,! mallet %\ld hit /raight1 )\t glanc+ sidewise1 & ! plan] %\ld be held level & /eady4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,a ,pro( ,press ,! k9d ( type =ms adapt$ = prov+ by ?is me?od are ^? ) p>agraphs ( pla9 matt] & /rong faces :i* w n be easily batt]$4 ,^? ) l>ge op5 spaces & small l9es1 & ^? ) delicate l9es l scripts & k]n$ italic lett]s1 %\ld n be prov$ ) a plan] if ano!r me?od is available4 ,small gr\ps ( type /&+ alone1 l page numb]s & small impr9ts1 require v c>eful treatm5t 9 prov+1 to avoid unnecess>y impression :i* may batt] ! face or break (f ! k]ns4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to take pro(s ( f9e or small types /&+ )\t surr\nd+ support1 x is a good plan to place ne> ! type1 on two sides if possible1 type-high blocks ^u :i* ! plan] may re/ :ile ! impression is be+ tapp$4 ,! pro( plan] is n ! common me?od ( tak+ pro(s1 b is employ$ 9 places :]e !re is no regul> pro( press1 & also "u conditions :]e a pro( press _c readily be us$4 ,! latt] condition is 9 ! case ( a l>ge =m beyond ! capacity ( ! pro( press1 lock$ up on ! impos+ /one1 :5 a pro( is requir$1 ei!r ( a "p or ( ! :ole1 = v]ification ( "s detail be=e s5d+ ! =m to press = pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,a ,pro( ,plan] ,! o!r & m common me?od ( tak+ pro(s is on "o or ano!r ( ! sev]al k9ds ( pro( presses1 z describ$ 9 text-book ,no4 #e ( ?is s]ies1 ,pro( ,presses1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = a detail$ consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,mak+ ,corrections ,:5 a l9e ( type has be5 set 9 ! compos+ /ick x %\ld be read ov] ) c>e1 comp>$ ) copy1 & any mi/akes correct$ be=e ! l9e is ju/ifi$4 ,a habit ( do+ ?is w make clean] pro(s & save a great deal ( "t & exp5se4 ,an error correct$ at ?is "t saves a second ju/ification ( ! l9e4 ,if ! error is an omitt$ ^w or syllable or a ^w ins]t$ twice its detection w save ! probable ov]-runn+ ( sev]al l9es or ev5 ( a :ole p>agraph lat]4 ,! l9es %\ld also be scann$ be=e be+ tak5 f ! /ick to ! galley4 ,a turn$ lett] or a wrong type ov]look$ 9 ! fir/ exam9ation may be *ang$ by lift+ ! l9e a little until ! type c be pick$ out & ! "r "o put 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,*eck+ l9es at ! case ,d n try to correct a l9e 9 ! /ick :5 ano!r l9e or "p ( a l9e is 9 front ( x4 ,if a correction makes necess>y a *ange ( spaces or a re-ju/ify+ ( ! l9e1 take out all ! l9es 9 front1 !n correct & ju/ify aga94 ,?is all[s ! /ick to be held 9 ! h& & ! types c be h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z = ! orig9al sett+4 ,?is w be m conv5i5t ?an to lay ! /ick on ! case :ile re-spac+ a l9e 9 ! middle ( a /ickful4 ,! use ( a bodk9 or tweez]s is seldom necess>y = correct+ 9 ! /ick or on ! galley1 unless ! type is v small & ! measure is n>r[4 ,a little c>e 9 revis+ ! l9es z !y are set1 be=e ! fir/ pro( is tak51 w result 9 clean] pro(s & w r$uce ! "t = pro(read+ z well z = lat] corrections4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! l9es h be5 c>efully revis$ :ile be+ set1 errors ( v>i\s k9ds w probably be m>k$ on ! pro( :5 x comes back f ! pro(read]4 ,if !re are _m l9es & a numb] ( s]i\s errors ! corrections are made at ! case4 ,! galley is plac$ at "o side ( ! case if possible1 r ?an on top ( ! case1 ) ! head ( ! galley & ! top ( ! l9es t[>d ! "r4 ,:5 only "o /& c be us$ x may be well to put ! type case 9 ! rack "u ! work+ %elf & to put ! galley on ! %elf4 ,?is w p]mit free access to ! case = ! lett]s ne$$ 9 correct+ & w give a good re/+ place = ! galley & compos+ /ick4 ,! compositor /&s ) 8 "r side to ! galley & works ) ! tops ( ! l9es t[>d him4 ,! compos+ rule ) a nib is useful at ?is "t4 ,l9es 9 :i* corrections are to be made %\ld h leads or rules beside !m to help keep !m f pi-+ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,if ! l9es are set solid1 leads or rules %\ld be ins]t$ tempor>ily & tak5 out :5 ! correct+ is f9i%$4 ,simple errors l ! ex*ang+ ( "o type = ano!r ( ! same wid?1 ! turn+ ( an inv]t$ "*1 or ! transposition ( lett]s or words1 are correct$ by press+ ! l9e at bo? ends to lift x up ab\t "o-?ird ( its height & pick+ out ! wrong types ) ! f+] & ?umb4 ,! l9e is !n dropp$ 9 place & ! "r types put 94 ,a l9e 9 :i* !re is a *ange ( ! spaces or ( ! ju/ification %\ld be lift$ into a compos+ /ick ( ! "r measure = correction4 ,any important *ange 9 a l9e ( type %\ld always be made 9 a /ick1 :]e accurate ju/ification is mo/ readily secur$4 ,fir/ place ! compos+ /ick conv5i5tly at h&1 ) its back t[>d ! compositor4 ,ins]t ! compos+ rule d[n at ! top ( ! l9e 9 ! galley1 press bo? ends ( ! l9e toge!r1 & raise x up g5tly2 :5 x is cle> ( ! o!r l9es turn x s t ! rule is "u1 & !n transf] to ! /ick4 ,z a rule1 l9es ( type %\ld be c>ri$ 9 a position :i* keeps ! types !mselves horizontal1 n p]p5dicul>4 ,9 ?is mann] !y are support$ by ! lead or rule und]nea?4 ,if c>ri$ ) ! feet ( ! types d[n !y are liable to drop out unless p]fectly ju/ifi$ & firmly held4 ,_m c>eless compositors p]si/ 9 correct+ l9es on ! galley 9 a putt]+1 bot*y mann] :i* results 9 badly ju/ifi$ l9es4 ,! beg9n] is usually incl9$ to d ! same ?+ because he has n yet le>n$ to p]=m ) ease & safety ! trick ( transf]r+ l9es back & =? f ! galley to ! /ick4 ,in/ead ( %irk+ ?is op]ation because x looks difficult1 he %\ld practice x until he c d x safely & quickly4 ,a compositor :o does n ju/ify 8 l9es prop]ly is rat$ z a c>eless workman4 ,if he has no?+ to d ) ! lat] lock+ up ( ! =ms = ! f\ndry or ! press he is prone to slight ?is "p ( 8 "w & ?us make additional duties = o!r workm51 z well z increase ! risk ( subsequ5t error or accid5t4 ,corrections 9 type matt] (t5 call = ! ov]-runn+ ( ! l9es2 t is1 ! words mu/ be tak5 f "o l9e to ano!r1 requir+ *anges 9 o!r l9es beside ! "o 9 :i* ! correction 0 m>k$4 ,?is proc$ure takes "t & is co/ly4 ,x means t ! entire matt] ?us re-arrang$ mu/ be revis$ to see t new errors h n crept 94 ,!re are two ways ( h&l+ ! l9es = ov]-runn+4 ,:5 a few l9es are to be ?us *ang$ lift !m out "o at a "t & put !m on an extra galley above ! work+ galley1 /&+ !m 9 sequ5ce along ! l[] rim ) ! nicks up4 ,put ! fir/ l9e into ! /ick1 take out words or ins]t new ones z direct$ 9 ! pro(1 !n take ! words 9 ord] f ! galley1 make any corrections call$ =1 re-space & ju/ify to ! end4 ,if ! l9es are long1 a brass rule or compos+ rule ( ! "r l5g? %\ld be us$ to measure (f ! new l9es1 & ^! may be tak5 into ! /ick a l9e at a "t in/ead ( a few words at a "t4 ,ano!r me?od ( ov]-runn+ does n require ! extra galley if !re is "s sp>e room at ! bottom ( ! matt] on its own galley4 ,ins]t ! rule at ! top ( ! l9e :]e ! ov]-run comm5ces & move ! matt] d[n ! galley a di/ance equal to ! l5g? ( ! l9es & an in* f>!r4 ,take ! fir/ l9e into ! /ick4 ,!n turn a half doz5 or m ( ! foll[+ l9es s t ! nicks ( ! type are t[>d ! l[] rim ( ! galley1 keep+ ! ends ( ! l9es aga9/ ! matt] f>!r d[n4 ,put a piece ( #d-;em metal furniture at ! o!r end ( ! turn$ l9es to prev5t lett]s f fall+ d[n4 ,correct ! l9e 9 ! /ick & proce$ by tak+ ! words 9 ord] f ! turn$ l9es4 ,if m l9es are to be ov]-run1 take !m f _! regul> position 9 ! galley & turn !m nicks d[n 9 ! same way z ! fir/ lot4 ,! spac+ ( ov]-run l9es %\ld be done z c>efully z = ! orig9al sett+4 ,sometimes l9es too ?9ly or too widely spac$ 9 ! orig9al may be improv$ 9 ! re-spac+4 ,un=tunately1 mu* "w ( ?is k9d is done 9 a ru% & ! second ju/ification is neglect$4 ,yet ! diff]5ce 9 "t tak5 to d good spac+ & t sp5t on c>eless "w is (t5 v little4 ,h& compositors n[ d a great deal ( correct+ & page make-up on type set by ma*9es4 ,?is "w is (t5 9 ! nature ( specialties1 yet ! g5]al rules ( good spac+ & ju/ify+ apply "h also4 ,usually great] spe$ is requir$1 & ?is means m skill & (t5times ! employm5t ( "s special facilities adapt$ = ! p>ticul> class ( "w 9 h&4 ,x is a rule t any l9es ( type pi$ dur+ corrections & reset mu/ h a m>k ar\nd !m on ! revise pro( to call att5tion to !m = ano!r read+ to be sure t no new error has be5 made4 ,importance ( ,uni=m ,spac+ ,! beg9n] w realize aft] he has set 8 fir/ few /ickfuls t ! "p ( ! op]ation :i* gives him ! greate/ tr\ble is n f9d+ ! types = ! words ( 8 copy1 b x is gett+ uni=m spaces betwe5 ! words to ju/ify ! l9es4 ,to ! un9itiat$ ! words ( a well-set page appe> to be sep>at$ ) spaces ( equal ?ickness4 ,?is is f> f ! fact2 x is only 9 r>e in/ances t sev]al l9es 9 a page h spaces t are exactly alike4 ,a close exam9ation ( a page w %[ a great v>iety ( :ite spaces betwe5 words1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce may n be readily recogniz$ by ! ord9>y read]4 ,9 ord] to make ! read+ easy & legible ! words %\ld be spac$ en\gh to make !m quickly di/+ui%able at a glance4 ,9 ord] to make x com=table & pleas+ ! words %\ld be spac$ uni=mly & ! l9es arrang$ ord]ly1 ) nei!r undue huddl+ toge!r nor unnecess>y sep>ation4 ,good typesett+ means t ! spac+ mu/ be approximately ev5 & t ! av]age space mu/ be c>efully proportion$ to ! /yle ( ! type face1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es1 & ! size & %ape ( ! page4 ,uni=m spac+ betwe5 ! words 9 a l9e is always desirable4 ,a ?9 space on "o side ( a ^w & a wide space on ! o!r is an inexcusable fault4 ,an exception is made ( ! space betwe5 s5t5ces1 :]e ! end+ ( "o & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r occurs 9 ! same l9e4 ,9 ?is case x is cu/om>y to leave a wide space aft] ! p]iod4 ,l9es %\ld n be wide-spac$ at "o end & ?9-spac$ at ! o!r4 ,absolute ev5ness may n be easily secur$1 b an appe>ance ( uni=mity may be giv5 by obs]v+ "s ( ! me?ods describ$ fur!r on 9 ^! pages4 ,good spac+ means also t all ! l9es ( a composition %\ld be spac$ z ne>ly alike z is practicable4 ,! extremes ( a wide-spac$ l9e & a ?9-spac$ l9e 9 ! same p>agraph1 or ( a wide-spac$ p>agraph & a ?9-spac$ p>agraph ( simil> types on ! same page1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph %\ld n be spac$ wid] ?an ! av]age spac+ 9 ! p>agraph itself4 ,_m compositors h a habit ( wide-spac+ a l9e :i* happ5s to h a few words 9 x1 ) ! evid5t aim to make ^! few words fill ! l9e z mu* z possible4 ,?is (t5 results 9 l9es ne$lessly wide-spac$4 ,rules = ,spac+ ,! /&>d space betwe5 words 9 ord9>y roman l[]-case type is ! #c-space4 ,?is ?ickness is commonly accept$ z ! av]age spac+ requir$ = legibility 9 a pr9t$ page to be held 9 ! h&4 ,x gives com=table legibility 9 sizes ( type f #h-po9t to #ad-po9t4 ,small] sizes may be spac$ ) an av]age slightly wid]1 l ! en quad1 :ile = l>ge types to be read at close range ! spac+ may be less ?an ! #c-space av]age4 ,wide measures1 z a rule1 require relatively wide spac+4 ,n>r[ measures are pref]ably ?9-spac$1 :e!r ! l9es are lead$ or solid4 ,an app>5tly equal spac+ betwe5 all words 9 a l9e means t 9 "s cases !re mu/ be a slight v>iation 9 ! wid? ( ! actual spaces us$4 ,! size & %ape ( ! lett]s at ! ends ( words w (t5 affect ! am\nt ( :ite space1 especially 9 ! l>g] faces ( type4 ,!re are sev]al comb9ations ( ^w end+s :i* call = spaces ?9n] or ?ick] ?an ! av]age 9 ! l9e 9 ord] to make all ! spaces appe> equal4 ,^! little v>iations c be made :ile *ang+ ! spaces to ju/ify ! l9e4 ,!y ne$ n1 = ! mo/ "p1 take any extra "t1 :ile ! result+ ev5ness 9 ! spac+ ( ! page w be noticeable4 ,good spac+ )\t sp5d+ unnecess>y "t is usually a matt] ( foll[+ a few simple rules4 ,:5 necess>y to use ?9n] spaces to get a complete ^w or syllable 9 ! l9e1 put ^! ?9 spaces aft] a comma1 or betwe5 ^w end+s l ----e w----1 ----y a----4 ,^w end+s l ----y ,a----1 ----w v----1 ----y u---- c be v ?9ly spac$ if necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a little extra space is ne$$ to fill ! l9e1 increase ! spaces betwe5 words end+ ) tall lett]s1----d l----1 ----f b----1 etc4 ,abbreviat$ words & initials ) ! p]iod 7,mrs4 ,rev4 ,m4,d4 ,ph4,d4 etc47 are places :]e ?9 spaces are prop]ly us$4 ,a ?9 space is requir$ be=e colons1 semicolons1 "q m>ks1 & exclamation m>ks1 :5 ^! are ca/ on ?9 bodies4 ,^! po9ts %\ld be foll[$ by an extra-wide space4 ,t is1 if ! l9e is spac$ ) a #c-space z ! av]age1 a semicolon %\ld h a #e-space be=e x & an en quad aft]4 ,if ! l9e is ?9-spac$1 ! spaces be=e & aft] ! semicolon are r$uc$ also4 ,9 "s fonts ( type ^! punctuation m>ks are ca/ on ?ick bodies :i* furni% a slight %\ld] on ea* side ( ! face ( ! m>k4 ,9 su* cases ! extra spaces may n be requir$ 9 ord9>y composition4 ,:5 a "q m>k or an exclamation m>k f9i%es a s5t5ce1 x %\ld be foll[$ by a space equal to t us$ aft] p]iods 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same matt]4 ,! em da% usually %\ld h a little space on ea* side ( x1 especially if ! l9e is spac$ ) #c-spaces or wid]4 ,if ! l9e is ?9-spac$1 ! da% also may be set close to ! adjo9+ words4 ,:5ev] possible avoid putt+ ! da% at ! end ( ! l9e 9 p>agraphs2 try to keep x )9 ! l9e4 ,a %ort l9e1 consi/+ ( a ^w or syllable ( two or ?ree lett]s only1 %\ld be avoid$ at ! end ( a p>agraph1 especially 9 a measure ( ord9>y wid?4 ,9 a v n>r[ measure x may n be avoid$4 ,:]e ! o!r l9es ( ! page are fairly well fill$ ?is %ort l9e w make an objectionable break 9 ! matt]4 ,if x _c be tak5 back to ! prec$+ l9e1 a little wid] spac+ ( ^! l9es w all[ an additional ^w or syllable to be br\ght ov] to l5g!n ! objectionable %ort l9e4 ,x is desirable to end a p>agraph ) an em quad1 if ?is is practicable1 r ?an fill ! la/ l9e flu%4 ,d n leave an ord9>y space aft] ! p]iod4 ,:5 ju/ify+ ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph or a headl9e 9 :i* quads are us$1 keep ! ju/ify+ spaces next to ! types4 ,d n put small pieces at ! end ( a quad l9e or scatt] !m betwe5 ! l>ge quads4 ,!y w be easi] to di/ribute if plac$ aft] ! p]iod4 ,hyph5at$ words 9 a widely spac$ l9e %\ld h a hair space on ea* side ( a ?9 hyph52 b ?is may n be necess>y if ! hyph5 is ca/ on a ?ick body1 z x is 9 "s fonts4 ,! doll> sign is set close to ! :ole numb]s 9 pr9t+ am\nts ( money3 #be4 ,:5 specify+ fractions ( a doll> 79 tabul> columns only7 put a space betwe5 ! sign & ! decimal3 4#be4 ,! symbols = ,engli% money are also plac$ close to ! figures1 ?us ,l#aj #es #b;d4 ,:5 ju/ify+ l9es "s compositors comm5ce respac+ at "o end ( ! l9e & increase ! spaces 9 ord] till ! l9e is full1 reg>dless ( ! l5g? ( ! words or ! ^w end+s1 repeat+ ?is l9e aft] l9e4 ,! result is t "o side ( ! matt] is spac$ wid] ?an ! o!r--a mo/ inexcusable fault4 ,if a few spaces wid] ?an ! av]age mu/ be us$ 9 ! l9e1 put ^! betwe5 long words or words ) tall lett]s2 & vice v]sa1 if ?9 spaces are necess>y1 put !m betwe5 %ort words or words ) small lett]s4 ,d n wide-space %ort words & leave long words 9 ! same l9e ) ?9 spaces4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 if x c be avoid$1 all[ wide spaces to be repeat$ ne>ly "u ea* o!r1 to produce noticeable /raggl+ :ite spaces or riv]s up & d[n ! page4 ,spac+ ( ?is sort is p>ticul>ly objectionable = good pr9t+4 ,an old-"t rule requir$ an em quad aft] a p]iod be=e beg9n+ ano!r s5t5ce 9 ! l9e4 ,?is is ! practice 9 _m places n[1 b !re is an objection to ! unnecess>y l>ge :ite spot :i* x makes 9 ! ord9>y page ( read+ matt]4 ,z a di/9ction betwe5 s5t5ces x seems too conspicu\s except 9 matt] t is wide-lead$ & wide-spac$4 ,! mod]n practice 9 good "w is to r$uce ?is space to ! d\ble #c-space or ! en quad1 or ev5 to ! #c-space 9 small pages4 ,ano!r unnecess>ily l>ge space 9 n>r[ measure ( solid or s+le-lead$ l9es is an em quad aft] ! p]iod or ,roman num]al 9 numb]$ p>agraphs4 ,:]e ! p]iod is us$ an en quad foll[+ x is suffici5t4 ,9 good composition quotation m>ks %\ld n be cr[d$ close aga9/ ! words :i* !y enclose1 unless ! l9es are close-spac$4 ,commas & apo/rophes ca/ on v ?9 types usually ne$ a little space betwe5 ! quote-m>ks !y =m & ! words !y enclose1 especially if !y are next to tall lett]s4 ,a l>ge capital ,a or a slop+ italic capital at ! beg9n+ may n ne$ ! sep>at+ space aft] ! inv]t$ commas1 & a p]iod or a comma betwe5 ! la/ ^w & ! f9al quote-m>k w furni% ! ne$$ sep>ation4 ,quote-m>ks prop]ly spac$4 ,^! are n well spac$4 ',quotes' )9 'quotes' are l ?is4 ,9 op5-spac$ matt] !re %\ld be a ?9 space betwe5 an exclamation or "q m>k & ! f9al quote-m>k1 ?us3 ,d y wi% to become a good compositor8 ,lett]-spac+1 or int]-spac+1 is frequ5tly employ$ 9 head+s & 9 job & display composition4 ,x is r>ely a good practice 9 ord9>y l[]-case composition 9 p>agraph =m4 ,9 v n>r[ measures1 :]e ^w l5g? or ^w divisions d n come "r to make ! l9es ! desir$ l5g?1 ! lett]-spac+ ( a few words is sometimes resort$ to 9 ord] to ext5d ! words4 ,?is %\ld be done ) c>e to avoid mak+ su* words conspicu\s 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! page4 ,x is bett] to lett]-space ! :ole l9e a little r ?an to put excess spac+ 9 "o unimportant ^w4 ,black-lett]1 ,old ,engli%1 ,priory ,text1 ,cloi/] ,black1 & simil> v>ieties %\ld n be wide-spac$1 nor %\ld !y ev] be lett]-spac$4 ,! beauty ( su* lett]s1 :i* are n[ us$ = _! decorative r ?an utilit>ian qualities1 dep5ds ^u ! consi/5t1 well-balanc$ relation betwe5 ! :ite & black spaces ( ! composition4 ,! compactness ( ! lett] %apes makes words t are compact & unifi$4 ,z !re are relatively close spaces betwe5 ! /rokes ( ! lett]s1 s !re %\ld be ?9 spaces betwe5 ! words ( ! l9es & betwe5 ! l9es4 ,wide spaces betwe5 words d n necess>ily make !m m legible4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two gr\ps ( l9es foll[+ w %[ "o z easy to read z ! o!r1 :ile ! close-spac$ example is less confus+ 9 its detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,example 7,black-lett]73 ,^! ,two ,l9es ,are ,spac$ ,ab\t ,"r ,^! ,two ,l9es ,are ,wide ,spac$ ,spac+ ( ,italic ,a p>agraph ( italic type is m difficult to space ev5ly ?an ! same l9es 9 roman lett]s4 ,usually ! av]age spac+ may be ab\t ! same z ! companion face ( roman2 b m frequ5tly ?an 9 roman types ! spaces 9 a l9e may ne$ to be ( unequal ?ickness 9 ord] to give a uni=m appe>ance to ! spac+4 ,ov]hang+ lett]s are frequ5t & :5 ^! come at ! beg9n+ or end ( words !y require a little m space ?an is us$ = words end+ or beg9n+ ) small lett]s4 ,^w pairs ) lett]s l --f p-- & --l h-- w 9 mo/ cases ne$ wid] spaces ?an are us$ betwe5 pairs l --e w-- & --s ,a--4 ,"s italic capitals h extra %\ld]-space on ! left ( ! face1 l ,t1 ,w1 ,v1 :i* %\ld be all[$ = by ?9 spac+ :5 !y foll[ small l[]-case lett]s4 ,?is extra %\ld] is made on lett]s ( ?is k9d to protect ! ov]hang+ k]n ( an adjo9+ lett] :5 words are set 9 capitals4 ,:]e an italic f1 j1 or o!r k]n$ lett] comes at ! beg9n+ or end ( a l9e a ?9 space %\ld be plac$ outside ( x to keep x f project+ beyond ! side ( ! page1 :]e x is easily brok5 (f4 ,?is is important if ! matt] is to be m\ld$ = electrotyp+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! frequ5cy ( ov]hang+ lett]s italic types require v c>eful h&l+ dur+ composition1 correct+1 & lock+ up4 ,if ! k]ns ov]-ride an adjo9+ type or are subject$ to a slight bl[ ( any k9d !y are easily brok5 (f4 ,spac+ ,capital ,lett]s ,words 9 capitals ne$ wid] spac+ ?an ^? 9 l[]-case ( ! same size4 ,capitals occupy m space on ! type body ?an small lett]s & consequ5tly !y ne$ a little m op5ness betwe5 ! words & betwe5 ! l9es to give !m a proportionate relief ( :ite space = legibility4 ,roman capitals ( ! /&>d faces are (t5 suffici5tly spac$ ) ! en quad if ! words are %ort4 ,long words 9 a headl9e may ne$ d\ble #c-spaces1 :ile l9es ( r\nd op5 capitals 9 an op5 area may ne$ ! em quad4 ,a simple rule to foll[ is to space wide lett]s ) wide spaces1 & ?9 or cond5s$ lett]s ) n>r[ spaces4 ,?is may be put ano!r way by say+ t ! spac+ %\ld approximate ! av]age wid? ( ! lett]s us$1 tak+ an entire alphabet z ! basis4 ,?us1 if ! alphabet ( capitals measures #ah ems1 ! av]age wid? ( ! lett]s w\ld be #ah_/bf?s1 or approximately #b_/c ( ! em4 ,l all rules1 ?is is subject to modifications 9 special cases4 ,! %apes ( ! lett]s :i* end & beg9 ! words may make x desirable to increase or decrease ! spaces 9 "s places4 ,^w end+s l --,l ,t-- & --,y ,a-- %\ld h a little ?9n] space ?an is us$ betwe5 ^? end+ & beg9n+ ) full-bodi$ upright lett]s l --,m ,r--4 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,v ,,ag$ ,,bottom ,,rim ,9 small types ! inequalities 9 :ite space ar\nd lett]s ( diff]5t %apes may n be readily se51 b 9 l>ge sizes ^! diff]5ces increase 9 noticeable degree4 ,a c>eful compositor w select 8 spaces to equalize ^! little diff]5ces & ?us avoid ! num]\s inconsi/5t defects sure to result f m]e me*anical ju/ification ( ! l9es4 ,comb9ations ( capitals l ! foll[+ example %[ di/9ctly unev5 :ite spaces betwe5 ! lett]s ( ! ^w4 ,^! %\ld be equaliz$ :]ev] possible by ! use ( ?9 leads or c>ds betwe5 ! close-fitt$ lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,example 7be=e & aft] spac+73 ,,va9ly ,,attempt$ ,,va9ly ,,attempt$ ,?is diff]5tial spac+ w also be desirable 9 a l9e hav+ abbreviations or initials4 ,! foll[+ example spac$ ) en quads 9 e place %[s an excess ( :ite betwe5 ! initials because ( ! pres5ce ( ! p]iods4 ,illu/ration3 ,example 7be=e & aft] spac+73 ,,hon4 ,,john ,l4 ,,smi? ,,m>k ,,h>ris1 ,d4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,hon4 ,,john ,l4 ,,smi? ,,m>k ,,h>ris1 ,d4 ,d4 ,s4 ,a ?9n] space betwe5 ! initials gives uni=m spac+ ?r\gh ! l9e4 ,l>ge initials us$ 9 gr\ps1 z 9 college degrees & milit>y titles1 are (t5 set close toge!r ) simply ! p]iod = sep>ation4 ,?is /yle is pref]r$ 9 any close-spac$ matt]2 ?\gh = m op5 matt] a ?9 space may be us$ aft] ! p]iods4 ,two or m l9es ( capitals ( ! same size %\ld be spac$ z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,! disproportionate spac+ ( ! foll[+ ?ree l9es is sometimes se51 b is n pleas+3 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,work+ ,,at ,,! ,,case ,,& ,,sett+ ,,type ,,by ,,h& ,l9es ( small capitals ( normal size are (t5 suffici5tly spac$ ) ! #c-space & slightly wid] :5 9 p>agraph =m4 ,:5 us$ 9 head+s & op5-lead$ matt] en-quad spac+ is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,examples3 ,,l9es ,,( ,,small ,,capitals ,,( ,,normal ,,size ,,are ,,(t5 ,,prop]ly ,,spac$ ,,) ,,"o ,,?ree-,,to-,,em ,,space ,,:5 ,,9 ,,p>agraph ,,=m4 ,,9 ,,head+s ,,& ,,op5 ,,matt]1 ,,en-,,quad ,,spac+ ,,is ,,requir$4 ,,ext5d$ ,,or ,,wide-,,fac$ ,,lett]s ,,ne$ ,,wid] ,,spaces ,,?an ,,cond5s$ ,,or ,,?9- ,,fac$ ,,lett]s1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,9 ,,^! ,,l9es ,type ( ,cond5s$ ,%ape %\ld1 9 all ord9>y conditions1 be ?9 spac$4 ,to select ?9 lett]s & !n to wide space !m is h>dly logical4 ,,spac+ ,,( ,,?is ,,k9d ,,is ,,objectionable4 ,wide ,spac+ ,lett]s & words huddl$ toge!r s t !y are n readily recogniz$ at a glance d n make easy read+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v wide spac+ does n necess>ily result 9 a proportionate increase ( legibility2 x may ev5 produce results z confus+ z v ?9 spac+4 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,light-,,fac$ ,,go?ic ,,?9-,,spac$ ,,is ,,confus+ ,,to ,,! ,,eye ,,( ,,! ,,av]age ,,man ,,or ,,woman ,a g5]al rule affect+ wide spac+ is t ! av]age di/ance betwe5 ! words 9 ! l9e %\ld be less ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es !mselves4 ,notice 9 ! above example h[ ! words gr\p !mselves up & d[n ! page r ?an 9 ord] along ! l9e = ! eye to foll[4 ,note also h[ wide spaces betwe5 ! words =m di/9ct1 irregul> /reaks up & d[n ! page to lead ! eye away f its c\rse along a s+le l9e at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,wide ,,spac+ ,,= ,,easy ,,read+ ,,has ,,little ,,advantage ,,unless ,,! ,,l9es ,,are ,,lead$ ,,out ,wide spac+ = easy read+ has little advantage unless ! l9es are lead$ out 9 equal proportion4 ,d\ble-lead$ l9es are well spac$ ) an av]age ( an en quad4 ,:5 ?is is us$ ! limit ( space w\ld be ! d\ble #c-space1 :ile ! ?9 space w\ld be ! s+le #c-space4 ,an av]age spac+ wid] ?an ! en quad is r>ely ev] necess>y 9 roman l[]-case matt] ev5 if ! l9es are sep>at$ ) m ?an ! d\ble leads4 ,! only excuse = ! wid] spac+ is ! necessity = mak+ words & syllables fill ! l9e4 ,9 "s k9ds ( composition wide spac+ & wide lead+ are desirable4 ,wide measures & ample :ite space up & d[n ! page naturally call = op5 spac+ ( type l9es4 ,l>ge adv]tisem5ts1 wall c>ds1 plac>ds1 & o!r =ms int5d$ to be read at a di/ance f>!r away ?an ! book or magaz9e 9 ! h&1 are prop]ly wide-spac$ & wide-lead$4 ,extremes 9 op5ness1 h[ev]1 are n safe to foll[4 ,a /udy ( ! "w ( ! lead+ design]s 9 typography w %[ a compact gr\p+ ( bo? words & l9es :i* gives unity & ord]l9ess ) ample readability4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is ! disconnect$1 pat*y1 scatt]$ effects %[n 9 commonplace type composition w prove t habitual wide-spac+ is (t5 unnecess>y4 ,p>agraph & ,o!r ,ind5tions ,!re are sev]al /yles ( ind5tion employ$ 9 type composition4 ,^! are kn[n z 7#a7 regul> p>agraph1 7#b7 hang+ ind5tion1 7#c7 half-diamond ind5tion or inv]t$ pyramid ind5tion1 ) its v>iation ( loz5ge-%ape =mation1 7#d7 squ>$ ind5tion1 & 7#e7 diagonal ind5tion4 ,hang+ ind5tion is :]e ! fir/ l9e ( a p>agraph beg9s flu% & ! second & succe$+ l9es are ind5t$1 z 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,x is a common =m 9 catalogs1 tabul> "w1 & also 9 poetry4 ,half-diamond ind5tion is :5 successive l9es are ind5t$ at bo? ends1 ea* "o be+ %ort] ?an ! prec$+ l9e1 z %[n 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,x is commonly us$ = title pages & display matt]4 ,,ind5tions ,,:i* ,,make ,,! ,,loz5ge-,,%ap$ ,,panel ,,are ,,(t5 ,,us$ ,,= ,,titles ,,& ,,bits ,,( ,,dis- ,,play ,x is (t5 advisable to ind5t l9es at bo? ends1 to make sev]al %ort l9es in/ead ( "o or two long l9es4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ! fir/ l9e is n ind5t$ m ?an ! o!rs1 z %[n 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,squ>$ ind5tion is us$ = %ort p>agraphs 9 adv]tis+ matt]1 bits ( m9or display1 & miscellane\s composition4 ,diagonal ind5tion is :5 ! l9es ( type are s arrang$ t !y foll[ aft] ea* o!r diagonally 9 ?is /yle4 ,ano!r mann] ( ind5t+ l9es1 some:at r>e 9 ?is c\ntry b common 9 ,europe1 is t]m$ ,fr5* motto ind5tion4 ,?is is usually made ) small types1 ! p>agraph be+ set 9 squ>$-up fa%ion at ! "r side ( ! page1 )9 ! measure4 ,an ind5tion %\ld be en\gh to indicate ! p>agraph cle>ly1 yet n be s wide z to make x a conspicu\s :ite spot on ! page4 ,its purpose is to %[ ! read] a *ange ( subject or a m9or subdivision ( ! matt]4 ,! am\nt ( ind5tion necess>y to atta9 ?is w v>y 9 diff]5t =ms ( composition1 & !re=e only g5]al rules c be giv54 ,! usual ind5tion ( p>agraphs 9 pla9 read+ matt] is an em quad at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,if ! l9es are m ?an av]age l5g? ! ind5tion may be increas$ to "o & a half ems1 two ems1 or m4 ,ind5tions ( ov] two ems1 h[ev]1 are seldom all[able 9 ord9>y read+ matt] l books & p]iodicals4 ,wide ind5tions %\ld n be made 9 n>r[ measures2 nor %\ld indi/9ct1 insignificant ind5tions be made 9 broad measures4 ,p>agraphs set 9 #aj-po9t or #ab-po9t type 9 measures f #ae to #bj picas wide are suffici5tly ind5t$ by ! em quad1 :ile #f-po9t type 9 ! same measure %\ld be ind5t$ ) a two-em quad4 ,wide-lead$1 op5 matt] w call = a little m p>agraph ind5tion1 z a rule1 ?an is giv5 to ?9-spac$ solid-l9e p>agraphs4 ,9 pamphlets1 circul>s1 adv]tisem5ts1 & job "w1 :]e wide lead+ & brok5 l9es ( a miscellane\s "* are frequ5t1 p>agraph ind5tions may be wid] ?an 9 book pages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 composition ( ?is k9d :]e o!r means ( %[+ ! comm5cem5t ( a subject are us$1 ind5tions are omitt$ & ! p>agraphs begun flu% at ! m>g94 ,! ind5tion ( p>agraphs %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t any s+le book or job4 ,x is r>e t m ?an two diff]5t wid?s ( ind5tion are ne$$ to give a cle> idea ( ! classification ( any gr\p ( subjects4 ,a v>iety ( ind5tions on ! same page is confus+ & (t5 spoils ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! matt] :i* ! copy writ] s\ght to obta94 ,ev5 :]e !re are sev]al sizes ( type on ! page1 if ! p>agraphs are ! same wid?1 ! ind5tions %\ld be alike4 ,a common defect t is made conspicu\s :5 wide ind5tions are made 9 p>agraphs foll[+ ea* o!r is ! occurr5ce ( a s+le %ort ^w or syllable 9 ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph1 z %[n 9 ?is example3 ,e pr9t]'s appr5tice %\ld c>efully read & /udy ^! simple rules = ! ind5tion & spac+ ( type4 ,he %\ld /udy all ! books ( ?is s]ies4 ,?is con/itutes a bad break & %\ld be avoid$ ei!r by ?9-spac+ ! la/ two or ?ree l9es ( ! p>agraph to take ! %ort ^w back & save ! l9e1 or by ov]-runn+ ! l9es ) wid] spaces to br+ m words to ! la/ l9e4 ,! *oice ( ^! exp$i5ts w dep5d ^u ! op5ness or clos5ess ( ! composition1 9 _m cases ^u ! make-up ( ! page4 ,if a l9e c be sav$1 take ! solit>y ^w back2 if ! l9e is ne$$1 space out ! prec$+ l9es1 provid$ x may be done )\t mak+ bad spac+4 ,sett+ ,poetry ,! ind5tion ( l9es ( poetry is sometimes a puzzl+ matt] = ! inexp]i5c$ compositor1 unless he is giv5 pr9t$ copy or c>efully prep>$ manuscript 9 :i* ! l9e ind5tions are cle>ly indicat$4 ,!re are few rules :i* gov]n ! subject & ^! few are sometimes ignor$ 9 practice4 ,if ! compos+ /ick w accommodate ea* l9e ( v]se 9 a l9e ( type ! composition w be mu* simplifi$4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w be to ind5t ! l9es s t ! g5]al body ( ! poem is approximately ne> ! middle ( ! page or column4 ,:5 ! l9es v>y 9 l5g? a great deal "s calculation is ne$$ to get ! "r ind5tion )\t go+ ov] !m ! second "t4 ,! longe/ l9e %\ld be set fir/ & ! ind5tion ( ! o!rs made to accord ) ?is4 ,9 ?is case "s l9es w be set a little at ! left ( ! page4 ,ind5tion ( poetry is made ) ev5 em quads ( ! type us$4 ,! v>iations 9 ind5tion are also graduat$ by ems2 usually "o em1 b sometimes two1 ?ree1 or m1 accord+ to ! relative l5g? ( l9es4 ,! odd spaces ne$$ = ju/ify+ are put aft] ! la/ ^w 9 ! l9e4 ,z a rule1 l9es :i* rhyme ) ea* o!r are ind5t$ alike4 ,pick & click ,goes ! type 9 ! /ick1 ,z ! pr9t] /&s at 8 case2 ,8 eyes glance quick & 8 f+]s pick ,! type at a rapid pace4 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( v]se is t 9 :i* ! alt]nat+ l9es or ! second & f\r? l9es rhyme4 ,9 ?is case ! second l9e ( ea* pair is ind5t$ "o em beyond ! fir/4 ,if ! l9es are long & ! type small ! ind5tion may be two ems4 7,rhyme ( fir/ & ?ird1 second & f\r? l9es47 ,:5 ,fre$om f h] m\nta9 height ,unfurl$ h] /&>d to ! air1 ,%e tore ! azure robe ( night ,& set ! />s ( glory !re4 7,rhyme ( second & f\r? l9es47 ,!re is no wra? 9 ! />s1 ,!y d n rage 9 ! sky2 ,i look f ! ,evil ,wood ,& f9d myself wond]+ :y4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 rhymes l ^? above are set )\t v>y+ ! ind5tion4 ,:5 ! rhyme foll[s at c]ta9 int]vals1 ! rhym+ l9es are ind5t$ alike3 ,my c\ntry1 'tis ( !e1 ,sweet l& ( lib]ty1 ,( !e ,i s+2 ,l& :]e my fa!rs di$1 ,l& ( ! ,pilgrims' pride1 ,f ev'ry m\nta9 side ,let fre$om r+4 ,9 blank v]se ! ind5tion ( l9es is uni=m1 ! only consid]ation be+ to ind5t ! l9es s t ! g5]al gr\p w be some:]e ne> ! middle ( ! page4 ,:o draws a l9e & satisfies 8 s\l1 ,mak+ x crook$ :]e x %\ld be /raight8 ,an idiot ) an oy/] %ell may draw ,8 l9es along ! s&1 all wav]+1 ,fix+ no po9t1 or pa?way to a po9t4 ,an idiot once remov$ may *oose 8 l9e1 ,/ruggle1 & be cont5t2 b1 ,god be prais$6 ,antonio ,/radiv>i has an eye ,t w9ces at false "w & loves ! true1 ,) h& & arm t play ^u ! tool1 ,z will+ly z any s++ bird ,sets him to s+ 8 morn+ r\ndelay1 ,because he likes to s+ & likes ! song4 ,a uni=m ind5tion is also giv5 to poems 9 :i* ! rhyme is 9 two adjo9+ l9es4 ,he spoke ( ! grass & fl[]s & trees1 ,( ! s++ birds & ! humm+ bees2 ,!n talk$ ( ! hay+1 & wond]$ :e!r ,! cl\d 9 ! ,we/ w\ld br+ f\l wea!r4 ,:5 a l9e is too long to come into ! page wid? ! surplus words are turn$ ov] to ! next l9e2 to avoid confusion ?is turn-ov] is ind5t$ diff]5tly f ! beg9n+ ( a regul> l9e comm5c+ ) a capital4 ,gallop & s+1 gallop & s+6 ,) ! op5 road be=e1 ,& my good horse lay+ 8 ho(s to ! gr\nd ,z ,i ride by ! %\t+ %ore4 ,if ! compositor is giv5 any discretion 9 sett+ poetry1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to regulate ! l5g? ( l9e & ! ind5tions s t l9es w n turn ov] into extra l9es unnecess>ily2 yet1 :5 ! measure is n>r[ x is bett] to turn ov] an occasional long l9e r ?an to place ! :ole poem out ( ! c5t]4 ,head+s ,! usual head+1 t]m$ a c5t] head1 is set 9 ! middle ( ! l9e4 ,x may be 9 capitals ( ! text or 9 a l>g] size4 ,if capitals & l[]-case are us$ ! size %\ld be sev]al sizes l>g]1 or ! face %\ld be bold]4 ,9 any case a ma9 head+ %\ld be a little m prom95t ?an a l9e ( ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typesett+ ,a sub-head+ is a second>y head+ & may be 9 ! c5t] ( ! measure or a side head+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e4 ,9 ! latt] place x may be 9 a l9e by itself1 set flu%1 9 italic1 9 caps4 & small caps41 or 9 small bold face2 or x may be set 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! p>agraph1 ) ! regul> ind5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,in=mation ,a cut-9 head is set 9 a panel1 ) or )\t rule1 aft] ! second or ?ird l9e ( ! fir/ p>agraph4 ,a runn+ head is at ! top ( ea* page ( a book or o!r "w ( a numb] ( pages4 ,9 books & pamphlets ! page numb] is usually at ! outside end ( ! runn+-head l9e4 ,box head+s are enclos$ 9 rules at ! top ( columns 9 tabul> matt]4 ,9 mod]n practice no punctuation is plac$ at ! end ( head+s1 except ! "q & quotation m>ks :5 ^! are requir$4 ,9 a head+ ( two or m l9es :]e a comma or semicolon comes naturally at ! end ( ! fir/ or second l9e1 its omission may *ange or confuse ! s5se ( ! phrase4 ,9 su* cases x %\ld be us$1 ev5 if ! p]iod is left (f ! end ( ! head+4 ,= additional comm5t on head+s & punctuation see o!r title ( ?is s]ies3 ,book ,composition 7,no4 #bj72 also ,punctuation 7,no4 #cc7 & ,capitals 7,no4 #cd71 etc4 ,initial ,lett]s ,an initial at ! beg9n+ ( a *apt] or o!r text requires nicety ( spac+ & ju/ification4 ,9 mod]n practice ! use ( initials is (t5 ov]done1 be+ us$ 9 _m cases :]e !y might bett] be omitt$4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( typography1 & s9ce1 ! initial lett] has be5 consid]$ ! feature ( a page t c\ld be us$ = decorative purposes4 ,e>ly manuscripts %[ _m elaborate1 beautifully color$ initials done by arti/s & illum9ators4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( e>ly pr9t]s to leave blank spaces 9 _! pr9t$ pages = initials to be drawn 9 lat]4 ,9 "s cases a small lett] 0 pr9t$ 9 ! middle ( a l>ge space z a guide to ! arti/4 ,^! small lett]s w\ld be cov]$ by ! l>g] lett]1 b sometimes !y 7 left z pr9t$ & ! decoration drawn ar\nd !m to fill ! space4 ,lat] ! ornam5tal initials 7 cut on wood or ca/ 9 metal & pr9t$ ) ! text4 ,z an initial is usually a prom95t spot on a page its selection %\ld be a matt] ( c>e4 ,a pla9 lett] ( a /yle ( face simil> to ! text is always a safe *oice2 an old-/yle lett] = a text set 9 old/yle roman1 or a mod]n-cut ,bodoni = ,bodoni text4 ,if ! text is 9 italic an italic initial is m suitable ?an an upright lett]4 ,extremely bold initials are n suitable = small types or light-fac$ text matt]4 ,! size ( an initial %\ld be consid]$ 9 relation to ! size ( ! page & ! size ( ! type us$4 ,9 small pages ( type ( #aj-po9t or small]1 a two-l9e lett] w (t5 be l>ge en\gh2 :ile a l>ge page w require a l>ge initial4 ,if ! initial is an ornam5tal lett] x %\ld be ( a simil> /yle ( ornam5t to a head-piece or o!r decoration t may be on ! page4 ,two diff]5t /yles ( initials or o!r decorative features ( a page %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 sett+ an initial into ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph ! lett] is plac$ 9 ! /ick & ! fir/ l9e ( text set aft] x4 ,! lett]s ( ! fir/ ^w are set 9 capitals usually1 unless ! fir/ ^w is v long & ! l9e ( capitals is too prom95t1 :5 small capitals may be us$4 ,if ! fir/ ^w conta9s two or ?ree lett]s only ! next ^w is also set 9 capitals4 ,! top ( ! initial %\ld be ev5 ) ! top ( ! fir/ l9e ( ! text4 ,if ! initial has m %\ld] ?an ! body type1 :i* is usually ! case1 a lead or m may be ne$$ at ! top ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,?is %\ld be prop]ly l9$ up 9 ! /ick4 ,! spac+ betwe5 ! initial & ! text dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> lett] ( ! alphabet us$1 if a pla9 lett]1 or ^u ! decoration ar\nd ! initial4 ,! o!r lett]s ( ! fir/ ^w are kept close to ! initial1 b ! beg9n+ ( ! second & succe$+ l9es are sep>at$ f x a little4 ,9 ?is way ! initial has a clos] relation to ! ^w to :i* x belongs4 ,! space at ! "r ( ! initial1 betwe5 x & ! text1 %\ld be app>5tly equal to t bel[ x4 ,x %\ld n be extra wide 9 ei!r place1 or x w give ! initial a deta*$ appe>ance4 ,to avoid ?is extra wide space x may be necess>y to trim (f "s ( ! %\ld] f ! type1 especially bel[ ! face4 ,! prop] size = an initial-lett] %\ld be equal to ! numb] ( text l9es :i* x cov]s4 ,?is is n always practicable :5 miscellane\s types are select$ f o!r fonts4 ,if !y are to be put back 9 _! fonts aft] use z initials !y may n be trimm$ to odd sizes ( body2 nor %\ld !y ev] be trimm$ s )\t express p]mission ( ! =eman4 ,= ! usual "w x is possible to use an initial t is a multiple ( ! text size ) or )\t leads4 ,an #ah-po9t lett] may be us$ = two-l9e initial 9 an #h-po9t text ) #b-po9t leads2 or a #bd-po9t lett] 9 lead$ #aj-po9t text4 ,! wid? ( initials is v likely to make text l9es aft] !m ( odd l5g? r ?an ev5 picas or nonp>eils4 ,if ! text is solid1 ?is odd l5g? ( l9e is easily ju/ifi$ to ! measure2 b 9 case leads are us$ & ev5-pica leads d n fit x may be necess>y to cut a few special odd-l5g? leads to fit ! l9es4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 aft] ! top l9e has be5 ju/ifi$1 put a few leads ( ev5 picas 9 ! /ick & try a %ort lead or two up & d[n beside ! initial to fill 9 to ! ev5-pica leads4 ,if ^! extra v]tical leads d n leave too mu* space ar\nd ! initial !y w d to take up ! odd measure4 ,sometimes a ?9 space ( a size two po9ts l>g] ?an ! text may be us$4 ,mak+ ,up ,pages ,make-up is ! t]m describ+ ! v>i\s op]ations ( divid+ compos$ matt] into pages ( uni=m l5g?1 add+ ! head+s1 page numb]s 7folios71 ins]t+ small engrav+s1 & o!rwise prep>+ ! pages = lock+ up 9 a *ase = ! press or ! electrotype f\ndry4 ,newspap] pages & o!r l>ge page =ms ( two or m columns are cu/om>ily made up on ! /one or a simil> flat surface 9 a special *ase1 ) side-/icks & lock-up fitt$ = ! =m4 ,pages = books1 catalogs1 & o!r small & m$ium sizes are made up on a broad galley plac$ on ! incl9$ top ( ! compositor's /& or cab9et4 ,! compositor :o does ?is "w regul>ly has ! work+ top ( 8 /& fitt$ ) mat]ial & conv5i5ces :i* %\ld help him to d ! "w )\t wa/e ( "t4 ,!re are sev]al /yles ( make-up cab9ets furni%$ by deal]s 9 pr9t]s' goods4 ,^! are design$ ) ! object ( keep+ ne> ! workman a supply ( leads1 rules1 furniture1 & o!r articles frequ5tly us$1 s t he may save /eps & m9utes 9 do+ 8 "w4 ,x is important t ! make-up galley %\ld set firmly & t ! bottom %\ld n sag4 ,if x is liable to move at a slight t\*1 or ! bottom is unev51 ! type l9es w fall d[n easily1 !reby add+ to ! c>e & "t ne$$ = ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,! ,make-up ,galley ,! galley is laid ) its clos$ end or head at ! "r h&4 ,a /rip %\ld be nail$ on ! %elf at ! "r to act z a /op to hold ! galley 9 place :ile work+ on x1 especially to prev5t x f mov+ :5 ! l9es are pu%$ up to te/ ! l5g? ( ! page4 ,! make-up compositor works ) 8 "r side incl9$ t[>d ! /&1 z :5 mak+ corrections on ! galley4 ,! galley %\ld n be s high z to be uncom=table = ! "r arm1 :i* mu/ be held ov] x :ile work+ on ! pages4 ,! common practice 9 mak+ up is to h&le ! pages sideways1 ) ! top t[>d ! "r h&1 s t ! sequ5ce ( l9es foll[s to ! left d[n ! galley4 ,9 ?is way ! beg9n+ ( ea* l9e re/s aga9/ ! l[] galley rim1 & by ! use ( leads or rules "o or any numb] ( l9es c be tak5 out or mov$ back & =? on ! galley ) safety4 ,"s job compositors h&le small =ms ) ! top l9e along ! l[] rim ( ! galley4 ,?is me?od may suffice ) a few l9es ( l>ge type1 b x is n recomm5d$4 ,x is n practicable = pages ( _m l9es or = l9es )\t leads4 ,! galley matt] %\ld be correct$ & revis$ be=e mak+ up beg9s4 ,?is is important 9 a "w ( a numb] ( pages1 z any consid]able *anges aft] ! pages are ti$ up usually require extra labor4 ,if ! revise pro(s %[ only a few corrections1 ^! may be made 9 advance1 a galley or m at a "t1 by ! make-up h&4 ,! ju/ification ( ! l9es requires p>ticul> att5tion1 & all faulty l9es %\ld be re-ju/ifi$4 ,if !re are _m l9es requir+ extra "t = rectify+ ! fact %\ld be report$ to ! =eman or ! compositor at fault4 ,badly ju/ifi$ l9es %\ld n be pass$ ov] & all[$ to g to ! impos+ /one1 9 ! expectation t !y may be rectifi$ :5 ! lock+ up is done4 ,all ju/ify+ %\ld be done & all corrections made z f> z possible :ile ! matt] is on ! galley4 ,:5 !re is en\gh composition = a numb] ( pages a gage %\ld be made to measure ! exact l5g? ( ! pages4 ,= a few pages1 l a circul> or a program1 an ord9>y pica measure may be us$1 ! l5g? be+ def9$ z a giv5 numb] ( picas or l9es4 ,if !re are to be a numb] ( pages1 a page gage %\ld be made f a /rip ( reglet or brass rule4 ,! gage %\ld include ! l5g? ( a full page1 ov] all1 f ! top ( ! runn+ head d[n to ! foot slug4 ,x may be m>k$ on its upp] edge to %[ ! dep? ( ! runn+ head & any o!r uni=m division to be repeat$ on sev]al pages4 ,= book pages set 9 "o size ( type ! l5g? %\ld be det]m9$ by ev5 l9es ( ! type us$ & ! runn+ head4 ,no extra leads %\ld be put "h & !re betwe5 ! l9es or p>agraphs ( a regul> text page2 ^! are us$ only 9 brok5 pages1 above & bel[ head+s1 engrav+s1 or 9 sep>at+ extracts1 foot notes1 etc4 ,if ! pages conta9 sev]al sizes ( type ! gage %\ld indicate ! exact l5g? ( ! pr9t$ face1 z diff]5t sizes ( type h diff]5t am\nts ( %\ld] bel[ ! face4 ,= example1 a page set 9 #ab-po9t type w\ld h a pica slug bel[ ! la/ l9e2 if ! next page conta9$ a foot note set 9 #h-po9t1 ) ! pica slug bel[1 & bo? pages 7 exactly ! same l5g?1 ! face ( ! #h-po9t note w\ld be a po9t bel[ ! face ( ! #ab-po9t l9e on ! fir/ page4 ,9 ?is case a #a-po9t lead %\ld be tak5 f above ! #h-po9t note & put betwe5 ! note & ! foot slug4 ,= a book1 p]iodical1 or o!r "w t is to be made up frequ5tly f "t to "t !re %\ld be a durable /eel or brass page gage1 c>efully m>k$ = dep? ( runn+ head1 *apt] s9kage1 drop folio1 or any o!r feature to be kept 9 uni=m position4 ,galley matt] to be made up into pages ( a uni=m numb] ( l9es %\ld be fir/ m>k$ (f ) slips ( c>d or slugs at ! places :]e ! matt] breaks into pages4 ,?is is done ) ! page gage1 mak+ all[ance = runn+ heads & o!r features n yet 9 ! matt]4 ,if ! division comes badly at "s places a *ange ( a l9e m or less at "s prec$+ page & a %ift+ ( ! divid+ place w elim9ate ! awkw>d break4 ,x may happ5 9 ! fir/ ca/+ (f t a sub-head comes at ! bottom ( a page1 or ! la/ %ort l9e ( a p>agraph comes at ! top ( a page1 or ! pages divide 9 ! middle ( a %ort table4 ,^! objectionable divisions may usually be ov]come by a *ange 9 ! />t+ at ! fir/ page1 tak+ a l9e or two f ! second page1 & s on to ! ?ird & succe$+ pages2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 add+ a l9e or two to ! succe$+ page4 ,sometimes an extra l9e may be made by ov]-runn+ two or ?ree l9es at ! end ( a p>agraph2 or1 if a l9e less is desirable1 a %ort l9e at ! end ( a p>agraph may be sav$ by a little ?9n] spac+ ( a few prec$+ l9es4 ,a few mom5ts sp5t 9 ca/+ (f ! matt] on two or ?ree galleys ahead ( ! actual mak+ up w save a great deal ( "t lat] 9 case a bad division makes necess>y a little *ange 9 pages already complet$4 ,rules reg>d+ ! make-up ( book pages mu/ be g5]al = ! mo/ "p1 z _m ?+s dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! "w & ! conditions "u :i* x is done4 ,9 c]ta9 k9ds ( f9e "w !re are "s c>eful details :i* c be ov]look$ 9 ord9>y "w t mu/ be done hurri$ly & economically4 ,yet _m desirable details ( good workman%ip may be foll[$ )\t extra exp5diture ( "t or mat]ial if ! compositor & make-up h& und]/& h[ to d !m prop]ly 9 ! fir/ place4 ,a great "p ( ! "t & exp5se devot$ to prep>+ compos$ type = pr9t+ is due to ! necessity = go+ ov] ! pages to correct important matt]s :i* c\ld z well h be5 done "r 9 ! fir/ place if x 7 n = c>elessness or lack ( k4 ,! desirable division 9 a *apt] or o!r composition ( pla9 matt] is 9 ! middle ( a p>agraph ( f\r or pref]ably m ?an f\r l9es4 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ two l9es ( a p>agraph toge!r on a page4 ,!re w ?us be a full l9e at ! bottom ( "o page & ano!r full l9e at ! top ( ! next4 ,!re are _m cases1 ( c\rse1 :]e ! natural division ( pages w come betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,an old-"t rule tri$ to avoid ?is because ( ! liability ( los+ ! connection 9 read+ f page to page2 b ) pages pla9ly numb]$ & ) consi/5t runn+ heads ?is rule has little value4 ,! objection to end+ a page ) ! end ( a p>agraph may (t5 be caus$ by ! pres5ce ( a v %ort l9e :i* gives a brok5 outl9e to an o!rwise symmetrical page4 ,! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph %\ld n be put at ! top ( a page or a column4 ,?is rule may be modifi$ 9 ord9>y "w if ! la/ l9e is full l5g? & its pres5ce at ! top ( ! page w avoid "s o!r objectionable feature4 ,! fir/ l9e ( a p>agraph %\ld n be left at ! bottom ( a page1 especially if !re is a %ort l9e end+ ! p>agraph imm$iately above4 ,if !re is no o!r way ( foll[+ ! two prec$+ rules1 make two fac+ pages a l9e %ort] ?an ! regul> l5g? by c>ry+ ! l9es backw>d or =w>d4 ,a %ort ^w divid$ by a hyph5 at ! end ( a l9e %\ld n be divid$ betwe5 two pages4 ,a little respac+ ( ! bottom l9e ( "o page & ! top l9e ( ! next w usually ov]come a division ( ?is sort4 ,9 book "w1 ! fir/ page ( ! preface1 introduction1 table ( cont5ts1 & ( ea* *apt] %\ld be sunk uni=mly ab\t "o-six? ( ! di/ance d[n f ! top ( a full-l5g? page4 ,?is space may be v>i$ 9 diff]5t books accord+ to *oice1 b ! s9kage %\ld be ! same ?r\gh\t any "o book4 ,^! pages are always on ! fir/ side ( a leaf4 ,if !y make only "o page ea*1 ! back ( ! leaf is left blank4 ,! /yle ( ! runn+ head is usually specifi$ 9 in/ructions = ! "w4 ,! word+ may be ei!r 7a7 ! title ( ! book on all full pages1 7b7 ! title ( ! book on ! left-h& pages & ! *apt] subject on ! "r-h& pages1 7c7 ! title ( a new subject :i* beg9s1 ) or )\t a sub-head1 9 ! text bel[4 ,! latt] /yle is desirable 9 a book ( _m pages because ! runn+ heads1 c>efully phras$1 s]ve z a runn+ index ( ! cont5ts ( a book4 ,fir/ pages ( *apt]s ) sunk5 heads d n h runn+ heads4 ,! page numb] or folio is 9 ! end ( ! runn+ head l9e1 ! odd numb]s at ! "r & ! ev5 numb]s at ! left4 ,! folio ( ! fir/ page ( a *apt] 7:i* has no runn+ head7 is put at ! bottom ( ! page 9 ! c5t]1 :]e x is t]m$ a drop folio4 ,?is drop folio %\ld n be includ$ 9 ! regul> l5g? ( ! page1 b put 9 ! l[] m>g9 a lead or two bel[ ! text1 & set 9 figures ( a type small] ?an ! text ( ! page4 ,! space betwe5 ! runn+ head & ! text matt] %\ld be equal to a full l9e ( quads4 ,?is is an av]age = pla9 book pages :i* may be v>i$ accord+ to ! lead+ ( ! page4 ,! runn+ head %\ld n appe> disconnect$ f ! page itself1 nor on ! o!r h& %\ld x be cr[d$ on ! top l9e ( ! text1 especially if !re are likely to be wide gaps betwe5 p>agraphs or ar\nd sub-heads4 ,a headl9e or sub-head & "o l9e ( text %\ld n be left at ! bottom ( a page4 ,if x is n possible to get ?ree l9es ( ! p>agraph at ! bottom ( ! page1 let ! page g %ort & call att5tion to ! irregul>ity4 ,a sub-head imm$iately "u ! runn+ head is a comb9ation to be avoid$ if possible1 especially if ! same k9d ( type is us$ = bo?1 z is (t5 ! case4 ,two or ?ree lone l9es %\ld n be left = ! la/ page ( a *apt]4 ,try to all[ en\gh = a qu>t] ( a page or m4 ,wa%+ ,type ,clean pr9t+ c n be done f dirty type4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z = great] ease & cleanl9ess 9 h&l+1 x is important t type 7:i* has to be us$ ov] & ov] aga97 %\ld be wa%$ z clean z possible aft] use4 ,ink %\ld n be all[$ to dry h>d on a =m1 z x w if left ov] night or ov] an idle day4 ,! type face %\ld be clean$ aft] tak+ pro(s4 ,x %\ld %[ a clean face :ile corrections are be+ made1 & also :5 x goes to press or to ! m\ld+ room4 ,type %\ld n be di/ribut$ back into ! case until x is well clean$ aft] use4 ,b5z9e is n[ v g5]ally us$ to wa% ink f type1 electrotypes1 & o!r pr9t+ plates4 ,:5 x c be obta9$ 9 good quality x is a conv5i5t wa%+ fluid = pr9t]s' use4 ,x loos5s up dry ink quickly1 evaporates 9 a few mom5ts1 & leaves ! surface dry4 ,b5z9e & o!r type wa%es are (t5 us$ ) a bru%1 b ?is is n a good practice4 ,! bru% cleans ! ink (f ! face ( ! type1 b does n c>ry (f ! ink1 :i* is left to dry aga9 d[n 9 ! holl[ p>ts ( ! =m & ar\nd ! %\ld] ( ! types :]e ! fluid has wa%$ x4 ,a bru% soon becomes f\l aft] repeat$ use2 x _c be easily clean$2 x is usually reta9$ 9 ?is condition & :ile x rubs (f ! face x leaves great] f\lness ?an x c take away4 ,a s(t rag roll$ into a pad ) a little b5z9e p\r$ on its surface w loos5 ! ink & take x (f ! type clean4 ,:5 ! pad gets inky turn ano!r "p ( ! rag out to give a clean wip+ surface4 ,:5 ! rag gets dirty en\gh to soil ! h&s ?r[ x 9 ! wa/e c & get a clean "o4 ,q (t51 aft] ! ink has be5 wip$ (f ) a rag1 a fairly /iff1 f9e bru% is ne$$ to clean out dri$ ink & dirt t has accumulat$ 9 small places l ! c\nt]s ( ! lett]s & ! scre5s ( halftone plates4 ,gasol9e is a tol]able sub/itute = b5z9e :5 ! latt] _c be obta9$4 ,x is n s satisfactory1 h[ev]1 because ( ! greas9ess :i* x leaves on ! surface aft] evaporation4 ,if ! =m is to be re-ink$ imm$iately aft] clean+ ?is greas9ess mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to ink up aga9 = a %>p1 cle> impression4 ,k]os5e may be us$ = wa%+ (f ink1 b x also leaves a disagreeable greasy surface1 ev5 m ?an gasol9e does4 ,= ?is reason x is n satisfactory = frequ5t wa%+ ( type or pr9t+ =ms1 ?\gh x is a good wa% = ink+ roll]s4 ,a weak lye1 made f dissolv$ pota%1 0 =m]ly us$ ext5sively = wa%+ type =ms & ink+ roll]s1 b its use has be5 sup]s$$ by ! saf]1 clean]1 m conv5i5t b5z9e or gasol9e4 ,x is excell5t1 h[ev]1 = wa%+ type =ms occasionally1 z aft] a long run on ! press or aft] electrotype m\ld+1 to clean (f ! accumulation ( dri$ ink or ( m\ld]'s wax & blacklead4 ,= clean+ ) lye ! =m %\ld be /ripp$ ( all wood5 mat]ial l reglets1 wood-base plates1 & any?+ t is liable to be injur$ by ! wa%+4 ,! type %\ld be plac$ on a bo>d & set 9 ! s9k4 ,! wa%+ is done ) a m$ium /iff bru%1 c>e be+ tak5 n to all[ ! h&s to get wet ) ! lye1 z ! solution w burn & discolor ! sk94 ,aft] a ?or\gh b n h>d rubb+1 ! lye is r9s$ (f ) runn+ wat] until x has all disappe>$4 ,if ! type is /ill a little greasy to ! t\* aft] r9s+ !re is /ill "s lye to be cle>$ (f by fur!r r9s+4 ,cau/ic soda may be dissolv$ & dilut$ to ! "r /r5g? & us$ 9 ! same mann] z pota% lye4 ,di/ribut+ ,type ,! di/ribution ( type & o!r mat]ial into ! prop] cases aft] use is too (t5 improp]ly done4 ,x is important1 if "w is to be done )\t wa/e ( "t1 t ! necess>y mat]ials %\ld be :]e !y c be f\nd quickly4 ,a cleanly di/ribut$ case ( type is necess>y to good typesett+4 ,a beg9n] %\ld g at ! "w c>efully4 ,!re are sev]al matt]s1 z well z ! lay ( ! case1 ) :i* he %\ld become famili>4 ,if he is n p]fectly famili> ) e box he %\ld h a diagram ( ! case be=e him z a guide4 ,he %\ld take only "o l9e at a "t 9 8 h&1 at ! />t1 & only two or ?ree types at a "t betwe5 8 ?umb & =ef+] to drop 9 ! boxes4 ,lat]1 :5 he acquires facility1 he c take up a numb] ( l9es & take (f complete words to di/ribute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,hold+ type 9 ! h& = di/ribut+ ,! type l9e is plac$ 9 ! left h&1 well d[n 9 ! palm--n ^u ! ends ( ! ?umb & f+]4 ,! nicks ( ! type %\ld be upw>ds & ! face t[>d him4 ,all words %\ld be c>efully spell$1 especially unfamili> ones1 be=e tak+ !m f ! l9e4 ,9 ?is way ! le>n] w note ! b's & d's1 p's & q's1 u's & n's1 ,a's & ,v's4 ,^! lett]s are liable to be confus+ at fir/1 until "o gets us$ to ! inv]t$ appe>ance ( ! types4 ,! di/ribut] mu/ also note ! slight diff]5ce 9 ! capital ,i & l[]-case l1 9 ! size ( small capitals & l[]-case lett]s1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 ! o1 s1 w1 v1 x1 z ( ! two sets ( alphabets4 ,9 "s fonts ! diff]5ce is s slight t exp]i5c$ compositors may n always be sure to di/+ui% !m1 :ile o!r fonts h ^! six small capitals m>k$ ) an extra nick4 ,z a rule1 ! small capitals are l>g] & slightly ?ick] ?an ! r\nd l[]-case lett]s4 ,fonts ( old /yle figures h ! figure #a s ne> l ! small capital ,i t ! diff]5ce c only be not$ by ! ?ickness ( ! body2 ! figure is on an en set & ! small capital a little ?9n]4 ,! l[]-case o & ! old /yle cyph] #j are also easily confus$4 ,! cyph] is usually r\nd] ?an ! l[]-case lett]4 ,! types %\ld be dropp$ sidewise1 ) ! face slightly upw>d1 ! =ef+] & second f+] g5tly pu%+ ! types ap>t z ea* is dropp$ f ! ?umb & =ef+]4 ,drop ! type 9 its place lightly1 spell+ ! lett]s z !y are dropp$4 ,if ! type is l>ge1 lay x 92 d n ?r[ x 9 face d[n4 ,! eye %\ld foll[ ! h& until x drops 9 ! "r box4 ,special *>act]s 9 ! matt] %\ld be sav$ aside until ! matt] is all di/ribut$ & !n put :]e !y belong4 ,b d n put !m 9 ! corn] ( a box & promise to c>e = !m lat]4 ,types put out ( sight ?is way are usually =gott54 ,a small wood5 galley or %all[ box kept 9 pla9 sight above ! case is ! be/ way to c>e tempor>ily = extra *>act]s1 italics1 & types t belong 9 ano!r case4 ,"o ( ! mo/ annoy+ ?+s 9 a compos+ room is ! di/ribution ( type into a case :]e x does n belong4 ,?is happ5s ?r\gh c>elessness :i* %\ld n be tol]at$4 ,to ! beg9n] a con/ant w>n+ %\ld be held up3 ,look %>p6 ,d n guess6 ,exam9e ! nick z well z ! face4 ,d n be misl$ by a g5]al appe>ance ( simil>ity4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ! types be+ return$ to ! case :]e !y belong1 take a lett] or two f ! case & place x beside a simil> lett] 9 ! h& = close comp>ison4 ,! di/ribution ( adv]tisem5ts & job "w 9 :i* !re are sev]al sizes & faces ( type calls = extra c>e & a little sy/em 9 sort+ out ! l9es be=e di/ribution4 ,fir/ select all ! l9es ( ea* k9d on ! galley1 beg9n+ ) ! l>ge sizes1 br++ all ! l9es ( "o k9d toge!r = di/ribution at "o "t4 ,?is w save extra /eps1 save "t1 & give few] *ances = di/ribut+ into ! wrong case4 ,if !re is mu* type to di/ribute1 take x to ! case 9 a small galley1 su* z a di/ribut+ galley or a typef\ndry pag+ galley2 or br+ ! case to ! /& :]e ! "w c be done conv5i5tly & correctly4 ,d n /oop d[n 9 a d>k corn]1 or rea* up to a case above ! level ( ! eyes1 & di/ribute at a guess4 ,di/ribute ! diff]5t ?icknesses ( spaces 9 ! boxes :]e !y belong4 ,?is %\ld be ! rule 9 all sizes "u #bd-po9t4 ,! #c-spaces1 #d-spaces1 #e-spaces1 & hair spaces %\ld be kept sep>ate1 s t !y w n h to be sort$ out :5 composition is done4 ,pi$ type 9 any am\nt %\ld n be di/ribut$ f ! h&4 ,set ! lett]s 9 l9e 9 a compos+ /ick1 ) nicks all "o way1 & !n di/ribute !m 9 ! usual way4 ,if !re are sev]al sizes1 pick out ! l>ge ones fir/4 ,if !re is only a little type 9 ! case be=e beg9n+ di/ribution1 ?is is a good "t to clean out ! boxes4 ,clean out ! space & quad boxes1 sort out ! few spaces !re may be1 pick out any bits ( c>d1 pap]1 /r+1 leads1 brok5 type1 etc4 ,if ! boxes are du/y1 bl[ !m out ) bell[s or air pump1 tak+ ! case to a place :]e ! du/ w be c>ri$ (f & n g into ! air to be inhal$4 ,nei!r be=e nor aft] di/ribut+ is x necess>y to %ake ! type case viol5tly4 ,rattl+ ! type ar\nd 9 ! case usually injures ! face4 ,a g5tle %ake or two w be suffici5t to spread out ! few rema9+ types 9 a ne>ly empty case or to settle d[n ! types 9 a full case4 ,?9 leads & pieces ( c>d or pap] us$ 9 lett]-spac+ & ju/ification %\ld n z a rule be left 9 ! cases4 ,if !y are wor? sav+ & are likely to be us$ aga9 !y may be kept 9 a sp>e box by !mselves1 n ) "s o!r spaces4 ,small types 9 solid or lead$ p>agraphs are easi] di/ribut$ if !y h be5 spong$ ) wat] a little "t be=eh&4 ,if ! types are loose & dry1 ! wat] w hold !m toge!r slightly :5 h&l$4 ,if ! matt] has be5 /&+ = "s "t aft] wa%+ & has become cak$ or /uck toge!r1 x may h to be loos5$ up by a ?or\gh damp5+ :i* w get 9 betwe5 ! types4 ,new type is liable to become cak$ toge!r aft] /&+ & w ne$ "s soapy wat] to make x di/ributable4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ ,,correct ,,composition4 ,by ,!odore ,l4 ,de,vinne4 ,publi%$ by ,oswald ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,pr9t+ ,,= ,,s*ool ,,& ,,%op4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,h5ry4 ,publi%$ by ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 ,,type ,,spac+4 ,by ,e4 ,r4 ,curri]4 ,publi%$ by ,b[les1 ,new ,york4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,in/ructors ,! foll[+ que/ions1 bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ?is pamphlet1 are int5d$ to s]ve 7#a7 z a guide to ! /udy ( ! text1 7#b7 z an aid to ! /ud5t 9 putt+ ! in=mation conta9$ into def9ite /atem5ts )\t actually memoriz+ ! text1 7#c7 z a means ( secur+ f ! /ud5t a reproduction ( ! in=mation 9 8 own words4 ,a c>eful foll[+ ( ! que/ions by ! read] w insure full acqua9tance ) e "p ( ! text1 avoid+ ! accid5tal omission ( :at might be ( value4 ,^! prim]s are s cond5s$ t no?+ %\ld be omitt$4 ,9 tea*+ f ^! books x is v important t ^! que/ions & su* o!rs z may occur to ! tea*] %\ld be made ! basis ( frequ5t writt5 "w1 & ( f9al exam9ations4 ,! importance ( writt5 "w _c be ov]/at$4 ,x n only assures k ( mat]ial1 b ! p[] to express t k correctly & 9 good f4 ,if ?is writt5 "w c be submitt$ to ! tea*] 9 pr9t$ =m x w be d\bly useful4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at does good typography dem& on ! "p ( ! craftsman8 #b4 ,:at advantages h movable types ov] o!r me?ods ( prep>+ a page = pr9t+8 #c4 ,:]e9 is typesett+ easy & :]e9 difficult8 #d4 ,:at is really ! pr9cipal work+ mat]ial ( ! compositor8 #e4 ,:at habits %\ld be =m$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! "y compositor's "w8 #f4 ,h[ %\ld ! compositor /&8 #g4 ,h[ %\ld ! compositor dress = 8 "w8 #h4 ,:y is x unnecess>y to le>n all ! cases 9 ! m>ket8 #i4 ,:at case plans is x necess>y to le>n8 #aj4 ,:at is ! plan ( ! common capital case8 #aa4 ,:at is ! common l[]-case plan8 #ab4 ,describe ! ,cali=nia job case4 #ac4 ,:at are "s wrong me?ods ( le>n+ ! case8 #ad4 ,describe a good way ( le>n+ ! case4 #ae4 ,:at incid5tal advantage has ?is me?od8 #af4 ,:at is ! unit ( measurem5t = type8 #ag4 ,h[ are type bodies graduat$ 9 size1 & :at are ! mo/ us$ sizes8 #ah4 ,:at is an em1 & h[ is ! t]m appli$ to type8 #ai4 ,h[ d we f9d ! quantity ( type on a page8 #bj4 ,h[ 7 type sizes =m]ly designat$8 #ba4 ,:at is a pica1 & h[ is ! t]m n[ us$8 #bb4 ,h[ are leads1 slugs1 & ! l graduat$ 9 l5g?8 #bc4 ,h[ are po9t-sy/em calculations conv]t$ into in*es8 #bd4 ,:at are spaces & quads1 & h[ are !y commonly designat$8 #be4 ,h[ may ! appr5tice le>n to tell ! diff]5ce 9 ! regul> spaces 9 8 case8 #bf4 ,h[ _m regul> spaces are usually f\nd1 & h[ may !y be comb9$ to meet mo/ ( ! requirem5ts ( composition8 7,! in/ructor %\ld ex]cise ! appr5tice 9 mak+ ! comb9ations %[n 9 ! table by ask+ him h[ he c\ld get specifi$ spaces47 #bg4 ,h[ has ! sy/em ( wid? be5 appli$ to spaces8 #bh4 ,:at are high spaces & quads1 & :5 & :y us$8 #bi4 ,:at are quotation quads1 & h[ are !y us$8 #cj4 ,:at is ! peculi>ity ( typewrit] types & spaces8 #ca4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 spaces = script types & ! spaces = ord9>y roman types8 #cb4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! t]ms spac+1 ju/ify+1 & lead+8 #cc4 ,:at devices are us$ = spaces ?9n] ?an #e-space8 ,describe !m fully4 #cd4 ,:at may be us$ :5 ?9 spaces are lack+1 & :at caution %\ld be obs]v$8 #ce4 ,:at is ! fir/ /ep be=e beg9n+ to set type1 & h[ is x done8 #cf4 ,:at may y use = a gage to set ! compos+ /ick8 #cg4 ,h[ may y provide = compression ( types 9 lock+ up8 #ch4 ,h[ may y be sure ! /ick is prop]ly squ>$ up8 #ci4 ,h[ d y set ! knee 9 place & keep x !re8 #dj4 ,:at is a compos+ rule1 :at is its use1 & :y is x n m frequ5tly us$8 #da4 ,h[ is ! compos+ /ick held8 #db4 ,9 :at position is ! type 9 ! /ick read8 #dc4 ,:at %\ld ! compositor fir/ d to 8 copy8 #dd4 ,h[ is ! type select$1 pick$ up1 & put 9 ! /ick8 #de4 ,h[ %\ld e l9e ( type end1 & h[ c y make x d s8 #df4 ,describe two me?ods ( *ang+ spaces4 #dg4 ,:5 is a l9e well ju/ifi$1 & :at faults are to be gu>d$ aga9/1 & :y8 #dh4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 ) long l9es1 & :y8 #di4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 reg>d+ leads & rules1 & :y8 #ej4 ,:y is c>eful ju/ification important8 #ea4 ,:at common mi/akes d beg9n]s make 9 ! use ( spaces8 #eb4 ,:at simple rule %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ?is connection8 #ec4 ,:y %\ld ! beg9n] use leads & a compos+ rule 9 sett+ 8 fir/ /ickful8 #ed4 ,:at c>e %\ld ! beg9n] use 9 fill+ 8 /ick8 #ee4 ,describe fully ! op]ation ( empty+ ! /ick8 #ef4 ,:at %\ld be look$ = :5 ! type is fir/ plac$ 9 ! galley8 #eg4 ,:at mu/ be done :5 ! galley is full1 & :y8 #eh4 ,describe ! op]ation fully4 #ei4 ,:at c>e %\ld be giv5 ! feet ( ! type8 #fj4 ,h[ c "t be wa/$ 9 ^! op]ations & h[ sav$8 #fa4 ,= :at purposes are pro(s tak58 #fb4 ,h[ is ! type prep>$ = tak+ pro(s8 #fc4 ,h[ are pro(s tak5 ) a plan] & mallet8 #fd4 ,:at k9d ( matt] may be prov$ 9 ?is mann] & :at %\ld n1 & :y8 #fe4 ,:at %\ld be done to insure correctness be=e ! /ick is empti$8 #ff4 ,:at %\ld be done if ! correction requires *ange ( space or re-ju/ification8 #fg4 ,describe ! process ( correct+ f revis$ pro(4 #fh4 ,h[ may simple errors1 su* z a wrong lett]1 be correct$8 #fi4 ,h[ %\ld important *anges requir+ re-ju/ification be made8 #gj4 ,h[ %\ld l9es ( type be c>ri$ :5 tak5 out = correction8 #ga4 ,:at c>eless habit is sometimes indulg$ 91 & :at is ! result8 #gb4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! *anges are ext5sive1 su* z ! ins]tion ( a new phrase or s5t5ce8 #gc4 ,describe two ways ( h&l+ ?is problem4 #gd4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 ?is k9d ( "w is done8 #ge4 ,:at %\ld be done if a l9e ( type is pi$ 9 correct+8 #gf4 ,:at w ! beg9n] f9d to be 8 greate/ difficulty 9 sett+ type8 #gg4 ,are ! words 9 a page sep>at$ by absolutely uni=m spaces1 & :y8 #gh4 ,:at is necess>y to make read+ easy8 #gi4 ,:at does good typesett+ require to secure ?is8 #hj4 ,:at con/itutes a well-spac$ l9e8 #ha4 ,:at con/itutes a well-spac$ p>agraph8 #hb4 ,:at special c>e %\ld be tak5 9 spac+ ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph8 #hc4 ,:at is ! /&>d spac+ betwe5 words1 & h[ may x be v>i$8 #hd4 ,:at has ! l5g? ( l9e to d ) spac+8 #he4 ,does ev5 spac+ always look ev51 & :y8 #hf4 ,:]e may y put ?9 spaces 9 ord] to get a ^w or syllable into ! l9e8 #hg4 ,:]e may y use ?ick] spaces to l5g!n ! l9e a little8 #hh4 ,9 :at special places are ?9 spaces prop]ly us$8 #hi4 ,h[ are punctuation m>ks spac$8 #ij4 ,h[ are spaces us$ ) ! em da%8 #ia4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 y come to ! end ( a p>agraph1 ) only a few lett]s = ! la/ l9e8 #ib4 ,h[ %\ld y treat ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph :5 ! matt] ne>ly or q fills ! l9e8 #ic4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ju/ify+ l9es1 su* z head-l9es & p>agraph ends1 9 :i* quads are us$8 #id4 ,d y ne$ spaces ) hyph5s8 #ie4 ,h[ are ! doll> m>k & ,engli% monet>y signs us$8 #if4 ,:at %\ld & %\ld n be done 9 re-spac+ a l9e 9 ord] to get a good result8 #ig4 ,:at is ! prop] space betwe5 s5t5ces8 #ih4 ,:at %\ld foll[ ! p]iod or ,roman num]al 9 numb]$ p>agraphs1 & :y8 #ii4 ,h[ are quote m>ks spac$8 #ajj4 ,:5 may spaces be us$ betwe5 ! lett]s ( a ^w8 #aja4 ,give a g5]al rule = spac+ ,old ,engli% or o!r black lett]4 #ajb4 ,:at g5]al rules %\ld be foll[$ 9 spac+ italics8 #ajc4 ,:at peculi>ity is !re 9 ! ca/+ ( "s italic capitals & :at does x call =8 #ajd4 ,:at special precautions %\ld be us$ 9 h&l+ k]n$ italics8 #aje4 ,:at k9d ( spaces d words 9 capitals ne$1 & :y8 #ajf4 ,h[ %\ld y space roman capitals ( /&>d faces8 #ajg4 ,:at is a simple g5]al rule = spac+1 & h[ may x be modifi$8 #ajh4 ,h[ d ! %apes ( ! sev]al lett]s affect ! spac+ ( capitals8 #aji4 ,:at c be done to improve ! spac+ ( l9es hav+ abbreviations or initials8 #aaj4 ,h[ are initials 9 gr\ps1 su* z college degrees1 treat$8 #aaa4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 !re are two or m l9es ( capitals ( ! same size8 #aab4 ,h[ are l9es ( small capitals spac$8 #aac4 ,:at relation has spac+ to legibility8 #aad4 ,:at is ! g5]al rule ab\t wide spac+8 #aae4 ,:at relation has spac+ to lead+8 #aaf4 ,:at is ! wide/ spac+ ord9>ily all[able 9 roman l[]-case matt]1 & :at p]mits occasional use ( wid] space8 #aag4 ,:]e are wide spac+ & wide lead+ desirable1 & :at caution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 us+ !m8 #aah4 ,"n & describe ! sev]al k9ds ( ind5tion8 #aai4 ,:at is ! use ( ind5tion & :at excess %\ld be avoid$8 #abj4 ,:at is ! usual p>agraph ind5tion8 #aba4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ind5tion & measure8 #abb4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ind5tion & k9d ( matt]8 #abc4 ,%\ld ! ind5tion ( p>agraphs be v>i$ 9 a s+le book or job to suit v>y+ matt] or type1 & :y8 #abd4 ,:at common defect occurs 9 widely ind5t$ p>agraphs1 & h[ may x be avoid$8 #abe4 ,:at is ! fir/ consid]ation 9 ind5t+ poetry1 & h[ is x secur$8 #abf4 ,:at mat]ial is us$ 9 ind5t+ poetry8 #abg4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ind5tion & rhyme8 #abh4 ,h[ is blank v]se ind5t$8 #abi4 ,:at is ! ind5tion :5 ! rhyme is 9 two adjo9+ l9es8 #acj4 ,:at c y d :5 a l9e is long] ?an ! measure8 #aca4 ,describe ! sett+ ( c5t] heads1 sub-heads1 cut-9 heads1 runn+ heads1 & box heads4 #acb4 ,h[ are head+s punctuat$ 9 mod]n practice8 #acc4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! initial lett]1 & h[ has x be5 us$8 #acd4 ,:at consid]ations gov]n ! *oice ( an initial8 #ace4 ,h[ are initials set8 #acf4 ,:at foll[s ! initial8 #acg4 ,h[ %\ld ! initial l9e8 #ach4 ,h[ %\ld ! space ar\nd ! initial be treat$8 #aci4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! size ( ! initial & ! text l9es8 #adj4 ,:at may be done to secure ?is relation1 b "u :at re/rictions8 #ada4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! initial on ! l5g? ( ! text l9es aft] x1 & h[ may x be h&l$8 #adb4 ,:at is make-up8 #adc4 ,h[ are newspap] pages & ! l made up8 #add4 ,:at appliances are ne$$ = make-up8 #ade4 ,h[ is ! galley plac$1 & :]e does ! make-up man /&8 #adf4 ,h[ are ! pages h&l$1 & :y8 #adg4 ,:at %\ld be done be=e make-up beg9s1 & :y8 #adh4 ,:at has ! make-up man to d ) ju/ification8 #adi4 ,h[ is ! l5g? ( ! page measur$8 #aej4 ,h[ is ! l5g? ( book pages set 9 "o size ( type det]m9$8 #aea4 ,:]e may extra leads be us$1 & :]e n8 #aeb4 ,:at %\ld ! gage indicate :5 ! page conta9s sev]al sizes ( type1 & :y8 #aec4 ,:at %\ld be us$ = book1 p]iodical1 or o!r "w t is to be made up frequ5tly f "t to "t8 #aed4 ,:at is ! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ ! galley matt] into pages8 #aee4 ,:at difficulties are likely to occur1 & h[ may !y be met8 #aef4 ,:at precaution may be tak5 to =e/all difficulties8 #aeg4 ,h[ may inexp5sive "w be made good "w8 #aeh4 ,:at is desirable 9 ! division ( a p>agraph :i* runs f "o page to ano!r8 #aei4 ,is !re any objection to end+ p>agraph & page toge!r8 #afj4 ,:at %\ld be done if ! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph comes at ! top ( a page or ! fir/ l9e at ! bottom8 #afa4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 ! la/ l9e ( a page ends ) a %ort ^w divid$ by a hyph5 & f9i%$ on ! next page8 #afb4 ,:at is ! rule 9 book "w z to ! s9k+ ( ! fir/ page ( preface1 *apt]s1 & ! l8 #afc4 ,:at /yles ( runn+ head are us$1 & :at det]m9es ! *oice8 #afd4 ,:5 is ! runn+ head omitt$8 #afe4 ,:]e are numb]s plac$8 #aff4 ,:at is ! usual space betwe5 ! runn+ head & ! text1 & :y8 #afg4 ,:at positions %\ld be avoid$ if possible = sub-heads8 #afh4 ,:at %\ld be avoid$ 9 *apt] end+s8 #afi4 ,:y %\ld type be kept clean8 #agj4 ,:at is ! be/ sub/ance = clean+ type8 #aga4 ,:at bad me?od ( application is (t5 us$8 #agb4 ,h[ %\ld ! clean+ sub/ance be appli$8 #agc4 ,:at is sometimes ne$$ to complete ! clean+8 #agd4 ,:at o!r sub/ances are sometimes us$ = clean+ type8 #age4 ,:at is ! process ( clean+ type ) lye8 #agf4 ,h[ %\ld ! beg9n] prep>e himself to di/ribute type8 #agg4 ,:at is ! process ( di/ribution = a beg9n]8 = a m exp]i5c$ appr5tice8 #agh4 ,:at matt]s %\ld be especially wat*$ 9 di/ribution8 #agi4 ,h[ %\ld ! types be put 9 ! boxes8 #ahj4 ,h[ %\ld special *>act]s be h&l$8 #aha4 ,:at p>ticul> annoyance is (t5 caus$ by ! di/ributor1 & h[ may x be avoid$8 #ahb4 ,h[ are adv]tisem5ts & simil> matt] di/ribut$8 #ahc4 ,:at %\ld be done if !re is mu* type to di/ribute8 #ahd4 ,h[ %\ld spaces be di/ribut$8 #ahe4 ,h[ %\ld pi$ type be di/ribut$8 #ahf4 ,:5 & h[ %\ld boxes be clean$8 #ahg4 ,h[ %\ld type be h&l$ to prev5t injury8 #ahh4 ,:at %\ld be done ) ?9 leads & pieces ( c>d or pap]8 #ahi4 ,:at may be done to make x easi] to di/ribute small types 9 solid or lead$ p>agraphs8 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms 7,= additional t]ms p]ta9+ to type & type composition see page #cb1 ,no4 #a1 ( ?is s]ies ( books entitl$ ,type47 ,,ad-,,man--,a compositor :o sets adv]tisem5ts on a newspap] or o!r publication4 ,,antique ,,face--,a /yle ( type hav+ all p>ts ( ! lett]s ?ick5$1 mak+ a heavy appe>ance4 ,sample3 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,mod]n ,,presswork ,,arabic ,,numb]s--,! t5 figures 9 common use1 9 di/9ction f ,roman numb]s or ^? made ) lett]s4 ,,a/]isk--,ano!r "n = ! /> 991 commonly us$ z a ref]5ce m>k4 ,,au?or',s ,,pro(--,a pro( s5t to ! au?or aft] compositor's errors h be5 correct$4 ,au?or's corrections are ^? made on su* a pro( :5 return$1 usually *anges f ! orig9al copy4 ,,bad ,,break--,an objectionable division ( a ^w at ! end ( a l9e or betwe5 two p>agraphs or betwe5 two pages4 ,,batt]--,bruis$ lett]s or o!r faces 9 a type =m or electrotype4 ,,beg9 ,,ev5--,to />t ! p>agraph or ! l9e )\t ind5tion4 ,,bevel$ ,,side/ick--,/rips ( wood or metal ! height ( furniture1 wid] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 us$ ) w$ges or quo9s to tight5 =ms toge!r4 ,,black ,,lett]--,a /yle ( lett] us$ = ! fir/ pr9t+ types1 made 9 imitation ( ! h& lett]+ 9 e>ly manuscripts2 made 9 _m v>iations call$ by diff]5t names3 ,old ,engli%1 ,caxton ,black1 ,priory ,text1 ,cloi/] ,black1 etc4 ,sample3 ,illu/ration3 ,example 7,black ,lett]73 ,ye ,quality ,book ,pap]s ,,bodk9--,a long sl5d] awl sometimes us$ 9 correct+ type4 ,,body ,,size--,! dep? ( ! type f ! top to ! bottom ( ! l9e4 ,,book ,,font--,a l>ge quantity suffici5t to set a numb] ( pages1 ) a complete set ( *>act]s1 z di/+ui%$ f a small or job font4 ,,bord]--,a set ( *>act]s ( pla9 or ornam5tal design us$ = panels or frames ar\nd pages or sections ( pages4 ,,box$1 ,,or ,,box$-,,9--,l9es ( type or o!r matt] enclos$ 9 a small panel or bord]4 ,,braces--,a set ( *>act]s us$ = connect+ two or m l9es or items4 ,sample3 ,illu/ration3 ?ree diff]5t size horizontal braces ,,brackets--,signs ( punctuation = enclos+ words1 lett]s1 figures1 4 ,,brass ,,?9s--,ju/ify+ spaces #a-po9t ?ick1 made ( brass4 ,,brasses--,/rips ( brass to be us$ z leads1 :]e m durable metal ?an lead is desirable4 ,,break-,,l9e--,! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph :]e quads are ne$$ to fill out ! measure4 ,,brok5 ,,matt]--,type l9es t h be5 tak5 ap>t b n di/ribut$2 pi4 ,,cali=nia ,,job ,,case--,a type case hold+ a complete font ( capitals1 l[]-case lett]s1 figures1 po9ts1 etc4 ,see page #ab4 ,,case--,9 a compos+ room1 ! tray ) comp>tm5ts 9 :i* type is kept = compos+4 ,,ca/ ,,(f--,e/imat+ ! numb] ( l9es or pages ( type a manuscript or o!r lot ( copy w make4 ,,ca/ ,,up--,measur+ ! am\nt ( type set1 usually by ems2 measur+ up4 ,,clean ,,pro(--,a fir/ pro( )\t errors or ) v few unimportant errors4 ,,cle>+ ,,away--,putt+ surplus leads1 rules1 furniture1 & o!r mat]ials back 9 _! places :5 ! make-up or lock-up is complet$4 ,,close ,,spac+--,?9 spac+4 ,,close ,,quote--,! f9al m>ks enclos+ a quotation1 usually two apo/rophes34 ,,come ,,9--,:5 ! lett]s ( a l9e or ! words ( copy are set s t !y occupy a giv5 space !y are said to come 94 ,,comp4--,abbreviation = compositor or composition4 ,,compos+--,sett+ type & o!r mat]ial to make a pr9t+ =m4 ,,compos+ ,,room--,t "p ( a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t 9 :i* ! type is set & ! =ms lock$ up = ! press4 ,,compos+ ,,rule--,a /rip ( brass or /eel us$ 9 ! compos+ /ick :ile sett+ type & = h&l+ l9es4 ,,compositor--,"o :o sets type2 accord+ to ! class ( "w done1 he is t]m$ a book1 newspap]1 ad1 or job compositor4 ,,cond5s$ ,,face--,a type face ?9n] 9 %ape ?an ! normal2 x may be light or heavy z to blackness4 ,sample3 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,caslon ,,bold ,,cond5s$ ,,copp] ,,?9--,a v ?9 ju/ify+ space1 #a_/b-po9t1 made f copp]4 ,,copy--,h&writt51 typewritt51 or pr9t$ words or designs giv5 to ! pr9t] or engrav] = reproduction4 ,,copy ,,cutt]--,9 daily newspap] rooms1 ! =eman's assi/ant ^: duty x is to arrange ! copy = ! compositors4 ,he receives x f ! editorial room1 m>ks ! size ( type1 ! /yle ( head+s1 etc41 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! publication1 & cuts ! copy into portions1 or takes1 s t x may be 9 ! h&s ( sev]al compositors or ma*9e op]ators = compos+ 9 ! quicke/ "t4 ,,copyhold]--,"o :o holds copy & reads x al\d to ! pro(read]4 ,,cut-,,9 ,,lett]--,a l>ge lett] set into ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph2 an initial4 ,,da%--,a horizontal /roke ca/ on a type body ( en1 em1 two-em1 or ?ree-em wid?1 ?us - -- ---- ------4 ,! common da% is "o em1 us$ z a punctuation m>k & = _m o!r purposes4 ,! appr5tice %\ld n confuse ! en da% ,illu/ration3 an en-da%1 a little long] ?an a hyph5 b %ort] ?an ! em-da% ) ! hyph5 -4 ,,dead--,said ( type or o!r pr9t+ matt] t has be5 us$ or is n to be us$4 ,dead type is ready = di/ribution4 ,,diagonal ,,ind5tion--,see page #ec4 ,,dis4--,abbreviation = di/ribut+4 ,,display--,type composition 9 :i* v>i\s sizes & faces are us$1 l adv]tisem5ts1 title pages1 etc41 9 di/9ction f pla9 read+ matt]4 ,,di/ribut+--,putt+ type back 9 ! cases aft] use4 ,,dot ,,lead]s--,high metal quads ) dots ca/ on _! end1 9 di/9ction f hyph5 or da% lead]s4 ,,dott$ ,,rule--,brass rule ) dott$ faces1 = blank =ms1 to s]ve z a l9e ^u :i* writ+ is to be done3444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,d\ble--,words repeat$ by mi/ake 9 sett+2 a d\blet4 ,! t]m d\ble is us$ 9 _m cases be=e o!r words to indicate d\ble quantity1 size1 or quality4 ,,drive ,,out--,to ?ick space & put ! :ole ( ! next ^w 9 ! foll[+ l9e4 ,,dupe--,abbreviation ( duplicate2 an extra fir/-pro( ( type composition :i* is to be paid = by ! piece1 or to measure up ! am\nt ( "w done by a compositor or ma*9e op]ator4 ,,dut*man--,a joke-"n = a piece ( wood or too?pick driv5 into a l9e t has n be5 prop]ly ju/ifi$2 ! m>k ( a c>eless compositor4 ,,em--,! squ>e ( a type body ,illu/ration3 em-squ>e4 ,,en1 "o half ! squ>e1 ,illu/ration3 a rectangle "o em tall b "o half em 7"o en7 wide4 ,,empty ,,case--,a case )\t sorts or lett]s t are ne$$ to compose ! l9e2 x may h o!r lett]s b is empty ( ^? requir$4 ,,end ,,ev5--,to make ! words fill out ! l9e4 ,,ext5d$ ,,face--,said ( faces ( type made extra broad2 ! t]m exp&$ is sometimes us$4 ,see type f\nd]s' specim5 books4 ,,extra ,,cond5s$--,a type face :i* has be5 compress$ v n>r[4 ,sample3 ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,go?ic ,,extra ,cond5s$ ,,extract--,a passage tak5 f ano!r book or ano!r au?or's writ+s2 a quotation4 ,,fac-,,simile--,an exact reproduction ( an orig9al2 (t5 abbreviat$ to fac-sim4 ,,fat--,composition :i* has _m brok5 l9es & op5 spaces2 matt] ) _m quads & leads1 :i* c be set pr(itably by piece-"w4 ,sometimes spell$ phat 9 pr9t]s' lit]ature4 ,,fat-,,face--,a /yle ( type face ) v mu* ?ick5$ heavy l9es2 sometimes full-face4 ,,fir/ ,,pro(--,! pro( tak5 = correct+ compositor's errors1 9 di/9ction f revise1 au?or's pro(1 or subsequ5t pro(s4 ,,floor ,,pi--,type dropp$ on ! floor & all[$ to rema9 until swept up4 ,,folio--,a page numb]4 ,also1 a %eet fold$ once1 a size ( pap]1 a %eet conta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( words4 ,,foll[ ,,copy--,an in/ruction to foll[ ! copy 9 matt]s ( spell+1 punctuation1 use ( capitals1 italics1 & o!r p>ticul>s1 disreg>d+ ! /yle ( ! %op to a m or less degree accord+ to necessities4 ,,font--,a complete assortm5t ( types ( "o size & face or ( "o class ( *>act]s1 z a cap font1 a small-cap font1 italic font4 ,,=m--,a page or numb] ( pages or o!r pr9t+ surfaces assembl$ = pr9t+4 ,,f\ndry ,,type--,type design$ & ca/ by regul> f\ndries :i* make _! *ief bus9ess supply+ pr9t]s2 9 di/9ction f type ca/ by ,monotype1 ,l9otype1 & o!r ma*9es 9 private e/abli%m5ts4 ,,full ,,measure--,type l9es set ! full wid? ( ! column ( page 9 di/9ction f %ort l9es or half measure4 ,,galley--,a %all[ tray = hold+ type aft] x is set4 ,,get ,,9--,to ?9 space a l9e 9 ord] to make room = ! la/ few lett]s ( a ^w2 to take 92 opposite ( drive out4 ,,go?ic--,type f\nd]s & pr9t]s 9 ,am]ica use ?is ^w to "n a type face ( ! simple/ /yle1 )\t s]ifs & ) /rokes ( "o ?ickness ?r\gh\t ,illu/ration3 ,example3 ,,go?ic ,,types4 ,bibliograph]s & s*ol>s "n c]ta9 old /yle =ms ( black lett] ,go?ic1 z repres5t+ ! true ,go?ic "*4 ,our s-call$ go?ics are made 9 _m v>iations & are *iefly us$ = newspap] & job "w1 b are n acceptable = book "w4 ,,hair ,,l9e--,said ( a v delicate face1 z ( a brass rule or ! f9e connect+ /rokes ( a lett]4 ,,hair ,,space--,a type space ?9n] ?an ! #e-space4 ,,half-,,diamond ,,ind5tion--,an arrangem5t ( l9es 9 :i* ! second & succe$+ l9e are ind5t$ at ea* end %ort] ?an ! l9e above2 inv]t$ pyramid /yle4 ,,hang+ ,,ind5tion--,:5 ! fir/ l9e is set flu% at ! beg9n+ & succe$+ l9es ind5t$ an em or m1 z 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,,high ,,spaces ,,& ,,quads--,^! are us$ :5 ! type is to be regul>ly us$ = m\ld+ = electrotyp+4 ,see page #ah4 ,,head ,,& ,,tail--,! top & bottom m>g9s ( a book page4 ,,hell1 ,,or ,,hell-,,box--,old "n = ! receptacle = old or damag$ type2 a dump+ place = disc>d$ type4 ,,high-,,to-,,l9e--,:5 a lett] or a ^w is above ! alignm5t ( ! re/ ( ! l9e2 :5 x is bel[ x is l[-to-l9e4 ,,holl[ ,,quads--,see ,quotation4 ,,hyph5--,us$ at ! ends ( l9es :5 words are divid$2 also = comp\nd+ words1 & sometimes = lead]s4 ,see ,da%4 ,,imposition--,! arrangem5t & lock+ up ( pages s t !y w come 9 prop] ord] :5 ! %eet is fold$ aft] pr9t+4 ,,impr9t--,! "n1 ) or )\t address1 ( ! pr9t]1 publi%]1 or deal] plac$ on a book or o!r "w4 ,,9 ,,! ,,metal--,9 type1 z to correct 9 ! metal or to revise 9 ! metal )\t tak+ pro(4 ,,ind5tion--,! sett+ 9 ( a l9e or body ( type by a blank space at ! beg9n+ or left h&1 z 9 ! fir/ l9e ( a p>agraph2 also ! space ?us left blank4 ,! pr9t]'s ind5tion is n 7z x is (t5 said to be7 a %ort5$ =m ( ind5tation1 b an orig9al ^w f d5t 7d9t71 a d5t+ 91 a depression1 & h5ce is ! prop] ^w1 r ?an ind5tation1 to express ! idea4 --,/&>d ,diction>y4 ,,initial--,! fir/ lett] ( a ^w2 9 typesett+1 a l>ge lett] set into ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph4 ,,inv]t$ ,,commas--,! quotation m>ks us$ at ! beg9n+ ( a quotation3 4 ,,job ,,case--,a type case hold+ a complete font ( capitals & l[]-case lett]s1 figures1 po9ts1 & spaces2 9 di/9ction f a pair ( cases4 ,,job ,,compositor--,"o :o sets a v>iety ( miscellane\s "w 9 di/9ction f a book or newspap] h&4 ,,job ,,galley--,a %ort1 wide galley1 made 9 sizes f #f x #aj to #ae x #bb in*es4 ,,job ,,type--,^? miscellane\s faces1 usually 9 small fonts1 us$ = small "w2 9 di/9ction f roman & italic faces us$ = books1 p]iodicals1 etc4 ,,ju/ify--,to make a l9e or o!r type composition ( ! prop] tightness to fit ! space4 ,see page #bg4 ,,keep ,,up--,to capitalize words :i* might ord9>ily beg9 ) small lett]s4 ,keep d[n1 to beg9 a ^w ) a small lett]4 ,,keep ,,/&+--,to save type pages or =ms aft] pr9t+1 9 case ( fur!r use4 ,,keep ,,up ,,/yle--,to foll[ ! prescrib$ rules ( ! %op or publication reg>d+ spell+1 abbreviations1 head+s1 capitals1 punctuation1 etc4 ,see ,/yle4 ,,k]n$ ,,lett]--,a type on :i* "p ( ! face ov]hangs ! body4 ,,labor-,,sav+--,said ( leads1 rules1 furniture1 & o!r mat]ial made 9 sizes bas$ on a common multiple1 usually ! pica4 ,!y save labor because two or m may be comb9$ to make l>g] sizes1 in/ead ( cutt+ new mat]ial = ea* p>ticul> "w4 ,,lay ,,( ,,! ,,case--,! plan ( ! boxes = hold+ ! diff]5t *>act]s ( a font4 ,,lay+ ,,type--,putt+ new type into ! case1 9 di/9ction f di/ribut+ us$ type back into ! case4 ,,lead 7pron\nc$ l$1 n le$7--,a /rip ( ?9 metal to place betwe5 l9es ( type4 ,,lead$--,type composition hav+ leads betwe5 ! l9es1 9 di/9ction f solid matt]1 or l9es )\t leads4 ,,lead]s 7le$]s7--,p]iods or dots plac$ at int]vals 9 op5 l9es to guide ! eye across to figures or words at ! end1 z 9 tables ( cont5ts1 price li/s1 etc4 ,type f\nd]s ca/ high quads 9 sizes f #e-po9t to #ah-po9t 9 sev]al /yles1 l f9e-dot4444444444441 two dots to an em 441 hyph5 - - - -1 & also make lead]s 9 brass4 ,= occasional use a few l9es ( lead]s may be made ( p]iods spac$ ap>t ) spaces or quads4 ,,lean ,,sett+--,type composition t is solid & ) few or no blank l9es4 ,see ,fat4 ,,lett]--,old-fa%ion$ t]m = type 9 quantity4 ,lett] bo>d1 a bo>d or %elf = hold+ compos$ type4 ,,lift--,:5 type is ju/ifi$ & fa/5$ toge!r s t x may be tak5 up )\t any pieces fall+ out1 x is said to lift4 ,,l9+--,said ( type faces :i* are made to align exactly along ! bottom ( ! lett]s4 ,,l9+ ,,figures--,mod]n-cut figures made 9 uni=m size & ( equal height2 9 di/9ction f ! irregul> old-/yle figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,old /yle numb]s #abcdefghij3 #abcdefghij4 ,,live ,,matt]--,type composition or pages t are to be pr9t$2 aft] be+ pr9t$ or m\ld$ x is dead & ready = di/ribution4 ,,logotype--,two or m lett]s ca/ on "o body4 ,ligature1 two lett]s jo9$ & ca/ toge!r1 l ,illu/ration3 ct-ligature4 ,,l[ ,,spaces ,,& ,,quads--,^? us$ = composition to be pr9t$ directly f ! type4 ,see page #ah4 ,,l[] ,,case--,! type case hold+ ! small lett]s1 figures1 po9ts1 spaces1 etc4 ,! "p ( a job case hold+ ! l[]-case font4 ,,lye--,us$ = wa%+ type4 ,see page #fi4 ,,mak+ ,,up--,to divide compos$ matt] into pages ( equal l5g?1 add head+s1 notes1 & o!r p>ts to prep>e !m = impos+ & lock+ up4 ,,m>g9al ,,note--,a side note4 ,,matt]--,compos$ type or l9otype slugs4 ,,measure--,! wid? ( a page1 ! full l5g? ( a l9e4 ,,measur+ ,,up--,f9d+ ! am\nt ( type set4 ,?is is done by multiply+ ! numb] ( ems 9 "o l9e by ! total numb] ( l9es set1 bas$ 9 ems ( ! size ( type us$4 ,9 measur+ up to f9d ! am\nt ( composition = mak+ a *>ge !re=1 head+s1 leads1 slugs1 small blocks1 & o!r items 9 ! matt] are c\nt$ z solid l9es4 ,,motto ,,ind5tion--,a note or o!r small block ( type set at "o side ( ! page b )9 ! measure4 ,,mutton ,,fi/--,a "n sometimes giv5 to ! index or fi/ ,illu/ration3 po9t+ h&1 or fi/4 ,,mutton ,,quad--,! em quad4 ,= cle>] di/9ction 9 speak+ ! t]m mutton is appli$ to ! em1 & ! t]m nut to ! en1 z mutton da% --1 nut da% -4 ,,nib--,! small projection on ! end ( a compos+ rule4 ,,nick--,a not* on ! side ( a type1 usually indicat+ ! l[] side ( ! lett]4 ,,nipp]s--,ano!r "n = tweez]s4 ,,(f ,,its ,,feet--,:5 type does n /& up squ>ely1 b leans slightly "o way4 ,,out--,an omission ( "o or m words f ! composition4 ,,out ,,( ,,sorts--,:5 ! supply ( any ne$$ "* is gone ! case1 or ! compositor1 is out ( sorts4 ,see ,sort4 ,,ov]-,,runn+--,tak+ words backw>d or =w>d f "o l9e to ano!r 9 correct+4 ,,page ,,cord--,! /r+ us$ to tie up pages or small jobs ( type4 ,,page ,,pap]s--,pieces ( heavy pap] or c>d ^u :i* ti$-up pages are plac$ = /orage :5 !re is n en\gh galley space2 also call$ page %oes4 ,,pag9ation--,! page numb]+ ( a book or o!r "w4 ,,p>agraph ,,m>k--,"o ( ! old-/yle ref]5ce m>ks furni%$ = book fonts ,illu/ration3 p>agraph symbol1 be+ ! capital ,p rev]s$4 ,p>agraph m>ks are made 9 v>i\s =ms = diff]5t k9ds ( type4 ,,pat5t ,,space--,a special type space equal to ! ?ickness ( two #e-spaces4 ,?is space is common 9 #ab-po9t & l>g] sizes1 b n furni%$ ) regul> fonts 9 small] sizes unless ord]$4 ,,pi--,type ?r[n d[n1 mix$1 or 9 confusion4 ,,pica--,a size ( type equal to #ab-po9t4 ,! common /&>d ( measurem5t = leads1 rules1 furniture1 & = wid? & l5g? ( pages4 ,six picas 9 l5g? equal1 approximately1 a l9e> in*4 ,,pick ,,= ,,sorts--,to take lett]s f /&+ matt]1 live or dead1 :5 ! case is empty & types are ne$$ = "w 9 h&4 ,,pick ,,up--,a head+1 l9e1 or o!r matt] tak5 f a dead =m & us$ ov] aga94 ,,piec$ ,,leads--,two or m leads plac$ end to end to equal a long] /rip2 simil>ly1 piec$ rule1 piec$ furniture1 piec$ brace1 etc4 ,,plan]--,a smoo?-fac$ block us$ to level ! surface ( a pr9t+ =m on ! impos+ /one4 ,,po9t--,! unit = measur+ type bodies2 a m>k ( punctuation4 ,,pr9t]',s ,,devil--,! old-"t "n = ! err& boy 9 a pr9t+ h\se4 ,,pro(--,a trial impression4 ,,pull ,a ,,pro(--,to take a pro( on a h& press by pull+ ov] ! impression b>2 h5ce to take a pro( by any means4 ,,quad--,a blank type l>g] ?an a space2 f ! ^w quadrat1 a squ>e1 orig9ally ! em quadrat4 ,,quotation--,a l>ge holl[ quad4 ,,ref]5ce ,,m>k--,! old-/yle *>act]s 99 ,illu/ration3 dagg]1 d\ble dagg] us$ 9 book "w4 ,! mod]n practice is to use sup]ior figures #abc 7sometimes lett]s abc7 9 ! text to ref] to foot notes or notes 9 ! app5dix4 ,,reglet--,/rips ( wood1 #f-po9t1 #ab-po9t1 & ?ick] us$ 9 mak+ up =ms = ! press2 n desirable 9 type pages except 9 l>ge =ms4 ,,repr9t--,to set ov] aga9 or to pr9t ov] aga94 ,,revise--,to exam9e a second pro( to see t corrections h be5 made2 a pro( tak5 = ?is purpose4 ,,r+ ,,m>k--,a circle ar\nd a m>k$ error to signify a special correction ord]$ by ! pro(read] or au?or4 ,,roman ,,type--,! common upright *>act]s1 9 di/9ction f italics or black-lett]4 ,,rule--,a /rip ( metal = pr9t+ /raight l9es4 ,,rule ,,"w--,composition 9 :i* brass rules are l>gely us$1 z 9 tabul> matt]1 box panels1 etc4 ,,run-,,ar\nds--,l9es ( type ju/ifi$ ar\nd small engrav+s or blocks 9 a page or adv]tisem5t1 especially :5 ! %ape ( ! block requires irregul> l5g?s ( ! adjo9+ matt]4 ,,run ,,9--,to avoid mak+ a p>agraph1 runn+ ! s5t5ces into "o p>agraph4 ,,run ,,out ,,& ,,ind5t--,to beg9 ! p>agraph )\t ind5tion4 ,,sett+ ,,rule--,a compos+ rule4 ,,%ank--,! body "p ( a type1 z di/+ui%$ f ! face1 %\ld]1 or feet4 ,,side ,,sorts--,! infrequ5tly us$ *>act]s ( a font1 q x z1 etc4 ,also any special *>act]s kept 9 an auxili>y box or sort case1 l figures1 fractions1 or o!r types n provid$ = 9 ! regul> assortm5t4 ,,sizes ,,( ,,type--,see ,no4 #a1 ( ?is s]ies = additional in=mation ab\t type4 ,,slug--,a ?ick lead1 ! usual sizes be+ #f-po9t & #ab-po9t2 us$ 9 mak+ up pages4 ,,solid--,type l9es set close toge!r )\t leads4 ,,sort--,a type or "* consid]$ z a "p ( a font1 usually a quantity ( "o k9d4 ,:5 all ! lett]s ( "o k9d are miss+ ! case is out ( sorts4 ,:5 ! copy calls = m ?an ! usual numb] ( a p>ticul> "* x runs on sorts4 ,,space ,,out--,to increase ! spaces to fill ! l9e4 ,quad out1 to fill ! l9e ) quads aft] ! words4 ,,squabble--,a d\bl+ up or crumbl+ ( l9es ( type2 a pi4 ,,/&--,a frame = hold+ type cases2 a work/&4 ,,/&+ ,,matt]--,compos$ type 9 galley =m or made up 9 pages4 ,,/ickful--,a numb] ( compos$ l9es equal to t conta9$ 9 a compos+ /ick4 ,,/one--,! impos+ table1 usually ( m>ble or simil> f9e gra91 b n[adays (t5 ( poli%$ /eel4 ,,/oneman--,"o :o works specially at ! impos+ & lock-up table4 ,,/raight ,,matt]--,pla9 p>agraph composition 9 "o k9d ( type2 9 di/9ction f display or job "w4 ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,(fice--,9 ord] to ma9ta9 "s consi/5cy 9 practice 9 details ( composition _m compos+ rooms h rules1 m or less v>iable1 ab\t spell+1 division ( words1 comp\nd+1 use ( italic1 capitals1 head+s1 p>agraph ind5tions1 & simil> matt]s4 ,a /yle c>d or /yle book may be prep>$ = ! purpose by ! pro(read] or =eman4 ,frequ5tly a publication set 9 a compos+ room may h a /yle 7ord]$ by ! editor or manag]7 some:at diff]5t f ! /yle ( o!r "w done 9 ! same room4 ,,sup]iors--,small figures or lett]s set above ! g5]al alignm5t ( ! ma9 l9e1 z = ref]5ces4 ,inf]iors are small figures bel[ ! alignm5t4 ,,take--,a portion ( copy ( "o article or job t has be5 divid$ betwe5 sev]al compositors to ha/5 its composition4 ,,take ,,9--,to ?9 space2 to get 94 ,,text--,! body ( matt] on a writt5 or pr9t$ page1 z di/+ui%$ f notes1 head+s1 engrav+s1 or auxili>y features4 ,text type1 ! type 9 :i* su* matt] is set4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to note "o ( sev]al /yles ( e>ly black-lett]1 z ,old ,engli% ,text1 ,priory ,text1 etc4 ,,?ick ,,space--,! en quad is sometimes s call$4 ,"s compositors call ! #c-space a ?ick space1 ignor+ ! fact t ! #c-space is normal1 nei!r ?ick nor ?94 ,,turn ,,= ,,sorts--,:5 ! types 9 a case run %ort & !y w be suppli$ lat]1 ! compositor puts 9 ano!r type ( ! same ?ickness1 turn$ bottom up1 ! prop] lett] to be ins]t$ be=e pr9t+ or m\ld+4 ,x is ! rule1 :5 a lett] has be5 tak5 f a live page to be us$ imm$iately 9 ano!r place1 t a turn$ lett] %\ld be put 9 place ( ! "o tak5 out to %[ ! abs5ce ( ! prop] lett] :5 an impression is tak54 ,,turn$ ,,commas--,inv]t$ commas 77 at ! beg9n+ ( a quotation4 ,,two-,,l9e ,,lett]--,a capital lett] ( ! dep? ( two l9es ( text us$ z an initial at ! beg9n+ ( a subject4 ,,type ,,measure--,a /rip ( /rong c>d1 wood1 or /eel hav+ its edges m>k$ ) scales indicat+ ems ( type sizes2 = measur+ compos$ matt]2 usually only sizes up to pica or #ab-po9t are giv54 ,,typography--,! art & process ( pr9t+ f movable types4 ,x includes pr9t+ f engrav$ relief blocks :i* c be made up & pr9t$ ) compos$ types4 ,also call$ lett]press pr9t+4 ,,und]score--,to draw or pr9t a l9e "u a ^w or s5t5ce4 ,,unit--,an accept$ /&>d ( measurem5t2 ?us ! po9t is ! unit = type sizes1 ! pica 7#ab-po9t7 is ! unit = wid?s ( pages1 l5g?s ( leads1 rules1 furniture1 etc4 ,,upp] ,,case--,! capital case4 ,,:ite ,,out--,to blank out a page or o!r space ) quads or furniture4 ,,wide ,,measure--,l9es ( type t are long] ?an normal 9 relation to ! size ( type us$2 a l5g? t w\ld be normal = #ab-po9t w\ld be wide = #f-po9t1 ,g5]ally1 l9es av]ag+ ov] twelve words or fifty lett]s w\ld be t]m$ wide measure4 ,,wrong-,,font--,a lett] or "* 9 ! l9e f ano!r k9d ( type1 due to mix+ ( fonts4 ,usually writt5 9 pro( wf4 ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices ,! foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 & by individuals4 ,ea* publication has be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive /udy4 ,! publications ( ! s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #e x #h in*es4 ,_! g5]al make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4 ,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/ possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review ,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( ! subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( ! books4 ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4 ,address all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] ( ,in=mation ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,relat+ to ! me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1 font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description ( _! manufacture4 #dd pp42 illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42 illu/rat$2 #ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1 case racks1 galley racks1 /&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = ! press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities = special purposes4 #ei pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #e4 ,pro( ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42 illu/rat$2 #da review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,daniel ,bak] ,a prim] ( in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f ! orig9al h& press to ! mod]n job press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42 illu/rat$2 #di review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak] ,be+ a /udy ( ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal types ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #h4 ,me*anical ,fe$]s & ,fold]s ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurri] ,! hi/ory & op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2 ) h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #i4 ,p[] = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses ,by ,c>l ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on ! me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses & alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1 h&-lev] cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r automatic ma*9es = cutt+ pap]1 #gj pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! composition1 manufacture1 & c>e ( ink+ roll]s4 #df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,_! composition1 prop]ties & manufacture 7repr9t$ by p]mission f ,circul> ,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds73 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions ab\t ! ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hjpp42 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,:eelwright ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh pp42 illu/rat$2 #fb review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ad4 ,relief ,engrav+s ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief hi/ory & non-te*nical description ( mod]n me?ods ( engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy = reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+ engrav+s4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+ ,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+ & /]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2 gloss>ies4 ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition #af4 ,typesett+ ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book = beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1 spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to typesett+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,! me?ods by :i* !y are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 ) obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,veze ,sugge/ions = ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/ jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little ?+s :i* g to make good display 9 typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ai4 ,g5]al ,job ,composition ,h[ ! job compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1 programs & miscellane\s "w4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ,*apt]s f ,de,vinne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition1 revis$ & arrang$ = ?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition ( pages4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,imposition ( pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ba4 ,tabul> ,composition ,by ,rob]t ,seav] ,a /udy ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 ) examples ( m difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review que/ions4 #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon ,elem5t>y ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+ trade1 calculation ( mat]ials1 pap] weights & sizes1 ) /&>d tables & rules = computation1 ea* subject amplifi$ ) examples & ex]cises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,! ,l9otype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9 ,section ,,ii--,! ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,! ,int]type ,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s ,section ,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+ ,ma*9es ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi? ,a brief hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _! me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework #bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,?+s ! appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 & ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2 fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ type =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on ,plat5 ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ ! tympan1 regulat+ ! impression1 und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+ gauges1 & o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bg4 ,cyl9d] ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,prep>+ ! press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m roll]s1 ink f\nta91 gripp]s & deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ & ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton ,describ+ "s practical me?ods ( pressroom "w1 ) directions & useful in=mation relat+ to a v>iety ( pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review que/ions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic processes ( pr9t+4 #hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book ,b9d+ #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+ ,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations employ$ 9 b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ca4 ,book ,b9d+ ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg] ,practical in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ books2 fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case mak+ & cas$-9 books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job & blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,vi--,correct ,lit]>y ,composition #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & ,engli% ,gramm> ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _! uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _! use1 bo? grammatically & typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s practical typographic h9ts z to ! use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ce4 ,division ( ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules = ! division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 ) rem>ks on spell+1 syllabication & pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review que/ions4 #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts ( comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations & ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review que/ions4 #ch4 ,! ,uses ( ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4 #ci4 ,pro(read+ ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,! te*nical phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s & copy4 ,illu/rat$ by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #dj4 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,sugge/ions = au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9 prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42 #fg review que/ions4 #da4 ,pr9t]s' ,manual ( ,/yle ,a ref]5ce compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 & sugge/ions relat+ to uni=mity 9 punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features ( composition4 #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book ( def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,"p ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+ #dc4 ,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+4 ,treats ( h>mony1 balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,applications ( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+ mat]ial ( typography3 pap]1 types1 ink1 decorations & illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design ( complete book1 treat+ ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,use ( color3 = decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m pr9t+s ) process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific nature ( color1 physical & *emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1 value1 int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1 scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory ( process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4 ,illu/rations 9 full color1 & on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lett]+ 9 ,typography ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,pr9t]'s use ( lett]+3 adaptability & decorative effect4 ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+ & lett]+ & its influ5ce on type design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9 lett]+4 ,application ( design to lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design 9 ,adv]tis+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,! pr9t]'s function 9 adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i* adv]tis+ is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 att5tion1 color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+ typography4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a lay\t3 ! ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation ( a propos$ f9al effect4 ,use ( dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4 ,function ( lay\t map4 ,b9d+ s*emes = dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet & ! hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to ! inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42 illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4 #ej4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came ab\t4 #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 ! developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t ( pr9t]s' mat]ials1 & ! "w ( ! great pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4 #eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry f #adej to #aghi1 includ+ gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1 int]nal conditions & indu/rial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review que/ions4 #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl& ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a %ort hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to ! pres5t "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review que/ions4 #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s notes on publi%]s :o h especially contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42 #hd review que/ions4 #ee4 ,type & ,presses 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ & press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa review que/ions4 ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+ #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eg4 ,use ( a ,co/ ,sy/em ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eh4 ,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! selection & pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4 ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial & ! sell+ price ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #ei4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! e/imator & 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules = e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,an insight into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,a brief outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2 necess>y books & accessory records4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 ,,"p ,x--,miscellane\s #fb4 ,heal?1 ,sanitation1 & ,safety ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+ trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2 practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2 protective appliances & rules = safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book ( ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies1 alphabetically arrang$4 #fd4 ,c\rses ( ,/udy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook = tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions = classroom & %op "w4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices ! books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4 ,:ile due ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title & copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea* book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( a portion ( ! volumes1 con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z ! entire li/ ( books compris+ ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5 complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 ea* volume4 ,! ,committee also desires to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly await$ its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1 ,*airman1 ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,= ,composition & ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5 ,,gre5e ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,c,a,l,l,a ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,edw>d ,,/]n ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+ ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphag51 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,= ,composition ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,electrotypes ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[] ,,/eel ,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,= ,engrav+s ,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,book ,pap] ,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp ,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,descriptions h be5 add$ to ,illu/rations4 ,sup]scripts are %[n z sup]script$ *>act]s ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made3 ,page #e ,leads & ,slugs #bj *ang$ to ,leads & ,slugs #ba ,page #h ,sett+ ! ,compos+ ,/ick #ba *ang$ to ,sett+ ! ,compos+ ,/ick #bb ,page #ba 7nonp>eil71 #ab-po9t 7pica71 & #ah po9t *ang$ to 7nonp>eil71 #ab-po9t 7pica71 & #ah-po9t ,page #bd ,if ! ! gage l9e is *ang$ to ,if ! gage l9e is ,page #ca ,x (t5s happ5s t ! *ang$ to ,x (t5 happ5s t ! ,page #dd betwe5 ^w end+s l ----e w----1 y a---- *ang$ to betwe5 ^w end+s l ----e w----1 ----y a---- ,page #dg at ! beg9+ may n ne$ *ang$ to at ! beg9n+ may n ne$ ,page #ec be+ %ort] ?an ! prece$+ *ang$ to be+ %ort] ?an ! prec$+ ,page #eh or a side head+ at ! beg9+ *ang$ to or a side head+ at ! beg9n+ ,page #ei see o!r title ( ?is s]ies *ang$ to see o!r titles ( ?is s]ies ,page #ia or ! compositor1 is out ( sorts1 ,see ,sorts4 *ang$ to or ! compositor1 is out ( sorts4 ,see ,sort4 ,page iii #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]otyp+ *ang$ to #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+ ,page v ,illu/rations2 review que/ions1 gloss>y2 bibliography4 *ang$ to ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 ,! ord] ( ,gloss>y entries has be5 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 ! foll[+ out ( alphabetical ord]3 ,ca/ ,up 7,page #hf7 ,extract 7,page #hh7 ,hair ,l9e 7,page #hh7 ,high-to-l9e 7,page #hi7 ,lay ( ! ,case 7,page #ij7 ,logotype 7,page #ij7 ,mutton ,fi/ 7,page #ia7 ,pi 7,page #ia7 ,pica 7,page #ia7 ,plan] 7,page #ib7 ,turn$ ,commas 7,page #ic7 ,! foll[+ words 7 inconsi/5tly hyph5at$1 & appe> "h z 9 ! orig9al3 old-/yle_/old/yle re-spac+_/respac+ side-/ick_/side/ick